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SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA :
REPORT OF PROGRESS G\

1881.

THE GEOLOGY OP

PIKE AND MONROE COUNTIES.

By I. C. White.

With colored geologieal county map» ;

a map of glacial aeratchea ;

and aeven small aeetions.

SPECIAL SURVEYS

OF THE

Delaware and Lehigh Water Gaps.

By H. M. Chance.

With two contoured mapa of the Water Oapa ;
and aix detailed aeetiona.

HARRISBURG:

PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF 0OMMI8SIOKER8
FOR TUK 8KCOND OSOLOOICAL SDByXY.
1882.

Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the year 1880, aooording

to acts of CongresB,

By WILLIAM A. INGHAM,

Secretary of the Board of Commiseionere of Oeologieal Survey,

In the office of the Librarian of ciongress, at

Wabhinqton, D. O.

Electrotyped and printed by

LANE 8. HART, SUte Printer,

HarrlaburR, Pa.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS.

His Excellency, HENRY M. HOYT, Goternor,

and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrtobnrg.

Akio Pardee, ------ Hazleton.

William A. Ingham, Philadelphia.

Henry S. Eckert, Reading.

Henry McCormick, - - - Harrisburg.

James Macfarlane, Towanda.

Charles A. Miner, Wilkes-Barre.

Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia.

Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown.

Louis W. Hall, Harrisburg.

Samuel Q. Brown, Pleasantville.

SECRETARY OF THE BOARD.
William A. Ingham, Philadelphia.

STATE GEOLOGIST.
Peter Lesley, Philadelphia.

ASSlSTAiiTS IN 1881.

John F. Garll, geologist for the Oil regions ; address Pleasantville, Venango
county, Pa.

J. Sutton Wall, to report oh the ooal and oollieries of the Monongahela re-
gion ; address Monongahela city, Pa.
J. J. Stevenson, geologist for Bedford and Fulton oounties ; address Union-
town, Fayette county. Pa.
Charles E. Hall, geologist for Delaware county.

R. H. Sanders, geologist for the slate belt in Berks, Lehigh and Northamp-
ton ; address 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia.
I. C. White, geologist for Pike and Monroe ; address Morgantown, W. Va.
C. A. AsHBURNER, goologist in charge of the Survey of the Anthracite coal

fields ; address Potlsville.
A. W. Sheafer, geologist, Western Middle Coal Field, j

Bard Wells, assistant geologist. Western Middle Coal Field, i Pottsville.
Baird Halberstadt, aid, Western Middle Coal Field, )
A. P. Berlin, geologist. Eastern Middle Coal Field ; Hazleton.
Frank A. Hill, geologist. Northern Ooal Field, ^

H. E. Parrish, assistant geologist. Northern Coal Field, . I ,,,,.1, ^

H. I. MoTER, aid, Northern Coal Field, f WUites-Barre.

Charles B. Scott, aid, J

H. Martyn Chance, M. D., geologist to report on mining methods and ap-
pliances; address Wilkes-Barre.

E. v. d'Invilliers, topographical geologist for the Reading mountains.
A. E. Lehman, topographical geologist for the South Mountains.

H. Carvill Lewis, volunteer geologist for the study of the Burfaoe deposits,

moraines, &o.; address Oermantown, Pennsylvania.
Bevd. G. F. Wright, associate volunteer geologist for the same.
O. B. Harden, draughtsman at headquarters.
A. S. MoCreath, Chemist, in charge of the laboratory at 228 Market street,

Harrisburg.
John M. Stinhon, assistant chemist at Harrisburg.

F. A. Gbnth. Mineralogist and Chemist ; address University of Pennsylvania,
West Philadelphia.

Leo Lesqitereux, paloeo-botanist ; address Columbus, Ohio.

F. W. FoRMAN, clerk in charge of the Distribution of Reports, 228 Market
street, Harrisburg, Pa., to whom all communications or enquiries respecting
publications should be addressed.

E. B. Harden, topographer, in charge of illustrations, correspondence, d:c, at
Headquarters, 907 Walnut street, Philadelphia, to whom all business com-
munications respecting the Work of the Survey should be addressed.

2T. B, — Addresa when not otherwise 8pee\/ied 907 Walnut street ^ Philadelphia.

TABLE OF COKTEKTS.

Pftge.

Letter to the Governor, ix

Letter of transmittal, xxiii

Chapter 1. — Geography.

Area; population; towns, 1

Chapter 2. — Topography.

Mountains, 7

Elevations above tide, 12

Rivers and creeks, 23

Lakes and ponds, 31

Origin of the lake basins, ; 39

Chapter 3. — Surface Oeology.

Drift; bowlders; kettles, 41

Glacial erosion, 44

Terraces, 48

Buried valleys, 62

Postglacial rock-cuts, 57

Soils, 63

Flora, 66

Chapter 4. — Geological Structure.

Anticlinals and synclinals, 67

Chapter 6. — Four Cross Sections.

Section A, along the Delaware river, 73

Section B, along Brodhead's creek, 76

Section C, through Broadheadsville, 77

Section D, along the Lehigh river, .79

Comparison of the sections 81

(V G«.)

Vi G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

P»fire.

Notes on the tables, 82

Instrumental sections, by Mr. H. M. Chance, 83

Chapter 6. — Descriptive Oeology.

No. XIII, Coal measures, 87

No. XII, Pottsville conglomerate, 88

No. XI, Mauch Chunk red shale, 88

No. X, Pocono series ; Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, . . 89

No. IX, Catskill series, 91

Mt. Pleasant red shale, 94

Elk Mountain sandstones and shales, 95

Cherry Ridge conglomerate, 95

Honesdale sandstone, 97

Montrose red shale, 98

Delaware river flags, 99

New Milford red shale, 101

Starrucca (shale) sandstone, 102

Fossils, 103

No. Vin, Chemung series, 104

Genesee shale, 107

Tully limestone, 109

Hamilton sandstone, 110

Marcellus shale, 112

Upper Helderberg beds, 116

Corniferous limestone, 116

Cauda-galli grit, 121

No. VII, Oriskany beds, 122

No. VI, Lower Ilelderberg group, 127

Stormville shale, 131

Stormville conglomerate 132

Stormville limestone, 133

Stormville hydraulic cement bed, 136

Decker's Ferry limestone, 137

Iron ores, 138

Decker's Ferry sandstone, 140

Decker's Ferry shale, 141

Bossardville limestone, 141

Poxono Island shale, 145

TABLE OF CONTENTS. G*. vii

Pige.

Poxono Island limestone, 146

No. V, Clinton red shale, 147

No. IV, Medina sandstone, 149

Oneida conglomerate, 150

Nos. Ill, II, I, Siluro-Cambrian system, 152

CiiAPTEK 7. — Township Oeology of Pike.

1. Lackawaxen, 155

2. Palmyra, 168

3. Greene. 173

4. Blooming Grove, 178

5. Shohola, 183

6. Westfall, 192

7. Milford, 196

8. Dingman , 200

9. Delaware, 206

10. Porter, 209

11. Lehman, 211

Chapter 8. — Township Oeology of Monroe.

12. Middle Smithfield, 215

13. Smithfield, 234

14. Stroud, 258

15. Hamilton, 275

16. Ross, 290

17. Eldred, 297

18. Polk, 304

19. Chestnut Hill, ' . . . 309

20. Jackson, 312

21. Pocono, 314

22. Paradise, 319

23. Price, 322

24. Barrett 324

25. Coolbaugh, 328

26. Tobyhanna, 330

27. Tunkhannock, 332

Special survey of Delaware water gap, 335

Special survey of Lehigh water gap, 349

(

PREFATORY LETTER.

To His Excellency, Henry M. Hoyt, Chairman^ ex officio^
of the Board of Commissioners of the Second Oeological
Survey of Pennsylvania :

Sir : I have the satisfaction to present for your favorable
consideration Prof. I. C. White's sixth report of progress,
namely, G*, on Pike and Monroe counties.

This report embodies his work of 1881, and is a south-
ward continuation of his study of Susquehanna and Wayne
counties, G*, in 1880.

During the current field season of 1882, Prof. White will
complete the survey of the Devonian and Silurian measures
in Wyoming, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Montour, Columbia,
and Northumberland counties, along the northern border
of the Third Anthracite coal field, and as far west as the
West Branch Susquehanna river.

The country described in this report, G*, is as interesting
in a geological sense as it is uninteresting mineralogically.

Its outcrops of limestone, cement rock, and flag-stone are
of great value ; but it contains neither ores of the precious
metals,* nor coal beds,t nor iron ore deposits.:}: A large
part of it is a wilderness of forest, swamp, and lake, elevated
1500 to 2000 feet above sea level, affording bark for tan-
neries and timber in abundance, and so strewn with bowl-
ders of rock, gravel, and sand, of glacial age, as to be hardly
susceptible of cultivation.

Its topographical and geological resemblance to the Cats-
kill Mountain region of New York is evident.

* Local traditions respeotiDg Indian silver and lead mines are delosionB.
t Why tlie searoli for ooai in Monroe and Pike oounties has always been and

must be futile, is explained in various parts of the report. See pp.

X For some brown hematite outcrop beds, however, see pp.

(ixQ«.)

X G*. BEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Those who travel on the Hudson river see, on the west-
em horizon, a wall of mountains about 3000 feet high, back
of which spreads a table-land, gashed with deep valleys,
draining westward into the Delaware.

The plateau widens westward ; its northern edge trend-
ing west, and facing central New York ; its southern edge
trending south-west, and overlooking the Wallkill valley,
through which passes the Delaware and Hudson canal.

The edges of the table-land and the ribs which separate
its valleys are set with peaks, rising a thousand feet higher
than its general plane of elevation above tide. Those ranged
along its southern edge are the highest.

Professor Arnold Guyot reports one summit 4179' A. T. ;
Hunter mountain, 4052' ; Black-head, 3965' ; Monk mount-
ain, 3880'; Stony mountain, 3856'; Round-top, (once thought
to be 3800',) 3670' ; Overlook mountain, facing the Hudson,
3500' to 3600' ; the Schoharie peaks, on the northern edge,
3600'.

The body of the Catskill plateau is composed of tlie Up-
per Devonian^ Old red sandstone^ or Catskill formation^
{No. IX ot the First Geological Survey of Pennsylvania,)
which is at least 5,000' thick. The upper layers (3,(XK)',)
slightly inclined, project their edges from its southern wall ;
the lower 2,000', more inclined, crop out in the foot lulls in
the valley.

The peaks are what remain of the overlying grey Sttbcar-
boniferous^ Pocono formaiion (No. X,) which formerly
spread continuously over the red Catskill* Tliese frag-

♦Above ^o. X. the Mauch Chunk red shale formation No» XI^ the lyjifa-
ville conglomerate No. XII, and the Coal measures No, XIII^ onoe lay.
So that the original height of the GatskiU mountain massif must have been at
least 11,000S if not 12,000'.

Mather's description of the Calskill in N. Y. Geol., 1848, pp. 2d9-f , is based
upon the supposition that the highest summits oontain the Poitsville con-
glomerate No. XII. He says, (p. 810 :) ** On the road from Pleasant Valley
to Windham and Plattsville the base of the mountain is observed principally
composed of grey grits ; in the middle, reddish and chocolate-colored rocks
predominate; toward the head of the valley the thick-bedded grey grits
abound, and red shales for the higher hills, capped in some places ou ttie
high peaks by conglomerate of the coal formation. This distribution of the
red and grey rocks is general in the Catskill division, and corresponds with
Nos. IX, X, XI, XII of Prof. Rogers' Reports of Pennsylvania." The mis-

PREFATORY LETTER. (3t\ xi

ments have been preserved by grej/ conglomerat/e beds in
X, which appear at their tops. The table- land itself has
been preserved by red conglomerate beds. The southern
edge of the table-land is higher than its northern edge, be-
cause both formations — tlie upper grey X and the lower
red IX — increase both in aggregate thickness and in the
number and coarseness of their sand and gravel beds in a
southerly or southeasterly direction.*

This law of thickening and coarsening southward, or
southeastward, governs the palaeozoic noTicalcarecms de-
posits — Subcarhoniferous^ Devonian^ Silurian^ andSiluro-
Camhrian — along the whole Appalachian belt, from the
State of New York to the State of Alabama ; and points
to if it does not prove the derivation of the palseozoic
sediments from the archsean highlands of New England,
Southern New York, Northern New Jersey, the South
mountains of Pennsylvania, the Blue Ridge ranges of Vir-
ginia, and the Black mountains of North Carolina ; or, in
lieu of some of these, which were early covered with palaeo-
zoic sediments, to archaean alps still further off, now buried
beneath the shore deposits, or beneath the deep waters of
the Atlantic.

The thickening and coarsening of the sub-carboniferous
(X) and Catskill (IX) beds from the New York State line
southeastward, through Susquehanna and Wayne coun-
ties, was described by Prof. White in his report of 1880
(G*.) In the present report of 1881 (G*) he shows how it
continues through Pike and Monroe counties, towards the
New Jersey State line.

The Catskill mountain table-land, as above described
widening westward, declines in height as it approaches the
Delaware river. The cause of this is to be found in a grad-

take arose from the fact that there is a considerable thicknesB of red shales
beneath the conglomerate sandstone mass of No. X {Pocono; Mt, Pte<uant,)
which was confounded by Prof. Mather with the great red shale of XI over*
lying No. X.

*The northerly dip of the southern side of the table-land, instead of in-
creasing its relative height, would have diminished it ; for the maximum re-
sistance of a rook to erosion is reached when the rock becomes perfectly hori-
zontal . This is the real reason why t he highest mountains of any g^ven region
range along its synclinal axis.

Xii G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ual sinking of the geological planes sonthwestward ; or, in
other words, an exceedingly gentle, but positive, universal
dip of the rocks from the Hudson towards the Delaware.
And this is a sufficient reason why the drainage of the table-
land is not eastward into the Hudson, but westward into
the Delaware. In fact, the Catskill table-land has its north-
eastern end lifted along the Hudson river valley.*

It is 75 miles, in a straight line, from the Catskill mount-
ain overlooking the Hudson, southwest, to the Delaware
river ; and 50 miles more, west-southwest, to the Lehigh
river. The Catskill table-land is therefore at least 125
miles long ; half in New York and half in Pennsylvania ;
that part of it which spreads through Pike and Monroe
counties being called the Pocono plateau ; extending west-
ward across the Lehigh in Carbon county as the Nesque-
honing mountain ; and northward, as Moosic mountain,
into Lackawanna, Wayne, and Susquehanna counties. It
is thence continued westward, by the Elk mountains, across
the Susquehanna river and becomes the North or Alle-
gheny mountain uplands.

The Catskill plateau as a whole must be regarded as one
broad synclinal, rising towards the northeast. Through
this synclinal run lengthwise (N. E. and S. W.) gentle
anticlinal undulations, which are not of sufficient moment
to destroy the synclinal unity of the whole plateau. But
west of the Delaware river these or similar undulations be-
come so momentous that the unity of the grand synclinal
is lost, and its place is occupied by deep parallel basins
containing coal measures, separated by high anticlinals
bringing up belts of Devonian formations.

The Delaware river makes a clean cut across the Catskill

* Sharp foldings between the foot of the mountahi and the banks of the
Hudson, at the viUage of Catskill, repeat the story of a downward slide or
slip of the PalsBozoic mass (In this instance westward) which is told by the
plications (in the same rocks, VI) at the Delaware, Lehigh, and Schuylkill
water gaps in Pennsylvania. See Mather's report of 1843, New York Geologyi
Plate 46, Fig. 1 ; and Chance's sections in the Appendix to this volume, G*.

A beautiftil little memoir on this structure has been lately published in the
Appalaohia, Vol. Ill, No. 1. It was read May 12, 1882, by William Morris
Davis, of Harvard College, and is entitled, ** The Little Mountains east of the
Catskills." Charmingly drawn maps and sections illustrate it.

PREFATORY LETTER. G*. xiu

plateau from northwest to southeast, through a narrow
tortuous gorge, between horizontally bedded cliflf walls from
400' to 600' high. The river bed now stands at 980'+ A. T.
at Deposit where the cut commences at the north and
falls in 78 miles (60 miles in a straight line) to 540' A. T.
at Pond Eddy (11 miles above Port Jervis) where it issues
from the CatskiU rocks.

Something in the structure of the table-land must have
determined the river to take this course.

That something is explained further west, in the Lehigh
river country, where we see the general horizontality give
place to high anticlinal and deep synclinal waves, produc-
ing an original irregular elevation of the plateau in that
direction quite as extraordinary as the original regular ele-
vation of the plateau towards the Hudson river. It was in
a sort of general depression between the two elevated north-
east and southwest ends of the plateau that the drainage
found a vent. The result was, 1. the present Delaware river
gorge, and 2. the erosion of the grey (X) and red (IX) con-
glomerate beds which characterize the high CatskiU plateau
towards the Hudson and the lower Pocono plateau towards
the Lehigh.

To find the remains of the red (IX) conglomerate beds
one must go back from the river to the knobs on the west
line of Pike county, and to the front crest of the Pocono
mountain in Monroe and Carbon counties.

To find the still more meager relics of the gray (X) con-
glomerate beds, one must go to the ridges in the center of
plateau on the north line of Monroe county, at the head
waters of the Lehigh river.

All this is copiously explained in Prof. White's report ;
but it is necessary here to state and explain a consequence
which imperils part of the geological nomenclature adopted
by me in the earlier years of the Second Geological Survey
of the State, and habitually used in the volumes of its re-
ports. This I proceed to indicate.'

The front edge or south wall of the plateau in Carbon and
Monroe counties has always been called the Pocono raourU'

Xiv Ot\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ain ; ending eastward in the Pocono Knob^ back of Strouds-
burg ; but spreading northward and northeastward, around
the heads of Brodhead's creek, as far as the High Knobs in
Pike county.

On the geological map of Pennsylvania which I made in
1841 (published by Prof. Rogers in 1858) it will be noticed
that I spread the color of No. X over most of the plateau
from the front edge of the wall of the Pocono mountain
northward far into Pike and Wayne counties, and con-
fined the color of No. IX to the steep face of the mountain
(southwards) and its foot hills. But the principal valleys of
the plateau are represented as cutting down into X ; and
the country bordering the Delaware gorge is capped with X
between the streams.

In naming Nos. IX, X, XI and XII geographically (from
east to west) Catskill^ Pocono^ Mauch Chunk and Potts-
vill€j I took for granted that, as the Catskill mountains
were characterized by the great red formation IX, so the
Pocono plateau was characterized by the great grey forma-
tion X.*

But in point of fact, of the conglomerates which form the
two crests of the Second mountain west of the Lehigh,
colored the one IX and the other X, only the lower (IX)
appears in the Pocono mountain ; the other (1,500' above
it) has been eroded from the plateau. Half way between
them (on the Lehigh) runs the edge of a thinner conglom-
erate, where the First Survey placed the dividing line be-
tween IX and X, splitting the Second mountain midway
between its two crests.

This middle conglomerate is the Ml, Pleasant conglom-
erate of Mr. White's reports, and is the rock which he
adopted in Wayne county in 1880 as the basal rock of X.

The conglomerate in IX which makes the south crest of
the Second mountain at Mauch Chunk he recognizes as
his Cherry Ridge conglomerate^ 700' down from the top of
the Catskill formation. Now, it is precisely this conglom-

*The red shales of XI being best developed in the valley at Mauoh Chunk;
and the oonglomerate XII in the Sharp mountain, at Pottsviile.

PREFATORY LETTER. Ot\ XV

erate which makes the cornice or top edge of the Pocono
plateau.

Therefore, to find any Pocono on the Pocono plateau, one
must go a number of miles to the north of the front edge
of the plateau, where ridges of the lowest Pocono rock, the
Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, remain uneroded.

The real reasons why the Pocono (X) color was spread
over the whole plateau on my map of 1841 (1868) were 1. the
impossibility at that time of determining any special limit
between IX and X in the wilderness country of " the Shades
of Death," or "the Great Beech Woods ;" and 2. the de-
sirability of distinguishing the plateau from the low lands,
topographically and geologically. This could only be done
by using the strongly contrasted grey and red colors as-
signed to X and IX.

With this explanation, I trust that the reader who com-
pares the map in this report with my State map of 1841
(1858) will not have his ideas confused.

To meet the special difficulty I have intercalated a tint
between the two colors for X and IX ; and this separate
tint will be understood as expressing the 700'=fc of Catskill
rocks which overlie the Cherry Ridge conglomeiaie in IX,
and underlie the ML Pleasant conglomerate base of X

The whole of Pike and a large part of Monroe counties
have been and generally still are covered with glacial bowl-
ders, drift heaps, clay beds, ponds, dams, buried valleys,
and scratches on the outcropping rocks. The glacialist
will find in this report ample materials for study.

A preliminary local glacial map is published with this
report, showing where strice have been more particularly
noticed : their magnetic direction at each spot ;* and the
curves across the field which the semi-fluid ice seems to have
made in its general onward course from north tp south.

The great Terminal moraine is also shown ; but the reader
must be referred to a special report, by Mr. H. C. Lewis, t

*The magnetic deviation fh>m true north is so slight in Pennsylvania (OO to
50 W.) that it is seldom mentioned. In Pike and Monroe it is about 50 west,
t To be publiished in the autumn of 1882.

Xvi G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

in which its character and trend for 350 miles through
Pennsylvania and western New York are described in detail.

This moraine crosses the Delaware river at Belvidere ;
curves through Northampton county to the end of Offset
mountain ; crosses Offset creek and ascends Blue mount-
ain to its crest (1600' A. T.) It then creeps westward gradu-
ally down the north side of the Blue mountain, to Saylors-
burg in Ross township, and turns north between Saylors-
burg and Lake Popanoming. At Brodheadville, in the
southern part of Chestnut Hill township, it makes a sharp
point, and then runs due north, west of Mineola lake, up
the west side of McMichael's creek, to the notch west of the
Pocono Knob in Northern Jackson township. Here, instead
of going up through the notch, it slides up the south slope
of the Knob, and around its east and north slopes, within
300' or 400' of the summit, and so reaches the table land of
Tobyhanna township behind (north of) Long Pond, at an
elevation of 1835' A. T.

The great moraine on this Pocono plateau is a ridge of
drift 100' feet high of so remarkable an aspect that it has
been named by the inhabitants the "long ridge," and its
course is now nearly straight S. 80° W. to where it descends
into the deep valley of the Lehigh river at the mouth of
Hickory run.

Hence it has been followed by Mr. Lewis across all the
mountains to Berwick on the Susquehanna, Ralston on the
Lycoming, Pike mills on Pine creek, and Rose lake in Pot-
ter county.

Here it is on the very highest land in northern Pennsyl-
vania (2,200' A. T.)

Thence it proceeds to the Allegheny river south of Olean
and to Little Valley north of Salamanca in Cattaraugus
county. New York.

Thus far its course for 220 miles has been in general about
N. 60° west. It now turns and takes a pretty straight
course S. 40° to 45° west, a little west of Titusville and Frank-
lin, to Darlington in Beaver county, 130 miles. Here it
crosses the Ohio State line and proceeds west^south- west-
ward towards Cincinnati.

PREFATORY LEITER. G*. ICVii

Its course across the highlands and the plains of New Jer-
sey to the Atlantic coast at Amboy is closely described in
Prof. Cook's annual reports of the survey of that State.
Thence eastward it has been followed across Staten island,
along the axis of Long island, by Block island and Naushon
to the southeastern point of New England, where it descends
into the Atlantic ocean.

Tlie whole country behind the moraine, i. e. to the north-
ward of it, is covered with Drift deposits.* But Prof.
White, in this report, often speaks also of Drift in parts
of his district which lie in front or to the south of the
great moraine. Prof. Prime has even found an abundance
of Drift in the valleys of his district south of AUentown
and Bethlehem. But it is getting to be more and more
probable that these deposits as well as the Drift of Phila-
delphia are secondary results of the working over of the
terminal moraine and of the Drift behind it by the Dela-
ware and its affluents. For in this way alone can the absence
of secondary Drift in the valley of the Schuylkill be ex-
plained ; for, none of the head waters of the Schuylkill ex-
tend far enough northward to receive deposits from the Mo-
raine. The Ijehigh, on the contrary, not only cuts through
the moraine itself, but drains the thickly Drif t-covored Po-
cono plateau behind it.

It must be kept in mind however, that the existence of
ice striae on the crest of the Locust mountain west of Ash-
land, 26 miles south-southwest of the nearest part of the
great moraine (Berwick,) suffices to show that much is left
uncomprehended. Where are the moraines corresponding
to these striae ? Was the ice-flow which made them of an
earlier or a later date ? How far south did it reach toward
Harrisburg, in the direction of which the striae point?

Similar questions are pertinent in regard to things ob-
served in front of the moraine, such as the origin of the

* The reader wiU find in the detailed description of Barrett township, that
Mr. White found the Dri^ oovering the Pooono summits to a height of 2,050'
A. T., and in Goolbaugh township glacial scratches on the highest summit
2,160' A. T. There is a large bowlder perched on the sununit of High Knob,
in Pike county, about 2,010' A. T.

bG*.

XViii G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Wind gap, and of the hollow beneath the Bake Oven in
Carbon county. If the great moraine was terminal for the
ice sheet at its maximum development, evidently it does
not suffice to explain everything that happened in the Ice
age.

The Glacial map referred to above expresses the main to-
pographical features of the region, the highest mountains
and knobs, and the water courses. Curves, in blue color,
have been drawn across it, varying in direction from mxig-
netic south to magnetic S. 70° W. to conform to the direc-
tion of the glacial scratches at each point of observation.
This not only exhibits the universal former outspread of
the ice over the whole country back of the great moraine,
but suggests the variabiUty of its flow according to the
obstacles in its path presented by the inequalities of the
surface. A multitude of curves in its course are not shown
for want of data. Probably when a thousand points of ob-
servation shall have been obtained, it will be seen that every
part of the mass of ice moved sinuously.

But the few data obtained are quite sufficient to demon-
strate: 1. the general south, south-southwest, and south-
west movement of the ice sheet. 2. the different directions
which its deeper parts and its surface layers took in their
foi'ward movement.

It is perfectly evident that while the ice at 2,000' A. T.
was moving nearly due south, the ice at 1,500' to 1,000' A. T.
was moving S. 20° to 40° W., and the ice at 600' to 800' A. T.
was moving S. 50° to 70° W. along the deep troughs of the
preglacial topography.

On the Pocono plateau the strige point nearly south. At
the east end of Pike county they point parallel to the flow
of the Delaware river. But it is evident that the mountain
barrier south of the river only affected the deeper layers of
ice, for the striae on the mountain flank at the Delaware
water gap point diagonally up and over the crest of the
mountain. Great blocks from the limestone of VI in the val-
ley lie now on the mountain and are tumbled down over the
crest upon its southern slope.

Why Pocono Knob was not covered by the ice is plainly

PREFATORY LETTER. G*. xix

shown by the east and west line of the terminal moraine
back of Long pond (1,835' A. T. ;) for when this is projected
eastward it falls into the lower country of Pocono and Brod-
head creeks, which the ice filled deeply and then flowed
round the Knob fan-wise toward the west and southwest.

The Geological Map published with this report was com-
piled from the wall and atlas maps of six adjoining coun-
ties, and the geological State map of New Jersey.

Nothing can be worse than the county maps of Pike and
Monroe. The uncertainty and confusion which characterize
all the township and county maps of Pennsylvania, with
hardly an exception, reach their acme in the wilderness re-
gion lying between the Delaware and Lehigh rivers. A
comparison of the couree of the Lehigh river as shown on
the Monroe, on the Carbon, and on the Luzerne county
maps would strike the reader with astonishment. They
can hardly be recognized as drawings of the one and the
same important water course. That of Luzerne county,
however, is so superior to the others that it has been adopted
and the others rejected. The reader who consults the map
may do so with confidence that — not a single stream in
Monroe and Pike counties is properly portrayed. Even the
Delaware river had to be forced over southward more than
a mile, to agree with the carefully-prepared State map of
New Jersey.

Nothing but a trigonometrical survey of Pennsylvania can
remedy this shameful state of things.

What is a geological map worth without topography '<
But how can topography be executed on paper without ac-
curate instrumental surveying ?

People who consult a map wish to see the direction, width,
height, and shape of the ridges which traverse its area.
The geologist, especially, needs these features of the sui
face to guide his own researches and to assist him after-
wards in locating the outcrops of the rocks on the map
which is to explain his report.

The more exact the topography the more useful will be

XX G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

the geology. The two things go together in nature and
mutually depend upon each other in science.

The reader will notice, in the description of Hamilton,
Ross, and Eldred townships, the use of thQ terms: "No.
VII ridge," and simply "the ridge." These terms are used
for want of a common name to the broken range of narrow,
rocky hills of which Dodendorf mountain in Ross, Say-
lorsburg ridge in Hamilton, Godfrey's ridg^ in Stroud, and
Walpack ridge in Smithtield and Middle Smithfield are
continuations. Its western prolongation through Carbon
county is called the Steinberg, or Rocky ridge, or the
Devil's wall opposite the Lehigh water gap. They all mark
the continuous outcrop of the Oriskany sandstone (No.
VII) and Lower Helderberg limestones (No. VI) across the
county.*

The Offset anticlinal is omitted in the enumeration of
Chapter IV ; it should come in after the KamTnererville
anticlinal^ on page 70. But it is described on page 277, in
the special account of Hamilton township.

There is another anticlinal roll at Tot's gap, shown in the
Northampton county slates ; but on the Monroe county side,
it seems to make merely a bend in the mountain.

The steep plunge (northward) of the Lehighton anticlinal
is an interesting fact, which however hardly appertains to
a report on Monroe county, because its maximum develop-
ment takes place in Carbon county ; but I wish to direct at-
tention to it in its connection with the flatness of the rocks
of the Pocono-Catskill plateau.

The remarkably straight southern border of the First
anthracite coal field across Carbon, Schuylkill and Dauphin
counties, that is, from the Lehigh to the Susquehanna river,
is due to the vertical plunge of the whole Devonian and
Lower Carboniferous mass northwards from the Lehighton

* For the figures in this report, I am responsible. Figs. 3 to 7, 1 drew in
1842 to illustrate my report on the Orwigsbnrg-Strondsbnrg vaUey, embodied
by Prof. Rogers in the Qteol. Penn. 1858, from Vol. 1 of which I have bor-
rowed them. Fig. 1 T have oonstruoted from Prof. White's data published in
tiiii report

PREFATORY LETTER. G*. Xxi

anticlinal in Carbon county and from the corresponding Or-
wigsburg anticlinal in Schuylkill county ; an overturn nearly
a hundred miles long.

Now the very same thing happens in front of the great
bituminous coal field of the northern and western counties.
The Silurian and Lower Devonian measures plunge verti-
cally northward and north-westward, along the whole course
of the Bald Eagle mountain through Lycoming, Clinton,
Centre, Huntingdon, Blair and Bedford counties ; and in
that case also the eastern end of the disturbance vanishes in
the great horizontal region of Wyoming, Susquehanna and
Wayne counties.

The Delaware Water gap, the Lehigh Water gap, and the
Schuylkill Water gap were surveyed, contour maps and
transverse sections of them drawn, and descriptions written
by Mr. H. Martyn Chance in 1874-5. My intention was to
continue this work until a sufficient number of the Appalach-
ian water-gates could be collated and compared to afford ma-
terials for the study of their origin ; while the comparison
of their measured sections would enable us to comprehend
better the local variations of our sand and gravel deposits
of Silurian and Devonian age. But the exigencies of the
survey have prevented the completion of the project ; there-
fore the data obtained at two of the three gaps are now pub-
lished, and the reader will find Mr. Chance' s maps, sections
and descriptions of these two gaps appended to this volume.
A small map of the Schuylkill gap will also be found on
page 334.

The non-conformability of Oneida conglomerate (No. IV)
upon Hudson river shales (No. Ill) is referred to in this re-
port several times. I have annotated these references to
raise a doubt of the reality of the fact, and to suggest a dif-
ferent explanation of the appearance. A discussion of this
question will come more in place in the Report on North-
ampton and Lehigh counties now in press.

The HonesdaU Bore-hole described by Prof. White in his

Xxii G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Report on Wayne county (G*,) was only 1605' deep when
that report was published. It has been recently sunk to
2165', and the additional record just received may be found
at the end of that volume, with Mr. White's remarks upon
its important bearing on the question of how the forma-
tions thicken southwards.

It is proper to state that the proof reading of this report
was not done by the author. I am responsible myself there
fore for whatever mistakes occur in the text. Some personal
and geographical names are doubtful, and their various read
ings will be found in the Index No. 1. Such mistakes are
due to two causes : first, the great number of initials to
private names, some of which are perhaps errors on the
county maps; secondly, to the native pronunciation of
names, especially in the Pennsylvania-deutsch patois ; Ber-
ryer and Barger for Berger ; Triechler and Treichler for
Treuchler &c. Schwangunk mountain, and other Indian
names are variously spelled.

With great respect,

Your obedient servant,

J. P. LESLEY.

Philadelphia, July 1, 188^.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Prof. J. P. Lesley, Staie Oeologist :

Dear Sir : I herewith transmit my report on Pike and
Monroe counties.

Work was commenced in this district on the 10th of June,
and continued until the 24th of November.

For valuable information and other acts of kindness, I am
especially indebted to Dr. Barrett, of Port Jervis, N. Y. ;
M. M. Van Etten, of Milford, and E. P. Torrey, of Hones-
dale. To the engineers of the N. Y., S. and W. R. R. the
survey is greatly indebted for many valuable elevations
made during the final and preliminary survey of their route
through the district. Mr. J. J. Wood, resident engineer of
this R. R. , also gave me many elevations on the old Lehigh
and Eastern R. R. survey, a line projected down the Dela-
ware valley between Port Jervis and Stroudsburg, and he
connected the N. Y., S. and W. levels in Stroudsburg with
the track of the D., L and W. R. R., at East Stroudsburg
depot, at my request, to determine the error in elevation of
the latter as given in Survey tables (N). Using 316' A. T.
as the elevation of Delaware Water Gap station on the D.,
L & W. R. R., he found that the E. Stroudsburg depot of
this R. R. should have an elevation of 435' A. T. instead of
403' as given at page 88 Rei)ort N. This determination was
especially important since my net- work of barometric eleva-
tions in Monroe was largely based on the elevation of the
East Stroudsburg depot, and in them I have used 435' A.
T. instead of the 403' given in Allen's report N. Much con
fidence can be placed in this elevation (435') of E. Strouds-
burg, from the fact that 316' A. T. for the Delaware Water
Gap station checks within one or two feet with the elevation

(xxlii Q«.)

Xxiv G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

of Walker's ferry (298') near by, obtained through the
Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. levels. (See report N,
table 84.)

Mr. J. P. Schermerhom gave me the levels on the N. Y.,
S. and W. R. R. north from Canadensis, including special
determinations of Goose and Eich's ponds. Mr. G. W. At-
kinson gave me levels from Stroudsburg to the Delaware
river; and Mr. Trusdell determined the elevation of the
Delaware river at low water opposite ''Indian ladder," in
the water gap, making it 291' 8" A. T., and the depth of the
river there 51'.

For season passes the survey is indebted to Hon. Samuel
Sloan, of the D., L. and W. R. R. ; E. S. Bowen, of the
Erie ; C. P. Young, of the D. and H. C. Co., and Charles
Latimer, of the N. Y., P. and O. R. R.

Very respectfully.

Your obedient servant,

I. C. White.

W. Va. Untversity, Morgantown, April 21^ 1889.

REPORT OP PROGRESS

PIKE AND MONROE COUNTIES.

Chapter I.

Area ; population ; tovms.

Pike county occupies the most eastern projection of the
State, formed by a great bend in the Delaware river, where
after flowing south-eastwards between this county and New
York it suddenly veers around at a right angle and passes
off to the south-west, separating the county and State from
New Jersey. Wayne county borders it on the north-west,
and Monroe on the south-west.

Its boundaries are approximately as follows, beginning at
the most northern point of the county on the Delaware
river and passing around it to the right : Prom Big Eddy
to the Tri- State comer (N. Y., Pa., and N. J.,) along the
northern border, by the meanders of the Delaware river, 37
miles ; thence by the meanders of the same stream along
the eastern line to the mouth of Big Bushkill at the Monroe
county line, 26 miles ; thence along Big Bushkill westward to
the mouth of Middle Bushkill, 3i miles ; thence N. 20^ W.,
4 miles ; thence N. 80^ W. 4i miles ; thence N. lO** E. 6i
miles ; thence due west to the South Br. of Wallenpaui)ack
creek at the crossing of the North and South Turnpike, Hi
miles ; thence northward by the meanders of Wallenpaupack
between (Wayne and Pike) to its mouth at the Lackawaxen,

( 1 (i^«. )

2 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

near Hawley, 30 miles ;* thence N. 31° i E. 10 miles, 23 poles

to the Delaware, and our starting point at Big Eddy just

below Narrowsbiirg.
Its general shape is that of a rude square so placed that

one of the diagonals runs almost due north and south, its

length in this direction being 35 miles, while the side of the

square varies from 20 to 25 miles.
Its area is 631 square miles, or 403,840 acres, f
The county is subdivided into 11 townships, arranged in

the following order : —

Laokawaxen.
Palmyra. Shohola.

Blooming Grove. Westfidl.

Greene. Milford.

Dingman.
Porter. Delaware.
Lehman.

Its population for the last three decades according to the
census reports is as follows :

In 1860,

In 1870, 8, 436

In 1880, 9, 664

Its principal towns are :

Milford^ the county seat, situated in the township of the
same name, on the Delaware river, at the mouth of the Saw-
kill creek, 7 miles below Port Jervis, N. Y. The site of the
town is on a beautiful terrace of Drifts 110' above the Del-
aware river, and 490'-500' A. T. The town has long been
celebrated as a summer resort, its beautiful scenery pure
air, and water, together with its general healthfulness, render-
ing it peculiarly attractive during the heated term. Among
its scenic attractions may be mentioned the Delaware val-
ley bordered on the north by almost vertical walls of rock
500'-60()' high, with the blue mountains bounding the hori-
zon to the south in New Jersey ; Sawkill Falls, a great
cataract, 75' high in a deep gorge one mile north from the

*In the desoription of Wayne oonnty G^, page 4, this distance is errone-
onslv stated as 40 miles,
t Aooording to ttie report of the Secretary of Internal AfGEdrs of Pa., 1880.

GEOGRAPHY. G*. 3

town ; Raymondskill Falls, another wild waterfall 100' high,
and a most delightful sylvan retreat within easy reach (4
miles. ) Tlie chief employment of the inhabitants is the en-
tertainment of summer visitors for which purpose there are
seveml large hotels besides many private establishments.
Its population in 1870 was 746, and in 1880

Lackawaxen^ situated on the Delaware river at the mouth
of Lkickawaxen creek, an important shipping point on the
Erie R. R., being the junction of the main R. R. with the
Ilonesdale and Hawley Branch over which come immense
quantities of anthracite coal shipped from the Scranton and
Carbondale regions. The Delaware and Hudson canal crosses
both the Lackawaxen and Delaware rivers at this locality
on noble aquaducts, high above water level. The Dela-
ware House, just across the Lackawaxen river is a noted
summer resort. Elevation above tide of R. R. station 650' ;
Delaware river, level of the canal dam, 600'.

Matamoras is situated on a beautiful terrace plain just
across the Delaware from Port Jervis N. Y. ^ It has a mag-
nificent site for a large city and has been growing rapidly
of late years ; elevation A. T. 440'-445'.

DlngmarCs and Bushkill are villages on the Delaware
celebrated as summer resorts, the former 15 miles below
Matamoras and 405' A. T. the latter at the southern extrem-
ity of the county and 360' A. T.

Other tillages in Pike county with approximate air line
distances from MUf ord and elevation above tide, by barom-
eter or otherwise, are as follows :

Villages in Pike county.
Blooming Orove, Blooming G. township,

Delaware P. O., Lehman township,

Ef/ypt Mills P. O., . " "

Fulmervillet . Delaware township, .

Oreentowni ... Greene township, . . .
JJawesville, .... " **

Lackawaxen, Lackawaxen township.

Lord* 8 Valley P. O , . Blooming Grove, . .

Laureldale, Greene township,

Millville, Lackawaxen township.

Mast Hope, " "

Narrows, •* "

Portersville, Porter township, . . .

Miles.

A. T.

. . 18.6, N.

1420 (B)

.12.8, W.

SOO* (B)

. .16.2,S.W.

my (B)

. . 8 7, S. W.

960' (B)

. 27.0, W.

1196' (B)

. 21.8, W.

1760' (B)

. . 14.0, N. W.

660'

. . 13.8, W.

1276* (B)

21 .0, W.

1725' (B)

. . 17.0, N.W.

780'

. .18.6, N.W.

668'

. .19.2, N.W.

849^

. .14.7, W. S. W.

1806' (B)

4 Q\ BEPOET OF PROGBE88. I. 0. WHITE.

Pimd Eddy, . . . ,

. . Shohola township, . . .

. 7.6, N

671'

I\zupaek FalU, .

. . Fftlmyra toMmahip, . . .

21.6, N.W.

—

Paupaek P. 0., . .

k • • •

. 28.4, W. N. W.

129(y (B)

Rowland^s,

. Laokawazen township, .

. 16.0. N. W.

700'

ShoholOt

. Shohola toMmahip, . . .

. 11.8, N.N. W.

648'

Saw Mill Bift, . . .

. . Weetfall township, . . .

. 6.7, N.N. E.

466' (B)

Tayloriown^ . . .

. . Laoiuwaxen township, .

. 12.1, N. W.

1066' (B)

WUsonviUe^ . . .

. . Palmyra township, . . .

21.9, W.N. W.

1160' (B)

Monroe county adjoins Pike, and lies in a south-west
direction from the latter, which forms its entire eastern
boundary, and about half of its northern.

The Delaware river separates it from New Jersey on the
south between the mouth of Big Bushkill and the Delaware
Water Gup, a distance of about fifteen miles by the mean-
ders of that stream.* From the Water Gte^p westward, the
Blue (Kittatinny) Mountain makes the southern limit of
Monroe, separating it from Northampton county, the exact
boundary between which, is an irregular line along the crest
of the mountain, the distance in an air line from the
Water Qup to the western border of Monroe being approxi-
mately 20 miles (about S. 60° W.) ; so that the whole south
boundary is a practically straight line 31 miles long.

Its western line along Carbon county is quite irregular,
and not far from 30 miles in length including the offsets, and
meanders of Tunkhannock and Tobyhanna creeks, which
streams separate the northern portion of Carbon county
from Monroe.

On the north-west it is separated from Lackawanna coun-
ty by the Lehigh river whose sinuous course between the
mouth of Tobyhanna creek, and the south-west corner of
Wayne county, is not far from 12 miles in length.

The northern boundary runs due east from Lehigh river
with Wayne county on the north for a distance of 7 miles
and 92 rods to the waters of South Wallenpaupack at the
crossing of the North and South Turnpike. From this last
point on around to the mouth of the Big Bushkill it is
bordered on the north and east by Pike county, the several

*Bat only 11 mileB in a straight line on a line N. E.— S. W. 460.

GEOGRAPHY. Gr*. 5

distances and directions being the same as those given for
Pike county along the same line on a preceding page. The
whole north boundary is practically a straight east and west
line 22 miles long.

The area thus enclosed is 585 square miles or 374,400
acres. (Report Sec. Inter. Affairs 1880.)

Its 16 townships are arranged in the following manner :

Goolbaugh. Barrett.

Price.

Tobyhanna. Paradise.

M. Smithfleld.
Tankh^anook. Pocono.

JaoiLBon.
Chesln vHill. Stroud. Smithfleld.

^^^^- HamUton.

Ross.

Eldred.

Its population according to the census reports has been

In 1860,

In 1870, 18, 362

In 1880, 20, 175

Its prinripal towns are :

Stroud ntrg, the county seat, situated on a broad plain
of alluv xm and dryft at the confluence of Broadhead, Mc-
Michael's and Pocono creeks. It has business connection
both north and south over the Delaware, Lackawanna and
Western R. R. which passes by it one mile east from the
center of the town. The N. Y. S. &. W. R. R. now nearly
completed runs directly through the borough. Its chief
manufactories are : a woolen-mill, emery-wheel works, sash
and blind factory, a machine shop, foundry, and tannery.
It is well patronized as a summer resort, there being several
large hotels and private boarding houses in the borough
and the immediate vicinity, devoted to the entertainment
of such visitors. Its population in 1870 was 1,793, and in
1880 ; level above tide 435^ on the upper level at the

Burnett House.

East Stroudsburg is separated from Stroudsburg by
Broadhead creek. It is quite a thriving town, having two
bottle-glass factories, a very extensive tannery, machine-

6G'.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

shop, foundery and mateh factory. The D. L. &. W.R. R.
passes directly through it giving amply business connection
with neighboring cities ; level above tide at Station R. R.
grade 435°.

Delaware Water Oap^ a village just above the famous
Grap through the Blue Mountains has long been celebrated
as a summer retreat. The grandeur and wildness of the
scenery, its pure mountain air and water, have rendered it
a very attractive retreat dui'ing the Summer. It has hotel
accommodations for over two thousand guests, the largest
houses being the Kittatinny and Water Gap. The D. L.
& W. R. R. passes through the village giving connection
with either Philadelphia, or New York in a three hours'
ride.

The N. Y. S. & W. R R. is to cross the Delaware river
a short distance above the village, on a magnificent bridge
now (April, 1882) building. Elevation of Water Gap Station
above tide 316'; elevation of lo\9 water (1881) in Delaware
river at the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. bridge, 394' A. T. on the
basis of 316' for Water Gap Station.

Villages in Monroe county^ with distances from Strouds-
burg and elevations above tide (by aneroid barometer or
otherwise) are as follows :

Villages in

Monroe county.

Miles,

A. T,

Bartonwille, . .

. . Pooono township, . . .

4.4, N.W.

785' (B)

Bossardville, . .

. . . Hamilton township,

5.4, S. W^.

670 (B)

Brodheadsville,

. . . Chestnut HiU township,.

. 11.1, W.

695' (B)

Bushkillt . . .

, . . Middle Smithfield twp.,.

. 12.0, E. N. E.

860' (B)

Canadensis, . .

. . . Barrett township,

. 14.3, N.

995'

Coolbaugh, . . .

. . M. Smith field township,.

8.1, ^1 . E.

516' (B)

EfforU ....

Chestnut Hill township, .

. 12.9, W.

720' (B)

East Stroudsburg

, . . Smithfield township, . .

. 1.0, E.

435

Experiment Mills

It t«

2.4, E.

330' (B)

Forks P. 0., . .

. . Coolbaugh township.

12.7, N. W.

1665' (B)

Henryville^

. . . Paradise township,

. 7.9, N.N. W.

800' (B)

Jackson Comers,

. . Jackson township, . .

. 8.0, W. N. W.

925' (B)

Kellersville,

. . Hamilton township.

6.8, W.

500' (B)

Kemmererville,

** ** .

4.2,8. W.

450' (B)

Kresgeville^ . .

. . Polk township,

16.6, W.

660' (B)

Kunkletown, . .

. . Eldred township.

.16.2,8. W.

495' (B)

MarshaWs Creekl

P.O., Smithfield township.

. 6.1, N.E.

380' (B)

MeMichaeVs P. O

., . . Chestnut Hill township, .

. 10.6, W.

1010' (B)

Merwinsburg, .

(« li ii

• • ■ *

. 14.2, W.

940* (B)

Oakland, ....

. . Barrett township, .

13 .2, N.

1225' (B)

GEOGRAPHY.

G*. 7

Bar{idise Valley, . . Paradise township, .

Eos8land, Ross township, . . .

Boscommonf " " ...

Saylorsburg, Hamilton township,

Shawnee P. O., . . . . Smithiield township,

Spragueville, Stroud township, . .

Snydersville, Hamilton township,

Stoddartsville, .... Tobyhanna township,

Stormville, Hamilton township,

Tannersville, .... Pooono township,
Tobyhanna Mills, . . Coolbaugh township,
Tompkinsville, .... Tobylianna township,

10.3, N. N. W.

11.4, S.W.
10.0, S. W.

8.8, S« TT»
4.7, E.

4.7, N.

6.2, W.
23.8, N. W.

3.3, W.

6.8, W. N. W.
16.7, N. W.
16.3, N. W.

965 (B)
685' (B)
835' (B)
746' (B)
360' (B)
625' (B)

430' (B)

845'
1082
1726' (B)

Chapter II.

Mountains ; Rivers ; Railway levels ; Lakes.

Pike and Monroe counties are among the wildest and
roughest parts of Pennyslvania. Five sixths of their gen-
eral surface is a mountain wilderness elevated between 1,2(X)'
and 2,000' above sea level. The remaining sixth consists of
a long narrow belt of parallel hills and valleys, bounded on
the south by the Blue or Kittatinny mountain, the sharp
level crest of which varies in elevation above tide between
1400' and 1600'.

The front edge of the great upland is an irregularly con
tinuous mountain w^all, a thousand feet high, very bluff and
precipitous, and only broken by short ravines in the west-
em part of its course, and by the deep gorges through which,
further east, break out the waters of Broadhead creek in
Mercer county and the three branches of the Bushhill in
Pike county.

This mountain wall is called Pohopoco in Carbon and
western Monroe counties ; but Pocano mountain further
east. At Tannersville, on Pocono creek (six miles N. W.
of Stroudsburg) the Carbon-Monroe section of the wall ab-
ruptly tenninates in a spur pointing east, called Pocono
Knob*

* This Knob is a remarkable object as seen from the east and soath, and p'ta.
sesses a peculiar geological interest, because it stood as a small island in ( le
edge of the gpreat ice sheet ; the terminal moraine encircling its sides, at about
two thirds of its hight. The elevation of the notch which separates the sum-
mit of the Imob from the plateau behind it to the west is 1681' A. T.

8 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Behind the Pocono Knob is a recess, or cove, and then the
mountain wall runs on as before into Pike county ; but
tliere breaks up into knobs, two or three of which are 2000'
A. T. Here the Pocono mountain wall may be said to end ;
for the whole country to the north and east of these knobs
lies at a level from 400' to 800' lower.*

The Pocono mountain wall is merely the eroded edge of
the great plateau behind it ; and the horizontal stratifica-
tion is everywhere apparent ; the mountain front being in
fact a huge staircase of red sandstone strata, one a little be-
hind the other, ascending from the bottom to the top.

The Pocono Plateau stretching back (northward) from the
top of the Pocono mountain wall, has a general elevation
of between 1800' and 2000' A. T. the valleys being sunk 100'
to 200', and the highest knobs, (made by patches of mas-
sive sandstone and conglomerate, left from erosion) rising
100' to 200' above the rest.f

This Pocoiio plateau is a perfect wilderness covered with
a dense forest growth, and variously known as the ''Beech
woods country," " Shades of Death," etc. It includes the
northern portions of Jackson and Barrett townships, all of
Tunkhannock, Tobyhanna, and Coolbaugh, and extends
northward into Wayne and Lackawanna counties, its north-
western escarpment being known as the Moosic or Wyom-
ing mountain. The breadth of the intermediate plateau is
12 to 15 miles. There is no doubt that this plateau once ex-
tended over all of northern Pike, and all of Wayne county,
for isolated peaks like Big Hickory Knob in the latter and
High Knob in the former, attest not only its former exis-
tence, but also the sweeping erosion to which all this re-
gion has been subjected ; for in Wayne the plateau is eroded
quite up to the Moosic escarpment, while in Pike, it has

* In New York, beyond the Delaware river, the wall assumes much grander
proportions and becomes at length the Catskill mountains, its highest summits
exceeding 4000' A. T. aooording to the suireys of Professor Guyot of Prince-
ton.

t West of Pocono Knob the direction of the wall is straighter (because there
is a more decided northern dip to the rooks) and its height is also greater.
Three miles west of Tannersville a knob rises to 2225' A. T. and appears to
be the highest point of land in the two counties.

TOPOGRAPHY. Q\ 9

been everywhere lowered 500' to 1000' except in the western
portion. *

South from the Pocono escarpment in Monroe county,
the surface falls oflf precipitously to 1200' or 1300' A. T. when
there comes an undulating plain which descends southward
to about 900' A. T. where the Catskill rocks end in a ridge
sepaitited from the Chemung ridge to the south usually by
an intervening shallow valley worn down 100^-200' through
the softer portion of the Upper Chemung.

Then, south from the Chemung ridge which rises 800'-
10(X)' A. T. there generally occurs another narrow valley
{Genesee slate) separating the Chemung from the Hamilton
sandstone ridge^ which coming next south at 700'-800' A.
T. rapidly descends to the broad, low, and usually level
valley made by the Marcellus Shales throughout Pike and
fMonroe.

So far, through the central portion of Monroe county, the
surface has continually declined by successive stages until
in the highest portion of the Marcellus shale valley it only
reaches to about 550' A. T. ; but on continuing southward
from this the hard rocks of the bottom portion of No. VIII
[Cornlferous Limestone and Cauda Oalli Orit) together
with the Oriskany Sandstone (No. VII), begin to come up
to the south-east and the surface rises again to culminate
in Walpack ridge^ a long, low range of mound-like knobs
which enters Monroe (from across the Delaware river) at the
E. extremity of the county and continuing south westward
extends to and beyond the western line of the same, its

* [This is a moderate statement of the extent of the erosion, and is meant
by the author merely as a comparison between the higher Monroe part of the
plateau and the lower Pike portion of it. The fact however is, that we must
for various reasons believe that the anthracite coal measures once overspread
this whole region. Therefore we must add about 7,000 feet to get the original
height of the Monroe plateau, and about 8,000 to get the original height of the
Pike plateau. More is to be added in Pike than in Monroe, because the gen-
eral descent of the original g^logical uppermost beds was soutbwestward.
I calculate the original height of the Monroe plateau at the commencement
of erosion, at say 9,000' above present tide level ; that of the Delaware river
country at say 10.000'; and that of the Hudson river country at say 11,000!.—
See the commencement of Chapter 6.— J. P. L.]

10 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

elevation on the knob summits varying from 700-1200' A.
T. while the gaps between rise 600'-800' A. T.

The southern slope of this ridge is always precipitous, de-
scending in the eastern portion of Monroe into the Dela-
ware river valley, and in western Monroe into an old buried
valley (now occupied by Cherry and Aquanchicola creeks,)
worn out of the soft beds of No. V (Clinton) and base of
No. VI. The elevation of this valley along the Delaware
is 825' A. T. at its highest point in the bed of the Delaware
river, and 293' A. T. where the river leaves it at the mouth
of Cherry creek ; the highest point west from this on the
divide between Cherry and Aquanchicola creeks being only
625' A. T.

Southward from the valley last described the surface be-
gins to rise, at first gradually until half way up the ascent
when the slope becomes almost precipitous and finally cul-
minates in the Blue mountain crest along the southern bor-*
der of the western half of Monroe, at an elevation of 1300-
1600' A. T.

Along the western portion of Monroe, this general topo-
graphy is modified by the splitting of the Marcellus shale
valley into two, with an intermediate synclinal ridge (capped
by Chemung and CatsJcill sandstones) which begins at the
western line of Hamilton township, and extends to the
western line of the county. It is known as Wire Ridge,
and its crest rises to lOOO'-llOO' A. T., 500'-600' above the
Marcellus shale valleys north and south from it.

The general topography of Pike county is quite different
from that of Monroe ; first, because the elevation of the
Pocono plateau has been lowered by erosion except in the
extreme western portion of Pike county, and secondly, be-
cause the county ends southward at the Marcellus shale
valley in which the Delaware river flows from Matamoras
to its south-western extremity, at the mouth of Big Bush-
kill creek. Should one continue southward into New Jersey
from the Delaware river {Marcellus shale valleii) he would
pass over the same succession of topography that we find in
M6nroe, viz : first a ridge of Cauda Oalli aiid Oriskany S, S,
then down a steep slope of VI, into a deep, long narrow

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 11

valley of lowermost VI, V, &c. rudely parallel to the Dela-
ware valley, and only 1 to 2 miles away from it, its south-
western end occupied by Flat Brook creek which empties
into the Delaware at the eastern edge of Monroe county, near
Decker' s Ferry ; it« north-eastern end is drained by a small
stream which cuts through the Cauda Galli ridge (Wal-
pack) and empties into the Neversink river near Carpenter's
Point. This Flat Brook valley is the north-eastward con-
tinuation of the Delaware, Cherry and Aquanchicola valleys
of Monroe county, while the Cauda Galli ridge, overlooking
the Delaware from the south along the New Jersey shore of
Pike county, is the north-eas'tward extension of the Wal-
i:)ack ridge of Monroe.

On going south-eastwards from the Flat Brook valley of
New Jersey, the surface again rises and rapidly culminates
in the Shawaugunk mountain the north-eastward extension
of the Blue Mountain whose crest makes the southern boun-
dary of Monroe county.

So much for the principal topographic outlines, the details
of which vary with the nature of the underlying rock-ma-
terial, and the extent of erosion.

The greater ix)rtion of Pike county is covered by the
Catskill series which over the uplands usually presents a
great number of irregular ridges {hard rocks) separated by
narrow, shallow valleys {red shale^so that the roads pass
over a constant succession of hills.

Where streams cut through these Catskill beds, the side
slopes are usually quite steep, often precipitous, and the
enclosing hills present a series of outcroping cliflfs, this be-
ing the case universally along all the larger streams, as il-
lustrated by the Delaware, Lackawaxen, Wallenpaupack
and others, the cross sections of whose valleys are usually
gorge-like.

The Qliemung covers such a narrow belt through the dis-
trict that its rocks exert very little influence on the topogra-
phy, not so with the Hamilton^ however ; for its rocks are
recognized throughout both counties quite as readily from
the topography they make as from their physical charac-
ters and included fossils.

12 G*.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The Hamilton proper, where the streams pass across its
strike, is always eroded into deep narrow gorges in which
tlie water descends over high cascades. Nearly all of the
celebrated "falls" of both counties are over these beds.
When a stream flows along the strike of the Hamilton rocks
they rise in steep cliff-like bluffs such as those which over-
look the Delaware river between Matamoras and Bushkill.

The Corniferous limestone^ Cavda OaUi Orit^ and Oris-
kany SS., always tend to form ridges along the line of strike,
and cause falls and rapids in the streams which cut across
the same.

Elevaiions above tide.

The general relief of eastern Pike is shown by the eleva-
tion of different points on the Milford and Owega turnpike,
which runs from Milford on the Delaware river north-west-
ward across the county, passing out of it over the Wallen-
paupack at Wilsonville. The following elevations were
obtained with the aneroid barometer, but all were closely
checked, and none can be more than 25' out of the way :

Milford and Owega turnpike. Miles.

Delaware nver, at Milford, . .

Milford and Owega pike, corner of Harford and Broad streets,
" <* •< at crossing of little brook west from

borough line, . .

Summit between Milford and Sawkill creek, . . .

Milford and Owega pike, at crossing of SawkiU creek, .

I mile north of last, ...
at by-road to J. H. Newman's,
»» »• Stiohler's quarry,
at crossing of Br. of Sawkill,
at forks near Stark*s S. H., . .
In valley just north of last,
at forks west of Wm. McCarty's,
on summit next north, .
at crossing of Dubois run,
" *» Red brook,

at summit next north,
at old valley, near N. Blackmore's,
at summit next north,
Shohola creek, at crossing of M. <fe O. pike, . . .
Milford and Owega pike, at Rosen crans' tavern,
»« ** " at Mrs. Walsh's hotel,

*« " (* at summit next west, .

«« (« «« at stream near I. Roberts',

«(

((

<«

t»

li
ll

4|
5

6i
6

8»

»l
10

12i

12}

13}

A. T.

380'
490'

670
800
776
960
1060'
1110*
1110*
1226'
1200'
1260'
1360'
1826'
1360'
1476*
1276
1460'
1116'
1270'
1270'
1420'
1166'

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 13

Miles. A, T.

Milford and Owega pike, at Roberts* tavern, 14 1225'

«« « •* at forks next west, 144 ^^^

«< «< «« at summit near Lawrence A Wiilet's, 14; 1975'

«' " «< at stream next west, 15| 1335'

*• « •« at summit near G. Smasher's, . . . . 15| 1400'

** *« « at cross-roads near L. Manley's, ... 16 1810'

«< « •« at snnmiit next west, 16| 1855'

<« •« •< wliere Blooming O. Park rd. leaves it, 17 1295'

Blooming Grove creek at crossing of M. and O. pike, . . . . 17| 1165'

Milford and Owega pike, at crossing of old valley next west, . 18^ 1115'

« •• •< at forks near J. Degroot's, .... 19} 1200

«* •* «« at crossing of Kimble's run, .... 20} 1025'

«» «« " atTafton, 22| 1185'

Wallenpaupack creek at crossing of M. and O. pike, at Wilson-

ville, (western line of pike,) 28| 1140*

On going south-west from the Milford and Owega Pike
the surface keeps at about the same elevation as that given
above, until we come to near the center of the county on a
line running parallel with the M. & 0. Pike, when along
the central portion, it begins to rise quite rapidly and at
about 3 miles further south-west culminates in the lofty
peak known as High Knob, the beginning of the Pocono
range. A line passing across this " Knob" parallel with
the Milford and Owega Pike would strike the Delaware at
Dingman's Ferry, 8 miles below Milford and would exhibit
the following barometric profile in passing from the Dela-
ware north-westward to the Wallenpaupack :

Line across High Knob, Miles*. A. T,

Delaware river, at Dingman's Ferry, 850'

Factory road, at forlss near F. Elenwine*s, 1 600'

" '* •* J. W. Kilsby's, l\ 715

*» *» *• •* " P. Reaser*s, 1} 785'

«» •• " crossing of old State road, 2} 865'

«• «* " forks near Fulmerville, Z\ 945'

Dingman's creek at 1st crossing above Fulmerville, 8} lOOO'

•• " 2d »* *• *• 4 1020'

Factory road, at crossing of Nichecronk creek, 4^ 1050'

*♦ *• ** ** of little stream next west, 5i 1120'

" " •• Sheppard's mill, ... . . . 5^ 1150'

*' ** <' crossing of Dingman*s creek near G. JoUy's, . 6 1200

*' *' <' summit just east, 5f 1250'

** ** *' crossing of Dingman's cr. below Silver Lake, 7 1265'

** ** " summit next west, . . 7^ 1860

" ** " crossing of Little Bushkill, 8 1250*

" «« •* •* Middle ♦• 10^ 1815'

«• " " " inlet to Porter Lake, 11 1885'

;

14 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Miles* A. T.

Rooky Hill oreek just west of last, llj 1300'

Bush kill, (Big,) at croesiiig of Blooming Grove road, . . . . ISJ 1310'

Blooining Grove road, at crossing of Br. of Boshkill, 14| 1370'

*' ** ** intersection with Canadensis rd., . 16 1500'

Summit of High Knob, 17 2010

East Branch Panpack creek, at Lanreldale, 20 1700'

Summit of hills north and south of Laureldale, 20 1850

Cross-roads S. E. from L. Phelps', 22 1726'

By-road to C. Masker's, 28^ 1476'

Forks of road at M. N. B. Killam's, 25 1176'

Wallenpaupaok creek, at Bum's Pottery, eight miles above (S.

W.) Wilsonville, 26 1146'

The levels on the projected N. Y. S. & W. R. R. which
crosses the Pocono plateau at its lowest point west from
High Knob give the relief of the district between the South
Branch of Wallenpaupack in Pike, and Brodhead creek in
Monroe. These were kindly furnished by the engineers
Messrs. Coons and Schermerhorn and are as follows :

Pocono plateau IT. of High Knob, Miles. A. T.

South Branch of Wallenpaupack, 2 miles above Ledgedaie, . . 1226'
East Branch of Paupack, 200^ south fh)m its junction with

Bridge Brook, 2| 1887'

Crossing of Canadensis road, .... 7 1625'

Dark Hollow Summit, divide between Paupack and Brodhead

waters, ... 9 1681'

Goose Pond, at Monroe-Pike line, 10 1476'

Stony run, opposite Jos. Brown's, 12 1818'

>* <' at Elizabeth Feltham's Pond, 18 1291'

" "• opposite S. H. No. 5, Barrett tp., 16 1211'

*' " opposite P. Bush's, in Price tp., 17 1058'

Brodhead creek, at mouth of Stony run, 19 742'

From this point on southward to the Delaware river the
slope of the surface along Brodhead creek is given under
the description of that stream.

The D. L. & W. R. R. passes across the Pocono plateau
north and south through Monroe county and the following
table from Report N, page 88, gives the profile of the country-
it tmvei-ses between Scranton and the Delaware Water Gap.
From Scranton to Summit Station the road ascends the
north-western escarpment of the Moosic Mountain (northern
rim of Pocono plateau. )

MUes, A, T,

Scranton, 740'

Greenvme, — 1182'

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 15

Miles, A. T.

Dunning'a, — 1307'

Mosoow, 13 1556

Summit, — 1887'

From this point the line traverses tlie Pocono plateau for
about 12 miles over which the elevation never sinks below
1850' nor rises above 1970' A. T.

Miles, A, T,

Gouldsboro*, near Monroe Ck). line, 21 —

Tobyhanna, 27 1932'

Summit, 26 1970'

Forks, — —

Paradise, — 1518'

Oakland, 41 1008'

llenryville, — 598'

Spragueville, — 487'

Stroudsburg, 53 400*

Delaware Water Gap, * — 316'

Delaware river, in Gap at Monroe-Nortliampton line, 60 293'

With the exception of Scranton, Tobyhanna, and Dela-
ware Water Gap, many of these levels are wrong, some 25'
only while others are as much as 280'. This has probably
resulted from the inability of Mr. Allen to determine the
scale of the profile as stated on page 89, Report N. During
the season I passed over the road about six times and took
careful barometric readings at each station between Scranton
and the Water Gap, the mean of which gives the following
results, which cannot well differ more than 10' in any case
from the true elevations at each station, while for the most
of them the limits of error are still less.
Table of barometric eleoations of stations on D, L. & W, JR.
R, between Scranton and the Delaware Water Gap,

Revised table. Miles, A, T,

Scranton, .... ... same as in Report N, 740'

GreenvllJe, «* *« *» . — 1182'

Dunning*8, «• »« »«...- 1397'

Moscow, «« *♦ »• . . 13 1556'

Summit, " " *» . . — 1887'

Gouldsboro', " " »* . . 21 1890'

Summit, (1 mile N.flrom Tobyhanna,) •• " «* . . 26 1970'

Tobyhanna, " ♦* " . . 27 1932'

Summit, one mile S. fh>m Tobyhanna, 28 1956'

Pooono Station, — 1840*

Forks, — 1650'

Tunnel, west end, — 1560'

16 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Milea. A. T'

Paradise, (water tanks,) 40 1450'

Oakland, 1226'

Henryville, 800'

Spragueville, 626'

Stroudsburg, 68 435'

Delaware Water Gtop, same as In Report N, . . 316'

Low water In Delaware river at Monroe, Northampton line, . 293'

The next line of levels which crosses the Pocono plateau
is still further to the south-west and was made by Mr. J. J.
Coons in the preliminary survey of the route for the N. Y.
S. & W. R. R. Beginning at Moosic in the Lackawanna
valley and ascending Mill Brook creek across the Moosic
mountain range, southward to the foot of Pocono mountain :

Focono plateau, farther west, A. T,

Creek at Spring Brook village, 1322'

Summit between this last^and Lehigh river,

Lehigh river, just below Clifton, 1683

Trout creek, where Sullivan road crosses it, 1692'

Sullivan road, at forks near Jno. Stiger's, 1786'

Tbbyhanna oreek, } m. below its Junction with Tunkhanna, 1628'

Forks of road near W. Merwine's, 1876'

Road at Cold Spring hotel, 1843'

Tunkhannock creek, on road 200 rods south, 1839'

Summit of Pocono mountain on this road, 1898'

Stream at road crossing near W. Butts', at base of Pocono mountain, . . 1149'

From this point the surveyed route runs eastward around
the base of Pocono Knob to Pocono creek and thence down
the same to Stroudsburg, the elevations along which are as
follows :

Descending i^Mxmo creek. A, T.

Forks next S. E. from W. Butts', 1158'

Little McMiohaePs creek, at road crossing near P. Praley's, 1129'

Stream at road crossing next east IVom P. Fraley's, 1108'

" •* »» near A. Poesinger's, 1080*

" ** " next east from J. Smith's, 1061'

Road at forks near J. Anglemoyer's, 982'

Pocono creek, above Kistler's tannery, 915'

Cross-roads at *• " 916'

Pocono creek, at Tanite Co.'s dam, 630'

Mouth of Pocono creek, at Stroudsburg, 400'

If instead of turning eastward at the foot of Pocono moun-
tain, the southward direction had been maintained to the
south line of the county the following profile would be shown
as obtained by barometric measurements carefully checked :

TOPOGBAPHY. Ot\ 17

A, T.

McMichael's creek, at McMiohaePs P. O., 1000'

** " S. Gearhart»8, 710'

Lake Minneola, dSO*

Brodheadsville, 695'

Old valley just south, 676'

Summit of Wire Ridge, 1100*

Cross-roads near G. Fljrte's, 1075'

Frantz's creek, at Rose Valley Hotel, 635'

Summit of Walpack Ridge, » . 1200'

Aquanchioola creek, at R. Vanbuakirk's, . 595'

Forks of road, \ mile south of last, 700'

Summit of Blue mountains, at south line of the county, 1500^^

The Delaware river enters the district at the north-east
comer of Pike county and flowing south-eastward separates
Pike county from New York as far south as Carpenter's
Point in the vicinity of which it executes a great curve to
the west, flowing from this point S. 60°-65° W. along the
line between Pike county and New Jersey just north from
the great wall of Cauda Oalli Or it which rising in Walpack
ridge athwart the course of the stream at Carpenter's Point,
caused it to make the great bend at that locality, and flow
down the strike of the Marcellus shale. It keeps in the
Marcellus shale to the southwestern corner of Pike county,
at the mouth of Bushhill creek, when it turns southward
and cuts through the Cauda Oalli ridge into the soft beds
of Clinton (No. V), making the curious Walpack Bend,
where the river in cutting through the ridge of hard rocks,
doubles on itself, turning round from a south-west course
to nearly an eastern one. Then it veers southward into
the Flat Brook valley and flows south-westward along the
strike of the rocks, its southern shore washing the Medina
SS. beds until we come to the mouth of Brodhead creek,
when it turns south and passes through the Blue mountain
out of the district through the famous Water Gap.

The N. Y. L. E. & W. R. R. (Erie) passes down this
stream to the point where it makes the great bend to the
south-west in the vicinity of Matamoras and the descent of
the stream from Deposit at the northern line of Pennsylva-
nia may be seen from the examination of the R. R. profile
as given in Report N, pages 96 and 97, as follows :

2 G*.

18 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Delaware river levels {H. iZ.)

Miles from a ep
Jersey City. ^* -*'

Deposit, 176 lOOO'

Hales Eddy, 171 974'

Dickinson's, 168 964'

Hauoock, 163 926'

Stockport, 168 896'

Lordville, 162 864'

Bouchou, 149 850'

Basket, 146.6 830'

Hawkins, 142 809'

Rock run, 138 787'

Colliooon, 186 781'

Cohecton, 130 748'

Nobody's, 125 748'

Narrowsburg, (Pike oonnty line,) 121 714'

Delaware river here by barometer, 670^

Pine Grove, 116 668*

Delaware river here by barometer, 635'

Lackawaxen, ... 110 648'

Delaware river at top of dam here, 600'

Shohola, 106 648'

Delaware river here by barometer, 575'

Pond Eddy, 98 571'

Delaware river here by barometer, 610

' * ** at bridge across it, 3 J ma. above Port Jervis, 440'

PortJervis, 87 440'

Delaware river here by barometer, 420'

*' '* at Carpenter's Point, Junotion with the

Neversink, . 416'

The descent of the Delaware from Port Jervis south-west-
ward is shown by the elevations on the old projected Lehigh
and Eastern R. R. the survey of which between Stroudsburg
and Port Jervis was made by J. J. Coons of Deckertown, N.
J., to whom I am indebted for the following list of levels.
Datum : Erie R. R. at Port Jervis, viz : 440'.

Delaware river levels^ contimied.

A. T.

Bluff of Delaware back fh)m Matamoras, 462'

Crossing of Van Anken's run, 388'

Delaware river at Mil ford, 380'

Crossing of Raymondskill creek, 371'

** Connoshaugh creek, 369^

•* Adam's creek, 376'

" Dingman's creek, ... 866'

Delaware river here by Barometer, 360*

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 19

A. T

Crossing of Hombeok's oreek, 857'

•« RaflTerty's creek, 847'

•• oreek at Briscoe's Hotel, 849'

" Van Gorden*s creek, 868'

Egypt Mills, 866'

Bonuide Pond near Wm. Place's, (Del. R.) 342'

Denmark creek, 840

Little Buahkill creek, 865'

Here the route of the R. R. leaves the river and keeps
straight on down the old valley north of Walpack ridge,
while the Delaware cuts through the latter and flows along
its southern slope to the mouth of Brodhead creek. The
only levels along this portion of the river were made with
barometer.

Delaware river levels^ contintLed.

A. r.

Delaware river at Decker's Ferry, (Bar.,) 826'

" «' at Poxono Island, (Bar.,) 816'

Walker's Ferry, Report N. Table 84, 208'

Low water at N. Y. S. <fc W. R. R. bridge across Delaware river one mile

above Delaware Water Gap, station on D. L. A W. R. R., 2d4'

Delaware river in Water Gap at the Monroe-Northampton Ck>. line, . . 298'

From Deposit to Port Jervis the fall of the Delaware is
570' in 90 miles or an average of 6J' per mile ; from Port
Jervis to the Delaware Water (Jap a distance of 43 miles the
descent is (420'-293') 127' or only 3' per mile. This difference
of rate is occasioned by the fact that the Delaware flows
through a ravine cut transversely across hard rocks from
Deposit nearly to Port Jervis, while below there it meanders
along the outcrop of the soft rocks of the Marcellus and
Clinton formations.

Following the line of the projected Lehigh and Eastern
R. R. southwestward from Bushkill, the old valley it tra-
verses exhibits the following elevations :

Levels from Btishkill to Stroudeburg, A. T,

Big Bushkill just below the month of WiUow Creek, 403'

Milford Pike near J. Place's, 606'

Summit of old valley Just south from Echo Lake, 610'

Milford Vike at forks near J. Coolbaugh's, 608'

•* " Jaa. Place's, 609'

MarshalPs creek just above M. creek P. O., 409'

Road at TiUtheran Church just north from Craigstown, 490'

Sambo creek at road oroflsing near School No. 4, in Stroad Tp., .... 448'

20 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Brodhead creek opposite Ramsey's Brick Yd. iD Stroudsborg, 893'

ADslomink Ave., Stroudsburg, opposite B. Haines*, 401'

Analoiuink Ave. at corner of Wm. Garis's lot, 404

The following list of elevations along the line of the N.
Y. S. & W. R. R. was kindly placed at my disposal by the
engineers engaged on the survey of tliat route, Messrs.
Coons and Atkinson, by the permission of J. J. Wood,
chief engineer. This line enters the district from the east
side of the Delaware river a short distance above the mouth
of Brodhead creek and keeping up that stream to its head
waters crosses the Pocono divide in a low gap, north from
Goose Pond ; it there descends the East Branch of Paupack
to the South Branch, which it crosses two miles above
Ledgedale, and keeping up the West Branch past HoUister-
ville in Wayne county passes across the Moosic divide to
Scran ton.

Some of the levels along the line have already been given,
but they are repeated here in order to place them all to-
gether.

The base line chosen by the engineers through Monroe
and Pike counties, was the elevation of the D. L. & W. R.
R. at the Water Gap Station (316' A. T.) which they called
100' ; hence their datum line or zero of elevations is 216' A.
T. and reducing their figures to tide level by means of this
equation the following list of elevations was obtained for
the principal points along the line of the proposed R. R.

IVom Delaware W. O. along Brodhead and Paupack Or a, A. T,

Delaware river, low water, (1881), at bridge across the same, 294'

Flood plain of Delaware river, on north shore, . . 316'

Top of terraoe bluff, (2nd,) Just south from MarshalPs oreek, . . . 342'

Level of Marshall's oreek, under proposed R. R. bridge, 4,400' feet from

the south bank of the Delaware river, 309'

Bluff Just west fh>m MarshalPs oreek, 370'

Crossing of small stream and road just opposite the D. L. & W. R. R.

bridge over Brodhead oreek, .... .... . . 331'

Top of Drift bluff just north fh)m last, at 8000' from Delaware river, 400'

D. L. A W. R. R. at crossing of N. Y. S. A W. R. R., 8400' from Delaware

river, ... 355'

Brodhead creek, under N. Y. S. A W. bridge across the same, 8800' from

D. R., 329'

Bluff just north from Brodhead, 386'

Here the road runs along on a terraoe of Drift or broad bench, just south

from Brodhead creek, the highest point in which is 410'

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 21

Brodhead creek, at mouth of little stream, 12,800' from D. river, .... 845'
McMlchaers creek, at R. R. oroasing, a short distance above its mouth, . 884'
Crossing of Main street, Stroudsburg, 1000' from the bridge connecting it

with E. Stroudsburg, 898'

Top of dam at Adam's mill, one mile above Stroudsburg, 420'

Crossing of road at 80,900' fiom Delaware river, 445'

" Dusenberry's run, at 31,000' from Delaware rivor, 447'

Hoffman's run, at 40,100' from D. river, 600'

Road crossing at 40,300' " »* 617'

Brodhead creek, at 43,000' •* " 494'

Crossing of D. L. A W. R. R. here, 610'

Spragueville road, at 46,925' from D. river, 644'

Brodhead creek, opposite proposed tunnel above Spragueville, 519'

Top of hill over tunnel, ... . . 643'

Road crossing, at 48,750' from D. river, 546'

•* " " 51,250' " " 562'

" " " 51,660' " " 664'

Brodhead creek, at 58,400' " «« 661'

Spring run, at 60,860' " " 604'

Brodhead creek, at 62,000' " «* 612'

Clear run, 63,680' " «* 681'

Pine Mt. run, near its mouth, 67,700' " •« 666'

Laurel run, •• " 687'

Stony run, at 77,600' from D. river, 751'

Brodhead creek, at mouth of Stony run, 740'

Top of Farga Falls, just above, 760'

Brodhead creek, opposite Wm. Bates', 770*

Cross-roads near J. Prices', 829'

Crossing of Lucky run, 877'

Level of little run, near G. Zabriskie's, 916'

Spruce Cabin run, half way between the two fidls, . . . .* 968'

Road on Brodhead creelL, at A. J. Decker's, near CanadensiB, 96,000' from

D. river, 997»

Brodhead creek here, ... 987'

Stony run, opposite School No. 5, Barrett twp., 1211'

Elizabeth Feltham pond. Stony run, 1291'

Stony run, opposite Jos. Brown's, 1318'

Goose pond, at Pike county line, 1476'

Brodhead creels, at mouth of Leves branch, 1022'

Leves branch, where first road crosses it above its mouth, . ' 1025'

" «* at foot of Lower falls, 1317'

" " at top ** " 1485'

" at road crossing, near C. J. Price's, 1617'

at foot of Upper falls, 1679'

*• at top ** " 1681'

Dark Hollow Summit of Pocono Plateau, 1681'

Eich's pond, in Pike county, 1764'

Crossing of Canadensis road, . . . . 1825»

Crossing East branch Paupack, 200' above its junction with Bridge brook, 1387'

Water in South Paupack, 2 miles above Ledgedale, 1226'

Bluff of South Paupack, 1284'

«< Ci

22 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Crossing of Buttemut oreek, in Wayne county, 1196'

** ** West Paupaok, 1^ miles below Hollisteryllle, 1278'

«• " " " I mile above " 1871'

(Since the above was written the N. Y. S. &. W. R. R.
Co. has abandoned the route over the Pocono plateau, hav-
ing perfected an agreement with the D. L. & W. R. R. by
which the track of the latter is used from below Sprague-
ville northward to Scranton.

By this arrangement the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. crosses
Brodhead creek about one mile and a quarter above Strouds-
burg, at Adam's Mill, running out to a junction with the
D. L. & W. R. R., as stated, two miles below Spragueville.

A. T.
Elevation of Brodhead oreek, just below dam at Adam's Mill, .... 414'
Track of D. L. A W. RR., at Junction with the N. Y. 8. A W., 477')

The only other RR. profile passing through any portion
of the district is that of the Honesdale branch of the Erie,
which ascends Lacka waxen creek from the village of Lack-
awaxen, Pike county, and according to table 95, Report N,
exhibits the following elevations :

Levels along Laekawaxen Creek. Miles, A. T.

Laokawaxen, 650'

Delaware river here above dam, 600'

Rowland's, 4 700*

Laekawaxen creek there by bar, 4 680'

MiilvUle, 8 780'

Kimble's, 12 849'

Laekawaxen here by bar, 12 805'

Hawley, Pike-Wajrne county line, 16 899'

Laekawaxen here, 16 880'

White Mills, 21 925

Honesdale, 25 966'

The Delaware and Hudson Canal passes from Honesdale
down the north bank of the Laekawaxen to its mouth, and
crossing the Delaware river to the New York side, follows
it to Port Jervis, when turning down the old Neversink
(Marcellus shale) valley it reaches the Hudson river at
Rondout.

Table 96 of Report N. gives the elevation of a few points
along it as follows :

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 23

A. T.

Honesdaie, 965'

Hawley 880'

Port Jervis, ♦466'

Rivers and creeks.

The drainage system of the district is quite complicated,
but the rainfall is carried away from the district through
two main channels, viz : the Delaware river, and the Lehigh
river, and since the latter empties into the Delaware at
Easton, 26 miles south from the district, we may say that
the drainage all reaches the sea through the Delaware river.

Since this latter stream flows around about one half the
boundary of the district, it receives by far the larger pro-
portion of the drainage directly, carrying through the Water
Gap the rainfall from all of Pike county and all of Monroe
except a narrow strip along its extreme western and northern
borders, including Coolbaugh, Tobyhanna, Tunkhannock,
Polk, and Eldred townships with portions of Ross and
Chestnut Hill.

Rivers of Eastern Pike.

The principal tributaries which enter the Delaware in
Pike county are as follows, beginning at the Wayne county
line and going down it to the Water Gap :

Mast Hope creeks a wild and rapid stream rising in Wayne
county ; descends through the northern point of Lackawaxen
township, draining it into the Delaware at Mast Hope.

Lackawaxen river ^ flowing eastward through the town-
ship of the same name, pours a large volume of water into the

*The top of the canal at Port Jervis when filled with water is 30' above the
level of the Erie R. R. (440' A. T.) at that locality, as I found by barometer-
This would malce canal elevation 470^ at Port Jervis or 15' higher than that
(465' ) given above. The error may poasibly be in the canal levels, since the
Erie R. R. Port Jervis level (440' A. T.) checks to the foot at Strondsburg
with the D. \u A. W. R. R. elevation of Water Gap Station (316' A. T.) and
the latter checks closely with the Delaware river level at Walker's Ferry (op.
posite Shawnee) (298' A. T.) given in Table 84 Report N.

The highest part of the canal at the summit level between Port Jervis and
Rondout on the Hudson is 58' above the " 12 mile level" at Port Jervis, or only
108' above the Delaware river, while the summit of the Neversink divide is
about 40* lower or only 70' above the Delaware river at Port Jervis.

24 G* REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Delaware at the village of Lackawaxen. This stream and
its tributaries drain all of western Pike, the main tributary
being the —

Wallenpaupack^ the stream which separates Pike from
Wayne county. The South Branch of Wallenpaupack
takes its rise on the Pocono plateau in that elevated region
of northern Monroe where the Lehigh river, Tobyhanna
creek, and other streams rise to move in such various direc-
tions ; thence flowing north with rapid fall it receives sev-
eral tributaries from Greene township, and pouring through
a narrow gateway of rock at Ledgedale enters an old buried
valley over which it goes at an almost imperceptible rate
falling only 6' from one half mile below Ledgedale until we
come to Wilsonville, a distance of more than ten miles.
Here however it soon makes up for its sluggish current
above by plunging over cascades from 6' to 60' high until
it accomplishes a descent of 260' in a distance of only one
mile, the greater portion of this descent being made within
only a few hundred feet over the cliflfs of Paupack Palls.
It empties into the Lackawaxen at Hawley, a few hundred
yards below the foot of Paupack FaUs.

The descent of its bed northward is shown by the follow-
ing barometric elevations :

Levels along Wallenpaup<iek, Milea, A, T,

Divide at head of South WaUenpaupaok, in Monroe oonnty, . 2100'

Opposite South Sterling, 10 1400*

" New Foundland, 12 ISOO'

Crossing of N. Y. S. A W. RR., . . 18 1228'

Opposite Ledgedale, Main Br. Walienpaupaok, 20 IISO'

Dam at WilsonviUe, 82 lliO'

Mouth at Hawley, 38 SSO'

Blooming Orove creek rises in the township of that name
where it drains a large area, and flowing northward empties
into the Lackawaxen at Millville. Its upper portion has
a very gentle descent, often oozing through swamps with a
scarcely perceptible flow, but about one mile south from
where it crosses the Milford and Owega Pike, the descent
steepens and it rushes onward to the Lackawaxen between
walls of Catskill sandstone making frequent cascades along
its rocky bed and falling at the rate of 100' per mile.

TOPOGRAPHY. G*. 26

Big Tink creek entering the Lackawaxen half-way between
Millville and Rowland's drain a considerable area in that
portion of Laxawaxen township. Its source is Big Tink
Pond 1300' A. T. while its mouth is at 700' A. T.

Shohola creek heads on the north-eastern slope of the
Pocono range where it begins in the western portion of
Pike at an elevation of 1800' A. T. From this point to the
Milford and Owega pike, it flows in a north-eastward direc-
tion with a rather gentle descent draining a large area in
Blooming Grove and Dingman townships. At the Milford
turnpike it cuts through the Drift, over which it flows
for several miles to the south, and then making a plunge of
60' over Catskill cliffs at Shohola Falls, descends at a very-
rapid rate to the Delaware river just below Shohola village,
falling 660' in about 6^ miles air-line distance. This por-
tion of its course is wild in the extreme, the great sandstones
of the Catskill often rising nearly vertically from its bed to
a height of 300'.

Big and Little Pond creeks drain a considerable portion
of Shohola township and empty into the Delaware at Carr's
Rock.

From this point on around the great bend of the Dela-
ware at Carpenter's Point down to Milford, the only tribu-
taries of the Delaware from the Pennsylvania side are
small streams which rise on the high plateau 2 to 4 miles
back from the river and descend to it at a very rapid rate.
Among the largest of these are Pond Eddy^ Middaugh^
Quick'' s Mills^ and Yandemark creeks.

From the New York side the only tribu tary of any size
that the Delaware receives between Narrowsburg and Port
Jervis is Mongaup creek which empties into it just below
Pond Eddy.

At Carpenter's Point, however, it receives the Never sink
river ^ a large stream draining the south-western half of the
old buried valley which extends from the Delaware river
north-eastward to the Hudson at Rondout. Its head is a
large spring on a divide so inappreciable that a portion of
the water from it passes into the Hudson, while the rest
comes down the Neversink to the Delaware. Since the sum-

26 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

mit of this divide is only 80' above the Delaware at Carpen-
ter's Point the flow of the Neversink is very sluggish, mean-
dering continually over beds of Drift underlaid mostly by
Marcellus Shale,

Rivers of Southern Pike,

From Carpenter's Point to Decker's Ferry, a distance of
28 miles, the Delaware receives not a single tributary from
the New Jersey (south) side (a few brooks excepted) but a
great many from the Pennsylvania side, among which are
the following :

SawJcill creeJc enters the Delaware at Milford. It rises on
the Catskill highlands 8-10 miles west from the river and
flows across the strike of the rocks south-eastward, making
several great cascades in its course through the Hamilton
sandstone^ and falling about 150' to the mile from where it
strikes those beds at the top of Sawkill Falls until it empties
into the Delaware. It drains nearly all of Milford town-
ship.

Raymondskill creek drains the eastern half of Dingman
township eastward into the Delaware 3 miles below Milford.
It too makes a great cascade 125' high where it passes
through the Hamilton sandstone^ at the Raymondskill
Falls one mile above its mouth.

AdarrCs creek drains the northern portion of Delaware
township, and its bed is an almost constant succession of
small cascades from the crossing of the State road to its
mouth, a distance of two miles.

DingmarC s creek,, has its source in Silver Lake, a beauti-
ful sheet of water 1265' A. T. and situated near the western
line of Delaware township. It flows eastward through the
central portion of the township to the Delaware river at
Dingman village, making several large cascades in its course,
the two principal ones being Fulmer Falls over the bottom
layers of Catskill sarulstone, and High or Dingman Falls
over the top beds of Hamilton sandstone^ both of which are
fully described in the detailed report of Delaware township.

HornhecVs creek drains the south-western portion of Dela-
ware township, and also has a High Falls (about 100') in

TOPOGRAPHY. G\ 27

passing through the Hamilton sandstone^ li ms. above its
mouth.

Rafferty^ Mill^ Van Garden^ and Tom' s creeks are small
streams which dmin the eastern half of Lehman township.

Little Bushkill creek^ rises in the southern portion of
Dingman township and flowing nearly due south along the
line between Porter and Delaware enters Lehman at its north-
eastern corner, and keeping south through its central portion
empties into Big Bushkill creek at the south-western comer
of Pike county.

Bushkill Falls is a wild and lofty cataract made where
this stream passes over the top of the Hamilton sandstone
about 3 miles above its mouth.

Middle Bushkill (sometimes called Saw) creek rises near
the northern line of Porter township, and flowing southward
drains the eastern half of the latter and the south-western
border of Lehman, into the Big Bushkill, 3 miles above the
mouth of that stream.

Middle Bushkill Falls^ where this stream passes over the
top of the Hamilton sandstone^ li above its mouth, is a
small cascade only 10' high, but well w^orth a visit from the
great profusion oi fossil corals which may be collected from
that locality.

Big Bushkill creek has its source in a series of lakelets
which surround High Knob, in Pike county, far up on the
Pocono plateau. The main branch rises in the southern
portion of Blooming Grove township, and keeping south-
ward, receives Rocky Hill and Taylor's creeks, after which
it veers westward out of Porter township into Barrett in
Monroe county ; there it is joined by Lake Branch, when it
veers south-eastward again into Pike county, but after
crossing the southwest corner of Porter, it reenters Monroe,
and making a long detour through Middle Smithfield town-
ship, returns to the Pike county line at the mouth of Mid-
dle Bushkill, from which point it flows east to the Delaware
forming the line between the two counties to its mouth at
Bushkill village. This stream makes no falls where it cuts
through the Hamilton sandstone, but near the base of the

28 G*. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Catskill rocks at Ressaca Tannery it makes a wild cataract

50' high.

Rivers of Monroe.

Monroe county has a more complicated drainage system
than Pike; since the high Pocono escarpment tnms the
water (down the dip) to the north-west toward the Upi)er Le-
high ; and a low divide extending north and south across
the south-western portion of the county sends the rainfall
from that portion westward to the Lehigh also.

Tlie great divide which separates the waters of the dis-
trict whi(5h flow southward, from those which go northward
begins in Blooming Grove township of Pike county and,
keeping westward through Greene, passes into Monroe
around the northern edge of Barrett, continuing south-west-
ward along the eastern border of Coolbaugh, following
rudely the escarpment of Pocono Mountain around the
southern margin of Tunkhannock to the Jackson township
line, and south-westward through Carbon county to the
Lehigh river.

Since the Delaware leaves Monroe county through the
great breach in the Blue Mountains at the Water Gap we
find the principal drainage streams of Monroe county con-
verging toward that locality.

WalpacJc ridge which enters Monroe at the Walpack
bend of the Delaware, keeps parallel with that stream and
just north from it along the eastern portion of the county,
thus compelling the streams to flow along the strike of the
rocks until they find an exit through the Ridge across the
strike ; hence no creeks enter the Delaware river between
the mouth of Big Bushkill and Shawnee village a distance
of 10 miles.

Shawnee creek here breaks through after di'aining a small
area in south-eastern Smithfield and the western portion of
the adjoining township. It heads up against Plctce's run
which goes eastward to Big Bushkill.

Pond creek in the same way heads up against Willom
creek in the old buried valley between Bushkill village and

TOPOGRAPHY. Q\ 29

Stroudsburg, the latter flowing eastward to Bushkill creek
while the former goes westward to Marshall's creek.

Marshall s creek rises in the northern portion of Mid-
dle Smithfield, and flowing nearly due south cuts squarely
across the old buried valley, and continuing southward
through Walpack ridge, empties into Brodhead creek a
short distance above the mouth of the latter stream.

Brodhead creek and its tributaries drain a large area of
the central portion of Monroe. It rises on back of the es-
carpment of the Pocono Mountain in the northern portion of
Barrett township, some of its branches coming from Pike
county. The descent of its bed is shown by the table of
levels along the proposed N. Y. S. & W. R. R. given on a
previous page, its source being about 2000' A. T. and its
mouth 294' A. T. It carries a large amount of water from
Barret, Price, Pocono, Stroud, and Smithfield townships.

From Stroudsburg, Bipdhead flows north-eastward along
the northern slope of Walpack ridge for about 2i miles,
when turning squarely around it cuts through the ridge to
the south-east and continuing onward empties into the Del-
aware just where that, stream turns southward across the
strike of the rocks toward the Water Gap.

McMicha^Vs creek is its principal tributary, pouring into
it (from the west at Stroudsburg) the rain fall from the north-
em half of Hamilton, nearly all of Jackson, and the eastern
portion of Chestnut Hill. Just before entering Brodhead
creek McMichael's creek receives

Pocono creek from the north, which drains portions of
Stroud, Pocono and Jackson townships.

Cherry creek is a sluggish stream which rises near the
western line of Hamilton township, and flowing north-east-
ward drains the eastern half of the buried valley which runs
south-westward from the mouth of Brodhead creek along
the southern slope of Godfrey's* ridge ; it empties into the
Delaware just below the mouth of Brodhead.

Aquanchicola creek heads up against Cherry creek in a
low valley (625' A. T. where it is imj)0ssible to locate the

[* Godfrey's ridge is Walpaok ridge oontinued west of Brodhead Greek.
Prof. White uses Walpaok ridge in preference— J. P. L.]

30 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

exact point of the divide, so gentle is the slope both east
and west) and runs along the foot of the Blue Mountain
westward to the Lehigh water gap.

Frantz^s creek Hoyfs westward just north from Godfrey's
ridge, heading in an old, wide, buried valley at about 635'
A. T. the eastern end of which is drained into McMichael's
creek through the Lake Branch of that stream. Ross and
Eldred townships are diuined by these two streams (Aquan-
chicola and Frantz's creeks) the latter of which makes a
breach through Godfrey's ridge about 3 miles west from the
Monroe county line, and empties into Aquanchicola at Little
Gap.

Poliopoco creeJc^ (or Big creek) rises in the northern por-
tion of Chestnut Hill, and iiowing southward turns west-
ward through the southern portion of Polk township, keep-
ing south-westward through Carbon county along the Ham-
ilton shale valley worn out of these soft rocks, brought up
by the Lehighton axis. It drains the western half of Chest-
nut Hill and all of Polk into the Lehigh river at Weissport
in Carbon county.

Tankhannock creek rises on the Pocono plateau in Tunk-
hannock, and drains that township north-westward into
Tobyhanna creek.

Tohyhanna creek rises on the elevated highland in
southern Wayne county whence radiate the Lehigh, Wal-
lenpaupack, and Brodhead. Along its upper reaches Toby-
hanna meanders through immense swamps with a very slug-
gish flow southward through Coolbaugh and Tobyhanna
townships to the western line of the county, when receiving
Tunkhannock creek it turns north-westward forming the
line between Carbon and Monroe to its mouth at the Lehigh
river.

Tunkhanna creek drains the south-eastern portions of
Coolbaugh and Tobyhanna townships emptying into Toby-
hanna creek near the center of the latter township.

The Lehigh river flows along the line of Coolbaugh and
Tobyhanna townships where they border on Lackawanna
county, and drains a considerable area from their western
portions.

LAKES AND PONDS. Gt\ 31

Lakes and Ponds,

The same phenomena with regard to ponds and lakelets
were observed in this district, that I note in my Report
Gr* on Susqnehanna and Wayne, viz : the large number of
them, and their occurrence chiefly on the elevated plateaus
at the sources of the streams.

The following is a brief account of these bodies of wat«r,
and taking the townships of the district seriatim, beginning
witli those of Pike county :

In Lackawaxen Township are five ponds : —

KetchalV s Poiid^ in northern portion : Pike- Wayne line
crosses it ; situated in Montrose red shale ; drift heaps sur-
round it ; maximum depth 20' ; bottom covered to an un-
known depth with a greenish black carbonaceous 7nud\
elevation A. T., 1165', no inlet ; outlet into Mast Hope creek.

Simmond^s Pond lies about i mile south-east from Ketch-
air s, having as its only visible feeder the sluggish stream
from the latter ; but both are doubtless fed by subterranean
springs which rise through the drift from their bottoms ;
situated in the Montrose red shale ; maximum depth 22' ;
bottom rocky in places, but covered in others by greenish
black carbonaceous mud ; elevation A. T. 1160' ; outlet into
Mast Hope creek ; area about equal to that of Ketchall's
which contains 200 acres. In both ponds occur Catfish, Sun-
fish, Perch and Eels ; no fish have yet been artificially in-
troduced into them.

Wolf Pondy 3 miles south from Simmond's; no inlet;
outlet northward into Mast Hoi)e creek ; very probably at
the horizon of the Montrose red shale.

Big Tink Pond^ li miles south-east from the last ; no
inlet ; outlet southward through Tink creek to the Lacka-
waxen river ; reported depth 100' ; surrounded by Drift ;
basin in red shale ; area 600 acres.

West Colanng Pond^ 2i miles east from Big Tink ; sur-
rounded by Drift heaps ; maximum depth 27' ; bottom cov-
ered with a greenish black ooze; height A. T. 1120'; two
small inlets ; outlet into the Delaware river If miles east ;
area 600 acres.

32 Gt*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

In Palmyra township the only considerable pond is —
Lake Jones, This beautiful sheet of water is situated
on the summit of the divide between Paupack and Bloom-
ing Grove creeks at an elevation of 1500' A. T., being the
source of the latter stream ; depth 30'-40' ; one inlet ; sur-
rounded by beds of Drift under which the Cherry ridge red
shale is seen along the shore of the lake ; contains Bass (in-
troduced) Sunfish, Pickerel and Catfish ; area about 500
acres.

In Oreen township is a cluster of lakelets around High
Knob among which are the following :

Lake Laura, — Lake Ernest — Lake Belle,

These lakes are situated in a wilderness country through
which no roads lead, and hence I was unable to visit them,
but I learned from hunters that none of them has any in-
lets, being fed by springs which rise from their bottoms.
From what is known of the elevation of the plateau on
which they are situated the highest one, Lake Laura, must
be about 1800' A. T., while Belle and Ernest cannot be
much below 1750' A. T. Their outlets are southward into
Big Bushkill creek.

Mud Pond^ situated about 2^ miles west from Lake Belle,
and at about the same elevation, also empties into Bushkill.
All of these lakelets formerly contained great numbers of
Brook Trout, but they have been nearly exterminated
through continuous fishing.

Ooose Pond^ situated at the southern edge of Greene
township, and partly in Monroe county empties southward
into Brodhead creek ; elevation as determined by the N. Y.
S. & W. R. R. engineers, 1476' A. T. ; surrounded by banks
of Drift ; no inlet.

EicKs Pond lies about one half mile west from Mud but
it empties northward into Wallenpaupack creek through
Bridge Brook ; elevation as determined by Mr. Schermer-
hom of the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. engineer corps, 1754' A.
T ; no inlet, but surrounded by Drift deposits ; area about
550 acres.

Laurel Dale Pond^ situated at the northern line of the

LAKES AND PONDS. G*. 33

township, just east from the Canadensis road ; elevation
A. T. 170()', depth 20' ; outlet northward into East Paupack ;
area, when water stands at top of dam at its outlet, 800
acres ; surrounded with Drift under which some red shale
is seen near its outlet.

East Branch Pond is on the same creek, 2^ miles below
Laureldale, where tlie stream expands in a large drift-filled
valley so as to cover several hundred acres to a depth of
10' to 30' ; elevation A. T. about 1500'.

In Blooming Chow township also are a large number of
lakelets, due to its position on the summit of the divide be-
tween the waters of streams which flow to almost every
point of the compass.

Tht Blooming Or one Park Association^ principally com-
posed of sportsmen from New York and adjacent cities,
owns a large body of land in this township, on which no
one but members of the corporation and their guests are al-
lowed to hunt or fish. The tract is all wild land and con-
tiiins about 13,000 acres, being a very irregular narrow strip
extending from Beaver Lake near the northern line of the
township southward through the eastern end of Greene to
Bushkill creek in Porter, the main object having been to
get a^ many lakelets as possible in a continuous tract.
Those thus enclosed are,

Bear^ Giles, Scott, Westhrook, and Bruce ponds, with
the three already mentioned in eastern Greene viz : Laura,
Ernest and Belle.

Some of these lakelets have been restocked with fish,
principally Bass, and the others, being protected from ex-
cessive fisliing, afford fine sport in that line. A large area
has been enclosed by a very high fence, and in this. Deer
and other wild animals are allowed to live and multiply un-
molested by the huntsmen, except to prevent their becoming
too numerous.

Scott, Westhrook, and Britce Lakes^ form the source of

Shohola creek, and their elevation cannot be far from 1600'

A. T. ; though this is only an estimate based upon the known

height of Shohola creek several miles below, as no roads

3G*.

34 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

pass near them by which I conld gain access to them ; but in
question, I learned from huntsmen that there were no inlets
to any of the three, each being fed from springs which rise
from their beds, and this would of course indicate the pres-
ence of gravelly drift surroundings.

Oiles Lake is a beautiful sheet of clear water almost cir-
cular in shape, situated near the center of the township.
Extending almost halfway around it, are nearly vertical
walls of Catskill sandstone^ 200' high on the west and north,
but to the east and south is seen nothing except low hills of
gravelly drift underlaid by a thick red shale in which the
lake basin has been excavated. A strong stream flows out
of the lake, but no water enters it except what rises from
springs under its surface. Its depth is given at 87' by the
superintendent of the Park Club House, who states that
this depth was found in dragging for a gun accidentally
dropped from a boat, hence it is very probably correct ; ele-
vation A. T. 1375' ; outlet into Sbohola creek ; area 400
acres.

Beaver Lake lies about one mile north from Oiles at a
slightly higher elevation, being about 1400' A. T. It is
smaller than the latter and like it has no inlet ; outlet into
Shohola creek.

WJUte Deer Lake lies about 3^ miles west from Beaver^
and empties south-eastward into Blooming Grove creek.
It has no inlet and is surrounded by banks of drift ; eleva-
tion about 1400' A. T.

Two other nameless lakelets are situated in this township,
one in its south-east corner emptying into Rocky Hill branch
of Bushkill, the other in the north-eastern portion, its out-
let leading into Shohola creek.

In Shohola township are the following.

Big Brink Pond, situated near its southern border, covers
an area of 1,200 acres; depth 20'-25' ; suiTounded by banks
of drift ; one small inlet ; outlet northward to the Dela-
ware river throuo:h Big Pond creek ; elevation 1285' A. T.

Little Brink Pond lies a few rods north from Big Brink,
and has neither inlet nor outlet visible, though there is

LAKES AND PONDS. (jt\ 36

doubtless a subterranean connection through the grav^elly
drift deposits between it and the Big pond ; maximum depth
40' ; bottom gravelly ; elevation 1285' A. T.

Biff Walker Pond is a local expansion of Little Pond
creek in an old diift-fiUed valley ; depth 10-20' ; elevation
1200'.

Little Walker Pond is another expansion of the same
stream one half mile north from the Big Pond ; surrounded
by drift deposits ; depth 25' ; elevation 1165' A. T.

In Dingraan toionship are several large ponds among
which are the following : .

Big Log Tavern Pond^ situated near the center of the
township in a wide drift-filled valley ; oblong in shape, con-
taining over 600 acres of surface ; depth 20'-30' ; bottom
covered with a blackish ooze; no inlet, outlet into Ray-
mondskill creek ; elevation 1270' A. T.

Little Log Tavern Pond lies a few hundred yards east
from the Big one from which it is separated by a high sharp
ridge; no inlet, outlet into Raymondskill ; maximum depth
found by Robert Drake (who states that he has frequently
sounded it in putting out trout lines to catch fish) 85' ; sur-
rounded by Drift heaps, elevation 1260' A. T.

Both Ponds contain Eels^ Pickerel^ Catfish^ Perch (yel-
low), Sunfishy Blaxik Bass (introduced.)

Rocky Hill Pond^ situated in the extreme western por-
tion of the township, one haH a mile south from the Ding-
man Turnpike in a wilderness through which I could not
easily penetrate ; the source of Rocky Hill creek, a tribu-
tary of Big Bushkill, which 5 miles south from the pond
has an elevation of 1280' A. T. hence the pond cannot well
be lower than 1350' A. T. since that is the elevation of the
Dingman Pike just north from it ; on the county map it is
figured as having no inlet, which is doubtless correct, since
the region around it is covered to a great depth by Drift
deposits.

Satokill Pond^ situated near the northern edge of the
township in a wide Drift valley ; depth 20'-30' ; one inlet ;
outlet into Sawkill creek ; elevation 1175' ; area 150 acres.

36 G'. KEI>OUT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITK.

Mint Pond lies about one mile west from Sawkill Pond,
and its outlet passes into the latter.

In Delaware township are only two large lakelets, Niche-
cronk Pond and Silver Lake.

Silver Lake lies near the western margin of the town-
sliip ; suiTounded by Drift banks ; no inlet ; outlet into
Dingman's creek of which it forms the source; reported
maximum depth 100' around the margins only 20'-30' ; el-
evation 1265' A. T. beautifully clear water in which Trovt^
Pickerel^ Catfish and Sunfish abound but no Eels are found
it being impossible for them to make the ascent of the over-
hanging falls of Dingman's creek, near Fulmerville, though
they get safely up the mucli higher one (125') near the
mouth of this stream by wriggling through the moss which
covers the almost perpendicular rocky walls ; though they
reach the base of the Fulmer Falls in countless numbers
they never get above it.

Nichecronk Pond is the source of the creek of the same
name which puts into Dingman a few miles east from Sil-
ver Lake : no inlet ; elevation about 1150' A. T.

In Porter township are two considerable lakes, Twelve
Mile and Fifteen Mile Poiids^ the latter being sometimes
known as Portef s Lake,

Twelve Mile Pond is in the southern portion of the town-
ship ; no inlet, outlet into Middle Bushkill ci'eek.

Porter'^ s Lake is situated north from the central line of
the township, and is completely inclosed by low banks of
drift ; average depth 15'-20' ; bottom covered with blackish
ooze ; elevation 1300' A. T.. one inlet, outlet westward to Big
Bushkill creek ; area about 700 acres ; contains Black and
White Catfish^ Yellow Perch^ Pickerel^ two kinds of Sun-
fish^ StickerSj Chvhs^ Shiners^ and Eels.

Lehman township has only two ponds called First and
Second^ situated in its western portion, the one just north
from the other and emptying into it the water of both being
carried to Little Sawkill creek through Pond run ; the upper
one has a small inlet, and drift hea{)s surround both.

LAKES AND PONDS. G\ 37

Monroe county contains but few lakelets compared with
Pike ; possibly because fewer streams head up against each
other radiating in every direction like they do in Pike, and
probably because the rocks are more steeply inclined in
Monroe.

Beginning with Middle SmitJifield :

Echo Lake {Seyhy" s Pond as it is often called) is situ-
ated on the summit of the buried valley which extends
south-west from the Big Buslikill to Stroudsburg. The
county atlas gives it an outlet to Big Bushkill, through Wil-
low creek, but it is separated from the drainage of that
stream by a broad bank of drift 25'-30' high, being in fact
surrounded by drift deposits with neither inlet nor outlet
visible, though of course there is an underground outlet,
south-westward into Pond creek through Coolbaugh Pond;
since in very rainy weather the water rises over the low
divide which separates it from the latter, and sends a sur-
face current into it ; maximum depth found in eight sound
ings made in different parts of the lake, 36'. This result was
somewhat surprising, since it had been reported to me as
being altogether bottomless, one man having let down a line
300' without reaching bottom. The result is a good com-
mentary on the general unreliability of the depths assigned
to these lakelets by those who have had no experience in
making soundings. From a certain point, in the lake, a fine
echo can be heard, the sound being repeated three or four
times by reverberations from the steep drift banks, 30' high,
which enclose it ; elevation 600' A. T.

Coolbmtgh Pond is situated only a few hundred yards
south-west from Echo Lake, in the same old drift-filled val-
ley, underlaid by Marcellus shale ; depth 15'-20' ; eleva-
tion SOC A. T. outlet through Pond creek into Marshall's
creek.

At the western margin of Hamilton township
Poponoming Lake lies in a wide drift- filled valley ; its
shore bluflfa 40'-60' high entirely of Drift materials ; out-
let into the Lake Branch of McMichaeFs creek ; one small
inlet ; maximum depth 35', elevation 620' A. T.

38 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

In the southern portion of Chestnut Hill township

Minneola Lake lies in a buried valley on the summit of
the divide between McMichael's creek and Pohopoko; It
is surrounded on every side by great banks of Drift, has
one small inlet but no visible outlet being evidently a ''Ket-
tle Hole" left by the melting glacier, since seveml other
smaller " Kettle Holes " are seen in the Drift of the imme-
diate vicinity, which were destitute of water when I visited
the locality. The lake is abundantly fed by springs from
its bottom, and of course the water must find some other
escape from the Lake basin than evaporation, else it would
fill up and overflow ; it very probably passes westward
through the gravelly deposits around its margin to McMi-
chael's creek, which flows past it about i mile distant and 50'
below the surface of the lake ; elevation, 680' A . T.

Wire Lake is a small body of water at the head of Wire
creek in the south-western comer of Hamilton township.
It lies in a drift-filled valley, is fed entirely by springs, and
has its outlet westward into Pohopoco creek ; elevation
about 675' A. T.

Long Lake is a curious body of water situated near the
central portion of Tunkhannock township ; it apparently
results from the expansion of Tunkhannock creek in its
passage across the drift-covered Pocono plateau, being
about 3 miles long but only a few rods wide, and 5'-10'
deep ; bordered by Cranberry marshes for a long distance
on its southern shore, while steep banks of Drift occur along
the northern margin ; elevation 1835' A. T., outlet by way
of Tunkhannock creek and Tobyhanna to the Lehigh river.

Many other ponds and lakelets exist about the sources
of Tobyhanna creek and Tunkhanna in Coolbaugh and To-
byhanna townships, but they are situated in a wilderness
country where access is very difficult, and they have not
even been mapped in the county atlas.

Origin of the Lake Basins of the District

The constant association of Drift materials around the
margins of the lakelets of the district, naturally leads to

LAKES AND PONDS. G*. 39

the inference that these deposits must in some way be con-
nected with the origin of the lake basins.

In some cases like that of Echo^ Coolbaugh^ Poponoming^
and Minneola lakes, the evidence is perfectly clear that the
basins had the same origin as the "Kettle Holes" so often
found associated with glacial deposits, since their basins
are in two cases completely surrounded by bluflfs of drift
with no visible outlet. It is highly probable that some of
the lake basins scattered over the highlands of Pike county
have originated in the same way.

Many others, however, seem to have been formed by the
dams of glacial debris which were often thrown athwart the
course of pre-glacial valleys. The presence of a soft under-
lying rock seems also to have had considerable influence in
determining the site of the basins, since several in Pike
county are excavated out of red shale.

The presence of a soft underlying stratum would doubtless
determine the erosion of a wide level valley, but how such
a valley could be converted into a lake basin 25'-100' in
depth is not so readily seen, unless some such hypothesis as
I have given be adopted, since the outlets of these lakelets
are always through drift material, and not through such de-
posits as might have accumulated by the impeded drainage
of any low country, such as Peat growth, over dams of drift-
wood.

[ It is well known that in Greenland large streams of water
descend the surface slope of the great glacier, between walls
of ice, and plunged into crevasses. The cascades thus pro-
duced must often be of great height and force ; and if they
reach the bottom of the glacier, they must excavate the
mother rocks over which the ice moves. This seems to be a
sufficient explanation of many of the inequalities of surface
in the country formerly covered by the great Canadian ice
sheet. J. P. L. ]

40 G*. REPORT OP PKoOHESS. 1. (.'. WIIITK.

^ew _ York

Pondsandtakes) C

Drift coyred country
behhid thf

Terminal Moraine.

Scale iO-itiUt lean fiich.

Chapter III.

Surface Geology.

Drift; buried valleys ; preglaciaZ drainage ; soils.

The glaciation of the district has been all but universal,
since the only portion of it not covered by the great north'
ern ice sheet is the extreme south- west corner of Monroe
county. This glaciation is indicated alike on the highest
summits and in the lowest valleys by the cx)ntinuous heaps
of morainic debris^ and the polished^ plo/ned^ and striated
rock surfaces seen wherever the soil and drift have been re-
moved.

South 30"" West seems to have been the prevailing direc-
tion of the ice movevient^ as determined by the striae, though
of course there are many exceptions to this where local
causes have 8ui)ervened to change the direction of ice move-
ment to almost every point of the compass between due
south and due west.

The intervention of valleys and mountain ranges seems
to have had very little effect on the direction of movement,
since the ice kept stniight on its course S. 30'' W. across the
elevated summit of the Kittatinny or Blue mountain. Very
deep valleys however, like that of the Delaware, act^ as a
groove to turn the ice out of its course in the lower porticm
of the same, since at the few localities where the striae can
be seen along this stream, the direction conforms to the trend
of the valley, viz : S. 60^-65° W.

The same fact was also noted along the north side of Wal-
pack ridge when it attains an unusual development, since
at one locality in Middle Smithfield the striae along its
northern slope go S. 50° W. or nearly the same direction as
the trend of the ridge.

The only part of the district over which the ice did not
pass, is that included in portions of Ross, Eldred, and Chest-
nut Hill townships at the extreme south-west comer of Mon-

( 41 G«. )

42 G*. UEPORT OF PKOGUE8S. I. C. WHITE.

roe, since the Terminal Moraine of the great northern gla-
cier may be distinctly seen at the eastern border of Ross,
while beyond it westward we enter upon a driftless area.*

The composition of the drift throughout the district is
much the same as in other portions of the State, consisting
of a heterogenous mass of both angular and rounded bowl-
ders of almost every size from a mere pebble up to masses
of rock weighing hundreds of tons and containing 25,000
cubic feet ; intermingled with these much sand and clay are
often found, but except in the valley of the Delaware no
quick sand has been reported to or seen by me.

No granitic or metamorphic rocks were observed by me
among the materials of the drift in any poition of the dis-
trict, the bowlders being apparently all of them rocks which
come to the surface in this and adjoining counties.

Oneida conglovierate bowlders, very generally rounded,
and polished, are found scattered over the tops of the high-
est hills 10 to 12 miles north-west from the Delaware river,
and nearly 15 miles in a direct line from the outcrop of this
rock in the Blue mountains. Along the Delaware river
these Oneida bowlders are first met with in the neighbor-
hood of Shohola, very scattering at first but becoming more
and more numerous, as one decends that stream toward the
Shawangunk (Blue or Kitatinny) mountain.

Tlie area over which the Oneida bowlders are distributed
may be traced south-westward from Shohola through Pike
county (the north-western margin passing just north from

♦This total absence of drift from the greater portions of Ross and Eidred
townships, as weU as the extreme southern portion of Chestnut Hill is diffioolt
to account for, since the ice undoubtedly passed as far west as the Lehigh river,
because there we find the old channel of Aquanchiooia creek choked up w^ith
drift, and the stream compelled to cut a new one around it to the south through
the solid strata, before entering the Lehigh. It is quite probable that Wire
ridge^ a synclinal ridge of Catskill and Chemunp beds^ C which extends
along the southern margin of Chestnut Hill township separating it from Ross
and risino: 400'-500' above the wide MareeUua shale valfey just north,) may
have acted as a shield which preventing the already much wasted ice sheet
from crossing it, diverted the glacial current off more to the west down the
valley of Pohopoko creek. That this was the true state of afikirs seems to be
confirmed by the fact that the ice passed southward over the western portion
of Eidred down the great valley through Wire ridge Just south from Kreoge-
yllle, (for an account of which seepage following.)

SURFACE GEOLOGY. Gt\ 43

Shohola Falls) and so on, westward, past Porter lake, en-
tering Monroe county near the northern line of Middle Smith-
field township, whence it rapidly declines southward to
witliin four or five miles of the Oneida oxttcnop*

The thickness of the Drift is quite variable, running up to
200' or more in some of the valleys, while along some of the
summits it is so thinly spread that but for the occurrence of
occasional bowlders of Oneida conglomerate and parallel
striae^ one would be likely to infer that the ice had never
covered the regions in question. It is highly probable that
post-glacial erosion has had much to do with removing the
drift deposits from the uplands and piling them up along
the valleys. (See Mr. H. C. Lewis' forthcoming report. )

Across the Pocono plateau the Drift is spread quite uni-
formly ; since, owing to the gentle slope, erosion has not
been able to remove it very unequally. Over much of that
region it has a thickness of 20' to 25', while in some of the
wells its bottom was not penetrated at a depth of 36'.

At Port Jervis, N. Y. just across the Delaware from the
Pike county line, a hole was drilled through the Drift de-
posits 113' without penetrating to the bottom.

Bowlders were quite abundant in the uppermost 30' ; but
below that the material was mostly quick sand^ with only
an occasional bowlder.

Kettle Holes are quite frequent in the Drift of many lo-
calities, some of them being now occupied by small lakes
such as Echo and Minneola. Poponoming Lake basin is
nothing but a large Kettle Hole tilled with water, which ti-
nally broke across the narrow bank of Drift separating it
from the Lake Branch of McMichael's creek.

Many of these Kettle Holes are seen in the vicinity of
Brodheadville besides the one in which Lake Minneola is
situated ; and in some of them Peat has accumulated to a
considerable depth.

*How these Oneida bowlders oould have been oaniedso f&rnorthward from
their parent bed, while the general lee movement was constantly eouth-
westward, within this district, is a problem whose solution I cannot even
conjecture, unless glacial movement across southern New York east from
Pike county, was nearly westward and thus transported the Cneida blocks
ftirther and ftirther away north of the strike of the outcrop, 8. 60O-65O W.

44 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. jC. WHITE.

About two miles north from Stroudsburg, a large Kettle
Hole occurs, the height of the rim being 50' above its bot-
tom.

These singular depressions have most probably originated
as suggested by Mr. H. C. Lewis by the melting of immense
masses of buried ice on the retreat of the Glacier north-
ward (see his coming special Report Z).

Mounds, — Nothing was seen in this district answering
to the New England Karnes of Mr. Upham. True, the
Drift materials are often seen making apparent ridges and
mounds ; but in every such case the resulting forms can be
clearly traced to post-glacial erosion. Many mound-like
heaps of Drift are seen along McMichael's creek below Sny-
dersville. A remarkable one near Sciota, covering about one
acre at its base, and rising from an almost level plain, in a
cone-shaped pile, to the height of 75' and others of the same
nature, are due, I think, to erosion, since they nearly always
occur in the vicinity of streams.

Till. — Fine exposures are seen along the D. L. & W.
R. R. on Brodhead creek between Stroudsburg and Water
Gap Station, some of the localities exposing more than 100'
of it in an almost vertical escarpment in which occur im-
mense bowlders of Corniferoiis Limestone and Cauda OaUi
Grit, more than 10' in diameter mingled with much bluish
clay, sand and smaller bowlders.

The vicinity of Stroudsburg is an excellent place to see
and study the Drift deposits both modified and unmodified.
Just north from the borough line much clay occurs in the
Drift from which bricks are manufactured. Imbedded in
the same deposits are bowlders of Corniferoiis Limestone
50' long, 20' broad and 25' thick.

Glacial Erosion, — Did the great Northern glacier exert
any appreciable influence in modifying the rock surface
over which it moved? As Prof. Lesley suggests in his
preface to G\ this is not a question which can be decided
by mere sentiment or belief, but must be settled by the
facts. During the past season I have given particular at-
tention to a careful examination of all the localities where

SURFACE GEOLOGY. G*. 45

rock surfaces are exposed in the district on which glacial
action is indicated ; and with the following results.

On very hard rocks the direct grinding action of the ice
Tnovement seems to have had but little effect except to polish
and striate ; the proof of this being in the fact that the rocks
are nearly always polished and planed off conformably with
the bedding planes, even where the dip is strongest and there
was every opportunity to rasp the layers off across the
planes of stratification. I have noted cmly a few exceptions
to this general rule in the case of hard rocks : one the phe-
nomenon known as roches moutonnees ; the other a single
instance where hard rocks had been rasped away across the
bedding planes.

The only genuine roche moutonnie I have seen in the dis-
trict, occurs along the road in Middle Smithtield township,
Monroe county, just east from Place's school house. It is a
large hump of Cauda-Oalli Or it scored and polished on
every side. In this immediate vicinity, by a singular coin-
cidence, the Cauda-Oalli Grit is seen to be cut away to a
considerable extent, the dip being only about l^'' N. W.
while its surface, where exposed along the road, has been
scored off by huge broad furrows to an angle of 36°, giving
unmistakable evidence of having suffered considerable ero-
sion by the direct grinding action of the rocks embedded in
the bottom of the moving glacier. Just here however it is
easily shown that the exceptional grinding was the result
of local causes ; for immediately south of the localities in
question, Walpack ridge rises in a steep slope 400' to 600'
higher, and the ice along its lower portion being forced out
of its general direction (S. 30° W.) westward along the trend
of the ridge (S. 60° W.) would of course be jammed forc-
ibly against the northern slope of the ridge. That the ice
current was so diverted at this locality is certain, for the
striae go S. 60° W.

Several examples of roches moutonnies occur in the vicin-
ity of Carpenter's Point, N. Y., just across the Delaware
river from the eastern extremity of Pike county, the mater-
ial being the same hard Cauda-Oalli Orit ; and here the ice
erosion seems to have been locally increased by the same

46 G*. RKPORT OF PKOGKKSS. I. C. WHITE.

causes which operated in Monroe county since the ice cur-
rent was turned more to the westward by impinging against
the foot of the Bhie mountain slope, as shown by the direc-
tion of the striae there (S. 40° to 45° W.)

That the moving ice which covered this district did shave
down comparatively hard rocks to soToe extent, is also
clearly shown by the examination of its path over the Cor-
niferous limestone ; for wherever it moved over the rocks of
this series without displacing them, I find the^m^ nodules
of which it is so largely composed, planed oflf perfectly
smooth with the rest of the stratum directly through the
center of many which were at least a foot in diameter.

Regarding the eroding power of the northern ice sheet by
direct cutting when passing over soft rocks there is much
room for doubt, since the surfaces of these soft beds are
usually so covered up by debris as to obscure whatever
evidence may exist pro or con ; but wherever the glaciated
soft rock surfaces are exposed I always find the ice-grooves
broader and deeper on them than on hard strata, and usually
find that the glaciation does not conform so closely to the
bedding planes as in the latter class of rocks.

There are also some facts connected with the buried val-
leys of this district, (see pages — ) which would seem to in-
dicate that the soft rocks of the district (notably the Mar-
cellus beds) have suffered much from glacial erosions either
by the direct grinding of the ice, or else by the waters flow-
ing underneath it.

Admitting that the Northern Glacier exerted practically
no influence in modifying the genenil topography of this
district, in removing the rocks by direct abrasion, there is
yet another way in which they have suffered much fi'om
the passage of the Ice sheet, and one in which the evi-
dence is perfectly clear. I refer to what might be called
i\iQ pushing or disrupting power of the moving Ice, when
passing over rocks which are divided into blocks by joints
as limestone usually is.

T?ie Oorniferous limestone has been removed from the
long northern slope of Walpack ridge in eastern Monroe,
chiefly through this pushing power which the Ice exerted

SURFACE GEOLOGY. G\ 47

to break loose and transport bodily forward the immense
masses into which it was already subdivided by the two
systems of joints and the bedding planes. That it was so
removed from the northern face and summit of Walpack
ridge is certain because the slope is so gentle, and the rock
itself so indestructible (owing to its containing a multitude
of flint nodules) that no other form of erosion could have
removed it. Its resistance to ordinary aqueous or atmos-
pheric erosion may be seen in the vertical cliflfs and high
ridges that it forms along the foot slopes of Walpack rijige
between Bushkill and Stroudsburg. But then there is di-
rect proof that this limestone (200'-300' thick) was thus re-
moved from many square miles of the area in question ;
for wherever a slight fold in the strata or depression of the
surface offered a protection from the Ice this rock is still
found in scattered isolated patches, while the vast number
of great bowlders from it (many of them as large as a good
sized house) which lie strewn over the southern slope of
Walpack ridge in many localities, and scattered widely in
others, attest in the plainest terms the manner of its removal
from the top of the Cauda-OaUl Grit whose scored and
polished top now forms the surface rock along the north-
em slope of this Ridge from Carpenter's Point to Strouds-
burg.

A short distance below Carpenter's Point, on the New
Jersey side of the Delaware river, several acres of the Cau-
da-GalU Or it are perfectly bare, the Corniferous limestone
having been removed from its top in the manner I have de-
scribed, viz ; by disruption of the rock in large masses which
were transported onward and deposited like other morainic
debris. One of these fragments (of which mention has al-
ready been made as lying just north from Stroudsburg) is
so huge that I at first mistook it for an outcropping cliflf,
until closer investigation showed it resting in genuine Drift
underlaid by Marcellus shale.

Any rocks crossed by two systems of joints would be
peculiarly subject to such erosion as this ; and since the hard
rocks like the Medina, Hamilton, and Catskill sandstones,
are so universally planed oflf smooth conformably with the

48 (jr\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

dip, it is possible that the ice in pushing across their beds
has accomplished a considerable amount of rock destruction
in the manner described.

Terraces.

The Delaware river and Brodhead creek are the only
streams in the district along which any well defined terraces
exist.

In the vicinity of Matamoras and Port Jervis at the east-
ern extremity of Pike the following series may be seen :

1st Terrace, extending from 420' A. T. to 440' A. T. at
top, constituting the flood plain of the river, and the prin-
cipal portions of the sites on which Matamoras and Port
Jervis are built, composed principally of fine material 4'-6'
of ''hard pan" coming at top, below which occurs quick-
sand, gravel and occasional small bowlders.*

2nd Terrace, top 470' A. T. going up with a steep escarp-
ment from the top of the 1st Terrace, and then expanding
into a broad, level area on which the upper portion of Port
Jems is built ; made up of vast numbers of bowlders in-
termingled with coarse sand.

3rd Terrace : this is seen on the New Jersev side of the
Delaware a short distance below Caipenter s Point ; top 510'
A. T. and 100' above the Delaware river ; river slope quite
steep ; at top, a wide, and almost level plain thickly strewn
with small rounded bowlders. This terrace has probably
suffered much from erosion, since no traces of it occur at
Matamoras and Port Jervis.

At Milford the lower terraces have been removed on the

[*If this elevation be exaot (and the vioinity^of the railway secures a oloee
approximation to the truth) it tallies in a remarkable manner with the eleva-
tion above tide of the gravels at Easton and Bethlehem, and with the high
Bryn Mawr gravel of Philadelphia, as described by Mr. Lewis, and Mr. Hall,
in Reports Z and G*. The gravel patches of Lancaster county reported by
Mr. Frazer are also high, but no levels have been taken, and it remains to be
seen whether or not they can be correlated with those of the Delaware river
country. As the ice sheet did not approach Philadelphia nearer than 60 miles,
it seems necessary to postulate an elevation of the sea level more than 400'
above where it now stands. Whether higher terraces require its still greater
elevation, or whether they can be explained by ioe-dams, remains to be seen.
J. P. L.]

TERRACES. G*. 49

Pennsylvania side, and the 3rd is the only one left ; the
river washes its northern shore at this locality and the bluff
rises nearly perpendicularly from the bed of the river to
the top of the 3rd terrace, and from 380' A. T. to 480 A. T.
The town of Milford is built on the top of this beautiful ter-
race which is 100' above the Delaware at its outer margin,
and gradually rises northward until it attains an elevation
of 125' to 150' above the river, where the terrace deposit
ends and the slope of the bounding hill begins.

The composition of the great terrace deposit at Milford
is quite heterogeneous, containing bowlders of Oneida con-
glomerate^ Medina SS.^ Cauda-Oalli grit^ Corniferous
limestone^ Hamilton^ Chemung and Catskill sandstones^
together with much coarse and fine sand ; nearly all of the
bowlders are rounded, and in the bluff on the river bank
the deposit seems to have the appearance of rude stratifica-
tion. There can be little doubt that : is largely composed
of modified Drift rehandled and brought to its present po-
sition by the combined action of the Delaware river, and
the two streams which debouch into it here (Sawkill and
Vandemark's creek) during t\ie flooded river epoch which
accompanied the retreat of the Northern Ice cap.

Below Milford onward through Pike county, glimpses of
these three main terraces are often caught, but they have
suffered so much from erosion that the definite succession
from one to the other cannot be made out.

In the vicinity of Dingman's Perry (8 miles below Mil-
ford) the 1st and ^nd terraces are well shown, the upper
one exhibiting a steep escarpment facing away from the
river just south from the Milford road vWth a wide bottom
eroded out of it, as the Delaware had once sent one arm
across the bend made at the Perry. A rise of 40' would send
the water of the Delaware through this short cut now ; so
that, either it or Dingman's creek has accomplished the
erosion.

High, broad, level expanses in the vicinity of Bushkill
(at the Monroe county line) represent the 1st and 2nd ter-
races.

In Smithfield township, Monroe county, many fine ter-

4G*.

60 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

races occur along the Delaware river. Near Mr. Wm. Wal-
ter's (li ms. below the eastern extremity of the township)
the following succession appears : —

A. T.

Top of 4th terraoe 150' above Delaware river, 460'

•• 8rd •' 100' ** " " WO*

*' Ist «* 25' *♦ ** " 886'

The 2nd Terrace is wanting at this locality, there being
an almost precipitous descent from the top of the 3rd to
that of the 1st ; but that a^Tid belongs here, and has been re-
moved by erosion is certain, because, about i m. above, it
makes its appearance as a broad shelf 45' to 50' above the
Delaware river.

The lowest (1st) terrace is composed of fine material only,
no bowlders occurring in it, there being nothing but river
silt. Judging by the fact that it is higher along its outer
margin, and slopes gradually away from the river to the foot
of the steep escarpment which begins the ascent to the 3rd
terrace, it would appear to be nothing else than the present
flood plain of the river. But this same feature characterizes
the 3rd and Uh terraces also ; for their outer or river- ward
rims are higher than the other portions of their tops, thus
giving them a gentle slope away from the river. These facts
would seem to favor Prof. J. D. Dana's theory for the for-
mation of river terraces in glaciated regions, (see Amer.
Jour. Sci. Feb. 1882.)

The expanse of the upi)ermost (4th) terrace is quite broad,
extending back about one fourth of a mile from the river ;
and its escarpment down to the top of the 3rd terrace is
steep. The 3rd terrace is only about 100 yards broad, while
the 1st terrace is a mere shelf along the river.

Rounded bowlders of almost every description, except
metamorphic^ or igneous^ cover the slopes and tops of the
3rd and 4th terraces, while a few angular blocks are also
seen jutting out of the steep escarpment between the tops
of the 1st and 3rd terraces.

About the mouths of Brodhead and Marshall's creeks
the succession of the three lower terraces is very distinctly
shown as follows :

TERRACES. G*. 51

A. T.

Top of 3rd 100' above Delaware river, or 895'

** 2nd 46-60' ** " " ** 846

" Ist 20'-26' " " " «* 820*

The first terrace is composed entirely of fine mud and
river silt, while the 2nd and 3rd terraces are perfect masses
of rounded bowlders intermingled with small gravel and
coarse sand.

The slope is gradual from the top of the 1st terrace up to
the top of the 2nd ; but from the 2nd to the top of the 3rd
the escarpment is very steep, at the summit of which is a
very broad level expanse.

This Srd terrace may be traced up Brodhead creek along
the line of the N. Y. S. & W. R R. (which cuts through its
top at two or three points) until we come to Stroudsburg,
where it forms the first of a series that begins there and ex-
tends upward, the succession and elevations of which are
as follows :

Top of 5th above Brodhead, 115' and &W

« 4th " " 100* " 485'

«* 8rd " " 75' " 460*

** 2nd *« " 60' " 485'

" l8t (8rd at Del. river) «« «* 20* •« 405,

In the vicinity of Stroudsburg three large streams (Brod-
head, McMichaer s and Pocono creeks) unite in the midst of
a broad plain which extends northward and westward for
one or two miles, rising by successive stages like those giv-
en above, to a height of 600' A. T. All of this wide area
is covered with drift material much of which seems to have
been rehandled and spread out by these three streams dur-
m^ the flooded river epoch.

This seems proven from the fact that excavations in the
escarpment of the 2nd terrace show it to consist of stratified
material.

In East Stroudsburg an excavation at the roadside in this
terrace reveals 5' to 6' of small cobble stones resting imme-
diately upon a bed of clean coarse brown sand.

A bed of sand exactly like this and overlaid by cobble
stones, is seen at an elevation of 370' A. T. at a cutting on
the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. one mile above the mouth of Brod-
head creek.

62 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The eastern portion of Stroudsburg is built on the top of
the 1st terrace given above, which from its elevation, (405'
A. T. ) would seem to have some connection with the 3rd
terrace along the Delaware river at the mouth of Brodhead
creek.

The main portion of Stroudsburg is built cm the 2nd ter-
race^ Elizabeth and Monroe streets being laid out on its up-
per surface. The depot of the 1). L. & W. R. R. in East
Stroudsburg is also situated on this tenxice.

The top of the Srd terrace is seen along the north line of
borough of Stroudsburg.

The top of the UJi terrace occurs in the same vicinity, and
along the road leading west from Stroudsburg past Mt. Paul
school house. Tliis is the broadest and most extensive of
all the Stroudsburg terraces, unless it be the uppermost (5th)
which seems to connect itself with the old buried valley that
extends through from Bushkill to Stroudsburg at about this
same elevation (500' A. T.)

Buried Valleys,

The District of Pike and Monroe counties is remarkable
for the number and variety of its hurled nalleys.

Tlie Delaware river flows over a bed of trash which ex-
tends down probably 100' below its present surface ; at least,
this is true for that part of its course between Port Jervis
and the Water Gap. No borings or excavations have ever
reached the bottom of this buried channel, though a well,
drilled for water at Port Jervis passed 63' below the bed of
the Delaware without striking bed rock.

This well at Port Jervis was put down by Messrs. Buck-
ley and Thompson, beginning on the top of the 2nd ten^ace,
50' above the river ; and for the following facts concerning
it I am indebted to Mr. Buckley :

* ' Rounded bowlders were very abundant down to 32', at
which point quicksand was struck ; and nothing else except
alternate layers of mud^ sandy and quicksand was found ;
the boring having been abandoned in quicksand at a dex)tli
of 113' from the surface, '^ or 357' A. T. at the bottom of
the hole.

BURIED VALLEYS. Gt\ 63

This result was quite unexpected by me ; for my work
of 1880 in Wayne county had shown that the upper Dela-
ware flows over a rocky bottom as far south as the Pike
county line ; where (at Narrowsburg) the rocks close in on
the river and leave a channel only about 200' wide, floored
with solid rock.

The Delaware has a fall of (670'-420'=) 250' in 35 m. be-
tween Narrowsburg and Port Jervis ; hence it seemed im-
probable that its old channel could have been silted up to
so great a depth (at least 100' and possibly more), in so short
a distance, when the fall is sufficient all the way to give a
very rapid current.

Finding that an old buried valley led from Port Jervis
north-eastward to the Hudson river at Rondout, and that
its summit is only about 80' higher than the water in the
Delaware river at Port Jervis, the suggestion seemed not
unreasonable that the Delaware in pre-glacial times turned
north-eastward at Port Jervis, and receiving a large tribu-
tary from the south, kept along this old buried valley to the
Hudson river. But a subsequent study of the Delaware
valley southward, rendered this view uncertain, since the
Delaware seems to have flowed through the Blue mountains
at the Water Gap during its entire history.

There is no ImToediate rock bottom to the Delaware at
Lackawaxen, 11 miles below Narrowsburg ; for, in build-
ing the piers for the great aqueduct there, the D. &. H.
Canal Co. could find no rock foundation at a depth of 20'
below the present river bed.

In driving piles for the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. bridge across
the Delaware above the Water Gap, .no bottom was found
at a d3pth of 30'.

Where the river passes through the great gorge at the
Water Gap, the depth of the Delaware is about 50' and I
was informed that it was formerly 70', below which there is,
probably, an old silted up channel.

It thus appears that between Port Jervis and the Water
Gkip, the Delaware river flows over an old river channel,
silted up to a depth of perhaps 100 feet.

* ' How did this buried channel get worn out and then filled

54 G*. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

up again?" is a question that I was frequently asked while
working in the district. The answer is at best problem-
atical, and depends somewhat on the proper I'eply to another
query of a similar import concerning the origin of the great
buried valley which stretches from the Hudson river at
Rondout to the Delaware at Port Jervis.*

This buried valley of Neversink creek in New York^
as we have seen, rises only 80' above the Delaware at Port
Jervis, (say to 500' A. T.,) at its highest point, while both
north and south it is bounded by hills which rise 7(K)'-800'
higher. Great heaps, and mounds of drift are found all
along this old valley, as well as striae on the rocks, and
rocJies Tnoutonnies,

The Neversink river rises at the summit of the old valley
in a spring where the divide is so low that a portion of its
water goes to the Hudson through Wallkill creek, while the
rest comes to the Delaware through the Neversink. What
could have excavated this old valley ?

TJie Stroudshurg buried valley. — This begins near Bush-
kill at the Monroe county line, where the Delaware turns
southward to cut through Walpack ridge, and keeping
south-west along the northern foot of that ridge, the buried
valley extends through to Stroudsburg. It is filled with
Drift deposits and its summit rises to 509' A. T. according
to the levels of Mr. Coons for the Lehigh & Eastern R. R.
survey. Just opposite this however the bottom of Lake
Echo extends down 44' lower ; so that the bed rock under
the Drift at the summit of the valley may possibly not be

*There is no evidence whatever that the Gap was made by any oataolysmio
action, that is, by any earthquake, deluge, or other convulsion of nature, as is
commonly supposed by the inhabitants of the neighborhood. [The mountain
has been cut through by river water ; and is still being cut down deeper by
the waters of the Delaware river. How the cutting commenced, and what was
the topography of the country then, would require a long disquisition to ex-
plain. There is a twist and perhaps a fault of the rocks in the Gktp, as is shown
by the different angles of dip of the bed plates in the bordering difT^ But
this twist, or warp, whether faulted or not, did not open the Gap, but merely
served as a determining cause or occasion for the drainage of the back country
to flow over and through the Blue mountain here and not elsewhere. . A de-
tailed map of the Delaware Water G^ap made by Mr. Chance will be published
in the report of Northampton county ; and the subject of the origin of theGkip
wiU be then discussed. J. P. L.]

BURIED VALLEYS. G\ 55

higher than 400' A. T. The Delaware river flows in this
same buried valley between Port Jervis and Bushkill ; so that
the valley may be regarded as continuous from the Hudson
river to Stroudsburg, a distance of 90 miles.

T?i€ Marcellus shale underlies this old valley throughout
its entire extent in Pennsylvania, and for a large portion of
its course through New York.

From Stroudsburg westward the same valley may be
traced as a broad drift-filled plain 500' to 550' A. T. until
it debouches into the valley of McMichael's creek near
Kunkleville. From this point south-westward there is
a great valley one to two miles wide, filled with Drift, in
which no rock outcrops occur. Near Sciota in the western
portion of Hamilton township this great valley bifurcates,
one branch passing north-westward along the North Branch
of McMichael's creek to Brodheadsville. Here it leaves that
stream, keeping westward across a low Drift divide, the
surface of which is only 700' A. T. at its lowest point while
both north and south the surface rises 400' higher. This
valley is more than a mile wide here, (though no stream
whatever is flowing in it now,) and it continues southwest-
ward at about the same level until it debouches into the
valley of Pohopoko creek which it follows to the western
line of Monroe county and through Carbon county to the
Lehigh river near Weissport.

The other branch of the buried valley keeps south-west-
ward from Sciota along the Lake Branch of McMichael's
creek, through Hamilton township, reaching its highest ele-
vation (635' A. T.) in a wide drift-filled plain just west from
that district in Ross. Here the drainage starts westward
from an extensive marsh just west from the summit of the
almost imperceptible divide, and the water is then carried
westward by way of Prantz's creek. This branch valley
however suddenly terminates just after Prantz's creek en-
ters the driftless area south-west of the great terminal mo-
raine which covers the eastern portion of Ross township.
For, when Prantz's creek enters the driftless area its valley
narrows up to a deep trench about 100 yards wide cut out
of the Marcellus sTiale along the north slope of Godfrey's

66 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

ridge, in marked contrast to the (over a mile) wide drift-
covered plain to the east, under which Marcellns shale also
extends.

I^lat brook buried valley. — Lying just south from the
last described buried valley^ and separated from it by Wal-
pack ridge, there is another very similar to it, and of almost
equal extent, in length at least, since it reaches from the
vicinity of Port Jervis to the head of Cherry Valley.

This buried valley begins in Orange county, N. Y. just
south from Port Jervis and keeping along the base of the
Blue (Shawangunk) mountains, passes through New Jersey
to the Delaware river at the Walpack Bend near Decker's
Ferry, this portion of its course being filled with Drift and
dmined by Flat Brook and another small stream which
heads up against it on a low (600'? A. T.) drift-covered di-
vide, the latter draining its extreme northern end, north-east-
ward into the Neversink at Carpenter's Point.

The Delaware river having cut through Walpack ridge,
enters the Flat Brook buried valley, and flows down it to the
mouth of Brodhead creek, when it turns out of it south-
ward through the Water Gap. Our buried valley however
keeps straight along with the strike of the rocks, passing
south-westward up Cherry creek. Near Saylorsburg, the
surface is 625' A. T.

This old Flat Brook-Delaware-Cherry creek valley is
underlaid throughout its whole extent by the soft Clinton
red beds No. V and at many localities ice grooves are seen
on its surface.

How did these two long parallel valleys originate? Had
aqueous erosion acting on the comparatively soft rocks out
of which both have been excavated, brought them during
pre-glacial times into the condition of the deeply trenched
valleys which we now find, so that the frozen rivers of the
Olacial Epoch merely filled and buried their rocky bottoms
from sight ; or did these Ice rivers^ following the valleys
which pre-glacial erosion had undoubtedly marked out, con-
tribute largely both in widening and deepening them?

In the case of the southern branch of the Stroudsburg
buried valley the rapid narrowing up and disappearance of

POSTGLACIAL OUTS. G*. 67

this huTied nalley is coincident with the disappearance of
the Terminal Moraine which spreads over the valley of upper
Frantz's creels. There is therefore little doubt that sub-
glciclal rivers did both widen and deepen it to a consider-
able extent ; for Frantz's creek after entering the driftless
region flows along its narrow valley in the same soft Mar-
celliLS shale which underlies its wide drift-filled eastern
prolongation.

Whether this erosion that we find marking the tracts of
Glacier motion over soft rocks be due principally to the
giinding action of the ice and its imbedded rocks, or to the
waters flowing beneath the ice, and from its terminal moraine
may be matter of doubt, but as both come under the head
of Glacial agencies, the question is immaterial, though if
the broad deep grooves seen on the soft rocks wherever ex-
posed in these two valleys, teach any thing, they would
certainly favor the idea that the ice which was forced to
follow along these preexisting trenches did exercise con-
siderable rasping power.

Postglacial rock-cuts.

But whatever may have been the origin of these two, long,
buried valleys there is another class of buried valleys
found in many portions of the district about whose origin
the evidence is so clear and satisfactory that there can be no
doubt. I find that the present topography of the surface
in this district has been greatly affected by the northern ice
sheet in a different manner than by direct erosion. When
this great ice cap crept down from the north-east, it found
the surface already deeply trenched into valleys by the pre-
glacial drainage. Crossing these ancient water-ways at all
angles the ice current filled many of them up to so great a
height with morainic debris, that when the post-glacial
drainage was reestablished many of the streams found lower
outlets to other valleys around these morainic dams, at
times making a circuit of several miles.

The new channel of Wallenpavpack creek is one of the
most striking examples of this class. While studying the
geology of Wayne county in 1880 the north bank only of

58 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

■

this stream was examined and hence in commenting on the
remarkably slow descent of its water bed from Ledgedale
to Wilsonville, as contrasted with its wild plunges over the
rocks from Wilsonville to the Lackawaxen at Hawley no
sufficient explanation was at hand ; for the north bank gave
no evidence whatever that the stream had ever had any
other exit to the Lackawaxen valley than over the cliflfs at
Paupack Falls.

But during the present year (1881), while studying the
south bank of the stream, I unexpectedly came upon the
track of the ancient pre-glacial stream, and traced it to its
mouth at Kimble's, 4 miles below the present mouth of the
Paupack. The ancient stream turned eastward from the
present valley in the vicinity of Taf ton (a short distance
above Wilsonville) and keeping south-eastwards along what
is now a low wide drift-filled valley in which no stream
flows, passed into the present valley of Kimble's run one
mile above its mouth and followed the same to the Lacka-
waxen valley at Kimble's.

In short, the history of this stream seems to have been
somewhat as follows : Descending from the northern slope
of the Pocono plateau with a large volume of water, it had
carved a wide and deep channel through the Catskill meas-
ures to the level of the Lackawaxen, having a continuous
slope with no falls of any moment in its course between
Ledgedale ( 1160' A. T.) and its mouth at Kimble's ( 740'
A. T.) The Olacial Ice coming down from the north then
filled this, its old valley, with debris, to a height of more
than 300' near Tafton ; so that, the reestablished drainage
fouud a lower outlet to the Lackawaxen across the rocky
cliflfs by a short cut of only one mile instead of four by way
of Kimble's. We thus get a good explanation of the slug-
gish course of this stream for the ten miles above Wilson-
ville, in which it meanders over>.beds of silt, falling only
i' per mile until it begins its cataract descent at the latter
village descending in a narrow gorge by a succession of cas-
cades and rapids 260' in one mile, although carrying nearly
as much water as the Lackawaxen into which it empties.

The channel of the Paupack between Wilsonville and

POSTGLACIAL CUTS. G\ 59

•

Hawley is therefore clearly of Post Glacial origin. The
broad valley along either bank of the Paupack between
Wilsonville and Ledgedale was once an extensive lake, as
proven by the silt and clays found over its surface, but
when the new outlet had cut its way down through the rocks
at Wilsonville the lake was drained off ; but much of the
valley remains quite swampy. The surface of this ancient
lake stood about 75' higher than the water in the Paupack
above Wilsonville now, if one may judge from the amount
of erosion or cutting down that has plainly been accom-
plished since the water first started over the Paupack Falls.

Blooming Orove creek in a similar way, was forced to
cut a new channel several miles long, from a point two or
three miles south of the Milford and Owega turnpike to its
mouth at Millville.

This is made plain by the fact that a few rods west from
where the M. & O. pike crosses this stream, there is a deep,
wide drift-filled valley in which only a very small stream
is now flowing, yet the surface of this valley is 50' lower
than the rocky bed of Blooming Grove creek which over-
looks it from the top of the bluff to the east. This stream
rashes down to the Lackawaxen through a continuous gorge
carrying a large volume of water, and descending over fre-
quent rapids and cascades at the rate of 100' per mile. The
old drift-filled valley just west from it debouches into the
buried vallev whose outlet to the Lackawaxen is at Kim-
ble's, hence the Blooming Grove waters were once tributary
to the Wallenpaupack about one mile above its pre-glacial
mouth.

In many parts of Pike county, there are evidences of
pre-glacial valleys that were so choked up with Drift as
to entirely derange the former drainage. One of these deep,
diift-filled ancient water ways is seen crossing the Milford
and Owega pike about a mile and a half west from Shohola
Falls ; it extends eastward from the Turnpike toward Great
and Little Walker Ponds which most probably originated
from the damming up of this ancient valley with Drift
heaps.

Shohola creek once emptied into the Delaware about one

60 G*. REPORT OP PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

half a mile below its present mouth through a now deeply
buried valley which leaves its present channel about one
mile and a half above the mouth of the creek, keeping to
the soutli of the same. But the retreating Ice left this old
valley buried to a depth of more than 200', so that the water
found a lower outlet to the Delaware around it northward
over the rocky cliflfs, and the creek cutting down through
them has excavated the great goi-ge at Shohola Glen since
the close of the Glacial Epoch,

Another wide buried valley seems to extend south-west-
ward from the region of the Brink Ponds, past the Log
Tavern Ponds, and Silver Lake, connecting with the pres-
ent head waters of Little Bushkill. Whether this valley
was di-ained by one continuous stream in the past or other-
wise it seems certain that the lakelets along its seeming
course originated by the filling up with Drift material of
previously excavated vallej^s.

There is an ancient buried valley extending directly across
the Pocono plateau from Greene township of Pike county
into Barrett in Monroe, for there is a low, drift-covered di-
vide connecting the head streams of East Paupack with
those of Big Bushkill and Brodhead creeks, cut down to
1681' A. T. while both east and west from this " Gkip" the
surface rises to 2000' A. T. How deep the filling of Drift
may be in this old valley, it is impossible to know, but judg-
ing from surface indications it is probably not less than 60'-
100'. How such a valley as this running squarely across
the Pocono plateau, could have been excavated in pre-gla-
cial times, it is difficult to understand, for the surface falls
away on either side of its highest point (1681' A. T). It
may therefore with some probability be ascribed to ice.

Milford rock-cuts. —Yevy interesting buried valleys occur
in the vicinity of Milford. The famous Sawkill and Ray-
mondskill Palls are both due to the change in course of
those streams around drift-buried valleys.

The ancient Sawkill left its present channel about 2^ miles
from the Delaware river, and keeping east of its present
course near the line of the Milford and Owega pike down

POSTGLACIAL CUTS. G*. 61

the old buried valley in which the Milford Water Works
are located, passed into the Delaware under the borough of
Milford receiving the Raymondskill as a tributary from the
west near the north-western corner of the town. But the
Glacial Ice left the old Sawkill valley filled with trash to
so great a height that its water found a lower exit to tlie
Delaware over the Hamilton Sandstone cliffs just west, thus
giving origin to the Sawkill Falls.

The Raymondskill ancient channel also, was at tlie same
time buried so deeply as far west as Mr. J. Brink's, 2i miles
from its former mouth at Milford, that it, too, found an out-
let southward over the same Hamilton cliffs which every-
where overlook the Delaware river between Matamoras and
Bushkill, and cutting through them in successive leaps, re-
sulted in the grand falls of that stream.

Thus both the Sawkill and Raymondskill Falls are of
post-glacial origin. The evidence going to show this is
perfectly clear and satisfactory ; for in the case of the Saw-
kill, a narrow ridge of drift, only 25' higher than the bed
of the stream at the crossing of the Milford and Owega
Pike, separates the present stream from a deep drift-filled
valley just east, cut down far below the rocky bed of the
present Sawkill where it starts over the Hamilton cliflfs and
yet nothing flows in this old valley except the water which
arises from two or three springs, hence the conclusion is
irresistible that the Sawkill once flowed through the same ;
for no other could have accomplished the excavation. The
drift-filling in this old valley at its deepest point cannot be
far from 300' since its uppermost surface is 420' above the
Delaware river only, IJ miles west from the same.

That the Raymondskill emptied into the Sawkill near
Milford in pre-glacial times is quite certain ; for a deep, wide
drift-filled valley leads from the Sawkill south-west to the
Raymondskill near J. Brink's, the lowest point in the drift-
filled divide being now only 20' higher than the water in
the Raymondskill at the road crossing. A very insignificant
stream flows in this old valley now, and its erosion could
only have been accomplished by the long continued flow of

62 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

a large volume of water such as no other stream than the
Raymondskill could have furnished.

It is possible that the other great cascades over the Ham-
iUon cliffs along the Delaware river, such as those on
Adam's, Dingman, Hombeck, and Little Bushkill creeks
owe their origin to a similar diversion of these streams by
the drift dams thrown across their pre-glacial channels, but
this is only a conjecture as I had no time to make a detailed
study of the topography along their courses.

In Monroe county, there are several other examples of
buried valleys besides those already given ; for example

MarshalVs creek in pre-glacial times appears to have
tuniedsou th-west in the vicinity of Marshall's Palls P.O. and
flowed down the strike of the Marcellus shale^ along the
present valley of Sambo creek, to Brodhead, near Strouds-
burg ; for only a low divide of drift in a broad valley, 30'
higher at its summit than the water in Marshall's creek now
separates the drainage of the latter from Sambo creek. Yet
this low dam was sufficient to throw the water across a low
place in Walpack ridge to the south, thus giving the water
an outlet southward to Brodhead creek, near the mouth of
the latter. That this portion of its course is of compara-
tively recent origin is fully shown by the character of its
valley between Marshall's Palls and the present mouth.

Frantz's creek, — Near the west county line an old buried
valley cuts squarely through Wire ridge connecting the bu-
ried valley of Topoko creek with the valley of Pmntz's
creek to the south, the summit of the wide drift-filled plain
being only 730' A. T. while Wire ridge rises 400' higher both
east and west. The occurrence of Drift in this old valley
renders it quite probable that the excavation was done by
the overflow waters from the southern terminus of the Gla-
cier which filled the Pohopoko valley, since the /c^did not
cover the region south from Wire ridge east of this great

gap.

The Wind Oap is a deep notch in the Kittatinny (Blue)
Mountain just south from Saylorsburg, at the south-west
comer of Hamilton township, Monroe county. The sum-

SOILS. Gt\ 63

mit level at the centre point of the bottom of the notch has
an elevation of 978' A. T. The crest of the^ mountain rises
about 500' higher. Measured at the crest line of the moun-
tain the width of the Gap is about f mile. The side slopes
are beautifully rounded and curved downwards and pretty
steep, so that the floor of the notch is about i mile wide.

Excavations for a proposed railroad through the Wind
Gap show that the floor of the notch is covered with rock
trash ; and some of the small bowlders seen in the exca-
vation at the depth of 10' to 12', are rounded as if water
worn.

I could find no evidence that the Northern Ice had ever
passed through this notch, so that its origin cannot be as-
cribed to glacial erosion although it may have served as a
waste weir through which the water from the melting Ice
escai)ed southward when it filled the old valley to the north
to an elevation higher than the level of the surface in the
Gap.*

T7ie sails qf Pike and Monroe counties.

The soils of the district have been largely derived from
the decomposition of Drift, except in localities where this
material has been shed by erosion ; but as this has occurred
over wide areas the soils may be classified in the order of
their relative fertility, according to their place in the geo-
logical column.

Thus the poorest soils are derived from the lowest {Oneida

[* After Mr. Hall's study of the Till, onished slates, and sand-moraine barrier
at the Lehigh Water Gap, by which he was led to the conclusion that atongue-
glader had descended the Lehigh Valley to and perhaps through and be-
yond the Lehigh Water Gap, I thought I saw a mode explaining not only the
anomlous WlndGrap, but the very curious half bowl scooped out ofthe south
flank of the Blue nK>untain, beneath the Bake Oven Knob west of the Lehigh
Water Gap. If this gap and the Delaware Water gap were occupied, the one by
a high wide tongue of Ice banked against the Bake Oven, and the other by the
great New York main glacier, then, although the sub-fflacial waters would
8tUl issue by ice caverns through the two gaps, the residual surface glacial
water would probably be obliged to pour over the crest ofthe Blue Mountain.
If they did this at the Bake Oven for a short time, and at the Wind Gap for a
Tong time, the only part of the problem of the genesis of these two remarkable
topog^phlcal phenomena remaining unexplained would be, the selection of
these two points along the crest in preference to any others. J. P. L. ]

64 Gt*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

conglomerate) and the highest {Catskill) beds of the district.
The former is so silicious that not a single cultivated field is
seen where it forms the surface rock along the entire south
line of this district.

The CcUskill massive sandstones form so large a i)ortion
of the surface rocks where this series prevails, that but for
the occurrence of occasional beds of red shale or the finer
materials of the Drift the Catskill area of the district would
be quite as desolate as the Blue Mountains. As it is, many
extensive tracts of country are so barren that one may drive
for 10 to 12 miles in some localities without seeing a single
cultivated field, the surface being exceedinglj*^ rough, and
constantly covered with immense bowldere of sandstone.
Since the Catskill beds spread over all of Pike county except
a naiTow strip 2-3 miles wide along the southern border,
and by far the larger portion of Monroe is thus covered,
it follows as a natural consequence, that but a small f ra<;tion
of the area of the district has any lands that furnish a first
class soil.

The Chemung area is narrow owing to the fact that its
rocks are so steeply inclined ; hence it can hardly be taken
into the account as a soil producer. Its soil however is but
little better than that of the Catskill, since its rocks are
quite arenaceous ; and then the surface wliere it outcrops
is so littered up with Catskill debris that its soil is almost
as inhospitable as that in which the latter forms the bed
rock.

The Hamilton beds^ being somewhat calcareous, and de-
composing quite readily into small fragments, present quite
an advance on the soil-making properties of the Catskill
and CJiemung. The Marcellus shale division is much su-
perior in this respect to the rest of the Hamilton, for it
nearly always forms a wide level valley. In Pike county,
it underlies the Delaware bottoms, and has exerted little
influence on the soil of the same except to form a broad
level shelf in many localities for the reception of the allu-
vial material of the Modified Drift out of which the most of
the soil along the Delaware has been formed.

TTiQ Oenesee shale often makes some rather good soil on a

SOILS. Gt\ 65

broad shelf of the underlying Hamilton sandstone. But
the latter rock is too silicious in Pike county for soil making
purposes ; and not until we come into the western portion of
Monroe does it decompose and crumble into any slopes
that can be farmed. The soil of the Hamilton area brings
splendid crops of oats and grass ; and when a liberal dress-
ing of lime is applied very good crops of wheat and com
can be grown thereon.

The Corn'iferous Umestoney Oauda-galli grit and Oris-
kany sandstone^ can hardly be accounted among the soil
producing rocks of the district, since with a few exceptions
in favored localities the country over which they outcrop is
quite as barren as the Gatsklll or Oneida lands.

The finest wheat lands in the district are the Delaware
bottoms in Monroe county, and the continuation of the same
valley along Cherry and Aquanchicola creeks. The reason
is evident ; for, the lower limestones of the Lower Helder-
hurg underlie much of the region in question, while the up-
per members of the same crop out in the steep slopes which
continuously bound the north wall of the Delaware and
Cherry vaUeys through Monroe.

From this hasty survey of the soils, it will be observed that
the Hamilton and Lower Heiderberg^ together with the
soft Clinton red beds underneath the latter, furnish the
only arable lands in the district that can be farmed with
any pleasure or much profit, and, by reference to the accom-
panying geological map it will be seen, that these areas are
so limited in extent that this district can never become con-
spicuous as an agricultural region. Of course there are
some localities in the CatsJdll area where the outcrops of
red shale have softened down the topography, or, the distri-
bution of the finer Drift debris has covered up the unyield-
ing rocks of that group, and then some good farming lands
may be found ; but these circumstances are so exceptional
compared with the great area covered by these beds (Cats-
kill) that the arable lands thus produced may be entirely
neglected in a general review of the agricultural resources
of the district.
5G*.

66 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Flora qf the Region,

Owing to the wilderness condition of a large portion of
Pike county, much of the original forest is undisturbed

Finns rigida ^s the principal forest tree, and where it
grows almost every thing else is excluded except low un •
derbrush and herbaceous vegetation.

The Hemlock Spruce {Abies Canadensis) is also an im-
portant forest tree in many localities, especially along the
waters drained by Pauimck creek and its tributaries, where
its bark furnishes supplies for the great tannery at Ledge-
dale, and logs for the extensive saw mills at Paupack Palls.
The Pocono plateau in Monroe county also contains exten-
sive forests of this tree from which suj^plies of bark are ob-
tained for the tanneries at Stroudsburg, Tannei-sville, Can-
adensis and other points, while the trees furnish logs for
the mills at Tobyhanna, Pocono and other localities.

Other forest trees, such as several kinds of Oak, Hickc/ry,
Maple, Chestnut, Beech, as well as several other varieties of
Fine, exist in limited quantity in many i)ortions of the dis-
trict.

Lycopodium mtlgare occurs in large quantities and is ex-
tensively collected on the Pocono i^lateau, and shipped to
New York and other cities for winter decorations.

A great variety of small undergi-owth and herbaceous
v^etation exists, consisting principally of the same species
as those enumerated in G* as being found by J. W. Dolph
in Wayne county. One interesting addition to that list
was found in the neighborhood of Matamoras, Pike county
where Dr. Barrett of Port Jervis has discovered the Prickly
Fear Cactus (Opuntia Vulgaris) growing in great numbers
on the Hamilton sandstone cliffs which overlook the Dela-
ware river 400-500' above the same. So far as known to the
writer it has never heretofore been found so far (80 miles)
inland from the sea coast, being generally confined to 20
miles from the sea according to Gray.

In the dense tangle of forest growth which covers the
Pocono plateau many of the larger wild animals still find a
safe retreat. Bears, Deer, Wild Cats, and F anthers; the first
three in considerable numbers ; the last is now rarely seen.

Chapter IV.

The Oeological Structure.

The geology of Pike county is as simple in form as that
of the counties lying north of it ; the strata being wholly of
Devonian age and lying nearly horizontal.

The geology of nine tenths of Moxroe county is precisely
similar to that of Pike county. The remaining tenth along
the southern border, is a narrow belt of Silurian strata ris-
ing (at a pretty high angle) to the surface from beneath the
Devonian rocks, and somewhat folded.

The simplicity of the structure of Pike county is revealed
by the cliflfs along the Delaware river.

At the Wayne county line the CatsJcill strata lie horizontal.
Lower down the river they rise gradually southward. Then
the Chemung series take their place, rising southward at an
angle of 6° to 8°. Then, in regular succession, and with in-
creasing dip, appear from beneath the river the under
lying formations : — the Hamilton — the Upper Helderberg
— the OrisJcany (No. VII) — the Lower Helderberg (No. VI)
— the Clinton (No. V) — and finally the Medina and Oneida
(No. IV) in the Shawangunk mountain of New Jersey ;
where the dip has increased to 30° and 40°.

Anticlinals and synclinal basins.

The horizontality of the stratification along the Delaware
river is however not absolute ; slight local rolls are obser-
vable.

The Laxawaxen anticlinal, crosses the river half way
between the valleys Laxawaxen and Shohola.

The Shohola basin which corresponds to this roll crosses
the river at Shohola.

The height of any given bed of rock on the top of the
Laa>awaj^ea anticlinal above its place at the bottom of the

(67 Q«.)

68 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Shohola synclinal is only 250 feet. Therefore it is not sur-
prising that neither the Laxawaxen anticlinal nor the Sho-
hola synclinal could be traced across the northern region of
Pike county into the high plateau of Monroe ; which may
contain other such undulations unrecognizable for want of
rock exposures along the shallow water-courses which tra-
verse it.

Shallow as the basin of the Shohola synclinal is it was
suflScient to determine the course of the Shohola creek.

At Port Jervis there may be a slight undulation in the
Hamilton strata, but there are no visible outcrops ; and a
local flattening of the general dip would suffice to account
for the breadth of belt underlaid by this formation.

The anticlinals and synclinals of Monroe county are of
much greater importance.

The Pocono anticlinal is an undulation which tra-
verses Delaware and Porter townships, about the region of
Twelve Mile Pond and causes the set back (northward) of
tlie mountain wall of the great plateau in Pine township.
It is the cause of the great cove behind, or to the north of,
the Pocono Knob.

In its eastern range it can hardly be called an anticlinal ;
for it amounts only to a flattening of the dip northward.
Consequently it merely broadens the outcrop-belts of the
Portage, Chemung, and lower Catskill measures.

But as it advances westward, it shows an exceedingly
gentle south dip ; thereby producing the exceedingly shallow
and wide synclinal on the center line of which rises the
Pocono Knob.

The next anticlinal, going south is that called by the geo-
logists of the first survey the WalpacJc anticlinal.

The Walpack anticlinal forms that part of the Shawan-
gunk mountain in New Jersey at the north foot of which
flows Flatkill creek as far as Walpack bend, where the Plat-
kill enters the Delaware river. A mile or two further on
down the river, the mountain ends, but the anticlinal runs
on westward and crosses the river diagonally into the Wal-
pack ridge, flattening and broadening the top of the ridge

ROLLS AND BASINS. G". 69

and throwing the limestone rocks into the form of a trough
and an arch, with three distinct outcrops instead of one.

The Stroudshxtrg anticlinal^ a very sharp low roll which
crosses Brodhead's creek, at the southern limit of the East
Stroudsburg borough, is probably a continuation of the
Walpack anticlinal westward. It passes through the mid-
dle of the plain south of Stroudsburg and crosses McMi-
chael's creek twice within three miles ; then passes on into
the Hamilton shale country of Snydersville and Kellersville
where, in the soft rocks hid beneath the Glacial Drift it can-
not be further traced.

This anticlinal is well shown in the long railway cutting
at East Stroudsburg, the rocks dipping 25° to 30° both ways ;
and, 100 feet north of the axis, they are overturned beyond
the perpendicular.

Where it crosses McMichael's creek, 2 miles further west,
it is finely exhibited in the high bluffs of Comiferous
limestone capped by Cauda-galli grit, which border the
creek to within five hundred yards of Kunkleville, where
the anticlinal axis re-crosses the creek.

The synclinal trough south of this axis on Brodhead's
creek (just above where the N. Y. S. &W. R. R. first crosses
the creek above its mouth) is also excessively sharp ; the beds
here also being vertical and the lower layers overturned.

Another small anticlinal crosses Brodhead's creek, a
mile and a half north of Stroudsburg, but it cannot be
traced successfully eastward and westward. It elevates an
arch of Comiferous liniestone about 100' above the creek.

The Red, Hill or Kimmererville anticlinal elevates the
northern ridge of the Shawangunk mountain, which the Del-
aware river first cuts through at the Water Gap. The arch
of sand rock appears at the D. L. & W. R. R. station.
Mountain run, west of the hotels, cuts through and exhibits
the arch finely, the strata dipping about 30° both wp.ys. As
the anticlinal dies down, westward, the ridge also declines
into Cherry Valley, and from behind it issues, in a curve,
the South branch of Cherry run. The anticlinal axis passes
under Kimmererville, where the Helderberg limestones and

70 Qi\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Oriskany sandstones sweep over it southward towards the
Wind Gap, causing Godfrey's ridge to encircle the head of
Cherry Valley, in that direction.*

The Kimmererville anticlinal appears to die away against
the east end of the great synclinal of southern Monroe and
Carbon counties, to be described below ; but, in a general
structural sense we may consider that this anticlinal i)artici-
pates with that of Stroudsburg, in representing that great
Lehigliton anticlinal (of Carbon county) which produces so
marked an effect uj)on the topography of southern Monroe.

The Lehigliton anticlinal was traced by Professor r>*sley
in 1839 from within the Pottsville Coal basin, through the
Sharp and Second Mountains (on the Little Schuylkill) ;
do\\Ti along Mahoning creek to Lehighton (on the Lehigh
river); and up along Big creek and Head's creek (past
Kregesville) to within a few miles of Stroudsburg, — a total
distance of more than 40 miles, in an almost perfectly
straight line N. 65^° E.

Along 2() miles of its course in Carbon county the Lehigh-
ton anticlinal throws the whole Devonian and Sub-carbon-
iferous measures over, northward, and vertially downward
to the depth of many thousand feet. From Lehighton to
Mauch Chunk the north dipping outcrops along the Lehigh
river are continuously vertical.

But ascending the valley of Big creek eastward, the north
90° dips of the Lehighton anticlinal become 80° and 70° ; and
after passing into Moni-oe county, only 40° ; 30° ; and 20° ;
until they are lost beneath the glacial drift west of Strouds-
burg. But the Stroudsburg anticlinal is on the line of direct
prolongation of the Lehighton anticlinal and may be con-
sidered therefore its theoretical continuation.

Wire ridge synclinal lies next south of the Leighton
anticlinal, and contains a wide ridge or rather a plateau of
three parallel ridges, about 400' to COO' higher than the
valleys on each side of it. The eastern half of Wire ridge in
Monroe county used to be called Chestnut ridge ; its west-

*Minor rolls In the limestone outorop of Godfrey's ridge (south and south-
west of Stroudsburg) will be mentioned in the details of this report.

ROLLS AND BASINS. (jt\ 71

ern half in Carbon county was known as Yellow Pine
Ridge, The long narrow plateau commences opposite the
Wind Gap, and runs straight S. 60±W. through Hamilton,
Ross and Eldred townships of Monroe county, and through
Upper and Lower Towaniensing and Franklin townships of
Carbon county, to the Lehigh river below Weissport and
Lehighton, where the synclinal structure is finely exhibited.
Prom the east the synclinal deepens westward in Ross
township ; and is deep enough in Eldred township to hold
from 1600' to 2000' of the Catskill rocks.

The Maucli Chunk syncUnxil (or first anthracite coal
basin) in Carbon county rises rapidly from the Lehigh river
eastward. This creates the red shale Kettle, and the semi-
circular end of Kettle mountain.

The Nesquihoning anticlinal, — The Cove behind Kettle
mountain between it and the wall of the plateau, Pocono
(Pohopoco) mountain, is made by the first great anticlinal
of Nesquehoning mountain north of Mauch Chunk.

Both tlie Mauch Chunk synclinal and the Nesquehoning
anticlinal north of it flatten as they approach Monroe county,
and apparently flatten out entirely at the head of Big (Po-
hopoco) creek. Consequently the north dips of the Lehigh-
ton anticlinal, in Monroe county, gradually flatten north-
ward, from 25° or 30® at the axis of the anticlinal (along
Big creek) towards the Pocono mountain, in which the
Catskill rocks show only north dips of 3° or 4°.

In the cuts of the Erie R. R. along the Delaware, the
Catskill beds often dip slowly and regularly north-westward
for long distances, then they suddenly pitch down to the
south-west from all sides something like the end of a canoe.
This may continue for 50' or more at an angle of 30°-50° ;
then the rocks as suddenly become horizontal or resume the
prevailing dip until another local disturbance of the same
kind takes place.

72 G*. REPORT OF PHOGRES8. I. C. WHITE.

Chapter V.

Four Cross Sections.

Section A,

Along the Delaware river ^ from Narroioshurg to the Shawn-
gunk Mountain near OtismlU^ N. Y,

This section commences at top with the highest rocks cap-
ping the hills at the northern corner of Pike county. These
rocks belong to the CatsJcill formation (No. IX of the First
Survey. ) From beneath them appear, successively, descend-
ing the Delaware river, the Chemung^ [Portage,] Genesee,
Hamilton, Marcellus, and Corniferous formations (No.
VIII) ;— then the Cauda-galli and Oriskany (No. VII) ; —
then the Lower Helderberg (No. VI) ; — then the Clinton
(No. V) ; and finally the Media and Oneida (No. IV) which
make the Shawngunk mountain slope and crest. The sec-
tion reads as follows : —

1. Honesdale sandstone group^ consisting of two massive peb-

bly strata, each 30' thick, separated by 40' of red sandy
sliale, 100'

2. Montrose red shale; 125' of sandstone with little shale at top ;

100' of red shale below, 225'

8. Greenish-gray sandstones, 80'

4. Lackawaxen conglomerate, . . .50'

5. Greenish current bedded sandstone strata, each 20' to 80' thick,

alternating with greenish gray shales, . 800'

6. Red shale, 60*

7. Delaware flags, consisting of alternate beds of bluish-green

and greenish gray sandstone strata, 20' to 40^ thick, separated
by greenish sandy shales; only one reddish bed ( 10^-15'
tliick) being seen in the entire interval; the sandstones
usually splitting into large smooth layers 8" to 6" thick,
which are extensively quarried for flagging along the Dela-
ware river and sold under the name of ** Blue Stone' ' ; the
entire series probably represents the New Mi\ford sand-
stone group of Susquehanna and Wayne counties ; thick-
ness 1000'

f red shales ... 20' ^

8. New Mil/ord group, • • . s green sandstone 40' > .... W

I red shale .... 16' )
( 78 G«. )

74 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

9. Greenish gray sandstone down to the base of the Catskill forma-

tion, seen in the bed of the river ^ mile above the Erie R.
R. bridge, and 4| miies above Port Jervis Station (being 800
yds. above the 92nd N. Y. mile post,) thickness not fiur
from ... .... ... OOC

10. Chemung rocks, consisting of blue sandy shales, and foasilif"

eroua sandstones ; rising southward (10^) to a point oppo-
site the 90th N. Y. mile post, where the bottom layers
emerge from the river bed. (Calling the distance 2 miles,
the dip lOO, and the faU of the river bed 22',) 1850^

11. Oenesee Hhale^ a succession of bluish-black sandy shales; bed

planes dipping lio N. 25^ W. ; rude cleavage planes dip-
ping 60^ to OOP S. E. ; nodules of iron ore seen near the
middle of the bed ; contain Spirifer mucronaiua^ Athyria
Spiri/eroidee, and very abundant remains of Tropidoleptua
carinat%ks ; well exhibited along the eastern bank for nearly
a quarter of a mile, opposite the 90th mile post, (Erie RR.)
This, at 10*3, would give 200^

12. Ham ilion proper, consisting of hard gray sandstones, of very

fine grain, and often containing gray sandy shale so hard
and compact as to be indistinguishable trom sandstone ; — al-
ways exhibiting a coarse cleavage to the south-east at a high
angle ;— breaking hi to oblong, irregular, splinter-like pieces,
much used in repairing roads, and commonly called ** slate
gravel ;"— exposed along the river, dipping N. 250 W. 10©
to loO for a mile and a half. This, at 10°, would give . . . VSI&
18. Marcellue shales ; a dark bluish-gray shale, cleaving to the
south-east, and dipping N. 25^ W. 120 to 150, as seen in the
100' which is exposed in the foot of the bluff at Port Jervis.
The rest of the formation is concealed by Drift. The Cornif"
erotis Limestone comes up fh)m beneath it with a dip of
20^, one mile south from where the Marcellus is first seen
emerging from the river. This distance, at an average dip
of 150, would give 1366', which seems excessive. In the
concealed interval the strata may be folded ; therefore, say SOC

14. Corniferous limestone ; seen rising out of the Delaware river

on the N. Y. shore, 700 yards north from the 87th N. Y. mile
post, and finely exposed all along the banks down to Car-
penter's Point, at the mouth of the Neversink, (Tri-state
Comer) ;--dip N. 25° W. 20^ ; distance at right angles to
strike, about 750' ; thickness not less than . . 250^

15. Cauda^alli grit, a very massive, hard, fine-grained sand-

stone, making a great bare outcrop along the Walpaok
ridge ; width of belt, 250 yards ; dip, 250 ; thickness, 315'

16. Oriskany sandstone; a series of bluish and mud-colored

limy shales, containing much chert and characteristic Oris-
kany fossils ; dip N. 25° W. 25© ; thickness down to the
THlohite ledge, ... 50*

17. Lower Helderberg, No, VL

(a) Trilobite bed containing vast numbers of Dalmanites denies

tuSj and a species of ChoneteSj 10'

CROSS SECTION A. G'. 76

(&)Shal7, oaloareo-fidlloiouB, very foesiliferoas beds, oontaining
Choneiea complanatust Avicula textilis, Pentamercu mutc^
bilia and Satonia singularis in great numbers, 140'

mena Beckiif and many other forms, KX

(d)Shaly, silioious, limy beds, mostly oonoealed, 75'

(e) Massive silioious limestone, fossiliferous, 8'

{f)StTomatopora limeatone bed, full of large oorals, prinoipally

iStromatoporat some of which are 1' in diameter, .... 12'
(g) Blue quarry limestonet oontaining Pentamercta galeatua^ . 12'

( A) Blaokish limestone, with oonoretionary nodules, 18'

(i) Shaly, ourly limestone, . 15

(j)Tra<criimc, ("Pethstone" ol Prof. Cook,) 5'

(A;) Shaly limestone, dark bluish and oonoretionary at base,

(lowers',) 12'

(/) Shaly limestone, abounding in corals, 14'

(m)Gray, shaly limestone, oontaining multitudes of Orinoidal

fragments, and corals, 16'

(n) Greenish shales, and shaly limestone, 10'

(o) Massive, bluish gray limestone, fiill of Orinoids, Corals, &c,

Chaetetes being abundant, . . 10'
(p)Limy, gray shales, oontaining Atrypa reticularis and Chae-
tetes, ... .... ^

{q) Slaty limestone, apparently non-fossiliferous and very much
resembling in physioal aspeot the Bossardville beds at the

base of No. VI in Monroe oounty, visible 8'

(r ) Conoealed to probable base of No. VI in the steep bluflF at Wm.

Nearpass's quarry on Mill Brook, in New Jersey, . . 200^

18. Clinton red shale (No. V) entirely oonoealed under an old

buried valley whioh is about 500 yards in width at right
angles to the dip ; thiokneas probably not leas than ... 600'

19. Medina sandstone, a suooession of greenish-gray, red and

variegated sandstones, not well exposed at any point, but
frequently seen fdong the Erie R. R. between the Never-
sink river and Otisville ; probable thickness, . . . 700'

20. Oneida conglomerate, gray, hard oongiomerates coarsest to-

ward the base, seen finely exposed along the cuts in the
Erie R. R., one mile west from Otisville dipping 30° N. 25°
W. ; oontaining very large quartz pebbles, and toward the
base, many fragments of No. Ill, Black slate ; resting un-
oomformably upon No. Ill, as seen in the cut one mile west
of Otisville, the latter dipping 420 to 47° along the line of
contact; thickness, 750'

Sumof thicknesses, (mostly ea^imated,) 9886'

Call No. 18, 1866' 10462'

76 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Section B.

Along Broadhead^s creek and the Delaware^ LacTcmnanna
and Western Railroad^ from the northern line of Mon-
roe county^ southward^ past Spraguevilley and Strovds-
burg^ to the Delaware Water Gap.

This section commences at the top with the basal beds of
the Pocono Sandstone formation (No. X,) capping the
highest points along the connty line, 2000' to 2050' above
tide ; under which lies the whole Gatskill formation^ (No.
IX,) constituting the great Pocono plateau and outcropping
in the escarpment at the head of Broadhead creek. Beneath
these all the formations mentioned in Section A appear suc-
cessively along the course of the creek and in the cuttings
of the railroad, until the Delaware Water Gap is reached,
in which the Medina and Oneida rise in bold cliflfs. The
section reads as follows :

1. Mt. Pleasant conglomerate^ p^eyish white, sometimes with

a reddish tinge ; quartz pebbles, often angular, . . W

2. Mt, Pleasant red shale seen along the Easton and Belmont

Pike at an elevation of 200(K-2100' A. T., consisting of blood
red shales interstratified with greenish-gray sandstones,

estimated thiclcnesB, 300'

8. Interval which could not be measured witli any approach
to accuracy, for want of continuous exposures. Tliicl&nees

estimated by the dip to be not lees than 200C'

4. Delaware flaga^ 1200'

6. New Mil/ord red shale, 100*

6. Greenish gray sandstone to base of Catskill formation. Just

below Spragueville, * 600*

7. Chemung beds; gray and blue, hard fossiliferous sand-

stones ; seen for about 210 rods dipping N. 20O W. 80°, . 1750'

8. Oenesee Shale : a darl^ sandy shale, 200'

9. Hamilton sandstones, 1200*

10. Mareellus shales ; \^'^^ «^*^®^ ^^» J 800'

c gray shales, 800', )

11. Oomiferotis limestone, 200'

12. CdudOrgalli grit, 250*

18. Oriskany sandstone, a cherty, limy, quartz conglomerate, 60*
14. LowEB Helderbero, No. VT.

(a) 8tormville shales, limy, fossiliferous, ash colored, often

cherty, with a maasiye cherty limestone at base 10' thick, 160'

(6) Stormville conglomerate, a oalcareo-silicious, fossiliferous

bed containing many quartz pebbles, . . . . 16'

(c) Stormville limestone, cherty, sandy, massiye beds, contain-
ing numerous fossils, Pentameras galeatus and Stroma"
topora being especially abundant in some portions, ... 75'

CROSS SECTION B. G*. 7 7

(d) Water Lime, ("Pethstone " of Prof. Cook,) &

(e) Bluish, shaly limestone, (Deeker^e Ferry,) 2(K

(/) Decker's Ferry Sandstone, a pebbiy, very fotasiliferous, and

often maaaive rook, . . 15'

(g) Greenish shales, (Decker's Ferry,) 16'

(A) Bossardville limestone, the main quarry iime through Mon-
roe county ; almost entirely non-fossiliferous ; upper por-
tion consists mostly of bluish-blaok layers, with thin veins
of oaloite intersecting it in all directions, and usually about
65' thick ; then at base comes a gra3rish, slaty limestone
often exhibiting a columnar structure as may be seen at
the Experiment Mills quarry above the Water Gap sta-
tion ; thickness there 25' ; total thickness of Bossardville

limestone, 90*

(i) Poxono Island Shale, a series of buff, greenish, and varie-
gated, limy shales, totally non-fossiliferous, and seen well
exposed only opposite Poxono Island, on the Delaware
river, and at one or two localities south-west from that ;
thickness, 209

15. Clinton red shale, (No. V,) mostly concealed in a valley

about 200 yards wide, at right angles to the strike, the dip
of both the overl3ring and underl3ring beds being N. 250
W. 80O, which would give a thickness, provided there be
no intermediate variations of dip, 9W

16. Medina Sandstone, a succession of greenish-gray and red-

dish sandstones, occasionally interstratified with red
sandy shales^ and containing a few quartz pebbles in
some of the layers ; seen well exposed along the Delaware
river in the Water Gap, where two or three anticlinal rolls
cross these measures, rendering it difficult to determine
the thickness, but a rough estimate makes it 7W

17. Oneida Conglomerate, a succession of grayish-white, mass-

ive, pebbiy beds, increasing in coarseness towards the base
and seen finely exposed at the Delaware Water Gap, dip-
ping 30O to 450 N. 250 W., thickneaa,* 800*

Sum of thicknesses, mostly estimated, 18,406'

Section C.

Through BrodheadsmUe ; from the northern line of Mon-
roe county^ southward^ to the crest qf the Kittatinny
{Blue) mountain.
The rocks of this section are the same as in Section B,

commencing, at the top, with the bottom layers of the

Poccmo formation. No. X.

1. Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, not seen in place, but no doubt

concealed beneath the surface, which is covered with loose *

blocks, . . say 60'

*The Hudson river black slates, (No. Ill,) are entirely concealed at its
contact with the overlying Oneida Conglomerate,

4. Cherry Ridge Group, <

> . 676'

78 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

2. Mt. Pleasant red akale*, top of the Gatskill series, not ex-
posed at any locality, but undoubtedly forming the surfaoe
rook under the drift on the P^>oono platenu southward

almost to the Pooono mountain escarpment, about 860'

8. Shales and sandstones, lOO*

a. Conglomerate, 80'

6. Shale, . 20"

c. Conglomerate, . ... 25'

d. Red shale and sandstone, 500'
The upper, or oonglomerate portion of this group crests the

southern front of the Pooono mountain escarpment from
the west branch of Brodhead creek westward to the Carbon
county line, the uppermost member being remarkably
coarse, containing quartz pebbles 2" to 3" in diameter, to-
gether with many pieces of shale, sandstone, <fcc, all ce-
mented by a coarse reddish matrix, the whole making a
very massive cliff, which is almost perfectly paralleled in
every respect by the conglomerate below.*

5. Honeadale Sandstone Oroupf 600'

6. Montrose red shale, -. 1500'

7. Delaware flags, 1200'

8. New Milford red shales, . . 500*

9. Greenish-gray sandstones, base of Catskill series, 600'

10. Chemung beds, ... 1600'

( e. Oenesee shale, . 200' ^

11. Hamilton, \ b. Hamilton flags, 1100' I 2000*

y a. Mareellus shale, 700' j

12. Corniferous limestone, absent.
18. Cauda^alli grit, absent.

14. Oriskany, ... 200^

16. Lower Helderberg, all concealed by great heaps of the Oris-

kany sandstone debris in the southern face of the Walpack
ridge, except the quarry portion of the Bossardville lime-
stone, of which 40' is visible at some localities ; the whole
thickness of the series cannot be (from the space it covers
between the Oriskany sandstone above and the Red shales
o/^o. F below) much greater than 460^

16. Clinton red shales {No. V,) mostly concealed in the valley of
Aquanchicola creek, but from the breadth of its outcrop
(800 yards) and dip N. 250 W. 80O, the thickness cannot be
much less than 1200^

17. Medina sandstone, probably 700'

18. Oneida Conglomerate, about 800'

Sum of thicknesses, mostly estimated, 1 2,826'

[♦ The Cherry Ridge conglomerates were considered by the First Survey as
the base of No. X. Hence I named the whole of No. X the Poeono forma-
tion, because the entire crest of the escarpment, and the face of the plateau
behind it, are made by these rocks. W. White prefers to carry the top of the
OatskUl/onnatian 600 fset higher up the oolumn.>-J. P. L.]

CROSS SECTION D. G*. 79

Section D. .

Along the Lehigh river ^ in Carbon county^ from Mauch

Chunk to the Lehigh Water Oap.

As this section is only intended to serve for comparison
with A, B & C, it commences, on top, with the top layers
of the Poco/io formation (No. X,) which here stand vertical,
instead of horizontally spreading over the Pocono plateau
in Monroe county. The Mauch Chunk red shale, Pottsville
conglomerate and overlying Coal measures are omitted.

The measurement of the vertical beds of No. X, IX, and
VIII along the Lehigh river, is comparatively easy, and the
thicknesses given in the text below are therefore more reliable
than those of sections A, B, & C. But until an instrumental
geological survey of the gaps of the Lehigh at Mauch
Chunk has been made, the exact thickness will not be known.

Pocono Series^ No, X.

1. Conglomerate, very masedye, g^yish-white large peb-

bles, . . 60*

2. Greenish-gray, sandy shales, .... 60'

3. Conglomerate, dark gray, with ooaly streaks, large

pebbles, 60'

4. Buflftsh-gray, sandy shales, 120'

5. Dark huffish sandstones with some shales, 430'

6. MU PiecMant conglomerate, base of Poeono, 50*

> 7W

. . soo*

Caiskill, (iVb. IX.)

red shale, . iO' '

red sandstone, 40'

, ^ j red and green shales, . 60'

7. ML Pleasant red shale, i ^^ conglomerate, . . 10'

red shale, 250'

red shale and sandstone, 100'

8. Sandstones and shales, reddish, 290'

f conglomerate. 40' "^

9. Cherry Ridge conglomerate, i greenish sandstones, 110'

{ conglomerate, . . 50'

10. Concealed, 200'

11. Gray pebbly conglomerate, 60'

12. Greenish flaggy sandstones, 850'

18. Grayish sandstones with two or three layers of red, 175'

14. Calcareous breccia, ... 2'
16. Massive, gray sandstone, interstratified with a few thin red

beds, 120'

200

80 G*. REPORT OF PROGRE88. I. 0. WHITE.

16. Bed sandy shales, 80*

17. Very massive, greenlah-gray sandstone, 120*

18. Bed sandy shale, OO^

19. MasBiye, greenish-gray sandstone beds with some pebbles, 165'

20. Calcareous breccia g'

21. Greenish-gray sandstone, 180'

22. Calcareous breccia, 2*

28. Greenish gray sandstone, 60*

24. Variegated (green and red) beds, 60'

25. Bed sandy shale, 80*

26. Calcareous breccia, ... 2*

27. Massive, reddish-gray sandstones, containing some quartz

pebbles, 60*

28. Bed shales and sandstone, 120

29. Gray sandstones with very little red, 150*

30. Red, and gra3rish-green sandstones, 150^

81. Montrose red shale, only a few thin streaics of gn^y in the

whole interval, 2000*

82. Delaware flags, no red beds whatever, 1200^

83. A snooeesion of gray sandstones, interstratifled with red shales

and sandstones, the red beds largely predominating, . . . 700^

84. Greenish-gray flaggy sandstone in wliich ooours oooasional red

beds, the lowest of the latter being 120^ above the base of
the series, tliiokness about 600'

Chemung, {No. VIII.)

85. A saooession of bluish-gray and olive sandstones with some

shale, sparingly fossiliferous, 1200'

Hamilton, (No. VIII.)

86. Oenesee shale, a dark fissile shale, 200'

87. Hamilton, gray, sandy sliales, foasiliferous, 760'

88. Marcellus shales, mostly dark, 800'

Oriskany^ {No. VII.)

89. Oriskany «anda<one, a very coarse, reddish-brown sandstone,

containing many quartz pebbles, and dipping N. 250 W.
550, making a bold bluff one mile below Bowman's, known
as Stony Ridge ; no fossils seen in it, thickness about, . . . 200'

40. Oriskany shale. Cherty calcareous sandstone, con-

taining casts of fossils too indistinct for identification, lO'

41. Shales containing some cherty layers, together with

some thin beds of sandstone, OO'

42. Concealed, 20'

48. Shales with thin layers of reddish sandstone, .... 60'

Lower Helderberg, {No. VI.)

44. Greenish shales, and limy sandstone, .... 80'

45. Bossardville limestone, slaty fracture, black, and filled

with streaks of calcite, . . 40'

46. Poxono Island shales, consisting of bufflsh-gray, and

greenish-gray, limy shales, variegated with red near
the base, 226'

140'

295'

CROSS SECTION D.

G". 81

Clinton, (Ao. F.)

47. A saooesBion of red shales strongly folded and not well ex-

posed, thickness estimated by Prof. Lesley (in 1889) at . 9000'

Medina, {No. 2V.)

48. A saooession of greenish-gray, and reddish sandstones, ooqsf-

sionally interstratified with red sandy shales, probably
about (estimated) 7W

Oneida, {No. IV.)

49. Massive beds of gray quartz conglomerate, quite hard, the

layers 1 -5' thick, increasing in coarseness toward the base,
many chips of No. Ill Black elate being seen in the lower
half; dipping N. 25© W. 80©; resting uneo^formably *
on the underlying No. Ill Black elate, which dips 450 in
the same direction only a few feet fh>m the point of contact ;
thickness, roughly measured, 76(y

Sum of thicknesses, 15,849'

Comparison qf the Four Sections,

Formations,

Pocono, X,

Gatskill, IX,

Chemung

virenesee, .•••••••

Hamilton,

Maroellus,

Comiferous,

Cauda-galli,

Oriskany, VII, f

Lower Helderberg, VI, .

Clinton, V,

Media,

Oneida,

► VIII,

\"-\

No. VIII, as a whole, . .
Gen. Ham. and Marcellus,

Maueh

Brodr Stroude-

Ar«

Chunk, headeville.

burg.

tiervis.

750

7,544

5,825

4,200

8,480

1,200

1,600

1,750

1,850

200

760

1,100

1,200

1,875

800

700

800

abeent

200

250

abeent

250

815

840

200

295

450

585

566

2,000

1,200

900

600

750

700

750

800

15,889

12,975

12,885

2,960

8,600
2,000

4,400

1,760

2,200

11,686

4,790

1,^

[♦The unconformity is merely apparent. We have here, as at the Schuyl-
kill Water Gap and elsewhere along the south slope of the Kittatinny moun-
tain, a local ftLult, produced by the rigidity of the great randstone mass above,
and the feeble tenacity of the slate mass below. See the demonstration in Mr.
H. M. Chance's map and section of the Schuylkill Gap at Port Clinton in
Schuylkill county.— J. P. L ]

[ t The Upper Sil urian of Mnrchison. But geologists differ as to the place of
No. VII. Some make it the base of the Devonian. — J. P. L.]

6G'.

82 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Devonian, IX, VIII, 10,604 8,g76 8,600 8,220

SUurian, VII, VI, V, IV,» 4,185 8,860 8,086 2,716

Deyoniau and SUurian, .... 14,689 12,225 11,685 10,086

Notes on the dbote t(il)le.

The reader must remember that great difficulties stand in
the way of the exact measiii*ement of the thickness of strata
which are nearly but not quite horizontal, and when the
gentle dip is subject to slight but frequent variations ; or
when the general dip, always in one direction increases as
the observer advances along his line of section.

If the observer could be sure that his rocks are dipping
precisely 5° neither more nor less, for a mile, — or if he could
rely upon the correctness of an average dip of 5° for a mile,
— he could then state positively that the thickness was ex-
actly (5280' X the log. of the tang, of 5° =) 462'.

But if he should mistake a dip of 4° for 5°, his calculation
would be nearly a hundred feet in excess ; and if the real
dip were 6°, then his calculation would fall nearly a hun
dred feet short.

This consideration aflfects the value of the alleged thick-
nesses of the upper 8000' of sections A, B, and C ; therefore
caution must be observed in drawing the conclusion that the
Dinanian system^ in whole or in part, diminishes in thick-
ness eastward between the Lehigh and the Delaware rivers,
in Monroe and Pike counties.

In section D, the rocks stand vertical for several miles
along the Lehigh river between Lehighton and Mauch
Chunk, and can therefore be measured without the same
risk of error. The sum total of section D, is nearly 25 per-
cent greater than that of section A.

The Catskill appears to be nearly twice as thick on the
Lehigh as on the Delaware. So great a difference can
hardly be explained away by any supposable errors of
measurement in detail along the Delaware.

There can be no mistake about the great thickness of the
Catskill formation on the Lehigh ; for all the beds (except

* In the first survey of Pennsylvania, No. VII included the Gauda-galU grit
with the Oriskany.

CROSS SECTION D. G*. 83

Nos. 33 and 34) are beautifully exposed along the railroad
(N. J. Central,) and standing vertical can be easily meas-
ured. Nos. 33 and 34 are also well exposed where they
come up on a rather steep north dip, 2i miles below Le-
highton, or 1 mile above Bowman's.

The Chemung was easily measured on the Lehigh, along
the N. J. C. R. R. beginning at the 38th mile post.

The Hamilton was measured on the west bank of the Le-
high along the Lehigh Valley railroad opposite Bowman's.

The Oriskany and Lower Helderberg were measured on
the raib'oad track about a mile below Bowman's.

To bring the columns A, B, C and D into comparison it
was necessary to restore to A, B and C the full thickness
of Pocono (No. X) found in D, viz, 750'.

To complete the column A, which only goes up to the
Honesdale sandstone^ it was necessary to add the 1000±feet
of eroded Catskill rocks above the Honesdale sandstone up
to the base of the Pocono sandstone (No X). The meas-
urements in Wayne county show that this 1000' cannot be
far wrong ; certainly the error will not exceed one or two
hundred feet.

[In 1874, I directed Mr. H. M. Chance to make contour-
line maps of the Delaware, Lehigh, and Schuylkill Water
Gaps, by which the alleged non-conformability of Oneida
Conglomerate (No. IV) on Hudson river slate (No. Ill)
was resolved into a mere fault or slip structure. At the
same time very exact measurements of the Silurian forma-
tions (Oriskany^ Lower Helderberg^ Clinton^ Medina and
Oneida) were obtained.

These measurements I append here to Mr. White's report,
as instrumental corrections of his estimates of the thick-
nesses at the base of his sections B and D.

Instrumental Section at the Delaware Water Oap.

No exposures in the valley of Cherry Run for . 740'

upper red shale, ... . 155

V. Clinton { varigated shales and ore sandstone, 450 . ,

lower red shales, 740

lower olive shales, S40

84 G*.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

IV.

i Medina

Oneida

lOKK

' upper sandstone, 200 '

upper shales and sandstone, 6S0

white oonglomerate, 200

lower shales and sandstone, 110

gpray sandstone, 75

shales and sandstone, 240 ^ 625'

white conglomerate, 210

III Hudson river ^ ^^^ ^^^

8250

} '• and Utica slates, 1800'±

Instrumental Section along the Lehigh River.

Chemung red sandstone, not measured.

Jbrta^e flaggy sandstone and oaloareous shales, . 820

Hamilton flags and shales, more than 1850

Marcellua slates and shales, more than 1200

Upper Helderberg,

' Oomiferoue \ ^^'^ ' * • ' ^

' oement beds, 20

Faint ore, 1 8",

I Clay,

. . . .say 2
5

Ori^ifeanyJ«°:^^«' 150 J

c shales, with iron ore, 875 >

Limestone, T ^

Water-lime shales, 70 >

Onondaga shales, more than 155 j

525

225+

787'-}-

OUnton

Medina

Oneida

Instrumental Section at Lehigh Water Oap.

Top concealed in the Aquanohicola Valley.

upper red shale, 650+

variegated shale, 90

upper olive oaio. shale 120

ore sandstone, (Fourth rib,) . 125

lower red and olive shale, 200

upper sandstone, (Third rib,) 85

upper shale, 180

g^y sandstone, (Second rib,) 70

lower shale, 830

conglomerate sandstone, 290

oonglomerate, (First rib,) 170

1275-f

> 665

460

2400+

CROSS SECTIONS. (}\ 85

InstruTTiental Section at Schuylkill Water Oap.

Clinton, *

) .... 2606

• • •

1030

Top eroded in the synolinal.

Upper red shale, 750

*< *< ** and sandstone, 630

Upper olive shale, 680

Ore sandstone, 96

Lower olive shale, 450

r Upper sandstone, (Third rib,) 90 1

Medina, ^^' '^'Tf "T^"^ .k ^ *1 '

I White sandstone, (Seoondrib,) 60

[ Lower ferruginous shales, 600 ,

Oneida, White conglomerate, (First rib,) 200

Comparison of the three Sections.

(Mr. Chancers MecisuremenU.)

Schuylkill W. O. Lehigh W, O, Delaware W. O.

Clinton, . (visible,) .2606' .... (visible,) . 1275' . . . (visible,) . 1686

Medina, 1030' 665' 1040*

Oneida, 200^ 460' 525'

1280 1125 1565

Professor Cook's Estimates.

Cdmi/erous limeaione, .... (aooording to dip,) 500' to 800

Cauda^alli grit, ( " " ) 400

Lower Helderberg,

Clinton,

Medina, ( *< ) at Erie RR., 80a'. ( « ) .... at Walpaok bend, 1800"
Oneida, ( " ) SOO' to 900

Measurements given by Prof. H. D. Rogers^ in Geology
of Penn'a, 185S, Vol. 1, -pp. 125 to W.

XIII. 0>al measures, Coal measures, Lehigh river,

XII Serai, Pottsville oonglomerate, (estimated,) 950

XI. Umbral, Mauch Chunk red shale, " 3000

X. Vespertine, Pooono sandstone, ... " 1300

IX. Ponent, Catskill red roolts, ... " 5000

VTIL

rVergent,J«^»>^ • Chemung, | „ ^^^

( Flags, . Portage, S

c U. black slate, Genesee, " 250

[Cadent, < shales, Hamilton, Unknown thickness.

^ L. black slate, Marcellus, Thin.

Oriskany, (estimated,) 90

VIL Meridian, } fan^«^"®»

} Slate, . .

Varies between 0' and 100

yj ( Premeridlan limestone, J Lo^gj. j^^jjg^j,^^^ Unknown thlckne&s.
r Scaleut limestone, . )

86 G^

r^:port of progrkss. i. c. white.

V. Sargent, -

Marl, . .
(J. Shale,
Ore SS.,
L. Shale,
U. Slate,
Iron 88.,
^ L. Slate,

I r^^"

Climon,

r 976)
120
110

< 16(5

100

' (efftimated,) 1475

. White SS.,. {Medina,) (estimated,)

IV. Levant, j Red SS., . S ^)»

' Gray SS., . . . Oneida,

760

absent.

400

From top of Pottsville to lx>ttom of Oneida, 15,480

From top of Pooono to bottom of Oneida, 11,530

[The measurements given above are of mixed values, partly historical, partly
practical. — J. P. L.]

]ir 1^,

amKt

KtiimiL

Ti^Jd Godfrey *€ B«djc. SW. of^troudsVwi^":

-^.HT

Tig.4«, (Godfrey's K»<%fe,S.W ofS^roudabuig'.

Chapter VI.
Description of the Geological FormcUions.

No. XIII. The Coal Measures.

[In reply to a question frequently asked : Why have coal
beds never been opened in Pike or Monroe county '{ it is
only necessary to refer to the plain fact that the Anthracite
Coal Measures^ which once spread over the whole country
between the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, have been swept
away from it by the slow but constant operation of frost
and rain water through the long ages represented by the
Trias, Lias, Cretaceous and Tertiary systems.

The removal of the whole Coal Measures from all Middle
Pennsylvania (including Pike and Monroe counties) south
and east of the Allegheny Mountains is one of the most cer-
tain of geological facts.

In this case, as in so many others, there are exceptions
to prove the rule.

The exceptions are, 1, the isolated remnant of the Coal
Area left in Huntingdon and Bedford counties called the
Broad Top coal field ; 2, the isolated coal field of Pottsville
and Mauch Chunk called the First Anthracite coal field ;
3, the isolated little basins on Broad Mountain ; 4, the is-
olated basin of Shamokin and Mahanoy ; 5, the isolated ba-
sins of Beaver Meadow, Hazel ton, Eckley &c ; 6, the great
isolated basin of Wilkes- Barre and Scran ton ; and 7, the
small patches of lower coal measures left on the great pla-
teau of the North or Allegheny mountain, in Sullivan, Ly-
coming and Tioga counties.

All these (except No. 7,) are remnants of the universal

outspread of Coal Measures which have been preserved by

the greater depth of the basins or synclinals beneath the

general level ; as is plainly to be seen by the steepness with

which the coal beds pitch into and rise out of the basins :

( 87 a«. )

88 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

and by the depth to which mining slopes and shafts have
been sunk.

At the eastern ends of the Mauch Chunk, Beaver Meadow,
Hazleton and Eckley or Council ridge basins, west of the
Lehigh, the lowest coal beds are seen spooning up into the
air. The place they once occupied is now high in the air
over all the country east of the Lehigh river. The lowest
coal bed lay formerly at least 3000 feet in the air above
the highest points of the great Pocono plateau in Monroe
county. This calculation is an easy one. It is made by
observing at Mauch Chunk what rocks underlie the lowest
coal beds, and what is their thickness.

No, XIL The Pottsville Conglomerate.

Underneath the coal beds lie the 1000 feet of sandstone
and conglomerate rocks in Sharp or Mauch Chunk mount-
ain. All this has been eroded from the country east of
the Lehigh river ; together with the coal measures over it.

No. XL The Mauch Chunk red shale.

Underneath the Conglomerate at Mauch Chunk lie 3000
feet of the red shale, which fills the Kettle, Room run, Qua-
kake, Conyngham, Catawissa and Locust valleys west of
the Lehigh. Some of this formation still remains in Syn-
clinals heading up east of the Lehigh in Carbon county.
Formerly it was supposed that patches or belts of it re-
mained on the top surface of the Pocono plateau in Mon-
roe county ; but it is now pretty certain that it has all been
removed, and that the red shale seen in may places belongs
to the Catskill formation.

Therefore it is evident that in the prolongation of the
line through Pottsville, Tamaqua and Mauch Chunk, east-
ward to Pocono Knob, near Stroudsburg, the lowest coal
bed (which is about 1350 feet above tide at Mauch Chunk)
must be sought for, not beneath the summit of the Pocono

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. X. G*. 89

mountain (2000' above tide,) but more than 7000 feet in the
air above the summit of the mountain.

The citizens of MoHroe county should try to realize the
fact, that Pocono Mountain was formerly 10000 feet high
above the present level of the sea.

The uppermost 3000' of this 90(K)' consisted of Coal Meas-
ures ; the next 1000' consisted of Pottsville Conglomerate ;
the next 3000' consisted of Mauch Chunk red shale ; the
next 1200' consisting of the Pocmw forToation (with the Mt,
Pleasant shales of the Caiskill formation) resting upon
the Cherry Ridge conglomerate which now forms the crest
of the mountain, all above it (7000' of strata) having been
gradually entirely washed away into the Atlantic ocean.

But even the whole of the Pocono formation has not been
spared ; its upper and middle layers have also disappeared
and only the lower strata remain to constitute the higher
parts of the plateau.]*

No. X The Pocono Series.

The Pocono rocks make but a feeble showing in this dis-
trict, since only the lowest member of the series comes into
the tops of the knobs on the Pocono plateau, viz : the

Mount Pleasant Conglomeraie.

In the Wayne and Susquehanna Report (G*) this stratum
was refeiTed to a transition series (between the Pocono and
Catskill^) of which it was the base, owing to some doubt
which it belonged to.

The work of the present year in Pike and Monroe, con-
nected with a section that I made along the Lehigh river in
Carbon, removed my doubt concerning the true horizon of
this bed being the basal Tnerriber of the Pocono forma-
tion.

The ML Pleasant conglomerate does not occur in Pike
county, unless the great pebble bed which caps High Knob,

[ * The foregoing paragraphs I have thought it desirable to prefix to Prof
White's deooriptions of the formatioas wtiioh now foUow. — J. P. L.]

90 Gt* REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

and is seen at two or three localities along the Pike-Monroe
line, at the head of Brodhead creek, should prove to be its
representative.

On the road which leads from Canadensis np Brodhead
creek northward into Pike county, a very white jiebbly
stratum occurs on the summit of the Pocono mountain 1950'
A. T. It is 20' thick, with massive gray pebbly l>eds imme-
diately below, and seems to represent the Mt. Pleasant
conglomerate.

In Monroe county this massive member of the series is
frequently seen capping the summit of lofty knobs near tlie
northern line of the county. One of these occurs just east
of the D. L. & W. R. R. one half mile south from tlie
Wayne county line, in Coolbaugh, where a grayish-white
conglomerate makes a long, bold cliff, 40'-50' high, extend-
ing to an elevation of 2050' A. T. at top.

The same rock also occurs on the Easton and Bellmont
Pike, one half mile north from C. S. Bay lis', at an eleva-
tion of 2050' A. T.

It also seems to be present in the hills along the Lehigh
river, where that stream borders the western line of Cool-
baugh, for a great many white bowlders occur there which
could have come from no other horizon.

It is also possible that isolated patches of this rock may
occur on the Pocono plateau, in Tobyhanna and Tunkhan-
nock townships.

For the character of the Pocono series just west from
this area, the reader is referred to the general section aloni^;
the Lehigh river given in section Fig. 4, where it has a
thickness of only 750', while the Catskill below has just
ten times that. It is possible that previous observers have
made the Pocono thicker than it should by extending it
down to the base of the Cherry Ridge conglomerate. If
If this were done in the Lehigh river section, it would make
the Pocono 1650' thick, and at the same time reduce the
Catskill to 6600', a result not much larger than is found in
some other portions of the State, but the great red shale
under the Mt, Pleasant conglomerate makes such an inter-
pretation inadmissible.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. G\ 91

Note.— From the small thickness of the Pocono in Sect.
D, it becomes very probable that No, X/, as given in the
Wayne and Susquehanna county section G^ page 55, should
be extended down 240' further, as suggested in foot note to
page 46. Tliis makes the Mauch Chunk beds 410' thick
instead of 170' and the Pocono 800' instead of 1040'; for the
great 125' yellow sandstone in the Wayne and Susquehanna
section seems to represent the massive Conglomerate hori-
zon^ 150' thick, immediately below the No. X/, red beds at
Mauch Chunk.

No. IX, The CatsTcill Series,

In describing the rocks of this series found in Wayne and
Susquehanna counties, I stated in G* page 71, that the thick-
ness (1530') of these beds measured along the northern por-
tions of those counties would very probably not represent
their thickness under the southern portion of Wayne. Tliis
inference has been amply bourne out by the facts, since the
general section of eastern Pike (which abuts against south-
ern Wayne) given on a preceding page, shows a thickness
of 3430', or more than double that found in northern Wayne.

Does this immense thicknening take place gradually or
rapidly ? Very fortunately a deep boring has been made
by the Wayne county Oil Co., 25 miles south from the
northern outcrop at the State line.

This well was put down on Dyeberry creek about six miles
north from Honesdale. At my request a very careful and
accui-ate record was kept of each bed passed through, by
washing and bottling samples of each. For this faithful
record the Survey is indebted to the courtesy of the Secre-
tary and Treasurer of the company Mr. Edward Torrey of
Honesdale. The well begins at about 1050' A. T. and at
200' below the base of the Honesdale sandstone group^ or
say 1000' above the top of the CatsTcill beds of Wayne
county.

The record, as preserved in the oflSce of the company in
Honesdale, reads as follows :

REPORT OP PROGRESS. I, 0. WHITE.

Dy^erry creek well.

<T hole, through drift, M to SB

Rod shales md gray Mndatoue, SS to S6

Reddish aantlBtooe, 1q jp 75

B*d sandy ahaU, ... 5 (^ ^

Sandstone, greoiitoh-gray, with quarts pebblei, 5 to 86

SandflWne, reddish-graj, . 16 ^ iqO

Bed Bandy ahalt, 1q jp ^j^j

Sacdatone, green bth-gray, Og l^j jgg

" *>nw pebblM, 4 to no

" browniah-gray, Une, 5 to I43

" greeoiBh-gray, ookrse, .- . . , 4 to 147

giay, pebbly, 5 u, uj

" greenlsh^ruy, g (o m

" grayish- brown, 5 to 1J5

Shale, greenish, sandy, g to 178

Handatone, gray, with reddlab tinge, .....'..'.'.'.'.. 6 to ITS

OK ," ,*"^' *■ ^ "■

Bhale, Handy, micaceous, 7 to NO

fiand.'iuiiie, dark gray, . . ! ! 4 to IM

Bbale, gisy, qull« sandy, S to 900

Shale, dark rta, '/ j^ to 2]S

81at«. bluish-green, 40 to 266

Sandstone, greeoiab-gray, !!!!!! 176 to 4W

Bhaly, brown, SO to 460

line, greenial^gr^, 20 to WO

Shale, greenlHh, sandy, 86 to 616

" gray, sandy, 16 to 6S0

Sandatone, greenlsb-gray, amall pebblea, go to 660

Sandstone, dark gray, 6 to 665

Sandstone, dark rod, 36 to 600

Shale, light red 10 to 610

ShaJe, dark, sandy SO to 630

Sandstone, green Ish-gtay, 10 to 640

Shale, red, 46 to 686

Sandstone, green Ish-grsy, 80 to 716

Shale, litflit ^•rny. Randy, 6 to 720

Sandstone, dark gray, shaly, 20 to 740

" light gray, ao to TOO

" fine, gray, 10 to 770

MaU,r«d, (ffmh water eased off at 778',) 80 to BOO

Sandstone, reddlah-gray, 25 to 626

^ale, dark red, aandy, 10 to 8S6

Shale, gray, aandy. . BO to ^866

Sandstone, greeiilsh-gray, 10 to 875

Shale, red, 6 to 880

Sandstone, hard, greenish-gray, 90 to 900

■' ^re>'rii.i|>-gray. mloaoeoos, 80 to 930

Shale, bluish, sandy, 95 to 10S6

Sandstone, gray, GO to 1076

" greenish-gray, small pebblea, 2G to 1100

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. G*. 93

Sandstone, greeniah-gray, pebbly, 20 to 1120

" gray, (weak vein of salt water at 1140^,) .... 20 to 1140

«* shaly, gray, 10 to 1150

** greenish-gray, 15 to 1165

Shale, green, sandy, 25 to 1190

Sandstone, greenish-gray, 5 to 1195

" hard, gray, 10 to 1205

Sandstone, ooarse, greenish-gray, 5 to 1210

'* gray, small pebbles, 10 to 1220

ShaU.red, 15 to 1235

Sandstone, ooarse, (strong vein of salt water at ISiO* which

filled the hole to 100* from top,) 15 to 1250

Sandstone, greenish-gra^, fine, 5 to 1255

Shale, red, aandy, 10 to 1265

Sandstone, ooarse, greenish-gray, 17 to 1282

" yellowish-brown, 18 to 1295

Shale, dark red, sandy, 80 to 1825

Sandstone, gray, small pebbles, 5 to 1830

" fine-grained, 10 to 1340

" greenish, 6 to 1845

** greenish-brown, 10 to 1355

Shale, dark-gray, sandy, 5 to 1800

Sandstone, shaly, mioaoeoos, 86 to 1895

Shale, reddish, sandy, 5 to 1400

Shale, red, 86 to 1436

Sandstone, shaly, red, 5 to 1441

Shale, dark red, sandy, 5 to 1446

Shale, red, dark, 5 to 1451

Sandstone, grajrish-green, mioaoeoos, 14 to 1465

Shale red, sandy, 20 to 1485

ShaU, dark red,* 20 to 1506

The sub-divisions of the GatsJciU rocks established in
Wayne and Susquehanna counties as published in G', page
69, seem to hold good in a general way through Pike and
Monroe, though of course such an enormous thickening up
of these measures is accompanied by corresponding changes
in the character of the beds.

For the sake of ready comparison, the Wayne and Sus-
quehanna section is here introduced together with the sum-
mary of the Catskill beds from the general sections, A, B,
C, D, of the preceding pages, to which the reader is referred
for details.

Section W is the Wayne and Susquehanna section.
" A, that from eastern Pike.

[*The oontinuation not being reoeived when the book went to press is re-
ferred to the appendix.— J P. L.

REPORT OF PROGRESS.

Section B, that throogh Spragueville.
" C, that through BrodheEidville.
" D, that along the Lehigh below Manch Chnnk.

Jf(. Pteaaa-nt red shnle. . .

150
ISO'

HI.

I|ti

ill

100'

SOff
200'

t CoDglomersteB,
Cherry RIdne. J

JKedahalB,

HoneadaU SmuUUme Urojtp,
MonlToae red shale.

00'
110'

100'
225'

600-

eoff

1,500-

200"
1,167'

987'
2.000.

Delaware river Jtaga, (New
Milford&PaupaakSS.ofa>,)

ses'

1,430'

1,300'

1,300-

New mi/ord red »kaU, . .

lOff

76'

100'

eoc

700-

Starrticra sliales and sand-

106'

SOff

flOO'

000-

ToWlB,

1.530'

3,430-

4,300'

6,325'

7,544'

The substantial identity of the Mt. Pleasant red sTuUe
Cherry Ridf/e Conglomerate, Montrose red shales, Dela-
ware river flags. New MUford red shale and Starrucca beds
in each of these sections may be regarded as very higlily
proliable, but the beds on the Lehigh river included above
under the \\ftaAot Cherry Ridge red shale {\\BT)a,'aA Hons-
daJe sandstone group (9ff7') liave become so thickened and
changed in character {as may be seen by consulting the de-
tailed section D) that their identification, except in the
moat general way witli these beds in Wayne county, would
be wholly problematical.

Mi. Pleasant red shale.
This topmost member of the Calskill beds seems to over-
shoot the most elevated snmmits of Pike connty. unless the
great pebble rock which crowns High Knob, should turn
out to be the Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, and in that event
the red shale would be represented under the same by 300'-
400' of massive sandstone interstratitied with which only

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. G\ 95

50'-75' of red shale occur, (see below). In Monroe county,
it covers much of the broad Pocono plateau between the
southern margin of the same and the northern line of the
county. It occurs along the Easton and Belmont Pike in
Coolbaugh township, one half mile south from Bowling's
Hotel's, at an elevation of 2150 A. T., scored and polished by
trlacial action. A well was dug into it at Bowling's, and the
red rock brought up was so heavy that some supposed it a
valuable Iron ore^ but it contains only about 20 percent, of
iron at tliat locality.

At the western line of Monroe, I have estimated these
beds to be 350' thick, but the only basis for this estimate
is the measured thickness of these rocks, 15 miles further
west, as given in section D along the Lehigh.

On the Lehigh river, this member is 500' thick and is well
exposed along the Central R. R. of New Jersey just below
Mauch Chunk station.

Elk Mountain sandstones and shales.

Below the last member there comes a series of green
sandstones and shales of uncertain thickness in Pike and
Monroe counties, since they are always found on the Drift
covered summit of the Pocono plateau where everything is
usually concealed. They belong at the horizon of the Elk
mountain sandstones of Wayne and Susquehanna (G* page
59) and possibly do not exceed 200' in thickness, since that
is their measured thickness on the Lehigh below Mauch
Chunk.

The Cherry Ridge Oroup.

Under this heading in 6*, I described a conglomerate a
sandstone^ a limestone^ and a red shale^ all of which are
prominent features in the geology of Wayne and Susque-
hanna counties. As might be expected the character of the
group changes decidedly when traced southward into Pike
and Monroe, as may be seen from the following section,
(11,) taken in the high Pocono escarpment, two miles north-
west from TannersviUe, in Monroe county :

96 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

(upper conglomercUej . . 80' 1
lower canglomercUe ... 25' j
red sandy shale, visible, . 250' j

The ufpTper conglomerate is a very massive bed, consisting
largely of quartz pebbles i' -2^" in diameter, pieces of sand-
stone^ shale^ 2L\idi fish fragments^ all cemented into a reddish
gray matrix of coarse sand.

The lower conglomerate is almost a duplicate of the up-
per in every respect, except that the quartz' s pebbles are
not quite so large nor numerous, and its lowest portion con-
tains more j^^A remains than the former, being also slightly
calcareous and separating into large angular blocks 5'-6' on
a side and as many thick, very much like the Cherry Ridge
limestone or calcareous breccia^ at this same horizon in
Wayne and Susquehanna counties. In fact this whole de-
posit represents both the sandstone and limestone of those
counties the former having become a true conglomerate and
the latter having lost practically all of its lime and become
merged with the former, so as to be indistinguishable from
it, just as the limestone and sandstone were often so asso-
ciated in Wayne (see G' page 65).

This conglomerate and the upper one make the front es-
carpment of the Pocono mountain west from Tannersville,
and crop out in long lines of cliflfs high up near the crest of
the same range around the south-eastern portion of Tunk-
hannock and Coolbaugh townships passing into Pike through
the northern portion of Barrett and very probably forming
the bold conglomerate outcrop in the summit of High Knob,
Pike county.

On the Lehigh river, this conglomerate growp is 200' thick
the upper and l/rner conglomerate beds being each 50' thick,
and the separating shale beds 100'. They are seen where
the Lehigh Valley R. R. crosses the river one mile below
Mauch Chunk.

The Cherry Ridge red shale is quite sandy at the several
localities where it occurs in Pike and Monroe counties.

This stratum is pretty well exposed along the road which
leads up over the Pocono plateau northward from Cana-

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. 6*. 97

densis, in Barrett township, Monroe county, where 150' of
red shales occur in addition to much siindstone.

Toward the western line of Monroe, I have estimated its
thickness at 500', but it is probably greater, since on the
Lehigh river, fifteen miles west, the beds which seem to
come at this horizon are 1157' thick, with only about 100' of
red shale in the entire interval, unless the 200' of concealed
should be red shale. All the rest of the rocks consist of
grayish-green sandstones in which some shaly beds often
occur, (see detailed portion of section 4 above. )

A bed of red shale 100'-200' thick, with 15' of green sand-
stone near its middle, is found over a wide area in Blooming
Grove, Green and Palmyra tow^nships of Pike county ; and
this most probably belongs in the base of ih^ Cherry Ridge
Gronp^ since it occurs at an elevation of 1500-1600' A. T.
This same red shale is seen on the south side of High Knob,
its top having an elevation of 1600' A. T., while 250' of mas-
sive sandstones sparingly inters t ratified with red shales con-
tinue upward to the base of the congloTnerate member at
1855 A. T.

The Honesdale sandstones.

The rocks of this group cover a considerable area in
Lackawaxen, Palmyra, and Greene townships of Pike
county, on the north ; while on the south they make a nar-
row band through Blooming Grove and Porter into Barrett
township Monroe county, through which they continue,
and passing westward across Paradise, Pocono, Chestnut
Hill and Polk, from which latter they enter Carbon, cross-
ing the Lehigh river near Packerton where the structure
seen in section D, Nos. 19-30, inclusive, was obtained along
the Central R. R. of New Jersey.

North from Lackawaxen creek this group consists of two
massive, pebbly sandstones 25'-30' thick each, separated
by 40-50' of reddish shaly sandstone, the whole being about
100' thick. Along Paupack creek in Palmyra and Greene
township, the upper member is very massive, full of large
pebbles and often contains much calcareous breccia, large
bowldei-8 of which, 10' in diameter, are seen scattered in great
7G'.

- • - - ; -

98 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

numbers over the surface in the vicinity of Ledgedale. The
stratum has a thickness of 4O'-50', and its base comes 130(y
A. T. opposite J. Atkinson's in the hill at the southern edge
of Palmyra.

This Group expands in thickness westward being over
200' where measured just west from Tannersville in Mon-
roe, and estimated at 500' near the western line of Monroe.
On the Lehigh river it is 987' thick and contains several lay-
ers of calcareous breccia as may be seen from section D,
where it is perfectly exposed along the Central R. R. of
New Jersey, below Packerton, the different beds being there
vertical, pebbly at several horizons, and contain more than
150' of red shale.

The Montrose red shale.

This bed, so widely extended in Wayne and Susquehanna
counties, proves to be equally persistent in Pike and Mon-
roe.

T he Montrose red shale is seen at the eastern line of
Pike, along the Delaware river hills, one mile below Lack-
awaxen where the red shale portion is only 50'-75' thick,
and 1000' A. T. The red part does not attain a thickness
greater than 100' at any locality found in Pike county, but
it is probably much thicker under the drift-covered area
along the western line of the same, since it would seem to
have a thickness of several hundred feet on Brodhead creek
in Barrett township, Monroe county, and at least 600' where
these beds cross the D. L. & W. R. R. in the vicinity of
Henryville. It makes a great red hand westward from the
last locality through Pocono, Jackson, Chestnut Hill and
Polk townships, attaining an estimated thickness of 1500'
in Chestnut Hill. It is probably thicker than this at the
western line of the county, since on the Lehigh river, 15
miles west, these red beds have thickened up to 2000', in
which not more than 50' of gray rocks can be found. This
great thickness of the Montrose red shale as shown in sec-
tion D, No. 31 was measured along the C. R. R. of New Jer-
sey i mile below Packerton, where the layers are vertical
and the R. R. crosses them at right angles to the strike.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. G*. 99

The rock Toateiial in this red shale is usually of a dark
dull red color and though often quite sandy it contains but
few layers so far as I have observed, that could properly be
termed sandstone.

The Delaware river flags.
{Paupack and New Mijford sandstone group of O*.)

In this report I have given the name Delaware river flags
to the series of greenish gray sandstone and shale which in-
tervene between the base of the Montrose red shale and the
top of the New Mi/ford red shale. In the Wayne and Sus-
quehanna report, (6*,) page 59, these beds were subdivided
into several members under the head of Paupack and JVew
Milford sandstone groups^ whose combined thicknesses
were 585' but these intervals were found to increase so enor-
mously southward that the Wayne and Susquehanna county
subdivisions could not be followed, hence I deem it best to
replace the names Paupack and New Milford sandstones
by a single geographical term which would include both the
latter and at the same time suggest the nature of the beds.

As nearly all the great flagstone quarries along the Del-
aware are found at various horizons in these measures the
name Delaware river flags would seem most appropriate.

The rocks composing this series are finely exiK)sed along
the Delaware river between Narrowsburg and Pond Eddy,
and alonff this line have a thickness of 1430' according to
the closest and most careful measurements that I found it
possible to make by following along the cuts of the Erie
R. R. and either measuring or estimating each layer.

The entire absence of red beds from the lower two thirds
of the group is a marked characteristic along the Delaware
this portion consisting of alternate beds of greenish-gray
sandstone separated by greenish sandy shales. The sand-
stones jut out of the river hills in long lines of massive look-
ing cliffs, exhibiting the usual current bedding but when
quarried into, those in the places most exposed to atmos-
pheric influences are found to split v^ry evenly into smooth
flagstones 2"-8" thick, and of every desirable size, flags

10'-15' square being easily obtained in many localities.

■' " ■"- "*

100 G'. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

It was from this series on the New York side of the Del-
aware below Shohola that the great flagstone (15' X25X8')
was quarried which now graces the side walk in front of
Wni. n. Vanderbilt's new mansion, on Fifth Avenue, New
York. Flags quite as large as this could have been easily
obtained on the Pike county side, but the N. Y. bed was
chosen simply for convenience to the D. and H. canal, on
which tlie monster stone was to be transported.

The rocks of this series are extensively quarried at Stair-
way, Pond Eddy, Shohola, and other localities along the
Delaware river; also at Millville, Kibler, and Rowland's,
along the Lackawaxen, from all of which localities large
quantities of flags are shipped to New York and other cities
under the name of blue stone, the flags usually having a
bluish-green cast.

Smne beds of red shale are found in the uppermost 430'
of this series on the Delaware river there being one at the
bottom which is 50' thick.

The Lackawaxen conglomerate is a name by which I have
designated a very massive pebbly bed 50'-60' thick, which
occurs near the top of this series in the vicinity of Lacka-
waxen, Rowland' s and other points in Lackawaxen town-
ship. Pike county ; as may be seen in the detailed portion
of this report.

The Delaware river flags make a broad band of gray
from the Delaware river clear across Pike, Monroe, and
Carbon counties to the Lehigh, its southern outcrop pass-
ing through the following townships from the Delaware
westward, Westfall, Shohola, Dingman, Delaware, and
Porter in Pike county ; Barrett, Paradise, Pocono, Jackson,
Chestnut Hill, and Polk in Monroe.

It seems to decrease in thickness westward from the Del-
aware, since in each of the sections B, C, and D the thick-
ness is only 1200'. This reduction may however take place
by the Montrose red shale extending downward into the
uppermost 430' which contain red beds on the Delaware.

These fl^gs cross the D. L. & W. R. R. between Henry-
ville and the first bridge across Brodhead creek, near the

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IX. G\ 101

southern point of Paradise township, and have there been
quaiTied and shipped to some extent.

Excellent flagging could doubtless be obtained at any
locality in this series in either county. ^

The Delaware river flags are perfectly exposed in verti-
cal outcrop on the Lehigh river, along the Central K. R.,
one mile below Packertown where a very accurate measure-
ment gave the thickness 1200', all grayish-green sandstone
in layers ^-4' thick, in which no red beds are seen, except
for only a few inches at two or three horizons.

The New MiJford red shale.

The New Milford red shale has been provisionally iden-
tified with a bed of red sandy shale which first makes its
appearance along the upper Delaware river at Pond Eddy,
where it consists of three divisions as seen in section A, 26'
of very red shale at top, followed by 40' of greenish, flaggy
sandstone, below which comes 10' of greenish red sandy
shale, 75' in all. Owing to the fact that this is the first
red horizon above the base of the Catskill, it can be followed
westward through Pike to the Monroe county line, crossing
Big Bushkill creek near Ressaca, and Brodhead creek one
eighth mile above Spragueville, where a broad red band is
seen crossing the D. L. & W. R. R. dipping 25° N. 25°. W.

It crosses Pocono creek about one mile and a quarter
above Bartonsville. Westward from this through Jackson,
Chestnut Hill, and Polk, it seems to increase in thickness
quite rapidly, since it makes a much broader red band than
it does further east.

On the Lehigh river this bed is exposed along the Central
R. R. of New Jei-sey, about one mile above Bowman's Sta-
tion, where we see about 700' of red beds in which occasional
grayish-green sandstones occur.

This red bed is also caught in the Stroudsburg syncline,
along the northern portion of Eldred township, and north-
western part of Ross, in Monroe county, where it appears
to have a thickness of 500' or more.

I have identified this with the New Milford red shale of
Susquehanna and Wayne, simply because it is the^r^^ red

102 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

bed above the base of the Catskill all through Pike and the
eastern half of Monroe.

Starrucca {shale) sand^stone.

In Wayne and Susquehanna counties, the GatsJcill series
is terminated below by a bed of greenish-gray sandy shales
in which are often interstratitied thin beds of sandstone
which rarely become massive ; from its occurrence near
Starrucca it was called the Starrucca shale.

In Pike and eastern Monroe, everywhere occurs, below
the lowest red rocks just described, a succession of hard
greenish-gray sandstones destitute of organic remains, and
so like the Catskill sandstones physically that they would
seem to be a true part of the latter, and hence I have con-
sidered them as representing the Starrucca beds at the north,
though they have thickened up wonderfully southward ;
for, at the northern line of Wayne and Susquehanna coun-
ties the Starrucca beds are only 105' thick, while on the
Delaware, below Pond Eddy, the rocks between the Nem
Milford red shale and the top of the Chemung have a thick-
ness of at least 600'.

These beds are finely exposed along the New York side
of the Delaware river between Pond Eddy, and one half
mile above the Erie R. R. bridge across the Delaware ; often
rising in vertical cliffs from the bed of the Delaware and
Hudson canal to a height of several hundred feet, one locality
showing nearly 600' of grayish-green sandstone in layers 1'
-3' thick in an almost vertical escarpment, in which not a
single reddish bed is to be seen.

The rocks in this series seldom exhibit current bedding,
and it is possible that some of this interval would be called
Chemung sX the northern line of the State, especially if the
fossils of that group extend up into these beds.

The basal layers of these Starrucca beds rise above the
Delaware river about one half mile above the Erie R. R.
bridge, in Westfall township ; and from this point the line
of outcrop passes south-westward through Pike county
rudely parallel to the Delaware river and about three miles
north from, the same. Entering Monroe county about three

» . 4 •

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. LX. Q*. 103

fourths of a mile above the Middle Bushkill Falls, it passes
south-westward through the same, crossing Big Bushkill
below Ressaca, Brodhead creek and the D. L. & W. R. R.
at Spragueville. Here it has the same thickness that is found
on the Delaware river in Pike county, the only red bed in
the series being a reddish-gray sandstone 50-100' below the
top of the same.

T7ie Siarriccca beds cross Pocono creek about one mile
above Bartons ville, westward from which red beds begin to
make their appearance in the same, increasing in number
and thickness westward until on the Lehigh river in Car-
bon county they extend down to wnthin 120' of its base and
constitute about one third of the entire thickness of the
series, which is there the same that we find it at all other
localities in Pike and Monroe, viz ; 600'.

These beds also occur in the Stroudsburg syncline in Ross
and Eldred townships and have there several red horizons
beginning about 150' above the base of the same.

Fossils of the CalsJcill.

The only evidence of animal life during the epoch of the
CatsJcill is the occasional appearance of what appears to be
fish bone fragments in the calcareous breccias which are
common in the upper half of the series ; not a single mollus-
can fossil being observed in all the large area over which
these rocks were minutely examined.

Plant remains are of very rare occurrence, the only local-
ity in the district where any determinable forms were seen
being a short distance below Henryville in a cut on the
D. L. & W. R. R. There near the base of the Montrose red
shale great numbers of Archceopteris JacJcsoni occur. It
is true that many pieces of stems and fragments of plants
are oft«n seen, but in all cases they have been so macerated
and broken up as to be totally indeterminable.

That the epoch was marked by an unusal dearth of life,
(both plant and animal), is certain from the great beds of
red shale which characterize the same, as well as the total
absence of iron ore.

The quantity of iron present in these red shales may be

104 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

estimated from the following analysis of si)ecimens made in

the Laboratory of the survey by Mr. McCreath and Mr.

Stinson :

I II

SUica, 60.610 62.880

Alufunia, . 19.202 18.820

Sesqaioxideof iron, 7.678 8.000

Lime, 0.840 0.880

Magnesia, 1.627 1.682

Pbosphoros, 0.003 0.051

Water, 8.800 8.604

I From Tobyfaanna township, Monroe County.
II From Pooono township, Monroe Ck>anty.

No, YIIL The Chemung Series.

The passage from Catskill to Chemung beds^ downward,
is instantly preceptible when the line of contact is exposed,
though there is not the slightest unconformability. But
the hard greenish-gray, micaceous Catskill sandstones are
underlaid by blue, sandy, fossiliferous shales ; and these
by olive and gray micaceous sandstones which are destitute
of the peculiar greenish cast so common in the Catskill.

It was found impossible to identify any of the beds be-
tween the base of the Catskill and the top of the Hamilton
with the Portage series of other portions of Pennsylvania,
either on lithological, or palsBontological grounds, and hence
I have applied the name Chemung to the entire interval,
preferring to regard the Portage series as absent from this
district. In this view of the matter I am influenced by
several considerations, the chief of which are :

IsL The occurrence of characteristic Chemung fossils
throughout the entire interval ;

3nd. The total absence, so far as my observation has ex-
tended, of all the characteristic Portage fossils^ not even a
single Fucoid having been seen ;

3rd. The Chemung character of the rocks considered
lithologically ; there being a total absence of those inter-
stratified hard blue sandstones which distinguish the Port-
age from the Chemung ;

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. G*. 105

kth. The small thickness of the interval between the HaTn-
ilton and Catskill^ the greatest being only I860', which is
even less than one would expect to find in the Chemung
alone^ where the Hamilton and overlying Catskill beds are
so largely developed.

It was also found impossible to sub-divide the rocks of
this interval into any groups that could be characterized
and ti-aced from one point to another.

The series is made up of a succession of bluish-gray, hard
sandstone beds in layers ^'-2' thick, often somewhat mica-
ceous, and usually interstratitied with blue sandy shales.
Occasionally olive sandstones make their appearance, but
they are exceptional at the eastern line of the district. The
whole series is sparingly fossiliferous^ the most common
forms being, Streptorhynchus^ Chemungensis^ SpiriferdiS'
junctus^ Pteronites sp ? Productella sp f The species are
generally badly preserved, and while all have a well-known
Chemung fades ^ many were undeterminable.

The Chemung beds cover a belt about one mile in width in
eastern Pike, but this gradually narrows south-westward
both because the dip steepens and because the series thins
I)erceptably, the dip being above Matamoras on the Dela-
ware 10°-11° (section A) while on Brodhead it is 30° (sec. B),
45° at the western line of Monroe, and nearly vertical along
the Lehigh river, 65° being the lowest dip observed there in
these beds.

The basal outcrop oi the Chemung rises from the Dela-
ware river opposite the 90th Mile Post on the Erie R. R.
(2 miles above Port Jervis, N. Y.) and continuing thence
south-westward through Pike county, crosses Sawkill creek
one fourth mile above the High Falls, Raymondskill about
one mile above the top of the great Falls on that stream,
and keeping on south-westward nearly parallel to the Dela-
ware river, passes into Monroe county at a point about
800 yards above the Middle Bushkill Falls, reaching Brod-
head creek f mile below Spragueville and continuing on
south-westward through Monroe as shown on the accompa-
nying geological map.

The Chemung rocks are also caught in the Stroudsburg

106 G*. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

syncline along the northern portion of Ross and Eldred
townships.

These beds have a thickness of 1850' as shown in section
A, at the eastern line of Pike county, 1750' near Spragueville
in Monroe county, as exposed in sec. B, and also 1600' at
the western line of Monroe according to sec. C.

On the Lehigh river the Chemung rdcJcs come down to the
Central R. R. of New Jersey about one half mile above
Bowman' s, where they have a thickness of only 1200'. They
lise above di'ainage again on the south-east slope of the
Lehighton axis one mile below Lehighton station on the
C. R. R. of New Jersey and arching into the air over the
axis come down again with vertical dip one lialf mile north
from Lehighton.

The total absence of red beds from the Chemung of this
district is interesting, since they are everywhere present,
{the Mansfield reds especially) all along northern Pennsyl-
vania in what has always been regarded as good Chemung,
judged by its fossils. It is barely possible that the greater
portion of the 600' of rocks in what I have assigned to the
basal member of the Catskill, {Starrucca sandstones) may
have been invaded by Chemung life- forms along the north-
ern border of the state, its red beds becoming the Mansfield
reds^ in Wayne, Susquehanna, Bradford and Tioga. The
aflBnity of the Mansfield reds with the CatsJclll would also
seem to be indicated by the great numbers of fish remains
reported from these horizons in Bradford and Tioga by Mr.
Sherwood in Report G. Should this suggested relationship
of the Starrucca beds of this district and the Mansfield red
beds of the north, prove to be real, it would be an interest-
ing question as to whether the Mansfield beds should be
regarded as Catskill or the Starrncca beds as Chemung.
Lithology would give one answer, palaeontology another,
the truth probably lying between the two, viz : that these
rocks are a transition series in both cases, and therefore
while retaining the Chemung life forms at the north, they
prefigure to some extent in their lithology the near approach
of the great red rocJc period which began in eamest witli
the New Milford red shale^ above.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. G*. 107

{No, VIII continued,) The Hamilton Series/

The rocks of the Hamilton Series are divisible into three
groups which correspond in a general way to tlie Genesee^
Hamilton^ and Marcellns beds of the New York Reports.

TJte Hamilton Series extend through Pike county along
the Delaware river, making a belt from two to two and a
half miles broad.

On entering Monroe county at Bushkill the southern out-
crop of the Hamilton leaves the Delaware river, keeping
along the northern foot slope of Walpack ridge (the Dela-
ware having cut through the same to the south), and con-
tinues in a broad belt approximately S. 65° W. to the
western margin of Hamilton township, where the rapidly
deepening Stroudsburg syncline causes it to bifurcate, the
southern prong keeping just north from Walpack ridge, and
having a breadth of one mile ; continues on througli Cjirbon
county, reaching the Lehigh river at Bowman's, where it
forms a belt about one half mile broad. The northern prong
passes along the valley of Big creek just north from Wire
ridge making an outcrop about two miles in breadth, and
continuing south-westward reaches the Lehigh river on the
crest of the Lehighton axis making an outcrop there over a
mile in breadth.

The thickness of the whole Hamilton series at the eastern
line of the district as given in section A is 2,375'; at Strouds-
burg, in Monroe, 2200'(Sec. B); at the meridian of Brodheads-
ville (Sec. C) 5,000' ; on the Lehigh river at Bowman's (Sec.
D) 1,760'. Prom which it will be seen that the Haviilton
thins away about 600' in passing from the eastern line of
Pike county south-westward to the Lehigh river.

The Oenesee Shale,

{Upper Hamilton,)

The top of the Hamilton is marked off everywhere in this
district by the api)earance of a dark sandy fossil slate or
shale, which seems to be identical with the Genesee black
slate of the N. Y. Reports.

The color is never a jet black, but rather a bluish-black
and the material is often quite sandy.

108 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

It is well exposed along the Delaware river on the N. Y.
shore, two miles above Port Jervis, where it is seen dipping
N. 25° W. 10°-11° and exhibiting cleavage planes at a high
angle to the south-east. It is also quite fossiliferous, con-
taining Spin/er mucro/iatus, Athyris spirjfer aides ^ Micro-
don bellistriata^ Trodidoleptus carinatus^ and many other
forms.

Two rows of iron ore nodules are seen in the lower por-
tion of the group on the Delaware.

TJie outcrop of the Genesee is always indicated in the to-
pography by a narrow valley along its strike, between the
hard Cheinung rocks above, and the sandy Hamilton beds
below.

In Pike county, several of the great cascades which occur
on the streams emptying into the Delaware begin at the
base of the Genesee^ the narrow caflons above the heads
of the cascades being cut through the rocks of this group ;
thus the Genesee is seen at the tops of the great falls on
the Saw^kill, Dingman's, Little Bushkill and Middle Bush-
kill creeks.

The Genesee enters Monroe county just west from the
falls of Middle Bushkill, and continuing westward crosses
Brodhead creek at the county bridge, one mile and a quarter
below Spragueville : westward from this it continues across
the north portion of Stroud township crossing the Pocono
creek near Bartonsville, and skirts along the northern edge
of Hamilton township to near its middle portion, where
the line of its outcrop veers northward into southern Jack-
son, whence it passes through the central portion of Chestnut
Hill and Polk to the Carbon county line one half mile north
from the meridian of Kresgeville, reaching the Lehigh river
a short distance above Lehighton station on the C. R. R.

Another band of the Genesee circles around the eastern
end of Wire ridge, (Stroudsburg synclinal,) making a nar-
row band both north and south along the base of the same.
The southern arm of this loup reaches the Lehigh about 30
rods above Bowman's station on the Lehigh Valley rail-
road. The northern arm crosses the same just below Lehigh-
ton station on the same railroad.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. ' (jr\ 109

The thickness of the group seems to remain constant at
about 200', from the eastern line of the district clear through
to the Lehigh river in Carbon county.

7\illy Limestone horizon.

A great coral hed is found directly under the Oenesee shale
at many localities in the district, Corals^ Shells and Cri-
noids being often so abundant as to constitute it an impure
limestone.

It is seen at the heads of Sawkill, Raymondskill, and
Dingman Falls, while probably the best exposure is at the
falls of Middle Bushkill, one mile and a half above its
junction with the Big Bushkill. Here it is a i)erfect mass
of corals^ and shells for about 30', a great number of species
and genera being represented, among which the following
were recognized : Zaphrentis RafinesquH^ Z, gigantea^ He-
liophyllum Halli^ together with several species of Syringo-
pora^ and other forms that I could not determine. This is
by far the richest coral horizon in the district, being in fact
a regular /b^^/Z reef. The calcareous portions of the coral
stems have often been removed by solution, and then the
matrix (usually a dark gray calcareous shale) is penetrated
by small branching cavities extending in every direction,
thus giving it a honey-combed appearance.

This same coral horizon is seen near the western line of
the district, in Monroe county, just south from Grilbert's P.
O. along the road at E. F. Kresge's, and also about one
mile north from Kresgeville in the same township (Polk.)

On the Lehigh river this bed appears to be represented in
a cut on the Lehigh Valley railroad, about 50 rods north
from Bowman's station, where corals^ shells^ and crinoids
are unusually abundant.

When exposed to atmospheric influences this bed becomes
quite spongy and rotten owing to the removal of its lime,
as may be seen along the road near E. Bonynge's, one mile
and a half south from Sprao^ueville, where it is finely ex-
posed in a cutting at the roadside.

There can be little doubt that this stratum represents the
TwUy limestone horizon of the New York Reports, and it

110 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

thus becomes a valuable guide in correlating and classifying
the rocks of the district.

The profusion of coral life in this old reef, strikingly re-
minds one of the great coral horizon at the Falls of the
Ohio, and would lend much plausibility to Whitfield's con-
clusion concerning the Hamilton age of the Ohio Falls beds,
since some of the genera and many of the species found in
Monroe county at the Tully Limestone horizon, have the
same general facies as those from the Ohio river.

The Hamilton Sandstones.
{Middle Hamilton ; or Hamilton proper.)

Directly beneath the TuZly Limestone horizon come a
succession of very compact sandy slates and sandstones,
of a bluish gray or ashen color, often slightly calcareous
and always exhibiting a coarse cleavage structure at an an-
gle of 50°-60'' to the south-east. These beds I have regarded
as the equivalent of the rocks of the Hamilton epoch in
New York.

They are finely exposed along both banks of the Dela-
ware north from Matamoras, in Pike county, where especi-
ally on the New York shore they are seen rising out of the
Delaware and Hudson canal in vertical cliffs 10'-50' thick.

These Hamilton sandstones make the great cliffs which
constantly overlook the Delaware river all along the south-
eastern margin of Pike county from Port Jervis to Bush-
kill at the Monroe county line. This almost vertical wall
of rock which contributes much to the picturesqueness of
the Delaware valley often rises in peaks and ridges to an
elevation of 600-800' above the water in the river, as for ex-
ample litter's peak near Milford.

The coarse cleavage which everywhere cuts the rock at a
high angle to the south-east has doubtless contributed much
to make the very steep escarpment facing the Delaware be-
tween the two points mentioned.

Immense quantities of debris from the higher portions of
these cliffs have accumulated along the lower slopes, mak-
ing great heaps of small fragments broken by frost and the

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. G*. Ill

friction of sliding down the cliffs into irregular oblong and
often splinter-like pieces, which are much used on the pub-
lic roads under the name of ** slate gravel.'' Being quite
hard, slightly calcareous and already broken up into pieces
of the size most suitable for use on the road, they are highly
prized for that purpose, the unrivaled excellence of the Del-
aware valley road between Matamoras and Bushkill being
due to the fact that vast beds of this "slate gravel" are
found along its entire extent so convenient to the road that
hauling is often unnecessary for several miles at a stretch.

The rocks of this group are coarser toward the east por-
tion of the district, small pebbles having been seen scat-
tered quite plentifully through a bed 20' thick on the N. Y.
side of the Delaware, one mile above Port Jervis. In this
direction they seem to obtain their greatest development,
since the construction of section A gives a thickness of 1375'
for these beds along the eastern border of Pike county ;
while north from Stroudsburg in Monroe (sec. B) they have
decreased to 1200' ; to 1100' at Brodheadville and on the
Lehigh river (sec. D) there seems to be not quite 800' of rock
material referable to this group.

High casdcdes. — Over these hard rocks fall the Saw-
kill, Raymondskill, Adams creek, Dingman's creek, Horn-
beck, Little Bushkill, Marshall's, Pocono, McMichaeFs
creek, and many smaller streams.

Through Monroe county this belt of rocks is not so sterile,
and precipitous as in Pike, which is largely due to the fact
that the rock materials grow finer and more yielding in that
direction.

No minerals of any value need ever be expected in this
series, though at some localities (as on Quick's Mill run
above Milford) it contains small quantities of manganese
binoadde^ but never in amount sufficient to be of any com-
mercial value.

ThefossiU in these beds are not numerous and seem to
be confined to the larger forms, the following being the
most common: Spirifefr granuliferus^ Spirifer arrectus,
Grammy sia hisvZcata^ among mollusks ; while Heliophyl-
lum HaUiy and numerous other corals^ together with large

112 Gr*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

numbers of Crinoidal fragments represent the Radiates.
Not a single specimen of a Trilobite was observed in all this
thickness of rock at the many localties where it is exposed
for observation within the district.

The breadth of the Hamilton sandstone outcrop through
Pike and Monroe is not far from one mile, though this
varies somewhat with the nature of the topography and the
strength of dip.

The Hamilton sandstone, beds come down to water level
on the Lehigh river in the vicinity of Bowman's station on
both the Lehigh valley and New Jersey Central R. R.

The Marcellus Shale.
{Lower Hamilton, )

Below the ashen-gray and mud colored sandy rocks of
the Hamilton group, there occurs a series of darker, and
more shaly beds which I have referred to the Marcellus
shale horizon of the New York sub- divisions.

All through Pike county, a very slight portion of the
rocks at this horizon are exposed, from the fact that the
channel and valley of the Delaware are excavated out of
the same, between Matamoras and Bushkill.

The Marcellus beds extend about one fourth way up the
steep bluffs which border the Delaware between the two last-
mentioned towns, and are frequently exposed at the cut-
tings along the roads, and in the beds of streams which
enter the Delaware, removing the alluvial and Drift deposits
from their channels. As thus exposed, its upper portion is
always a bluish-gray or bluish-black sandy shale, which
also breaks under atmospheric influence into oblong splinter-
like fragments, much like those of the Hamilton sandstone
above, only finer and smaller.

The only glimpse obtained of the lower portions of the
Marcellus beds, along the eastern portion of the district, is
in the bed of the Delaware river, one half mile below Mata-
moras, where an interrupted line of gray, hard, sandy slates
dipping 15°-20° N. 20° W., and cleaving S. S. E. 60°, ex-
tends nearly across the stream from the Pennsylvania to

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. Q\ 113

the New York shore, looking from a distance like the rem-
nants of a dam projecting 2'-5' above low water.*

After the Delaware leaves the Marcellus valley at Bush-
kill, the lower portion of these beds is frequently seen along
the Milford road, in Monroe county, and in every case it is
a dull-gray, sandy slate, with coarse cleavage, often con-
taining thin layers of lighter colored shale, which give the
rock a kind of banded appearance.

The exact line of contact of this lower or gray Marcellus
with the underlying CorniferoMS limestone could not be
discovered anywhere within the district, though in several
cases the concealed interval was only 5-10'. One of these
localities is on the Milford and Stroudsburg pike, one mile
south-west from Shoemaker's P. O., where the gray Mar-
cellus is seen cleaving into slabs 2"-4" thick, inclined 60°-
70° to the south-east in a cutting for a house foundation at
J. V. Coolbaugh's, the limestone coming up just across the
road from the Marcellus outcrop^ so that the interval be-
tween the gray slates and the former cannot be more than
10' at this locality.

Black slate. — The gray beds are well exposed for seveitd
feet at Coolbaugh P. O., further west, on the Milford pike,
and at several localities between these and Marshall's Falls
P. O., at none of which are any black slates observed.

These lower gray beds of the Marcellus are well exposed
for several feet Just above the Corniferous limestone, in
the bed of McMichael's creek, opposite the east end of
Elizabeth street, Stroudsburg, Monroe county. There they
consist of alternate layers of bluish-gray shales, l'-2' thick,
interstratified with yellowish-gray bands of shale 3"-4"

thick.

The thickness of these gray beds cannot be accurately
determined, but in the Stroudsburg region they cannot be
much less than 30O'-40O', since no black shales come into
the section for about one third of a mile north-west from
where the bottom of the gray beds go under (at the bridge)
on a dip of 27°. They may even be 600' thick.

[♦This rock dam aoroas the bed of the Delaware river must play an im-
portant role in any glacial theory of Eastern Pennaylvania.— J. P. L.]

8G'.

114 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

When the Marcellus beds are traced west from Stronds-
burg to the western extremity of Monroe, black slates
make their appearance down near the base of the group,
seemingly coincident with the thinning away of the Upper
Ilelderberff beds (Corniferous and Cauda GraUi), at the west-
ern line of Hamilton township.

Coal. — These black slates become quite bituminous near
the western line of Ross, on the land of Mr. Bonser, just
south of Frantz's creek, along the northern foot slope of
Godfrey' s ridge. The strong folding of the beds has given
some of the layers (through metamorphism) the api)earance
of impure anthracite, and a large expenditure has been
made in driving tunnels into the hill in search of coal.

The same mistake has been made at Kunkletown in Eld-
red township, where these highly bituminous slates have
been partially metamorphosed, only that here several thou-
sand dollars — variously estimated at from $4,000-$6,000 —
have been expended at one time and another in driving tun-
nels into the base of Walpack ridge in search of cool. It
is needless to tell the geologist that none will ever be found
at this horizon, but it seems necessary constantly to repeat
this assertion for the benefit of the land owner in order to
warn him against a useless expenditure of money and labor.*

Brown Hematite iron ore occurs in connection with these
black slates both at Kunkletown and Bonser' s. At the for-
mer locality it was once burned and manufactured into
mineral painty on a small scale, by Mr. Metzger.

The ore seems to rest on the upper surface of the slates
directly under the covering of soil and surface d^ris. It
would probably average 40 per cent of metallic iron, and
should a considerable body of the ore be found on further
exploration it would doubtless warrant mining, were any
means of transportation at hand.

A bed of this Brown Hematite is also seen along the road
decending Little McMichael' s creek, a short distance west
from Sand Hill P. O. It was once hauled to Weissi)ort in
Carbon county, and used quite extensively in the mannfac-

[* Even where these bituminous layers are developed into reg^ar ooal beda,
as in Perry ooonty, such ooal beds are absolutely worthlesB.-— J. P. L.]

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. XO. VIII. G*. 115

ture of Mineral pa hit for bams, bridges, freight cars, &c. It
rests upon the upper surface of the slates, just like that at
Bonser s, and Kunkletown, and hence it has all accumulated
since the present topography was channeled out, because
the ore does not lie in a flat bog but on a considerable slope
where the drainage must have been free, except the arrest-
ing power of a clayey soil.

T7ie thickness of the MarceUns could not be accurately
measured at the eastern line of this district owing to the
fact that it is nearly all concealed. In section A I have
placed its minimum at 800', but if constancy of dip could
be dei)ended upon, between its uppermost and lowermost
exposures, this would have to be increased by at least 500',
and if there is a thinning away of the gray beds instead of a
change in character (to black) coincident with the disap-
pearance of the Upper Helderherg in Hamilton township
Monroe county, then 1300' instead of 800' would be the true
thickness of these beds where they underlie Port Jervis and
Matamoras at the eastern line of Pike county. In the
absence of any means of determining the question I have
preferred to regard the smaller figure as most probable,
since that agrees with the thicknes3 of these beds on the
Lehigh river where they are nearly vertical below Bowman's
station on the Lehigh Valley R. R. and can be measured
without danger of serious error from the presence of un-
known anticlinals, as may possibly be the case at Port Jer-
vis.

School slates were once extensively manufactured from
a quarry in the Marcellus at the extreme western line of
Monroe county, in Polk township. The business was
abandoned, not through inferiority of the slate for such
purposes, but from lack of rail transportation making it
impossible to compete with localities more favored in this
respect.

The fossils of the Marcellus are not numerous, there be-
ing only one locality where I have found them abundant,
and that is in a low cliff just north from the borough of
Stroudsburg in the lower portion of the black Marcellus.
They are usually however quite badly preserved, so that

116 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

the species could not certainly be determined. The genera
represented at the Stroudsburg locality seem to be Spirifer^
Chonetes^ Productus^ Orthis^ with many ainoldal frag-
ments, — Spirifer umbonatus was not recognized anywhere
in the district.

The Upper Helderberg Beds.
{TJtebaseof No. VII L)

The rocks of this period are represented in the district by
the Corniferous limestone^ and the Cauda- galli grit ; the
Onondaga and Schoharie beds of the New York Reports
not being distinguishable.

Owing to the fact that all the rocks are concealed by im-
mense Drift heaps for seveml miles^ near the point where
these beds thin away westward the exact place of disap-
pearance could not be located, though it is quite improbable
from several considerations that these beds extend further
south-west than the western line of Hamilton township,
Monroe county, twenty miles east fi'om the Lehigh river.

The reasons for believing that the rocks of this period dis~
appear in Hamilton township, are : 1. the sudden subsidence
and disappearance from the topography, of the character-
istic ridge made by these beds for 50 miles to the north-east,
coupled with the fact that there is a coincident consider
able thickening of the Oriskany sandstone^ on which great
beach-deposit the Upper Helderberg beds seem to thin
away. Then, 2. north-east from this point, (just west from
the center of Hamilton township,) these beds are visible,
however abundant the Drift, and it is reasonable to suppose
that their disappearance from the surface marks the south
westward limit of their distribution. And 3. I could find
nothing to represent them one mile below Bowman's on the
Lehigh.*

The Corniferous Limestone.

This highly characteristic series of cherty limestones
immediately underlies the Marcellus beds last described,

[•Mr. Chance's seotion however shows 5' of chert.— J. P. L.]

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VUI. G*. 117

thongh as stated on a previous page the exact contact of
these two groups could nowhere be seen, in the 50 miles of
outcrop between the eastern extremity of Pike county and
the point where the Corniferous disappears in Hamilton
township, Monroe county, although in two or three instances
less than 5' of rock material was concealed along the line
of junction.

T?ie Corniferous Limestone comes up out of the Dela-
ware, one mile below Matamoras, just at the point where
the river begins to execute the great bend which carries its
course around from S. iif E. to S. 65° W. In fact it is the
solid wall of these beds against which the river at present
beats in vain as it veei*s off along the strike.

This limestone is finely exposed along the southern shore
of the Delaware in the vicinity of Carpenter's Point village
and the long narrow neck of land projecting between the
Delaware and Neversink rivers known as Carpenter's Point
is entirely composed of these rocks.

The Corniferous beds have very much the same appear-
ance from Port Jervis south-westward to their i)oint of dis-
appearance, so that the description of them at Carpenter's
Point will answer for any other locality.

As seen along the New York shore of the Delaware (from
the Tri-state corner at the mouth of the Neversink north-
eastward for one mile) they consist of successive layers of
dark gray limestone 1-10' thick, in which are embedded
multitudes of black flint nodules one inch to one foot in di-
ameter, having no regular shape but usually longer than
thick, the greatest axis lying parallel with the bedding
planes. On exposed surfaces the lime has been removed
by solution while the nearly insoluble chert stands out in
numerous black projections 6"-8" high, giving the beds a
most forbidding aspect, the sharp dagger-like points being
the terror of bathers. No portion of the rock seems to be
free trova these flint nodules and in some parts of the stra-
tum they make up nearly half of its material. They are
not wholly silicious, but often contain a considerable quan-
tity of lime, and then the nodules break up and decay by
atmospheric influences ; the lime being removed by solution

99.148

118 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

leaves the silicious material in such a rotten or spongy con-
dition that it also succumbs to the elements.

The origin of these nodules by segregation is attested
by the fact that they are often seen enclosing fossil shells^
crinoids^ &c.

The following analysis by McCreath and Stinson shows
the composition of an average specimen of these cherty no-
dules ; locality, East Stroudsburg, Monroe county :

Carbonate of Lime, 20.267

Carbonate of Magnesia, 0.681

Oxide of Iron and Alumina, 0.640

Insoluble residue, 77.560

The ignited *< insoluble residue " gave

SUica, 72.430

Oxide of Iron and Alumina, 0.770 . __ „_

Lime, 0.210 ^ ' * ^^'^

Magnesia, 0.195

Of course there are many of the nodules that do not con-
tain so much lime as this specimen, while others contain
much more, if one may judge from the readiness with which
they decompose when exposed to atmospheric influences.

The limestone part or matrix which holds the flint no-
dules has the following composition as determined by Mc-
Creath and Stinson :

I From East Stroudsburg, Monroe oountj.
II From land of H. H. CampbeU, Smitlilield township, Monroe county.

I II

Carbonate of Lime, 89.014 83.750

Carbonate of Magnesia, 0.915 1.157

Oxide of Iron and Alumina* 0.380 0.480

Sulphur, 0.056 0.025

Phosphorus, 0.012 0.070

Insoluble residue, 9.860 14.470

Total, 100.237 99.952

The Cornifei'ous limestone does not make its appear-
ance in Pike county, at any locality known to me, since it
huo:s the New Jersey shore of the Delaware all along the
south-eastern boundary of Pike county, the river's course
being determined by the strike of these beds, since they
rise from its southern margin at an angle of 20°, thus form-
ing a barrier south of which the stream does not break until

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VHL G'. 119

it Starts southward through Walpack ridge at the south-
western extremity of Pike.

It enters Monroe county near the mouth of Big Bushkill
creek, and forms a conspicuous belt of outcrop all along
the northern-foot slope of Walpack ridge, its northern line
nearly coinciding with the Stroudsburg and Milford pike
between Bushkill village and East Stroudsburg, where it
dips rapidly under the old buried valley of Marcellus rocks.

The width of this belt is seldom more than \ mile and
often not near so much, since the dip is always quite rapid.
It is well for the agricultural interests that the belt is so
narrow, since wherever these beds come to the surface they
so cover the ground with enormous bowlders, and jutting
cliffs of massive rock that except in favored localities cul-
tivation is impossible. Its outcrop is frequently marked by
a succession of cliffs each 10-20' high up the northern
slope of Walpack ridge. (See wood cut section.)

Westward from Stroudsburg the Gornifeious Umestane
can be followed in an uninterrupted line up McMichael's
creek through Stroud township into Hamilton along the
northern foot slope of Walpack ridge, being almost con-
stantly in sight until we reach the region of Bull run School
House, one mUe and a half east from the western line of
Hamilton township, where it is last seen, being apparently
thin and very arenaceous, though the flint balls are as nu-
merous as ever.

As stated on a previous page, I believe that this group
thins away entirely before passing much beyond the western
limits of Hamilton township, since it is nowhere seen west
from that point and is gone entirely at the Lehigh river, 20
miles west.

The calculated thickness of this limestone at the eastern
line of Pike county is as shown in Section A, 250' while Sec-
tion B from the vicinity of Stroudsburg, Monroe county,
shows only about 200'.

An excellent locality for the study of the Corniferous
limestone^ is at the rock cut, one half mile below East
Stroudsburg station, on the D. L. & W. R. R. The entire
thickness of the series can there be seen on an overturn dip,

120 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

and also the contact witli the underlying Cauda-galli grit
For numerous other localities at which it may be seen well
exposed, the reader is referred to the detailed report on
Stroud, Smithfield, and Middle Smithfield townships.

It has been burned for lime on several farms in Monroe
county ; but owing to the fact that t)iejlint nodules were
not separated from the matrix or pure limestone, the ex-
periments in this direction have been far from satisfactory,
since a very large amount of material always failed to slack,
or else melted down into a silicious slag. The analyses
given on a preceding page show the matrix of these nodules
to be a very fair limestone for agricultural purposes, and
one which should slack with no difficulty. If the farmers,
when breaking the stone into small fragments for the kiln,
would cast aside the JUnty nodules^ there would be no
trouble in manufacturing large quantities of it into an ex-
cellent fertilizers and it would pay them to do this rather
than liaul their lime 5 or 10 miles further from the iVb. VI
beds (as nearly all of them do, ) even if half of the Cornifer-
ous rock should be rejected in freeing it from the flint.

Then, too, some of the beds are much more cherty than
others, the topmost layers usually containing more of the
flint nodules than any other portion of the series ; so that
by a judicious selection of the quarry and proper care in
casting aside the^m^ nodules^ the farmers of eastern Mon-
roe ought to make this the main source of the lime they
use for agricultural purposes, at a great saving in cost com-
pared with the price of the Lower Helderherg lime (No.
VI) when hauled a distance of 5 miles or more.

Fossil mollasks and corals are quite abundant in the
Corniferous limestone at many localities, being most abund-
ant near the top of the series. No fish remains were ob-
served.

Stroudsburg and vicinity are about the best localities for
collecting Corniferous fossils ; especially one locality in a
field just south from McMichael's creek and east from the
road leading to the Water Gap. The following forms were
recognized at this and other localities in Monroe county :
Atrypa articular is ^ A, spinosa^ Conocardium trigonale^

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VIII. G*. 121

Strophomena rhomboidalis^ Strophodonta perplana^ Plat-
yceras sp f , Cyrtoceras undvlatum^ Phacops byfo^ Zaph-
rentis Raflnesquiij Cyathophyllum spf^ besides many
species of OrtJds and other forms not identified.

Cauda-galli grit

Under the name Cauda-galli grit^ I have included all the
beds between the base of the Corniferous limestone and
the top of the Oriskany sandstone^ it being impossible to
recognize the Schoharie as distinct in this district.

The Cavdi-galli grit makes the north slope of Walpack
ridge from Carpenter's Point just south of eastern Pike,
through the north-western edge of New Jersey, and does
not touch this district until it crosses the Delaware river at
the eastern line of Monroe. It makes a conspicuous feature
in the topography of Monroe, south-westward, along the
northern slope of Walpack ridge, through Middle Smith-
field, Smithfield, Stroud, and Hamilton townships, until it
thins away in the western portion of the latter, coincident
with the disappearance of the Corniferous limestone.

The beds of this group vary but little in physical charac-
ter from the top to the base of the same, consisting at the
eastern line of the district, of rather coarse, very hard,
sandy slates, or sandstones, of a dark gray, or dirty-ash
color, usually cleaving in coarse slabs at a high angle S. E.

Owing to its extreme hardness, it often resists the action
of the elements in a remarkable manner, and covers large
areas with perfectly bare rock. A fine example of this may
be seen along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware, one mile
below Carpenter's Point, where this rock dips 25° N. 20°
W. its upper surface forming a broad bare sheet of 15-20
acres in extent. Its thickness, by calculation from the dip
and breadth of its belt, is 315' at the eastern line of the dis-
trict as shown in Section A.

Followed south-westward it thins away slightly, becoming
finer grained and more of a sandy slate after crossing the
Delaware river into Monroe county.

Where Brodhead creek cuts through Walpack ridge south
from Stroudsburg, this stratum is vertical and completely
exposed, giving a thickness of 250' as shown in section B.

{

122 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Westward from this point no measurements are possible,
but tlie rocks seem to continue in considerable force^ if
one may judge from the ridge they make through Stroud
and Hamilton townships, until they thin away in the latter,
disappearing apparently quite rapidly.

The contact with the overlying Corniferous is seen at sev-
eral localities in Monroe, a very fine example of this being
at the long rock-cut of the D. L. & W. R. R. below East
Stroudsburg station. The^lnty nodules ot the upper rock
are there continued sparingly into the uppermost 20-30' of
the Cauda-galU.

The only use to which the rocks of this series have been
put, or rather the only one for which they can be used, is
the filling up of road beds, since they often break up by
weathering into forms much resembling the long chips of
the Hamilton swndstones^ or "slate gravel."

Fossils are not numerous, the characteristic fucoid {F,
Cavda-galli) being seen at only one locality in the district,
viz: at the roadside near Place's school-house in Middle
Smithfield township, Monroe county.

Strojyhomena rhorriboidalis and Atrypa reticularis are
quite common forms, but most of tlie fossils are generally
badly preserved, and distorted.

No. VIL The Oriskany formation.

The rocks which make up the OrisJcany series change so
radically iii character in passing south-west from the east-
ern line of the district that there is scarcely anything in
common to the sections of the group at the eastern line of
Pike, and the western line of Monroe.

The sandstone member of the series is entirely absent at
the eastern extremity of Pike county, the only representa-
tive of the Orislcany there present being a bed of limy,
cherty shales, weathering down into muddy looking beds
holding Oriskany fossils. They are in fact a mere continua-
tion of the Lower Helderherg beds up to the very base of

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VII. G\ 123

the Cauda-galU grit. These shales are seen on the Green-
ville pike near the toll gate, about one mile south from Car-
penter's Point village, and were there estimated at 60' in
thickness as shown in Section A.

The following fossils occur in these OrisJcany shales
south from Carpenter' s Point : Tentaculites elongatus^ Pla-
tyceras Oehhardii^ P. ventricosum, Pterinea textilis^ var.
arenaria^ Rensselderia ovoides^ Eatonla pectiUaris^ Spirt'
fer arrectuSy 8. arenosus, Meristella sp fy DiscinaJervensis,

Several of these forms have been recognized in this rock
by Dr. Barrett of Port Jervis, but were not seen by the
writer.

The species of Discina given above is a new one described
(but not figured) in the Annals of the N. Y. Academy of
Sciences, Vol. I. No. 4.

A conglomeratic sandstone makes its appearance directly
beneath the Cauda galU grit where these beds are first ex-
posed after they cross the Delaware river into Monroe coun-
ty, from New Jersey, at the Walpack Bend; very thin
at first, but growing constantly thicker and more massive
when traced to the south-west from this locality ; becoming
45' thick where it crosses Brodhead creek, about 176' at the
wester line of Monroe, and fully 200' on the Lehigh river
below Bowman's.

Just how this great thickening up takes place in the
OrisTcany sandstone^ from a cherty pebble bed 8'-10' thick
at the eastern line of Monroe to a massive quartz con-
glomerate 176' thick at the western line of the county, is not
absolutely known, but some facts brought to light render it
highly probable that it originates somewhat in the following
way:

Directly beneath the OrisJcany pehbls bed in eastern Mon-
roe is a series of ashen gray sandy and calcareous shales,
about 150' in thickness, containing Spirifer maxyropleurus^
and other Lower Helderherg fossils which ally them with
the latter rocks ; and I have so grouped them in the general
section, B. under the name of the Stormmlle shales. Imme-
diately below these last rocks there occurs all through east-
em Monroe a calcareous pebbly conglomerate 10'-15' thick

124 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

which I have called the Stormville conglomerate. At Brod-
head creek it is only 10'-12' thick and is underlaid by the
limestone of No. VI in which no pebbles are seen. But on
going 5 miles west to Stormville, at the edge of Hamilton
township, this conglomerate gets to be about 26' tliick,
while many quartz pebbles occur in 20'-25' more of the
underlying limestone. From this point westward no more
sections of the OrisJcany and immediate underlying rocks
can be obtained within the district ; but it will be readily
seen that the inference is quite strong that the 175' of Oris-
Jcany conglomerate at the western line of the of the county
and the 200' on the Lehigh river, originated from the grad-
ual invasion of the Stormville shale horizon by coarse pebbly
sediment, thus converting the entire interval into a pebbly
sandstone. This view of the matter is supported by the
fact that the Stormville shales as last seen in Boss town-
ship have become light gray in color and quite sandy ; while
on the Leliigh river there is no shale whatever to represent
the Stormville shale. Also the Stormville conglomerate be-
low, and a portion of the Stormville limestone, are unrep-
resented unless they should be regarded as having coalesced
with the OrisJcany sandstone.

The Oriskany Sandstone is perfectly exposed in Wal-
pack ridge where Brodhead creek breaks through it below
Stroudsburg. The rock rises out of the creek vertically or
even slightly overturned, consisting of alternate layers of
pebbly rock and cherty limy beds, the whole about 45'
thick, enclosed by the Cauda-galli grit above, and the
Stormville limy shales below.

The OrisJcany sandstone is also well exi)osed along the
cuttings of tlie N. Y. S. & W. R. R. at several localities
between Stroudsburg and the Delaware river ; being com-
pletely exposed opposite Experiment Mills.

The following fossils were seen in the OrisJcany beds along
Brodhead creek : Spirifer arenosus^ RennseUteria ovoideSy
Orthis hipparionyx^ Platyceras ventricosum^ and many
other fragments that could not be detennined.

The alternation of pebblj^ and cherty layers in the Oris-
Jcany sandstone west from Stroudsburg is shown by the

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VII. G*. 126

following section (12) made in the southern slope of God-
frey's ridge overiooking Cherry valley in Stroud township.

Oriskany beds in Oodfreif s ridge.

Pebbly sandstone, IC

Alternating layers of ohert and pebbly rooks, 10'

Limy and Cherty layers with pebbly streaks, 6'

Pebbly layers, 0' 8"

Chert, dark, 0* 8"

Conglomerate, 1' 0"

Chert, dark, 0' 8'

Conglomerate, 0* 4'

Chert, dark, (K 8"

Conglomerate, , 0' 4"

Chert, dark, 1- 6"

Conglomerate, (K 4"

Chert, dark, C 4"

Conglomerate, (y 6"

Chert, dark, 1' 0"

Conglomerate, CO"

Chert, dark, O* 5"

Conglomerate, foaBiUferoos, 4' 0'

Limestone and Chert layers, 4' 0"

4r ir^

The upi)enno8t member of the section has been quarried
to some extent on the west bank of Brodhead, near where
the D. L. & Wc R. R. crosses that stream in Smithiield
township. The rock is there seen extending around the
hills in a long line of rectangular blocks 4-5' square, some-
what pebbly, calcareo-sUicious, and almost as hard as gran-
ite. Were it not for the two systems of intersecting joints,
it would be almost imj)ossible to dress the blocks into shape
for building purposes, except at great expense. They have
been used in buUding abutments for bridges on the D. L.
& W. R. R. and also on the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. It has
also been quarried at several other localities in Monroe, but
at none of them does it furnish any first-class stone, since
even when it can be wrought with comparative ease, the
large cavities left in it by the solution and removal of its
imbedded organic remains give the stone a very rough and
irregular appearance.

The old bottle-glass factory in East Stroudsburg obtains
its sand from the Oriskany in Hamilton township, on Sam

126 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

uel Shaflfer' s land, west from Bossardsville ; while the new '
factory recently started (1881) obtains sandy from the same
horizon, one mile further west. It makes excellent bottles,
fruit jars, &c. but contains too much iron for window
glass. JVo fossils whatever are found in the portion quar-
ried for glass sand.

The Oriskany is always broken and shattered, from Shaf-
fer' s quarry south-westward along the entire stretch of God-
frey's ridge, no cliff outcrops whatever being seen, although
the surface is covered to a great depth by the Oriskany
massive bowlders. It is possible that the scattered and
broken condition of this massive rock may be due to at-
mospheric influences, but its appearance suggests the proba-
bility that earthquake action was the agency.

At several localities along this ridge, the sandstone seems
to be completely disintegrated, below the surface bowlders,
since a bed of fine white silicious material of unknown
depth underlies the surface along the Oriskany horizon, in
tlie vicinity of Saylorsburg and Kunkletown. It is called
clay by the inhabitants ; but, although it contains some
aluminous material, it is clearly nothing but the waste of
these disintegrated sand rocks.

A sample from Samuel Lessig's farm, in Ross township,
gave on analysis the following results in Mr. McCreath's
laboratory :

SUioa, 82.020

Alumina with a little oxide of iron, 11.000

Lime, 280

Magnesia, 0.774

Water, 2.842

Total, 96.916

In the vicinity of Kunkletown, Eldred township, this
*' Oriskany waste" was once manufactured into an article
called "soap," by an enterprising Frenchman. In this pro-
cess the crude material was passed continuously through
several vats filled with water, thus allowing the coarse grains
to separate from the finer, the latter only being used.

The following analysis by McCreath and Stinson, repre-
sents the constitution of this reputed "soap:"

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. Q\ 127

Silica, 72.800

Alumnia with a little oxide of iron, 18.180

Lime, 0.290

Magnesia, 1.045

Water, 3.832

Total, 96.147

The washing process accounts for the higher per centum
of alumina found in this specimen.

From Hamilton township westwai'd, the Oriskany con-
tains much iron in a diffused condition.

On tlie Lehigh river the Oriskany sandstone is a coarse,
reddish-gray conglomerate, 200' thick, in which fossils axe
very rare.

No. VL The Lower Helderherg formation.

The rocks of this period are well developed just south
from the eastern end of tlie district, and so south-westward
through New Jersey, along the northern face of Flat Brook
valley, parallel with the Delaware river and one to two miles
south from it. Entering Monroe county at the Walpack
Bend, near Decker' s Ferry, they are still in full force, and
continue so on westward to the vicinity of the Water (Jap.
West from this the upi)er half begins to grow quite sandy
and pebbly, and the limestone gradually disappears, being
replaced by the Oriskany coarse deposits^ so that at the
Lehigh river there remains only 30'-40' of lirnestone in the
entire series.

Tlie following sections of the Lower Helderherg rocks^
with the overlying Oriskany^ will illustrate this westward
thinning of the former, and thickening of the latter.

The first section (13) is from the vicinity of William
Nearpass's quarry, one mile and a half south from the river
and about four miles south-east from Carpenter's Point:

Nearpass^s quarry section.

1. Oriakany^ oherty, limy, Ibasiliferotus ahales, W

128 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Lower Helderberg.

2. Shaly, calcareo-silidous beds, quite foBsiliferous at top, and at

several horizons, tlie whole representing the Stormville
shales of Monroe, I5(y

3. Limeetonet massive, oherty, silicious, very fosslliferous, Pen-

tamertis galeatua, being most abundant, 10

4. Shaly, oaloareo^ilioious beds, mostly concealed, 75'

5. Massive silicious limestone, 8'

6. Limestone, massive, full of large coralSj Stromatopora being

very abundant, ... 12'

7. Limestone, blue, quarried, containing Ptntomerus galeatus,

and Tentaculites gyracanthtks, 12'

8. Limestone, blackish with concretionary nodules, 18'

9. Limestone, slialy, curly, .15'

10. Water Lime ("Pethstone" of Prof. Ck)ok's section. Geology

of New Jersey, pages 155-160,) .5'

11. Limestone, shaly, and gray at top, more compact and blue be-

low, with concretionary nodules, 12'

12. Limestone, shaly, abounding in fossil eoraU, 14'

13. Limestone, gray, shaly, full of erinoidal fragments and corals, 15'

14. Shales, greenish, and shaly limestone, lO'

15. Limestone, massive, bluish-gray, containing numerous erin-

oidal fragments, corals, dtc., Vhcetetes being very abund-
ant, lO'

16. Shales, calcareous, containing Atrypa reticvklaris an<l Cha^

tetes, 2'

17. Limestone, slaty fracture, non-fossiliferous, much resembling

in physical characters the top of the Bossardville lime-
stone of Monroe county, 8'

18. Concealed to probable base of Lower Helderberg^ 200^

Total of Lower Helderberg beds, 666'

Total of Lower Helderberg beds and OriskaDy, .... 616'

The structure of the Loioer Helderberg in eastern Monroe
county, is shown by the following partially generalized sec-
tion (14) :

Oeiieralized Section on the Delaware river.

1. Oriskany sandstone, consisting of alternating beds of quartz

conglomerate, and calcareous chert, 50^

Lower Helderberg*

2. Stormville calcareous shales, ashy, or dark gray, fossilifer-

ous, sometimes cherty and containing limestone at base, . 160^
8. Stormville conglomerate, alternating beds of quartz conglom-
erate, and silicious pebbly limestone, . . 25
4. Stormville limestone, cherty, sandy, massive beds, containing
numerous fossils, Pentameras galeatus, Sfromatopom^
Favosites, and Receptaculites being especially numerousi 76'

GEOLOGICAL FOKMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 129

•
6. Hydraulic cement bed (" Peth stone " of Cook) and identioal

with No. 10 of the preceding section, 5'

6. Limestone, bluish, shaly, containing vast numbers of Leper-

ditia altOt at top, ... . . . 2ff

7. Decker's Ferry aandstonet a very hard, pebbly, often oalca-

reoussandstone, filled witti/oeaH ehells, AvicuUtaj Chonetes,
and others, . . .... 16'

8. Oreenish ehales, sometimes calcareo-silicious, 15'

9. Bossardville limeetonet divisible into two well-marked subdi-

visions, (a) of 65' and (b) of 25' ; the upper (a) almost non-
fossiliferous, dark blue, or almost black, splitting into slate-
like, thin layers; the lowest, (b,) dark-gray, always pre-
senting a banded or striped appearance, and often exhibit-
ing a true columnar structure (Stylolites;) thickness of
both a and 6, . . 90'

10. Poxono Island shales, bufif, calcareous and magnesian, 200^

11. Poxono Island limestone^ bluish-gray, very compact, fossilif-

erous, extending down to the bottom of the Lower Uelder-
berg on top of the Clinton red beds, 5'

Total of Lower Helderberg, 610*

Lower Helderberg and Oriskany, 660'

As the exposures are not good in the Lower Helderberg^
at the western line of Monroe county, the 3rd comparative
section is taken from the Lehigli river in Carbon county,
10-12 miles west from the Monroe county line, where these
beds are finely exposed along the C. R. R. of New Jersey,
one mile below Bowman's station, as shown by the follow-
ing, (Section 15) :

On the Lehigh river.

1. Oriskany sandstone, a coarse, massive, reddish-gray, quartz

conglomerate, nearly destitute of fossils, 200'

2. Cherty, calcareous sandstone containing casts of fossils, . . 10'
8. Shales, containing some cherty layers together with a few thin

beds of sandstone, 60*

4. Concealed, 20*

5. Shales, with thin layers of reddish sandstone, 60*

6. Greenish shales, and calcareous sandstone, . . 80'

7. Bossardville limestone, blackish, slaty fracture, filled with

streaks of calcite, . . 40'

8. Doxono Island shales, buff, gray, and greenish, calcareous,

variegated with red near the base, .... 225'

Total Oriskany and Lower Helderberg, 635'

The dividing line between the Oriskany and Lower Hel-
derberg is not definitely located in the above section, from
9G*.

130 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

the fact that the whole shale series of Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5, is
a transition series probably as nearly related to one as
another of those groups, though the reddish color of the
sandstone in No. 6, would seem to ally the interval more
closely with the OtisJcany. They are perhaps identical
with what has been termed the Oriskany shale^ a series of
red beds which underlie the Oriskany sandstone in central
Pennsylvania. Regarding this portion of the section (Nos.
2-5, inclusive,) as belonging to the Oriskany^ and summariz-
ing the three sections we get the following :

Lehigh E, Eaat line of

river, Monroe. JHetrict.

Oriskany, JMC 50* 60'

Stonnville beds, — 260' 295'

Hydraulic Cement bed, ** Pethstone ^^ of

Cook, — 6' 6'

Deoker's Ferry beds, 80* 60' —

BossardvUle liinestone, 40^ 90' 66'+

Poxono Island beds, 225' 205' 200'?

Total, 636' 660' 616'

Prom this summary it will be readily i)erceived that the
340' of Oriskany (No. VII) on the Lehigh has probably
originated from the gradual conversion of the upper half
{Stormville beds) of No. VI at the east into genuine Oris-
kany rocks toward the west ; for if we add the Storm-
ville beds at the eastern line of Pike county and in E. Mon-
roe to the Oriskany at those localities, we get 345' and 310'
respectively ; and this approaches so near to the thick-
ness of the Oriskany on the Lehigh river (340') that the or-
igin suggested above for the Lehigh river Oriskany may
be regarded as highly probable ; i. e. The Stormville lime-
stones and calcareous shales^ which at the eastern line of
the district belong in the Lower Helderberg series^ grad-
ually change their characters, lose their fossils, and assume
the typical Oriskany character when traced through the dis-
trict to the south-west. And this shows that the Oi^iskany
beds of this district at least are very intimately connected
with the rocks of the Lower Helderberg series ; in fact so in-
timately connected as to be coetaneous deposits ; the one
{Lower Helderberg) or at least the main mass of it, accuma-

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G". 131

lating as marine deposits in the open sea, while the other
{Oriskany) was forming along the shores and beaches of
the same. Of course this does not hold true for the upper-
most portion of the Oriskany ; for, when the Lower Hel-
derherg sea bottom was elevated at the close of the period,
the littoral life-forms which had previously inhabited its
beaches then spread quite widely over the extensive shal-
lows thus formed.

This intimate relation of the Oriskany and Lower Hel-
derberg deposits^ although proven strictly for only the limits
of this district, seems to hold equally well for other por-
tions of Pennsylvania, New York and West Va. ; so that,
looking at the matter from this standpoint. Prof. Dana's
classification, which makes the Oriskany the closing Period
of ihe Silurian rather than the beginning of the Devonian
(after Newberry and others) is preferable. We thus under-
stand why there should be such a mingling of Lower Heh
derberg life forms in the Oriskany deposits ; the considera-
tion of this fact alone led Hall to place the Oriskany beds
in the Silurian.

Having thus glanced briefly at the Lower Helderberg rocks
as a whole, I shall enter into a more detailed description of
the different members of the series, using for this purpose
the Monroe county section, (14,) to which reference is al-
ways made in the following paragraphs unless otherwise
stated :

The StormviUe Shales.

These top the series in eastern Monroe, and south from
Pike county in New Jersey, a succession of ashen-gray, cal-
careous layers, often quite cherty, and sometimes containing
so much lime as to make beds of impure limestone ; fossilif-
erous, Spirifer macropleurus being quite abundant near
the top of the beds in Monroe ; seen finely exposed along
the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. and also the D. L. & W. R. R.
where they pass through Wali)ack ridge, along the gap of
Brodhead creek, and numerous other localities to which ap-
propriate references are made in the detailed, or township
report. They are also quite well exposed in the southern
face of Walpack ridge, just north from the village of Storm-

132 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ville, at the eastern line of Hamilton township, Monroe
county, from which locality they have been designated;
thickness about 160'.

The Stormmlle shales are represented at the eastern ex-
tremity of the district by No. 2 of section 18, which is there
about 150' thick and very fossiliferous in its upper portion,
especially the famous "Trilobite ledge" of Dr. Bairett,
which occurs at its upper limit. From this uppermost por-
tion Dr. Barrett has collected the following species identified
by Hall: Dalmanites deTitatusBnTvett.Dalmaiiites pleurop-
tj/Xy Chonetes complanata^ Reiisselaeria mutohiliSy Ten-
taculites sp?, Loxonema Fitchiana^ HyoUthes centennia-
lis Barrett, Pterinea textiUs, Strophoviena rhomboidalis^
S, Conradi^ StrophodoJita cavuiribona^ Cyrtia rostrata^
Orthis subcarincUa^ Discina CanradL The following spe-
cies from this same horizon were identified by Dr. Barrett :
Homalonotus YanuxemU Platyceras retrorsum^ P. Oeb-
hardii^ Holopea spf Spirifer concinnus^ S, cyclopterus
Orthis ohlata, 0. perelegans^ O, planoconvexay Discina
discus^ Favosites conica.

The uppmost layer, about 6'-10' thick, is filled with/rag-
merits of trilohites^ heads, pygidia, &c., and from this Dr.
Barrett obtained his Dolmanites dentatus described in the
Amer. Jour. Science, vol. XI, March, 1876.

As already stated these Stormmlle shales grow buff and
sandy when traced westward from the centre of Monroe
county, and as seems most probable become continually
coarser until they are consolidated with the Oriskany sand-
stone,

Stormmlle conglomerate.

By this name I have designated a series of alternating beds
of quartz pebble rock, and pebbly limestone, which are well
exposed immediately below the Stormmlle shales in the
vicinity of Storm ville.

In the section, (Pig. 13) at the eastern line of Pike, this
stratum does not make its appearance, but where these
measures cross from New Jersey into Pennsylvania at
Walpack Bend the Stormville conglomerate is present as a

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 133

thin pebble rock 5'-6' thick. Traced further to the south-
west it grows more massive and attains a thickness of 15'
on Brodhead creek, being well exposed just under the bridge
across that stream, a short distance below Experiment Mills.
South-west from this the quartz pebbles seem to invade the
underlying limestone as will be seen from the following
section (16) which represents its constitution at Stormville :

Stormville section^ {16,)

1. Sandstone, caloareous, containing numerous smaU quartz

pebbles, KK

2. Conglomerate, very hard, pebbles small, 2' 6"

8. Pebbly limestone, 6'

4. Sandy limestone, 6'

5. Limestone full of Pentamer<M gaUfitus, ICV

6. Limestone, sandy with many quartz pebbles, 15'

47' 6"

The stormville conglomerate is represented only by Nos.
1, 2 and 3, of the above section, the other numbers forming
a portion of the Stormville limestone^ here invaded by quartz
pebbles, but free from them east of Brodhead creek.

It seems quite probable that the Stormville conglomerate
becomes finally connected with tlie Oriskany sandstone
westward from Stormville through the intervention of the
Stormville shales which grow coarse toward the west. In
fact the 200' feet of massive conglomeratic Oriskany on the
Lehigh river in Carbon county seems to represent the Oris-
kany ^ the Storviville shale and the Stormville conglomerate
of section 14.

Stormville Limestone.

The above name has been applied to a series of massive,
heavy-bedded, impure limestones which intervene between
the base of the Storviville conglomerate above and the per-
sistent bed of hydraulic cement below, the whole varying
in thickness in eastern Monroe from 75' to 100'. The lime-
stones are very fossili/erous, Pentameras galeatxis being
especially numerous at the top of the series, while large co-
rals^ Stromatopora^ Focosites^ JReceptaculites^ c6c., are very
abundant near the middle.

In the section south from Port Jervis, at the eastern line

134 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

of Pike, (13,) the Stormville limestone is represented by
the several beds from Nos. 3 to 9 inclusive, the whole hav-
ing a thickness of 145'. The lower portion is extensively
quarried at Bennett's in New York, and the Nearpass quar-
ries in New Jersey, a short distance to the south west.

From various horizons in this. 145', Dr. Barrett lias ob-
tained the following species identified by Prof. James Hall :
Beyrichia Twtata^ Megambonia ovoidea^ Spirifer Yanux-
emi^ S, macropleurus, Stropliodonta varistriata^ 8, punc-
tulifera^ Peatamerus galeatus, Merista laevis, Slreptelas-
ma striata^ Rhynchonella ventricosa^ Platyceras retrorsum.
Pterinea sp f Dalma/nites plewroptyx^ Phacops Logani,
Tentaculites elongatus^ Fovosites Helderhergia, The fol-
lowing species were identified by Dr. Barrett from the same
portion of the series : Leperditia aUa. Tentaoulites gyra-
canthus^ Loxonema Ficthiana, L. ohtusa^ Holopea antiqiui
H, elongata^ Spirifer perlamellosus^ S, Tnodestus, S. cyclop-
teruSy Bensselceria midabilis, Eatonia Tnedialis, E, singu-
lar is ^ Trematospira muUistriata^ Stopliodorvta Beckiiy
Strophomena rhomhoidalis^ Leptcena concava, Orthis mul-
tistriata^ O. oblata^ Lingula sp f Atrypa reticularis^ Fa-
vosites NiagarensiSy Stromatopora several species, Liehas
pustulosus.

The Stormville limestone, after crossing the Delaware
river from New Jersey into Monroe county, ?a., at the Wal-
pack Bend, continues south-westward, making the southern
slope of Walpack ridge. It is seen forming a bold line of
massive cliffs from where it rises out of the river above
Decker's Ferry south-westward often rising to a height
of 300'-4()0' above the Delaware river, in massive layers 10'-
20' thick, which dip rapidly south-eastward toward the river.
It is this rapid dip which gives the almost vertical outline
of the southern slope of Walpack ridge. In some of these
cliffs, midway in the series, very large fossil corals occur
just like those in No. 6 of Sect. 13 at the Nearpass quarries
in N. Y. and N. J. with which this portion of the series
is undoubtedly identical.

This limestone is usually gray, crystalline, often some-
what silicious, hence has seldom been quarried, since the

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. (jt\ 135

purer Bossardoille limestone is generally accessible wher-
ever the former is exposed.

Mr. J. D. LeBarr has quarried the lower portion of this
series, in Smithfield, and burned it into lime. Specimens
taken from this quarry gave the following results when
analyzed by Messrs. McCreath and Stinson :

L IL III.

Carbonate of lime, . 90.785 89.821 92.864

Carbonate of magnesia, 1.241 1.518 1.862

Oxide of iron and alumina, 0.720 0.910 0.590

Sulphur, 0.045 0.095 0.094

Phosphorus, 0.005 0.015 0.006

Insoluble residue, 6.850 7.080 5.540

Two Other specimens, analyzed also in the Laboratory at
Harrisburg, gave the following :

Carbonate of lime, 97.058 74.928

Carbonate of magnesia, 1.518 2.240

Oxide of iron and alumina, 0.340 2.560

Sulphur, .018

Phosphorus, 009

Insoluble residue, 1.240 19.780

I. Prom the vicinity of Decker's Ferry.
II. From near Stormville, Hamilton township.
The ignited insoluble residue of the Hamilton township
specimen gave the following :

Silica, .... . 16.540

Oxide of iron and alumina, 0.880

Lime, 0.080

Magnesia, 0.194

The last specimen illustrates quite well the way in which
this limestone grows sandy towards the south-west; and
this change is continued until at the western line of Mon-
roe there is very little limestone left in these beds, and none
whatever at the Lehigh river, where its place is represented
by the Oriskany shales seen in Sec. 15, Nos. 2-5, inclusive.
Some horizons in these beds contain considerable chert, very
much like that seen in the Corniferons limestone ; and these
cherty layers are about the only portion of the Stormoille
beds recognizable on the Lehigh river, immediately under
the Oriskany sandstone. The shaly, sandy layers next be-
low have there a red color which allies the whole interval on
the Lehigh, with the Oriskany ^ as already stated.

136 G*.

REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Stormville hydraulic cement bed.

Immediately below the Stormville limestone just de-
scribed, there occurs a bed of watei' lime which seems to be
quite persistent from the extreme eastern line of the district
south-westward beyond the center of Monroe county, or at
least as far as Stormville, from which locality the stratum
in question was designated. It is seldom over 6' thick
though occasionally attaining to 10 feet. The rock is usu-
ally of a pale-buff color, and breaks with the peculiar earthy
fracture characteristic of hydraulic limestones ; non-fossil-
iferous, although just under it millions of Lepeiditia alia
are found. At the eastern line of the district, this bed is
represented in section 13, by No. 10, (the ''Pethstone" of
Prof. Cook s section,) which is an exact copy of the Storm-
ville cement bed of Monroe, and undoubtedly identical with
it, thus furnishing a splendid horizon for correlating the
members of the N. Y. and N. J. section (13) with those of
Monroe county.

This bed is seen in the steep slope of the hill facing the
Delaware river near Decker's Perry, at the eastern line of
Monroe , and at numerous localities from there on, south-
westward to Stormville.

The following analysis of specimens from several locali-
ties in Monroe show the composition of the Stormville ce-
ment bed as determined by Messrs. McCreath and Stinson :

I. Near Decker's Perry, Middle Smithfield, Monroe co.

II. Same locality, Middle Smithfield Tp., Monroe county.
III. Land of J. De Witt, "
IV.

V. Stormville, Hamilton Tp., Monroe county.

((

Carbonate of lime, . . .
Carbonate of magnesia,
Oxide of iron, . . . .

Alumina,

Sulphur,

Phosphorus, . . . .
Insoluble residue, . . .

38.910

23.724

8.357

4.163

.065

.038

27.420

II.

86.428

17.481

8.285

7.735

28.720

III.

37.714
25.351

|6.290

.113

.027

29.690

IV.

37.107

26.410

3 357

3 673

28.460

48.889

29.664

2.607

8.668

17.560

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI.

G*. 137

The "insoluble residue" in each of the above after igni-
tion gave the following :

IIL

IV.

Silica, ...

Oxideof iron and alumina, . . .

Lime,

Ma^f^a,

24.150
2.500
0.220
0.4(M

23.940
2.740
0.110
0.183

26.973

24.850
2.450
0.260
0.490

28.970
2.740
0.090
0.227

13.680
2.040
0.120
0.144

Totals,

27.274

28.050

27.027

15.934

The water lime of the N. Y. Lower Helderherg analyzed
by Dr. Beck gave the following: Carbonate of lime 48.4,
carbonate of magnesia 34.3, silica and alumina 13.86, perox-
ide of iron 1.75, moisture and loss 1.70.

No attempt has ever been made to manufacture hydrau-
lic cement from this bed so far as I could learn ; but it would
seem from the composition given above that portions of this
stone might be selected which would make a very fair ce-
ment. At the locality where specimens III and TV were
obtained the bed is 10' thick, so that some of it would al-
most certainly make hydraulic cement.

What are the relations of this widely persistent cement
bed to the famous water lime at Kingston and Rondout is
a question which naturally presents itself to the reader. It
is well known that the water lime at Rondout, on the Hud-
son river, rests directly on the Medina sandstone there be-
ing nothing there to represent the lower half of the Monroe
county Lawer Helderberg. I am inclined to believe from all
the evidence in the case that the Stormmlle water lime is
identical with the great water lime bed at Rondout, Kings-
ton and Rosendale, N. Y.

Decker Ferry limestone.

The Stormville water lime rests on a bluish gray, usually
brecciated limestone, which contains on its upper surface
vast numbers of Leperditia alta^ the only horizon at which
I have seen this fossil anywhere in the district. This lime-
stone often becomes slaty in its lower portion, and is usually
more or less sandy, thickness about 20'.

138 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Iron Ores of No. VI,

Iron ore occurs at the horizon of the Decker's Ferry
limestone and in the base of the overlying Stormmlle lime'
stone, in Ross township, Monroe county, one mile and a
half west from Saylorsburg.

The ore has been opened and developed to a small extent
by Messrs. Nelson Le Barre, of Portland, Pa., and R. M.
Jones of Bangor, the discovery of the ore on the land of
Mr. Samuel Lessig being due to the intelligent prospecting
of the former.

At the most eastern exploitation shaft a large body of
'^Jlat ore^^^ or thin layers of browti hematite standing ver-
tical, has been followed to the depth of 48', the thickness
of the sevei-al layers being 14' according to the statement of
Mr. Le BaiTe. This ore lies 5' to 8' above the Decker* s
Feiry sandstone^ which forms a prominent ridge-like out-
crop just south from the ore^ and is thus an excellent guide
to exploitation, of which Mr. Le Barre has taken advantage
in his search for the ores.

Specimens collected from this horizon, and analyzed by
Mr. McCreath, gave the following results :

I. n.

Iron, 41.500 89.426

Sulphur, 0.030 0.007

Phoephorus, 0.d06 821

Insoluble residue, 28.500 26.780

About one fourth mile south-west from the locality just
described, another large excavation has been sunk to the
depth of 38', in which a considerable body of iron ore and
yellowish impure ochre has been found. This horizon is in
the Stormville limestone^ probably about 75' above the top
of the Deckefs Feiry sandstone. The ore is quite sili-
cious so far as exposed ; but some of it, known as "bomb-
shell" (from its rounded nodules with hollow center), seems
not so objectionable in this respect.

Specimens from this last locality were analyzed by Messrs.
McCreath and Stinson with the following results :

I. II. III.

Iron, 29.100 89.000 81.876

Sulphur, 0.018 0.020 0.014

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 139

Phoepbonis, 0.111 0.079 0.177

Insoluble residue, 44.005 27.940 38.365

From these analyses, it will be seen that some of the ores
may prove quite valuable on further development, especially
those lying down near the Decker' s Ferry sandstone. Of
the oi^es explored at the upper horizon, none are pure
enough to warrant mining except the "bomb-shell" or II
of the preceding analyses.

Much ochre is found inters t ratified with the iron ore at
the last locality, a specimen of which yielded the follow-
ing:

Silioa, 67.400

Alumina, 19.033

Sesquioxide of iron, 10.107

Lime, 0.100

Magnesia, 1.740

Water, 6.458

The origin of these ores and ochres seem to be closely
connected with the disintegration of the great Oriskany
sandstone^ just above (north of) them. As already stated,
this greatly thickened iron-bearing sandstone is completely
disintegrated into a great bed of loose sand and clay in the
vicinity of Saylorsburg, and for two miles west from that
village. The breaking down of this sandstone seems to have
furnished the iron which was transferred to the layers of
No, VI below, the most of the lime from which had been
previously removed by solution, or else was removed pari
passu with the transfer of the iron of the disintegrated sand-
stone above. This is proven from the fact that the sand
deposit is entirely decolorized, while the ore has the same
dip and stratified condition as the layers of other unmodi-
fied rock above and below. Then, too, just west from this,
on the land of Mr. Lessig, the Oriskany sandstone is not
disintegrated, the ridge rising to an elevation of 1200' A. T.,
or nearly 400' above its general elevation between Saylors-
burg and Lessig' s. No iro7i ore is found below the Oris-
kany^ west from Lessig' s, though the sandstone itself con-
tains so much that some one has attempted to explore it
for ore in the summit of Lessig' s Knob.

Just south from Kunkletown, in Eldred township, the

140 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ridge breaks down to a much lower level than it has just
east and west, and the Oriskany is there found to be disin-
tegrated to an unknown depth ; so that it is possible that
Iron ore might be found there by proper exploration in the
southern face of the ridge.

The Ochre beds certainly originated by the removal of
lime by solution from the layers of the impure Stormville
Uinestone ; in fact it is a common thing to see a coating of
Ochre adhering to the weathered outcrops of many of the
limestone layers in No. VI \ so that it is possible the iron
in the ochre analyzed represents, only that already in the
rocks previous to removal of the lime.

The Ochre is of a dull yellowish color, and could possibly
be used in the manufacture of mineral paints, though no
t€sts for that purpose have ever been made.

Decker* s Ferry sandstone.

Just above the road leading south-west from Decker's
Perry, there occurs a low cliff of grayish- white, pebbly, cal-
careous sandstone, crowded with fossil shells. It was found
to be remarkably i>ersistent throughout Monroe and has
been designated the Decker' s Ferry sandstone. It is often
seen along the Delaware river between Decker's Ferry and
the Water Gap, and although not always pebbly, it is uni-
versally fossiliferous. The species are very poorly preserved
however, the tests having been I'emoved by solution, so that
the only generic identifications made were of a small Chone-
tes^ and a large Avicula with undulate margin.

This sandstone is seen fonning a bold cliff along the
southern face of Walpack ridge, one mile north from Water
Gap station on the D. L. and W. R. R., and may be ex-
amined in the hill immediately above the Experiment Mills
limestone quarry, where it juts out in a massive, pebbly
cliff 10'-15' high.

At Stormville it occurs in the field just above the Stone
House, and is there a very hard grayish-white sandstone
with small pebbles, filled with fossils as usual, the rock it-
self dipping about 75° N. 20° W.

This stratum is last seen as a massive, pebbly sandstone,

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 141

in Ross township, just west from Saylorsburg, where it is
an excellent guide to the iron ores of No. VI, as stated
above. The average thickness is about 16', though at times
it attains to 25'.

On the Lehigh river, this stratum seems to be represented
at one of the limestone quarries, one mile and a half above
the Water Gap, by a massive, greenish, calcareous sand-
stone 20'-30' thick, though no pebbles were seen in it there.
The Decker* s Ferry sandstone has no representative at the
eastern line of the district.

Decker' s Ferry shale.

A bed of greenish-gray shale^ often limy, underlies the
sandstone above described, and as it is well exposed at the
road-side, near Decker's Ferry, haa been named from that
locality.

The interval has an average thickness of 15', and the
greenish color seems to be remarkably persistent, since a
bed of green shale or shaly limestone occurs at this horizon
everywhere in Monroe county and seems to extend through
to the Lehigh river in Carbon, since a green shale occurs
above the Bossardville limestone on that river.

This bed cannot be certainly identified in the section at
the eastern end of Pike county, though from the greenish
cast of No. 14 in section 13, it would seem to be referable
to this horizon.

A bed of water lime 5' thick occurs in this interval near
J. De Witt's in Middle Smithfield township.

Bossardville limestone.

Just under the last described bed, there occurs a thick
stratum of limestone which I have termed the Bossardville
limestone from the village of that name in Hamilton town-
ship, Monroe county, where it is most extensively quarried.

All the great limestone quarries of Monroe are in this
rock, and it furnishes practically all the lime burned in the
county.

Its top comes out of the Delaware river just above Deck-

142 G*.

RKPOIIT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

er's Ferry and it is quarried at the roadside on the bluff of
the river west of the Feiry.

The thickness of the interval varies from 75'-100' and is
divisible into two portions, an upper and a lower, which are
very unlike in aspect and composition. The upper or
quarry portion is usually about 65' thick, and has a pre-
vailing dark color, sometimes almost black, the extreme up-
per portion excepted, which is generally gmy or bluish-
gi-ay ; through the dark portion especially radiate seams of
calciie ; the rock breaks with a very sharp angular fracture
and has a thin flag-like bedding, and is entirely non-fossili-
ferous, if we except minute dark specks which may be
BeyricJiia,

This quarry portion of the Bossardville limestone is the
only limestone bed of No. VI which extends through from
this district to the Lehigh river. The Bossardville liTne-
stone has a thickness of 30'-40' where it crosses the Cen-
tral R. R. of New Jersey, one mile below Bowman's sta-
tion. It possesses the same physical characters there that
distinguish it in Monroe.

The equivalency of this limestone at the eastern line of
the district, in section 13, is uncertain, since the base
of No. VI is there concealed for 2(X)' or more. In the low-
est exposure of No. VI at the Wm. Nearpass quarry, 3 feet
of gray limestone is seen, with the i)eculiar, slaty, or slab-
like structure so characteristic of the BossardoUle beds ;
hence it is possible that the main mass of Bossardville lime-
stone may be concealed in the top of No. 18, section 13.

Sanij^les of the Bossardville quarry limestane were col-
lected at several localities, and analyzed in Mr. McCreath's
laboratory at Harrisburg :

carbonate of Ilroe, ....
Carbonate of Magnesia, . ,
Oxide of Iron and Alumina,

Siilpbur. . ,

rhosphorus. . . . . ,

Insoluble residue, . . .

94 285
1 528
0700
0.056
014
2.850

II.

III.

82.7S2

IV.
98.287

98.875

VI.

87 028

88.821 ,

1 837

2830

1.884

1.309

2.345 1

2 110

1 880

0.840

0.680

0.710 ;

0.229

*.a96

0.118

0.153

o.ao7

0.019

0.007

0.010

0.018

7.800

11.930

4.260

3920

7.660

VII. I VIII.

94.385
2.118
0.640

o.ao7

0.015
8.000

9B196
2 171
1 100
0.154
O.OBO
4.9S0

* Average of two determination!.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 143

I, II. From Bossardville qaanies, Hamilton township,
Monroe county.

Ill, IV, V, VI. From C. Van Auken's quarry. Middle
Smithlield township, Monroe county.

VII, VIII. From J. H. Brown's quarry, Smithfield town-
ship, Monroe county.

The limestone from this horizon burns readily into a light-
gray lime, much valued for agricultural and building pur-
poses, though it is seldom white enough to be used for
plastering. At Bossardville and vicinity, several hundred
thousand bushels are annually burned and hauled far and
wide into the surrounding country.

The opinion prevails am.oLg the farmers that this limestone
is occasionally absent for long distances, coming in again
suddenly ; thus for instance, no quarry of it has been opened
between that near Experiment Mills, on Brodhead, and one
mile west of Storm ville in Hamilton township, a distance of
nearly five miles ; hence the farmers along this line believe
it absent. The truth is that there are no natural exposures
here because the limestone is buried by drift and surface
debris, shed from the steep slope of Walpack (Godfrey's)
ridge, since its line of outcrop would nearly always be found
down along the northern margin of Cherry valley. Hence
this valuable limestone is very probably present on every
j^rm, but covered up. The farmers owning land along the
northern margin of Cherry valley, should do some judicious
digging in order to test the matter.

In passing south-westward from Bossardville, this lime-
stone's outcrop is again covered up by the vast heaps of
OrisJcany dSbris^ and is not seen again until we pass west
from Saylorsburg into Ross township. There in the vicinity
of Samuel Lessig's the Bossardville limestone has been
quite extensively quarried, though it is not so thick as
usual nor so pure, and has been so much crumpled and folded
as to have a slaty cleavage and aspect, being in fact partially
metamorphosed.

From the vicinity of Lessig's, this limestone is not seen
again until we come to the neighborhood of Kunkletown, in
Eldred township, its outcrop being constantly concealed

144 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

under surface ddbris, principally of Oriskany sandstone.
West from Kunkletown, however, the great Oriskany beds
are disintegrated, and the limestone then comes out to the
surface, where it is quarried, and burned quite extensively.
It is much twisted and contorted, however, so that it is dif-
ficult to decide which way the dip is going. It is of course
possible that the limestone may be entirely absent in the
intermediate spaces where it makes no appearance on the
surface, but the probabilities are that it is present, concealed
under the great heap of debris.

The lowest 25' of the Bossardville limestone is very dif-
ferent in aspect from that portion usually quarried for lime,
having a dark-gray color, and a peculiar banded appearance
made by fine lines of lamination of different colors, gray,
whitish, blue, &c. It also often possesses a genuine colum-
nar structure which is finely shown at the Experiment
Mill' s quarry, above the Delaware Water Gap, where the
rock exhibits ^prismatic structure^ like basaltic columns.
This structure does not exist all through the 25', but is con-
fined to certain layers, the one exhibiting it most decidedly
coming T above the base of the stratum and having a thick-
ness of 3'. The columns or styloUtes are inclined to the
south-east at an angle of 75', while the dip of the rocks is
only 35' in the same direction ; thus it is probable that the
structure in question has originated through the action of
the forces that produce cleavage^ because the rocks which
exhibit it show no traces of over heating.

The same structure is seen just below the falls at Shawnee
in Smithfield township, though the limestone exhibiting it
there comes higher in the series than the one at the base of
the Bossardville beds. This stratum, in physical appear-
ance, answers perfectly to the description of Prof. Cook's
Ribbon limestone which is found at the base of the series in
New Jersey ; although many of the layers in the Storm,'
ville limestone often possess the ribboned aspect.

A specimen of the columnar limestone^ from the Experi-
ment Mill's quarry, had the following composition, as an-
alyzed by Mr. McCreath :

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. VI. G*. 145

Carbonate of lime, 73.428

Carbonite of magnesia, 2.648

Oxide of iron and alumina, '. . 2.970

Insoluble residue, 20.240

From this analysis, one might infer that it would make
a pretty fair hydraulic cement^ and I was informed that the
limestone was tested for that purpose on one occasion at
Bossardville, where it shows under the quaiTy limestone.
It is reported as having made a very good hydraulic cement.

The entire absence of fossils from this Bossardville lime-
stone^ having so great a thickness (90') and so wide an ex-
tent, is quite curious, if it does really belong in the Lower
Htlderberg series. Since the structure known as Stylolites
is quite common in the Niagara limestone^ I was at one
time inclined to believe that the Bossardville beds might
possibly belong to that period, since Dr. Barrett claims to
have found Haly sites calenvlata^ and many other Niagara
forms in the limestone of the lower portion of the section
represented by Sect. 13, but there are so many obvious ob-
jections to this view of the matter that I consider it very
improbable.

The Poxono Island sJiales.

Directly under the Bossardville limestone^ there occurs
a series of buff, greenish-gray and variegated calcareous
shales, which are well exposed at only one locality in the
district, viz : opposite Poxono Island, on the steep northern
bluff of the Delaware river, in Middle Smithfield township ;
and they have been designated from that place. .

They are tolerably well exposed along the Delaware river
at the eastern line of Smithfield township ; but only the top
is seen at the Experiment Mill's quarry on Brodhead.

They are also seen along the road crossing Cherry valley

to Kemmererville, one mile west from Stormville, in Hamil-
ton township.

Just west from this Featherman's creek makes rapids
and falls over the same beds.

At all these localities they are characterized by the same
bufflsh-gray color, with often a tinge of greenish white, also
varying to reddish in thin streaks ; the series being entirely
10 (J*.

146 (t*. report of progress. I. C. WHITE.

non-fossiliferous, and changing much in the quantity of

calcareous matter contained. The beds seem to be more or

less magnesian, as the following analyses by Mr. McCreath

will show :

I. II. III.

Carbonate of lime, 20.714 36.285 48.392

Carbonate of magnesia, 12.259 16.164 27.091

Oxide of iron, 8.857 3.785 8.285

Alumina, 12.418 7.275 3.125

Sulpliur, 0.182

Phosphorus, 0.044

Insoluble residue, 42.950 31.440 17.210

The ignited "insoluble residue" of I gave the following:

Silica, 87.170

Oxide of iron and alumina, 8.260

Lime, 0.090

Magnesia, 0.295

I, II. From J. Tarn's land, Middle Smithfield tp.

III. From J. H. Brown's land, " "

The thickness of the Poxano Island shales^ is, in Monroe
county, about 200'; certainly not less than this, and possibly
more ; but owing to a varying dip they could not be meas-
ured with exactness.

On the Lehigh river, these beds are well exposed along
the cuts of the C. R. R. of New Jersey, one mile below
Bowman's station; where they are nearly vertical, and still
preserve their huffish -gray and greenish-cast, though they
are variegated with thicker red bands than eastward. The
rocks of this interval have there a thickness of 225'.

These beds are referred to the Lower Helderberg simply
because they seem to be more closely rehited to them than
to any other group, since there is no evidence that the 5^-
Una beds were ever deposited in this district, though the
shaly, marly and variegated nature of these rocks closely
resemble some portions of the Salina series,

Poxono Island limestone.

The buff, calcareous, shaly beds above described are termi-
nated below by a very hard, bluish-gray, crystalline lime-
stone seen at only one locality in the district, viz : In the
steep bluff opposite Poxono Island, hence the designation.

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. V. (i\ 147

Whether this be a local or persistent limestone could not
be determined, since its horizon is covered up everywhere
in the district except at this single locality.

It is only 5' thick, and comes in thin fossiliferous layers
containing multitudes of Beyrichias, and many undetermin-
able fragments of other shells^ all of which are small how-
ever.

Its composition is shown from the following analyses :

I. IL

Carbonate of lime, 90.178 89.392

Carbonate of magnesia, 4.813 3.254

Oxide of iron and alamina, 1.110 1.260

Sulphur, 0.261 0.267

Phosphorus, 0.010 0.018

Insoluble residue, 8.610 5.940

Both I and II are from the steep bluff opposite the upper
end of Poxono Island, in Middle Smithfield township, Mon-
roe county.

Neither this limestone nor any portion of the calcareous
shales above was seen at the eastern extremity of Pike, for
the reason that everything is there concealed at the hori-
zon, and, according to Prof. Cook, State Geologist of New
Jersey, remains entirely covered up through the 30 miles of
outcrop in that state between its north-eastern line and the
Delaware river at Decker's Ferry.

Oreenish shales^ about 5' thick, underlie the Poxono Is-
land limestone ; and directly under them come deep red
shales of great thickness ; so that the limestone in question
is certainly the lowest member of the Lower Helderberg
series, if the last 300' of rock really belong to that period.*

««

No. Y. The Olinton red shale.

Red shales^ of a deep dull color underlie the Poxono
Island limestone^ or rather the 5' of green shales immedi-
ately below that limestone.

[*Prof. H. D. Rogers considered the Niagara formation as present in
Eastern Pennsylvania along Walpaok ridg^, and as absent throughout the rest
of the State. Mr. C. E. Hail found Niagara fossils mixed up with Clinton
forms in the Juniata river region. The reports of Prof. Claypole on the fos-
sils of Perry and Juniata counties will probably go a considerable distance to-
wards a tinal classification. ~J. P. L.]

148 G". RKPORT OF PROGRESS. T. C. WHITE.

The top of this series and its relations to the beds of No,
y/, can be seen at only a single locality in the district, viz :
in the steep bluff opposite the upper end of Poxono Island,
where 75' of dull red sJiale containing many greenish spots
(copper i) occur immediately under the Pocmio Island lime'
stone^ the latter coming along the top of a steep bluff, while
the red shales continue on down the face of the same to the
Delaware river and across it to the New Jersey shore. In
fact the main portion of the Delaware's channel from Deck-
er s Ferry to the mouth of Cherry creek, just at the entrance
to the Water Gap, is scooped out of these soft red shales.

They extend south-westward along the valley of Cherry
creek which they underlie, and, continuing on across the
low divide at the head of the latter stream, pass down the
valley of Aquanchicola creek to the Lehigh river just above
its Water Gap.

The same soft red shale formation also makes a val-
ley through New Jersey along the channel of Plat Brook
creek from Decker's Perry north-eastward to near its head,
where crossing a low divide to the head of Mill Brook it
continues the valley north-eastward to the Erie R. R. two
miles south-east from where the latter crosses the Never-
sink river.

Since these red rocks are thus constantly found along
drift-filled valleys, no exposures of them occur which can
afford any reliable measurements ; hence the thickness given
in the general sections A, B, C, D, viz. 600', 900', 1200', and
2000' respectively are for the most part mere estimates from
the breadth of the valleys these beds make at the different
localities, combined with the dip of the rocks above and
below (Nos. VI and IV). [See Chance's report.]

At Rondout, on the Hudson river, these beds are entirely
absent, the lowest layers of VI resting there directly on
grayish-green sandstones much resembling the Medina rocks
of this district. •

Not a single fossil of any description was seen in these
red rocks ; and their barrenness of organic forms doubtless
accounts for the fact, that their iron is uniformly dissemi-
nated through the shales instead of being collected into are

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IV. Gt\ 149

beds, as in northern N. Y., Middle Pennsylvania, Va., W.
Va., and other regions where the evidence of organic life is
always abundant. (See report F on the Clinton Fossfl ore-
heds of the Juniata.)

The following analyses (Survey Laboratory) shows the com-
position of these red shales from a specimen obtained 50'
below the top of the same in the vicinity of Poxono Island :

SUioa, 68.240

Alumina, 19.926

Sesqui-oxide of iron, •. 8.214

Lime, 0.470

Magnesia, 2.623

Phosphoros, ', , , 0.038

Water, 3.700

The whole series would probably average quite as much
iron as was found in this specimen ; so that if all the iron in
the 2000' of red beds on the Lehigh could be collected into
one mass, it would make a solid bed of metallic iron more
than 60' in thickness ; hence it is not for lack of iron that
no ores occur in these measures throughout the district, but
for lack of organic life to concentrate it in layers.

No. IV. The Medina sandstone.

A series of greenish-gray sandstones often interstratified
with red, sandy layers, the sandstone frequently exhibiting
scattered pebbles of quartz, underlies the Clinton red
shales.

These beds are exposed in detail at only one locality in
the district, viz : along either bank of the Delaware river in
its passage through the Water Gap. They there exhibit
several small ilexures and one of considei'able size at Water
Gap station. An accurate measurement of their thickness
will be given in Mr. Chance's report in an appendix.

No fossils whatever were seen in this series.

The grayish-green sandstones which underlie the lime-
stone of No. VI. at Rondout, on the Hudson river to have
a lithological aspect very similar to the Medina sandstones
of this district.

150 (jr\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The Oneida Conglomerate.
{Lower part of No, IV.)

The greenish-gray and reddish sandstone of the Medina
epoch, containing scattered patches of small quartz pebbles
are terminated, quite abruptly, below, by the appearance of
very hard, massive, gray rocks, containing vast quantities
of quartz pebbles many of them quit^ large with no red
rocks whatever. I am disposed to place at this horizon the
dividing line between the Medina sandstane and Oneida
conglomerate.

This latter series consists of layers of dark gray conglom-
erate, I'-IO' thick, of extreme hardness, extending down to
the No. Ill slates upon which the Oneida beds rest uncon-
formdbly beyond question.

Unconformity of IV on III. — This unconformity is finely
sho^vn at a cut on the Erie R. R. one mile west from Otis-
ville in New York, where the line of contact is cleanly ex-
I)Osed, the beds of No. Ill dipping N. N. W. 43°, while the
Oneida conglomerate layers dip only 28° in the same direc-
tion. The erosion of the No. Ill slates is plainly exhibited
at the line of contact, and also by the chips of black slate
scattered through the bottom rocks of the Oneida for 300'-
400' above its base.*

In the Delaware Wat^^r Gap, the horizon of contact be-
tween these two series is covered up by great heaps of
Oneida ddbris, so that no evidence either of conformity or
unconformity can there be obtained. But at the Lehigh
Water Gap exposures of each series are seen within a few
feet of each other, and give for the dip of the Oneida beds
30°-32°, while those pf No. Ill dip 45°-47° the same differ-
ence (15°) that was found at Otisville, 80 miles to the north-

[* The sudden termination of the Kittanning or Blue mountain before reach-
ing the Hudson river may be explained by supposing an ancient shore line of
No. Ill trending north and south : but It looks muoh more like one of those
cross faults so common in Southern Virginia and E. Tennessee. No such
coast line could furnish the materials for the conglomerate ; therefore the chips
of slate must be otherwise explained. The apparent nonconformability of
IV on III at the Schuylkill Water Gap is so plainly a fault, that the same
structure {fault) should be assigned to the alleged nonconformability at the
other gaps. — J. P. L.]

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. NO. IV. G\ 151

east. Many fragments of the black slates of No. Ill are also
found in the basal members of the Oneida at the Lehigh
Gap, as well as at the Delaware Gap, so that the proof seems
conclusive that along the Blue mountain region of this dis-
trict atleast, the Upper Silurian rests unconformably on the
beds of the Lower Silurian*

The Erie R. R. in passing westward from the junction of
IV and III, cuts a nearly perfect exposure entirely through
the Oneida bedSy and by a very careful measurement there
I make the thickness 760'.

Another measurement roughly made in the Lehigh Water
Gap gave me about the same thickness, so that it may
not be far out of the way to place the combined thickness
of the Medina and Oneida beds through this district at
1500', or say 750' for each.

The Oneida rocks make the summit of the Blue mount-
ains (called Shawangunk in New York) from Otis villa
south-westward to the Lehigh river ; 'and their great hard-
ness and indestructibility have preserved that range from
erosion to so great an attitude (800'-1000') above the soft
measures north (Nos. V & VI) and south (No. Ill) from
the same. The same characters have preserved the Dela-
ware and Lehigh Water Gaps as narrow gorge-like gateways
for ages, they having been but inappreciably widened ex-
cept at the top, during all the lapse of time since the rivers
first trenched through them down to their present channels.

Ores of Lead and Zinc occur in genuine fissure-veins
through the beds of No. IV in the Shawangunk mountains.
One of these 3'-4' wide, running N. 70° E. & S. 70° W. has
been wrought in the vicinity of Guymard, 8 miles from Port
Jervis for several years. The ores are not reduced there,
but shipped to New York. One of the shafts has been car-
ried to a depth of 400'. The surface rocks are Medina
sandstone, but the fissure very probably extends down
through the Oneidu Conglomerate,

Much prospecting has been done along the Blue mount-

[* Mr. White here uses the nomenclature of Sir R. I. Murchison, still retained
by the British Survey. In the reports of the Second Survey of Pennsylvania,
the terms Silurian and Siluro-cambrian are generally used. — J. P. L.]

152 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

ains from Guymard south-westward through New Jersey,
and some portions of Monroe county in Pennsylvania, in
search of other fissure veins similar to the one at Guymard,
but up to this time the search has been entirely fruitless.*

TTie Siluro-carribrian system.

{The Hvdson river slate formation No. Ill, underly-
ing the Oneida conglomerate, outcrops in Northampton
county on the south slope of the Kittatinny or Blue mount-
ain.

This formation is probably 6000' thick where it lines the
banks of the Delaware river below the Delaware Water Gap.
But there are difficulties in the way of measuring it exactly.

The roofing slates quarried along the southern foot of
the mountain belong to this formation. (See Mr. Sander's
forthcoming report.)

A well at Stroudsburg (or at Milford,) if sunk to a depth
of 4,000' or 4,500' would rea^li the top of the Hudson River

[* These lead and zinc ore veins are of the highest interest to the geologist
studying the genesis of the lead and zino ores found in the underlying Siluro-
Cambrian {Lower Silurian) limestones at Sauoon, south of Bethlehem: in
Lancaster county; in Singing Spring Valley in Blair county; at Wytheviile
in Southern Virginia ; and in fact along the whole extent of the Great or Cum-
berland Valley from New York to Alabama, and in the back vaUeys of the
Appalachian rang^ wherever these limestones come to the surfkce.

Fissure veins may be fillled from below or from above ; in both cases by
concentration from aqueons solutions ; and may therefore be of any age. But
the erosion of the outcrops of the veins of the Shawangunk mountain teaches
thu' the fissures, now filled with lead and zinc ores, were formerly continued
upward into and perhaps through the Clinton and Lower Helderberg forma-
tions which at one time covered the Medina of the mountain to a great height
in the air. The lead ores of Miaaouri are in the Calciferous (No, II); those
of Wisconsin are in the upper part of the Trenton limestone, (top of No. II,)
just underneath the Hudson river slate formation (No. Ill) which underlies
the Shawangunk mountain, in which these fissures were opened, probably by
war p-movements.

If then the lead and zinc^soiution rose from the limestones of II to fill these
fissures, it shows how profoundly fissured this part of the earth crust must be.
As they are coincident in general direction with the cross dykes of the high-
lands of New York and New Jersey, now filled with trap of Mesozoic or post-
mesozoic age, it is possible that the lead veins of the Shawangunk mountain
have been created as recently as Cretaceous times.— J. P. L.]

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. IV. III. II. I. G*. 153

Slate formation, — which underlies at varions depths the
whole of Pike and Monroe counties.

But a well bored any where on the great Pocono plateau
would have to be 11,000' or 12,000' deep to reach the Hudson
River Slates (No. II.)

If such a well at Stroudsburg or Milford were deepened
from 4,000' to 10,000', it would reach the Cattasauqua lime-
stone beds at the top of the great limestone formation of
Easton aAd Allen town, (No. II,) probably 2,000^ thick.

At 12,000' the Stroudsburg well would strike Potsdam
sandstone (No. I,) which is only a few yards thick in this
region.

Under this ought to lie the gneissic rocks of the Durham
hills and Beading mountains ; belonging to a different and
much older age than any of the strata described in this re-
port ; consequently underlying Pike and Monroe counties
as an ancient iloor.

This floor must spread beneath the Pocono plateau coun-
try (northern Monroe) at a depth of say 20,000 feet (nearly
four miles) more or less. J. P. L.J

Tig.5. Fl€XT««9 o^'Wind Gop «nd dl Lcbi^b "Wa^er G«p rom|(arrd .

154 G'. REPORT <tf PI{OfiRF«S. I. C. WHITK.

a Or.uiCaii)/ •SJ'

■LRaS'^a/e. •

Chapter VII.
Tovmship geology of Pike,

1. Ldckawaxen.

This large township occupies the extreme northern point
of the county ; is rudely triangular in shape with the apex
directed north, while the Delaware river, Wayne county
line, the Milford and Owega turnpike form respectively its
eastern, western, and southern boundaries.

The Lackawaxen river entering it from Wayne county,
flows with many abrupt bends eastward through the same,
cutting the township into a northern and southern half, and
carrying all of its rainfall into the Delaware, except what
goes there directly by way of Mast Hope creek in the north-
em part.

The interesting series of ponds and lakelets found in the
northern portion of this area have already been described
in the general summary, Chapter II, page 31.

The surface of this township is extremely rough and wild,
there being but few cultivated farms except along the im-
mediate valleys of the Delaware, Lackawaxen, and their
principal tributaries. Back from these streams an almost
unbroken forest of Pinus rigida, Abies Canadensis and
other trees covers the surface. The reason of this wilder-
ness condition is evident ; for the great sandrocks of tlie
Catskill have strewn the ground so thickly with their debris,
that its cultivation except in favored localities becomes al-
most impossible.

The rocks of the township belong entirely to the Catskill
series^ and the section extends from the top of the Hones-
daU Group down through 600-700' of the underlying meas-
ures.

( 155 G«. )

156 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The Delaware and Lackawaxen river have carved deep
and narrow valleys down through these rocks, and many
splendid sections may be seen along the same where vertical
cliffs of strata almost overhang these streams to a height of
several hundred feet.

A short distance below Lackawaxen village and near the
Shohola township line, the following section was obtained
in descending the steep bank of the Delaware :

Loioer Lackawaxen Section {17),

1. Lackawckxen conglomerate, (base 930' A. T.,) 80*

2. Sandstone, grayish green, 45'

3. Concealed, . 40'

4. Sandstone, ... 20'

5. Concealed to Erie R. R. level, (650' A. T.,) 175'

6. Concealed to level of Delaware river, 60*

870'

The Lackawaxen conglomerate at the top of this section,
has been named from this locality, since it forms a great
cliff of massive pebbly rock around the hills in the vicinity
of the village, and its outcrop is very conspicuous far up
the stream of the same name. Its pebbles are mostly of
very white quartz \'-\\" in diameter, many of them an-
gular and exhibiting little evidence of water wear ; pebbles
of shale and ordinary gray Catskill sandstone were also
observed in the matrix of coarse greenish-gray sand which
makes up the bulk of the stratum.

In the bluff just south of Lackawaxen, interval No. 5, is
seen to be composed largely of a dark steel-gray sandstone
containing an occasional quartz pebble, many scales of mica
and much pulverized feldspar ; extensive quarries were once
ojHjrated on it here, and the stone used in building the
viaduct on the D. & H. canal across the Delaware at this
locality, were largely obtained there. On the upper surface
of one of these ledges, near the old quarry Olacial striae are
seen running S. 20° W. The surface of the rock is polished
quite smooth.

At the juction of the Lsickawaxen with the Delaware,
just above the village, we see a vertical escarpment of

1. LACKAWAXEN. G*. 157

CdtsJcill sandstone^ nearly 150' feet high which exhibits the
following structure :

Upper LacJcawaxeii Section {IS).

1. Sandstone, greenish-gray, massive, 85'

2. Shales, gray, lO^

8. Sandstone, quarry rook, 50'

4. Conoealed to level of Delaware river, (eoO' A. T.,) .... 25'

170'

T7ie sandstone No. 3 has been quarfied and used in the
construction of the R. R. bridge across the Lackawaxen
near by ; the rock is of a dark grayish-green color, with an
occasional faintly perceptible tinge of red. It comes out in
good-sized blocks, and excepting its extreme hardness
makes a very fair building stone.

The Lackawaxen flows over a buried channel of consider-
able depth at this locality since in building the piers of the
viaduct for the D. & H. canal, just above here, no rock
could be found at a depth of 25' below its present surface,
there being nothing but quicksand and gravel to that depth
beyond which no test was made.

The Lackawaxen conglomerate and the massive sand-
stone both above and below, are seen making great cliffs of
rock along the Lackawaxen river as one ascends that stream
to Rowland's, 4 miles above its mouth. Here opposite the
end of the switch, a short distance below the station, the
following succession was measured in the almost vertical
wall overhanging the south bank of the stream :

•

Rowland^ s Lower Section {19).

1. Lackawaxen Conglomerate^ (base 895' A. T.,) 20'

2. Conoealed, 60*

8. Sandstone, 180'

4. Conoealed to R. R. level, (695' A. T.,) 20

5. Conoealed to level of Lackawaxen river, 20'

240'

No 3 is a solid mass of greenish-gray, current- bedded
sandstone coming in layers 2'-10' thick. The Lackawaxen
conglomerate was not all exposed at this locality.

158 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Only a few yards above the R. R. station at Rowland' s
the following section is exposed on the same bank of the
stream :

Rowland^ s Upper Section {20),

1. Lackawctxen conglomerate^ (base 836' A. T.,) W

2. Sandstone greenish, flaggy, 8'

8. Concealed, (bench) shale? Tff

4. Sandstone greenish-gray, current-bedded, 85'

5. Sandy shales, showing much copperas on outcrop, 8'

6. Sandstone to R. R. level, (700 A. T.,) 76'

7. Concealed to level of Laokawaxen, 20^

216'

On comparing this section with the preceding one taken
only i of a mile below (S. E.) it will be observed that the
dip is here decided to the N. W. smce the Ldckawaxen con-
glomerate (at the top of the section) has sunk at least 2(y
allowing the portion seen in Sec. 11 to have been its top in-
stead of its bottom.

No. 4 contains a few small quartz pebbles near its center.
No. 6 consists of layers of current-bedded sandstone 3'-8'
thick, separated from each other by thin beds of interstrati-
fied gray shale.

The Ldckawaxen conglomerate is very massive, in beds
5'-10' thick, filled with white angular quartz pebbles ; near
its center is a whitish layer with very large pebbles, and
many pieces of shale imbedded.

One mile above Rowland's the following is seen on the
south bank of the Lackawaxen :

Section one mile above Rowland^ s {21).

1. Sandstone, massive, 60

2. Concealed, . 60*

8. Lackawaxen conglomerate^ {h9aib 900' K,T,i) OO'

4. Concealed, 26'

6. Sandstone, ... 100*

6. Concealed to R. R. level, (720' A. T.,) 46'

WO*

Here another great cliff rock comes into the summit of the
hill 75-100' above the Lackawaxen conglomeraie.

1. LACKAWAXEN. G'. 159

No. 6 is a vertical wall of current-bedded greenish-gray
sandstone in layers 5-20' thick.

There seems to be a reversal of dip between this locality
and that of the previous section, since the base of the Lack-
awaxen conglomerate is 54' higher here than there.

At Millville, 4 miles above Rowland's, the following suc-
cession was observed in descending the rocky point just
above the station :

Millmlle Section {22).

1. Sandstone dark gray, 16'

2. Hhale^ red, 20*

8. Sandstone, flaggy, 15'

4. Sandstone, massive, 10'

6. Concealed, IC

6. Sandstone, 25'

7. Concealed, ec

8. Sandstone, 20*

9. Concealed with some outcrops of flaggy, greenish-gray sand-

stone to R. R. level, (TSCA. T.,) ITO*

10. Concealed to level of Laokawaxen, 85'

880'

No. 3 has been quarried for flagstone at this locality ; it
is a bluish-green, micaceous rock separating into smooth
faced layers 2"-4" thick.

No. 8 makes a cliflf along the hills.

The Lackawaxen conglomerate belongs somewhere in
the lower half of this section, but it has lost its massive and
pebbly character so as to be no longer conspicuous.

At Kimble's station, four miles above Millville, the Lacka-
waxen conglomerate regains its massive cliaracter, however,
and in consequence has had a marked effect on the topo-
gi'aphy ; for there we find a long narrow point composed of
it projecting out across the Lackawaxen valley to the very
edge of the stream at what is called the '' Narrows." Here
the river rushes over a rocky bottom hemmed in by vertical
cliflfs of massive Catsklll sandstone 50' high, and only 40'
asunder, thus making with the sudden bend in the " Nar-
rows" a very dangerous passage for rafts and small crafts.

The section obtained on the south bank of the Lacka-
waxen at Kimble's, reads thus :

160 Gr\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Kimble's Section {S3).

1. Sandstone, 2ff

2. Concealed, 40*

8. Shale, red, 20*

4. Sandstone small pebbles, 20^

5. A suooeesion of greenish-gray, olifT sandstones interstratl-

fied with shales, ... 180^

6. Concealed, TC

7. Lckckawiixen conglomerate, (base 860' A. T.,) 60'

8. Sandstone greenish-gray, bard, to level of the Laokawazen,

opposite the B. B. station, (849' A. T.,) 55'

465'

This is the last opportunity we get to study the Lacka-
waxen conglomei'ate in ascending this stream ; for a short
distance above MiUville, a local roll carries it below drainage
level, and when it again comes up, it can no longer be dis-
tinguished from the other greenish-gray sandstones of the
Catskill.

Comparing its elevation here (860' A. T.) with that at
Lackawaxen (930') and Rowland's (836') we see that no
strong ilexures cross the measures in this township, hence
in an east and west direction they are practically horizontal,
since Kimble's is 12 miles by rail, or 8 miles air line due
west from Lackawaxen village.

This rock at Kimble's is seen well exposed in the deep R.
R. cut just above the station where its base comes within
10' of R. R. level ; quite pebbly, dark steel-gray in color,
and contains many small pieces of bluish-green slate.

Quarries. — Near Kimble's many quarries have been
opened on the Catskill flagstones, and large quantities of
them are shipped both on the Erie R. R. and D. & H. canal.
These quarries come at all elevations from the bed of the
Lackawaxen up to the summits of the hills, 460' above.
The flags are 2"-6" thick and can be obtained of almost any
desirable size, the surface being quite even, and the stone
nearly always of a grayish-green color. They seem to be
most readily obtained where the cliflf rock has been some-
what exposed to the weather, since on quarrying into the
hills the flags thicken up into layers l'-3' thick which cannot
be split into smooth layers.

1. LACKA WAXEN. G*. 161

About one mile above Kimble's the following section
occurs where the top of the Lackawaxen conglomerate
passes below water-level :

8ectio7i one mile above Kimble ^s {24).

1. Sandstone, gray, W

2. Shale, red, sandy, 10'

8. Sandstone, gray, ICV

4. Shale, red, .... 16'

5. Sandstone, flaggy to level of Laokawaxen, (885 A. T.,) . . 20'

6. Top of Lackawaxen conglomerate,

The dip here is quite sharp to the N. W., but it continues
for only a short distance, when the rocks become again
nearly horizontal, and then begin to rise in that direction.

Three miles above Kimble's, and one mile below Hawley,
the Lackawaxen valley again contracts to a very small com-
pass, and the stream is bounded by ix)cky walls 50' high on
either side, and only 200' a^art.

This is about one half greater than it was before the Erie
RR. on the south bank, and the D. & H. canal on the north
bank made cuts through the solid rock as a passage-way
for each. A very massive sandstone c^ps these vertical walls
65' above river level, (870' A. T.,) and it may possibly rep-
resent the Lackawaxen conglovierate^ but if so, its i)ebbly
character has disappeared.

A great bed of red shale extends all over the northern
half of this township, at an elevation of 1150'-1250' A. T.
It is 50'-75' in thickness and belongs to the horizon of the
Montrose red shale of the Wayne and Susquehanna Report
(G*). It is often seen along the hill roads, and frequently
crops out along the shores of several lakelets in the north-
em portion of the township.

Near Mrs. Wigge's, one mile north-east of Hawley, this
red shale is exposed along the road at an elevation of 1200'
to 1230' A. T., and above it are seen massive blocks of sand-
stone, which must belong near the horizon where they are
scattered so thickly.

Along the hill road, north-west from Kimble's, the rocks
11 G".

162 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

are polished and striated with glacial scratches, Roing S.
30° W., M. at 1125' A. T.

The rocks are planed off conformably with the present
surface slope.

On the road leading north from Kimble's, the higred bed
occurs at 1200' A. T. where we see 25' of red rock, then on
above it 10' of greenish-gray sandstone, then much more
red shale on which, at 1240' A. T. , are seen numerous gla-
cial striae running S. 30°-35° VV.

About half way between Mast Hope P. O. and Lacka-
waxen, the following section was obtained in descending to
the Delaware river :

Delaware River Section {25).

1. Sand8tx>ne and Bhalee, 66'

2. Greenish-gray current-bedded sandstones separated by

shales, 200'

8. Concealed to RR. level, (660' A. T.,) 210'

4. Concealed to level of Delaware r^er, 40*

605'

The Lackawaxen conglomerate comes somewhere in the
section, as blocks of it are scattered over the snrfaoe along
the base of the hill, but its proper horizon could not be dis-
covered owing to lack of exposures. A stratum containing
a few pebbles was seen at 940' A. T. and this may possibly
represent it.

On the very snmmit of the ridge at this locality, occurs a
bowlder of rock, 2' in diameter, composed of large quartz
pebbles, chips of slate and sandstone. It looks very much
like the 3It. Pleasant congloTnerate, and must have been
transported quite a long distance.

At Pine Grove Station, near the month of Mast Hope
creek, the following succession occurs in the steep hill slope
of the Delaware :

Pine Orove Station Section {26).

1. Sandstone, greenish-gray, massive, 100'

2. Red shale, 45 ^

8. Sandstone, greenish-gray, 35' > Montrose group, . . 186'

4. Red shale, 55' ^

1. LACK A WAXEN. G*. 163

5. Sandstone, W

6. Sandstone, masBive, (Laza waxen oonglomerate,) .... 75'

7. Ck)noealed to station level, (668' A. T.,) 15(y

8. Concealed to level of Delaware river, 33'

643'

No. 1 comes at the horizon of the Honesdale sandstone
group, while Nos. 2, 3, and 4 very probably represent the
Montrose red shale.

The LacJcawaxea congloTrierate would then be represented
by No. 6, since it is very massive, forming a great cliflf
around the hills, and many blocks with small pebbles are
seen in the talus below it.

On Mast Hope creek, at the saw mill, just above Pine
Grove, there occurs a great cliff of massive sandstone, be-
ginning at 760' A. T., and extending up to 825', at which
latter elevation fijlag quarry has been operated on the land
of Mr. Lebmu.

About three miles above Pine Grove, along Mast Hope
creek, there is seen at the roadside a very massive, pebbly
sandstone, on which, at 945' A. T., glacial striae go S. 20"^
W. It extends to 965' A. T., where a red^ sandy shale comes
in, on which, at 975', glacial striae trend S. 25*^ W. This
massive stratum is seen on the opposite or north side of
Mast Hope, making a great cliff 50' high, along the hills.
It most probably represents the Lackawaa^en conglomerate.

One half mile further up the stream another large bed of
pebbly sandstone is seen, beginning at 1025' A. T., and ex-
tending to 1070', the very pebbly portion coming at 1050'.
The quartz pebbles are large, white, and angular; some
chips of bluish shale are also seen in the rock. It forms a
bold cliff for a long distance. This may possibly be the
Lackawaxen conglovierate^ brought up by a local roll in
the measures, and this seems the more probable from the
fact that on passing above it to 1130' A. T., the Montrose
red shale comes in and is seen around the banks of Ketch-
all's and Simmons' ponds.

About one mile below Narrowsburg, on the N. Y. side of
the Delaware, a bed of red shale occurs along the RR., at
710'-730' A. T., and above it for 250' come greenish-gray

164 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

sandstones, in which many flag quarries are operated. The
rocks have a local dip to the N. W. at this locality, so that
the red bed soon passes below the RR. level, and does not
reappear until some distance north of the village.

Marsh gas rises in large quantities from a bed of buried
vegetable trash below NaiTowsburg, at ''Big Eddy," near
the Wayne-Pike line. When a pipe is driven into the sand
a few feet, the gas rises through it in such quantity as to
make a flame 1-2' high when ignited.

Blooming Orove creek enters the southern half of the
township across the Milford and Owega turnpike at an ele-
vation of 1165' A. T., and in the four miles between this
point and its mouth at Millville station, descends 420'. The
creek cames a large amount of water, and it was matter for
surprise that such a stream should descend at so great a rate
over a constant series of falls and cascades in anan*ow ca&on-
like valley. But on going west from it a half a mile at the
turnpike, the mystery is explained ; for there we come into
a wide old water-way in which scarcely any water now flows,
and yet the elevation of this drift-filled valley is even now
60' lower than that of the Blooming Grove. Further ob-
servation revealed the fact that in preglacial times this old
valley had been occupied by the latter stream which then
emptied into the Lackawaxen at Kimble's, 4 miles above
Millville, its present mouth ; but that after the Olacial Ice
had swept a great dam of drift across its channel in the
vicinity of White Deer Lake, the Blooming Grove was forced
out of its well-worn course into the new, and consequently
narrow and rapid channel which it now occupies.

A great many Jlag quarries have been opened along this
stream and the flags shipped on the Erie Branch R. R. at
Millville. The most extensive of these quarries are in the
steep hill-side, i mile above Millville, where the following
succession is exposed.

Millville quarries section (27).

1. Sandstone in olifif^ 20'

2. Concealed, 40'

8. Sandstone, SO'

1. LACK A WAXEN. G'. 166

4. Ck>noealed, 20'

6. Sandstone, .20'

6. Sandstone, quarried for flags, 20'

7. Sandstone, 10'

8. Sandstone, quarried, 26'

9. Gonoealed, 60*

10. Massive, pebbly sandstone, visible, 25'

11. Ck>noeaied to level of Blooming Grove creek, (785' A. T.,) . 45'

805'

The quarries here in Nos. 6 and 8 are operated by Messrs.
Joy & Adams, on the land of Mr. Westfall. The flags
are of a bluish-green color and li"-5" thick along the out-
crop, but thicken up when mined into the hill. Some of
the layers contain quartz pebbles^ chips of slate^ fish and
plant remains. The plants are represented only by stems
i' -2'' in diameter and all pressed into a flat film of carbona-
ceous material which often contains streaks of coal. The
stems are crossed transversely by thin septa of a bony as-
spect which at first glance give them the appearance of ani-
mal remains.

In passing along the road which leads from Kimble's
across to Blooming Grove creek, the base of a great cliflf
sandstone is seen at 1070' A. T. ; it is 50' high ; 20' above
its base comes a very pebbly layer several feet thick ; imme-
diately below the cliflf rock is a bed of bl^od red shale ex-
posed for 12' but it is doubtless much thicker.

Several fiag quarries are operated along this road on the
land of Messrs. Maxwell, Kimble, and others.

At 1110' A. T. along the road are seen many glacial striae
pointing S. 30° W. (M.) on the hard sandstones. At 1135'
A. T. is a very massive sandstone with a layer of calcareous
conglomerate at the base. On above this at 1165' A. T. the
hard rock is polished off smooth and the ice striae point
S. 35° W. (M.,) while 20' higher they go S. 30° W. (M.)

At 1200' A. T. a pebbly rock is seen and massive hard
greenish gray sandstone continues on to the level of the flat
topped hm at 1275' A. T.

Near Taylortown, in the southeastern corner of the town-
ship, the Montrose red shale is seen at 1050' A. T. and on

166 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

it at 1065' glacial striae appear to point due north and
south.

About one half mile west from the cross-roads at C Wood-
ruflTs we pass over a large body of red shale at 1200' A. T.
and come up to the base of a very massive pebbly n)ck at
1270' which extends to the crest of the hill at 1305' A. T.
where it forms a narrow "hog back'' ridge. It is very
probably the Honesdale sandstone^ and the red rock below
it would be the Montrose red shale,

A calcareous conglomerate is seen near Mi's. Walsh's
Hotel at 1270' A. T. one half mile south from the last local-
ity, and it looks very much like the Cherry ridge limestone
of Wayne and Susquehanna counties. It is seen along the
road at the Hotel for several rods ; is 10' thick, being quite
calcareous, and a perfect mass of quartz pebbles^ fish re-
mains and pieces of shale, the whole cemented into a dark-
ish green matrix of calcareo-silicious material which weathers
away on the exposed surfaces, giving them a dark brown
aspect. It is quite probable that this calcareous conglom-
erate^ which is very local, may come at the horizon of the
Honesdale sandstone group. What lends some credibil-
ity to this is the fact that just west from this, and above it,
another large bed of red shale occurs along the Milf ord and
Owega Pike, at an elevation of 1300-1325' A. T. which
would represent the Cherry Ridge red shale.

At the extreme south-eastern corner of the township a
large bed of Drift is seen along the turnpike, and in it are
great numbers of small bowlders of the Oneida conglom-
erate,, all rounded and polished. They must have been
transported a long distance.

Barometric Elevations in LacJcawaxen,

{Above Tide,)

Forks of road at Taylortown, 1065'

Level of stream at road orossing below Taylortown, 996'

Cross-roads at C. Woodruff's, . . 1145'

Milford and Owega turnpike, at Mrs. Walsh's hotel, 1270'

♦« " ** I. B. Rosencrantz's, 1270'

*♦ *♦ ♦♦ stream near J. Roberts', 1165'

♦* " " Roberts' tavern, 1225*

" «* " forks of road next west, 1215'

1. LACKAWAJtEN. G'. 167

Hummlta near Mt«. Lawreaoe's, .... 1376

level of strenm next west 133fi'

^ Bommlt uear C. Smaiher'a, 1400'

L. Mauleysnn.s.troiuis, 1310"

euiniuit iuHh west, 1355'

wbere B.G. l^k road tunia off, . . . .1295'

wbere B. O. Park rood torriB off to Millvllle, 1305'

atoroniDgfif BIixiitiiiigGroveoreek, 1075'

lerel or old valley next weat, . . 1115'

Crocs-roads on B.G.oroek, near W. Kimble'B, 102S'

B. G. oreek level, here, . 1010'

Level of B. G. oreek, at lot croving above Mlllvlll«, 785'

M '■ '• " 89S'

" Sd " " " 85.1'

Forks of road, one mile N. E. from Bawley , near Mra. Wigge'a, ... 1080*

LiBvel of Btreamat road crusfiUigii«iirlliere, 1010'

Forks of road weat from H. Garrit.v's, 1160"

Level of Boiaden's creek, aicroBBi[ig near U. Oarrltj'B, 020'

Forks of road op|K«lte Kimble's station, 880-

" " iiyarBciiool-houso.Jualoast, 905'

Level of Corjeli'H rilu, at J Kloible'aS. mill dam, lOTff

'■ Tlnkcreek,atB.Tanne;'ssawnilll, 1250"

" BigTinkiHini), 1275'

Forks of roud near B. THnnty'a 1255'

Levelof stream at croaninn next below, 1245'

" Tiak oreek at oroeeing near G. Grimes', 1120'

Porks of road here, 1130'

Upper forks of road near Dr. Haddoa'o^ 1046'

Lower •' " " 1020*

Tink creek here, 075'

Croe»-roada near L. Pellon's, 060'

I^wer forks of road at G. H. Kowland'a, 1H6'

Upper " " " " IIW

Level of Weat Colang pond, 1130'

Forksof roadatF. R. Holbert's, (nearpond,) II2S'

Next north, .... 1180'

At bj-road, one mile N. W., . 1145'

Forksof road at Bobool-bouae near Miut Hope, TW

Level of Uast Hopeoreek, at oros^ngaboveSeamon'sS.M., 785'

" " '■ " near Mrs. Seldoa's, 825'

Croesli^c outlet of Wolf pond, . . . . 050'

Levelof Mast Hope, at Molntlre's Mill, (below tbe dam,) 075'

" '• " " (above the dam,) 900'

Level of North Br. M. Hope Cr., at Holbert'e S. mill oroesiag, 1000'

Level of Simmond's pond, 1160'

Ketoball'B pond, 1166'

168 G*. REPORT OF PROGRE88. 1. C. WHITE.

2. Palmyra totonship.

This is a long, narrow, irregular area bordering Wayne
county next south-west from Lackawaxen. On its eastern
line lies Blooming Grove, while directly south is Greene.

It is drained almost entirely by Wallenpaupack creek,
which flows or rather oozes along its western boundary,
(separating Pike from Wayne county) until within one mile
of the Lackawaxen river when it descends by a succession of
cascades over cliflfs of Catskill sandstone, falling 260' before
it enters the latter stream. In striking contrast to this, is
the course of the Wallenpaupack in the next 10 miles above
the beginning of the cascades at Wilsonville, for in this en-
tire distance the fall is probably less than 6 feet, only one
or two "ripples" occurring, and the flow of the water is so
sluggish as to be almost imperceptible. The valley of the
stream is nearly a mile wide and is filled with trash to an
unknown depth.

I have already in a previous chapter pointed out the cause
of this curious flow of the Wallenpaupack, and showed that
it now empties into the Lackawaxen, 4 miles above where
it did in pre-glacial times ; that an old deep, and wide val-
ley in which no water now flows, leads from the Wallen-
paupack above Wilsonville across the drift-covered divide
below Tafton, and keeping rudely parallel to, but nearly a
mile south from the present Lackawaxen valley, debouches
into it at Kimble's, after receiving the tributary valley once
occupied by Blooming Grove creek. That the Wallenpau-
pack once flowed in this old valley cannot be doubted, for
the great dam of Drift thrown across the ancient channel by
the OlaciaZ Ice which caused all this derangement of water
courses, is still to be seen. It must have formed a great
lake along the present valley of the Paupack, nearly two
miles wide, 15 miles long and two to three hundred feet deep ;
for we find clay deposits all along this valley and up the

2. PALMYRA. Q*. 169

sides of the hills to 200' above the present stream. These
clay beds are not connected with the Drift proper and are
of exactly such character as would have been formed in a
lake of such dimensions.

The rocks of this area belong entirely to the Catskill
group.

In descending the Paupack over the falls from Wilson-
ville to its mouth the following section is obtained as given
in the Wayne and Susquehanna Report G*, p. 199.

Paupack Falls section {28).

T6p 1140' A. T. instead of 1125' as given in G^.

1. Sandstone massive, KV

2. Siiales, reddish, sandy, 20'

3. Sandstone, pebbly, grayish- white, 25'

4. Concealed, ... 80'

5. Paupack sandstone, greenish-gray, ... 20'

6. Sandstone, reddish, shaly, 85'

7. Sandstone, massive, (topof first large oasoade,) 10'

8. Sandstone, shaly, 15'

9. Shales, red and variegated, 20'

10. Sandstone, massive, gray, (topof second oasoade,) 50'

11. Shales, dark, .... 15'

12. Sandstone, flaggy to foot of third cascade, (890* A. T.,) .... 85'

In releveling this section during the present year (twice
with great care,) I find that my barometer makes the eleva-
tion of the surface of the water in the dam at Wilsonville
1140' instead of 1125' as given by the one trial in the Wayne
county report, hence the total fall of the water is (1140'-
880') 260', or 10' greater than at first supposed.

"Theui)permost member of the section together with the
dam at Wilsonville make a cascade of 20' at that locality,
and then the stream descends in a series of rapids until the
top of No. 7 is reached when in three successive leaps, in-
cluding the rapids between, it descends a vertical height of
145' in a horizontal distance of about 100 yards. As the
Paupack carries a large volume of water at all seasons of
the year, this is the finest site for water power in the county,
if not in the state. Strange enough it has hitherto been al-
lowed to run to waste, with the exception of a small modicum
utilized by a tannery and flouring mill. There is now how-

170 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ever a large silk manufactory in process of construction
which takes its water-power from the top of the first cas-
cade, and there gets the pressure of a column of water 50'
high on its turbine wheel. There is still plenty of room
and power for other factories on each bank of the stream,"
T?ie Paupack sandstone. No. 7, designated from this lo-
cality, is a greenish-gray, or sometimes bluish-green rock,
extensively quarried on the east bank of the Paupack one
fourth mile above the first cascade; It comes in layers 4"-
8" thick and was used in building the silk factory at the
Falls.

Kimball flag quarries. — These are opened in Catskill
sandstones along Kimble's run, a stream emptying into the
Lacka waxen at Kimble's Station, and one of them on the
land of Mr. Curtis furnishes very excellent stone. The flags
are of a bluish-green color, quite micaceous, and occasion-
ally contain chips of dark olive colored slate which often
has a slickensided appearance.

In passing up the Paupack valley from Tafton, a very
wide stretch of level bottoms is found on either side of the
stream, the valley at times being 2^ miles wide, and often
marshy, so that the farming lands do not begin until the
foot hills are reached, except in rare instances;

Near the forks of the road at H. D. Clark's, below Pau-
pack P. O., a large cliflf of massive gray sandstone is seen
extending along the summit of the hills at 1450' A. T. at
base. It belongs most probably in the Honesdale Group
and the deep red shale seen a short distance further on to-
wards Paupack at 1320-1340' A. T. very probably comes
at the Montrose horizon. Just south of Paupack P. O.
glacial striae are seen along the road at 1290' A. T. running
S. 30° W. (M.) on a gray hard Catskill SS, and below this at
1260' others are seen with the same direction, on a rook
which makes a great cliff along the hills. At 1200' A. T.
an exposure along the road shows 30' of deep red shale
which would represent a portion of the Montrose horizon.

The following partial section is exposed near Paupack
Post Office :

2. PALMYRA. G*. 171

Paupack P. 0, Section {29),

1. MasBive sandstone, some pebbles, W

2. Concealed, 110'

3. Red shale, visible, 20*

4. Concealed, . 60'

5. Sandstone, massive, in cliffs, 85'

6. Concealed, 26'

7. Red shale, visible, 80'

MO*

Pottery clay occurs on the land of Thomas Bums, 2i
miles below Ledgedale, along the old valley of the Paupack,
and is manufactured into red ware by Mr. Burns. The fol-
lowing succession occurs at the clay diggings :

Tliomas Burns' Clay Section {30),

1. Soil, clayey, ... 1^'- 2'

2. Clay, gray, with no pebbles, bat penetrated throughout

by long decayed slender roots of plants, . . . 15'-20'

8. Very sandy day, the lowest explored portion of the bed, 2'

24'

The top of this clay comes about 30' above the stream.

Another hed of clay occurs on the opposite or Wayne
county side of the Paupack at this locality, and about 200'
above the level of the stream. It is 20' thick where explored
by Mr. Burns, who mixes it with that obtained in Pike.

Near the base of the 20' the clay is filled with black car-
bonaceous fragments which some have supposed to indicate
the presence of coal ; but this is a mistake, since the nearest
coal outcrop is at least 20 miles away, and the horizon of
the lowest coal 2,000'-2,500' above this clay bed.

Red shale which very probably belongs in the Montrose
horizon is seen just above Mr. Burns', along the creek road
at 1175'-1185' A. T.

About li miles above Mr. Bums', we come to a place in
the bed of the Paupack where a ripple reveals the bed of
the stream for the first time above Wilsonville, 10 miles be-
low ; at this locality the stream has a considemble current
and its bed rises 10' between this point and the narrows
under the bridge at Ledgedale, one mile above.

In descending the steep hill along the road just south of
Mill Brook run to C. Degroot's, is the following section.

172 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

C. Degroot ' s Section {SI).

1. Red shale, visible, lO'

2. Sandstones and oouoealed, 4<K

3. Pebbly sandstone, massive, (base 1520' A. T.,) W

r red shale, . . 60« \

4. Cherry ridge red shale, ) green SS., . 16' > 86'

( red shale, . 30' )

5. Conoeaied, 15'

6. Massive conglomerate, ^

7. Concealed, 115'

8. Massive pebbly sandstone, 80'

9. Concealed to level of WaUenpaupack, (1140' A. T.,) ... 76'

450'

There can be very little doubt that No. 4 represents the
Cherry Ridge red shale since its elevation here (top 1520'
A. T.) would be too high for the Montrose horizon.

No. 6 is probably the Honesdale upper sandsUyne^ and
here near Mr. Degroot 's it makes a great cliff outcrop along
the hill, 40'-50' high, in which are numerous quartz pebbles.
No. 8 is a massive pebbly sand rock, which, on coming
southward from VVavne countv, comes into the midst of the
Montrose red shale horizon.

Where the ridge road crosses Egypt creek, near the east-
ern line of Palmyra, a great bed of red shale is seen exposed
for a long distance. Its section as revealed along the rood
which descends Egypt creek is as follows :

Egypt Creek Section {32).

1. Red shale, (top 1680' A. T.,) 60*

2. Oreen sandstone, 10'

3. Concealed, 10'

4. Red shale, visible, 10*

This, as will be seen on inspection, has the same stnicture
as tliat found in the Cherry Ridge red shale of the previous
section, aud hence is identical with it, though the top of
the bed here (1580' A. T.) is 80' higher than there, but as
this locality is 2^ miles due east of the former, this is no
evidence of non-identity.

As we pass along the road toward Jones' Lake, the CJierry
Ridge red' beds is frequently seen making long stretches of
red outcrop.

Lake Jones is a large body of water several hundred acres

3. GREENE. Q\ J73

in extent, 30'-40' in depth, and having only one small inlet.
It is the source of Blooming Grove creek, and has an eleva-
tion of 1500' A. T. Its basin is excavated in the Cherry
Ridge red shale^ since a broad band of this material is seen
extending around its shores to 30' above the water level.

Much drift is also seen around the margin of Lake Jones.

On the summit, one mile west from Jones' Lake^ a mas-
sive pebbly sandstone occurs at 1550' A. T.

Barometric Elevations in Palmyra.

{Above Tide.)

Level of WaUenpaupaok ok. above Wilsonville dam, 1140'

Forks of road at Tafton, 1185'

** ** Kimble's run, 1^ miles east, 1025'

Kimble's run, at crossing of Milford and Owega pike, 1020'

Miiford and Owega pike, at forks near J. Degroot's, 1200*

Forksjust south of Palmyra Hotel, . . 1220*

Level of Bingham's run, at road orossing, 1190'

Forks of road near H. D. Clark's, ISOO'

** at Salem road, in Paupaok village, 1290'

<* of road near A. A. Killam's, 1185'

Level of Mm Brook there, ' 1165'

Forks of road at M.N. B. Killam's, 1175'

" *« near Bums' Pottery 1160'

By-road to O. Masker's, 1475'

Cross-roads, one mile S. E. of L. Phelps', 1725'

Forks next S. E., 1720*

" " north, 1700'

Level of Egypt creek, at orossing next north, 1550*

Forksof road just north, 1555'

Cross-roads near F. Frank's, 1630'

Level of Lake Jones, . . 1500'

Inlet to Lake Jones, at road crossing, 1520'

Levelof Bingham 's run, east of F. Smith's, 1520'

Summit at F. Smith's, .... 1540'

Branch of Bingham's run, near J. Simon's, 1490'

3. Greene Township.

This township adjoins Palmyra on the south, and is sep-
arated from Wayne county at the west by the south branch
of Paupack, while on the south it borders the Monroe county
line. Its shape is an irregular triangle, with the base rest-

174 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ing on Paupack creek, the apex pointing eastward against
the western boundary of Porter.

The central and eastern portions drain their rain-fall
northward by way of Paupack creek along the Wayne
county line to the Lackawaxen at Hawley, through which
it goes to the Delaware ; the extreme eastern portion reaches
the Delaware through BigBushkill, going southward ; while
the middle-southern portion goes into Brodhead creek and
eventually gets into the same river, just above the Delaware
Water Gap.

The high escarpment of the Pocono plateau extends along
the southern margin of this area, and with the possible ex-
ception of High Knob in Blooming Grove township, it con-
tains the highest land in the county, the general level of
the Pocono plateau along the Monroe-Pike line ranging
from 1900'-1950' A. T.

The township is everywhere sheeted by a vast thickness
of morainic debris^ so that it is only along the principal
valleys of erosion, that the rocks crop out to-day. Enor-
mous bowlders of a very white conglomerate cover the sur-
face along the upper portion of Bridge Brook, being packed
in so closely at one point in a long line around the hillside,
as to closely resemble a cliflf outcrop at a distance. They
are fragments of the Mount Pleasant Conglomerate whose
place is 300'-400' in the air above where the huge bowlders
now lie.

The line of the New York, Susquehanna and Western
R. R. now building (1881) passes across the Pocono plateau
through this township, crossing from Goose pond, at the
Monroe line, to Bridge Brook, and following down that to
the Paupack. The line of the road goes through a great
gap in the Pocono plateau cut down 300' lower than the
general level of that range, since the summit is reached at
only 1681' A. T., (J. W. Schermerhorn, C. E.)

A continuous sheet of Drift fills this old channel, and it
is possible that this immense rift in the Pocono range is due
largely to glacial erosion.

The rocks of the township belong entirely to the CatsJciU
series.

3. GREENE. Gt\ 175

At Ledgedale, the Panpack flows between vertical walls
of very pebbly sandstone 20' high, and only 30' apart, and
from this locality on up the stream its fall is quite rapid,
in striking contrast to its course along Palmyra ; for, in the
17 miles (of meanderings) between Ledgedale and the N. &
S. Pike, the South Branch falls (180()'-1155') 645', while in
the 12 miles from Ledgedale to Wilsonville the fall is only
(115r)'-1140') 15'.

The following section (Fig. 33) of the rocks in the vicinity
of Ledgedale is taken from G', page 206, Fig. 58 :

Ledgedale Section {33).

1. SandBtone, massive pebbly, 20'

2. Concealed, 25'

8. Sandstone, 15'

4. Concealed, IOC

5. Sandstone, gray, pebbly, 25'

6. Concealed, with some outcrops of massive sandstone, . . . 110'

7. Sandstone, dark gray pebbly to level of Paupack, .... 25'

820'

This section is jnst across the Pike line in Salem town-
ship, Wayne county.

The top of No. 1 is grooved with ice scratches going S.
12° W. ; it very possibly represents the Honesdale Upper
sandstone instead of Cherry ridge as stated in G*.

In passing south from Ledgedale toward Mr. S. Simon's,
a great many huge bowlders of calcareous breccia are seen,
blackened on the exposed surfaces. They have doubtless
come from the horizon of the Cherry Ridge limestone.

On the summit of the ridge, near T. Simon's, there is seen
the outcrop of a great pebbly stratum with some calcareous
breccia near its base at 1475' A. T., and there can be little
doubt that it represents the Honesdale Upper sandstone of
Wayne county.

In passing down to the Paupack on the other side of this
ridge, a great many calcareous breccia bowlders, some of
them 8'~10' in diameter, are seen scattered over the surface.

Just north of the forks in the road at T. Smith's, a ledge
of conglomerate is seen with calcareous breccia Vit its base,

176 G". REPOKT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

4'-6' thick, while immediately below the latter is a bed of
red shale of which 40' is exposed, base of breccia 1500'.

Glacial striae are seen along the road i m. S. E. from T.
Smith's going S. 15^ W. at an elevation* of 1650' A. T.

Near the forks of road at A. Distiirs, the outcrop of a
red shale is seen at 1615'-1635' A. T. It probably belongs
in the horizon of the Cherry Ridge Oroup.

Just south of Wynooska, at 1650' A. T. the outcrop of
a dark, pebbly, massive, cliflf rock was observed. Many
bowlders of calcareovs breccia are also seen scattered over
the surface here.

Along the road leading from Wynooska southward, the
surface rises to 1800' A. T. and is covered everywhere with
Drift, there being much coarse sand and gravel in its com-
position. Many bowlders of a whitish conglomerate are
also seen, which have doubtless come from a much higher
horizon.

In decendimg to Bridge Brook along the Canadensis road,
a line of great whitish conglomerate bowlders is seen on
either side of the stream, and 100' above the same. They
are imbedded in the drift deposits at an elevation of 1600'
A. T. and have probably come from the horizon of the ML
Pleasant conglomerate 200'--300' higher.

Two miles north from this near Hanesville the most
elevated summits are covered with the same whitish bowl-
ders, at 1830' A. T. their plane of outcrop would probably
come at about 1900' A. T.

A bed of red shale is seen near Laureldale lake where the
road crosses its outlet, at an elevation of 1700' A. T. It is
much broken by gla/i^ial action and the materials scattered
through the drift.

In the eastern portion of the township, is a cluster of
lakelets among which are lakes, Laura, Ernest, Belle, and
Mud, Elich's and Goose ponds. Elich's pond is the head of
Bridge Brook, a stream which empties into Paupack and
along which the N. Y. & W. R. R. passes. The elevation
of this pond (according to Mr. Schermerhorn of the R. R.

* Half a mile west of Correy viUe.

3. GREENE. Q\ 177

engineers) is 1754' A. T. Goose pond is at the Monroe Pike
line and has an elevation of 1476' A. T. (Schermerhom. )

BaroTnetric Elevations in Greene.

(Above Tide,)

Paupack oreek at Ledgedalo, 1155'

Cross-roads at Green town, just south of last, llftS'

Forks of road near S. Simon's, MOC

Summit of road at T. Simon's, ISOO-

Paupaok (south br.) near I. A. Grant's, 1260'

Forks near S. Hopp's, 1400'

*• ** Mrs. Craft's, 1280*

" T. H. Gilton's, . . 1820*

Level E. Br. Paupaok, at road crossing here, 1320*

Forks at I. Brink's, IggO*

*♦ near J. Burrows', 1558'

" " T. Smith's, 1440*

«* " C. Cramer's, 1640*

" " A. Distill's, 1550*

Level of Meadow run, at crossing near last, 1500^

By-road near J. Carlton's, . . 1580*

Levei of Bridge Brook, at road crossing next east, ISOO'

Forks near J. Rose's, ... 1640

Birch creek, at road crossing near J. O. Blake's, 1670'

Forks one mile S. E. from E. Osmer's, 1780*

Bridge Brook, at road crossing next north, 1565'

Summit of road north of Hanesville, 1830'

East Branch Paupack. at crossing of road at Laureldale, (top of dam,) . 1700*

Stream at road crossing just south of Hanesvilie, . 1730'

Leves Branch creek, at crossing of Stroudsburg turnpike, 1800'

Summit of Pocono plateau on Stroudsburg pike next south, near Monroe-
Pike line, 1900*

The following instrnmentally determined elevations I owe
to the kindness of Mr. J. P. Schermerhorn, one of the en-
gineers on the survey of the route for the N. Y. S. & W. RR.

Instrumental levels in Greene.

{Above Tide.)

Goose Pond, 1476'

Dark Hollow summit, (between Paupack and Brodhead waters,) . . . 1681'

Elich's Pond, 1754'

Crossing of Canadensis road, • . ... 1625'

Level of East Br. Paupack 200 feet above its junction with Bridge Brook, 1387'
South Br. Paupack, at crossing about two miles above Ledgedale, . . . 1226'

12 Q\

178 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 1. C. WHITE.

i. Blooming Orove township.

This township lies directly e^st from Palmyra, and is sep-
arated from Lackawaxen on the north, by the old Milford
and Owega turnpike.

It is an elevated area, forming as it does the common head-
ing ground for all the larger streams of Pike county.

From it, Bushkill goes south, Shohola, east. Blooming
Grove, north, and the tributaries of Paupack west, thus
radiating, like the spokes of a wheel to almost every point
of the compass. In this respect it much resembles Preston
township Wayne county, and like it, too, is a township
famous for the number of its lakelets, for there are no less
than ten of these within its area while half as many more
lie just without its borders.

With the exception of a narrow belt running east and
west through the center of the district, all of it is a wilder-
ness in which deer, bears and other wild animals still find
a retreat.

The Blooming Grove Park Association, a company of
gentlemen from N. Y. city, owns several thousand acres of
this wild land, including all the principal lakes. These they
have stocked with fish. A considerable portion of their
lands is enclosed by a high fence, so that their deer and
other game are protected.

The rocks of Blooming Grove belong entirely to the Cats-
kill series, and to that portion of it between the top of the
Cherry Ridge group and the Delaware river flags.

The Cherry Ridge conglomerate is found only as a coping
to the elevated North Knob and South Knob in the south-
western corner of the township!

The section obtained on the southern slope of the South
Knob is as follows :

4. BLOOMING GROVE. G*. 179

South Knob Section {34).

1. Ctonoealed, (top 2010' A. T.,) 10'

2. Sandstone, gray, ourrent-bedded, 25'

3. Cherry Ridge conglomerate, 66'

4. Sandstone, shaly, 35'

5. Sandstone, pebbly at base, 25'

6. Sandstone, and oonoealed. 70'

7. Bed shale, 20'

8. Sandstone, reddish-gray, 20'

9. Bed shale, . . 10'

10. Concealed, 45'

11. Sandstone, massive, current-bedded, 80'

12. Concealed, . . 60'

13. Red shale^ visible, lO'

415'

South Knob is known as High Knob and is the culmin-
ating point of Pike county. It rises like a pyramid 500'-
600' above all the surrounding country except the other
"Knob" just north of it which is only 100' lower. These
elevated points are in the same range with Pocono mount-
ain to the south west and are in fact the north-eastern rem-
nants of that range left as monuments of the erosion to
which Pocono owes its origin.

From the lofty summit of High Knob, the observer is
well repaid for the toilsome ascent of two miles through
thickets of underbrush, over large piles of rock debris, and
up the faces of almost vertical cliflEs, infested with rattle-
snakes ; for from this elevated position one of the grandest
views in the State spreads out before him.

To the south, the long blue crest of the Kittatinny
stretches away from the Lehigh Water Gap almost to the
Hudson river. To the east, the Catskill mountains of N.
Y., loom up throughout their whole extent like heavy
cumulus clouds low down on the horizon. To the north the
view looks over the Moosic range to North and South knobs
of Susquehanna county, and taking in Ararat and Sugar
Loaf peaks, in Wayne, continues on into N. Y. for at least
100 miles. While to the west the Pocono range stretches
away toward the Lehigh river. The whole of Pike, Monroe,
and Wayne counties lies at one's feet, and in no direction
is the observer's horizon less than 30 miles distant, while in
others the limit is over 100 miles.

180 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

On the very crest of tlie knob lies a large bowlder of white
conglomerate, several feet in diameter, which must have
been transported by the ice, since it is rounded and polished
to some extent, hence the Glacial current flowed over the
summit of this knob.

The Cherry Ridge conglomerate^ No. 3, makes a bold
vertical cliflf 60'-75' high, along the entire southern face of
the knob, so that the ascent can only be accomplished on
the south-west side, where the cliflf breaks down somewhat.
This great cliflf is a conspicuous object from several miles
away, and it is to this immense mass of hard pebbly sand-
stone that the knob owes its preservation from erosion to so
great an altitude above all the surrounding country. The
rock is quite pebbly throughout ; but in the uppermost 30'
it is a mere mass of large quartz pebbles, rounded pieces of
sandstone, and blue sandy shale, all cemented into a matrix
of coarse, greenish-gray sand.

I identify this with the Cherry Ridge conglomerate^ be-
cause of its position above the Cherry Ridge red shaZe^
which was seen a short distance east from the line of this
section, and 350' below the base of the conglomerate.

The Cherry Ridge group^ of Wayne county, expands
very rapidly when followed south from the type locality, so
that here in High Knob, instead of finding it 200' thick, as
in Wayne, the thickness is nearer 500', the sandstone por-
tion being very much increased by the introduction of sev-
eral new elements, as seen in Section 33.

The exposure in this section does not extend quite down
to the Cherry Ridge red shale ; but it is seen well exposed
along the road at the forks, near the eastern end of the high
Knob ; its top comes at 1540' A. T. and nothing but red shale^
and red sandy layers occur down to the level of the little
stream at 1500' A. T. It has there been quarried and used
for filling up the road bed along the Canadensis and Bloom-
ing Grove road.

Just across the creek, below the village of Blooming
Grove, the following succession is seen in descending the
steep hill-side :

4. BLOOMING GROVE. (jc\ 181

Blooming Grove Section {35).

1. Sandstone and oonoealed from top of bill, 5Xy

2. Cherry Ridge red shale, TC

3. Oonoealed, . . IC

4. Sandstone, pebbly, Honesdale S8., .... 35'

5. Concealed to level of Blooming Grove oreek, (1400' A T.,) lO'

175'

The Cheery Ridge red shale has here been quarried quite
extensively for use on the public roads ; it is quite sandy
in some portions and makes an excellent bed for the roads,
preventing both dust and mud when used liberally. Its top
as seen here comes at 1525' A. T. or several feet lower than
the same horizon 2 miles west, on Egypt creek, in Palmyra
township.

The Honesdale Upper sandstone is very probably repre-
sented by No. 4, which is very massive and pebbly, there
being a line of cliflfs wherever its outcrop can be followed.

At the forks of the road, J mile west from Blooming
Grove P. O. the Cherry Ridge red shale is exposed in a
bank near Mrs. Decker s. The road is here 1490' above tide,
and the top of the shale is concealed. It has been dug out,
for use on the roads, to a considerable extent.

The same shale is also seen finely exposed along the road
near Egypt where it is 100' thick with a bed of green sand-
stone 15-20' thick below its center. All around the Bloom-
ing Grove region is a wide marshy surface, plainly due to
the presence of the Cherry Ridge red shale which disinter-
grating easily formed wide valleys with little slope, and
these are now filled with Drift.

Tlie upper portion of Blooming Grove creek has a very
gentle fall, and it is bordered on either side by wide stretches
of marsh land. It is possible that the upper waters of this
stream may cmce have issued through Lake Giles into Sho-
hola creek, since this lake is now separated from Blooming
Grove creek by a bank of Drift only 50' high, while all ap-
pearances lead to the belief that a buried valley leads under
these deposits to the Lake. Otherwise it would be diflicult
to account for the erosion of the basin in which Lake Giles
is now found ; for there extends more than half way around

182 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

its banks an almost vertical escarpment of massive sandstone
rocks extending to nearly 200' above its level ; yet the lake
has no inlet whatever, being fed entirely by subterranean
springs which rise from its bottom.

A red shale is seen outcropping around the southern shore
of Ljike Giles and 25'-3()' above the same.

Along the road which passes south of the lake, a pebbly
sandstone occurs with black looking fi'agments imbedded in
its upper portion. They api)ear to h^ fish remains ; its top
is polished ; ice scratches run S. 32° W. (Magnetic. )

The Park Association club house is built on the bluflf over-
looking Lake Giles at an elevation of 125' above the Lake
or 1500' A. T. Along the new road leading from the Club
House to the Milford and Owega Pike, immense cliffs of
massive pebbly sandstone surround the northern half of
Lake Giles rising one above the other like tiers of seats in
an amphitheatre.

Near Lord' s Valley P. O. a well was once bored to a depth
of 300' in search of oil. Genuine petroleum found float-
ing on the water, in the midst of a large swamp, led to this
enterprise, but it was subsequently learned that the '*oe7
signs ^^ had found their way to the surface not through the
earth, but through the bung of a barrel brought there on pur-
pose to "salt" the land and effect a sale at high figures.
It is safe to state that no oil could be found at Lord's Valley
by any boring however deep.

On the Dingman Turnpike, at the eastern line of the town-
ship, occur ^small bowlders of Oneida conglomeraie trans-
ported there by the ice. Further west they disappear.

Near J. McConnelFs along the Dingman road, there oc-
curs a great cliff of j^ebbly sandstone, at 1270' A. T., look-
ing very much like the Lackawaxen conglomerate which it
doubtless represents.

On the summit of the hill further west, at P. Cochen's,
the Montrose lied shale comes into the i)ike at 1275', and
then the road hitherto rough becomes smooth and the rough
hills give place to broad gentle valleys with splendid
farms. The same red shale is frequently seen along the
Blooming Grove road between Lord' s valley and the Mil-

5. 8II0I10LA. G*. 183

ford and Owega turnpike, and wherever it occurs the fact
is at once evident in the smooth road, free from stones.

Just noith of Mrs. Walsh's Hotel, about one mile, the
high peak south of the township rises to an elevation of
1450' A. T., and is capped by a massive pebbly sandstone
35' thick ; it very probably represents one of the Cherry
Ridge sandstones.

Barometric Elevation in Blooming Orove.

A. T.

Forks of road near Jane Decker's above B. O. P. 0., 1435'

Level of Blooming Grove oreek here, 1425

Road at Blooming Grove P. O., 1420'

Forks near E. Miller's, 1410'

Level of creek here, 1400'

Forks near L. Westbrook's, 1365

Creek here, 1360'

Blooming Grove oreek at M. C. Westbrook's, 1325*

Forks at Blooming Grove Ciub-Hoose road, 1420'

Level of Lake Giles, 1376*

Level of Beaver Lake, 1400'

Cross-roads at Lord's Valley P. O., 1276*

Level of Shohola oreek near D. Batten's, 1225'

Branch of Shohola oreek near J. MoConneU's, 1220'

Next br. east on Dingman road, 1285'

6. ShoJiola township.

This lies north-east from Blooming Grove township,
(which it touches for only a mile at the Milford and Owega
turnpike,) and extends to the Delaware river which meanders
along its north-east boundary for nearly ten miles.

This latter stream therefore drains the entire area, receiv-
ing in this township the tributaries Shohola, Big and Little
Pond creeks.

An insignificant area from the southern portion sends its
waters to the Delaware by way of the Sawkill.

There is very little land under cultivation in this town
shij), and it is a wild rocky region covered with the original
forest of Pinus rigida.

184 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The surface everywhere gives evidence of extreme glacia-
tion, and this has rearranged the water courses to a con-
siderable extent.

Shohola creek does not now empty into the Delaware
wliere it did in pre-glacial times, for then it left the pi-esent
channel about two miles above Shohola, and keeping to the
east entered tlie Delaware about one mile below its present
mouth ; but a great dam of Drift was thrown across its chan-
nel by the ice, which compelled it to make a new cut through
the solid rocks at the '' Glen."

There is also evidence that a large stream once crossed
the Milford and Owega pike, near N. Blackmore- s and keep-
ing eastward, emptied into the Delaware through Little
Pond creek ; for, a wide Drift-filled valley in which no water
now flows crosses the turnpike at this locality, 150' below
the general level, and extends eastward into the valley of
Little Pond creek, as well as southward of the turnpike to
an unknown distance. It may possibly have been connected
with the Rattle Snake branch of Shohola in that direction.

Two very large ponds. Big Brink and Little Brink, the
former covering about about 1,50() acres, owe their origin to
the Drift ; for, great banks of it extend all around them.
Little Brink has neither inlet nor visible outlet, and is 40'
in maximum depth. It is most probably connected with
Big Brink by a subterranean stream through the sandbanks
which sepai-ate them. The Big pond is only 25' deep.

The rocks of the township belong entirely to the CatsJcill
series^ and extend from the Honesdale Sandstone Groufp
down through about 1500' of rocks, since the rise of the
strata to the south-east along the Delaware now becomes
decided, bringing up the Delaware flags, on which the
Erie R. R. runs for its entire extent through this township,
often on a mere shelf cut into them, 75' vertically above
the Delaware, while great cliffs of the same iroymflAigs over-
head to the height of 10O'-20O'.

Near the north-western corner of the township, on the
Delaware, li miles below the village of Lackawaxen, the
following succession was obtained in the steep hill-side.

5. snoHOLA. Q\ 186

Section one and a half miles below LacJcawa^xen (36).

1. Sandstone, gray and oonoealed, W

2. Montrose red shale and red SS,, 70'

3. Sandstone, massive, 20'

4. Ck>no6aIed, 85'

6. Laekawaxen conglomerate, (base, OSC A. T.,) 45'

6. Sandstone, and oonoealed, 40'

7. Sandstone, gray, massiye, 20'

8. Concealed, with many layers of sandstone, 240'

9. Red shale, ... 10'

10. Sandstone, greenish-gray to RR. level, (650' A. T.,) . . . . 20' ,

11. Concealed to level of Delaware river, 65'

615'

The crest of the hill is here capped by the gray coarse
sandstone of No. 1, and it doubtless represents a sandy por-
tion of the Montrose red shale.

The latter makes a broad and almost level bench around
the hill, just below the summit of the Knob, and is of a
deep, blood-red color, the lower portion being rather sandy.

The Laekawaxen conglamerate is quite massive and very
full of quartz pebbles ; makes a very bold cliff outcrop along
the hill, and many huge bowlders from it cover the slopes
below.

Many layers of greenish-gray, current-bedded sandstone
occur in No. 8, and are from 10-20' thick, apparently sepa-
rated by shale.

A short distance further down the*Delaware the following
succession occurs :

Section on Delaware River below Laekawaxen {37).

1. Sandstone, and oonoealed, 50'

2. Montrose red shale, 40'

8. Sandstone, in layers, 3'-10' thick, 30'

4. Laxawaxen conglomerate, (base 1005' A. T.) 55'

5. Sandstone, and oonoealed, 40'

6. Sandstone, massive, whitish, 40'

7. Sandstone, gray, 80'

8. Concealed, 80'

9. Sandstone, 25'

10. Concealed, . . 100

11. Sandstone, gray, flaggy, 15'

12. Concealed, 50'

13. Sandstone, gray, to R. R. level, (650',) 25'

14. Concealed to Delaware river, 65' •

505

186 Q\ KEPOUT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

From this section we learn that the 240' concealed interval
of the previous section consists largely of gi'ayish-green,
current-bedded sandstones.

No. is weathered whitish on the outside, but when
freshly broken is seen to possess a bluish-green color within.

Just at this point a local roll passes across the measures,
and they dip to the S. E. along the RR. track for 75 feet
at an angle of 40°, when they suddenly become horizontal
again, or nearly so ; but as we go south-east, down the river
to\^ard Shohola, they dip gently, and the Lackawaxen con-
glomerate comes down to within 60' of track level in the cut
just above Shohola ; thus showing that the crest of the low
Lackawaxen anticlinal crosses near the locality of the last
section.

Opposite the 109th N. Y. M. P., where the rocks are dip-
ping S. E., the following beds are seen passing below track
level, going down the Delaware :

Section on Erie RR., opposite 109th M. P. {38).

1. Gray, flaggy sandstone, 20*

2. Reddish-gray sandstone, 10'

3. Red shale, 40*

These beds would have come in the 100' concealed inter-
val of the previous section in the reverse order from that
here given.

In descending the high hill to the Delaware, opposite the
Suspension bridge, at Shohola, this succession was obtained :

Shohola Bridge Section {39).

1. Sandstone, gray* S(y

2. Sandstone^ red, 2(y

8. Sandstone, gray, 20'

4. Concealed, SS'

5. Sandstone, 20'

6. Concealed, 15'

7. Flaggy sandstone, 80'

8. Concealed, 20'

9. Sandstone, gray, 15'

10. Concealed, 25'

11. Bed shale, visible, 25'

12. Concealed, 80*

5. SHOiiOLA. G*. 187

18. Sandstone, gra3ri8h-green, 10'

14. Ck>noealed, 65'

15. Sandstone, gray, 10'

16. Concealed, 40'

17. Lachawazen eonglomercUe^ visible, (base 708' A.T.,) . . 25'

18. Sandstone, gray, .... ... 80'

19. Sandstone, flaggy, ... 20'

20. ConoealedtoRR. level, (648' A. T.,) 10'

21. Concealed ti Delaware river, 78'

688'

In comparing this section with the previous one, we see
that the LacJcawaxen congloTtierate has dipped down to the
S. E. 300' in the distance of two miles between these local-
ities, thus showing the anticlinal axis passing across the
Delaware near the former.

No. 7 is one of the flag quarry rocks of the Catskill, and
has been largely operated for flagstone here on the land
of Mr. Chauncey Thomas ; in fact there have been quarries
at nearly every horizon in the section above the base of the
Laxikawojxen congloTtierate. These greenish-gray cliff rocks
look quite massive on their outcrop, but when quarried they
are found to split quite smooth and evenly into layers 2"-
6'' thick, of most any desirable size.

It was from the lower half of this section at Barryville,
in N. Y., just across the river from Shohola that the mon-
ster flag 25'X15'X8'' was quarried for the pavement in front
of Vanderbuilt's new mansion in New York city.

The LacJcawaxen conglomerate makes a very bold out-
crop in the hills and has been quarried to some extent for
building the piers of the suspension bridge connecting Sho-
hola with Barryville. It is a very hard, steel-gray rock,
containing many large, white, and rose-colored quartz peb-
bles. One half mile south from the st-ation it is seen in a
great perpendicular cliff 80' high, the lower 60' of which is
quite pebbly. Its base is there 50' higher than in section
38, showing that the bottom of the syncline is at Shohola
station.

About one mile south from Shohola, the creek of that
name passes through a deep narrow gorge hemmed in by
vertical cliffs of Catskill sandstone. The locality is known

188 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGKESS. I. C. WHITE.

as t?ie Glen and is much visited by excursionists. The
rocky channel is only 40' wide and on the west bank the
cliffs rise almost perpendicularly to a height of 200', the
Lackawaxen conglomerate being seen near the top in a great
pebbly cliff. On the east bank, the rocks rise vertically for
25' and then slope gen tly back from the stream. The ' ' Glen ' '
is several hundred feet long and was doubtless formed by
the stream having been turned out of its former course by
a Glacial dam ; for, one mile above, near Geo. Hess', this
gorge suddenly widens out into a wide level valley from
which an old channel is seen passing one half mile east of
the Glen into the Delaware. This old channel is now choked
up with 250' of Drift, however, and except for the sudden
expansion of the Shohola gorge into a wide valley while in
the same kind of rocks would escape detection.

Glacial striae running S. 10° W. are seen along the road
which leads up the east bank of Shohola just opposite the
Glen at 775' A. T., and 125' above the water in the same.

One mile south from this, however, and at an elevation of
940' A. T. the striae go S. BO^V.

Just below the R. R. crossing of Shohola creek the strata
suddenly dip S. E. at an angle of 25° and the following
section is there exposed in a R. R. cutting :

Shohola Creek Section {40).

1. Sandstone, gray, 40*

2. Concealed, 6'

3. Sandstone, greenish-gray, 85'

4. Shale, red, sandy, 1(K

After No. 4 comes down to track level the rocks again be-
come nearly horizontal, and then the dip is gently reversed
to the N. W.

About one mile and a half below Shohola station, the fol-
lowing section was obtained in descending the steep bluflf to
the Delaware :

Section one and a half miles below Shohola {^1).

1. Lackawaxen conglomeratef yisiblef (base 8d5' A.T.,) ... 46'

2. Concealed, 55'

5. SHOHOLA. Q\ 189

8. Sandstone, flaggy, 80'

4. Ck>noealed, 65'

5. Sandstone, to track level, (645 A. T.,) W

6. Sandstone to level of the Delaware, 80'

876'

The Lackawdxen conglomerate is very pebbly at this lo-
cality, and makes a bold cliflf along the crest of the hill, its
base being nearly 200' higher than at Shohola station.

The R. R. runs here on a narrow shelf cut into the face
of a cliflf of greenish-gray sandstone which rises above the
track perpendicularly to a height of 150'.

As we continue down the Delaware from this point, the
rocks rise continuously to the S. E. and at the 105th N. Y.
mile post 100' more rock have come above track level, thus
^naking the base of the LacJcawdxen conglomerate there,
^b45'+35()'==) 995' A. T.

Here along the RR. we see a very massive bluish-green
sandstone, which has been quarried to a considerable extent
for building stone, the RR. across Shohola creek having
been constructed of it.

Just above Carr's Rock, the massive cliflfs of greenish-
gray Catskill sandstone rise perpendicularly 150'-200' above
the RR., and midway in them a bed of reddish shale is
seen, 3' thick, 60' below which is 5' of red sandstone.

About one half mile below the 203d N. Y. mile post, a
sharp roll crosses the measures, and they suddenly dip S.
10° W. 45°, but only continue so for a few yards, when the
normal rate of 200'-250' per mile N. N. W. is regained,
though for the one mile N. W. from here about 275' of rock
come above track level.

At the 100th N. Y. mile post the horizon of LacJcawaxen
conglomerate would be 1100'-12()0' above the RR. since that
amount of rock comes up on a north-west dip between there
and Shohola, 7 miles above. These beds are nearly all
greenish-gray sandstones in which flag quarries occur at
most every horizon, and constitute what I have elsewhere
teiTOed the Delaware river flags.

At Pond Eddy, near the south-east comer of this town-

190 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ship, the following succession is seen in descending the
steep hillside :

Pond Edd/y Section {^2).

1. Sandstone, hard, gray, 26'

2. Conoealed, SO*

8. Flagstone, W

4. Conoealed, 25'

6. Grayish-green sandstone, flags, 250'

6. Red Bandy shale, (to RR. level 571' A. T.,) 25'

7. Conoealed to Delaware river, 61'

The Delaware flags have been largely operated on here
for flagstones, and a large amount of stone is shipped to N.
Y. and other cities for pavements, side- walks, &c. The
principal quarries come at the horizon of No. 3, but they
also occur at all elevations above the red shale. The pav-
ing stone for the front of the new Vanderbilt mansion in
N. Y. city, 10'X15'X0\ were obtained at this locality.
Beei^s & Co. and Killgore are the principal operators. The
flags are greenish-gray, quite smooth, and of very even
thickness. The layers get thicker, or rather the division
planes disappear, as the rock is quarried into the hill, so
that the quarries are always situated along the prominent
cliff outcrops, where the rock has been exposed to the
weather. The rock contains some micay and the crevices,
when small, are filled with amorphous quartz^ but when an
inch or so apart, the walls on either side are lined with long,
slender quartz crystals.

Just opposite the depot at Pond Eddy, the red bed^ No.
6, comes up, but immediately pitches N. E. under the BR.
to come up again on a reversed dip a short distance below
and opposite the 99th N. Y. mile post, where a sudden roll
brings up another red bed, 10' thick 40' below the one seen
at Pond Eddy. This S. W. roll continues at an angle of
40° dip for about 100', bringing up 40' of greenish-gray sand-
stone, when the dip suddenly flattens and the rocks are
almost horizontal.

In the vicinity of the Brink Ponds, many bowlders of
Oneida conglomerate are seen scattered over the surface in
the general drift ddbris.

5. SHOHOLA. Q\ 191

A cliflf of gray pebbly sandstone is seen skirting the east-
ern edge of Big Brink pond, at 1300' A. T., and is very
possibly the Lackawaxen canglomerate.

In the vicinity of the Walker Ponds, many large bowlders
of very pebbly Catskill sandstone are seen scattered over
the surface, and they appear to come from a bluff at an ele-
vation of 1225' A. T. They most probably represent the
Lackawaxen congloTnerate.

This latter rock is seen in a cliff 70' high along the Shohola
creek valley near Mr. N. Shield's, 2^ miles above Shohola
village, and its base is there 760' A. T. Great bowlders
from it are seen all along the Shohola valley, though its
outcrop is concealed by the heavy covering of Drift.

Where the Milford and O wega pike crosses Shohola creek,
that stream emerges from a wide swampy valley tilled with
Drift, in which the stream has a very gentle flow, and cut-
ting down to the massive Catskill sandstones^ plunges in
four cascades over the cliffs of Shohola Falls, descending
50' vertically in as many yards. Then it passes on for four
miles in a very narrow gorge, bounded on either side by
massive walls of rock.

The elevation of the stream at the head of the Falls is
about 1115' A. T.

One half mile west from this, along the Milford pike, a
great bed of Drift occurs at the roadside, and in it are many
rounded bowlders of Oneida conglomerate.

Barometric Elevations in Shohola.

Above Tide.

Level of water in miU-dam at Shohola Glen, 650*

Delaware river at mouth of Shohola creek, 570'

" " at Pond Eddy, 510'

Forks of road Just south of Shohola, 605'

Forks I m. above, at Lackawaxen road, 820'

Forks of road near Geo. Hess*, 715'

Where road crosses Gulf Svramp brook, 905'

Grassy brook, at road crossing, 915'

Shohola creek there, 905'

Brook at C. Croon's, . 925'

Taylortown creek at crossing near twp. line, 975'

Shohola creek at Milford and Owega pike 1115'

Level of Old Valley, near N. Biaokmore's, 1275'

192 G\ REPOKT OF PROGRESS. 1. C. WHITE.

Summit on M. A O. pike, near J. O. Stidd's, 1475'

Forks of road near (^ mile S. E.) J. O. Stidd»8, 1876'

Level of Red brook, at road crossing, 1350'

Branob of Raymondskill, near C. Oable^s, 1325'

Level of Savantine oreek Br., near Kline's, 1315'

Big Brink pond, 1285'

Little Brink pond, 1286'

Big pond creek, at crossing W. of C. Carey's, 1225'

Stream at road between Great and Little Walker ponds, 1185'

Great Walker pond, 1165'

Little Walker pond, 1200'

Forks of by-road near C. Sweezey's, 1270*

ForksS. of J. Wolfreth's, 810'

Forks at A. C. White's 8. H., 700'

Forks 8. W. of Woodtown school-house, 1285'

6. Westfall Township.

This township adjoins Shohola on tlie S. E. and occupies
the extreme eastern angle of the county and State, formed
by the great elbow which the Delaware river makes in the
vicinity of Port Jei-vis. Thus its area is more than half
surrounded by the Delaware, which, flowing in a sinuous
course south-eastward along its northern boundary, turns
abruptly on encountering the Neveraink Valley, and there-
after flows about S. 65° W. along its southern border, veer-
ing around more than 100°, thus making an acute angle with
its former course.

The Neversink river enters the Delaware from N. Y. just
as the latter stream completes this famous bend, uniting
with it at what is known as Carpenter's Point, a long narrow
ledge of Corniferous limestone^ separating the two streams
by only a few rods for nearly a mile, and then ending at the
junction in a sharp wedge-like i)oint on the extremity of
which is the Tri-State Corner, as it is usually called, or the
separating point of the New York, Pennsylvania, and New
Jersey State lines.

The Delaware river carries off all the rainfall of the town-
ship, receiving from it only small tributaries which rise on
the high bluffs two or three miles back from the same, and

6. wi«:sTFALL. G*. 193

descend with a very rapid fall, or more frequently in high
cascades.

About 3^ miles above Port Jervis the Delaware river
emerges from the cafion of No. IX, in which it flows from
Deposit at the northern line of the State, 90 miles above.
The change in topography at once announces the presence
of a different rock formation ; for in the 30 miles between
Saw MiU Rift and the northern line of Pike county, atNar-
rowsburg, the banks are mere shelves a few rods wide on
either side and frequently nothing except rocky walls which
rise perpendicularly from the bed of the stream to a height
of 6(X)'. Below Saw-mill Rift, however, the stream enters
No. VIII, and then the hitherto narrow gorge expands into
a beautiful valley, nearly a mile in width.

A great bed of Drift trash fills this valley 20'-50' above
the present level of the water, and extends down below its
surface to an unknown depth. It was penetrated 63' below
the river level at Port Jervis without reaching the bed rock.

The section of the rocks in this township owing to the
strong N. W. dip (10^-15°) extends from about 1000' above
the base of IX down to within 500' of the base of VIII ; the
lowest rock being the Comiferous limestone, which comes
up to day along the southern shore of the Delaware at Car-
penter's Point.

The following is the succession that rises to view along
the Delaware river between the western line of the town-
ship, near Pond Eddy, and Carpenter's Point, 10 miles be-
low, in an air line. (See lower portion of Sect.l :)

Oeneral Weslfall Section {iS).

(Above Tide.)

1. Delaware Mage, 400'

2. New Mil/ord red ehale and red rook, 75'

8. iStarrueca ylo^a, (base of IX.) 000*

4. Chemung flaggy eandetone, (indnding Tortage,) . . . . ISSO'

5. Oenessee elate^ 200*

6. Hamilton eafidatonee, 1875'

7. Maroellue ehaUf 800'

8. Oomi/erous limeetone^ 250'

6,550^
13 GV

194 G'. RKPOUT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The Delaware and Starrucca flags are extensively quar-
ried along the Delaware river where they crop out in lofty
cliflfs between Pond Eddy and Saw-Mill Rift.

There are several large quames at a place called Stairway,
operated by Kilgore & Co. Very large and beautiful flag-
ging stone are shipped from this point to New York and
other cities.

The Starrucca fl/igs are seen finely exposed along the
Delaware river, on the N. Y. side, for 2^ miles above the
Erie R. R. bridge, rising almost vertically from the bed of
the D. & H. canal to an elevation of 600', in which nothing
is seen but a continuous succession of grayish-blue and
greenish-gray flaggy sandstones, no red rock whatever oc-
curring.

The Chemung rocks rise from the Delaware about 300
yards above the 92nd N, Y. mile post on the Erie R. R.
This is about \ mile above the Erie R. R. bridge and 4^
from Port Jervis.

^ The line of demarcation between the Chemung and Cats-
kill is quite sharp, there being a total change in the litho-
logical character, the greenish-gray, hard sandstones of the
latter giving place to bluish, shaly beds filled with fossil
shells no traces of which occur in the Catskill above.

These blue, shaly, *ossiliferous layers continue rising
above water level, as we descend the Delaware, at an angle
of 10°-12° until opposite the 90th N. Y. mile post. The
lower half seems to be more sandy than the upper, but aside
from this no distinction can be made out since the Chemung
fossils continue on down through it until the top of the
Hamilton is reached at the 90th mile post. There a dark
sandy slate comes up at an angle of 11°, and in it occur
Spirifer mucrcmatus^ Athyris .^mriferoides and a form
much like Tropicl4)leptus carinatus ; so that there can be no
doubt about its representing the Genesee slate. It is seen
along the N. Y. bank of the Delaware for about \ mile,
when the gi'ay and more sandy rocks of the Hamilton
proper rise from the river, the rapid dip 10°-15® soon carry-
ing them into the summits of the hills. These latter rocks
make the high bluifs of bare rock seen along the northern

6. WESTFALL. Q\ 195

wall of the Delaware valley from Port Jervis to the western
line of the township.

This escarpment of Hamilton rocks facing the Delaware
is almost perpendicular in many places to a height of 600'
or more. The steepness is due to the fact that all the Ham-
ilton beds exhibit cleavage str lecture in a very rude way ;
and as the cleavage planes dip S. E. at an angle of 60° here,
the hills frequently have that slope. Along the foot of these
cliffs, there are gieat piles of talus consisting of small, long,
angular fragments of Hamilton rock, broken up and fallen
away from the cleavage planes by the action of frost. This
is locally called ' ' slate gravel, ' ' and is largely used in the
repair of the roads, being excellent for that purpose, since
it is already broken into fragments small enough to apply
directly to the roads.

The Marcellus beds are not visible along the Delaware in
this township since a wide valley of erosion begins above
Matamoras (opposite Port Jervis) and extending S. W. along
the Delaware, the underlying rocks are everywhere concealed
by the ten^ace deposits, except at a single point, just above
where the Delaware veers around to the S. W. ; there a ledge
of hard, gray Marcellus slate is seen extending across the
Delaware, cleaving at a high angle to the S. E. On beyond
this at the New York shore of the Delaware, the Cornifer'
ous limestone rises from the water at an angle of 20° and
continues along the shore to the extremity of Carpenter's
Point, f mile below. The great masses of cherty material
stand out in rough and jagged nodules from the body of
the limestone which has been largely removed from around
them by solution.

Black slate is said to be visible along the New Jersey
shore of the Delaware, four miles below Matamoras. Mr.
DeWitt informs me that some parties once dug into it with
the expectation of finding coal^ but it represents only the
carbonaceous portion of the Marcellus beds, and of course
could furnish no coal.

The cliffs of Hamilton sandstone which overhang the
Milf ord road in this township, are covered with cactus plants

196 Gt*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

of the species Opuntia Vulgaris, the discovery of which is
due to Dr. Barrett, of Port Jervis.

In these same rocks there also occur several fissures filled
with crystals of quartz, and this fact has led many people
to suspect the presence of valuable minemls ; but the fissures
are too narrow and irregular to waiTant such conclusion.

Some traces of Lead, Zinc and Copper, however, may be
found, bitt never in suflSicient quantities to warrant mining.
Black Oxide of Manganese is also present at times in con-
siderable quantities, but is always so disseminated through
the rocks as to render its mining impossible. An attempt
was once made to search for Manganese on Quick's Mill
run, but nothing came of it.

The CatsJcill rocks come into the summits of the hills 2
to 2i miles back from the Delaware river and along the road
that ascends Quick's run they may be seen near H. M. Sheus-
ton's, forming great cliffs from 1040' up to 1100' A. T.

Barometric Elevations in West/all.

{Above Tide.)

Forks of road near F. A. Rose's, Jr., 465'

" at Old Half-way House, 440^

" at C. L. De Witt's lane, 1160'

" near J. Quick's, 1260'

Level of Delaware at Erie R. R. Bridge, 440*

** at Matamoras, 420'

Milford road through Matamoras, 440'

Delaware at Junction with Neversink, 416'

7. Milfm^d Township.

This township lies directly west from Westfall, and like
it is bordered by the Delaware river on the south. It drains
into the Delaware through Sawkill and Vandemark creeks.

Between the mouths of these streams at Milford there is
a wide and beautiful terrace whose top comes 100-120' above
the level of the Delaware river, and makes the site of Mil-
ford, the county seat. It is a great bed of rehandled mo-
rainic debris and is seen along the river in an almost vertical

7. MILFORD. Gc\ 197

mass 100' high, in which occur bowlders of Oneida conglom-
eiate, Cornifeious limestone^ Hamilton sandstone^ Chemung
and Catskill rocks^ together with much fine sand and gravel.

The Drift mcUerials occur all over the township, and
rounded bowlders of Oneida conglomerate^ l'-2' in diam-
eter, are of common occurrence everywhere.

The Drift has exerted a not inconsiderable influence on
the topogmphy of this area, since a great dam of moraine
thrown across the ancient channel of the Sawkill near Mr.
G. Hamilton's, 2i miles above its mouth, caused it to seek
a new outlet to the Delaware over the cliffs of the Hamilton
sandstone^ and thus resulted in producing the *' Sawkill
falls," where the stream passes over the high escarpment
of the Delaware hills.

In pre-glacial times, the Sawkill waters instead of going
over the present falls, passed by a channel now buried with
Drift, which runs from where the Milford and Owega pike
crosses that stream, south-eastward to the old valley in
which the Milford water- works are situated, and then con-
tinuing along this old valley it received the Raymondskill
near Milford, the combined streiims finally emptying into
the Delaware directly under the present site of that town.

This is known to be true (1) because the "divide" of
Drift which now separates the Sawkill from the old valley
is only 25' high, and (2) because the only water carried in
the old valley comes from two or three springs ; and yet, this
valley is cut down more than 100' below the level of the
top of Sawkill falls through the same series of rocks, while
the bed rock is still concealed by an unknown thickness of
Drift. It is simply impossible that a feeble stream such as
now flows in it, could ever have cut out such a deep wide
valley ; and on the other hand it is equally improbable that
the large volume of water carried by the Sawkill, could
rush over its steep desc^ent for untold ages without cutting
its channel down to a depth at least as great as that of small
streams like Vandemark and Quick creeks, just above.

The rocks of this township extend from several hundred
feet above the Catskill series down to the base of the Ham-

198 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ilton, since the Oorniferous limestone still hugs the south-
em shore of the Delaware as it did in Westfall.

The CatsJiill rocks come into the hills in this township,
about 3 miles N. W. from the Delaware river, and then
cover all the rest of the area, rendering it a rocky, desolate
region with only a few scattering cultivated farms.

In passing up the present channel of the Sawkill from
the Delaware river, (380' A. T.,) there occurs a succession
of cascades. The first one is \ mile above the mouth of the
stream and begins at 410' A. T. The rock is a dark sandy
slate, (Marcellus^) and a dam thrown across its center gives
a fall of 20' for the mills situated just below.

On above this the stream meanders through a dense grove
bounded on either side by steep banks of Drift. This part
of the Sawkill channel is known as the "Glen,'' and it
forms a delightful retreat for the summer boarders who
throng Milford every year. At the head of the Glen, and
directly opposite the main street of Milford, the Sawkill
makes a second plunge of 18' over a dam, and the dark-
bluish, sandy slates of the Marcellus, dipping N. 25° W.
13°. The channel below the dam is a gorge only 30' wide,
with vertical walls of slate, but on above this the channel
widens out into a considerable valley, the ancient course of
the Sawkill.

About one mile above the mouth of the Sawkill, and just
below where the road crosses it, a gray, coarse, and some-
what massive-looking sandy rock comes down, dipping 12°-
14° N. 20° W. Its bedding planes exhibit numerous irregu-
lar layers with curly or twisted structure and it belongs to
the Hamilton proper, since, just above, many bold massive
beds dip under water at an angle of 15° N. 25° W.

One mile and a quarter above the mouth of the Sawkill
the base of the 3rd fall is reached at an elevation of 510' A.
T. or 130' above the Delaware. This is a constant succession
of cascades l'-20' high through a vertical distance of 50' ;
and seen from below, is one of the most fascinating views
on the stream. At the top of this '* Bridal veil" fall, as it
is called, the stream has cut a narrow channel through the
rock 10' deep but only 5' wide at top, so that one can easily

7. MILFORD. Gc\ 199

Step across the channel even when it is mnch swollen. The
rocks, blnish-gray sandy beds, dip N. 20° W. 16°.

About If miles from the Delaware, one comes to the Saw-
kill falls proper, the level of the water in the pool at its
base being 600' A. T.

The structure of this /all is sufficient evidence to any one
that the Sawkill has not always flowed over its walls.

Beginning i mile up the stream from the main falls, we find
the Sawkill flowing between banks of Drift, which it here
cuts through, and rapidly excavates a long narrow cafion
out of the Oeiiesee shale. This trench is 110' deep where
the Palls begin, only about 50' wide at top and 10'-15' at
the bottom.

The first descent is a fall of 20' in two cascades over the
fossil coral bed at the base of the Genesee ; then the stream
spreads out on a broad gently sloping platform of gray
Hamilton rocJc^ to fall into the great abyss below in a ver-
tical plunge of 60'. Leaving the pool at the base of the huge
amphitheatre here excavated, the water passes through a
channel only 2^' wide, with a fall of 15' down into a chasm
only 2'-10' wide but overhung with rocky walls 75' high.

The fossil coral bed at the top of the large fall is a dark-
blue slaty rock filled with corals^ and also msinY fossil
shells.

A short distance (^ m.) above the Sawkill Falls, the Mil-
ford and Owega pike crosses the creek, and following it
north-westward, we find the Catskill cliff rocks coming into
the hills, about one mile from the Sawkill bridge, at an
elevation of 900'-1000' A. T.

A great bed of Drift containing many Oneida bowlders,
and some Lower Helderberg limestone^ is seen near Mr.
Darr's, at an elevation of 940' A'. T.

Just north of the by-road to J. H. Newman's, the out-
crop of a grayish -green Catskill sandstone occurs in the
road, at 1070' A. T., dipping N. 25° W. 12°-15°. The same
bed also makes a line of cliffs along the hills.

One mile further north from here, more Catskill cliff
rocks are seen at the roadside, dipping N. 25° W. 16°, and

200 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

have been quarried for flagstone by J. Stiehler, just south
from the pike.

All along the pike, near Wm. McCarty's, there are large
beds of Drift, in which many small rounded bowlders of
Oneida conglomerate are to be seen.

Some nodules of iron ore are seen in the Marcellus dark
shales^ one mile above Milford, at a cutting along the Port
Jervis road. They come in a nearly continuous layer, 2"-3"
thick ; elevation 620' A. T.

At the upper limit of Milford, Vandemark's creek makes
a series of cascades over the Marcellus beds^ giving tine
water power to the mill below.

Barometric Eler)ations in Milford,

{Above Tide.)

Court house in Milford, (street in fh>nt of, ) 405'

Croes-roads at Crissman House, in Milford, 490'

Bridge across the SawkiU, near its mouth, 410'

Sawkili oreek, at road crossing near D. Weils', 600*

<* *< crossing of Milford and Owega pike, 775'

Milford and Owega pike, at by-road to. J. H. Newman's, 1060'

" " " " Stiehler's quany, 1110'

«• " " Stark's S. H., 1225'

Next fork north, 1210'

»« *• of last, 1250'

Delaware river at Milford,* 880'

8. Dingman township.

This large township lies between the Delaware river on
the sonth-east and Shohola creek on the west, being sep-
arated from Milford and Shohola townships by the Owega
turnpike and Sawkili creek.

The western portion is drained by Shohola creek north-

* Confirmed by transit levels of J. J. Ckx>n's, made on the old Lehigh and
Eastern RR. foirvey.

Foot of SawkiU Falls, 600'

Top 4* u 096*

Milford and Owega pike, at crossing Br. of SawkiU, near L. B. Quick's, lllO*

8. DINGMAN. Gc\ 201

ward into the Delaware, while the central and eastern por-
tions send their waters through Raymondskill southward
to the same river.

In the extreme south-western comer a small area drains
into Big Bushkill.

The cultivated land of all this area is in two quite narrow
strips : one, a narrow shelf along the Delaware bottoms under
the Hamilton, cliff's ; the other, a belt of Hamilton and
Chemwng about one mile wide west from the HaviiUon sand-
stone cliffs. The rest of the township is in the condition
of the original wilderness, covered with a forest of Pinus
rigida^ and Abies Canaxlensis^ in which bears, deer, and
other wild animals still live.

The effects of the Glacial moraine in changing the course
of streams is also plainly marked in this township ; for the
evidence proving that the Raymondskill once emptied into
the Sawkill above Milford is complete.

The Raymondskill creek now empties into the Delaware
three miles below Milford ; but in pre-glacial times, it left
its present channel, about 2^ miles west from the Delaware
and going north-eastward, descended the present valley of
Mott's run, uniting with the ancient Sawkill somewhere
under the present site of Milford. That the Raymondskill
once took this course is certain, because an old drift-buried
valley leads across from the Raymondskill near J. Brink's
to the Sawkill at Milford ; and at no point does it rise higher
than 20' above the bed of the Raymondskill at Brink's.
The character of the present Raymondskill channel below
Brink's, is also proof of its recent origin, for it descends
about 450' in two miles, being a constant succession of rapids
and falls with one grand leap (at Raymondskill Falls) of
125'.

The rocks outcropping in Dingman, are the same as those
in Milford. The Cornifeious limestone still hugs the New
Jersey shore of the Delaware, whose valley is excavated
from the Marcellus shales^ while the Hamilton still forms
a ridge of vertical cliffs overlooking the Delaware river
and 500'-600' high. Then come the Chemung rocks whose
northern outcrop is about 3 miles from the river. Here the

202 G". KKPOKT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Catskill sandstones begin and cover all the rest of the town-
sliip with their cliffs and huge piles of debris. We thus
get tliree ridges facing the Delaware, viz : the Hamilton S8.
ridge ; the Chemung ridge ; and the Catskill^ the latter of
course leading up on to the general Catskill plateau.

In ascending the Raymondskill from its mouth to the foot
of the Raymondskill Falls, one mile above, the ascent of
the stream is only 100' above the Delaware. The stream,
however, has cut a deep, narrow cafion out of the soft Mar-
cellus slate all the way from the foot of the Falls until its
channel debouches into the Delaware valley.

The Raymondskill Falls is a spot of surpassing scenic
beauty. The stream has there cut a deep narrow gorge
through the Hamilton ridge^ and at the bottom of this it
descends through a vertical distance of 125' in two succes-
sive leaps, excavating a beautiful glen, overhung with ver-
tical walls of pine clad rock 200' high, into whose depths the
sun never shines. The upper is known as ''High Falls,"
and the lower as *' Bridal Veil." The water first makes a
plunge of 80' over the High Falls into a deep pool, and
passing out of this in a narrow channel worn into the rock,
descends 45' vertically over the ''Bridal Veil."

The bed rock is a hard bluish-gmy Hamilton sandstone^
and dips N. 25° W. 15°-17°. Owing to its delicious cool-
ness in the hottest weather, this localitv is a favorite resort
of pleasure parties, and many thousands visit it during the
heated term.

From the top of the Raymondskill Falls up to where the
road crosses it, the descent of the stream is quite rapid, and
cascades are frequent, the elevation at the bridge being 675'
A. T., — a fall of 310' in the one mile and a quarter from
this point to the Delaware.

Continuing on up the Raymondskill, we come to a great
bed of Drift near Lareaux's School-House, which fills a
buried water-way extending north-eastward from the valley.
Here the dark shales of the Oenesee are reached, and a short
distance above where the road up the creek crosses the
Raymondskill, they sink below water-level, the Chemung
coming in as surface rock. Very little of the latter is

8. DINGMAN. G'. 203

seen in place, however, since the Drift d^ris covers up
eveiy thing for two or three miles along this portion of the
stream. Even the Catskill rocks are not seen in situ until
we reach Mr. Galloway's, five miles above the mouth of
the Raymondskill ; but the base of this series must come
down to water level, at least one mile below there. Just
opposite Mr. Galloway's, on the north bank of the creek,
the following succession was observed in a ravine.

Oalloway^ s Section (4-4).

1. Sandstone, KK

^. Gonoealed, 6'

8. Sandstone, grayish-green, (to 920' A. T.,) 25'

4. Ck>noealed to level of Ra3rmond8kill, 20'

60'

Botli Nos. 1 and 3 are hard, greenish, current-bedded sand-
stones peculiar to the Catskill series ; and the latter forms
a bold cliff, over which the little stream makes a vertical
plunge of several feet. The dip is here about 15° N. 25° W.

Much Drift is seen in this vicinity, and in it many rounded
and polished bowlders of the Oneida conglomerate.

Leaving the Raymondskill liere, and passing over the hills
to G. Geyer's, no Oneida bowlders were seen along the road ;
but from Mr. Geyer's on north to the Owega pike they are
quite abundant, a very white one, 3' in diameter, being seen
just south of Geyer's.

Sawkill Pond^ just south of the Owega pike, is an oblong
body of water 15-20' deep, and occupies an old Drift-filled
valley. The Pike county map represents it as having no
outlet, but this is wrong, as it empties by a small stream
into Sawkill creek.

Great heaps of Drift occur all along the Owega pike, from
Sawkill pond to Shohola creek, and in them occasional
Oneida bowlders^ even on the highest summits, a few having
been seen at 1475' above tide, near J. O. Stidd's.

The Dingman turnpike runs N. W. & S. E. across the
south-western corner of this township for about five miles.
The elevation varies between 1225' and 1375' A. T., but every-
thing is covered up with Drift except occasional cliffs of

204 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Catskill sandstone. The Oneida bowlders are seen spar-
ingly all along this pike in Dingman.

The Log Tavern Ponds are situated at the source of the
Raymondskill, near the center of the township. The Big
Pond is li miles long, with an average width of i mile,
and depth of 20-30'. It is separated by the Little Pond
by a long narrow ridge about 150' high, and from the sum-
mit of which both ponds are visible. The latter has a max-
imum depth of 85', according to the statement of Robert
Drake, who has sounded it. The Big Log Tavern Pond has
an elevation of 1270' A. T., and the little one is a few feet
lower.

The Big Pond occupies a portion of an old Drift-filled
valley which extends northward from it toward the Owega
turnpike, and it is possible that the Frenchtown branch
of Raymondskill which crosses the Owega pike at 1325' A.
T. and now veera oflf one mile east from the Big Pond may
once have passed through this old valley. Many.Drif t heaps
are seen in the vicinity of the Log Tavern ponds and south-
west from them, in which small bowlders of Oneida con-
glomerale occur.

On the Chucktown road, leading down the south bank of
the Raymondskill, the Catskill cliff rocks are frequently
exposed, and at Mrs. D. M. Case's the base of the Catskill
is reached, three miles from the Delaware river. A large
cliff of grayish-green current-bedded sandstone is there seen
at 1025' A. T., and a few feet below it the bluish-gray fos-
siliferous shales and sandstones of the Chemung make their
appearance, extending on south to near the State road,
where the toj) of the Ilamilion begins in the dark blue
Oenesee slate, seen just north of J. McCarty's, dipping N.
20° W. 15°.

Just south of the cross roads at Loreaux's School-House,
Hamilton rocks, are seen along the State road planed smooth
by glacial action, conformably with the dip which is there
13° N. 25° W. The striae go S. 40° W. at an elevation of
900' A. T.

Taking the road which leads S. E. from the Owega Pike

8. DINOMAN. Gc\ 205

at Stark's School-House, we soon come to a great cliflf of
Catskill sandstone extending around the hills at 1185' A.
T., and on its surface see glacial striae trending S. 65° W.
Just south of the cemetary, near W. Bauin's, a cliff of
Catskill grayish-green sandstone, occurs at 1170' A. T., dip-
ping N. 30° W. 10°.

T?te Hamilton sandstone makes a line of cliffs along the
Delaware in this township, just like those in Milford, only
they are higher and more precipitous. One of these, called
Utter's peak, one mile below Milford, rises to about 800'
above the Delaware, and from its summit the river valley
is visible for a distance of 30 miles.

BaroTnetric Elevations in I>ingman.

{Above Tide.)

Forks of road near H. S. Mott's, 675'

Bend in road at T. Bowhanon's tannery, 780'

Forks at W. Grari's, 7W

Next fork S. W. from last, SIC

** ** highest point in old vaUey leading from the

RayniondskiU to SawkiU creek, SSO'

Level of RaymondsklU at road crossing next north-west, (^ mile,) SIO'

Cross roads near Loreaox's school-house, 85(K

RaymondskiUJust west from last, SSO'

** at GaUoway's, two miles above, 900'

Forks of road at G^aUoway*s saw-mlU, 925'

«« at J. Freadrloh's, 1275'

" at Q. Geyer's, 1250'

" at next north, . . 1240'

Level of Frenohtown branch of RaymondsklU at Groesing S. W. from G.

Geyer»s, 1240'

Big Log Tavern pond, 1270'

Little Log Tavern pond, 1260'

Level of Big Log T. outlet at road orocBing, 1225'

Forks of road near R. Drake*s, 1240'

Forks at Dingman pike next S. W., 1250'

Dingman pike at A. P. Gerike's, I860'

Levei of Rattlesnake creek next worth, 1800'

Level of Dingman pike at Bear creek, near J. Picot's, 1245'

Level of RaymondsklU west from M. Gaget's, 1075'

Summit of Chnoktown road, one mile south of last, 1200*

Forks at by-road to J. Comweirs, 1075'

to J. Kilsby's. 950

Forks at by-road to M. Chatmon's, 910'

" near J. McCarty's, 880'

*' next S. W. of last, 896'

206 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITK

Forks at J. Kilaby's, • • WC

" near H. Van Etten's, 970'

Level of Raymondskill at the road orossing above the &lls, 675'

Level of Ra3rmondskill at top of the falls, 595'

'* " at foot •• 470'

Raymondskill at crossing of Millford road, 400'

Forks just above, 410'

" of road near W. Baum*s, 1065'

•« " near C. A E. Quinn's, 850'

Sawklll pond, 1176'

Level of Sawklll pond outlet at W. Newman's, 1125

9. Delaware township.

This township lies directly south from Dingman, and its
eastern line borders the Delaware river for about eight miles.

It is drained directly into the Delaware, principally
through Adams, Dingman and Hornbeck's creeks, though the
extreme western comer is drained by Little Bushkill to the
same river through Lehman township. All of these streams
pass over the Hamilton sandstones with great cascades, and
although their ancient courses are not so clearly marked out
as those of Sawkill and Raymondskill, yet there is little
doubt that the present channels, at least from above the
falls, date from the close of the Olacial Epoch.

The rocks of this township are exactly the same as those
in Dingman, the Corniferous limestone being the lowest
stratum, still occupying the New Jersey shore of the Dela-
ware, while westward come in succession the Hamilton^
Chemung and CatskiU the latter extending to the western
line.

The Hamilton sandstone still forms a line of cliflfs along
the Delaware, while west of it come in proper succession the
CJiemung and CatskiU ridges.

In passing up Dingman' s creek from the Delaware river
one enters a narrow valley cut down through the Marcellus
shales. The bed of the stream rises gradually until the High
Falls is encountered 2 miles from the river, where the ele-
vation is 515' A. T. Here Dingman' s creek descends 130'

9. DELAWAKB. Gc\ 207

in a very short horizontal distance, the lower portion being
a nearly vertical plnnge of 100\ The top of the Falls has
an elevation of 645' A. T. and there the hard bluish gray
Hamilton sandstone dips N. 30^ W. 12°. Two cascades of
10' and 20' each lead down to the top of the main falls, at
whose base the rock dips N. 25° W. 10° and the joints run
N. 60° E.

Just above the crossing of the old State road is the Deer
Lick FallSy where the stream takes a plunge of 40' over a
cliflf of Chemung saitdstoiie whose top is 750' A. T.

On above this f m. and, just below Fulmerville the Ful-
mer Falls of Dingman' s creek occur near the old woolen-
mill. The stream descends in a cataract from 890' A. T. to
850', and then leaps from a narrow platform of sandstone
through dark shaly rocks perpendicularly to 800' A. T.

Chemung fossils occur in the dark shales but none are
seen in the more massive bluish-gray sand rocks above/ so
that this is near the limit of the Chemung ; for on above
the upper falls 50', there is seen the base of a massive gray-
ish-green current bedded sandstone which is in the Catskill;
it makes a cliff along the hills.

Many Oneida bowlders^ all rounded, occur in the vicinity
of Fulmervilk.

Much drift debris is seen on up the valley to its source in
Silver LaJce^ which is surrounded by low banks of drift
gravel ; elevation of Silver lake 1270' A. T. ; reported depth
100'. The lake has no inlet being fed by springs which rise
from its bottom.

The State road runs along on a glaciated surface of rock
near the dividing line between the Oen^see and Chemung.
The striae go S. 30°-40° W. and the rock is always smoothed
off conformably with the bedding planes, which dip 10°-15°
toward the north-west.

On the Dingman road i mile north from Albright's comers,
glacial striae are seen on the Catskill sandstone going S.
26° W. at an elevation of 1060' A. T. The rock is planed
off smooth and furrowed with parallel grooves i"-i" deep,
and i"-l" broad.

208 G*. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Where the State road crosses Adams' creek, several cas-
cades are seen l'-5' high, at an elevation of 910' A. T. and
in descending to the Delaware, its course is frequently in-
terrupted by falls 10-20' high, while passing through the
Hamilton sandstone.

In the vicinity of Dingman's, there is a broad terrqice
running back a half mile from the Delaware, and extending
to 40' above the same. Along the Bushkill road this terrace
has been much eroded by some stream in the past, probably
Dingman's creek, which may once have emptied into the
liver a mile or so below its present mouth. The wide valley
through the terrace deposit, may however have been made
by the Delaware itself during periods of floods when over-
flowing its banks an arm of the same extended west from
the teiTace deposit.

The Corniferous limestone is seen at Dingman's Ferry be-
low the village extending along the New Jersey shore of the
Delaware and dipping N, 25° W. 2(f.

Barometric Elevations in Delaware.

{Above Tide.)

Forksof road near Gonashaugh Or., 445'

Level of Conashaugh at crossing of road, 425'

Forks of road near Mrs. Van Gordon's, 400'

Adam's creek at road crossing near its mouth, 380'

HQtel in Dingman village, (road,) 405'

Level of Dingman's creek at road crossing, 8S5'

Cross-roads Just south of creek, 400'

Forks of road at J. J. Case's, 890'

Levels of Delaware at Dingman*s Ferry, . 850'

<* little stream at road near A. S. Dingman's, 870'

** run at road near M. V. C. Shoemaker's, 485'

** Hombeck's creek at road crossing, 870'

Forlcs of road near G. Broadhead's, 820'

Hombeck's creek Just opposite, 815'

Forks on opposite side of creek, 840'

Level of little stream N. E. of L. P. Van Gorden's, 825'

Forks next east, . . 870*

** near Mrs. J. A^ngle's, 800'

Cross-roads near D. Burrell's, (State road,) 980'

Adam's creek at crossing next south, 910'

Forksnorthof A. Smith's, 895'

Cross-roads at Albright's Corners, 910'

Forks of road at Mrs. S. Fuller's, (above Dingman,) 455'

10. PORTER. G*. 209

Creek just opposite, 440^

Forks near F. Elenwein's, 600*

•' J. W. Kilsby's, TIS*

Stream here, . . 70(K

Forks near P. Rea8er*8, 786'

»• north of S. Rozenoranz's, 880*

»* next north, . . 860*

State road at 8. Cole's cross-roads, 866'

Dingtnan's creek at crossing of State road, 710'

Forks of road near Fulinerville, 946*

Dingtnan's creek at road crossing above Fuimerville, 1000*

»* next " ♦* 1020*

Nichecronk creek at road crossing near mouth, ... 1050*

Forksof road Just above, 1066'

Level of Digman's cr., at mouth of little stream, } m. above last, 1120*

Dingman's creek at E. Sheperd's dam, . 1146'

" •• crossing near G. Jolly's, IIOO*

•• " ♦* below Silver lake, 1260'

Silver lake, 1266'

Forks near J . Shepherd's, I860'

10, Porter township.

This township lies west from Delaware, having Dingman
and Blooming Grove on its northern boundary, with Monroe
conntv at the west and south.

It is drained by the several branches of Bushkill, (Big,
Little, and Middle or Saw creek) southward into the Dela<-
ware at the extreme south-western corner of the county.

It is a wild, barren region, covered for the most part with
its original forests. The nature of the country is suflSciently
indicated from the number of persons living in the area in
1870, which was only 102, although the township is the third
in size within the county.

Its geoloojy is a suflBcient reason for this lack of cultiva-
tion ; for the great cliflf rocks of the OatsTcill make up the
underlying strata, at every point of its surface, which is so
littered up with their debris as to render farming impossible
except in favored localities.

The lowest rock exposed in this township is the New Mil-
ford red shale, or t\i^ first red bed which occurs above the
14 G*.

210 Gc\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

base of the Catskill series, while the highest extend up to
the level of the Cherry Ridge red shale at the extreme
north-western comer of the area.

Tlie New Milford red shale is seen along the Factory
road at the township line, just west from Silver Lake, and
is of a brick red color, several feet thick (20' being seen)
quite sandy ; many rounded bowlders of it occur in the
Drift.

Just west from where the Factory road crosses the inlet to
Porter's lake, glacial striae are seen on a hard gi'eenish-
gray sandstone, trending S. 25° W. at an elevation of 1335'
A. T. Much drift is heaped up over the surface in the
vicinity of Porter's Lake, but only one Oneida bowlder (the
only one seen in the township) was observed. It is 2' in
diameter and lies at the roadside on the south-west shore
of the lake.

Fortefs lake contains 650 acres of surface, with an
average depth of 15', the bottom being covered with dark-
green carbonaceous ooze, which doubtless extends to a great
depth. The elevation is 1300' A. T., and it empties into Big
BushkiU.

Just north from Rocky Hill creek, a massive greenish-
gray Catskill sandstone makes a vertical cliff 20' high around
the hills at 1310' A. T., and just north from it some red sand-
stone and shale occur in the road at 1335' A. T.

On the east bank of Big Bushkill, near Peck's sawmill,
the Catskill sandstones are seen forming a succession of
vertical cliffs 15'-25' in height, for 150' above the level of
the creek. They most probably belong in the Honesdale
group.

Along the road which leads from Porter's lake to Bush-
kill village, a long cliff of gray sandstone is seen just north
from Middle Bushkill, at 1360' A. T. Also, just south of
this stream, and 20' above it, there is another cliflf rock at
1270' A. T.

Barometric Elevations in Porter.

{Above Tide,)

Level of Little Bushkill at F. Meroer's saw-miJl, 1240^

Middle Bushkill, near its head, at oroeaing of Factory road, 1815'

Crossing of inlet to Porter's lake, 1386'

11. LEHMAN. G*. 211

Porter's lake, ISOO*

Forks of road just west, 1306'

Rocky Hill oreek, at crossing next west, 1280'

Grossing of Bushklll, near Peck's saw-mill, ISIO'

Forks of road, near H. A. Rheinhart's hotel, 1805'

" *♦ one mile S. E. of last, 1400

Level of Middle Boshkill, (Saw creek,) on Bushkill road, 1250'

Level of Mod pond, • 1280*

Forks of road next south, 1320'

Crossing of Whitmore's Br. of Saw creek, 1260'

*» Ladleeron, 1210'

11. Lehman Township.

This township adjoins Delaware on the S. E., and extends
along the Delaware river to the Monroe county line, at the
mouth of BigBushkill, thus forming the extreme southern
comer of Pike.

The drainage is all south-eastward into the Delaware,
principally through Middle Bushkill (Saw creek,) Little
Bushkill, Tom's, and Mill creeks.

The section of the rocks in this township is exactly the
same as that exhibited in all those bordering the Delaware
river between Bushkill and Matamoras.

The topographical features are, consequently, the same
as tnose of the townships lying north, the same steep high
ridge of Hamilton sandstone overlooks the Delaware, while
back from it come in succession the Chemung and CaiskiU
ridges^ separated from ea<5h other by erosion valleys in the
softer rocks at the top of the Hamilton and Chemung.

A large portion of this area is deeply buried by Drift,
and ice scratches are numerous, generally running S. 25°-
30° W.

A well was dug 20' through the Drift, near the western
line of the township, on the land of Mr. Laughlin, without
reaching bed-rock. The elevation is 1300' A. T., and the
material passed through was principally sand, with an ad-
mixture of clay, gravel, and bowlders, mostly rounded.

Glacial striae going S. 25° W. occur on a hard CatskiU
sand^stone, at the roadside, on the land of Mr. J. Acker,
elevation 1160' A. T.

212 G\ REPOBT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Just south of Acker's a cliff of Calskill sandstone is seen
at 1155' A. T., and on below it several others, a very massive
one occurring at 1115' A. T.

Chemung sandstones are seen in the bed of Little Bush-
kill, where the Pine ridge road crosses that stream near R.
M. Cook's; they dip N. 20° W. 14°; are quite hard and

flaggy.

Further up the stream nothing is seen along the bed of
the creek except Drift, which also covers the hillsides with
a deep coating of trash.

The BushkiU Falls begin about f mile below the road
crossing at R. M. Cook's. The stream (Little BushkiU)
cuts a deep narrow channel through the Genesee dark slate^
falling 50' in a series of gentle rapids, until the creek cuts
down to the Hamilton sandstone^ when it descends 76' ver-
tically into a deep pool with a large amphitheater excavated
all around it ; then, passing out through a narrow channel,
the water descends in another vertical plunge of 50' through
a very narrow chasm to the deep, dark, and narrow caflon
below.

This is probably the most attractive '' Falls " in the county
on account of its wildness and grandeur, as well as for the
refreshing coolness always to be found in its shadowy
depths. It is much visited by pic-nic and pleasure par-
ties during the hot season. The top of the 75' fall has an
elevation of 700' A. T.

It is very probable that the Little BushkiU once emptied
into Middle BushkiU through some old channelnovr choked
up with Drift since the lower portion of its course is evi-
dently of comparatively recent origin.

North-west from the Falls, about 2 miles, is an old valley
extending through to Middle BushkiU in which we now
find a chain of several ponds^ whose outlet is into Little
BushkiU just below the Falls. A fall of considerable height
also occurs at the outlet of these lakelets called Pond Run
Falls.

Olacial strice goin^ S. 30° W. are seen on the hard Ham
ilton sandstone^ i mile below Mr. H. Westbrook's at an

11. LEHMAN. G\ 213

elevation of 600' A. T. ITie rocks dip N. 25° W. 17° and
they are planed oflf smooth conformably with the dip.

The Big Bushkill cuts through the hard Ilainilton sand-
stone along the south-eastern line of the township without
making any ''falls" while Saw creek (Middle Bushkill) al-
though it carries less water than Little Bushkill, has a fall
of only 15' in cutting through the Hamilton.

At the Middle Bushkill Falls, 1^ miles above where the
stream empties into Big Bushkill, the following section is
exposed :

Middle Bushkill Falls Section (45).

1. Oenesee slate^ .... W

2. Sandstone, dark, l^ard, (falls,) 15'

3. Fossil coral bed, 80'

4. Hamilton sandstone seen in olifllb for 1 mile S. E. dip IOO-I50.

The Genesee No. 1 is here a dark sandy slate and is finely
exposed along the bed of M. Bushkill. I could not get to
the top of it owing to the deep gorge cut in it by the stream.

No. 2, is the lowennost portion of the Genesee^ the rock
over which the stream makes a fall of 15' in a sloping cas-
cade. The rock is quite sandy, hence its hardness.

No. 3 marks the dividing line between the Genesee and
the Hamilton proper. The whole 30' is one mass of corals
penetrating in every direction the dark bluish matrix.
Many of the corals have been dissolved and leave the
surface of the enclosing rock honey- combed and pitted in
every manner conceivable. The species are very numerous
and the individuals simply countless. Tliis stratum doubt-
less marks the horizon of the Tally limestone of N. Y.

Under it come the gray coarser beds of the Hamilton sand-
stone series dipping N. 25° W. 10° and making great cliffs
along the stream south-easttvard for more than a mile.

The Marcellus shales^ dark-blue in color, are seen along
the Delaware river road about two miles above Bushkill vil-
lage.

Near the head of Schoonover's run, that stream makes
a considerable cascade on the upper portion of the Hamil-
ton sandstone.

214 Gr*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The daxk, slaty, Genesee rocks^ dipping N. 30° W. 18°
are seen along the road leading from W. Dickson's at the
head of Schoonover's run, to Tom's creek.

On the old Ridgeway road, the Caiskill rocks come into
the hills at 1000' A. T. near Mi-s. Skyler's, where much
debris from the Catskill cliffs is scattered over the surface.

Glacial striae are seen on Mill creek just opposite Mr. S.
Fowler's, going S. 40° W., the dip of the Hamilton rocks
being here N. 45° W. 16°.

The old State roads runs on a sheK of Hamilton sand-
stone between the forks of road near George William's, and
the northern line of the township at J. Elenwein's. This
solid rock road-bed is often grooved by glacial action, the
striae running S. 30°-40° W.

Barometric Elevations in Lehman.

(Above Tide.)

RafiTerty's mn at orossing of River road, 880'

Forks of road at Brisoo's hotel on River road, S70'

Level of Mill creek there, 860'

Forks of road at C. Swartout*8, . . 99Qf

Crocidiiig of Swartout's run on River road, 875'

Forks of road at Egypt Mills P. O., 880'

Level of Tom*s creek at orossing there, 865'

Crossing of small stream near Bonnioal pond, 855

Schoonover's run at crossing of River road, 850'

Bridge across Big Bushkill, 860'

Greek there, 850'

Forks of road near H. Westbrook's, 780*

Top of High Falls on Little Bushkill, 700*

Little Bushkill at road crossing near R. W. Cook's, 860'

Base of Middle Bushkill Falls, 450'

Schoonover's run at first crossing of road above its mouth, 860'

** " second " « " 450*

" " third " " " 485'

Forks of poad near W. Dickson's, 780'

** opposite sixth crossing, 745'

" near J. Bensley's, 700'

" near H. Stewart's, 660

«• near F. Everett's, on Tom's creek, 750*

Cross roads near P. Pierce's, 880*

Forksjusteastof George William's, 900'

Forks near F. Hombeck's, 850*

fourth " " «« 640'

fifth « " " 605'

sixth " " " 715'

seventh «• «« " 765'

Chapter VIII.
Township geology of Monroe.

12, Middle SmitTifield.

This township borders the Delaware river on the south,
and Pike county on the east, so that it adjoins Porter and
Lehman of that county, which have just been described.

The rainfall is carried into the Delaware river eventually,
though it gets there by quite diverse routes. Big Bushkill
flows south-east along the eastern line of the township, and
drains tliat area directly into the Delaware at Walpack
bend. The western and central portions are drained by
Marshall and Pond creeks south-westward through Smith-
field into Brodhead creek, a short distance above where
that stream empties into the Delaware, above the Watar
Gap. Shawnee creek carries the water from the south-east-
ern portion to the same river through Smithfield township.

At the eastern extremity of this area, the Delaware river
suddenly veers out of the course (S. 65° W.) that it holds in
the 26 miles along Pike county, and first flows south 50
rods ; then north-east (nearly parallel in a reverse direction
to its Pike county course) for 200 rods ; then south 50 rods ;
when it again veers around to S. 65® W., which direction it
maintains all along this township. The double ox-bow bend
thus made is called the Walpack Bend, and tlie curious
shape is explained by the geological structure.

In Pike county the river flows in a valley excavated
out of the Mar cell-as shale, while the Corni/erovs limestone
borders its southern (New Jersey) shore, and just beyond,
the underlying Caf/da-galll grit forms a conspicuous ridge,
separated from the Shawangunk (Blue) mountain by the
valley of VI and V in which Flat Brook flows for 20 miles

( 216 G«. )

216 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

in New Jersey parallel to the Delaware river, and often not
more than one mile away from it. At the Monroe county
line the Delaware, having found a low place in the Cavda-
galll ridge^ leaves the Hamilton shale rocks and cuts across
to the valley of Flat Brook, which it reaches at Decker's
Ferry, and flows across it to the Medina sandstone. Here,
forced westward along the strike (S. 65° W.) it continues to
wash the steeply dipping Medina layers until it starts south-
ward, through the same, to enter the Water Gap.

It is possible that in ancient times the Delaware may have
continued on down the Marcellus valley ; for there is an old
buried channel that continues on through this township,
and Smithfield, in a direct line with the Delaware in Pike
county, and is always bordered on the south by the Cor-
niferous limestone and the Oauda-galli hills. But as stated
elsewhere * the probability is that it owes its origin to other
causes. The Big Bushkill strikes this old valley at Shoe--
maker's mill, where, being met by Willow creek, it turns
abruptly eastward and follows it down to the Delaware at
the point where the latter stream leaves it.

Drift occupies this old valley throughout its entire course,
and is of unknown depth. Near its center in this township,
are two lakelets, called Coolbaugh and Echo ponds.

Echo Pond is at the head of Willow creek, from whose
waters it is separated by a high ridge of Drift, though the
maps wrongly exhibit it as emptying into the latter stream.
It has in fact no visible outlet anywhere, except in very
rainy weather, when it ovei*flows the low swampy ground
connecting it with Coolbaugh pond. It is fed by springs
which have their source in the Drift covered regions around,
come up under its surface, and usually find an exit for the
surplus waters by a subterranean channel through the Drift
into Coolbaugh pond, and thence into Pond creek, a stag-
nant, sluggish stream which occupies the lowest portion of
this old valley south-westward from the ponds. The sur-
face of Echo lake is 500' A. T., and its maximum depth 35' ;
and as this is the highest point in the old valley between
Bushkill and Stroudsburg, we know that it is cut down to

*8ee summary, page 54.

12. MIDDLE SMITHFIELD. G\ 217

at least 400' A. T. ; for the valley is so wide here that the
Drift trash under the bottom of the lake could not well be
less than 65' deep. It is more probably 150'.

Coolbaugh pond has about the same elevation (500' A. T. )
as Echo lake, the difference being inappreciable with the
aneroid.

Hitherto our section of the rocks along the Delaware, has
extended only to the Coriijferous limestone ; but, owing to
the southward cut of the Delaware previously referred to
at Walpack Bend, a large addition is made to this lower
end of the column in this township, the same being extended
from the Corniferous limestone down through the rest of
VIII, VII, VI, and V, to the Medina sandstone (No. IV,)
along the southern shore of the Delaware, which now flows
in the soft Clintpn red shale between the Medina SS. and
No. VI, instead of the soft Marcellus shale which it had
previously occupied between Port Jervis and Bushkill.

Hence the topography of this township, and others
bordering the Delaware in Monroe county, is much more
complex than that of those similarly situated in Pike ; there
being an addition of several ridges and intervening valleys,
to which appropriate reference will be made under the de-
scription of the rock formations of the township.

The section of the strata exposed in this area extends from
the lower portion of the CatsJcill down to the top of the
Medina sandstone^ at the southern shore of the Delaware.
The channel of the river is excavated for the most part, out
of the soft red rocks of No. V, and consequently the beds
of this series are not well exposed, since at one locality only
do we obtain a view of any portion of the red beds. This
occurs at the upper end of Poxono Island, where the Dela-
ware bears slightly southward, and Clinton rocks, V, com-
ing into the hill along the northern shore are exposed in
a deep ravine which enters the river there on the land of
Mr. I. Turn. Here directly below the basal members of VI,
are seen 75' of a dark, or dull red shale, in which occur
many traces of copper in scattered patches of green, and
also traces of zinc blende.

218 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. 1. C. WHITE.

The Lower Helderberg rocks, (No. VI,) crop out along
the northern shore of the Delaware, and make the steep
slope of the hill surface facing the river between Decker's
ferry and the southern line of the township. The lower-
most beds extend out under the bed of the stream, except
at the one locality already mentioned in vicinity of Poxono
Island, where No. V forms the northern shore.

Where the Delaware cuts through No. VI above Decker's
ferry, the following section is exposed :

Decker' s Ferry Section {46).

1. Very fosaUiferous shales, visible, . . 20'

2. Limy, cherty shales, fossiliferoiis, with some pebbles, . . 85'
8. Pebbly layers, 6'

4. Very massive gray limestone, ) stormville, \ ^

5. Conoealed. (limestone,) . . . > «... .76'
ii. Limy sandstone, with pebbles of quartz and many fossils,

Decker^s Ferry Sandstone, . . 20'

7. Shales, gray, caloareous, { Decker* s Ferry,) 16'

8. Limestone, {^Bossardville,)fii9Xy fracture, visible, .... 16'

206'

On above No. 1 of this section, occur hard, grayish, sandy
beds whose place in the series could not be definitely deter-
mined, owing to poor exposure and the fact that I was unable
to collect fossils from No. 1 ; since, occurring as it does in the
bed of the Delaware, separated from the shore by a deeper
channel, I was unable to reach it at the time of my visit to
this locality, though the fossils in it were so numerous that
they could be readily discerned at the distance of several
yards. I am inclined to consider No. 1 a portion of the
Stormmlle shale, since I have never seen any portion of the
Cauda-galli grit in which the fossils were anything nearly
so abundant.

Nos. 2 and 3, however, look very much like the Oriskany
cherty shale and pebbly layers found in that formation ; so
that should No. 1 not rei)resent the Stormmlle conglomer-
ate, as supposed, it would be the lower portion of VIII, in
the bottom layers of the Cau(l<i-galli.

No. 4 is a very massive stratum, fonning a great cliflf of
bluish-gray limestone along the hill facing the river, from
which many bowlders 10' or more in diameter, have broken

12. MIDDLE 8MITHFIELD. G\ 219

away and now line the shore, being smoothed and rounded
by the river action during high waters. Many fossil corals
{Slromatopora and allied forms) are seen in this stratum
together with Pentamerus galeatus and other common
Lower Helderherg forms.

The thickness of rocks in No. 5 was obtained partly by
measurement and partly by calculation from the dip, which
is here N. 30° W. 40°. "

The DecJcef s Ferry sandstone^ No. 6, was named from
this locality. It is a greenish-gray, fossiliferous rock con-
taining considerable lime, and many small quartz pebbles in
several of its layers, especially near the top. The most
abundant fossil is a small Chonetes which when the lime is
dissolved from the test often leaves the enclosing matrix in a
very rotten or honey-combed condition. No character-
istic Loioer Helderhurg forms are seen in it.

The Bossardville limestone^ No. 8, is exposed only for
15' in its upper portion at Mr. J. Grube's quarry, along the
road to the Ferry. It is a bluish-gray rock, in thin layers,
which break with a slaty fracture, and is non-fossiliferouSy
excepting some minute organisms which look something
like Beyrichia^ and some small fragments too indistinct for
determination. This limestone is quarried near the Ferry
by Mr. Grube and burned into lime for agricultural and
other purposes.

About one mile below Decker's Ferry, and near Mr. J.
VanAuken's, the following section was obtained in the steep
bluflf of the Delaware :

J, Van Auken^s Section (j^T),

1. Stormville sfiales, visible, . IC

2. Cherty, limy shales, with some pebbly layers, (Stormville

conglomerate^) W

8. Limestone, massive, bluish-gray, (Stormville,) 75'

4. Water lime, ... 6'

5. Bloish-gniy, breooiated limestone, 5'

6. Decker*8 Ferry sandstone^ 25'

7. Conoealed to level of Delaware river, VW

240'

No. 2 is well exposed at this locality, and it covers most

220 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

of the concealed interval in the preceding section. Owing
to the cliff -like exposure at Van Auken's, this interval could
be measured with greater precision, and the result (75') ren-
ders it probable that the concealed interval, (75',) obtained
by calculation for the preceding section, is a little too great

Many fossil corals are seen in No. 3, some of which have
fallen out of the weathered vertical cliffs, and now lie in
large masses over the ground.

No. 4 is a drab-colored rock of an earthy aspect, which
much resembles in physical appearance the famous wqier-
lime at Rondout, New York. Specimens t^ken from it for
analysis gave the composition shown on page 136.

The Decker" s Ferry sandstone forms a bold cliff outcrop
along the hill at this point, and many quartz pebbles are
seen in it.

On below J. Van Auken's, about one mile, the Drift ma-
terials have been eroded from the northern shore of the
Delaware, and in its steep bluff near J. C. DeWitt's the
following is exposed :

Delaware River Blvff Section (48).

1. Decker^ s Ferry scmdstone, visible, .... 20'

2. Bossardville limestone to level of Delaware river, W

The Declcefs Ferry sandstone makes the top of the bluff,
and is apparently more pebbly than in the two preceding
sections. A narrow terrace extends on its upper surface,
as a shelf, back to the bounding hill.

The BossardviUe limestone is fully exposed for 60' in the
vertical bluff, and several feet more extend beneath the
Delaware. It has been extensively quarried here and trans-
ported across to the New Jersey side for burning. The
upper jjortion is bluish -gray, but the middle and lower is
of a bluish-black aspect, and traversed with veins of calcite.
For analysis of specimens collected here, see summary,
page 142.

The portion seen in the bed of the Delaware at this local-
ity is very probably the Columnar limestone^ since it seems
to have the banded structure peculiar to that stratum, so

12. MIDDLE 8MITHFIELD. Q*. 221

far as can be made out from the appearance of the rock
submerged under two feet of water.

Steeply dipping rocks are also seen on the New Jersey
shore of the Delaware at this locality, probably belonging
to the beds of No. V.

Near the school-house below J. C. De Witt's, the follow-
ing section is exposed between the road and the Delaware.

/. C. DeWitVs School-house Section (45).

1. Limestone, blaish-gray, 6'

2. Water lime, 6'

3. Limestone, bluish-gray, breooiated, . 5'

4. Decker*8 Ferry aandatonet 80'

6. Ck>noealed to Delaware river, 40*

86'

No. 1 contains immense numbers of Leperditia alta^ and
is seen along the road in a cliflf for some distance.

The Water liToe layer, No. 2, is the same bed as the one
found in the section 46, from J. Van Auken's. It also
seems to be identical with the '* Peth rock^'* of Prof Cook,
in the sections of these same measures at Wm. Nearpass'
quarry, near Port Jervis, 30 miles N. E. from this locality.
The rock has a bufflsh-gray, dull color on weathered sur-
faces, but on fresh fracture is a bluish-gray, with the char
acteristic aspect of Water lime.

The Deckers Ferry sandstone makes a vertical cliflf, 25'
high, in the vicinity of the school-house, and extends along
the Delaware bluflf just below the road.

TJie Bossardville limestone is quamed again on the land
of Mr. J. DeWitt, about one mile and a half below the lo
cality of the last section, where the following succession
was obtained in descending the hill road to the river road
at the limestone quarry :

J, De Witt's Section {50).

1. Stormville shales^ visible, SO^

2. StormviVe conglomerate, 20'

8. Concealed, . . ... 66'

4. Limentone, inHasive, foHsiliferous, 26'

6. Conoealed KV

222 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

6. Water lime, KX

7. Limestonef blujsh, breodated, fossiliferous, KV

8. Concealed, (with some shaly limestone, visible,) .... 20'

9. Decker'8 Ferry sandstone and shale, 35'

10. Water lime, impure, 5'

11. Bossardville limestone, 60*

290'

TJie Siormville shales^ No. 1, look very much like the
Cauda-galU grit having an ashen hue ; but they are not ; for
on going further north they dip under, and the Oriskany
sandstone is then seen coming into the section.

The Stormville conglomerate caps the hill ; and a short
distance to the north-east is seen forming the summit of an
isolated knob, overlooking the Delaware river almost ver-
tically and 300' above its level. There is more pebbly sand-
stone in its composition here than further eastward.

The concealed interval. No. 3, is exposed one and a half
miles N. E. from the line of section and consists largely of
massive bluish-gray, impure, crystalline limestone, very
full of characteristic Lower Heldei her g fossils.

The Water lime layer, No. 6, which is the same as that
given in the preceding sections, is here much thicker than
usual ; is of a dull buffish-gray color and on its weathered
surface is converted into ochre by removal of the lime.

Leperditia alta is very abundant in the top and upper
half of No. 7, their seed -like bodies covering its entire up-
per surface in many places.

ITie Decker's Ferry sandstone is somewhat limy here,
and very fossiliferous, Ghonetes being the most abundant.
Glacial strice are seen on its top going S. 60° W.

A second layer of water lime makes its appearance in
this section, below the Deckef s Ferry sandstone ; it is very
earthy, however, and of no economical importance.

The Bossardmlle limestone has been extensively quarried
along the river road by Mr. J. C. DeWitt, and burned into
lime for agricultural and other purposes ; the rock is of a
bluish-black color, except near the top where it is gray ;
contains much calcite in irregular streaks and veins, and
dips N. 15° W. 40°.

Keeping on south-west from this locality the Delaware

12. MIDDLE SMITHFIELD. Q\ 223

veers south of the line of strike and cutting over against the
steeply dipping Medina sandstone along the Jei'sey shore
leaves the red shales which come above the latter rock and
tlie buff shales at the base of No. VI standing out in a steep
bluff and wide terrace along the north bank of the river.
The section obtained here, opposite the upper end of Pox-
ono Island on the land of Mr. J. Turn is as follows :

Poxono Island Section {51).

1. Stormville conglomerate^ 25*

2. Limestone, impure, maaeive, 75'

8. Concealed, 40'

4. Boseardville limestonef 75'

5. Poxono Island 8hale^ 200'

6. Poxono limeetone^ blaisb-gray, orjrstalline, 6'

7. Greenish, shales, 5'

8. Clinton red shale, ... 75'

9. Ck>noealed to level of Delaware river, 45'

545^

This is the only locality in Monroe county, or in fact any-
where between the New York State line and the Lehigh
river, where the succession between the base of the No, VI
limestone and the No. V red beds can be satisfactorily
made out, since everywhere else these measures are deeply
covered by debris from the rocks and soil above. Prof.
Cook, of the New Jersey survey, could not find an exposure
of this interval in the entire extent of No. VI through that
State ; and this is the jmncipal reason why my section of
No. VI and its associated rocks differs so much from his.
For this fortunate exposure we are in debt to a deep cut
made in the nearly vertical bluff by a small stream, and
to a cutting along the river road which lays bare the most
of the Poxono Island shales^ bringing the section up to the
limestone bluff at the foot of the steep hill which every-
where borders the Delaware river along this township.

This is the locality to which reference has already been
made as containing the lowest rocks exposed above water
level in the township.

The upi)er portion of this section needs no comment since
it is simply a repetition of the same rocks that occur every-

224 G^ UElOilT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

where alonff the Delaware river between here and Decker's
Ferry.

Nos. 1 to 4 make the steep slope of the hill, the foot
of which does not begin until nearly one half mile back
from the Delaware river, from whicli it is separated by a
broad terrace made by the Poxono Island shales. The
highest portion of the terrace is 240' above the river, or
about 555' A. T., while other shelves occur at 530' and 490'
A. T., the latter seeming to represent the elevation of the
principal portion of the terrace.

The Poxono Island shales are exposed along the river road
from the upper extremity of Poxono Island to the forks at J.
Turn's. They dip N. 25° W. 20^-30° and are largely com-
posed of buffish-gray shales often interstratified with cal-
careous layers. Occasional bands of red or variegated shales
are also to be seen, while much of the bufflsh rock is tinged
with a pale greenish hue.

The genuine limestone bed No. 6, at the base of the Pox-
ono Island shales^ should probably be included in the latter,
since this is the only locality in the county or district where
it is seen, and it may possibly be local ; but as exposures at
this horizon are rare, the fact of its seeming absence else-
where is really no argument against its general distribution.
I have termed it the Poxono Island limestone from the fact
that it juts out of the bluflf overlooking the island of that
name in the Delaware. It is bluish-gray crystalline ; breaks
with sharp conchoidal fracture, and contains some minute
fossils all of which are too fragmentary for determination.
For its analysis, see page 147 .

The Poxono Island shales are partially exposed along
the ravine which puts into the Delaware near the Lutheran
church, one mile below the locality of the last section, where
we see 75' of huffish shales interstratified with thin beds of
red material^ and some layers of impure limestone.

The Oriskany sandstone {No, VII) makes but little show
in this township, and was seen at only three or four local-
ities. This is owing to the fact that it has not yet thick-
ened up to a regular conglomerate. It rapidly grows mas-
sive and pebbly however toward the southern line of the

12. MIDDLE SMITHFIELD. (jt\ 225

township, Shawnee creek exposes it by erosion, near J.
Hosier s, for only a short distance, where its top forms a
broad flat along the road. A low swell or anticlinal also
assists in bringing it up at Hosier's. Followed north-east-
ward from this point out of the Shawnee valley it is soon
buried under the overlying Cauda-galU grit, and only
comes out to day on the northern flanks of the moimd-like
ridge which runs parallel to the Delaware, with the Sform-
vil/e conglomerate in its southern face, and the Stormville
^7^aZ6^5 occupying its summit.

On the road leading from J. Woolbert's up on to Walpack
ridge past Hr. J. Hanna's, the Oriskany sandstone is seen
coming up in a cliflf 15-20' high, near the township line ;
elevation 950' A. T. The rock is quite pebbly and fossili-
ferous. Below it come the Gherty shales of the Stormville
series.

Where the next road passes over the Walpack ridge,
two miles north-east from this last one, the Oriskany sand-
stone is seen just south of H. H. Dimmick's, in a ledge of
massive conglomerate, 15' high, dipping rapidly (20°-25°)
to the north-west under the Caudu-galU grit On above,
the Stormville shales cover the summit of the ridge, and
its cherty , ashen-colored layei^s are well exposed at the forks
of the road above Hr. Dimmick's.

The next road across the ridge is about two miles further
to the north-east, passing from T. Schoonover' s across to
the Delaware, opposite Van Cam pen's island. Along this
road the Oriskany Sandstone is seen in the field just north
from the summit of the ridge, though there are so few peb-
bles in it here that it does not make a cliff.

TJie Oriskany passes below the Delaware river about one
half mile above Decker's Ferry, though owing to the pre-
cipitous character of the bounding banks at this place, I
was unable to reach the locality.

The Caudd-galli grit^ (under this name I include all the

beds between the base of the Comiferous limestone and

the top of the Oriskany,) outcrops in a broad band across

the entire south-western portion of the township, parallel

15 G\

226 G\ REPOBT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

with the Delaware river, and next north from the Oriskany
sandstone.

The rock is a hard, dirty-looking, gray, slaty sandstone,
with very fine grain, and nearly always exhibiting coarse
cleavage planes at a high angle to the south-east, which
causes it to look very frequently as though dipping in that
direction, when in reality the true dip is toward the north-
west. The cleavage structure is well exhibited along the
Sliawnee valley near Mr. H. Overfield's, where a high bluff
of Cauda-galli juts out immediately above the Oriskany
sandstone.

The only fossil seen in this formation within the town-
ship is the Sjnrophyton cauda-galli^ whose abundance in
New York has given name to the rock. This (of which
only one specimen was observed) occurs at the roadside near
Place's school-house.

Owing to the fine grain, and very hard nature of tliis ma-
terial, it is excellently fitted for preserving glacial scratches^
and hence we find its surface scored with striae whenever
it is uncovered. The rock is occasionally found movlonnt^
a very fine example being seen at the roadside, one mile
south-west from T. Schoonover's, where the SpiropJtytoii
was observed.

A few rods further down the road, the Cauda-galli grit
is ground off to a fine polished surface, and cut away much
steeper than the dip ; the very fine striae run S. 40°-6()*' W.
Magnetic.

Just beyond the Cartright school house, the Cau/Ju-galli
grit is planed off conformably with the dip (le"" N. 25'' W.,)
and a large surface has been uncovered along the road, on
which the glacial scratches trend S. 60° W. (M.)

A very high hill of the Cauda-galli grit extends along
here, running of course the same direction as the strike
(about S. 65° W.) and this very probably accounts for the
unusual westward trend of the stria^^ the hill of Cauda
gain having acted as a groove to force the ice into a direc-
tion nearly parallel to the strike. The road leading from
Bushkill to Decker's ferry passes across a high ridge of
Cauda-gaUi grit^ 600-700' above the level of the Delaware

12. MIDDLE SMITHFIELD. G*. 227

river, and here this rock series crosses the latter stream into
New Jersey.

No opportunity was found for measuring the thickness
of the Cauda-galli in this township, but from its rate of
dip (seldom less than 15° and often 25°), and the breadth of
its outcTop, it cannot well be less than 300 feet.

The Corniferous limestone is the next (upward) succeed-
ing of the rock formations in Middle Smithlield.

Its northern outcrop enters the county across the Delaware
from New Jersey, where the river first begins to veer south-
ward near the mouth of the Big Bushkill, and keeping
south-westward parallel with the Milford road, it follows
the road to where the latter leaves the township; never
further away than 300-400 yards, but only in two places
does it touch the road, once just south-west from Shoe-
maker s corners and again as the Milford road leaves the
township, near S. C. Angle's.

The sonthern outcrop is a very undulating line averaging
about i mile south from the northern, but occasionally
broadening out to i mile, or even f mile, and again contract-
ing to i mile, when the dip is very rapid. This belt of Cor-
niferous limestone was undoubtedly nearly twice as broad
in pre-glacial times as now. It was entirely stripped oflf
of the long sloping hill of Cauda-galli^ except in a few
favored spots which remain to attest its former extent. The
rock is everywhere filled with masses of hlacJc chert^ from
the size of a hen's egg up to one foot in diameter. It has
been burned only to a small extent in this township, since
it requires great care in excluding the cTieity portions^ or
the lime will not slake. Just opposite Echo Lake it has
been quarried and burned to a small extent by the owner of
Echo lake Cottage. The uppermost portion only was used
and it is quite fossiliferous.

The dip of the rock varies wonderfully in short distances
at rimes being 25^-30° to the N. 25'' W., and then suddenly
flattening to almost nothing or even reversing. This irreg-
ularity of dip causes frequent ledges of the rock to be ex-
posed in vertical walls 10'-16' high, rendering the sur-

228 G* REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

face over which its outcrop extends exceedingly rough and
almost always untillable, except in small isolated areas.

It is frequently broken into blocks of immense size which
are occasionally heaped together.

The grindinfj actibu of the ice is often discernible on the
Corniferous liviestone ; but it is rare that any striae have
been preserved in this township, except when they cross the
nodules of flint.

Owing to the very irregular dip of the Corniferous Lime-
stone its thickness in this township could only be rudely
estimated, and this would make it somewhere between 200'
and 250' thick, with the probabilities in favor of the latter
figure.

The dip of the Corniferous limestone is nearly always
15° -20° where it passes under the Hamilton rocks, but
further southward near the southern outcrop it is reduced
to 10° or even less.

The Corniferous limestone has its best exposure in this
township along the road which leaves the Milford pike at
A. Millei-'s and goes south past S. Walter's. Here it covers
many acres with its immense roughened bowlders, and long
lines of cliffs.

The Hamilton belt averages about 1 J miles wide.

The exact contact of the Marcellus beds with the Cor-
niferous beds was not seen in this township owing to want
of exposures at this imrticular horizon, yet in two or
three places the concealed interval between them is reduced
to a maximum of only 5 feet, so that the character of the
rock at the line of contact can be inferred without much
uncertainty. This is everywhere (within this township) a
bluish-gray, sandy slate, or often more properly a slaty
sandstone ; it is seen at many places in cuttings along the
Milford pike ; and especially at J. V. Coolbaugh's, where in
excavating for a building foundation it is cut away for
several feet just above the outcrop of the Corniferous Lime-
stone, which occurs in the road only 5'-10' below the lowest
layers of the Marcellus shale. The bluish-gray rocks at
this locality show cleavage planes at a high angle (70°) to

12. MIDDLE SMITIIFIELD G". 229

the south-east, and are interstratified with layers of light
buff rock 2"-4" thick at intervals of 4'-5'. The whole mass
disintegrates very readily. How much of this lowermost
portion of the Hamilton consists of the gray slate in this
township, it is impossible to know, since it dips rapidly
down under an old drift-buried calley and is speedily lost
from view ; when the northern wall of the valley is reached,
we find the dark, bluish-black shales of the Upper Marcel-
lus.

The Marcellus outcrop in Pike county is occupied largely
by the bed of the Delaware river and the adjacent valley,
its upper portion only extending north of the Mil ford pike
for a very short distance under the overhanging cliffs of the
Hamilton proper. But when the Delaware turns south and
leaves it at the eastern corner of Monroe Co., an old buried
valley keeps straight onward, its continuation being occu-
pied in this township by Willow creek (flowing north-east)
and Pond creek (flowing south-west) with Lakes Echo and
Coolbaugh separating them at the highest level of the
buried vallev.

The outcrop of the bluish-black Upper Marcellus shales
is frequently seen along the road which nins parallel with
Willow creek and J mile north from it. Just north from
M. Overfield's, a cliff oi these blackish, sandy shales, 200'
high, rises almost perpendicularly from the old valley.
Some fossils are seen in them, but they were so badly pre-
served as to be indeterminable.

From the known dip of the Marcellus (15^-18° N. 25 W.)
its entire thickness in this township cannot be much less
than 800' of which probably 500' belong in the upper divi-
sion.

The Hamilton proper consists in this township, as
throughout Pike county, of very hard sandy beds which
always show a rough cleavage to the south-east, and make
massive looking cliffs and high bluffs. The summits of
these bluffs are generally reached at an elevation of about
800' A. T. and then a gentle slope of Oenesee brings us up
to the outcrop of the Chemung. A tine specimen of Oram-

230 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

mysia hisvlcata was obtained in the top of the Hamilton
group, at the roadside near Hoffman's school-house ; and in
the bed of Marshall's creek, one half mile above the town-
ship line, many specimens of Spirifer Hamiltonensis and
8. granuliferus were observed. At this last-mentioned
locality the creek makes rapids over the Hamilton sand-
stone which dips 16° N. 25° W.

The fossil coral hed was not seen in this township, since
both it and the Genesee slate are almost constantly con-
cealed under the huge piles of debris which have come
down from the Chemung ridge above, and beneath Drift
heaps which cover up everything that would otherwise be
revealed.

•

The rocks of the Hamilton series dip about 15° N. 20°-
25° W. in this township, and their thickness is about 1200',
with Oenesee probably 200', thus making the whole Hamil-
ton series about (800'4-1200'-|-200') 2200^ thick.

The CJteinung beds form a narrow belt, only ^^i w^il©
wide, across the township, next north from the Hamilton
outcrop.

The top of the series is seen along the road \\ miles
south from Ressaca, where a fejv feet are exposed at the
base of the Catskill, and this is the only locality in the
township where I saw any of these rocks uncovered, except
along Marshall's creek, in the vicinity of Miller's saw-mill,
where the creek makes a fall of 8' over them, and great cliffs
of the same are seen near the crest of the hill, just below.

The Big Bushkill must give a very fair exposure of
Chemung^ as well as the upper part of the Hamilton,
below, but owing to the caflon-like character of its channel
it was found inaccessible at the time I visited the region,
though doubtless during a very low stage of the water it
would be possible to pass along the bed of the stream be-
tween the Palls at Ressaca and the mouth of Saw creek.
This ought to expose nearly everything between the Catskill
and the top of the Marcellus^ if anything can be judged
from the character of the channel, as seen from the nearest
road, (i mile away.)

12. MIDDLE 8MITHFIELD. G*. 231

The northern outcrop line of the Chemung extends from
about the western angle of the township, near J. Cramer's,
nortli-eastward, crossing Marshall's creek \ mile above the
mouth of Dead Man's run, and Big BushkiU, below the
Falls of Ressaca.

The Calskill rocks cover all the rest of the township north
from this line, and the entire region (about \ of the town-
ship) thus covered is almost a complete wilderness, there
being not more than one dozen farms in the whole area. A
large portion of it is deeply covered with Drifts and several
extensive swamps occur in the western and northern por-
tions. Among these are Bear^ Palm/er^ Long^ and Kennad
swamps. They come at the horizon of the MorUrose red
shale, and this has, doubtless, had much to do with their
origin, though they seem to be everywhere covered with
Drift.

The lowest beds of the CatsTcill come down to water-level
on Marshall's creek, near the old saw-mill, one half mile
above Mr. H. Miller's, and there make long lines of cliflfs
20'-30' high, dipping 20"^ N. 25° W. The rock is a coarse,
greenish-gray sandstone, much current-bedded, and appar-
ently destitute of fossils.

About \ mile above the old mill, the lowest red bed of the
Catskill comes down to water-level, on a dip of 26° N. 25°
W., and makes a broad red outcrop across the road. It is
a deep, dark-red, somewhat sandy, and about 75' thick.
This would represent the New Milford red shale of Susque-
hanna and Wayne, the 600'-600' of steep dipping sandstone
beds immediately under it corresponding to the Starrucca
gray shales,

}s. flagstone quarry has been operated to a considerable
extent, 160 yards further up the creek, on both sides of the
road, by Mr. J. Chambers. Its horizon is in the Delaware
JUigSy or what is the same as the New Milford sandstone
group of Wayne and Susquehanna. The rock is greenish-
gray, and comes in smooth layers 2"-4" thick, dipping 30°
N. 25° W. Excellent flagging of small size (3'x4') can be
obtained here ; elevation of both this and the red beds about
800' A. T.

232 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The New Milford red bed is seen crossing the Coolbaugh
road, one mile south of Ressaca, at an elevation of 900' A.
T. ; 60'-75' tliick, and dipping 27° N. 25° W.

The Big Bushkill Falls are at the village of Ressaca,
where the stream makes a vertical plunge of 40' over mas-
sive cliffs of Catskill sandstone, A short distance below
this is situated the old Ressaca tannery, which received its
water-power from the head of the falls through a water-
way cut from the dam at the head of the falls around the
bank, through solid rock. In this cutting, thin streaks of
coal i"-i" thick were encountered, and considerable pros-
pecting has since been done in this region, with the hope of
finding valuable beds of the same. It is, of course, hope-
less to expect anything of the kind, since it is absolutely
certain that no wcyrkoMe bed of coal exists east of the Le-
liigh river.

No better locality for water-power could be desired than
the abandoned site of Ressaca tannery, since the Big Bush-
kill furnishes an unfailing supply of water, and the fall can
be increased to any extent. The top of the FaUs has an
elevation of 790' A. T. ; the rocks dip 12i° N. 25° W.

About one half mile above Ressaca, the Big Bushkill
makes another /aZZ of 30' over the hard cliff sandstones of
the Catskill.

Along the extreme northern line of this township no out-
crop rocks are to be seen ; for there, except along Big Bush-
kill, everything is covered up with great heaps of Drift.
In these heaps, near Mr. Smith's, at the Pike county line,
two bowldej'S of Oneida conglomerate were observed at an
elevation of 1100' A. T. ; one a foot in diameter, and the
other two feet — both polished and water-worn.

Barometric Elevation in Middle Smithfleld.

{Above Tide,)

Big BuBhkiU at orossing of Milford road, 35(y

Forks at Maple Grove Hotel, ** 880*

Cross-roads at Shoemaker's Post Offloe, 460'

Forks at J. V. Coolbaugh^s, 600'

Milford road at Echo Lake Cottage, 630^

Eoho lake, (Seeley's pond,) 600*

12. MIDDLE 8MITHFIELD. G*. 233

MUford road at J. Coolbaugh's, 505'

" " Coolbaugh P. O., 616'

Coolbangh pond, ... 600'

Milford road at forks near Jas. Places^ 615'

" " " 8. Wolf's, 616'

" " *• A. Miller's, 620'

** " ^ " J. J. Angle's, 640'

" " ^ •* S. C. Angle's, 500'

Pond creek at road near Jas. Places', 510'

Forks at E. Harinan's, 520*

" H. Overfield's, 600'

Level of Shawnee creek at crossing just south, 480'

Forks near J. Woolbert's, 625'

*» L. Strunk's, 685'

By-road to a Treible's, 750'

Forks I mile south of M. H. Dimmick's, 805'

Forks near Geo. N. Michael's, 415'

Delaware river an Pozono island, 816'

Forks of road near J. Turn's, 435'

•♦ *» ** J. DeWitt's, 430*

" «♦ " S. DeWitt's, 380'

•« " just on the hill above, . . 626'

Delaware river at Decker's Ferry, ; . . . . 326'

Forks near T. Schoonover's, 656'

Forks east from J. Colville's, 636'

Level of stream at " 600*

Forks east from M. Places', 60r

Forks near Gartright's school-house, 600'

Big Bushkill at mouth of Willow creek, . . 405'

W^illow creek at crossing opposite Shoemaker's P. O., 425'

Forks south of M. Decker's, 400'

Forks ^ mile west of ♦* 645'

Big Bushkill at mouth of Saw creek, (Middle Bushkill,) 436'

Forks of road at Ressaca, 810'

Top of Big Bushkill falls, 790

Forks j mile south-west of school-bouse, 880'

*• I mile south of J. Uoffman's, 775'

«* near J. Clark's, 690'

" •« J. Mosier's, 685'

Pond creek near E. G Mosier's, ... 640'

Forks next west from G. W. LeBar's, 630'

Pond creek at crossing near S. Wolf's, 495*

Cross-roads at Levi Hoffman's school-house, 825'

Forks of road on Marshall's creek.

Forks just north of J. Ransparger's, 630'

Koad crossing of tittle stream [ mile west, 705'

By-road to Mrs. P. Pifer's, 860'

Forks near C. W. Lander's, 880^

Forks north from A. Smith's, 920'

Sambo creek here, ^ 860*

Marshall's creek at mouth of Dead Man's run, 700*

Forks of road near Halstead's saw-mill, 830'

234 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Marahall's oreek at mill-dam here, 820^

*• " road orofising next above, 840*

By-road to B. J. Strunk'a, 1025'

Grossing of small stream next north, 1030'

** " ♦♦ of last, 1050'

Forks near Wm. Smith's, 1100

South road at Drake's near western line of the township, 1200^

Crossing of stream next south, 1100'

Forlts near there, 1120*

13. Smithfield Township.

This township borders the Delaware river next south-west
from Middle Smithfield, until that river, after turning south-
ward makes its exit into Northampton county, through the
Blue mountain at the Delaware Water Gap. The extreme
southern line borders Northamptcm county for two miles
along the crest of the Blue (Kittatinny) mountain, and
the western line runs nearly due north and south along
Stroud township.

The drainage is all into the Delaware river, the principal
streams entering which are : Brodhead which pours into it
a large volume of water just where the river veers south-
ward toward the Water Gap ; Cherry creek^ draining the
extreme southern portion and entering the Delaware just
below the mouth of Brodhead ; Shawnee creek^ draining
the eastern portion and emptying into the Delaware at the
upper end of Great Shawnee Island ; and MarshalVs creek
entering the township from M. Smithfield, midway of its
north-east boundary and flowing nearly south, with only
one or two insignificant tributaries, except Pond creek,
empties into Brodhead f mile above the mouth of that
stream.

The surface geology of this township is most varied and
interesting ; for, aside from the fact that it contains the
great breach made through the mountains by the Delaware
river, its topogi'aphy has been in many ways modified
by Glacial action, filling up ancient valleys and changing
the course of preexisting streams.

13. 8MITHFIELD. G*. 235

For example, it is very nearly certain that Marshall's
creek, in pre-glacial times, turned south-westwjtrd after its
junction with Pond creek and, keeping down the great bvr
ried valley which extends from the mouth of Pond creek to
Sti'oudsburg, emptied into Brodhead somewhere near the
present mouth of Sambo creek. Butvthe retreat of the north-
en stern glacier, left a considerable moraine across the old
channel below the mouth of Pond creek ; and the combined
waters of the latter with that from the north (Marshal Ts
creek's) found a lower outlet southward across a low point
in the Cauda-galli ridge. The recent origin of that por-
tion of Marshall's creek between its present mouth and the
junction with Pond creek is sufficiently attested all along
its course; but especially so at the "Butter Milk Palls,"
one mile above its mouth, where a sharp fold of Corniferous
limestone forms a natural dam athwart its course, 30' high
upon which the erosive action of the stream has made but
little impression. It would seem impossible that this dam
of limestone could still exist if the stream had flowed over
it in pre-glacial time.

Cherry creek flows in a deeply buried calley in a direct
continuation of the Delaware valley before that stream turns
south, which is about S. 65° W., or the same direction as
the strike of the strata. The origin of this old valley is
considered at page 56.

The Delaware itself flows along the township over a bu-
ried nalley of unknown depth. The piles driven for the
piers of the N. Y. S. & W. R. R. bridge acrossit just above
the mouth of Brodhead found no rock bottom at a depth
of 30' below its pres.ent bed and two miles below this the
water is 50' deep where the river escapes through the Blue
Ridge in the Water Gap. I was informed by a reliable man
that the water was formerly 70' deep in the gap, but the
depth at which the bed rock would be reached is riot known.

Very fine Terraces are seen along the Delaware in this
to\\'Tiship, and especially about the mouth of Brodhead creek.
The first forms the flood plane of the Delaware, and is
only 20' above the river bed ; the second rises, at first, ab-
ruptly, and then gradually to the height of 50' above the

236 G". RKPOKT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Delaware, where we find a broad level exposure covered
with rounded cobble stones, gravel and coarse sand ; the
surface slopes up sharply from the top of the second terrace
to a broad level exposure at ICK)' above the Delaware or 400'
A. T. The sides and top of this uppermost terrace are
covered with rounded bowlders^ coarse sand and gravel,
among which are seen many fragments derived from the
Oneida Conglomerate,

The rocks of this township extend from the base of the
Catskill down to the top of the No. Ill slates in the lowest
rocks above drainage at the Monroe-Northampton line, in
the Water Gap. True, none of these slates of No. Ill is
exposed, since the outcrop is entirely concealed by the deep
beds of talus from the great overhanging Oneida con-
glomerate above; but if these surface deposits could be strip-
ped off, we know that No. Ill would be seen in Monroe
county. There is thus a large addition made to the section
in this township over that in Middle Smithfield ; and of
course the topography and geology are so much the more
varied as will appear in the following detailed description
of the rocks beginning at the south and coming north, or
what is the same thing, beginning with the oldest.

Concerning No, III^ I have nothing to say in this report,
except that valuable slate quarries occur at Bangor, and
other localities just across the Monroe county line ; so
that if its outcrop were uncovered along the Delaware there
is no reason why slate beds might not there be found,
since a quarry was operated at one time on the New Jersey
side, nearly opposite the place where the Monroe county
line leaves the river.

The Oneida Conglomerate forms the crest and upper flank
of the Blue (Kitta tinny) mountains along the southern
boundary of the township, and is finely exposed on both
sides of the Delaware, (best on the New Jersey side,) where
the river cuts through it at the Water Gap ; it there con-
sists of massive plates of hard, grayish- white conglomerate,
in layers, 1-5' thick, dipping N. 26^ W. 40^-50°. A rude
estimate made by the use of pedometer and clinometer gave

13. SMITIIFIELD. G*. 237

about the same thickness here as I found at Otisville, N. P.
at the eastern line of Pike county, viz : between 700' and
800', certainly not less than the former number, and it can-
not well be larger than the latter.

The lower portion of the Oneida is more massive than the
upper, and the pebbles are larger, some being seen fully 3"
in diameter, they being inviiriably composed of white quartz
usually rounded and water-worn. The lower portion also
contains many chips and fragments of the No, III Blank
Slate^ thus showing that the latter formation was subject to
erosion at the time the Oneida was deposited.

I fix no definite line of division betw^een the Oneida
and Medina ; but I have regarded the Oneida as ending
where the rocks begin to grow reddish and the quartz peb-
bles have mostly disappeared, since these two characters
most generally appear together in ascending from the Oneida
to higher rocks.

The avemge height of the crest of the Blue mountain in
this township is between 1400' and 1500' A. T. The range
on the New Jersey side is about 1600' A. T., at its crest.

Por several hundred feet near the crest of the Blue mount-
ain the slope is very steep, and as the rocks dip never less
than 30°, and often as much as 60°, the surface is nearly
always covered with a great heap of debris which has been
broken up by the frost, and accumulated over the steep
slope by sliding and rolling down the dip. Thus it happens
that very little outcropping bed rock is seen on ascending
the mountain, back from the Water Gap, though any quan
tity of bowlders and loose fragments, often of large size,
may occur

The Medina sandstone^ as I have limited it in this dis-
trict, begins with the first appearance of reddish sandstone
containing few or no pebbles, about 750' above the base of
the Oneida Conglomerate^ and extends upward until the
sandstone ends, and tlie red shale begins. It is quite well
exposed along both banks of the Delaware in passing from
Water Gap Station southward. As it appears here (which
is by far the best exposure in tlie district,) the series con-
sists of alternate beds of bluish, or greenish-gray, and red-

238 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

dish -gray sandstones, with occasional intercalations of red
shaly sandstone. Tlie gray beds often contain quartz peb-
bles as may be seen in a cut at the very top of the series,
360 yards above Water Gaj) Station, where the rocks dip
N. 20° W. 30''-36''. Just below the station, is seen the crest
of the Kenimererville axis, which makes the long ridge
through the southern portion of the township, parallel with
the Blue Mtn. and separated from it by a synclinal valley
of No. V. This anticline makes a hoist of several hundred
feet in the Medina heds^ probably about 500', and between
it and the top of the Oneida are two or three minor folds or
rolls. Owing to these I could not measure the thickness of
the Medina with any near approach to accuracy without an
instrumental survey, which would have required more time
than I could spare from other work. * The thickness of these
Medina sandstone heds^ according to the best estimate I
can make, with due allowance for the anticlinal and subor-
dinate rolls, is between 700' and 800', or putting these with
the Oneida beds at the Water Gap, I should place the whole
of No. IV at 1500', leaving out the Red shale beds above
the Medina sandstone proper.

TJie Clinton red shale beds come next above the Medi-
na sandstone and make a broad level valley along Cherry
creek just north from the uppermost beds of Medina^ and
in a direct continuation (S. 65°-70° W.) of the Delaware
river channel, which is excavated in them between the mouth
of Brodhead and the western extremity of the township.
As the Cherry creek valley is an ancient buried waterway,
no outcropping rocks of No. Fcan be seen anywhere with-
in this area ; and as the Delaware too flows over a deeply bu-
ried ancient bed not a single outcrop of No, F is to be seen
in the township ; hence the thickness of the series is to be
conjectured. That a red shale occupies this concealed in-
terval is certain, for 75' of its top is seen in the town-
ship just east from this, and as much of its base is also re-
vealed in the one next west (Stroud) ; and in both cases the

[* Suoh an instmmental survey, made by Mr. Chanoe in 1874, is given in an
appendix to tiiis volume.— J. P. L.]

13. SMITHFIELD. G*. 239

rock is a deefp red, while the valley along their line of strike
is sufficient proof of their shaly character.

The breadth of the valley composed of these red shale
beds varies between one third and one half mile, and if there
could be any assurance of constant dip a close approxima-
tion to the actual thickness could be obtiiined ; for just above
the Water Gap station the lowest layers of VI dip N. 25°
W. 30°, while on the other side of the valley f mile away,
the top of the Medina sandstone comes up dipping N. 25°
W. 30°-35°. Assuming the average dip at 30°, this would
give a thickness of about 1000'. But it is quite possible
that there are local rolls like those in the Medina just be-
low the Water Gap station, and their effect might be to re-
duce this apparent thickness.

The Lower Helderherg series^ {No. VL) continues to make
the steep slope of Walpack ridge, facing the Delaware river,
on south-westward from the Middle Smithfield township
line, through Smithfield until the river veers southward
from the line of strike at the mouth of Brodhead creek, and
then it still maintains its place in the southern face of God-
frey' 8 ridge, overlooking the old, buried Cherry Creek val-
ley.

The following is a nearly complete section of No. VI, ob-
tained along Brodhead creek, in the vicinity of Experiment
Mills, one mile above its mouth :

Experiment Mills Section.

1. Cauda-oalli grit, visible 16'

' { Massive pebbly silieo-caleareous ^
I sandstonef 5' |

2. Oriskany sandstonSf \ Limy, cherty layers, with many } 44'

fossils, 38'

[ Quartz conglomerate, . . V

' Dark sandy shaly limestone, foS"
sxliferoxts, .... . . 60'

Dark-blue sandy limy shale, . lb' \ 160'
Oonoealed, ... 25'

. Limestone, massive, oherty, . ^ lO' J

4. 8tormville conglomerate, . . .10'

5. Stormfnlle limestone, massive, oherty, visible . . 25'

6. Concealed, (containing the rest of the Stormville limestone,)
about 76'

8. Stormville shales,

240 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

7. Decker^a Ferry sandstone^ IC

8. Greenish shales, 12'

(a) shaly sandy layers, 2ff

( 6 ) bluish- black massive 11 mestone qnar-

9. Bossardmlle I ry-rock, . . 66' ^^^,
Itmestonet ) (c) bluish-gray, impure limestone, in [

banded laminae, and exhibiting
columnar structure, . . 25'

10 Poxono bluff limy shales, 5' visible, but extending down un-
der ooncealed interval to the top of the red shale, (No. V,)
at least 200'

661'

This gives an interval of about 600' from the base of the
Oriskany to the top of No. 5 red shale.

The Poxono shales are seen for only 5', immediately un-
der the Bossardmlle limestone^ at the great quarry of Mr.
Croasdale, near Experiment Mills. They are quite limy,
and of a bright-buff color, tlie residue left after the lime is
dissolved out, being a kind of impure ochre.

The Bossardmlle limestone is completely exposed at Mr.
Croasdale's quarry, where the strata dip S. 25° E. 35°.

The sub-division (c) is a very peculiar stratum, consisting
of thin lamina? of alternate blue and gray sandy limestone,
giving the whole stratum much the appearance of the Rih-
bon limestone of this series, described by Prof, Cook, in
New Jersey. But the most singular thing is the appearance
of a regular columnar structure all through the stratum,
while a layer T above the base, and 3' thick, exhibits the
structure in almost as much perfection as it is found in
basalt. These Stylolites, as they have been termed, seem
to have originated as a consequence of the folding to which
these measures have been subjected; for the shaly portion
of this stratum has a semi-schistose aspect, as though it had
been subjected to heat. The rock is totally destitute of
fossils, so that nothing of that kind is found capping the
columns which could explain this structure, as suggested
by Marsh. The columns slope south-east at angle of 75°,
while the dip is only 35°.

The main Bossardville limestone, or division (6,) has
been quarried for many years near Experiment Mills on the
land of Mr. E. T. Croasdale ; and, as it has been followed

13. SMITIIFIELD. G*. 241

back into the hill for several rods, a great cliff of it, as well
the upper and lower divisions, are there exposed. It is for
the most part a very hard, dark, and bluish-black limestone,
seemingly destitute of fossils except small indeterminable
fi*agments. There are many narrow seems of calcite run-
ning through the layers in every direction, and often from
a large mass of this material filling a cavity veins are seen
mdiating away like the spokes of a wheel. The rock turns
into a very good gmyish-white lime, highly prized for agri-
cultural and building purposes, being hauled from here a
long distance northward.

The uppennost division (a) of this limestone is too sili-
cious and shaly to burn and is rejected, though it has
to be removed from the top of (6) in order to give the quarry-
men access to that stratum. It probably contains 60-70 per
cent, of carbonaie of lime^ and is destitute of fossils so far
as seen.

Grreenish limy shales^ 12' thick, occur above the last
stratum ; and they also seem barren of fossils.

TJie Deckef s Ferry sandstone caps the high cliff at the
Croasdale quarry, in a ledge of pebbly calcareous sandstone
10' thick. It is quite fossiliferous ; and the small whitish
quartz pebbles are so numerous as to constitute it a con-
glovierale rather than a sandstone.

The dip here is rapid to the south-east, but between this
and the old Croasdale quarry 300 yards south the bottom
of the synclinal is crossed and then the strata have a rapid
dip to the north-west.

The Stormville limestone is concealed at this locality all
except 25' of massive cherty fossiliferous layers at its top.
These are seen cropping out along the east bank of Broad-
Jiead creek, just below the covered bridge, above the mouth
of Marshall's creek, where the rock is very full of fossils^
Peiitamerus galeatus^ and crinoidal stems being very
abundant, while a layer 3' thick, at the base, is composed
almost entirely of Pentamerus specimens.

The Stormville conglomerate is seen just under the
covered bridge already mentioned, and also comes into the
16 G*.

242 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

road on the east bank of Brodhead, just below the bridge ;
it is 10' thick, consisting of alternate layers of pebbly con-
glomerate i'-V thick, separated by limy silicious layers of
about equal thickness, the whole being fossiliferous.

Just above the latter stratum comes a bed of massive,
cherty limestone 10' thick, fossiliferous, but the shells too
badly preserved for identification.

T?ie Stormville shales are finely exposed in a cutting for
the N. Y. S. and W. R. R. along the east bank of Brod-
head just above the covered bridge. The rocks dip there at
an angle of 60°-60° to the north-west and the exposure for
125' is very complete. The shales have a dirty-gray color
as a whole and resemble the Caiida-galli layers so much in
general aspect that they might readily be mistaken for the
latter, if this section did not exhibit the true succession in
a manner so unmistakable. Unlike the Cauda-galli how-
ever they are quite fossiliferous. The upper portion is so
full of shells as to render it an impure limestone though all
are so broken and triturated as to be indeterminable.

Whatever doubt may hang over the question as to the
true place of the Stormville shales and conglomerate^ there
can be none with regard to No. 2 of our section, for it un-
doubtedly belongs to the horizon of No, VII^ since directly
above it comes the unmistakable Cauda-galli grit and the
cherty, pebbly, calcareo-silicious layers of rock itself are
filled with the characteristic fossils of No. VII the large
coarse spirifers and Rensselaerias being quite numerous.

The Cauda-galli grit No, i, is seen in complete expos-
ure at the line of contact with the OrisJcany^ along the R. R.
cutting, where rusty, limy layers, 6' thick and fossiliferous,
are seen immediat-ely on top of the Oriskany, on above
which come the hard bluish gray, almost non-fossiliferous,
beds which make up the great mass of the Cauda-galli grit^
much of which is seen on above this along the creek oppo-
site Experiment mills.

Sections of VI and VII anywhere along the Delaware val-
ley in this township would be but a repetition of that just
given from the vicinity of Experiment mills.

13. SMITIIFIELD. Gt\ 243

The Poxono shales come so low down that they are usu-
ally concealed along the northern shore of the Delaware, ex-
cept at the very eastern edge of the township, where on the
land of J. Treible the following section was taken descend-
ing the steep bluflf to the Delaware :

J, Treible Section (53).

1. Stormville conglomerate, 2(V

2. Concealed, 65'

8. Cherty, limy, fosailiferouB beds, 40'

4. Concealed, 60*

6. Boesardville limestone, visible, . . . 30'

6. ConcealedtobaseofBoflsardville limestone, probably about 10'

7. i\>a:ono &u^ iiAa2e«, visible, 150'

8. Concealed to Delaware river, W

426*

The Stormville conglomerate consists here of alternate
layers of pebbly rock and impure fossiliferous limestone
layers.

No. 3 makes a great cliff along the hills, and its layers
dip rapidly toward the Delaware river ; it represents in part
the DecJcefs Ferry Sandstone.

The Bossardville limestone is quarried on the land of Mr.
Treible, just above the river road, where 30' of bluish-black
limestone is seen, streaked with calcite.

The Poxono shales are finely exposed for 150' along a
little rill which puts into the Delaware above Mr. Treible' s,
just at the township line. For the most part they are a
creamy-buff color, often approaching a greenish- white, and
containing frequent layers rich in lime, also two or three
bands of red shale.

In this vicinity a very well marked terrace occurs 40' above
the Delaware river at 350' A. T. One mile below Mr. J.
Treible' s, or about li miles from the eastern line of the
township three beautiful terraces are seen in the following
succession.

Above Delaware river. Above tide.

Top of third Terrace, 150' 460'

•• second ** 100* 410*

** first " 26' 886'

The third Terrace has a wide exposure and is covered with

244 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

rounded bowlders from every series between the Oneida
and CatsJcilL Along its outer or river front runs a kind of
rise or higher portion, giving the top of the terrace a slope
away from the river, in a manner similar to the flood plain
of all large streams. The escarpment of this terrace is quite
steep down to the level of the next.

The second Terrace is not so broad nor level as the third,
its upper surface undulating between 100' and 110' above
the Delaware. Its river escarpment is almost precipitous,
descending at an angle of about 60' to the top of the first
Terrace, Rounded bowlders of every description are seen
on its top, and in the escarpment of this terrace, together
with some that are angular.

No bowlders are seen in t\ie first Terrace and it seems to
be made up entirely of river sand and silt. The outer rims
of both this and the second one also, slope backward away
from the river.

A small stream puts into the Delaware below J. Treible' s,
near the school-house at the forks of the road, and along it
the limestones of VI are well exposed ; here the dip is south-
east at a very high angle, since a layer of limestone is seen
curving up over the steep slope as fast as the surface of the
ground.

Just opposite the middle portion of Depuy island, near
Mr. P. Albert's, the Stormmlle limestone is seen forming a
great cliff along the river hill, beginning 150' above the
Delaware and extending up 75' almost vertically. The lower
portion is largely composed of fossil corals^ Stromatopora
being especially abundant, of which specimens were seen
more than a foot in diameter. This is undoubtedly the
horizon of the stroviatopora bed of the Newpass quarry in
New Jersey, at the south-eastern corner of Pike county.

Just above Mr. Albert's this Slormville limestone is seen
beginning at 110' above the Delaware and extending in a
lofty cliflf to 300' above the same. The dip is here very
rapid toward the river (south-east) so that the great cliff is
made by only 40'-50' of limestone strata which the strong
south-east dip renders neai'ly vertical.

13. SMITHFIELD. Gt\ 246

At Shawnee village, the creek of the same name, makes a
fall of 15' over the top of the Siormcllle limestone^ and the
Slormville conglomerate is partially exposed just above.

A limestone quarry has been operated to some extent
just above Shawnee at the Presbyterian church. The open-
ing is not large ; and it could not be determined whether the
quarry was situated in the upper (blue) portion of the Bos-
sardville limestone or the lower portion of the Stormmlle.

In passing up Shawnee creek from the village, the Storm-
mile shales come down to the road, and the Shawnee valley
is excavated out of these through its entire length in this
township, except near the Middle Smithfield township line
where the Oriskany sandstone comes down to the level of
the stream.

About half way between Shawnee and the township line
a high cliflf of Oriskany sandstone is seen jutting out of the
hill-side south of Shawnee creek and 100' above the same,
600' A. T. The rock is quite pebbly, 20' thick, and rests on
30' of impure cherty shally limestone (Stormmlle shales) in
which is seen Spirifer mascropleurus.

This same stratum (Oriskany) forms a line of cliffs along
the northern slope of the Shawnee valley above this point
for nearly a mile, and at the road forks near J. Hosier's
comes in a broad table along the road, quite pebbly and
calcareous, its top being polished and striated by glacial
action, the grooves pointing S. 50° W.

Between Shawnee creek and the Delaware river is a long
high ridge capped with the Caudagalli grity and about
midway between Shawnee village and the township line it
culminates in a high peak known as Hosier's knob, at an
elevation of 865' above the Delaware river or 1175' A. T.
From this summit a wide view of the Delaware valley from
Decker's Ferry to far beyond the Water Gap can be ob-
tained. The outlook in other directions is also very exten-
sive and the locality is frequently visited by those in search
of scenic beauty.

The Oriskany sandstone is seen forming a cliff at the
roadside i mile south-west from the knob, at an elevation

246 G\ REPOBT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

of 900' A. T. and dipping rapidly down in a north-west di-
rection.

Where the road starts across Walpeck ridge from Shaw-
nee to Marshall's creek the Stormville limestone is quarried
and burned by Mr. J. D. LeBarr. The following section is
seen at this locality :

J. D, Le Barfs Section (54).

1. stormville shales, visibie, 6(y

2. Ck>Doealed, 60'

8. Stormville limestone^ visibie, 80'

4. Water Lime, 6'

6. Gonoeaied, ... 20'

6. Decker*3 Ferry eandetone, 25'

7. Greenish limy shales and oonoealed to road below the lime-

kiln, 20'

200'

No. 1 is seen along the road which passes across Walpack
ridge near the forks above Le Barr's. It is an impure shaly
limestone, and has been planed and grooved extensively by
the ice. On a broad level shelf extending along the road many
striae are seen pointing S. 70°~75° W. at an elevation of
200' above the Delaware, or 500' A. T. This course (S. 70°
W.) shows that a portion of the great ice stream which
filled the Delaware river valley moved in the general course
of the river along the south-eastern line of the township.
These striae are seen for 200 yards along the road, but have
only been preserved where the surface of the rock has been
covered with soil until a recent date.

T7ie Stormville limestone is rather impure, containing
much silicious material, on account of which it does not all
slack well. It is of a bluisli-gray color, semi-crystalline and
quite fossiliferous, Pentamerus and Spirifer being very
abundant. For analysis of specimens taken here see page
135.

The Decker's Ferry sandstone is here quite fossiliferous,
and contains much lime, so much as to render the rock
rotten after its removal on weathering. A Chonetes and a
large species of Avicula^ 3 inches across its valves, were
seen in the sandstone. None were sufficiently well pre-

13. SMITHFIELD. Ot\ 247

served to admit of specific identification, though the Avicula
looks very much like A. securiformiSy Hall, vol. Ill, N. Y.
Palaeontology.

The Bossardville limestone is covered up at this locality
by the First river terrace, and hence does not make its ap-
pearance, though No. 7 of Section 54 extends down to near
where its top ought to appear.

Passing over to Marshall's creek from Le Barr's, the road
leads over the outcrop of the Oriskany sandstone and
Cauda-galU grit^ coming down to the Gorniferous lime'
stone at Butter Milk Falls. Here Marshall's creek falls 35'
in a very steep slope over a ledge of Corniferous limestone
thickly studded with large masses of black Jlini. The lime-
stone comes athwart the stream at this locality and forms a
natural dam for the use of Trach's mills situated there.
The fact that Marshall's creek has not appreciably lowered
this natural dam below the general level of the valley above
this point, shows that Marshall's creek has not always been
fiowing through this valley to the Delaware, this part of its
course, as stated elsewhere, being most probably of Post-
glacial origin.

Just below the road crossing of Marshall's creek here,
the stream makes another fall of 10' over the top of the
Cauda-galU grit^ which is seen forming a great ledge along
the road there.

Atrypa reticularis was seen in the base of the Cornifer-
ous limestone just above the falls, on the east bank of this
creek.

The Oriskany sandstone is seen forming a cliff along the
hill opposite Pipher's mill, one fourth mile below Butter-
milk Falls, and under it 40' of the Stormville limy shales
occur down to the bed of the stream. On above the Oris-
kany come the bluish-gray cliffs of Cauda-galU^ here caught
in a synclinal roll along the crest of a sharp ridge, beyond
which the dip changes to the north-west and the Oriskany
sandstone comes up, and has been qurrried just north from
the summit of Walpack ridge, on the land of Mr. P. F.
Kurtz. The rock is very diflScult to work owing to its peb-
bly character.

248 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Brodhead creek after entering this township, and coming
up to the northern slope of Walpack ridge, turns north-
eastward, and flows along the strike of tlie strata for about
li miles. Then, veering south-eastward it cuts through this
ridge, one mile and a half above Water Gap Station, the
course of the stream being very different from that shown
on the county Atlas. Just where it enters the ridge the dip
is vertical to the north-west or even overturned beyond the
vertical, and there the following section is exposed.

Brodhead Creek Section {55).

1. Comiferoua limeatone^ .* lOO*

2. Caudc^alli gritf . . 260'

/ Pebbly sandstone, lO* j

8. Oriskany sandaUmef < Flinty layers, 6' > 25'

' Pebbly and flinty layers, . . l(y )

4. Gonoealed, 10'

6. Stoxmville limy shales, visible 60'

445'

The Corniferous limestone is seen in the bed of Brod-
head creek, where the stream makes a fall of 10' in a series
of cascades over the lower portion of the stratum, which
is very hard and silicious, in addition to being tilled with
masses of flint. The limestone dips N. 20° W. 70° near its
base, but rapidly declines from this, and further north along
the creek is almost horizontal.

The Caudagalli grit is here caught in an almost vertical
position between the Corniferous and Oriskany^ where its
thickness was easily determined, and found to be about
250'. It is a bliiish-gray, hard, slaty sandstone, with ob-
scure bedding planes, but cleaving conspicuously to the
south-east.

The Oriskany sandstone comes up on a slightly over-
turned dip, and juts out of the hill in a bold prominence
like a dike. The rock is quite fossiliferous throughout,
Spirifer arenosus being abundant, as well as other forms
too badly preserved for identification. The uppermost 10'
is quite pebbly and massive, while the rest of the rock con-
sists of interstratitied layers of pebble rock and calcareous
flinty beds.

13. SMITHFIELD. Q\ 249

The N. Y. S. and W. R. R. crosses Brodhead creek at
this point, and the upper 10' of OrisTcany has been quarried
to procure stone for building bridge abutments. It is very-
hard and difficult to work, but is the only stone attainable
for such purposes in this region. The rock is quite calcare-
ous at times, and its weathered surface then peels off in a
thick coating of rotten, porous material.

The Stormmlle shales^ under the OrisJcany^ are well ex-
posed in the cutting along the D. L. and W. R. R., and are
seen to be quite fossiliferous — containing much lime, as well
as many layers of chert.

Where the D. L. and W. R. R. crosses Brodhead creek,
one half mUe below the locality of the last section, the west
bank of the creek is composed of these Stormville shales
for about 100', when we come to the top of a bluflf capped
by the OrisTcany sandstone^ in a vertical ledge 45' high.
This fine exposure shows it composed of alternate layers of
pebbly sandstone and calcareous flinty beds each ^-1' thick,
except at its top, where the 10' of hard pebbly calcareous
sandstone is seen that occurs in the previous section. It
was quarried on top of this bluff twenty-five years ago for
constructing the piers of the D. L. and W.R.Rr bridge across
Brodhead, and is now being wrought for a similar purpose
by the N. Y. S. and W. R. R. Granite could not be more
difficult to dress into shape than the blocks from this strat-
um, and except for the fact that the joints run very straight
and thus give two very nearly smooth faces to the stone, it
would be almost impossible to work it except at great ex-
pense.

The cuttings along the N. Y. S. and W. R. R., after it
crosses Brodhead, expose the rocks at many points, and
show the curious manner in which the OrisTcany sandstone
is thrown into plications along the northern slope of Wal-
pack ridge. Thi^ fan-shaped folding ot the Oriskany ia
well seen about one half mile above the crossing of Brod-
head. Here is a continuous rock cutting along the strike
of the strata. The OrisTcany is seen rising rapidly above
track level, in a cliff 25' high, below which are seen 30' of
the cherty impure limestone at the top of the Stormville

260 Q\ BEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

shaUs^ then the OrisJcany turns and comes down below
track level again, the gentle arch thus made having a chord
of 500'. The top of the sandstone is a mere mass of quartz
pebbles and fragments of fossil shells, cemented into a matrix
of carbonate of lime. When the cementing material dis-
solves out, the pebbles and shells are left in a loose crumb-
ling heap, the latter being fragmentary. The sandstone
passes under the R. R. track here, but 300' further south-
west, suddenly comes up, bent over toward the north-east
beyond the perpendicular, with a few feet of Caudagalli
caught in the sinus of this sharp plication, strike S. ^b"^ W.

Above this latter point the cherty, upper beds of the
SytormGille limy shales are seen for several feet and then
the Drift covers up everything for about one- half mile, un*
der which the Oriskany comes down unnoticed ; so that the
next beds exposed in the R. R. cuttings as we ascend Brod-
head belong to the Cauda-galli^ a bluish-gray, very hard,
sandy slate which on account of its cleavage to the south-
east in thin lamina) gave the workmen grading the track
much trouble, since a blast however deep would blow out
only a small portion of the rock material, because the slate
splits so easily along the cleavage planes.

On the north Imnk of Brodhead, below where that stream
passes into this township, a great bed of Drift is seen fill-
ing the sides of the valley to a height of 100', the material
being sand, clay, small rock fragments and some 10' in di-
ameter ; they are mostly angular. Among the large bowl-
ders dmiiferous limestone fragments seem to predominate
in number and size, though very large ones of Cauda-
gain grit and Oneida conglomerate occur.

The contact of the Corniferous limestone with the Cauda-
gain is shown in the creek bed at this point just opposite
the "fill" on the D. L. andW. R. R., the former being
fillled as usual with masses of black flint ; the dip of both
rocks is S. 20° E. 17°. This is on the north side of the
sharp syncline which crosses Brodhead just above the lo-
cality of section 53. The rocks continuing to rise rapidly
to the north-west the whole of the Corniferous limestone is

13. SMITHFIELD. Q\ 261

soon seen forming an immense vertical cliff' 250' above the
level of Brodhead.

The high ridge of Cauda-galli grit which extends south-
westward through Middle Smithfield parallel with the Del-
aware river also continues on through Smithfield, covering
a belt 1-li miles in breadth, across which local folds in
many places catch long narrow strips of the Corniferous
limestone in the synclinal trough thus formed. The north-
em outcrop of the Cauda-galli^ where it passes under the
Corniferous limestone, runs almost parallel with the Milford
Pike crossing north of it only twice and never found more
than ^ mile south of the same. It is everywhere scored and
smoothed by Glacial action^ its very hard silicious charac-
ter admirably fitting it for preserving the ice scratches.

Marshall's creek cuts straight across a low place in the
Cauda-galli ridge and flowing a little west of south, ex-
poses the Oriskany sandstone for about two miles, having
first cut down to it about one mile below Marshall's creek
Post office. From this point it is constantly seen in a bold
ledge of conglomerate along the road leading down the next
bank of the creek for a long distance while just above it the
Cauda-galli grit makes a very rough looking cliflf, owing
to its shelving oflf in huge plates along the cleavage planes.
A fine example of these cliffs is seen near Mr. L. Bartron's
on Marshall's creek where that stream first cuts through
the Oriskany conglomerate.

Just above where the road crosses Marshall's creek, near
Bartron's, that stream makes a cascade 6' high over the
upper cherty layers of the StormmUe limy shales^ and then
continues to flow in a narrow valley of these rocks for about
one and a half miles.

East from Marshall's creek, the surface slopes up faster
than the Oriskany sandstone, so that it is soon buried
under a thick covering of Cauda galli which rises at the
summit of the ridge to an elevation of 850' A. T., half-way
between Marshall's creek and School No. 10. The Cauda-
gain continues to cover up the Oriskany along this road
until we come to the steep bluff overlooking the Shawnee
valley, 100 yards south-east from School No. 10. There

262 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

the OrisJcany crops out in a bold cliff 20' high and 800' A.
T., from which point it can be seen in a long line of cliffs
to the north-east until it passes below the bed of Shawnee,
near the township line.

On the road which leaves the Milford pike at J. Marsh's,
in the edge of Stroud township, the Cauda-galU grit is
seen beginning just at the Smithfield line, and forming a
smooth pavement along the road for 100 yards ; dip N. 30°
W. 8°. Its surface is scored with glacial grooves going S.
25° W.

The Cauda-galli continues to make the surface rock south-
eastward along this road until we come to the hill south of
Mr. B. Morgan's, where a long narrow trough of Cornifer-
ous limestone is caught in the crest of the ridge, and ex-
tends from this point south-westward to the Stroud town-
ship line.

In tlie road near P. Pipher's, the Cauda-galli is seen dip-
ping S. 25° E. 7°, the axis having been crossed one half mile
north. On its top many glacial striae go S. 40° W. M.

Just south from this last locality the south-east dip
steepens to 10° then 15° and 20°, when the Corniferous lime'
stone comes down and makes the surface rock.

All through this region, on the south side of the Cauda-
galli ridge^ immense bowlders of Corniferous limestone
cover the surface, many being 20' in diameter ; they have
evidently been brought by the Glacial ice from the crest
and northern sloj^e of Wi^ Cauda-galli ridge to the north.

Olacial striae are seen on the Corniferous limestone about
J mile south-east from B. Morgan's, going S. 40° W. the
masses of chert which fill this stratum being planed off
smooth with the rest of the rock and striaied in very fine
lines ; elevation 600' A. T.

On below this, along the road at 575' A. T. striae are seen
on the same rock going S. 30° W. while the limestone dips
S. 20° E. ; the flint nodules are shaved off smooth here as in
the other instance noted above.

The Caitda-galli is seen well exposed along the road which
leads from the Milford pike, near J. Terpenning's south-

13. SMITHFIELD. Q\ 253

eastward to J. Hoffman's. The Corniferous limestone ex-
tends for only a few rods southward from the pike, when
the Cauda-galU comes up dipping 15° N. 25° W. The dip
gradually slackens to 20° as we go south-east, then 8° and
5° when it finally at the summit (750' A. T.) of the ridge,
(which here coincides with an anticlinal axis) becomes nil
and tlien reverses to the south-east. This is just north from
J. Weller's, about f mile south from the Milford pike. The
south-east dip continues at about 4°-5° on several rods be-
yond J. Hoffman's where it is reversed to the north-west
and the Oriskany sandstone \^ brought up at the Marshall's
creek road, near D. Yetters, one mile from the crest of the
axis.

The Corniferous limestone^ in addition to the limited
patches already mentioned, forms a continuous belt of out-
cropping rock through this township, along either side of
the Milford pike, the breadth of which varies between i and
i half mile, depending on the rapidity of dip and the na-
ture of the topography.

There is every reason for believing that in pre-glax^ial
times this belt was one to two miles wider, and that it then
covered all ftie northern slope of the Gauda-galli ridge; ^wdi
probably passed in an unbroken sheet over its crest and
southern slope. The immense blocks of this rock (often
20'X20'X30') which we find scattered all over the Cauda-galli
area, and especially along the southern slope of the ridge,
make it extremely probable that the ice pushing south-west-
ward across it, with irresistible force, broke up and removed
the Corniferous limestone from a very large area which this
rock had covered in pre-glacial times. This could be ac-
complished the more readily, because of the numerous joints
which always extend through this formation from its top
to bottom.

This conclusion is in a measure supported by the isolated
patches of the rock found still in situ over the surface of
the Caudagalli, where they were protected in synclinal
troughs, or by the conformation of the surface. A good
example of the latter is seen just south of the Milford pike
at the western line of the township, where a ledge of Cor-

254 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

niferous limestone 50' high is seen along the road leading
south-eastward, while the top of the Cauda-galU is striated
with glacial grooves on every side of the Cornifeious island.

The northern outcrop of the Corniferous limestone dips
down under the southern margin of the ancient buried val-
ley which follows the strike of the MarceUus shale south-
westward through this township. Pond creek flows on its
upper surface from the eastern line of the township to Mar-
shall's creek P. O., the northern outcrop being only 2-4
rods north from the Milford pike. In passing south-west
from this point, however, the northern outcrop gets further
and further away from the pike, until at the western line
of the township it is more than \ mile distant. The south-
ern outcrop has also got north of the pike.

This limestone has been quarried at several localities, and
attempts made to bum it for agricultural purposes, but in
every case so little success was attained that not a single
kiln has been in operation for many years. The reason is
obvious ; the rock is everywhere so filled with masses of
/?m^, that when they were not separated from the limestone
(and they never were) the resulting lime would seldom slack,
and frequently form a fusible slog in the kiln itself. Messrs.
Deitrich, Campbell, Marsh, Terpenning, and others have
made attempts at separation.

Since the Corniferous limestone is constantly in sight
along the entire length of the Milford pike through this
township it would be needless detail to refer to the hun-
dreds of localities where it may be seen and studied.

The dip to the N. N. W. varies between 10° and 20"" be-
ing most commonly about 16° and the thickness cannot be
far from 200 feet.

The MarceUus shale passes through this township under
the ancient buried, valley, to which reference has already
been made, as extending from Marshall's creek south-west-
ward to and beyond the western line of the same and there-
fore little or nothing is seen of these beds.

One half mile east from Marshall's creek P. O. the con-
tact of the MarceUus with the Corniferous limestone just es-

13. SMITIIFIELD. Q\ 255

capes being seen by the intervention of Pond creek, whose
narrow channel (!()') alone separates them and conceals the
line of junction. The 3farcellus is there, however, a hard,
bluish-gray, sandy slate, only 3'-4' above the limestone. It
doubtless continues of the same character down to the lat-
ter.

From the fact that this old Marcellus valley is a mile
broad in some localities it is possible that a low anticlinal
may pass through that formation near the center of the
valley, since the dip of the Corniferous limestone (16°) if
maintained would give too great a thickness for the Marcel-
lus (1320'.)

MarshalV s Falls are situated on the creek of the same
name just below where the latter enters this township ; it
is a cataract descending 35' almost vertically over the hard
sandy strata near the base of the Hamilton proper. At the
head of the falls (650' A. T.) nwaierouB fossils were ob-
served, among which were Spirifer granuliferus, Gram-
my sia hisulcala^ Athyris spiriferoides^ besides numerous
Crinoidal stems. The stream has cut a narrow gorge at
the base of the Hamilton only 5'-8' wide through which it
falls into a large amphitheater hollowed out of the soft
Marcellus beds below ; elevation at base of falls, 515' A. T.

The Hamilton sandstone beds are occasionally seen mak-
ing cliflfs in the hills north from Sambo run, between that
and Ruliflf 's run, but the exposures are few and poor.

The Oenesee is entirely covered up by Drifts though it
doubtless forms the valley of Ruliflf 's run across the north-
ern apex of the township, since that stream has excavated
a considerable valley along the strike of the rocks.

The Chemung beds make a narrow belt north from Ruliflf' s
run, as determined by the characteristic ridge which always
succeeds the Oenesee slate^ thou/j^h the actual outcrop of the
rocks was not observed, everything being buried from sight
by the great thickness of Drift rubbish.

The CatsJcill rocks cross the extreme northern point of
this township and probably do not cover more than 20 acres
of its surface.

Glacial striae are very numerous on the surface of the

250 G". KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Medina sandstone^ in the extreme southern portion of this
township along the foot hills of the Bliue mountain^ and
if anything may be judged from their direction the great
glacier passed diagonally over its crest.

Along the road which leads from Water (Jap station south-
westward past L. Bartron's glacial striae are very numer-
ous. One half mile north from Mr. L. Bartron's and about
one mile and a quarter fi'om the crest of the Kittatinny, the
striae are seen gomg S. 20° W. (770' A. T.) A short dis-
tance further north, at the sharp turn in the road, a very
large area of reddish Medina sandstone is bare, and its en-
tire surface is planed off smooth by the Ice the striae run-
ning S. 20°-30° W. ; (elevation 700'-750' A. T.) The slope of
the smoothed rock surface is here 17° to the north-west
which must be about the same as the dip.

Still further down the hill (north) other striae are seen
on a polished rock surface going S. 20° W. while across
these another series go S. 30°-35° W., the top of the planed
rocks sloping 18° down to the north-west ; (600' A. T.)

A wide level area is seen a short distance north from the
Water Gap hotel, at an elevation of 600' A. T., and the
Delaware doubtless once poured across this through the
Water Gap when cutting its channel down to the present
level.

Glacial striae are seen about 300 yards above Water G^ap
station, along the D. L. and W. R. R. on hard, gray Medina
sandstone; direction S. 40° W. ; elevation 320' A. T. The
rock is planed smooth comformably with the dip which is
here 30° to the north-west.

Barometric Elevations in SmitJifield.

{Above Tide,)

Delaware river, at Northampton county Une, 283'

Delaware river just above the mouth of Brodh^ad creek, at crossing of

N. Y. S. & W. R. R., (low water, 1881,) 894'

Marshall's creek, at crossing of N. Y. S. & W. R. R., 809'

Brod head creek, " *« ** " 829'

Level of ground at Water Gap house, 666'

Forks of road north of R. Weiss', 946'

*« " near 8. Gulick's, 886'

liCvel of Cherry creek there, 880*

Forks Just north of S. Gulick's, ieC

13. SMITHFIELD. Gr". 257

ForkB next weat, BOO'

" at A. Le Barr'a, Mqi

" near M. E. ohurcb, In Water Gap Tillage, 800'

" at Clierry THlley road, tn Water Gap villagB, uff

" east from E. Poole's, Sltf

" iiwir (!, Mcruaii's «7iy

lanewestijf A. LeBjirr's, OM'

Forks of road near A. Le Barr'B, ggff

Cross-roads at Wesley Water Cure, 880'

Forks of road iijip iinll' mill' east 435'

" " 96 roda north of last, 600'

Lane 145 rods N. of last, 045'

Forks of road near Mra, A, Zimmerouin'B, 880'

" " near Peter F. Kartz's, 890"

Cross-road at Pipber'a mill, 800*

" near Maple oottage, 390>

Marahall'a creek, at top of Lower Butter-milk &lls, 860*

Top of main Butter-milk iklla, 410'

Forks of road near A. Smith's, 476'

" " llTrodsaoutb-eastof iMt, BIO-

" " near D. Lo Bur's, 800'

" " in Sbawnee Tillage, 390'

" *' at Presbyterian parsonage, next above, 866'

" " near V. Weaver's scbool-houae, 400'

" " 170 roda north of last, BOO'

Summit of M'lsiiT'is knoll, ... . . iny

Forks on Shawnee ereek, near Oeo. Strunk's, 8B6'

Sbawnee creek, at road near J. M, Strunk'a, 406'

ForiiSOf roM:i ii.-!ir J ^l.-ii-r's, SIS'

Milford pike, H>p.iiii'-i<'' 1 t.tk Grove house, 476'

" " at Marsbttll'B Falls P. 0., 480'

" atla.,01.. n. ll^ish« 486-

Marshall's creek, at MUford pike oroMdng, 406*

Milford pike, at Cralgatown cross-roads, . , , . 490'

" " Bummlt of ridge, next aoutb-west, 606"

" " J TerjioiiriiiiW-. 670'

" " fbrka 77 rods from last 54O'

'21 " " US'

•• " Bobool-hoose DaorH-H. Campbell's, SOO'

" " (brka 100 rods from last, 625'

Forks of road near J. Hoffman's, 710"

" " " P. Row's, SSO*

Forks north of J. Casebeer's, . 68fi'

Maishairsoreek, at road crossing near D. Yetter'a, 4S0'

ForliBof ro«daE30lir>.)l-tj.ia>c, No. 10 810

Level of Samixt creek, near J. Crfstle's, 470*

" " " Geo. B. Brntzmon's, 475'

FoTkaof road at lane to^'ellor, Flue ACo.'ahonsa, SSO*

" " 78 rods north ftt>m last, ; . . . BOS'

Cross-roads near Oeo. Canfield's, SW

Crossing head of SambocreekiJunaoutb, 4gO>

17 O'.

258 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Forks of road north from J. Posten's, 476'

Summit on the road between this last and Ruliff 's run, SKV

Road crossing of Ruliflf 's run, near A. Hoffuoker's, 760'

Forks next north, 790'

Forks of road at J. Ruster's, 800'

«» " school-house, No. 11, 850'

Ruliff »8 run here, 820'

H. Stroud Township.

This is a very large district lying directly west from Smith-
field, and like it extending southward to the crest of the
Kittatinny mountain at the Northampton county line.

The township is drained by Brodhead and CheiTy creeks
which carry the water direct to the Delaware, emptying into
the latter within a few rods of each other in Smithtield
township.

Brodhead creek enters the township from the extreme
north, and flowing nearly due south for seven miles is joined
at Stroudsburg, (the county seat of Monroe,) by McMich-
ael's creek from the west, the latter having received the
waters of Pocono creek (draining the intermediate are^) one
mile above its mouth.

CheiTy creek flows along the southern slope of Walpack
(Godfrey's) ridge, nearly parallel to McMichael's creek,
often less than a mile distant, and drains the northern slope
of the Kittatinny (Blue) mountain.

The geological structure is the same in this township as
in Smithtield to the east, except that another anticlinal is
added to the list in the shape of a low uplift which passes
under the Marcellus shale, parallel to the other axes, and
which seems to represent the vanishing swell of the great
anticlinal which crosses the Lehigh river at Lehighton.
It is a mere roll, which seems to die out entirely in Smith-
field to the east.

The section of the rocks extends from about 2000' above
the base of the CatskiU series in the northern portion of

14. STROUD. G\ 269

the township down nearly to the base of the Oneida con-
glomerate along the crest of the Kittatinny mountain at
the Northampton county line.

The Oneida conglomerate is seen along the northern slope
of the Kittatinny when its outcrop is not concealed by the
great heaps of debris^ which have come down from the crest
above. The dip of the rock for 300'-400' below the summit
of the mountain is quite rapid, (usually about 45°,) so that
along that portion of the range the dihris does not accumu-
late. The rock is the same hard, giTiy, coarse conglomerate
as elsewhere.

The crest of this mountain range formed by the Oneida
Conglomerate has an elevation of about 1500' A. T., but in
Tatorny and Bangor road gaps, it sinks to 1250' and 1350'
A. T. respectively.

The Medina sandstone covers a belt about one mile and
a quarter wide, beginning in a synclinal valley i mile north
from the crest of the Kittatinny. This area of Medina
rocks is materially broadened by the existence of the Kern-
merville anticlinal which makes a long high (1000' A. T.)
anticlinal ridge, one mile north from the Kittatinny summit,
from which it is separated by a low synclinal valley of No.
V, buried to an unknown depth with Drift trash.

Mountain run heads in this valley just east of the town-
ship line, in the edge of Smithfield, starting in a swamp on
an imperceptible divide from which a stream also goes east-
ward to Cherry creek, near the Water Gkip. But Mountain
run comes westward falling slowly down the syncline to a
point one half mile beyond the center of the township, when
it turns suddenly at a nght angle and cuts squarely through
the anticlinal ridge north of it, descending in a rapid torrent
between cation like walls of the Medina sandstone and
finally joins Cherry creek midway in its course through this
township.

It is quite possible that Mountain run has been cut through
the anticlinal ridge since the beginning of the glacial epoch,
because the cut itself looks much like a new one, since the
drift deposits are absent along its entire course through the
ridge, and then the existence of the old buried valley be-

260 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

tween it and the Kittatinny mountains, would tend to show
that in pre-glacial times a stream flowed through it south-
westward to its junction with Cherry valley in Hamilton
township, (the one next west, ) but that the valley having
been choked up with drift material, the water from the east-
em portion found a lower outlet across the MediTia sand-
stone ridge to the north, thus taking a short cut to Cherry
creek valley, instead of the long ddtour it had formally
made by way of Hamilton township.

Many bowlders of both Upper and Lower Helderberg
limestone lie scattered along this old valley, and far up the
sides of the Kittatinny where they have been carried by
the ice.

The Medina sandstone is frequently seen cropping out
along the anticlinal ridge at the very summit of which the
dip changes to tbe south-east (15'^-20°.) On the northern
side of this anticlinal, the dip is more rapid, since in the
gorge of Mountain run just north of the axis, we see red
and gray Medina beds dipping N. 20° W. 35°-40'^.

The height of the Medina ridge at the eastern line of the
township is about 1000' A. T. but westward, it gradually
falls away, the axis flattening out at the same time, until
' at the western line of this area it is only 700' A. T. Glacial
striae are seen on the summit of this ridge along the road
near Marsh's school-house, going S. 40° \V., (elevation 700'
A. T.) Also near Mr. P. Edinger's, at the eastern line, point-
ing S. 35° W. (at 950' A. T.) Either of these courses would
carry the ice diagonally across the Kittatinny mountain.

Many hugh bowlders of limestone (15' in diameter) are
seen scatttered over the surface where Mountain run makes
its exit from Edinger's ridge. They are principally from
the Lower Helderberg, and have been transported across the
CheiTy creek valley and dropped with other finer Drift ma-
terial.

From the summit of Edinger's ridge the slope, at first,
rapid, finally becomes gentle and passes gradually down in-
to the broad valley of Cherry creek, which also flows over
a deeply buried ancient channel. Cherry creek valley is ex-
cavated out of the red shale, and the Poxono shales^ at the

14. STROUD. Q\ 261

base of VI, the present stream bed, being generally under-
laid by the latter, though some of its northern meanders
may possibly encroach upon the Bossardville limestone.

The red shale beds of No, V underlie most of the Cherry
creek valley BOiith from the stream and extend a short dis-
tance up the foot of the slope towards Edinger's ridge, cover-
ing a belt varying in breadth from i to i mile. Their thick-
ness is even more problematical than in Smithfleld, where
the nearest estimates possible place the thickness anywhere
between 500' and 1000'. Only one outcrop of these red
shale beds was observed in the township, and that is along
the road descending Mountain run, near Mr. S. Hohen-
schildt's grist-mill. There the soil has been removed over
a small path and exposes a deep^ dull-red shale, but the
rate of north-westward dip could not be determined.

Walpack ridge* with its characteristic knobs, continues
on through this township, just north of the Cherry creek

valley with which it is parallel. The southern slope is al-
most as steep as when it overlooks the Delaware river in
Smithfleld township, and is composed of the same rocks,
the Lmoer Helderberg beds, forming its southern face and
often extending to the crest, while the OrisJcany comes up
along the crest, and sometimes just over the same well down
on the northern slope of the ridge, at the foot of which, and
often extending far up the northern slope, comes the Cauda-
gain beds.

The quarry limestone {Bossardville) is not opened any-
where in this township, being constantly concealed under
the deep covering of Drift and detritus along the northern
bank of the Cheny creek valley. The farmers believe that
it is absent in this township, having thinned out ; but there
is no adequate reason for this belief, since its horizon is no-
where exposed, and hence its seeming absence means noth-
ing. Then it is about 100' thick just east from this town-
ship at the Croasdale quarry in Smithfleld ; and of nearly
equal extent just west from this area in Hamilton ; from
these facts the only reasonable hypothesis is that it extends

* Godfrey's ridge of the old reports.

262 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

through this township also, but its horizon being constantly
covered up the limestone is nowhere visible.

It would be well worth while for the farmers living along
the Cherry Creek valley, to make a systematic search for
this valuable bed of limestone, by uncovering some of the
steep slopes along the northern bank of Cherry creek, where
it would almost certainly be found.

The Stormville limestone and its associated conglomerate
are frequently seen cropping out along the road which passes
down Cherry creek ; but this limestone has now become too
sandy and impure to burn with much success, except in
thin streaks not easily found.

A pebbly^ impure^ sandy limestone is seen making a bold
ledge 20' high, just below the road at Mr. J. Caldwell's.
It looks something like the Deckefs Ferry sandstone \
should it prove such, the BossardviUe limestone could be
found just under it ; but should it be the StormviUe con-
glomerale^ the former stratum should be looked for further
down in the valley near Cherry creek.

The Stormville limestone is seen at the western line of the
township, near C. Dennis', along the Cherry creek road,
dipping S. 2^"^ E. 23°. A large area of limestone is exposed
at this locality, the soil having been removed from several
square rods of it. The rock is bluish-gray, hard, somewhat
silicious, and the upper surface has a very wavy appearance
like ripple marks, but probably due to weathering.

Godfrey's ridge being anticlinal, it frequently hapipens
that the Oriskany sandstone passes in the air over its crest,
but comes down on the southern face.

A fold of this kind is seen near Mr. J. Huflfert's, where
two great cliflfs of Oriskany sandstone are seen extend-
ing along the south face of the ridge, one half way up
and the other 100' higher. From a distance it would be
supposed that they were two separate beds outcropping one
above the other, but it is the same rock, which skims along
the surface having been removed by erosion between the two
cliflfs. The following structure is exhibited by the Oriskany
at the lower cliflf :

14. STROUD.

G*. 263

J. HvfferVs Section of OrisJcany SaTidstone (56),

1. Very pebbly sandstone, 10' 0"

2. Pebbly beds, altemating with layers of ohert each

r-l|' thick, ... 10' 0"

3. Limy ohert, with streaks of pebbles, .... 5' 0"

4. Pebbly layer, 0* 8"

6, Chert

6. Pebbly

7. Chert

8. Pebbly

9. Chert

«(

10. Pebbly

• «

11. Chert

12. Pebbly

C«

13. Chert

•(

14. Pebbly

15. Chert

t«

16. Pebbly

17. Chert

>41' 11

0'7"

ro"

O'S"

. . . , 0'4"

0'8"

0*4^'

1'6"

0^4''

0'4'

0*6"

ro"

o'e"

0'5"

18. Very pebbly, foesiliferous sandstone, 4' 0''

19. Impure limestones, with layers of chert, 4' 0"

20. Concealed to level of Cherry creek, (860' A. T.,) . 200* 0"

This exhibits nearly the entire thickness of the OrisJcany
sandstone proper, and shows in an admirable manner the
detailed structure of the rock in this township, since the
pebbly layers are gradually extending downward and be-
coming more numerous.

The top portion No. 1 is a nearly pure conglomerate, free
from chert, and contains but few/ossils. It is probably 5'
-10' thicker than the section shows, the upper portion having
been lost by erosion. The ice has worn it away to some ex-
tent ; for its upper surface, which dips rapidly south-east, is
planed oflf smooth and striated S. 30° W. at (600' A. T.)

On above this cliflf the dip to the south-east is steeper than
the slope of the hills in the same direction, so that the
sandstone arches above the present surface to near the
crest of the southern face of the ridge, when the dip having
slacked, the surface catches the 2nd line of cliflfs more than
100' above the 1st. Then again passing into the air the
stratum arches up over the summit of Godfrey's ridge ex-
posing the Stormville limy shales along the crest of the
same. They are of a bluish-gray color, and quite rich in
lime. An attempt was once made to bum them for agrical-

264 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

tural purposes, but the experiment proved a failure as the
rock is too silicious and impure to slack well.

The Stormville limy shales are exposed along the road
which leads across Godfrey's ridge from T. W. Rhodes', a
short distance below the locality of the last section, and
there gldcial striae are seen going S. 5° W. (540' A. T. )

The OrlsJcany sandstone makes a great cliflf along the
summit of Godfrey's ridge overlooking Cherry creek valley
at the extreme eastern line of the township from an eleva-
tion of 800' above tide.

A short distance east from T. Stone's the OrisTcany sand-
stone comes up on the north face of Godfrey's ridge, half
way between its crest and the valley of McMichael's creek.
It rises in a lofty cliff locally known as Mt Granite from
the hardness of the stone which is quarried there. The
color is a grayish-brown, and the rock is filled with fossils,
principally large Spirifers, From this locality was pro-
cured the stone used by Col. Norton in the construction of
his residence and surroundings.

The Stormville shales^ cherty and limy^ are seen coming
up under the OrisTcany^ and extending in a great arch clear
across the crest of the ridge and half way down on the
Cherry valley slope, the Oriskany having been eroded.

The Cauda-galU grit comes in just north from the crest
of the Godfrey's ridge, and usually forms the greater por-
tion of its northern slope, sometimes curving over on to the
southern slope for short distances. It covers a comparatively
small area in this township, being confined principally to
the region between the crest of the ridge and McMichael's
creek. This is owing to the rapid dip of the strata, and
also to the fact that the Lehigh ton axis does not elevate the
Cauda-galU above drainage. The rocks of this series are
finely exposed along the roads which cross over from Mc-
Michael's creek valley to that of Cherry creek. It is still
a hard, bluish-gray, sandy slate, cleaving sharply to the
south-east, with the lines of bedding so irregular and obscure
as to be almost indistinguishable. The top of the rock
shades off imperceptibly into the Corniferous limestone

14. STROUD. G*. 265

above, and contains much chert for 25-30' below the base
of the latter. The contact of these two groups is finely ex-
posed at the cut on the D. L. & W. R. R. one half mile
below East Stroudsburg, where 50' of the Cauda-galll is
exposed in a narrow arch covered with (Jorniferous lime-
stone. The base of the same is also seen along the road
which leads from Stroudsburg to Water Gap Station over
Godfrey' s ridge, and to T. W. Rhodes' in the Cherry creek
valley. Along the latter road Olacial striae are seen run-
ning S. 40° W.

About one half mile east from T. Stone's, along the grade
of the projected Lehigh and Eastern R. R. the whole upper
surface of the Cavda-galli on the northern slope of God-
frey's ridge seems to have been ground oflf smooth by the
ice, conforming with the dip and the present topography.
The striae go S. 30^-40° W.

The Corntferous limestone is exposed in this township
along the northern foot slope of the ridge and along the
crest of the East Stroudsburg axis.

Mc Michael's creek flows down a syncline of Corniferous
limestone for about three miles after it enters this township,
hence the rock has been mostly removed or covered up by
alluvial deposits along this syncline.

The East Stroudsburg axis enters the eastern line of the
township at the extreme south-eastern limit of that borough,
and continuing S. 70° W. crosses to the north bank of Mc-
Michael's creek midway between its mouth and the western
.line of this area. It elevates the Corniferous limestone
into a low sh^rp ridge all along its course.

The D. L. & W. R. R. passes through this ridge in a long
deep cut just below East Stroudsburg, giving an almost
complete exposure of the Coi^niferous series^ which is here
(at the entrance to the cut) pushed over beyond the perpen-
dicular so as to dip south-eastward 65° on the north side of
the axis. But as we approach the axis (near the middle of
the cut) the strata gradually become perpendicular and
then turn over to the north-west. Making due allowance for
variable dip, the Corniferous exhibits a thickness of about
200' at this locality, and there cannot be much more of it.

266 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

It is a dark bluish-gray rock quite fossiliferous in places,
and filled with black Jiint nodules from bottom to top.

Passing through the northern slope of the anticline,
and across the axis almost perpendicularly, the cut curves
around and emerges almost parallel with the strike. The
crest of the anticline is composed of Cauda-gaUi grit from
which the arch of Gorniferous has been eroded at this im-
mediate locality ; but the latter comes down again after pass-
ing south from the axis, dipping S. 20° E. 20°-25°. The
tiint nodules of the bottom portion have nearly all weath-
ered out of the rocks on the south side of the axis, and the
matrix is now honey-combed with holes from which the flint
has disappeared. The cut is about 700' long, and the axis
passes across the middle of it, the Gorniferous limestone
being exposed for 300 feet on the northern side.

A short distance west from the D. L. & W. R. R. cut,
Brodhead creek trenches through the same axis, and enter-
ing the McMichaeV s creek syncline^ veers north-eastward,
flow^ing along the strike out of this township into Smith-
field. The Corniferous limestone is seen in great blackened
cliffs along this creek south from the cut. Just beyond the
creek, however, the south-east dip is suddenly reversed and
the Corniferous limestone arches into the air over Walpack
ridge, the Cavda-galU becoming the surface rock.

The East Stroudsburg axis passes through the center of
the wide level bottom just south from Stroudsburg, where
a low ridge of Corniferous limestone is seen just east from
the Water Gap road making a steep cliff facing southward.
Numerous/(955t7 shells are seen in the top of the limestone
at this locality.

The N. Y. S. & W. R. R, also cuts through the northern
slope of this anticline along the west bank of Brodhead
creek, a few hundred yards below the mouth of McMichael's
creek. The rock is much weathered where cut by this road
under several feet of Drift.

Just north from this, and opposite the iron bridge across
McMichaeFs creek, the limestone is seen dipping down un-
der the bluish-gray Marcellus beds N. 20° W. 25°-27^

The Corniferous limestone is seen along the Water Gtep

14. STROUD. G*. 267

road (leading southward from McMichael's creek) near Mrs.
Gordon' s, making a narrow band of outcrop, the dip being
almost vertical. This is most probably the westward ex-
tension of the sharp overturn which crosses Brodhead creek
in Smithfield township, near the locality of section 63.

This limestone is also seen where the East StroTidshurg
axis crosses the road between Col. Norton's and the bridge
across McMichael's creek, just above (west). Here the con-
tact with the Marcellus bluish-gray beds only escapes be-
ing seen by the intervention of 2-3' of concealed, both rocks
being planed oflf smooth and striated S. 30° W. Just south
from this a bold cliff of Corniferous limestone is seen ex-
tending along the bluflf of McMichaeV s creek. The upper
portion of the limestone is qmtefossiliferous.

The arch of the East Stroudsburg axis is very finely ex-
posed about one mile west from Col. Norton' s, 2^ miles
west from Stroudsburg, near J. W. Huston's. Here the
Corniferous limestone arches over the ridge unbroken, go-
ing under the Marcellus^ \ mile north from McMichael's
creek. It was once quarried and burned to a considerable
extent at this locality. Its immense number ot flint no-
diiles, however, led to the abandonment of the quarry.

Glacial striae sxe seen on the Corniferous limestone along
the McMichael's creek road just above Mr. Huston's, going
S, 5(f W. and the whole surface is planed oS. squarely
through the flint nodules, conformably with the dip (here
20° S. 25° E.)

The Corniferous limestone is finely exposed, on the
land of Mr. W. Chapman, where the anticlinal crosses
Brodhead creek, one mile and a half above Stroudsburg.
The south-east dipping rocks form there a natural dam 10'
high across Brodhead creek. By closing one break, only
10' wide, splendid water power is furnished to the grist
mill situated one fourth mile below. The limestone is quite
fossiliferous and dips S. 20° E. 16°, in the vicinity of the
dam.

A bluff of Drift 65' high, rises almst i>erpendicularly from
the bed of the creek on the west bank of Brodhead, attain-

268 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ing an elevation of 475' A. T. at the summit of the general
level, the creek below the dam being 410' A. T.

About 300 yards above the mill-dam, the anticlinaZ
crosses the creek, and there we see a cliff of Comiferous
limestone^ in layers 1-2' thick, dipping slowly N. 26° W.
It contains many fossil corals^ crinoids^ and mollusks^ to-
gether with vast quantities of Jlint nodules. The rock has
been quarried and burned to a considerable extent at this
locality on the land of Mr. Chapman, but the Jlint is so
abundant that the lime slacks very imperfectly, while much
of it will not slack at all.

This anticlinal leaves the township eastward near Posten
school-house, (No. 4,) crossing between it and the ceme-
tery, just south. T7te Oorniferous limestone is seen in
a cliff 75' high, just west from the cemetery, and 540' A.
T., at top. It was once burned here on the land of Mr.
Vliet. The layers are almost horizontal, but just north
from this, dip rapidly (20°) under the Marcellus beds.

The outcrop of the Comiferous limestone also occurs on
the southeast slope of the anticlinal a few rods north from
where the Milford pike crosses the D. L. & W. R. R. It
forms a steep bluff just west from the R. R., and there
were collected the specimens analyzed by Mr. McCreath,
(page 118.)-

A cut on the D. L. & W. R. R., just south from Sambo
creek, also exhibits the outcrop of the Comiferous. In
both localities it is nearly half composed of black flint.

West from Brodhead creek, the anticlinal fails to bring
the Comiferous limestone above dminage, since it is every-
where buried by a broad outcrop of Marcellus shale^ which
arches over this low axis from the Strou^sburg syncline to
the south.

The Marcelhts shales have been ^^idely eroded in the
vicinity of Stroudsburg and East Stroudsburg, where broad
and almost level plains covered with Drift, effectually con-
ceal the bed rock, except in road cuttings, and the excava-
tions of the streams.

Much of the Drift material in this vicinity has probably

14. STROUD. G*. 269

been rehandled by the streams, Brodhead, Pocono, and Mc-
Michael's creeks which converge at this point.

The surface is usually covered to a depth of 5'-8' with
rounded bowlders^ below which begins a bed of coarse
brownish-gray sand and extends to a considerable depth,
containing few if any bowlders.

Several well defined Terrace levels may be seen in the
vicinity of Stroudsburg. The first (400'-405' A. T. ) includes
the eastern portion of the borough ; the second (430'-335' A.
T.) the western half of the same, and the level space around
the East Stroudsburg Depot, (D. L. & W. R. R.) Then
from the second terrace there is everywhere a sudden slope
upwards to the third terrace at an elevation of 465'-^75' A,
T., which takes in a wide expanse everywhere covered with
Drift material, and extending by a gradual rise upward as
we proceed northward from Stroudsburg, until a very wide
level plain is found at about 490'-600' A. T.

In the escarpment of this fourth terrace at the north
line of the borough of Stroudsburg, great numbers of im-
mense bowlders occur, the largest of which are Gorniferous
limestone and Hamilton sandstone^ one of the former be-
ing seen which I at first mistook for the outcrop of a ledge
of bed-rock. Small bowldei-s of Oneida conglovfierate are
frequently seen in the Drift in the neighborhood of Strouds-
burg.

The lower x)ortion of the MarceUus shale is finely exposed
along McMichael's creek, just under the iron bridge leading
out of Stroudsburg ; here this stream has evidently veered
away from its ancient channel, and removing the drift de-
I)osits has cut a deep narrow trough through the bluish-gray
shales at the base of the MarceUus, The rocks dip N. 20°
W. 27° and exhibit a cleavage stnicture to the south-east.
The 60' seen at this locality is mostly composed of very
hard, bluish-gray slate, through which at interval of 3-5'
are interstratified thin bands (3' -5" thick) of a light-drab
colored rock.

The Corniferous limestone comes up 100' south from this
locality, so that only 40'-45' of rock intervene between the

270 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

base of the exposure and the top of the limestone. This
same portion of the Marcellus is also well exposed in a cut-
ting along the road one mile and a fourth west of Strouds-
burg, just opposite the residence of Col. Norton, where the
cleavage is veiy regular and distinct.

These gray Marcellus beds are also seen in a cutting along
the D. L. & W. R. R. just below the station, at East Strouds-
burg, where they appear nearly horizontal.

Although the anticlinal does not bring up the Cornif-
erous limestone except along the immediate valley of
Brodhead creek, yet it has a considerable influence on the
topography by widening the belt over which the MarceUus
rocks are spread to nearly one mile and a half.

Just north from the road running nearly east and west
along the north line of Stroudsburg borough, a bluflf of dark-
bluish slate makes a cliff-like outcrop. It belongs to the
Marcellus series^ and has been quarried to some extent for
rip-rap for the roads ; it is quite fossiliferous.

One mile north of Stroudsburg, another road runs east
and west across a north and south ridge of MarceUus rocks
lying between Brodhead and Big Meadow creek, and along
that road near Mr. S. Smi ley's the upper or blxicJc Marcellus
is seen cropping out in the shape of very blacJc slaie.

The Marcellus bluish-gray beds are well exposed in the
bed of Brodhead creek at Wyckoff s mills one mile and a
half above Stroudsburg ; here the creek has veered out of
its ancient course and cutting through the drift deposits
has excavated a long deep channel in the shales wearing
out large "pot holes," and leaving many queer shaped rock
forms along the stream. The walls of the dam are formed
of Marcellus rock in its natural position, which dip N. 30°
W. 10° in some places, and is nearly horizontal in others.
It is exposed along Brodhead for about 300 yards and ex-
hibits cleavage to the south-east.

TJie gray Marcelhis is seen outcropping along the road,
just south from H. R. Rausbury's, where it is planed off
smooth, and glacial striae go S. 45° W. on its surface, at
670' A. T.

14. STROUD. G*. 271

The Hamilton saTidstone makes an outcrop across this
township, nearly one mile in width, its top layers going
under Brodhead creek, about one and one fourth mile below
Spragueville, and extending S. BS'^-TO^ W., leave the west-
ern line of this area & short distance north from where Po-
cono creek enters the same. Its hardest beds make a well
marked ridge, rising 750'-800' A. T.

The fossil coral bed is seen near its top along the road
between Spragueville and Stroudsburg, one fourth mile
south from the Brodhead creek crossing, the rock being
perforated in every direction with the holes left from the
removal of corals and other calcareous remains^ by solu-
tion.

Fossil shells are very abundant, Spirifer^ Tropidoleptus^
and Avicula^ being very numerous, while crinoidaZ frag-
ments also abound.

GlaxiiaZ striae go S. 45^ W, at this locality, and the whole
surface is planed away smooth, conformably with the dip.

A kettle moraine is seen at the western line of the town-
ship, near B. Walter's, where the road passes along on a
narrow ridge of Drift, sloping down almost perpendicular
eastward to Pocono creek, 100' below, and westward lead-
ing into the ''Kettle hole," 50' deep and several rods long.

A small ' ' kettle hole ' ' is also seen along the Milf ord pike
just north from East Stroudsburg.

The Hamilton sandstone rocJcs are seen in the bed of
Pocono creek, just below the dam which leads the water to
the Tanite Co.'s works, the stream descending over them in
cascades and falling 20' in 300 yards. The rock is bluish-
gray, quite sandy, and dips N. 25° W. 8M0°.

Just opposite the Tanite Co.'s works, a bluflf of Hamilton
rocks, 65' high, rises almost vertically from the bed of
Pocono.

The Oenesee slate outcrop crosses Brodhead creek at the
road crossing, one and one fourth mile below Spragueville,
where it is seen as a bluish-black sandy slate, dipping quite
rapidly to the north-east ; from this point its outcrop ex-
tends south-westward, making a decided valley between the
Hamilton sandstone ridge and the Chemung ridge next

272 G*. UKPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

north, down which Hoffman's run flows north-eastward to
Brodhead creek. These rocks are also exposed along the
road between J. P. Hoffman's and J. Moore's, where they
are quite dark and sandy.

The Ohemung rocks make a steep, high ridge directly
north from the Oenesee slaU valley^ and extend parallel
with it about S. 70° W. across the township. These beds
are well exposed along the road, just below Spragueville,
where they dip N. 25° W. 25°-30°.

Along the county road, about one half mile below Sprague-
ville, the Chemung rocks are seen in cliflfs of gray, fine-
grained sandstone, quite fossiliferous.

A coarse, yellowish-gray sandstone occurs about 200' be-
low the top of the Chemung, near Spragueville ; it is only
partially exposed, and its thickness is not known.

Further west the base of the Chemung is seen at the
sharp bend of the road, just north from J. P. Hoffman's.
The shaly rocks at the top of this series make a valley de-
pression similar to that of the Genesee slate and Prince's
run flows north-eastward down their strike for a considera-
ble distance in the western part of the to^vnship.

The Catskfll beds cover the extreme northern portion of
this area, forming a well marked ridge northward from the
Chemung belt^ and extending to a much higher elevation
than that of the latter.

The Starrucca gray beds are seen crossing Brodhead creek
in the vicinity of Spragueville, this town being situated
about on their middle portion, they dip 2o°-30° N. 16° W.
and make long cliflf outcrops.

A short distance east from Spragueville the Starrucca ^ay
rocks have been quarried for flagging and there we see large
perfectly smooth surfaces 20' or more, dipping N. 25° W.
21°.

A sharp ridge of Catskill rocks (Starrucca) crosses the road
just above Spragueville, and the D. L. & W. R. R. makes a
cut through the same beds.

The New Milford red shale makes a conspicuous band
of deep red sandy shale across the northern end of this
township, entering it near the north-eastern comer, across

14. STROUD. G*. 273

Brodhead creek i mile above Spragueville and leaving the
township near R. Barry's.

The D. L. & W. R. R. cuts through this red shale above
Spragueville just north from where it crosses Brodhead
creek and there we see a ridge of the red rock dipping N.
26° W. 25°.

A broad band of the same red rock is seen crossing the
road which ascends Brodhead creek just south from Lee's
run where it dips mpidly north-west. Lee's run flows in
this red shale from the point where it enters the eastern line
of the township, until it empties into Brodhead creek.

At the junction of Brodhead creek with the West Branch
a reddish sandstone is seen dipping N. 26° W. 10Ml° and
planed oflf smooth by Ice action, the striae going S. 30° W.
From this point on up the Brodhead creek road to the Price
township line, the rocks are frequently seen at the roadside
striated with Ice scratches S. 30°-36° W.

The Catskill rocks are quite well exposed in cuts along
the D. L. & W. R. R. from Spragueville on north to where
it leaves the township. The rocks are generally gray after
crossing the New Milford red shale and the general dip is
to the north-west, but occasional roUs cross the measures,
when for very short distances the dip is reversed to the
south-east.

Barometric Elevaiions in Strovd.

{Above Tide.)

StroudsbniK at oomer of Elisabeth and Franklin streets, 43CP

•• at lowest point on Walnut street 400*

Mouth of MoMiohaers oreek, 885'

Bridge oonneoting Stroudsburg with East Stroudsburg, 406'

Milford pike at crossing of D. L. A W. R. R., . 460'

** at forks near J. Biarsh's, 475'

** *• D. Callahan's, 406'

Sambo oreek at oroasing near oemeterj, 450^

Forks near aohool-house No. 4, 460'

" G. Bush's, 466'

By-road west from M. Bush's, 496'

Level of Sambo creek at road crossing near WiUiam Henry's, .... 446'

Forlcs of road near Charles King's, 460'

•« in Spragueville, 625'

*• next east, (04 rods,) 580*

« north from Joseph Lee's, 640'

18 G*.

274 G*. RKPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Jnnction of Brodhead with West Branch, 660*

Forks of road there, . . 580*

Brodhead oreek at crossing near William Smiley's, fiOO'

Forks at Wolf school-house, 616'

Uofifinan^s run at road crossing, 616'

Dusenberry's run, 600'

Next forks south, 476'

Forks 139 rods east fh>m last, 466'

Brodhead creek below dam at Wyokoflfs mill, 486'

Forks of road Just south fh>m W. Chapman's, 476'

Brodhead creek at top of Shug*s mill dam, 426

Forks of road near O. Henry's, 470'

" near G. G. Ramsey's, 486'

" 68 pods south of last, 466'

" next west, 606'

** ** near M. Dreher's, 470'

Big Meadow oreek at road crossing near J. White's, 466'

Forks next west A-om E. Flagler's, 600'

Forks at Stonington school-house, 625'

Forks near L. Drake's, 600'

Big Meadow creek just east at road crossing, 476'

Summit of ridge on road east from last, 680'

Forks of road 298 rods east from L. Drake's, 480'

*' at school-house, 92 rods north of last, 490'

" 117 rods north of last, 490'

♦♦ near G. Stone's, 690'

Dusenberry's run at oroasing near P. Lee's, 600*

Forks just south fix>m M. Brish's, 670'

Hoffman's run at oroasing near T. Roland's, 670'

By-road near J. Eckert's, 600'

Forks of road next west, . . 760*

»• near W. W. Chippertield's, 780*

Hoffman's run near J. P. Hoffman's, 746'

Sharp bend of road north from J. P. Hoffman's, 760'

Wigwam run at road crossing south from M. Brown's, 810'

" " near W. Winn's, 986'

By-road near A. Metzgar's, 920'

Forks south from J. Martz's, 700*

Forks near H. Neyhart's, 680'

Wigwam run here, • 676'

Forks near L. Merlon's, 700'

Forks 53 rods south-east from last, 710'

Forks 123 ** ** 690'

Level of Pocono creek at road crossing above Tanite Co. 's works, .... 686'

Cross roads near S. Frazler's, 480'

Forks near A. J. Bush's, 480*

Level of Pocono oreek at road crossing near G. Phillip's, 466'

Snyder's Comers, 496'

Dry run at road crossing near its mouth, 486'

Forks next north from Mrs. M. E. Detrick's, 696'

Forks near C. Clearing's, 726'

Tributary of Dry run at road orossing near H. Frantz's, 606'

15. HAMILTON. Gt\ 275

Forks next north-west, . 715'

Dry ran just west from last, 685

<* at road crossing near W. B. RofT's, 780*

Wigwam run at road crossing next south of I. Merrin's, 650'

Pooono creek Just south from last, 575'

Forks of road next south, 595^

Lane at B. Walter's, 605'

Forks of road next south 685-

Lane at H. Beesecker's, . 645'

Cross-roads next south, near Shaffer's cemetery, 570'

Forks of road near R. Houston's, 670'

By-road to H. R. Ransbury's, 670*

" just east, 6 rods, 580'

Forks at J. W. Houston's, 620'

Forks near Jas. H. Kern's, 600'

McMiohael's creek Just south, 440^

Forks near Mt. Paul school-house, 600'

Cross-roads next west from last, 530'

Forks near S.Ree's, 480*

** 164 rods south fh>m McMichael's creek, at Stroudsburg, 475'

«* near J. Decker's, 640'

" east from A. LeBarr's, 800'

♦• near T. W. Rhodes', 400'

«« " Mrs. E. Decker's, 670'

" " J. Huffert's, 400'

«« «« J. Caldwell's, 895'

Cherry creek Just south fh>m last, 860'

Forks near Mrs. J. Keller's, 880'

«* •♦ P. Keller's, 400*

Levelof Cherry creek Just opposite, 875'

Walpack ridge near Highland cottage, 780^

Forks of road near S. Hohenschildt's mill, 405'

Mountain run at road crossing \ mile above last, 550'

«* «* " near C. Dreher's, 725'

Forks of road near C. Dreher's, 785'

Summit of Kittatinny Mt. on Bangor road, 1850'

Forks of road near P. Edinger's, 920'

" " 187 rods east, 970*

" «« near J. W. Drake's, 905'

Level of Mountain run next south, 880'

Summit of Kittathmy Mt. Tatamy's gap, 1250'

16. Ha/railton township.

This township lies directly west from Stroud and also ad-
joins Northampton county along its southern line. Its shape

276 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

is almost rhombic except that the southern line is broken
by the irregularities of the Blue Mountain crest.

The rain falling on this area is carried oflf north-eastward
into the Delaware river, reaching the latter stream just north
from the Water Gap, through Brodhead and Cherry creeks.

Cherry creek takes its rise at the western line of the
township, in an old drift filled valley, where the surface
slopes away in either direction so insensibly, that it is im-
possible to determine the exact locality of the divide. A
portion of the water falling on this old valley comes east-
ward by way of Cherry creek to the Delaware ; while
another portion goes westward by way of Aquanchicola
creek to the Lehigh river in Carbon county. This valley is
excavated from the soft rocks at the junction of VI and V,
and is the south-westward extension of the Delaware river
valley above the mouth of Brodhead, in Monroe county.

McMichael's creek drains the rest of Hamilton township,
north from Godfrey's ridge, except the extreme north-east-
em corner, through which Pocono creek makes an ox-bow
bend.

The main branch of McMichael's creek takes its rise in
another ancient drift-buried valley, just west from the Ham-
ilton township line, and along the northern slope of Wal-
pack ridge.

Lake Poponoming, a beautiful sheet of water, of semi-
lunar form, occupying a deep "kettle hole" in the Terminal
moraine pours a constant stream of water into this branch
of McMichaeFs creek. The Lake is 36' deep, and great
hills of drift surround it on every side. A very narrow
steep bluflf of drift separates its southern shore from Mc-
Michael' s creek, which, in passing it, cuts down through the
drift deposits several feet below its level, (620' A. T.)

McMichael's creek flows eastward in an ancient Drift-bu-
ried valley underlaid by Marcellus shale rock^ being the
westward extension of the old valley which enters Monroe
county near the mouth of the Bushkill, and runs south-west-
ward through Middle Smithfield, Smithfield and Stroud
townships, entering Hamilton just east from where McMi-
chael's creek turns southward near Wm. Felkner's.

16. HAMILTON. G\ 277

The section of rocks exposed in this area extends from
the base of the Chemung (which conies into the hills at the
extreme northern portion) down nearly to the base of IV
along the summit of the mountain at the extreme southern
line.

The geology of the township is peculiarly interesting from
the fact that the Upper Heidelberg group {Corniferous
limestone and Cauda- g alii grit) thins away and disappears
entirely near its western boundary, coincident with an ex-
tensive thickening up of the Oriskany sandstone (VII).

The rock structure remains about the same as that in the
corresponding portions of Stroud, except that the a new
anticlinal makes its appearance south of the Kemmerer-
ville anticlinal.

This Offset anticlinal comes through the Blue mountain
from Mount Bethel township in Northampton county. On
that side of the mountain it makes the cove behind Offset
mountain, down which Offset creek flows eastward. On
the Monroe county side of the mountain it makes the long
nose which descends westward straight towards Saylors-
burg ; and it might properly be called the Baylor sburg an-
ticlinal. Offset mountain is merely the high east end of
the synclinal south of the Offset anticlinal.

The Kemmererville a^is is flattened out to a considerable
extent.

The East Stroudsburg axis enters the township just be-
low Kunkleville, its structure being weU seen along McMi-
chaer s creek, where that stream cuts across it into the syn-
cline to the south. It seems to flatten out south-westward
toward the western line of the township.

No roads pass across the Kittotinny mourUain in this
township and hence the outcrop of the Oneida congtomer-
aie is seen only along the summit of these mountains, al-
though its northern slope is thickly covered with Oneida
dSbris from the upper portion of the range.

Offset Mountain makes a much more conspicuous figure
in the topography when viewed from the Northampton
county (southern) side of the mountain, than from the Mon-
roe county (northern) side.

278 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

The Medina sandstone beds come to the surface mostly
along the lower half of the northern Kittatinny slope, and
hence are nearly always covered up under great heaps of
debris from the Oneida outcrops.

At Kemmererville, where a small stream cuts across the
axis of that name, to unite with Cherry creek, some I'eddish
sandstone beds are exposed which doubtless belong t/c :he
top of the Medina.

The red shale beds of No. V are only slightly exposed in
this township, since they underlie the Cherry valley region,
and the foot slopes of the Kittatinny mountain, localities
which are nearly always covered with Drift. They are ex-
posed, however, just north from Kemmererville, where the
Drift deposits have been stripped off along the road. There,
opposite Mr. J. Reiner's, SLveTj dec^ red shale is seen whose
top is planed off smooth, and is scored with straight Ice
grooves many of which are 2" broad and 1" deep, going S.
40° W., (at 450' A. T.)

These red beds are also seen along the road leading south
from Saylorsburg just north from where it crosses the old
buried valley at the head of Cherry creek.

The Lower Helderberg roclcs^ No. VI, are quite well ex-
posed along the southern slope of Saylorsburg ridge.

A nearly complete section of these beds was obtained in
the vicinity of Stormville, where the following section was

observed :

Stormville Section, (67.)

1. Oriskany sandstanet visible 25'

2. Conoealed, (Stormville shales,) about 150'

8. St<ynnville conglomerate, . . 46'

4. " limestone, . . SC

5. ** water lime, (**Peth8tone'* of Cook, in New
Jersey,) 8'

6. Rougli, breodated, impure limestone, 6'

7. Conoealed, . . .... ... 10*

8. Decker^s Ferry sandstone, pebbly, visible, 20*

9. Conoealed, IC

10. Bossardville limestone, 50'

11. Conoealed, .... 50'

12. Poxono buff, limy shale, visible, 100'

18. Conoealed to top of Clinton red bedSf 75' f

509

15. HAMILTON. G\ 279

The OrisTcany sandstone^ No. 1, occurs in a field, near
the top of the ridge, a short distance north-west of Stormville,
where it juts out in a bold ridge dipping nearly vertically
N. 26° W. The upper portion only is visible, and it is
composed very largely of white quartz pebbles, cemented
into a matrix of coarse, gray sand.

The Cauda-galU grit is seen coming in immediately above
No. 1, and forming a line of cliflfs in a bluff along the top
of the ridge ; cleaving steeply to the south-east.

The cherty, limy Stormville shales cover a broad band of
outcrop along the hill directly south from the Oriskany
sandstone^ and are partially exposed in several places,
though owing to a rapid flattening of the dip, or even re-
versal, their thickness could not be certainly determined.

The Stormville conglomerate makes a bold bluff overlook-
ing Cherry creek valley, and about 150' above the same.
It is composed of alternate layers of impure, sandy, peb-
bly limestone and pebbly sandstone, the latter predominat-
ing near its top. The layers of limestone are crowded with
Pentameratus^ P. pseudo-galeaius^ Spirifer macropleurus^
and many other characteristic Lower Helderberg fossils.
The physical character of this Stormville conglomerate is
exhibited by the following more detailed section of this
stratum taken at Stormville :

Stormville Section^ {58.)

1. Alternating layers (I'-ll' thick) of sandy limestone and

limy sandstone ail filled witli small quartz pebbles, . 10*

2. Very bard white sandstone filled with smaU pebbles, . 2f 6"
8. Sandy limestone, with some pebbles, lO*

4. Bloish-gray limestone, very fossiliferoas, impure and

sandy, with few pebbles, lO'

6. Concealed, . . 2* 6"

6. Handy, pebbly limestone, lO'

45'

By reference to the sections in Middle Smithfield, and
Smithfield townships, of the preceding pages, it will be seen
that the pebbly layers have been gradually invading the
limestone layers downward from the base of the Stormville
shales ; since at Decker's ferry, where these beds first appear

280 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

in Pennsylvania, the pebbly beds are about 5' thick, there
being no quartz pebbles in the massive limestone which
there underlies the few feet of conglomerate. These facts
are of especial interest in connection with the sudden and
great thickening up of the Oriskany sandstone southwest-
ward from the center of this township.

The StormviUe limestone^ No. 4, has been designated
from this locality, and I have used the name in the town-
ship east from this to include all the limestone layers be-
tween the StormviUe water lime^ No. 5, and the base of the
pebbly layers next above ; so that in Smithfield and Middle
Smithtield townships this term includes a i)ortion of the
Stormtille conglomerate of this section. The Gff of rocks
in it at this locality consist of bluish-gray impure layers,
many of which are quite fossiliferous. Near its middle
occurs a stratum about 15' thick which is banded along the
bedding planes with alternate laminae of gray and buflBsh-
white colors. Some of the layers in this 5(y are pure enough
to bum for lime and they have been quarried for that pur-
pose on the land of Mr. Hartman just east from StormviUe,
near the Stroud township line.

The StormviUe water lime makes its appearance in the
section again at this locality, having been found continu-
ously between this point and the eastern line of the county
wherever its horizon is uncovered. As stated elsewhere
there can be little doubt that it represents the "Peth rock"
of Prof. Cook at the Nearpass quarry locality in New Jer-
sey, 45 mUes north-east from StormviUe. The rock is quite
impure, being of a huffish color, and where its Ume has
been removed by solution the residuum is a soft ochery sub-
stance. For its analysis see page 135.

Immediately under the last stratum there comes a bed of
impure brecciated limestone, filled with chips of shale, lime-
stone,and other material, the most of which has been rounded
by attrition in water during the accumulation of the bed.

The Decker* s Ferry sandstone^ No. 8, is quite hard and
full of very small quartz pebbles in its upper half, the lower
part passing down into a greenish shale. The sandstone
portion is fossUiferous, of a grayish- white color, and like

15. HAMILTON. G*. 281

all the rest of the section above it, up to the base of No. 2
(Stormville shales) dips N. 26° W. 60°-76^

The Bossardville liTnestoneis here (opposite J. Snover's,
where all the members of the section above it were meas-
ured) concealed under the drift which fills the Cherry creek
valley, but a short distance {i mile) westward it makes a
bluflf along the northern boundary of the valley, and has
there been quarried and burned extensively on the land of
Mr. C. Metzger. It is a dark-bluish rock of which 50' are
exposed, dipping N. 26° W. 76°. The base of the rock
shows the impure layers finely banded with thin laminae in
which the columnar structure occurs near the Water Gap.

The Poxono huff shales are quite weU exposed for nearly
100' along the road which crosses Cherry valley past the M.
E. church, one mile above (west) Stormville. The material
is a light-yellow limy shale, in which some beds occur near
the base of the exposure which might be termed limestone.
No fossils of any kind were observed in these rocks.

The same beds are exi)osed along Peatherman's creek,
just below the cross-roads, at A. H. Featherman' s, 100 rods
west from the last locality. The stream descends over them
in cascades^ and the bottom of the buff^ limy shales is
reached near the mill dam, 50 rods south from the Strouds-
burg road, where reddish variegated beds begin to come up.
Several layers of buflBsh, impure limestone occur interstrati-
tified with the shales at this locality, and all dip to the
north-west at a high angle.

The Bossardville limestone comes down into the steep
bluflf north from the road, and just east from A. H. Feather-
man's, on whose land it has been extensively quarried and
burned for agricultural purposes. It occurs in two bluflfs,
and exhibits an outcrop 60'-60' thick, the whole dipping
rapidly north-westward. The rock is much twisted and con-
torted, exhibiting considerable calcite in veins and cavities.

Just west from Featherman' s creek Godfrey's Kidge is
suddenly turned southward to what was the center of Cherry
creek valley farther east, while the Bossardville limestone
curves over its crest and descends to the level of Cherry
creek, near C. Featherman' s. The limestone covers an

282 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

extensive area in the vicinity of Bossardville, being there
burned to a greater extent than anywhere else in the county.

Mr. Geo. Heller has the most extensive quarry in the
limestone at Bossardville and the rock shows great cliflfs
40-50' high just above the road where the rock has been
excavated back into the hill. The output of his kiln is
about 100,000 bushels of lime annually, which brings from
6 to 8 cents per bushel at the kiln. It makes an excellent
fertilizer and is hauled many miles for agricultural pur-
poses. It is equally suitable for making mortar, and all
building purposes not requiring lime of pure whiteness.
The limestone is mostly of a dark-bluish color, with thinly
bedded layers much contorted ; apparently non-fossliferous,
dipping N. 25° W. 30°-35°.

It is also extensively quarried and burned at this locality
by Messrs. Williams, Bossard, Butz and others.

T7ie columnar limestone occurs at the base of the Bos-
sardville limestone in this vicinity and was once burned for
hydraulic cement of which it is said to have made a very
good quality.

Just south from Bossardville, Godfrey's ridge slopes
rapidly up to an elevation of 900' A. T. over which the lime-
stones of VI curve as surface rocks and then dip down to
the south-east until the Bossardville limestone comes to the
valley of Cherry creek at Mr. C. Featherman' s, 430' A. T. ,
where it has been quarried in a bluflf 35' high, just north
from the creek. The rock is dark blue, with slaty fracture,
and filled with streaks and veins of calcite ; dip 10°-15° to
the north-west.

Westward from Bossardville, this Bossardville lime-
stone is seen no more within the township, being everywhere
concealed nnder an enormous heap of d^ris from the Oris-
Tcany sandstone^ or else absent entirely, the latter hypothe-
sis being the one generally held by the farmers of the re-
gion. This belief rests entirely on negative evidence for
its support, since there is not a single locality where the
limestone could be seen between Bossardville and Saylors-
burg, even if hundreds of feet of the rock were present.

15. HAMILTON. G'. 283

Drift stuff and other debris conceal effectually all the strat-
ified rocks of this horizon.

The increased amount of local debris which covers both
the north and the south slopes of Godfrey's ridge south-
west from Bossardville is primarily due to the great thicken-
ing up of the Oriskany sandstone^ which takes place in that
region. Just how the thickening is brought about cannot
be seen directly, but the probability seems strong that it
originated by the gradual invasions of the Stormville shales
and underlying calcareous congloTneraie by sandy material ;
so that the entire interval from the base of the Cauda-galli
to the base of the Stormville conglomeraie becomes sand-
stone and sandy shale.

That this was the modus operandi of the thickening is
also aflirmed by the fact that a great thickness of buflBsh-
white sandy shale makes its appearance under the top ledge
of the Oriskany^ all along Godfrey's ridge west from Bos-
sardville.

TJie Oriskany sandstone first makes its appearance on
the south side of Godfrey's ridge, just west from the road
which crosses the Cherry valley between C. B. Shaffer's and
J. Ruth's. East of this, the limestones of V/are the sur-
face rock in the vicinity of Bossardville on both the north
and the south slojies of the ridge as well as the summit, the
Oriskany sandstone having been entirely removed by ero-
sion.

OUlss sand has for a long time been obtained from the
Oriskany on the summit of Godfrey' s ridge, about two thirds
of a mile west from the road referred to above. The locality
where it has been most quarried is on the land of Mr. Samuel
Shafer's, (825' A. T.) the East Stroudsburg Bottle Glass
factory having obtained its sand there for many years. The
rock is a grayish -white, rather coarse-grained sandstone
with many small flat pebbles which have a darker appear-
ance than the enclosing matrix. The rock is hauled in
wagons seven miles to the furnace. It contains too much
iron for window glass.

The Oriskany is seen making a great cliff along the sum-
mit of the ridge, overlooking Cherry creek valley opposite

284 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Mr. J. Mansfield' s. The rock is mostly broken and crusted,
while large heaps of bowlders cover the surface to an un-
known depth on both sides of the ridge.

The Stormville shales are seen making much huffish- white
debris along the cuts in the road which crosses this ridge
northward from Mr. G. Barger s.

The Oriskany sandstone is also quarried along this road
for glass sand^ just south from the crest of the ridge, at
an elevation of 750' A. T. The rock is much decomposed,
so that down under the superficial covering of bowlders the
sand is so loose that it can be cut out with a spade. It is
hauled to East Stroudsburg and used for making bottles at
the new factory recently erected there, (1881.)

Good sand for bottle-making purposes can be obtained
anywhere along this ridge, between this locality and the
western line of the township. No measurement of the
Oriskany in this region is possible, owing to lack of ex-
posures, but it can hardly be less than 150' thick, and pos-
sibly 200.'

The Cauda-galU grit^ as has already been stated, thins
away to a feather-edge on the old OrisTcany sandstone
beach^ which begins to come in near the center of the town-
ship. The exact place where it disappears is mere conjec-
ture, since its outcrop is entirely concealed in the western
portion of the township, but its disappearance is presumed
to be coincident with that of the Corniferous limestone^
which, there is good reason for believing, thins to nothing,
about one mile from the western line. The disappearance
of the Cauda galli^ at the same time, is inferred from the
fact that a short distance westward, (two or three miles,) in
the adjoining township, the Cauda-galU grit is absent.

This rock enters the eastern portion of the township along
the crest and northern face of Walpack ridge, having a nar-
row outcrop, owing to the rapid north-west dip, which soon
carries it down under the Corniferous limestorve.

The East Stroudsburg axis brings up the Cauda-gaUi
grit just north from the McMichael's creek syncline, along
which it forms a high ridge extending from the eastern line
of the township south-westward parallel to Godf rey' s ridge,

15. HAMILTON. Q\ 285

until it gradually dies away, when the Upper Selderberg
rocks thin out, west from the center of this area. McMi-
chaeFs creek cuts through this ridge at the sharp turn in
the road, 100 rods below Kunkleville. There the Cavda
gain is seen as a dull gray, sandy slate, cleaving in thick
plates to the south-east, and dipping both north-west and
south-east under an arch of Corniferous limestone.

The outcrop of the Cauda-galli is also seen along the
road leading southward from Kellersville, where it crosses
the East Stroudshurg axis between Mr. W. Benzoni's and
G. Erdman's, the summit of the ridge in the gap through
which the road passes being capped by Cavda-galli gritj
at 650' A. T., though eastward it rises 100'-200' higher, while
westward it gradually sinks toward the valley of the lake
branch of McMichael's creek, near which it seems most
probable that both it and the Corniferous disappear, since
neither are again seen west from that stream.

The Corniferous limestone is finely exposed at the east-
ern line of the township, for several rods along McMichael' s
creek, in the vicinity of Kunkleville, where it dips N. 25®
W. 15°-20° for over 600', which would indicate a thickness
of at least 150', and possibly 200'. The rock is very flinty,
and but little of it is pure enough to slack on burning. It
passes below the bed of McMichael's creek, just above the
bridge at Kunkleville.

West from this it forms a line of ledges running about
S. 60°-65° W. and extending a long distance without inter-
ruption. It is seen along the road at the forks next west
from W. Bittenbende's, where it has been quarried and
burned to a small extent, though it slacked very badly,
owing to the innumerable black iiint nodules with which it
is filled.

About one mile west from McMichael's creek, the Cornif-
erous liTnestone forms a bluflf 100' high, at the forks of the
road just south from Mrs. W. Heller's, where, on the north
side of the East Stroundsburg axis, it dips N. 25° W. 25°-
30°.

It is also seen where the road crosses a small stream,
about one half mile south from Kellerville, extending along

286 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

the road southward for several rods past Mr. W. Benzoni's,
near whose house it is planed off smooth squarely through
thejfl.i7its by Glacial action, and striated S. 35^ W. over a
considerable area. The rock is quite sandy and seems to
possess only a small quantity o f lime. It also appears much
thinner than usual and dips N. 25° W. 25°.

On passing still further south from this last locality, the
Corniferous limestone arches in the air over a ridge of Can-
da-galU grit but comes down to the surface again at Mr.
G. Erdman's, where it dips S. 25° E. 16°.

Continuing further south on this same road we cross the
McMichaeV s creek syncline and come to the reversed dip
of the rocks which rise south-east to the summit of God-
frey' s ridge. Near the point where this reversal takes place
at A. Meizell' s, a broad outcrop of the Corniferous lime-
stone is seen along the road. It is so sandy that but for
tYi^Jlints contained it would not be recognized as having
any relationship to a limestone, Tliis is the most western
point at which the Corniferous limestone has been seen in
Monroe county and it probably thins away entirely within
one or two miles from this point.

The Hamilton Oroup covers all the rest of the township
north from the Corniferous limestone outcrop, or about half
of its area.

The soft buffish-gray and blackish Marcellus beds occur
along the valley of McMichael's creek, the greater portion
of which has been excavated out of these rocks. They are
mostly covered up and concealed, however, by a great sheet
of Drift which is piled up in hummocks, scattered in ridges,
and fitted with "Kettle holes." These latter are most
abundant in the vicinity of Mr. P. Mosteller's, one half
mile, north from Kunkleville. Here several Kettle holes
occur 30'-50' deep, while in the same vicinity Dr\ft mounds
and ridges rise from 50'-100' above the general level. A
large conical Drift mound is seen just south from Sciota,
nearly 75' high.

Where the stream cuts through the Drift deposits, the
Marcellus is occasionally seen. Near Mr. G. Snyder* s, Mc-
Michael's creek cuts a narrow gorge through a ridge of

16. HAMILTON. G*. 287

Marcellus^ and just above it makes a vertical fall of 15' over
the dark blue slates of this series.

About one raile south from this last locality a low bluflf
of Marcellus shales is seen in a field near Mr. Yinger's,
which has been quarried to some extent for " slate gravel"
to be used in repairing the roads. The bluish-black slate
contains many fossils at this locality, but they are mostly
fragmentary and indeterminable.

A bed of hog iron ore occurs along McMichael's creek
about one half mile west from the village of Sciota. It has
been leached out of the Marcellus beds which are frequently
iron bearing. The deposit is not now visible, having been
covered up with debris, though many years ago it was dug
out and hauled to Weissport, in Carbon county, for use in
the manufacture of mineral paint.

One of these local accumulations of iron ore is also seen
along the north bank of Little McMichael's creek, about one
mile above Sciota. It was cut by an excavation for the road,
and is seen to consist of a yellowish clay ore in small no-
dules and finer material, under which lies this blackish
Marcellus shale.

These deposits would yield a valuable iron ore of medium
richness if they could be found sufficiently extensive, which
is hardly probable.

Just east from Kunkleville, the Marcellus is seen nearly
in contact with the Corniferous limestone^ there being only
20' of concealed material between the two outcrops. The
lowest portion of the Marcellus seen there is a dark gray,
hard, sandy shale.

The Hamilton sandstone makes a considerable ridge
along the northern portion of this township, but it is much
less elevated than further east.

Pocono creek cuts through a ledge of Hamilton calcare-
ous sandstone., at Custard' s Mills,in the north-eastern corner
of the township, where it makes a fall of 20' in a short dis-
tance. Many large potholes have been worn into the
dark-blue sandstone layers at this locality.

The Hamilton sandstone beds are well exposed along

288 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Little McMichael's creek, where it enters the township, and
immediately southward, where the stream cuts through the
Hamilton ridge. It ilows in a narrow gorge, hemmed in by
almost vertical slopes of gray, sandy rocks, 200'-300' high.
Immense bowlders of the rock are scattered over the sur-
face and strewn along the stream.

The Oenesee slate is seen along the road which runs east
and west, one fourth mile north from Custard's Mills. It
makes a black streak in the road, and its narrow belt of
outcrop runs near the northern line of the township, some-
times being in Hamilton, and again just over the line in
Jackson, except near the western line of the township,
where it passes some distance (one half mile) north from
the Hamilton township line.

The Chemung beds cap the summit of a ridge, near the
eastern line of the township, along its extreme northern
border, for a short distance, (one to two miles,) but west
from this their southern outcrop passes northward into
Jackson township.

It is also possible that the basal members of the Chemung
series come into the summits of the hills in the central por-
tion of the Stroudsburg syncline^ at the extreme western
line of the township.

Barometrw Elevations in ^Hamilton.

{Above Tide,)

Crofls-roads near J. Snover's, (below Storm vUle,) 420*

Forks at Stormville P. C, 480*

Forks at Rev. G. L. Sbafer's, 616'

Level of Cherry oreek, just south, 896'

Forks next south, . . 406'

" ill KeinmerervUle, 460*

«* C. Fetherman's, 440"

Cherry oreek there, 480*

Forks 150 rods north, 610'

Cross-roads at J. H. Fetherman's, 626'

Forks of road opposite hotel in Bossardville, 670*

Summit of Walpaok ridge, Just south, 900'

Forks near C. B. Shafer's, OeO*

" " C. Houser's, 610'

Cross-roads just south from E. Shafer's, 700'

Cherry oreek, near G. Barrier's, 626*

« << at road crossing below A. Shoemaker's, WV

" •« " »• near J. Elatz's, 600'

15. HAMILTON. G'. 389

Hlgbeot point in old boried valley at head of Cberr; oreek, 62S'

Forks of road In SaylOnbur^, at hotel, 7W

I^ke Poponomlng, 620*

Lake ore«k at western line or Hamtlton township, 62fi'

>' " at road crosBing one half mile east troca last, B8S'

Forks next north, BTO*

'■ " " from M. Klntt'e, eify

" 292 rods iiorlli-oaHt from last 600'

" 1> W .Slmrar'B 650

Lake creek at road crowiQg next east, MO*

Forks east n«m U. Umptired'B, 740

■' P3n-ifaeiUfl from last, Jiff

" just north from K Shafer'e, 695'

" ne»r J Houser"H BohooUliouse 690'

" *' M. Fetlierinan'a, fiflO'

Croa»-Toads a.t J Erdiuan'a, 670"

ForksatR<-Ui»iUii.>Li4o(iP;irJ. Boawrd's, 600"

" near G. Heller'a, fsaiy

" " G. Krdman's, 675'

Summit of ridge In road Just north, 650*

Forks near W. Hanej'a, GOO'

■■ ■' a Ylnger's, ! . . . 6K'

Creek level there, B2S'

Cross-roads, 161 rods northwest IVom last, 645'

Forks near A. Bowman's, 765'

" " J, Umphred's, 726'

Cross-roads nt-nr j .Shoemaker's, 825'

" 100 rodii) east from the laat, eao*

" near fJ, Snyder's, 640'

Forks near Dr. T.everlng'8, 676'

" " J Marsli'H, 678*

Little Mi'Michnol'H creek, at 8(tfot«, 640"

Forks of roiul in Solcita, SBS>

Level of LinieMcMlcliaefsoreek, near L. Boiuer'a, 680'

Forksof roBdhftftf O Bitten bender's, 600*

Crosw-r-Huia.aORrodseastonasC 600"

Forksat l.Kfrkuir's.inKellervl]le 600"

Level of ^IcMiGhael'sareek there, 400"

Forks ne«r W BonwnpB, SW

Level of little stream Just north, 600'

Forks near 8. Katz's, 700*

" " A. Staple's, 670"

" " J Cressmon's, 600'

Cross-roads near A. Snyder's, 485'

Forka next west. (181 rods,) 490"

Level of MoMlohael's oreek, near S. Leah's, . , 480"

" " " " J. Fetbennan's, 478'

Forks next north, 6(6'

" near G. Honok's, 620

" " P. Monteller's SIS'

CrosB-roads neai- (i. F. Heller't^ OW

19 G*.

290 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

MoMiohaePs oree^ near M. Shoemaker's, 485'

MoMiohaePs oreek, at Kankleville, 455

Cross-roads there, ... 470'

Pooono creek, at Custard's mill-dam, 785'

Forks of road next west, at Luth. ohoroh, 800

" " 97 rods north from last, 785'

16. Ross township.

This township lies next west from Hamilton and borders
Northampton county on the south.

The drainage is nearly all westward into the Lehigh river
though Aquanchicola creek and its tributaries. This stream
rises in an old buried valley lying between the Kittatinny
mountain and the OrisJcany ridge, at the eastern line of
the townsliip, from tlie highest point (625' A. T.) of which,
where the divide is almost imperceptible, Cherry creek starts
eastward and Aquanchicola westward.

Frantz's creek flows west along the north side of the ridge.
This stream also heads in an old drift-filled valley where
the divide between it and the water flowing eastward to the
Delaware through McMichael's creek, is almost impercep-
tible, there being an extensive swamp nearly on the crest of
the divide out of which Frantz's creek issues westward ;
while to the north and separated from it by only a low ridge
of Drift the waters of Lake creek go eastward ; the summit
of the divide being 635' A. T. or only 10' higher than the
summit of the Aquanchicola buried valley, one mile south.

This township is the westward limit of the great gla-
cier which moved south-westward down the valley north
from Walpack ridge, for west from the center of this area
there is no Drift nor any evidence of glacial action, while to
the east are great heaps of true Terminal moraine more than
100' high. These Drift heaps, mounds, and ridges are most
numerous along the eastern line of the township, and about
one mile west from the same ; beyond this, westward, the

16. ROSS. Gt\ 291

Drift heaps become less frequent, and finally disapi)ear al-
together before the western line of this area is reached.

T7i€ structure of the rocks is simpler than in Hamilton
township, because of the disappearance of the Bast Strovds-
burg axis which flattens out between the Stroudsburg and
McMlchaeV s creek syncUnes where they come together near
the eastern line of the townsliip.

TJte rocks exposed extend from the Catskill down to the
Oneida conglomerate which here as eastward caps the sum-
mit and upper slope of the Kittatinny (Blue) mountain.
TJte Catskill is caught in the deep fold of the Stroudsburg
syncline along the northern portion of the township.

Wind Gap is a name given to a great cut through the
Kittatiny mountains at the eastern line of this area. The
crest of the Kittatinny at the Wind Gap is about 1450' A.
T., but the summit in the gap is only 978' A. T. From
crest to crest across the gap is not far from } mile, while at
the base of the same the sides have converged until they
are separated by only one eighth mile. The floor of the
gap is covered with rubble and rock ddbris. An excavation
12' in a R. R. cut shows many of the small bowlders rounded
as if from attrition in water.

The origin of this gap will most probably always be left
to conjecture, but I can see no plausible explanation for it
except that it has been cut down by a stream of water
which flowed through it in the remote past, descending from
the Pocono escarpment at the north across the wide, eroded
area which extends northward from the gap to far beyond
the township line. This, however, is mere conjecture, since
the stream which produced the erosion of the gap, has so
long ago ceased to flow, that subsequent erosion has practi-
cally made an entirely new topography. It is possible that
the flooded rivers from the melting and retreating glaciers
which filled the valley north and south from Walpack ridge,
may have cut down the plateau of soft rocks across which
the ancient stream flowed through the Wind Gap, thus
leaving only the remnants of its ancient course.

No Drift materials of any kind are to be 8«en in the gap,

292 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

SO that its erosion can hardly be connected with the glacial
epoch.

The Oneida conglomerate is seen cropping out in immense
cliffs on either side of the Wind Gap, from which large
bowlders and great heaps of debris have rolled down the
slopes into the gap.

The red shale rocks of No. V are seen in several localities
along Aquanchicola creek, whose valley is excavated out of
these. They are quite soft and of a deep dark color.

The only portion of the Lower Helderberg series exposed
in this area, is the Bossaidville limestone which has been
extensively quarried along the south side of the ridge
just west from the village of Saylorsburg. Messrs. Lessig,
Altimus, Mackes, and others have quarries in it. The rock
is very much contorted, being so twisted about as to render
the determination of the dip at any locality almost impos-
sible. Sometimes it appears to dip south-eastward, and
again to descend almost vertically to the north-west. It
also frequently presents a rude cleavage structure to the
south-east. The rock is dark-blue and bluish-gray, almost
totally non-fossiliferous, and when cleaving presents a very
slaty aspect. Though not pure, it bums into an excellent
lime for agricultural purposes. [These disturbances of dip
are produced by the Offset anticlinal,^

Iron Ore — On the land of Samuel Lessig, quite a large
deposit of Brown Hematite Iron Ore has lately been de-
veloped under the superin tendency of Mr. Nelson Le Barre,
of Portland, who seeing t>r^ scattered over the surface, leased
the land from Mr. Lessig, and went to work systematically
to search for the main body of the same. Almost the first
trial hole sunk resulted in striking a body of flai ore which
was proven for 48' in depth, and several feet in width. This
me comes in layers li"-3" thick, which descends almost
vertically except that the layers are frequently curved and
bent from side to side.

TJie geological position of the ore is just above the Deck-
efs Ferry sandstone^ which forms a ledge of hard, grayish-
white conglomerate immediately south from the exploita-

16. ROSS. G*. 293

tion shaft. This fact has been of much service to Mr. Le
Barre in a further seach for the ore.

Some si)ecimens for analysis were taken from this shaft,
for the composition of which see page 138.

A second shaft sunk a few rods south-west from the last
and probably 100' north from the Decker's Ferry sandstone
ledge gave the following section, (59) :

1. Sandy oohre, ICK

2. Iron orCf somewhat sandy, 12'

8. Ochre, 5'

4. Iron ore " Bomb-sheU," 3'

5. Ochre, . . 1' 6"

6. *♦ Bomb-^hell " ore, 4'

7. Sandstone, ?

86' 6"

The ore from this shaft which was 38' in depth at the
time of visiting the same, is more silicious than that in the
other shaft.

The Ochre is of a yellowish-brown color and some of it
is quite pure. For analysis of the ore and ochre from this
shaft, see page 139.

The " Bomb-ShelV^ ore is so called from its being found
in spherical nodules containing a central hollow partially
filled with loose, clayey materials, or a reddish oxide of
iron.

The origin of these ore deposits is a question of consider-
able geological interest. The portion of the ore, as already
stated, is just above the Deckefs Ferry sandstone^ while
on above it lies a great mass of Oriskany sandstone com-
pletely decomposed, its debris forming a bed of white sand
and silicious clay of unknown thickness. The ridge at
this point, where the Oriskany sandstone is decomposed,
is only about 800' A. T.,* but only one mile west it rises in
a lofty rock-capped ridge to 1200' A. T. and is covered with
immense blocks of brown iron-stained sandstone, in which
much iron is seen. It appears quite probable that on the
Lessig and Mackes farms the iron from the decomposed
Oriskany sandstone has been transferred to the limestone

* GaUed Dodendorf mountain.

294 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

layers of the Stormville beds which had previously been
deprived of their lime by solution leaving only the insoluble
portions to act as a receptacle for the iron.

The beds of ochre seem to have originated by the removal
of lime from the beds containing considerable iron, thus
leaving it in a loose, porous condition, or the iron of the
ochre may have been transferred to it from other sources.

The Oriskany sandstone attains a great development in
Walpack ridge just west from Mr. Samuel Lessig's on whose
land it rises in a great peak to 120(y A. T., and from this
point continues on south-westward along the summit of the
ridge at about the same height for several miles, covering
its crest and both the north and south sloi)e8 of the ridge
with its d^ris to a great depth. Although the blocks of
Oriskany scattered everywhere over this ridge have a very
massive aspect, yet we seldom find the rock cropping out on
the surface, and when it does the stratum appears to be all
broken up and crushed. Many casts of fossils are seen in
the Oriskany sandstone blocks which often have a dark
brown or almost black appearance from the oxidation of its
included iron.

The considerable mountain thus formed by the Oriskany
sandstone is locally known as Dodendorf Mountain in this
township.

Nothing whatever is seen of either the Cauda-galli grit
or Corniferous limestone in outcropping ledges, or even in
scattered blocks so that the conclusion about the thinning
away of these groups in the western portion of Hamilton
seems fully borne out.

The Marcellus dark shales are seen exposed along the
road on Frantz's creek, just below the cross-roads at D.
Andrew's, and a short distance below there opposite G. Klein-
tob's a high bank of Marcellus is exposed at a cutting along
the road ; it dips N. 25° W. 35°, and cleaves at a steep angle
to the south-east.

The Marcellus beds are quite bituminous at a locality on
the land of Bonser Bros. (Simon and William) and there
many hundred dollars have been expended in a fruitless
search for anthracite coal^ several entries having been driven

16. BOSS. Ot\ 295

into the base of Dodendorf Mountain, on its northern side,
just south from Frantz's creek. The bituminous matter of
the Marcellus has here been partially metamorphosed by the
crushing and folding to which it has been subjected so that
it now resembles very impure anthracite. About 20' of this
black Marcellus shale are exposed in one of the old drifts,
where it is seen with streaks of very impure coaly material

scattered through it in thin layers. The rock is f ossilif erous
but the organisms are so distorted as to be indeterminable.

Iron ore in small quantity is found resting on the Mar-
cellus immediately under the surface ddbris, at the mouth
of the entries. It is a yellowish-brown hematil;e, and has
doubtless accumulated like the hog ores^ though this is on a
considerable slope.

One of the entries was driven into the hill about two hun-
dred feet, and the point where it ends cannot be far from
the horizon of the Oriskany sandstone, since the dip is here
very steep to the north-west.

The debris from the Oriskany sandstone covers the entire
northern face of the ridge, and extends down into the
valley of Frantz's creek, thus extending out over the Mar-
cellus beds for several hundred feet. As the glacial ice
never covered this portion of the township the OrisTcany
sandstone bowlders have here got out so far over the Mar-
cellus outcrop by simply rolling down the steep sloi)e of
Walpack ridge from the i)oint where that stratum outcrops
along the summit.

The rapid dip northward from the ridge soon carries
all of No. Vlli below drainage level and brings down the
CatsJcill beds^ about one mile north from Frantz's creek at
the western line of the township, since the Wire ridge
synclin^ rapidly deepens toward the south-west.

The red beds of the Caiskill are seen along the road near
David Heflfelfinger's, just south from Mixsell creek, and
from this point tliey extend eastward with a constant north-
ward trend, until the syncline becoming too shallow they
pass into the air near the northern line of the township,
leaving the Chemung beds to occupy the end of the syn-

296 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

cline eastward to the Hamilton line. This syncline of hard
rocks (Catskill and Chemung) along the northern line of
the township, with soft beds {Hamilton) both north and
south, has been left by erosion in a long high upland known
as Wire Ridge, its summit rising from 1000-1100' A. T.,
seen from across the Hamilton vaUey to the north it looks
very much like a genuine uplift, but it owes its height sim-
ply to the protective power of the Catskill and Chemung
beds.

Near the head of Lake creek, just above Mr. A. Plyte's,
the Hamilton sandstone beds are exposed along the road,
where they have been quarried for use in repairing roads.
The rock is slightly fossiliferous.

Barometric Elevations in Hoss.

{Above Tide.")

Summit in Wind Gap, (Report N,) 978'

Summit of Kittatinny on either side of the gap, 1460'

Forks of road next north from Wind Gap, SSC

Level of stream at crossing near P. Arnold's, 815'

Forks near Jonah Smith's, 745'

Forks next west, (164 rods,) 700'

Level of Aquanohioola oreek, near R. Van Buskirk's, 595'

Forks there, . . . 610'

Cross-roads near Samuel Lessig's, 650'

Summit of Walpaok ridge on the road between Samuel Lessig's and

David Andrews', 876'

Level of Old valley where Aquanohioola creek starts west, near township

line, (eastern,) 625'

Summit of Dodendorf mountain, (west from Lessig's,) 1200'

Forks of road west from J. Smith's, 650'

Level of Fruntz's creek there, 640'

Cross-roads near D. Andrews', 655'

Forks at G. Klehitob's, 685'

Forks at school-house one mile west, 685'

Frantz's creek opposite G. Bouser's, 586'

Forks near J. Andrews', 786'

" Charles Buskirk's, 880'

Level of creek near David HefTelfinger's, 775'

Cross-roads near John Mixsell's, 825'

« east ftx>m D. Rhodes', 900'

Level of stream next west, 885'

Forks of road near W. Smith's, 900'

Forks near John Mission's, 960'

Cross-roads near P. Getz's, 1026'

Summit of Wire ridge just north of last, 1075'

Forks near H. Kindt's, 1100'

17. ELDRED. G". 297

Crom-roadB near G. Fljrte's, 1076'

Lake creek at road crossing below M. Frantz's, 910'

" •• •♦ near A. Flyte's, 820'

Forks of road near J. Shook's, 760'

Level of lAke creek there, 745'

Forks of road near L Rashy's, *. 760

Lake creek near L. Stallet's, . . 700'

Gross-roads near A. Kresf^'s, 715

Forks at P. R. Trausue's, 706'

Forks near T. Marsh's, 6i0'

n. Eldred Tcmnship.

This lies directly west from Ross, and occupies the ex-
treme south-western comer of Monroe, having Northampton
county on the south and Carbon on its western border.

The rainfall is all drained westward to the Lehigh river
through Aquanchicola creek, and its principal tributary,
Frantz's creek. The latter drains all the northern half of
the township, and flows south-westward, along the northern
slope of the No. VII ridge, rudely parallel to Aquanchi-
cola, which meanders along the southern side of the same
ridge through the valley of soft rock (No. V) at the foot of
the Kittatinny mountain. Westward from the center of the
township, Aquanchicola and Frantz's creeks gradually ap-
proach each other until at the Carbon county line they are
only 200 rods apart. Frantz's creek cuts through No. VII
ridge at what is known as Little Gfap, and the two streams
having united, the Aquanchicola keeps on to the Lehigh
river at the Lehigh Water Gfap.

The extreme north-western portion of the township drains
northward to Big Creek, which flows westward to the Lehigh
river near Weissport.

The glacial ice seems never to have extended over any
portion of this area, except possibly along the old valley
which extends northward from Frantz's creek through Wire
ridge to Big Creek ; since no striae were observed on the

298 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

outcropping rocks at the hundreds of localities where they
are bare in the township ; and there is no drift except along
the valley referred to.

The summit of this divide is a broad, level valley near the
nortliern line of the township, (only 730' A. T.,) while both
east and west of it Wire ridge (through which the gap is
cut) rises 350'-400' higher. Some drift bowlders are found
along this old valley as far south as Frantz's creek ; but as
no glacial scratches were observed it is possible that they
were transported by the water which (fed from the melting
ice in the Big creek valley) excavated this gap.

It is possible that this accession of water to the valley of
Frantz's creek from the overflow of the Big creek valley to
the north was the determining agency in enabling the waters
of Frantz's creek to make a breach through No. VII ridge
and join the Aquanchicola at Little Gkip. This seems all
the more probable because Frantz's creek constantly ap-
proaches the latter after the ancient valley debouches into
it three quarters of a mile below Kunkletown.

There is a marked change in the topography in passing
from the region of gla^ciation in the eastern portion of Boss
township (the one last described) westward into the drifUess
area ; for instead of broad valleys through which the streams
wander over beds of drift, with scarcely appreciable fall,
we now get narrow gorge-like valleys, with the streams de-
scending over rocky bottoms often in cascades, and always
with a rapid descent.

The rocks of this township are the same as those in Ross ;
and about the only change in the structure is a constant
westward deepening of the Wire ridge syncline, which
brings the Catskill beds into the hills only one mile north
from Frantz ' s creek, in the western portion of this area, in-
stead of at the very northern line of the township, as in
eastern Ross.

The Oneida Conglomerate forms the summit of the Kit-
tatinny mountain, in this township, as it does everywhere
between the Delaware and Lehigh Water Gaps. The crest
rises to 1500-1600' A. T. On the road which crosses the

17. ELDRED. G*. 299

Kittatinny, south from Kunkletown, the summit has an
elevation of 1540' A. T., while the crests east and west rise
to 1575' A. T. The actual outcrop of the Oneida is buried
deeply under its own debris, except near the summit of the
mountain, where the dip becomes so steep, 45^^-50°, that the
slopes will not retain the fragments. Where visible, it is a
very coarse, hard, gray conglomerate.

The Medina sandstone is entirely concealed under the
thick covering of Oneida dSbris^ which veils the long north-
ern slope of the Kittatinny, so that nothing can be seen of
it in this township.

The Clinton red beds exist along the Aquanchicola val
ley, as is known by occasional exposures of red shale ; but
nothing is known of their thickness, since these rocks are
only uncovered for a few feet at each locality. They are
exposed along the north bluflf of Aquanchicola creek, just
below the cross-roads at R. Smith's, and also near Nelson's
tannery, one mile below.

The Lower Helderberg rocTcs^ whose outcrop still runs
along the southern face of No. VII ridge, are constantly
concealed by the debris of the OrisTcany sandstone^ from
the slope above ; except just south from Kunkletown, where
they come out to the surface and have been extensively
quarried for many years on the land of Messrs. Ranch,
Smith, Engler, and others. The portion quarried is the
Bossardville limestone, and about 30' of it are visible. The
rock is much contorted, and has been partially metamor-
phosed, through the intense lateral pressure to which it has
been subjected, thus giving it a cleavage structure and a
very slaty aspect in the less pure portions of the bed. The
color is gray and bluish -black ; no fossils were observed in
it. No observations could be taken on the dip, since the
bedding planes have been apparently destroyed, but from
the fact that the red shale beds of No. V come up a short
distance to the south, the dip must be very rapid to the
north-west. The quarries south from Kunkletown have an
elevation of 775'-800' A. T. The Columnar limestone is
seen in the bottom of Mecka's quarry, but it exhibits only

300 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

the cleavage structure here, and looks very much like the
slates of some metamorphic regions.

The Bossardville limestone is Jast opened in this town-
ship and county about one mile west from Nelson's tannery,
and within about one mile of the western line of the county.
There, on the land of John Smith, the following structure
is seen at his quarry, (60) :

1. Soft, oohery shales, and sandy limestone, 15'

2. Bossardville limestone, 40'

56'

There is considerable lime in No. 1, and where it has been
removed by solution, the residuum is a soft, ochery mate-
rial, of a dirty-brown color.

No. 2 has been quarried into the hill for several yards,
where it dips N. 25"^ W. 40°. It is of a bluish-black color,
on fresh fracture, except in the extreme upper portions,
where it is gray.

The portion of No. VI between the Bossardville liTriestone
and the base of the OrisTcany sandstone is concealed every-
where within this township except the few feet exposed at
the John Smith quarry. It is altogether probable, however,
that no limestone pure enough to be of any economic use
exists in this interval within Eldred township.

Westward from the John Smith quarry nothing is seen
of the Bossardville limestone or any portion of No. VI un-
til we get several (5-6) miles into Carbon county, it having
*'run out" in the opinion of the farmers. The probabili-
ties are that it is present, however, throughout all this in-
termediate district, but is constantly concealed by ddbris
from the OrisJcany sandstone. It is not seen from Lessig's
quarry near the eastern line of Ross until we come west-
ward to the vicinity of Kunkletown, in Eldred, a distance
of over five miles, and yet it could doubtless be uncovered
at most any locality at the right place along the southern
slope of No. VII ridge. Search for it should not begin
further than half way down the southern slope of the ridge.
To the farmers who live along this region, where the lime-
stone is apparently absent, it would be time well spent if a
systematic search should be made for the BossardviUe lime'

17. ELDRKD. G*. 301

stone^ as it could probably be found by stripping off the
surface debris over a few rods at most.

The Oriskany sandstone continues its great develop-
ment into this township from Ross, forming the crest and
southern slope of the ridge which it keeps at a height of
1000-1200' A. T. until we come to the region of Kunkle-
town, where the ridge falls away, and there is a wide
gap through it only 800' A. T. The crest of the ridge at
this locality is found to be underlaid with a pure, almost
white, silicious clay which extends to a great depth. It
has evidently resulted from the decomposition of the Oris-
Jcany sandstone^ its iron having been removed and deposited
elsewhere in a manner similar to that near Saylorburg.
This was doubtless the course of the breakdown in the ridge
at this locality.

Several years ago this silicious clay was mined and manu-
factured into what was sold as "soap." The material was
passed through several vats filled with water until all the
coarse sand grains had been deposited, and nothing remained
in suspension but the impalpable silicious powder which
then accumulated by deposition, and from which was manu-
factured the so-called " soap." A specimen of this silicious
powder analyzed by McCreath is given on page 127.

TJie OrisTcany sandstone forms a great bluflf or cliflf
along the summit of the ridge near the western line of this
township, but the bed seems to be everywhere shattered
and broken as though from earthquake action, though it
may have resulted from the strong folding and erosion to
which these rocks have been subjected. OrisTcany blocks
which are everywhere scattered over the surface of both
slopes of the Walpack ridge, are filled with quartz pebbles,
and often contain numerous casts of fossil shells, princi-
pally large Spirifers.

The top of the Oriskany is not seen within the township,
that horizon being constantly concealed, so that there is
some uncertainty in regard to the character of the rocks
immediately above the sandstone beds.

The Marcellus shale along Prantz's creek is often very
bituminous. This is the case opposite Kunkletown and it

H02 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

has there been extensively drifted npon in search of coal.
Tliree tunnels were driven into the hill several hundred feet,
and one of these must have penetrated nearly to the top of
the Oriskany sandstone^ since the last material brought out
looks very much like the Carbanate of Iron^ which often
rests upon the latter rock. The outcrop of the Marcellvs
at Kunkletown is quite black, and has scattered through it
thin streaks, a very impure kind of anthracite^ which will
burn with a slight blaze when placed on a hot fire, leaving
a great bulk of slaty ash. The presence of these carbona-
ceous laminae led to the search for coal, on which the sum
of $5,000 has already been expended. It is needless to state
that no coal fit for burning can ever be found at this hori-
zon, since it comes at least 10,000' below the lowest anthra-
cite beds along the Lehigh river, fifteen miles away.

A bed of bog iron ore occurs on the top of the Marcelltcs^
opposite Kunkletown, which was once manufactured into a
very fine quality of metallic painty by Mr. Metzgar. The
deposit is only 2'-3' thick, and seems to be quite local, since
there is none on the opposite side of the ravine only two
rods distant. The ore is rich enough to warrant mining and
shipping could it be found in sufficient quantity.

Where the road crosses Mixsell creek, near its mouth,
that stream makes a vertical fall of 60' over hard, gray,
sandy slates, which may jDossibly belong to the Hamiltan
sandstone beds. Frantz's creek flows in a deep narrow
gorge at this locality, and Mixsell creek coming up to its
bluff passes over the 60' fall directly into it. The rocks
cleave at an angle of 80° to the south-east.

The Hamilton sandstone beds form a belt of outcrop
about one half mile broad directly north from Frantz's
creek, and are seen making rounded hills covered with the
peculiar fragments into which its rocks break when exposed
to atmospheric action.

Along Prince's run, these beds are finely exposed in an
almost constant succession of cascades from Fmntz's creek
north for one half mile or more, the dip being N. 25° W.
40°-45°, and the beds cleaving rudely at right angles to this
into plates l"-4" thick. The Genesee beds may be recog-

17. ELDRED. G\ 303

nized in the dark sandy slate exposed for a short distance
along Prince's run just before the Chemung appears.

The Chemung beds come down to the level of Prince's
run on a dip of 35° N. 26° W., about three fourths of a mile
north from Frantz's creek, and are seen as olive, sandy
sliales and sandstone, along the road, well exposed at a cut-
ting for a building near Mr. Altmyer's.

The top of the Chemung comes down to drainage level
about 100 yards below Point Nelson, and at about one mile
from the top of the Oriskany sandstone in No. VII ridge,
which, with an average dip of 35°, would give a thickness
of 3000' for No. VIII in the vicinity of Kunkletown, prob-
ably distributed among the different members of the group
about as follows : Marcellus, 8(X)'; Hamilton^ 900'; Oenesee^
200'; Chemung, 1100'. It is quite possible that the Che-
mung is somewhat overestimated at 1100' since its lowest
beds are concealed, and elsewhere it api)ears to make quite
a narrow belt of outcrop, but it cannot be more than 100'-
200' out of the way on either side.

The Catskill rocks make a broad belt in the deep Wire
ridge syncline, the central line of which passes across the
northern portion of the township, thus making the Catskill
belt about one and one half mile broad, and extending quite
to the northern line of this area.

A thick band of red rock comes a few hundred feet above
the base of the Catskill, and this is succeeded by gray beds
which, in aspect, look much like Chemung, but being en-
tirely unfossUiferous, they cannot belong there, but repre-
sent the Delaware fiags of Pike county.

Barometric Elevations in Bldred.

(Above Tide.)

Kittatinny Mt. suinmit, on road south from Kunkletown, 1540'

Aquanohioola oreek, near R. Smith's, 600'

Forks of road near P. Shafer's, 690'

*' " above Nelson's tannery, 600'

Aquanohioola creek there, 485'

*' ** at Junction with Frantz's creek, in Carbon county, . 420'

Forks of road at Uttle Gap hotel, (near last,) ; 430'

Level of little brook, at road orossinff near K. Meckes*, 475'

•' " " «• " P. Jones', 485'

804 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Fbrks of road at Lower Kankletown hotel, 496>

Level of Frantz's creek there, 485'

Forks at Upper Kankletown hotel, 645'

" near E. Kleintop's, 68&

Mixsell creek, at road oroasing Just above its mouth, 505'

Frantz's creek, at mouth of Mixsell creek, 58(K

Prince's run, at road oroasing north from E. Kleintop's, 540'

Forks there, . . 545'

Gower*s run, near Point Nelson hotel, 600'

Cross-roads near R. Christman's, 615'

»* at R. Barger's, 885'

" at A. Daniel's, 606'

Forks near W. Smale's, 670*

Level of ancient valley here, 665'

Forks near J. Smale*s, 710*

Summit of old valley just north, 780*

Smale's run, near E. Frantz's, 820'

ForiLS of road, near E. Brutzman's, 920'

" ♦» next south-east, 000*

" •• next south, 845'

Prince's run there, 885'

Forks of road just north from P. Barger's, 600*

Prince's run tliere, . . 680'

Forlfis of road near P. Gower's, 670'

Gower's run, near D. Gower's, 780

Forks of road near J. Newliart's, ' 800'

18. Polk township.

This lies directly north from Eldred, and is bordered both
west and north by Carbon county. It is drained westward
to the Lehigh river by Big creek, which flows south-west-
ward along the crest of tlie Lehighton axis, receiving sev-
eral tributaries from the north, which descend the southern
slope of the Pocono mountains.

The surface of this area, unlike that of Eldred to the
south, has been extensively glaciated ; for everywhere almost,
except along the summit and base of Wire ridge at the ex-
treme south line of the township, there occurs a deep cover-
ing of Brift^ and where this is absent huge bowlders trans-
ported from the Pocono mountains give evidence of the ac-
tivity of the ice.

18. POLK. G\ 305

An old buried valley leads south from the valley of Big
creek past the Washington Hotel, making a gap through
Wire ridge about 400' deep, and connecting southward with
the one described in Eldred township. Its summit is near
the southern line of Polk, and at an elevation of 730' A. T.,
from which the surface descends both north and south, fall-
ing only 100' to Big creek in Polk, but about 260' to Frantz's
creek in Eldred.

The striicture of the rocks is quite simple, the only axis
passing across them being the Lehighton which runs almost
parallel with the southern boundary of the township and
about one mile north from it, bringing up the Hamilton beds
along its crest. Then the dip changes to the north-west,
quit^ rapid at first but gradually declining toward the north,
until it is only 4^-5°.

The rocks of this area extend from the upper portion of
the CatsJcill down into the Marcellus shale^ the beds of this
group being brought up under the wide drift-filled valley of
Big creek.

Wire ridge extends along the southern border of the town-
ship and is capped in its higher portions lOOO'-llOO' A. T. by
the hard rocks of the Catskill.

TJie Chemung beds make the northern face of Wire ridge,
dipping S. 20"^ E. 30°-36°, and are exposed along the road
at the extreme south-east comer of the township. The por-
tion seen is of an olive color and is composed of flaggy sand-
stone with much shale.

The Oenesee slate and Hamilton sandstone beds are
brought up to daylight by the strong south-east dip about
i mile north from the southern line of the township, and are
frequently seen cropping out along the road which passes
westward, just south from Big creek.

At the eastern line of the township, near E. P. Kresge's,
a great bed of corals^ shells^ and other organic remains is
seen along the road. The corals are especially numerous
and seem to perforate the rock in every direction. This
most probably represents the coraZ horizon at the top of the
Hamilton proper since the Oenesee slate occurs just south.
20 G*.

306 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Drift seems to be entirely absent from the south side of
Big creek until we come west to the gap through Wire ridge,
where plenty of it appears. Many large bowlders of the
Cherry Ridge conglomerate lying stranded in this old val-
ley near the south line of the township. It is very probable
that a lobe from the northern ice sheet descended through
this gap much further south than the general body of the
ice^ which did not in this township pass south from Big
creek. The erosion of this ancient valley was possibly ac-
complished by means of this glacial prong and the water
flowing from it.

Near the Carbon county line on Big creek, the uppermost
portion of the Marcellus was once extensively quarried and
manufactured into school slates^ of which it is said to have
made a superior quality though it was not durable enough
for roofing slate. The cleavage planes at this locality dip
S. 70° E. 50° but the dip of the bedding planes could not
be determined.

This black slate horizon is seen exposed at two or three
localities between the Carbon county line and Kresgeville,
but it does not appear pure enough for slates at any of
them.

Just north from where the road crosses Little creek, a
stratum of Hamilton rock is seen which is crowded with
fossil corals and shells. It cleaves to the south-east but
dips rapidly north-west. This is the same stratum that oc-
curs near E. F. Kresge's at the south-eastern extremity of
the township.

The valley of Big creek is in many places a mile and a
half wide, at almost a uniform level, except the immediate
channel of the stream. Much of it is covered with Drift so
that the underlying rock cannot be seen ; but, from what is
exposed along both the north and south slopes of the same,
it is known that the bed rock consists of Hamilton proper^
the Marcellus beds appearing along the crest of the axis
which lies a short distance north from the present channel
of Big creek.

The Chemung beds come down, on Little creek, about
f mile north from Kresgeville, dipping N. 26° W. 60**.

18. POLK. G*. 307

They are mostly olive and bluish-gray sandstones, some of
are quite massive. These rocks make a narrow belt south
from the middle of the township, its northern boundary
crossing Pohopoko creek near J. Merwine' s.

The Gatskill beds come in on Little creek about one fourth
mile below Mr. S. Heckman's, dipping N. 26*" W. 40°.

TJie New Milford red shale soon passes under, and just
beyond Mr. Heckman' s the gray Delaware flags come down
and cover the surface with their debris. North from
this a great bed of red shale comes down and makes a wide
belt of outcrop, just south from School House No. 2. This
would represent the Montrose red shale.

The basal portion of the Catskill crosses Pohopoko creek
just south from the cross roads at J. Merwine' s ; and from
there north to the Carbon county line, there is a constant
succession of the red shales and greenish-gray sandstone of
that group.

The Montrose red shale makes a wide belt of outcrop in
the vicinity of C. Everitt's, at the head of Pohopoko creek.

The north-west dip continuing, the Cherry ridge conglo-
Toerate group comes into the section at the northern line of
this township, where it makes the southern escarpment of
Pocono mountain.

The Cherry Ridge conglomerate is seen along the road
which leads up into Pocono from New Mechanicsville Hotel,
making a great bluff and cliff at ISOO' A. T. It is very full
of pebbles and has a reddish cast, being quite massive. It
comes in at the sharp turn in the road f mile north from
the Hotel. The entire southern slope of Pocono is covered
deeply with rock debris that has been broken off the cliffs
above, by the action of the elements.

Barometric Eleoaiions in Polk.

{Above Tide.^

CrosB-roads east from R. Heiney's, 750'

Forks next south, 820*

" near E. F. Kresge's, 686'

Level of Big oreek, Just north, 666'

Cross-roads at Gilbert's P. 0., 66(K

F6rks near G. W. Bauoh's, eW

308 Q-' REPOBT OF PEOOEESS. I. 0. WHITB.

Foknpoko oreek, at road onmftig near M. Helne;'B, 8W

Forks next west, " gjs'

Croaa-roods at Bohonl-bonae near H. Lobaoh's, 685'

Forks !« rods BtititJi j'roui lasi, 856'

Pokopoko areek, «[ <;fi*isUig near N. Gngory'a, SW

Cross-roads at G. _\iip-hi)ver'S| 715'

Forks near N. Sic.irf'iwH' gOQi

'• of road at WashlnKton hotel, 7U-

CniSB-romlH near J.Boyer's, g^

Forks of road near D. Shelley's, 945'

Pobopoko creek, at road orondng Just north, SaO*

American hotel, in Kresgeville aaO'

Forka near J. Hawk's, ggiy

Pobopoko creek here, gjgi

" " at old slste qnarry, flOff

CnwB-Toadi west from J. Muffley'a, TSy

" south IroiH p J, Uaner's, near stream, SSO-

Forks 121 Tiids wiuth from last, 965'

CniKH-roads we*t I'ruiii B. Stelner's, 900'

Level i>f Little creek, at crossing below W.ZaotaarlM' 77fi'

Criw«-rniidH near G. Hawk's, BIO"

Forks south from S. Hawk's, 770"

Little oreek, at Gregory's saw-mill, 670'

Forks BO roda siiiitli, B76'

CroBs-roada east (19 rodH) from Kreagevllle^ eSC

Forks near M. Fiaher'B S8S'

" ust weal from J Berger's, 740-

Cross-roads near J Merw iiio's, glO*

Forks ii8 rods west from last, 760"

Middle oreek, a intiesliigbere, 760*

Forks 300 rods south, TatC

" near J Sohwarts's, SW

" " R. Hawk's, 8W

" 71 rods north of last, OSO*

■■ near E. Oboherchuer's, 060'

Cro«-roBds near H. Hawk's, 1060'

Forks near G.Selger'B, 990*

Middle creek, at aroaalng near L. Switigable's, SMK

Forks near O. Warner's, S7S'

■■ 4II4 rods north-west, 116S'

New MeehanicBville hotel, 1140'

CrossiogofBiream just north of last, IWB'

PocoDOmountsia, at Carbon county line, 880 rods nortb of iMt, . . . .1600'

Cross-roadH In Carbou, mils north of last, 1700"

Forks of road near P, Smith's, 9U

Level of Pobopoko oreek there, flW

Forks just north, 970'

Cross-roads next south from P. Smllb'i^ 060*

19. CHESTNUT HILL. Q\ 309

19. Chestnut Sill township.

This township lies directly east from Polk having Ross to
the south and Tunkhannock on its northern border.

The rainfall over its eastern half passes eastward of the
Delaware river through McMichael' s creek, which rises near
its north-eastern corner, and flows southward to vithin one
mile of the southern line, when entering a valley of Ham-
ilton rocks, it turns eastward down the same. The western
half of this area is drained by Pohopoko creek, a stream,
which, rising on the southern slope of the Pocono mount-
ains, flows southward into the same old Hamilton valley,
and then turns westward to the Lehigh river.

The surface of the township has been extensively glaci-
ated, since everywhere over it, except along the summit of
Wire ridge at its extreme south line, are found great heaps
of drift. In the vicinity of Brodheadsville, many "Kettle
Holes' ' occur 30'-40' in depth, and some of quite large size,
Lake Minneola^ itself is probably nothing but a large * 'Kettle
Hole" filled with water from the surrounding drainage basin,
since it has neither inlet nor outlet that is visible, being fed
by springs which rise from beneath its surface. It doubt-
less has a subterranean outlet through the coarse drift de-
posits to McMichael' s creek which flows by it, \ mile east-
ward.

An ancient drift-huried valley extends east and west
across the southern portion of this area, and connects at
the west with the wide valley along Pohopoko creek in
Polk township. Its greatest elevation is about 700' A. T.
near Brodheadsville, from which it gradually slopes away
both eastward and westward.

The rock striccture ia the same in this township as in Polk
directly west, there being a high ridge (Wire Mt.) of hard
rocks {Chemung) along its extreme southern line ; and the
Pocono mountain along its northern boundary ; while the

310 G*. BEPOBT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITB.

Lehighton aans brings up the Hamilton beds (soft rocks) in
an intermediate valley.

The Hamilton beds come up with a strong south-east dip
along the northern base of Wire ridge, and are exposed in
cuttings at the roadside in the vicinity of Mechanicsville.

How much of the Hamilton group is brought up along
the crest of the Lehighton axis cannot be determined, since
all of the Hamilton beds are covered up with drift in the
wide valley which they make, except on the extreme sides
of the same.

North from the Lehighton axis, the Chemung beds come
down on their north-west dip in the vicinity of Effort P. O.
just south from which Chemung JUiggy sandstone f ossilifer-
ous, occurs at the roadside.

The same narrow belt of steeply dipping (north-west) rocks
cross McMichael's creek in the vicinity of Mr. S. Gearhart^s.

The Coiskill beds cover all the northern half of the town-
ship with alternate outcrops of red and gray strata. The
base of this series comes down to drainage level on Poho-
poko creek just north from the village of Effort ; and the
same outcrop crosses McMichael's creek near Brang's saw-
mill.

Some nodules of Iron ore have been found on the land of
Mr. Merwine, near Merwinesburg, scattered over the sur-
face of red Catskilt rocks ; and this has led some people to
believe that valuable beds of iron ore exist in that vicinity ;
but the nodules found are entirely too silicious to be of any
value even if they existed in considerable quantity, which
is very improbable.

The southern escarpment of Pocono mountain makes the
northern portion of this township, and its long steep slope
is deeply covered with talus and debris from the great cliflE
of Cherry JRidge conglomerate which outcrops iu bold cliffs
along the brow of the mountain.

On the road leading north from Merwinesburg, the mount-
ain (Pocono) rises to a height of 1800' A. T. near the north-
em line of the township ; while on the road leading north
from McMichael's P. 0. it rises to 1850' A. T.

19. CHESTNUT HILL. G\ 311

Baroinetric Eleioaiions in Chestnut Hill.

(Above Tide.)

Forks of road near D. Hutmaker's, 8S0'

CroBB-roads in Meohanicsyille, 685

" near T. Altimus', 690'

Small stream at road crossing, near Mrs. Newell's, 650'

Forks near a Weiss', 675'

" • J. Siglin's, 680'

" «* E. Aitimus', 695*

" 115 rods west from last, 700*

Lake Mlnneola, 680'

Forks of road at north end of Lake Mlnneola, 780'

«• «* in Brodheadsville, (at J. Arnold's,) 695*

" «• at school-house west from Brodheadsville, 725'

" " near P. Kresge's, 710'

«* " " Wm. Searfoss', 715'

Smnmit of Wire ridge, Just south, 1076'

Forlu of road, near J. Smaie's, (south-west oomer township,) 920*

" next south-east, 900'

Cross-roads at Gilbert's P. O., 660'

Pohopoko creek, just north, 665'

Forks near P. J. Shafer's, 660

** next north, 670'

" at eastern line of township, near P. Setter's, 840'

" west from S. Setzer's, 800*

•« 100 rods west from last, 825'

" 128 rods «• «« 800'

«* 110 *♦ " " 800*

«« 85 " " ** 865'

Cross-roads near A. Hardy's, 750*

Level of McMiohael's creek, at 8. Gearhart's, 710'

Forks near L. Everitt's, .... 766'

Pokopoko creek, at crossing below Eflbrt, 710'

Forks near P. Dorsheimer's, 720'

«* " G. Warner's, 760'

" " J.Elliott's, 760'

Pohopoko creek there, 750'

Forlu near J. Everitt's, 780-

Pokopoko creek, at crossing next north, 785'

•* " " near O. W. Loox's, 800'

" « •« «• J. Siglin's saw-mill, 875*

Forks at J. Merwine's, in Merwinesburg, 940'

" next north, 995'

North line of township, on Wind Gap pike, 1800'

Cross-roads at McMlchaei's P. O., 1010'

McMicbael's creek there, 1000'

Crossing at P. Kresge's, 1050'

** next north> 1015'

Forks \ mile south of northern line of township, on road leading north

from MoMichael's P. O., 1510'

312 Ot\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

SO. Jackson Township.

This township lies next east from Chestnut BBU, having
Hamilton on the south and Pocono on the east.

The rainfall all reaches the Delaware river going eastward
through McMichaeFs and Pocono creeks to Brodhead's
creek at Stroudsburg.

The rocks of this area dip to the north-west, except
over a small area near its south-west comer through which
the Lehighton axis passes a short distance north from its
extreme south-western point.

The section exposed within the township, extends from
near the top of the Catskill down into the Hamilton sand-
stone beds.

The Hamilton rocks make a triangular belt across the
southern portion, beginning as a mere lining near the east-
em margin and gradually widening westward until they
cover a little less than one mile along the western border,
extending northward along Little McMichael's creek to
Rinkerville where the Genesee black slate occurs.

T7ie Genesee slate is also seen making a black band along
the southern margin of the township between A. Newhart's
and L. Shook' s.

T7ie Chemung rocks make a high ridge in the eastern
portion just north from the southern line, gradually getting
further and further north, toward the west.

The New Milford red shale is seen along the road which
runs eastward from Jackson Comer's, past P. McCluskey's.
It is quite sandy and dips N. 25^ W. 28° under a greenish-
gray sandstone which makes a cliflf 20' high above the road
near Mr. McCluskey' s.

The Montrose red beds are seen in the western portion of
the township near Mr. W. Mosier's, making a great red
band across the field.

There is a wide and nearly level plain extending east and

20. JACKSON. G*. 313

west along the base of Pocono mountain, in the northern
portion of this area. It varies in altitude from 1100'--1200'
A. T., and is covered to a great depth with Drift trash,
Mr. W. H. Reinhart having sunk a well 41 feet without
reaching bed rock. The plain is from one to one mile and
a half wide and from its northern side the escarpment of
Pocono mountain rises percipitously nearly 1000' higher.

The Cherry ridge conglomeraies jut out in bold cliffs
far up towards the summit of Pocono ; and the debris from
these and other massive rocks of the Catskill cover the south-
ern face of the mountain with a thick layer of talus.

Pocono mountain rises to about 325' above the level of
the Cherry ridge conglomerates or 2225' A. T., thus over-
topping by about 100' any other elevation in Pike or Mon-
roe counties.

Barometric Elevations in Jackson.

(^Above Tide.)

Forks near G. Swink'a, 745'

" " L.Shook'8, 765'

Creek there, 760'

Forks near A. Newhart's, OlO*

** 420 rods west from last, 015'

Cross-roads near A. J. Detriok'a, 805'

Forks near L. M. Hobbs', 760'

Level of Little McMiohael's oreek, Just soath, 700'

Forks north from B. Snyder's, 800'

« 109 rods west from last, 9W

" near A. A. Singer's, 840*

*< west from J. Hoftner's, 825'

« north from J. B. Heller's, 880'

*< near J. Fetherman's, 865'

Little McMiohael's oreek, near M. Miner's, 905'

Forks near D. Pease's, ' 950'

" «• J. M. Khisley's, 1100'

" " W. H. Reinhart's, .980'

Little McMichaePs oreek there, 975'

Forks near C. Miller's, 925'

Stream orosaing here, 920^

Cross-roads near P. Feikner's, 965'

Fbrks 466. rods east, 985'

Stream at P. MoCluskey's, 900'

Cross-roads near 8. Abie's, 845'

Forks near 8. HeUer's, 910'

Stream Just south, 900'

Forks near J. Dailey's, 985'

" «« J. Parsinger's, 1050'

314 G* REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Level of stream Just east, 1036'

" ♦• near J. Smithes, 1065'

Forks near Mrs. R. Parsinger's, ^ . 1006'

By-road near T. Frantz's, 1105'

Little MoMiohaers oreek, near A. Parsinger's, 1085'

Forks near J. Frailey's, lioy

«* *« R. Marvin's, 1100'

Stream at sohool-liouae, next west, lllO'

Forks near P. Frailey's, 1145*

Stream next west, . 1186'

By-road to J. Green's, 1176'

Forks next west, uw

" 9 rods west from last, IIOO*

Stream Just nortli, 1160'

Cross-roads near W. H. Reinhart's, 1160*

Forks Just north from S. Reinhart's, 1040*

SI. Pocono TbvmsMp.

This township lies next east from Jackson, and north
from Stroud. It is drained principally by Pocono creek
which carries its rainfall to the Delaware by way of Brod-
head creek. The West Branch of Brodhead flows south-
ward near its eastern line, and drains a small area in that
region eastward to the main branch of Brodhead.

Erosion has cut a large basin out of the Pocono range,
thus giving its southern escarpment a great curve to the
north. This has been accomplished principally by the wa-
ters of Pocono and Brodhead creeks.

The southern escarpment of Pocono mountain which ex-
tends through the townships west from this, in nearly a
straight line along their northern borders suddenly ends at
the western margin of this area in a lofty bluff rising 1000'
almost vertically above the level of Pocono creek. Turning
here at right angles, the Pocono escarpment curves back
northward parallel with Pocono creek which it almost over-
hangs, so precipitous are its slopes.

The rocks of this area belong entirely to the Catskill ex-
cept at the south-west comer where the Chemung makes a

21. POCONO.

G\ 315

narrow belt of outcrop and the top of the Hamilton barely
touches the extreme south-west comer, in the vicinity of
Bartonsville.

Chemung sandstone is seen outcropping in the road just
south from Addison Long's and dipping N. 26° W. 23°.
In the field just west, the same bed makes a long cliff out-
crop.

The following section was obtained in descending from
the summit of the Pocono Knob.

Pocono Knob Section^ {61,)

> Cherry Bidge, <

1. Conglomerate, reddish,

2. Concealed,

8. Conglomerate, reddish, (base 1800' A.

T.,)

4. Bed sandy ahaUa^

6. Pebbly sandstone, massive,

6. Sandstone, flaggy and massive, reddish, . .

7. Concealed with appearance of reddish sand- ^HimwdaUf .

stone, I

8. Massive, grayish-white pebbly sandstone, j

9. Bed rockf

10. Sandstone, grayish-green,

11. BedehaUf

12. Grayish-green sandstone,

18. Bed shale, visible,

SO'
20

25'
L 250*
16'
60'

Montroeef .

70*
20'
80'
10*

600'
20

IfiO*

The upper portion of this section was measured vertically
in the steep escarpment of Pocono, but the lower portion
was determined from the dip and measured horizontal dis-
tance the dip N. 26** W., being r-10^

In examining this section, and carefully comjmring it
with the Wayne and Susquehanna Section of IX ( see
Report G*) it seems highly probable that the following iden
tifications may be safely made, viz : that Nos. 1-4 represent
the Cherry ridge group including the conglomerate sand-
stone^ limestone^ shales^ &c.

That Nos. 6-8 represent the Honesdale sandstone group,
Nos. 9-13 a part of the Montrose red shale.

But while there is a general harmony of this kind, it will
be seen at a glance that a great change has taken place in
the thickness of the diflferent groups, the Cherry ridge be-

316 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

ing here 325' or twice its thickness in Wayne county ; the
Honesdale sandstone 165' or only a little larger than its
thickness at Honesdale.

TJte Montrose red shale (810' visible) has nearly quintu-
pled its thickness at Montrose (170').

The Cherry ridge congloTnerate No. 1, and the stratum
No. 3 which represents the Cherry ridge sand and lime'
stone of Wayne county are almost duplicates of each other
in every lithological character ; both are very full of quartz
pebbles, pieces of shale, sandstone, andj^^A remains ; the
color of the rock has a decided reddish cast, the quartz peb-
bles being both white and reddish tinted. The pebbles of
No. 1 are quite large, some being more than IJ" in diameter
and on the whole they are more numerous than in No. 3,
whicli is very pebbly at the bottom and top ; central por-
tion being merely a coarse sandstone.

The bottom portion of No. 3 contains xh^vlj fish fragments
and breaks into irregular cubical blocks around its outcrop
just like the Cherry ridge limestone of Wayne county,
though there is very little lime in any portion of the rock
at this locality. At the most southern locality in Wayne,
however, this rock was seen changing to a conglomerate^ so
that the absence of its limy character here is no evidence
whatever against the identity in question.

A large area of No. 1 is bare ; but no glacial scratches are
seen on its surface ; for the ice sheet did not cover this sum-
mit of Pocono, the deep valley to the east having received
the glacial current.

Immense blocks from both these Conglomerate beds lie
strewn over the sides and along the lower slopes of Pocono
mountain, while the beds themselves stand out in great bold
clifi'^s visible from a great distance. These massive rocks
have protected this high point from erosion, and also the
Pocono escarpment from this point to the western line of
the county.

The Cherry Ridge red shale^ No. 4, weathers away very
rapidly. Along the eastern face of Pocono its outcrop
presents an almost vertical wall. At one locality its upper

21. POCONO. G*. 317

portion is a reddish green sandstone, but on the other side
of the point is seen changed to a red sandy shale.

Tlie HonesdaZe sandstone group Nos. 6-8, has a very
massive grayish white pebbly sandstone 15' thick at top,
containing many white quartz pebbles.

The central portion of this group Nos. 6 and 7, are red-
dish, shaly sandstones very much like the red rock separa-
ting the Upper and Lower Honesdale sandstones in Wayne
county.

The basal member of the group. No. 8, is a massive, gray-
ish-white sandstone, containing quartz pebbles. It is gray-
ish brown on fresh fracture, but weathers whitish by bleach-
ing of its contained iron.

The Montrose red sTiale^ Nos. 9-13, makes a great red
band around the base of the steeper portions of the mount-
ain. It is not a homogeneous red shale, but has intercala-
ted at several horizons thin beds of greenish gray sandstone
some of which like No. 12 are 20' thick ; usually, however,
they are not more than 6'-10' thick.

The New Milford red shale is seen crossing Pocono creek
and the road along the same, about two miles above Barton-
ville, just north from Mr. Jacob Learn' s. There it makes
quite a broad belt of red across the road, and seems to be
quite sandy.

A similar stratum is seen crossing the road which goes
east from Pocono creek, between P. Metzgar's and J.
Clarke's, half way to the latter point.

Red shales crop out along the creek road about 4 mile
above Tannersville, and they probably come at the Montrose
horizon.

The Pocono valley is very wide in the vicinity of Tanners-
ville and below, the surface being covered deeply with drift
deposits.

South from Tannersville there are localities where the
rocks appear to dip to the south-east indicating the presence
of an axis, but closer examination reveals the fact that in
every case they are mere rolls^ in which the dip is reversed
to the north-west within a few yards, or three to four rods
at most.

318 Q\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

lied rocks are quite often seen along the eastern portion
of the township, alternating with greenish gray current-
bedded sandstone, and dipping 7°-12° toward the north-west.

Barometric Elevaiions in Pocono.

{Above TYde.)

Forks of road in BartonyiUe, 786'

<• next north ftom A. Albertson's, 885'

Run at croesing Just north fh>m last, 800'

Forks near John Aliger*s, 900'

»' Jaoob Leam*8, 850*

Pooono oreek near D. Leam's, 810*

Forks of road 241 rods west, 880*

Cross-roads in TannersviUe, 845'

Level of stream Just west, 885'

Pocono oreek at crossing next west, 885'

By-road to J. Edlnger's, 885

Forks of road near E. Warner's, 900'

»* «* A. Dailey's, 985*

«* " J. Angelmoyer's, 985'

*< 163 rods east from last, 915'

Pocono creek above dam at Kistler's tannery, 920^

Cross-roads at Kistler's tannery, 925'

Forks of road next south, ggO^

Pocono creek at road crossing near P. Warner's, 880*

Forlu of road near J. Clark*s, , g^'

Run at road crossing Just north, 925*

Pocono creek at crossing near A. MUler's, 970»

Forks of road at G. S. Knife's, lOOO*

Pocono creek here, ggo*

By-road to J. Barry's, 1185

Forlts next east, 1200*

Forks near F. Shiffer's, 1225'

Butz*s creek near Thos. Sebring's, 1115'

Forks near William Freeland*s, 1125'

Cross-roads near Wilson Le Barr's, UOO'

By-road near D. Wolfinger's, 1105'

Forks near J. Smith's, 1185'

** H- Woodling's, 1085*

" D. Bowman's school-honae, 1175'

Forks at Stanhope P. O., 1150*

West Brodhead there, • 1140'

Forks north from H. W. Miller's, 1285'

22. PARADISE. Gt\ 319

^3. Paradise township.

This township lies next east from Pocono, running to a
long narrow point southward between it and Price.

The West Branch of Brodhead and its tributaries drain
the area southward into the main branch of that stream just
beyond the southern point of the township. All the streams
rise on the southern slope of the Pocono range and they
have thus eroded its escarpment northward so that from
the high Knob at the western line of Pocono township this
mountain range takes a wide sweep in an irregular curve
northward clear beyond this township.

T7i€ rocks belong entirely in the Catskill series and extend
from the horizon of the Honesdale sandstone group down
to within about 1000' of the Chemung.

No axes cross the measures in this township, though small
rolls^ where the dip changes for only a few feet, may fre-
quently be seen. One of these being especially marked
where the road crosses West Brodhead creek, i mile below
Henry ville. Just under the bridge at this locality the strata
pitch sharply to the south-east, and at first I was led to be-
lieve that an axis of considerable size existed there, but
further examination showed the dip reversed to the north-
west about 3 rods below the bridge, and also just above the
same so that the S. E. dip, under the bridge, is a mere roll
like those so frequently seen in the cuts along the D. L.
& W. R. R. through this area.

The Delaware flagstone group (New Milford) is well ex-
posed along West Brodhead, in the southern point between
Price and Pocono townships, and has there been extensively
quarried for flagging by Messrs. Doyle, Norton and others.
The rock is greenish-gray, and splits into very smooth flags
of most any size.

Anticlinal roll. — At one of these quarries the dip is S.
26° E. 10°, but only a few rods south massive beds of rock

320 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

occur which dip north-west at the rate of 17°, and also just
north from it they dip in the same direction 13°. These
massive beds croj) out along Brodhead creek in great cliffs
and tlieir debris is scattered all over the surface, in both
small and large bowlders.

A short distance south from Henryville, a bed of red shal^
is seen in a cut dipping N. 25° W. 15°, and in it occur vast
numbers of fronds of ArcTiceopteris JacJcsoni. The rapid
dip brings down 65' of the stratum before the surface de-
posits conceal its hoiizon which is in the lower portion of
the Montrose red shale.

Near the western boundary of this area the D. L. & W.
R. R. passes through a small tunnel cut through a sharp
projecting point. At the north end of the tunnel the fol-
lo\\ing section was seen :

Tunnel Section^ {nx/rth end,) (62.)

1. Gray, AagK7 sandstone, 25'

2. Bed shale, 10'

3. Gray massive sandstone to track level, 40'

76'

The beds dip 8°-10° N. 25° W., and at the south end of
the tunnel the following is exposed :

Tunnel Section {sovth end^) {63.)

1. Red shales, 20*

2. Greenish-gray sandstone, 80'

8. Red shale, 26'

4. Gray sandstone to traok level, (1576' A. T.,) 20'

06'

About i mile further up the track, a bed of greenish-gray
sandstone 25' thick occurs in a cut above 20' of red shale,
all dipping N. 25° W. 12°.

A heavy bed qf conglomerate is seen at extreme western
line of the township just where the D. L. & W. R. R. passes
into Coolbaugh. It is 40' thick and succeeded above by
gray flaggy sandstone and then an appearance of red shale,
many blocks of calcareoTis breccia are scattered over the
ground at this horizon (1675' A. T.) and the stratum of con-
glomerate very probably belongs in tJie CJcerry Ridge group.

22. PARADISE. Q\ 321

Hed rocks are seen along the creek just above Paradise
Valley P. O. where they dip N. 25° W. 10°, and most prob-
ably belong to the Montrose horizon.

The same beds are seen along the road leading south from
Paradise Valley, and they frequently form a smooth pave-
ment for the road bed for long distances, being somewhat
sandy.

A well dug on the land of W. B. Metzgar passed through
10' of surface d^ris, and then through red shale for 26'.
The red material at this locality contains considerable iron,
though not enough to make it possible to use as ore. It
comes in the Montrose series^ which cover a wide belt with
red rock between HenryviUe and Paradise Valley.

A bed of red shale occur near the summit of the hill
where the road passes across from Timber Hill creek to West
Brodhead. Greenish-gray, current-bedded sandstones are
seen above and below it, all dipping N. 25° W. 12°.

Glacial striae occurs on the summit of a high ridge, one
mile and a quarter south from Pork's Station, at an eleva-
tion of 1500' A. T. going nearly due south. The rock which
has preserved them is a red shale^ and its surface is planed
off quite smooth.

Barometric Elevations in Paradise.

{Above Tide,)

West Brodhead, at mouth of little run, \ mile north from the southern

point of the township, eOC

W^est Brodhead, at oroesing opposite D. Clahan's, 650'

*' " " near J. Henry's, 675'

" " •« C. Henry's, 716

Forks of road at school-house next west, 885'

Summit between this and Paradise oreek, 940'

Junction of Paradise oreek with West Brodhead, 800*

Forks of road near Mrs. H. Bush's, 810

** ** " J. Hardenstine's, 900*

Cross-roads near Mr. Grover's, 960^

Level of Timber HiU creel^ just south, 950*

Forks near G. Heller's, 1050'

** " A. Storms', 1010'

" south-east from J. Storms', 910'

West Brodhead oreek, at crossing next south, 900'

Cross-roads in Paradise VaUey P. C, 965'

Paradise oreek, Just south, 955'

21 G*.

322 G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

By-road near C. W. Row's, gTCy

Paradise oreek, at orossing near Mrs. J. E. Boavem's, 1000'

" " " above H. Omt's, 10S6'

Forks of road south from P. Keller's, 1076'

Paradise oreek, at crossing just west of last, 1075'

Forks next west, HOC

Cross-roads near G. Knoll's, 1160*

Timber Hill oreek, at road crossing at western line of the township, . . 1450'

^3. Price Tdvmship.

This township is along, narrow irregular area, immediately
south-east from Paradise, while it rests on Middle Smith-
field at the east except along the north, where the eastern
portion adjoins Pike county.

The rain fall is carried off almost entirely by Brodhead
creek which flows south along the western margin of the
township, receiving several small tributaries from the east.

Big Bushkill flows across its extreme north-eastern point
and drains a small area in that region.

The surface is quite wild and rough, being covered in
many places deeply by I>rift.

The rocks belong entirely to the CatsJcill series^ since the
highest beds of the Chemung go under drainage level about
one half mile south from its extreme southern portion.

The lowest bed of rock exposed in the township is the
New Milford red shale which is seen making a red band
across the road near W. C. Kramer's at the south-eastern
corner, near the Stroud township line, where the dip is
N. 25° W. 20°, elevation 875' A. T.

Along Brodhead creek the CatsJcill sandstones make fre-
quent cliff outcrops. One of these sandstone beds is seen
crossing the road near Mr. G. Haase's where it forms a high
jutting point along the hillside ; the road passes through it
between two joints 8' apart and running north-west and
south-east, the dip being N. 27^ W. 15°.

flagstone quarry has been operated to some extent

23. PRICE. Q\ 323

just above this on the land of Mr. Haase, where very nice
smooth flags are obtained, several feet square and two to
four inches thick. The rock is grayish-green and somewhat
micaceous.

Where the road crosses Clear run near its mouth, the
rocks dip N. 26° W. 11°, and the surface is planed and
grooved by Glacial action, the striae pointing S. 35° W.

Jack^ s Falls on Brodhead occur about three fourths of a
mile below the mouth of Stony run. It is a succession of
cascades 3'-4' high through hard gray CatskiU sandstone
over which the stream descends 30' in about 300 yards, the
top of the Falls having an elevation of 715' A. T.

^ivic\i flagstone has been quarried from the greenish gray
beds of the CatskiU between Jack's Falls and the mouth of
Stony run, the largest of these quarries being just below the
mouth of the latter stream.

Targa Falls is a-short distance above the mouth of Stony
run, and there Brodhead descends 10' vertically in two cas-
cades, the top of the first being 755' A. T. The rock over
which the stream falls is a very hard, greenish-gray sand
stone.

A high cliff of CatsTc ill sandstone is seen, a short distance
east from the cross-roads at J. Price's, and it has been
quarried for flagstone at an elevation of 950' A. T.

Olacial striae occur in a ledge of grayish-gray sandstone
which crosses the Brodhead creek road near the northern
line of the township ; the striae go S. 30° W. while the bed
rock dips N. 28° W. 10°.

The region between Brodhead and Big BushkiU is a very
wild, rocky plateau, 1100'-1200' A. T., and covered with
I>rifU there being not more than a dozen cleared farms in
all the township east from the immediate valley of Brod-
head creek.

Barometric El'eoations in Price,

These may be relied on almoet to the fbot, dnoe I had the transit levels of
the N. Y. S. A W. R. R. to check from at many points.

Brodhead creek near O. Haase's, .615

liong run, at road Grossing near its mouth, 605'

324 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Clear run, at road oroflslng near H. Lesoine's, 660'

Pine Mt. run " «• " school No. 1, 670'

Forks of road there, 686'

Laurel run, at road orossing near its mouth, dSO*

Top of Jack's Falls, 715'

Level of Stony run, at road crossing near its mouth, 755'

Brodhead creek, at mouth of Stony run, 745'

Top of Targo Falls, 755'

Brodhead creek, opposite Wm. Bates', 775'

" ** at road crossing near J. Price's, 820'

Cross-roads just east, 835'

Forks of road at Louis Lesoine's, 1075'

** " next south from last, lOOO'

Long run, at road crossing east from C. Pennell's, 1000'

Forks just south from last, 1115'

By-road, | mile north from last, 1125'

Brodhead creek, at southern line of township, 665'

Stony nm, ^ mile below, where it enters Price township, 1061'

2i. Barrett township.

This township lies north from Price and Paradise, and is
bordered on the east and north by Pike county, thus occu-
pying the north-east comer of Monroe.

It is drained principally by Brodhead creek which takes
its rise on jthe southern slope of the Pocono mountain es-
carpment in several small streams that unite along the center
of the township to form the main southward flowing stream.

A small area at the eastern margin drains into Bushkill
creek.

The rocks belong entirely to the Catskill extending to
near the summit of that series on the crest of Pocono mount-
ain. This range enters the township from Pike county near
the middle of its northern line and passing westward curves
gradually southward along the western line, its elevation
varying from 1900-2000' A. T.

Considerable quantities of flagstone are quarried from the
Catskill beds along Brodhead creek between Spruce Cabin
run and the southern line of the township, these beds being
owned and operated by Fred' k Deubler, who ships the flags

24. BARRETT. G\ 325

to market over the D. L. & W. R. R. from Oakland Sta-
tion, two and one half miles distant.

Much red sTiaU is seen near the mouth of Mill creek,
and it most probably belongs in the Montrose horizon.

A flagstone quarry is operated quite extensively on the
land of Mr. J. H. Price, about f mile east from Oakland
Station. The rock is grayish-green, and dips N. 25° W. 13° ;
elevation 1150' A. T. From it excellent flagging are ob-
tained and shipped to Scranton and northward for pavement
and other purposes.

In the vicinity of Mountain Home, there is a wide level
area stretching across toward Brodhead creek at an eleva-
tion of 1150^-1200' A. T. It is covered deeply by drift de-
posits, and its origin is doubtless connected with that of the
latter.

In descending the road eastward to Brodhead creek above
Canadensis much red shale is seen between 1185' and lOOO'
A. T., and just below the bridge across Brodhead, opposite
A. J. Decker's, a massive sandstone occurs along the bed
of the stream.

At the very northern line of the township along the road
that leads northward from Canadensis up Brodhead creek
into Pike county the following section was made, Fig. 64 :

Monroe-Pike Line Section.

1. White, pebbly sandstone, (top lOOC A. T.,) 2ff

2. Gray, pebbly sandstone, TC

3. Red shale and concealed, • • • ) (50^

4. Gray pebbly sandstone, . . . . > Cherry ridge red shales

5. Red shale, visible, )

( 60*

h\ 80'

IVoff

820'

At first glance No. 1 looks much like the conglomerate of
No. XII^ but a stroke of the hammer reveals a decided dif-
ference in lithological composition, since the interior of the
rock is a brownish-gray, its whiteness, the result of bleach-
ing or atmospheric change the rock itself being also much
softer than we usually find the rocks of XII. There can
be little doubt that this, with the great pebble rocks below,
represent the Cherry Ridge conglomerate ot Wayne coun-

326 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

ty, while Nos. 3-6 would then represent the Cherry Ridge
red shale.

Nos. 1 and 2 make great cliffs around the summit of Po-
cono mountain for many miles along its southern face, and
their hard unyielding nature has doubtless been the source
of its preservation from erosion.

Along the road which passes up the Buck Hill Branch of
Brodhead, a high cliff ot conglomerate occurs about one
half mile above Jno. Ace's, its base coming at 1700' A. T.
It contains large quartz pebbles some of them being 2" in
diameter. The rock makes a great cliff around the south
side of the stream and is 40'-60' thick. Below the horizon
of the conglomerate much red shale is seen.

About one mile north from this jwint, along the road
which passes into Coolbaugh township, we come to the out-
crop of a great cliff oi gwiy pebbly sandstone at 1970' A. T.
below which much red sliale occurs for 160'. This pebbly
bed is doubtless one of the Cherry ridge conglomerate and
the red shale below would be the Cherry ridge red shale.

Leves Branch of Brodhead rises near the north-western
comer of the township and flowing north of east passes into
Pike county, just north from the southern crest of the Po-
cono escarpment. It keeps eastward a short distance north
from the township until near the centi-al line of the same
when veering suddenly southward, it cuts through the Po-
cono escarpmerd and descends rapidly towards Brodhead,
making two large falls.

The Upper Leves Falls near the county line has an ele-
vation at top (according to the levels of the N. Y. S. & W.
R. R. kindly furnished me by Mr. Schermerhom C. E.) of
1681' A. T. ; at base 1579' A. T. or a total descent of 102' in
160 yards, making several cascades.

The Lower Leves Falls is about two miles below the up-
per one, the top of which has an elevation of 1436' A. T. ;
base 1317' or a total fall of 118' of which 90' is almost verti-
cal, the rest of it being in two or three cascades.

The descent is over massive Catskill sandstone at both
localities.

24. BARRETT. G*. 327

Much Drift is scattered over this township, covering the
highest summits 2050' A. T. as well as the lowest valley and
containing immense bowlders from the CatsJcill sandstones
and occasionally a large black mass of the Cherry ridge
limestone.

The engineers of the N. T. S. & W. R. R., Messrs. Coons
and Shermerhom, gave me many elevations obtained in
running trial lines through this township. These are marked
thus (*) in the following :

Barometric Elevations in Barrett.

{Above Tide.)

Forks of road on Brodbead oreek« near southern Une of the lownahip, 85(V

Lucky run at crossing next above, 825'

" \ mile above its mouth, 877' *

Little run at road crossing next above S. H. Peter's, 855'

Same run next above Z. Zjabrishic's, 916' *

Forks opposite the mouth of Mill oreek, 875'

Brodbead creek Just here, 865'

Forks one mile west, 1080'

By-road next south, J080'

Level of Mill creek near Mt. Home, 1J50'

Forks near L. Andrews', 1225'

Forks 105 rods north, 1230'

Brodbead creek near A. J. Decker's, above Canadensis, 990'

Forks at A. \ Decker's, 997'

Forks at Canadensis P. O., 995'

Forks near John Deubler's, (at Moravian Church*,) 1015'

Level of Brodbead here, 1005'

Forks near Simon N. Stright's, 1180*

Brodbead creek near scbool No. 8, 1175'

Forks near E. Price's, 1185,

«• G. W. Ink's, 12M>'

Brodbead creek here, 1280'

Crossing of stream next north, 1310'

Summit of Pocono at northern Une of Barrett townsliip, 1900'

Leves branch just north in the edge of Pike county, 1800*

Buck Hill creek near Qeorge Price's, 1250'

<* at crossing near John Ace's, 1575'

Road at F. Bush's, 1900*

Sharp turn westward one half mile north, 2000'

Summit of mountain (Pocono) above, 2075'

Ooose pond, 1477' ♦

Leves brancb creek at road crossing near C. J. Price's, 1517' *

Stony nm opposite Joseph Brown's, 1818' ♦

" at Elizabeth Feltham's pond, 1291' «

*« opposite school-bouse No. 5, 1211' ♦

Spruce Cabin nm \ mile above its mouth, 968' *

828 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

S5. Coolbaugh Township.

This township lies next west from Barrett, being bor-
dered on the north by Pike and Wayne counties, while the
Lehigh river at the west separates it from Lackawanna (for-
merly a part of Luzerne). It is situated on the Pocono
plateau and forms the culminating point of Monroe county,
hence the rainfall is carried off in quite different directions.
From the extreme north-eastern portion, the drainage is
northward into Wallenpaupack creek whose waters reach
the Delaware through the Lackawaxen river. The extreme
eastern portion drains eastward into Brodhead creek, while
all the rest of the township sends its waters westward to
the Lehigh river, principally through Tobyhanna creek, a
stream which flows southward through the central portion
of this area, and passing into Tobyhanna township reaches
the Lehigh river at the northern line of Carbon county.

Although all of this township is such an eleva^^ region,
much of it is very swampy and there are large tracts cov-
ered with bogs and marshes.

Extensive drift heaps are scattered everywhere over the
surface, and bowlders of enormous size are seen commin-
gled with fine materials, sanely small bowlders^ clay^ &c.

Sand Gut^ a station on D. L. & W. R. R. just north from
this township in the southern edge of Wayne county was
so named from the character of the Drift in a cutting along
the R. R. at that locality. The entire area has been glaci-
ated, and the movement seems to have been nearly due
south, for on the summit, a short distance south from Bowl-
ing' s Hotel the striae go S. 5° W. at an elevation of 2150'
A. T., this being the most elevated point at which glacial
scratches have been observed in this Bistrict.

The rocks of the township belong to the upper portion of
the Catskill\ the very highest ones belong to the basal
member of the Pocono series^ No. X. These beds being all

25. COOLBAUGH. G*. 329

very massive, the surface is so covered with their d^ris that
even when not swampy its cultivation is impossible, hence
all the central and western portions are in a wilderness con-
dition.

The rocks dip north-westward still, but at a much dimin-
ished rate, (only 2°-5°.)

The ML Pleasant conglomerate is seen making a great
whitish, pebbly cliff around the summit of the Pocono
plateau, about two miles and a half north from Tobyhanna.
The base of the stratum comes at 2000' A. T., and it extends
up to 2050' ; pebbly throughout, some of the quartz frag-
ments having a reddish tinge. The surface is covered with
large bowlders all around the outcrop of the conglomerate,
which dips north-westward 2°-3°.

About one mile north from Tobyhanna a cut on the D. L.
& W. R. R. exhibits 35' of greenish-gray sandstone, dip-
qing north-west 8°-10^ at an elevation of I960' A. T.

Along the Lehigh river, in this township, cliffs of gray-
ish-white conglomerate are often seen, whose place in the
series is rather uncertain, but they cannot be far from the
ML Pleasant conglovieraie horizon. Just beyond Cliflfton,
in Lackawanna county, on the north bank of the Lehigh,
at the western line of the township, there are seen immense
white cliffs capping a knob 200-300' above the river ; they
very probably belong in the ML Pleasant horizon, if the
cliff seen along the valley of the Lehigh belong to the
Cherry Ridge group.

The ML Pleasant conglomerate is seen along the Easton
and Belmont turnpike, at an elevation of 2100' A. T., about
half way between C. S. Bay lie' s and the first branch of To-
byhanna creek. It is grayish- white and full of quartz peb-
bles.

Just east from the forks of the road, at D. McCartney' s,
the highest point measured in the township rises to an ele-
vation of 2160' A. T.

At Dowling's hotel, one half mile south from D. McCar-
ty' s, a well dug to a depth of 35' passed through Drift for
25', and then into a very hard red sandy shale for 10'. The

330 G\ REPORT OV PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

•

red shale contains considerable iron — enough to make it
quite heavy, probably 15-20 per cent.

About 200 rods south from Dowling's hotel, the turnpike
crosses the crest of Pocono at an elevation of 2160' A. T.,
and the bed of red shale comes to the surface, which was
struck in the well. It dips N. 25° W. 6°, and its upper
surface is planed oflf smooth by Glacial action, the broad
striated furrows on which point S. 4°--5° W.

Barometric Elevations in Goolhaugh.

{Above Tide.)

Lehigh river, near Cliffton, *1586'

Leiiigh river, at crossing of Piank road next above Clifiton, ...:.. 1590'
•• «* " next above, leec

»* " " «« ♦* lesc

Intersection of Drinker turnpike and Plank road, 1880'

Easton and Belmont turnpike, at C. S. Baylie's, 2060*

" «» «* " at forks near D. MoCarty's, 2120*

" «* " «» at Dowling's hotel, 2100'

Forks at cemetery, 226 rods south of last, 2100*

«» near G. Vliet's, 2000^

« «* D. Vliets', V&W

Road at W. Key's 1900*

Forks at Mt. Pleasant hotel,, 1825^

26, Tobyhanna township.

This large area lies directly aouth from Coolbaugh, being
separated from Lackawanna county by the Lehigh river,
and from Carbon county by Tobyhanna creek.

The township is drained into the Lehigh river, chiefly by
Tobyhanna creek and its principal tributary, the Tunkhanna.

The surface is very elevated (1500-1900' A. T.) but does
not compare with Coolbaugh in this respect. It is covered
vrith drift deposits to such a great depth that the underly-
ing rocks are very seldom exposed, so that one may travel
for hours along some of the roads over nothing but vast

♦ Preliminary Survey for N. Y. S. & W. R. R.— (Ck>ons.)

26. TOHVHANNA. G*. 331

lieajis of sand and bowlders, through apparently intermin-
able forests, the only settlements of any importance being
along the Wilkes-Barre and Easton pike at the south-west-
ern border.

The rocks belong to the upper portion of the CatsJcill
series^ though at the extreme western line the Pocofto beds
cannot be far away, and possibly the basal members of that
series may constitute the underlying rock in the vicinity of
the Lehigh river.

Hungry Hill lies just south from Tunkhanna creek, in
the eastern portion of the township, and is a low ridge of
drift running nearly north and south and only 20-30' above
the genei-al level of the other drift-covered areas. It has
the genei-al appearance of what has been described as a
kame\ but I regard it as due to erosion. Coarse sand,
rounded bowlders and other drift debris are seen where the
road cuts across it.

A short distance east from Hungry Hill Mr. Houser dug
a well which passed through 20' of drift, and then entered
red shale ; elevation of mouth of well 1850' A. T. It pos-
sibly represents the ML Pleasant red beds.

A short distance west of Hungry Hill Mr. Bouser found
the following succession, in a well which he dug :

Bouser Well Section, {65,)

1. Sand, coarse, 6'

2. Clay, . . 2'

3. Reddish clay, mixed with bowlders, 29'

4. Blolsh-gray sandstone, 2'

39'

The elevation of surface at the well is 1845', and the Drift
is seen to be 37' thick.

Along the south side of the creek, at Tompkinsville, a
great bed of rounded bowlders occurs at 1730' A. T.

From this point on out the old Sullivan road to Jno. Sti-
ger s and thence south to the Wilkes-Barre pike not a single
rock is to be seen in situ though the distance is nearly 10
miles, everything being buried by Drift.

Where the WUkes-Barre pike crosses Tobyhanna creek,
near Soxville some greenish-gray beds of the Catskill are

332 G*. rp:port of progress, i. o. white.

uncovered in the banks of that stream ; they dip gently to
the north-west.

Barometric Elevations in Ibhyhanna.

{Above Tide.)

Cross roads at Pooono P. O., 1840'

»* 610 rods south-west of last, 1800'

By-road next west, 1880'

Summit of Hungry hill, 1876'

Forks of road near J. Hay's, 1785'

Tunkhanna creek at road crossing near TompkinsviUe, 1716'

Forks of road near L. Stoufer*s, 1706'

" at Houser's Hotel and P. C, 1760*

Tobyhanna creek at road crossing near J. Christman's, 1660^

Branch run at road crossing near A. Peters', 1680*

Deep run " »• Jolm Stiger's, 1735'

Forks of road next west, 1760'

Dorey's run near A. Esohenback's, 1680'

Summit of Beach ridge, 1785'

Ked run at road crossing near G. Snyder*s, 1076'

Wilkes-Barre pike near P. Sox's school-house, 1090'

" ** at Tobyhanna Hotel, 1070*

Tobyhanna creek at pike, (Wilkes-Barre,) 1680'

Level of stream at pike near W. Adams', 1640*

Old Sullivan road at crossing of south branch of Trout creek, .... 1676' *
Tobyhanna creek 1000* below its Junction with Tunkhanna, 1626' *

27. Tmikhannock township.

This lies along the Carbon county line directly south from
Tobyhanna, extending southward to the southern escarp-
ment of Pocono Mountain.

Tunkhannock creek rises in the north-east comer, and
flomng south-westward through its center drains nearly all
of the township westward by way of Tobyhanna creek into
the Lehigh river. This creek (Tunkhannock) is a very
sluggish stream, and near the center of the township it
spreads out mto a sheet of water known as Long Lake, only

♦From preliminary survey of the N. Y. 8. A W. R. by J. J. Ckx>n8, C. E.

27. TUNKHANNOCK. G*. 333

a few rods wide, and 5'-10' deep, but about three miles in
length, and bordered by Cranberry marshes.

Drift spreads everywhere over this region and as found
in the wells is seldom less than 20' thick, and often 40'.

Between Long Lake and Tunkhannock Hotel, the sur-
face is covered with sand and not a single rock is to be seen
in place.

The rocks of the township belong in the top of the Cats-
kill series, the lowest ones being the Cherry Ridge group
which crops out along the southern face of Pocono mount-
ain in long lines of cliffs^ from which great heaps of de-
bris have descended covering much of the Pocono slope
with massive fragments.

The elevation of Pocono at the southern line varies be-
tween 1900'-2000' A. T.

Pimple Hill and Pohopoco mountain are elevated re-
gions in the south-western comer of the township which
rise 1900-2000' A. T., and are capped by massive Catskill
conglomerate.

Barometric eleoations in Twakhannock.

(Ahovt Tide.)

Wilkes-Barre and Easton pike at Uttlo stream near J. Stetzer's, . . . 1720'

Forks near A. Wriok's Sohool-Honse, 1840'

Tunkhannook oreek near E. Eokhart's, 1770*

Road at Tankhannook Hotel, 1840'

Tunkhannook oreek at outlet of Long Lake, 1836'

Forks Just east, I860'

By-road at J. E. Altimus', 1876'

Forks near G. L. Altimus', 1890

Fork near Cold Spring Hotel, 1846*

Upper (southern) end of Long Lake, 1886'*

Tunkhannock oreek at oroaaing Just south firom Geo. Merwine's, . . 1841'*

Summit of Pocono Mt. one mile south of last, 1901'*

By-road near southern line of township south of last, 1886'

*From preliminary survey of N. Y. 8. A W. R. R. (J. J. Ckx>n8.)

334 G'. EEI'CKT UF PIMXiliErlS. 1. C. WHITE.

SPECIAL SURVEY

OF TUJfi

DELAWARE WATE3R GAP,

IN 1874-5.
By H. Martyn Ghanoe.

/. Topography and Structure.

The map accompanying this report shows the topography
of about twelve square miles of country immediately sur-
rounding the Delaware Water Gap, delineated by water-
level contour-lines drawn twenty feet vertically apart. It
is published on a scale of 1,600 feet to one inch or about 4i
inches to one mile

The arrows indicate the direction of dip ; the figures, its
strength.

From the Walpeck bend to the gap the Delaware river
flows in a S. W. course along the northern foot of the second
ridge of the mountain, but at the latter i)oint it makes a sharp
bend to the left, cuts through the mountain, and flows south-
east towards Easton.

Above the gap the river flows in a valley of Clinton red
shale (No. V,) bounded on the northwest by the hills of
Lower Helderberg limestones and Oriskany sandstone (Nos.
VI and VII,) and on the southeast by the Blue mountain.
This valley is a prolongation to the northeast of Cherry
valley.

In the u pper part of the gap the river is very broad and
shallow, and full of sand bars, in some places reaching a
width of two thousand feet ; but in the lower portion of the
cut, where the river has eroded its way through the hard
massive conglomerates of No. IV, the channel is very deep

(836 G«.)

836 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

and narrow, in some places barely reaching a width of 360
feet, and it is said to be from thirty to fifty feet deep.

Below the gap the river flows through the rolling slate
and limestone (No. Ill and II) country of the Kittatinny
valley.

Tlie course of the crest line of the mountain at the gap
is about S. 65° W.

Cherry Valley Anticlinal,

An anticlinal flexure exists in the north side of the moun-
tain east of the gap, forming the bold second ridge seen
nortli of the main crest.

Its axis sinks approaching the gap, and it can be de-
tected on the west side of the gap only as far as the old
bed of Caldeno creek. I was unable to discover any south
dips west of this creek.

The Water Gap House stands almost directly upon the
axis of this flexure, and the fact that it is rapidly dying
out to the west is evident from the direction of the dip in
that vicinity.

At Lenape Lake it can be observed without the aid of an
instrumental examination. Here all the rocks are seen
dipping towards the center of the lake, except those on its
northern border, which dip pai^allel to that side.

Fig 8, \y, 334,* drawn to show the difference in the curva-
tures on the east and west sides of the gap, develops the fact
that this axis carries the formations much higher above
water level upon the east than upon the west side, thus
showing that its crest line is rapidly sinking to the west.

The diagram enables us to calculate approximately the
strength of this inclination, which may be considered to be
about 12°. It also shows that the formations are thrown
further northwest on the Pennsylvania side than on the New
Jersey side, showing that this axis runs more nearly east
and west than the axial line of the main mountain.

*Iii this diagram the dotted lines represent the carves and profile of the
New Jersey side, the Aill lines, the same data on the Pennsylvania side of the
river. The line showing the structaral curved include the formations ftom the
top of the slates of No. Ill to the top of Sandroolc No. 8.

DELAWARE WATER GAP. G\ 337

Between this sub-axis and the monntain, the rocks are
flattened, crushed, and faulted. The bold spur known as
Blockhead mountain, furnishes a fine exposure of this fault-
ing in the cliffs overlooking the river.

West of Caldeno creek this flattening of the rocks proba-
bly merges into a gentle anticlinal axis taking the place of
the dying flexure. This conclusion is strengthened by an
examination of the hill separating Poplar and Cherry val-
leys, but as there are no exposures showing any south dip,
it is possible that a monoclinal dip prevails over this area,
and that the hill is formed by some of the harder bands of
the red formation (No. V.) For a longdistance to the west
this hill presents no marked change in its topographical fea-
tures, and we can consequently assume a correspondingly
regular structure.

Fault at the Gap.

By reference to the map it will be seen that the crest of
the mountain on the New Jersey side of the river is not in
line with the crest on the Pennsylvania side, but lies about
700 feet further north.

It will also be observed that the New Jersey mountain is
about 100 feet higher than the Pennsylvania mountain, the
highest point found upon the Pennsylvania side being 1187
feet above river level, while the highest point reached upon
the New Jersey side was 1291 feet above the same datum
level, viz : the water in the river.

This back throw of the mountain is occasioned by the dif-
ference of the dip upon the two sides of the river, which
will be seen more clearly by reference to the diagram on
page 334 in which the full lines represent the data upon the
Pennsylvania side of the river ; the dotted lines, the same
upon the New Jersey side.

The lower line represents the base of Sandrock No. 1, the
upper line the top of Sandrock No. 3. At river level we
find that the outcrop of Sandrock No. 1 upon the Pennsyl-
vania side is almost exactly in the line of strike with the
outcrop upon the New Jersey side of the river.

From a series of careful observations taken at river level
22 G'.

338 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

on opposite sides of the gap, I have found a local variation
in the strike of 5° 50'.

Upon the New Jersey side, the strike is N. 64° 20' E.
Upon the Pennsylvania side N. 70° 10' E.

These facts seem to point rather to a warping of the for-
mations than to a fault, as the origin of the difference of
dip.

This conclusion is strengthened by the data furnished by
the Cherry Hill anticlinal. Prom an examination and care-
ful comparison of the exposures north of the main ridge,
I am inclined to think that the back-throw produced by the
warping has been nearly all absorbed by the small faults in
the rocks of Blockhead mountain, and that the break
through the anticlinal is very slight If we trace a line
northward from the center of the main gap, and perpen-
dicular to the average direction of the mountain crest, we
find along its course: 1st. a mark in the topography of
the southern side of Blockhead mountain. 2d. a small
ravine on its northern side ; and 3d. the gap in Pox Hill.
It will be observed that the marks of the break are very
slight in Blockhead, and are much greater (as we naturally
should exi)ect) in Pox Hill. If the break had been as large
in the anticlinal as in Pox Hill the river would probably
have cut its channel in the axis of the break. Por these
reasons the conclusion has been reached that the break
through the anticlinal is small, and the axis has therefore
been drawn upon the map as an unbroken line.

Godfrey s Midge,

This ridge is known by many different names, thus:
*'Trausue's Knob" is its eastern prolongation, and Pox
Hill, Cherry Hill, Chestnut Ridge, and Stony Ridge are
western portions of the same ridge. Only a very small part
of it was surveyed at the Delaware, (see map of Delaware
gap,) in fact no more than was necessary to get the contours
of the gap and make a geological cross-section. Much of
the topography is sketched in and the work is altogether
much less accurate than the remainder of the map, which
was surveyed, plotted, and contoured with great care.

DELAWARE WATER GAP. G*. 339

It will be seen at a glance that there is a break in the crest
line. The hill on the east side of the creek is thrown
northward about seven or eight hundred feet. This is a
prolongation of the same break or warping that affects the
Kittatinny mountain in a similar manner.

The average strike of the rocks on the western side of the
gap of Brodhead's creek is N. 47^"^ E., upon the eastern
side it is N. 72^ E.

Upon the western side of the Brodhead creek gap, the
hill contains a gentle Synclinal and anticlinal roll, (see sec-
tion, ) while upon the eastern side the flexures are shai^p ;
the northern dip of the synclinal being 90"^ or vertical, and
the other sides correspondingly steep. As we go westward
this synclinal makes into the center of the hill, producing
two outcrops of the OrisJcany sandstone^ and consequently
a double crested ridge, with arable land between the crests.
The exposures are not good enough to enable us to accu-
rately detail the structure upon the eastern side of the

gap.
The character of the curvatures and irregularities of the

structure in this locality can be seen in the limestone quar-
ries. In the quarry nearest the Delaware water gap the
limestone dips 30° and 60° N. 48° W. In this quarry about
30 feet of limestone is seen overlaid by 20 feet of lime shale.
At the other quarry the limestone dips 20°-50° S. 45°-50°
E. In this quarry there is about 60 feet of limestone over-
laid by 20 feet of limestone and 15 feet of pea conglomerate.
(See section of Godfrey's ridge, Plate 1.)

Upon the eastern side of the gap, the lime shale helow
the limestone is seen dipping 45°~60° N. 17^° W. (the lime-
stone is not exposed) and the conglomerate above the lime-
stone 90°, or vertically. This conglomerate here outcrops
from 10 to 25 feet above the surface, forming a perfectly
straight vertical wall 51 feet thick.

One set of cleavage joints is horizontal and another set
nearly vertical, dividing the sandrock into rectangular
blocks, and giving the wall an artificial aspect. It runs
about i of a mile, and has a course N. 72° 30° E.

This outcrop is almost entirely hidden by timber, but can

340 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

be recognized from a distance by a row of hemlocks which
grow upon either side of it, and can be found by going
about three hundred feet up a path which starts from the
N. E. comer of the bridge across Brodhead's creek, and
then turning into the woods to the right. The sight will
well repay anyone the trouble.

//. Detailed description of thefcyrmations.

The formations seen in the Pox "Hill gap and the Dela-
ware water gap from the north southward, and from the top
downward are as follows :

Base of No. VIII. Comiferous limestone, (exposed at gap, )

Oriskany sandstone.
No. VII, 195'

No. VI, 826'

\ Oriskany shales, 160' J oriskanyshales,
C Conglomerato, . 15' )

Ore 8. S. and
Clinton va-
riagated
shales, 460'

{ Lime shale, ^
Limestone, > Ix)wer Helderberg,
Lime siiale, )
No exposures. Red siiale? Onondago?

Watorlime? .

Red shale, (Clinton upper,)

Sandstone C. (green-
ish gray,)

Variagated shales, . .
Sandstone B. (green-
No. V, 1685'+ ; ishgray,)

^ Variagated shales, . .
Sandstone A, . . . .
Red shale and sandstone, (Clinton

lower,)

Olive and light gray shales and S. S.,

(Clinton,) ...

Sandrook No. 8. Medina upper sand-
stone,

Medina upper olive shales,

Sandrock No. 2. Medina white con-
glomerate,

Medina lower shales and sandstones,
Sandrock No. 1 a. Oneida gray S. S.,
Oneida shales and sandstones, ....
I Sandrook No. 1. Oneida conglomerate,
TMr. TTT <iQftA'_L S Hudsou rfvcr slste, (mcasured,) . . .
JNO. Ill, dwu -t- ^ jj^j^jgon river and Utlca (?) slates, . .

No. rv, 1665' .

20'-40'
±80*

165'

16'-26'
60'
?

740'
155'

80'
90*

70'

180'

80'

740'

340'

200'
580'

200'

110'

75'

240'

210'

2600'

4-1800'

DELAWARE WATER GAP. G*. 341

Oriskany Sandstone,

This is not well seen at any one place, but from the ex-
posures along the northern slope of the hill, and in the cliflfs
between the gap and Stroudsburg, it seems to be a mass
of pebbly sandstones, chert, and calcareous cherty sand-
stones.

The lower portion is almost entirely composed of nodular
chert, the middle portion of a tolerably pure, pebbly sand-
stone, and the upper portion largely of chert. Upon the
edge of the above-mentioned cliffs there is situated a quarry,
from which very good flags are obtained. The sandstone
at this point exhibits impressions of the OrtTiis Hipparionyx.
The thickness cannot be accurately determined, but is most
probably over 30 feet.

Over this lies the Caudi-Qalli grit and Comiferous lime-
stone.

OrisJcany Shale.

This member consists almost entirely of lime shale, with
an occasional cherty or sandy layer. Upon the eastern side
of the gap it is very much crushed, but ui)on the western
side it presents good exposures. Its outcrop can be seen
nearly all the way from the limestone quarries to the crest
of the ridge. It can also be seen in the cliffs about two
miles west of the gap. Thickness, 150'.

OrisJcany Shales Conglomerate,

This is a rather hard, calcareous, nut conglomerate of
white quartz pebbles. Both underneath it and above it
there is a layer, a few inches thick, of nodular chert. It is
this sandrock that forms the wall ui)on the eastern side of
the gap.

It probably corresponds to the 10-foot sandrock of the
Oriskany shales at the Lehigh. Thickness, 15'.

Lime shale^ {Lower Helderherg.)

Some portions are lime shale, but others are so cal-
careous as to warrant the calling it a shaly limestone, but

342 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

the lime shale predominates. It seems (either from ero-
sion or crushing) to vary in thickness, ranging from 15' to
25'.

It lies immediately upon the limestone, and underlies the
conglomerate sandrock. At the exposure in the quarries,
it has a thickness of 20'.

Lower Heldeiherg Limestone,

This lime is of a dark blue color and contains much cal-
cite. In these seams of calcite there sometimes occurs the
pink variety of fluor-spar. Minute pyrite cubes are some-
times seen scattered through the limestone.

This lime is now burnt almost exclusively for agricultural
purposes, though it is occasionally used as a building lime.
It was formerly used as a flux by the Scranton Coal and
Iron Company.

Underneath this limestone is seen a considerable thick-
ness of lime shale, which most probably belongs to the Lower
Helderberg group of shaly limestones. This limestone, as
seen in the most northern of the two quarries, has a thick-
ness of 60 feet.

This concludes the description of the formations seen in
the gap. From the limestone quarries southward to Cherry
creek, a distance of 2,000 feet, there are no exposures, the
valley being filled with alluvium and glacial drift.

It is probable, however, that this space is underlaid by
the water-lime shale, Onondaga shale, and Clinton red shale,
as these formations are seen to the northeast, in New York,
and to the southwest, at the Lehigh gap, (see below.) If
the structure of this valley is regular, the hidden thickness
of these formations is between 700 and 800 feet.

Red Shale, {Clinton Upper.)

This is the true soft red shale of the Clinton group. In
its lower beds are a few thin layers of olive shale. It can
be seen along Cheny creek, near the railroad bridge. Its
exposed thickness is 155'.

DELAWARE WATER GAP. G*. 343

Sandstone C.

This is a hard, compact, greenish-gray, coarse-grained
sandstone, with intercalated greenish shales, and steel-
colored, fine-grained sandstones.

Some of the beds of sandstone are very massive, reaching
eight or ten feet in thickness.

This rock is seen in the third railroad catting above the
depot. Thickness, 80'.

[Note. — The sandstones C, B, A (in part or in whole)
probably correspond to the ore sandstone of the sections at
the Lehigh and Schnylkill. With their included shale,
they form the ground upon which the village of Dutotsville
(water gap) is built. Table Rock, the hills upon the southern
side of Cherry valley, and the southern bank of the Dela-
ware river, for several miles east of the gap. Thickness of
gi-oup, 450'.]

Clinton Variegated Shales^ b,

A mass composed of olive, greenish, and red shales.
These shales yield readily to erosion and are in no place
very well exposed. Thickness, 90'.

Sandstone B.

This is very similar to sandstone A, but contains more in-
ter-bedded shale and fewer greenish layers. The shales
are usually olive, grading upward or downward into red
shales.

This sandstone can be seen in the second railroad cutting
above the depot. It forms a ridge running westward from
the river. Thickness, 70'.

Clinton Var legated Shales^ a.

This is a group of red, olive, and brownish shales, gen-
erally exhibiting a well-marked cleavage, which is always
to the S. E. It can be seen on the county road between the
Kittatinny House and the town. Thickness, 130'.

344 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

Sandstone A.

This is a hard greenish-gray, coarse-grained sandstone,
with some beds of red and olive shale, and some thin beds
of fine-grained gray sandstone and sandy shale. The beds
of the harder sandstones are from one to four feet thick.

This rock is seen in the first railroad cutting above the
Depot, and produces a marked ridge by which its outcrop
can be traced for a considerable distance. It forms the
cliflEs west of the Kittatinny house. Thickness, 80'.

Clinton Lower Med Shales.

A mass of indurated red shale and shaly sandstone. Near
the center of this mass are some beds of shaly red sandstone
much harder than the remaining portions. These hard beds
form Prosi)ect Bock and the cliflEs at the western end of
Blockhead mountain ; also the steep hillside north of the
Pitching Place.

These sandstones are full of concretions of iron, which are
mistaken by many for fossil casts. The upper beds are va-
riegated shales, red, olive, and brownish ; but the red greatly
predominates.

This outcropping mass occupies all the ground from the
Kittatinny house to about 300 feet below Prospect Bock.
Thickness, 740'.

Clinton Lower Olive Shales,

This mass consists of light gray sandstones and sandy
shales, exhibiting the Medina fucoid Arthrophycus Har-
lani.

There is a well-marked boundary line between this mass
and the one above it, the formations changing abruptly from
gray to red. It can be seen on the county road through the
gap, 325 paces (975 feet) below Rebecca's Bath. Thickness,
340'.

Between this and the formation next described, there is
no well-marked boundary line, the change in character be-
ing very gradual.

DELAWARE WATER GAP. G\ 345

Sandrock No. 3. Medina Upper Sandstone,

This is a mass of hard, coarse, and fine-grained, steel-
colored to brownish sandstones, with some beds of slaty
shale. Many of these beds are fermginons, and some are
filled with specks of ferric oidde.

This rock is seen in a short railroad cutting near the watch-
bouse in the gap. It may also be seen near the Pitching
Place upon the New Jersey side, just below the Slate Manu-
factory.

Its outcrop crosses the path to the summit near Hunter's
Spring, forming the rocky steeps and loose stone debris
above the spring.

It rises above water level on the New Jersey side of the
river, in the axis of the Cherry Hollow anticlinal, and can
be seen along the shore opposite the mouth of Cherry creek.
(See section of river. New Jersey side.) Thickness, 200'.

Medina Upper Olive Shales.

This is a group of shaly sandstones, conglomeritic sand-
stones, and conglomerates. The conglomeritic sandstones
predominate, but are soft and yield easily to erosion. The
beds ai'e all parted by argillaceous layers, which in some
cases may be called beds of shale. A large part of the mass
is composed of soft shaly sandstones.

In going up the path to the summit, from a short distance
beyond Hunter's Spring to within about 700 feet from the
crest, we pass over the outcrop of these beds. Thickness,
530'.

Sandrock No. 2, Medina White Conglomerate.

A hard, compact, pea conglomerate with beds of hard,
coarse and fine-grained, gray to steel colored sandstone.
Between some of the beds there are thin partings of black
fissile slate, though most of the partings are argillaceous
deposits of a lighter color, and are oftener shale than
slate.

The lower beds are coarse and of a white color ; the up-

346 Gt\ REPOKT OF PKOGRESS. II. M. CHANCK.

per beds, fine grained and darker, varying from gray to
steel color.

It forms the crest on both sides of the river, and also a
steep ascent north of the crest. On the Pennsylvania side
of the river its outcrop is passed over just before reaching
the crest. Upon the N. Jersey side of the gap, this rock
forms a bold line of cliffs nearly as prominent as the main
escarpment; and upon the Pennsylvania side a rock nose
around which the railroad makes a sharp carve. Thick-
ness, 200.'

Medina Lower Olive Shales.

This division is composed of soft grayish sandstones, with
some beds of shale. It seems to have very nearly the same
character as the mass lying between sandrocks Nos. 1 and
1 «, but being nearly everywhere covered by surface earth
or debris of loose stone, its exact character cannot be
told.

Its outcrop belongs just above that of sandrock No. 1 a,
and extends northward to within a few feet of the center of
the crest. Thickness, 110.'

Sandrock No. 1 a. Oneida Gray Sandstone.

This rock consists mainly of hard, compact, white sand-
stones with some beds of conglomerate. The beds of white
sandstone exhibit hollow casts from ferric oxide concretions
which are easily mistaken for those of fossil remains.

The softer beds of this rock contain thin layers of ferric
oxide interlaminated with quartz.

This rock generally forms a marked bench just south oi
the crest of the mountain. Its outcrop can be seen a few
feet south of Miners' and Sappers' View. It is also seen in
the gap forming a thin rib running up parallel to the main
escarpment. Thickness, 75 feet.

Oneida Lower Shales.

Lying upon the Oneida conglomerate is a mass of gray
sandstones, possibly including some shaley bands. Tliis

DELAWARE WATER GAP. Gt\ 3-17

mass is much softer than the beds between which it lies and
is covered by the debris from them, rendering an accurate
description impossible, as the character of the mass can only
be judged by the manner in which it has yielded to erosion
and by the debris formed from it. Thickness, 240 feet.

Sandrock No. 1, Oneida CongloTnerate,

This is a hard massive white conglomerate, with some beds
of gray sandstone in the upper part of the mass. The con-
glomerate layers are composed of quartz pebbles from the
size of a walnut down to tine sand.

Some of the lower beds of the conglomerate contain min-
ute pyrite cubes, which, in some localities, are of large size
and auriferous. (Geology of New Jersey, by Prof. G. H.
Cook, page 147.) ''The bottom beds of this conglomerate
yielded $11 worth of gold to the ton, to our assays."

Some of the beds contain slate nodules, but whether these
are ^\2iiQ pehhles or portions of the slaty partings which are
found between the beds, is difficult to determine. Some few
of these slate partings are five or six inches thick, but their
average thickness is not over an inch.

The sandstone layers of this rock are dark gray, hard and
compact, predominating in the upper portion. They form
a bold line of cliffs sometimes 200 feet high on the southern
flank of the mountain. Thickness, 210 feet.

Hudson River Slates,

On the hillside west of the house of Dan Bush are three
openings which have been made for quarrying purposes, but
the bad quality of the slate has caused them to be aban-
doned

At the second of these openings the slates are silicious
and ferruginous, and at this point I have seen some traces
of organic remains

At the first of these openings the slates are silicious, and
dip 15° N. 20° W.

348 G*. REPOET OF PEOGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

Throughout the formatiou the slates have the character-
istic dark blue color of ordinary roofing slate.

Its thickness from the escarpment of the mountain (its
upper limit) down as far as the section in this work extends,
is 2600 feet. [See local descriptions in Report of Progress
D. 3, on Northampton and Lehigh counties.]

SPECIAL SURVEY

OF THE

LEHIGH WATER GAP,

IN 1875.
By H. Martyn Chance.

/. Topography and Structure.

In the immediate vicinity of the Lehigh gap, the flexures
are gentle, and the resulting topography shows no extraor-
dinary features.

The crest of the mountain presents a regular rounded con-
tour, and the cliflfs formed by the outcrop of the hard beds
of sandstone and conglomerate, occurring near the base of
No. IV, are much less prominent than those at the Dela-
ware gap.

In the center of the gap the exposures reveal the presence
of a gentle anticlinal roll, which, shai-pening to the east,
forms a hook in the mountain crest about one mile east of
the gap. Westward, this flexure probably dies out in the
valley of the Lehigh river and Lizard creek.

The terrace upon the north side of the mountain is a more
prominent feature here than at the Delaware or Schuylkill
gaps. It is formed by the outcrop of the Ore sandstone (?.)
West of the gap, this sandstone outcrops high upon the
mountain side, and forms a ridge resembling the ore ridge
of the Juniata country, in Middle Pennsylvania.

South of the mountain, the topography consists of a
monotonous succession of slate hills. The structure, how-
ever, consists of a most complicated series of overturned
anticlinals, synclinals, and faults.

A flat water basin, fifteen hundred to two thousand feet
wide, lies north of the mountain, presenting no exposures

( 849 o«. )

350 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHA]^CE.

of the underlying rock. This valley separates the mount-
ain from a sharp, rugged ridge (Stony Ridge) formed by
the outcrop of the Oriskany sandstone; — north of this
ridge lies the hilly country formed by the Hamilton and
Chemung measures.

From Weissport southward to Hazardville, the Lehigh
river flows south by east in an approximately straight line.
At the latter point it encounters the mountain, and turning
abruptly eastward, flows for about two miles along the foot
of the mountain. At the head of the gap, it turns sharply
to the south, and flows through the gap and through the
slate country, as far as Slatington, in a remarkably straight
course.

The Aquanchicola creek comes from the east, flowing
along the north foot of the Blue mountain, and empties
into the river at the head of the gap.

At this point, a very interesting topographical feature
presents itself. Standing at the head of the gap, and at the
junction of the Aquanchicola with the Lehigh, is a beauti-
fully rounded hill, isolated from the mountain by these two
streams. At some time prior to the Glacial period the
Aquanchicola probably emptied into the Lehigh river north
of this little hill. The hill is itself a portion of the ter-
race of the mountain, and is formed mainly of Clinton red
shale (No. V.) The small nose projecting southward, on
which Mr. Craig's house stands, is formed by the outcrop
of the Ore sandstone.

From the foot of this hill to the southern flank of Stony
Ridge the old valley is filled to a height of eighty feet by
a sort of moraine. The moraine matter consists of gravel,
sand, and clay, with bowlders of Oriskany, Catskill, and
Carboniferous sandstones, and some much older rocks. It
obstructs the ancient water-course of the Aquanchicola;
and thus, acting as a barrier, has forced the creek to erode
the new channel through which it now flows.

Stoney Ridge or DeviV s Wall,
Opposite to the Lehigh water gap this ridge is double.

LEHIGH WATER GAP. G*. 351

East of the gap, it is a single-crested and characteristic
Oriskany {No. VII) ridge. For when the structure is regu-
lar and when the Oriskany sandrock has a well- developed
thickness, the resulting ridge is wild and rugged, the crest
sharp and well defined, and the side slopes, especially the
southern, covered with debris from the outcrop of the sand-
rock. Such is its character in this vicinity.

It is broken through at frequent intervals by streams flow-
ing southward from the Hamilton (No. VIII) country.

When free from minor rolls, the dip is usually very
steep.

East of Millport, and also westward to within a mile of
the gap at Hazardville, Stony ridge is single crested and
monoclinal, with the Oriskany satidstone dipping from 76°
to 105° N. by W. (i. e. overturned to 15° S. by E.)

Immediately opposite the Lehigh water gap and about
one mile east of Hazardville a sharp flexure enters the hill
and produces a double ridge west of this point. The hill is
here broken by a gap through which a small stream finds
its way to the Lehigh. The exposures observed in this
vicinity indicate the presence of a transverse fault as the
probable cause of the peculiar shape of this gap. These
exposures and the dips observed are as follows :

At tlie limestone (No. VI) quaiTy the dip is 50° N. 35° W.

At the sand tunnels the dip is flat ; the Oriskany lying
at the surface.

In the paint tunnel the dip is 5°-10° S. by W.

Half way between the paint tunnel and the cement quarry
the axis of a gentle anticlinal is seen.

At the cement quaiTy the dip is 24° N. 20° W.

At the sandstone quarry, on the nose of the ridge, the
dip is hard to determine accurately, but seems about 60°.

West of this point the hill is double.

The southern hill is a synclinal ridge, with the Oriskany
SS. dipping nearly vertically on both sides of the flexure.

The northern hill is a monoclinal ridge with the Oriskany
SS. overturned and dipping from 40° to 70° S. 15°-20° E.

By reference to the section from Parryville to Hazardville
(Plate 4} it will be seen that this could not possibly have

352 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

been produced without the formation of a fault in the axis
of the anticlinal. This fault is probably greatest in the soft
Onondaga shales, (lower portion of No. VI. )

Hazardville overturned downthrow j

The most complicated part of the structure of this hill is
that occupying the southern slope of the synclinal ridge.

Going up the railroad from Hazardville to Bowmansville,
the first exposure seen is that of the Onondaga red and olive
shales (lower portion of No. VI) dipping 20° S. by E. Go-
ing northward the dip steepens and we come to what at first
sight seems to be an anticlinal axis, but what is in reality
the axis of a fault, (see section, Plate 4. )

On its southern side and underlying the Onondaga aie
25 feet of greenish and yellow (water lime) shales ; on its
northern side the red and olive Onondaga shales again ap-
pear. Going northward the dip becomes steeper, varying
from 35° to 85° N. by W., and at 150 feet north of the fault
the greenish and yellow shales of the water lime group
again appear, this time in sitUy overlying the Onondaga red
and olive marls. This exposure establishes, without doubt,
the existance of a fault, with the rocks upon its southern
side completely overturned.

Fault in Marcellus Shale.

Going up the county road from Bowmansville the Mar-
cellus shale (lowest member of No. VIII) are seen dipping
15°-20° S. by E. This dip varies but slightly for over 800
feet, when it suddenly changes to the northwest. If this
was caused by an anticlinal flexure, we should find a repe-
tition of the Marcellus upon its northern side. Such is not
the case, the Hamilton flags and shales coming in immedi-
ately north of the axis.

We have no sufficient data to determine the amount of
the upthrow or downthrow, but from the exposed thickness
of the Marcellus it is demonstrable that it can not he less
than two hundred feet.

This fault renders it impossible to estimate, in this local-
ity, the total thickness of the Hamilton group.

LEHIGH WATER GAP.

G\ 353

//. Description of the Formations,

The following table shows the formation of Stony Ridge
and the mountain in their natural order, together with the
overlying and underlying rocks. Tlie formations, whose
thicknesses are appended, were measured, and will be de-
scribed below :

No. XIII. Coal measures at Summit Hill.
No. XII. CoDglomerate, PottsviUe conglom-
erate, .... Mountain.

No. XI. Mauch Chunk red shale, VaUey.

No. X. Pooono sandstone, Mountain.

No. IX. Catskill sandstone, ** old red," . . . . Mountain terraoe.
' Chemung, thioiuiess meas-

No. VIII. \

ured, 600*

Portage, 820*

Hamilton and Genesee,

Marceiius,

Corniferous, . . . .
Schoharie (?) paint ore,
Cauda-galli (?) day, .
r Oriskany sandstone.
No. VII. < Oriskany shales, . .

( Oriskany shales, unexposed > ^^q,
' Lime shales, unexposed, . )
Lower Ilelderberg Ihne-
VI. ^ stone, ... 69*

Water lime sliales, ... 60'

Onondaga (?) shales, . . . 150'+ J

+1350' \ Hilly country
+1200' I «"id vaUey.
25'
1'8'
5'

141'

> Stony ridge.

No.

Valley.

No.

V.^

No exposures for 2,000 feet across tlie valley of the Aquan-
chicola and Lizard creeks.

Oncmdaga and Niagara, ?

Clinton Upper red shale, . . . 650'+'
Clinton Upper red and olive

shale, 90'

Clinton Upper olive shale, . . 120^ \ Mountain terraoe.
Ore (?) sandstone, . . 125'

Clinton Lower red and olive

shale, 290'

Medina Upper sandstone, (No.

8,) 85'

Medina Upper shales, . . . ISO'
Medina white sandstone, (No.

2,) ... 70'

Medina Lower shales, .... 830'
Oneida conglomeratic sandstone,290'
Oneida conglomerate, (No. 1,) . IZO'

23G\

No. IV.

> Mountain.

354 G*. REPOKT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

^ jjj i Hudson River slates, . i thickness in- > y 11

' i Utioa slates, . . S determinate. S

No. n. Trenton limestone, etc.
No. I. Potsdam sandstone.

Ch€mu7ig,

Only the lower portion of this formation was measured.
Its lowest bands are a series of red sandstones and shales
overlaid by greenish and bluish flaggy sandstone, with some
intercalated olive shale, over which occurs a mass of soft
red sandstone and indurated shale. The dip from Parry-
ville southward varies from 15° S.. by E. to 0°-20°-40°-50°
N. by W. to 0°-60°-40°N. by W. (as shown in the section.)
down to the top line of the Portage. Thickness of lower
Chemung measured, 600'.

Portage {?)

The shales of this formation are rather hard and some-
what calcareous, of a dark-bluish color, sometimes resemb-
ling the cement layers of the Upper Helderberg. They foim
a slight terrace, but yield rather readily to erosion. Dip
averages 60^ N. to W. Thickness, 320'.

Genesee and Hamilton.

The upper part of this mass consists principally of flaggy
sandstones and shales, tolerably hard, with very thin slaty
partings, and of a bluish color, grading downwards into
soft slates, below which are a series of hard, compact, dark-
blue, silicious slaty shales. In going southward through
this division the dip varies thus : 60°, 35°, 60°, 40°, 90° N.
by W.

Near the house in the gully (see section) a small slip is
observed, which, though of little importance, prevents any
further measurement. Thickness measured 1,350'

Marcellus Slates and Shales.

These are so crushed that it is difficult to determine the
dip with sufficient accuracy to determine the true thickness
of the mass.

These slates and shales form the valley lying between the

LEHIGH WATER GAP. G*. 366

Oiiskany ridge and the hilly country formed by the Ham-
ilton flags.

At Millport a rather slaty portion of that formation has
been found with good cleavage planes and of sufficient hairi-
ness to answer for rooting purposes. Two quairies have
been opened, (1875,) both of which have produced slate of
fair quality. The dip is here slightly overturned.

The approximate thickness as determined by the cross-
section, is 1200'4-.

Corniferous Limestone^ ( U, Ilelderberg. )

At the Lehigh, this formation almost altogether loses its
character as a chest-bearing limestone.

It is here composed of 20' of hydraulic cement lime, over-
laid by 5' of cherty lime.

The cement has for many years been worked at a quarry
near the paint tunnel at Hazardville. (See map.)

It is said to produce a superior quality of cement. All
the masonry of the Lehigh and Susquehanna canal was laid
with it, and the way it has worn certainly does not condemn
it. It is burnt and ground by Mr. Prince of the Lehigh
Metallic Paint Company, but at present (1875) very little is
quarried.

The 5 feet of overlying cherty limestone is precisely like
that seen to the N. E. at the Delaware river and in New
Jersey.

The formation as a whole is soft, and presents but few
natural exposures.

Paint Ore^ {SchoJiarie f) Upper Helderberg.

This is nothing more than a ferruginous shale containing
iron as pyrites and brown oxide.

The pyrites is found in concretionary masses, resembling
the pyrites of the coal measure rocks.

The whole bed is sometimes altered near the outcrop to
brown hematite wash ore, and the bog ore found in places
on the north side of Stony Ridge owes its existence to this
bed.

356 Gt\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

It varies from 12" to 24" inches in thickness, lying imme-
diately between the clay and cement.

This ore is extensively worked for the manufacture of
paint. It is burnt, ground, and bolted when it is ready for
shipment. It makes a dull red paint, and is to be recom-
mended on account of its cheapness and durability. Thick-
ness, r 8".

Clay, {Cavda-galli t) Upper Helderherg.

Immediately overlying the Oriskany SS. is a bed of clay
from 3 to 8 feet in thickness. This has its exact equivalent
at the Juniata. (See Mr. J. H. Dewees' report for 1874-5.)
Thickness, 5'.

Oriskany Sandstone.

In tracing this rock from the Delaware to the Lehigh, it
is of gradually increasing thickness.

It consists of alternating fine-grained and coarse-grained
sandstones, and pea conglomerates, most of which have a
calcareous cementing matter.

At the outcrop some of the more calcareous layers have
lost a large amount of their cement, reducing the rock to
nothing more than a bed of loose sand, which crumbles at
the touch.

All along its outcrop quarries or sand-pits are now opened
(1875) from which the material is taken and sent to Cata-
saqua, Allentown, &c., where it is used in the manufacture
of an excellent fire-brick.

Most of this sand is streaked yellow with iron, but there
are a few thin beds that are of a very pure white color, and
would probably make a good glass sand.

Oriskany Shales.

The upper portion of this formation is well exposed, but
the lower layers present no exposures in the vicinity of the
Lehigh.

The following section was compiled from the data ob-
tained in a prospecting tunnel on the western side of the
river, and from exposures along the tracks of both the L.
and S. and L. V. R. R :

Oriakany Bhales,

LEIUGII WATER GAP. G'. 357

Oriflkany SS., 150'

Flint beds, 1' to 8' thick, some sandy, . 24'

Stoney ridge blook ore, 2'

Flint, some beds sandy, 20^

Clay, 14'

Stoney ridge red hematite ore, .... 1'

Sandstone, in two beds, 22'

Clay and flint beds, 46'

* Conglomeratic sandstone, 12'

[ Total exposed thickness, .... 141'
Oriskany and Lower Helderburg shales unexposed, I7(y

The 12' SS. is seen in the most southern part of the tun-
nel and is a conglomerate with pea-sized pebbles, but in
some cases they are nearly as large as a hazelnut. The ce-
menting matter is calcareous, and although on both sides it
has very soft rocks, it makes no marked feature in the to-
pography. It corresponds to the 15' conglomerate at the
Delaware gap.

Uix)n this rest 46' of alternating clay and flint beds.
This flint is amorphous and is regularly stratified. None
of it presents a noduhir structure. It is probably the source
from which the Indians drew their supply for arrow and
spear heads.

The beds vary from 1" to 1' in thickness and are separated
by about equal tliicknesses of a beautiful soft and unctuous
clay. The latter is usually streaked with iron. The flint
varies from reddish brown to wliite in color, the greater part
being of a pale yellow color.

Upon this rests 22' of sandstone. This rock is found in
two nearly equal beds, one half being coarse grained and
full of Oriskany fossils, the other half non-fossiliferous and
fine grained.

It is upon this sandrock that the Stoney ridge red hema-
tite ore rests. (Described further on.)

Upon this is a nearly homogeneous bed of clay 14' thick,
overlaid by flint beds 44' thick.

These latter are massive, of a dark color and inclined to be
sandy. They are divided into two members, 20' and 24'
thick respectively, by the Stoney ridge brown hematite
(block) ore. The upper division is much more sandy than
the lower.

358 G'. REPORT OF PROGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

These flint beds are, in appearance, very unlike the flint
interstratitied with clay. They are very dark in color,
varying from a steel color almost to black.

Lower Helderherg Limestone.

Very imperfect exposures of this rock are found along
the track of the L. apd S. RR. Another portion of the
formation is seen at the quarry N. E. from Hazardville.
It here yields a very fair lime, but the workable bed is quite
thin. Twenty feet of limestone are exposed in the quarry
overlaid and underlaid by slaty limestone and lime shale.
It is much lighter in color than at the quarries opened at
the Delaware gap, and is also softer, yielding much more
readily to erosion. Its lower layers are hydraulic.

It has been found in several water wells near the pike, at
Millport.

Its lower beds as seen along the L. and S. RR. consist of

FossiliferouB lime shale of a purplish color, which may belong

to the water-lime group, 8'

Shaly limestone with nodular chert, .... 4'

Sandy lime shale containing some beds of workable limestone, 52'

Total, 59^

Over this mass occurs a series of lime shale and limestone
beds classed as Lower Helderberg lime shale, which grad-
uate upward into the Oriskany shales ; but as the expos-
ures are very poor, I have been unable to determine any
line of demarkation between these two shale groups. The
section stands :

Oriskany shales, measured 14'

Oriskany and Lower Helderberg shales, unexposed, . . 170'
Lower Helderberg limestone, measured 69'

Water Lime Shales,

These vary from yellow to green in color, and have usu-
ally a more or less slaty structure, with some beds of a sandy
texture, while others are quite calcareous, but none suffi-
ciently so to justify the name of lime shale.

They are well exposed along the railroad above Hazard-
ville, and also in a prospecting tunnel on the west side of
the river.

LEHIGH WATKR GAP. G\ 359

They are very soft, and yielding readily to erosion seldom
present any important exposures. At the Delaware they
are not exposed. Dip 70° to 90° N. by W. Measured thick-
ness, 60'.

Onondaga Shales.

A mass of alternating, variegated, soft, red, and olive
marls. Where seen at a cutting on the railroad above Ilaz-
ai'dville, they are cnished and contorted, and one portion
of the mass is seen completely overturned and resting on the
water lime shales, instead of underneath them.

The upturned edges of these shales are overturned at the
outcrop as by the action of a glacier moving southward, and
upon them rests a mass of glacial bowlder and gravel drift.

The thickness of this formation cannot be measured, as it
lies completely hidden from sight (except the small expos-
ure just described) in the valley of the Aquanchicola, Le-
high and Lizard creek.

This valley is from 1,2(X) to 2,000 feet wide, and, except
where filled by glacial drift, x>erfectly flat. Crossing the
valle}' to the eddy hill standing at the head of the gap, we
find the next exposures are of the Clinton Upper red shale,
a considerable portion of which is probably hidden beneath
the valley, or covered by drift matter on the northern
flank of the hill.

Clinton Upper Red Shale,

This here shows its usual character as a very soft red shale.
The thin beds of olive shale seen at both the Delaware and
Schuylkill are also here found at what appears to be a cor-
responding horizon. It presents an exposed thickness of
650'.

Clinton Upper Red and Olive Shales,

At this point these shales are probably transition beds
between corresponding horizons at the Schuylkill and Dela-
ware. At the Schuylkill the rocks occupying this geologi-
cal horizon are all olive. At the Delaware they are all red;
and here we find, first, an underlapping of the Schuylkill

360 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. II. M. CHANCE.

olive shales, and then transition beds between the two form-
ations.

For this reason this member is enumerated only in this
(the Lehigh) column, being included in the Clinton Upper
olive shale at the Schuylkill, and the Clinton Upper red
shale at the Delaware.

As its name indicates, it consists of an alternation of red
and olive shales.

It is exposed upon the western side of the river, along
the roadway of the Lehigh Valley railroad. Thickness;
90'.

Clinton Upper Olive Shale.

This member is a mass of true olive slaty shales, which
probably contain a large percentage of calcareous matter.
It is but i)oorly exposed ui)on the eastern side of the river,
but upon the western bank it is well seen. This rock is ab-
sent at the Delaware, but at the Schuylkill is seen in much
greater force. Thickness, 120'.

Ore Sandstone.

This is here a hard, compact, greenish-gray sandstone,
with thin partings of olive shale. It is a rather fine-grained
rock, but contains some slightly conglomeratic beds.

It outcrops along the railroad track above the station ;
along Aquanchicola creek (where it presents a perpendicu-
lar face,) and along the track of the Lehigh Valley RR.

It forms the terrace on the north side of- the mountain,
and the nose which projects southward from the Eddy Hill,
and upon which the house of Mr. William Craig stands.
Thickness, 125 feet.

Clinton Lowei' Red and Olive Shales.

These consist of an alternation of sandy red and olive
shale, with red sandstone.

About one hundred and twenty-five feet of this division
is hidden by the Aquanchicola, but this is well exposed in
railroad cuttings along the L. V. RR.

The upper part of the mass is well exposed above the Gap

LEHIGH WATER GAP. G*. 361

station, and the lower portion presents a fine natural ex-
I)08ure back of Craig's hotel. These shales form the terrace
on the northern side of the mountain. Thickness, 290'.

Medina Upper Sandstone^ (iVb. 3.)

This is a greenish-grey to steel-colored, fine-grained sand-
stone, with beds about iif teen inches thick. Its total thick-
ness is exposed at an outcrop in the rear of Craig's Hotel,
where it dips 42° to 58° N. 5° W.

It presents several bold outcrops in the gap, of which the
'* Devil's Pulpit" is the most prominent. Thickness, 86'.

Medina Upper ShaUs.

This is a soft mass of alternating olive and brownish
shales, well exposed on the county road near Craig's store,
and on the mountain side back of the store, where they are
seen dipping 26° to 40° N. 10° W.

Their outcrop is found on the mountain side just north
of the crest. Thickness, 180'.

Medina White Sandstone^ {No. 2.)

This consists of an alternation of greenish-grey, olive, and
steel-colored sandstones.

It is divided into two members by a parting of sandy
shale, twenty feet thick.

Its outcrop forms the mountain crest. Thickness, 70'.

Medina Lower Shales.

These ai-e not well exposed at the Lehigh. They consist,
principally, of rather soft browmsh shales, with a few sandy
beds.

Immediately above the middle of the mass, there is ex-
posed a white conglomeratic sandstone, from twenty-five to
thirty feet thick, which may be a split from the lower por-
tion of the Medina white sandrock of the Delaware gap.

These shales occupy the crest and southern slope of the
mountain, above the outcrop of the Oneida. Thickness,
330'.

362 G\ RKPOKT OF PKOGRESS. H. M. CHANCE.

Oneida Conglomeratic Sandstone,

A mass of massive white and light grey conglomeratic
sandstones. Some of its beds are true conglomerates, with
quartz pebbles varying from the size of a hazelnut down-
wards to fine sand. These occupy the lower portion of the
rock. In the upper part, fine-grained sandstones predomi-
nate, but the conglomeratic character of the rock is ai)parent
throughout its entire thickness.

It is exposed in a long cut on the L. and S. railroad, where
an anticlinal roll is seen, with dips of 21° N. 15° W. ; 5° S.
by E.; and 31° N. 20° W.,— the latter at its junction with
the rock beneath.

It outcrops south of the mountain crest. It probably
forms the top of the high cliflfs seen at the "Devil's Bake
Oven," a few miles west of the gap.

This rock probably includes the Oneida shales and Oneida
grey sandstone of the Delaware section. It is absent at the
Schuylkill. Thickness, 290'.

Oneida Conglomerate^ {No. 1.)

This sandrock is here seen immediately overlying the
Hudson river slates, and dipping conformably to them.
On the eastern side of the gap it forms a cliff running up
the mountain, and a steep declivity upon the southern side
of the mountain.

The following section is seen along the railroad. The dip
is 24°-31° N. 20° W. (Order downward :)

Conglomerate of quartz and slate pebbles from the size of a
walnut to line sand, parted with thin beds of finer grained
S.8., ... 62'

Sandstone: steel-oolored, with an oooasional bed of white
S.S. sand of nearly a uniform size, with an oooasional peb-
ble, 46'

Egg Conglomerate of quartz and slate pebbles alternating

with steel-oolored S.8., .... . . 55'

Egg Conglomerate of quartz, slate, ohert, sandstone, and
limestone (?) pebbles with one or two thin beds of gray-
ish S.S., 8'

The Hudson river slates are exposed 10 feet below last mem-
ber, thus showing a total thickness of, 170'

LEHIGH WATER GAP. G*. 363

Hudson River Slates,

At the Lehigh this formation wears its nsnal character of
black and blue slates, with an occasional flaggy or sandy
member. The upper portion of the mass is well exposed
immediately underlying the Oneida conglomerate, and con-
sists of hard sandy slates, and dark steel-colored fine grained
sandstones, underlaid by soft shaly slates of a bluish black
color.

Between this point and Slatington the slates are so twisted
and broken that it is impossible to flx the horizon of any
particular stratum in the formation. The geological posi-
tion of the roofing slate bands is therefore indeterminate.
But from the general structure we can assert that it is very
low in the series, and may belong to the Utica. The roof-
ing slate horizon probably does not include more than ten
or twelve beds of good quality, but these are repeated so
many times that the impression that there is a much greater
number of beds present is given to the casual observer.
The flexures are often so sharp that the dips on both sides
of an anticlinal or synclinal are approximately parallel, and
two beds are noted, where iri reality but one exists.

The identification and classification of these beds is very
difficult, and can only be accomplished by a careful and
prolonged study of the subject. A minute examination of
tlie physical character of each bed, and of the number and
an-angement of its ribbons, when studied in connection with
the structural geology might lead to their systematic arrange-
ment.

The general structure has been obtained, and some of the
most important beds identified and traced from point to
point.

The data collected, together with a description of the ex-
posures seen between the mountain and Slatington, will be
found below. [These are published with the foregoing re-
marks on No. Ill, in Report D', on Northampton and Le-
high counties.— J. P. L.]

HOITESDALE BOBE-HOLE BECORD. G* S65

Honesdale Bore-Hole Record Completed,

Since the text of this report was put in type the experi-
mental boring of the Wayne County Development Company
has been continued to a depth of 2165', where the rocks be-
come so hard and silicious that further progress became im-
practicable, and the well was abandoned.

Mr. E. F. Torrey, the president of the company, has
kindly furnished me the rest of the record not given in the
body of this report, which is as follows :

Thiekneaa, Depth,

Red 8ha1e, 5' 1505'— ISIO*

Greeuish-gray sandstone, ... 15' 1510' — 1525'

Light gray fine grained sandstone, 20' 1525'— 1545'

fc^andstone, greenish-gray, 10 1545'— 1555'

Shale, red, 5' 1555'— ISW

Sandstone, light gray, 15' 1560'— 1575'

Sandstone, dark red, 35' 1575'— 1610*

Sandstone, light gray, 25' IGIO'— 1635'

Shale, red, sandy, 35' 1635'— 1670'

Sandstone, dark gray, 10' 1670'— 1680'

Sandstone, light gray, 35' 1680'— 1715'

Sandstone, greenish-gray, 15' 1715'— USO*

Shale, blue, sandy, 30' 1730' -1760'

Sandstone, greenish-gray, 60' 1760'— 1820'

Shale, red, sandy, 5' 1820'— 1825'

Sandstone, light gray, 10' 1825'— 1835'

Shale, dark, sandy, 80' 1835 —1865'

Sandstone, dark gray, 20' 1865'— 1885'

Sandstone, greenish-gray, 15' 1885'— 1900*

Sandstone, very hard, gray, 26' 1900'— 1925

Shale, dark, sandy, . . 6' 1925—1930'

Sandstone, greenish-gray, . . 20' 1930'— 1950'

Sandstone, very hard, greenish-gray, 60' 1950'— 2010*

Sandstone, yellowish, very silicious, 30' 2010' — 2040*

Sandstone, dark gray, 10* 2040'— 2050^

Sandstone, greenish-gray, very hard to bottom of hole, . 115' 2050'— 2165'

366 G". REPORT OF PROGKESS. I. C. WHITE.

Fresh water cased off at 778'.
Slight vein of salt water at 1140'.

Heavy vein of water, slightly salty at 1240' where a gas
vein was also struck and the hole tilled with water, which
' was finally cased off at 1310'. "Black soot" came up on
water at 1240'.

Show of amber oil bubbles, 1715' — 1730'.

The record of this well shows that the Gotskill beds in-
crease in thickness southward from the northern line of
Wayne with great rapidity, since the bore-hole stopped in
the middle of the Starrucca sandstones, the transition series
between the Catskill and Chemung, which are 600' thick at
the southern line of Pike county along the Delaware river ;
so that the boring would very probably not reach the genu-
ine Chemung beds under a depth of 2500'. Adding to
this the 800' of CaisJcill above the level of the derrick floor
would give a thickness of 3300' for these beds six miles
north from Honesdale, a size even greater than we find along
the Delaware in Pike county. (See section A.)

It thus appears that the Catskill thickens southward not
in a regular manner, but that the plane of its base runs
downward like the side of a saucer rapidly burying the
Chemung to a great depth. — [I. C. White.]

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Page.

Abie's, H., ... 818

Aoe'8, John ; level, 826 ; 827

Acker, J., 211,212

Adam's oreek, 26,111,216,206; 18,208; 62

Adam's mUl, 22; 21,22

Adams', W., (level,) 832

Adams A Joy, 165

Alabama, 152

Albert's, P., 244

Albertson's, A., (level,) 818

Albright's oomers ; level, 207; 206

Aliger's, John, (level,) 818

Allegheny mountain, 87

Allen, 15

Allentown, ... 168

Altimus', E., (level,) T., (level,) 292,811

AlUmus', G. L., (level,) J. E., (level,) 838

Altmyer's, . . 308

American Hotel in Kresgeville, (level,) 308

Andomink avenue, Stroudsburg^ (level,) 20

Andrews, D; J; L; levels, 294; 296; 327

Angle's, Mrs. J , (levels ) 208

Anglemoyer's, J. ; G., (levels,) 16,808,818

Appalachian range, 152

Aquanchioola, 10,«29,276,290,297

levels, 17,296,808

valley, 11,65,84,98,148,299

old channel, 42 ; 290

Ararat peak in Wayne county, 179

Arnold's. J ; P., (levels,) 296; 811

Atkinson, J., 20, 98

Angle's, J. J; S. C, (levels,) 227; 288

Baisden's,creek, (level,) 167

Bake Oven knob, 63

Bangor road, (level,) 188,286; 275

Bangor and Tatorny road gaps, 269

Barger's, G; P; R., levels, 284,804

Barrett, Dr., 66,123,182,134,145,196

Barrett township, 6,6,8,27,60,96,824,328

barometric elevations, 14 ; 827

School, No. 5, (level,) 21

(367G«.)

368 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Barrier's, G., (levels,) 288

Barry's, J; R,, (levels,) 818,878

Barryville, N. Y., 187

BartonsviUe; level, 101,108,108,816,817; 6,818

Bartron's, L., 251,256

Basket, (level,) 18

Bates', William, (level,) 21,824

Baucli's, G. W., (level,) 307

Bauin's, W.; level, 205; 206

Baylis, C. S. ; level, 00,829; 830

Beaoh ridge summit, (level,) 332

Bearoreek, (level); pond; swamp, 205; 33: 231

Beaver lake; level; meadow, 88,84; 183; 87

Beck, Dr., 187

Bedford oounty, 87

Beech woods oountry, 8 ; 66

Beers A Co., 180

Berseoker's, H., (level,) 275

Bella lake, 82,83,196

Belmont and Easton pike ; level, 76,90,95,329; 330

Bennett's in N. Y., 134

Bensley's, J., (level,) 214

Benzoni's, W. ; level, 285,286; 289

Berger's, J., (level,) . . ' 808

Bethlehem, 48,152

Big Brink pond; level, 84,184,191; 192

Big Bushkill creek, . . . 1,27,82,85,101,108,109,119,174,201,209,218,280,822

head waters; month, 60; 1,4,10,28,211,227

levels; falls, 14,19,114,282,233; 232

Big creek, (see Pohopoco,) 30,70,71,297,804,305,306

levels, . . 307

valley, 70,107,298,305,306

Big eddy, 1,2,164

Big Hickory knob, 8

Big Log Tavern pond ; level, 85,204 ; 205

Big Meadow creek ; level, 270 ; 174

Big Pond creek ; level, 25,34,183; 192

Big Tin k creek ; pond; level, 25; 31; 25,167

Big Walker pond, 85

Bingham's run, (level,) 173

Birch creek, level, . . 177

Bitten bender's, G. ; W., level, 289; 285

Blake's, J. C, (level,) 177

Blackmore's, N., (level,) 184; 12,191

Blair oounty, .... 152

Blooming Grove, (level,) 8

creek; levels, . . 24,82,34,59,*164,165,168,178,178,18l; 183,167, 18
new channel, . . 59

Blooming Grove Park Association, *33,178

club-house, (level,) 183

Blooming Grove P. O. ; level, 181 ; 183

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G". 369

P*ge.

Blooming Grove road ; level, 18,14,180,182,183

Blooming Grove seotion, (85,) 181

Blooming Grove township, . 178-188; 2,25,88,97,168,174,209

barometric elevations, 188

Blooming Grove village, . . 180

Bine momitain, 4,6,11,17,28,80,41,58,62 to 64,150,215,284,286,288,258,277,291

crest; summit; level, 10,11,68,77,284,276; 17; 237

foot-liills ; slope ; region, ^ 256 ; 46 ; 151

Blue ridge, 285

Bluffs on the Delaware river, (level,) 20

Boavem*s, Mrs, J. E., (level,) 822

Bonniole pond, level, 19,214

Bonser^s, 114,115

Bonser Bros., (Simon and William,) 294

Bonynge's, E 109

Bossard's, J., (level,) 282; 289

Boesardsville ; level, 126,148,145,282,288; 6

hotel, (level,) 288

quarries, 148

Bouchon, (level,) . . . '. 18

Bou8er*8, G., (level,) 296,881

Bouser well section, (65,) 881

Bowhanon's (T.) tannery, (level,) 205

Bowman's; A., level, 80,88,107,116; 289

Bowman's (D.) school-house, (level,) 818

Bowman's station, 101,108,109,112,115,129,148,146

Boyer's, J., (level,) 808

Bradford county, 106

Branch run, (level,) 832

Branch of Sawkill creek, (level,) 200

Brang's saw-mill, 810

Bridal Veil fall, 198,202

Bridge brook; levels, 82,174,176; 14,21,177

Brink ponds, (see Great and Little Brink,) 60,190

Brink's, J.; level, 61,201; 177

Briscoe's hotel, (level,) 19,214

Brish's, M. (level,) 274

Broad mountain, ^ 87

Broad Top, ... 87

Broadhead's, G., (level,) 208

Brodhead; level, 51,62; 20

Brodhead oreek, 5,7,14, 22

«29,82,44 ,51,62,69,76,90,98,100 to 108,121, 123 to 125,188,148,145, 174, 177
215,234,289,241,248 to 251,258,266 to 278,276,312,814,820,822 to 325,328

head waters, 60, 90

levels, 14,20,21,22,236,256,274,823,327

mouth; level, 17,19,20,50,51,52,56,284,285,238,239; 256

gap, 131

road, 273,828

seotion, 248

terraces, 48

24 G*.

370 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

I
I

Page.

Brod head creek, West branch, 78,814,319

Buck HUl branch, 326,327

Leves branch, 326

BrodheadvUle; levels, 43,66,77,107,111,309; 6,17,311

section, 94

Brown's, Jos. ; M., (levels,) 14,21,327; 274

Brown's (J. H.) land; quarry, 146; 143

Bruce Pond, 33

Brutzman's, Geo. B. ; E., (levels,) 257,304

Buck Hill branch; level, 326,327

Buckley & Thompson, 52

Bull Run school-house, 119

Burnett house, (level,) 5

Burns, Thos. ; land ; clay section, 171

Burn's Pottery, (level,) 14,173

Burrell's, D., (level,) 208

Burrows', J., (level,) 177

Bush's, A. J. ; D. ; F. ; G. ; Mrs. H. ; M. ; P., . . 274,267,327,273 321,273, 14
Bushkill,. . . 3,19,29,33,47,49,62,54,61,107,110 to 113,178,211,216,226,324

level, 6; 19,211

road ; level, 208 ; 211

mouth; falls, 17.276; 27,212

branches, 7,14,209

Rocky Hill branch, 34

Bushkill village, 27,28,119,210,213

Busbkirk's, Chaa., (level,) 296

Butt's, W., (levels,) 16

Butter Milk Falls ; level, 236,247; 267

Butternut creek, Wayne county, (level,) 22

Butz, Mr., 282

Caldwell's, J.; level, 262; 176

Callahan, D., (level,) 273

Campbell's (H. H.) land; level at S. house, 118; 264; 257

Canadensis; levels, 90,96,97,325; 6,21,327

road; levels, 33,176,180; 14,21,177

tanneries, 66

Canfield's, Geo., (level,) 257

Carbon, (level,) 308

Carbon county, 4,7,28,30,66,70,71,

79,88,89,97,100,103,109,114,129,183,141,276,287,297,300,304,328,330

level, . . 303,308

line; level, 78,108,297,306,807,332; 808

Carbon-Monroe section, 7

Carbondale region, 3

Carey's, C, (level,) 192

Carlton's, J., (level,) 177

Carpenter's Point, 11,17,18,26,46,47,66,74,117,121,128,127,192,195

village, 117,123

Carr'srock, 26,189

Cart right '8 school-house ; level, 226; 233

Case's, Mrs. D. M. ; J. J. level, 204 ; 208

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPniCAL INDEX. G*. 371

P»ge.

Casebeer's, J., (level,) 257

Catawiflsa valley 88

Catsklll mountains, 8,179

Canda-galli ridge, 11, 17

Central RR. of N. J., 101,108

Chambers, J., 231

Chance, Mr. H. M.; report, 54,81,83,85,116; 148,149,238

Chapman's (W.) land; level, 267,268; 274

Chatillon's, M., (level,) 205

Cherry oreek, 10,«29,56,234,258,262,276,281,290

levels, 256,275,288,289

head; level, 56,70,278; 289

mouth; road, 10,148; 257,262

valley, 11,65,69,125,148,145,148,238,260,262,264,279,281,283

buried valley, 289

valley road, (level,) 257

Cherry Run valley ; south branch 85 ; 69

Chestnut Hill township, 309-311,5,23,29,41,97,100,108,312

barometric elevations, 311

ponds, 38

Chestnut rlds:e, . . 70

Chippertield's, W. W., (level,) 274

Christman's, J.; R., (levels,) 332; 304

Chucktown road ; level, 204 ; 205

Chahan*s, D., (level,) 321

Clarke's, J.; level, 317; 233,318

Clark's, H. D. ; level, 170; 173

Clear run; levels, 823; 21,324

Cliffton; level, 829; 16,330

Cochen's, F., 182

Cohecton, level, 18

Cold Spring hotel, level, 16,333

Cole's, S., (level,) 209

Colliooon, level, 18

Colvilio's, J., (level,) 233

Conashaugh creek, level, 18 ; 208

Connoshaugh creek, level, 18 ; 208

Conyiighain valley, 88

Cook, Prof., 75,77,85,128,136,144,147,221,223,240,280

Cook's, R. M.; level, 212; 214

Coolbaugh; level, 90,320; 6

Coolbaugh creek, 229

Cool baugh pond; level, 87,39,216,217; 233

Coolbaugh, P. office ; level, 113 ; 233

Coolbaugh road, 232

Coolbaugh township, 5 to 8,23,28,30,90,95,96,326,828,330

barometric elevations, 330

ponds, 28

Coolbaugh's, J. ; (levels,) 9,233; 113,228; 232

Coons, Mr., 14,20,54,327,330

Coons, J. J.; transit levels, 16,18,332,338; 200

372 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Cornweirs, J., (level,) 205

Correyville, 176

Coryeirs run, level, 167

Craft's, Mrs , (level,) 177

Craigstown, levels, 19,257

Cramers, C. ; J., (levels,) 177; 231

Cranberry marshes, 833

Cressman's, J., (level,) 289

Crissman house in Milford, level, 200

Gristle's, J., (level,) 257

Croasdale's, (E.T.,) land; quarry, 240,241,261; 241

Croon's, C, (level,) 191

Cumberland valley, 152

Curtis' land, 170

Custard's mills, (level,) 287,288,290

Dailey's, J.; A.; (level,) 813,818

Dana, Prof. J. D., 60,131

Daniel's, A., (level,) 304

Dark Hollow summit, level, 14,21,177

Darr's, Mr., 199

Dead Man's run ; mouth level, 231 ; 233

Decker's, M.; Jane; Mrs. E.; A. J. ; level, 21; 181; 183; 233; 275; 325; 327

(level,) . . 233

Decker's Ferry, . . 11,26,56,77,127,134 to 136,140,147,216,224 to 226,245,279

level, 19,233

section, 218

Deckertown, N. J., 18

Deep run, level, 382

Deer Lick fklls, 207

Degroot's, C. ; section, 171,172; 172

Degroot's, J., (level,) 13,173

Deitrich, Mr., 254

Delaware river, : 1-4, 8-14, 20, <&c.

levels, 6,9,12,15,18 to 22,191,196,200,208,288,256

valley, 10,41,53,65,110,112,195,202,285,242,245,276

valley road, 111,218

sections, 128,162,185,220

Great Bend, . 1, 25

bluffe, 12,18,67,122,145,188,219,243

channel, 238

elbow at Port Jervis, 192

country ; level, 48 ; 9

hills; escarpment, 98; 197

terraces, 48

Delaware water gap, 4,6,14,19,28,68,76,144,150 to 152,174,284,298

levels, 6,15,16,19, 20

map, 54, 88

section, . 88

Delaware and Hudson canal ; aquaduct, . . 8,22,100,102,110,156,160,194; 58

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western RR., 5, 22

44,76,90,98,100,108,119,122,125,131,140,249,256,265,272,819,825

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G'. 373

Page.

Delaware, Laokawanna and Western RR. levels, 15,20,21,22,278

station, 69

depot in East Stroudsborg, 52

Delaware house, (level,) 8

Delaware P. C, (level,) 3

Delaware bottoms in Monroe oounty, .... 65

Delaware township, 208-209,2,8,26,27,68,100

barometric elevations, 208

ponds, Ac., 36

Denmark oreek, (level,) 19

Dennis*, C, 262

Deposit; level, 17,19,193; 18

Depuy island, 244

Detrick*8, A. J.; Mrs. M. E., (level,) 818; 274

Deubler, Fred*k ; John, (level,) 824 ; 827

DeWltt's (C. li.) lane, level, 195,196

DeWitt's(J.) land; level; section, 136,141; 238; 221

DeWitt's, J. 0. ; school-house section, 220,222; 221

DeWitt's, S., (level,) 288

Dickinson's, (level,) 18

Dickson's, W. ; level, 214

Dimmick's, M. H., (level,) 225; 288

Dingman's, A. S., (level,) 8; 208

Dingman's creek, 26,36,49,108,111,206,207,208

levels, 18,18,208,209

cascades, 62

Dingmanor High Falls, . . 26,109

Dingman's ferry; level, 18,49,208; 208

Dingman turnpike; level, 85,182,208; 205,207

Dingman township, 200-206,2,25,26,27,100,209

barometric elevations, 205

ponds, &C., 35

Dingman village ; hotel, (level,) 26; 208

Distiirs, A. ; level, 176 ; 177

Dodendorf mountain ; level of summit, 293,294,295; 296

Dolph, J. W., 66

Dorey's run, (level,) 332

Dorsheimer's, P., (level,) 311

Dowling's hotel ; level, 95,380,838; 330

Doyle. Mr., 819

Drake's, li.; J. W., (level,) 284; 274,275

Drake, Robt. ; level, 85,204; 205

Dreher's, M.; C, (level,) 274; 275

Drinker turnpike, level, 330

Dry run, level, 274

tributary, level, 274

Dubois run, level, 12

Dunning's, L., 15

Durham hills, 158

Dusen berry's run, level, 21,274

Dyeberry creek well ; record, 91 ; 92

374 G°. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Earnest lake, (see Ernest lake,) 82, 83

East brancb ot Paupack ; level, 20,83,60 j 14, 21

East brsnoh pond, 3S

E«B^^;|r.»l.h^,ll^L^ 6,61,69,118,119,265,270,271,384

ilr'|h>i urnl ';t:itioQ; level, 0,62,110,121,269,273

boUl^laaa factory, 126,283

Easton, . 2S,ie,ieS

EastoD aod Belmont pike ; level 76,90,96,329; 330

Eastonand Wllkee-Barrepikej level, 331; 333

Echo lake; levela, 37,39,43,216,217,227,229; 19,232

ooltage; level, 227; 232

Eckhart'B, E.; J., (level,) S38; 2)4

Eckley, B7

Edinger'a, P.; J., level, 280; 275,818

EiliTiKfr'sridRe, 260,261

EOort, (level;) poHColSae, 6,811; 310

E^pt; mills, (level:) Mills P. 0., (level,) 181; 19; 8,214

%ypt creek ; level ; section 172,181 ; 178 ; 172

Eicb'apoDd; level, (eee Elich,) 82; 21

£ldrBdU>wtistii|i, 297 to 304,3,6,28,30,41,71,101,114,126,189,305

Daroinathc elevBtlona, 803

Elenwem'H, I' : J., level 13,209,214

Elich'a pond; level, (see Etch,} 176,177

El)zal>elhat. Stroudaburg; level, 62,1131 273

Elliotts, J., level, .... 811

Engler, Mr., 200

Erdmau'B, G. ; J., level 285,386; 2S9

Erie RR., 3, IB ,71 ,74, 86 ,99, 148, ISO, 160, 184,194

Willi inile-post, 106

ni'i'iiDci opposite 109th M. P., 186

branch, 164

bridge; levels, 74,102,194; 28,196

Ernest lake, (see Euneet lake,) 176

EsaheabHok'a, A., (level,) .... 832

Everitt'B,G; F; J; L., (levels,) 807; 214; 311 j 811

Experiment mills; level, 124,133,148,287,240,242; 6

quarry, 77,140,144,146

section, . , . 239

Factory road; levels, 210; 18,210

PallHor tUeOhio, 110

Farga, (see Targa,) 21

Felkner'B, William; P., (level,) 276; 818

Feltbam'H (Elizabetb) pond, level, 14,827

Feallieruiau's creek, 145,281

reuihermau'B, A. H C; J; J, B; M, 281,232; 288; 289, 818

Filleeii Mile (or Porter's) lake, 86

Flue, Weiler 4 Go's house, level, 267

Firet pond, 86

Fieber'a, M., (level,) 306

Flagler's, E., (level,) 274

Flat Brook; valley; burled valley, 66,215; 11,17,127,216; 58

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G*. 375

•

Page.

Flat Brook oreek channel, 148

Flatkill creek, 68

Flyte'8,G.; A.; level, 17,296; 297

Forks, (level,) 16

Forks station, 821

Forks Post office, level, 6

Fowler's, 8., 214

Frailey's, J; P., (level,) 314

Fraley's, P., (level,) 16

Frank's, F., (level,) 173

Franklin street, Stroudsburg, (level,) 273

Franklin township, Carbon county, 71

Frantz's, E ; H ; M ; T., levels, 804 ; 274 ; 297 ; 314

Frantz's creek, 80,55,67,114,290,294,207,801

levels, 17,296,803,304

valley; old valley, 295; 62

Frazer, Mr., 48

Frazier's, S, (level,) 274

Freeland's, William, (level,) 318

Frenchtown branch, 204

Fullers's, Mra S., (level,) 208

Fulnier fleOls, 26,86,207

Fulmerville ; level, 86,207; 3,13,209

(Jable's, C, (level,) 192

Gaget's, M., (level,) 206

Galloway's saw-inili, (level,) 203,206

Garis' (WUliam,) lot, level, 20

Garrity's, H., 167

(Jearhart's, S. ; level, 810 ; 811

Gearing's, C, (level,) 274

Gterike's, A. P, (level,) 205

Qetz% P., (level,) 296

OeyeT% G. ; level, 203 ; 206

Gilbert's post-office; level, 109; 307,311

Giles pond, (or lake,) 33, 34

Gilton's, T. H., (level,) 171

Glen, 184,188,198

Gkxifrey's ridge, 29,55,70,114,126,143,239,258,261,264,276,181 to 286

summit; crest, 268,264

section, . . 125

Goose pond; level, 20,32,174,176,177; 14,21,177,327

Gordon's, Mrs., 267

Gouldsboro', level, 15

Gtower's, D; P., (level,) 304

Gower's run, level, 804

Grant's, I. A., (level,) 177

Grari's, N., (level,) 205

Grassy brook, (level,) 191

Gray, Dr., 66

Great Valley, 152

Great Shawnee island, 284

.-176 (i*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Oreat Walker pond; levQl, 6P; 192

Oreen'a, J., (level,) 811

Greene townahip, 178 tol77,2,8,a4,28,38,e0,97,168

elevktlOQB, 177

ponds, Aa,, 32

OreenUnd, .39

Qreenlown, levels, , 8,177

Oreenvllle, levels; pike, 1*,16; 123

Gregory's Baw-iiiiU, (level,) 308

Oriinea' fi., (level,) 197

G rover's, ilr., (level,) . . 821

Grut>e'a (J quany 219

Gnlf Swamp brool^ level, 191

Oulick'B, S., (level, 256

Ouyniard 161,152

Guyot, Prof., B

Haase'a, O. level, 822,823; 82S

Uttddon's, Dr., (level,) 187

Haines' H., (level,) 20

Ilale'H Eddy, level, 18

Hall, 63

Hall, C. E., 48,147

Hall, Prof. Jamca, 181,132,184,247

Httlstead'eaaw-Juill, level, 233

Har.iilton-a, U 197

Hamilton township, , 275 to 290

6,20,38,66,62,71,107,115 to 127,182,185,141 to 146,260,291,291,812

line 10,296

barometrio elevations, 38S

ponds, 37

Hunliion v&lley, 296

Hanoook, (level,) 18

Haneavllle; level, 176; 177

Haney's, W.i P. J., level, 288; 805

Hanaa's, J., 226

HHrdenBl«>ln's, J., (level,) 821

Hardy's, A., (level,) 811

UanuanX E., (level,) 233

Bartnian, Mr 280

Hntten's, D., (level,) 188

Haweevllle, (level,) 3

Hawk 'a, G. ; J. ; R. ; S. ; (level,) 806

Hawkla'e, (level,) 18

Hawley: levels, 2,34,68,69,161,174; 22,28,24,167

Hay's, J., (level,) B32

Hazleton, 87

Head's oreek 70

Heokman's. S., 807

Heffelflnger'B, David ; level, 296,296

Helner'a, J., 278

Heiney'B, R.; M., (level,) S07,80»

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G". 377

PaJe.

Heller, Geo., 282

Heller's, G.; G. F.; J. B.; S.; (level,) 282; 289; 318

Heller'g, Mrs. W., 285

Henry's, C; J.; Win.; (level,) 278,274,821

Henryville ; levels, 98,100,108,314,820,821; 6,15,16

Hess, Geo.: level, 188; 191

Hickory, . 66

High Falls; level, 26,106,202; 214

High knob; level: summit, 8,13,14,27,82,89,94,96,97,174,179,180

Highland cottage, (level,) 275

Hiller'SjG., (level,) 321

Hobb's, L. M., (level,) 818

Hoffman's, J.; J. P.; level, 258; 283,257; 272; 274

Hoffman's run; level, 272; 21,274

Hoffman's (Levi) school-house, level, 230,233

Hoffmaker's, A., (level,) : ... 258

Hofmer's, J., (level,) 313

Hohenschildt's grist-mill ; mUl, (level,) 261; 275

Holber's saw-ralll, (level,) 167

Holbert's, F. R., (level,) 167

Hollisterville. 20, 22

Honesdale; levels, 22,91,816: 22, 23

Honesdale branch of the Erie, 8 ; 22

Hopp's, 8., (level,) 177

Hornbeck's, F., (level,) 214

Horn beck's creek ; levels; cascades, 26,111,206; 19,208; 62

Houch's, G., (level,) 289

Houser's, C. ; J. ; L., (level,) 288,289

Houser's hotels, level, 831,332

Houser's post-office, (level,) 332

Houston's, R.; J. W., (level,) 275

Hudson river, 22,25,58,187,148 to 150,179

country, (level,) 9

Huffert's, J. ; level ; section, 262 ; 275 ; 263

Hungry hill ; simimit, ' 831 ; 332

Huntingdon county, 87

Huston's, J. W., 267

Hutmaker's, D., (level,) 311

Ink's, G. W., (level,) 327

Jack's Fall; level, 828; 324

Jackson comer's; level, .... 312; 6

Jackson township ; line, 6,8,28,29,98,100,108,288; 312 to 314

barometric elevations, 313

Jones', R. ; P., (level,) 138; 303

Jones' lake; level, 172,173; 173

Jolly's, G., (levels,) 13,209

Joy <fe Adams, 165

J. P. L., . 9,29,89,48,54,68,78,81,86,89,93,113,114,116,147,150,151,152,153,238

Juniata county; river: region, 147,149

Katz's, J.: S., (level,) 288,289

Keller's, F.; J.; P., 822; 276

Sl^S G". REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Kellersville ; level, 69,286; 6,289

Keiiiinererville ; levels, 69,145,278; 6,288

Kenuad swamp, 231

Kernes, Jas. H., (level,) 275

Ketoliall's pond ; level, 31,168; 167

Kettle hole 271

Kettle mountain, 71

Kettle valley, 88

Kibler, 100

Killam's, A. A.; M. N. B., (level,) 14,173

KUlgore, Mr., 190

Kilgore <fe CJo., 194

Kil9by»8, J.; J. W., (levels,) 205,206; 13,209

Kimball flag quarries, ... 170

Kimble's; level; section, 68,160,164.168; 22; 160

Kimble's run; levels; valley, 170; 13,173; 58

Kimble's station ; level, 159,170; 167

Kimble's, J. ; W., saw-mill dam, level, 165 ; 167

Kimmererville, (see Kemmerervilie,) 69

Kindt's, H , (level,) 296

King's, Chas., (level,) 273

Kingston, 137

Kinsley's, J. M., (level,) 313

Kintz'8, M., (level,) 289

Kirkuff' s, I., (level,) 289

Kistier's tannery, level, ... 16,318

Kittatinny house, 6

Kittatmny mountain, (see BluCj) 4,7»11»

81,160,152,179,236,258,260,278,290,297

crest, 77,234,256,258,259,291

summit; level, 41; 275,296,303

wind gap, 62

Kleintop's, E., (level,) 304

Kleintop's, G. ; level, 294,296

Kline's, (level,) 192

Knife's, G. a, (level,) 318

Knoll's, G., (level,) 322

Kramer's, W. C, 322

Kresge's, A.; P.; E. F., levels, 109,297,305,306; 307

Kresgeville; levels, 42,70,108,109,306; 6,308

American hotel, level, 308 '^V'

Kunkletown, 6; 114,126,139,143,298 to 303

upper and lower hotel, (level,) 304

Kunkleville; level, 55,69,277,285,286,287; 290

Kurtz, P. P. ; level, 247 ; 257

Lackawanna county. 4,8,30.328,329,330

Lackawaxen, 3,22,53,98,100,160,162

levels. 3,18, 22

road, (level,) .... 191

village, 24,156,160,184

Sections; (upper and lower,) 185; 156,157

I. NOMINAL AND QEOGKAPHICAL INDEX. G". 379

Laduwaxen, . . 1,S,11,<

levels, 22

Juaction, 8: 166

valley, 68,B7,15B,I61,168

I^ckBwazen township, 165 to 166,2,20 to 81, 97, 100, IBS, 178

barometric eleTBtion, IflB

ponds, 81

X^dlee run, level, 211

lAke Belle, 32

Lake Branch creek 27, 30

Lake Brouoh or MoMichael's creek, 37,43,56,285

Lake creek; levels; head, 200; 289,297; 206

l^ke Echo 54

Lake ErneM, S2

LakeGilee; level, 181,182; 183

lAke JODes; level, 32,172,173; 173

Lake Laura, 32,176

Lake Minneola ; level, 309; 17,311

LakePoponoming; level, 276; 280

Lancaster county, 48,152

I^mder'B, C. W., (level,) 233

Lareaiis'ssoliool-liouse, 202

Laura lake, 82,83,176

lAura run, 324

Diureldale, level, 3,14,177

I^oreldale lake ; pond, 176 : 82

Laurel nm, level, 31

Laughlin, Mr., 211

I*wrence"«, Mrs., (level orBummltsnear,) 1H7

LawreaM A Willet'H, (level of summit near,) 13

I,eani's. D; Jacob, (level,) , , . . 818,8)7; 318

LeBarr-s; A; Di O. W; J. D 247; 257,275; 257: 283: 135; 246

LeBarre, NelBon, 138,392,293

LoBarr-a, WilBOn. (level,) 318

I^brau's (Mr.) land Ifi3

LeJgedale levels eecUon, 20,24,58,98,171,175; 14,24,177; 176

tannefj firt

Lee's, Joseph; P., (level,) 273,274

Lee'Hrun, ,273

I^hlgh river, . . . 4,23,28,30,38,42,65,70,79 to90.94 to98,lU0, 103,105-109,
111,116,110,123 to 161,179,228,232,258,376,290,297,303,328 to 332

levels, . . , . 16,380

section, 84,89.90,94,120

valley, .... ,63

Watergap, 30,63,79, 150, 161, 179,2ff; ,298

'> contour line map, 83

•■ instrumental section 84

Lehigh valley RR., B3,fln, 108,109,118

Lehigh and Eastern RR. ; survey, 18,10,54,263:54,200

Lehiithlon: station, 70,71,83,83,106,268; 106,108

Lehman township, 211 to2l4,2,3,27,306,215

380 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.
Lehman township, barometrio elevations, 214

ponds, <S:o., 86

Lesh's, S., (level,) 289

Lesley, (see J. P. L.,) 44,70, 81

Leeoine's, H., (level,) 824

Lesoine's, Louis, (level,) 324

Lessig, Samuel ; level, 138,189,148,292,294; 296,126,293

Lessig's quarry, 800

Lessig's knob, summit, 139

Levering's, Dr., (level,) 289

Leves branch; levels, 826; 21,177,327

falls, (upper and lower) ; levels, 826 ; 21

Lewis, H. C. ; report, 44,48; 43

Little Brink pond : level, 84,184; 192

Little Bushkill oreek, 27,106,111,206,209,211,212,213

oasoadee, head, levels, 62,60,13,19,210,214

Little oreek ; level, 806 ; 308

Little gap; hotel, (level,) 80,297,298; 303

Little Log Tavern pond ; level, 85,204; 205

Little MoMiohaePs creek ; levels, 114,287,288,812; 16,289,313,314

Little Pond creek, 25,35,183,184

Little Run, level, 327

Little Sawkill oreek, 86

Little Schuylkill river, 70

Little Walker pond ; level, 85,59; 192

Lobach'H, H., school-house, (level,) 308

Locust Valley, 88

Log Tavern ponds, 60,204

Long's, Addison, 315

Long lake; level, 88,382,333; 833

Long swamp, 231

Long run, levels, . . 823,324

Lord's valley ; post-office; levels, 182; 8,183

Lordville, level, 18

Loreaux's school-house ; level, 204 ; 205

Loux's, C. W., (level,) 811

Lower Leves falls ; level, 826 ; 21

Lower Towamensing township, Carbon county, 72

Lucky run, levels, 21,327

Lutheran church ; level, 824 ; 290

Lutheran church, N. of Craigstown, (level,) 19

Luzerne county, 828

Lycoming county, 87

Mackes, Mr. ; farm, 292 ; 293

Mahanoy, 87

Mahoning creek, 70

Mansfield's, J., 284

Maple, 66

Maple cottage, level, 257

Maple Grove hotel, level, 232

Marsh's, J.; T.; levels, 252; 273,289; 297

T. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G*. 381

Page.

March, Mr., 240,254

Marsh's school-hoase, 260

Marshall's creek, 29,87,76,111,216,230 to 254

levels, 19,20,283,234,256,257

old channel, 62

road: mouth, 253; 50

post-office; level, 251,254; 6

Marshairs Falls ; P.O.; level, 62,256; 62,113; 257

Martz*s, J., (level,) 274

Marvin's, R., (level,) 314

Masker's, C, (level,) 14,173

Mast Hope; level; P.O.; school-hoase, (level,) 23; 8; 162; 167

Mast Hope creek ; level, 31,155,163; 167; 162

Matamoras; levels, 3,10,17,48,61,66,105,110 to 117,211; 78,196

Mauch Chunk, 70,79,82,87,91,94

station, 95

Mauch Chunk or Sharp mountain, 88

Mauley's, L., (level,) 167

Maxwell, Mr., 165

McCartney's, D., 329

Mccarty's, D.; J.: W., levels, 829; 830,204; 205,200; 12

McCluskey's, P. ; level, 312; 313

McConnell's, J. ; level, 182 ; 183

MoCreath, Mr., 104,118,120,135,136,138,144,146,268,301

laboratory, 126,142

Mclntire's mill, level, 167

MoMichael's creek, 29, 88

44,51,69,111,113,119,120,258,264 to 269,276,285 to 287,290,309

levels, 17,21,273,275,289,290,311

mouth ; level, 5 ; 266 ; 273

bluff, 267

valley, 55,264,286

road; post-office; level, 207; 310; 6,17,811

North Branch, 55

Lake Branch, 37,43,55,285

Meadow run, level, 177

Mechanicsville ; level; hotel, (level,) 810; 311; 308

Meckes', K., (level,) 803

Mecka's quarry, 299

Meizell's, A., 286

Mercer county, 7

Mercer's (F.) saw-mill, level, 210

Merlon's, L., (level,) . 274

Merrin's, 1.; Geo.; J.; W.; (level,) . . . . 275 ; 333 ; 307 , 808,311; 16; 810

Merwinesburg ; levels, 310; 6,811

Methodist Episcopal church, 281

in Water Gap village, (level,) 257

Metzgar, Mr., 114,302

Metzger, C; A.; P. ; W. B., 281; 274; 317; 321

Michael's, Geo. N., (level,) 238

Middle Bushkill creek, 1,27,86,108,109,209-213

382 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. 0. WHITE.

Paare

Middle BuBhkill creek, falls ; level; section, 27,103,106; 214; 213

levels, 13,210,211,214,233

Middle creek, level, 308

Middle Smithfield township, 215 to 234,

5,27,29,41,45,120 to 122,136,141,147,236,239,251,276,280,322

barometric elevations, 232

section, 279

line, 245 ; 43

ponds, Ac, 87

Middaught creek, 25

MUford, 2,12,25,48,60,110,152,196 to 205

levels, 12,18,200

court-house, (level,) 200

rook cuts, 60

ferry, 13

waterworks, 61,197

road; levels 49,118,195,227; 196,206,232,233

turnpike; levels, 25,113,228,229,251 to 254,268,271; 19,257,273

Milford and Owega turnpike ; levels,. . 13,24,25,59,

60,61,155,164,166,178,182 to 184,191,197,199; 12,166,173,191,192,200

Milford and Stroudsburg pike, 113,119

Milford Creek P. O., (level,) 19

Milford township 196 to 200,2,26,205

barometric elevations, 200

Mill Brook; level; head, 75: 171; 173: 148

MUl Creek; level, 27,211,214; 214,327

mouth; level, 325; 327

Miller's, A.; level, 228; 233,318

Miller's, C; E.; H ; H. W. ; M., (level,) 813: 183; 281; 318; 313

Miller's saw-mill, 230

MUlville; levels; station, 24,59,100,159,164; 8,22,167

section ; quarries section, t . . 159 : 164

Minneola lake ; level, 38,39,43; 17

Mint pond, 36

Mission's, John, (level,) 296

Missouri, 152

Mixsell creek ; level, 295,802; 304

Mixsell's, John, (level,) 296

Mongaup creek, 25

Monroe county, drainage, 28

Monroe and Pike counties, flora, 66

Monroe St. Stroudsburg, 52

Montrose, 316

Moore's, J., 272

Moosio mountain ; range; escarpment, 8; 16,179; 14, 8

Moosic divide, 20

Morgan's, B. ; level, 252 ; 257

Moscow, level, 15

Mosier's, E. G.; J.; W., (level.) 233; 225,245; 233,257; 312

Monier's knob ; level at summit, 245 ; 257

Moeteller's, P.; level, 286; 2S9

I. N03IINAL AXD GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G*. 383

Page.

Mott'8, H. S., (level,) 205

Mott'srun, 201

Mountain home ; level, 825; 327

Mountain run; level; head, 69,260,261; 269; 259

Mount Bethel township, 277

Mount Granite, 264

Mount Paul scliooi-houso ; level, 52 ; 275

Mount Pleasant hotel, level, 330

Mud pond; level, 176,32; 211

Muffley'8, J., (level,) 308

Murchison, Sir R. 1., 151, 81

Narrows; level, 159; 3

Narrownsburg; level, 2,25,53,73,99,163,164,193; 18

Nearpaas* (Wm.) quarry; section, 75,134,142,221,280; 127

Nelsons tannery ; level, 299,300; 303

Nesquehoning mountain, 71

Neversink river; level; mouth, . . 11,18,25,54,76,117,148,192; 196; 74,117

Neversink, summit, (level,) 23

valley; old; buried 192; 22; 54

Newberry, Prof., 131

Newell'ft, Mrs., (level,) 811

New Foundland, level, 24

Newharfs, J. ; A. ; level, 804 ; 312 ; 213

New Jersey, 1,2,4,10,11,17,

18,56,67,68,75,121,123,127,181,182,134,144,148,152,216,227,240,244,280

Central RR., 83,95,97,98,101,106,112,129,142,146

Bide or shore of the Delaware river, 47,

48,118,121,148,195,201,206,208,215,220,221,223,236,237

State line, 192

Newman's, J. H. ; levels, 199; 12,200

Newman's, W., level, 206

New MeohanioBville hotel, 307

New Milford, 319

Newpaw quarry, (bgb NearpasSf) 244

New York, . . 1,8,17,43,45,54,73,108,110,131,134,137,149,150,192,213,220,226

city. 6,66,100.178,187,190,194

side or shore of Delaware river, . . .22,26,100,102,111,113,117,194,196,163
Orange county ; Catskill mountains; State line, . . . 56; 179; 192,223

mile posts, (86th, 90th, 92d, 99th, 100th, 105lh, 109th, 203d,) 74,

186,189,190,194

N. Y., L. E. and W. RR., (Erie,) 17

N. Y.. S. and W. RR., . 5,6,51,69,124,125,181,174,176,177,242,249,286,826,827

bridge ; at Water gap, 286 ; 53

company; engineers, 22; 32

levels, 14,19,20,22,24,29,266,323

preliminary survey, 330,832,333

survey for route, 16

Ney's. W., (level,) 830

Neyhart'R, H., (level,) 274

Nichecronk creek, level, 13,209

pond, 36

384 G*. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Nobody's, (level,) 18

North branch of Mast Hope creek, (level,) 107

North branch of the MoMiohaers creek, 56

North (or Allegheny) mountain plateau, 87

North turnpike, . . 1, 4

North and South pike, 175

North knob, 178

North and South knobe of Susquehanna county, 179

Norton, Mr.; Col., 819; 264,267,270

Oak, 66

Oak Grove house, (level,) 257

Obcherchner'8, E., (level,) 308

OfiQaet creek ; mountain, 277

Oliio river ; fells, .110

Old Valley near N. Blackmore's, (level,) 191

S. of BrodheadvUle, (level,) 17

N. of Walpaok ridge, 19

Summit near Echo lake, (level,) 19

Old Half- Way house, (level,) .196

Orange county, N. Y., 56

Omt's, Hm (level,) 322

Osmer's, E, (level,) 177

Otisville, 78,75,150,151,237

Overfield's, H. ; level; M., 226; 283; 229

Owego and Milford turnpike ; old; levels, 59,

155,164,166,182,183,184,191,197,199; 178; 12,166,178,191,192,200

Owega township, 200,203,204

Packerton, 97,98,101

Palmer swamp, 231

Palmyra hotel, (level,) 173

Palmyra township, 168 to 178,2,4,97,98,175,178,181

barometric elevations ; ponds, 178 ; 32

Paradise ; creek, (level,) 15,16; 821,322

township; barometric elevations, . . 819 to 822,5,6,7,97,100,101,324; 321

valley; level; post-office, (level,) 821; 7; 321

Park Association club-house, . 34,182

Park, B. G road, (level,) 167

Passinger's, J. ; A; Mrs. R. ; (levels,) 318,314

Pau pack creek, (see Wallenpaupaok,) ..... 82,59,66,97,169,174 to 177

levels; mouth, channel ; valley, 20,177; 58,168,170,171

tributaries, 178

east, west, and south branches, (levels,) 14,20,21,173,175,177

falls; levels; saw-mills; section, 24,58,50; 4; 66; 160

village (level) ; post-office; level; 8eGtk>n, 173; 170; 4; 171

Pease's, D., (level,) 318

Peck's saw-mill ; level, 210; 211

Peltons, L., (level,) 167

Penneil's, C, (level,) 324

Perry county, 147

«* Peth rock," 280

Peters', S. H. ; A.; (levels,) 827,382

I. NOMINAL AND OEOOnAPIIICAL INDKX. Q*. 385

Phelps*, L., (level,) . , . 11,173

Phillips', G., (level,) 274

Pioot'i, J., (level,) 206

Pitiroe'H, P., (level,) 214

Pifcr'B, Mta, (lepol, 238

Plkeoounty—drainageand riveTS; pondsuid lakes, . . . . 23 to28; 81 to 38

higlilnnda plateau sutnmlta, 52; 39; e; 94

iiiHp general Uipography; Killi, 2CI3;M;10;6S

Pike-Monroe line level; aectkiD, 90,174,177; 14, 177; 825

Plke-Waynellnei level, . si,ia4; 23

Pfiiiple hill, 335

Pine oreek rond, , . , . . 212

PinetSrfive lovpJ; ttBtlon, i«otiOD, 163; 18; 1S2

PlneM(jui)i;ii[iniii; level near moath, 324; 21

Pjplier'a, P.; mill; level, . . 262; 247; 257

Place's, Jbs ; M,; Wm.; (levels,) 19,283

Plaoe'B,run; sobool-boiiBe, . , 2S; 45,123,226

Plank road, (level,) 330

Pm»do, (miilBat,) g^

Pooono creek ; levels, 6 7

29,Gl,101,106,2G8,aBe,276,2S7 ,312,817; 16,274,2901318

Pooono mountatn i levels, IS, 16

2G,71,W,06,170,304,a0B,313,319,316,324,33S: 80S

knob, .7,16,«S, 88

summit, OTest, 16.88, 1)0,327,31(1,329,227 ,838

plateau, . . 8,10,14,22,24,27,S0,38,48,68,6O,6i;,7<'>,74,tte,ll5,153, 174,328

leyola, 14,16,21,177

HHCHrpinent, 9, 28 ,78, 174 ,201, 807, 310, 8 14 ,316, 336, 383

Pnoono station ; poat-offloe, (levels,) 15,832

Pooono township, 814 to 318,6,29,97 to 104,312,319

twr-iiiicini-elovatronB, 3IB

Pocnim valley 317

Pohopooo (or Big) creek, 30,38,71,307,300,310

bead; levels valley, 307; 308; 311

PWiopooo (Pooono) QioiintalD 7,71,333

Point Nelson hotel, (level,) 303,304

PolktowDfihip, 304 to 308,5,23,30,97 to 116,3^9

tMTometrlo elevations, 307

T^>nd creek; level; mouth, . . ■ 28,87,215,216,229,284,235,254,256; 233; 28S
Pond Kddy ; lovol ; section ; creek, ..... ... . . . 25, B9

100,101,102,189,190,193,194; 4,18,191; 100,25

Pond run ; IbJIs, 38; 213

Poole's, E., (level,) 257

Poponoming lake; basin, 87,80; 43

Port Clinton, 81

Porteroounly 174

Poner'slBke level, 36,48,210; 211

mlet, level, 18,210

Portertownsliip. 3,27,38,68,97,209 to311,215

Larometne elevations; ponds,Ao., 210; 88

25 G".

386 G*. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Portersville, (level,) 3

Portland, Pa., 138,292

Port Jervis, 2, 18

22,25,43,48,52 to 56,68,105,106,110,115,117,123,151,192 to 196,217,221

levels; canal; blufib; station; road, 18,23,74,200

section S. of; well, 133; 52

Poflsinj^er's, A., (level,) 16

Posten's, J., (level,) 258

Posten school-hoose, 268

Pottsville, 70,87, 88

Poxono island, 77,145,148,217,223

levels; bluff opposite ; section, 19,233; 146,147; 223

Presbyterian church, Shawnee, 245

Presb3rterian parsonage, (level,) 257

Preston township, Wayne co., 178

Price's, C. J. ; J.; J. H.; E. ; Geo., (levels,) 21,323,324,325,327

Price township; level; line, 5,29,319,322 to 824; 14; 273

barometric elevations, 323

Prince's run; level, 272,302,303; 304

Quakake valley. 88

Quick's, J.; L. B. ; (levels,) 196,200

Quick creek; mills, 197, 25

Quick's run; mill run, 196; 111,196

Quinn's, C A E., (level,) 206

Rafferty creek ; level, 27; 19

Rafferty's run ; level, 214

Ramsey's, G. G., (level,) 274

Ramsey's brick-yard, Stroudsburg, (level,) 20

Ransbury's, H. R., (level,) 270,275

Ransparger's, J., (level,) 233

Rashy's, L, (level,) 297

Rattlesnake creek, (level,) 205

Rattlesnake branch of Shohola creek, 184

Ranch, Mr., 299

Raymondskill creek, 26,35,61,105,111,197,201 to 206

head; levels, 18,205,206; 61; 109; 204

Frenchtown branch, (levels,) 192,204,205

alls, 3,26,60,61,201,202

Reading mountains, 153

Reaser's, P., (level,) 13,209

Red brook, (level,) 12,192

Red run, (level,) 332

Ree's, S., (level,) 275

Remhart's, W. H. ; S., (levels,) 313,314

Ressaca, -. 101,103,230,232

falls; levels; tannery, 230,231; 232; 233

Rheinhart's hotel, (level,) 211

Rhodes', T. W. ; D., (levels,) 264,265,275; 296

Ridgeway road, 214

RiuKeville, 312

River road, (level,) 214

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G*. 387

Page.

Roberts*, J, ; tavern, (levels,) 12,13,166

Rock run, (level,) 18

Rocky Hill creek ; levels, 27,34,85,210; 14,211

Rocky Hill pond, 35

Rogers, Prof. H. D., 85,147

Roland^s, T., (level,) 274

Rondout, 22,23,25,53,54,137,148,149,220

Room Run valley, 88

Roscommon, (level,) 7

Rose's, J.; F. A., Jr., (levels,) 177; 196

Rose Valley hotel, (level,) 17

Rosendale, 187

Rosencrantz's, J. B., (level,) 166

RosencranH* tavern, . 12

Ross township, 290 to 297,

5,23,30,41,55,71,101,103,106,114,124,126,138,141,143,298,301,309

barometric elevations, 296

Rossland, (leVel,) 7

Row's, C. W.; P., (levels,) 322; 257

Rowland's; level, 25,100,167 to 160; 4,22; 157,158

Rowland's, G. H., (level,) 167

Rozencranz's, S., (level,) 209

RuflTs, W. R, (level,) 275

RulilTsrun; level, 255; 258

Ruster's, J., (level,) 258

Ruth's, J., 285

Salem road, (level,) 173

Salem township, Wayne county, 175

SamlK) creek, 168; 19,233,257,273; 62; 235

Sambo run, 255

Sand cut, 328

Sand Hill P.O., 114

Sander's (Mr.) report, 152

Sauoon, . . 152

Savan tine creek brancli, (level,) 192

Saw creek, 27,209 to 213

level; Whitmore's branch ; mouth, 211,230,233

Saw-mill rift ; level, 193,194; 4

Sawkill creek, 26,35,49,105,108,111,183,196 to 206

head; mouth, 109; 2,196

level, 12,199,200,205

ancient cliannel, 60,197,198,201

branch, (level;) fiOls, 2,26,35,60,197 to 200

Sawkill pond; level, 35,203; 206

Saylorsburg 7,56,62,126,138,143,277,282,289,292,301

Schermerhom, J. W. ; J. P., 14,32,176,177,326; 174; 177

School-house, Nos. 2 ; 4, (level,) 307; 19,273

No. 5, 14,21,327

Nos. 10; 11, 251,257; 258

Schoonover'8, T. ; level, 225,226; 233

Schoonover's run ; head; level, 213,214

REPOKT OF PROGKES!>.

SohajlkUl oonntr, 81

Schuylkill water gap, SI, ISO; 83, 85

SohwftrWa, J., (level,) 308

SeiotH levpl 44,65,286,287; 289

Scxittpnnd, 38

Scranlon; level; region, 3; 14,20,22, 87

SflBinon's, S, M., (level.) 167

ftpHrfiiKx- Wm. (level,) 811

SetiriUL'S. Tims,, (level,) 818

SeooDd mountain, 70

Second pond, 86

Seeley's pond, (level,) (meSeyley,) 232

Selger'B, O., (level,) 308

Seldon'B, Jfas^ (level,) 167

8elMr">t, P.! S- (levelB,) 811

Seyley's pond, (or Echo lake,) 87

Shfulefl of Deektb, 8

SUairer's,Mainl.; C. B., (level,) 126:283,288

Sharer's, Saml. ; E. ; Hev. G. L. ; P. W. ; P. i P. J., (levels, ) 283 ;

388,289; 303; 811

Shaffer's cemetery, (level;) quarry, . 275; 126

Slittiuokin, 87

Hliarp or Miitieli Chunk mountain, 70, 88

ShawAiipinkiiiounlftiQ, 11,42,66,67,73,151,215

Shawnee viilBife, 246; 28,267,245; 7,23,257; 7; 34S

creek; level; fidU, 28,215,225,234,246,252; 225,246,251; 144

Sheperd'B (E.) dam, (level,) 200

Shepherd's. J. .(level,) 200

Sheppard'B mill, (level,) IS

SliP(lpy\ D.. (level,) 308

SlieniiiTln-ini, 827

Slierwood, Mr.. 106

aheuston'B. H. M., 196

Shield's, N., 191

Slioeiniiker'B, M. V. C. ; A,; J.; M., (levels,) 206,288,288,290

Shoemaker'*. mill; oornere, 216,227

Shoemaker poat-offloe; level, 113; 232,233

Sbohola, 4,18,26,42.100,184,186,187,189; 101

Slloin'U Tit-k, 25,33,68,178,18110 180,200.208

levels. 12,60,67,188; 188.191

branah; Rattlesnake bnmob, 183: lU

(tills; glen (mill-dam level); gorge, 25,43,69,188,191

Sbohola lownahlp. 2,4,26,100,188 to 192,200

barometric elo vat king, 191; 156, 84

Stiook'9.J !>., levels,) 287,812,818

Shug'8niill-*lam, (level,) 274

Slglin's, .1.; aaw-milt. (levels.) 311

Silverlake; level, 26,86,60,2(17,310; 13,209

Siminond'spond: level, 13,163; 167

Simon's, J.; 8.; T., (iBvola,) 178,176,177

Stnger'a, A. A., (level.) . 313

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Q\ 389

Pafte.

Singing Spring valiey, 152

Skyiers, Mrs., 214

Smale's, J. ; W., (levels,) 804,311

Smale'B run, (level,) S04

Smasher's, C. ; levels, 167 , 13

Srailey^s, S. ; W., (level,) 270,274

Smith's, J.; F.; T. ; Mr.; A.; W.; Jonah; W. ; R.; John, (quarry); P.;

(levels,) 16,

296,814,318; 173: 175,176,177; 232,299; 233,257; 234; 296; 299; 300; 306

Smlthfieid township, 5,

6,7,28,49,118,120,125,135,143,144,145,234 to 259,261,266,276,280

barometric elevations, 256

Sniffller's, F., (level,) 318

Suover's, J. ; level, 281 ; 288

Snyder's, G.; A.; B. ; C, (levels,) 286,289,313,382

Snyder's ooniers, (level,) 274

Snydersviile ; level, 44,69; 7

South branch of Cherry run, 69

South branch of Paupack ; levels, 20,175; 21

South branch of Wall en paupaok, 1»4,14, 24

South knob , section, 178 ; 179

South Sterling, (level,) 24

South turnpike, 1, 4

Sox's (P.) school-house, (level,) 332

Soxville, 381

SpraguevUle, 22,76,101,103,105,106,108.109,271,272,273

levels, 7,15,16,273

road, tunnel (levels); section, 21, 94

Spring Brook village, (levels,) 16

Spring run, level, 21

Spruce Cabin run; level, 324; 21,327

Stairway, . . • 100,194

Stallet's, L., (level,) 297

Stanhope post-offlce, (level,) * 318

Staple's, A., (level,) 289

Stark's school-house ; level, 205; 12,200

Starrucoa, 102

State line, 91

State road; old; level, 26,204,207,208; 214; 13,209

Steiner's, R., (level,) * 308

Stetzer's, J., (level,) 333

Stewart's, H., (level,) 114

Stichler's, J., quarry, (level,) 12,200

Stidd's, J. O. ; level, 208 ; 192

Stiger's, John ; level, 331; 16,332

SUnson, Mr., 104,118,126,135,136,138

Stoddartsville, (level,) 7

Stockport, (level,) 18

Stone's, T. ; G., (level,) 265; 274

Stone House, 140

Stonington school-house, (levQl,) 274

390 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Stony ridge, 80

Stony run, (levels,) 14,21,823,327

Storms', A. ; J, 321

Stormville; level, 7,124,131,135,140,143,146,278,280; 288

Stoufer's, L., (level,) 332

Stright's, Simon N., (level,) 327

Stroud township, . 5,7,29,108,119 to 122,125,234,288,252,258 to 277,280,314,322

barometric elevations, 273

Stroudsburg, 5,16,18,22,29,87,44, 47

51,54,62,69,76,88,107,111,114,119,121,124,152,216,235,258,265 to 271,312

levels, 15,16,20,373,275

levels between— and Bushkill, 19

Stroudsburg and Milford pike, 113,119

Strunk'8,L. ; B. J. ; Geo.; J. M., 233,234,257

Sugar Loaf peak, Wayne oo., 179

Sullivan county, , 87

Sullivan road, (level,) 16; 331

Summit, (level;) station, ; . . . . 15; 14

"Summit between Milford and Sawkill creeks, 12

Summit between Spring Branch village and Lehigh river, (level,) ... 16

Susquehanna county, 73,91,93,95,98,101,106,166,231

Swartout's, C, (level,) 214

Swartout's run, (level,) 214

Sweezey's, C, (level,) 192

Swink's, G., (level,) 313

Switzgable's, L., (level,) 308

Tafton's; levels, 58,168,170; 13,173

Tamaqua, 88

Tanite Co.'sdam; works, (level,) 16; 271; 274

Tannersville ; levels; knob; tanneries, 7,66,95,98,317; 318

Tanney's, B. ; J., saw-mill; (levels,) 167

Targa falls; level, .* 823,324

Tatarny's gap, (level,) 275

Tatomy and Bangor road gaps, 259

Taylor's creek, 27

Taylortown; levels; creek, 165 ; 4 , 166 ; 191

Tennessee, . . 150

Terpenning, J. ; Mr.; level, 252,254,257

Timber Hill creek ; level, 321 ,322

Tink creek; level 31,167

Tioga county, 87,106

Thomas, Chauncey, 187

Thompson and Buckley, 52

Tobyhann^; levels, 4,24,30,38,328 to 332

hotel; mills; level, 332; 66; 7

township, 5,7,8,23,30,90,104,328 to 332

barometric levels ; ponds, 332; 38

Thompkinsville ; levels, 331; 7,332

Tom's creek; level. 27,211,214

Topeka creek buried valley, 62

Torrev, Mr. Edw., 91

I. NOMINAL AND GKOGRAPIIICAL INDEX. G*. 391

Page.
Trach'8 mills, 247

Trausue's, P. R,, (level,) 297

Treible'8, (level;) J., land; section, 283; 248,244

Treedrich's, J., (level,) 205

Tri-State corner, 1,74,117,192

Trout creek (level) ; South branch, 16; 332

Tun khannock creek; level, 4,30,88,380 to 832; 16,882,333

Tunkhannock hotel ; level, 338

Tunkhannock township, 6,8,23,28,80,38,90,96,809,882 to 333

barometric elevations, 333

Tunnel, (level ;) sections, 15 ; 320

Turn, I.; J., (level,) 217; 146,223,224,238

Twelve-mile pond, 86 68

Umphred's, G. ; J., (levels,) 289

Upham, Mr., . . 44

Upper Leves falls ; level, 826 ; 21

Upper Towamensing township. Carbon countj', 71

Utter's peak, 110,205

Van Auken's (C.) quarry, I43

Van Auken's run, (level,) 18

Van Busklrk's R., (level,) 296

Van Campen's island, 226

Vandemark creek ; mouth, 26,49,196,197,200; 196

Vander bill's (Wm. H.) new .mansion, N. Y, city, 100,187

Van Etter*s, H., (level,) . . 206

Van Gordon's L. P. ; Mrs., (levels,) 208

Van Gorden creek ; level, 27 ; 19

Virginia, 149,150,152

Vliets', Mr.; D. ; G. ; (levels,) 268,830

Walker's ferry, (level,) 19, 23

Walker ponds, (great and little,) 69,191

Wallenpaupaok creek, 1,11 to 13,24,30,32,69,168,328

levels, 18,14,24,173

new channel, 67

south branch ; main branch,) (level,) 1 ; 24

Wallkill creek, . 54

Walnut St., Stroudsburg, (level,) 273

Walpackbend, 17,28,56,68,85,123.127,132,134,216,217

Wal pack ridge, 9,11,17,19,

*28,29,41,45 to 47,64,66,62,68,74,78,107,114,119,121,124,131,134,140,
143,147,225,239,246,248,249,258,«261,266,276,284,290,291,294,295,301

level; summit; (level,) 276; 247; 17,288,296

foot slopes, 47

Godfrey's ridge. (seeG.,) 143,258

Walsh's (Mrs.) hotel; levels, 166,183; 12,166

Walter's, B, (level;) S.; Wm., 271,275; 228; 60

Warner's, G.; E. ; P., (levels,) 308,311,318

Washington hotel ; level, 305 ; 308

Water gap, 17,28,29,52,63,56,

69,77,120,127,140,141,148,149,160,216,235,286,287,245,256,259,276,281
hotel; level, 256

392 Gr\ KEPOKT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WIIITK.

Page.
Water (Jap road, 266

Rtation, level, 44,77,140,237,238,289,248,256,265; 20, 23

village, (level,) 257

(See Delaware water gap.)

Wayne county, 1,2,4,8,20,30,63,66,73,83,

91,93,96,08,99,101,102,106,165,166,168,172,173,175,178 to 180,231,316

line, 23,67,90,155,174

Wayne-Pike line ; level, 31,164; 22

Wayne County Oil Company, ... 91

Wayne and Susquehanna Report G«, 2,31,89,99,161,169

sections, 91,93,94,315

Wayne county geology, 57

Butternut creek, (level,) 22

Weaver's (V.) school-house, (level,) 1?^7

Weiss, R.; S. ; (levels,) 256,811

Weissport, 30,55,71,114,287,297

Weller's, J., 253

Wells', D., (level,) 200

Wesley water cure, (level,) 257

West branch ; level, 273 ; 274

West Brodhead ; level, 821 ; 318

West branch, Brodhead creek ; level, 314,319; 321

West branch, Paupack creek ; level, 20 ; 22

Westbrook's, L. ; M. C. ; H., (levels,) 183,212,214

Westbrook Pond, 33

West Colang pond ; level, . . 31 ; 167

Westfall township, 192 to 196,2,4,100,198

barometric elevations, 196

general section, 193

WestfalPs (Mr.) land, 165

West Virginia, 131,149

White Dear lake, . 34,164

White, Mr.; W.; Prof.; J., 29,83,151; 78; 89; 274

White's (A. C.) school-house, (level,) 192

Whitfield's, 110

Wliite mills, (level,) ... 22

Whitmore's branch of Saw creek, (level,) 211

Wigge's, Mrs. ; level, 161 ; 167

Wigwam run, (level,) 274

Wilkes-Barre pike; level, 87; 831,332

Wilkes-Barre and E^ton pike ; level, 331 ; 333

Wilier, Fine A Ck)'s. house, (level,) 257

Willet A Lawrence's level of summit near, 13

Williams, (Jeorge ; level; Mr., 214,282

Willow creek; levels, 28,37,216,229; 19,238

WilsonvUle; level; dam, (level,) . . . 12,24,68,69,168,171,175; 4,13; 24,173
Wind gap; level; summit, (level,) 62,63,70,71,291,292, 296

pike, (level,) 311

proposed RR. through, 63

Winn's, W., (level,) 274

Wire creek, 38

I. NOMINAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. G\ 393

Page.
Wire lake, 38

Wire ridge, 10,42,62,70,71,107,108,296,297,298,304,305,806,310

summit; level, 809; 17,296,311

Wire ridge, (called formerly Chestnut ridge and Yellow Pine ridge.)

WiBoonsin, . 152

Wolfs, iS., (level,) 233

Wolf pond; outlet, (level,) 81; 167

Wolf school-house, (level,) 274

Wolfinger's, D., (level,) 318

Wolfreth's, J., (level,) 192

Wood, J. J 20

Woodling's, H., (level,) 318

Woodruff's, C. ; level, 166

Woodtown school-house, (level,) 192

Woolbert's, J. ; level, 225 ; 238

Wrick's (A.) school-house, (level,) 333

WyckofTs mills; level, 270; 274

Wynooska, . . . 176

Wyoming (or Moosic) mountain, 8

W^nheville, Va., 152

Yellow Pine ridge, 71

Yetter's, D. ; level, . . . . ^ 253,257

Yinger's, Mr.; C, flevels,) 287 ; 289

Zabriskie's, G., (level,) 21

Zabriskies, Z., (level,) 327

Zacharias', W., (level,) 308

Zimmerman's, Mrs. A., (level,) 257

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX TO G'

CNOTK.— The flgares in parentheses refer to the township nambersO

Page.
Anal jsefi of Catskill iron ore, 104

" ochre, 139

*' *' ComiferouB limestone, 118

*• ** " " flint, 118

** ** Oriskanj glass sand, 126

" " " soap, 127

" " Stormville limestone, 135

" " " cement bed, 186,187

" " Bossardville limestone, .142

" " ** ooiemmar limestone, 144

** " Poxono Island shale, 146

*» " " ** limestone, 147

" »• Clinton shale, No. V, 149

Animals of the district, 66

Anthracite in shales, 16,295

Antldinals described, 67,186,252

»♦ Kemmereryille, 259,277

" Brodhead's creek, 168,270

•* OfGset mountain, 277

»♦ East Stroudsburg, 277,284

" Lehighton, 810,312

•• roll, (22)319

Area of the counties, 1

Archceopteris Jackaoni, 103,(22)320

Airypa reticularis, 120,122,134,(18)247

" spinoaa, 120

Athyris spiriferoidea, (6)194,(18)266

Avicula, 140,(13)246,(14)271

Beyrichia notata, 134,(12)219

Black slate of the Marcellus, 113,(6)195,(18)806

Bog ore, * 287,302

Bombshell ore, 298

Bossardville limestone, ... 141

(12)219,(13)248,247,260,(15)281,(16)292,(17)299

*« possibly existing concealed, (14)261

Bowlders of granite not seen, 42

Bowlders near outcrops, 47

" cover terraces, 60

" large and plentiful, (14)268,(18)804,(21)816

«* m Frantz's creeK, (17)298

(894 G«.)

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. G*. 395

Page.

Bowlder bed at 1730' A. T. (26)331

Bowlder of Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, (25)829

*' ** probably brought a long distance, (1)162

Bowlder of Catsklll sandstone, (5)191

Bowlders of white conglomerate, (3)176

*' »• packed in line like a clitF, (2)174

♦« *' on crest of South Knob, 2010' A. T., 179

Bowlders of calcareous breccia, (3)175,176

*• of Lackawaxen conglomerate, (5; 185

*' of Upper and Lower Helderberg, huge, (14)260

«* of Comiferous limestone, huge, (12)228,(13)250,252

«« of Cauda-galli grit, (13)250

" of Oriskany, (16)293

** of Oneida conglomerate high on Catskill, 42, 43

♦* " " east but not west of turnpike, . .(4)182,(5)190,191,(6)204

»* ♦* " in drift, (7)199

«« ♦* " at 1475' A. T., (8)203

.4 41 44 at FulinervUle, 207

'» " »* only one seen in (10) at 1335' A. T., .210

" «♦ »*. at 1100' A. T., (12)232

«♦ " " In (13) 236,250

Breccias, (see Calcareous breccias,) 103

Brown hematite in Marcellus, 114

** ** in Tjower Helderberg, 138

Buff shales of Clinton, (12)223

Buried valleys described, 62,(1)157,(4)181,(8)201,(12)216

229,(13)236,247,255,(14)259,260,(15)276,(16)290,(18)304,(19)309

" of Stroudsburg, 54

" of Flat brook, 56

«* of St. Michael's creek, 55

*« on the Pocono plateau, 60

** of Blooming Grove, 164

♦* of Wallenpaupack, 168

• " of Shohola, 184,188

" of Bushkill, 212

Cactus growing on Hamilton clif!^, 195

Calcareous breccias, .... 108,(22)320

*» •• at Walsh's hotel, 1270' A. T., (1)166

»♦ *♦ bowlders and outcrop, 1475' A. T., (3)176,176

Calcareous sandstone, Hamilton, (15)287

(^alcite, 222

Cafion, (see Oorge^) 230

Catskill plateau, rolling land of Pike, 9, 11

Catskill formation. No. IX, 91

red sandstone, (5)189

" bowlders, (5)191

in Milford, 198

cliff rocks, (7)199

basal rock, (8)204,(12)231

cliffs, (8)205,(10)210,(11)212

(11)214, (12)231 , (13)266, (14)272, (16)295, (17)303, (18)307, (19)810

396 G". KEPOUT OF PKOGKESS. 1. 0. WHITE.

Page

Catskill gray beds, (26)331,332

Casoades in Hamilton sandstone, 12,110,111,206,213

** in Comiferous, Caudargalll and Oriskanj, 12,247

*♦ at Wilsonville, 166,168

" in MUford, 197,202

" in Bushkill, 212

♦♦ Resaca, 230

♦* Marshairs creek, 255

*• in (17,23,24,) 802,323,325

Cauda-galli.grit described, 121

'• ridge, .... (12)215,225,(13)241,245,247,(14)264,(15)279,284,(16)294

" vertical, (13)248

Cement beds of No. VI, 138,186,141,145,(15)282

Chemung formation described, 104,(6)194

»» north outcrop line (8)201

" sandstones, (11)212,(12)

230, (13)255, (14)272, (15)288, (17)802, (18)304,806, (20)812, (21)315

** top rock, (17)308

Cherry ridge conglomerate, brow of plateau, 90

" " " described, . . 96,(3)175,(4)178,(18)807,(19)310,(21)315,316

»» »* " cliffs on South knob, 180

it ii (. Welsh's hotel, 1450' A. T., 183

" »* *< resembles Pottsville conglomerate, 325

" " group, (27)333

«» " red shale, . . 96,(1)166,(2)172,173,(4)180,181,(10)210,(21)315,316

" «* limestone, 166,316

Chert beds in the Oriskany, 125

Chert, see flint, (6)195,(13)241,(114)265

Cherty shales, 132

Chonetes eomplanata, 132,140,222,246

Clay bed, 171

Cleavage in limestone, 144

" in Hamilton beds, 195,302

»• joints, *» ♦♦ N. 60OE., 207

♦» in caudapgalli grit, 226

Clifls, 11

" of Cherry ridge conglomerate, 180,333,325

♦♦ of Catskill rocks, 199,204,205,210,212,322

** of Laokawaxen conglomerate, 157,189,191

*♦ of rocks over *« ** 158

** of Starruoca gray beds, 272

** of Delaware Hags, 820

" of conglomerate, 829

" of Hamilton rocks picturesque, 110,201,205,229,255

" of Caudagalli grit, 251

" of comiferous limestone, 266,267,268

«« of Oriskany, 245,246,283,284,301

•* of Stormville conglomerate, 279

" of Decker's ferry sandstone, 220

Clinton red shale, No. V, 147,(15)278,(16)292,(17)299

Coal measures, 87

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. G*. 397

Page.

Coal in Catskill rocks, . (12)232

Coal in Marcellus blackslate, 114,(16)293,294,295,(17)302

Coal plants in flags at Mil ville, ... (1)165

»* " in clay at Ledgevllle, (2)171

(cobblestone deposit on sand, ... 51

Columnar structure of limestone, 144,260,281,230,282,299

Conglomerates pass into sandstone, 159

Cofiocardium trigonale, 120

Contact of Marcell us and oomiferous limestone, 287

Copper, (6)196,(12)217

Corals of Tullj limestone, 109

" in Hamilton sandstone, 113,(14)271,(18)305

" in Lower Uelderburg, .133

" in Stormville limestone, . . 134,(7)199,(12)219,220,230,(13)244,(14)268

O)rniferou8 limestone described, .116

♦♦ at Carpenter's point, (6)192,195,(8)^01,(9)206.(12)227

»♦ forms cascade, . . (13)247,248

'« contact with cauda-galli grit, . .(18)250,(14)269,270,(15)285,(16)293,296

Cove of Pooono creek, 8

Crest of the Blue mountain, 237,259,299

Crest of the Pooono mountain, 325

Orinoida in Tully limestone, 109

** In Hamilton sandstone, 112

" inMarcellus, 116,(13)241,255,(14)268,271

Cross sections of the measures, 73

Cyaihophyllum^ 121

Cyrtia roairata, ^ . 132

Cyrtoceras undulatunif 121

Dalmanites detitatuSy 132

" pleuroptyx, 132,134

Decomposition of Oriskany sandstone, 301

Decker's ferry limestone, .... .... 137

" " sandstone, 140,(13)24^^.(14)262,(15)280

»* •* shale, .141

♦» " group, .... (12)218,(13)241

Delaware river buried in drift, . . .53

Delaware river flags, . . . 09,(5)184,189,(6)194,(12)231,(17)303,(22)319

Dips, N. W., . 159,161,450 189,40° 190,100-150 193, 150-I70 202,130 204,120,100
207,200 208,170 213, lOO 113, 160 214,400 222,260 to OOO-f 227, 160 230,300
231,300-350 238,300 239,350 240,700-900 248,1 50,80,50 253, overturned,
265,200-250 286,270 269,8O-10O 271,250-300 272,60O-75O 281 .300-350 282,
350 293,400-450 302,350 303,4O,30O 304,50O 306, 40O 307,2O-,5O 328,60 330
Dips, 8. E., . . 40O 186,250 188,190,700 252, 253, 250, 100,140 267,273,317,319

Diseina discena, 132

" oonradi, 132

" jervensis 123

Drift discussed in Chapter III, 41, 42

" universal, 231,328,333

»« absent. . 42,55,298,305,306

" deep, 113'-f at Port Jervis, . . 43,52,193,202; 100' 250 ; 325; 25'-f329; 330
«* *• blufE^ 65' high, Brodhead's creek, 267

398 G\ RKPORT OF PKOGKESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Drift deep, clifili on Lake Pooonomingf 38

*• plain, of 1000' A. Tm 313

♦* bowlders, ... 298

•* heaps of terminal moraine, 290

** mounds, 286; ridge N. and 8., (26)331

*♦ liettles, 39,286

*• about Silver lake, 207

•* on Dingman pike, 203

♦* around Milford, 197

"in, (3)174; (12)216

** in Maroellus troughs, 112

" at 1600' A. T., (2)173

" " 2050' A. T., (24)327

Drainage system, 23

Dyeberry creek well, 91

East Stroudsburg anticlinal, 265,266,267,277,284

JEatonia peeuliariSf 123

" medialiSf 134

♦* aingularis, 134

Echo on Lake Echo, 38

Elevations above tide, 8ee Levels,

Elk mountain sandstone and shale, 95

Erosion of plateau, . . 8,9, 39

Escarpment of Pooono mountain, 7,314

*' of Hamilton sandstone, 195

Exposures rare in, (26)330

Falls; see cascades, 110,207,212,!^

Farmland, 201

Faults at Water gaps, 150,152

Favoaites conica^ 332,133

" Helderbergia, 134

*' Niagarensia, 134

Fishbone fragments, 103,183,106,166

«* absent from oomiferous 1., 120

" in flags at Milville, 166

•* in conglomerate sandstone, 182

" in Cherry ridge limestone, 316

Flagstone, see Quarries, 322

Flint masses, see Chert, 248

♦» black, 260,(13)254,(14)266,(14)268,(15)286

'• in Corniferous limestone, 117,120

♦' in Cauda-galli grit, 122

Flora of the country, 66

Folds, see anticlinals, 251

Forest, see wilderness, 209

Formations in order, . . 67, 87

Fossils : — See Archoeopteris, Atrypa, Athyris, Avicula, Beyrichia, Chonetes,
Conocardium, Crinoids, Cyathophyllum, Cyrtoceras, Dalmanites, Discina,
Eatonia, Favosites, Grammysia, Halysites, Heliophyllum, Holopea, Homa
lonotus, Hyolithes, Le]>erditia, Lepta?na, Lichas, Lingula, Loxonema, Megam-
bon Merista, Meristella, Orthis, Pentameru.s, Phaa^ps, Platyceras, Productus,

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. G*. 399

Page.
Produotella, Pterinea, Pteronites, Reoeptaculites, Renaselaeria, Rhynohonella,
Spirifer, Spirophyton, Streptoiasma, Streptorbynohos, Stromatopora, Stropho-
donta, Strophomena, Syringopora, Tentaoulites, Trematoepira, Trilobites,
Tropedoleptus, Zaphrentis.

Fossils of Catskill, No. IX, 103

" of Chemung, . . 194,207

»* of portage nowhere seen, 104

»* Coral reef of Fully limestone, 109,199

' '• of Hamilton sandstone, 111,255

" of Marcellus, .115

** of Corneferous limestone, 120,266

«* of Cauda-galli grit, 122

«* of Oriskany sandstone, 123

" of Tx>wer Helderberg, 132

•< of Storrsville limestone, 183,218

" of Decker's ferry sandstone, 140

»* of Bossardville limestone, absent, 145

♦* of Niagara limestone, 145

" of Clinton, not seen, 148

" of Medina sandstone, 148,149

Gap, see Wind gap, 291

Genessee shale, 107,199,204,213,229,230,255,271,272,288,302,305,312

Geological structure, .67

Glaciation, chapter 3, 41

Glacial erosion, 44,57

** crust of red shale, 176

" dams, mounds, Ac 39,44

*♦ moraine, 201

" lake, 59

" grooves, see Striae, 41,45,46,207

«* sub-waters, 39

" till, 44

Glass fiBMStory, 125

" sand, 283,284

Glen of Shohola 188

*♦ of Sawkill, 197

Gorge of the Glon, 187,188

«* of Hamilton rocks, 288

Orammysia hisulcata^ 111,265

" at top of Hamilton, (12)230

Granite bowlders absent, 42

Grooves, see Striae, 207

Halyaites catenulata^ 145

Hamilton formation described, 107

** sandstone described, 110

♦* *• escarpment, (6)195

" »• cliflfs, (8)201,205,(12)229

*' " top rock, (8)204

** " fossils, (13)255

" " strike, S. 660— 70° W., (14)271

" *« ridge, (15)287

4(X) G*. KEPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

P*«e.
Hamilton Caloareoos sandstODe, (15)287,(7)197,(9)207

(13)265, (14)271, (15)286, (16)296, (17)302, (18)305, (19)310, (20)312

Heliophyllum Halli, 109,111

Hog back ridge, 166

Holopea antequa^ 182,134

»* elongata^ 134

Homalonotua Vanuxemi, . . 132

Hon esdale group, (2)17J)

Honesdale sandstone, (in No. IX) 97,163,166,815,317

Honesdale upper sandstone, 172,175,181

Hudson river formation, 152,236

Hydraulic cement, see cement, 133,136,282

Hyloltthes Ceniennialis^ 132

Ice flow, see Glacial, 41

Iron ore of Catskill No. IX, 103

" ♦* of Genesee, 108

" •• of Maroellus, (16)295,(17)302

" " of Lower Helderberg, 138

" ♦♦ (7)200,(16)292,(19)310

" *• Vog., (15)287

Joints, see cleavages, 47

Kaines, see glacial, 44,174

Kemmersville anticlinal, 238,259,277

Kettleholes, see glacial, 38,43,286,287,309

♦* moraine, 271

Knob of Pooono, 7,8

Knobs of Oriskany, 9,205

Lackawaxen anticlinal, 186

♦♦ conglomerate, 100,156,159,160,182,185

*• cliflh, (5)189,191

Lakes and ponds in Pike county, 31

«» ** in Monroe county, 37

Lake in drift, 184

** basins, origin, 39

'* Wallenpaupock, 59,168

" Jones, . . .173,(8)176,(4)182,(8)204,(10)210,(12)216,(15)276,(19)309

Lead ore, . . 151,196

Lehighton anticlinal, 810,312

Leperditia alte, 134,137,222

Leptfsna concava, 134

Levels of Delaware river valley, 10

** along Miiford and Owega pike, 12

** across High Knob, . . 18

" of plateau west of High Knob, 14

** »» from Scranton to Delaware Water Gap, 14

♦* in Monroe, 16

" down Pooono creek, 16

♦* along Erie R.R. and Delaware river, 18

** along old valley from Bushkiil to Stroudsburg, 19

'* along Brodhead's and Paupack creeks, 20

** along N. Y. S. and W. railroad, 22

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. (i\ 401

Page.

Levels along Laokawaxen oreek, 22

** along Delaware and Hudson canal, 22

'* along Wallenpaupaok, 24

oflakes and pondB, 31,32,88,84,85,86, 87

of points in, (1)166

(2)173,(3)177,(4)188,(5)191,(6)196,(7)200,(8)205,(9)208,(10)210,(11)

214, (12)322, (13)266, (14)273, (16)288, (16)296, (17)303, (18)807, (19)310

(20)313, (21)318, (22)821, (23)328, (24)827, (25)830, (26)382, (27)333

of Blue mountain crest, (17)299

of Pooono mountain, (20)313

" of Pooono plateau, (19)310

Liehas pttstulosus, 134

Limonite in Maroellus, see iron ore, 114

Lingula, 134

Lower Ilelderberg No. VI, described, 127

*' limestones, (12)218

Loxojiema JFHcthiana, 182,134

*• obttisa, 134

Lycopodium vulgare^ 66

McMichaers Creek synclinal, 286

Manganese, 196

Mansfield red beds, 186

Marcellus valley, 9

'* shale, 112,206,213,228,254,266,267,268,286,301,302

** at Port Jervis, 195

** lower, gray, beds, ... 270 ''

'* upper, black, beds, 270,293,294

Marsh gas, 194

Marshes, 181

Mauch Chunk red shale formation No. XI, 88

Medina sandstone described, 149,237,259,278,299

Megambona ovoidea, 134

Meriata lasvis, 134

Meristella, 123

Mica in flagstones, 190

MoUusca wanting in Catskill, (IX,) 103

Montrose red shale in IX, . 98,161,163,165,170,171,182,185,807,812,816,317,321

Moraine, {see Olacial,) 7,42,235

*• terminal, 290

Mounds, (see Glacial,) 44,286

Mt. Pleasant conglomerate, 89,176,329

•* *' red shale, 94

Mountains of the county, 7

New Milford red shale, 101,209,281,272,807,312,317,822

Ochre, 139,222,293

Oflset mountain, 277,292

Oneida conglomerate (No. IV) described, 150,286,259,277,292,298

Opuntia vulgaris, . . 66,196

Oriskany (No. VII) sandstone, 122,224,245,247,262,264,279,299

•• ridge, 9

connected intimately with No, VI, 181

26 G*.

402 G\ REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Page.

Oriskany overturned, 248

** section in detail, 263

" thickens westward, 283

" carries iron ore, 293

** very thick, (16)294

" high ridge, (17)301

Orthia, 116,121

" hipparionyx, 124

" aubcarinata, 132

" oblata, 182,134

•* perelegans, 132

" piano convexa, 132

" eoncavaf 134

" multiplicata, 134

Paupack, {see Wallenpaupack.)

** sandstone, 170

Peak, Utter's, 205

Pebbles invade base of No. VI 279

Fentamerus galeatuSf 183,134,219,241,246

** peeudo galeatus, 279

" cameratiiSf 279

Pethstoneof New Jersey, 136,221

Petroleum fraud, 182

I%aeop8 bufOt 121

" liOgani, 134

Plain at foot of Pocono mountain, 313

Plants now growing, 66

" fossil in Caiskill, 103

** in flagstones, 165

Plateau of Pocono, 7,8

** original height before erosion, 9

" covered with drift, 43

Platyceraa gebhardi^ 121,123,132

** ventricoaum, 121,123,124

" retroraum, 132,134

Plications fan-Uke, 249

Pocono plateau, 174

** escarpment, 174,314

«* formation No. X, 89,328

Pond, see lakes, 204

Population, . 1

Portage formation not recognized, 104

Post— glacial rock-cuts, 57

Potholes, see Kettles, 287

Potsdam sandstone, (No. 1,) 153

Pottsville conglomerate, (No. XII,) 88

POxono island shales, ~ 145,223,240,243,260,281

" •« limestone, 146

Preglacial, see Buried Valleys, 69,197

•* lake, 168

Productellaf 105

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. Gt\ 403

Pftge.

ProduetuSi 116

Pterinea lextilis, 128,182,134

PteroniteSf 105

Quarries of Laokawaxen conglomerate, 166

*« for railroad bridge stone, 167

" of Catskill flagstone near Kimball's, 160

* * on Masthope creek, 163

" •* along Blooming grove creek, 164

" at Millville, 166

** ** along Klmbfeirs run, 170

*^ of flagstone, 187,190,(6)194,(7)199,200,(12)261,319,824,826,322

*• of blue sandstone, 189

•* of Oriskany sandstone, (13)249

I* u glass sand, (15)283,284

«« of Bossardville limestone, 143,282,292,299

*< of clay, LedgevUle, 171

Quartz veins and crjrstals In flagstone 190

Quicksand in drift, 62

Raamesklll, now Raymondskille, Iteceptaculites 133

Red beds of Chemung absent, 106

Red shale at Narrowsburg, x. vo4, (I) 165, (3)176

" " Clinton, 223, 237, f^8, 260, 261

" " of Mt. Pleasant group, 381

Rensselaria ovoideSf 128,124

♦» mutabilU, 182,134

Bhynchonella ventricosa^ 134

Ribbon limestone, 144

Ridge of Comif. L., Caudag. and Oriskany, 9,216

Rivers of eastern Pike, 23

*» of southern Pike, 26

** of Monroe, 28

Roches moutonnies, 45

Rock cuts, see Glacial, 67,60,62

Roll, see Anticlinal, 190,317,319

Roofingslate, 162

Salina formation, (In No. V) 146

8and in terraces, . . 61

'* for bottle glass, see Oriskany, 126,283,284

Sand cut, 328

School slates, Marcellus, 116,306

Scratches, see Striae, 41

Section ( A) 9886' along Delaware river, 73

" (B) 13,495' across Monroe to Water Gap, 76

•• (C) 3160 »• " through Brodheadsvllle, 77

" (D) 16,349' along the Lehigh river, 79

" (ABC D) compared, 81

** instrumental at Delaware W. Gap, 83

♦* " along the Lehigh river, 84

" «* at the Lehigh W. Gap, 84

*♦ ♦♦ at Schuylkill W. Gap, 86

" 1605', at the Dyeberry creek well, 92

404 Lr°. REPORT OF PROGRESS. I. C. WHITE.

Pmte.

Beotton (6, 7, 8,9, 10.) in Wajneutd SoequehaiuiK, 94

■' (11) 325' Cherry Bidge gronp, 96

" (I2)42'lii-;...lfr...-!^ri.li;i--, 125

" (13)6ia, at N.)ariums,|UJ(,rry 128

" (U) eeC on Delaware rivar 128

" (15)636'onLobighrivor 129

" (16) *7' atStorinviUe 188

*■ (17) below lAckawanna Tillage, 156

" <18) 170' mouthof Laokuwaxen, 157

" (19) 240' ■Kowlaticra lower 157

" (30) 216 upper, 168

" (21) 330' above howland-is, 168

" (22) 380' M Millville, 159

" (23) 465' at Keinbal's, 160

" (24) 75' aboTS Kembal'a, 161

*' (26) 505' along the Delaware, 162

" (26) 543' at Plnegrove atallon, 162

" (27) 305' at Millville. 164

« (28) 286' at Paupark Falls, 169

" (29) 32^81 PanparlcF.O^ 171

" (30) 24' at Bnm'a quarry 171

" <31) 450' at De«ro.)ts station, 172

" (82) 80' at EgyptcroelcstMlon, 172

" (33) 320' at Ledgevllle, 175

" (84) 415' at South Knob, 178,179

" (35) 175' at RliKjiningrtmve, 180,181

<■ (36) 615' below Lackawaxen, 185

" (37) 696' on Delaware river 185

" (38) 70' oaErieraUroail 186

" (30)638' at Hhohola bridge ISG

" (40) 90' atShoLolncreek, 188

" (41) 375- below Shohola 188,189

« <42) 496' at Pond Eddy, 190

" (43) 6,650' below Pond Bddy, 193

" C«) 60' at (Mloway'a, 203

" (46) 95' at M. Busbklll falls, 218

» {46>205'atBtikfr'9rerry, 218

" (47) 240' at Van Aiikt-Ti'n 219

" (48) 80' on Dylivwrire rlvnr 220

" (49) 86' atT>eWitl"aBdi<)ol-hoii9e, 221

" (60) 290' at DeWitl'H, 221,222

» (51)545'at Poionolaljinit, 223

•• (62) 661' at Experiment Mills, 2B9

" (63) 436' at TreUble's, 243

" (64) 200' at Le Barr's, 246

" (56) 445' iJii Uroadheud's creek, 248

" (56)42'atIIutrerfs, 263

" (57)599'atSt<,rmville, 378

" (68) 4S' of Stormvllle oonglotnerate, 279

•' (69) 36; of Decker's farin SS., 293

" (60) X 65' at J. Smith's quarry 800

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. Gt\ 405

Page.

Section (61) 1,295' at Pooono Knob, . 816

" (62)J6' at the R. R. tunnel, 820

" (63) 95' at the R. R. tunnel, 820

*• (64) 820' on the turnpike, 825

" (65) 89' in Bouser's well, 831

Series of formations, 67

Shells of Tulley limestone, 109

** fragmentary, in Oriskany SS., 250

** in Corniferous limestone, 268

" abundant at top of Hamilton, 271

Siluro-Cambrian formations, 152

Slate-gravel, 122,195

Slate quarries, 152

Slates for school use, • 115,806

Slickensides, 170

Soap from Oriskany clay, 126

Soils, 68

Spiri/er disjunctus, ^ 106

•* arrectua, ' 111,128

«• granuli/era, 111,280,256

•• umbonaUia 116

«« arenoaus, 128,124,248

" maeropleurust 128,181,184,245,279

" concinnus, 132

" cyclopterua 132,134

" Vanuxcinif 134

" modeatuaf 134

•* perlajneHoaua^ 134

" mucronatuaf 194

•* hamiltonenaia, 230

•« , 246,271

Spirophyton caudep-galli^ 226

Staracca (shale) sandstone, 102

«* flags, 194,272

Stormville shales, 121,128,124,247,249,250,264,279,284

" conglomerate 128,124,132,262,279

" limestone, 188,218,244,246,262,280

" hydraulic cement bed, 186,280

*• group, 241,248,294

Streptelaama atriata, 134

Streptorhynchua chemungenaia, 105

Striee, (aee Glacial^) 41

" 8. 20O W., 156

«♦ S. 30O W., (1125' A. T.,) 162

«♦ S. 20O W., (965',) 168

" S. 250 W., (995',) 168

" 8. 8OO W., (1110*,) 165

" 8. 350 W., (1165,) 165

" South, (1065',) 166

" S. 150 W., (1550',) 176

" S. 820 W., 182

REPORT OF PROGRESS. 1, 0. WHITE.

Section S. lOO W., (776,) 188

•' S.SOO W., (MO',) IBS

" 8. WO W., (900,) 201

" S. 300-40° W., 207

" 8. 260 W , (1060',) 207

" S. KO W., {1336',) 210

" 8. 250-aOO W., 211

■' s.aso w., (uec,) 211

" S. 300 W., 212

" S. iO° W„ (1000',) 214

" S. 30O-40O W-, 214

" S. 40O-50O W 236

" S. 60° W., 228

" a 50O W., 245

" S. 700-76" W., (500,) 246

" S. 250 W 252

" S. 40O W 262

'■ S. 30O W., 252

" B. 20° W., 256

" 8. 200-30° W 256

" 8, 300-350 W 256

" S, 30O W,, 283

" S. 40° W., 265

" 8. 30° W 265

" a. 30O W.. 267

" 9. floo W 287

•' S. 46° W., 270

» 8. «o W Z71

" 8. 80° W., 273

*' 8. 860 W. 286

" South , 321

" 8, 350 and 30° W., S28

" S. 40-50 W., 330

" aoroea the Blue inounUun oreet, 266—6

" absent from (17,) 207

Stromalcpora In No. VI, 133,134,219,244

StropfiodonCa ptrptaTM, 121

" eavumbona, 132

•* puneltilifera 134

" variitriata, 134

" beckii, 134

Siruphomena rhomboidalU, 121,122,132,134

cuwrarfi 132

StrouilHbiirg autlollQal, 28S

Stmoture 67

Stj-oolites, 144,146,280

Subglacial erosion, 63

Swauipa In Catskill couotry, 231,290

Byoclinals described 67,241,247,250,288

Hynolinal of MoMlchaera creek, 286

" of Wire ridge, 298

II. GEOLOGICAL INDEX. G*. 407

Page.

Syringopora, 109

Tentaculites eUmgatuSf 123,132,184

•♦ gyraca7Uhu8, 134

Terminal moraine, see Moraine, 7,290

Terraces, 48,49,60,235,243,269

Thickening of formations soatliward, 91

'• of Chemung, 106

Thioknetssof Marcellus, 115,229,303

Till» see glacial, 44

Topography of Pike and Monroe, 10

Towns in Pike, 2

*• in Monroe, 5

Trematospira ynultistriatat 134

Trilobites, not seen in Hamilton sandstone, 112

• • in Lower Helderberg, 132

Tropedoleptua carinatuSf 194,271

Tully limestone, 109,218

Unconformity of IV on III, 150

Upper Helderberg described, 116

*» •» thins out westward, 116,276

« *' becomes pebbly at base, . 279

«' 239,278,292,299

Valley of Marcellus, 9

•* of Delaware river, 10

*' buried, see Buried, 52

** of Marcellus shale, 112

*' of erosion across the plateau, 174

Vertical strata on the Lehigh, 82

View from South Knob 179

Villages in Pike, 3

*• in Monroe, 6

Water lime 187,221,280

Well boring on Dyeberry creek, .91

Wilderness, 165,178,183,209,322,328

WmdGap, 62,291

Wire ridge, 298

Zaphrentxs rafinesqui, 109,121

*' gigantea^ 109

Zinc ore, 161,196,217

Second Geological Survey of PennsylvAxXli.

REPORTS FOR 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, AND 188L

The following Reports are isHued for the State by the Board of Commis-
sioners, at Harrisburg, and tlie pricffes have been tixed as follows, in accord-
ance with the terms of the act :

PBICES OF BEPOBT8.

A* Historical Sketch op Geological Explorations in Pennsylvania
and other States. By J. P. Lresley. With appendix, containing Annual
Reports for 1874 and 1875 ; pp. 226, 8vo. Price in paper, $0 25 ; postage, $0 00.
Price in cloth, 80 50 ; jiostage, ?0 10.

A2« Special Report to the Legislature upon the Causes, Kinds,
AND Amount of Waste in Mining Anthracite Goal. By Franklin
Piatt. With a chapter on Methods op Mining. By John Price Wetherill,
Illustrated by 35 figures of mining operations and a Plan of an Anthra-
cite Breaker. Price, |1 10; x>06tage, |0 12.

B* Preliminary Report of the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania —
1874. By Dr. F. A. Genth. With appendix on the hydro-carbon compounds,
by Samuel P. Sadtler. 8vo., pj). 20(>, with vtap of the State for reference to
counties. Price in paper, ?0 50; postage, ?0 08. Price in cloth, fO 75; i>ost-
age, ?0 10.

C. Report of Progress on York and Adams Counties — 1874. By
Persifor Frazer. 8vo., pp. 198, illustrate<l by 8 rnaps and sections and other
illustrations. Price in paper, $0 f^ ; postage, fO 10. Price in cloth, $1 10;
postage, ?0 12.

C2. Report of Progress in the Counties op York, Adams, Cumber-
land, AND Franklin — 1875. Illustrated by maps and cross-sections^ show-
ing the Magnetic and Micaceous Ore Belt near the western edge of the Meso-
zoic Sandstone and tlio two Azoic systems constituting the mass of the South
Mountains, witli a preliminary discussion on the Dillsburg Ore Bed and
catalogue of specimens collected in 1875. By Persifor Frazer. Price, 91 25 ;
postage, $0 12.

C^. Report op Progress in 1877. The Geology of Lancaster County,
with an atlas containing a colored geological map of the county, local map of
the Gap Nickel Mine, map and sections of the East Bank of Susquehanna
River ; other geological sections across the county, and geological colored maps
of York and Lancaster counties. By Persifor Frazer. 8 vo., pp. 850. Price
of Report and Atlas, $2 20 ; postage, fO 25.

C«« Report op Progress. Geology op Philadelphia County, and
OF the Southern Parts of Montgomery and Bucks. By Cliarles E.
Hall. Pp. 145, viith Geological map sheet of colored orofl8-«ectiou8, and 24
pages outs. Price, $1 65 ; postage, |0 13.

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D* Report of Progress in the Brown Hematite Ore Ranges op Le-
high County— 1874, with descriptions of mines lying between Eniaiis, Al-
burtin, and Foglesville. By Frederick Prime. J r. Svo., pp. 73, with a contour-
line map and 8 cuts. Price in paper, fO 50 ; postage, fO 04. Price in cloth,
to 7') ; postage, SO 06.

D2, The Brown Hematite Deposits of the Siluro-Cambrian Lime-
stones OF Lehigh County, lying between Sliimersville, Millerstown,
Schencksville, BallietsvUle, and the Lehigh river— 1875-6. By Frederick
Prime, Jr. 8 vo., pp. 99, with 5 map^heeia and 5 plates. Price, $1 60 ; post-
age, 10 12.

E. Special Report on the Trap Dykes and Azoic Rocks op South-
eastern Pennsylvania— 1876. Part I, Historical Introduction. By T.
Sterrj' Hunt. 8 vo., pp. 253. Price, |0 48 ; postage, |0 12.

F. Report of Progress in the Juniata District on Fossil Iron Ore
Beds of Middle Pennsylvania. By John H. Dewees. With a report of the
AuGHWiCK Valley and East Broad Top District. By C. A. Ash-
burner. 1874-8. Illustrated with 7 Oeological maps and 19 sectiofis, 8 vo.,
pp. 305. Price, $2 55 ; postage, $0 20.

G. Report op Progress in Bradford and Tioga Counties— 1874-8.
I. Limits of the Catskill and Chemung Formation. By Andrew
Sherw^ood. II. Description of the Barclay, Blossburo, Fall Brook,
Arnot, Antrim, and Gaines Coal Fields, and at the Forks of Pine
Creek in Potter County. By Franklin Piatt. III. On the Coking of
Bituminous Coal. By John Fulton. Illustrated with 2 colored Oeological
county mapSt 3 page plates, and 35 cuts, 8 vo., pp. 271. Price, |1 00 ; p>ost-
age, 10 12.

G2. Report op Progress. Geology of Lycoming and Sullivan
Counties. I. Field Notes by Andrew Sherwood. II. Coal Basins, by
Franklin Piatt, With two colored geological county maps and numerous
illustrations. 8 vo., pp. 268. Price, $1 06 ; postage, $0 14.

G3. Report op Progress in 1876-9. 8 vo., pp. 120. The Geology of
Potter County, by Andrew Sherwood. Report on the Coal Fields, by
Franklin Piatt, with a colored geological map of county, and tw^o page plates
of sections. Price, tO 58 ; postage, |0 08.

G*« Report of Progress. Part I. Geology of Clinton County.
Part II. A special study of the Carboniferoi^s and Devonian Strata
along the West Branch of Susquehanna River. By H. Martyn Chance. In-
cluded in this report is a description of the Rknovo Coal Basin, by Charles
A. Ashbumer, and notes on the Tangascootack Coal Basin in Centre and
Clinton Counties, by Franklin Piatt. Price, $1 a5 : postage, 10 12.

G*« Report of Progress. The Geology of Susquehanna County
AND Wayne County. By I. C. White. Pp. 248, with Geological map and
58 sections. Price, $0 70 ; postage, |0 12.

H« Report of Progress in the Clearfield and Jefferson District
OF the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1874. By
Franklin Piatt. 8 vo., pp. 296, illustrated by 139 cuts, 8 viaps^ and 2 sections.
Price in paper, |1 50; postage, 10 13. Price in cloth, $1 75; postage, $0 15.

H2. Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District
OF the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1875. By F.
and W. G. Piatt. Pp. 194, illustrated with 84 wood-cuts, and 4 maps and sec-
tions. Part I. Cambria. Price. SI 00 ; postage, $0 12.

H3# Report of Progress in the Cambria and Somerset District
of the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1876. By F.

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and W. G. Piatt. Pp. 348, illustrated by 110 wood-euts and 6 maps and sec-
tions. Part II. Somerset. Price, $0 85 ; postage, |0 18.

H*« Report of Progress in Indiana County— 1877. By W. G. Piatt.
Pp. 316. Wi A a colored map of the county. Price, fO 80 ; postage, |0 14.

H8« Report OF Progress in Araistrong County— 1879. By W. G. Piatt.
Pp. 238. With a colored map of the county. Price, tO 76 ; postage, |0 16.

H«, Report of Progress in Jefferson County— 1880; with colored
map of county. By W. G. Piatt. Price, tO 60 ; postage, |0 12.

I. Report of Progress in the Venango County District— 1874. By
John F. Carll. With observations on the Geology around Warren, by F. A.
Randall ; and Notes on the Comparative Geology of North-eastern Ohio and
Northwestern Pennsylvania, and Western New York, by J. P. Lesley. 8 vo.,
pp. 127, with 2 maps, a long section, and 7 cuts in the text. Price in paper,
10 60; postage, |0 05. Price in cloth, $0 85 ; postage, |0 08.

12. Report of Progress, Oil Wells, Records, and Levels— 1876-7.
By John F. Carll. Pp. 398. Published in advance of Report of Progress, III.
Price, 10 60; postage, |0 18.

13. Report of Progress— 1875 to 1879. Geology of the Oil Regions of
Warren, Venango, Clarion, and Butler Counties, including surveys
of the Garland and Panama Conglomerates in Warren and Crawford
counties, and in Chautauqua county, New York, with descriptions of oil well
rig and tools, and a discussion of the preglacial and postglacial drainage of the
Lake Erie Country ; with Atlas. By John F, Carll. Price, $2 30 ; postage,
10 30.

J. Special Report on the Petroleum of Pennsylvania — 1874, its
Production, Transportation, Manufacture, and Statistics. By Henry E. Wrig-
ley. To which are added a Map and Profile of a line of levels through Butler,
Armstrong, and Clarion Counties, by D. Jones Lucas : and also a Map and
Profile of a lino of levels along Slippery Rock Creek, by J. P. Ijcsley. 8 vo.,
pp. 122 ; 5 maps and sectionSy & plate and 5 cuts. Price in paper, |0 75 ; post-
age, 10 06. Price in cloth, $1 00 ; postage, |0 08.

K« Report on Greene and Washington Counties — 1875, Bituminous
Coal Fields. By J. J. Stevenson, 8 vo., pp. 420, illustrated by 3 sections and 2
county maps, showing the depth of the Pittsburgh and Waynesburg coal bed
beneath the surface at numerous points. Price in paper, $0 65 ; postage, $0 16.
Price in cloth, $0 90 ; postage, ?0 18.

K2. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Westmoreland Dis-
trict of the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1876.
By J. J. Stevenson ; pp. 437, illustrated by 50 wood-cuts and 3 county ynaps,
colored. Part I. Eastern Allegheny County, and Fayette and Westmore-
land Counties, west from Chestnut Ridge. Price, $1 40; postiige, $0 20.

K3. Report of Progress in the Fayette and Westmoreland Dis-
trict OF the Bituminous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania— 1877. By
J.J.Stevenson. Pp.331. Part II. The Ligonier Valley. Illustrated with
107 wood-cuts, 2 plates, and 2 county maps, colored. Price, $1 40 ; postage,
to 16.

Jj* 1875— Special Report on the Coke Manufacture of the Yough-
iogheny Riveu Valley in Fayette and Westmoreland Counties,
with Geological Notes of the Coal and Iron Ore Beds, from Surveys, by Charles
A. Young; by Franklin Piatt. To which are appended: I. A Report on
Methods of Coking, by John Fulton. II. A Report on the use of Natural Gas
in the Iron Manufacture, by John B. Pearse, Franklin Piatt, and Professor
Sadtler. Pp. 262. Price, $1 00 ; i)Ostage. fO 12.

M. Report of Progress in the Laboratory of the Survey at

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HARRi8BUR(i— 1874-5, by Andrew S. McCreath. 8 vo., pp. 105. Price in pa-
per, JO 50: postage, |0 05. Price in cloth, $0 75 ; postage, fO 08.

M2. Second Report op PROORBsa in the Laboratory of the Sur-
vey, at llarrisburg, by Andrew S. MoCreath— 1876-8, including I. Classitica-
tion of Coals, by Persifor Frazer. II. Firebrick Tests, by Franklin Piatt.
III. Notes on Dolomitio Limestones, by J. P. Lesley. IV. Utilization of An-
thracite Slack, by Franklin Piatt. V, Determination of Carbon in Iron or
Steel, by A. S. MoCreath. With 3 indexes, plate, and 4 page plates. Pp. 436.
Price in cloth, ^ 65 ; postage, tO 18.

M». Third Report op Progress in the Laboratory of the Survey,
at Harrisburg. Analyses, Ac., Ac By Andrew S. McCreath. Pp. 126, with
2 indexes and map. Price, |0 40 ; postage, tO 10.

N. Report of Progress— 1875-6-7. Two Hundred Tables of Eleva-
tion ABOVE Tide-Level of the Railroad Stations, Summits and Tunnels;
Canal Locks and Dams, River Riffles, Ac, in and around Pennsylvania ; with
map ; pp. 279. By Charles Allen. Price, JO 70 ; postage, |0 15.

O. Catalogue of the Geological Musuem— 1874-6-6-7. By Charles E.
Hall. Part I. Collection of Rock Specimens. Kos. 1 to 4,264. Pp.217. Price,

10 40 ; postage, $0 10.

0«« Catalogue OF THE Geological Museum. By Charles E.Hall. Part
II. 1. Collection of rock specimens, Nos. 4265 to 8974. 2. Pal«eontological
specimens. Price, |0 40 ; postage, |0 12.

P. 1879— Report and Atlas of the Coal Flora op Pennsylvania
and op the Carroniperous Formation throughout the United
States. By Leo Lesquereux. Price of Report, tO 80 ; postage, |0 28. Price
of Atlas, $3 35; postage, |0 22.

P2. The Permian or Upper Carboniferous Flora of West Vir-
ginia AND S. W. Pennsylvania, with 38 plates. By Wm. M. Fontaine,
M. a., and I. C. White, A. M. Price, f2 25 ; postage, |0 17.

€t* Report of Progress in the Beaver River District of the Bitu-
minous Coal Fields of Western Pennsylvania. By I. C. White. Pp.
337, illustrated with 3 Geological maps of parts of Beaver, Butler, and Alle-
gheny Counties, and 21 plates of vertical sections, 1875. Price, §1 40 ; post-
age, $0 20.

0,2. Report of Progress in 1877. The Geology of Lawrence County,
to which is appended a Special Report on the Correlation of the Coal
Measures in Western Peimsylvania and Eastern Ohio. 8 vo., pp. 336, with
a colored Geological Map of the county, and 134 vertical sections. By I. C.
White. Price, $0 70; postage, ?0 15.

Ct»« Report of Progress in 1878. 8 vo., pp. 233. The Geology of
Mercer County, by I. C. White, with a colored geological map of county,
and 119 vertical sections. Price, tO 60; postage, |0 11.

Ct*« Report of Progress— 1879, The Geology of Erie and Crawford
Counties, with tables of barometric heights in each township, and notes on
the place of the Sharon Conglomerate in the Palseozolc scries. By I. C.
White. Also, the discovery of the Preglaoial Outlet of Lake Erie,
with two maps of the Lake Region. By J. W. Spencer, Ph. D. Price, $1 17 ;
postage, 10 18.

R* Report of Progress. The Geology of McKean County, and its con-
nection with that of Cameron, Elk, and Forest, with Atlas containing 8
sheets of maps and sections. By Chas. A. Ashbumer. Price, |1 70 ; postage,
90 22.

T. Report of Progress. Geology of Blair County, with 35 illustra-
trations and an Atlas of 14 sheets of the colored map of Morrison's Cove,

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