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THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S
SPEECHES
THE ; >
GERMAN EMPEROR'S-*
SPEECHES
BEING A SELECTION FROM THE SPEECHES
EDICTS, LETTERS, AND TELEGRAMS
OF THE EMPEROR WILLIAM II.
TRANSLATED BY
LOUIS ELKIND, M.D.
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1904
All rights reserved
PREFATORY NOTE
THE present selection from the Speeches, Edicts, Letters, and
Telegrams of the German Emperor has been made from
a volume of Kaiserreden, published in Leipzig in 1902. In his
preface the German editor, Mr. A. Oskar Klaussmann, tells us
that his object in making this collection was to give a character
sketch of the Emperor, as illustrated by his own utterances.
Mr. Klaussmann expressly disclaims any political or personal
motives in the preparation of his volume, and has merely
selected such speeches, etc., as seemed to shed an interesting
light on the talents, character, and views of the Emperor, and
connected them by means of a brief explanatory text, in order
to put the reader in possession of the circumstances under
which each utterance was made.
The thanks of the publishers are due to the following for
the permission they have kindly given to incorporate various
passages in this volume : To the Editor of the Times, for the
text of the speech on page 100 ; to the Editor of the Saturday
Review, for permission to reprint the extracts given on page 105 ;
to Mr. S. S. McClure, for a portion of the article by Bear-
Admiral Evans on page 284; to Sir E. J. Eeed, for permission
to reprint a portion of an article written by him for the Deutsche
Eevue of Stuttgart on page 107. The article was written in
English, but as the English original was not available it was
necessary to retranslate it from the German, and the author is
in no way responsible for this retranslation.
The translation has been revised throughout by Mr. J. W.
Bartram, M.A., who has also added a few footnotes explanatory
of the Emperor's allusions.
LONDON, January, 1904.
t ' n ! ,n 1 .
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION . . . . ... 1
PRESERVATION OP THE PEACE OF THE WORLD . 14
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE . . . ... 35
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH . . 56
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES . . 74
THE EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL TERRITORIES . . 91
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND . . ... 98
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN FEDERAL PRINCES . . .115
THE EMPEROR AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF THE EMPIRE . .138
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION . . . 152
THE EMPEROR IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE . . .178
THE EMPEROR AS STUDENT AND OLD MEMBER OF THE BORUSSIA KORPS 195
EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY . . . 201
EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY . ... 234
THE EMPEROR AND THE GREAT ELECTOR . ... 260
THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY RELATIONS . ... 267
THE EMPEROR AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . . . 280
THE EMPEROR AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG . . . 288
THE EMPEROR ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION . ... 304
THE EMPEROR ON THE TROUBLES IN CHINA . ... 313
THE EMPEROR'S VISIT TO PALESTINE . . . . . 318
THE EMPEROR WILLIAM AS A PREACHER . . . . 323
INDEX 329
THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S
SPEECHES
INTRODUCTION
fTlHE year 1888, which proved so eventful for the German
JL Empire and its Imperial Family, began under inauspicious
circumstances. For more than a year the political horizon had
been overcast with dark, threatening clouds. Germany was ap-
parently on the verge of a war, which she would have to carry on
simultaneously against two Powers Kussia and France. The
Tsar Alexander III. was completely under the influence of the
Pan-Slavists, and these again were in agreement with the French
Nationalists and Boulangists, who made every effort to force on a
war against Germany. Forged documents were secretly placed in
the hands of the Tsar with a view to persuading him that the old
friendship which had existed between Kussia and Germany since
the time of Napoleon had been betrayed by Germany in the
basest manner. At the last moment, however, Bismarck succeeded
in convincing the Tsar that these documents were valueless, and
in proving that they were forgeries ; but even this did not over-
come the suspicions which Alexander III. entertained against
Germany. Kussia armed herself with great speed, and massed
such numbers of troops on the German and Austrian frontiers
that it was only out of consideration for the character of their
relations with Kussia, which had been fairly satisfactory since
1878, and prior to that time distinctly friendly, that the German
Government refrained from despatching an ultimatum to the
Kussian Cabinet. In February, 1888, the relations between the
two countries became worse than ever, though on the 31st of
December, 1887, the Reichsanzeiger had published the forged
documents and commented in a very friendly spirit on the
2 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"misunderstanding" on the part of Russia. The desired effect,
however, was not produced in Russia, and the tone of the Russian
and the French Press gradually became more and more truculent.
Then, on the 3rd of February, the whole political world was
startled by the announcement of the Austro-German Alliance.
Though the wording of the document showed clearly enough that
the alliance was of an entirely defensive character, and that it
was far from the intention of either Austria or Germany to
attack any State, the professional political agitators in Russia
and France of course seized the occasion to make further attacks
on Germany. At home, however, the question of a loan for the
purpose of increasing the fighting strength of the army was
discussed in the Reichstag, and the political world, in a state of
great expectation, hoped that Bismarck would address the House
and give a full explanation of the situation. " This speech of
Bismarck's," said the Neue Freie Presse in its issue of the 1st of
February, "which has not yet been delivered, keeps the whole
world in suspense."
On the 6th of February the Chancellor at last delivered the
expected speech. He was, of course, obliged to admit that the
relations between Germany and Russia had recently suffered a
severe shock. Yet all the time he was attempting to build golden
bridges for the Russian Government, and took great pains to make
the world believe that the estrangement was but temporary, and
that even the concentration of Russian troops on the German
frontier was for some other purpose than an attack on Germany.
Notwithstanding this, however, Bismarck declared, in the name
of the whole German people, that for the defence of their sacred
possessions they were determined to carry on, if necessary, a war
even along two fronts at once. But, at the same time, he kept
pointing out that Germany was not planning any war of offence ;
she preferred to let herself be attacked. " If that should happen,
then the whole of Germany, from the Memel to the Lake of Con-
stance, would flare up like a powder-mine and bristle with arms.
No enemy will venture to try conclusions with the furor teutonicus
which is aroused in the event of an attack." The ever-memorable
words with which the Chancellor concluded his speech found a
powerful response throughout the German Empire. "We may
easily, perhaps too easily, be won over by a display of kindness
and good-will, but certainly not by threats. We Germans fear
God, but nothing else in the world ; and it is precisely the fear
of God which makes us desire and foster peace. The nation,
however, that breaks the peace will soon learn that the warlike
INTRODUCTION 3
and exultant love of the Fatherland, which, in 1813, called the
entire population of the then weak, small, and exhausted Prussia
to arms, is to-day the common property of the German nation at
large ; and, further, the nation that makes an attack on Germany
in whatever way it may be will discover that she is fully
armed and united, and that each soldier cherishes in his heart the
firm conviction that ' God will be with us/ "
The effect of the Chancellor's speech was heightened by the fact
that the Eeichstag referred the Loan Bill to the Committee of
Ways and Means, without debate, and passed the Army Bill
en lloc on a second reading.
The strong desire for peace which was expressed in the
Chancellor's speech made an exceedingly favourable impression
on the whole world, and, at the same time, the energy and the
preparedness for fighting which the speech displayed had the
effect of temporarily silencing the mischief-makers.
Prince William, who had not the least idea himself how near
he was to the position of Emperor and ruler of the destinies of
the Empire, felt himself constrained to counteract the rumours
which gathered round his person. He was thought to be not only
an enthusiastic soldier, but also ambitious of military distinction,
and a hot-head who in his youthful rashness was supposed to be
ready to stake everything that the German Empire had won in
the last two decades on the chances of a wanton war.
On the 8th of February two days after the Chancellor
delivered his famous speech Prince William attended a banquet
given by the Diet of the province of Brandenburg, and, in reply
to the address of the Governor, von Achenbach, made a speech
with a view to repelling all these insinuations. His concluding
words were as follows :
"Whilst passing through the province in the course of the
manoeuvres, the fertile condition of the fields and the flourishing
state of your industries sufficiently convinced me as to where the
real source of national prosperity and productive labour is to be
found. I am well aware of the fact that by the public at large,
and particularly in foreign countries, I am represented as enter-
taining a wanton and ambitious craving for war. May God keep
me from such criminal folly ! I repudiate all such imputations
with indignation ! But, gentlemen, I am a soldier, and all the
Brandenburgers are I know that soldiers. Hence, let me quote,
in conclusion, with special reference to the province of Branden-
C'
*' |
4 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
burg, the words which were pronounced by our great Chancellor
in the Reichstag on the 6th of February, the day on which the
House gave the splendid spectacle of the representatives of the
people walking hand in hand with the Government : ' We Bran-
denburgers fear God, but nothing else in the world.' "
Four weeks after this speech the Emperor William I. died.
The Crown Prince, Frederick William, even then stricken with
mortal illness, ascended the throne. But by June 15th the
Imperial Standard was again flying at half-mast on the Castle
of Friedrichskron, near Potsdam. The Emperor Frederick III.
was dead ; the royal sufferer had gone to his rest.
When the Emperor William ascended the Throne of Prussia,
and thereby became the head of the German Empire, he addressed
the following three proclamations to the Army, the Navy, and
the Prussian People respectively.
"PROCLAMATION TO THE ARMY.
"The Army, which has only just laid aside the outward signs
of mourning worn for its Emperor-King William I., my dearly
loved grandfather, whose memory will be perpetuated in its
heart, has suffered a new and heavy blow through the demise of
my dear, sincerely-beloved father, his Majesty the Emperor and
King Frederick III., whose death occurred to-day at five minutes
past eleven o'clock in the forenoon.
"These are indeed days of sore trial and affliction, in which
God's decree has placed me at the head of the Army, and it is
with deep emotion that I first address myself to my Army.
"The confidence, however, with which I take up the position
to which I am called by God's will, is unshakably firm, for I
know what a high sense of honour and duty my glorious ancestors
have implanted in the Army, and I also know to what a high
degree that sentiment has always been manifested.
" In the Army a firm, inviolable attachment to the Sovereign is
the inheritance which is handed down from father to son and
from generation to generation, and so I point to my grandfather,
whose personality stands before the eyes of each one of you as
a type of a glorious and venerable Ruler indeed, a type more
beautiful and one which appeals more eloquently to the heart
PROCLAMATION TO THE NAVY 5
cannot be imagined : and to my dear father, who, as Crown
Prince, earned a place of honour in the annals of the Army, and
also to a long line of illustrious predecessors whose names are
inscribed in brilliant letters on the scroll of history, and whose
hearts beat warmly for the Army.
" We belong to one another, I and the Army. We were, indeed,
born for one another, and therefore let us always hold firmly
together, whether God ordains peace or storm. You are about
to take the oath of allegiance and obedience, and on my part I
solemnly vow always to be mindful of the fact that the eyes
of my ancestors are looking down upon me from the other
world, and that one day I shall have to render to them an
account of both the glory and the honour of the Army.
" Castle of Friedrichskron, June 15th, 1888.
" WILLIAM."
"PROCLAMATION TO THE NAVY.
" It is with deep emotion that I have to inform the Navy that
to-day, at five minutes past eleven o'clock in the forenoon, my
dear father, his Majesty the German Emperor and King of
Prussia, Frederick III., gently fell asleep in the Lord, and that,
in assuming the position destined for me by the will of God, the
government of my ancestral lands, and with it the chief command
of the Navy, has passed into my hands.
" It is, indeed, a grave and solemn occasion on which I address
the Navy for the first time. We have only just laid aside the
sombre signs of mourning for my dear grandfather of im-
mortal memory, the Emperor William L, who, as recently as last
year, while visiting Kiel, expressed in most glowing terms his
great satisfaction with, and recognition of, the high standard to
which the Navy had attained under his glorious reign ; and now
the flags are again flying at half-mast for my beloved father,
who felt such great delight at, and took such keen interest in,
the development and progress of the Navy.
" Now a time which evokes feelings of deep and genuine loyalty
serves to strengthen and confirm the hearts and minds of men.
And so, while faithfully keeping in our hearts the memory of my
6 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
grandfather and father, let us look forward with confidence to the
future. The Navy is aware that not only does it afford me great
pleasure to be associated with it by official ties, but that also a
keen and warm interest has connected me with it ever since my
earliest youth an interest which, indeed, I fully share with my
dear brother, Prince Henry of Prussia. The high sense of honour
and of faithful fulfilment of duty which inspires the Navy is well
known to me, and, further, I know that each one of you is pre-
pared, if necessary, readily to sacrifice his life for the honour of
the German flag. Under these circumstances I am able in this
hour of sorrow to declare with the fullest confidence my belief
that we shall hold firmly and unswervingly together in good and
in evil days, in sunshine and in storm, ever bearing in mind the
glory of the Fatherland and ever ready to shed our heart's blood
for the honour of the German flag. With such aims to guide
us, God's blessing will be with us.
" Castle of Friedrichskron, June 15th, 1888.
" WILLIAM."
"TO MY PEOPLE.
"God's decree has once more inflicted upon us the most pro-
found grief. Scarcely has the grave closed over the mortal
remains of my grandfather of immortal memory, and now his
Majesty, my deeply-loved father, has also been called from this
world to enter into his everlasting peace. The heroic energy,
based on Christian resignation, with which, notwithstanding his
sufferings, he faithfully performed his kingly duties, encouraged us
to entertain the hope that his life would for some time be spared
to the Fatherland. But God ordained otherwise. The Eoyal
sufferer, whose heart beat true for all that was noble and beauti-
ful, was only privileged for a few months to display on the Throne
those high qualities of mind and heart which earned for him the
love of his people. The high virtues that adorned him, the many
victories he once gained on the battlefield, will be gratefully re-
membered as long as German hearts beat, and immortal fame will
shed a lustre on his chivalrous figure in the history of the
Fatherland.
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE 7
" Having succeeded to the Throne of my ancestors, I have taken
over the government, relying upon the King of Kings, and I have
vowed to God that, acting in accordance with the example of my
predecessors, I will endeavour to be a just and clement Kuler,
that I will encourage piety and the fear of God, that I will uphold
peace and promote the welfare of the country, and, further, that I
will strive to be a helper to the poor and oppressed and a faithful
guardian of the law.
"I pray to God to give me strength to fulfil these kingly
duties which, by His will, have devolved upon me, and in doing so
I am supported by that confidence in the Prussian people which
a review of our past history affords me. The Prussian people
have always, both in good and in evil days, stood faithfully by
their Kings, and I, too, rely upon this attachment, which has
proved to be indissolubly firm in all times of difficulty and
danger during the reigns of my fathers, and I do so in the
consciousness that I reciprocate it from the bottom of my heart,
as becomes a devoted Euler of a faithful people, both of us equally
strong in our attachment to the common cause of the Father-
land. It is from the consciousness of this reciprocated love, which
unites me with my people, that I derive the confidence that God
will bestow upon me strength and wisdom to discharge the duties
of my kingly office for the benefit of the Fatherland.
"Potsdam, June 18th, 1888.
"WILLIAM."
What the Ernperor expressed in these three proclamations he
set forth more fully in the speech from the throne with which,
a few days later, he opened the German Parliament.
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE AT THE OPENING OF THE
REICHSTAG, ON JUNE 25TH, 1888.
"Gentlemen, I greet you with a heart that is full of deep
sorrow, and I know that you share my grief.
" The unspeakable sufferings of my lamented father, which are
still fresh in your memory, and the touching circumstance that
only three months after the demise of his Majesty, the Emperor
William, it devolved upon me to ascend the Throne, have deeply
8 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
affected all Germans, and our affliction has met with warm sym-
pathy in all countries of the world. Overwhelmed with this grief,
I implore God to grant me strength for the performance of the
high duties, the fulfilment of which His decree has placed in my
hands. In assuming this office I have before my eyes the example
of pacific rule which the Emperor William, after severe wars,
bequeathed to his successors, and which was also followed by my
late father during his reign, so far as his illness and death did not
prevent him from carrying out his intentions.
"Gentlemen, I have summoned you for the purpose of de-
claring before your Assembly to the German people that I am
determined, as Emperor and King, to take that course which
enabled my late grandfather to win the confidence of his Allies,
the love of the German people, and the respect of foreign countries.
Whether I shall be successful to the same extent of course rests
with God ; but for my part I will endeavour to achieve that end
by earnest devotion to duty.
"The principal duties of the German Emperor consist in up-
holding, by military and political measures, the interests of the
Empire in relation to foreign countries, and in watching over the
execution of the Imperial laws at home. The first of these laws
is the Imperial Constitution, and it is one of the noblest privi-
leges and duties of the German Emperor to preserve and protect
all the rights which it confers on the two legislative bodies of
the nation and on every German subject, and also those rights
which it guarantees to the Emperor and to each of the federated
States and its Sovereign. In accordance with the Constitution,
I have to co-operate in the legislation of the Empire more in my
capacity as King of Prussia than in that of German Emperor;
but in both it will be my endeavour to proceed with the work of
Imperial legislation in the spirit in which it was established by
my lamented grandfather. I will adopt his message of Novem-
ber 17th, 1881, in its entirety, and in the sense of that message
I will continue my endeavours to make Imperial legislation render
in the future to the working population that protection which,
in accordance with the principles of Christian morality, it is
able to extend to the weak and oppressed in their struggle for
existence. I hope that in this way it will be possible to effect
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE 9
an adjustment of unhealthy social contrasts, and I feel confident
that my endeavours for our national welfare will meet with the
unanimous support of all loyal subjects of the Empire and of
the allied Governments, and that they will not dissociate them-
selves from us to form separate factions of their own. I also
deem it imperative to continue our national and social progress
in the paths of legality and to offer firm resistance to all ten-
dencies the object or effect of which is to subvert the order of
the State.
"As regards foreign politics, I am determined to keep peace
with everyone, so far as it lies in my power. My love for the
German Army, and the position I occupy in regard to it, will
never lead me into the temptation to endanger the benefits which
the country derives from peace, provided, of course, that war does
not become a necessity forced upon us by an attack upon the
Empire or its Allies. The object of the Army is to secure
peace for us, or, if peace is broken, to be in a position to fight
for it with honour. And that, with God's help, the Army will be
able to accomplish, now that its strength has recently been supple-
mented by the Army Bill which you passed unanimously. But
to make use of this strength for aggressive purposes is far from
my intention. Germany is in no need of fresh military glory,
nor does she require any new conquests, for she has already
obtained once for all, on the field of battle, the right to exist
as an united and independent nation.
" Our Alliance with Austria-Hungary is a matter of public
knowledge. I adhere to it with German sincerity, not merely be-
cause it happens to be concluded, but because I see in this defensive
association the foundation of the balance of power in Europe as
well as a legacy derived from German history, the terms of which
are now approved of by the public opinion of the entire German
Fatherland; and, moreover, it is also in accordance with the
traditional international law of Europe as it was universally
recognised down to 1866.
" Again, historical relations and present national needs of a like
character unite us to Italy. Both countries are anxious to hold
fast to the blessings of peace, so that they may be able to work
undisturbed for the consolidation of their newly won unity, the
10 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
development of their national institutions, and the promotion of
their welfare.
" The agreements which we entered into with Austria-Hungary
and Italy permit me, much to my satisfaction, to continue the
careful cultivation of my personal friendship with the Emperor of
Russia and of the peaceful relations which for a century have
existed between us and the neighbouring Russian Empire, and
which correspond with my own desires as well as with the
interests of the Fatherland.
"As regards my endeavours on behalf of peace and the care
which I entertain for our Army, I place myself willingly and
conscientiously at the service of the country ; and I rejoice in our
traditional relations with foreign Powers, from which my efforts
on behalf of peace will derive the necessary support. Trusting
in God and in the military efficiency of our people, I confidently
hope that it will be granted to us for a long time to come to
foster and consolidate, by peaceful labour, what was won on the
battlefield under the guidance of my two last predecessors on
the Throne, who are now resting in God."
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE ON THE MEETING OF THE
PRUSSIAN DIET ON JUNE 27TH, 1888.
" Illustrious, noble, and honoured Gentlemen of both Houses of
the Diet, It is in a season of sorrow that I bid you welcome for
the first time from this place. The sceptre rested but a few
months in the hand of my deceased father, yet long enough to
show what manner of ruler our Fatherland has lost in him. The
majesty of his appearance, the nobility of his character, the
glorious part which he played in the great destinies of his
country, and the heroism of the Christian resignation with which
he fought against his dread malady, have reared for him an im-
perishable monument in the hearts of his people. I tender to all
who have approached me with their condolences my royal thanks
for the countless proofs of loyal feeling and loving sympathy
which have reached me during these, for me, so trying days.
"And whereas by the demise of my father the crown of my
ancestors has descended to me, it has become requisite for me at
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE 11
the commencement of my reign to summon you round me, and
without delay to take the oath prescribed by the Constitution.
" I swear that I will uphold the Constitution of the Kingdom
firm and inviolable, and that I will reign in accordance with the
same and with the laws, so help me God.
"Gentlemen, in his glorious reign, rich in noble achievements
both in war and peace, the Emperor William created the Prussia
that we see to-day, and realised the national unity to which the
nation aspired.
"Animated by the same filial devotion which I feel towards
him, my father, now at rest in God, after his accession to the
throne, adopted in the public documents which represent the
political legacy he bequeathed to us, the policy and works of my
late grandfather, and I am resolved to follow him in this path
both in the government of Prussia and in the field of Imperial
policy. As King William I. did, so will I, true to the oath I have
sworn, loyally and conscientiously respect and protect the laws
and the rights of the representatives of the people, and with
equal conscientiousness I will maintain and exercise the con-
stitutional prerogatives of the Crown, so that some day I may
hand them over unimpaired to my successor on the throne. It is
far from my intentions to disturb the confidence of the people
in the stability of our Constitution by any attempts to extend the
rights of the Crown. My existing prerogatives, as laid down by
our Constitution, suffice to ensure the due measure of monarchical
influence which Prussia requires, according to its historical develop-
ment, its present composition, its position in the Empire, and the
temperament and habits of its own people. I am of the opinion
that our Constitution contains a just and beneficial division of
our joint work between the different powers of the State, and for
this reason, and not solely on account of my oath, I will uphold
and protect it. Following the example of my illustrious ancestors,
I shall at all times deem it my duty to accord my royal protection
to all religious creeds in my land in the free exercise of their
faith.
" I have learnt with special satisfaction that our recent ecclesi-
astical legislation has tended to impart to the relations of the
State to the Catholic Church and its Spiritual Head, a form
12 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
acceptable to both parties. I will make it my endeavour to
maintain religious peace in the land.
" The reform of our domestic administration was, in the main,
effected in the last session of the Diet. The passage of the new
legislation affords a proof that the conception of the dignity of
self-government has passed into the living consciousness of the
people, and that the requisite resources have been readily placed
at the service of the public welfare. It is my will and pleasure
to hold firmly to this valuable result achieved, and by adapting
and strengthening the new institutions, contribute to the per-
manency of their successful working.
" In matters of finance I hold fast to the old Prussian traditions,
which laid the foundation of the prosperity of our country, and
enabled the State to meet its obligations even in times of distress
and difficulty. I am able to look with satisfaction upon the
financial position of the State, as I find it on my accession, thanks
to the care of my ancestors on the throne. This favourable
position of the Budget of the State has permitted me to make
a successful beginning with the relief of taxation of the Communes
and the less wealthy classes of the community. It is my pleasure
that this aim should be pursued still further, and that in like
manner urgent needs, which have hitherto had to be postponed
owing to the inadequacy of the means available, should next be
satisfied.
" The devastating floods by which wide and fertile portions of
the country were visited in the spring of this year claim my full
sympathy. By the readiness with which you voted abundant
supplies my Government has been enabled to heal many of the
wounds inflicted, and take fresh precautions to avert such
calamities for the future. If any consolation could be afforded
to the sorely tried inhabitants of the districts affected, it would
be found in the noble rivalry with the care of the State which
has been displayed by all ranks and all classes of the population,
and even by Germans residing in foreign lands. I feel it in-
cumbent on me to express from this place my thanks to all who
have contributed to relieve this distress.
"Gentlemen, at the close of a legislative period you can look
back with satisfaction at the important results which have been
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE 13
secured, thanks to your harmonious co-operation with the Govern-
ment. On looking back at the past I feel confident that for the
future, too, we shall succeed by our common labours, supported by
mutual confidence and undisturbed by differences of opinion on
any points of fundamental importance in promoting the prosperity
of the country.
"Gentlemen, in an hour of sorrow have I undertaken the
duties of my royal office, but I enter on the task committed to
me by the disposal of God with all the confidence of a high
sense of duty, and in performing the same keep before my mind
the saying of the great Frederick, that in Prussia ' the King is the
First Servant of the State.' "
During the reign of the Emperor Frederick both France and
Kussia maintained to some extent an attitude of armed suspicion.
But now, on the accession of his youthful successor, who, in the
opinion of his antagonists, did not enjoy any measure of support
from the political parties and the German Sovereigns, the time
seemed to have arrived for a renewal of the secret and open
political attacks on Germany. Now was the opportunity for the
Emperor William to show the whole world that he was a lover
of peace, and, further, that he would take every step possible
to remove all misunderstandings, and thus maintain peace. And,
indeed, he himself felt that it was incumbent upon him that
he should demonstrate that he was, above all, an Emperor devoted
to peace and conciliation.
,
.
THE PKESERVATION OF THE PEACE
OF THE WORLD
pronounced indication of peaceful intentions, which the
__ Emperor displayed in paying a series of foreign visits im-
mediately after his accession, was specially emphasised by the
fact that the first Sovereign to be visited was the Emperor
of Russia. It might have been thought that he would begin
by visiting one of the German reigning Princes of one of the
Monarchs of the Triple Alliance. But no, his first journey took
him to the most powerful antagonist of his Empire to the Tsar ;
and he paid this visit in order that he might personally express to
the Ruler of Russia his desire for the preservation of peace. The
very circumstances of his journey and visit showed a complete
departure from precedent. The Emperor travelled by sea. He
left Kiel for St. Petersburg on the 14th of July on his old yacht
ffohenzollern, attended by Prince Henry, Count Herbert Bismarck,
at that time Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, General von
Hahnke, the Chief of the Military Cabinet, and a large suite.
On the 19th of July the two Sovereigns greeted one another on
the high seas off Kronstadt, and in the afternoon of the same
day the Emperor was received by the Tsarina at Peterhof, and
a family dinner and a ministerial banquet followed. Before the
Emperor took his departure from Kronstadt his visit terminated
on the 24th of July a breakfast was given on board the Hohen-
zollern, at which the Emperor Alexander and his Consort were
present. The Tsar was chivalrous as ever, and the manner in
which the Emperor utilised the occasion to work in favour of
peace made a strong impression on the Russian potentate and
aroused in him great admiration for the young Ruler. There
cannot be any doubt that this, the first step which the Emperor
William took in the cause of the preservation of peace, proved
to be one of great significance, and later on helped to dissipate
the dark thunder-clouds which hung over the political horizon.
14
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 15
The terms in which the toasts were proposed at the family dinner
given on the 19th of July at Peterhof have never been published,
but though it is certain that they were most cordial, the Eussian
Press did not by any means discontinue its intrigues against
Germany. It showed a disposition to treat the Emperor's visit
ironically, and, indeed, indulged in such offensive insinuations that
the NorddeutscJie Allgemeine Zeitung felt called upon to offer an
explanation. " The initiative of the Emperor's visit to St. Peters-
burg," it said, " naturally originated, we repeat, in Berlin, but the
inference that the German Government felt more strongly than
did the Cabinet in St. Petersburg the desirability of such a
rapprochement is but the conceited imagination of Asiatic arro-
gance and Asiatic ignorance."
The Emperor William had, indeed, reason to be well satisfied
with his visit to Krassnoje Selo and Peterhof. On his way home
from Kronstadt he visited the King of Sweden at Stockholm, and
there his personal demeanour won for him the sympathy and the
good-will not only of Oscar II. himself, but of the entire popula-
tion of the Swedish capital as well. In reply to the toast of his
health, which was proposed by the King of Sweden at the banquet
given in his honour on the 26th of July, at the Koyal Palace of
Stockholm, the Emperor said :
" May the traditions which unite the Swedish with the German
people, and my House with the Swedish Eoyal Family, and, above
all, the bonds of friendship which were formed between my
grandfather, my father, and your Majesty, endure for ever. The
splendid reception accorded to me in this beautiful country affords
me strong evidence of the sympathies which unite the Teutonic
to the Scandinavian peoples."
In case of war the friendship indeed, even the neutrality of
Sweden would, at that time, be of great importance to Germany.
From Stockholm the Emperor set out straight for the lion's
den. He visited Copenhagen. Since the events of 1864 the
Danish Court had been a hotbed of intrigue against Germany.
It was through Copenhagen influence that the Tsar, who was a
son-in-law of the King of Denmark, was induced to lend a willing
ear to the Pan-Slavists, and to entertain a certain bitterness of
feeling against Germany. The genial bearing and manners of
the Emperor, however, created a very favourable impression on
the members of the Danish Eoyal Family, and disarmed them of
their prejudices. The reception extended to the Emperor at
16 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Copenhagen was cordial in every respect. At the banquet which
was given at the Castle of Amalienborg on the 31st of July,
the Emperor William, responding to the toast of his health
proposed by King Christian IX., made the following reply :
" I express to your Majesty my respectful thanks for the toast
of my health. I hope that I may often be permitted thus to visit
your Majesty here. I drink to the health of your Majesty, her
Majesty, and the whole Royal Family."
But this love of peace on the part of the young German
Emperor was apparently misunderstood in France. It was con-
sidered to be suggestive of weakness, perhaps also of fear, and
the French Press did not hesitate to declare that if the German
Emperor was really anxious for peace, he could certainly purchase
it by the voluntary retrocession of Alsace-Lorraine. These in-
sinuations on the part of the French called for an energetic reply
which would show how groundless they were, if only to protect
the manifestations of the Emperor William II. in favour of peace
from being misinterpreted in any way, and in order to make his
further endeavours for the maintenance of the peace of Europe
more effective abroad.
On the 16th of August, the anniversary of the battle of Mars-
la-Tour, the monument erected by the Third Army Corps to Prince
Frederick Charles was unveiled at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. The
Emperor was present at the ceremony, and, in reply to the
Chief Burgomaster's address, delivered the following speech,
the concluding part of which was evidently directed against the
French insinuations :
" My Chief Burgomaster : I express my cordial thanks for the
words which you have just addressed to me, and I beg you
to convey my heartfelt thanks to the city for the warm
reception it has extended to me. I am, as you have just pointed
out, very well aware of the bonds of sincere and faithful devotion
which for many centuries past have united the city of Frankfort
to my House. My grandfather knew it well, and it was this
reason which determined him to select this city as the place
for the statue. It was by his order that the late Prince was
appointed to the command of the Third Army Corps. The strong,
determined character of the Prince, his powerful will and strategic
genius, specially qualified him for the chief command of the Army
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 17
Corps and to train up the sons of Brandenburg in a hard, stern
school to that state of efficiency which they displayed in the
battles of Vionville. The present is a solemn time. The great
generals who led our army to victory the two great cousins,
the Crown Prince and Prince Frederick Charles are no longer
amongst us. So long as history exists, so long will my father, as
the German Crown Prince, and my uncle, as the German Field
Marshal par excellence, be regarded as the foremost champions
and founders of the Empire.
" Just as the people of Brandenburg with unflagging energy and
indefatigable industry wrest a livelihood from the sandy soil of
their country, so, eighteen years ago, did the Third Army Corps
wrest victory from the enemy. The splendid results, however,
which the Army Corps achieved it owes to the Prince and the
training he gave it.
" I raise my glass to the welfare of the city of Frankfort and to
the health of the Third Army Corps. But, gentlemen, there is
one point I should like to call your attention to in regard to the
memorable day we are celebrating. There are people who have
the audacity to maintain that my father was willing to part with
what he, in conjunction with the late Prince, gained on the battle-
field. We, who knew him so well, cannot quietly tolerate, even
for a single moment, such an insult to his memory. He assuredly
cherished the same idea as we do, namely, that nothing should be
surrendered of what had been gained in those great days. We
all know the Third Army Corps as well as the entire Army
that on this point there can be only one opinion, namely, that
we would rather sacrifice our eighteen army corps and our forty-
two millions of inhabitants on the field of battle than surrender
a single stone of what my father and Prince Frederick Charles
gained."
In order to foster the good relations between Sweden and
Germany, the Emperor seized the opportunity of the birth of his
fifth son to request the King of Sweden to act as sponsor to the
newly-born Prince. On the 31st of August, in the presence of
King Oscar II., the christening took place in Berlin, and both the
Swedish and the German Press spoke in the most sympathetic
terms of the good relations which existed between the two
18 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
monarchs. In the meantime the Emperor paid a visit to King
Albert of Saxony at Dresden, who was very friendly disposed
towards him, and subsequently set out for Stuttgart, Munich,
Vienna, and Rome. The visits to the Court of Vienna and to
the Quirinal served not only to display the Emperor's love of
peace in the best possible light before the whole world, but also
to kindle the zeal and enthusiasm of the nations of the Triple
Alliance.
At the conclusion of these journeys the Emperor was gratified
at being able to declare that "it was his firm conviction that
peace would be preserved for a long time to come."
In spite of this, the political outlook in Europe in 1889 was
not altogether cloudless. However, the efforts of the German
Emperor on behalf of peace undoubtedly had at least the effect
of causing the enemies of Germany to maintain an attitude of
watchfulness instead of precipitating the moment of conflict by
some act of violence.
The Emperor continued his efforts on behalf of peace, and took
a most important step in his mission by making a journey to
England. He already enjoyed the good- will of the people of the
British Empire because he was the grandson of the greatly-beloved
Queen Victoria. But that he did not visit England merely as
a relation of the British Royal Family was made evident by
the fact that he was accompanied on his voyage by a German
squadron. The excellent relations which existed between the
two Courts were demonstrated by an exchange of appointments.
The Emperor William was appointed honorary Admiral of the
British Fleet, and in return he appointed Queen Victoria
honorary Colonel of the Prussian Regiment of the 1st Dragoon
Guards, and the Duke of Cambridge honorary Colonel of the
28th Regiment of Infantry. The Emperor's visit lasted from
the 1st to the 7th of August. Every mark of honour which he
showed to his grandmother was regarded as a special attention to
the nation. Very great pleasure was expressed at the action of
the Emperor in ordering a deputation of the 1st Dragoon Guards
to proceed from Berlin to England for the purpose of being pre-
sented to their Royal Colonel. The presentation took place at
Osborne on the 5th of August, on which occasion the Emperor
addressed the following words to the Queen :
"I beg to express my sincerest thanks that your Majesty has
been graciously pleased to accept the position of honorary Colonel
of the Royal Prussian Regiment of the 1st Dragoon Guards. My
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 19
Army is proud of the fact that, by means of this appointment,
it is allowed to number among its officers the Euler of the
greatest naval power in the world. Above all, however, the
hearts of the officers and men of your Majesty's regiment beat
more proudly at the thought that they belong to a regiment
which has the honour of being called ( The Queen of England's
Own.'
"One reason why I have selected this regiment is because in
the course of its history it has won well-earned laurels by its
discipline in time of peace and by its heroic conduct in war, this
being particularly the case in the last campaign at Mars-la-Tour.
A second reason is because it is the only cavalry regiment in the
Prussian Army in which my lamented father underwent his train-
ing as a cavalry officer.
" I do not for one moment doubt that the officers and men of
the Prussian Regiment of the 1st Dragoon Guards, ' The Queen of
England's Own,' are conscious of the high honour which has been
bestowed upon them, and that they will at all times make every
effort to continue to be worthy of it."
On the same day the Emperor took part in a regatta in San-
down Bay, and subsequently, in reply to a toast proposed by the
Prince of Wales, said :
" I appreciate very highly the great honour which the Queen
has shown me in appointing me Admiral of the British Fleet,
I rejoice greatly to have been present at a review of the navy,
which I regard as the most magnificent in the world. Germany
possesses an army commensurate with her needs, and if Great
Britain has a navy corresponding to her requirements Europe in
general cannot fail to regard it as a most important factor for
the maintenance of peace."
The day before his departure from England the Emperor was
present at a sham fight, at which 29,000 British troops stationed
in the camp at Aldershot took part. At the luncheon in the
Coinmander-m-Chief's quarters the Duke of Cambridge proposed
the toast of the Emperor, whereupon the latter replied :
"It gives me special gratification to appoint the Duke of
Cambridge, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, honorary
5 :; - jj
w. i
l
20 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Colonel of the 28th Kegiment of Infantry, for this regiment has
had in its time the Duke of Wellington, our comrade in arms at
Waterloo, as honorary Colonel. To the end of his life rny grand-
father preserved the friendship made with England when the two
armies mingled their blood.
"The British troops have filled me with the greatest admira-
tion. If the possibility of a volunteer army is ever doubted,
I shall be able to give such an army a testimony of efficiency.
At Malplaquet and at Waterloo Prussian and British blood was
shed in a common cause."
Jt was not only in the British Royal Family that the Emperor's
personality gained for him a great deal of good-will, for the British
people themselves, who are not easily won, became equally favour-
ably disposed towards him.
Shortly after his return to the German capital the Emperor
received a visit from the Emperor of Austria, who was welcomed
with the greatest enthusiasm by the people of Berlin. The pre-
sence of the Emperor Francis-Joseph gave the Emperor William
an opportunity of once more emphasising the peaceful intentions
of the Triple Alliance and the intimacy of the relations which
existed between Austria-Hungary and Germany. At the banquet
which was given on the 13th of August, 1889, after the review
held in honour of his Imperial guest, the Emperor said :
"With a heart full of joy I welcome your Majesty to my
capital, in the same place in which my grandfather greeted you
when last you were here. The enthusiastic reception given to your
Majesty by my people may have made you feel how warm and
spontaneous is the desire for the continuation of the friendship
which has existed between our peoples for centuries. But above
all, my Army, of which your Majesty has just seen a part, is proud
to be submitted to the keen, soldierly inspection of your Majesty.
"Both my people and my Army hold firmly and faithfully
to the alliance concluded between us, and the latter is well aware
that for the preservation of the peace of our respective countries
it may be called upon to stand by the side of the brave Austro-
Hungarian Army and take up a common position, and, if it should
be the will of Providence, to fight shoulder to shoulder. With
these thoughts in my mind, I raise my glass and drink to the
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 21
health of your Majesty, of your whole House, and of our brave
Austro-Hungarian comrades."
From the llth to the 13th of October, 1889, the Emperor of
Kussia was in Berlin on his return visit to the Emperor. The
Emperor William allowed nothing to be overlooked which would
tend to make the stay of his guest as agreeable as possible, and
to assure the Tsar of his love of peace and his firm adherence to
the friendship with Eussia. At the State banquet given in the
"White Hall" on the llth of October, the Emperor, in a short
speech, proposed the toast :
"I drink," he said, "to the health of my esteemed friend his
Majesty the Emperor of Kussia, and to the continuance of the
friendship which has existed between our Houses for more than a
century, and which I am resolved to foster as an inheritance
handed down by my forefathers."
Two days later, at a breakfast given in the officers' mess-room
of the Emperor Alexander Kegiment of Grenadier Guards in
honour of the Tsar, the German Emperor referred to the Kussian
Army in the following words :
" On an occasion such as that of to-day, which so closely concerns
a regiment that can look back upon a long and glorious history, and
that has the honour to have its Eoyal Colonel in its midst, thoughts
of other times naturally arise. My mind takes me back to the
days when my lamented grandfather, then a young officer, received
on the field the Order of St. George, and obtained, amidst a rain
of bullets, the command of the Kaluga Eegiment.
"I mention this in order that we may drink to the common
glorious memories and traditions of the Eussian and Prussian
Armies. I drink to the health of those who fought so heroically
in defence of their fatherland at Borodino, and who, in alliance
with us, shed their blood in gaining victory at Arcis-on-the-Aube
and at Brienne. I drink to the health of the brave defenders of
Sebastopol and to those brave men who gained such glory at
Plevna. I request you, gentlemen, to empty your glasses with me
in drinking to the health of your comrades of the Eussian Army."
On the 18th of October the Emperor and his Consort started on
a journey to the south-east of Europe. The primary object of this
22 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
journey was to be present at the wedding festivities given in Athens
on the occasion of the marriage of the Emperor's youngest sister,
Princess Sophia, to the Duke of Sparta, eldest son of King George
of Greece. The Imperial couple left Athens on the 31st of October
and proceeded to Constantinople, where they arrived on the 2nd of
November. The splendid manner in which the Sultan received
them, and the striking cordiality and good understanding which
marked the intercourse of the two monarchs, showed that the
Emperor William had also gained the Sultan as a friend, and
that the Turkish Sovereign might be relied upon to support
Germany and to assist in maintaining the peace of the world.
The prospect of the maintenance of peace was more favourable
at the end of 1889 than was the case twelve months previously,
and with perfect justice could the Emperor say, " I believe that
with the help of God I have succeeded in ensuring the preserva-
tion of the peace of the world for many years to come."
The Emperor of Kussia gave an unmistakable sign of his desire
for peace when, at the beginning of 1890, he addressed a letter to
the Governor -General of Moscow, which letter was afterwards
published in the Kussian Government Messenger, in which he said:
"On the threshold of the New Year I pray to God that the
development of the internal prosperity of our beloved Fatherland
may proceed without hindrance in the midst of that peace which
we all so greatly desire and which will promote the happiness of
the world."
There gradually spread throughout the civilised world the con-
viction that the Emperor William, who had been regarded as a
man of bellicose disposition, was a sincere lover of peace, and the
Emperor seized every opportunity that presented itself to try
to ensure the general acceptance of this view of his motives.
Characteristic of his efforts on this particular matter was the
toast which he proposed on the 10th of August at the banquet
given on the occasion of the taking over by Germany of the island
of Heligoland:
" Without a battle, without the shedding of a single tear, this
beautiful island has passed into my possession. The many tele-
grams which I have received to-day from the Mother -country
show with what approval the acquisition of the island is regarded.
I will point out the circumstances under which Heligoland has
been regained. I am proud that the transfer has been brought
about peacefully. On the last occasion I was here, in 1873, I
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 23
said to myself that I should be happy if I lived to see the island
once more German.
"And now we have acquired the island by a treaty freely
entered into by the Government and Legislature of a country to
which we are related by blood. I feel it incumbent upon me,
therefore, to drink to the health of the illustrious lady to whom
we are indebted for the transfer of the island. Queen Victoria
governs her country with great foresight and wisdom, and she
attaches great importance to living in friendship with me and my
people. She appreciates German officers as highly as German
melody. Long live the Queen of England ! "
A second visit to the Emperor of Eussia was made by the
Emperor on the 17th of August, 1890. As on the previous occa-
sion, he went by sea, but this time landed at Eeval, and thence
proceeded to Narva. The presence of the Ministers and Am-
bassadors at this meeting of the two Emperors, which lasted
till the 23rd of August, was a proof of its importance. But there
were not wanting voices in the German Press which regarded
this second visit to Kussia as unnecessary, and it was asserted
that the German Sovereign had not met with so cordial a recep-
tion as his amiable intentions deserved. These opinions were
energetically protested against in German semi-official journals,
and time has shown that the visit had a good effect in promoting
satisfactory relations, and in increasing the personal friendship
which existed between the two monarchs.
On the 1st of October, 1890, the Emperor William set out on
another visit to his ally the King and Emperor Francis-Joseph.
Despite the short duration of his stay in the Austro-Hungarian
capital, the Emperor was accorded a welcome by the citizens
which, it was acknowledged unanimously by the Vienna Press,
resembled a triumphal procession.
Then, on the 1st of July, the Emperor visited the Queen-Eegent
of the Netherlands, and his personal demeanour easily succeeded
in winning for him the general good- will of the placid and some-
what phlegmatic Dutch people. The toast which Queen-Eegent
Emma proposed was responded to by the Emperor in these
words :
"The Empress and I beg to thank your Majesties for your
cordial reception and for the kind words which your Majesty has
addressed to us. I am happy to be able to stay for a while in
24 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the Netherlands, and am particularly pleased to visit Amsterdam.
The House of Orange and my House are closely related, and
Germany owes much to the historic House of Orange and Nassau."
The newspapers of most countries had for a considerable time
past been occupying themselves busily with the personality of
the Emperor William, and now the Dutch papers began to show
similar interest, and discussed in a most friendly manner his love
of peace and his evident intention to do all he could to preserve
the peace of the world.
The foreign Sovereign whom the Emperor next met was King
Charles of Eoumania, who arrived in Berlin on the 27th of
October, 1891. The cordial words which, according to a Bucharest
report, the Emperor addressed to his guest, contained much that
would give pleasure to the Roumanian Monarch, for the conclusion
of the speech was as follows :
"I have received your Majesty as a dear relative who will
revive many memories in this capital, in which you spent a
part of your youth. Unhappily, many of those whom your
Majesty loved are no longer with us, but I am certain that the
memory of them remains dear to the heart of your Majesty. The
same degree of love which your Majesty found here in former
days is extended to you at the present time, and will continue to
be yours in the future."
In July, 1891, there came to pass that deeply important
political event which France had long been striving to bring
about, and which Germany had for, years been expecting with a
certain amount of anxiety, namely, the striking rapprochement
between France and Russia. On the 23rd of July a French
squadron arrived at Kronstadt, and the honours which were
accorded to the officers and men by the Russians evoked almost
delirious joy in the hearts of the French people. The Tsar, in
the toast which he proposed on the 28th of July, referred with
emphasis to the friendship which existed between France and
Russia. This friendship which France had at last succeeded in
purchasing not, however, without a heavy financial outlay in
subscribing to a Russian loan would in all probability have
seriously shaken the confidence in the maintenance of peace
throughout Europe had it not been that by the efforts of the
German Emperor this success of the French had been to a large
extent already neutralised. The French people were soon given
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 25
to understand that the Tsar was by no means inclined to set his
troops in motion against Germany for the purpose of helping
France in any possible attempt to regain the lost provinces of
Alsace-Lorraine.
Between the 30th of May and the 2nd of June, 1892, the
Emperor William and his Consort entertained the Queen-Eegent
and the young Queen of the Netherlands at Potsdam. At a
banquet given on the 31st of May the Emperor said :
"With heartfelt and deep emotion I express to your Majesty
and your Majesty's daughter the gratitude of the Empress and
myself that you should have disregarded the fatigue of a long
journey and have deigned to come here to visit us. We are both
deeply mindful of the cordial and friendly reception which was
extended to us last year by your Majesty and the entire population
of the Netherlands those dear, brave, and industrious people who
support so loyally and so firmly their Eoyal House.
" Your Majesties will be met on all sides here by reminiscences
of past associations. The one name which unites my family with
that of your Majesty, and which forms a link between our land
and the Netherlands, is Orange. Orange is the colour of our
Order, and Orange blood runs in our veins. With the greatest
respect and the deepest devotion is the name of Orange mentioned
by my House, for from the powerful line of Orange my predecessors
learned much. To this day we are still full of admiration for the
remarkable deeds which those great Eulers accomplished in time
past.
" I conclude with this wish : May the Lord in Heaven hold His
hand with blessing over your Majesty, over your country, and
over this young scion of the House of Orange, to whom the entire
people of the Netherlands are so devotedly attached."
On the 7th of June, 1892, the Emperor of Eussia, accompanied
by the Tsarevitch, passed through Kiel, and was there received by
the German Emperor. The first meeting took place on the Imperial
yacht Holienzollern. At the banquet subsequently given, at the
Eoyal Palace the Emperor William proposed the following toast :
" I drink to the health of the Eussian Emperor, whom, with his
gracious consent, I am now able to call Admiral & la suite of my
Navy. Long live the Tsar ! "
26 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
It was perhaps out of regard for his friendship with France
that the Tsar worded his reply in the French language.
"I am greatly pleased," he said, "at the distinction which
has been conferred upon me and at the reception which has
been accorded to me, and I drink to the health of my dear friend
and cousin. Long live the German Emperor and the German
Navy!"
Alexander III. left Kiel Harbour the same evening and pro-
ceeded to Copenhagen. The Kussian Press admitted the import-
ance of the meeting which had taken place, and agreed that it
conduced to the maintenance of that universal peace, of which
all stood so greatly in need. One of the most influential Eussian
papers went so far as to remark :
" Passions will abate of themselves. "We are tired of living in
a state of constant apprehension with regard to foreign affairs.
It is high time that every State devoted most of its attention
to its own internal development."
The visit of King Humbert and Queen Margherita of Italy to
the German Emperor and Empress which lasted from the 20th
to the 24th of June, 1892 gave occasion to a splendid demon-
stration in favour of peace. After the review in the Lustgarten
at Potsdam, held on the 21st of June, the Emperor addressed
his Italian guests in these words :
"The visit of your Majesties has not only filled my Consort
and myself with great joy, but has also given the utmost satis-
faction to all my subjects. It has made us happy, and calls for
our thanks that your Majesties have been graciously pleased to
undertake the long journey from your own beautiful country
to this place.
" Your Majesties are not unfamiliar with the Palace which you
again honour with your presence. On a previous occasion this
palace was privileged to receive you within its walls, namely,
when you performed that kind service for my ever-lamented
father at the christening of my youngest sister. His figure,
which you then saw in all its beauty and majesty, is already a
centre round which legends have gathered ; but this same young
Princess is with us, and it gives me special pleasure to announce
to-day, in the presence of her august god-parents, her engage-
ment to be married.
"Though that hero, my father, is now no more, there remain
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 27
the intimate relations and the brotherly friendship and affection
between our two Houses and between ourselves. The acclama-
tions of my people which greet your Majesties, and which will be
accorded to you to-morrow by the citizens of Berlin, will help to
show you how greatly the entire population of Germany appre-
ciates the visit which your Majesties are making to this country.
The fair sister Germania greets her beautiful sister Italia, and
through my mouth she greets both your Majesties. My glass is
raised to your health and your welfare, and to the wish that the
blessing of God may rest upon you and your beautiful country
a country which affords such particular pleasure to so many of
my subjects and my comrades when they are received there so
hospitably."
Two days later the Italian Eoyalties visited Berlin, and there
received a welcome which was enthusiastic to a degree.
The year 1893 brought with it no change in the grouping of the
European powers. The conviction gained ground everywhere that
neither Germany nor the German Emperor would be instrumental
in bringing about a war. The almost universal opinion which
prevailed at the time when William II. ascended the throne had
been entirely changed; the German Euler had come to be generally
regarded as one who would not only preserve peace for Germany,
but was also interested in maintaining the peace of the world.
The marriage of Princess Margaret with Prince Frederick
Charles of Hesse took place in Berlin in January, 1893. The
Tsarevi^ch of Kussia, now the Emperor Nicholas II., was present
at the 'ceremony. During the Tsarevitch's visit to Berlin the
Emperor accompanied his guest to the breakfast given by the
Emperor Alexander Kegiment of the Grenadier Guards, and there
proposed the following exceedingly gracious toast :
"With your Imperial Highness's permission I, as the oldest
comrade of the regiment, will, following our ancient custom,
propose the first toast in honour of your Imperial Highness's
illustrious father. All of us in this regiment bear gratefully in
memory the gracious words with which his Majesty the Tsar
rendered the regiment happy when he visited us in 1889. The
many favours and the active interest with which his Majesty has
always honoured his regiment, as well as the friendly sympathy
which he bestows on the festive occasions of my house, the most
28 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
distinguished proof of which is his sending your Imperial Highness
to take part in the festivities which have just concluded, demand
from me the expression of my warmest thanks. We all recognise
in your Imperial father, not only the exalted Colonel of this
regiment and our most noble comrade, but also, above all, the
upholder of time-honoured monarchical traditions and of oft-
proved friendship and intimacy with my illustrious predecessors,
which Eussian and Prussian regiments sealed in former times
with their blood on ther battlefield facing the enemy."
A further proof of the cordial relations which existed between
the Emperor William and his Allies was afforded by the visit
which he paid to Borne in company with his Consort, in order to
participate in the festivities held in honour of the silver wedding
of the King and Queen of Italy. They left for the Italian capital
on the 17th of April, and on the 22nd were present at the great
State banquet which was given in the Quirinal. On that occasion
the Emperor, in reply to King Humbert, said :
" Your Majesties will, perhaps, permit me first of all to express
to you the heartfelt thanks of the Empress and myself for the
splendid welcome which has been extended to us by your
Majesties, by the citizens of Eome, and by the people of Italy.
I recognise in this another proof of the personal friendship which
your Majesty felt towards my grandfather and my father, and
which you now extend to me. I have acted in the spirit of both
in travelling to this city personally to tender to you my congratu-
lations on this festive occasion.
"In addition to our personal friendship there is the warm
sympathy which unites the peoples of Germany and Italy, and
which at the present time is being expressed with increased
ardour.
" I also thank you most sincerely on behalf of the distinguished
guests who are here assembled for your warm reception. The
enthusiastic tributes of loyalty which are being paid to your
Majesties sound in our ears like the beautiful tones of the golden
chord of a people's love for its Sovereigns. It is to us a touching
sight thus to see an entire people participating with joy in the
happiness of its Royal Family indeed an unmistakable sign of
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 29
the deep, mutual affection which exists between the Koyal House
of Savoy and the people of Italy.
" We all unite in the wish that Heaven's protection and bless-
ing may continue to rest upon your Majesties and all the Eoyal
Family, for the welfare of Italy and of Europe."
On their way back from Home the Emperor and Empress paid
a short visit to Lucerne, where they arrived on the 2nd of May.
Having crossed the Lake of Lucerne, the Imperial couple were
welcomed by the President of the Swiss Confederation, M. Schenk,
and at the dejeuner which followed the Emperor expressed his
thanks in these words :
" Mr. President : Your kind invitation to the Empress and
myself to stay here on our way home for a few hours gave us
both sincere pleasure. With cordial thanks on behalf of ourselves
and the entire German people I acknowledge your warm wel-
come and the home -like reception given to us by the people
of Switzerland.
" The beautiful scenery which you have just pointed out to us
is not unfamiliar to me, for in my young days I was once
privileged to enjoy the prospect of these mountains and lakes a
pleasure which every year falls to thousands of my countrymen,
who are not only refreshed and invigorated, but also enjoy your
country's hospitality.
"It is with satisfaction that I am able to state that the good,
friendly, and neighbourly relations which have existed for ages
between our countries are still unchanged, and I trust that the
intercourse which was more firmly established by the treaty
between Switzerland and Germany will develop prosperously in
the future, thereby contributing to the maintenance and strength-
ening of the friendship which exists between the two peoples."
The visit was a personal success for the Emperor, and the tone
of the Swiss papers towards Germany has been more friendly
ever since. The President of the Confederation, in the speech
with which he greeted the Imperial visitors, spoke with special
appreciation of the Emperor's love of peace.
" The whole of Switzerland," he said, " rejoices at this memor-
able day. She sees in this meeting a confirmation of the excellent
relations which exist between the great German Empire and the
30 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Swiss Confederation. Ever ready to defend with all their strength
their independence and freedom, the Swiss people take the deepest
interest in all efforts and demonstrations which have for their
object the preservation to the nations of the inestimable blessings
of peace, the powerful defender and protector of which the Federal
authorities greet in your Majesty to-day."
The great manoauvres conducted near the Ehine and in the
Imperial Territories (Alsace-Lorraine) were attended by Victor
Emmanuel, the Crown Prince of Italy, as a sign of the good
relations existing between Germany and Italy. The Emperor
on various occasions at Coblenz and Metz took the opportunity
to refer repeatedly to the excellent relations existing between the
two countries.
On the 31st of October of the same year a Kussian squadron
arrived in the harbour of Toulon, in order to return the visit
of the French squadron to Kronstadt. Very cordial telegrams
were exchanged between President Carnot and the Emperor
Alexander III., but, nevertheless, this complimentary visit of
the Eussian warships had but little influence on the political
affairs of Europe.
The year 1894 brought with it an important decision in favour
of peace. The Treaty of Commerce with Kussia was passed by
the Keichstag on the 16th of March, and by its means the rela-
tions of Germany with the Empire of the Tsar have undoubtedly
been improved.
On the 7th of April the Emperor William met the King of
Italy in Venice, and on the 5th of August he proceeded to England,
where he was, as usual, received with great cordiality by the
Eoyal Family and the people.
Then came the death of Alexander III., who passed away on
the 1st of November. The Emperor William was at Stettin at
the time, and it was while lunching in the new barracks of the
2nd Grenadier Guards that the news of the decease of the Tsar
was conveyed to him. He immediately rose from his seat and
said :
" As, at the last review held by my grandfather, the Corps was
not privileged to be led in review past my grandfather by the
then Governor of Pomerania, my late father, for at that time
the shadow of death lay over my father and indeed darkened
the whole year, so on this occasion news of a mournful event- of
far-reaching importance has just reached our ears : His Majesty
the Tsar is dead !
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 31
"Nicholas II. has ascended the throne of his ancestors cer-
tainly one of the most difficult inheritances which a Prince can
enter upon. We who are assembled here and who have just
been glancing back at our traditions, may also bear in mind the
relations which, dating from olden time and now again renewed,
unite us to the Eussian Imperial House in the brotherhood of
arms. We join in wishing for the Emperor who has just suc-
ceeded to the throne that Heaven may give him strength to fulfil
the onerous duties of the position he has just assumed. Long
live the Emperor Nicholas II. ! Hurrah ! "
The friendly feeling which has always prevailed between the
Emperor Nicholas and the Emperor William has had the good
effect of promoting a better understanding between the two
countries over which they respectively rule.
The opening of the Kiel Canal in June, 1895, gave the
Emperor William an admirable opportunity of manifesting his
desire for peace. The programme for the opening of the Canal,
which was drawn up from the Emperor's suggestions, resulted in
a magnificent demonstration in favour of peace, so much so that
even France could not refrain from taking a part in the proceed-
ings, at which the Emperor repeatedly spoke in the interest of
the peace of the world. On June the 18th, at the preliminary
festival held at Hamburg, he said in reply to the address of the
Burgomaster, Dr. Monckeberg :
"My respected Burgomaster: I am deeply touched by the
words which I have just heard, but I am touched above all by the
reception which Hamburg has extended to me, the like of which
I have but seldom experienced. It was no artificial, no ordinary
enthusiasm that greeted me. With the force of a hurricane did
the acclamations of the citizens ring in my ears. I know well that
I must not be so presumptuous as to suppose that these accla-
mations were intended for my own person ; indeed, I recognise in
them but an expression of the pride with which the hearts of the
whole German people are beating, who are proud to see the new
united Empire represented by its Princes and distinguished
visitors. Pray receive from me my sincerest thanks, and be the
interpreter of my gratitude to the citizens of Hamburg.
"Such moments as those of to-day fill our minds with many
32 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
memories, and, above everything else, with memories which arouse
feelings of gratitude. We must remember gratefully, but with
sorrow, the great Emperor who has passed away, and also his
illustrious son, under whom the work to which you have referred
was begun. All of us still remember the enthusiasm which was
displayed when my late grandfather paid his last visit to this city.
"We unite two seas. To the sea our thoughts are turned
the sea, which is the symbol of eternity. Seas do not separate ;
they unite ; and the seas which form this bond of union are now
united by this new link for the blessing and peace of the nations.
The powerful squadrons of ironclads which are assembled at Kiel
Harbour should also be regarded as a symbol of peace, of the
co-operation of all the civilised nations of Europe in the uphold-
ing and maintaining of the civilising mission of Europe.
" We have glanced at the eternal sea, let us now turn our eyes
to the sea of the nations. The attention of all peoples is directed
towards these proceedings, and with eager gaze. They have
an intense wish for peace, for only in peace can international
commerce develop. It can only prosper in peace, and peace we
must have and will uphold. In this peace may Hamburg's
commerce flourish and grow ! In whatever part of the world it
may make its way, it will be followed and protected by the
Imperial Eagle."
Notably peaceful was the speech which the Emperor delivered
on the 21st June after laying the last stone of the canal :
"It is with delight and pride," he said, "that I look upon
this magnificent assembly, and at the same time, in the name
of my august Allies, welcome most cordially all those who are the
guests of the Empire. We express our sincere thanks for the
interest which you have shown in the completion of a work
which, planned and constructed as it was in time of peace, is
to-day thrown open to the intercourse of the world.
" The idea of uniting the North and Baltic Seas by a canal did
not originate in our day. Far back in mediaeval times sugges-
tions and plans were made for the carrying out of such an
undertaking, and in the eighteenth century the Eider Canal was
constructed a work which, though it affords a splendid proof of
THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE 33
the constructive skill of that time, was only intended to be
navigable for small vessels, and has become quite inadequate to
meet the increased requirements of the present age. It was
reserved for the newly-established German Empire to bring this
great undertaking to a satisfactory conclusion.
" MjL-4^-grandaJbher. his Imperial Majesty the Emperor
William the Great, rightly recognised the importance of such
a canal as a means of increasing the prosperity of the nation and
of strengthening our defensive power,, and he spared no pains in
devoting himself to facilitating the drawing up of plans for the
construction of a water-way of great carrying capacity between
the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, and to the work of removing
difficulties which stood in the way of the realisation of such
a project. Gladly and confidently was he seconded by the govern-
ments of the Federated States of the Empire, and no less loyally
was the Royal initiative followed by the Reichstag, so that eight
years ago the work was energetically begun, and so well was
it carried on that an ever-increasing degree of public interest
was evoked. All that the most advanced skill of the engineer
could accomplish, all that was possible in the way of willing
and arduous labour, and, lastly, all that could be done, in accord-
ance with the principles of the humane social policy of the Empire,
for the care of the many workmen who were employed, has been
lavished on this work ; and, therefore, the Fatherland can rejoice
with me and rny august Allies at the successful accomplishment
of this undertaking.
" But it was not only for our national interests that we worked.
In accordance with the great civilising mission of the German
people, we open the gates of the canal to the peaceful intercourse
of the nations with one another; and it will be to us a matter
for joyful satisfaction if an increasing use be made of the canal
as evidence of the recognition of the motives which have actuated
us, as well as a sign that it is helping to promote the welfare
of nations.
"The participation in these festivities of the Powers, whose
representatives we see amongst us and whose magnificent ships we
have admired to-day, I welcome with all the greater satisfaction
because I think I am right in inferring from it the complete
34 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
appreciation of our endeavours, the very object of which is to
maintain peace. Germany dedicates the work inaugurated to-day
to the service of peace, and will consider herself happy if, in this
service, the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal at all times tends to promote
and strengthen our friendly relations with other countries."
This exceedingly peaceful speech of the Emperor met with
the hearty approval of the Tsar Nicholas II., for that Monarch,
speaking on the 12th of July at a banquet at Peterhof, referred
to the Emperor's address, and said that "the tone of it found
a joyful echo in his own heart." The relations between the
German Emperor and the autocratic ruler of Eussia became
more and more cordial, and though the Tsar thoroughly upheld
the understanding which his father had concluded with France,
he by no means showed himself unfriendly to either the Emperor
William or the German Empire. Indeed, one might not be far
wrong in assuming that Nicholas II., who was destined to show
to the whole world that he is an ardent supporter of peace, made
use of the good relations existing between Russia and France to
try to effect a rapprochement between France and Germany.
THE EMPEROE AND FEANCE
AT the time when the Emperor William came to the throne France
JLA. had not recovered from the confusion created by the Boulangist
party. Boulanger's importance lay merely in his constant harp-
ing on revenge and the perpetual girding at Germany, stirred up
by him and his accomplices. When, in March, 1888, the Ministry
of M. Tirard resolved to remove Boulanger from the command
of the 13th Army Corps on the ground of insubordination, the
General, who had only lately become a member of the Chamber
of Deputies, had now for the first time a free hand in his agitation
on behalf of a revision of the Constitution, and in the event of
his efforts being successful might well have become a danger to
the peace of the world.
The year 1889 brought for France the centenary of the Great
Kevolution and the Exhibition held in celebration of that event.
In the lifetime of the Emperor William I. Germany declined
to take part in the Exhibition an attitude which greatly em-
bittered Frenchmen against the Empire. On the 6th of May the
Exhibition, which was expected to prove a brilliant financial
success for Paris, was opened, and that at a time when it was
generally thought that the end of the Republic was near at hand.
The League of Patriots under Deroulede, which had determined
not to allow the idea of revenge to subside, had some time pre-
viously gone over to Boulanger. But it was destined to experience
great disappointments. Boulanger fled when the Government
determined to prosecute him, and went first to Brussels and
thence to London. The alliance which the French Government
were so desirous of concluding with Russia remained only a
remote possibility so long as the internal affairs of the Republic
continued to be in a state of such grave uncertainty. It was
necessary for the Government to convince the Tsar that they
were determined to maintain order; they therefore resolved,
after some hesitation, to prosecute all the members of the League
of Patriots, including Boulanger, on a charge of endangering the
35
36 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
safety of the State. Boulanger, Dillon, and Rochefort were con-
demned in contumaciam to be removed to a fortress, and although
Boulanger issued a manifesto to the people protesting against
the sentence, it had not nearly the same effect as his previous
utterances. At the close of the Exhibition both President Carnot
and the Prime Minister, M. Tirard, were in a position to make
reassuring speeches as to the maintenance of peace.
At the suggestion of the Emperor William II., an International
Labour Conference was held in Berlin in 1890. One of the
French delegates was the well-known politician Jules Simon,
who formed a high opinion of the personality of the young
Monarch. Possibly it was due to Simon's influence that at that
time one of the Paris papers, Le Parisien, published the following
article :
" When he opened the Reichstag, the Emperor William delivered
a speech in which he referred in very reassuring terms to the
maintenance of peace, and also expressly declared his purpose of
devoting ever-increasing attention to the study and the solution
of social problems.
" The character of the young Sovereign becomes more strongly
pronounced every day. Assuredly he is and remains a soldier in
the first place, for when he was enumerating the list of reforms
he contemplated, he let fall at the end of his speech a warning
for disturbers of the peace, just in the same way as he secures
the maintenance of peace in Europe by the constant formation of
new regiments.
"Nevertheless, the grandson of the German William the
Conqueror has evidently set his heart on winning the working
classes to his side. He understands the requirements of the time
and loyally recognises the necessity of ameliorating the condition
of those who lead lives of toil and suffering.
"We Frenchmen at first mistrusted the successor of Frederick III.
At the time of his accession it was commonly believed that some
high-handed diplomatic proceeding or some frontier incident, mag-
nified out of all proportion to its real significance, would lead to
war. We have also smiled at his restless activity, his odes to the
stars, his .reviews, his innumerable hunting expeditions, and his
rescripts on the minutest details.
"But we must cease to scoff. The Emperor William has the
will to do what is right and good. He is a hard worker, and has
an excellent grasp of things about which Sovereigns, as a rule, do
not trouble themselves.
"Not that this constitutes a reason sufficient to make us
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 37
sympathetic towards him (too much blood lies between him and
France for that), yet it does afford a reason why we should no
longer speak of him in depreciatory terms. Our country can
successfully meet the new tactics of her enemies, but only on
condition that we place ourselves in the van of progress, that we
continue to be the benefactors of mankind by breaking with old
forms and striving to advance."
It was not till the year 1894 that Jules Simon published in the
Revue de Paris of August 1st a portrait sketch of the Emperor
William II., the following extracts from which are likely to be
still of interest :
"THE EMPEROR WILLIAM II.
"In spite of this ambitious title I do not propose to give a
portrait, not even a sketch. I have been frequently asked for a
portrait of William II., but I have made up my mind not to
produce one. In the first place I lack the necessary leisure, and
I should have to spend more time upon it than I can well afford.
The man who would draw this portrait must be thoroughly
conversant with the history of Europe subsequent to the death
of the Emperor Frederick, for there is scarcely any event in
which William II. has not had a hand. The writer would also
have to study the diplomacy and life of the Court, even to the
smallest details, for one of the most peculiar and characteristic
features of the disposition of the young Emperor is his mastery
of the most important and the most trivial matters alike. He
knows in advance what the reports of his chancellors and
chamberlains contain. Moreover, it is essential that his biographer
should be intimately acquainted with the life of many contem-
poraries who have had to do with the Emperor William II. For
example, he must be familiar with the life of Prince Bismarck,
who, in certain respects, became a sharer in the Imperial dignity,
as well as that of Count Moltke, whose career was as glorious as
that of Bismarck, though less stormy. I have in my possession
none of the material necessary to draw a portrait, and the subject
is too serious for one to rest content with a simple sketch.
"My friends have objected that I have seen the Emperor
William and that I have chatted with him. True, and so, too,
have all diplomatists who have spent any time in Berlin. A man
like this cannot be summed up in half an hour, or even in two
hours.
" There are two kinds of statesmen, the silent and the talkative.
The former are for ever posing as possessors of secrets, although
38 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
they have none in their keeping, and the latter are liberal with
their confidences, so that it is easy to see that their only purpose
is to speak much. The former lead curiosity astray by the
deficiency and the latter by the superfluity of their words.
" Now I am willing to assert that it is absolutely necessary to
make a third category for William II. He speaks much because
he thinks much, and he confides to you his thoughts without
knowing you, because it is his deliberate intention to take the
whole world into his confidence.
" The Emperor conceived the idea of summoning a congress to
study social and labour questions. He invited all the nations of
Europe to send deputies to the Congress to Berlin, and his wishes
were met in nearly every quarter.
" Our Ministers felt strongly convinced that for France to hold
back under these circumstances would be a false step and equiva-
lent to a renunciation of her position. Mons. Spuller (at that
time Minister for Foreign Affairs) came to ask me to be a member
of the French delegation. . . .
"The Congress was held in apartments at the Chancellor's
Palace, that is to say, at the residence of Prince Bismarck, whose
position, to all appearances, had not yet been shaken, although it
was immediately before his fall. The Emperor did not come to
the opening of our Sessions, and never appeared at the Congress,
but we were invited to a grand Court reception, to a concert held
in honour of the Prince of Wales, and to a banquet which the
Emperor gave in our honour. These monarchical ceremonies
afforded an interesting spectacle for me who was not brought up
on the lap of duchesses, and likewise for my French colleagues,
who had never known the Emperor Napoleon III. personally.
The Royal Palace at Berlin in no respects resembles the old
Tuileries. It is a huge building, very lofty, in the form of a
quadrangle, surrounding a big stone court absolutely devoid of
ornaments, and with a terrace on one side which might possibly
be taken for a garden. The saloons in which the Emperor
receives are all on the first floor. One has first to mount
several flights of steps, which might well be taken for a servants'
staircase were they not extremely well lighted and paved with
slabs of white marble. There is another magnificent flight of
stairs intended solely for the Royalties. We suddenly found
ourselves in front of a door of quite ordinary dimensions guarded
by two splendid soldiers ; this was the entrance into the saloon
into which one entered without being announced, and there many
of the invited guests had already assembled. These saloons are
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 39
large and numerous; it struck me that they contained few pictures
or works of art. . . .
" The whole crowd thronged in the direction of a great door in
the saloon at the moment in which the Eoyalties were announced.
The Emperor and Empress greeted right and left, and chatted for
a moment with distinguished visitors. The Emperor spoke a few
amiable words to me, and the Empress did the same. This, I am
told, is a rarely granted favour on her part. The Court Marshal
invited me to take my place at table at the Emperor's right hand.
" I thus found myself at table between the Emperor and a lady,
who was, I believe, one of the Maids of Honour or the chief Lady-
in- Waiting. The Empress sat at the Emperor's left hand, and on
her left the Bishop of Breslau, my colleague and vice-chairman
of the Congress, who is now His Eminence Cardinal Prince-Bishop
Kopp. Von Moltke sat opposite the Emperor, and consequently
immediately in front of me. The Emperor chatted with me all
dinner time. My memory is not reliable enough for me to be
able to report exactly what he said on that day, and what he
might have been kind enough to say on some other day. But I
remember at least the chief conversations which I had the honour
of having with him. On the day on which, standing on the dais,
he received the whole Court there were naturally no conversations,
nor at the grand concert which was given in the White Hall.
" The Emperor has established another kind of Court of which
he himself spoke to me, the entree into which is as eagerly
coveted as was that into the Marly Gathering of Louis XIV.
"The Emperor receives every week on an appointed evening
twenty friends and no more. I quote his own words :
" ' I receive twenty friends and no more, officers and professors.
The public believe that we come together to hold a kind of
secret conclave. It is supposed that we spend our time talking
politics. Quite the contrary. We come together to enjoy our-
selves and to have a drink (Godailler). We talk of art and
literature.'
" The Emperor honoured me with an invitation to one of these
private gatherings. I again mounted the staircase leading to the
State apartments, this time in the company of our amiable and
tactful President, Herr Berlepsch, the Minister of Commerce.
"Half-way up the stairs we called a halt at the lower floor,
where in one of the apartments I discovered several officers, whom
my companion joined. Suddenly I found myself alone, and was
40 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
feeling somewhat uncomfortable, because I did not know who
was receiving us just at this moment. It was towards evening
the room was none too brightly lit up, and the light of the
departing day was struggling with the illumination of the candles.
The entire furniture consisted of a number of chairs and a large
table covered with green cloth. I thought I was in one of the
ante-rooms, when an officer, stepping forward from a group, came
towards me and asked whether I had enjoyed my visit to Sans-
Souci. I immediately recognised the Emperor. I had, as a
matter of fact, visited Sans-Souci that morning with his permission
and in one of the Koyal carriages which he had most amiably
placed at our disposal. He wanted to know exactly what I
thought of Sans-Souci. I told him that I did not care much for
Voltaire's room, which had been furnished in a somewhat affected
style. He immediately began to speak to me of Frederick the
Great's room.
"'I saw that too/ I said, 'and I also found his writing-desk,
but did not see his flute.' He answered, with a smile, that I
should at least see some scores of his flute concertos, of which he
was having an edition prepared on which much labour was being
expended, and of which he would send me a copy. It would
be impossible to make a present in a more courteous way. Some
time later the book was handed to me in Paris through the
German Embassy.
" We took our places round the green table, and, as on the day
of the banquet, I was informed that I was to take my seat at
the right hand of the Emperor. Everybody began to drink and
smoke. This time I had a long conversation with the Emperor.
The meeting lasted till long after midnight. Before I report on
this conversation I must say something concerning the language
employed by the Emperor.
" He speaks French.
"Fluently?
" With great fluency.
" Correctly ?
" Very correctly.
" With any foreign accent ?
" Not the slightest. Of us two he was the one that spoke the
purer French, for I have a slight, probably a very slight, Breton
accent in my speech, and the Emperor speaks like a Parisian.
"He asked me how I found his pronunciation. I told him
that he spoke like a Parisian. ' That is not surprising/ he said.
'I have a friend' (he always likes to use this expression, even
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 41
when he is speaking of his servants) ' who was my tutor for ten
years and still resides with me. He is a Frenchman and a Purist.
Have you ever heard me make use of an incorrect expression ? '
"(I am not only a member of the Academy, but also a mem-
ber of the committee for the publication of the great French
Dictionary.)
" ' On one occasion,' I said. I saw the Emperor looked surprised.
" ' When was that ? ' he asked.
"'When your Majesty told me that we met to have a drink
(Godailler).'
" ' Godailler is a good French expression ; it is in the Dictionary
of the Academy.'
" ' Yes, it is in the dictionary, but it is not used in the Academy
or in the saloons of the Academy.'
" ' I will make a note of it. And was that the only time ? '
"'I assure your Majesty that you are as great a Purist as
your tutor.'
" He seemed to be much amused at this trifle. In the further
course of the conversation I observed that he possessed an extra-
ordinarily accurate knowledge of the principal French writers.
Knowing as I do that he constantly keeps au courant with all
details of affairs of State and the army, and seeing how busy and
active his life is, I could not imagine how he could find time to
read our French novels. He assured me also that he was fond of
family life, and that he was never happier than when he could
dine at home alone with his wife like a good citizen of Berlin,
and that she was in the habit of reading aloud a chapter from a
novel before they retired to rest. Now this statement is undoubt-
edly true, because he has made it. This universality seems almost
incredible, but he has a mind that never rests, that never loses
a moment of time, and that grasps everything with astonishing
rapidity.
"I wanted to get from him some expression of opinion con-
cerning our modern writers, and he gave me one without much
pressing. Immediately it became clear that he had a like and a
dislike both extremely strong. His admiration was for Ohnet,
concerning whom he expressed his opinion in a few amiable words
with all the skill of a professional critic. He had an antipathy
against Zola, and I must say it was a very strong one. I en-
deavoured to defend my famous countryman by saying that he
was an incomparable story-teller and an excellent observer.
" ' I know very well that he has many strong points,' said the
Emperor ; ' but unfortunately it is not to these that he owes his
42 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
success, but rather to the immoral and filthy things with which
he poisons his writings.
" ' Now it is just Zola that France at this moment prefers to all
other writers. He it is who arouses such an enthusiastic admira-
tion, and this gives to us foreigners the right of forming a very
strong opinion on the subject of the state of morals in France.'
" I suffered very keenly at that moment, and all the more so as
the Emperor expressed his opinion without any unkind intention,
and without any malice prepense.
" ' I am told/ said the Emperor, ' that a new book by him will
shortly be published. You will see this, too, will be devoured, and
your entire literature will for the moment be entirely cast in the
shade by the new work/
" I ventured to remark that Zola was read in Berlin also.
"'Yes, with disapproval/ said the Emperor, 'and also out of
curiosity. His readers here are very few and far between, but
among the French he will be in everybody's hands/
" I would gladly have asked the Emperor for his views on some
political questions, but could not draw him without overstepping
the limits of courtesy. I made several attempts with all the
tactfulness at my disposal, and in so doing assumed a most
innocent appearance, but the Emperor has an indescribable way
of not hearing what is said at certain moments. I was fortunate
enough, however, to hear two remarks fall from his lips which I
heard not without joy, although they are quite general in their
character. We were speaking of war, and the Emperor re-
marked :
" ' Since my accession to the throne I have thought much on
this subject, and I am of opinion that in the position in which I
am placed it is of far greater service to me to confer benefits on
mankind than to inspire them with fear/ Then when I began to
discuss the question of a possible war between our two countries,
and added that France was for the most part devoted to peace,
the Emperor, with extraordinary impartiality, said :
"'I can assure you your army has worked hard, it has made
great progress, it is ready for war. If, though it seems to me
quite impossible, it should ever find itself face to face with the
German Army on the field of battle, no man could predict the
issue of this conflict ; therefore I regard as a fool and a criminal
the man who would attempt to drive these two nations into war/"
A political rapprochement between Germany and France " was
at that time quite out of the question. Notwithstanding this,
however, the Emperor William believed that on some neutral
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 43
ground, especially that of art, it was possible for him gradually
to pave the way to a better understanding between the two
countries. With this object in view he induced his mother, the
Empress Frederick, just before she set out for England on a visit
to Queen Victoria in February, 1891, to travel by way of Paris,
and, whilst in the French capital, to make an effort to obtain the
consent of French artists to send pictures to the forthcoming
International Art Exhibition to be held in Berlin. This visit
of the Empress was the first made by any member of the
German Eoyal House since the outbreak of the Franco-German
War. At first the Parisian population was undemonstrative,
though respectful, and most of the newspapers referred in a
very kindly tone to the arrival of the Empress and her object
in making the visit. "The people," said Le Parisien, "take a
common-sense view of the matter, and while evincing no par-
ticular inclination towards the German Empress, manifest a
kindly curiosity, for after all she only tolerated, she did not cause,
the war.
Le Gaulois, anti-German as a rule, praised the noble womanly
virtues of the Empress, and admitted that in her opinion of France
she was just. Le Temps referred to the fact that the august visitor
had on various occasions expressed the opinion " that the cultiva-
tion of the fine arts must inevitably draw the nations closer
together," and the article concluded with the words that "perhaps
we are now witnessing the first attempt to put this policy into
practice, and it may be that in the visit of the Emperor's mother
we have the first step in such a rapprochement." Other papers
remarked to the effect that "under the banner of the beautiful
a calming of passions is taking place, the full effect of which
cannot yet be realised."
The conciliatory attitude of the Parisian populace and Press
is worthy of particular notice, for in certain quarters the Emperor
William was blamed for having, it was alleged, exposed his mother
to imminent danger in sending her to Paris. The Emperor, how-
ever, knew perfectly well that in influential circles there was a
tendency towards conciliation and mutual understanding.
The Empress Frederick arrived in Paris on the 18th of February,
and by the 24th all the newspapers had discussed the question as
to whether the time had not arrived for France to consider the
advisability of a Franco -German rapprochement. By far the
greater portion of the Press viewed the idea more or less favourably.
This, however, was not in accordance with the programme of the
League of Patriots. The Boulangists held a meeting, at which,
44 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
without more ado, the presence of the Empress Frederick in
Paris was described as an affront to the French nation. This
meeting took place on the 25th, and was followed, on the 26th, by
demonstrations and by the unanimous refusal of the artists who
had already half promised to exhibit at the Berlin Exhibition to
carry out their previous intention. The excitement of the
Parisians, artificially aroused by the Boulangist party, rose to
such a height in a few hours that it became advisable for the
Empress to leave the French capital, and this she did in the midst
of elaborate precautions for her safety. Happily for the sake of
peace and happily also for the French Government, she was able
to take her departure without the occurrence of any grave
incident. Thus was brought about, by the agitation of the League
of Patriots and the Boulangists, the frustration of the Emperor
William's desire a desire strongly approved of by a great many
of the most influential people in France, and which aimed at
making possible a rapprochement between two peoples who for
twenty years had maintained an attitude of distrust toward one
another. Naturally enough, Germany could not allow this dis-
courteous treatment of the Empress Frederick to pass unnoticed,
and she replied to the demonstrations of the politicians of the
Paris clubs by making more stringent the passport regulations
in Alsace-Lorraine, by which means intercourse between the
Imperial Territories and France was almost completely suspended.
This retaliatory action on the part of the German Government
increased still further the bitter feelings prevailing in France,
and, as a consequence, the Boulangists were able, on the 16th of
July, to interpellate the Government in the Chamber of Deputies
with regard to the passport arrangements in Alsace-Lorraine.
The Government, however, declined to discuss the matter, for
they wished to avoid friction with Germany. But despite this
resistance on the part of the Ministry, the Chamber, in the
first flush of excitement, decided to discuss the interpellation by
286 votes against 203. Fortunately, however, the Government
succeeded in bringing about an adjournment of the House, and
on the following day the Chamber, after a further consideration
of the whole circumstances, yielded to the wish of the Govern-
ment and declined to press the matter further, the voting being
319 to 3 in favour of the Ministry.
Notwithstanding this unpleasantness, however, the year 1891
brought with it favourable prospects of reconciliation between
France and Germany. On the 10th of October of that year
Strassburg accorded a splendid ovation to the Governor, Prince
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 45
Hohenlohe, on his return from Berlin, for during his absence the
stringency of the passport regulations had been relaxed. An
exceedingly good impression was made in France, as well as in
Alsace-Lorraine, by Prince Hohenlohe's declaration that the de-
cision to remove the obnoxious regulations was due to the
Emperor William.
The Emperor William gave a fresh proof of his conciliatory
spirit in the speech which he delivered on December 14th at
Stettin on the occasion of the launching of the ironclad Weissen-
burg. In the course of his speech the Emperor William re-
marked :
" This name is to remind us of that great time when our united
German Fatherland rose and achieved its unity on a field of
battle. That name is to remind us of the deeds which my
lamented father, whose memory will be held in honour down to
the most remote future as that of a hero, performed at the head
of the united German Army.
"Thou shalt bear the name of that day which was of crucial
importance to our history, for it was the foundation-stone of the
building which was completed with the coronation of our Emperor.
That name shall remind us of the field of battle on which, for
the first time under the leadership of the Crown Prince Frederick
William, the united German armies triumphed over their chival-
rous foe, and by this first victory of German arms won the
assurance of further victories."
This single word " chivalrous " sufficed to inspire the friends of
reconciliation in France with renewed courage.
After the settlement of the Panama scandal, the year 1893
brought about an improvement in the internal condition of
France. The Republic did not disappear, but it became evident
that, after Boulanger had been disposed of, more healthy con-
ditions had come to prevail even in parliamentary life.
On the 18th of October Count Mlinster, the German Ambassador
at Paris, sent the following telegram to Madame MacMahon :
"As soon as his Imperial Majesty heard the news of the
irreparable loss which has befallen you, his Majesty, desirous of
giving expression to his deep sympathy, commanded me to place,
in his Imperial name, a wreath on the bier of the brave and noble
Field-Marshal MacMahon. In conveying to you my personal
sincere feelings of sympathy I respectfully request you kindly
46 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
to inform me at what time and place I may have the honour
of carrying out his Imperial Majesty's command."
This amiable attention on the part of the German Emperor
made a considerable impression in France, and at the beginning
of November Jules Simon was able, in speaking of the Alsace-
Lorraine question in the Figaro, to adopt a tone which would have
been over- venturesome two years previously. He wrote :
" How often has the remark been made in Germany, ' You are
obstinately determined not to sign the receipt : make up your
mind to the final loss of the two provinces, which, after all, is an
accomplished fact, and peace between the two countries is assured.'
I quite believe it. Only the Prussians who give us this advice
did not follow it themselves after the battle of Jena. They know
just as well as we do that honour does not allow us to consent to
this. In the presence of our brothers, germanised against their
will, who stretch out their arms towards the old Fatherland, we
cannot subscribe to the conquest. It is not our duty to take
upon ourselves obligations for the future. But what is per-
missible and possible to us is to postpone all idea of revenge and
war. That we do. Public opinion demands a truce for a long
period, terminable at short notice, on the basis of uti possidetis.
It is ready to accept a truce to the end of the century in the
hope that time will accomplish its work of tranquillisation and
appeasement. This is now the language we hold and the part
we play."
On the 24th of June, 1894, M. Carnot, the President of the
French Eepublic, fell a victim to the dagger of an Italian
anarchist at Lyons. The first foreign personage who expressed
his sympathy at this terrible occurrence was the German Emperor.
He telegraphed as follows :
"To Madame Carnot, Paris. Her Majesty the Empress and
myself are deeply moved by the terrible news which has reached
us from Lyons. Be assured, Madame, that our whole sympathy
and all our feelings are with you and your family at this moment.
May God give you strength to bear this terrible shock. Worthy
of his great name, M. Carnot died like a soldier on the field of
honour. WILLIAM I. R"
The telegram which the Emperor William sent to the widow of
the murdered President had an excellent effect, and was on the
whole commented on in very sympathetic terms by nearly all the
Paris papers. The German Emperor decided to give a further
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 47
proof of good feeling. Two French naval officers who had been
sentenced to four and six years' imprisonment respectively in a
German fortress for espionage, and had been confined in the
fortress of Glatz for some six months, were pardoned by the
Emperor with an explanation that his reason for this action was
to give proof of his sympathy with the French nation at this
moment of national sorrow. This chivalrous conduct of the
Emperor made a deep impression on wide circles in France. The
majority of the Parisian papers expressed in quite enthusiastic
terms their gratitude for the explanation given by the German
Emperor. The newly appointed President, Casimir Perier, called
at the German Embassy in person to express his thanks for the
sympathy and chivalrous conduct of the Emperor. It may be
interesting here to recall the fact that a part of the German
Press by no means approved of this action of the German Emperor.
It was contended that he had gone too far in his conciliatory
policy towards France. But the Emperor understands the char-
acter of the French people better, and, indeed, we shall see that
by this chivalrous action he broke the ice which had hitherto
prevented the establishment of good relations between France
and Germany. For the excellent results which followed the
Emperor's course in this matter have entirely justified his action.
Concerning this chivalrous conduct of the Emperor towards
the French nation J|ules Simon in the year 1896 wrote in his
book, Four Portraits i "I cannot refrain from remarking that
during the last few weeks the attitude of the German Emperor
towards France has confirmed my general impressions and hopes.
The noble language in which he couched his letter of condolence
to Madame Carnot has made a great impression in the country.
On the day of the funeral, at the moment at which the funeral
cortege was being formed in order to proceed to the Cathedral of
Notre Dame and thence to the Pantheon, the German Ambassador,
Count Munster, communicated to the Government the fact that
the Emperor had pardoned two French officers, one of whom had
been sentenced to six, and the other to four years' detention in a
German fortress on account of one of those crimes which do not
affect a man's honour, and which merely represent a continuation
of the war. At the very moment at which the Ambassador re-
ceived on behalf of his master the thanks of the President of
the French Eepublic our two countrymen had already been set
at liberty.
"I regard the Emperor William II. and Pope Leo XIII. as
the most interesting figures of our time. I keenly regret that
48 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
I do not know the Pope. I have come into personal contact with
the Emperor, and I have, like everybody else, attempted to make
a study of him in his actions. Everything to his honour that I
heard of I considered it my bounden duty also to tell in public.
He is in my eyes one of the great hopes of peace. I believe,
I know, that he has set his heart on peace. He is no enemy
of France; he has studied her from all points of view. Under
difficult circumstances he has shown her gratitude and friendship.
But yet I have not forgotten the memory of 1870, and have
never even for one moment lost sight of the hopes of France.
But I set peace with honour above every other blessing, and, like
the Emperor, I firmly believe that every hour of peace is a gain
in the cause of peace itself."
In the last days of May, 1895, the Apostles of Revenge in France
again excited themselves about a step of the German Emperor.
The French Republic, along with other powers, received an invita-
tion to the great Festival of Peace which the Emperor William
had intended to celebrate at the inauguration of the Kiel Canal.
The Nationalist intransigeants naturally protested against France
being represented at Kiel by a squadron. They maintained that
Alsace-Lorraine would regard this visit of the French fleet to
Kiel as a notification of the final surrender of the provinces lost
in 1871 ; but at the session of the Chamber of Deputies on
May 31st M. Hanotaux, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs,
was in a position to prove that France had every reason to be on
good terms with Germany.
Revolutionary changes were impending in Asia. England and
Japan were said to have concluded an alliance, the sole object of
which was the partition of China, and thereby the opening out
of the great Far Eastern question for Europe. Russia, France,
and Germany were combining in a common diplomatic action in
raising protest. This joint procedure was the first occasion on
which France and Germany were seen standing shoulder to
shoulder, at least, on the field of diplomacy, and it achieved the
desired success. This action stands out as the most important
and the most momentous event of the year 1895. The French
Minister of Foreign Affairs could vouch for the fact that Germany
had done France a great service, and that it would therefore be
very improper to make no response or to reply in an offensive
way to an international courtesy such as that which the Emperor
had shown them by his invitation to the inauguration of the
Kiel Canal. However, by way of a slight concession to the in-
transigeants, it was arranged that the French warships should
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 49
run into the Kiel Eoads in company with the Kussian. It, there-
fore, had now become possible for voices publicly to make
themselves heard in France, like that of General Dubarail,
ex-Minister of War, who wrote in the Gaulois: "The peaceful
intentions which the Emperor William has manifested since his
accession to the throne make it our duty to take part in the
celebrations at the opening of the Kiel Canal."
Jules Simon wrote in the Figaro supporting the participation
of the French squadron in the Kiel festivities :
"These great patriots (i.e. the Nationalists) would do well to
remember that they have already plunged us into war once. It
was they who shouted in the year 1870 : 'To Berlin ! To Berlin ! '
They then marched out to Berlin, but got no farther than Sedan.
Would they like to begin again ? Perhaps they call that patriot-
ism. We have very often heard these voices of impotent hatred
during the last twenty-five years. Those who were at Bordeaux
when Thiers laid the preliminaries of peace, concluded at Ver-
sailles, on the table of the National Assembly will still remember
the howl of fury which then resounded from some of the benches.
People knew that the Treaty had been signed, and that the salva-
tion of the country was at stake. But yet they played the comedy
of patriotism. Every man in France who had the least claim to
be considered of importance at that time said to the country
firmly, though with despair at heart, let us save what is still left
us. To-day the flag on which we are supposed to be casting
dishonour by allowing it to float among the flags of all Europe
at Kiel will still appear as glorious and respected as it was a
hundred years ago. I could have wished that in the year 1895
we could have been spared the old song of 1871 concerning the
invincibility of France and its people. One forgets that the
Germans have toiled just as indefatigably as we ourselves, and
that nowadays war is a question not of heroism, but of science."
In the year 1895 the leading newspapers of Paris drew atten-
tion to the fact that there were mistaken notions abroad concerning
the position of affairs in Alsace-Lorraine. It was supposed that
the Alsacians were impatiently waiting for the moment at which
they would be recovered by France, whereas the contrary was the
case. The Alsacians were extraordinarily content with their con-
dition. Trade and industry were flourishing under the secure rule
of Germany, and the germanisation of the conquered districts was
proceeding slowly, but surely and irresistibly.
The year 1898 brought with it for France the miserable Dreyfus
affair, which caused intense excitement in the country during the
50 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
following years, and attracted the attention of the whole civilised
world. It was not without deliberate intention that Germany
too was dragged into this affair by those elements of the French
population, which offered a decided opposition to a rapprochement
with Germany. Germany was declared to be the power to which
the traitor Dreyfus was said to have sold the important documents,
and in the last phase of the trial even the person of the German
Emperor was directly dragged into the affair. In spite of all
official and semi-official denials that either the German Govern-
ment, or, still less, the German Emperor, had ever had anything
to do with Dreyfus, the truth of the story of the discovery of a
suspicious document in the Emperor's bedroom was still believed.
It was beyond question a sign of the continuous improvement of
the relations between France and Germany that even the lying
stories against Germany and its Emperor, which were set in
circulation by the Dreyfus affair, could not bring about the re-
newal of the exasperation of France against Germany.
In the beginning of July the French Merchant Service suffered
a disaster by the foundering of the Bourgogne. The Emperor,
who was then cruising in Norway, addressed a telegram with
an expression of his sympathy to the President of the French
Kepublic.
The opening days of 1899 brought a proof of the improved
relations between the German Empire and France. On account
of a slight indisposition the Emperor William was unable to hold
in person his usual New Year's Eeception in his Palace at Berlin
The President of the French Kepublic instructed the Ambassador
at Berlin to go at once to Potsdam and make enquiries concern-
ing the Emperor's condition. Immediately after his recovery on
January 10th the Emperor William in person returned this visit
to the French Ambassador at Berlin. Only a few days later
the Emperor William had once more occasion to testify to his
sympathy with the French nation.
President Faure succumbed to an attack of apoplexy, and on
February 18th the Emperor William addressed the following
telegram to the President's widow :
" Deeply moved by the news of the death of your husband, the
President of the French Eepublic, I hasten to express to you my
sincere sympathy with you in your terrible loss. The Empress
unites with me in the most earnest prayers that God Almighty
may give you strength to bear the sorrow which has afflicted
you."
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 51
The Emperor William also paid a visit of condolence to the
French Ambassador immediately on his return to Berlin from a
shooting expedition at Hubertusstock. Whilst the German
Emperor was at the French Embassy news was brought of the
election of Loubet to the Presidency of the Eepublic.
At the command of the Emperor Adjutant- General Prince
Anton Kadziwill, Count Wedel, Master of the Horse, and three
other gentlemen, went to Paris to attend the funeral of President
Faure. The Paris newspapers discussed in extraordinarily sym-
pathetic terms the honour which the Emperor William Joy this
action paid to the deceased President.
The 6th of July brought another event, the significance of
which some of the French and Eussian newspapers vainly
attempted to depreciate. While on his cruise in Norway the
Emperor found, on his entry into the harbour of Bergen, the
German training-ship Ghieisenau and the French training-ship
Iphigtnie. This meeting was naturally not a mere accident, but
arranged by previous consultation with the French Government.
The Emperor, in admiral's undress uniform, visited the French
training-ship, extended his hand to each of the officers, thoroughly
inspected the vessel as well as the crew, and then invited the
French cadets to visit him on board the Hohenzollern.
Immediately after this the Emperor addressed the following
telegram to President Loubet :
"I have had the pleasure of seeing young French sailors on
board the training-ship Iphig6nic. Their military and sympathetic
conduct, worthy of their noble country, has made a deep im-
pression on me. My heart as a sailor and comrade rejoices at
the kind reception which was accorded to me by the commander,
officers, and crew, and I congratulate myself, Mr. President, on
the fortunate circumstance which has allowed me to meet the
Iphigtnie and your amiable countrymen. "WiLHELM."
The answer of President Loubet ran as follows :
"I am deeply touched by the telegram which your Imperial
Majesty has addressed to me after your visit on board the training-
ship Iphigtnie, and I cannot refrain from thanking your Majesty
for the honour which you have paid our sailors, and for the words
in which you have been kind enough to describe the impression
which this visit has left in your memory. LOUBET."
I ,2
52 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
On July 7th the officers and some sixty cadets from the
Iphigenie paid a visit on board the Hokenzollem, off Bergen.
Paris newspapers reported of this visit: "The Emperor, who
again appeared in undress uniform with a cape reaching below
his knees, was most kind and affable. He greeted his visitors
with the words ' Voici vos camarades ; il y en a dix qui savent le
franqais; pour les autres vous vous debrouillerez/ (Here are
your comrades ; ten of them understand French ; with the others
you must get along as best you can.) Then bread and butter and
refreshments were handed round." The French report concluded
with the words : " Taking it all round we maintained our correct
attitude. The ice block is too thick to melt at the first ray of
sunshine."
On August 18th, 1899, the Emperor William was present at
the consecration of the Monument to the First Eegiment of
Foot Guards erected on the battlefield of St. Privat, and there
delivered the following address:
" Many solemn and hallowed memories gather round the com-
memoration that we hold to-day, and cause our hearts to beat
higher. My First Kegiment of Foot Guards, represented by my
own household company, its glorious colours and many old
comrades who once fought and bled on this spot, is to-day to
unveil a monument in memory of the fallen. My youngest
regiment is to take part in this ceremony, and also the whole of
the German Army represented by the troops of the Sixteenth
Army Corps. This is almost the only regiment which has hitherto
not been represented by a monument on this blood-drenched spot,
and yet it has every claim to such an honour. Although through-
out its history it has been closely associated with my House, and
appointed to train up the princes and kings of our family, and
therefore may be rightly regarded as an appanage of our House
and family, yet his Imperial Majesty, my grandfather, did not
hesitate for one moment to risk for the welfare of the Fatherland
those troops that he loved so well. How the regiment fought
and bled, how it kept its oath to the colours, how its conduct won
the praise of the great Emperor, and its sufferings and losses his
tears, history tells us, and now the regiment joins me, as its oldest
comrade, in erecting this memorial stone to its heroes who rest
under the green sod. The form chosen for this monument varies
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 53
somewhat from those usually found on fields of battle. The
angel clad in armour, peacefully resting, leans upon his sword,
adorned with the proud motto of the regiment, 'Semper talis.'
I would suggest then that a general significance be attached to
this figure. It stands upon this blood -drenched field like a
guardian angel over all the brave soldiers of both armies both
French and German who fell here. For the French soldiers too
sank into their glorious graves fighting bravely and heroically for
their Emperor and Fatherland, and if our colours in mutual
greeting are lowered before the brazen statue and mournfully
rustle over the graves of our dear comrades, so, too, may they
wave over the graves of our enemies, and whisper to them that
we think with mournful respect of the brave dead. With deep
gratitude and looking up to the Lord of Hosts for His guidance
most graciously vouchsafed to our great Emperor, we will try to
picture to ourselves that on this very day the souls of all those
who once stood face to face on this field in hot strife, now gathered
round the throne of the Almighty Judge, and united in the
eternal peace of God, are looking down upon us."
After that the Emperor handed over the monument to the
Sixteenth Army Corps and the President of the district.
This speech of the Emperor was very sympathetically received
in France, and also the Kussian papers referred to it in terms of
gratitude.
At the invitation of the German Emperor, given on the occasion
of the Eussian mano3uvres at which they were present, two French
officers, General Bonnal and his aide-de-camp, visited Berlin in
May, 1901, and were the recipients of special marks of attention
on the part of their Imperial host. He invited them to be present
at a brigade exercise which he holds annually in memory of his
father, the Emperor Frederick. Once, and once only, as Crown
Prince, had the Emperor William the opportunity of leading his
troops, the brigade under his command as Major-General, past the
Emperor, even then suffering from his fatal malady. It was in the
Park adjoining the Castle of Charlottenburg that the Emperor
Frederick, seated in a carriage, witnessed the march past of the
troops commanded by his son. Since that time the Emperor has
never failed to hold manoeuvres of the brigade of Foot Guards
every year on the 29th of May, and, therefore, it was a special
mark of attention and honour to invite the French officers to
54 THE GERMAN EMPERORS SPEECHES
witness this military spectacle. After the manoeuvres, breakfast
was partaken of in the mess-room of the officers of the 2nd
Regiment of Foot Guards, to which the French General and
his aide-de-camp were invited. On this occasion the Emperor
delivered a tactful and diplomatic speech, which made a great
impression both at home and abroad.
"Gentlemen," he said, "I have to-day had the honour to
command the 2nd Brigade of Foot Guards. This day is a great
anniversary ; it is a day which I always have observed and always
will observe faithfully ; it is the day on which I led the Brigade
before the late Emperor Frederick. We will raise our glasses,
in silence, to his memory." After his guests had answered this
call, the Emperor continued. " Please fill the glasses again. I am
particularly rejoiced to be able to announce on this occasion that
peace has been concluded in the Far East and that the troops can
be withdrawn. This event has brought for me acknowledgments
and thanks from all quarters, and also a telegram sent person-
ally by the Emperor of Kussia, which I have received to-day. It
runs as follows: 'For your services in the China difficulty I
tender to your Majesty my cordial thanks. Count von Waldersee
has accomplished with dignity and skill a difficult and thankless
task. I express my complete appreciation.'
"A special honour is conferred on the brigade to-day, in that
it is privileged to welcome in its midst two officers of the French
Army. This is the first occasion on which it is thus honoured,
as this is the first time, also, that German and French troops
have fought shoulder to shoulder as good brothers and comrades
in arms against a common enemy. Three cheers for the two
French officers and the entire French Army ! Hurrah ! hurrah !
hurrah!"
General Bonnal expressed in French his most cordial and
hearty thanks for the privilege of attending these memorable
manoeuvres, as well as for the many flattering attentions which
the Emperor and the German officers had accorded to him and to
his aide-de-camp, and concluded his acknowledgments with the
words: "Three cheers for the German Army and its soldier
Emperor ! Hurrah ! "
In quite recent times various French people have been the
THE EMPEROR AND FRANCE 55
guests of the Emperor William, and some of them have not failed
to give an account of their interviews with the Emperor, and
of what they had seen and experienced in Germany, in the Paris
newspapers.
The eruption of Mount Pelee, on the French island of
Martinique, and the consequent catastrophe, led to an exchange
of telegrams between the Emperor and President Loubet. The
Emperor wired :
"To His Excellency the President of the French Eepublic.
" I am deeply moved by the news of the terrible disaster which
has occurred at St. Pierre, and which has cost the lives of almost
as many people as perished at Pompeii. I hasten to express to
France my sincere sympathy. May Almighty God comfort the
hearts of those who deplore irreparable losses. My Ambassador
will forward to your Excellency the sum of 10,000 marks, to be
devoted to the assistance of the sufferers.
"WILLIAM I. R."
To this M. Loubet replied:
"To His Majesty the Emperor William, Wiesbaden.
"Profoundly touched by the evidence of sympathy which
your Majesty has graciously expressed to me respecting the
terrible calamity which France has experienced, I beg of you
to accept my heartfelt thanks as well as the assurance of the
gratitude of the victims whom it is your intention to help."
The visit which President Loubet paid to St. Petersburg in
May, 1902, on which occasion assurances of friendship between
France and Eussia were proclaimed aloud, and the renewal of
the Triple Alliance in the following month, did not arouse any
excitement in the political world. These two events, which were
previously regarded as conditions of peace, are now looked upon
as sure guarantees of the preservation of peace. Throughout the
civilised world there is a conviction that the peace of the world
is assured for a long time to come, and it is recognised that
this is largely due to the conciliatory policy of the German
Emperor.
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH
T the opening of the Prussian Diet, which took place twelve
days after his accession, the Emperor William made the
following utterance in his speech from the Throne :
"Following the example of my illustrious ancestors, I will
always consider it my duty to afford to the adherents of all
religious creeds in my country my Royal protection in the free
exercise of their belief. I have noticed with special satisfaction
that the recent ecclesiastical legislation has resulted in a settle-
ment of the relations between the State and the Catholic Church
and its Spiritual Head. I shall strive to preserve ecclesiastical
peace in the country."
When, in the early part of October, 1888, the Emperor visited
Rome, he not only made a stay with his ally, King Humbert, but
also went to the Vatican in order to h rt " ^ a personal interview
with the Pope, and by this means to try to bring about a final and
peaceful understanding with the Catholic Church. From the
Prussian Embassy he drove to the Vatican, accompanied by
Prince Henry and a large suite. The Emperor had a long con-
versation with Leo XIII., first of all in private, and then Prince
Henry was also received by the Pope in the inner apartments.
How great was the animosity of the German Clerical, or Centre,
Party against the Government was evidenced by the fact that
this step of the Emperor's was regarded by the entire ultra-
montane Press as a direct affront to the Pope and the Church,
because the Emperor, immediately after his visit to the Vatican,
declared, in the course of a toast which he proposed in the
Quirinal, that he visited the King of Italy in his " Capital." It was
said to be positive sacrilege on the part of the Emperor to sanction
in this way the " robbery of territory," which was perpetrated
by the House of Savoy at the expense of the Papacy. What
56
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 57
really passed between the Pope and the Emperor during their
interview was not known, but all sorts of conjectures were made ;
and it was asserted in some quarters that nothing but the un-
expected arrival of Prince Henry prevented the conversation from
taking a somewhat unpleasant turn. In German anti-clerical
circles, also, there was by no means a general approval of the
Emperor's visit to the Pope, and men found it impossible to clear
their minds of the feelings engendered by the Kulturkampf
against the Koman Curia and the Centre.
On the 7th of November, 1888, the Emperor gave a gracious
reply to the address of congratulation which had been presented
to him by the German Catholic Bishops on the 29th of August.
This Imperial reply was addressed to Dr. Krementz, Archbishop
of Cologne. In it the Emperor said :
" It was with great satisfaction that I received the congratula-
tory address which you, my Lord Archbishop, and your right
reverend brethren addressed to me from Fulda. The double afflic-
tion which it has been God's will should this year have descended
upon me, my House, and the Fatherland is so touchingly referred
to in your address, that even amongst the many expressions of
sympathy which I have received your condolences are beyond
measure precious to me. Nor am I less deeply touched by your
patriotic blessing of my accession to the Throne. My life and my
work belong to my people, the promotion of whose welfare is the
noblest task of my kingly office. My knowledge that the
religious freedom of my Catholic subjects is secured by right and
by law strengthens my confidence in the lasting preservation of
religious peace. In sincerely thanking you, my Lord Archbishop,
and the co-signatories of the address for your expressions of
loyalty, I am, your Grace's loving Sovereign, K WlLLIAM KEX
The Emperor addressed the following letter to Pope Leo XIII.
on the 8th of March, 1890 :
"Most Exalted Pontiff: The noble pronouncements in which
your Holiness always exerts your influence in favour of the poor
and the distressed of the human family give me hope that the
International Conference, which, at my invitation, will be held at
Berlin on the 15th inst., will enlist the sympathy of your Holiness,
and that you will follow with interest the course of the delibera-
58 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
tions which have for their object the amelioration of the condition
of the working classes. Under these circumstances I regard it as
my duty to submit to your Holiness the programme which will
form the basis of the labours of the Conference, the success of
which will be greatly facilitated if your Holiness will lend your
beneficent assistance to the philanthropic work which I have in
hand. I have therefore invited the Prince Bishop of Breslau,
whom I know to be imbued with the ideals of your Holiness, to
take part in the Conference as my proxy. I gladly seize the
opportunity now presented to me to renew to your Holiness the
assurance of my reverent regard and my personal esteem.
" WILLIAM."
The Pope replied in gracious terms, and concluded with the
words :
" Before we close this letter we desire to give expression to the
satisfaction which we felt when we learned that your Majesty had
invited the Prince Bishop of Breslau, Monsignore Kopp, to take
part in the Conference as your proxy. He will certainly feel
highly honoured by this proof of the great confidence which your
Majesty has shown him on this occasion. With the liveliest
satisfaction do we express to your Majesty the sincere wishes
which we entertain for your well-being and for that of your Eoyal
Family."
In the same letter the Pope congratulated the Emperor on
his happy thought of summoning the Labour Conference. All
this led to a great change in the attitude of the whole Clerical
Party towards the Emperor, a proof of which was given when he
paid a visit to Herr Windthorst, the leader of the Clerical Party
in the Keichstag, who was dangerously ill, and by the further fact
that he was represented at Herr Windthorst's funeral, which took
place at Hanover.
~In November, 1891, Bishop Florian Stablewski was appointed
Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen. He delivered a speech on the
Catholic Day* at Cologne, in which he declared that a monarch
has ascended the throne who has shown that he possesses the
qualities necessary to fulfil the duties of his high office and to
meet the requirements of the time.
* Katholikentag is a triennial Congress of Roman Catholics from all parts of
Germany (also attended by foreign delegates) held in different German towns, at
which speeches and prayers are made in furtherance of the Roman Catholic cause
and in support of the Centrum.
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 59
On June 12th, 1892, the Emperor William received the newly-
appointed Archbishop to accept from him the oath of allegiance
in the Chapter House of the Koyal Castle at Berlin. After the
presentation by the Minister of Public Worship, the Archbishop
addressed the Emperor and then took the oath. Thereupon the
Emperor addressed the following speech to the Archbishop :
" I thought it expedient to receive your Grace on your entering
upon your new office, and to accept in person the solemn vow
which you have just made, and which you have ratified by
your oath.
" The duties which await you are onerous. The peculiar condi-
tions existing in your diocese call for a special measure of wisdom
and loyalty. When I suggested to his Holiness the Pope that
your Grace should be appointed to the Archiepiscopal See of
Gnesen-Posen, and as your Sovereign now accord to you my
Imperial recognition of your elevation, it was done with con-
fidence that in your responsible position you will at all times
practise the principles which as a Christian and as a subject you
owe to me, your Sovereign, and to the State of which you are a
citizen. I hope that you will succeed in reconciling, so far as
it lies within your sphere, those conflicting opinions, the existence
of which among the children of a country admits of no justifica-
tion, and in fostering and nourishing in those who are committed
to your charge as Archbishop of the diocese the spirit of respect
and loyalty towards me and my House, of obedience to the Powers
ordained of God, of observance of the laws of the country, and of
harmony amongst its inhabitants.
" I cherish this hope with all the greater confidence now that
you have fearlessly declared these principles to be your own, and
thereby have given me an assurance that the pastoral staff of the
archdiocese will henceforth rest in a firm, faithful, and just hand.
With these feelings I welcome your Grace to your new office, and
I trust that in the administration of the same you will have the
blessing of God."
On the 19th February, 1893, Pope Leo celebrated his fiftieth
anniversary as a Bishop. On that occasion the Emperor William
was represented by a special envoy, General von Loe, who was
60 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the bearer of a mitre a gift from the Emperor to the Pope to
Rome. In making the presentation General von Loe said :
" His Majesty, the Emperor and King, has commanded me to
place in the hands of your Holiness this letter, which contains
the sincere congratulations of his Majesty on this memorable
anniversary, which has drawn representatives of all nations around
the Holy See. His Majesty requests your Holiness kindly to
accept, as a memento of the 19th of February, this symbol of
the Bishop's dignity to which Providence elevated your Holiness
fifty years ago to-day. His Majesty is from the bottom of his
heart glad on this occasion to repeat to your Holiness the
warm expression of his friendly feelings, and to associate himself
with the good wishes of his Catholic subjects. As for myself,
belonging as I do to the great Catholic community of Germany, I
am proud and happy to have been chosen by my illustrious
Sovereign to act as an interpreter of his feelings to the venerable
person of your Holiness."
A few weeks later, on the 23rd of April, the Emperor paid a
second visit to the Pope at the Vatican. On this occasion he was
accompanied by the Empress, and the character of the present
meeting was in every respect different from that which took place
in the year 1888. All ceremony was waived, and the meeting was
of an essentially private and friendly character.
On September 3rd, 1893, the Emperor came to Metz to attend
the manoeuvres, when Bishop Fleck addressed the monarch in
the following terms :
" May your Imperial Majesty deign to permit me in the name
of the clergy of the Diocese of Metz, as well as in my own, to
offer you our most respectful homage. The honour which the
German Emperor does our country by his visit is all the more
highly valued because your Majesty intends to establish your
residence in Lorraine ; and we are all the more delighted at this,
because your Majesty will here have an opportunity of coming
into closer contact with our industrious population, of becoming
acquainted with their peaceful and religious disposition, and of
showing them your paternal good-will. So far as the clergy of
Lorraine are concerned, I would like to address a request to your
Majesty. May your Majesty be pleased to form your opinion of us,
not from what hostile newspapers circulate to our discredit, but
from our actions. Our endeavours are, above all, directed towards
maintaining the religious spirit and respect for morality among
our people, and also to keeping them free from those subversive
doctrines which threaten the very existence of society, and, above
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 61
all, from the inevitable fruits of such doctrines, especially the
undue desire for pleasure and decadence of morals. By pursuing
such aims we hope, within the limits of our powers, to do good
service to the German Empire and win the sovereign approval of
your Majesty."
The Emperor thereupon made a longer speech in reply to the
Bishop, expressing to him his warmest thanks for the words of
welcome he had addressed to him. The Emperor added that he
was especially thankful for the assurance which the Bishop had
given him with regard to the endeavours of the clergy to main-
tain the religious spirit and morality among the people. That
was, he thought, one of the greatest tasks of the Holy Father, as
the Emperor had been able to see on the occasion of the interview
which he had had with the Pope last spring. Thereupon the
Bishop took the liberty of telling the Emperor that the Pope had
mentioned this interview in talking to him, the Bishop, and had
expressed his joy at knowing himself to be of one mind with
the German Emperor on the subject in question. The Emperor,
visibly pleased at these words, replied that he had lately received
reports from the Pope, according to which his health was wonder-
fully improved, and that he was preparing a new pastoral letter
on the social question. At the end of his speech the Monarch
again renewed the expression of his satisfaction at the Bishop's
words, which so entirely accorded with the aims he himself pro-
posed to pursue, and on taking his departure said, " I am thankful
to all those who support me in this work."
On the 18th of March, 1895, there occurred the death of
Herr von Schorlemer-Alst, the well-known leader of the Centre
Party. The Emperor sent the following telegram to the son of
the deceased :
"The news of the decease of your father has filled me with
profound sorrow. He was a man who distinguished himself as
much by his devotion to his Fatherland as to his Church, and was
often to me a friend and a counsellor. The sorrow which not
only his native province, but the greater part of the Fatherland,
will experience at his death, may help to lighten your grief.
From myself, however, I beg you and yours to accept my sincere
condolences."
By the Emperor's order the Civil Cabinet telegraphed to the
Westphalian Agricultural Association :
" His Majesty the Emperor and King is deeply touched by the
62 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
melancholy news of the decease of Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst,
and desires to express to the Westphalian Agricultural Association
his Imperial sympathy at the loss of their estimable President."
On the 19th of May, 1897, the Emperor proceeded from Cologne
to the Benedictine Abbey of Maria Laach, the church of which
had been restored partly by Imperial assistance. Abbot Benzler
welcomed the Emperor and his Consort in an address, in which
he said :
" The ground on which your Majesties stand is one of the most
glorious spots in the history of Christian civilisation in Germany.
The Emperor's magnanimous assistance has restored the church
to its original purpose, and the sacred building is revived to the
undying glory of its Koyal Patron."
The journey to Palestine in the year 1898 afforded quite a
number of instances of amiable attentions on the Emperor's part
towards the German Catholics, the Eoman Curia, and the Pope.
On October 26th the Imperial couple were welcomed in Haifa by
Father Biever, the leader of the Catholic colony, and the Emperor
replied as follows :
"Your patriotic address has filled me with extreme pleasure,
and I thank you heartily for it. In return I gladly seize the
opportunity to declare once and for all that my Catholic subjects
can rely on my Imperial protection, wherever and whenever they
may stand in need of it."
At the reception in the German Consulate the Emperor in-
formed Father Schmidt, the Director of the German Catholic
Hospice at Jerusalem, that he had resolved to present the plot
of land known as the Dormition de la Sainte Vierge in Jerusalem,
acquired by him during his stay in Constantinople, to the German
Palestine Association for their free use and benefit on behalf of
German Catholics. The Emperor also informed the President
of the Palestine Association, Herr Jansen, of Aix-la-Chapelle, of
his intention in the following telegram :
" His Majesty the Sultan has made over to me the plot of land
known as the Dormition de la Sainte Vierge, situated in this city.
I have resolved to assign it to the Palestine Association for their
free use and benefit on behalf of German Catholics. I am pleased
thus to be able to supply a much-felt want of my Catholic
subjects. They may in this see a proof of the paternal care with
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 63
which I, although I ain of another Confession, have always striven
to watch over their religious interests."
The Emperor also sent the following telegram to the Pope :
" I am fortunate in being able to bring to the knowledge of your
Holiness the fact that, thanks to the kind agency of his Majesty
the Sultan, who readily gave me this proof of personal friendship,
I have been able to acquire the plot of ground known as the
Dormition de la Sainte Vierge, in Jerusalem. I have decided to
place this land, which has become holy through so many sacred
associations, at the disposal of my Catholic subjects, and especially
the German Catholic Palestine Association. It has gladdened my
heart to take this opportunity of declaring how dear to rne are the
religious interests of the Catholics which Divine Providence has
entrusted to me. I beg your Holiness to accept the assurance
of my sincere friendship."
The Pope thereupon replied as follows :
" We are greatly touched by the telegram which your Majesty
has been pleased to address to us in order to bring to our know-
ledge your decision to make over to your Catholic subjects
the piece of land called the Dormition de la Sainte Vierge,
which your Majesty has acquired. While expressing our own
lively satisfaction, we feel assured that all Catholics will be filled
with gratitude to your Majesty, and we gladly unite with the
others in expressing our most sincere thanks/'
On the 31st of October, 1898, after the consecration of the
Evangelical Church of the Kedeemer, the Imperial couple pro-
ceeded to the Dormition, where Father Piavi, Latin Patriarch of
Jerusalem, Father Schmidt, Director of the German Catholic
Hospice, and several other leading members of the Koman clergy
had assembled. A detachment of sailors from the Hertha, with
the band, had also been drawn up there. After greeting those
present, the Emperor addressed them as follows :
"As twenty -nine years ago his Majesty, the Sultan Abdul
Aziz, handed over to my lamented father the plot of land on
which stands the Evangelical Church consecrated to-day, so has
his Majesty, the present reigning Sultan, been moved by a spirit
of amity to present to me this plot, in order that buildings
may be erected thereon for the use and benefit of German
64 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Catholics. It is with heartfelt thanks to his Majesty the Sultan
that I take over the plot of land, and I hope that this gift,
which is an expression of sincere friendship and at the same
time of special interest in my German subjects, may, in the hands
of the German Catholic Palestine Association, become a blessing
to my Catholic subjects and, in particular, to their labours in the
Holy Land.
" I, William II., German Emperor and King of Prussia, do now
hereby take over this ground."
Thereupon the Emperor ordered the detachment of sailors to
" Present Arms ! " and commanded that the Koyal Standard be
hoisted on the spot to the strains of the saluting march. Father
Piavi expressed his thanks in the warmest terms, and added :
"The Holy Father is much touched by and very grateful for
your Majesty's noble idea."
On the 3rd of November the Emperor and Empress paid a visit
to the German Catholic Hospice in Jerusalem. At the entrance
their Majesties were received by the Director of the hospice,
Father Schmidt, who was accompanied by the staff of Borromean
Sisters attached to the institution. After the Imperial couple had
taken up positions in the principal room of the building, which
was decorated with pictures of the Royal guests, Father Schmidt
delivered the following address :
"With great respect and pleasure I welcome your Imperial
Majesties within the walls of the German Catholic Hospice. Our
institution is but young as yet, but it resembles the sown seed
which sprouts up lustily, giving promise of fine blossom and of
development into a fruitful tree. Here in the East we live in a
barren and a dry land, but when at length the shadow falls on the
sun-parched land everything thrives and breaks into blossom.
And now with cooling and refreshment the shadow of the Emperor
has fallen on the soil in which our seed-corn has been sown.
Wherever that shadow falls there must spring forth the beautiful
and the great.
" The foundation of this establishment was a matter of necessity,
for in the general rivalry of all nations and creeds to benefit the
Holy Land, the Catholic population of the great German Empire
could not lag behind. Good men and true, both clerical and lay,
took the work in hand. It has so far been greatly furthered
by a noble zeal for the Faith and the honour of the Fatherland ;
the blessing of the Father of our Church has made it fruitful;
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 65
and now your Majesty has in a magnanimous manner conferred
upon the institution your Imperial patronage and active interest.
I therefore pray your Imperial Majesty to deign to accept the
grateful thanks of the German Palestine Association thanks
spoken simultaneously from the hearts of millions of German
Catholics.
" Whilst standing, only three days ago, on the heights of Zion,
it was with joy and feelings of gratitude that, in recalling two
great names which are closely associated with Mount Zion, I
wished for your Majesty a long, glorious, and vigorous reign like
that of King David. To-day I have yet a third wish, suggested
by the very spot on which we are now standing. Not far from
this house there stood, thousands of years ago, the prophet
Isaiah, who uttered the prophecy of the Virgin and of Immanuel,
the fulfilment of which has transformed the face of the earth.
May this Immanuel and this is the highest blessing we can
invoke upon your Majesty be with you in all the great plans,
the accomplishment of which you have so much at heart,
and likewise the strong, joyful, confident belief of the inspired
prophet. And now for our Sovereign Lady, the illustrious and
noble Princess at your side, for her also shall be invoked the
wish of all our hearts. About two thousand years ago for it is
well-nigh as long since as that there tarried here in Palestine
the first Christian Empress, Saint Helena. Her every step was
attended by good deeds, and her memory is blessed in the East
to the present hour. Such an undying memory here in the Holy
Land do we wish your Majesty ; and when, after a long life, you
quit this world, may you attain to a glorious home on high in
the heavenly Jerusalem by the side of the Empress Helena.
For our house I may venture to add the hope that a period of
growth and happy prosperity will now dawn, and that the
institution will long enjoy the refreshing and cooling shadow of
your Majesty."
The Emperor thereupon replied as follows :
"I thank you, in the first place, for your patriotic address.
Your institution stands, as you said, under the shadow of my
protection. This shadow is thrown by the same black and white
shield which I have stretched out over your brethren and co-
religionists who, for Christ's sake, are risking their lives and their
blood in the Far East for the propagation of the Gospel. For the
purpose of protecting them, my brother is now out there with a
F
66 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
powerful squadron of ironclads, and the ensign which protects
them is here also floating over you. On my return to the Father-
land I will see to it that your fellow countrymen are informed
how laboriously you toil out here, and what splendid results your
institution, the excellent reputation of which had already reached
my ears, is able to show. It is indeed a blessing to this country
and its people."
On the 23rd of October, 1899, Bishop Simar, of Paderborn,
was elected Archbishop of Cologne, and soon afterwards took
the prescribed oath of loyalty to the Emperor at the Royal Palace
in Berlin. The Emperor replied in the following words :
"I was desirous of receiving in person the oath of allegiance
which your Grace has just taken, and I am glad to see you before
me on your entrance upon your new charge. As head of the
diocese of Paderborn you have in full measure come to under-
stand the toils as well as the blessings of the episcopal office.
It is no doubt with deep regret that you are quitting that sphere
of labour which you had come to love so well, but I have learnt
with satisfaction that you will cheerfully obey the summons to
the archiepiscopal see of Cologne. I have gladly signified to the
metropolitan chapter my approval of your election, and I now
confer on you my sovereign recognition. I confidently hope that,
as in the past, so now in a wider sphere of activity, you will with
entire devotion instruct the flock entrusted to your pastoral care
in all Christian virtues, and especially that you will foster the
spirit of respect and loyalty towards me and my House. It will
be your duty to train the faithful members of your Church's body
to become both good citizens and good patriots. Your oft-proved
loyalty of spirit gives me assurance that you will know how to
govern your new charge with equal blessing to Church and to
State. May God's grace be with you !"
The ninetieth birthday of Pope Leo was celebrated on the
2nd of March, 1900. On that occasion there was an exchange
of compliments between the Emperor and his Holiness. The
Emperor telegraphed :
" I pray your Holiness to accept my hearty congratulations on
your ninetieth birthday. I cherish the most sincere desire
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 67
for your happiness and your health, and I pray God that He
may bestow all His blessings on your Holiness."
The Pope's reply was :-*
"In the congratulations which your Majesty was gracious
enough to send us on our ninetieth birthday we see with pleasure
a fresh proof of your friendly sentiments. For this may your
Majesty accept our thanks, as well as the wish, which we for our
part express to Almighty God, for the welfare and the happiness
of your Majesty and the whole Imperial Family. T VT TT
.LEO -A.JL11.
The Catholic Mission in China has always enjoyed the support
of the Emperor. The Catholic missionary bishop Anzer has,
when visiting Berlin, often been the guest of the Emperor, and
has advised him on various important Chinese affairs. The
action undertaken against China in the year 1900 was partly in
aid of the Catholic Mission. The Archbishop of Cologne, the
Bishop of Metz, and the* Archbishop of Posen and Gnesen issued
instructions to their clergy that prayers should be offered in the
churches on behalf of the Expedition to China.
Proceeding from Bonn on the 25th of April, 1901, the
Emperor, accompanied by the Crown Prince, once more visited
the Maria-Laach Abbey, in order to view the interior decoration
of the Abbey church, carried out at his expense. Abbot Benzler
received the Emperor in cordial terms. The Emperor returned
his thanks for the friendly welcome, and referred to the remark of
the Abbot that the Benedictine Order had wished piously to
restore the Abbey church on the lines on which his forefathers
had built it. He, the Emperor, fully anticipated that its original
intentions would continue to be cherished and pursued by the
Order. He had therefore taken care that its ancient property
should be given back to the Order. The Order could rest assured
of his protection and favour. All endeavours to preserve the
religion of the people might rely upon his support.
Abbot Benzler soon afterwards became Bishop of Metz, and
took the oath of allegiance to the Emperor at Potsdam on
October 24th, 1901.
The words which the Emperor addressed to Bishop Benzler
were as follow :
"Since the establishment of German rule in Alsace-Lorraine,
this is the first occasion on which a high dignitary of the Catholic
Church in these provinces has personally taken the oath of allegi-
68 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
ance to the German Emperor. That you, my Lord Bishop, are
called to this see gives me particular satisfaction, and it has filled
me with gratification that the weighty question of the appoint-
ment to the episcopal see of Metz has been decided so happily.
Gladly, therefore, have I placed you in possession of all the
dignities and privileges connected with this office. Surely no
easy matter has it been for you to leave your peaceful retreat
in the beautiful convent by the Lake at Laach, where I have so
often been your guest and at the same time a witness of your
work quiet yet rich in blessings and to enter into a new sphere
of activity, with its heavy burden of important duties. But the
wisdom and loyalty which have illuminated your whole career
will, in your new position, enable you to find the right path, so
that now in this wider and more important field of labour
blessings may attend your work. It will be your bounden duty
to foster harmony, to strengthen among the flock entrusted to
your episcopal care the spirit of respect towards myself, and to
promote love for the German Fatherland. The activity you have
displayed in the past and the spirit of loyalty you have always
exhibited are to me a guarantee that such will be the case."
On the 3rd of December, 1901, the installation of the Suffragan-
Bishop of Strassburg, Zorn von Bulach, took place in the
Emperor's presence. The speech which the Emperor made at
the dtjeuner which followed was to this effect:
"It has filled me with satisfaction that a native of Alsace-
Lorraine has been appointed Suffragan-Bishop in the ancient
diocese of Strassburg. You, right reverend sir, are a son of
Alsace and a scion of an old Alsatian family, which from a remote
antiquity has furnished to its country many distinguished men,
and you are now called upon, as Suffragan-Bishop, to take up your
position beside the Bishop of your native diocese. Gladly have I
installed you, therefore, in all the dignities and privileges attached
to that office, and I could not deny myself the pleasure of re-
ceiving personally from you also the oath of allegiance, as I did
so recently from the Bishop of Metz. The assurances of loyalty
and the good wishes that you have just expressed for me and
my House, as well as your past services to Church and State,
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 69
strengthen iny belief that you, too, will regard it as your bounden
duty to promote harmony, to strengthen the spirit of respect
towards myself, and to increase the love of the German Fatherland
in the diocese of Strassburg, so far as it lies in your power. In
doing so you will only be following the example of your prede-
cessors, who, in the days of the Holy Eoman Empire, remained
true to Emperor and empire in good and evil days."
While the Emperor was in Metz in May, 1902, he visited the
cathedral, and was welcomed by Bishop Benzler in the following
address :
"Will your Imperial and Koyal Majesty permit me, on your
entry into this noble House of God, to bid you a most respectful
welcome ? We have to thank the high artistic feeling and active
encouragement of your Majesty for the fact that this glorious
edifice now begins to reveal its beauty to the admiring gaze as
it will appear when restored and completed. The main entrance,
a splendid example of style, is now approaching completion, and
already we can form some conception of the appearance of the
interior of the Cathedral as it will be when restored to its original
magnificence. It was a sublime idea that inspired the builder of
the Cathedral of St. Stephen at Metz. Stephen, we are told in
the Acts of the Apostles, with his dying eyes saw the Heavens
open mdit cwlos apertos. The story goes that the spirit of the
artist seized that moment to embody it in stone. In the lofty
choir the martyr is just sinking down under the shower of stones
cast by the Jews ; his failing eye looks up to the glory of Heaven,
which seems to stream through the lofty stained windows into
the high-vaulted building. Other cathedrals may surpass it in
vastness of dimensions, in impressiveness of massive effects, but
so far as noble proportion, beauty of outline, and intellectual
mastery over the material employed are concerned, the Cathedral of
St. Stephen at Metz may rank with the most noble examples
of the Gothic style. Your Imperial and Koyal Majesty has been
pleased to recognise the eminent importance of our cathedral,
and has most generously assisted in its restoration. May it
please your Majesty to receive in return for such high favours
the most respectful thanks of the Bishop, the Cathedral Chapter,
and the whole diocese. May the blessing of Almighty God, to
whose glory your Imperial and Koyal Majesty has assisted this
cathedral towards its artistic completion, descend in richest mea-
sure upon your Imperial and Koyal Majesty, upon her Majesty
the Empress, and upon the whole Imperial and Koyal House."
70 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
On the 19th of June, 1902, the Emperor paid a visit to the
town of Aix-la-Chapelle. Accompanied by his Consort, he viewed
the minster, and was there greeted by the prelate, Dr. Bellerheim,
in the following address :
"The debt of gratitude which the Chapter of the Collegiate Church
owes your Imperial Majesty can never be repaid. This sacred duty
we perform in the solemn services of prayer and praise which, for
a thousand years and more, have re-echoed from the high-sprung
arches and vaulted roof of our Collegiate Church. Day by day
throughout the year do we pray in this place for Emperor and
Empire. These prayers begin when the first blush of dawn rises
from the lap of morning, they continue when the sun reaches its
meridian, and, your Majesty, they do not die away on our lips till
the shadows of evening are falling. May the Imperial Eagle
spread its sheltering wings over this holy place of prayer until
the last morsel of mosaic shall have been inserted in its place."
Thereupon the Emperor replied as follows :
" I thank the Chapter of this Foundation from my whole heart
for the noble address which we have just received. If all the
clergy of your Church are like-minded with yourselves, then the
safety of our Fatherland is well assured.
" It affords me great pleasure that I am able personally to
further and take under my patronage the work of continuing the
decoration of your church. In so doing I am but continuing in
the spirit of my predecessors. My lamented grandfather and my
father regarded it as an imperative duty to restore to its pristine
splendour this beautiful House of God, and we now continue the
work which the great Charles once began. Throughout the
centuries a certain spirit has pervaded the Teutonic character
the love of Nature, which the Creator implanted in our hearts
to be a true birthright of us Germans. They have exhibited the
same spirit in their art as applied to the ornamentation of their
churches, and no German can free himself from the influence of
the models which were thus originated, the protection of which
becomes the duty of the Sovereign.
"I shall be glad if Heaven will, in the evening of my life,
permit me to see the completion of this church."
On the same day the Emperor, in the Council Chamber at Aix-la-
Chapelle, replied as follows to the address of Chief Burgomaster
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 71
Veltmann a reply which did not fail to attract attention, especially
in Catholic circles, even outside the borders of Germany :
"My dear Chief Burgomaster: In the name of her Majesty
the Empress and in my own I thank you sincerely, and from the
bottom of my heart, for the indescribably patriotic reception which
all quarters of the city of Aix-la-Chapelle have accorded to us.
It was one of the dearest wishes of my heart to visit the town of
Aix, and I thank you for the opportunity you afforded me by
your invitation. Who on such historic soil as this of Aix can
fail to be deeply moved by the echoes and the sounds of the past
and the present ? Who can fail to recall the acts of Providence
when he surveys the history of the centuries during which our
Fatherland has been associated with Aix-la-Chapelle? Aix is
the cradle of the German Imperial power, for here the great
Charles set up his throne, and the town of Aix has since retained
some reflex of his glory. So powerful and so great a figure was
this mighty Germanic Prince, that Kome herself offered him the
dignity of the ancient Eoman Caesars, and he was chosen to
enter upon the heritage of the Imperium Bomanum assuredly
a splendid recognition of the efficiency of our German race then
first entering on the stage of history; for the sceptre of the
Caesars had slipped from the feeble grasp of their successors,
crumbling and insecure the Koman fabric was tottering to its fall,
and only the appearance on the scene of the Germans, flushed
with victory and unspoiled in spirit, was able to divert the history
of mankind into a new channel, which it has followed ever since.
It goes without saying that the powerful Charles, the great King
of the Franks, drew upon him the gaze of Kome, who saw in him
her bulwark and protector. But to unite the office of the Eoman
Emperor with the dignity and burdens of a Teutonic king was a
task beyond the power of man. What he, with his mighty per-
sonality, was able to accomplish, fate denied to his successors, and
in their anxiety to gain the empire of the world the later Imperial
dynasties lost sight of the German nation and country. They
marched to the South in order to retain the empire of the world,
and, thereby, forgot Germany. Hence our kingdom and nation
gradually broke up. Just as the aloe, when it puts forth its
blossoms, devotes its whole strength to this one task, unfolds
72 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
from its ascending crest bloom after bloom to the astonishment
of the beholder and then breaks and dries up at the root, so also
fared the Holy Koman Empire.
"And now another Empire has arisen. The German people
again have an Emperor, of their own making. Sword in hand, on
the field of battle, the crown was won and the banner of the Empire
once more floats high in air. With the same enthusiasm and love
with which the German people clung to their ancient Imperial idea
did the new Empire come into existence, only with other problems
to solve. It is shut off from the outer world and confined within
the limits of our country, in order that we may gather strength by
way of preparation for the tasks which lie before our people at home,
and which in the Middle Ages could not be performed at all. And
we see that the Empire, although still young, grows in strength
year by year, while on all sides ever-growing confidence is placed
in it. The mighty German Army, however, is the mainstay of the
peace of Europe. True to the Teutonic character, we confine our
Empire within definite limits, that we may have unlimited scope
for the development of our resources within. In ever-widening
circles does our speech extend its influence even across the sea.
Into far-distant lands do our science and research wing their way.
There is no work in the field of modern research which has not
been published in our tongue, and no discovery in science which
we are not the first to turn to account, to be subsequently adopted
by other nations. Such is the World Power to which the German
spirit aspires. If we would do justice in all respects to the great
tasks laid upon us, we must not forget that the main foundation
upon which this Empire rests is based on simplicity, the fear of God,
and the high sense of moral duties possessed by our ancestors. With
what sore affliction was the hand of God laid upon our country at
the beginning of last century, and how mighty was the arm of
Providence which shaped and welded the iron in the furnace of
affliction until the weapon was forged. So I hope that all of you,
clergy and laity alike, will help me to preserve religion among
the people. Together must we labour to preserve to the Germanic
race its vigour and the moral basis of its strength. That, how-
ever, is only possible by preserving for it religion Protestant and
Catholic alike. My joy to-day is the greater because I have im-
THE EMPEROR AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 73
portant news for the dignitaries of the Church who are here
represented, and which I am proud to be able to impart to them.
Here stands General von Loe, a trusty servant of his Sovereigns.
He was sent by me to Kome to attend the Jubilee of the Holy
Father, and when he presented to his Holiness my congratulations
and my gift, and informed him, in friendly conversation, of the
outlook in our German lands, the Holy Father replied that he was
pleased to be able to tell him that he had always thought highly
of the piety of the Germans, especially of the German Army.
His Holiness could tell him even more, and he asked him to deliver
this message to his Emperor, that the country in all Europe in
which decency, order, and discipline still holds widest sway, in
which respect for authority, veneration for the Church, and free-
dom for every Catholic in the confession of his faith still prevails,
was the German Empire, and that for this his thanks were due
to the German Emperor.
" This, gentlemen, justifies me in saying that both our creeds,
side by side, must keep in view the one great aim, namely, the
upholding and strengthening of the fear of God and reverence for
religion. Whether we are men with modern ideas, whatever the
sphere of action in which our lot is cast, it is all one and the same
thing. He who does not base his life on religion is lost. And so,
since on this day and in this place it is a fit and proper occasion
not only to speak but also to make a vow, I hereby declare that I
place the whole Empire, the whole people, my Army, symbolically
represented by this baton, myself and my House under the Cross
and under the protection of Him, of Whom the great apostle
Peter said, ' Neither is there salvation in any other : for there is
none other name under Heaven given among men whereby we
must be saved,' and who has said of Himself, ' Heaven and earth
shall pass away, but My words shall not pass away.'
" I drink to the welfare of the town of Aix in the firm convic-
tion that the words which I have spoken will fall on good ground
here, for I am firmly convinced by what I have to-day seen of the
citizens of this town, old and young, that in the future our House
and our Throne will continue to find strong support within these
walls.
"Long live the town of Aix-la-Chapelle!"
3
; ---< to.
THE EMPEROR
AND THE WORKING CLASSES
IN" his speech from the Throne at the opening of the Reichstag
on October 22nd, 1888, the Emperor expressly declared :
"I have undertaken as a precious inheritance from my late
grandfather, now resting in God, the task of continuing the social
legislation commenced by him. I do not indulge the hope that
the troubles of the time and the afflictions of mankind can be
abolished from the world by legislative measures alone, but I con-
sider it the duty of the State to work, as far as in it lies, for the
alleviation of present economic distresses, and, by organised effort,
to bring about the practical recognition of that love for one's
neighbour which grows in the soil of Christianity, as a duty to be
undertaken by the collective power of the State, The difficulties
which stand in the way of a comprehensive compulsory insurance
of all working men against accidents and sickness are great, but,
thank God, not so great as to be insurmountable. As the result
of comprehensive preliminary inquiries, a Bill will be submitted
to you which offers a workable means of attaining this end."
A few days after this speech, on November 16th, 1888, the
Emperor received, whilst at Breslau, a deputation of representa-
tives from both Protestant and Catholic Labour Associations, and
replied to their addresses in these words :
"I thank you, gentlemen, for the honour which you did me
yesterday by your splendid torchlight procession, and for the
sentiments of loyalty to me and my House to which you have just
given expression. It gave me double pleasure that in paying
this honour the workmen of both creeds joined with such complete
unanimity.
74
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 75
" The welfare of the working men lies near to my heart. The
workmen of Breslau were the first to recognise this and to give ex-
pression to their loyalty towards me and my House. I am convinced
that you will display this fidelity in the future, whenever occasion
demands. I hope and desire that the example given by the
working men of the capital of Silesia will be imitated by workers
in all parts of the Empire, and that they will stand faithfully by
my House with like unanimity. I request you to make this
known to the working men who took part in the torchlight pro-
cession, as I was not then able to express to all of them my Eoyal
thanks."
On April 30th, 1889, the German National Exhibition of Means
for the Prevention of Accidents was opened. It was under the
patronage of the Emperor. At the opening ceremony the Em-
peror made the following speech :
" It is with pleasure that I welcome this proof of the endeavours
to afford increased security to the working men against the dangers
incident to their calling, which have become greater in recent
times, to raise the economic position of the working classes by
well-devised measures, and to give expression to the idea of
practical philanthropy even in our public enactments.
"Present and future generations will never forget what they
owe to my grandfather now resting in God that he brought
home to the national conscience the importance of this endeavour
on behalf of the community. I have approached the social
problems with which we have to deal with a full conviction of
the necessity of finding a solution for them. I count upon the
intelligent and ready co-operation of all classes of the people,
especially of the workers, whose welfare is the object of these
undertakings, and of the employers of labour, who in their own
interests are willing to make the increasingly heavy sacrifices
entailed.
"The Exhibition of Means for the Prevention of Accidents is
one of the results of these endeavours. It proves to what extent
up to the present the provisions of the laws have taken practical
shape. The necessary trouble and labour spent upon the organisa-
tion of the Exhibition will, I hope to God, be followed by great
76 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
blessings. To all who have contributed their share to this
work I express my thanks and my acknowledgments. May the
Exhibition help all who are concerned to realise how much can be
done to protect the workman and to promote his interests."
A few days later a general strike of coal-miners began in
the collieries of the Kuhr district, which threatened to paralyse
the whole commerce and industry of the country, especially as the
men in the other Prussian coalfields were ready to join the strikers.
In order to adjust the differences between the masters and the
men, the Emperor received a deputation from each of the con-
tending parties. To the deputation of the miners, received on the
14th of May, the Emperor said :
" Every subject who prefers a wish or petition has, as a matter
of course, the ear of his Emperor. I have shown this in permitting
the deputation to come hither and personally to lay their wishes
before me. You have, however, put yourselves in the wrong, for
the step you have taken is illegal, inasmuch as the fourteen days'
notice, on the expiration of which you would have been legally
entitled to stop work, has not been given. Consequently, you are
guilty of breach of contract. It is self-evident that this breach
of contract has irritated and injured the masters. Furthermore,
men who refused to strike were prevented by violence or threats
from continuing their work. Then, again, some workmen have
defied the authorities and have seized property which does not
belong to them, and, in individual cases, have even actively resisted
the military power which had been summoned to preserve order.
Finally, you insist that work shall be resumed only on condition
that in all mines your entire demands are conceded. As regards
your demands, I will have them thoroughly investigated by
Government officials, and will transmit the result of the inquiry
to you through the proper authorities. If, however, any excesses
be committed against public order and tranquillity, or if it should
become evident that Social Democrats are connected with the
agitation, I shall not be able to take into consideration jour
wishes with my royal favour; for to me the word Social Democrat
is synonymous with enemy of Empire and Fatherland. If, there-
fore, I observe that social democratic opinions are concerned in the
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 77
agitation and incite to unlawful resistance, I will intervene with
unrelenting vigour and bring to bear the full power which I
possess, and which is great indeed. Now retire, consider what
I have said, and try to influence your comrades, so that they may
come back to their senses. But above all, under no circumstances
must any of you hinder your fellow-miners who wish to resume
work from doing so."
To the deputation of the mine-owners of the Euhr Coalfield
who appeared before him on May 16th, 1889, the Emperor said :
"Gentlemen : I have granted you audience, since it is naturally
a monarch's business to hear both parties when his subjects require
adjustment of differences that have arisen between them and
loyally approach the Chief of the State. Two days ago I heard
the men, and am pleased to see you before me to-day. As to
the cause of the strike and the means of settling it, I still await
detailed information on these points from my officials. I am par-
ticularly anxious to bring to an end the great Westphalian strike
as soon as possible, because it has caused widespread injury to the
whole country, and is also extending into Silesia. You know what
I said to the men ; it was published in all the newspapers yester-
day. I indicated my position with the greatest clearness. The
men themselves made a good impression on me, for it would seem
that they held aloof from social democracy. That the words I
spoke to them have been favourably regarded in working-class
circles in Westphalia I gather from telegrams, and I am delighted
to hear that attempts at interference on the part of Social Demo-
crats have been energetically repelled. The negotiations which,
as I am glad to hear, you, Herr Hammacher, as President of the
Masters' Association, have conducted with the men's delegates,
have been brought to my knowledge through the Ministry of the
Interior, and I desire to express my acknowledgment of the
conciliatory spirit you have shown towards the men, and by means
of which the basis for a possible understanding has been secured.
I shall be delighted if that proves to be the basis of an agree-
ment between masters and men. There is still one other point I
wish to emphasise from my point of view if you, gentlemen, are
of opinion that the men's delegates whom I received were not the
78 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
authoritative representatives of the strikers, that would not alter
the case. Even if they only had a part of the men behind them,
and expressed the opinion existing in their circles, the moral
influence of the attempt to bring about an understanding will
none the less be of considerable value. If, however, they were
actually the delegates of the men, and represented the opinions of
the whole of the Westphalian miners, and, further, if they regard
favourably the proposals which you have made to them, then I
trust to their common sense and patriotism to do their best, and
not without success, to bring their comrades back to work as soon
as possible. I would, on this occasion, urgently recommend to all
parties concerned that the mining companies and their agents
should always in the future keep themselves in the closest possible
touch with the men, so that such agitations as these will not
escape their notice. For it is impossible that the strike could
have developed if there had not been much preparation. Evidences
of such preparations have, I am informed, been discovered. The
intention was to bring about a general strike, but at a later period,
and this strike in Westphalia was entered upon prematurely. I
beg you to give the men the opportunity to formulate their
demands, and, above all things, to remember that those companies
which employ a great number of my subjects to labour for them
have also a duty to perform to the State and the communes con-
cerned, that is, to care for the welfare of the workmen to the best
of their ability, and, in particular, to prevent the population of a
whole province from again becoming involved in such difficulties.
It is but human nature that every man should seek to earn for
himself the best livelihood possible. The men read newspapers,
and know in what ratio their wages stand towards the profits
of the companies. That they should wish to have some share
in such profits is intelligible enough. For that reason I would
ask you on each occasion to examine the state of affairs with the
greatest earnestness, and, when possible, to try to obviate such
things for the future. I can only impress upon you, that the
work which the President of your Association began yester-
day with such success should as soon as possible be brought
to a favourable termination. I regard it as my Royal duty to
give my support to all concerned, masters and men alike, when
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 79
differences of opinion arise, and it will be in proportion to the
pains you take to further the interests of all your fellow-citizens
by fostering general good-will and guarding against agitations of
this kind."
During his visit to Worms December 8th, 1889 the Emperor
granted an audience to a deputation of the workmen's com-
mittee, and was presented by them with an address and a
garland of flowers. His speech on that occasion was as follows :
"I gladly accept the address and the garland as a token of
your love and loyalty. I am aware of the fact that the workmen
of Worms have always distinguished themselves by their loyalty
to the Empire and their patriotism, and I therefore hope that
in the future, also, they will turn a deaf ear to all solicitations
and temptations, and will preserve the sentiments of loyalty
which they have hitherto displayed."
The year 1890 was prolific in endeavours on the part of the
Emperor which were directed towards the amelioration of the
economic condition and the protection of the working classes.
On the 8th of February the Eeichsanzeiger published the follow-
ing Imperial Edict :
" To the Imperial Chancellor.
"I am resolved to offer a helping hand for the amelioration
of the condition of the labouring classes of Germany, as far as the
circumstances, which necessarily limit the extent of my care,
will permit. These limitations arise out of the necessity of
preserving the capacity of German industry to compete in the
markets of the world, and thereby to render secure its own
existence and that of the employed; for a decline of home
production, brought about by the reduction in sales abroad,
would deprive not only the employers but also their workmen
of their bread. The difficulties which lie in the way of
ameliorating the position of our working men, and which are
due to international competition, cannot, it is true, be entirely
overcome, but they certainly may be lessened, but only by an
international understanding between the countries interested in
the control of the markets of the world. Convinced that other
Governments, also, are imbued with the desire to submit to a
joint investigation, the efforts in regard to which the workmen of
80 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
these countries are now conducting international negotiations
among themselves, I desire that official inquiry should be made,
in the first instance, by my representatives in France, England,
Belgium, and Switzerland, as to whether the Governments of
those countries are disposed to enter into negotiations with us,
with a view to coming to an international agreement on the possi-
bility of meeting those needs and wishes of the working men which
have been brought to light by the strikes of the last few years.
"As soon as my suggestion has been accepted in principle, I
command you to invite the Governments of the countries which
are equally interested in the labour question to a Conference,
for the purpose of discussing the points at issue.
"To the Minister of Public Works and for Commerce and
Industry :
"On my accession to the Throne I announced my resolve to
promote the further development of our legislation in that same
direction in which my grandfather, now at rest in God, in the
spirit of Christian morality, interested himself in the welfare of
the economically weaker portion of the nation. However valu-
able and successful the measures which have hitherto been taken
by the Legislature and Executive for the amelioration of the
condition of the working classes, yet they do not entirely solve
the problem which is laid upon me. Besides the further extension
of legislation dealing with the insurance of workmen against
accidents, the existing provisions of the Factory Acts with regard
to the condition of workers in factories are to be submitted to a
thorough investigation, in order to meet the complaints and
wishes which have made themselves heard in this field, so far
as they are found to have been justified. This investigation must
proceed from the assumption that it is one of the functions of
the State so to regulate the time, the length of hours, and the
conditions of the work, that the health of the workers may be
maintained; and the dictates of morality, the economic needs of
the workers, and their claim to a position of equality in the eyes
of the law, may not be lost sight of. In order to foster peaceful
relations between the workers and their masters, we must con-
sider the drawing up of legal regulations relating to various
methods in which, by means of representatives possessing their
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 81
confidence, the workers may have some share in the regulation of
common affairs, and be able to protect their interests in nego-
tiating with the masters and with the officials of my Government.
By some such arrangement we must enable the workers to give
free and peaceful expression to their wishes and grievances, and
give the authorities of the State opportunity constantly to acquire
information concerning the circumstances of the workers, and to
keep in contact with the latter. I would like to see the State
mines develop into pattern institutions in respect of care for the
workers, and for private mines I am endeavouring to bring about
the establishment of an organic connection between my mining
officials and the working of such mines, with a view to placing
them under a system of inspection, corresponding to the inspec-
tion to which factories are submitted, as it existed down to the
year 1869. In order to facilitate preliminary discussion on these
questions, I desire the State Council to assemble under my presi-
dency, and with the addition of such technical experts as I shall
summon for this purpose. I reserve for my consideration the
selection of the latter. Among the difficulties which we have to
confront in regulating the position of the working classes in the
sense I purpose, those are most important which arise from the
necessity of sparing home industries that they may be in a
position to compete successfully with foreign countries. I have
therefore instructed the Imperial Chancellor to suggest to the
Governments of those States whose industry, in competition with
our own, controls the markets of the world, the meeting of a
conference, in order that we may endeavour to lay down uniform
international regulations with regard to the limits to be imposed
upon the demands made on the energies of the workers. The
Imperial Chancellor will communicate to you a copy of the Edict
I addressed to him."
On February 14th, 1890, the State Council met at the Royal
Palace at Berlin, and was opened by the Emperor with the
following speech :
"Gentlemen, Members of the State Council.
"Through my message of the 4th instant the information
was conveyed to you that I am desirous of availing myself of
82 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the advice of the State Council in regard to those measures
which are necessary for the better regulation of the condition of
the labouring classes. It is in accordance with the important
position which the State Council occupies in the kingdom, that
the weighty questions of this nature, which await a satisfactory
solution, should be subjected by you to a minute examination
before the draft of the Bill has been drawn and submitted to the
parliamentary bodies, in whose hands our constitution has placed
the final decision.
"I lay stress on the importance of a Council composed of
representatives of the most varied vocations, in the light of the
practical experience represented by its members, submitting the
proposals I have in view to a thorough and unbiassed examination
with reference to their efficacy, practicability, and scope.
"The problem, to find a solution of which I have summoned
you here, is important and urgent. The protection to be given
to the working classes against the arbitrary and almost unchecked
exploitation of their labour ; the restriction which the dictates of
humanity and the laws of natural development demand should
be placed on child labour; the consideration of the position of
women in the households of working men, morally and economi-
cally important as that is for family life, and other matters
closely concerning the working classes, are capable of much better
regulation. Then, also, expert knowledge must be brought to bear
on the consideration of the extent to which our industries are
capable of bearing a greater burden of cost of production result-
ing from stricter laws in favour of working men, without
diminishing the field of remunerative employment open to our
workers owing to the keen competition in the markets of the
world. That would only result in injury to the economic
position of the workers instead of the improvement which I
am endeavouring to bring about. The most careful consideration
is in a high degree necessary if this danger is to be avoided.
The happy solution of these burning questions of our time is
the more important, inasmuch as they obviously are. closely
associated with the international agreement on the same matters
which I have proposed.
"Not less important, for the securing of amicable relations
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 83
between employers and employed, are the means by wbich a
guarantee may be given to working men that, through repre-
sentatives who enjoy their confidence, they shall have a voice in
the regulation of their common employment, and be enabled to
uphold their interests in dealing with their employers.
"We must endeavour to establish connections between the
representatives of the men and the State mining officials and
inspectors, and in this way to draw up rules and regulations
which will make it possible for working men to give free and
peaceful expression to their wishes and interests, and will at the
same time give the State authorities the opportunity, by hearing
those directly interested, of keeping themselves constantly and
reliably informed of the circumstances of the working men and
of maintaining that contact with them which is so desirable.
Moreover, the further development of the industrial enterprises
carried on by the State into models of efficient care for the
employees calls for most thorough and expert consideration.
"I rely on the well -proved and faithful devotion of the
Council to the task which lies before it. I do not overlook
the fact that this is precisely one of those fields in which we
must not look to State agency alone to effect every improvement
that might be desired, There remains open to the free activity
of philanthropy, to the Church, and to the school a wide field
rich in blessings, and by them must the legal enactments be
supported and fructified, in order that their full effects may be
realised. But if, by God's help, you succeed in satisfying the
legitimate aspirations of the working classes on the basis of the
suggestions I am about to lay before you, then your labour will
be certain to receive my Eoyal thanks and the gratitude of the
nation.
" The programme to be submitted to your consideration will be
forwarded to you without delay. I appoint to take part in the
deliberations both Committees for Commerce, Industry, Public
Buildings, Kailways, and Mines, and for matters of domestic
administration, and to these I will add a number of experts.
I request the members of these Committees to be in the rooms
which shall be assigned to them at eleven o'clock on the 26th
inst. I appoint as Chairman, Chief Burgomaster Miquel, and as
,=>
84 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Deputy-Chairman, Herr Geheimer Finanzrat Jencke. I reserve
to myself the right to call, after the conclusion of the delibera-
tions of the Committees, a second meeting of the State Council,
and I hope that your work will receive Heaven's blessing, without
which no work of man can prosper."
In a private conversation with Herr von Eynern a few days
later, the Emperor made the following remarks :
" Whether we receive thanks or ingratitude for our endeavours
on behalf of the amelioration of the condition of the working
classes, I shall never allow these efforts to flag. I have the con-
viction that the introduction of the proposed State protection will
lead us to the end in view, namely, the reconciliation of the
working classes to their position in the social fabric. In any
case, I have a clear conscience concerning all our efforts in this
matter."
Cardinal Manning, who was regarded as a leading authority in
the field of social reform, wrote, at about that time, in reply
to questions which had been addressed to him by a German
publicist :
" You ask me for my opinion regarding the German Emperor's
proposal for a Conference on the labour question and the condition
of the millions of people who in every country in Europe live on
the wages of their labour. I regard the Imperial act as the
wisest and the worthiest which has been performed by any
Sovereign of our time. The present condition of the wage-
earners of every European country is a serious danger to each
State. The long hours of toil, the labour of women and children,
the scanty wages, the uncertainty of employment, the competition
engendered by modern economic conditions, and the destruction
of domestic life which results from these and other similar causes,
have ended in making it impossible for a worker to lead a life
worthy of a human being. How can a man who labours fifteen
or sixteen hours a day be a father to his children? How can a
woman who is away from home all day long fulfil the duties of
a mother? Domestic life is in this way made an impossibility,
and yet it is upon family life that the whole system of human
society rests. If the foundation is injured, what will become of
the building ? The Emperor William has, therefore, shown him-
self to be a true and far-sighted statesman."
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 85
Herr Deppe, the master locksmith of Magdeburg, subsequently
published his impressions, from which the following is a quo-
tation :
"As one of the experts who, enjoying the confidence of the
Emperor, were summoned to attend the meetings of the commit-
tees of the State Council, I had at three sittings the pleasure of
sitting under the Presidency of the Emperor from ten o'clock in
the morning till half -past six in the evening, with a short interval
for luncheon. The Emperor knew how to open, adjourn, and
close the meetings ; when to call on delegates to speak and when
to speak himself, and when to cut short a speaker who had
wandered from the point. The first to be in his place, he was
the last to leave it, and he followed the course of the proceedings
with unwearying attention. During the luncheon intervals, when
the Minister of the Interior dispensed hospitality in an informal
way at different tables, the strenuous devotee of duty became the
most affable of monarchs. Indeed, one altogether forgot that he
was the German Emperor when one stood alone with him or in a
circle of others surrounding him, discussing this or that question."
The proceedings of the Council were closed by the Emperor on
the 28th of February, 1890, with the following words :
" I ask you, gentlemen, to combat the notion which has obtained
such currency among the public that we have assembled here in
order to discover a panacea for the relief of all social evils and
sufferings. We have honestly endeavoured to find means to effect
some improvements and to determine the limits within which
measures for the protection of the working classes may and
should be carried. I trust that good will accrue from your
deliberations."
The State Council was followed by the International Labour
Conference, which was opened on the 15th of March at the resi-
dence of the Chancellor by Herr von Berlepsch, the Prussian
Minister of Commerce, who welcomed the delegates in a speech
which he delivered on behalf of the Emperor.
On the 6th of May the Emperor opened the Reichstag in person,
and, at the beginning of his speech, said :
"Now that the General Election is over, and you have been
returned to work in common with the allied Governments, I
welcome you at this entry of the Reichstag on its eighth legisla-
tive period, and I confidently hope that you will succeed in
86 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
carrying to a satisfactory solution the important legislative ques-
tions which you will be called upon to consider. Some of these
questions are of such an urgent character that it seemed advisable
not to postpone the meeting of the Keichstag any longer.
" Amongst them I particularly include the question of further
legislation for the protection of the working classes. The strike
movement that prevailed in the course of the past year in some
parts of the country has prompted me to institute an inquiry into
the question as to whether our Legislature, so far as is compatible
with the existing order of things, sufficiently takes into account
the legitimate and realisable aspirations of our working popula-
tion. The point at issue is, in the first place, how to secure
Sunday as a day of rest for the workers, as well as the restriction
of female and child labour as enjoined by the dictates of humanity
and the laws of natural development. The allied Governments
have convinced themselves that the proposals made by the last
Keichstag could, so far as their main principles go, be passed into
law without any injury accruing to other interests. Connected
with these there are a number of other matters which have been
shown to be capable of and, indeed, to call for improvement.
This category includes in particular enactments relating to the
protection of working men against dangers to life, health, and
morals, as well as to the promulgation of labour regulations.
Then, also, the regulations relating to the workmen's pass-books
should be supplemented in order to strengthen parental authority
against the increasing laxity of discipline amongst young workers.
The remodelling and further development of the Industrial
Kegulation Act which are thereby rendered indispensable are
detailed in the programme, which will be submitted to you without
delay. A further proposal aims at the better regulation and
organisation of the industrial Courts of Arbitration, so that in
the event of disputes arising between employers and employed
these courts may act as boards of conciliation to arrange the
terms under which work shall be continued or resumed.
" I trust to your willing co-operation in order to bring about an
agreement between the legislative bodies concerning the reforms
proposed to you, and thereby to effect a considerable progress in
the peaceful development of the condition of our working men.
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 87
The more the working-classes recognise the conscientious earnest-
ness with which the Empire strives satisfactorily to better their
condition, the sooner will they realise the dangers which will
accrue to them if they make extravagant and impracticable
demands. In the due care of the working men lies the most
effective means of strengthening those forces which are called
upon to resist with uncompromising severity every attempt to
subvert by force the reign of law and order.
" In carrying out this reform, however, only such measures can
be regarded as practicable as will not endanger the industrial
activity of the nation or the most vital interests of the working
men themselves. Our industry is only one portion of the
economic work of the nations who participate in the competition
for the markets of the world. Bearing this in mind, I have made
it my duty to bring about an exchange of opinions between the
European states that find themselves in a similar economic posi-
tion, with a view to discovering to what extent a common
recognition of the problems awaiting legislative solution regarding
the protection of working men can be secured and carried into
effect. I feel it my duty to acknowledge gratefully that this
suggestion has received the same response from all the states
concerned, including those in which the subject has already been
discussed and brought near to a solution. The proceedings of the
International Conference which was held here filled me with
particular satisfaction. The resolutions passed constitute an
expression of common views concerning the most important
sphere of labour in which our modern civilisation can work.
The principles laid down will, I doubt not, continue to sow the
seed which, by God's help, will spring up to be a blessing to the
working men of all countries, and will not fail to yield fruit by
promoting harmony in the relations of the nations one with
another."
The Emperor paid a visit to Krupp's works at Essen on the
20th June, 1890, and to a deputation of seven hundred working
men he addressed the following words :
"I express to you, German working men, my cordial thanks.
You know that my House has always cared for the working
88 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
classes. I have indicated to the world the path along which I
intend to walk, and I say again to-day that I shall continue in
the same path which I have taken hitherto.
"I was particularly gratified at being able to infer from your
excellent demeanour that you understand me, and believe that we
are on the right path. Above all am I pleased to have the
opportunity of revisiting these works, the master and the work-
men of which are of such immense importance to our Fatherland.
Krupp's works have earned for German working men and German
industry a world-wide fame which no other firm has equalled,
and, therefore, I thank Herr Krupp and his employees, and I
request you to raise a vigorous cheer for the health of Herr Krupp
and the welfare of Krupp's firm."
On the 13th of September a banquet was given at the Royal
Palace of Breslau, on which occasion the Emperor said :
" I once more repeat the thanks of the Empress and of myself
for the cordial reception which we have met with in the province,
and for the loyal feelings which you have manifested towards us.
And at the same time I give further expression to my satisfaction
at being at last able to be again among my subjects in Silesia.
As in the old days, at the time of the regeneration of our country,
this province was the first to answer the call of my great-grand-
father to win back for the country its independence, so also in
domestic affairs it was this province which, to my great joy, took
the first steps to give effect to those proposals of mine, the object
of which is to secure the welfare of the working people. With
commendable zeal the clergy and laity act together in order to
improve the condition of the lower classes, and to maintain order
in the life of the province. Men like the Prince of Pless and
the Prince-Bishop of Breslau take the lead and set an excellent
example, which is not without good effect. I must not omit to
express my Eoyal thanks to these two leaders, as well as to many
others in the province who have followed their example. With
my thanks I associate the hope that the good example which
the province has set may be followed, irrespective of parties
and creeds, in all parts of the Empire, and that our citizens
will at last awaken from the slumber into which they have
THE EMPEROR AND THE WORKING CLASSES 89
allowed themselves to be lulled, and will no longer leave to the
State and its officials the burden of the campaign against the
revolutionary elements, but will lend a hand to the work them-
selves. I am convinced that if the province continues to walk
in its present path, not only itself, but my whole country will
succeed in restoring veneration for the Church, respect for the
law, and loyal obedience to the Crown and to its wearer."
On opening the third session of the ninth Eeichstag on the 8th
of December, 1894, the Emperor said, amongst other things :
"May God's blessing rest on this House. May the greatness
and the welfare of the Empire be the end in view to which all
who are called to work in these chambers strive with self-sacrificing
devotion to attain.
" I feel especially anxious that this wish should be realised in
respect of the economic and social reform questions which are to
be brought to a solution by your co-operation. Faithful to the
traditions of our ancestors, my illustrious Allies, as well as myself,
consider that the noblest duty of a Government is to protect
the weaker classes of society and to assist them to attain to a
higher economic and moral condition. The duty of striving with
all one's energy to this end is the more imperative, the more
strenuous and severe the struggle for existence becomes for the
different classes of the people. Supported by the conviction that it
is incumbent upon the State to safeguard the general well-being
of the nation and the principles of equitable justice against the
conflicting interests of the various sections of the community,
the Federal Governments will continue in their endeavour to
preserve and to foster among the people the feeling of content-
ment and of unity by mitigating present economic and social
contrasts.
" Should this course, to which I expect you will give unreserved
support, prove to be an assured success, then it would seem to be
necessary to offer a more effective resistance to the dangerous
attitude of those who attempt to interfere with the Government
authorities in the fulfilment of their duties. Experience has
shown us that the existing enactments do not provide us with the
90 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
necessary powers for carrying out that work. The Federal
Governments are therefore of opinion that our common law needs
to be supplemented. A Bill will be submitted to you without
delay, which, chiefly by means of an extension of the existing
penal laws, will have the effect of securing the protection of order
in the State. I am confident that you will give to this serious
work your energetic co-operation."
THE EMPEEOE AND THE IMPEEIAL
TEEBITOKIES
IN the preceding chapters we have frequently made reference
to the interest which the Emperor William II. has shown in
Alsace-Lorraine, and we have been able to give many instances
of the kindly sentiments of the Emperor towards the people of
those provinces. The regermanisation of the Imperial Territories
has made such progress that even French patriots are obliged to
admit that Germany has by this time completed the second con-
quest a moral one of Alsace-Lorraine, and that the Emperor
William has contributed largely to this result. The Emperor and
Empress had made several visits to the Imperial Territories
previous to March 14th, 1891, when the Emperor received a depu-
tation of the Provincial Committee of Alsace-Lorraine, who
begged for the suspension of the stringent passport regulations.
To this request the Emperor replied :
" It gives me satisfaction that the Provincial Committee have
applied directly to me concerning a question of great importance
to the interests of Alsace-Lorraine. For my own part, I see in
this action a welcome proof of the rapidly increasing acknowledg-
ment, which my good-will and the share I take in the development
of your native province receive from the different classes of its
inhabitants. Further, I gladly accept the assurance that the
people of Alsace-Lorraine, remaining true to the position assigned
to them by the Constitution, repel every attempt at interference
by foreign elements, and look to the Empire alone for the pro-
tection of their interests.
"Though I thank you for this expression of loyalty to the
Empire, I regret that for the present I cannot fulfil your wishes.
I must limit myself to the expression of the hope that before very
long circumstances will once more allow of the introduction of
91
92 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
some relaxation of the regulations controlling the traffic across the
western frontier. This hope will be the earlier realised the more
firmly the people of Alsace-Lorraine are convinced of the impossi-
bility of loosening the bonds which unite the provinces to
Germany, and the more resolutely they manifest the resolve
always to remain true and unswerving in their loyalty to me and
to the Empire."
In the autumn of 1892 the Emperor intended to visit the
Imperial Territories, but, owing to the threatened spread of
cholera, the previously announced military manoauvres had been
countermanded. In the autumn of 1893, however, he proceeded
to Metz, arriving there on the 3rd of September. To the speech
of welcome delivered by Burgomaster Halm, the Emperor
replied :
" It is with deep emotion that I enter the town of Metz, and
though I did not come last year as I wished to do, I am glad
to observe that the reasons for my remaining away are correctly
understood.
" I am delighted to see the memorial of my lamented grand-
father completed, and I am also glad to be able to have my
troops marched past it. Metz and my Army Corps form the
cornerstone of the military power of Germany, and are intended
to protect the peace of Germany indeed, of all Europe that
peace, which I am firmly determined to preserve.
" I thank the citizens of Metz for their splendid reception, and
I request you to convey my thanks to them by placard. Though I
have removed my headquarters to Urville, I could not as a land-
owner of Lorraine well do otherwise, for my Lorrainers were
desirous that I should be there. As a token of my Imperial
favour, I hand to the Burgomaster a golden chain of office, which
the Burgomasters of Metz may wear to all future time. I am
particularly pleased to be able to hand this chain to the present
Burgomaster."
The same day the Emperor proposed the following toast at the
State dinner given in the Officers' Club at Metz :
" My toast to-day is the Imperial Territories and, of the
Imperial Territories, the people of Lorraine. I express my warmest
THE EMPEROR AND IMPERIAL TERRITORIES 93
and heartiest thanks to the Lorrainers for the sincere and friendly
reception they have accorded to me. Shouts of welcome, happy
faces, and happily inspired words have met me on my way, and
have placed me under heartfelt obligations. I see in these ovations
this festal mood of the people of Metz and, indeed, of the
whole province a confirmation of the fact that Lorraine is con-
tent to form an integral part of the Empire. Before the eyes of
the inhabitants there has marched a portion of Germany's great-
ness, of Germany's unity the head of the Empire, and with him,
united in loyal friendship and firm allegiance, illustrious relations
and cousins and reigning Princes of German lands. I observe with
satisfaction that Lorraine has learnt to understand the Empire's
greatness and its own place in the Empire. 'We Lorrainers are
loyal and conservative to the backbone, and we wish to work
in peace to cultivate our fields and to enjoy undisturbed what we
have earned.' Such were the words that rang in my ears at my
reception at Kurzel. Now, gentlemen, to help forward the fulfil-
ment of this wish and to give you a proof of my desire to be in
a position to understand your aspirations, I have made for myself
a home in your midst, and I feel happy when among my neigh-
bours in Urville. In this you may perceive the assurance that
you can go your ways undisturbed and peacefully follow your
several trades and professions. The united German Empire gives
you the assurance of peace. German you are, and German you
will remain. So help us God, and our German sword."
On September 9th the Emperor proceeded to Strassburg, and
was welcomed by Burgomaster Back. In reply he said :
"My dear Mr. Burgomaster: I thank you cordially for your
friendly words. I am delighted to be able to greet your Town
Council here, the representatives of the citizens who have re-
ceived me to-day with such a brilliant display of bunting and
such heartfelt acclamations. I am extremely sorry that my visit
to the ' wondrous lovely town ' must on this occasion be so brief ;
but the countermanding of the Wlirtemberg manoeuvres has so
disorganised my general travelling arrangements that they will
not permit of my making a longer stay.
"My devotion to, and love of, your noble town that pearl of
94 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the German lands would properly call for a prolonged visit. In
my young days I often sang, as every German has, the song, '
Strassburg, Strassburg, thou wondrous-lovely town/ and I also
prayed God that Strassburg, for which I always had a particular
regard, might again become German. This wish has happily been
realised since then, although it was not my fortune that I should
contribute towards its fulfilment. I treasure Strassburg as one of
the finest of German cities, and am persuaded that the Strass-
burgers also feel happy in their reunion with the German Empire.
I felt this deeply the last time I was here, when I arrived
quite unexpectedly. When I found on my return from the
Polygon that the streets had been so beautifully decorated in so
short a time, and when I heard the hearty cheers with which
I was received, I was really delighted. Though I cannot stay
longer now, I hope to make up for it later on by more frequently
finding occasion to spend more time here and without taking you
by surprise. I feel quite at home among you, and, accordingly,
have established for myself a shooting estate in the neighbour-
hood. That alone will bring me back among you.
" Once more, dear Mr. Burgomaster, I tender my best thanks
to the Town Council and the whole population for their splendid
welcome."
Whilst at Metz, in May, 1898, the Emperor received a deputa-
tion of the Town Council on the 9th inst. In answer to the
address of the Chief Burgomaster, who expressed the thanks of
the town for the dismantling of the forts and gave voice to the
feeling of certainty that the old German loyalty to the Sovereign
set over them by God and his Royal House would endure, the
Emperor said that his thanks were heartfelt, and . that he was
greatly pleased and satisfied at the loyal greeting which had
been paid to him by the citizens of Metz. He was particularly
gratified that so many old inhabitants had joined in the demon-
strations. He would always retain the liveliest interest in the
town of Metz.
A banquet was given in the Imperial Palace of Strassburg on
the 5th of September, 1899, on which occasion his Majesty
said :
"I must at once tell you how sorry the Empress is that she
is not able to be at my side here and personally to give you her
THE EMPEROR AND IMPERIAL TERRITORIES 95
hearty greeting; she regrets her inability to visit the public
institutions, as she feels it to be her duty, and thereby give many
people pleasure and comfort. Many years have now passed (it
was, in fact, in the time of my grandfather) since I first had the
opportunity of studying the Imperial Territories, and taking part
in the festivals which were held here in those days. Even during
the last ten years of my reign I have had frequent opportunities
of watching the course of events, and I can with deep feeling and
great thankfulness now express, in every respect, my belief that,
so far as this question is concerned, the ever- increasing sincerity
and warmth of the welcomes and the enthusiasm which I have
met with here are a clear proof that the Imperial Territories
understand and appreciate the advantages which they have gained
by being incorporated in the German Empire. Wherever one
looks, cheerful activity, strenuous and active labour, progressive
development, and far-reaching advancement are seen. Gentlemen,
I congratulate you on the condition in which I have found the
Imperial Territories. I honour the feelings of those of the
older generation who have found it difficult to adapt themselves
to the new conditions. I am thankful for and touched at the
rejoicings of those of the young generation who have grown up
under the banner of the Empire. Before all else, however, I
would impress upon the reverend heads of the Church, who have
so great an influence upon our people, that they should labour
with all their might, and with all the powers at their command,
to the end that respect for the Crown and confidence in the
Government may take ever deeper and deeper root ; for in these
revolutionary times, when the spirit of unbelief is abroad in all
lands, the sole support and only protection of the Church are
to be found in the Imperial hand and under the aegis of the
German Empire. I think, if I have read aright the hearts of
the people of Strassburg, that the joyous reception which was
accorded to me to-day, and yesterday also on my return from the
review, arose partly from the thoughts which the splendid sight
of the warlike sons of this country called up in the minds of the
inhabitants of the ancient and beautiful city, by which the feeling
has been strengthened anew in them that sub umbra alarum
(under the shelter of the wings) of the German Imperial Eagle,
96 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the Imperial Territories are safe, come what may. Therefore, I
raise my glass and drink to the prosperity of the Imperial
Territories in the hope that they may long enjoy a period of
unruffled peace, for quiet, energetic, and progressive development.
All that I can do to keep and rule my country in peace shall be
done, and I will see to it that you shall share the benefit of this.
Long live Alsace-Lorraine ! "
On May 12th, 1900, the Emperor transmitted from Metz to the
Governor of Alsace-Lorraine, Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the
following edict :
" I have resolved that the fortifications in process of construc-
tion at Metz shall be named as follows: The work on the
Gorgimont to be called 'Port Crown Prince'; the work by Le Point
du Jour, ' Fort Empress ' ; the work by Saulny, ' Fort Lorraine.'
This shall be a sign of how greatly I and my House are interested
in the welfare of the Imperial Territories, and I am particularly
pleased to give you this information."
Another telegram which the Emperor sent on March 1st, 1901,
to Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg had reference to the resolution
which the Provincial Committee passed on February 28th, 1901,
in favour of the restoration of the Hohkonigsburg.
"Your communication has afforded me the greatest pleasure.
Inform the gentlemen that from the bottom of my heart I am
grateful to them, and that I am highly pleased that the Imperial
Territories so correctly understand, and in such friendly fashion
support, my interest in, and my efforts on behalf of, the restoration
of the splendid castle."
On the receipt of Architect Ebhardt's report regarding the
rebuilding of the Hohkonigsburg, the Emperor replied:
"I received your information with great satisfaction, and I
am firmly confident that your well-tried and conscientious skill
will help me to carry out a restoration of the castle which will
be worthy of the German Empire, and which will show our
twentieth-century contemporaries how in olden time our fore-
fathers built and furnished their homes. May the building,
carried out in exact reproduction of the past, be a source of con-
stant and proud pleasure to all visitors and to the beautiful
THE EMPEROR AND IMPERIAL TERRITORIES 97
Imperial Territories, and may it keep alive the memory of the
great families who once reared the flower of German culture and
chivalry within its walls."
The repeal of the Dictatorship Paragraph and the following
speech of the Emperor afford the latest proof of his good-will
towards the Imperial Territories :
" The repeal of the Dictatorship Paragraph has for many years
been the wish of the people of the Imperial Territories. It was
brought to my notice when I ascended the throne. There are two
reasons why I did not grant this wish in the first years of my
reign. I had, on the one hand, first to win the love and loyalty
of my subjects and to earn the appreciative confidence of my
colleagues, the Federal Princes. On the other hand, at the time of
my accession I was regarded abroad with deep, though unfounded,
mistrust, for it was presupposed that I was striving for the
laurels of war. It was, therefore, my duty to show to the world
at large that the new German Emperor and the Empire were
determined to devote their strength to the preservation of peace.
These tasks required a long period of time for their realisation.
The German people now know along what path I am resolved to
walk for their benefit. Their Princes stand loyally by me with
their help and counsel. Foreign Powers, far from seeing in us a
menace to peace, are accustomed to regard us as steadfast up-
holders of peace. Now that the Empire is consolidated within,
and has obtained a universally respected position abroad, I con-
sider, at the beginning of the twentieth century, that the moment
has come at which I am able to grant the population of the
Imperial Territories this proof of my Imperial good-will and
confidence. The determination is the easier to me, because in the
course of my reign the relationship between Alsace-Lorraine and
myself has assumed a more and more intimate character, and the
welcomes which the people extend to me become warmer and
warmer. Once more, gentlemen, accept my most cordial thanks
for the loyal attitude of the Imperial Territories, upon which I
rely with implicit trust."
sl
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND
WHEN the Emperor William ascended the throne, Germany's
relations with England, especially with the English Eoyal
Family, were very cordial. Shortly after the death of the Emperor
William I., Queen Victoria of England, who as a rule used to
avoid Berlin, made a long stay in the German capital, and during
her presence in that city an interview took place between the
Queen and Prince Bismarck, concerning which all sorts of political
speculations were spread abroad. In the course of November,
1888, the Anglo-German Agreement concerning the disturbances
in East Africa was signed, under which a joint blockade was
established along the East Coast of Africa, which formed part of
the possessions of the Sultan of Zanzibar. In the following year,
early in August, the Emperor William paid his visit to the
English Court, accompanied by a German squadron.
At Osborne a family banquet was given, and on that occasion
Queen Victoria appointed the Emperor Honorary Admiral of
the British Fleet. In return for the honour thus bestowed upon
him the Emperor conferred the rank of Honorary Colonel of
the First Regiment of Dragoon Guards on the Queen, and
appointed the Duke of Cambridge Colonel of the 28th Regiment
of Infantry. The Emperor ordered a deputation of the First
Regiment of Dragoon Guards to proceed at once from Berlin
to England for the purpose of being presented to the Queen.
On the 5th of August the presentation of this deputation took
place. On that occasion the Emperor addressed his grandmother
in a speech which will be found on page 18.
On the following day, the Emperor, in replying to the toast
of his health proposed by the Prince of Wales at the banquet
given after the regatta, delivered a speech, of which the con-
cluding words run as follow :
"If the British nation possesses a fleet commensurate with
its requirements it will be regarded by Europe in general as a
very important factor for the preservation of peace."
98
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 99
The Emperor also witnessed a sham fight of troops in the camp
at Aldershot. At the luncheon in the Commander-in-Chief's
quarters the Duke of Cambridge proposed the toast of the
Emperor, whereupon the latter replied in a speech in which he
referred to the fact that at Malplaquet and Waterloo Prussian
and British blood had been shed in a common cause.
On October 26th, 1889, the Emperor arrived in Athens in
order to be present at the wedding of his youngest sister to
the Crown Prince of Greece. On the 30th the Emperor in-
spected the British men-of-war lying at anchor in the harbour
of the Piraeus, and was present at the luncheon given on board
his flagship by the British Admiral Hoskins. The toast of his
health having been duly proposed, the Emperor replied :
"I am proud of the rank which Queen Victoria has conferred
on me. One might suppose that my interest in the British Navy
dated from my appointment as Admiral, but that is not the case.
From my earliest youth upwards, from the day when I ran
about as a boy in Portsmouth Dockyard, I have been greatly
interested in British ships. To-day's inspection of the men-of-
war afforded me great pleasure, and I congratulate you on their
appearance. Nelson's famous signal is now no longer necessary.
You all do your duty, and we, as a young naval nation, go to
England to learn something from the British Navy."
In the year 1890 an agreement was arrived at between the
German and British Governments by which the German sphere
of influence in East and South -West Africa was delimited.
Germany resigned all her protectorates (Witu and Somaliland)
north of the Kiver Juba, gave her consent to Great Britain
taking over the Protectorate over the dominions of the Sultan
of Zanzibar with the exception of the strip of coast-line leased
to the German East African Company, and in return the British
Government ceded the island of Heligoland to the German
Emperor.
In 1891 the Imperial pair again proceeded to England, on
which occasion the visit was not only to the Eoyal Family,
but also to the nation at large. On July 10th the Emperor and
Empress accepted the invitation of the Lord Mayor of London,
and after the Emperor's health had been proposed in a toast in
which the Lord Mayor laid stress upon the fact that the Emperor
had shown himself the worthy successor of his honoured grand-
100 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
father, the great founder of German unity, the Emperor replied in
English as follows:
"My Lord, receive my most heartfelt thanks for the warm
welcome from the citizens of this ancient and noble metropolis.
" I have always felt at home in this lovely country, being the
grandson of a Queen whose name will ever be remembered as a
noble character and a lady great in the wisdom of her counsels,
and whose reign has conferred lasting blessings on England.
Moreover, the same blood runs in English and German veins.
Following the example of my grandfather and my ever-lamented
father, I shall always, as far as it is in my power, maintain the
historical friendship between these our two nations, which, as
your Lordship mentioned, have so often been seen side by side
in defence of liberty and justice. I feel encouraged in my task
when I see that wise and capable men, such as are gathered here,
do justice to the earnestness and honesty of my intentions.
"My aim is, above all, the maintenance of peace, for peace
alone can give the confidence which is necessary to the healthy
development of Science, of Art, and of Trade. Only so long as
peace reigns are we at liberty to bestow our earnest thoughts
upon the great problems, the solution of which, in fairness and
equity, I consider the most prominent duty of our time.
"You may therefore rest assured that I shall continue to do
my best to maintain and constantly to increase the good relations
between Germany and the other nations, and that I shall always
be found ready to unite with you and them in common labour for
peaceful progress, friendly intercourse, and the advancement of
civilisation."
The Emperor visited England again in 1892. He witnessed
the yacht races at Cowes, decided between July 30th and August
9th, and personally took part in the race for the Queen's Cup.
On January 22nd, 1893, the Duke of Edinburgh visited the
Emperor and Empress in Berlin, and a luncheon was given in his
honour at the Royal Palace, at which the Emperor thus expressed
himself :
"The British Navy is for the German Navy not only a model of
technical and scientific perfection, but its heroes also, Nelson for
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 101
instance, and others, have ever been, and ever will be, the guiding
stars of German naval officers and crews, who are not less filled
with the spirit of patriotism than the leaders of that much-
respected nation. Though the German Navy is specially intended
for the safeguarding and preservation of peace, it will, I am
confident, do its duty if called into action.
"And should it ever happen that the British and German
navies have to fight side by side against a common foe, then the
famous signal, 'England expects that every man will do his
duty/ which England's greatest naval hero gave out before the
battle of Trafalgar, will find an echo in the patriotic heart of the
German Navy."
On June 23rd the Emperor William despatched the following
telegram of condolence from Kiel to the First Lord of the
Admiralty in England:
" The news of the foundering of H.M.S. Victoria with Admiral
Sir George Tryon and 400 brave sailors on board has just reached
me. Words cannot express my sorrow for the loss of so noble a
man and so fine a ship. As an Admiral of the Fleet I am grieved
from the depth of my heart at the disaster which has befallen the
British Navy. It is a national calamity. My officers and my
seamen express through me to their comrades of the British
Navy their warmest sympathy. As a sign of mourning, I have
ordered that the British flag shall float next our own at half-mast
on board my ship. WILLIAM,
" German Emperor, King of Prussia, Admiral of the Fleet."
The Anglo- German Agreement regarding the delimitation of
frontiers at Kilimanjaro was concluded on the 29th of July.
On August 1st the Emperor William took part at Cowes in the
yacht race for the Queen's Cup. On November 15th the Con-
vention between Germany and Great Britain concerning the
delimitation of the spheres of influence in the hinterland of the
Cameroons was concluded. Then, on February 24th, 1894,
followed the Anglo-German Customs Convention relating to Togo-
land and the districts of the Gold Coast east of Volta. The
Queen of England appointed the Emperor to the Colonelcy of the
English Regiment of the First Royal Dragoon Guards. During
102 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the presence of a deputation of this regiment in Berlin the
Emperor, on June 7th, made the following speech:
" I drink to the welfare of the English Regiment of Dragoons,
to belong to and command which fills me with the greatest pride.
This makes me a member of the staff of English officers, and in
this manner a new tie has been formed between the British and
the Prussian armies, which for a long period of years have been
bound together.
" On the day on which the Prussian Regiment of Dragoon
Guards (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland's Own) has displayed
its traditional high standard of excellency, for which I have gladly
expressed my very sincerest acknowledgments, I am delighted to
see before me representatives of my English Royal Dragoons, to
drink whose health I call upon the gentlemen sitting around the
table. Hurrah!"
On August 5th the Emperor was again at Cowes.
At the opening of the Kiel Canal the relations between
Germany and Great Britain were still most cordial. On June
26th, 1895, the Emperor made the following speech on board the
British battleship Royal Sovereign, then lying in the harbour of
Kiel :
" In thanking the Admiral for his friendly words, I at the same
time desire to give expression to the feelings which I and my
officers entertain for you and your comrades. As soon as I was
informed that the Queen had determined to send the Channel
Squadron to attend the ceremony of opening the Kiel Canal, I
telegraphed the news to my officers, and the intelligence was
everywhere received with hearty pleasure. I can only say that
the appearance of the Channel Squadron in these waters has
greatly contributed to the brilliancy of the festivities. Ever since
our Fleet was established we have always exerted ourselves to
form our ideas in accordance with yours, and in every. way to
learn from you. The history of the British Navy is as familiar
to our officers and seamen as to yourselves. You referred to
my rank as Admiral of the Fleet. I can assure you that one
of the happiest days of my life, one which I shall not forget
as long as I live, was that on which I inspected the Mediterranean
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 103
Squadron, and went aboard the Dreadnought, on which occasion
my flag was hoisted for the first time. Never before in Kiel
waters has the standard of the German Emperor floated side by
side with the British Admiral's flag on a warship, or Admiral
Alington acted as my flag-captain.
" I am, however, not only an Admiral of the British Fleet, I am
also a grandson of the mighty Queen of England. I hope that
you will express our most heartfelt thanks to her Majesty for her
graciousness in sending you here, and that the recollections you
take with you from Kiel will be friendly and agreeable. We
work as hard and as fast as we can, and every man is anxious to
do his duty, as Nelson said in his last message."
A few weeks later, however, the relations between Germany
and Great Britain became strained, for which the Press, generally
speaking, was mainly responsible. In August the Emperor again
came to England in order to take part in the regatta, and on
the llth paid a visit to Lord Lonsdale. The English Press
adopted a tone towards the Emperor which aroused fierce resent-
ment in Germany.
The English journals gave the Emperor to understand that,
though his attitude had hitherto been favourable to Great Britain,
it was much to be desired that the relations between the two
countries should become somewhat better, and that it was for the
Emperor to show a more accommodating spirit in his dealings
with England. This ill-feeling was due to the fact that Germany,
in concert with certain other Powers, had raised a protest against
the convention which Great Britain wished to conclude with the
Congo Free State, and through which the interests of a number
of European Powers in West Africa would be seriously injured.
And it was precisely this tactless behaviour of the English Press
that marked the commencement of that hostility to Great Britain
which was to develop to such a degree in Germany during the
next few years.
The first days of 1896 brought with them truly unpleasant
events in South Africa. As early as December 24th, 1895, the
German Consul in Pretoria had notified his Government that an
English party in Johannesburg was brewing mischief. On the
30th the Germans resident in Pretoria called upon the Emperor
for protection, and the German Consul craved permission to
summon to the Transvaal capital a detachment of sailors from
the German warship Seeadler, then lying in Delagoa Bay. Two
104 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
days later (January 1st, 1896) representations were made by
Germany in England on account of the hostilities in the Trans-
vaal, and on the same day the German Consul in Pretoria tele-
graphed that the troops of the Chartered Company under Jameson
had invaded the Transvaal. They were surrounded by the Boers
at Krugersdorp and forced to surrender. The British Government
now determined officially to forbid the raiders to operate on their
own account. On January 3rd, however, the German Emperor
telegraphed to Mr. Kruger, the President of the South African
Kepublic :
"I express to you my sincerest congratulations that you and
your people have succeeded by your own energy, without appeal-
ing to the aid of friendly Powers, in defeating the armed forces
which, as disturbers of the peace, invaded your country, in re-
establishing order, and in protecting the independence of the
country against attacks from without."
This telegram raised a storm of anger in Great Britain. In
London demonstrations took place against Anglo-German busi-
ness firms, and some of the British newspapers indulged in
disgraceful invectives against the person of the German Emperor.
The latter, however, took not the slightest notice of these attacks.
As a matter of course he did not allow the members of the world-
renowned society of English naval engineers, the Institution of
Naval Architects, who came on a visit to Germany on May 27th,
to suffer for the abusive comments of the British Press. On the
10th of June a meeting of the society was held in the Technical
High School at Charlottenburg, which the Emperor himself
attended. Two days later, by the Emperor's command, a tattoo
was held in the park of the New Palace at Potsdam, which was
illuminated in honour of the members of the Engineers' Congress,
and on this occasion also he was present.
In the year 1897 the British Press continued its attacks on the
German Emperor and Germany. In June, however, the British
Government was questioned in Parliament on the subject of the
political situation, and the Colonial Minister, Mr. Chamberlain,
was obliged to admit that better relations with Germany were
desirable. To a certain extent Great Britain was obliged to
give up the old policy of isolation, especially as affairs in China
were involving her in great difficulties. It was not to Great
Britain's interest that China, conquered by Japan, should be totally
dismembered, but she did not feel herself strong enough to under-
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 105
take alone the protection of China. The relations between the
German and British reigning families continued, despite the
bickerings of newspapers and diplomatists, to be very cordial.
On September 4th a camp- service was held on the Waterloo-
platz at Hanover, at the termination of which the Emperor rode
into the square formed by the troops round the altar and
delivered an address, the text of which has unfortunately never
been published. He pointed out, however, that the troops stood
upon historic ground, and in sight of the Waterloo Column. At
Waterloo British and Germans fought shoulder to shoulder in
brotherhood in arms, and but a few hours previously the British
Army in Africa had gained a victory over a far more numerous
foe. The Queen of England was the honorary Colonel of a
German regiment and belonged accordingly to the German Army,
and therefore the Emperor called upon the troops to raise a
cheer for the Queen of England. The British victory to which
the Emperor referred was gained by General Kitchener on the
2nd of September at Omdurman over the Dervishes, who were
commanded by the Khalifa. By this victory the power of the
Khalifa was destroyed, and the murder of Gordon, which was
committed in Khartoum in the year 1885, was avenged.
In the year 1898 voices were heard in the newspapers in
England in favour of the German Emperor. The article entitled
"The German Emperor A Keminiscence," which appeared in
the Saturday Review of February 12th, 1898, contained, amongst
other things, the following :
" Now, although our Press follows the public movements of the
Emperor William almost, if not quite, as closely as it does the
movements of our own Eoyal Family and public men, the infor-
mation it vouchsafes about his private movements, his tastes and
his entourage, is meagre in the extreme. What is the result?
The English public, the most newspaper-reading public in the
world, except the American, form their ideas of one of the most
prominent figures of the day entirely from one side of his
character, and that the least attractive side. If the principal
English journals had been able to send correspondents to Kiel
last summer, about the time of the Queen's Jubilee, and these
correspondents had faithfully transmitted all that they saw and
heard, they would have done much to clear away misconceptions
concerning the Emperor's feeling towards the English.
"The Kiel Eegatta, which has now been instituted for some
years, comes off annually towards the end of June, and last year
his Majesty, with the twofold object of giving a fillip to the
106 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
regatta it is a great scheme of his to make it approximate in
some degree to our Cowes week and of doing honour to our
Queen's Jubilee, announced his intention of giving a prize to be
competed for by English yachts only, the course to be from
Dover to Heligoland. From the moment the first English yacht
hove in sight the Emperor was on the alert to show the com-
petitors and their friends every politeness in his power. It is no
easy matter to make fifteen or twenty Englishmen most of
whom did not know a single German present, and the majority
of whom had never seen each other before feel at home in a
strange land ; but the German Emperor did it, and that quickly.
He gave no one any time to adopt the usual noli me tangere
attitude which is so easy to assume and so hard to shake off.
That attitude would be absurd in the presence of the Emperor
William when he has thrown off his official entourage and is
enjoying a well-earned rest on his own yacht. He is so alive his
laugh is even catching ; and the small jokes thrown in from time
to time all combine to make the ordinary mortal abandon what-
ever reserve he has come prepared with. His Majesty, knowing
that the competitors had either missed altogether or curtailed to
a great extent their participation in the Jubilee celebrations in
England, most kindly gave a large state dinner-party on his
yacht, the Hokenzollern, in honour of her Majesty's Jubilee, to
which he invited all the Englishmen who had sailed over the
course for his Cup. Not only were all the entertainment
arrangements carried out in the most elaborate and successful
manner, but also all details about tugs to tow the yachts,
moorings, and such minutiae, which ensure the comfort of a
yachtsman, were thought out beforehand, down to the slightest
particulars ; and these arrangements, I believe, all emanated from
the German Emperor himself.
" I have given this very slight sketch of the German Emperor's
reception of a contingent of English yachtsmen at Kiel merely
in order to point out that there is a side to his Majesty's
character of which we at home hear and see too little. So long
as we only have an opportunity of judging the German Emperor
from his actions and his speeches as reported in our newspapers,
so long, I am afraid, will he remain more or less unpopular 'in this
country. His actions and his words are there, and they do not
please us ; but the man is not there, to impress himself upon us.
The vitality which prompts his actions, and the love of excitement
which is responsible for those speeches, are hidden from us : we
are distrustful, we don't exactly know what of, but we are dis-
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 107
trustful ; so we shake our insular heads, and say, * We do not like
the German Emperor.' We should, perhaps, be less far wrong if
we rushed to the opposite extreme."
The German Emperor and Empress did not pay another visit
to England till 1899, on which, however, London was not touched,
and it was merely a question of a visit to their relations at
Windsor.
In April, 1899, the late Mr. Cecil Ehodes was received by the
Emperor in order to explain to him the proposed Cape to Cairo
telegraph line, which in the course of its construction was to
cross German territory. Ehodes reported of his audience with
the German Emperor :
" It is true that at first he felt as if a cool wind was blowing in
his face, but this feeling soon gave place to a sincere admiration
when he observed the Emperor's extreme interest in all colonial
matters and an absolutely startling knowledge of all details, even
the most trivial, bearing on the subject. The three-quarters of
an hour's audience had simply flown, the conversation in par-
ticular had not flagged for a second, and in his questions the
Emperor displayed diplomatic skill of the very highest order."
Besides this, Khodes could not find words strong enough to praise
the affability of the Emperor to all the guests invited to the
dinner given by Sir Frank Lascelles. "One could not conceive
a sharper contrast between the Emperor at the audience and the
Emperor as the guest of her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador,
here the most perfect affability and there every inch an Emperor."
In February, 1900, the most important of the English Naval
Architects, Sir Edward Eeed, published an article on the Emperor
William II. in the Deutsche Revue of Stuttgart, which is all the
more noteworthy as Sir Edward had repeatedly had much inter-
course with the German Emperor :
" What struck me most when I was in Berlin was the remark-
ably accurate and detailed knowledge possessed by the Emperor
with regard to subsidiary matters which often lie outside the
range of observation of responsible state officials. This was
especially noticeable in various interviews extending over several
hours, and relating to the greatest variety of subjects; but it
struck me most of all in the case of subjects connected with
naval matters. When a point was touched upon which is indeed
of the utmost importance in naval warfare, I was amazed to find
that his Majesty possessed a more complete, more up-to-date, and
a more thorough knowledge than his own ministers in this special
department, or than I myself possessed. And this knowledge
108 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
was acquired by experience in the most practical and reliable
way. In discussing various other subjects, on which I required
information in the ordinary course of my profession, I found
myself talking to an unmistakably able and quite first-rate
specialist, and indeed to one whose opinions were entirely free
from that bias which one so often meets with in specialists.
I very much doubt whether any other Admiral of the Fleet in
the British Naval Service (for his Imperial Majesty has most
graciously accepted this position from our gracious Sovereign
Queen Victoria) would have shown himself so thoroughly well-
informed concerning the most trivial detail of the ship or its
machinery as was my Imperial host. Assuredly none of the
views we hold could be broader and more comprehensive than
those of his Imperial Majesty, who was as ready to recognise
a good arrangement or any kind of improvement on board a
French warship as anyone could possibly be. There is very often
an inclination among us to look with a certain degree of admira-
tion, and often with a quite undue degree of admiration, on
details of organisation in the army, national defence, or naval
service, to which we have been long accustomed. It may indeed
be that the German mind is less pliant than the British, or
less disposed to acquiesce in the traditional because it is tra-
ditional, or it may be that this particular German mind was an
exceptionally thorough-going one; but at any rate it was a fact
that the raison d'etre of each individual detail in the arrangements
of a modern ship had to be demonstrated if it chanced to come
up in the discussion, and it was his Majesty's opinion that no
possible practical improvement ought ever to be sacrificed to
gratify some prejudice, or neglected through mere indifference.
" There is no doubt that his Majesty the Emperor William II.
has recognised in a practical manner the value of sea-power for
an Empire like his own. Foolish and thoughtless people who
imagine that the atmosphere around them is wonderfully clear and
the phenomena it exhibits palpably distinct, while as a matter
of fact, though they themselves are unconscious of it, they are
living in a fog, people of this kind, who are everywhere to be
found in great numbers, may see in the naval aspirations of the
German Emperor nothing but a desire to rival Great Britain,
France, or Kussia, or the wish to attain the position of the first
sea-power in the world. Only I believe that in this respect I
know the Emperor's thought, and I consider that his view simply
amounts to this, that a great Empire like the German Empire,
which has many important interests abroad, cannot possibly main-
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 109
tain its position without a reasonable extension of its naval
forces; still less can it without such increase do justice to its
desire for colonies or to the undoubted capacity for colonisation
possessed by the German people. It is true that on Germany
lies the onerous necessity of maintaining a great highly-organised
land army, but nobody who is familiar with Prussian history, and
knows the persistent, self-sacrificing, and determined efforts which
have raised Prussia and with it Germany to their present military
position, can for one moment regard any relaxation of those
efforts in face of the great armies which threaten it from the
right hand and the left as practicable. But the function of the
armies of Germany is essentially defensive, and the German
Emperor is not the man merely to think of the purposes of
defence. The productive capacity of his Empire, and in no slight
degree also the possibility of its expansion, urgently engage his
attention, and objects like these can be best served only by the
increase of sea-power. He perceives, and perhaps clearer than
anybody else, that great nations at least, those of Teutonic
stock can no longer remain cribbed, cabined, and confined
within the barriers and frontiers of their actual territories. The
sea is, if I may be allowed the expression, a wide territory,
gloriously beautiful and of unfathomable wealth, which science
has opened up to the nations by her discoveries, and to make it
available for their own purposes, even in conjunction with many
others, is an object of lawful ambition for rising nations. It
certainly is and, so far as can be foreseen, will remain for the
most part a highway of international commerce, only as such it is
of great importance for a manufacturing and commercial nation,
and on it move the ships of Germany, and will in any case
continue to do so to the no slight advantage of the Fatherland.
Merchant vessels of the highest tonnage, and new routes for
trading steamers, are beginning to carry the German flag into
every quarter of the world, and this rapidly rising ocean traffic,
with the interests which it creates abroad, must naturally look to
the German Government for such protection as only a navy can
afford. It is on these weighty and urgent grounds, I have not the
slightest doubt, that the German Emperor seeks to effect a con-
siderable increase of his sea-power, although it is not impossible,
nay, it is even probable, that as in the case of his army so, too,
with reference to his navy, he has to some extent in his eye his
neighbours East and West. As an Englishman, I confess that I
cannot regard with complete indifference the expansion at sea of
any other nation than my own, for it is a constant threat to a
110 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
supremacy of which I am not a little proud. But as an English-
man I am also quite ready to acknowledge that the threat from
Germany is of a perfectly legitimate and honourable character,
and such that Great Britain may regard it in an entirely friendly
spirit."
After drawing in his article a very interesting parallel between
the constitutions of England and Germany and the sovereigns of
these states, and after further satisfying himself by his observa-
tion that the unfavourable opinion of William II. was more and
more tending to disappear in England, " because it yielded to the
conciliatory character and really admirable eloquence by which
even the shortest speeches of his Majesty were distinguished,"
Sir Edward went on to say in his essay: "There is one point,
with regard to which, as it has always appeared to me, an abso-
lutely unjust judgment has been passed in England and elsewhere
on the action of his Majesty. I mean the despatch of an ex-
tremely kindly telegram to President Kruger after the Jameson
Eaid. I will readily admit that there was a phrase contained in
that telegram which I have special reason to regret, and that the
telegram itself, being addressed by a great European Emperor to
the Chief of a Republic, which at least in an international sense
undoubtedly stood under the suzerainty of Queen Victoria, and
to a personage who had robbed Germans and English alike of
their legal rights, was a subject on which more than one opinion
could be expressed. But, on the other hand, the raid itself,
whatever the treatment that provoked it, was so gross an act of
violence that it naturally produced the strongest indignation in
the entire world; and nowhere, I venture to say, was this in-
dignation stronger than in England itself, when the details of the
affair came to be known there. It so happens that I can throw some
light on this subject. An English gentleman who had visited
South Africa three months before the raid, and had first of all
stayed a considerable time at Cape Town, wrote to me from the
Orange Free State in October. In his letter he informed me that
a plan was afoot to put a stop to the gross abuses of the
Transvaal Government that its days were numbered. He then
added : ' This will not be done with the knowledge of the British
Colonial Office, neither will the red-coats, or British soldiers,
be required to assist ; the people who would do the business
were those who managed the Matabele affair.' The absurdity of
the scheme was patent, and no less obvious was its monstrosity.
In case of success, it could only have had the effect of compelling
the Government to resist the invaders by force of arms, that is to
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 111
say, to send British soldiers against their own countrymen,
against people of our own kith and kin. It would have been an
absolute impossibility to allow the raiders to get off scot-free and
enjoy the fruits of their crime. Although, as I have hinted
above, I had accurate general information about the affair, yet I
was not a little astonished when a few weeks later news of the
raid reached Europe, and I was no less surprised when I heard
that the German Emperor had at once expressed his detestation of
this outrage or announced his sympathetic approval of the success-
ful resistance of the Boers. Telegrams like that of his Majesty
are the work of the moment, and ought not to be placed in the
same category with diplomatic or international negotiations.
The unfortunate part of it was that it took some considerable
time before it could be brought home to all the world that the
indignation at the raid, when once the details were known, was
as much a matter of course and as great in England as in
Germany or elsewhere, and every assumption to the contrary
would be an injustice to the English people.
" There was perhaps once a time when the supposed preference
of the Emperor William II. for England and English sports filled
certain people in Germany with displeasure. But this feeling, if
it ever really existed, has disappeared, for recent years have
afforded more than sufficient proof that Germany and German
interests always take the first place in the Emperor's heart, and
hold uninterrupted sway. That is not a matter of which we
English have any right to complain, and as a matter of fact no
Englishman does complain of it. In my opinion, however, the
German people ought to freely allow that the English take a
keen interest in the Emperor William, and always bid him most
heartily welcome to their shores. If I may regard myself, in a
certain sense, as a representative of English opinion, I gladly
take it upon myself to declare that the English nation wishes
long life and prosperity to their Emperor for the sake of Germany,
and will rejoice to see Germany win all the successes and triumphs
to which its many admirable qualities give it every right to aspire
in peaceful rivalry with us and other nations."
The Anglo-German understanding on the China question was
arrived at on the 16th of October, 1900, in which it was settled,
that certain ports situated on the rivers and coasts of China should
be free and open to the commerce and every other legitimate enter-
prise of the subjects of all nations without distinction. The
German and British Governments did not wish to make use of
the present complications in China for the purpose of gaming
112 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
territorial advantages on Chinese territory, and they at the same
time desired to prevent any other Power from enriching itself at
China's expense. Both Governments resolved to communicate
this to the other Powers, especially France, Italy, Japan, Austria-
Hungary, and Kussia, as well as to the United States of America,
and to invite their adhesion. This Anglo-German understanding
relieved Great Britain of much anxiety, and it was an important
step in the direction of the speedy re-establishment of peaceful
and orderly conditions in China. During the European inter-
vention British and German troops fought as brothers side by
side, and the British officers were not slow to acknowledge, in
speaking of our troops, German bravery and efficiency.
The beginning of the year 1901 brought with it the death
of Queen Victoria. From the midst of the rejoicings and festivities
in honour of the two-hundredth anniversary of the establishment
of the Prussian Kingdom, the Emperor, on January 19th, hastened
to the deathbed of his grandmother. This step, as well as the
attitude he showed in the days immediately following, took the
hearts of the British people by storm, and to-day one can say
that scarcely any personage is more popular and beloved in Great
Britain than the German Emperor. On January 23rd the Emperor
despatched the following Army Order from Osborne :
"The decease of my beloved, highly-honoured, ever-lamented
grandmother, Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland,
Empress of India, has plunged me and my House in the pro-
foundest grief. I am well aware that my Army condoles with
me sincerely in the painful loss that I have sustained, and,
accordingly, I hereby order : All the officers of my Army to wear
mourning for a fortnight ; in the First Kegiment of Dragoon
Guards (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland's Own) this mourn-
ing to last three weeks. During the first three days flags on all
military buildings to be at half-mast, and no musical instrument
to be played, except in case of alarm of fire or in the event of
a general alarm."
On January 27th King Edward VII. appointed the German
Emperor a British Field-Marshal. The Emperor thereupon sent
the following telegram to the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury :
"The King, my illustrious uncle, has conferred upon me the
rank of Field -Marshal in his Army, and I am informed that
my appointment is to be gazetted on my birthday. I hasten to
THE EMPEROR AND ENGLAND 113
tell you how highly I value this special proof of his Majesty's
friendship for me. I ain delighted at the thought that I shall
henceforward belong to the highest rank of his Majesty's brave
Army."
He telegraphed the same message to Lord Koberts, who had,
until recently, been in supreme command against the Boers.
After the funeral ceremonies, at which the Emperor was greeted
by the English public with every mark of respect, a farewell
dinner was given on the 5th of February by the British Eoyal
Family, on which occasion King Edward addressed warm and
touching words to his Imperial guest. The Emperor William
replied :
"Nothing has filled me with greater satisfaction than the fact
that I have been privileged to be present with my relatives to
witness the last moments of the great and noble life of my
beloved grandmother, for whom, since my earliest youth, I have
been inspired with feelings of the most sincere love and venera-
tion. I thank his Majesty the King that he has conferred upon
me the rank of Field-Marshal in the British Army. This honour
enables me to wear the same uniform as that worn by the Duke
of Wellington and Lord Koberts, and this compliment will be
very highly appreciated by my own Army. I reciprocate in the
heartiest manner the cordial feelings which your Majesty enter-
tains with reference to the relations between both our Empires."
To the Lord Mayor also the Emperor, at his departure, said
that between himself and the deceased Queen a very close and
affectionate relationship had existed. He could not have done
anything else than come to England when his grandmother was
seriously ill. The Emperor added that the moving spectacle of
the 2nd of February, on the occasion of the funeral procession
through London, had made a deep impression upon him. He had
never beheld anything of the kind before, and it was deeply
impressed on his mind.
From the inaugural ceremony at the Marienburg on June 5th,
1902, the Emperor sent the following telegram to King Edward :
" The solemn consecration of the Church of St. Mary has just
taken place, and was very impressive. I thank you once more for
your gracious letter, which Lord Breadalbane conveyed to me, and
114 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
for the deputation of Knights of the Order of St. John, which
you sent over. It is not the first time that British knights have
trod the ground of Marienburg, for, as a local tradition tells us,
Henry, Earl of Bolingbroke (afterwards Henry IV.), came here
with a body of English knights and afterwards fought side by
side with the knights of the Teutonic Order, under the leadership
of their Grand Master, against the Heathen."
To the Coronation of King Edward, which was arranged to
take place on June 26th, the Emperor sent his brother, Prince
Henry, as his representative. On the 24th of that month, how-
ever, King Edward became very dangerously ill, and was obliged
to undergo an immediate operation. The Emperor did not fail to
evince his sincerest sympathy with his sick uncle. On June 26th,
the day fixed for the Coronation, the Emperor was in Kiel, and in
the afternoon caused the Fleet to be informed by flag signals that
he had placed King Edward of England a la suite of the German
Navy. From his bed of sickness the King returned thanks for
his new distinction. The British Monarch recovered very rapidly
from his malady, and on August 9th the Coronation of the British
King and Queen was solemnised in Westminster Abbey. On that
occasion also the German Emperor sent his brother, Prince Henry,
who was accompanied by the Princess, as his representative.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN
FEDERAL PRINCES
AS the Emperor has repeatedly declared, he regarded it as his
J\_ first duty after ascending the throne to win the confidence of
his colleagues, as he is wont to call the Federal Princes. He
expressly said :
" It is a different matter when a man ninety years old directs
the Government, as did my late grandfather, a man who could look
back on a laborious and successful life. He was the oldest of the
Eoyal colleagues. His word and his counsel were sought for, and
everyone paid deference to him. I come to the throne a man of
thirty years of age. No one knows me. I must first of all gain
the confidence of my colleagues."
That the Emperor was successful in gaining this confidence
there can be no doubt. But it is of the highest importance
for the stability of the German Empire and for the prestige
which the Empire enjoys in foreign countries that the fullest
harmony in all matters should prevail amongst the Federal Princes,
as well as between the Emperor and the Federal Princes.
The Emperor has quite a number of avowed friends among the
Federal Princes. The Grand Duke Frederick of Baden is his
own uncle, and the lamented King Albert of Saxony, who died
not long ago, rendered the Emperor happy by his paternal affec-
tion a devotion which was returned in the sincerest manner.
The Emperor William missed no opportunity of doing honour
to King Albert, who was regarded by the German people not
only as one of the Federal Princes, but also as the last surviving
great commander who fought for the foundation of the new
Empire. King Albert, on his part, took every opportunity of
appearing in Berlin, when he felt it incumbent upon him to
show attention to the Emperor or to give special emphasis to
the harmony prevailing between the German Federal Princes.
115
116 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
It is known that the Emperor Frederick III. in his lifetime, and
with a presentiment of his approaching death, commended his
son to King Albert and solicited his love for him. And with
that kind conscientiousness which distinguished Saxony's noble
Euler, King Albert retained to the end his paternal affection and
love for the Emperor, the son of one who was his comrade-in-arms
in 1870. As we shall see below, the speeches of the Emperor on
various occasions with reference to King Albert of Saxony are
characterised by particular cordiality and warmth.
The Emperor began his series of visits to the German Courts in
September, 1888. On the 28th of that month he was entertained
by King Charles of Wurtemberg. At the banquet given in his
honour at the Royal Palace at Stuttgart he proposed the following
toast :
"It is with deep emotion that I express to your Majesty my
grateful thanks for your gracious invitation and for the cordial
welcome which you and your subjects have accorded to me. I beg
your Majesty to believe me when I say that I have come here
with specially warm feelings; for this highly favoured land and
this splendid people over which your Majesty reigns produced in
mediaeval times some of the noblest German princes who ever
guided the destinies of the Empire. Especially am I drawn here by
the fact that this Swabian country was the cradle of my House
also, and that in my veins, as in the veins of those who are present
here, flows Swabian blood. Inspired by firm and unshakable
attachment to this land and to its Sovereign, I raise my glass to
the health of his Majesty the King and her Majesty the Queen
of Wurtemberg. Long may they live ! "
From Stuttgart the Emperor proceeded to Munich. In reply
to an address of welcome by Chief Burgomaster Widenmayer,
delivered on the 1st of October, he said:
" I express to you my cordial thanks for your words, and at the
same time acquaint you with the pleasure it has given me to
enter within these familiar walls and to make the nearer acquaint-
ance of the Bavarian people, who have played such an important
part in the history of the German Empire. Many noble families
have borne rule in Bavaria, but the noblest and most glorious is
the present ruling family, a family whose interests are so closely
connected with those of the House of Hohenzollern. May I, while
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 117
guiding the destinies of the German Empire in the spirit of my
grandfather, long be permitted to remain associated in those bonds
of cordial friendship, which exist between the reigning Houses of
Bavaria and Prussia, with the Prince Eegent, who was, even in those
days, on most intimate terms of friendship with my grandfather."
On the 2nd of October a State banquet was given at the Eoyal
Palace in Munich, on which occasion the Prince Eegent Luitpold
welcomed the Emperor in cordial terms, to which the Emperor
replied as follows :
"When, by Heaven's inscrutable decree, I was called to the
Imperial throne after the death of my dear grandfather and father,
my heart was weighed down with a load of anxiety concerning
the great responsibilities of my new office. But in the con-
scientious performance of my duties, my anxiety quickly turned
into satisfaction with my position.
" Your Eoyal Highness in the most gracious manner transferred
to me the old and well-tried friendship which united you to my
grandfather. As, in 1870, the Bavarian Eoyal House took the first
step towards the regeneration of our united Empire, so also did
your Eoyal Highness set an example for the German Princes, for
you were the first to offer me, with a firm grasp of the hand,
your advice and friendship. To my sincere gratitude for that act
of true friendship I desire to add my most hearty thanks for the
overpoweringly impressive and splendid reception extended to me
by your House and your people.
" I gladly take this opportunity to express to your Eoyal High-
ness my feelings of warmest and most cordial friendship, and to
promise that I, with the loyalty of a true Hohenzollern, will in
good and in evil days stand united in the bonds of close relation-
ship with the House of Wittelsbach and the brave Bavarian
people. The high mission of our great German people and the
Fatherland demands that our utmost efforts should be devoted to
the common welfare, but that is only possible when the Princes
of the Empire stand shoulder to shoulder in firm and loyal
comradeship.
"May it please God long to preserve your Eoyal Highness
for the welfare of Bavaria and of our German Fatherland. His
Eoyal Highness the Prince Eegent ! Long may he live ! "
118 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
The Emperor next joined a shooting party, which was arranged
by Prince Adolph of Schauinburg-Lippe for the 16th of January,
1889. In responding to the proposal of his health, he said :
"I trust that your Serene Highness will permit me to lay
at your feet my warmest thanks for the gracious words which
you have addressed to me, and for the cheering and cordial recep-
tion which your city has accorded to me. I am exceedingly glad
that I found it possible to carry out my visit to your Court and
your House, for from my youth up I have learned to value and to
love your Serene Highness as the oldest friend and the most
faithful Ally of my grandfather. I associate with the expression
of my feelings the request that you will transfer that affection
and love to his grandson."
The Emperor paid a visit to Oldenburg in April, and on the
14th received an address of welcome from Chief Burgomaster
Schrenck, to which he replied:
"My dear Chief Burgomaster: I express to you my cordial
thanks for the magnificent reception given to me. It is with
much pleasure that I have paid a visit to the Court which is
so closely connected with me and my House by ties of friendship
and relationship. Please convey, on my behalf, to the city of
Oldenburg my thanks for the kindnesses which have been shown
to me. I repeat that I was highly gratified by the reception."
At the Palace the Emperor replied as follows to the address of
welcome proposed by the Grand Duke Peter :
"Permit me, your Royal Highness, to lay at your feet my
dutiful and sincere thanks for the kind, friendly, and cordial
reception which I have met with to-day among you. Having
long wished to pay a visit to a dear friend, and a dear and faith-
ful Ally of my grandfather, I rejoice in being able to spend this
day with you. I am at the same time pleased to have been able
to observe the genuinely warm and patriotic feelings of your
subjects, and I pray God that your people may long be privileged
to live under your wise and just rule. I request you, gentlemen,
to join me in giving expression to the hope that his Royal High-
ness the Grand Duke of Oldenburg, and her Royal Highness the
Grand Duchess, may long be spared to us."
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 119
On the 26th of April the Emperor went to Weimar, the birth-
place of his grandmother, the Empress Augusta. To the address
of welcome, presented by Chief Burgomaster Pabst, he replied :
"I rejoice greatly to be in Weimar, the native place of my
dear grandmother. I have long had the wish to become acquainted
with this city, which, through its artistic and scientific associa-
tions, occupies a prominent position in the German Fatherland:
this city, whose destiny it was to be the home of the great poets
of the nation. The enthusiastic reception which has been given
to me has gratified me greatly, and I desire you to convey my
thanks to the citizens."
Shortly afterwards on the 19th of May the Emperor was in
Brunswick, where, in reply to the address delivered in the Palace
by the Kegent, Prince Albrecht of Prussia, he spoke as follows :
" Allow me, your Koyal Highness, to tender to you my sincere
and deeply-felt thanks for the gracious words which you have
just addressed to me, and also to express my thanks to your
country, your subjects, and your city for their cordial reception,
which came from the heart and went to the heart.
"I may also say that I am deeply moved when I recall to
mind on what historic German soil we are standing, and how
German to the very backbone are the people in whose midst we
are. Your Koyal Highness described, in elegant and terse phrases,
the history and the progress of the country and the people of
Brunswick, and it may be added that for centuries intimate
and close relations have existed between our respective Houses,
and that our House gratefully remembers that the Brunswick
Princes, mindful of their duty as German Sovereigns and of the
greatness of our German Fatherland, risked their lives in support
of my House. With these traditions gratefully in mind, I express
my warmest thanks, and I rejoice to see how your people, faithful
to these traditions, have given a fresh proof of their loyal sen-
timents. In common with other German countries, Brunswick
helped to re-establish the German Empire in the seventies by
drawing sword and fighting the enemy, and I, therefore, desire
again to tell you how deeply and warmly moved I am at the
thought that I am the first German Emperor who has been
120 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
enabled to visit this ancient and typical German city. I hope
that God will permit me to lead the united German Fatherland
peacefully and tranquilly along the path which my lamented
grandfather traced out, and along which this very land of Bruns-
wick has so joyfully shown the others the way.
" I should like, in addition, to give expression to my joy at
seeing how Prince and people, in close union with one another,
strive and toil to attain the desired end, and I at the same time
should like to express my particular gratification that the time-
honoured tradition that Brunswick Princes become Prussian
Field-Marshals is once more exemplified to-day."
The 18th of June, 1889, brought with it the celebration in
Dresden of the eighth centenary of the House of Wettin. The
Emperor was present, and, speaking in reply to King Albert's
address of welcome, said:
"Permit me, your Majesty, to tender to you my heartiest
thanks. As a Monarch it was my duty, and as a relative it was
a dictate of my heart, to convey to you my respects on this day,
when your Majesty, together with your people, celebrates so
unique a festival. I speak from the heart and for all present
when I exclaim God protect, God bless, and God preserve your
Majesty and your whole House ! His Majesty the King of Saxony !
Long may he live ! "
King Charles of Wiirtemberg celebrated the twenty-fifth
anniversary of his accession on the 25th of July. The Emperor
visited Stuttgart to take part in the festivities, and, at the
State cttjeuner given at the Kosenstein Palace, made a speech.
He said :
" Your Majesty may permit me to express, on behalf of all the
cousins here present, our cordial and sincere thanks to your
Majesty for the cheers which have just been given for us.
"It is the privilege of the German nation that the German
peoples share joy and sorrow with their ancestral princely Houses.
It is, in particular, the loyal Swabian folk who are to-day holding
high festival in fullest sympathy with your Majesty and your
House. Following the example of the people, we Princes have
hastened hither from all parts, for we rejoice when one of us lives
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 121
to celebrate a happy festival, and, as we are sensible of a common
bond of sympathy, we are glad to be able to join him in the
celebration. I speak in the name of my relatives and cousins
when I exclaim God protect, God bless your Majesty, and your
whole House. May it be granted to your Majesty that your
people may adhere to you and to your House firm, fearless, and
faithful till far distant centuries ! "
On August 19th, 1889, the Emperor and Empress, on their way
through to the Imperial Territories, visited the family of the
Grand Duke of Baden at Karlsruhe. At the State banquet the
Emperor said, in reply to the Grand Duke Frederick of Baden :
" I express to your Eoyal Highness my heartfelt thanks for the
kindly and affectionate words you have addressed to me.
"I thank you from the bottom of my heart for the welcome
accorded me by the City of Karlsruhe and for the loyal greeting
of the land, which has rung in our ears from the throats of
eighteen thousand of your countrymen the Baden Veterans'
Societies.
" I am infinitely glad to be able once more to stay among you
in these Halls, so familiar to me and thronged with so many dear
memories. They are to me filled with recollections not only of
my earliest childhood, in which I often had the privilege of
spending here my most happy hours, for I was treated almost as
a son of the house; they are also rich to me in pleasant memories
of the time when I was often able to stay here in the company of
my late grandfather and my late father.
"The sons of the land, who to-day offered me their homage
and marched smartly past in the old discipline which they had
once learnt when wearing the soldier's handsome uniform, are the
men who took part in the fight at the time of the unification of
the Empire, and also the men who by the very geographical posi-
tion of the country would be the first to spring to arms to protect
the Empire should danger threaten it from without.
"But I am specially glad to be able to greet in your Eoyal
Highness the self-same Prince whose energy was so conspicuous
through the whole period of the rise and unification of the great
German Empire.
$
* I
122 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" Nobody in the whole Empire, least of all myself, will forget
that in your Royal Highness we see the embodiment of the idea
of Imperial unity, and that your Royal Highness was the first
German who gave the first cheer for the new German Empire."
On September 17th the Emperor stayed at Dresden on the
occasion of the grand manoeuvres of the 12th Army Corps. In
the Royal Castle the Emperor dedicated the following heartfelt
words to his Royal host :
" I beg your Majesty to allow me to lay at your feet my tribute
of heartiest thanks for your gracious words.
" With joy and deep emotion do I take the opportunity of pay-
ing a debt of gratitude to your Majesty on this spot where, seven
years ago, my late grandfather expressed his full approbation to
the 12th Army Corps.
" It is a great debt which I have to discharge. For many years
has your Majesty, with unvarying faithfulness and love, cared for
me and been solicitous on my behalf. As your Majesty well
knows, my late father once committed me to your Majesty's
special care, with the request that you would look after me
should anything ever happen to him.
"Most nobly has your Majesty carried out this request, and
for many years of iny life have I now found in your Majesty a
sincere friend and fatherly adviser. I have the greatest pleasure
in expressing in this place my hearty thanks.
" In your Majesty I honour the contemporary who, under the
command of my late grandfather, by glorious achievements gave
effective co-operation towards the recovery of our ancient freedom
and the re-establishment of the German Empire.
" Scarcely has that glorious day so full of high import to our
nation, which we celebrate anew year by year, on which the might
of the enemy collapsed and on which your Majesty's Corps threw
such a weighty argument into the scale passed and gone, than
your Majesty once more now assembles the warlike sons of
Saxony to show that the tradition and the work which as far
back as the year 1870 could show important results are. still
uninterruptedly and vigorously continued in time of peace.
" But we, gentlemen, take our glasses and drink to the health
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 123
of the noble Euler, the Leader tried in battle, the Father of his
Country, who was able a few months ago to celebrate with his
people that incomparably beautiful festival to the health of
his Majesty King Albert of Saxony. Three cheers for his
Majesty ! "
At a luncheon given at Metz after a review held on the 9th of
September, 1893, the Emperor referred in the following terms of
praise to the Grand Duke Frederick of Baden :
"With all my heart I congratulate the 15th Army Corps and
its Commander on this day's display. The 15th Army Corps
went through its manoauvres in my presence in faultless style, and
I can only repeat here the praise which I gave to the Corps on the
field of review. The perfect training which the Corps displayed
in to-day's review proved to me with what zeal, energy, and
devotion the officers have worked in all the arms of the service,
it proved to me that the Corps still retains in full life and vigour
that loyalty to the old traditions which it showed in the past, and
that it is stimulated by the praise which my lamented grandfather
once bestowed upon it, by the aims and methods which he pre-
scribed for us soldiers and acted up to himself, and, above all, by
the ground on which the Corps stands and the noble and beauti-
ful German town in which it is quartered. It makes the occasion
one of special honour for the Corps that the Commander, under
whose eyes it daily throughout the year becomes more efficient,
is to-day celebrating his birthday. My esteemed Grand Duke of
Baden, who fulfils his duties as Commander with self-sacrificing
devotion, with indefatigable industry, and with the greatest zeal,
is one of the Princes whose experience extended throughout the
glorious days of my grandfather, one of the German Princes who
are always in their place when the time comes to act in the
interest of the German Empire and the German Fatherland. In
calling for cheers for the Army Corps, I at the same time, and
with all my heart, call for cheers for his Eoyal Highness the
Grand Duke of Baden."
A few days later (llth of September, 1893), after the review of
the 14th Army Corps, the Emperor again referred to the Grand
Duke in cordial terms, which were as follows:
124 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"Your Royal Highness's gracious words, and the reception
which you, your House, and your subjects have extended to me,
have made me your debtor, and it is with deep emotion that I
express to you my cordial thanks.
" How could it be otherwise ? The road which I have taken
to this place on my way from the Castle* on the Rhine,
where, surrounded by sacred memories, I have just been staying,
has led me over the ground on which our Empire was wrought
and the German Imperial crown won in battle. In this beautiful
country, in this hospitable house, in these chambers which are so
familiar to me, everywhere do memories rise before me and link
themselves into an indissoluble chain, as did those which I left
behind me at Coblenz.
" To-day, too, out yonder in the field, who did not recall with
heavy heart the occasion when, for the last time, troops deployed
before my grandfather in their manoeuvres ? And who did not
miss at the head of the two regiments which have to-day been
presented to our inspection, with a heart full of pain, the stately
figure of the founder of German unity, and the form, heroic as
Siegfried, of the Emperor Frederick ! The memory of that great
pair is cultivated and treasured with sincere attachment to the
past by your Koyal Highness and your House. Both you and
your Royal Consort here have, in the course of your lives, follow-
ing after and walking in the footsteps of those two noble rulers
who have gone before us, always been faithful and devoted to
your high duties, and your thoughts always directed to the
welfare of your subjects. And, your Eoyal Highness, you do not
forget that you are not only the father of your country but also
the leader of its troops. It has been shown to-day that the 14th
Army Corps in no respect falls short of the others in efficiency.
" Dear recollections of past times unite me to the 14th
Army Corps also. Was it not my privilege to receive, whilst a
member of the corps, the approval of the late Emperor? It
was on Baden soil that the regiment, the uniform of which I
wear to-day, was given to me, the only regiment I ever commanded.
The words which my grandfather then addressed to me are
written on my heart in letters of gold. I have adopted them as
* Coblenz.
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 125
a guidance for my military life. But the influence of your Eoyal
Highness in military affairs goes back further still. I may re-
mind you that when, last spring, I was by permission of your Eoyal
Highness allowed to rest here for a few hours after spending glorious
days in the beautiful land of the South, not only to us two, but also
to many good Germans, did the thought suggest itself : Will our
nation still be equal to its duties ? Will it ever deviate from the
path which the Emperor William marked out for it? Will it
show itself unworthy of the great deeds of the Emperor Frederick ?
When the critical moment approached and our people had to be
again led along the right path, it was your Koyal Highness who,
with glowing and emphatic words of encouragement, first touched
that chord which ever thrills through the nation. The military
spirit was aroused ; and from one end of Baden to the other a new
enthusiasm sprang into life among the warriors who had fought
under the Emperor William and the Emperor Frederick, and
whose breasts were decked with the badges won in past campaigns;
and our people recovered their senses. I thank your Koyal
Highness for your support, and I also thank my cousins of the
German Empire. Every Prince did what he could to lead his
men out again and to rally them together once more round the
banner of the Fatherland. Thanks to your united efforts, the
German nation stands newly armed, a bulwark of defence, like
that old hero of the gods, Heimdall, watching over the peace
of the world at the gate of the Temple of Peace of not merely
Europe, but of the whole earth.
" May it be granted to our German nation that it will never
become unfaithful to this great civilising mission, that task which
God appointed for it to do and which my grandfather marked out.
May such Princes as your Royal Highness and my cousins always
be granted to us, and then shall we be able to say of ourselves
and of the German Empire something similar to what was once said
by my lamented great-grandfather : * You have harassed me from
my youth up, but you have never been able to overcome me.' "
On the 13th of March, 1892, the Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig
succeeded his father, Ludwig IV., on the throne of Hessen. The
Emperor William is related to the Grand Duke of Hessen by
close family ties, for the mother of the latter, the Princess
126 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Alice of England, was sister of the Empress Frederick. On the
occasion of his visit to Darmstadt on the 15th of October, 1894,
at a banquet given at the Grand Ducal Castle, the Emperor
referred to these family relations in the following terms :
" I thank your Koyal Highness for the kind words which you
have addressed to me on behalf of your people. I am deeply
moved at the sight of these apartments, with which are associated
so many memories that are dear to me, those apartments in which
we have seen our predecessors moving to and fro. I cannot lay
my thanks at your feet without remembering your father and
your excellent mother, who will never be forgotten by me. I sum
up my thanks in the words: May God protect you and your
House ; may God bless you, your House, and your people."
From Hubertusstock the Emperor sent the following letter on
the 16th of February, 1896, to Prince Leopold of Bavaria, the
second son of the Prince Kegent Luitpold :
"Most Illustrious Prince, dear Friend and Cousin: I have
already expressed to your Royal Highness in a telegram, sent on
the 12th inst., the great pleasure which I received from your com-
munication that your Royal Highness had been appointed Colonel-
General* of Cavalry with the rank of Field-Marshal, and have
tendered to you my cordial congratulations on your well-deserved
promotion. I feel it my duty, however, particularly to assure
your Royal Highness that the entire Prussian Army, which has
the honour to be allowed to count your Royal Highness *?.
honorary colonel of one of its regiments, takes the keenest in-
terest in your Royal Highness's promotion, and joins with me in
my congratulations. It knows that your Royal Highness has
given many proofs of the most active interest in the development
and efficiency of the Army, as well as in the welfare of the
German Fatherland. As my grandfather now resting in God
many years ago recognised with joyful heart your glorious achieve-
ments in the last war, and as I, also, was not long ago namely,
on the twenty- fifth anniversary of Villepion able to give ex-
* Generaloberst, Colonel-General. A special rank of honour in the German Army,
equivalent to that of Field-Marshal, but belonging to some special arm of the
service. In 1893 there were two Colonel-Generals of Cavalry, the Grand Dukes
of Baden and Saxony, and one Colonel-General of Infantry, von Pape. Prince
Bismarck also held the rank of a Colonel-General of Cavalry.
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 127
pression to my admiration of your Eoyal Highness, I now desire
to express with all sincerity my earnest wish that your Koyal
Highness may, with God's help, be granted many years of fresh
and full manly activity in your present high military rank, in
order that you may confer still further benefit on the Army and
the German Fatherland. Assuring you of my profound respect,
I remain, your Koyal Highness's affectionate cousin."
In the company of King Albert of Saxony the Emperor held,
on the 3rd of September, 1896, a review of the 12th Army Corps
in the training camp at Zeithain. At a banquet given subsequently
at the Albrechtsburg the King welcomed his Imperial guest, who
replied :
" With deeply-moved heart I express to your Majesty my
sincere thanks for the gracious words to which you have given
utterance in this noble and historic hall. The veteran sons of
Saxony, with their King at their head, afforded a spectacle which
must have filled every Saxon with pride, and still more every
soldier's heart. I go still further. It is not Saxony only that
participates in this day's proceedings, but I and my Army as well.
A'| number of my Guards were privileged to stand under your
Majesty's command. Your Majesty has ever shown paternal care
fo(r me in counsel and in action when some weighty matter called
for decision. Now that the Emperor William the Great and my
father are gone from among us, my Army has all the stronger
claims on your Majesty's person as Field-Marshal and as comrade-
in-arms of his Majesty the Emperor William I., and in giving
expression to the wish that the good God may bless, protect, and
safeguard your Majesty for the welfare of Saxony as well as for
the German Army, I know that I am in accord not only with
your own faithful generals, but also with all my officers. With
these sentiments I raise my glass, firmly convinced that my Army
will, if necessary, follow its Field-Marshal in the future with the
same confidence that it showed in the past. His Majesty the
Field-Marshal and King of Saxony ! Long may he live ! "
The Grand Duke Frederick of Baden celebrated, on the 9th of
September, 1896, the seventieth anniversary of his birth, and on
that occasion received from the Emperor William, who was staying
at Gorlitz, the following telegram :
128 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" The seventieth anniversary of your birth, on which day proofs
of sincere veneration and love are conveyed to you by your people
and from all parts of Germany, calls upon me to send to you my
sincerest congratulations. I joyfully recognise how eminent have
been your services in the founding and the preservation of the
power of our common Fatherland, and how well you have known
how to draw the ties of friendship between ourselves, our Houses,
and our Governments more and more firmly together. I thank
the Almighty that He has been pleased to spare you for so long
a time, and I implore Him to keep you still longer in vigorous
activity, to enjoy the gratitude of the German people, and
the veneration of the Federal Princes, for the welfare of your
country and the entire Empire. The Empress most sincerely
joins me in my congratulations and good wishes, and, as duty
detains me, she will represent me before you."
Three days later the Emperor sent the following letter from
Gorlitz to King Albert of Saxony :
"Most Illustrious and Mighty Prince and dearly-beloved Cousin
and Brother: On my departure to-day from your Majesty's do-
minions, in which this year's instructive autumn manoeuvres of four
Army Corps have taken place, I feel in duty bound to express once
more, as I have repeatedly done, my sincere appreciation of the
excellent state of the 12th (Koyal Saxon) Army Corps. The
review, which is the best test of bearing and discipline, was
excellent; and the subsequent manoeuvres, which frequently in-
volved severe exertions on the part of the troops, showed the
warlike training of Saxony's sons to be of the most efficient
character. The men proved in a most convincing manner that
the experienced eye of your Majesty, their Field-Marshal, with
clear purpose in view, is constantly resting upon your soldiers to
the welfare of the entire Fatherland, and they also showed that
the spirit of their fathers continues to live in them. I. request
your Majesty to have the goodness to thank your troops and their
commanders, and to intimate to them the fact that the course of
this year's great manoeuvres has filled me with particular satis-
faction and with a firm belief in their military efficiency. Your
Majesty may permit me to express to your illustrious brother,
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 129
the Field-Marshal and General in command, his Eoyal Highness
Prince George, Duke of Saxony, my personal thanks for the success
he has achieved and for his conspicuous ability in commanding
his troops. Your Majesty may also be pleased to accept my
acknowledgment of the kind hospitality which you accorded to
me at Dresden as well as at the Albrechtsburg, a place so
intimately associated with the history of the Eoyal Family of
Saxony, and also of the welcome which your country and the
people of Saxony gave to my numerous troops. With the assurance
of my profound reverence and sincere and warm friendship, I
remain, your Majesty's affectionate cousin and brother."
On the occasion of the centenary of the birth of the Emperor
William I., which was held on the 22nd of March, 1897, there
gathered around the Emperor in Berlin nearly all the German
Federal Princes. At the banquet given at the Eoyal Castle the
Emperor proposed a toast in the following words :
"A spirit of deep-felt and profound festive joy has spread
throughout the German people, and, participating in this feeling,
the Princes have assembled in order to celebrate the memory of
the late great Emperor.
" I beg to express my sincere and hearty thanks to my illus-
trious relations, uncles, and allies, and to all the representatives of
those foreign Sovereigns who did not wish to hold aloof, but
desired to participate in our festival, thus affording us a further
proof that a common great family tie unites the Eoyal Houses of
Europe, and that the joy or grief of one House is shared by all
the others.
" It is not my intention here to laud the merits of my great
ancestor, my grandfather. The proceedings we have just witnessed
and the behaviour of our people show how vividly the work and
the personality of the departed stand before the eyes of all.
" I think that his spirit is walking to-day amongst his people,
and certainly visited his colours to-day. We remember him in
his humility, his unassuming simplicity, and his devotion to duty,
we remember him as the son of the glorious and charming Queen,
and we remember him as the one who said that he learned more
from his humiliations than from all his successes.
130 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"The memory of him should be to us, illustrious Princes and
relatives, a fresh incentive to live and to work for our subjects,
as he did, for the common aim of the advancement of civilisation
and for the preservation of peace. But now that we are renewing
to one another our vows to knit close the ties of firm friendship
and brotherhood in arms, let us raise our glasses and, with a
toast to the welfare of the German Fatherland and the German
people, pay reverence to his memory and bid a welcome to our
Princes. The German people, its Fatherland, and its Princes !
Hurrah ! Hurrah ! Hurrah ! "
On the 30th of August, 1897, the Emperor held a review of
the 8th Army Corps, of which the Hereditary Grand Duke of
Baden had a short time previously been appointed Commander.
Soon afterwards the Emperor and the Empress, the Prince
Regent of Bavaria, the Kings of Saxony and Wlirtemberg, and
the Grand Duke of Hesse, who were afterwards joined by King
Humbert of Italy, witnessed the grand manoeuvres between the
two Bavarian Corps and the Army Corps of the Imperial Terri-
tories and the Rhine Province. At the State banquet subsequently
given at the old Castle of Nuremberg, the Prince Eegent of Bavaria
proposed a toast.
" On behalf of the citizens of Nuremberg," he said, " the ancient
history of which town is so closely connected with the glorious
House of Hohenzollern through the Burgrave of Nuremberg, it
is my gratifying duty to express once more my heartfelt thanks
to his Majesty the German Emperor and to the illustrious
Empress for their gracious presence at the reviews of the two
Bavarian Corps. Their Majesties! Long may they live!"
Thereupon the Emperor replied :
" I tender to your Royal Highness my most grateful thanks for
the gracious sentiments which you have again expressed.
" I cordially congratulate you on to-day's brilliantly successful
review; but it is with a heart even more deeply moved that I
express to your Royal Highness my thanks that, through your Royal
Highness's kind invitation, it has at last been granted to me to
stay in this ancient and glorious city, so intensely German, and in
the Castle which my ancestors, with traditional loyalty, for centuries
preserved and ruled on behalf of the German Emperors. I look
on these venerable walls with special devotion when I remember
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 131
the fact that it was precisely in Nuremberg and in this Castle that
the most intimate connection between the House of Wittelsbach
and the House of Hohenzollern is to be found. As good friends
and comrades, the young Burgrave and the young Wittelsbach
rode in the train of the German Emperors, and fought for
Emperor and Empire. My ancestor, Frederick IV.,* together
with the subsequent German Emperor, Ludwig f of Bavaria, was
knighted at Rome by Henry VII., { and that same ancestor of mine
fought as a brave man at Miihldorf, and helped the great ancestor
of your Royal Highness to consolidate the power of the Crown.
I venture, therefore, as a Nuremberger and a Burgrave to express
to your Royal Highness my cordial thanks, and to associate with
them the wish that God may hold His hand with blessings over
your Royal Highness and your House."
On his way back from Palestine the Emperor passed through
Munich on the 25th of November, 1898, and paid a visit to the
Prince Regent. Differences of opinion had arisen between
Munich and Berlin on the occasion of the introduction of the
new code of military law, with regard to the constitution of the
Supreme Military Court of Appeal. "Whilst the Emperor,"
said the Reichsanzeiger, "was in Munich, his Majesty and the
Prince Regent personally discussed the new code of military law,
and a complete understanding between them was arrived at. The
Prince Regent agreed to the institution of a Bavarian 'Senate/
sitting in the Supreme Military Court of Appeal at Berlin, and,
on the other hand, the Emperor granted to Bavaria the right to
appoint the President as well as the members of the Bavarian
' Senate,' and also its Judge-Advocate."
* Frederick IV. of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremberg. The first of the
family to hold the title was Conrad, who became Burgrave in 1170.
t Ludwig, Duke of Bavaria, was elected Emperor in 1314, and Frederick, Duke
of Austria at the same time. This disputed election "plunged the empire into
inextricable confusion."
$ Henry VII. (Henry of Luxemburg) was Emperor from 1308 to 1313. "Clearly
the best Kaiser that could be had. A puissant soul who might have done great
things had he lived" (Carlyle, Friedrich I., p. 104). He made an expedition into
Italy in 1310, and was poisoned there in 1313.
Muhldorf on the Inn in Bavaria. The battle was fought on September 28th,
1322. " Ludwig rather held aloof rearward ; committed his business to the Hohen-
zollern Burggraf." Frederick the Hapsburger, Duke of Austria, was defeated and
taken prisoner, and Ludwig of Bavaria became sole Emperor, dying in 1347.
Ludwig was "progenitor of the subsequent Kurfursts of Baiern '" (Carlyle,
Friedrich /., pp. 107, 137).
132 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
After the review at Forchheim, at which the Emperor was
present, on the 8th of September, 1899, he proceeded to Karlsruhe
in the company of the Grand Duke of Baden. Eesponding to
the toast which was proposed at the banquet, given at the Castle
in his honour, the Emperor said :
" Your Royal Highness may permit me to lay at your feet my
heartfelt thanks for your kind words, as well as my sincere and
cordial congratulations on the splendid and successful movements
which the 14th Army Corps went through to-day, in spite of all
difficulties. Your Royal Highness had the kindness to draw our
attention to the past, and there rose up before us all a series of
pictures of this place, and of this Palace in particular, which made
our hearts heavy and drew the tears to our eyes. We remem-
ber how twenty years ago the review of the same Army Corps
was led and attended by heroic figures who are no longer here
the great Emperor at the head of the regiment that I have led
to-day, my late father, radiant with the bright promise of the
future, at the head of his regiment, and the conqueror of Nuits.*
They have gone ; we remain ; and it is our duty to preserve what
they bequeathed us. In this respect to-day's review is worthy of
the others, a matter of pride for our people and our country, and
a warning to foreign nations ; for gold and red, black and red,
green and white, or black and white, flag was ranked with flag,
forming in their collective might a bulwark of defence round the
golden banner of our country, to protect it and to safeguard it.
And it was not with the least satisfaction that I noticed that the
review was witnessed by our second line of supports, I mean the
old soldiers who had the honour to fight under our ancestors and
who saw the great days of the old Emperor. That all this should
be, however, we owe to the circumstance that it was granted to
the great Emperor, after many years of trial and preparation, to
find Princes in Germany, who brought with them hearts full of
enthusiasm for the great cause and unhesitatingly placed them-
selves at his side. The surest bond to cement the unity of our
Fatherland is loyal co-operation and blood shed on the battlefield
in a common cause. May the closing century find our young
* The small fortified town of Nuits, near Dijon, was taken by the Baden troops,
under von Werder, after a severe engagement on December 18th, 1870.
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 133
Empire and our Army in the same condition in which our great
Emperor bequeathed it to us, and may we always be mindful
that it is our duty to protect religion, which should be preserved
for the nation, and to uphold morals and order. May there
always stand at our side German Princesses, like the great
Empress and her illustrious daughter, who, with loving hand,
everywhere relieve the sufferings of the poor. And in the
century to come, in spite of all new spirits and ideas, may the
old loyalty to the monarchy show itself firm as a rock and as an
example for other countries. I make my bow of respect to the
noble princely pair who, in long laborious lives, have realised
these ideals, and by their lives have become a pattern and
ensample for us to follow."
King Albert of Saxony celebrated, on the 21st of June, 1899,
the fiftieth anniversary of his appointment as Knight of the
Prussian Order "Pour le M^rite." The Emperor sent his con-
gratulations through a special deputation, headed by Prince
Albrecht of Prussia, the Kegent of Brunswick.
On the 23rd of June, 1900, the Emperor sent to the Grand
Duke August of Oldenburg, who had just come to the throne,
the following telegram:
"Bound to you by ties of sincere friendship, it was to me a
dictate of my heart to render to your dear father the last honours.
His decease has moved me deeply, for I know that your noble and
high-minded father, whose whole life was devoted to his country
and to the great Fatherland, was also devoted to me. Be assured
that I shall never forget him."
Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha died on the 30th of July,
1900, and the Emperor, who was then on board the Hohenzollern,
lying off Heligoland, issued the following order :
"With my Navy I mourn with deep grief the decease of his
Eoyal Highness Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the first
reigning German Prince who was both a German and a British
Admiral. In the deceased my Navy has lost a dear friend and a
noble supporter, one who was full of the warmest interest in the
development and extension of the Navy. In order to give special
expression to our feelings of deepest sorrow, and the honour in
134 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
which we hold the memory of the deceased, I hereby order : (1)
that my ships in home waters must keep the flags at half-mast
till the funeral has taken place ; (2) that naval officers must wear
bands of crape on the left fore-arm, and (3) that at the funeral
ceremonies the following must attend, (a) the Inspector-General
of the Navy, (6) a deputation consisting of a Rear- Admiral and
one officer of each inferior rank, to be selected by the commanders
of the naval stations, (c) a warrant officer, a petty officer, and an
able-seaman from each of the two naval stations."
Owing to the injury which the Emperor received during his
stay in Bremen, where a madman threw a piece of iron into the
Royal carriage, the Emperor was not able to proceed to Munich
to take part in the celebration of the eightieth birthday of
the Prince Regent, which was held on the 12th of March, 1901.
He was, however, represented by the Crown Prince, and also sent
a telegram, which was worded as follows :
"I deeply regret that circumstances compel me to be absent
from to-day's festivities, which are given in honour of your
eightieth birthday. Be assured, however, that my warmest
thoughts are of you and that I am with you in spirit. My
eldest son will represent me. Allow him to tell you with what
sincere pleasure I recall to my mind to-day your robust form,
and how much I, together with the Bavarian people, and, indeed,
the whole Fatherland, desire the well-being of such a Prince and
hero, in whom God has preserved one of the most illustrious
comrades-in-arms of the Emperor William the Great, whom may
He long keep in your present wonderful strength and vigour."
On April 26th, 1902, amid extraordinary enthusiasm on the
part of the entire population of his country, the Grand Duke
Frederick of Baden celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his
accession. The Emperor arrived at Karlsruhe in the morning,
and at the great banquet replied to the toast proposed by the
Grand Duke :
" Your Royal Highness has been graciously pleased to think of
me, too, at to-day's festival, and with deep emotion do I rise to
express my thanks for the extraordinarily friendly words, words
that go straight to the heart, which your Royal Highness has
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 135
just uttered. As this hall and this spot, on which I remember
to have seen the tall, venerable figure of my late grandfather, and
by his side the glorious form of my father, so, too, does every
corner of the Castle at Karlsruhe evoke memories which are most
dear to my heart, and it was only natural that in this so un-
common and uniquely beautiful festival, which God's grace and
favour has granted to your Eoyal Highness and your House, I
too should desire to be allowed to take my humble part. A
pattern of self-sacrificing devotion to duty in administrative
and military affairs alike, a faithful comrade-in-arms and promoter
of the ideas of my late grandfather, a diligent and zealous
guardian of the precious treasures and possessions won for our
German nation in all these respects a pattern for our younger
generation, does your Eoyal Highness stand before the eyes of the
generation which I represent, and which has grown up under
the influences of the great year. It can only confer the highest
honour on me, and at the same time arouse feelings of deepest
gratitude, if from the mouth of the representative of the genera-
tion of my grandfather, from the very lips of your Royal Highness,
I learn that you are in complete sympathy with the principles by
which I endeavour to rule. For that means that these principles
are pursuing the path which my grandfather of immortal memory
has traced out for us. I would to God that it had pleased Him to
preserve my splendid father's life for many a long day. But now
that it has been decreed otherwise I, too, am firmly resolved to
meet the heavy responsibility of the inheritance that has fallen to
me, by devoting to it all my powers. This is best accomplished
by fostering the army. I trust that I shall succeed, by careful
fostering, in maintaining it in the condition in which my grandfather
handed it to me, as an instrument in his hands to preserve peace,
to gain the victory in war, and as an incomparable school for the
education of our people. But I can only imagine such a work
a credit, and at the same time a profit, too, if patterns and
examples, such as your Royal Highness is among the Princes of
the German Empire, stand by my side. For it is easy to under-
stand that an older generation, when it is suddenly deprived of
its revered Head, must find it difficult to be led by a younger
hand, for opinions change as completely as do the problems of the
136 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
time. When, therefore, from such renowned lips and from such
a quarter, words of encouragement and praise are uttered, I draw
from them courage for further effort. I will conclude my words
by imploring not merely in my own name, but also in that of
every German, with my whole heart, God's blessing on your
Eoyal Highness and your House, that you may continue to stand
by my side as my adviser, and stand before our eyes as our
pattern and example. We give expression to our sentiments
by calling for three cheers for his Koyal Highness the Grand
Duke of Baden ! "
On July 16th, 1902, the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation
of the Germanic Museum was celebrated at Nuremberg. The
Emperor and Empress, a number of German Federal Princes, and
scholars of repute assembled at Nuremberg to attend the festivities.
The Prince Eegent Luitpold of Bavaria gave a banquet in the
Town Hall at Nuremberg in honour of the guests. After he had
bidden the Emperor and the Princes welcome at the banquet, the
Emperor rose and made the following speech :
" From the bottom of our hearts flow the grateful thanks which
her Majesty the Empress and myself tender to your Eoyal
Highness. In the first place, as Honorary Colonel, I thank you,
in the name of my infantry regiment, for the gracious honour
paid to the memory of my ever-lamented grandfather, his Majesty
the Emperor William the Great, by your Eoyal Highness confer-
ring his monogram on the regiment. In the second place, I thank
your Eoyal Highness for your invitation to the splendid festival
of the jubilee of the Germanic Museum. The festival that we
have celebrated was German to the core, for everything that we
Germans indicate with pride as Germanic civilisation is embodied
in the Museum, and this symbol of Germanic civilisation em-
bodying the idea of German unity has been taken under its care
and protection by the House of Wittelsbach, following its ancient
tradition in loyalty to Emperor and Empire. Not only the citi-
zens of Nuremberg, not only the sons of Bavaria, but all the
Germanic races turn their eyes hither to-day and join us in this
festival, to that, too, the German Princes here assembled bear
witness. On the bloody field of battle, when the victory was
won, the German Princes clasped hand in hand together, and,
THE EMPEROR AND THE FEDERAL PRINCES 137
surrounded by their cheering regiments, their peoples in arms,
restored the German Empire. Passed and gone for ever, if God
wills it, is the awful time, the time when there was no Emperor.
Once again is the proud banner of the Empire reared aloft, the
black eagle on the field of gold, surrounded by the standards of
the princely houses, and to guard it are encamped around it the
legions of the warlike peoples of Germany flashing and gleaming
with arms. What enemies feared, what doubtless denied, what the
envious sought to hinder, is at last an accomplished fact. With
deep thanks to God, whose guiding hand has so wonderfully led
my House from the time of our Burgraviate to the present day,
I stand with deep emotion on the soil of Nuremberg, proud of my
rank as Burgrave in the presence of the illustrious Kegent and
the Father of this land. With the same loyalty with which of
old the Burgraves of the early German Emperors guarded and
protected the Palatinate, so, too, will I guard the jewel of the
Empire, firmly relying on the tried loyalty to the Empire of
the House of Wittelsbach. And now rise to your feet, men of
Nuremberg and Bavaria ; let us raise our glasses to greet the wise
head of the House of Wittelsbach. Long life to the Prince
Regent; may God protect him and his House. Thus does the
Burgrave of Nuremberg, the Hohenzollern, greet the administrator
of the Kingdom of Bavaria, of the House of Wittelsbach.
Hurrah ! "
THE EMPEROR AS UPHOLDER AND
PROTECTOR OF THE EMPIRE
THE EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL IDEA
WHEN on his journeys, when receiving deputations, in opening
the Eeichstag, and at the celebrations of national anni-
versaries, the Emperor constantly advocates in vigorous speeches,
often rising into bursts of poetic eloquence, an ideal conception
of Imperialism.
When the war of 1870 broke out, of which the prize of victory
was the unified German Empire, the then Prince William was
only eleven years old. Yet it was with the deepest interest
that the boy followed from a distance the phases of the war
and the heroic progress of his universally -beloved father, and
was fired with enthusiasm at the victories achieved in this
tremendous struggle. Eight years after his accession, the twenty-
fifth anniversary of the Peace of Frankfort and the refounding of
the German Empire was celebrated, and the Emperor William
seized the occasion repeatedly to dwell on the Imperial idea.
On January 17th, 1896, the Prince Kegent Luitpold of Bavaria
sent the following telegram to the Emperor :
" On the eve of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the re-establish-
ment of the German Empire, I am anxious to express to your
Imperial Majesty my sincerest congratulations. Twenty-five years
ago the new German Empire was founded. Now it stands firm,
united within and respected without. May Providence bestow
blessings on it in the future."
To this the Emperor replied :
" I thank your Eoyal Highness with my whole heart for the
loyal congratulations expressed to me on the occasion of the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the restoration of the German Empire.
The bond which, during the twenty-five years now gone by, has
closely drawn together the Teutonic races and their Princes will,
138
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 139
I trust to God, prove itself in the future also to be firm and
indissoluble."
On the 18th of January a divine service was held at the Eoyal
Palace in Berlin, which was followed by a banquet in the White
Hall. The members of the existing Eeichstag and the surviving
members of the Reichstag of 1871 were among those who were
invited to be present. The Emperor made his appearance, sur-
rounded by all his dignitaries and full Court pageantry, and read
aloud the following message to the nation :
" We, William, by the grace of God German Emperor, King of
Prussia, and so forth, do hereby make proclamation and let all
men know by these presents : Twenty-five years have gone by
since the day on which his Majesty, our grandfather, now at rest
in God, assumed, in compliance with the unanimous request of
the German Princes and Free Towns and the wishes of the
Nation, the German Imperial Crown. We have therefore deter-
mined solemnly to celebrate that memorable event, which
brought to final and brilliant fulfilment the long-cherished hopes
of the German people, and gave to the re-established Empire
that position among the nations of the world, to which its history
and the high state of its civilisation entitle it.
"We have summoned to this celebration the plenipotentiaries
of our illustrious Allies and the representatives of the people, as
well as those who at that great time took a prominent part in the
great work of the unification of the German States.
" Surrounded by the colours and standards of glorious regiments,
witnesses of the heroic courage of our armies, which on that day
greeted the first German Emperor, let us picture to ourselves with
deep emotion the inspiriting spectacle which the united Fatherland
united in its Princes and its peoples presented to contem-
poraries. Looking back on the twenty-five years now gone by,
we feel ourselves moved, first of all to express our humble thanks
to Divine Providence, whose blessing has so manifestly been be-
stowed upon the Empire and its members. The vow made on
the assumption of the Imperial dignity by his Majesty, our never-
to-be-forgotten grandfather, and confirmed by his successors to the
crown, namely, to protect with German fidelity the rights of the
Empire and of its members, to uphold peace, to preserve the
140 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
independence of Germany, and to strengthen the might of the
nation, has, with God's help, been kept to this day.
"Conscious of the fact that it was called upon to uplift its
voice in the council of the nations on behalf of peace, without
fear or favour, the young Empire has been able to devote its
undisturbed attention to the perfecting of its internal organi-
sation.
"In joyful enthusiasm over its unity and powerful position,
passionately longed for and dearly won, and firmly trusting in the
leadership of the great Emperor and in the counsel of experienced
statesmen, especially of its Chancellor, Prince Bismarck, the
effective strength of the nation set itself unreservedly to the per-
formance of the common task. With intelligent forethought and
readiness to make any sacrifice, the Empire made clear its deter-
mination to hold and to secure what had been gained, to heal the
evils of the economic position, and, striking out a new course, to
pave the way to the promotion of a spirit of contentment among
the different classes of the population.
"Let us rejoice over what has already been effected in this
direction.
"In addition to the development of our defensive strength,
which for the protection of the independence of the Fatherland
it is our Imperial duty to maintain at the height of efficiency,
legislature and executive in German States have earnestly applied
themselves to the fostering of the general welfare in every sphere
of public life and economic activity.
" Free scope for the development of the intellectual and material
strength of the nation, the promotion of the public welfare thus
obtained, the construction of a uniform code of law, the securing
of an impartial administration of justice commanding respect,
and the education of the young in the fear of the Lord and in
loyalty to the Fatherland these are the goals towards which the
Empire has unceasingly striven. However excellent the results
which have so far been obtained may be, we must not grow weary
of continuing the task which lies before us. The further develop-
ment of the Imperial institutions, the strengthening of the bond
that unites the German peoples, the necessity of averting the
many dangers to which we are exposed, as well as the claims of a
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 141
rapidly progressing development of all branches of human activity,
constantly demand our unwearying and devoted attention.
" As we ourselves renew our vow to emulate the example of our
grandfather, now resting in God, in the faithful fulfilment of
duty, so we address to the whole nation our Imperial command
to cast aside all considerations of party interest, to keep in view,
together with us and our illustrious Allies, the welfare of the
Empire, and with German loyalty to place themselves at the
service of the whole, in order to promote by common effort the
greatness and the happiness of our dear Fatherland. Should this
be done, we may confidently hope that the blessing of Heaven
will not fail us in the future, and, as in that great time which we
are now celebrating, we shall meet every attack upon our inde-
pendence with a united and firm front, and be able to devote
ourselves undisturbed to the fostering of our own interests.
" The German Empire, far from being a danger to other states,
will thus be respected and trusted by the nations, and will remain
as heretofore a mainstay of peace.
" That this be so may God ordain ! "
Thereupon the Emperor took hold of the flag of the First
Eegiment of Guards, lowered it, and said :
" In the presence of this sacred banner, which is covered with
the glory of well-nigh two hundred years, I renew the vow to
uphold the honour of the people and the Empire, both at home
and abroad. One Empire, one People, one God ! "
At the State banquet in the afternoon the Emperor made the
following speech :
" This day is a day of thankful retrospect, as indeed the whole
year with its round of festivals is one long day of thanksgiving
and memorial of the great Emperor now resting in God. On
this day rests the blessing, and over it hovers the spirit of him
who is buried at Charlottenburg and also of him who lies in the
Friedenskirche. That which our fathers hoped for, that which
the youth of Germany dreamed of, sang of, and longed for to
them, to the two Emperors, in conjunction with the Princes, was
it granted to win in fight the German Empire, and to re-establish it.
H2 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
We can enjoy these blessings with thankful hearts: we can rejoice
on this day. At the same time, however, there rests upon us the
solemn duty of retaining what the great rulers won for us in battle.
The German Empire has become a world empire. Everywhere
in far-away parts of the globe live thousands of our compatriots.
German goods, German science, German manufactures cross the
ocean. The value of that which Germany has on the sea amounts
to thousands of millions. To you, gentlemen, falls the serious
duty of aiding me firmly to unite this greater German Empire
to our Fatherland at home. The vow which I made before you
to-day can only be adequately fulfilled, if your support, inspired
with a unanimous and patriotic spirit, is given to me in fullest
measure. With the hope that in complete concord you will
help me to fulfil my duty, not only to our compatriots at home,
but also to the many thousands of our countrymen abroad, which
is to protect them when I am called upon to do so, and also with
the exhortation which is applicable to us all, 'That which thou
hast inherited from thy fathers, that thou must thyself acquire
in order to keep it/ I raise my glass to the welfare of our be-
loved German Fatherland and exclaim : The German Empire !
Hurrah ! and again Hurrah ! and yet once more Hurrah ! "
On the occasion of these national celebrations the following
Imperial Edicts were published :
" We, William, by the grace of God King of Prussia, do com-
mand, in order to celebrate, by an act of comprehensive grace, the
twenty-fifth anniversary of the day whereon the German Empire
was re-established, that to all those persons against whom, up
to the present day, through judgment or verdict of a Prussian
civil tribunal, for any minor offence involving imprisonment or
fine, or for a misdemeanour involving imprisonment, there is a
legal sentence of not more than six weeks, or, in the case of fines,
of not more than one hundred and fifty marks, such penalties,
in so far as they have not yet been fully carried out, or the
still outstanding costs shall, as an Act of Grace, be remitted.
Sentences of simple imprisonment are not covered by this Act
of Grace, in cases where a term of surveillance by the police
authorities of the district is included in the sentence.
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 143
" Our Ministry of State is charged with the duty of the publi-
cation and carrying out of this Edict without delay."
A special Edict extended this Act of Grace to corresponding
sentences within the jurisdiction of the tribunals of Alsace-
Lorraine.
In the same spirit Edicts were issued to the Prussian Minister
of War and to the Secretary of State for the Navy. The Charter
concerning the foundation of the "Wilhelin-Order" is as follows:
"We, William, by the grace of God King of Prussia, and so
forth, have resolved, on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anni-
versary of the day of the Proclamation of the Empire at
Versailles, to found an Order to perpetuate the memory of the
peaceful achievements of our grandfather, now at rest in God,
his Majesty the Emperor and King, William the Great, and
also to be an incentive to the present and future generations
to co-operate for the good of the people in the spirit which
is expressed in the august message which he delivered on
November 17th, 1881, the fulfilment of which devolves upon us
as a sacred inheritance. The Order shall bear the name of
Wilhelmorden, and shall consist of one class, the bestowal of which
we reserve to ourselves and our successors, and for which are
equally eligible such men or women, whether married or single,
as have done conspicuous service in furthering the welfare and
improvement of the people generally, and especially in the
domain of social politics, in the spirit of the message of the
lamented great Emperor. As a badge of this Order we have
chosen a gold ornament to be worn on a chain of gold, which
bears on its obverse the effigy of the lamented Emperor and
King, with the inscription, ' William, King of Prussia,' and on its
reverse the initials of our name with the Eoyal crown above
them, the date of the foundation of this Order, and, as an
inscription below, the motto, ' Strive in memory of the Emperor
William the Great.' "
The Emperor issued the following Edict to the Imperial
Chancellor on the 22nd of January :
"With heart-stirring enthusiasm the German nation, in full
concord with their illustrious Princes, have celebrated the twenty-
144 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
fifth anniversary of the re-establishment of the Empire, and at
the same time has not only thought with gratitude of the men
whose wisdom and devotion brought about the long-desired re-
unification of the German races into a strong community com-
manding the respect of the world, but has also vowed from the
bottom of its heart to prove worthy of the great past and
ever to stand with the loyalty of German lieges by Emperor and
Empire. In glowing terms has this vow been brought to my
notice in the telegrams and communications which thousands of
Germans at home and abroad have addressed to me on this
occasion of the national celebration of the memorable event, as
an expression of their pure love of the Fatherland. I have been
heartily rejoiced at this, and am strengthened in the belief that
the German nation will never allow the acquisitions of January
18th, 1871, to be taken from them, but, trusting in God, will ever
know how to defend their most precious possessions. To all who
have made known to me their co-operation in the further con-
solidation of German unity and in the promotion of German
welfare, and who in loyal attachment have thought of me, I
express my warmest thanks. I request you to publish this
Proclamation forthwith."
On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the signing of the Peace of
Frankfort a memorial of the Emperor William I. was unveiled in
the presence of the Emperor and Empress at Frankfort-on-Main.
At the State banquet, which was given in the Palmengarten, the
Emperor replied to the toast proposed by Chief Burgomaster
Adickes :
"My esteemed Chief Burgomaster: Who to-day would find
fault with me if, on such an occasion and surrounded by such
acclamations, my heart were stirred by special emotions? For it is
seldom granted to a nation to celebrate such a festival as that of
to-day, and on such an occasion as this. Wherever German hearts
are beating, the man of Teutonic race has this day fallen on his
knees and returned thanks to his Maker that, under His guardian-
ship, the Empire is again united. As becomes an old Imperial
and coronation city, Frankfort has in worthy and patriotic fashion
appreciated and celebrated this day. I tender heartfelt thanks on
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 145
behalf of the Empress and myself for your friendly words and
for the magnificent welcome which your citizens have given to us.
Above all else, however, I must express my gratification that you,
correctly appreciating the significance of to-day's celebration, have
opened it with the ceremony of the unveiling of the memorial
statue of my late grandfather, for it is very fitting that on the
day when the signing of peace is celebrated we should look upon
his figure. Our thoughts wander back to the time when the
young Prince dwelt in grievous distress with his mother and sorely
tried father at the far end of East Prussia, and we perceive in the
career of this great man, so full of trial, how the Almighty Creator
guides Kuler and people in order to fashion the instrument which
was some day to give back peace to the world. Years passed over
the head of my grandfather, and severe times of trial came to
him when he was in full manhood, and it was only at a time
when, in the case of other men, life begins to draw to a close,
that he reached the beginning of his glory. That scene at
Konigsberg rises vividly before the eyes of all of us, when,
speaking with emphasis of the Kingdom by the Grace of God,
he took the sceptre in one hand and the sword of Empire in
the other, and giving the glory to God alone, received from
Him his office. He accordingly became the chosen instrument,
but not that only, for he also became an example for the rest of
us, an example for all monarchs, who can only achieve good for
their people and with their people, when they are firm in the
belief that their office is granted to them by Heaven, and that
the day will come when Heaven will demand of them an account
of their stewardship. After he had achieved unparalleled successes,
he had the happiness in his later years to see his German people
united at his back; a sunny old age upon the throne of the
reunited Fatherland was vouchsafed to him. That is why I thank
you as his grandson. And, again, a word of thanks to the
instrument with which he won for us the Empire, with which he
gained for himself the Imperial crown our Army. He wrought
this weapon, he cared for it, he fought for it. It never played
him false, and it achieved that work which we now behold with
astonishment to-day. As a result of the perfection to which it
attained in the hand of the old master after a glorious war, it
L
146 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
brought to our people, to Europe, to the world, twenty-five years
of peace. And so I hope that every one of you will agree with
me in this, that it is our duty to hold in respect, regard, and
honour our nation in arms, and to keep it clear of all party strife
and all meddling with political doctrines. May they remain far
from you also ! The Army and the Emperor at its head alone
can secure the safety of the Empire and the peace of the world.
With a thankful heart to him who made us this gift, I hope that
a further period of twenty-five years of peace may be granted
to us, and that during this peace the Empire may develop its re-
sources, and, like this city, become a magnificent product of peace.
I have been heartily delighted at the sight of splendid Frankfort,
which, thanks to the enterprise of its citizens, and also to its
present and its former famous burgomasters, has risen to such
a prominent position. I express the hope that it may be the
destiny of the City of Frankfort and of my whole people and
Fatherland still further to develop their resources in a long period
of peace, and that, as hitherto, the German Michael, resplendent
in golden armour and keeping guard by the gate of the world's
Temple of Peace, will take care that no evil spirit shall ever be
able to unjustly disturb the peace of our land."
The following telegram was despatched to Prince Bismarck, at
Friedrichsruhe :
"The Peace of Frankfort, which was signed twenty-five years
ago, and the memory of which was but just now solemnly
celebrated by the unveiling of an equestrian statue of the
Emperor William the Great, now at rest in God, marked the
conclusion of a mighty epoch in which Germany. recovered her
unity and greatness, as well as her proper position in the council
of the nations. It is my desire and duty to express to you again
to-day in all gratitude and veneration, my dear Prince, the
acknowledgment of the memorable services you rendered at that
time. Besides the name of the great Emperor William, the
name of his great Chancellor will for ever shine in history, and
the sentiment of undying gratitude to you will for ever dwell in
my heart."
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 147
On May 17th, 1896, the following Imperial Edict was sent to
the Imperial Chancellor, Prince Hohenlohe :
" On the occasion of the anniversary of the day on which, tive-
and-twenty years ago, the glorious Peace of Frankfort was signed,
a number of telegrams have come to me from different parts of
the German Fatherland, from veterans, from Veterans' Societies,
and from other festive associations of patriotic citizens of the
Empire, in which expression is given to loyalty to Emperor
and Empire, to joy over our great achievements, and to the hope
of the further peaceful development of German might and power.
With these were associated many suggestions that the celebration
should be utilised to perpetuate to all time the memory of those
great days by the erection of other memorials and monuments in
honour of the hero Emperor William the Great, now at rest in
God, and of the faithful sons of the Fatherland who fell on the
field of honour. I have been greatly delighted by these manifes-
tations, and I take this method of expressing my Imperial thanks
to all concerned. I request you to publish this Proclamation
forthwith."
About six weeks later (July 3rd, 1896) the Emperor despatched
the following telegram to the Imperial Chancellor from Christian-
sund, in Norway :
" I express to your Serene Highness my great satisfaction at the
definite completion of the great work which secures a uniform
code of Civil Law to Germany. To this expression of satisfaction
I gladly add my special thanks for your vigorous co-operation
in, and successful management of, this work, in the completion of
which I see the creation of a new bond of union for the Father-
land as an Imperial whole."
The Emperor also utilised the hundredth anniversary of the
birth of the Emperor William I. March 22nd, 1897 as an
occasion on which to further the Imperial idea. He issued the
following proclamation :
" To my Army.
" The Fatherland to-day solemnly celebrates the day on which,
a hundred years ago, there was given to it the Emperor William
the Great, the noble Euler who, in accordance with the Will of
148 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Providence, gave an Emperor to the German people, whom he
led to the unification they longed for. When a hostile attack
threatened Germany's frontiers and assailed her honour and
independence, the long-separated peoples of the North and the
South again came together. Sealed on the battlefields of France
with streams of the blood of heroes, the brotherhood in arms of
the German armies became the corner-stone of the new Empire
and the bond which everlastingly unites the Princes and peoples
of Germany. Of this unification the splendid monument which
the love and veneration of the German people to-day dedicates to
their great Emperor, the Father of the Fatherland, is convincing
evidence. This festival will remain indelibly engraven on all
hearts that beat for the honour and welfare of Germany, and
above all on the hearts of those who followed the victorious
colours of William the Great and who were privileged to assist
him in the completion of the work of his life.
" I will bestow a special honour on this day of rejoicing, inas-
much as my Army is henceforth to wear the colours of their
common Fatherland. The badge of unity achieved, the German
cockade, which by the unanimous resolution of my august Allies
is at this very hour to be given to their troops also, shall for all
time be to my Army a visible exhortation to stand firm for the
glory and greatness of Germany, and to protect it with blood and
life.
" Full of gratitude and trust does my eye rest upon my Army,
for I know that the Army, on which the anxious love of the great
Emperor was lavished from the years of his youth to the last
moments of his long life, on which God had showered so many bless-
ings, and to which he bequeathed as a precious heritage the spirit
of discipline, obedience, and loyalty, by means of which alone great
deeds are possible, will ever be mindful of its high mission, and
that it will fulfil every task entrusted to it. I therefore bestow
upon it the medal which I have had struck in memory of this
day. May each man, who is found worthy to wear on his breast
the effigy of the noble Emperor, emulate his example of genuine
love of country and devoted fulfilment of duty. Then will
Germany victoriously overcome all dangers which, by God's will,
may threaten her in the course of the ages."
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 149
The furtherance of the Imperial idea is best effected by the
preservation of all that is characteristically German, by the pro-
tection which the German Emperor affords to German manners
and German customs. That he is ready to afford this protection,
if needs be, even where resistance is to be overcome, the Emperor
proved in his speech of June 5th, 1902, on the occasion of the
consecration of the restored Marienburg.
In reply to the toast proposed by Prince Albert, the Grand
Master of the Order of St. John, the Emperor said :
" Most Illustrious Grand Master and Honoured Brethren of the
Order of St. John.
" To-day sees the Order of St. John assembled at my command
in the Marienburg by arrangement with his Eoyal Highness my
uncle, in order that we may welcome with joint hospitality the
guests whom we have such pleasure in seeing among us here to-
day. This is the second time that we have assembled together
since my accession to the throne, and I feel it incumbent on
me to express to the Order my fullest gratitude and thanks for
the loyal and diligent work, which it is accomplishing and has
accomplished in the field allotted to it. I have given expression
to the measure of my gratitude by granting the Order permission,
by an Edict issued to his Eoyal Highness, to wear my likeness
on its dress. On that occasion the meeting was held in the
apartments in the Sonnenburg, in which the history of the Order
is centred, and to-day on this memorable spot by the cradle of
the Teutonic Order.
" Founded in a foreign land, under a burning sun, to support
German brothers in distress, side by side with the Order of
St. John and the Knights of the Temple, its purpose was once
more to liberate Jerusalem, and once for all to preserve the Holy
Sepulchre for the Cross. Yet this hope was never realised ; for
soon after the foundation of the Teutonic Order* Western
Christendom was compelled to abandon all hope of retaining the
Holy Land as a territorial possession.
* The Teutonic Order: a military and religious Order, founded about 1191, to
help the sick and wounded in the Holy Land. When the Crusades were over, and
Jerusalem finally lost, the Order moved to Prussia, where the people were still
heathen. The capital of the Order and residence of the Grand Master, from 1309
to 1457, was Marienburg, in West Prussia, near Danzig.
150 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"Assuredly in those days many a brother of the Order must
have heaved a sigh of pain, and many a German must have asked
himself, ' What will now become of us ; what duties must we set
ourselves to undertake ? ' But I think that this is just where we
may see the finger of Providence. Not on a foreign soil, where
the European had not established his home and where the Cross
had not yet gained a firm footing, but here at home on the border
of the Empire, did Providence set the Order its task. And how
has it fulfilled it? A more eloquent tongue than mine has
described that to us in the church in noble language. Grand
and noble in all its works and all its plans, both with regard to
its policy, its campaigns, and its architecture, the Order to some
extent represents the acme of German efficiency, and all through
the whole time of the Middle Ages, when the splendid ideals of
Emperor and Empire quickly faded away and vanished, did the
German people rejoice in these Brothers and Sons of its race and
take pride in the noble works of the Order.
" I have already once taken opportunity in this Burg and on
this spot to lay stress on the fact that the ancient Marienburg,
this bulwark of old days in the East, this point of departure of
the civilisation of the lands lying east of the Vistula, should
always remain an emblem of the duties that await us Germans.
And now it has again come to this pass. Polish arrogance will
encroach on German influence, and I am compelled to call on
my people to protect its national possessions. And here in the
Marienburg I declare my expectation that all brethren of the
Order of St. John will always stand at my service, if I call upon
them to protect German manners and German customs, and with
this wish and with the expression of this hope I raise my glass
to the health of the Most Illustrious Grand Master and to the
Order of St. John."
The music then broke into fanfares.
Prince Albert returned thanks to the Emperor for his words :
" I beg to express in the name of all the Knights here assembled,
and all who were unable to attend our festival, our firm con-
viction that, if your Majesty turn to the Knights of the Order
and require aught at our hands, we are ready to stand at the
service of your Majesty with all the powers at our command."
AS UPHOLDER AND PROTECTOR OF EMPIRE 151
Scarcely had the cheers for his Majesty died away when the
Emperor rose to make a second speech, in which he gave his
greeting to the Knights of the Teutonic Order from Vienna and
from the Bailey wick of Utrecht, and said :
" The great, the glorious law which our Redeemer has given to
mankind, the noble law of brotherly love, unites the Orders, to
whatever creed they may belong, in the great object of assisting
suffering humanity to the best of their power, and thereby pro-
moting the work of the redemption of mankind following the
example of our Saviour. As then to-day, in this ancient church
of the Virgin Mary, we have together bowed our knees before the
Most High, to whom we must all render our account, and under
whose protection we all stand ; so may the common work of the
Orders be furthered, be it on the field of battle, be it in the
hospital, be it in the maintenance of our customs and our manners,
and the protection of all that is good German, both here and
across the border."
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION
WHILST the Emperor was still Prince William his parents
arranged for him and his brother, Prince Henry, to attend
the Cassel* Gymnasium. Cassel was specially selected because it
was a place where as was not the case with the metropolis their
serious studies would not be interfered with by external distrac-
tions, and, further, because of the excellent reputation the
Gymnasium at Cassel and its head master, Prof. Dr. Vogt,
enjoyed. When the Crown Prince and Princess intimated to the
head master their desire to send their sons to the institution
which he directed, he replied that he regarded the desire of their
Eoyal Highnesses as a command, but at the same time he stated
that he would expect from his future pupils the strict performance
of the same duties and respect for the same order and discipline
as was exacted from other pupils. He could not allow any dis-
tinction. This reply entirely met the views and anticipations of
the Royal parents, and accordingly, in the autumn of 1874, Prince
William and Prince Henry were sent to Cassel.
The report on Prince William made by Privy Councillor Wiese,
whose duty it was to inspect the Gymnasium, is interesting.
" It is well known," the report says, " that in the autumn of
1874 Prince William entered the Lyceum Fridericianum or the
Gymnasium at Cassel, where he was placed in the Upper Second
* 1. The German Gymnasium is a classical school with nine classes in three
divisions arranged thus: Division I., upper classes (Oberprima, Unterprima, Ober-
secunda), Division II., middle classes (Untersecunda, Obertertia, Untertertia).
Division III., lower classes (Quarta, Quinta, Sexta). The Progymnasium is a
gymnasium lacking some of the higher classes and providing a six years' course
instead of nine.
2. The Realgymnasium is a gymnasium with a tendency to modern subjects.
English takes the place of Greek, and more time is given to French and natural
sciences. The Realprogymnasium corresponds similarly with the progymnasium.
3. The Realschule is a higher school in which the classical languages are not
taught ; it has six classes, while the Oberrealschule has nine. Much attention is
given to modern languages and natural sciences in these schools. (See German
Higher Schools, by James E. Russell, Ph.D., p. 122).
152
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 153
Form, remained for three years, and then, at the beginning of
1877, passed the Leaving Examination in a most creditable
manner. In accordance with the explicit orders of the Crown
Prince and Princess, their son was treated in the same way as his
fellow-pupils in respect of the demands made by the institution
on his industry and general capacity."
On his last tour of inspection, which Wiese undertook in June,
1875, shortly before his retirement from office, he visited, amongst
other schools, also the Gymnasium at Cassel. Keferring to his
intercourse on that journey with the Heir to the Crown of Prussia
and Germany, he says :
"Prince William came on horseback every morning from
Wilhelmshohe, where he resided, and was in his place in his
class, at that time the Lower First, punctually at seven o'clock.
By desire of the Emperor the class which the Prince attended
was limited to twenty-one pupils. So far as his conduct and
his bearing were concerned I did not find him different from his
fellow-pupils: in disposition he was modest and unassuming. I
ascertained that the Prince showed a particular liking for Horace.
He had voluntarily translated several odes and learnt them by
heart, and the head master told me that he occasionally brought
with him to the school ancient coins and illustrations of classical
objects which he thought would elucidate some passage. He
evinced the greatest interest in history. He answered all the
questions which I put to him in examination, and when having
heard of his excursions I asked him if he had been to Gelnhausen,
and, as he answered in the affirmative, we made use of the local
traditions of Barbarossa to enter into an excursus on the history
of the German Emperors, which he followed not only with delight,
but also with a knowledge which was not confined to names and
dates."
As regards his conduct whilst out of school, another authori-
tative report states that "The school-fellows of the Prince are
agreed that, together with youthful high spirits, he always
showed a spirit of camaraderie, but that, though frank and
lively in disposition, he never overstepped the bounds of restraint
imposed on him by his position, and knew how to avoid with tact
a tone which was unbecoming his rank. The seriousness and
firmness of his character were displayed even in the fun and
merriment in which Prince William took part. The demands, too,
upon his sense of duty and his power of work were even then
very exacting. In addition to the school tasks there were military
studies and martial exercises, and, further, in his last year, seeing
154 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
that the Prince was to leave the Gymnasium on the attainment
of his majority, the ordinary curriculum was augmented by several
lessons a week. The Court Theatre was visited but seldom, indeed
practically only on the birthdays of members of the Koyal
Family. Proficient, like his father, in all physical exercises, the
Prince delighted in summer in attending the military bathing
establishment in the Fulda, where he showed himself to be a
particularly good swimmer.
"After Prince William had passed his final examination, a
farewell luncheon was given in his residence on the 26th of
January, 1877. The guests included the masters who had given
instruction to the Prince, the scholars who had passed the Leaving
Examination, and a few others. At the banquet the Prince de-
livered a well-worded speech and called for cheers for the masters
and the school. The masters were decorated with orders. In
return for an album of seventeen photographs which the Prince's
fellow-pupils presented to him, each of these pupils received a
cabinet photograph of their princely school-fellow, in civilian
attire or in uniform, according to choice. On the back of the
photograph was the Prince's autograph signature.
"On the occasion of this luncheon, as well as throughout his
residence at Cassel, one had an opportunity of admiring the
Prince's savoir-faire, remarkable in one so young. The position
which he occupied naturally led to him being brought into
contact not only with his school-fellows but also with the leading
military and civil authorities and other prominent personages
of the town and district, and receiving visits from them."
What his Eoyal Highness thought in after years of the educa-
tion he received and the method of instruction, is shown in a
letter which he wrote to a certain magistrate, who had sent him
two pamphlets on school reform.
"I have read What we Suffer From," he says, "with great interest
and still greater satisfaction. So there has at last appeared one
who energetically attacks the most fossilised and most mind-
destroying of all systems. Every word of what you say in this
book I can endorse. I have fortunately been able to convince
myself, by two and a half years of experience, what iniquities are
perpetrated on our young people. How many of the ideas you
mention coincide entirely with my own private convictions! I
will mention a few. Of the twenty-one scholars of the First
Form to which I belonged nineteen wore glasses, and three of
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 155
these had to put a pince-nez before the spectacles in order to be
able to see the blackboard ! Homer, that glorious man, about
whom I have always been enthusiastic, Horace, Demosthenes,
whose speeches must have filled everyone with delight, how
were they read ? With enthusiasm for the battle or the arms,
or the descriptions of nature? Not at all. Under the scalpel of
the grammatical and fanatical philologist each clause was dissected
and split up till, to his delight, he had found the bare skeleton, and
then exhibited for the admiration of all in how many different
senses av or CTTI or something of that kind could be used as a
prefix or a suffix. It was enough to make one weep ! The Latin
and Greek essays raving nonsense! What a waste of labour and
effort! And what stuff it was, after all. I believe that Horace
would have given up the ghost for very terror.
" Away with this tomfoolery ! War to the knife against such
teaching ! The result of this system is that our youths know
much more of the syntax and grammar of the dead languages
than the ' auld Greeks ' themselves. They know by heart all
the commanders and the battles and the disposition of troops in
the Punic and Mithradatic Wars, but are very much in the dark
concerning the Seven Years' War, to say nothing of the much too
modern wars of '66 and '70, which they have not yet 'had' !
"As regards physical development, I also am quite of the
opinion that the afternoons should be entirely free. Instruction
in gymnastic exercise should form the recreation of the youngsters.
Small paths for obstacle races, and quite natural obstacles for
climbing over, would be of value. And it would be an excellent
plan if, in all towns where troops are stationed, a non-commissioned
officer exercised and drilled all the older boys with sticks two or
three times a week, and instead of the ridiculous class-walks, as
they are called (with fancy stick, black coat, and cigar), the youths
were taken for a military march and then did a little field service,
even though the latter degenerated into romping and horse-play.
" Our scholars of the First Form are much too blast to take off
their coats and have a set-to. But what else could be expected
from such creatures ! Therefore war & outrance against this system,
and I am quite ready to assist you in your endeavours. I am
glad to have found a plain speaker who has also grasped the idea."
156 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
One can well understand from the contents of this letter that
the Emperor William included Higher Education in the pro-
gramme of reforms which he drew up after his accession and
proposed to carry into effect.
The first such reform related to the education of young soldiers
in the Military Colleges (Kadettenhauser). The Emperor did
not, as we know, send his sons to a Gymnasium or Oberrealschule
(Classical or Higher Modern School), but had them educated in
the Military College at Plon.
A Cabinet order of the Emperor, dated Berlin, February 13th,
1890, and addressed to the Director of Military Education, and
relating to the instruction in Military Colleges, ran as follows :
"I regard it as necessary that the education of our cadets,
while still retaining the general principles laid down by my
grandfather, his Majesty the Emperor and King, William I.,
who, never resting in his care for the Army, introduced the
curriculum of the Eealgymnasium, should undergo a further
remodelling and deepening in the following respects :
" 1. The aim and end of all education, especially military
education, is formation of character, based on the due co-ordina-
tion of physical, intellectual, and religious training and discipline.
No side of education should be favoured at the expense of
another. The present curriculum for cadets makes, according to
my observations, too exacting demands on a large number of
pupils. Teaching must be simplified by the elimination of all
unnecessary details, and particularly by a better choice of matter
to be committed to memory, so that the less talented pupils may,
with ordinary industry, follow the instruction given without over-
pressure and may cover the full course of work in the prescribed
time. What the instruction loses in this way in extent it will
gain in thoroughness. The teachers must henceforth arrange the
course of work in all subjects and for all stages in accordance
with this principle.
"2. Simplified though it will be, the instruction must at the
same time be rendered still more efficient, with a view to giving
the cadets not only the grounding and accomplishments which
are specially necessary for the military profession, but also an
intellectual equipment which will enable them some day in the
army, the great school of the nation, to exert a morally improving
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 157
and educative influence, or should they later on adopt some other
career than that of the army, to fill their place with credit. As
regards religious instruction, the ethical side of it should be given
the greatest prominence, the chief stress being laid on the pupils
being educated in the fear of God and in the joyful acceptance of
the Christian faith, to be exacting towards themselves, and tolerant
towards others ; and they should be strengthened in the convic-
tion that loyalty and devotion to Kuler and Fatherland, as well
as the fulfilment of all duties, rest on God's commandments. The
instruction in history must aim more than hitherto at cultivating
a proper comprehension of present-day affairs, and especially of
the Fatherland's share in them. Accordingly, greater stress is to
be laid on German history, particularly that of modern and most
recent times. Ancient and mediaeval history should be so taught
that, by means of examples drawn from those epochs, the scholars
may be made more open to learn lessons of heroism and historical
greatness, and also obtain a good perception of the origin and
development of our civilisation.
"Geography, political as well as physical, should begin in the
lowest class with one's native country, and should, above all,
supplement and support the instruction in history given in the
different stages. Another aim of geographical instruction is to
make the pupil more intimately familiar with the Fatherland and
its characteristic features, and, further, to give him some under-
standing and correct idea of foreign countries. The German
language should form the central point of the entire scheme of
instruction, and in the acquirement of every subject the pupil
must be trained to the full use of his mother-tongue. In the
lessons in German as well as in those in literature, in selecting
passages for reading, lectures, and essays, side by side with
classical antiquity, its myths and civilisation, special attention
should also be given to the Germanic legends and the national
subjects and writings, and the pupil should also be made familiar
with the intellectual life of other important civilised nations of
the present time, by introducing him to individual masterpieces
of their respective literatures. In giving instruction in modern
languages, from the first stages upwards, the object to be kept in
view is to stimulate and teach the cadets to make practical use of
158 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
these languages. To what extent I think it is imperative that
the curriculum in force for the Cadet Corps should be changed
you will soon be informed by the Ministry of War. I have, in
what I have said above, thrown increased duties on the officials
concerned in the education and training of the cadets, which will
make wider demands on their insight and energy. I am, however,
convinced that, with the aid of your long-proved devotion and your
faithfulness to duty, you will be able successfully to solve these
problems in the sense that I desire, and to my entire satisfaction.
With the suggestions which you have made, as to the manner in
which young soldiers should be prepared, whilst in the military
schools, for the educative requirements of their calling, I am in
full agreement. I desire that this my Imperial Message shall be
brought to the general notice of the Army, and I have, therefore,
addressed it to the Ministry of War."
Towards the end of 1890 Herr von Gossler, the then Prussian
Minister of Public Worship and Instruction, summoned, at the
command of the Emperor, forty-five experts to a Conference,
which was to be held in the Ministry of Worship in Berlin, to
discuss the question of educational reform in the Secondary
Schools. The proceedings of the Educational Conference were
opened by the Minister of Public Instruction on December 4th,
1890. The Emperor attended its first meeting and delivered the
following speech :
" I welcome you with all my heart, and I desire to express my
thanks to the Minister for having, although overwhelmed with
all kinds of work, undertaken to preside over this assembly.
" I am firmly convinced that no one is more able or better
qualified justly to conduct such an inquiry and to contribute to
its solution than our Minister of Public Instruction, of whom
I may positively say and that without exaggeration that the
German Empire and the Prussian Kingdom have not, for many
years past, had such a painstaking, devoted, and able Minister in
charge of his department. I confidently hope that, thanks to
your co-operation, this work will not only be promoted, but also
brought to a happy solution.
After the commencement of the proceedings the Emperor
made another and longer speech, which ran as follows:
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 159
"Gentlemen, I have asked leave, first of all, to address a few
words to you, because I am anxious that you should understand
from the beginning what I think on this matter. It is certain
that many things will be discussed without our being able to
arrive at any definite decision, and I believe that many points
also will still remain obscure, and I therefore thought it advisable
not to leave you in doubt as to my views.
" I would like to remark, in the first place, that this is not a
political school question, but merely concerns technical and
scholastic measures which we have to devise in order adequately
to educate our growing youth to meet present-day requirements,
the position which our Fatherland occupies in the world, and the
circumstances of our national life. And I wish to mention one
thing more. I should be pleased if we called these proceedings
and deliberations not by the Trench term ' Schulenquete ' (school-
enquete), but by the German term ' Schulfrage ' (school-question).
" I have read through the fourteen points on the agenda, and I
find that they may easily mislead us into formulating some cut-
and-dried scheme. This I should regret in the highest degree.
The chief point is that the spirit of the matter should be grasped,
and not merely its outward form, and therefore I have, on my
part, drawn up a few questions (I will have them circulated
amongst you) which I hope will also receive due consideration.
" First of all, then, ' School hygiene independent of gymnastic
exercises/ a matter which needs very careful consideration. Then
there is the question of the ' Eeduction of the curriculum ' (the
consideration of what should be eliminated), and 'Courses of
study for the different subjects ' and the ' Method of training in
school organisation/ the main points of which have already been
suggested. Further, 'Has the bulk of unnecessary matter been
eliminated from the examinations ? ' and ' How is overcrowding of
the curriculum to be avoided for the future?' 'How shall the
work be supervised when it has been completed ? ' ' Eegular and
occasional inspection by various higher authorities.'
"I place these questions on the table of the house. Anyone
who desires may examine them and further inform himself. The
whole question, gentlemen, has developed gradually and quite
spontaneously. You have to deal with a subject which I am
160 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
firmly convinced you will, by means of the exhaustive treatment
which you will bestow upon it and the form which you will
impress upon it, present to the nation as the fruit of your
mature consideration.
" There would perhaps have been no necessity for the Cabinet
Order (that of 1817), to which the Minister had the goodness to
refer, had the schools occupied that position which they ought
to do. I should like to say here that, if I am somewhat severe
in my subsequent remarks, I do not refer to any man personally,
but to the whole system, to the whole position. If the schools
had done what is to be expected of them and I can speak to you
from personal experience, for I attended a gymnasium and know
how things are managed there they would of their own accord
have taken up the fight against Social Democracy. The teaching-
staff would have combined to take the matter firmly in hand
and have instructed the rising generation in such a manner, that
young men who are now of the same age as myself, say about
thirty, would already have formed the material with which I
could work in the State in order quickly to become master of
the movement. That, however, has not been the case. The
last occasion, on which our schools had a decisive influence on
the mind of our Fatherland and worked for our national develop-
ment, was in the years 1864 and 1866-70. In the Prussian
schools the Prussian teachers were the apostles of the idea of
unity, which they inculcated everywhere. Every scholar who
left school with his certificate and joined the Army as a one-
year volunteer, or entered on some other walk of life, was
agreed on the point that the German Empire should be re-
established and Alsace-Lorraine regained. But with the year
1871 this came to an end. The Empire is united: we have
obtained what we desired, and there the matter ends.
"But now the schools, taking their stand on the newly- won
national basis, should have inspired the young people and made
it clear to them that the new Imperial organisation was formed
to be preserved. There is, however, nothing of the kind to
be seen, and consequently, even in the short time which has
elapsed since the Empire was founded, centrifugal tendencies
have developed. The position which I occupy enables me to
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 16l
form an accurate judgment on this point, for all such matters are
brought to my notice.
" The cause of this state of affairs is to be found in the educa-
tion of our children. In what respects is it wanting ? It is, of
course, wanting in many respects. The chief trouble is that since
the year 1870 the philologists have sat in the Gymnasia as beati
possidentes, and have laid the chief stress on the subject-matter, on
learning and knowing, rather than on the formation of character
and the requirements of modern life. I know, Doctor Hinzpeter,
that you are an enthusiastic philologist, but nevertheless you will
excuse my remarks, for the evil, according to my view, has gone
so far that it cannot go any further. Less stress has been laid on
practice than on theory, a fact which is illustrated by the require-
ments for the examinations. In these, the underlying principle is
that the pupil must, above everything else, know as many things
as possible, but whether such knowledge fits him or not for the
duties of life is quite a minor question. If one discusses this
matter with one of these gentlemen, and attempts to make it
clear to him that a youth ought, to some extent at least, to be
practically equipped for the duties and problems of life, he
always replies that this is not the business of the school, the
main province of which is to train the mind, and that if this
training is thoroughly done, then the youth will by its means
be able successfully to face the difficulties of life. I, however,
believe that such a point of view is one by which we cannot
be guided any longer.
"Turning now to the schools, and especially to the Gymnasia
themselves, I may say that I am perfectly well aware that in
many quarters I am regarded as a fanatical opponent of the
Gymnasia, and that I have often been played as a trump-card in
support of other types of school. That, however, is not the case.
Anyone who has himself attended a Gymnasium, and has looked
behind the scenes, knows what it is that is wanting. That which
is wanting more than anything else is a national basis. The
basis of instruction in the gymnasium must be German. We
ought to educate young Germans, not young Greeks and Eomans.
We must break away from the basis which has existed for
centuries, from the old monkish education of mediaeval times,
M
162 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
when Latin, together with a smattering of Greek, was of most
importance. That is no longer our standard. We must make the
German language the basis of instruction. German composition
must be the central point around which everything else revolves.
If a scholar in his final examination writes a faultless German
^ 'essay, we can form an opinion from it and estimate the degree
to which his mind has been educated, and sum up his general
capacity or the reverse. There are, of course, many who will
object and say : ' A Latin essay is very serviceable, for it helps
a person to learn a foreign language/ and I know not what
besides. Yes, gentlemen, I have gone through the process myself.
But how is a Latin essay written ? I have known many cases in
which a scholar has received, say, ' On the whole, satisfactory/
for his German essay and 'Good' for his Latin essay; but he
deserved punishment instead of praise, for it was quite clear that
he had not written his Latin essay by legitimate means. Of all
the Latin essays which we wrote not one in twelve was done
without a ' crib.' Yet such productions were marked ' Good ' !
So much for the Latin essay. But when we had to write at the
Gymnasium an essay on 'Minna von Barnhelm' the result was
' barely satisfactory.' Therefore, I say, away with the Latin
essay ; it interferes with us, and it leads to a waste of time which
might be devoted to German.
" I should like to see the national spirit fostered still more by
the teaching of history, geography, and legendary lore. Let us
begin at home. When we know all the ins and outs of our
different chambers and rooms, then we can go to the museum and
look around there. But, above all, we must be well up in the
history of the Fatherland. When I was at school we had very
cloudy ideas on the Great Elector; the Seven Years' War was
beyond our ken altogether; and history ended with the French
Revolution at the close of last century. The Wars of Liberation,
which are most important for the young citizen, were not touched,
and it was only through the very interesting supplementary
lectures given by Dr. Hinzpeter that, thank God, I was able
to learn something of these things. But that is precisely where
the punctum saliens lies. Why are so many of our young men
led astray ? Why do so many reformers of the world make their
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 163
appearance with their incoherent, confused theories ? Why is it
that there is always so much grumbling at our Government, and
why are we so often referred to foreign countries for an example?
Because young men do not know how our conditions have
developed, and, further, that they are but the outcome of the era
of the French Kevolution. And therefore I am firmly convinced
that, if we make clear to our young folk the main points of the
transition from the French Kevolution to the nineteenth century
in a simple, objective manner, they will come to an understanding
of present-day questions very different from that which they have
hitherto had. They are then in a position to improve, and to
enlarge their knowledge by means of the supplementary lectures
which they can attend at the University.
" A consideration of the hours during which our young people
work shows that it is absolutely necessary that the number of
hours of study should be reduced. Dr. Hinzpeter will remember
that at the time when I attended the Cassel Gymnasium the first
outcry was raised by the parents and families of the scholars.
Inquiries were therefore made by the Government. We were
obliged every morning to give to the head master slips of paper
on which were written the number of hours we had spent in pre-
paring at home the lessons for the following day. The figures
which I will give refer only to the First Form. Now, gentle-
men, ' these records, which were quite reliable and in my case
Dr. Hinzpeter was able to check them showed that each scholar
spent from five and a half to six and a half or seven hours on
his home work. This was for boys going in for the Leaving
Certificate Examination. If you add to them the six hours spent
in school and the two hours for meals you will see what remained
of the day. If it had not been that I had occasion to ride in and
out and otherwise move about in the open air, I should not have
known what the outside world was like. Such hours of work as
those could not, of course, be imposed permanently on young
people. My belief is that there must be thorough reform from
top to bottom, and that the strain must be relaxed. It does not
do. We must not bend the bow too tight and keep it on the
stretch. We must now make things easier. We have already
gone beyond the extreme limit. The schools have over-produced,
164 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
ihtfcA'Si
and, to my mind, have turned out too many highly educated
men, more than the nation requires and more than the people can
support. That saying of Prince Bismarck's is quite correct ; the
proletariat is made up of people who have passed higher examina-
tions. The so-called * Hunger candidates/ especially the journalists,
are mostly old Gymnasium boys down on their luck. They are a
danger to us. This surplus quantity, which is already excessive,
has made the country like a sodden field that can absorb no more
water. It must be redressed. I will therefore no longer license
a Gymnasium which cannot clearly show its claim to existence
and its necessity.
" The question is, then, how can we best meet people's wishes
with regard to classical education, with regard to modern education,
and with regard to the privilege of the one year service in the
Army. I take it that the matter can be settled quite simply if we
will put a clear interpretation on our previous views, and take a
radical step by saying: Classical schools (Gymnasia) with classical
education, a second class of school with modern education, but no
modern-classical schools (Eealgymnasia). The Eealgymnasia are
only hybrid institutions; they only provide a hybrid education,
and the net result is an incomplete preparation for future life.
" Not without just cause do the Headmasters of the Gymnasia
complain of the monstrous dead weight of scholars that they have
to drag along, scholars who never come up for examination, but
merely want to gain the privilege of serving as one year volunteers.
Well, this difficulty can be simply overcome by inserting an
examination at the stage at which the one year volunteer thinks
of leaving, and besides this, making this privilege dependent upon
the possession of a leaving certificate from the Eealschule (modern
school) in cases where the scholar attends a Eealschule. We
shall then very quickly see the whole troop of candidates for
the privilege of serving one year in the army flocking from the
Gymnasia to the Eealschule; for when they have gone through
the course at the Eealschule they have all they require.
"To this I add yet another point to which I have already
referred : it is this. The relief of the overcrowded curriculum is
only possible if we simplify the programme of the examinations.
" Let us take grammar altogether out of the final examination,
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 165
and insert it one or two classes lower. Introduce at this stage
an examination, a purely grammatical examination, and then you
can submit the youth to as severe a test as you may deem
desirable, and you can then combine with this examination the
1 volunteer ' examination, and, in the case of those who intend to
become officers, the examination for a commission in the Army, so
that they have no further examination to pass. When the exam-
inations have been modified in this respect, and the Gymnasia
thus relieved, then will the momentum that has been lost in the
school, especially in the Gymnasium, be recovered, I mean educa-
tion proper, the formation of character. It is impossible, with
the best will in the world, to carry out this branch of education
when thirty boys are in one class and have to master such an
amount of work, and when, in addition as is often the case the
teacher is a young man whose own character is not yet fully
formed. I should like to mention here a saying of Dr. Hinzpeter's
'He who would educate must himself be educated.' It can-
not be said that this is universally true of the great body of
teachers.
"To make education possible, the classes must be relieved by
reducing the number of scholars. This will be effected in the
way I have just described.
" Then we must do away with the idea that a teacher's whole
duty is to give so many lessons every day, and that when this
task is accomplished his work is done. Since the school takes
our youth away from home for so long a time as is actually the
case, then it must accept the responsibility of educating him in
every respect. Form the minds of the young, and then we shall
have different men leaving school. Then, also, we must abandon
the principle that knowledge, not life, is the most important point
to be considered. Our young people ought to be trained to meet
the practical needs of modern life.
"The statistical returns of the spread of certain diseases,
especially short-sightedness, among the pupils are truly alarming,
but the figures for several other diseases are wanting. Consider
what a generation is growing up for the defence of our country !
I look for soldiers. We want vigorous men who will also be intel-
lectual leaders and servants of the Fatherland. The great mass of
166 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
short-sighted people is mostly good for nothing, for how can a man
who has not the proper use of his eyes be expected to accomplish
much in later life? In the First Form the number of short-
sighted pupils is in some cases as high as 74 per cent. I can state
from personal experience that despite the fact that at Cassel we
had the use of a good-sized room the teachers' conference room
which was splendidly lighted from one side and well ventilated,
in accordance with the wish of my mother nineteen of the twenty-
one pupils wore spectacles and three of these were unable to see
as far as the blackboard even when they had their glasses on.
These things condemn themselves and must be remedied. It is,
therefore, very urgent that the question of hygiene should be
taken up in the training colleges for teachers. It should be obli-
gatory for teachers to go through a course of instruction in this
subject, with the further condition that every teacher whose
health permitted must be proficient in gymnastic exercises and
practise them every day.
" Gentlemen, those are in general the principles which I wished
to point out to you. I am deeply interested in them, and I can
only assure you of this : the voluminous communications, petitions,
and requests which I have received from parents though we
parents were told last year by my esteemed friend Dr. Hinzpeter
that we had no voice in the education of our children render it
my duty, as universal father of the country, to declare that this
shall go no further. Gentlemen, people ought not look at the
world through spectacles, but with their own eyes, and should
find pleasure in everything around them their Fatherland and
its institutions. You are now called upon to assist in this work."
The concluding meeting of the Conference took place on the
17th of December, 1890, on which occasion the Emperor spoke
as follows:
"At the opening of the Conference I did not entertain the
least doubt as to the course which it would pursue and the
success which would attend its efforts, and to-day, at the con-
clusion of your deliberations, I express my full appreciation of
the fact that, as the outcome of strenuous effort and free exchange
of opinions and ideas, you have arrived at the conclusions to which
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 167
I pointed the way and have adopted and pursued the line of
thought I suggested to you. Before we close the Conference,
however, I desire to discuss a few more points in which you may
be interested.
" You were surprised, I am told, that in my opening address I
made no particular reference to religion. I was under the impres-
sion that my views and thoughts regarding religion, that is, the
relation of every man to God, what they are and how sacred and
holy they are to me, were as clear as the sun, and that everyone
in the country was familiar with them. It goes without saying
that I will, as King of Prussia, as well as summus episcopus of
my Church, make it my most sacred duty to take every care that
the religious sentiments and the Christian spirit are fostered and
increased in the schools. May the school respect and revere
the Church, and may the Church in its turn assist the school and
facilitate the further accomplishment of its tasks. Then we shall
be able to educate our young people up to the requirements of
our modern national life. I think I have said quite enough on
that point.
"I completely approve of everything you are agreed upon.
There is, however, one point which is not as yet quite settled, and
that is the question of the final examination. I hope that later
on you will give your opinion as to the views and suggestions of
the Minister of Public Instruction.
" We find ourselves, gentlemen, at a turning-point in time. The
present century is passing away, and we shall soon enter into a
new one. It has always been the privilege of my House I mean
my ancestors have always shown that by constantly feeling the
pulse of the time they were able to anticipate the future course
of events. Consequently, they remained at the head of the
movements which they had resolved to guide and lead on to new
aims. I believe that I have rightly understood the aims of the
new spirit and of the century which is now drawing to a close,
and I am resolved, as I was in the case of Social Kef or m, to
follow modern tendencies in the matter of the education of the
rising generations, for if this is not done now we shall be com-
pelled to do it in twenty years time. It must therefore fill all of
you with feelings of special satisfaction and gratification that you
168 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
were selected to lay down the fundamental principles of the
system to be adopted and to work with me and to open out
for me the new paths along which we will guide our youths in
the future. And I am firmly convinced that the blessings of
thousands of mothers will be called down on the head of every
one of you who have participated in these deliberations. My
thanks are due to you all. I do not except anyone, no matter
whether you have worked entirely in keeping with my own views,
or whether, after a severe struggle, you have sacrificed preconceived
opinions and have given way on those points which you thought
you were justified in advocating. May it in the future be a satis-
faction to you that in making these sacrifices you contributed
materially to the success of this work.
"I should like, though as a rule I do not care about reading
other people's compositions aloud, to call your attention to an
article which I consider particularly noteworthy as well as well-
written, for it illustrates in every respect the views which were
in my mind when I addressed you about fourteen days ago. I
should therefore like to read out to you the chief points dwelt on
in the article. It was published in the Hanover Courier in its
issue of the 14th of this month. Under the heading ' Misunder-
standings ' appeared the following paragraph : ' Anyone who
fully realises the striking contrast between past and present will
be penetrated with the conviction that the new National System
ought to be preserved, and that it is a task worthy of the full
power of a man to assist in the maintenance and peaceful
development of this system. It is clear that the teacher must be
allowed the greatest freedom in explaining the circumstances of
an unhappy past; but it is equally obvious that only he who
faithfully and with the fullest conviction supports the Monarchy
and the Constitution should be allowed to teach our young people.
An adherent of Eadical dreams of an Utopia is no more fit to
be employed as an educator of young people than in the offices of
the Government. The teacher is, as regards both his privileges
and his duties, first of all a servant of the State, and what is
more, of the State as at present constituted. If he strenuously
acts up to his position and his duties, he will have accomplished,
to a large extent at least, what is expected of him, and will render
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 169
our youth strong to resist all revolutionary tendencies. Other
important duties which attach to his position, such as the careful
cultivation of character and of independent thought and judgment,
must remain undiscussed for the time being, and so also must
the question as to how far our teachers have hitherto fulfilled the
duties here described. We will go into these matters on another
occasion. But no one can seriously hold the opinion that the
teachings of Social Democratic theories should be discussed in
school, or even that they should be refuted by authoritative
statements or in free discussion. He who has attained to a clear
understanding of the organisation of the State and of the origin
and progress of our State will be able to detect the absurd, the
detestable, and the dangerous character of Social Democratic
theory and practice, and he will regard it as his duty manfully
to take his place in the ranks of those who defend our State against
hostile attacks, whether from within or from without. It is one
of the highest duties of the Government to gain the permanent
sympathies of all moderate and sensible men by a wise spirit of
conciliation in all matters that concern the public welfare and
freedom.
"'Another matter of complaint which, also, is based on mis-
conceptions, is that our whole classical education is threatened
with destruction. We believe that those who so vehemently
declare these fears are not true friends of that education; and
they certainly cannot be spared the reproach of having a quite
superficial knowledge of what is meant by classical education.'
"Gentlemen, the man who wrote this article understood
my ideas, and I am grateful to him that he has taken pains to
popularise them.
" I should like to mention one word more regarding our places
of military education the Cadet Schools. These colleges were
referred to in this meeting rather as models, and, indeed, it was
suggested that the system which prevails in them should be
adopted in the High Schools.
" Gentlemen, the Cadet Corps is an institution sui generis ; it is
intended for a special purpose it exists, as it were, for itself, and
stands under my immediate supervision. Consequently, it does
not concern us here at all. Before I conclude I should like to
170 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
summarise my views, and in doing so I may refer to another
maxim of my House, which was quoted to-day by a prominent
member of this conference : ' Suum cuique,' which means, ' to
everyone what is due to him/ and not 'the same to all.' And
that is precisely the principle by which we were guided in our
present deliberations, as well as in the conclusions you have
arrived at. Hitherto, if I may say so, our youths were led from
Thermopylae vid Cannae to Kossbach and Vionville ; but I would
lead them from Sedan and Gravelotte vid Leuthen and Kossbach
to Mantinea and Thermopylae. I think this is just the right way
along which we ought to guide our youths.
" And now, gentlemen, pray accept my most cordial thanks, as
well as my grateful acknowledgment of all that you have so far
accomplished. I have embodied my thoughts and commands for
the further development of this matter, in which we all take such
a deep interest, in a Cabinet Order, to which I should like to ask
you gentlemen to listen."
Thereupon Privy Councillor von Lucanus read the following
Cabinet Order :
"To the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Instruction, and
Medical Affairs:
" It filled me with joy and gratification to observe the earnest-
ness of purpose and the devotion to duty with which all who have
participated in the deliberations of the Educational Conference
have contributed to the solution of this problem, which is so
highly important from the national point of view and in which I
take so deep an interest. I cannot, therefore, refrain from express-
ing to all members of the Conference my sincere gratitude and my
Eoyal thanks. I am especially indebted to you for the skilful
and vigorous manner in which you have conducted the proceedings,
and I rejoice to be able to declare that as a result of your de-
liberations the hopes which I entertained at the opening of the
Conference have been brought appreciably nearer to realisation.
"In order to be able to draw up as soon as possible definite
plans for putting into practice reforms based on the mass of
valuable material which we have before us, I request you to
submit to me without delay suggestions for the formation of a
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 171
Committee, which should consist of five or seven members, to
whom should be entrusted the work : (1) Of sifting the material,
of closely examining it, and of reporting upon it within the
shortest time possible; and (2) Of inspecting certain institutions
of high reputation in Prussia and in other of the Federal States
in order to supplement the material already acquired on the
practical side.
"I entertain the hope that these preliminary measures will
enable you to draw up and place before me a plan for the carrying
out of the important reforms of higher education and to make
the necessary financial estimates within such time, as will allow
of the new proposals being introduced on the 1st of April, 1892.
" I desire you to report to me from month to month on the
progress of this matter. There is another important point which
I will refer to. I do not overlook the fact that the new reforms,
if carried into effect, will make greater demands on the time
and responsibility of the whole of the teaching-staffs. I trust
to their sense of duty as well as to their patriotism to apply
themselves to their new tasks with loyalty and devotion ; and I
deem it to be imperative that their position in general, their
social status and their remuneration, shall be placed on a footing
corresponding with their increased responsibilities. I expect that
you will give your special attention to this matter and report on
it to me."
The encouragement which the Emperor has given to the promo-
tion of physical exercises in the Secondary Schools has borne
abundant fruit. Kowing, in particular, has been practised as-
siduously by the students of the higher institutions in Berlin.
Several untoward events, however, having occurred, the Emperor
issued the following order to the Minister of Public Instruction
and the Minister of Finance :
" With the object of ensuring an increased vogue of the health-
giving exercise of rowing among the scholars of our Secondary
Schools by placing the sport in Berlin under proper rules and
regulations, I hereby ordain that in future the following rules
must be observed : (1) the students are to be systematically kept
apart from rowing clubs of adults, (2) the exercise is to be con-
trolled by an experienced coach and a qualified physician, (3) the
172 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
public are not to witness the boat races, but specially invited
relatives and friends of the students of the different colleges may
be invited to do so, (4) special racing-craft are not to be used,
and in racing for prizes the course must not exceed twelve
hundred metres, (5) only students of the two highest forms are
to take part in the races. In order that these regulations may be
carried into effect, I will place at your disposal a sum of 35,000
marks from my Privy Purse, to be used for the purpose of pro-
viding a course for rowing and a boat-house, and rowing appliances
for all the school boat clubs in Berlin. I will also offer, in place
of the perpetual challenge trophies hitherto competed for, two
trophies for the winners in the Annual Boat Kace; one for the
best actual speed attained, the other for the best performance
of a school in respect to the general training of the crew. These
prizes are to be the permanent property of the successful insti-
tutions."
The Emperor is also much interested in the promotion of
technical sciences in general. This is shown to mention only one
instance by his vesting in the Prussian Technical High Schools
the right of conferring the Degree of Doctor of Engineering.
At the end-of-the-century celebrations at the Technical High
School of Charlottenburg, the Principal, Professor Eiedler, read
aloud a report of the words which the Emperor had addressed to
the representatives of the Technical High Schools of Prussia
when they returned him thanks for granting them the right of
conferring degrees :
" It gave me great satisfaction to confer honour on the Technical
High Schools. You know that very great opposition had to be
encountered. It is now overcome. I wished to bring the
Technical High Schools to the forefront, for they have important
problems to solve, not only of a technical but also of a social
character. Up to the present, however, they have not been solved
so successfully as I could wish. It is within your power to
exercise great influence in many ways on our social conditions,
because your close connection with work and workers and indus-
tries naturally gives you abundant opportunities for stimulating
and influencing others. Though your efforts have unfortunately
hitherto ended in complete failure so far as their influence on
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 173
social problems goes, you are destined to accomplish a great work
in the future. I count upon the Technical High Schools !
" I regard Social Democracy as a passing phase which will wear
itself out; but you must make clear to your pupils what are
the social duties which they owe the working men, and not lose
sight of the great general problems. I rely upon you. There
will be no lack of effort or of appreciation. Our technical educa-
tion has already achieved great successes. A great deal of
technical knowledge is needed throughout the country. How
great a demand for technical experts there is for laying cables
and in the Colonies ! German technical ability is already very
highly esteemed. Families of position who once seemed to hold
aloof now send their sons to study technology, and I hope that
this tendency will increase. In foreign countries, also, your
reputation is great, and, indeed, foreigners speak with the greatest
enthusiasm of the technical education which some of them received
in your High School. It is well that you should attract foreigners
also. That creates respect for our work. Even in England I have
always met with the most genuine respect for German technical
ability, and I have recently in that country again had evidence
of how much our technical education and achievements are appre-
ciated. Devote yourselves, therefore, with full energy to the great
economic and social problems which confront you."
On the 19th of October, 1899, the Technical High School of
Charlottenburg celebrated its centenary. The Emperor was
present and said :
" On this day of celebration I very well remember the occasion,
fifteen years ago, when my grandfather honoured this building
with his presence. If the Monarch, whose memory we all revere,
then expressed the hope that the intellectual life which would
develop in the building would be as splendid as the internal and
external decorations which had been lavished upon it, and if he
gave special expression to the wish that the institution would at
all times fulfil its duties brilliantly and occupy a fitting position
among the High Schools, then I am able to-day to declare with
satisfaction that his hope and his wish for the progress of the
institution which may be regarded as his own creation have so
174 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
far been splendidly fulfilled, and that this Technical High School
can now, in company with the others, claim to stand on an equality
with the Universities, the highest seats of learning in the country.
It is a great pleasure to me to give evidence of my approval of
this by bestowing upon the Technical High Schools the privilege
of conferring special scientific degrees which will be in keeping
with their special character. That in the furtherance of the
scientific work of the High Schools the intimate connection of
theory with practice will not be neglected, and that the Technical
High Schools will aim at constantly deriving new life and support
from the stimulating contact with actual life, may the statues of
the two men* which will henceforth adorn the front of this
building serve as tokens.
" So long as German technical science preserves the memory of
these men and strives to emulate the example which they set, it
will hold its own with honour in the competition with other
nations. There is no conflict of interest between the Technical
High School and the other superior seats of learning, and there
is no other rivalry than that each of them and each of their
members should fully carry out the duties which life and science
lay upon them, bearing in mind Goethe's words :
" ' Let none be equal to other, but all to the highest be equal.
How shall this be ? Let each strive to perfection himself.'
"If the Technical High Schools, which have obtained such
splendid results in the course of the century now drawing to a
close, remain faithful to this truth, then the coming century will
find them so equipped that they will be able to fulfil the task
which the progressive development of the civilisation of the
people demands of technical science in an ever-increasing degree.
Marvellous have been the achievements of technical science in
our day, but they were only possible because the Creator of
Heaven and Earth has conferred on man the capacity and the
desire to penetrate ever more deeply into the mysteries of His
work, and to become better acquainted with the forces and
the laws of nature in order to press them into the service
of mankind. As is the case with every other true science,
* Krupp and Siemens.
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 175
technical science always leads back to the origin of all things,
the Almighty Creator, and before Him we must bow ourselves in
humble thanks. Only by working on this basis, on which the late
Emperor, William the Great, lived and worked, can the efforts of
our sciences be rewarded by lasting success. Teachers and pupils,
hold firmly to this truth, and then your work will not fail to
receive God's blessing. This is my wish which accompanies the
institution into the new century."
After the discussion on the reform of Secondary Education,
which was held for the second time in the course of the year
1900 at the instance of the Emperor, his Majesty on November
26th, 1900, issued the following Cabinet Order to Dr. Studt, the
Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs and Instruction :
"With reference to the Eeport of the 20th November of this
year, I express my approval and consent that the reform of Second-
ary Schools, which was instituted by me in the year 1892, should
be carried on a step further in the following respects :
" (1) With reference to the privileges enjoyed by these institu-
tions, we must start from the assumption that the Gymnasium,
the Eealgymnasium, and the Oberrealschule are to be regarded
as on a footing of absolute equality with respect to the general
intellectual training supplied, and that it is only indispensable to
supplement the course of instruction to the extent that many
studies and many professions require special preliminary know-
ledge, the imparting of which is not part of the duty of every
institution, or, at any rate, not to the same extent.
" In accordance with this view, we must take into consideration
the advisability of extending the privileges enjoyed by the more
modern type of school. At the same time, the best way has been
pointed out to improve the status and the attendance in these
institutions, and in this way to work in the direction of the greater
popularisation of modern studies.
" (2) By thus recognising in principle the equality of the three
kinds of Secondary School, we are enabled to lay greater stress on
the special characteristics of each, but with regard to this point I
will not offer any objection to the corresponding strengthening of
Latin in the curriculum of the Gymnasia and the Eealgymnasia,
176 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
but I do lay special stress, considering the great importance which
is now attached to the knowledge of English, on the advisability
of this language being taught in a more thorough-going fashion in
our Gymnasia. Therefore, side by side with Greek, English should
everywhere be allowed as an alternative subject in all classes below
the lower second form, and besides this, in the three upper classes
of the Gymnasia, wherever local circumstances render it advisable
to make English a compulsory subject in the place of French,
still retaining the latter, however, as an optional subject. It also
appears to me desirable that in the curriculum of the Oberreal-
schule, if room can be found for it in the Time Table, Geography
should receive a greater amount of attention.
" (3) Since the year 1892, unmistakable progress has been made
in several directions in scholastic affairs. But there is still room
for further advance. And in particular Headmasters, bearing in
mind the maxim multum, non multa, will to an increased extent
have regard to the fact that an equally high level of performance
is not to be exacted for all branches of study, but that the most
important of them, having regard to the character of the different
institutions, must be brought forward more prominently and
studied more deeply.
" In teaching Greek, the utmost emphasis must be laid on the
necessity of disregarding useless minutiae, and special care must
be taken that not merely the ethical conceptions of the Greeks,
but also the intimate connection between the ancient world and
modern civilisation, should receive due attention.
" In modern languages, special emphasis is to be laid upon skill
in speaking and the power to understand current writers.
" In teaching History, too, lacunae still make themselves felt : for
example, the neglect of important sections of ancient history and
the insufficient detail with which German history during the nine-
teenth century is treated, with special reference to its ennobling
memories and the great achievements on behalf of our Fatherland.
" With regard to Geography, it is much to be desired that not
only in the Gymnasia, but also in the Kealgymnasia, the teaching
of this subject should be in the hands of specialists.
" In teaching Natural Sciences, larger space must be devoted to
the underlying theories and to experimental work, and the teaching
THE EMPEROR AND HIGHER EDUCATION 177
must be made more alive by more frequent excursions. In Physics
and Chemistry the Applied and Technical sides are not to be over-
looked.
"With regard to the teaching of Drawing, it may be said in
general that the capacity of delineating by a rapid sketch the
object seen deserves attention, and in the Gymnasia it is desirable
to so arrange the work that those scholars in particular who
propose to devote themselves to technological subjects, natural
sciences, mathematics, or medicine, may make diligent use of the
optional drawing lessons.
"In addition to the Physical Exercises, which must be more
adequately practised, in drawing up the Time Table greater
attention must be given to Hygiene, especially by securing more
appropriate times and material lengthening of the hitherto in-
adequate intervals for recreation.
" (4) Seeing that the Final Examination has not realised what
was expected of it at its introduction, and in particular has rather
stimulated than checked the excessive tendency towards taking
University Courses, it is to be abolished as soon as possible.
" (5) The organisation of schools, after the model prevailing at
Altona* and Frankfort, has, so far as our present experience goes,
on the whole maintained its ground in places where it was adopted.
By affording a basis, which also includes the Eealschule, it gives
us at the same time a social advantage which must not be under-
valued. I should like, therefore, to see this experiment not merely
continued in an effective manner, but also tried on a wider basis
where existing conditions are favourable. I confidently hope that
the measures to be hereafter adopted, for the due execution of
which I rely on the ever proved sense of duty and intelligent
devotion of our teachers, will confer a blessing on our Higher
Schools, and will, to some extent, help to bring about a soothing
and conciliating adjustment of the differences between the repre-
sentatives of the classical and the modern tendencies in education.'
* In 1878 a new type of school the Reform School (Reform-schule) was intro-
duced at Altona, and the same plan was adopted at Frankfurt-am-Main in 1892.
The principle of the Reform School is "comparatively short and intensive courses."
In the first three years French is the only language taught ; Latin is introduced in
the fourth year in the Realgymnasmm, and English in the Realschule. See
Russell's German Higher Schools, p. 400.
N
THE EMPEROR IN RELATION TO
ART AND SCIENCE.
TTNDOUBTEDLY the Emperor William II. has a talent for
U painting and considerable artistic tastes inherited from his late
mother, who shared these talents with all her sisters. The Em-
press Frederick, as is shown by pictures in existence, was herself
a very skilful painter, and also took care that the innate capacity
of her children, especially of the Emperor, should be developed
by systematic training. In the year 1886 an oil-painting, re-
presenting a large seascape, was exhibited at the Berlin Art
Exhibition. In the background of the picture rose lofty ranges
of hills, in the middle of which a snow-clad, flat-topped mountain
is lost in the clouds. In the middle of the bay lying at the foot
of this flat-topped mountain on a calm sea is a stately warship
busy at gunnery practice. To the left of the warship are a few
sailing vessels. This picture was signed "William, Prince of
Prussia," and was the work of the present Emperor. But the
Emperor is dexterous, not merely in wielding the brush, but also
in the application of the drawing pencil. When architectural
drawings are submitted to him, he frequently marks with quick,
decided strokes on the edge of the drawing suggestions for some
alteration in the plan. It is well known that he has often
suggested pictures to different artists; for instance, the painter
Knackfuss, and historical pictures have been frequently produced
by the painter Eochling from direct sketches by the Emperor.
The great armed archangel, which was erected on the battlefield
of St. Privat in memory of the First Regiment of Foot Guards,
was executed by the sculptor Schott after a sketch by the
Emperor, and also numerous figureheads on his ships of war
have been modelled after sketches by the Emperor ; for instance,
the picture of a galleon on the armoured cruiser Furst Bismarck.
But, above all, the Emperor is interested in the theatre, because
he regards the stage as one of the most valuable means of in-
structing the people and of propagating certain ideas. It is well
178
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 179
known that both Wildenbruch and Joseph Lauff have written
pieces in accordance with special notes, or at the suggestion of
the Emperor. Also L'Arronge has collaborated with the Emperor
in the rearrangement of Lortzing's opera, Regina. The artists
with whom the Emperor comes in contact are loud in praise of
his talent for stage management, his ingenuity in arranging
scenes, his talent in working out stage effects, and, above all, of
his extraordinary affability towards the artists who execute his
ideas.
Concerning his personal interviews with the German Emperor,
Baron von Berger, the present manager of the German Theatre
at Hamburg, related :
" Both at Vienna and in Wiesbaden I had the pleasure of being
privileged on several occasions to have lengthy conversations
with the Emperor William II. on art and the drama. Now if
you imagine that on the occasion of these conversations you are
expected to keep your real views out of sight, you are greatly
mistaken. Rarely in my life have I been brought into contact
with such a determined, active, and living personality. If the
Emperor William II. enters into a conversation with anyone, he
must and will get at the real opinion of the man he is talking to.
" At any rate, that is the characteristic course the conversation
takes, and if a man has not nerves of iron he generally collapses
and becomes incoherent or foolish. Directly that moment arrives
the Emperor breaks off the conversation. As a rule he confines
himself to asking questions. Very seldom does he allow free play
to his own views, but when he does do so he reveals an astonish-
ing delicacy of feeling, combined with an incisive, aphoristic
manner of expressing himself. But most of all do I admire
the Emperor's way of putting questions. In these questions he
reveals an exceptional talent for generalship. With each fresh
question he at once wins a further victory over the man he is
questioning. First of all he feels where the land lies. A few
answers and he has got his bearings. Then follows question after
question ; he constantly gets nearer and nearer to the point, and
ends by completely exhausting the subject. In these questions
he displays a high degree of innate intelligence, and uncommonly
fine instinct for every subject. Only a man who grasps an idea
as quick as lightning can ask such exact, such rapid, and such
sure questions. No single question is unnecessary. He energetic-
ally steers direct to the goal. He must learn everything that
one knows about the matter. Then the amount of reading the
Emperor possesses is as astonishing. From many of his remarks
180 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
I could see that he is well acquainted with modern literature,
and that he is extremely well up in all the new works that
appear. In this connection his capacity for very rapid reading
stands him in good stead. He reads, so to speak, by pages; merely
skimming through a book for the first time, he grasps the gist
of it with astonishing certainty. Is modern German literature
entirely to his taste? It would be hard to say, but I scarcely
think that it could satisfy him.
"The Emperor looks upon art as the most effective means of
educating the people. Does modern art in his eyes effect this
purpose? I doubt it. Besides this, I think I am right in
assuming that modern German dramatic literature cannot meet
with the approval of the Emperor if only because he likes great
and powerful actions and events of world-wide importance. Can
an Emperor who stands at the head of the great German Empire,
and has grown up amid stirring historical events, regard art in
any other way ? I scarcely believe it. How great his love for
art is, is proved by his impulsive suggestions and his own
attempts, and in the case of an Emperor it is impossible to set
too high a value on this attitude. His dramatic ideas which he
has executed by Lauff prove that he has a good eye for the
dramatic possibilities of events in history. If the works of the
poet Lauff are to some extent failures, Lauff alone can be held
responsible for that. He is not powerful enough to be able to
realise the powerful ideas of the German Emperor. The Emperor
prefers grandeur, characters of world-wide significance, display,
and abounding beauty in art. And what true artistic man does
not share this feeling ? We all long for such a one. When will
the poet come ? "
Some years ago the music-director Muck was conducting a
Court Concert at Potsdam. The Emperor had that evening expressed
his intention of personally handing to Herr Muck the Order of
the Ked Eagle which he had conferred upon him, and asked his
Chief Court Marshal, Count von Eulenburg, to bring him the
Insignia of the Order. Count von Eulenburg told the Emperor
in reply that he was not able to procure an Order in Potsdam
at a moment's notice. Thereupon the Emperor replied, " Go and
find some aide-de-camp who is wearing the Order of the Red
Eagle." At the Emperor's command the Order was immediately
taken from an aide-de-camp and handed to the Emperor who, in
the most amiable manner, delivered it to music-director Muck with
the words, " I have first of all had it taken from an aide-de-camp's
coat, for I was quite anxious to hand you this Order in person."
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 181
On the day after the celebration of the tenth anniversary of
his accession in the year 1898, the Emperor summoned the
members of the Berlin Court Theatre to the Concert Hall of the
Koyal Opera House, and made the following speech to them :
" I have requested you to assemble here because I wished you to
take some part in to-day's festival, like all the others who have
come to-day to join us in its celebration. When I came to the
throne ten years ago I came straight from the school of idealism
in which my father had trained me. I was of the opinion that
it was above all things the function of the Eoyal Theatre to
cultivate idealism among our people, in which, thank God, it is
still so rich, and the warm springs of which still well up
abundantly in its heart. I felt convinced and assured that the
Eoyal Theatre should be an instrument in the hand of the
monarch just as much as the school and the university, whose
function it is to train the rising generations and to prepare them
for the preservation of the highest intellectual possessions of our
splendid German Fatherland. In precisely the same way the
stage must contribute to the formation of the mind and character,
and to the ennobling of the moral conceptions of the people. The
theatre, too, is one of the tools with which I work. I feel it my
duty to express to you all my most hearty, sincere, and deep-felt
Royal thanks, for the readiness with which you have undertaken
this duty. You have entirely realised the high expectations which
I had formed from the personnel of my opera and my theatre.
It is the duty of a monarch to interest himself in the theatre, as
I have seen from the example of my late father and grandfather,
just because it may be a vast power in his hand ; and I thank you
that you have understood how to cultivate and interpret in such
a magnificent style our splendid, beautiful language, and the
creations of our great thinkers, and of those of other nations. I also
thank you for carrying out all my suggestions and wishes. I can
say with pleasure that all countries follow with attention the
work of our Royal Theatre, and look upon its achievements with
admiration. I am firmly convinced that the labour and trouble
that you have spent on your performances will not have been
bestowed in vain. I beg you now to continue to give me your
assistance, each in his own way and in his own place, with firm
182 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
trust in God, to serve the spirit of idealism, and to continue the
combat against that materialism and ungerman mode of thought,
under the influence of which, unfortunately, many a German
stage has already fallen. And so will you stand firm in this
conflict and persist in faithful endeavour. Be assured, then, that
I will at all times keep my eye on your performances, and that
you may be sure of my thanks, my care, and my gratitude."
During the performance of Oberon, at the Wiesbaden Festival
in May, 1902, the Emperor received Marguerite Durand, the chief
editress of the Paris political women's paper, La Fronde, in the
Green Room. At his audience the Emperor made the following
noteworthy remarks :
"The theatre should not be merely an important factor in
education, the propagation of morality, but should also be the
embodiment of grace, beauty, and artistic imagination. We should
leave the theatre not discouraged at the recollection of mournful
scenes, of bitter disappointments, but purified, elevated, and with
renewed strength to fight for the ideals which every man strives
to realise. . . .
" Actual life makes it its duty to bring before our eyes day by
day the most miserable realities. Our modern authors, who have
ever more and more inclined to set this before our eyes on the
stage, are setting themselves an unwholesome task, and producing
work which cannot but have a depressing influence upon us."
Then the Emperor began to speak again of Oberon, and said :
" Believe me, madam, the public is at the bottom of my opinion.
This Oberon, the fairy-like decorations and mise en scene of which
we have been this evening admiring, has, within two years, been
performed some seventy times at Wiesbaden, and always with
uniform success. Hiilsen surpassed himself in it. I have in him
a splendid man who understands my ideas, and has found means
to translate them into reality. He is an indefatigable, creative,
great, very great, artist."
On May 2nd the Berlin Academy of Arts, in the presence of
the Emperor, celebrated the two hundredth anniversary of its
foundation. In reply to the address of Privy Councillor Prof,
von Ende, the Emperor replied:
" It affords me heartfelt pleasure to be able to receive in person
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 183
the loyal greeting of my Academy of Arts on this two hundredth
anniversary, which you are celebrating to-day. I thank you, the
President of the Academy, for the excellent report on the develop-
ment of the Academy during those stages of its existence through
which it has passed. My heart is thrilled to-day with a feeling
of deep gratitude towards the founder of the Academy, my
exalted ancestor, King Frederick I., and his illustrious successors
on the throne. With an intelligent appreciation of the ennobling
influence of art on the minds of the people, with far-seeing look
and protecting hand, even in times of trouble and distress, they
have indicated and made smooth the path for the prosperous
development and cultivation of our national art. That the latter
has attained to its present pitch of excellence, we owe, not least
of all, to the faithful labour of the Academy in all its branches,
and in particular we have to thank those men who have worked
as teachers or scholars at the Academy of Arts in this city. Let
me tender you my royal thanks for all that the Academy has
brought to maturity in the way of permanent, genuinely artistic
fruit, during the two hundred years of its existence. I also trust
that the artists, who are at present gathered in the Academy, will
throw their whole strength into the effort to cultivate high art
in a truly artistic spirit, and to prepare a worthy home for the
Academy pupils entrusted to their guidance. In your hands lies
the responsibility of fostering the sacred flame, and nourishing
the fire of genuine artistic inspiration, without which all work
in the domain of art becomes stunted and valueless. As true
inspired servants of art hold fast to the traditional ideals, and
then you may be ever assured of my Imperial protection and my
special favour. I hope that I shall be privileged to be able to
assign new and worthy accommodation to both the Academic High
Schools. May the Academy continue to develop and flourish also
in the centuries yet to come. May art unfold itself in ever purer
and brighter brilliancy, and be a source of rich blessing to our
dear German Fatherland. May God grant it."
The great interest which the Emperor takes in the imitative
arts, painting, and sculpture, is shown by the frequent visits he
pays to artists' studios. On the occasion of these visits, in which
he associates in a natural and affable way with the artists, he
184 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
freely gives suggestions, encouragement, and praise, but he also
does not neglect the material side of art, and takes care that
commissions should be given to painters and sculptors. He him-
self spends sums of money, which run into millions of marks, for
the encouragement of painting and sculpture, and knows also
how to induce wealthy personages, with whom he comes into
contact, to give similar encouragement to art. The decoration of
the *Siegesallee was not merely set on foot by the Emperor in
order to erect statues in memory of his ancestors, but, in the first
place, in order to give the most excellent sculptors an opportunity
to exercise and turn their art to profitable account.
How highly the Emperor appreciates art and artists is best
shown by his bestowing the highest Prussian Order of the Black
Eagle on Prof. Menzel. On New Year's Day, 1899, the Emperor
instructed Anton von Werner, Director of the Academy, to bestow
the Order, by which Master Menzel received at the same time a
patent of nobility, in the following telegram :
"I have conferred my high Order of the Black Eagle on his
Excellency, Prof. Dr. von Menzel. This, the highest mark of
honour ever paid to an artist, is intended to be a token of my
gratitude for the service which he has rendered to my House by
his art, and at the same time an incentive to the disciples of art
and painting to strive to walk in the path so successfully pursued
by Menzel, and to do likewise."
On January 21st, 1899, the Emperor addressed the following
letter to the Association of Berlin Artists :
"The Association of Berlin Artists has conveyed to me, in
their address of the 3rd and telegram of the 9th of this month,
on the occasion of the bestowal of the high Order of the Black
Eagle on Acting Privy Councillor Dr. Adolf von Menzel, the
thanks and loyal respect of the artists of Berlin. I have been
most gratified by this address, and learn from it with satisfaction
what joyful response this honour paid to the great master has
met with in the world of art. Gladly do I give expression to my
renewed hope that the bright example of Adolf von Menzel may
be zealously followed among the disciples of art, and that German
art, mindful of its great importance for the general welfare, will
* Siegesallee, the " Avenue of Victory," at Berlin.
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 185
hold fast to the well-tried principles which, springing as it
does on national soil, it has established in the course of its
development."
The last passage refers to the Emperor's dislike for the new
tendency in painting, the so-called "secession." The Emperor
has sharply criticised the extravagances of this modern tendency.
The Emperor also expressed himself against the secession in
the speech which he delivered on December 18th, 1901, to the
artists who had taken part in the production of the monuments
in the Siegesallee, in the Tiergarten at Berlin, and on that
evening had been invited to a festivity in the Palace at Berlin.
This festivity did not take the form of an official function, but, to
a certain extent, of a private affair of the Emperor's. The banquet,
too, did not take place in the official state apartments, but in
the Emperor's private apartments. The guests, with the Emperor
in their midst, had taken their seats at a single long table ; at
the end of the banquet the Emperor delivered the following
speech to the sculptors present:
" This 18th day of December is an important date in the history
of our native Berlin Art, inasmuch as the gracious patron of
Museums, my late father and his Consort, a Princess of high
artistic talent, dedicated the Museum of Ethnology fifteen years
ago to-day. This was, to a certain extent, the last great final act
which my father performed in this direction, and I consider it
a special piece of good fortune that on this very anniversary we
have been able to bring to a conclusion the works connected with
our Siegesallee. I joyfully take this opportunity to express to
you in the first place my congratulations, and in the second place
my thanks for the admirable way in which you have helped me
to realise my original idea.
" The drawing up of the programme for the Siegesallee occupied
a number of years, and it was Prof. Dr. Koser, the esteemed
historiographer of my House, who enabled me to set you gentle-
men your task in a comprehensible form. When once the
historical basis had been found, it was possible to take a further
step, and directly the personalities of the Princes had been
settled, it was possible also, resting on historical research, to
settle on the more important men who helped them in their work.
In this manner originated the groups, and, to a certain extent
186 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
influenced by history, the form which the group should take was
arranged.
" When once this portion of the programme had been completed,
naturally came the most difficult part of all, the question will it
be possible, as I hoped, to find so many artists in Berlin who will
be able to work on a uniform scheme to carry out this programme.
In approaching the solution of this problem, I had in my mind,
in the event of its successful accomplishment, to show the world
that the most favourable condition for the solution of an artistic
problem was not to be found in the calling of committees or in
the appointment of all kinds of prize courts and competitions,
but that the old way practised in ancient classical times, and also
subsequently in the Middle Ages, that is to say, the direct inter-
course of the person who gives the commission with the artist,
affords the best guarantee for an artistic result and successful
performance of the task.
"I am therefore specially obliged to Prof. Eeinhold Begas,
because, when I approached him with this thought in my mind,
he declared to me without hesitation that there was absolutely
no doubt that enough artists could always be found in Berlin to
carry out such an idea without difficulty, and with his assistance,
and thanks to the acquaintances which I had made among the
sculptors of this city by means of my visits to exhibitions and
studios, I have indeed succeeded in gathering together a staff, the
greater part of which I see assembled round me to-day, with the
help of which I could undertake this task.
"I feel sure that you cannot refuse to bear me witness that
with regard to the programme I have worked out I have made
the treatment of it as easy as possible for you, that I have set
and laid down the limits of your commission in general terms ;
but in every other respect I have given you the most absolute
freedom, not only freedom in combination and composition, but
even freedom to throw into the work so much of your own
individuality, as every artist must do in order to impart to a
work of art his own individual character; for every true work
of art should contain in itself a grain of the artist's individual
character. I believe, if I may use the term, that on the com-
pletion of the Siegesallee, we may record this experiment as
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 187
successful. It only needed personal intercourse between him who
gave the commission and the artist who executed it to banish
every doubt, to answer every question, and no difficulties of a
more serious kind presented themselves.
"I think, therefore, that from this point of view we may
altogether look back on our Siegesallee with satisfaction. You
have each in your own way performed the task to the best of
your ability, and I am conscious that I have helped you by
allowing the fullest measure of freedom and leisure, as indeed
I consider necessary for the artist. I have never entered into
details, but have contented myself with merely giving the in-
itiative, the original impulse. With pride and joy the thought
fills me to-day that Berlin can boast to the whole world of a body
of artists who have been able to accomplish this magnificent work.
It shows that the Berlin School of Sculpture stands upon a level
which can scarcely have been surpassed, even in the time of the
Eenaissance, and I think that every one of you will admit
without a touch of envy that the active example of Eeinhold
Begas, and his conception of the subject based upon his know-
ledge of the antique, has been the guide of many of you in the
execution of this great task. In this respect, too, we might
draw a parallel with the great artistic performances of the Middle
Ages and the Italians, inasmuch as the sovereign and art-loving
Prince, who gave the commission to the artists, also found the
masters, to whom a number of young men attached themselves,
so that a definite school thereby grew up and enabled them to
perform excellent work.
"Well, gentlemen, to-day, at the same hour, the Pergainon
Museum has been opened at Berlin. I consider this, too, to be
a very important episode in the history of our art, and a good
omen and a fortunate coincidence. What will be presented in
this building to the admiring visitor is a wealth of beauty, the
most splendid that can be conceived collected in one place.
"How is it with art in general throughout the world? It
takes its models and draws from the springs of great mother
Nature, and she, Nature, in spite of her great, apparently un-
restricted, boundless freedom yet moves according to everlasting
laws, which the Creator has set for Himself, and which can never
188 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
be transgressed or broken without endangering the development
of the world. Just so is it with art, and when we look at the
splendid remains of classical antiquity there conies across us
again the self-same feeling: Here, too, prevails an eternal per-
manent law the law of beauty, the law of harmony, the law
of aesthetic. This law is expressed by the ancients in such a
marvellous, overpowering way and such perfect form, that we,
with all our modern delicacy of feeling and all our practical skill,
are proud if we are told, with regard to some specially excellent
performance, this is almost as good as was done nineteen hundred
years ago almost!
"With this thought in my mind I should like to urgently
impress upon you the idea that sculpture has still for the most
part remained untouched by the so-called modern tendencies
and movements. It still stands there noble and sublime ; maintain
it so, and do not allow yourselves to be induced by any judgment
of men or any far-fetched doctrine to forsake those principles
on which it is based. Art which exceeds the laws and limits
which I have indicated is no longer an art, but mere mechanical
skill, mere craftsmen's work, and that must art never become.
Under the much-used word freedom, and under its banner, artists
often degenerate into monstrosity and exaggeration and conceit.
The man who breaks away from the law of beauty, the feeling
for aesthetic and harmony of which every human heart is sensible,
even when it is unable to give it expression, and finds his main
principle in the thought of some special tendency, some definite
solution of what are rather technical problems, sins against the
prime spring and origin of art.
" Yet, again, art must be helpful, must influence our people in
an educative way; it must also make it possible for the lower
classes of society, when hard toil and labour are over, to rise again
to ideals. The great ideals have become for us Germans a
permanent possession, while other nations have more or less
lost them. The German nation is now the only people left which
is called upon in the first place to protect and cultivate and
promote these great ideals, and one of these great ideals is that
we should render it possible for our working and toiling classes
to take pleasure in the beautiful, and to work up and out of their
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 189
everyday range of thought. If art, as is frequently the case now,
does nothing more than represent misery as still more hideous
then it actually is, it thereby sins against the German people.
"The cultivation of ideals is at the same time the greatest work
of civilisation ; and if in this respect we wish to be and remain
a model to other nations, the whole German people must assist
in the work; and if civilisation is to fully perform its task, it
must permeate to the lowest ranks of the people. That result
can only be brought about if Art lends her hand to the task, if
she elevates instead of sinking into the mire.
"As the Sovereign of this country, I often feel with some
vexation that art in the person of its masters does not combat
such tendencies with sufficient energy. I do not for one moment
fail to see that many a strenuous character is to be found among
the adherents of these tendencies, whose intentions are perhaps
of the best, but none the less, he is on a false track. The true
artist needs no mountebank tricks, no puffs in the Press, no
connection. I do not believe that the great masters of art whom
you regard as your models, either in ancient Greece or in Italy,
or in the time of the Eenaissance, ever resorted to advertising,
as it is to-day frequently practised in the Press, to give special
prominence to their ideas. They worked according to the abilities
that God gave them, and for the rest they let people talk. The
honest and true artist must also act on like principles.
"Art which descends to advertising is no longer art, even if
it be lauded a hundred or a thousand times over. Every man,
however simple-minded he may be, has a feeling for what is
beautiful, or ugly, and to cultivate this feeling still further among
our people, I need the help of all of you, and for producing in
this Siegesallee a piece of such work I give you my special
thanks. Gentlemen, even now I can inform you that the im-
pression which the Siegesallee makes upon strangers is quite
overpowering. All over the world an extreme respect for German
art is observable. May it ever remain at this high level, and
may my grand and great-grandchildren, if I should have any,
ever see such masters standing at their side. Then, I am con-
vinced, will our people be able to love what is beautiful and
ever to prize their ideals."
190 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
On January 25th, 1902, the Emperor visited the Museum of
Arts and Crafts at Berlin, where on the anniversary of the
wedding of the late Emperor and Empress a painted window had
been placed in the grand staircase of the Museum, and dedicated
to the memory of the Emperor and Empress Frederick. In reply
to the address of the Minister of Public Worship and the
Director-General of Museums, the Emperor said :
" I beg to express to your Excellency my most hearty and deep-
felt thanks for the noble words with which you have referred
to the life-work of my late parents. With the unveiling of this
memorial window the institutions which owed their existence to
my parents have in the first place expressed their gratitude, and
in the second place produced a work of permanent value. It
would certainly have been in accordance with the heart's desire
of us all, if to-day we had been gathered round the two founders
and patrons of this house in order to present this gift to them
as a greeting.
" The institution which originated in the ideal, noble, and pure
conception of my parents must continue to be conducted in the
same spirit. This institution was intended to restore to the
people what the grievous years of trial, which passed over our
nation and country in the storms of the last century, have
destroyed and taken from them. The precious collections which
find a home here testify to the art, the love of art, and the
intelligent appreciation of art possessed by our forefathers, and I
am of opinion that the task of these institutions can never be
better performed in the spirit of my parents, than if this feeling
for art be kindled to a new life in our people to such an extent,
that no object may be taken into use which does not boast of
an artistic form, and that the artistic form may constantly be
derived from that traditional feeling for beauty which has been
handed down to us from previous centuries. For the sense of
beauty lies deep in the heart and nature of every man. The
thing of beauty which man has once created remains beautiful for
all time, and we who follow have only to hold fast to the beautiful
and to adapt it to the needs of our daily life. May the students
at this institution also ever keep this truth again before their eyes.
" The blessing is streaming down upon us from an ideal figure
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 191
in the likeness of my father, supported by the love of his people,
and standing by the side of my late mother, his Consort; a
splendid figure, the hem of whose garment was never soiled by
the dust of the street, and so, too, the splendid radiant image of
my mother, that tender-hearted lady whose every thought was
art, and in whose mind everything, however simple it might be,
that was to be fashioned for daily use was endued with beauty.
A breath of poetry surrounded her. The son of these two parents
is now standing before you as their heir and executor. And so,
as I have already declared, I too regard it as my duty, in the
spirit of my parents, to hold my hand over my German people,
its rising generation, to cultivate in them the sense of the
beautiful, to develop in them a taste for art, but only on a
definite path, only within definite limits, which lie in the feeling
for beauty and harmony, that exists in the hearts of men. So
from the bottom of my heart I express the wish that from
this noble building and the institutions that belong to it a
blessing in full abundance may stream over our people, that the
taste of the people, its pleasure and joy in the beautiful, may
be here cultivated and stimulated in order that, now that we have
advanced so far that our people are able to accomplish more in
the domain of art than was possible in the earlier and more
troubled times, we may again rise to that stage of development
at which our fathers stood centuries ago. That is the wish of my
heart."
The Emperor takes the keenest interest in exact science, its
investigations and progress. He takes care to be immediately
informed of new discoveries and noteworthy phenomena by
specialists like Prof. Slaby, Director-General Eathenau, etc. He
has experimental lectures delivered in his private circle on new
ideas, which he follows with the most intense interest, and he
even finds time to make himself acquainted with the contents of
the newest scientific works so far as they have any interest for
him.
Besides this he possesses an institution which daily gives him
most accurate information of everything of public interest. This
is the Literary Bureau of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior.
On the 19th March, 1900, the Academy of Sciences at Berlin
celebrated the two hundredth anniversary of its foundation. At
192 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the instance of the Emperor the ceremonial festival took place
with great pomp in the White. Hall of the Koyal Castle. The
ceremony was introduced by music and song, then the presiding
secretary of the Academy of Sciences delivered a lecture and
read out the names of the personages who had been elected
honorary members of the Academy. In a short speech Dr. Bosse,
Minister of Public Worship, referred to the influence of the
Academy on the intellectual development of the land and people.
"My predecessors in office, like myself, have become more and
more accustomed to go for advice to the Academy of Sciences on
great scientific questions, and I can acknowledge with the liveliest
gratitude that it has always proved a ready, loyal helper in our
labours, and has taken a prominent part in much that the Ministry
of Public Worship has been enabled to accomplish in this field."
The Minister further communicated an edict of the Emperor's by
which the number of seats for ordinary members in each section of
the Academy was raised from twenty-seven to thirty. The newly
created seats were to be applied in the Philosophical-Historical
section preferably to German Philology, in the Physical-Mathe-
matical section preferably to Technical Sciences. Further, the
Minister published a list of honours conferred on the occasion of
the Jubilee festival. Finally the Minister was able to communicate
a special festival gift of the Emperor which he had devoted to the
Academy ; it consisted of means for the publication of the works
of William von Humboldt, also of a Dictionary of Classical Law,
all of which were placed at their disposal from the Emperor's
Privy Purse. To increase the Scientific Fund of the Academy
available for extensive undertakings, an amount of 25,000 marks
was inserted in the Prussian Budget for 1900 by the Government,
and also in the same Budget provision was made for four scientific
posts which it was intended to establish for special undertakings.
Then came the following speech by the Emperor, which the
monarch delivered standing under the canopy:
"In bidding you welcome on this day of your Jubilee in this
Hall of my Castle, consecrated by great memories, I gladly call to
mind the relations which connect your Corporation with my Eoyal
House. The intelligent interest which the elector Frederick III.
took in the far-seeing plans of Leibnitz called it into being. The
Great Frederick impressed upon it the stamp of his genius. All
the Kings of Prussia have exercised control over this creation as
direct patrons, assisting, guiding, furthering its work, so that the
IN RELATION TO ART AND SCIENCE 193
saying of the Emperor William the Great that 'the feeling of
sympathy for science which is innate in every Prussian King is
also active in me ' was expressed with special force in relation to
you. I rejoice to be able to acknowledge to-day that now for
over two hundred years the Academy of Sciences has maintained
its vitality unimpaired, and that it has fully answered the ex-
pectations which my ancestors rested in it. There is assuredly a
good reason for the fact that German science has developed in
close connection with the Universities, and I do not doubt that,
as our great Helmholtz, whom we shall ever bear in mind, testified,
abundance of life and energy may be infused into research by the
instruction given at the Universities, and by intercourse with our
young students. None the less has the organisation and conduct
of scientific work by the Academies been shown to be an
essential, and for the attainment of great results indispensable
element of scientific progress. More than a century ago, before
the University of Berlin came into existence, did the Berlin
Academy pursue the task of doing simultaneous service to all
branches of science. Now if to-day, in order to extend this work,
I have increased the number of ordinary members in the
Philosophical -Historical section by the addition of some seats
specially intended for the study of German Philology, I am led
to my decision by the thought that German Philology, to which
reference was made even in 1700 in the Charter of your founda-
tion, needs to be specially cultivated in the capital of the now
united German Empire. At the same time, it appeared to me
to be indispensable in like manner to strengthen the number of
seats in the Physical-Mathematical section, having regard to the
present importance of technology. As the Academy has from
the first fully grasped the universal nature of its field of labour,
so, on the other hand, it may be placed to its credit that it has
stood entirely aloof from the pursuit of all interests extraneous
to science.
"It is true that great events in the life of the nation have
also been reflected in its work, and in the words of its orators on
festal occasions have not seldom found enthusiastic expression,
yet it has persistently disdained to descend into the turmoil of
political passions, and has rather at all times seen its highest
194 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
duty to consist in the pure and disinterested pursuit of science.
By this unselfish devotion, to which it owes so much and which
is a pledge of the future success of its activity, it at the same
time subserves the divinely appointed purpose of all knowledge,
which is to lead men to a deeper acquaintance with divine truth.
As the natural sciences seek as their ultimate aim to fathom the
prime cause of all existence and all growth, so in the words of
Goethe, himself once a foreign member of this Corporation, ' the
conflict of belief and disbelief remains the real, the sole, and the
deepest theme of the history of the world and humanity, to
which all the rest are subordinate,' and we may add, in the spirit
in which he wrote, the active intervention of God in the affairs
of the human race. Thus does it remain true also of your
labours, as Leibnitz desired that it should be, that 'the honour
of God and the best interests of the human race should be
constantly promoted by the sciences.' That this may always be
the result of your efforts, may the blessing of the Most High
continue to prevail over you in the new century."
THE EMPEROR AS STUDENT AND
OLD MEMBER OF THE BORUSSIA KORPS
IN the autumn of 1877 Prince William began a two years'
course of study at Bonn University. The Emperor was a
member of the Borussia Korps, and was a jovial, light-hearted
student, who still remembers with pleasure his student days and
fellow-students. The annual festivities of old Bonn Borussians
residing in Berlin are regularly attended by the Emperor, and
on the occasion of the festival held in 1887 in commemoration of
the founding of the Borussia Korps he visited Bonn in person.
Prince William rose, as he remarked in the opening words of
his toast, to tender his thanks as a member of the Eoyal House
for the ovation accorded to its head. In his survey of the history
of the Prussian Korps, the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary
of the foundation of which was the occasion of the present
gathering, the Prince bore witness to the fact that in this very
history the Bonn Borussia Korps had exemplified its loyalty to the
Prussian Fatherland. In the Prussian Army the First Kegiment
of Guards had always been selected to introduce the Princes of
the House of Hohenzollern into the traditions of our army, and
to train them up to its high sense of duty. In the course of time
a similar connection has been formed with the Bonn Borussia
Korps with respect to University studies. This Korps had in-
variably been selected to number amongst its members the
Princes of our Koyal House, and in a like manner many sons
of the first princely houses of the entire German Fatherland.
The fact of this distinction being conferred on the Korps proved
that the right spirit had been found to prevail both in this Korps
and at the University of Bonn. The colours of the Korps were
those of the House of Hohenzollern, our Prussian national colours.
Strangers often look upon these colours as too sober and un-
ostentatious. But these very colours exactly correspond in their
sober character to the history of our Prussian Fatherland, which
195
196 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
in sore struggles had to win its way through sad destinies and
days of gloom to the position it holds to-day. The noblest
symbol of this struggle is the Iron Cross which bears these
very colours. May the devotion to duty, which our fathers before
us exhibited under these colours, descend to the younger brothers
of this Korps. Above all, may each one fulfil with the utmost
loyalty and devotion the duties of the office which it will be his
lot some day to assume. At the close of his speech, which was
delivered with energy, Prince William drank to the health of the
Bonn Borussia Korps, expressing the hope that this Korps would
continue to persevere and nourish in loyalty and love to the Koyal
House and the Fatherland.
On May 7th, 1891, the Emperor, who was staying at Bonn on
a visit, took part in the Kommers * held by the Bonn Korps at the
commencement of the summer term, and delivered the following
speech on the occasion :
" I beg to offer the last speaker and the entire Bonn ' Council
of Elders 'f here assembled my thanks for the kindly welcome
you have given me. And in particular I especially thank the
' Council of Elders' and all the Bonn students for the beautiful
torchlight procession which they yesterday held in my honour.
I rejoice at the good feeling caused among the general body
of the students by the very arrangements, which were so tact-
fully and so courteously conducted by the 'Council of Elders.'
I trust that these good relations will long endure, and that this
harmonious feeling may be a model for the relations existing in
the ' Council of Elders ' and the general body of the students in
all other German Universities as well.
"I agree with every word which the previous speaker has
uttered concerning the importance of the life of the Students'
Korps and the educational significance of the same for the whole
subsequent life of a student. I recognise in them the sentiments
of the Bonn ' Council of Elders/ the familiar, the well-tried, the
old sentiments still subsisting in your hearts, and I see that you
* Kommers, from Lat. Comraercium, "intercourse, "is an elaborate drinking-bout
of German students, without which no University festival is complete. A Kommers
is always given at the beginning and end of each term, in honour of the " freshmen "
(Fuchskommers) and of those "going down" (Abschiedskommers) respectively.
t The "Council of Elders" (Seniorenkonvent or S. C.) is formed by all the
Students' Korps in a University City, and in it only the Captains of these Korps
have a vote.
THE BORUSSIA KORPS 197
still continue to bear in mind the significance, the aims and
objects of the German Students' Korps.
" It is my firm conviction that every young man who joins a
Students' Korps will receive the true direction of his life from the
spirit which prevails in it. It is the best education which a young
man can get for his future life. And he who scoffs at the German
Students' Korps does not understand their real meaning. I hope
that as long as there are German Korps students, the spirit that
is fostered in their Korps, and by which their strength and
courage are steeled, will be preserved, and that you will always
take delight in handling the duelling blade. The real meaning of
our duels is often misunderstood by the general public. But that
must not lead us astray. You and I who have been Korps
Students know better than that. As in the Middle Ages manly
strength and courage were steeled by jousts or tournaments, so
the spirit and habits which are acquired from membership of a
Korps furnish us with that degree of fortitude which is necessary
to us when we go out into the world, and which will last as long
as there are German Universities. You have been good enough
to refer to my son to-day, and I give you my hearty thanks for
doing so. I trust that the young man will in due course be intro-
duced to the ' Council of Elders ' of this University, and that he
will then meet with the same kindly sentiments that were
extended to me."
Ten years after the last speech, in the year 1901, the Emperor
was able to make good his promise that " the young man will in
due course be introduced to the Bonn ' Council of Elders.' " The
Crown Prince matriculated at Bonn on April 24th, and at the
" Kommers " held in his honour the Emperor replied as follows to
an address made to him by Student von Alvensleben :
"My dear young commilitones, there was no need for you to
devote any special consideration, or lay any special stress on the
feelings which thrill through my heart when I find myself once
more in dear Bonn among the students. Before my mind's eye
rises a glorious bright picture, full of the sunshine and happy
contentment which in those days filled every moment of my
existence. Joy in life, joy in people, old as well as young, and
198 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
above all joy in the young German Empire, even then growing in
strength.
The wish then that above all fills me at the present moment,
when I am sending my dear son in turn to take his place in your
midst, is that an equally happy student life may be in store for
him to that which was once mine to enjoy. And how, indeed,
could it well be otherwise? Why Bonn, beautiful Bonn, is so
accustomed to the bustle and stir of youth in the heyday of life,
and seems as though created by nature for this very purpose.
The Crown Prince may here find many a reminiscence of his
glorious grandfather, who never could forget Bonn, whose kindly
eye lit up with joy when the name of the city he had come to
love so well was mentioned; of his great-grandfather, the noble
Prince Consort, the life companion of that Eoyal lady now
departed, who ever strove to create peaceful and friendly re-
lations between her people and our own, both nations of German
stock, and of so many another German prince who has here
undergone his course of preparation for his subsequent career.
" But yet again. Bonn lies on the Rhine, the river where grow
our vines, the name of which is endeared to us by our legends,
the river where every castle, every town, speaks to us of our past.
Father Rhine shall cast his spell and exert his influence also over
the Crown Prince. And when the merry wine cup circles and
a cheerful song resounds, your spirit, filled with the glad moment,
shall rejoice and rise in exaltation as befits high-spirited German
youths. Yet let the spring, from which you quaff your draught
of joy, be clean and pure as the golden juice of the vine, let it be
deep and lasting as Father Rhine. When we look round in our
joyous Rhineland our history rises before our eyes in visible
form. Yes, they ought to rejoice that they are young Germans
when they traverse the space from Aix-la-Chapelle to Mainz, that
is to say, from Charlemagne to the time of the zenith of the glory
of Germany under Barbarossa.
"But why was it that nothing came of all this splendour?
Why did the German Empire sink into decay ? Because the old
Empire was not founded on a strictly national basis. The idea
of universal rule that underlay the Holy Roman Empire pre-
cluded a development on national German lines. The essence
THE BORUSSIA KORPS 199
of nationality is demarcation from the outside world by definite
boundary to correspond to the personal characteristics of a nation
and its racial idiosyncrasies. Thus it was inevitable that the
glory of Barbarossa should fade, and the stability of the old
Empire be destroyed, because owing to its universalism the
process of crystallisation into a nation I mean into a nation as
a whole was impeded. For smaller sections did crystallise in
the shape of strong principalities, and laid the foundation on
which new forms of constitution could subsequently be erected.
Unfortunately, however, in the process, they and their rulers
came into conflict with Emperor and Empire, the representatives
of the idea of universalism. The Empire became constantly
weaker and weaker, and its internal peace was wrecked. Only
too truly must the weighty words of Tacitus, that great student
of Germany, be written of this phase in the development of our
German nation : Propter invidiam ! The Princes were jealous of
the power of the Emperors, as they were once of Arminius, in
spite of his victory. The nobles were jealous of the newly
acquired wealth of the cities, and the yeomen of the nobles.
What deplorable consequences and what sore calamities has not
our dear, beautiful Germany suffered propter invidiam I The
banks of Father Rhine could tell us something of this ! Well,
the attempt which then failed God permitted one successfully
to accomplish.
" Aix-la-Chapelle and Mainz are to us historical memories ; but
the longing desire for unification persisted in the German heart,
and the Emperor William the Great and his faithful servants
together accomplished it. Therefore turn your eyes towards the
* German Corner ' * at Coblenz and the Niederwald at Etidesheim.
Those monuments convey the lesson, and impress upon you that
you are now Germans in a German land, citizens of a German
nation with strictly defined frontiers, and that you are all here
preparing some day to take your part in working for its welfare
and development. The Empire stands before your eyes, rising
up in splendid growth ; let thankful joy and gladness fill your
hearts, and let the firm, manly purpose as Germans to work for
* Das Deutsche Eck : the spot where the Mosel falls into the Rhine, the site of an
imposing national monument.
200 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Germany, to elevate, strengthen, and support it, be kindled within
you. The future is waiting for you, and will make use of your
powers. But not to squander them in cosmopolitan dreams, or
to place them at the service of one-sided party tendencies, but
to help to strengthen the thought of nationality and to cultivate
our ideals. By God's grace our German stock has been able to
produce mighty heroes of thought from Boniface and Walter
von der Vogelweide down to Goethe and Schiller, and they have
become a light and a blessing to all posterity. They worked
for humanity at large, and yet they were strictly self-contained
Germans, that is to say, personalities, men. We need such men
to-day more than ever. May you too strive to become such men !
" But how shall this be possible ? who will help you to attain
thereto ? One, and One alone, whose Name we all bear, who has
borne and purged away our sins, who lived before us, and worked
as we should work, our Lord and Saviour ; may He implant
moral earnestness in your hearts, that your motives may ever
be pure and your aims ever noble. Love of father and mother,
love of home and country, are founded on love for Him. Then
will you be secure against allurements and temptations of every
kind, above all, against vanity and envy, and be able to sing and
say : ' We Germans fear God, and naught else in the world.'
Then shall we too take our place in the world, firmly established
and pursuing our civilising mission, and I shall close my eyes
in peace if only I see such a generation springing up to gather
round my son. Then Germany, Germany above everything ! In
this confident expectation I call 'Prosperity to the University
of Bonn! 1 "
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY
ON February 8th, 1888, the new Army Bill was passed in the
German Reichstag with unusual unanimity. In response to
the famous speech of Bismarck, Baron von Frankenstein, of the
Centre, in the name of his party moved that the Bill authorising
a loan in connection with the proposed increase of the German
Army be referred to the Committee of Ways and Means without
debate. This course was adopted, and the second reading of the
Army Bill immediately followed. Baron von Frankenstein moved
that the Bill pass en bloc without debate. This motion, too, was
passed by the Reichstag. There is no doubt that this action of
the Reichstag made the Emperor William I., at that time on the
verge of the grave, happy in his last days on earth. In the
course of a few months followed the double change of Sovereign
in Germany and Prussia, which did not fail to leave its mark on
the inner life of the Prussian-German Army. In his short reign
the Emperor Frederick at once caused the ideas which had long
since been worked out by him to be embodied in new regulations,
and his son continued the work. The cuirassiers discarded the
cuirass and the cavalry adopted the lance as a weapon. A new
manual of drill, directions for garrison duty and other far-reaching
regulations were issued in quick succession. The two new
Emperors made great changes in the personnel of the officers.
No fewer than sixty-five generals and one hundred and fifty-six
staff-officers, including those who had died, quitted the service in
the year 1888. New chiefs were appointed to eight out of the
fourteen Army Corps and to twenty-two out of thirty-three divisions
and to fifty-two out of one hundred brigades of infantry and
cavalry. On August 3rd, 1888, Field-Marshal Count Moltke handed
in his resignation as Chief of the Headquarters Staff. The young
Emperor accepted the resignation of the old hero in graceful
terms worthy of the occasion. The Field-Marshal's place was
taken by his former assistant, General Count Waldersee.
The Cabinet letter with which the Emperor William II. on
201
202 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
August 10th, 1888, answered Moltke's farewell visit ran as
follows :
"In your letter of the 3rd inst. you explained to me with
that clearness and unselfishness which have shone through your
whole life, the necessity of a decision, the reason of which I
cannot, unfortunately, fail to see, but the importance of which
is so weighty, that I can only partially comply with your request.
At the great age to which, to the extreme joy of my dear grand-
father, to the blessing of the army and the well-being of our
Fatherland, God's gracious providence has permitted you to attain,
I cannot venture any longer to exact from you the active exertions
which are inevitably connected with the performance of the duties
of your office, but so long as you live I cannot dispense with your
counsel, and I must still keep you for the army which will look
up to you with boundless confidence so long as God's will allows.
If therefore, in compliance with your request, I herewith relieve
you of your position as Chief of the Headquarters Staff of the
Army, I do so with an expression of my anxious wish and full
expectation that you will continue to remain in touch with the
more important affairs of the Headquarters Staff, and that you
will allow your successor, whom I have appointed, to call on you
for your advice in all questions of importance. You have retained
your intellectual vigour to such a high degree that it will be
also possible for you to unite with this the position of President
of the Committee of National Defence, which I accordingly confer
upon you. Since my father, now at rest in God, first fell ill, the
business of the Committee of National Defence has felt the entire
want of a guiding hand, and the importance of such control is
constantly increasing, so that it affords me special relief to be
able to place it in your hands.
"With regard to your remuneration for the future, I have
instructed the Minister of War to continue to pay your previous
salary, and also informed him that your previous official residence
is still at your disposal. I also comply with your expressed wish
for the appointment of a personal aide-de-camp. Thus I believe
I have established you in a position in which I hope you will be
able to work with blessing to our country for many years to come.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 203
None the less there still remains the deep regret of seeing you
quit that post in which you have written your name on the scroll
of honour of the Prussian Army, and have made it a name held
in respect throughout the world. But the power of time is
stronger than that of men, and you who have everywhere else had
victory in your hand must also bow to it. I refrain from tender-
ing you on this occasion, in words, my special thanks for all that
you have done as Chief of the Headquarters Staff. I can only
point to the historical records of the last fifty years, and declare
with the fullest conviction, that as Chief of the Headquarters
Staff of the Army your memory will be held in the highest
esteem so long as there remains a German soldier, a German
heart to beat, or any soldierly feeling.
"With high esteem and gratitude,
"Your King,
"WILLIAM K."
On April 24th, 1889, the Schwedt Dragoons celebrated in the
presence of the Emperor the two hundredth anniversary of the
formation of the regiment. On this occasion the Emperor William
delivered the following speech :
" Two hundred years is a long span in these days of ours, when
events move so fast. When I survey the history of the regiment
during these two hundred years, I can only on this occasion
remark that there is one day in the course of the two hundred
years of the history of this regiment of which I cannot forego to
make mention. Of all the glorious days which this regiment has
experienced under the leadership of my ancestors, I specially
refer to one day, the day of Kollin.* The severe defeat which
the great King sustained was mitigated by the victorious deed
of this very regiment, which was the only regiment in the army
able to achieve any special success, so that under the personal
leadership of the King it could be marched past the front of the
camp with five colours taken from the enemy as a pattern of
bravery.
" Well, gentlemen, this regiment has maintained in honour and
unfailingly upheld the traditions cherished in the regiment down
* Frederick the Great was disastrously defeated by Daun, at Kollin, on June 18th,
1757.
204 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
to that troublous time when our army collapsed. None the less,
like the Phoenix, rising with renewed youth, this regiment has
known how to rise again from the ashes of the past, and again to
gather laurels for its royal house and to twine them round its
standards.
" I herewith express my thanks to the regiment, and to those
who have stood in its ranks and fostered its spirit, for all that
they have accomplished. I have a firm confidence that our sons
of the Mark of Brandenberg will ever uphold the old spirit of
their province, and, when the moment arises for them to prove
their mettle, will again help to win honour for the regiment.
"But the regiment has also for many a long year been inti-
mately associated with my House in the person of its chief down
to the present holder of the office. May the regiment feel joy
and pride at the honour of seeing Field-Marshal Prince Albert at
its head. I rejoice that I have this opportunity of expressing
these sentiments. I know the warm, deep interest with which
the Prince thinks and cares for the regiment, and how often I
have heard the name of the regiment uttered by his lips.
" I now call upon you with me to raise your glasses with these
thoughts: Old is their banner, Old their honour, Young their
hearts, And keen their blade. Three cheers for the regiment and
its exalted chief."
The year 1890 produced on the 15th of February two extremely
important Cabinet Orders of the Emperor. The first related to
the organisation of the Cadet Corps,* the second Cabinet Order
dealt with the punishments incurred for ill-treatment of sub-
ordinates, and ran as follows :
" To the Minister of War.
" It has been brought to my notice by the reports handed in to
me by Generals in command with reference to punishments in-
flicted for ill-treatment of subordinates that the regulations laid
down in the Order of February 1st, 1843, have not yet been
thoroughly grasped and put into practice in the spirit in which
they were issued. In my army every soldier is to receive lawful,
just, and worthy treatment, because such treatment forms the
essential foundation towards fostering and promoting in the same
* See p. 156.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 205
willingness and devotion to their calling, and love and confidence
in their superiors. If cases of continued systematic ill-treatment
of subordinates arise, in handing in their reports Generals in
command are to indicate on which of the officers lies the responsi-
bility of the defective supervision, and what steps have been
taken on their part to prevent such occurrences for the future.
After that you have to take the necessary steps, and to forward
to the Generals in command also these remarks of mine to which
the last promotions gave rise."
On the 29th March the Emperor issued a Cabinet Order, relating
to the position of officers, which created an extraordinary stir
both at home and abroad, and which ran as follows :
"I have already expressed on New Year's Day, in speaking
to the Generals in command, my views in regard to the supply
of officers for the army. Since then, in addition to other in-
formation concerning the private incomes customary at the time
and deductions from officers' pay for regimental expenses, reports
have also been laid before me concerning the status of candidates
for commissions in the army. These afford a proof that the
procedure in the army is not everywhere based on uniform
principles, and I therefore consider it necessary to give renewed
expression in detail to my wishes in the matter for all who are
concerned. The gradual increase of the cadres in the army has
considerably raised the total number of officers allowed for in
the estimates. To fill these places it is urgently necessary to
procure a supply of suitable officers in as large numbers as
possible, especially having regard to the demands that the event of
war makes on the army. At the present moment there are con-
siderable vacancies in the staffs of almost all the regiments in our
Infantry and Field Artillery. This state of things renders the
duty of commanding officers to attract an adequate and suitable
supply more urgent and pressing every day. The higher stage
of education prevailing among our people renders it possible to
widen the circles which can be taken into consideration for
bringing our supply of officers up to its full complement. In
these days nobility of birth alone cannot, as formerly, claim the
privilege of supplying the army with its officers. But the nobility
206 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
of sentiment which has at all times animated our officers shall
and must be maintained unimpaired, and such result is only
possible, if our future officers are drawn from those classes in
which this nobility of sentiment forms the atmosphere of their
homes. Side by side with the scions of the noble families of the
land, side by side with the sons of my brave officers and officials,
who, by old tradition, form the backbone of our body of officers,
I look to find the future supporters of my army also among the
sons of honourable families of the middle class, in which love
of King and Fatherland, warm sympathy with the military class,
and Christian morality are fostered and cultivated. I cannot
approve the action of many commanding officers in laying down
one-sided principles of their own for securing a supply of officers,
if, for example, they confine within such narrow limits the in-
tellectual training required of them, that the passing of the
school-leaving examination is made an indispensable condition
before a young man can be given his commission. I must dis-
approve of entry into the army being made dependent upon
the possession of a substantial private income, a state of things
which can only keep out of the army the sons of families not
endowed with much wealth, but in sentiment and conception
of life closely akin to our officers. In order to check such an
undesirable state of things, I hereby declare my will and pleasure
that, as a rule, commanding officers shall not require more than
forty-five marks private income per month in the Infantry,
Eifles, Foot Artillery, and Pioneers ; seventy marks in the Field
Artillery; and one hundred and fifty marks in the Cavalry. I
am well aware, of course, that the circumstances in large garrisons,
and particularly those of the troops forming my guard, may call
for some slight addition to these amounts. But I cannot but
think it prejudicial to the interests of the army if in the Infantry
and the Rifles, etc., the necessity for private income rises so high
as seventy-five to one hundred marks per month, and in some
cases even more, and in the Cavalry, particularly in the Guards,
it has reached such a height that it renders it almost impossible
for a country gentleman to place his sons in his favourite arm
of the service. Such exaggerated demands can only injure the
supply of officers, both in respect of quantity and quality. It
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 207
is against my wishes that in my army the prestige of the officers
should be in proportion to the amount of private income required
to join the regiments, and I have a specially high opinion of
those regiments, the officers of which are able to make themselves
comfortable with small means, and yet do their duty with that
satisfaction and cheerfulness which have ever distinguished
Prussian officers.
" It is the duty of the commanders of troops to devote all their
energies to work to this end. They have continually to make it
clear that it is more than ever necessary to-day to awaken and to
train up characters, to increase the spirit of self-sacrifice among
their officers, and to help to accomplish that end their own
example is of primary importance. Now as I again make it
the duty of commanding officers to check the manifold excesses
of luxury which are continually being brought to light in the
form of costly presents, frequent banquets, and extravagant ex-
penditure on social occasions and the like, so too do I consider
it advisable to emphatically oppose the idea that the commander
himself, by virtue of his position in the service, is called upon to
make any extensive expenditure for the purpose of entertaining.
Every officer can, by rendering suitable support to a simple social
life corresponding to his rank, deserve well of his circle of com-
rades ; but it is my wish that only generals in command should
be called upon to entertain, and in my army it should never be
the case that staff officers with good service to their credit should
look with regret on the pecuniary sacrifice which presumably
awaits them in the event of their some day attaining the rank of
regimental commander.
" Together with the memoranda concerning candidates for com-
missions, I will from time to time have reports laid before me
with regard to the private income and deduction from pay
customary in different bodies of troops. Now as I am hereby
determined to make special note of such officers as do not support
the efforts of their superiors to bring about greater simplicity
of life, so will I to a large extent form my opinion of all my com-
manding officers according as to whether they succeed or not in
attracting a suitable and sufficient supply of young officers, and in
making the life of their officers as simple and inexpensive as possible.
208 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" I desire with all my heart that when his duty is done every
officer may lead a happy life, but we must earnestly and vigorously
resist the tendency of luxury to get the upper hand in the army."
On October 26th, Count Moltke celebrated at Berlin his
ninetieth birthday. The Emperor celebrated in a truly noble
and magnificent style the festival of this faithful servant of his
country. He had for that day all the regimental colours and
standards of the garrison of Berlin transferred to the residence of
the venerable Field-Marshal, where these old symbols remained
till next day. From his own private means the Emperor pre-
sented the Field-Marshal with a marshal's baton worth several
hundred thousand marks, a masterpiece of metal, velvet, enamel,
and brilliants. In company with the King of Saxony, the Grand
Dukes of Baden, Saxony, and Hesse, with all the field-marshals
and all the generals in command, the Emperor appeared in person
at Moltke's residence and there delivered the following speech to
him:
" My dear Field-Marshal, I have come to-day with these illus-
trious gentlemen and the leaders of my army to express to you
our most hearty and most sincere congratulations. To-day is
for us a day of retrospect, and above all things a day of gratitude.
I first of all express to you my thanks in the name of those with
whom you worked and fought and who have departed from among
us, but whose most loyal and devoted servant you were. I thank
you for all you have done for my House, and thereby for the
furtherance of the greatness of our Fatherland. We greet in
you not merely the Prussian General who won for our army the
glory of never being beaten in the field, but also the man who
helped to found and to fashion our German Empire. You see here
high and illustrious princes from all parts of Germany, but above
all his Majesty the King of Saxony, that loyal ally to my grand-
father, who could not forego the pleasure of testifying to you in
person his respect. Everything reminds us of the time in which
he and you had to fight for the greatness of Germany.
"The high distinctions which my late grandfather conferred
upon you have left me nothing more in my power but to testify
with all the emphasis I can my thanks in person. Therefore I
request you to be good enough to receive from me a token of favour,
the only one which I, as a young man, am able to tender to you.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 209
"It is the prerogative of the monarch to have standing in his
ante-chamber his regimental colours, those emblems by which
his army swears allegiance, which flutter in the breeze before
his army, and which are a visible token of the honour and bravery
of his army. This privilege I have the most special pride in
foregoing for to-day, and I request you to be kind enough to
allow the colours of my guard, which have so often waved in your
midst in the heat of battle, to be placed in your residence. There
is a glorious history attached to those ribbons and flags, torn with
shot, which stand here before you, a history which was for the
most part written by you. As a personal memento from myself,
I request you to kindly accept in remembrance of to-day this
badge of rank with its rich external embellishments. Your own
proper Field-Marshal's b&ton, which you won in time past amid
the fire of battle facing the enemy, has long since been resting
in your hands ; this one is only a symbol, an emblem, as it were,
of all I can personally offer you in the way of respect, veneration,
and gratitude.
" Gentlemen, I request all, with one accord, to unite with me
in a prayer : May God bless, preserve, and protect our venerable
Field-Marshal for many a long day for the welfare and honour
of the Fatherland. We but give expression to our feeling of
gratitude that, great man that he is, he has been able not
merely to be present among us, but also to form a school of
training for the leaders of the army, for the future and for all
time, who, reared in his spirit, will develop to the utmost the
greatness, strength, and might of our army, when we call for three
cheers for his Excellency the Field-Marshal, Count Moltke."
In the year 1890 a further increase was made in the peace
strength of the German Army. In a speech from the throne, with
which the Emperor opened the Eeichstag on the 6th May, amongst
other things he said :
" Since the principles of the constitution of our army were laid
down for a definite period, the organisation of the armies of the
states whose frontiers are conterminous with our own has been
extended and completed in a manner not foreseen at the time.
It is true that we, too, have not omitted to increase our defensive
p
210 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
forces so far as this was possible within the limits prescribed by
the law. However, all that could be done in this respect was not
sufficient to prevent a dislocation of the general situation to our
disadvantage. An increase in the peace establishment and additions
to our troops, especially in the case of the Field Artillery, can no
longer be delayed. A Bill will be laid before you, according to
which the necessary increase of the strength of our army will
come into force on October 1st in this year."
In the year 1891 the presentation of new colours took place on
April 18th, and the nailing of the new colours for the newly
enrolled regiments was performed in the Koyal Castle at Berlin.
A few hours later, in the presence of the Emperor and Empress,
the foundation of the new Luther Church was laid. Count Moltke
also took part in this ceremony. In the afternoon a banquet was
given, at which the Emperor delivered the following speech :
" ' Pro Gloria et Patria.' This is the motto for the day.
" It is a day of retrospect and thoughts of patriotism, of that
courage and confidence which have never forsaken Prussia and its
army. If to-day I speak for our whole country, I do it with the
recollection that 370 years ago, on a certain 18th of April, that
brave monk of Wittenberg uttered his great saying, ' Here stand
I, I can do naught else, so help me God.' The first man who in-
terested himself in the intrepid monk was a warrior named George
Frundsberg, who cried out to Luther, ' Little monk, little monk,
thou walkest on a perilous way/ and God blessed the path he
walked to the salvation of our nation and, above all, of our home.
" Many a similar path has our nation, our House, and with it
the Prussian Army, trodden. The 18th of April has always been
for us a day of memories. On April 18th, 1417, the Burgrave
Frederick I. was invested with the fief of the Mark of Branden-
burg.* On April 18th, 1864, Prince Frederick Charles, after a
long interval of peace, led the Prussian and the Austrian Armies
at Diippel against a brave enemy, and afforded his troops an
opportunity of storming the entrenchments of their brave adver-
saries. In memory of the importance of this anniversary, I have
presented to the regiments new colours and standards. It is the
soldier and the army, not Parliamentary majorities and votes,
* At Constance. See note on p. 302.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 211
that have welded the German Empire together. My confidence
rests upon the army.
" These are serious times in which we live, and it may be that
in the coming years evil times are in store for us. But in facing
them I call to mind the saying of my late grandfather, spoken to
the officers at Coblenz : ' These are the gentlemen on whom I can
rely.' That, too, is my belief and confidence. Come what may,
we will hold high our colours and our traditions, bearing in mind
the saying and the brave deeds of Albrecht Achilles,* who said,
4 1 do not know any more reputable place to die in than in the
midst of my enemies.' That, too, is my own deepest conviction,
on this rests rny unshakable confidence in the loyalty, the
courage, and devotion of my army, but first and foremost of all
my comrades who are posted on the frontier. In this spirit I call
for three cheers for my army, and for the regiments who have
received new colours from me to-day."
A few days after this, on April 25th, at ten o'clock in the even-
ing, occurred the sudden death of General Field-Marshal Count
von Moltke of a stroke of apoplexy. The Emperor was at
Weimar, and sent the following telegram to the relatives of the
deceased at Berlin :
"I feel stunned; return at once; beg you to consult Hahnke
first concerning arrangements for funeral. I have lost an army
and can scarcely comprehend it. WILLIAM I. K."
On the next day the Emperor issued the following Cabinet
Order :
" By God's inscrutable decree last evening, General Field-
Marshal Count von Moltke was summoned from this life. With
deep grief do I see the grey hero, my faithful friend and adviser,
torn from my side. I most bitterly deplore the irreparable loss
which with me and my army the whole German Fatherland has
sustained. High honour be paid to his memory, which for all time
will live undiinmed on the scroll of the world's history, and will
be preserved for future generations as the type of the deep
* Albert, Elector of Brandenburg, 1471-86. "A tall, fiery, tough old gentle-
man, of formidable talent for fighting, who was called the ' Achilles of Germany '
in his day " (Carlyle, Friedrich /., p. 153). Ancestor without break of all sub-
sequent Hohenzollern Princes.
212 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
thinker and the great General. To the very last breath of his
life did the deceased serve me and my illustrious ancestors with
modest simplicity, self-denying devotion to duty, and unswerving
loyalty, and by his eminent gifts and by his brilliant achieve-
ments, both by his victories in war and in the quiet work of
peace, has done indescribable service for the glory of the army
and the welfare of the Fatherland, for which our gratitude will
never fade away."
On the occasion of the Jubilee of the 150th year of its
existence, celebrated by the Torgau Battalion of Pioneers, No. 3
(Von Kauch), on November 25th, 1891, the Emperor said :
" I have come here to be present at the commemoration day of
the Von Rauch Battalion of Pioneers, which can look back on a
great and glorious past ; I have come to-day to do honour to the
Pioneers as an arm of the service. For though a battalion of
Pioneers does not strike dismay into the heart of the enemy with
colours flying and beat of drum, but rather by its invisible labours
lays open the breach into the entrenchments of the enemy for
the main body of the infantry to take them by storm, yet it is as
dear to my heart as are the other arms of the service.
" I stand in closer connection with the battalion than you
might have imagined, and I stay with pleasure amidst the officers
of the battalion which has maintained the old Prussian loyalty
inviolable, and still maintains it inviolable, but above all for this
reason, with which many of you may well be unacquainted, that
I owe to my former instructor, Lieut.-Colonel Diener, who was a
member of the battalion here, all the knowledge I possess in this
branch of military science, my knowledge of fortification and of
military mining.
" Lieut.-Colonel Diener was free from all prejudices ; he looked
with an open mind to the future, and did not hesitate to replace
the traditional or the obsolete by new and correct methods. May
the influence of Lieut.-Colonel Diener, though he is no longer on
the active list, be long retained for the benefit of the army.
" The very name of your arm gives us a pledge that this arm
must be an arm of progress, for one speaks of pioneers of civilisa-
tion, pioneers of science, and pioneers of labour, but always in this
sense that the word connotes progress.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 213
" The spirit that pervades the battalion is good, a genuine old
Prussian spirit. It is iny wish and hope that it may remain so
for the future. The personality of the commander of the corps
of Engineers and Pioneers, and that of the present commander
of this battalion, are a pledge to me that my views in this respect
will not merely be understood, but also carried into effect. The
new weapons demand new ideas in the science of fortification.
It is therefore your duty to look to the goal steadfastly, and free
and untrammelled by preconceived notions. I do not doubt that
if ever demands are made on the battalion like those at Schweid-
nitz, Diippel, and Alsen, that the battalion will then once more
twine new laurels in the glorious scroll of the Prussian Army.
The heroic deed of Klinke* and his comrades, which to some
extent belongs to the battalion, or, at any rate, to this arm of the
service, has become a pattern and emblem for subsequent genera-
tions in the battalion.
" I confidently expect that my Pioneers will ever, as heretofore,
for the future lead the way for my army, and explode the breach
through which the hand of the storming party can be thrust.
"Well, then, let us drink to the health of the Von Kauch
Battalion of Pioneers, and to the hope that yet other battalions of
this arm of the service may be able to celebrate a like festival.
Prosperity to the Von Eauch Battalion of Pioneers ! "
The year 1892 brought with it a new Army Bill, the object
of which was to increase the peace strength of the German Army.
Before the Bill was introduced into the Eeichstag (the Imperial
Chancellor, Count Caprivi, did not deliver the speech, in which
he introduced it into the Eeichstag, till November 27th), it was
very hotly discussed in the newspapers.
On August 18th, after the review on the Tempelhof Field,
the Emperor delivered a speech to the superior officers, in which,
in referring to his criticism of the review, he expressed in very
vigorous and unmistakable language his surprise at the fact that
of late, to an increasing extent, exclusively military matters have
been discussed in the daily press, amongst them points of such
purely theoretical character as the shooting trials with rifles of
* At the storming of the second entrenchment at Dtippel, Pioneer Klinke, at
the sacrifice of his own life, blew up with a bag of powder a wall of palisades which
was dealing widespread death and destruction to the storming columns.
214 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
a new calibre. He especially disapproved of the articles in the
press, which could only have been the work of military hands,
and which passed very various opinions on the projected increase
of the army; and in particular discussed far-reaching questions
of army organisation from the point of view of economy, even
referring to the introduction of a two years' service as though
it were within the range of possibility.
Discussions of this kind on an Army Bill, to which he had not
yet even given his approval, belonged entirely to the realm of
fancy. In the opinion of extensive circles, a two years' military
service appeared to be an arrangement fitting to the time, but
it was inconceivable without a guarantee of some special equiva-
lent service to redress the loss. Even if the majority in the
Keichstag was not patriotic enough to pass at the same time as
the Bill, based on a two years' service, the necessary supple-
mentary measures to which he had referred, he declared that
he would still rather have a small well-disciplined army than
a great mass of men.
On November 22nd the Emperor opened in person the second
session of the eighth German Keichstag, and in his speech from
the throne said with reference to the new Army Bill :
" In the peaceful relations in which we stand to all Powers, and
in the consciousness that in the pursuit of our common aim we
shall also for the future continue to enjoy that efficient support
of the Federal States to which we are so much indebted, I
venture to cherish the hope that Germany will not be disturbed
in its peaceful endeavour to further its ideal and economic
interests.
"Yet the development of the defensive power of other
European States renders it a serious and even imperative duty
for us also to take into consideration the development of the
powers of defence of the Empire by thorough -going measures.
In effecting this development, it is only by carrying jiut the well-
t.n'pd ^prinm'plA^kf :..nm'vArBa,l rmlitsuy aftrYvg that we can expect
that those qualities of our army, on which its strength and its
high reputation are based, can continue to secure for Germany
also for the future that position of authority amongst the Powers
which she has hitherto enjoyed. The allied Governments, unani-
mously impressed by this conviction, are proposing for your
acceptance a Bill, which, by a further readjustment of the peace
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 215
strength of our army, enables us to utilise to the full our defensive
power. In this proposal they do not labour under any delusion
as to the magnitude of the sacrifice demanded from the nation J
only they feel with me confident that the necessity of this sacrifice
will be more and more widely recognised, and the patriotic feeling
of the people will be ready to bear those burdens, which must
needs be borne for the honour and safety of the Fatherland. In
the effort to lighten these burdens as far as practicable, the term
of service in the army will, in point of fact, be reduced to the
minimum which is acknowledged as permissible from a military
point of view. At the same time, owing to the higher standard
of education and the availability of younger recruits for the
conscription, not merely will a sensible inequality in the in-
cidence of universal service be redressed, but also the economic
and military drawback which is involved by drawing recruits
from an older class of men will be diminished. At the same
time relief will be afforded to recruits of this age, to an extent
which they have not been able to enjoy under the present
arrangements.
" In order not to burden the Budgets of the Federal States with
the provision of the necessary means for the army, it is intended
to procure these means by tapping new sources of revenue for the
Empire. Consequently, Bills are at present awaiting the decision
of the Federal Council, which provide for an increase of the
duties on beer, brandy, and certain stock exchange transactions.
In spite of the not inconsiderable increase of expenditure, which,
however, as a rule keeps within the limits laid down in the
estimates, or is based upon their legal obligations, for which the
Imperial Budget has to make provision for the coming year,
the Federal States will receive from the Empire in the assign-
ments * due to them more than sufficient cover for the matricular
contributions * which all furnish in common. Having regard to
* Every excess of expenditure over revenue on the part of the German Empire
is met by dividing the deficit among the Federal States in proportion to their
population ; the amount thus payable by each State is its ' ' matricular contribution. "
Six and a half million pounds sterling of the proceeds of customs duties, tobacco tax,
etc., go to the Imperial Exchequer, the remainder being distributed amongst the
States in the form of assignments (Uberweisungen) to enable them to meet their
matricular contribution. (See The German Empire of To-Day, by "Veritas," p. 291).
216 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the demands which the Bill drafted for the development of our
army organisation and the financial proposals connected there-
with make upon your energies, besides the Budget of the allied
Governments, only those measures will be submitted to you, the
passage of which seems to be a matter of special urgency.
" Gentlemen, in inviting you to enter on your labours, I know
there is no necessity for any special exhortation to carry out your
discussions in a patriotic spirit. The firm will of the people to
maintain the inheritance of their fathers, to secure peace, and to
preserve for the beloved Fatherland its most precious possessions
will, I am convinced, lead you to a unanimous decision on the
principles brought forward by me and my illustrious allies. If
this is the case, the Empire will be able to face the future without
apprehension, trusting in God and in its own strength."
Both the last months of the year 1892 and the beginning of
the year 1893 were largely occupied with the Army Bill, which
had little prospect of being accepted by the Keichstag, seeing that
even the Conservatives were inclined to vote against the measure.
On January 1st, 1893, at his New Year's reception of the generals,
the Emperor delivered a speech, in which he expressed himself
very sharply against the opposition to the Bill. He declared he
would " smash this opposition."
On January 7th the Kreuzzeitung gave up its previous opposi-
tion to the Bill. On May 6th there was a division in the Reichstag,
which gave 210 votes against and 162 votes for the first section
of the Army Bill ; this was immediately followed by a dissolution
of the Reichstag.
On May 9th, after an inspection, the Emperor delivered the
following speech to the generals and staff officers on the Tempelhof
Field:
" Since we saw one another last, some changes have taken place
with regard to the Army Bill. I could not have anticipated its
rejection, and had hoped that it would have been passed un-
conditionally by the patriotic spirit of the Reichstag. I was,
unfortunately, deceived in that expectation. A minority of
patriotically minded men was unable to do anything against the
majority. In the debates passionate words were spoken which
are not heard with pleasure among educated men. I had to pro-
ceed to a dissolution, and I hope to obtain from a new Reichstag
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 217
the approval of the Army Bill. Should, however, I be dis-
appointed in this hope too, I am determined to do all I can to
attain my object, for I am too strongly convinced of the neces-
sity of these proposals in order that I may be able to pre-
serve the general peace. There has been some talk of inciting
the masses. I do not believe that the German people will allow
itself to be stirred up by outsiders. On the contrary, I know
that in these army proposals I am at one with the Federal
Princes, with the people, and with the army. I thank you,
gentlemen, I wanted merely to express my views in your presence,
as I did at the first inception of the Bill."
When on July 15th the Army Bill passed the Eeichstag, the
Emperor sent telegrams to Herr Stumm, one of the Deputies, and
to the leader of the Poles, von Koscielski. The telegram to the
latter ran as follows :
" I thank you and your countrymen for your loyalty to me and
my House. You are a pattern for all. For your devoted work I
confer on you the Order of the Crown, 2nd Class."
On September 2nd, 1893, the review of the Eighth Army Corps
took place near Treves. In the afternoon of the same day a
review dinner was given at Coblenz, at which also Crown
Prince Victor Emmanuel of Italy (the present King) was present.
At the banquet the Emperor delivered the following speech :
" My honoured generals, nine years have now passed since the
corps last had its imperial manoeuvres. The Emperor William
held the review. Her Majesty the Empress Augusta led her
regiment past the saluting point. My father and Field-Marshal
Count Moltke were amongst the spectators. Since then all these
exalted personages have been taken from us, and with the dignity
of the Crown the baton of supreme command over the Prussian
Army and over the German Army has passed into my hands.
"To-day I express to you from the bottom of my heart my
entire satisfaction and my royal thanks for the manner in which
you have trained my Eighth Army Corps. You have known how,
following the old Prussian tradition a tradition which rests upon
the experiences of centuries to act up to the praise which my
late grandfather lavished on his corps, and to maintain the corps
at that high pitch of excellence which your monarchs expect from
' "'*
.
218 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
you. I express my congratulations for to-day's review to you
and to the entire corps from this place, from which so many
a word has already been addressed to you. We are assembled
in the house in which, before his accession to the throne, with
earnest and devoted labour, the Emperor William quietly worked
out his schemes and made his preparations in order to fashion the
Prussian Army into that instrument which was destined one day,
in union with their German brothers, to unite our German Empire,
and to restore it to its former glory.
"And to you, gentlemen of the Queen Augusta Regiment, I here
speak words of farewell. You are leaving a place where the
regiment has been quartered for three-and-thirty years in cordial
and close intimacy with the citizens, where it has grown up and
developed under the eyes of a chief who cared for her regiment
in a way that can scarcely be surpassed. The eyes of the late
Empress rested on the regiment at every moment, and your
earnest work in time of peace, as well as the laurels which you
twined round your colours, have always found their crown and
reward in the constant favour evinced by the chief to her
regiment. Those yet among you who took part in them can
remember, with grateful heart all through their lives, the happy
hours which the Empress always knew how to confer on her
regiment, and how earnest and how soldierly her conception of
your duties was, is shown specially by those glorious moments
when the young recruits of the regiment were privileged to take
the oath of allegiance in her presence by the grand staircase
of this hall before their colours, and once even personally to the
Emperor William himself. What high value her Majesty laid
upon this oath, she proclaimed by telling me personally that one
could not explain to the young soldier soon enough the full
weight of his responsibility and the greatness of his duty laid
upon him. How she followed all the vicissitudes of the regiment !
I remember, above all, the day when it marched to the front,
when she, with tears in her eyes and her blessing, dismissed the
regiment, and called to the officers that, come what might, they
must always feel and conduct themselves as sons of their mother.
And when on the evening of the bloody day of St. Privat, after
a hard-fought victory, the regiment left three-quarters of its
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 219
officers on the field of battle, the survivors, true to the spirit
of those who fell in the battle, announced to her Majesty that
they had remained faithful to their oath and their promise as sons
of their mother and had done their duty.
"Well, gentlemen, you are leaving this station. May the
memory of your exalted chief ever be an incentive to the
regiment to remain at its high level of efficiency. We, your com-
rades of this corps, all bid you farewell, and I bid you welcome
to your new home. May you find yourselves at home on the
soil of Brandenburg, and develop there the same efficiency that
you have developed here. I am firmly convinced, my dear Loe,
that although no one of the great men, in whose presence you
commanded the corps nine years ago, is any longer among us,
yet these were in the spirit present with us to-day, and were
well content, as I am, with the Eighth Army Corps."
The Emperor's address in the Lustgarten, at Berlin, on Novem-
ber 15th, 1894, on the occasion of the swearing of the recruits,
ran as follows :
" Now that you have just taken the oath to me, I greet you as
my soldiers. If you will be good soldiers, you must also be good
Christians and religious at heart. A special coat of honour has
been given you as soldiers of my guard. Do not forget that you
wear the uniform of your King. Hold that uniform in honour,
and reflect that you enjoy the advantage of serving under my
eyes, and that on your enrolment in the army you have gained in
distinction. Look now at the colours standing before you, with
which is entwined a glorious history. Never suffer them to be
insulted; think of the statues of kings and generals that look
down upon you, think of your oath, then you will be good soldiers.
Never forget that you are called to be defenders of our Father-
land, that you are bound to uphold order and religion in the
land. Now go, do your duty, which shall be taught you by my
command."
The year 1895 brought a number of twenty-fifth anniversaries
of the campaign of 1870. The Emperor celebrated the anniver-
sary of St. Privat, on August 15th, by a grand review of the First
Brigade of Infantry of the Guard. In connection with this he
delivered the following speech :
220 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" Comrades of the First Brigade of Infantry of the Guard.
"I have assembled you here to-day in order to join you in
commemorating the glorious day of St. Privat, on which, fi ve-and-
twenty years ago, the Prussian Guard keeping their oath with
well-tried loyalty and devotion twined new laurels round the
old colours, so often crowned with victory. The Guard was
privileged to win the victory under the personal leadership of
the great Emperor, suffering, it is true, heavy and severe losses,
but displaying the traditional courage and steadfastness of
Brandenburgers.
" But I will remind you, grenadiers of the First Regiment of
Guards, of the tenth anniversary of this day, and how the great
Emperor William, fifteen years ago to-day, stepped into the square
to salute you on this glorious day. He told you on that occasion
that for him the First Kegiment of Guards stood before him as
representatives of the whole army, and that the words he ad-
dressed to you were meant for the whole army.
"So let it be, too, to-day. I will bestow on the regiment to-
day a special mark of recognition, and confer on it a token of my
royal gratitude. You shall, from henceforth, bear on your colours
the ribbon of the Order of the Black Eagle, with the Badge of
this Order. The colours of my House shall henceforth be dis-
played before the regiment as a fresh exhortation to maintain, as
has hitherto always been the case, the loyalty to me and my
House which they have sworn, and that they may know that
they are connected with me by a special tie of personal association.
" But you others ought to regard this honour as one which is
at the same time paid to you too, and always keep in your
memory the great day on which, by your victory, you helped to
accomplish the unity of Germany. You ought to feel it an
honour that I have assembled you round me to-day in this place
to stand before the house, with which are associated so many
joyous as well as painful memories of the heroic Emperor
Frederick, who has so often seen the representatives of the army,
the Depot Battalion of Infantry, march past him in this place.
" But should it ever come about that I am compelled to summon
my army to the frontiers for the protection of the Fatherland,
then I expect that the First Brigade of Infantry of the Guard
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 221
will at all times do its duty with the same loyalty and devotion
which it exhibited five-and-twenty years ago to-day at St. Privat."
Almost fourteen thousand veterans attended a military fete on
the Tempelhof Field, near Berlin, on August 19th. The Emperor
appeared on horseback at this general muster of the Veterans'
Societies and addressed the following words to the old soldiers :
" Attention ! Following the example of my glorious grand-
father, we have begun our commemoration of the great day of
St. Privat with thanksgiving to God because he was on our side
and helped to win the victory for the just cause. Without any
feeling of vainglory, with full recognition of the brave devotion
with which our enemy fought, we are proud that by this victory
our Fatherland once more became united.
"I am glad to welcome here among you so many veteran
warriors of my grandfather. May to-day be a new starting-
point, both for you and to others through your example, again to
work for your King and for your Fatherland by peaceful means,
and true to the oath you once swore to the colours, to oppose those
tendencies which lead to revolution by cultivating respect for the
law, by cultivating religion, by cultivating love of your Eoyal
House, and in a true soldierly spirit to rally round your King.
May you take this with you as the task I lay upon you, and may
you teach it to your children.
"In special recognition of the performances of the army
five-and-twenty years ago, I yesterday issued an Army Order
commanding that all Knights of the Iron Cross shall receive a
silver oakleaf bearing the number ' 25,' and that all possessors of
war medals who were present at any battle shall receive clasps to
their Orders on which shall be inscribed the battles and engage-
ments, so that everyone who sees you may immediately recognise
at what place you distinguished yourselves. From these marks
you may learn how gratefully my heart beats towards you, and how
truly I believe that I am acting in the spirit of my grandfather.
Now go and do what I have commanded you."
The five-and-twentieth anniversary of the Battle of Sedan was
celebrated in Berlin by a review of the Corps of Guards on
September 2nd. King Albert of Saxony, to whose army in 1870-1
222 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the Prussian Corps of Guards had belonged, also attended this
review. King William II. of Wurtemberg was also present at
the festival. At the banquet the Emperor spoke in the following
terms :
" If to-day I propose the health of my Guards, it is because my
heart is moved with joy, for solemn and beautiful beyond ordinary
is to-day's commemoration. The whole people kindled into wild
enthusiasm formed the background for to-day's review, and the
feeling that prompted this enthusiasm was the recollection of the
figure and the personality of the great departed Emperor. Who-
ever yesterday or to-day looked at the colours adorned with the
oakleaf cannot have done so without a sorrowful feeling stealing
across his heart ; for the spirit and the words which spoke to us
from the rustling of these tattered colours told of the great
events which happened five-and-twenty years ago, of the great
hour, of the great day when the German Empire rose again.
Fierce was the battle, hot the strife, and mighty the forces which
met in conflict. Bravely fought the enemy for his laurels; the
brave French Army fought for its past, for its Emperor, with the
courage of despair. The Germans fought for their possessions,
their hearths and homes, and the unity which was to be theirs,
and that is why our hearts are so strongly stirred, that everyone
who has worn the Emperor's uniform, or who still wears it to-day,
is during these days treated with special honour by the people, a
signal outburst of gratitude towards the Emperor William I., and
on us, especially the younger men among us, lies the task of
maintaining what the Emperor established.
" Yet amidst this high, noble, festal joy is struck a note which
is indeed out of harmony with it. A mob of men, unworthy of
bearing the name of Germans, dares to insult the German people,
dares to drag in the dust the, to us, hallowed person of the
venerated deceased Emperor. May the entire nation put out its
strength to repel these unheard-of affronts. If this is not done,
I call on you to defend us from this band of traitors, and to do
battle to deliver us from such elements.
"Still I cannot empty my glass to the health of my Guards
without thinking of him under whose command they fought five-
and-twenty years ago to-day. The former Commander of the Army
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 223
of the Meuse is standing before you. For the last five-and-twenty
years his Majesty the King of Saxony has loyally shared with us
all the joys and all the sorrows which have visited our House and
country. Likewise, too, the King of Wiirtemberg, whose highest
satisfaction it is to have stood in the ranks of the Hussar
Kegiment of Guards and to have served the Emperor William,
and who hastened hither to celebrate with us this day in true
comradeship. As I have said, we can only vow to maintain what
these gentlemen have won for us. I therefore conclude with a
health to the Corps of Guards, to the health of the two noble
rulers, and, above all, to the Commander of the Army of the
Meuse, his Majesty the King of Saxony. Long life to him ! "
Immediately after this King Albert rose to propose the follow-
ing toast :
" In thanking your Majesty in my own name and that of the
King of Wurtemberg for your gracious words, I venture to place
myself once more to-day at the head of the Corps of Guards,
and in its name to empty my glass in honour of its exalted Chief.
His Majesty the Emperor's Health."
On October 30th the Light Infantry Battalion of Guards kept
the anniversary of Le Bourget, on which occasion the Emperor
made the following speech :
"With sincere gratitude have I heard the vow which the
Commanding Officer of the Light Infantry Battalion of Guards
has just made on behalf of the officers and members of the
battalion, both on the active and the retired lists.
"If, to-day, I rise to speak in this place, it is under special
circumstances which excite deep emotion in my heart in address-
ing you. For only a few weeks ago I rode over* the whole
ground which the Light Infantry Battalion of Guards traversed
under the fire of the enemy, suffering terrible losses, in order to
realise the task which the brave battalion had to perform. I can
only repeat that the feelings which stole over me and the officers
in attendance on me were so overpowering, that one can only bare
one's head in silence at the thought of such heroism. It was incom-
prehensible to me that any living thing could have remained alive.
* In the middle of October the Emperor was in the Imperial Territories, and
had visited the battlefields.
224 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" But, as the Commanding Officer has already impressed upon
us, let us trace back these heroic deeds to their ultimate source,
the spirit implanted by my grandfather. It is my wish, and
I exhort you to see that the three supreme military virtues
fostered by that spirit sense of honour, blind and absolute
obedience, and a bravery that overcomes all opposition may
continue for the future also to be cherished in the battalion, and
in the entire army, for so long as this is done we can face every
emergency with a tranquil mind.
"In his Order to Prince Frederick Charles, my grandfather
declared, * without August 16th, no 18th, and without this no
September 2nd.' So may these great days remain inscribed in
indelible letters on our inmost hearts. We will preserve and
extend what our forefathers won for us. Confident that the
Light Infantry Battalion of the Guards uses its utmost endeavours
to the peaceful attainment of this object, and if need arise, to
gathering new laurels in war to entwine with the old, I empty
my glass to the health of the battalion. Three cheers for the
Light Infantry Battalion of the Guards."
On January 1st, 1897, a Cabinet Order was issued by the
Emperor, the object of which was to prevent duelling among
the officers.
"I forward to the Ministry of War herewith the regulations
signed by me to-day supplementing the introductory order of the
ordinance of May 2nd, 1874, relating to the Courts of Honour of
the officers of the Prussian Army, with instructions to make
known the aforesaid regulations to the army, and with further
directions that commanding officers are to direct the attention of
officers to these regulations at frequent intervals.
" To the Ministry of War.
"It is my will and pleasure that more vigorous steps than
heretofore be taken to prevent duels between my officers. The
occasions for duels are often of a trivial character, private quarrels
and affronts, an amicable settlement of which could be effected
without detriment to military honour.
" Officers must admit the injustice of attacking the honour of
another. But if an officer has done this wrong by some hasty
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 225
impulse or in a moment of excitement, he is acting in a chivalrous
spirit if, instead of persisting in his wrong, he makes advances
with a view to an amicable settlement. In like manner, whoever
has suffered any insult or affront is bound to accept any advances
made with a view to a reconciliation, so far as military honour and
good morals allow.
"It is therefore my will and pleasure that the Court of
Honour shall on principle co-operate to effect an arrangement
in affairs of honour. It has to carry out this duty with the
conscientious endeavour to bring about an amicable settle-
ment."
On June 16th, 1897, the Emperor and Empress were at Liegnitz
to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the formation of the
King's Kegiment of Grenadiers. The Emperor delivered the
following speech at the officers' mess-room:
"Gentlemen of the King's Kegiment of Grenadiers, old and
young.
" Assuredly no one will be surprised if I feel no little emotion
in standing before you and addressing you to-day on the
hundredth birthday of the regiment. A few days ago the
regiment would have had the great Emperor as its chief for
eighty years, and yesterday was the ninth anniversary of the
death of its second supreme commander. So far as man could
see, the great Emperor might well have been standing on this
spot, or, at least, his son could have addressed you certainly out
of the fulness of his heart and with a more eloquent tongue than
mine. But it was otherwise decided by God's disposal and decree,
and now I stand before you, as their successor on the throne and
in supreme command of my army, to tender you in the name
of my predecessors my hearty congratulations and my royal
thanks for what the regiment has achieved. The regiment lives
on historic ground. On a spot where once in the Middle Ages
German bravery stemmed the onslaught of the Slav, and thereby
saved the civilisation of the West, has the regiment grown great,
surrounded by the memorials of the glorious campaigns of
Frederick the Great.
" The regiment has a history without parallel. I need merely
Q
226 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
mention the landmarks of Etoges and Weissenburg ; but the
regiment has distinguished itself, not merely on the field of battle,
but also in more peaceful work and in the training of generals ;
and when I see all the generals and staff-officers, old and young,
who have proceeded from the regiment, it is a proof of the spirit
existing in this regiment. This spirit, which I wish may remain,
may be maintained, and preserved in this regiment, also, thank
God, prevails throughout the entire army ; and the more per-
sistently it is cultivated in the army, the more efficient it is, for
the main strength of the army is the power and force of tradition,
and tradition is specially strong in this regiment. It is the power
of tradition which on the field of battle as well as in peace makes
men's hearts beat higher for king and country, and inspires them
to brave deeds. When I now take my glass and drink to the
health of the regiment, I do it in remembrance of my late grand-
father, to whom, when he was a young man, this regiment was
given as a reward for his bravery and for the brave conduct
of the regiment. This regiment may look back with pride on a
glorious past. I greet it in the name of those who fell at Geisberg,
whose graves I have just seen. The monuments and the graves
of the fallen were visible to me from the distance. I do it in the
hope that this regiment will throughout its history distinguish
itself by brave deeds and devotion to duty, and will continue to
put in practice the same sentiments as heretofore."
On November 16th, 1897, the oath of allegiance was admin-
istered to the recruits of the Potsdam garrison. The Emperor
addressed the newly sworn recruits, saying, amongst other things :
"He who is no good Christian is no good man and also no
Prussian soldier, and can under no circumstances perform what
is required of a soldier in the Prussian Army. Your duty is not
light. It demands of you self-discipline and self-denial, the two
highest qualities of the Christian ; also absolute obedience and
submission to the will of your superiors."
On June 15th, 1898, the tenth anniversary of his accession,
the Emperor assembled the regiments of Life Guards in the
Lustgarten at Potsdam, and delivered the following address to
them :
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 227
"The most important inheritance which my illustrious grand-
father and father bequeathed to me, and which I entered upon
with joy and pride, is the army. To my army did I address my
first proclamation when I ascended the throne, and to it do I now
again address my words on entering into this new decade, to you
who are now assembled here the First Eegiment of Foot Guards,
in which I was brought up, the regiment of the King's Body-
guard as being the most distinguished regiment of the Guards of
the Prussian Kings, the regiment of Hussars of the Life Guards
which I myself have commanded, and the Depot Battalion of
Infantry which represents the entire army, and which in Potsdam
enjoys the honour of furnishing the guard for the King and his
House. Scarcely ever was an army plunged into so great grief as
was mine in the year 1888. Never has an army in the course of
a single year lost two so mighty leaders crowned with laurels and
the glory of victory, who were also at the same time its supreme
commanders.
"With deep gratitude do I look upon the years which have
elapsed since then. Seldom, indeed, has a time of such trouble
passed over the head of a successor to a throne, who had to see
his grandfather and his father die within so short a space. With
deep sorrow did I take up the crown ; on all sides men doubted
me ; on all sides did I encounter misconceptions. One thing alone
had confidence in me, one thing alone believed in me it was the
army, and supported by it, and relying upon our God as of old,
I undertook my heavy office, knowing well that the army was the
main support of my country, the main pillar of the Prussian
throne, to which God's decree had called me. So then I turn first
of all to-day to you and express to you my congratulations and
thanks, in which I, at the same time, include with you all your
brothers in the army. I am firmly convinced that during the
last ten years, by the self-sacrificing devotion of officers and men,
by its loyal, devoted work in peace, the army has been maintained
in that splendid condition in which I received it from the hands
of my late grandfather. During the next ten years we will
continue to work together in loyal association, with unquestioning
fulfilment of our duty, with the old unwearied industry ; and may
the main pillars of our army ever be unassailed ; these are, bravery,
228 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
sense of honour, and absolute, iron, blind obedience. That is my
wish which I address to you and with you to the whole army."
The Emperor began the year 1899 in military respects by an
act of piety. He revived the traditions of the Hanoverian and
Hessian regiments, which disappeared in consequence of the
annexation of the two countries in the year 1866 and the in-
corporation of their contingents in the Prussian Army.
On January 24th, 1899, on the Waterloo Square in Hanover,
the Emperor held a review of the troops in garrison there, and
issued to them the following Cabinet Order of January 24th.
" To the Staff of the Tenth Army Corps.
"When my grandfather, now resting in God, in the year 1870
drew the sword to repel the enemy's invasion, the brave sons of
Hanover stood loyally by their new King and their German Father-
land, and displayed the old Hanoverian bravery on bloody fields
of battle. On the imperishable scrolls of honour of the past they
inscribed the new names of Spichern, Metz, Beaune la Kolande,
Le Mans. Thus did they show themselves worthy of their an-
cestors, the victors of Krefeld, Minden, and Waterloo, as well as
the brave warriors on the Spanish Peninsula. I have resolved
to revive the memories which are so dear to you and to the
whole Province of Hanover, and which on the dissolution of
the Hanoverian Army lost the chief centre where they were
cherished. From henceforth the Prussian troops, among whom
the old Hanoverian warriors were incorporated, are to be the
bearers of the traditions of the former Hanoverian regiments
and to perpetuate their distinctions. I will thereby give to
the warriors of 1870 and 1871 both a new token of my royal
gratitude, and also a recognition of the many specially eminent
services which have won for the Hanoverian soldiers at all times
an honourable name. At the same time, I cherish the hope that
now all former members of the Hanoverian Army will find once
more the centre so long missed, round which, in the circle of their
younger comrades, they can cherish the proud memories of their
ancestors."
At the subsequent lunch given in the officers' mess-room of the
Prince Albert Kegiment of Fusiliers at Hanover, the Emperor,
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 229
according to the Hanover Courier, delivered the following
speech :
" One of the main principles which, so long as I have had the
honour to be at the head of my army, I have in all places pro-
claimed and upheld, is tradition, and this thought led me to form
the resolution which has been carried into execution to-day. I
believe that I can rely upon the approval of all if I assume that
the honours ordered by me to-day have filled the hearts of
all of you with joy, because by their means tradition is preserved
and the glorious names of the past are revived. With all my
heart do I congratulate the Tenth Army Corps, that it can now
look back with pride on the glorious days of the Hanoverian
Army, the days of Krefeld, Minden, and Waterloo. But I have
been, above all, influenced by this aspect of the case, that I have
regarded it as a special hardship to the old soldier living in retire-
ment, that he no longer has the privilege of sharing joy and
sorrow with his comrades in the army. I deemed it desirable to
fill this void for you to-day by reviving the traditions of the
Hanoverian regiments in the new regiments of the Tenth Army
Corps, and thereby reawakening in the minds of these gentlemen
the memory of the military days of their youth. The members
of the old Hanoverian Army may now find themselves quite at
home in the regiments of the Tenth Army Corps and the other
Hanoverian troops. And may the Tenth Army Corps ever remain
conscious of the proud exploits of the old Hanoverian Army."
A great gambling trial and various scandals revealed the fact
that usury was systematically practised on officers. In order to
check this evil, the Emperor issued the following Cabinet Order
on February 23rd, 1899 :
"I have repeatedly had my attention drawn by occurrences
of late to the frequency with which the sordid offers of pro-
fessional money-lenders are sent to the officers of my army.
The thoughtlessness of youth and want of experience in monetary
affairs frequently result in the opportunity thus presented giving
rise to grievous distress, nay, even to absolute ruin. I wish to
be assured that all possible means have been taken to remove
temptations of this kind from my officers. My Order of July 5th,
230 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
1888, which sought to effect this, must always be regarded by
every officer as my earnest will. I decree that for the future
every officer has to report to his superiors without delay all such
sordid offers of money as are forwarded to him. I require the
general staffs and other competent military authorities, when
once the punishable nature of the offer is established, and if
possible a judicial verdict obtained from the courts, to com-
municate all such cases forthwith to the Ministry of War. The
latter has then to take the necessary steps to publish the names
of the men who carry on this kind of business and details of
the case. This, my Order, is to be published in ^he Army
Gazette."
At the command of the Emperor, the commencement of the
twentieth century was celebrated on January 1st, 1900.
On this New Year's Day, a camp service was held in the
Arsenal at Berlin, after which the Emperor delivered the follow-
ing speech to the assembled officers :
" The first day of the new century sees our army that is to
say, our nation in arms gathered round its regimental colours,
kneeling before the Lord of Hosts ; and truly, if anyone has a
special reason to kneel before God to-day, it is our army. A
glance at our colours suffices to explain my meaning, for they
are the embodiment of our history. How did the century just
past find our army at its dawn ? The glorious army of Frederick
the Great had fallen asleep on its laurels, and had become fossil-
ised in the petty details of military pedantry ; its generals were
decrepit with age and incapable in war; its officers had grown
unaccustomed to strenuous work, and were sunk in luxury, self-
indulgence, and inordinate self-esteem. In a word, the army had
not only become incompetent to do its duty, it had forgotten
it. Sore was the retribution from heaven which overtook it and
smote our nation. It was humbled to the dust, the glory of
Frederick faded away, its colours were broken to pieces. In the
seven long years of bitterest servitude God taught our nation
to recover its senses, and under the weight of the foot of a
haughty conqueror our people evolved from its heart the noblest
of thoughts, that it is the highest honour to devote life and
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 231
goods in military service to the Fatherland: universal liability
to service. My great-grandfather gave it form and life, fresh
laurels crowned the newly created army and its young colours.
But yet universal military service only acquired its peculiar
significance under the influence of our great departed Emperor.
In the retirement of his study he laid his plans of reorganisa-
tion for our army, in spite of the resistance offered by ignorance.
Yet victorious campaigns crowned his work in a manner never
anticipated. His spirit inspired the ranks of his army, just as
his trust in God spurred it on to unexampled victories. With
this, his own creation, he brought the German peoples together
again, and restored to us the German unity so long desired. To
him we owe it that by virtue of this army the German Empire
again commands respect, and resumes its appointed place in the
council of the nations. Gentlemen, it now lies with you to main-
tain, also in the new century, the old qualities by which our
forefathers made the army great, and to put them into practice :
simplicity and unassuming modesty in daily life, absolute sur-
render of self to the service of the King, and entire devotion of
all the powers of body and mind with restless energy to the
perfecting and development of our troops. And as my grand-
father did for his land army, so, too, will I for my navy in the
same manner, without faltering, continue and carry through
the work of reorganisation, so that it, too, may be able to stand
with equal authority at the side of my combative forces on land,
and that by its means the German Empire may be in a position
to win also abroad a place it has never yet attained. With
both combined, I hope to be able, with firm confidence on God's
guidance, to realise the truth of the saying of Frederick William I.:
" If one will decide anything in the world, the pen will not do
it unless it is sustained by the power of the sword."
In a special edition the Army Gazette published the following
Army Order :
" To my Army.
"The century is now ended which at its commencement saw
the Fatherland in its deepest humiliation, and the conclusion of
which was crowned by the restoration of Emperor and Empire.
232 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"The German Empire had collapsed under the blows of the
conqueror, the might of Prussia had dwindled away, and the
army of the great King, which had triumphantly bidden defiance
to a world in arms, had ceased to exist.
"It is true that after seven never-to-be-forgotten years of
suffering, Prussia, with marvellous recuperative power and all the
strength of a people driven to despair, burst the chains of foreign
domination, and thereby gave back Germany to itself. It is true
that in the War of Liberation its newly created army entwined
countless wreaths of glory round its banners, yet the highest
reward for its self-sacrificing devotion was still denied to our
Fatherland, and the inextinguishable longing for the unification
of Germany still remained unsatisfied. The German peoples
lived side by side amid constant bickering and estrangement, but
Germany remained of slight account in the council of the
nations.
" At last God caused the men to arise in it who completed the
work of unification begun on blood-drenched fields of battle.
To-day our common great Fatherland stands forth, a mighty
power, a bulwark of peace, protected by its army, in which pre-
vails a spirit of unanimity.
" With a heart filled with gratitude do I, on the turning day of
the century, raise my eye to the throne of the Almighty, who has
done so great things for us ; to Him do I and my people in arms
pray that He may continue to be with us also in the future.
"Filled with pride and joy, I call to mind those whom He
made the instruments of His will: my sorely tried great-
grandfather, the great Emperor of immortal memory, my dearly-
loved father and their faithful allies; their counsellors and
generals, who made sharp the sword of Prussia, and when the
hour of battle struck led its army from victory to victory; the
men who for the liberation of the Fatherland and its honour
gladly and without fear sacrificed life and limb. The memory of
these heroes will remain indelibly fixed in the heart of the
German nation.
" I thank my army for all that it has accomplished for my
House and for the Fatherland during this long period of time,
for its devotion and spirit of self-sacrifice, for its bravery and
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN ARMY 233
loyalty. And when to-day its glorious colours, decked with
laurels, are lowered before the altar of the Almighty to receive
from my hands the commemorative token which, in accordance
with the unanimous resolution of my exalted allies, is to be
bestowed on the colours of the entire German Army as a fresh
pledge of its unity and solidarity, then shall it renew the oath
at all times to emulate the deeds of our fathers and forefathers,
with whose blood was cemented the bond, which now and for
all future time unites the princes and peoples of Germany.
"And if ever again, by the will of Heaven, fresh storms shall
burst over our Fatherland, and once again thrust the sword into
the hands of its sons, they will but spend their force on my brave
army, it will be and remain what it was and is a rock on which
rests the might and greatness of Germany. May God grant it.
" WILLIAM.
"BERLIN, January 1st, 1900."
THE EMPEEOR AND THE GEEMAN NAVY.
T the time when the Emperor William came to the throne the
German Navy consisted of twenty-seven ironclads, mostly of
old construction, and twenty-three cruisers, which also were of
obsolete pattern. To-day Germany's Navy includes thirty-five
armoured ships, the majority being new and powerful, and
thirty -nine cruisers of the most modern type ; and a still greater
number of ships is either being built or is projected in accord-
ance with a definite ship-building programme. When in a few
years Germany possesses a fleet which will be able to give proper
protection to her enormous over-sea commerce and to render her
shores safe against hostile attack, and which will be in keeping
with the world-wide power of the German Empire, the credit of
this will belong for the most part to the Emperor, for it will be
his achievement. He has created not only the Navy itself, but
also the enthusiasm for it. He has thrown himself heart and
soul into the advocacy of a powerful Navy. With heart and
hand, with word and deed, with pen and pencil, he has striven
for the Navy and its development. Germany will have to thank
him that in the future she will have that strong fleet, which, to
quote his own words, " we so bitterly want."
If people had been aware of the zeal with which the un-
assuming Prince William, who then appeared to be a long way
from the throne, studied and worked in the privacy of the Potsdam
Marble Palace, there would not have been so much surprise at the
fact that immediately after he ascended the throne he showed a
striking interest in naval matters. By means of untiring industry,
a highly-developed faculty of grasping facts, and a magnificent
adaptability, he has become a first-rate naval expert, and is as
familiar with all the details of the naval service and naval science
as any professional naval officer of long standing. Equipped with
this knowledge, he has been able to reorganise, modernise, and
develop the Navy, and to raise it to that powerful fighting
machine which it is to-day.
234
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 235
A great disaster was experienced by the then weak German
Navy on the 16th of March, 1889. A terrible hurricane swept
the harbour of Apia (Samoa), and three German warships the
cruiser Adler, the gunboat Jlber, and the corvette Olga were
stranded. The last-mentioned was refloated and her crew were
saved, but the two others were lost, crews and all. The corvette
Alexandrine was ordered to Samoan waters to take the place of
the lost ships. Before her departure the Emperor visited her and
addressed the officers in the Naval Club at Wilhelmshaven as
follows :
"The words which the Admiral in command has just spoken
have touched me deeply, and I thank you all most cordially for the
sentiments to which he has given expression on your behalf.
" There are two reasons why I was anxious to see you. First,
because I desired to bid farewell to the corvette which I once
christened, in obedience to the Imperial command of my late
grandfather. She bears the name of the favourite sister of the
ever-lamented Sovereign, of the one surviving member of the
Emperor William's generation. May the corvette which is
privileged to bear so illustrious a name gain great honour!
May God ever hold over her His protecting hand !
"Secondly, because, like you, I wished to join in doing
honour to the memory of the brave men whom death has taken
from us in such a sudden way in Samoa. Sorrow shared is half
sorrow. They were brave men, and certainly to many of you
good friends and comrades. They showed their bravery a few
months ago. But we need not indulge in useless lamentations
for them. No ; let them serve us as an example. After fighting
victoriously against men they met an honourable death in battling
courageously against the fury of the elements. God willed that
it should be so. They died for Emperor and Empire. I should
like to recall certain beautiful and poetic words which will be
familiar to most of you. When, with bowed head, the Admiral
Medina Sidonia told the King of Spain that his mighty Armada
had been destroyed, the King comforted him and said, ' God is
over us ! I sent you out against men, but not against waves and
rocks.' And so it was in our case. May every one of you who
is a commander, or who will become one, always remember that
the commander who, by God's will, loses his ship or goes down in
236 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
her after gloriously contending with the elements, dies, in my
opinion, quite as glorious a death as the leader who falls sword
in hand at the head of his regiment whilst in the act of storming
the enemy's position. Our comrades in Samoa and those on the
Augusta were not merely drowned, they died fulfilling their duty
to the last moment. Comrades, may the noble example which
those brave men have given to us ever light our path and incite
us to emulation ! May the spirit of devotion, discipline, and
endurance unto death, which has at all times distinguished my
Navy, be retained in the future ! With these sentiments in my
mind I raise my glass and drink to the German Navy, its brave
officers in particular. Hurrah ! "
A Bill was introduced into the Eeichstag in March which
had for its object the reorganisation of the Naval Administration.
The functions of the Admiralty were divided between a Com-
mander-in-Chief and a Secretary of State for the Imperial Navy.
In order to give to the German fleet in home waters a more
convenient base, the Emperor acquired, by a treaty signed on
the 1st of July, 1890, the island of Heligoland from the British
Government. On the 10th of August the Emperor visited the
island, took part in the ceremony of transfer, and issued the
following proclamation to the inhabitants :
"People of Heligoland: In consequence of a treaty which I
have made with the Government of her Majesty the Queen of
Great Britain and Ireland, the sovereignty of this island and
its appurtenances has passed into my possession. In a peaceful
way, therefore, you return to that political relationship with the
German Fatherland, to which your history, your position, and
your commercial interests naturally point. Community of race,
language, customs, and interests has for ages kept you near to
your German brothers. Thanks to the beneficent wisdom of your
late rulers this position has undergone no alteration during the
time in which the island has been a part of the powerful British
Empire. All the more joyfully does every German join with me
in welcoming you to reunion with the German people and Father-
land.
" The details of the constitutional form which this reincorpora-
tion will assume are reserved for my decision, with the co-operation
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 237
of the competent representative bodies appointed under our
Constitution. In solemnly taking over for all time for myself
and my successors the possession of Heligoland and its appur-
tenances, I trust to your well-proved loyalty, and believe that
now that you are henceforward to be German subjects you will
be faithfully and unswervingly devoted to me and to the Father-
land. I, for my part, assure you that your rights shall have my
protection and care. I will see to it that right and justice are
impartially upheld amongst you, and that your native laws and
customs shall remain as nearly as possible unchanged. For the
future, also, a beneficent and paternal Government will endeavour
to promote your interests and to foster the economic welfare of
the island. In order to render easier the transition from the old
conditions to the new the present generation will be exempted
from the universal obligation to serve in the Army or the Navy.
The customs duties now in force on the island will not be altered
in any respect for several years. All rights of property which
individuals or corporations have obtained from the British Govern-
ment and which exist in Heligoland will remain in force. The
fulfilment of the obligations corresponding to these rights will
henceforth be undertaken by me and my Government. My
special attention will be given to the maintenance of the religion
of your ancestors and to the support of your church and school.
It is with satisfaction that I receive Heligoland into the fringe
of German islands which skirt the coast of the Fatherland. May
your reunion with Germany, and your participation in Germany's
glory, independence, and freedom produce lasting blessings for
you and your successors ! May God will that it be so ! "
The Emperor also addressed the crews of the warships which
were assembled at Heligoland, and said :
" Comrades of the Navy : Four days ago we celebrated the
anniversary of the battle of Worth, at which, acting under my
late grandfather, my father dealt the first hammer-stroke for the
erection of the new German Empire. And now, after a lapse of
twenty years, I incorporate with the German Fatherland, without
battle and without bloodshed, this last piece of German ground.
The island is destined to be a bulwark in the sea, a protection to
238 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
German fishermen, a port of supply for my warships, and a place
of refuge and protection in the German Ocean against all the
enemies who may venture to show themselves upon it.
" I take possession of this island, to whose inhabitants I have
given my greeting, and in order to observe this event I command
that my standard be hoisted and by its side that of my Navy."
A naval banquet was given in the Castle of Gravenstein on the
6th of September, 1890. The Emperor was present and proposed
a toast, which ran as follows :
" Admirals and Commanders of my Squadron : I express to
you my sincere admiration of the performance which I have
witnessed to-day. You have just concluded a course of training,
and I rejoice to see that the aims I proposed to you and the
wishes which I expressed have been taken to heart and carried
out. You have, at the end of a three months' course, proved, in
a way that redounds to your great honour, not only your skill in
tactics and the handling of your ships and the squadron, but also
the care with which you have instructed your men in gunnery,
and I extend my praise to the commanders and also to the naval
officers and the battery officers.
" The crews of my torpedo-boats also have shown how well in
every respect that flotilla, both as a whole and in detail, can
perform its work. I am firmly convinced that, thanks to the
efficiency of its training and the devotion, discipline, and fidelity
with which its officers carry out their duties, my Navy will be
able to accomplish any task, no matter how difficult, which I may
have to give it, and this to my entire satisfaction and for the
welfare and glory of the Fatherland."
The Emperor was at Kiel on the 4th of January, 1892, when
the naval recruits took the oath of allegiance. He addressed
them in these words :
" Your oaths have been heard by Almighty God and by myself.
It will be your duty whilst on my ships to carry the honour of
Germany to all parts of the world. Our Navy is, of course, still
small compared with that of our enemies abroad, but the secret
of your strength lies in good discipline and in the obedience of
the crews to their supreme commander and their superior officers.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 239
" Wherever you may be, either at home or in foreign parts,
whether protecting colonies or on a scientific expedition, con-
duct yourselves properly and always be mindful of your duties as
German sailors. Your ancestors before you won a good name
abroad. Uphold it, and stand faithfully to Emperor and Empire
everywhere. And, further, do not forget what your parents
taught you religion and the fear of God. If you retain these,
your life in the service will be happy."
Another day of misfortune for the German Navy was the 16th
of February, 1894. Whilst the Brandenburg was taking a trial
trip with forced draught the main boiler-tube burst, the explosion
causing the death of over forty men. On the 17th, the Emperor
sent the following telegram to Captain Bendemann, I.N., at
Kiel :
" Greatly shocked by this terrible misfortune, I hasten to express
to you and to the entire crew my heartfelt and most profound
Imperial sympathy. The heroic death suffered, whilst faithfully
fulfilling their duty, secures for the victims an honourable place in
my memory and in the annals of my Navy for all time. All of us
are in the hands of God. Firmly trusting in Him we bow our-
selves in devotion to Him and submit ourselves to His inscrutable
will, and we look forward to the future with confidence and hope.
I will erect in the Garrison Church at Kiel a memorial tablet to
those who have lost their lives, and for the rest 'Full steam
ahead!'"
The victims of the explosion were buried on the 20th of
February, and, by order of the Emperor, were accorded the same
funeral honours as those who fall before an enemy.
On the same day, the Emperor witnessed a number of naval
recruits take their oath at Wilhelmshaven, and also inspected the
ironclad Konig Wilhelm, which on that day completed twenty-
five years' service. At a lunch on board he spoke as follows :
"To-day's festival affords us an opportunity to glance back at
the past which lies behind us, and I wished, surrounded by hearty
comrades, to learn how it fared with our Navy.
" Our thoughts go back to the time of my late grandfather, who
had a victorious campaign behind him and a still more glorious
one before him. The Prussian Navy was then at the beginning
240 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
of its development. The spirit of the most earnest fulfilment of
duty and the most faithful devotion inspired its members. My
late father at that time came on board this ship, which, together
with the Kronprinz and the Friedrich, Karl, was anchored off
Wilhelmshaven. I myself, then a boy of tender years, was
taken on board on that occasion, and I very easily recall the
moment when the towering masses of the rigging of the frigates,
standing clear against the horizon, came into my view, and what
an impression it made on us children.
" Unfortunately it was not vouchsafed to the Konig Wilhelm
to fight, hull to hull and side to side with the enemy. Only a
few ships have had the privilege of meeting the foe, and the
Konig Wilhelm had to be content with the somewhat thankless
role, in which very little genuine glory could be obtained, of
protecting the coasts of the Fatherland. Anyone who is able to
put himself into the place of and understand the feelings of
those men who lay off the coast for months, close to the enemy
whom they were not allowed to attack, would feel his heart break
for very bitterness and discontent. But with an alacrity worthy
of all praise they rendered their services, obeyed the orders of
their supreme commander, and, by their discipline, laid the
foundation of the greatness of the Navy of to-day.
"The last notable public act of my late grandfather was the
laying of the foundation-stone of one of the greatest constructive
works of modern times, namely, the canal which unites the
Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. That was the last occasion on
which the Konig Wilhelm saw her illustrious chief. Since that
time a tradition has grown up in the service, and the twenty-five
years through which we have passed have been of great value to
our Navy. By means of the sustained attention and the un-
wearying labour which have been bestowed on the needs of the
Navy, it has attained to such a high position that a tribute of
sincere admiration is paid to it all over the world. Eecent events
have made it clear that the Navy lives in all hearts, and the
numerous expressions of sympathy which I have received from
friendly Sovereigns are evidence that the intimate connection in
which I stand to my Navy is appreciated everywhere.
" All the works of man perish and decay. I do not entertain
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 241
any doubt that the Konig Wilhelm, though no longer equal to
the requirements of modern tactics, would always do itself credit
if sent against an enemy, and that the officers and crew would
make up for what may be lacking in other respects by bravery
and devotion to duty ; and I believe that the spirit of unshak-
able loyalty and fidelity will continue to be fostered on this ship.
My late grandfather once said to his veteran generals that the
most prominent virtues of officers and men should be loyalty,
bravery, and obedience. I drink to these and at the same time
to the officers and crew of his Majesty's ship Konig Wilhelm."
In April, 1894, the Imperial Family stayed at Abbazia. The
Emperor paid a visit to the Austrian naval port of Pola on April
6th, and at a dinner given in the officers' mess-room, referred to
the Austrian Navy in the following terms :
" It has long been my desire to establish closer relations with
the Austrian Navy. Several of my commanders, Prince Henry in
particular, have often told me of the courteous treatment which
they have received at your hands. I thank you cordially for the
reception which my warships met with four years ago in the
harbours of Austria -Hungary, and I associate with my thanks
my wishes for the prosperity of the Austro- Hungarian Navy.
After visiting the monument of the brave naval hero whose
memory will never be forgotten, Admiral Tegetthoff, the victor of
Lissa,* whose spirit lives, not only in the Austro-Hungarian, but
also in the German Navy, I can best state my wishes and those
of my comrades in these words: Wherever the call of the Emperor
Francis Joseph, my best friend, with whom I am united in the
most intimate friendship and the most cordial brotherhood in arms,
may lead you, let your watchward ever be ' Full steam ahead.' "
On the 3rd of December, 1894, at Kiel, the Emperor addressed
the recruits as follows :
" The oath is sacred, and sacred also is the place on which you
have taken it, for you have before you the altar and the crucifix.
It is a sign that we Germans are Christians, that in every under-
taking we engage in, especially the most important of all, namely,
the training for the defence of the Fatherland, we always begin
* Off Lissa in the Adriatic the Italians were defeated by the Austrians on
July 20th, 1866.
R
242 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
by giving honour to God. You wear the Emperor's uniform, you
have thereby been given a preference over other men, and been
placed on an equality with your comrades of the Army and the
Navy. You occupy a position very different from the one you
were in before, and you have taken duties upon yourselves. You
will be envied by many for the uniform which you wear. Hold it
in honour ; do not bring disgrace on it. This can best be done by
remembering your oath, which should be specially easy for you,
seamen, for whilst on the sea you will have the opportunity of
learning in manifold ways of the almighty power of God. What
is the secret of the fact that we have so often overcome the enemy
with inferior numbers ? It is discipline. What is discipline ? It
is united co-operation, united obedience. That our early ancestors
already practised this principle one instance will show. On one
occasion when they took up arms and marched against the
Eomans, they crossed the mountains and suddenly caught sight of
the innumerable troops of the enemy, and then they realised what
a difficult task lay before them. But they rendered honour to God,
for they prayed first, and then linking themselves together, man to
man, with chains, threw themselves on the enemy and defeated
them. We no longer have need of real chains, we have an inspirit-
ing religion and the oath. Kemain faithful to your oath, and
keep it in mind whether you are at home or abroad. Hold high
the flag black, white, and red which stands here before you;
and think of your enemy, think of your Emperor."
The following, also, is an address which the Emperor delivered
(on the 5th of March, 1895) to a body of recruits :
"You have come here to take the oath of allegiance. This
is an old custom of our ancestors, who regarded the faithful fulfil-
ment of the oath as a sacred duty. As I, your Emperor and Euler,
devote all my efforts and endeavours to the Fatherland, so rests on
you the responsibility of placing your life's energies at my dis-
posal. For you have sworn the oath as Christians, and it was as
Christians that you were addressed by the two servants of God.
On our flag you see the eagle, the noblest of creatures. Exulting
in his strength, he soars in the air in the rays of God's sun ; he
knows naught of fear or danger. Such should be your ambition
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 243
and all your aims. You are entering now upon a period in the
course of which you will, at times, experience difficulty in carry-
ing out the duties which are imposed on you by the service, and
there may be hours in which you will feel that you are unequal
to your tasks. At such times remember that you are Christians ;
think of your parents and of the mother who taught you the
Lord's Prayer.
"You are expected to be dignified and of good behaviour in
representing your Fatherland in foreign parts. Our Navy is, to
the outward eye, but small, but what makes us stronger than
other navies is discipline and strict obedience to superiors. These
principles will help our Navy to prosper and become great in
times of peace, so that it may promote the welfare of the country,
and, let us pray God, destroy the enemy in war. Take the old
Brandenburgers as models ! "
On the 26th of July, 1895, the following Cabinet Order was
issued by the Emperor :
"The solemn and weighty words uttered by my late grand-
father, which must be regarded as authoritatively settling the
standard of duty for officers for all time, ought still to be upheld
by the officers of my Navy unaltered. Inquiries held by a Court
of Honour for which formal rules of procedure have already
been drawn up are to be brought to a conclusion as quickly
as possible at the place where they were first instituted. In
cases in which doubts arise as to the competency of the Court
or as to the interpretation or application of the rules regulating
the conduct of cases brought before Courts of Honour, the
Admiral in command is to settle the matter, but in exceptional
cases my decision should be directly requested."
The 23rd of July, 1896, was a day of great grief for the
German Navy, but at the same time also a day to be remembered
with pride. The gunboat Iltis foundered in a typhoon off the east
coast of the Chinese province of Shantung. At the moment at
which the vessel sank the captain, standing on the bridge, called
for three cheers for the Emperor, which were given enthusiastic-
ally by the crew. Of the eighty-five sailors who manned the
Iltis only ten escaped. The Emperor sent the following telegram
to Admiral Knorr from Bergen in Norway :
244 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
"It fills me with profound sorrow to learn of the loss of my
gunboat Htis, which, in carrying out her duties, foundered on the
Chinese coast with all her officers and the great majority of
her crew. I have lost many brave men, at the head of whom
was a distinguished and able commander. The Fatherland will
mourn with me, and the Navy will warmly preserve the memory
of those who, up to their last breath, regarded the fulfilment
of duty as the highest obligation of life."
At the Naval Eeview at Spithead in honour of the Diamond
Jubilee of Queen Victoria, in June, 1897, Germany was repre-
sented by the old warship Konig Wilhelm, commanded by Prince
Henry. The Emperor telegraphed to his brother in these words :
" I greatly regret that I was not able to place at your disposal
for the Eeview a better ship than the Konig Wilhelm, which will
not compare with some of the splendid warships which other
nations will send. This is one of the regrettable consequences
of the attitude of those unpatriotic men who have succeeded
in hindering the supply of necessary ships, but I will never rest
until I have raised my Navy to a position similar to that occupied
by my Army. I expect of the men of the Konig Wilhelm that
their conduct at the Eeview will reflect honour on the name of
Germany."
Since the year 1897 the Emperor has systematically striven to
create a strong public feeling in favour of a powerful Navy.
Among other things, he has had comparative tables of the Navies
of all countries drawn up, copies of which were sent at his order to
the members of the Eeichstag, to the magistrates of towns, and to
other prominent people. On every available opportunity he has
exerted his full personal influence on behalf of the increase of
the Navy. Interest in the Navy has gradually been aroused in
all parts of the Empire, and the foundation of the Navy League
has done much to win converts for the Emperor's idea.
On November 30th, 1897, the Bill for the Increase of the
German Navy was introduced into the Eeichstag, which on
December 9th referred it to the Committee of Ways and Means.
To the recruits who took their oath at Wilhelmshaven on the
2nd of March, 1898, the Emperor said :
" You have, as seamen, sworn the oath on the black, white, and
red flag. Black is symbolical of work and mourning, white of
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 245
pleasure and recreation, and red of the blood which many of your
ancestors shed for the Fatherland. I wish to remind you of the
fact that brave seamen have met death in the waves whilst giving
their last thoughts to the dear Fatherland and the flag to which
they swore the oath of fidelity.
" Many of your comrades have gone forth in order to protect
the interests of the Fatherland, for wherever a German has fallen
while faithfully fulfilling his duty to the Fatherland, and there
lies buried, and wherever the German Eagle has thrust his talons
into a country, that country is German, and will remain German.
Go your way and do your duties as you have just sworn to do in
God's sight."
The Bill for the increase of the Navy passed the Eeichstag on
the 28th of March, 1898, on the third reading. On this the
Emperor telegraphed as follows to the Grand Duke Frederick
of Baden:
" The Navy Bill has just been passed by a large majority on the
third reading. To you, above all, are my thanks due for your in-
defatigable efforts and for that devotion and energy with which
you always stand by me in all matters concerning the welfare of
the Fatherland. In gratitude for this I place you a la suite of
our Eoyal Marines, whose brave lads are protecting our flag in the
Far East. May God bless you ! "
In answer to the telegraphic announcement, made on the 25th
of May, of the foundation of the Institution of Naval Architects,
the Emperor expressed his satisfaction at this new step in the
field of German naval activity. In his telegram he said :
"I am greatly pleased to hear of the foundation of the
Institution of Naval Architects. Like the British Institution of
Naval Architects, of which I rejoice to say that I have been a
member for a number of years, it will be called upon to promote
a great industry which exercises a far-reaching influence on the
prosperity and development of the nation. I trust that the
Institution will have great success in this wide field. It may
then always be assured of my warm interest."
The cruiser Kaiser returned from the east coast of Asia in
October, 1899. Shortly afterwards she was inspected by the
Emperor, who addressed the crew. His words were:
246 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" With deep gratitude to God, who kept His protecting hand
over you, I warmly welcome home this good ship and her brave
crew. At the same time I express the thanks of myself, your
supreme commander, and of the entire German Fatherland, for the
honour which you have again brought to the name of Germany
in foreign parts. These thanks apply especially to those of the
crew, who, weapon in hand, stand before me and who took part in
the capture of Kiau-Chau, which was effected by my order.
Thank God, old and young, high and low throughout the German
Empire now follow with affectionate interest the work of each of
our few warships which has duties to perform in foreign waters.
The doings of my ship Kaiser in particular have been followed
with beating heart and keen interest as she has been carrying out
her work at Chin-Chu, and there does not live a German man or
a German woman in all our broad land who did not read with joy
and pride the news which reached home telling us how manfully
you and your comrades of the cruiser squadron upheld the honour
of Germany. It is to me a special satisfaction that this good
ship, now a quarter of a century old, and probably near the end
of her career of service, has been able to bring it to so worthy a
close. She owes her existence to the Fatherland, which was
reunited by the great Emperor, her name to the title which for
centuries was mentioned with respect by the entire civilised world,
and which, long the object of passionate desire of our fathers,
was revived and adorned by the commanding figure of William
the Great. During the time she has been in commission my ship
Kaiser has always upheld with honour in foreign waters the flag
of the new German Empire, and the name of the gallant Admiral
Batsch is inseparably associated with her. With grateful recollec-
tions do my thoughts dwell on the weeks which I spent on board
this ship during my cruise in the Mediterranean, now about ten
years ago. Then my ship Kaiser had the privilege of carrying,
for the first time since the days of Frederick of Hohenstaufen,
the banner of the German Emperor in the sunny waters of Greece
and the Golden Horn. Owing to the deplorable want of good
large ocean-going ships, I was compelled once more to send out to
East Asia this old vessel, which was not originally intended to be
a cruiser. Having splendidly fulfilled her task, she has returned
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 247
home with honour, and has brought with her a model crew and
an admirable staff of officers. May each of my ships, some day
in the course of its existence, be able to look back upon such
satisfactory achievements and earn as much approval from her
supreme commander as is the case with my good old Kaiser."
In reply to a telegraphic announcement of the formation of a
Provincial Committee of the Navy League in Konigsberg, the
Emperor, on November 6th, 1899, replied to Count Wilhelrn von
Bismarck, the Governor of the Province of East Prussia :
" From the telegram which I have received to-day I learn with
pleasure and satisfaction that a committee of the German Navy
League has been formed in Konigsberg which will represent the
whole province. In thanking you cordially for your assurances of
loyalty and devotion to my person, I express the hope that, as-
sisted by the German Navy League, we shall succeed in convincing
the German nation more and more of the necessity of a powerful
Navy, commensurate with our interests and able to protect them.
It has afforded me special satisfaction that the province of East
Prussia which set a noble example in a time of trouble at the
beginning of the century despite the fact that a great part of its
rural population has to contend with serious difficulties, is ready,
in its well-proved loyalty, willingly to make sacrifices on behalf
of the welfare of the Fatherland."
The following telegram was sent by the Emperor to Prince
William of Wied in reply to one despatched at the banquet of
the General Meeting of the Navy League, held at Berlin on
January llth, 1900:
" The greeting and homage submitted to me by the General Meet-
ing of the German Navy League have afforded me great pleasure,
and I thank you cordially for the vow you have taken loyally to
co-operate in one of the most important of our national duties,
namely, the raising of our Navy to a strength commensurate
with the position of Germany and of Germany's interests. I wish
further success to the patriotic efforts of the Nfavy League to
promote among all classes of the German people an understanding
of how urgent it is that the Navy should be increased."
A Bill to amend the German Navy Act was introduced
on the 8th of February, 1900, by which a still further increase
248 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
of the Navy was sanctioned. On the following day the Emperor
telegraphed to King William II. of Wiirtemberg concerning the
formation of a branch of the Navy League. He said :
"I thank you sincerely for having become patron of the
Wiirtemberg Provincial Committee of the German Navy League,
for in doing so you give further evidence that the Princes of
Germany take the lead in all endeavours on behalf of the welfare
of our Fatherland. I also request you to convey to Prince Carl of
Urach my thanks for his having placed himself at the head of the
Provincial Committee. I hope that the events of the last few
days will still further convince large numbers of people that not
only Germany's interests, but Germany's honour also, are upheld
on distant seas, and that Germany must therefore be powerful at
sea."
As can easily be understood, it was with more than ordinary
satisfaction that the Emperor received the information that
branches of the Navy League had been formed in Alsace-Lorraine
one in Strassburg which was to embrace that city and the sur-
rounding districts, and others in other places. Prince Hohenlohe,
the Governor of the Imperial Territories (Alsace-Lorraine), com-
municated this welcome intelligence to his Majesty, whose reply,
dated the 3rd of March, 1900, was :
"Greatly pleased at your report regarding the formation of
branches of the Navy League in the city of Strassburg and the
surrounding rural districts and in other cities of the Imperial
Territories, which are so dear to me, I congratulate you and
myself that you have become patron of these new branches, and
the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine on their praiseworthy attitude
towards our national interests. That Germany's need of a strong
Navy should meet with more and more recognition in the Imperial
Territories speaks well for the growth of German national senti-
ments among the Alsace-Lorrainers, and that these views as
regards the Navy should spread in an inland province shows that
it is understood that a defensive fleet does not merely serve to
protect the interests of the traders of our great commercial cities,
but that it is also needed, and bitterly needed, for the protection
of the industry of our entire people and their success in the
world."
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 249
On the 23rd of November, 1900, the Emperor was again present
at the swearing-in of the naval recruits at Kiel, and on that
occasion addressed them as follows :
"I have on many a previous occasion accepted the oath of
allegiance taken here by young recruits.
" By quiet and peaceful work our Navy slowly developed year
by year, and now and again during this period of peaceful
development down to the moment of the loss of our little Iltis,
some instance of heroism in the squadron shone out as an
example that could be given you to follow. But all at once a
change came over the scene. During the few months which
have elapsed since the end of last year some of the ships of our
Navy have been sent far abroad, and are acting in concert with
those of other civilised and Christian nations in the cause of
the Faith and in restoring order. And whilst out yonder guns
are thundering and men distinguishing themselves by their
bravery and some of them courageously laying down their lives,
you young recruits swear your oath on the flag. I verily
believe that everyone must feel a touch of inspiration when he
stands before the altar and looks at the crucifix, and I should
imagine that all those who here took their oath in my presence
and are now fighting in a foreign country know what their oath
on the flag means and why I insist that it should be taken
with due solemnity. For I am firmly convinced that many of
those who are abroad have gone through some hour or minute in
which they have found themselves suddenly left to their own
resources and have then at once thought of their oath. I can say
with pride and joy that my sons have not disappointed me. I
readily acknowledge the work which your brothers have accom-
plished abroad. We must not forget the new word of command
which was first uttered by a foreign Admiral, 'Germans to the
front.' When your brothers succeeded in cutting their way
through the enemy and rescuing their comrades, it was because
they remembered the oath which they took on the flag. I should
like to mention an example which has been followed by those who
have been lost, whether carried off by deadly bullet, or by deadly
disease. In 1870, when my illustrious grandmother, the Empress
Augusta, was honorary Colonel of the 4th Regiment of Grenadier
.M
250 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Guards, and the regiment was sent on active service, she gathered
the officers round her, and said to them : ' I expect only one thing
of you, and that is that your regiment will bear itself well in
any circumstances ; that my sons will not bring disgrace on their
mother.' When on the 18th of August nearly half the officers
and men fell, the Empress was informed by telegraph that the
regiment was proud to say that her sons had obeyed the order of
their mother and had done her honour. I mention this as an
example for all of us. Finally, let us recall the words of the
Great Elector : ' Lord, show me the way which I must go.' His
way led him over heights and through depths, through victories
won and disappointments. But he never despaired. You, too,
must walk in the same path. Walk in the ways for which you
can answer to your God and to me. Now go and do your duty as
you shall be instructed."
A relieving force sailed from Wilhelmshaven on the 4th of
March, 1891, for Kiau-Chau. The Emperor bid farewell to them
on board the transport, saying :
"Soldiers, you are about to start on a voyage to a foreign
country, the inhabitants of which, during the course of the last
few months, have had personal experience of what German dis-
cipline, German bravery, and German training mean. The
foreigner has learned the consequences of offending the German
Emperor and his soldiers ; a severe lesson has been given to the
enemy; and all nations have learnt how German soldiers fight,
conquer, and die. All the world respects our system of training
and our military science. May you, therefore, display discipline,
obedience, and bravery above reproach in addition to all good
mental and physical qualities in the foreign country to which
you are ordered ! May you strive to make the glory of the
Fatherland known over the whole world ! May you keep the
escutcheon of the Army and the Navy unsullied and the German
flag without a stain ! I expect of you that you will be as success-
ful as your comrades who are already fighting abroad."
In its issue of the 18th of November, 1901, the Lokalanzeiger
said :
" It is doubtful whether in the history of the German Empire
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 251
or the Kingdom of Prussia it had ever before happened that at a
private assembly, before which a lecture was given, and the
lecture was followed by a discussion, the Monarch, like any other
person desiring to take part in the discussion, has asked leave to
speak, ascended the platform, and given free and unrestrained
expression to his opinions. That is what the Emperor William
did at the third ordinary general meeting of the Institution of
Naval Architects, which was held this morning in the Hall of the
Technical High School at Charlottenburg. The Emperor arrived
punctually at nine o'clock, accompanied by Vice- Admiral von
Tirpitz, State Secretary of the Imperial Navy Office, in order to
hear the lecture, the subject of which was, ' The Development of
the Mounting of Guns on board line- of -battle ships, and the In-
fluence which it has exercised on their Form and Structure.'
In the discussion which followed, one speaker gave a few supple-
mentary details, and another criticised some of the points raised
by the lecturer. It was thought that the discussion had come to
an end when the Chairman formally asked whether anyone else
desired to speak, and there was general astonishment when the
Emperor raised his hand and then mounted the platform. The
assembly wished to listen to the Imperial address standing, but
the Emperor graciously motioned them to resume their seats.
Then he spoke, somewhat as follows :
" I think that in this assembly the subject under discussion has
been regarded principally from the technical point of view, but
perhaps a few comments from another standpoint may not be
without interest. I allude to the influence of military require-
ments upon the development of naval construction and the
position of the guns. The lecturer went back to the time of
the line-of-battle ship, remarking that stern-fire and bow-fire had
been developed to a quite insignificant extent. A line-of-battle
ship is designed to fulfil quite definite military and technical
requirements. But I think that perhaps it would have been
possible to go back further still. If the lecturer had gone back
to the time of the galley, he would have found that even in those
days the bow in this type of vessel had been very strongly
developed. If one will only compare the galley with the later
line-of-battle ship, I think it will be found that the former
was relawely superior in some respects, for in calm weather it
resorted taits own independent motion. Consequently, a fleet of
252 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
galleys employed entirely different tactics to those of a fleet of
line -of -battle sailing ships it could not fail to make greater
play with its artillery. Therefore galleys were drawn up in
battle with a wide front, as is shown by the greatest sea-fight of
those times, the battle of Lepanto,* in which Admiral Don John
of Austria crushed the enemy's fleet through the superiority of
the bow-fire of his guns. These requirements are the results of the
tactics employed, and tactics again are the result of the manner in
which we employed the forward motion of the vessel before the days
of steam by turning to account the power of the wind ; and this
again depends on the military qualities of the nations in question
with regard to their greater or less development from a military
point of view, and their qualities for purposes of offence or
defence. We see by the use which England made of her line-of-
battle ships how they preferred, in that country, to attempt to
break through the wide formation of the enemy, and to crush
their van and their rear by developing the fore-and-aft line of
their ships. It was for such tactics that the English line- of -
battle ships were specially constructed. This shows us that
sufficient stress has not been laid on the extreme necessity of
bow and stern fire. English and French frigates, however, when
chased by an enemy of superior strength, if they could not shake
him off, mounted five or six heavy guns ; and we see from this
how, even in those days, the independent mounting of the guns
engaged men's thoughts. As regards the point raised by the
speakers who followed the lecturer, namely, that in the develop-
ment of naval construction England and France were the greatest
authorities, I am fully in agreement with them.
"I should like, however, to point out why German naval
construction can claim the right to take an independent course.
Our endeavours have from the outset been guided by the fact
that it is advisable that naval officers, those who have to navigate
the ship, should, as far as possible, exercise a controlling influence
on those to whom the design and construction of the ships are
entrusted. The result of following this principle is that the types
of our ships have been developed solely in accordance with military
requirements, in contradistinction to the system of former times,
* October 7th, 1571.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 253
when the ship-builder merely constructed a vessel and the Navy
navigated her. Such principles are out of date. Certainly the
ship-builder must seek to effect the compromise already referred
to with the gun-fire, the engine-power, and the requirements of
naval tactics. I believe, therefore, that the types of vessel at
present existing in our Navy will be further and extensively
developed, and that as fighting units they will accomplish all
that can be required of them from a military point of view ;
and, further, I believe that the co-operation of our naval archi-
tects and our splendid ship-building yards will turn out some good
work.
" And now that I have ventured to give my views on the field
of military requirements to this distinguished assembly, I should
like to add a little anecdote. Some fifteen or twenty years ago
my interest in and zeal for all that concerns naval affairs led me
to request a senior officer to explain to me what the metacentre
was. His reply was that he did not know exactly himself, and
that it was a mystery. He could only say this much, that if the
metacentre was in the truck the ship would capsize ! "
As is well known, the voice of the Emperor is full and strong.
He is an impressive and vigorous speaker, who never pauses and
is never at a loss for a word. Towards the end of his speech,
when he narrated the humorous little anecdote, he assumed an
easier tone. As far as the concluding part of his remarks is
concerned, one must acknowledge that it formed a very tactful
and gracious finish to a speech in which the Monarch had dis-
played such varied technical, historical, and military knowledge.
Then with a slight bow he left the platform. The assembled
members were at first undecided whether they should applaud or
not, but in a few moments their cheers burst out spontaneously.
In order to further the propaganda on behalf of the Navy,
the Emperor gave orders that a torpedo-boat flotilla should be
sent up the Rhine. The project was a great success, and the
officers and crews of the boats met with an enthusiastic reception
everywhere.
Before the flotilla set out on its voyage up the river, the
Emperor telegraphed (on the 3rd of April, 1900) to the Chief
Burgomaster of Cologne. He said :
"A torpedo-boat flotilla will, by my orders, proceed up the
254 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Rhine this spring. It has received instructions to call at Cologne
and give that city a greeting from the sea. I recommend it to the
hospitable and jovial citizens of Cologne. Cologne for ever ! "
^
This visit to the Rhine ports led to an exchange of telegrams
between the Emperor and the Federal Princes through whose
territory the flotilla passed. The Grand Duke Ernest of Hesse
sent the following telegram from Darmstadt to his Imperial
Majesty :
" I beg to inform your Majesty that this day I received your
Majesty's Rhine torpedo-boat flotilla on my frontier at Bingen,
and proceeded with it to Mainz. This being the first occasion on
which German warships have visited my country, I am greatly
desirous of expressing to your Majesty the feelings of joy which
filled me and my people when we saw a part of that defensive
power whose duty it is to preserve the greatness of Germany."
The Emperor's reply ran as follows :
" I thank your Royal Highness from my heart for the warm and
patriotic reception, in which your Royal Highness has taken part,
given by Hesse to the Rhine torpedo-boat flotilla. Just as the
flotilla, in spite of all difficulties, penetrates further and further
into the interior of Germany, so also, I am convinced, will the
enthusiasm, intelligence, and interest regarding our responsibili-
ties at sea make, under the leadership of its Princes, more and
more progress among the German people, to the benefit of the
Fatherland, and cause it to be respected on sea as well as on land."
Later on the Grand Duke of Baden received the following
telegram from the Emperor :
" Your Royal Highness : I tender to you my warmest thanks for
your friendly communication to me and for the enthusiastic recep-
tion which has been extended to my torpedo-boat flotilla in Baden.
It has pleased me greatly that your Royal High ness's capital
and place of residence, Karlsruhe, has made the most of the
opportunity to greet within its walls the officers and men of the
flotilla, and to give splendid testimony of the keen and intelligent
interest in the Navy which fills all minds. The magnificent
reception which the torpedo-boat flotilla has met with everywhere
in its passage up the Rhine strengthens my confidence that my
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 255
efforts to create for Germany a powerful Navy will, thanks to the
willing co-operation of the German nation, led by its illustrious
Princes, produce results fraught with many benefits. I request
your Koyal Highness to express, on my behalf, my cordial thanks
to the citizens of Karlsruhe for their loyal greetings."
Prince Luitpold of Bavaria telegraphed to the Emperor in these
words :
" The information has been received that a part of the torpedo-
boat flotilla sent by your Majesty up the Ehine has put into a
Bavarian port (Germersheim) on its way to Strassburg. The first
visit of German warships to Bavaria for which we are indebted
to your Majesty's own initiative calls for an expression of the
feelings of pleasure which it gives me and for the sincere hope
that the realisation of the responsibilities of the German Empire
on the ocean will spread more and more throughout the nation."
To this the Emperor replied on the 18th of May, 1900 :
"I express to your Royal Highness my warm thanks for the
kindly wishes which you have addressed to me on the occasion of
the visit of my torpedo-boat flotilla to a Bavarian port on the
Ehine. I was very glad to give the inhabitants of your Eoyal
Highness's beautiful Bavarian country an opportunity of enter-
taining in their midst a part of the German Navy, and I hope that
the sight of the warships will afford pride and joy to the people
who, under the guidance of their illustrious Prince, take such a
deep interest in the national task at sea."
On the 12th of June, 1900, the Bill to amend the Navy
Act was passed on a third reading. The Senate of the Free City
of Hamburg telegraphed its congratulations to the Emperor, to
which he replied :
" I have received your telegram with satisfaction. I see in your
words a fresh proof that you have understood the purport of my
endeavours, and have supported me in the work which I have
undertaken. How grateful I am to the Almighty for this latest
success you will well understand. May He still further assist us
to carry the work begun to a successful conclusion, to which end
we must all actively devote our energies."
256 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Another telegram which the Emperor sent in reply to a message
of congratulation on the passing of the Navy Bill was to the Board
of Directors of the Hamburg- American Line.
" I thank you for your telegram," he said. " I have spared no
effort, and am greatly pleased to have attained the end in view.
For the faithful and indefatigable help which has been given to
me by all who supported me I hereby express my gratitude and
acknowledgments. But we must go still further, if our Navy is-
really to command respect at sea and to become an addition to
the power at my disposal to preserve the peace of the world."
Every effective increase of the German Navy in ships and
other war material fills the Emperor with especial joy. This is
particularly noticeable in his speeches and telegrams on the
occasion of the launching of vessels. His speeches on these
occasions are distinguished by special vigour, by poetic turns,
and the introduction of historical allusions and comparisons.
On Septemher 22nd, 1891, at the Vulcan Shipyard, Stettin,
the Emperor christened the ironclad Brandenburg, and made the
following speech :
"A new ship built after the designs made by my Navy has
just been constructed at the Vulcan Shipyard, which is celebrated
both at home and abroad for artistic and sound workmanship, and
has provided our Navy with many a splendid vessel, and the
moment has now come at which it is to be handed over to its
element. It shall now receive a name on which it will confer
honour and glory.
"So, thou proud vessel, bear a name which is as a foundation
and corner-stone in the history of our Fatherland, and is the name
of a whole country which, lying in the centre of our kingdom, is
inhabited by a small nation, which, poor, steadfast, loyal, and
brave, is most closely connected with the family of the Hohen-
zollerns, and in union with the House of Hohenzollern has made
itself feared and respected far and wide. Above all, it was a
Prince of our House by whose energy Stettin was compelled for
the first time to surrender its key, but the envy of an enemy
wrested this town from him again before it became for ever
incorporated with Prussia. The great Hohenzollern, whose banner
with the Red Eagle has floated far and wide over the seas, has
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 257
given his name to the land. Go thy way then, built under the
protection of the Eed Griffin, bear the banner of the Eed Eagle
to far distant seas as an emblem of loyalty and courage. I
christen thee Brandenburg"
On July 27th, 1892, the Emperor christened the ironclad
Heimdall, at Kiel.
"A new and stately vessel of my Navy, shalt thou glide into
thy element, well prepared to perform thy task. Thou shalt
practise all the good qualities which are represented in the
Imperial Navy obedience, discipline, and, above all, loyalty to
the profession. May thy crew ever do its duty.
" We are now called upon to give the ship a name. Its name
will be taken from the earliest history of our forefathers in the
north. Thou shalt receive the name of the god to whom was
entrusted, as his main function, the duty of defence ; of that god
whose bounden duty it was to protect and keep the golden gates
of Walhalla from every base intruder. As the god when danger
was afoot blew a far-sounding blast on his golden horn and
summoned the gods to the battle in the twilight of the gods,
and by his horn scattered confusion and destruction among the
ranks of his enemies, so may it be with thee.
" Glide down into thy element ; be thou ever a faithful warden
of the seas; be thou ever a faithful custodian of the honour of
our nation the honour of our flag. And if ever the day comes
when thou art called upon to do battle, deal destruction and
devastation in the ranks of thy enemies.
"Bear in honour the name Heimdall."
After the ironclad the Kaiser Karl der Gfrosse had been
launched at Hamburg on October 18th, 1899, a banquet was
given in the Town Hall by the City of Hamburg, at which the
Emperor delivered the following speech :
"It affords me special pleasure on to-day's historical anniversary
to be able to stay once more in your midst. I feel myself both
refreshed and reinvigorated as often as I feel the waves of the
fresh sparkling life of a Hansa city washing round me. It is
a solemn act at which we have just been present, when we were
able to commit to its element a new fragment of the floating
258 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
defensive power of the Fatherland. Everyone who was present
at the ceremony may well have been impressed by the idea that
this proud vessel could soon be started on its future work. We
are urgently in need of it, and bitterly do we want a strong
German Navy. Its name reminds us of the first brilliant period
of the old Empire and its mighty protector. And in that time,
too, falls the very earliest beginning of Hamburg, if only as a
point of departure for the missionary activity in the service of
the mighty Emperor. Now, thanks to the Emperor William
the Great, our Fatherland is once more united, and in course of
splendid development abroad. And here in the heart of this
mighty emporium of commerce one feels that full strength and
elasticity which the German people by its resolute spirit is able
to bestow on its undertakings. And here, too, is appreciated at
its proper value the absolute necessity for our foreign interests
of a strong protecting force, and how indispensable it is to in-
crease our fighting force at sea. Yet the feeling of this necessity
extends but slowly in our German Fatherland, which unfortu-
nately still wastes its strength too much in fruitless party strife.
With deep anxiety I have had to observe what slow progress
interest in and understanding of great questions of world-wide
importance have made among the Germans. If we look round
us, how the world has changed its countenance during the last
few years. Old world - empires perish, and new ones are in
process of creation. Nations have suddenly appeared within the
horizon of the peoples, and enter into keen competition with
them, of which but a short time ago the layman would have
taken but little notice. Products which work revolutions in the
field of international relations, as well as in the domain of the
national economic life of the people, and which in ancient times
would have required centuries in which to develop, are now
perfected in a few months. The result is that the problems
which have to be faced by the German Empire and people have
grown to a formidable extent, and thrown on me and my Govern-
ment unusual and severe effort, which can only be crowned with
success if the Germans stand at our back united and firm, and
renouncing party discord. But to do this our people must
resolve to make sacrifices ; above all, they must divest themselves
THE EMPEROR AND THE GERMAN NAVY 259
of their passion for seeking the highest good in ever more and
more sharply accentuated party struggles. They must cease to
place the party above the welfare of the whole. They must
check their old hereditary fault of making everything the subject
of unrestrained criticism, and must call a halt before the limits
imposed by their own most vital interests. For it is just these
old political sins which are now avenging themselves on our sea
interests and our Navy. If the strengthening of the Navy, in spite
of constant entreaties and warnings during the first eight years
of my reign, had not been persistently refused, in the course of which
time I was not even spared scorn and mockery, how differently
would we then have been able to promote our thriving commerce
and our interests over the sea. Still my hopes that the Germans
will nerve themselves have not yet vanished. For strong and
mighty is the love of Fatherland that beats in their hearts. To
this the October bonfires bear witness, which they are to-day
lighting on the hilltops, and with which they are joining in
celebrating the memory of the splendid figure of the Emperor
whose birthday was to-day. And indeed it is a wonderful
structure that the Emperor Frederick with his great father and
their great paladins helped to erect, and bequeathed to us as the
German Empire. In all the glory of its magnificence it stands
there, the Empire which our fathers yearned to see, and of which
our poets have sung. Well, then, instead of quarrelling as hitherto
in barren strife as to how separate chambers, halls, or sections
of this building ought to be furnished, may our people, blazing
up like the October bonfires in enthusiasm for ideals, strive to
emulate their ideal second Emperor, and, above all, take pleasure
in the noble structure and help to protect it. Proud of its
greatness, conscious of its intrinsic value, in its development
respecting every foreign State, joyfully making the sacrifices
required to establish its position in the world, renouncing party
rancour, united and of one mind, standing behind its Princes and
its Emperor, will our German people help the Hanse cities to
further their great work for the welfare of our Fatherland. This
is my wish to-day, with which I raise my glass to the health of
Hamburg."
THE EMPEROR AND THE GREAT ELECTOR
IT has always been characteristic of great men that they have
their particular heroes, whose achievements they endeavour to
emulate. In the case of the Emperor William, his ancestor the
Great Elector is the one whom he has taken as his model and
whose example has inspired him. He has made mention of this
on several occasions.
"We stand, so to speak," he has said, "under the shadow of
the man who with all his heart and strength was devoted to
his country, and who by strenuous and unceasing effort raised
Brandenburg from a condition of poverty and humiliation to a
compact and united state. He is the one among my ancestors
whom I have regarded with the most enthusiastic admiration, and
from my youth up have set before my eyes as my model."
Some of the most eloquent speeches which the Emperor has
delivered have been on the subject of this particular predecessor.
The 1st of December, 1890, was the two hundred and fiftieth
anniversary of the accession of Frederick William to the throne.
In memory of that day the Emperor held a very remarkable and
impressive military ceremony before the monument of the Great
Elector on the Castle Bridge, and addressed the troops present as
follows :
" We celebrate to-day the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary
of the accession of my famous ancestor, the Great Elector. He it
was who laid the foundation-stone in the work of consolidating
the Electorate of Brandenburg, from which there developed the
Kingdom of Prussia, and, eventually, the German Empire. He
a new Army, which was actuated^by fear of God,
it obedience, and steadfast cohesionT We Branden-
know what he accomplished in the battle of Fehrbellin,
in which he risked his own life. His work in time of peace, also,
260
THE EMPEROR AND THE GREAT ELECTOR 261
by which he strengthened his State, is not unmentioned in the
pages of history. With his deeds in mind, we call for three cheers
for Brandenburg, Prussia, and the German Empire."
The following is a letter which the Emperor addressed to Dr.
Hinzpeter, of Bielefeld, his former tutor, on the llth of July, 1899,
and which refers to the Great Elector :
" It is my intention to present to the city of Bielefeld a repro-
duction in bronze of the exceedingly successful statue of the
Great Elector which is intended for the ' Siegesallee.' This will
be a token of my grateful recollection of the reception given to
me by the city and will serve as an indication that, like this
ancestor of mine, I am the possessor of an inflexible determination
to proceed fearlessly in the path that has once been recognised as
the right one, and this in spite of all opposition."
The unveiling of this monument was performed on the 6th of
August, 1900, on which occasion the Emperor addressed the
assembled company. He said :
"As an acknowledgment of the reception given to me by my
faithful city of Bielefeld and my Eavensbergers, and in remem-
brance of the bonds which for centuries have united it to my
House and of the fidelity which it has ever shown to the same,
I have resolved to present to it the monument of the Great
Elector which has been placed here, of the Prince to whom this
country, our entire Fatherland and my House owe such infinite
thanks, and whom his enemies themselves called Great during
his lifetime. Let us transport ourselves back to the time when
the Elector, then quite young in years,* took up the reins of
Government. What did he find? Devastated fields, villages
burnt, and a famine-stricken and impoverished people, who were
harassed on all sides and whose country had been the happy
hunting ground of the wild bands who for the last thirty years
had been desolating Germany with war. The task which con-
fronted him was so enormous and so difficult that one could have
forgiven him if, young as he was, he had shrunk from attempting
it because of his youth. But with unshakable confidence in
God and an iron will he set about his task; he welded his
* Frederick William, the Great Elector, reigned from 1640 to 1688. Born Feb-
ruary 6th, 1620.
262 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
straggling territories into a united whole and developed com-
merce and agriculture in an incredibly short time, considering
the age in which he lived; he created a new Army which was
devoted to him, and, in short, he laid the foundations of our State
and of our Army, and was soon able to look back on great successes.
"His position was such that he held the balance of power in
Europe, and when he hastened from one part of his country to
another in order to protect it and to uphold its honour, the poet
could sing of him :
' Swift was the gallop
From Rhine to Rhin,*
And hot was the battle
At Fehrbellin.'
"The whole series of deeds which he accomplished proceeded
from his hope of creating a great and powerful northern Empire
which should some day serve to weld together the different German
States. Empires of world-wide power, however, are not built up
in a day. But he laid the foundation and the corner -stone of
the Empire, _and . the weighty hammer-strokes which he dealt on
its behalf created fox me a firm basis. What great joy it was
for him when, staying in the midst of his Kavensbergers in this
castle which was so dear to him, he could let his eyes travel over
the beautiful country, for which in weal and woe he laboured so
unremittingly, and whose increasing prosperity was a matter of
such happiness to him ! What joy it must have afforded him to
see his dragoons here on his marches to the west country, which
was then considered so remote, and which he conquered and
vowed to retain and protect !
" How different is it now ! The Kingdom of Prussia developed
from the State which he founded, and by the instrumentality of
Prussia the German Empire was united and welded together.
The Great Emperor, the great ancestor's great successor, carried
out what the other planned. How was it possible for me, in
making this brief retrospect of the history of our country and
our House, to be able to record these wonderful successes of our
House ? Only because each of the Hohenzollern Princes was
* The Rhin is a small stream in Prussia. The Elector defeated Sweden at
Fehrbellin on the Rhin, in 1679.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GREAT ELECTOR 263
from the outset of his career conscious that he was only God's
vicegerent upon earth, that he would have to render an account
of his work to a higher King and Master, and that he must faith-
fully perform the work appointed him by the Almighty to do.
Hence, too, that firm conviction of his mission that has filled each
one of my ancestors, and hence that inflexible force of will which
enabled him to carry out the task which he set himself.
" May it then be vouchsafed to me also, that I may walk in the
path which my great ancestor laid down for us, not only for the
welfare of the whole Empire in general, but also of this beautiful
little country in particular. Perhaps I may be able to fulfil that
part of his dream which, owing to the subsequent struggles that
we encountered in the course of our development, has had to
remain in abeyance. I mean the way over the sea. The work
which the Great Elector in those days could only suggest and
initiate we are in a position to carry out on a large scale now
that we have a great united German Fatherland. We have recently
had experience of this. German armies, under the protection of
German colours, and composed of sons of all parts of our Father-
land from the Baltic to the Yosges are marching forth in order
to fight, shoulder to shoulder, for the black, white, and red flag ;
to set the seal on the greatness and the glory of the Fatherland
abroad, and to show that the arm of the German Emperor extends
to the most distant parts of the world.
" All this would have been impossible had it not been for the
Great Elector and his work. I hope, therefore, that every one of
my subjects will be inspired by the same spirit and proceed with
his work of helping me. Every man has his task to perform and
an aim to pursue, and if every man interpreted his duty as
strictly as did the Great Elector, and all the members of my
House, in the conviction that he is responsible, and that he will be
called upon to render an account of what he has done, then I am
firmly convinced that a great future awaits our German Father-
land. Then, unmindful of the dark clouds which are passing over
us, I shall be able to say of my Eavensbergers, as did Eberhard*
* Eberhard der Greiner, E., the " Quarrelsome," was Count of Wiirteinberg from
1344 to 1392. He got his name from the continual hostilities with the Free Cities
and Knights in which he was engaged. It was of Eberhard I. (im Bart), the
264 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the Quarrelsome of old, that I can fearlessly lay my head on the
lap of every one of them."
Having concluded his speech, the Emperor was offered the cup
of honour by Chief Burgomaster Bunnemann, which he drank
with the words " The Count of Ravensberg to his Ravensbergers."
He subsequently planted an oak which had grown from a sapling
which he had set in the garden of his tutor, Dr. Hinzpeter, some
years previously.
In the presence of the Emperor and the Empress, their son,
Prince Adalbert, and Prince Henry of Prussia, a monument to the
memory of the Great Elector was solemnly unveiled on the 20th
of June, 1901, in the gardens of the Naval Academy at Kiel, and
salutes were fired by the warships lying in harbour. The speech
which the Emperor delivered on that occasion ran as follows :
" Trodden-down crops, wasted fields, burned villages, disease,
famine, and misery such was the condition of things in this
sandy province of Brandenburg when the young Electoral Prince,
who was but a youth, succeeded to the throne on the sudden
death of his father. His inheritance was, indeed, no enviable
one. The task which lay before him appeared to be only capable
of accomplishment by a man of mature years who was conversant
with all the circumstances, and even he might have found it too
difficult. Undismayed, however, the youth entered upon his task,
and, with wonderful skill, succeeded in accomplishing it. Keep-
ing the end which he had decided upon always in view, not
allowing anything to turn him from his path, the Great Elector,
with unflagging energy, raised and strengthened his country,
placed its people in a position to defend themselves, drove the
enemy from his frontiers, and soon acquired such a position in
the world that his contemporaries, his adversaries in particular,
gave him the name of 'the Great' during his lifetime, a distinction
which, as a rule, is given by a grateful people to a Sovereign after
his death in recognition of a laborious life full of responsibility.
And this youth, who developed into a mighty prince, and who, by
dint of hard work, made his country great, was the first Ruler
" Bearded" Eberhard, of whom this story is told. He was Count of Wiirtemberg
from 1459 to 1495, in which year he was made Duke by Maximilian I., and died in
1496. He was a generous and beloved ruler and the first German Prince who of his
own accord gave a constitution to his people. Cf. Justinus Kerner's well-known
poem, Der reicJiste Fiirst.
THE EMPEROR AND THE GREAT ELECTOR 265
who pointed to the sea. He founded the Brandenburg Navy.
It is certainly their bounden duty for the German Navy to erect
a statue to him, the sight of which will act as an encouragement
to officers and men and will help to confirm their loyalty.
God ordained that the Prince should spend his youth in the
Netherlands, and he there learnt how to appreciate and to foster
labour and industry, intercourse with foreign nations, and the
advantages of commerce. The lessons he learnt whilst living
amongst an industrious, simple nation of sailors of German
race he subsequently transferred to his own country. But the
Brandenburg Navy, placed in the care of experienced Nether-
landers Admiral Eaule and his brother prospered under his
powerful protection and guidance. After the death of the Great
Elector, however, his creation also passed away, neither he nor his
Navy having been able to reap the fruit of their work. Those
who succeeded him to the Crown had to fight for the right to
make their voice heard in the affairs of the world and to govern
their people within their frontiers peacefully and undisturbed.
The consequence was that attention was drawn from the sea and
was for centuries concentrated on the long and severe struggles
which consolidated Brandenburg and Prussia. Through God's
Providence and the work of the successors of the Great Elector,
based on the mighty foundation-stone which he laid, the power
of our Family grew until the House of Hohenzollern was in a
position to assume the Imperial Crown of Germany, that family
power which is the due of the German Emperor to enable him
to uphold with firmness the Empire's welfare all over the world,
and to give to his flag an importance which will command for
it the respect of his adversaries. The monument has been erected
in front of the Naval Academy. The youths to whom the future
belongs, the youths who will reap the fruit of our work, who
will some day tend the seed we have sown and harvest its
produce, should direct their eyes to the statue of this Prince,
and form themselves by his example to be God-fearing, strict,
inexorably strict, towards themselves and others, and to rely
firmly upon God, whose ways the Elector was anxious to learn,
undismayed by any vicissitude, not discouraged by any disappoint-
ment, which, indeed, in his Christian spirit he regarded merely as
i
266 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
a trial sent from above. Such was the life of the Great Elector,
and such should be yours also. The main principle which enabled
him, despite all reverses and disappointments, all hardships and
trials, never to lose courage and hope, was the red thread running
through his life, and which is well expressed in his motto: Nomine,
fac me scire viam, quam ambulem.' So let it be also with the
officers and crews of my Navy. So long as we work on this
principle, we can, unconcerned, overcome every difficult stage in
the development of the Navy and our Fatherland, which God,
in his Providence, may perhaps have in store for us. That is the
way by which you should walk. Let that be the principle on
which my Navy is based. Let it enable you to be victorious in
battle and to bear up against all reverses until the sun breaks
through the clouds. With these thoughts in my mind I present
this monument to the Naval Academy, which will henceforth
protect and keep it in honour. May this institution produce men
who will equal the one whose statue now stands before you. Let
the covering fall."
One of the most prominent traits in the character of the
present Kuler of Germany is filial piety, and it is this which
has instilled into him profound respect for the memory of his
ancestors and deep love of his living relatives. With veneration
and enthusiasm does the Emperor cherish the memory of his
grandfather. With something approaching idolatry did he love
his father, and he was tenderly attached to his mother and his
grandmothers, especially Queen Victoria of England. That he
is a model family man, a chivalrous and devoted husband, and
a strict but tender father, is well known. These are facts which
in themselves are quite sufficient to explain how it is that in so
many of his most important speeches the Emperor refers to the
dead and the living members of his house.
THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY
RELATIONS
ON August 23rd, 1888, a few weeks after his accession, the
Emperor was received at Sonnenburg into the Order of the
Knights of St. John. The ceremony was performed by the Grand
Master, Prince Albrecht of Prussia, and at the banquet the Emperor
addressed him in the following speech :
" Your Koyal Highness may be pleased to accept my heartfelt
thanks for the cordial words to which you have just given
utterance. It has, indeed, always been one of the desires of my
heart to belong to this noble Order and to possess its badge. I
am firmly of opinion that the King of Prussia should possess the
badge of the Order, The great problems which confront me, and
which concern the promotion of the general welfare of my subjects,
I am not able to solve through the agency of the State officials
alone. For the elevation and the strengthening and developing of
the moral and religious life of my people I require the assistance
of the noblest in the land my nobility and I see them united
in goodly numbers in the Order of St. John. It is my heartfelt
hope that my efforts will have the beneficent support of the Order
of St. John, and that this will enable me to promote and increase
the spirit of religion and Christian discipline, and morality
among the people, so that I may realise the great ideals to
which I devote myself. Those of us who to-day have together
received the simple white cross, and also those of us who already
possessed it, will now drink to the health of the Prince, who
through his high sense of duty, which has ever been characteristic
of the House of Hohenzollern, his Christian spirit, and the self-
sacrifices which he so willingly imposes upon himself, has raised
the Order to the high position which it now occupies. His Eoyal
267
268 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Highness, Prince Albrecht of Prussia, Eegent of Brunswick, the
Most Serene Grand Master of the Order of St. John of the
Hospital at Jerusalem, long may he live ! "
At the banquet given to the Provincial Diet of the Ehine
Province on September 1st, 1893, the Emperor said :
" A splendid reception accorded to a Kuler by his faithful sub-
jects always touches his heart. I have experienced such receptions
in many provinces, but that of the Rhinelanders speaks to my
heart with special force.
"On these banks of the Rhine, that river of romance so
familiar in our history, where every mountain has its story and
every House of God speaks its sublime message, every note of
welcome and every cordial word must exercise a magic spell on
the human heart. The charm of poetry casts its glamour over
everything here, and especially is this true of the city of Coblenz,
which is so particularly rich in memories of an historical and
personal character. I therefore express my cordial thanks to the
citizens of Coblenz, as well as to my faithful Rhinelanders, for
the reception which her Majesty the Empress and myself have
met with here to-day. It is with deeply moved heart that I
speak to you here in this place, in the building which is so
intimately associated with the history of my late grandfather
and the life of my late grandmother. Solemn and serious,
beautiful and tender, are the recollections which thrill through
our hearts. Yet the whole picture which opens out before our
eyes as we look back shows us a life more full of blessings and an
active existence more richly rewarded than that of almost any
other person. We feel the pervading hand of the illustrious
lady who once lived in these apartments, and we can still find
evidences of the blessed work of the Empress Augusta in all
parts of the province. Happily the same love and devotion which
the province entertained for my grandparents, and which they
reciprocated, unite us also. As was the case with my late father,
so also had I the privilege of passing two glorious years of youth
a time which I shall never forget at the Alma Mater in your
midst.
"I sum up, then, all that I feel and think in the wish that
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 269
the province may prosper, and also that it will bear in mind the
lesson taught by history, which tells us that it was the firm and
loyal co-operation of Kuler and people which brought about the
greatest achievements, and that the Khine Province did its share
in assisting my grandfather when he recovered the Nibelung
treasure of unity for the German Fatherland. I hope that the
absolute loyalty of the Khine Province to me, together with my
faithful good-will for its inhabitants, will enable us to continue
to walk in the right path, for the welfare of the Rhine Province
and of our great and dear united German Fatherland."
On the 19th of November, 1890, the Emperor gave his sister
Victoria in marriage to Prince Adoph of Schaumburg-Lippe. At
the wedding breakfast the Emperor proposed the following toast:
" If," he said, " all had been in accordance with our wishes, my
late father would have been seated in this place and would have
greeted and blessed his daughter as a bride. Providence, how-
ever, has decreed otherwise.
" But may the blessing of the departed rest upon you, together
with the blessing of our dearly loved mother and (here the
Emperor turned to the bridegroom) the blessing of your parents.
May the newly wedded pair ever rely firmly upon me and my
protection, and may the bridegroom be welcome as a member of
my House."
Amidst great popular enthusiasm a statue of the Emperor
William I. was unveiled by the Emperor at Bremen on the 18th
of October, 1893. A banquet was subsequently given at the
Town Hall, when his Majesty, replying to the toast of his health
proposed by the Burgomaster, delivered the following speech :
"We have just witnessed a beautiful ceremony a ceremony,
indeed, full of high significance, for the loyal Hanseatic town of
Bremen has solemnly paid its debt of gratitude to the memory
of the old Emperor William. A more suitable day for such
a celebration could scarcely have been selected, for the 18th of
October is the anniversary of the Battle of the Nations at Leipsic,
in which the Monarchs who constituted the 'Holy Alliance*
freed Prussia, Germany, and, indeed, one may say, the whole
of Europe, from the iron yoke of oppression. And, further, the
270 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
18th of October was the birthday what a glorious augury for
the future ! of his successor, the Emperor Frederick III. Whilst
still young he cherished in his breast a presentiment of events to
come and a burning desire for the unity of our beloved Father-
land, and then, when the bright day of the new German Empire
dawned, he, then a mature man, was able to realise the dreams of
his youth. On the bloody field of battle, with German sword in
hand, the son won for his father the German Imperial crown, and
to the heavy hammer-strokes he dealt do we owe it that the
armour of the Empire was so strongly wrought. The first
German Crown Prince, with his halo of victory, ever stands
before the eyes of the German nation.
" To-day, on the anniversary of his birth, the statue of his aged
hero father has been unveiled, and we have before us, modelled in
bronze, the majestic and stern features of the Emperor William.
How wonderfully was he guided by divine Providence ! What a
magnificent destiny was that which God granted to him ! The
illustrious man, after so many anxieties and vicissitudes, was sum-
moned to reign at an age when, as a rule, men retire from the toils
of life. How unexpectedly great were the successes which he,
with the aid of God, achieved ! He was appointed by God to
realise the hopes of the German nation, and, with the Imperial
crown which he won by his victories on the battlefield, to re-
establish the unity of the Fatherland. Happily, he was also
enabled to find for the accomplishment of this work great men
who shared the honour of executing his plans and aiding him
with their counsel.
"Truly is Bremen justified in erecting the monument which
was unveiled to-day to the memory of the old Imperial hero.
I thank you, as a son, for the choice of the day ; I thank you,
as a grandson, for the honour paid to my grandfather; and I thank
you, as Emperor, for the cordial reception which your city has
extended to me, and for the manner in which ancient traditions
are fostered by you. All my efforts will be directed to following
in all my life and in all my endeavours the example of the illus-
trious Ruler whose statue in bronze now greets us from yonder
place. Bremen, too, may always rely upon my constant care and
interest as well as upon my Imperial protection. May the com-
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 271
merce of the city of Bremen develop under the shadow of peace,
may it flourish and prosper, mindful of the great days of the old
Hanseatic League, whose motto not only you, but all of us must
constantly bear in mind if we desire to make progress in the
markets of the world: 'Navigare necesse est, vivere non est
necesse.' "
On August 31st, 1897, a monument to the Emperor William I.
was unveiled at Coblenz at the " German Corner," the spot where
the Moselle falls into the Khine. On the arrival of the royal
couple by boat a hymn of welcome was sung by the combined
choral societies of Cologne and Coblenz. This was followed by
a speech from the Prince of Wied. At a banquet given by the
Khine Province his Majesty proposed the following toast :
" Only a few weeks have gone by since the cheers, which were
raised when the monument of my late grandfather was unveiled
at Cologne, died away, and again do I owe a debt of gratitude
to the Ehine Province, this time for the delightful days, which
I shall never forget, which we have been able to pass in the
province, first in the old city of Cologne, and afterwards in our
progress through the country, especially the quiet home on the
Lake at Laach, where the sons of St. Benedict conduct their pious
work and show to the world that they can serve God and at the
same time do much to cultivate and to foster fidelity to King and
love of Fatherland. To-day brings with it yet another ceremony
of unveiling a memorial to the great Emperor. By the green
waters of the Ehine there proudly stands the noble monument of
the Emperor which the city of Coblenz is now called upon to pro-
tect, and it is with deep emotion that I, his grandson and his suc-
cessor to the Crown, speaking on behalf of myself and his daughter,
my esteemed aunt, express our warmest thanks for the magnificent
monument and for this splendid ceremony. Fashioned in bronze
and stone, the monument, impressive in its striking proportions,
rises mirrored in the everlasting stream, the home of legend. But
still more touching than the bronze and stone is the appeal to the
heart made by the rejoicing of the people, the gratitude of a nation
to the departed Ruler, whose great virtues and achievements have
been enlarged upon so eloquently and in such detail by my cousin,
the Prince of Wied. But the most beautiful sight by the monument
272 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
was the ring of grizzled veterans who, under the great Emperor,
helped to forge and to establish our Empire. Truly the people
have reason to raise monuments to him and to testify their grati-
tude. In Coblenz, in particular, these feelings of gratitude appeal
deeply to the heart, for it was during the time of his residence
at Coblenz that the great Emperor worked out with patience
and foresight the plan of the reorganisation of the Army, and
at the same time engaged in work in the field of national life
and policy, which bore excellent fruit after he had been called
upon, at an advanced age, to ascend the throne.
" It was from Coblenz that he went forth to assume the Crown
as the chosen instrument of the Lord, and as such he always
regarded himself. He has lifted up once more in the sight of us
all, and above all, of us Princes, and helped to restore to its
pristine brilliancy a jewel that we may prize as something high
and holy. It is the Kingship by the grace of God, the Kingship
with its heavy duties, its never-finished, unending toils and
labours, with its dread responsibility to the Creator alone, from
which no man, no minister, no House of Deputies, and no people
can release the Prince. Conscious of his responsibility, and re-
garding himself as God's instrument, the great Emperor in
deepest humility proceeded along his path. He gave us back
unity and the German Empire. Here in this beautiful province
his lofty ideas were conceived and matured; this province he
ever held in deep affection; this city he loved; his consecrated
foot trod its soil; and the whole province shared his joys
and his sorrows. I am, therefore, almost overcome by emotion
when I speak to you Rhinelanders on this day and in this place, and
I express to you my heartfelt thanks for the honour you have paid
to my grandfather and to his memory. As for myself, I will regard
it as my sacred duty to proceed along the path which the great
Ruler indicated to us, and with protecting care for my country to
hold my hand over this precious jewel, and in that traditional
spirit which is firmer than iron and the walls of Ehrenbreitstein,
I will as your Sovereign commit this province to my loving and
paternal care. I look upon it as a diamond set between two
emeralds, and I sincerely hope and trust that, in the enjoyment of
lasting peace, its people will continue to prosper, that the vine-
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 273
dressers will sing their songs on the hills undisturbed, and that
the hammer will resound in the smithy without ceasing, so that
by our peaceful labours we may show the world what the German
Empire, and especially the Ehine Province, is capable of accom-
plishing. With these sentiments in my mind, and in the spirit
which actuated my late grandfather, I raise my glass and drink
with my whole heart to the prosperity of my Khineland, the Ehine
Province, the beautiful land of the vine."
In the presence of a large circle of near relatives and friends,
including the Empress, the Empress Frederick, the King of
Wtirtemberg, and Prince and Princess Henry of Prussia, the
Emperor performed the ceremony of unveiling a monument erected
to the memory of the Emperor Frederick III. on the battlefield of
Worth, on the 18th of October, 1895. His Majesty said :
" Esteemed Comrades in arms of my father and Gentlemen : At
the request of her Majesty, the Empress Frederick, and on behalf
of my House, I have to thank you for having spared no effort in
helping to erect this splendid monument and for your presence
here on this day.
" With deeply moved heart is my august mother present here
to-day, mindful of the fact that it was granted to her, whilst
leaning on the arm of her husband, to hear on this spot from
his own lips the news of the first great victory which he gained.
My very special thanks are, therefore, due to her Majesty that
she graciously consented to be present here where now stands this
noble statue of my father. The tribute which has just been paid
to his memory could not have been more beautifully or more
touchingly expressed. But our feelings here in the presence of
this statue and in consideration of the twenty-fifth anniversary
of the great time of the regeneration of our Fatherland, in which,
at this very spot, South and North German blood first united to
cement the bond which helped to build up anew the German
Empire these emotions, I say, deeply stir the hearts of all of us.
" Finally, in the presence of the statue of the victorious and
illustrious Monarch, we, of the younger generation, solemnly vow to
preserve what he won for us on the battlefield, to guard the Crown
which he wrought, to defend the Imperial Territories against all
274 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
comers and to keep them German so help us God and our German
sword.
" Now let us raise a cheer for my august mother, whose presence
has added so much lustre to to-day's proceedings Her Majesty,
the Empress Frederick ! Hurrah ! "
On May 7th, 1898, the Emperor gave a banquet to the members
of the Reichstag, then just prorogued. He invited them to a
dinner in the White Hall of the Castle, and at table delivered the
following speech :
" Before you depart for home," he said, " it is my strong desire
to add to the expression of my thanks as Emperor, which I have
already tendered to you to-day, my thanks as a son, together with
the thanks of my Imperial mother, the Dowager Empress, for your
touching resolution to make us the gift of a monument of my late
father. In doing this you have made it easier for me to fulfil my
duties as a son, and have given to my mother the gratifying
opportunity of employing her artistic tastes in assisting to carry
out this beautiful piece of work.
" I am confident that, when you have returned each to your own
family circle and particular calling in life, you will feel that my
counsellors and I have honestly endeavoured to continue in the
path which was laid down for us by the great Emperor, a repre-
sentation of whose noble features now faces this chamber.
" In bidding you good-bye on your departure for your homes, I
cannot do better than express the wish and make the request
which are the outcome of my own experience that just as the
great Emperor derived all his strength and encouragement from his
relation and his responsibility to his God, so may each of you, what-
ever your station in life, whether high or low, and whatever form
of creed you profess, make up your mind that, whatever the future
may have in store for you, whatever the work which you contem-
plate doing this year, you may take such a view of your respon-
sibilities that when some day you shall be summoned to appear
before Heaven's tribunal, you may stand before God and your old
Emperor with a clear conscience, and when you are asked whether
you worked for the welfare of the Empire with all your heart,
you will be able to strike your breast and frankly answer, ' Yes.'
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 275
The source from which my grandfather derived strength to
accomplish his deeds and achievements, and my father to enable
him to win his victories and bear his sufferings, is also the source
of my strength. I am determined to proceed in the way and to
adhere to the aim which I have set myself, in the firm conviction
which I should like to impress upon all of you, which for us and
for every man should be the guiding principle of his life 'A
safe stronghold our God is still 1 In hoc signo vinces.
" And now let us give expression to the thought which moves
our hearts and cry, Our dear Fatherland ! Our splendid German
people ! May God preserve and protect them. Hurrah ! "
The eldest son of Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince Waldemar,
entered the German Navy at Kiel on the 20th of March, 1899.
In all matters of this kind concerning his family the Emperor
shows particular interest, and he made a special visit to Kiel in
order to be present at the simple ceremony.
" This is an important day for the German Navy. The eldest
son of Prince Henry, who is now in the Far East in command of
the squadron of cruisers, wears for the first time the uniform which
is worn by his father and many able officers in the service of the
Fatherland. It is one of the privileges of the Princes of the
House of Hohenzollern that they can from their tenth year devote
their energies to the service of the Fatherland by entering at that
age the 1st Kegiment of Guards, a regiment which has numbered
many Hohenzollern Princes amongst its officers. I hope that the
Hohenzollern Princes will devote their services to the Navy with
the same zeal, and I trust that the Navy will see this hopeful
young Prince grow up into an able, brave, and chivalrous officer,
who will be as distinguished for his energy and devotion, and for
the same patriotism as is his illustrious father. May our con-
gratulations be heard in the newly acquired German territory
beyond the sea."
On May 6th, 1900, the German and Prussian Crown Prince
completed his eighteenth year, and thereby attained his majority.
In the morning, at the lunch given in the Pillar Hall of the Eoyal
Castle, at Berlin, in honour of the birthday of the Crown Prince,
the Emperor made the following speech to the deputation of the
First Kegiment of Grenadier Guards :
276 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" I have determined, by way of marking my appreciation of the
importance of this day, to appoint my eldest son, the Crown
Prince, in la suite of your regiment the regiment which was so
near and dear to the heart of my revered father, and in which he
took such special pride, a sentiment which he once expressed in
very cordial terms in the midst of his regiment on the day of the
festival at Konigsberg. I have, therefore, further determined
again to confer on the regiment its ancient title, the ' Crown
Prince's Own/ that name, the 'Crown Prince's Own,' on which
my father shed such lustre, that name under which the regiment
faced the foe with distinction, by which it has ever continued to
be named in its native province of East Prussia, and which has
also survived in the regiment itself unofficially. The regiment
will display the monogram of King Frederick III. But in order
that the name King Frederick III. may be retained in the
infantry in my Army, it will be transferred to the Eleventh
Eegiment of Grenadier Guards, which my late father once com-
manded. I appoint the Crown Prince a la suite of the ' Crown
Prince's Own ' Kegiment, in the hope that when he has attained
the rank of colonel he will also be honorary colonel of the
regiment."
Then the Emperor turned to the Crown Prince:
"You are to-day taking an important step forward in life.
The rank of the Crown Prince was raised to so high a level by
your late grandfather, who was in this position for the longest
and most important period of his life, that it will be the work of
a life, and will demand your full strength as a man, to maintain
this position in the high place which it has occupied since the
time of your grandfather in the heart of the German people and
the Army. First as Crown Prince of Prussia, then as Crown
Prince of the German Empire, when the latter was welded together
in the year 1870-1, does this glorious figure, which at the end
suffered so unspeakably, tower aloft in history and live in the
heart of the nation as the Crown Prince par excellence. The
respect which your grandfather won in the world and among his
people for the position of the German Crown Prince is for you
an inheritance, which you have to maintain unimpaired and to
increase. Of this be sure, that you need all your strength of
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 277
manhood to do justice to your high and onerous task. This is
the thought that moves me to-day in bringing you into personal
relation with the ' Crown Prince's Own ' Eegiment."
On October llth, 1900, at the Saalburg, near Homburg, the
Emperor laid the foundation-stone of a Museum of the Antiquities
found on the frontier of the old Eoman Empire, with the words:
" Our first thought to-day reverts with sorrowing gratitude to
my father, the Emperor Frederick III., whose memory will ever
live among us. The Saalburg owes its restoration to his energy
and his active interest. Just as in the far east of the Monarchy,
the mighty stronghold, which once planted German civilisation
in the East, rose from its ruins at his bidding, and is now
rapidly approaching completion; so on the heights of lovely
Taunus, like the Phoenix, rose from its ashes the ancient Eoman
fort, a witness of the power of Eome, a link in the mighty brazen
chain which the legions of Eome laid round the mighty Empire,
and which at the bidding of a Eoman Emperor, Csesar Augustus,
imposed his will on the world, and opened out the whole world
to that Eoman civilisation which fell on Germany with special
fertilising power. Thus with the first stroke do I dedicate this
stone to the memory of the Emperor Frederick III., with the
second stroke to our German youth, the rising generations who
may here learn in the newly erected Museum the meaning of a
world-empire, and with the third to the future of our Father-
land, that it may be destined in times to come, by the harmonious
co-operation of princes and peoples, its armies and citizens, to
become as mighty, as strongly united, and carry the same weight
as did once the Eoman World-Empire, so that some day in the
future, as in ancient times it was said, 'Civis Eomanus sum,' it
may now be said, f I am a German citizen.' "
On the occasion of this ceremony the Emperor sent the follow-
ing telegram to Professor Mommsen at Charlottenburg :
"Theodoro Mommseno, antiquitatum romanarum investigatori
incomparabili, praetorii Saalburgensis fundamenta jaciens salutem
dicit et gratias agit Gulielmus Germanorum Imperator."*
* "William, the German Emperor, while laying the foundation-stone of the
Saalburg Prsetorium, presents his greeting and thanks to Theodore Mommsen, the
incomparable student of Roman antiquities."
278 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Professor Mommsen replied :
" Germanorum principi tarn majestate quam humanitate gratias
agit antiquarius Lietzelburgensis." *
On September 7th, 1890, at a banquet given by the members
of the Provincial Diet of Schleswig-Holstein, at GliLcksburg, the
Emperor William delivered a speech in which he paid a tender
and graceful compliment to his consort :
" I express to you the thanks of the Empress and myself for the
kind words which you have just addressed to us, and I also thank
the whole province for to-day's rejoicings and for the reception
which has been accorded to us. But it did not require this day's
proceedings to convince us of the warmth and loyalty of the senti-
ments of the province toward us.
" The link which unites me to this province, and which makes
this province dearer to me than any other, is the gem which
sparkles by my side, her Majesty the Empress, a daughter of this
province, a model of all the virtues that adorn a German Princess.
I owe it to her that I am able to fulfil the onerous duties of my
position with a cheerful mind and devote myself to them to the
best of my power.
" You have been good enough to say that you feel safe under my
rule and that you look with confidence to the future. And so also
do I, if I am supported by such men as you men of Schleswig-
Holstein. I hope that I shall succeed in my efforts to banish the
shadow to which you pointed, but I can only do so if every
German for his part gives me his assistance. I hope and expect
that the inhabitants of this province, each in his own particular
sphere of activity, will co-operate in the work of firmly upholding
established law and order against the revolutionary elements.
" If every citizen will do his duty, then I shall be in a position
to look after their interests and peacefully to guide the destinies
of our Fatherland for the welfare of us all ; and I am confident
that, come what may, you will tranquilly and patiently await
the development of our legislation and internal affairs, and that,
* "The Antiquarian of Lietzelburg (Charlottenburg) returns thanks to the German
Prince who excels in majesty and wisdom." Charlottenburg (Charlotte's Town), was
so named by Frederick I., King of Prussia, after the death of his wife, Sophie
Charlotte, in 1705. Till then the village was called Lutzelburg, or Littletown.
(See Carlyle, Friedrich, vol. i. p. 37.)
HIS FAMILY RELATIONS 279
in accordance with your well-tried loyalty and devotion, you will
lend me your aid. Thus then I raise my glass and drink to
the native Province of my Consort. Prosperity to my loyal
Province of Schleswig-Holstein."
The above speech is one of those in which the Emperor has
given public expression to his admiration for his Consort, to whom,
as he said, he is greatly indebted. Even more interesting compli-
ments to the Empress were paid by the Emperor on the occasion of
the seventy-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the students'
Korps Borussia at Bonn. The celebration was held on the 18th of
June, 1902, and among the proceedings was a grand students'
" Kommers," in which the Emperor and the Crown Prince took
part, while the ladies, among them the Empress, were seated in
the gallery.
In the course of the "Kommers" the Emperor himself took
the chair, and rose to propose the following toast to his Consort :
"When our ancestors gathered together at an assault-at-arms,
a bevy of fair ladies looked down upon them, but in the whole
history of German Universities there is no record of a Univer-
sity being honoured as you are honoured to-day. In the heart
of this beautiful city of Bonn is present her Majesty the Empress,
the first time the highest lady of the land has ever attended a
students' 'Kommers.' This unexampled honour is conferred on
Bonn and in Bonn on the Borussia Korps. I hope and expect
that every young Borussian on whom the eye of her Majesty
rests to-day will receive from this honour an inspiration which
will last him throughout his life. All of us, whoever we may be
general, statesman, lieutenant, or country gentleman unite in
loyal gratitude and homage to her Majesty the Empress. We
drink the very good health of her Majesty in a mighty 'sala-
mander.' " *
* Salamander. The process of "rubbing" a "salamander" by German Uni-
versity students is thus described by Mr. F. Marion Crawford in Greifenstein,
chap. vi. : "Every meeting of the Korps begins and ends with a 'salamander.' At
the President's word the glasses or stone jugs are moved rhythmically upon the
oaken board. Another word of command, and each student empties his beaker.
Then the vessels are rattled on the table, while he slowly counts three, with the
precision of a military drum, then struck sharply again three times, so that they
touch the table all together, and the meeting is opened or closed as the case may be.
The same ceremony is performed when the health of anyone is drunk by the whole
Korps."
THE EMPEROR AND THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
T IKE all clear-sighted European politicians, the Emperor William
Jj has watched with interest, and at the same time with appre-
hension, the almost fabulous growth of the United States of
America during the last decades, especially in regard to its
economic position. Ever since the time when he was Prince
William, the Emperor has endeavoured, at least by reading and
serious study, to make himself familiar with the circumstances of
America in this respect, and he has always regretted that it was
not his privilege to get personal information on the spot by means
of a journey to North America. When in the year 1888 the
Emperor came to the throne, the relations of Germany with North
America had been for some decades extraordinarily friendly and
pleasant.
In September, 1889, a new ambassador, Mr. Phelps, was
appointed to the post at Berlin. On September 26th he was
received by the Emperor to hand over his credentials, and on
this occasion the Emperor made the following speech to him :
" I have heard with great pleasure the words with which you
have introduced yourself, and I do not for one moment doubt that
you will be always successful in your efforts to cultivate the good
relations between your country and my empire, which have now
subsisted for a century. From my youth up I have had the
greatest admiration for the mighty and rising commonwealth
which you are appointed to represent here, and the study of
your history in time of peace and in war has always had for me
a special interest. Among the many eminent qualities which
your countrymen possess, it is, above all, their spirit of enterprise,
their sense of order, and their inventive capacity, which attract
the attention of the whole world. G^-mans feel themselves all
280
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 281
the more drawn towards the people of the United States because
they are connected with the North Americans by the many
close ties which community of origin involves. The prevailing
sentiment of the two nations is that of close relationship and
tried friendship, and the future can only strengthen the heartiness
of our relations."
In the year 1892 the American newspapers emphasised the fact
that the Emperor William II. was the only European ruler who
had sent a congratulatory message to the American Kepublic on
the occasion of the Columbus Festival, which took place in Chicago
in October. This telegram was addressed to Mr. Wharton, Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, at Washington :
" The German Emperor commands the German Ambassador to
express to you his sincere congratulations on the occasion of the
four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America, and
unites with them his hearty wishes for the continued development
of the great country to the Government of which you belong."
On February 17th, 1898, the American warship Maine was
blown up in Havana Harbour, and on this occasion the Emperor
addressed the following telegram to President McKinley :
"Allow me to express to you and your country my sincere
sympathy at the terrible loss of the Maine and the death of so
many brave officers and men."
In addition, the German Ambassador in Washington, Dr. von
Holleben, was at once commanded to seek an audience of the
President of the United States in order personally to convey the
expression of the Emperor's sympathy at the great calamity which
had befallen the American people. Mr. McKinley's reply to the
Emperor's sympathetic message was well received by the entire
German Press. "Expressing," he said, "the deep sorrow of a
stricken people, I gratefully acknowledge your Majesty's message
of sympathy."
The outbreak of the Spanish-American War, however, brought
with it a change of feeling on the part of the American people ;
but it was not until after peace had been concluded that the most
regrettable incident affecting the relations of the two countries
arose. Captain Coghlan, an officer of the American Navy who
distinguished himself in the war, together with his fellow-officers
282 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
of the United States cruiser Raleigh, was entertained at a banquet
given by the Union League Club of New York, and in replying to
the toast of his health declared that he had heard Admiral Dewey
make some very offensive remarks against Germany. Not content
with this, the Captain went still further, and sang a song in which
the German Emperor was insulted. This banquet was a private
affair, but the facts found their way into the newspapers, and
Captain Coghlan's conduct not only produced an outburst of indig-
nation in Germany, but was also severely censured by almost the
whole American Press. The feeling of Germany against Captain
Coghlan was all the greater because of the view held in that
country that a naval or military officer should not concern himself
with matters outside his sphere of activity, but, despite this
resentment, the Government and the people were anxious that
nothing should happen which would have a prejudicial effect on
German-American interests. Still, however, the incident could
not be allowed to pass unnoticed, and the German Ambassador at
Washington was instructed to call on the Secretary of State and
lodge a complaint. He was at first informed that the matter was
not a State affair, but merely the thoughtless utterance of a naval
officer; but subsequently both the Secretary of State and the
President personally expressed their regrets at what had occurred.
These strained relations soon gave way to quieter feelings, however,
but not before the German inhabitants of the United States had
vigorously asserted themselves in that country. A great number
of German societies were formed, and on one day in Chicago alone
as many as forty each held a meeting and expressed a determina-
tion to uphold German honour in America. Then also a number
of the largest German- American newspaper proprietors decided
that in future they would work in common for the protection of
their own and the Fatherland's interests. It was doubtless with
the object of removing the last traces of unpleasantness that the
Emperor sent his brother to represent him at the christening
of his Majesty's yacht the Meteor by Miss Alice Eoosevelt on
Shooter's Island.
Since the year 1898 the American newspapers have occupied
themselves much with the personality of the German Emperor.
On July 5th, 1900, President McKinley telegraphed to the German
Emperor :
" The confirmation of the news of the murder of the Ambassador
of your Majesty at Pekin impels me to express to your Majesty
and the family of Baron von Ketteler my deep sympathy, and
that of the American people."
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 283
The Emperor immediately telegraphed back :
" I express my most sincere thanks to your Excellency for the
warm words of sympathy with which you refer to the murder
of my representative at Pekin. I see in your message that com-
munity of interests which knits together all civilised nations."
Later in the year the work of laying the first German cable
between Germany and America was completed, and the Emperor
telegraphed as follows to the President :
" On the occasion of the opening to-day of the new cable which
brings Germany into closest telegraphic communication with
the United States, I rejoice to express to your Excellency my
satisfaction at the completion of this important work of peace.
I know that your Excellency is at one with me in the wish and
the hope that the laying of this cable will promote the general
prosperity and contribute to the maintenance and strengthening
of the friendly relations existing between our two countries."
The terrible calamity which befell the city of Galveston, Texas,
in the autumn of 1900 called forth the sympathy of the whole
civilised world. The German Emperor was one of the first to
express his sorrow.
"I wish to acquaint your Excellency," he telegraphed to Mr.
McKinley, " how deeply grieved I am over the calamity which has
befallen the flourishing city and harbour of Galveston and other
parts of Texas, and I join you and the people of the United
States in mourning the great loss of life and property which has
been caused by the tornado. The greatness of the calamity,
however, is equalled by the indomitable spirit of the citizens of
the New World, which has always enabled them to triumph in
their many encounters with the hostile forces of nature. I enter-
tain the sincere hope that Galveston will rise to new prosperity."
On September 10th, 1901, President McKinley was- attacked
by an anarchist and severely wounded. The Emperor immediately
telegraphed to Buffalo :
" I am deeply distressed by the news of the dastardly attempt
on your life, and beg to express to you my sympathy and that
of the entire German nation with you, and with the sorrow with
284 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
which your land is afflicted. May God grant you sure and
speedy recovery."
The Emperor and Empress also addressed a telegram to the
President's wife :
"The Empress and myself are struck with horror at the attempt
against your husband, and beg to express our deepest sympathy
and the hope that God will restore McKinley to health."
After this the following communication was sent by the
Embassy of the United States at Berlin to the German Foreign
Office :
" The touching expression of sympathy of their Majesties the
German Emperor and the Empress has been communicated to
Mrs. McKinley. The Embassy has been requested to express in
her name her heartfelt thanks."
Not only Germany, but also the entire world admired the
dexterous way in which the Emperor William used the oppor-
tunity afforded by the launching of his yacht Meteor at Shooter
Island, near Staten Island, in order to promote friendly inter-
course with the United States of America. The splendid reception
which was given to Prince Henry as brother and representative of
the German Emperor in America by the Government, the Germans,
and also by Anglo-Americans is still fresh in our memories.
An article published in Pearson's Magazine in the June number,
1902, is of special interest. The author of this article is no other
than Eear-Admiral Evans, who has been a lifelong acquaintance
and a good friend of Prince Henry, who greeted him in the name
of the American Government on his arrival in New York, was
attached to him during his whole stay in America, and was in
attendance upon him in all his journeys and at all receptions.
Evans writes, for instance :
" Now of course the Germans among us interested the German
Prince very personally, but he was interested in them as Ameri-
cans. Immense numbers of them appeared everywhere, and he
inquired for their welfare ; but the answer that pleased him best
from the rest of us was that they made such good citizens, and
from them that they were doing well by America.
" In every public speech to them he said that they could best
show their loyalty to the Fatherland by being loyal to the United
States, the country of their adoption, and their reply that this
was their sentiment also and their highest purpose, gave him a
gratification that was plainly genuine.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 285
"He was deeply interested whenever he caught sight of the
German veterans of the Franco-Prussian War. In Milwaukee,
where a hundred or more of these old soldiers of '70-71 were
lined up, he and his officers stopped to speak to them, and here
and always these greetings were touching and kind.
" Now the purpose of Prince Henry's visit was very simple
it was, like the visit itself, friendly. He said so himself, repeating
it time and again in his public speeches; and what he said publicly
was exactly what he said privately.
"Being with him all the time, I enjoyed his confidence, and
he talked about this point several times. Always he said that
he had come to extend across the ocean the hand of friendship ;
there was nothing more in it nothing more subtle or complex.
" Of course he and his suite were here to see things, and, each
an expert in his profession, they saw much and they saw it
keenly, with understanding and a willingness to learn. 'Keep
your eyes and ears open and your mouth shut,' Prince Henry
said his brother's instructions were. I believe this was all there
was of it, this and the personal interest of the Prince in the
American people, which was personal, mind you, and sincere ;
and in ships, machinery, industries, and business.
" Prince Henry gave a formal lunch on board the Deutsckland
before sailing for home. All those who had accompanied him
on his trip were present and enjoyed the hour of familiar con-
versation where true feeling found its way to the surface. Each
one was toasted by his Eoyal Highness, and then in a few heart-
felt words he expressed his warm personal thanks for the service
we had done him. There was real sentiment in what he said, and
each of us felt it.
" As representative of the Navy I said a few words, and they
indicate, and were meant to indicate, my views as to the object
and result of the Prince's visit. I said :
"'Prince Henry, and brother officers of the German service,
representing the Navy of the United States, I say to you that we
are glad you came, we are sorry you are going, and we hope you
will come again. It gives me pleasure to grasp the friendly hand
so courteously extended to us across the North Atlantic.'
"The grasp that I received across that breakfast-table con-
vinced me that there was strength of muscle as well as friendship
behind.
"In these few words I indicate just what I think of Prince
Henry's visit. It was purely and simply a visit of friendship to
cement the friendly relations existing between two great nations.
286 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Those who were doing the cementing on both sides had their eyes
and ears open, and, as a rule, their mouths shut.
" After a close personal relation with his Eoyal Highness during
his entire visit, and many most intimate and confidential conver-
sations, I feel justified in saying that I have given above the sole
object of his visit. I may say, further, that he was gratified and
satisfied with the result. For myself, I may say I am, as I have
always been, proud of my countrymen in this case for the hearty
and courteous greeting they gave my country's guest."
Out of gratitude for the excellent reception which his brother
had met with in America, and in order to give the American
people a new proof of sincere friendship, the Emperor William,
it is well known, lately decided to present to the American nation
the statue of Frederick the Great, to be set up in Washington.
On May 14th, 1902, the Emperor telegraphed from Wiesbaden to
President Roosevelt :
"I still stand under the deep impression which the splendid
and cordial reception of my brother Prince Henry by the citizens
of the United States of America has made upon me. In the
speeches with which he was welcomed, repeated reference was
made to the fact that my ancestor Frederick the Great had
always maintained a friendly attitude towards the young American
Republic at the time of its birth, thereby laying the foundation of
those friendly relations which have always subsisted between our
two countries. I propose to follow the example set by the great
King. I should like to keep alive the memory of the visit of
Prince Henry by a gift to the American people which I beg you
will accept on their behalf. I propose to present to the United
States a bronze statue of Frederick the Great, to be set up in
Washington, on a site which you will kindly select. May this
gift be regarded as a lasting token of the cordial relations which
have been successfully cultivated and developed between our two
great nations."
In reply to this telegram the following answer in German was
sent to Wiesbaden :
" I am deeply touched by your generous and friendly offer. I
thank you heartily for it in the name of the United States, and
will immediately lay it before Congress. It will certainly afford
our nation the greatest pleasure to receive from your hands a
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 287
statue of the celebrated monarch and soldier, Frederick the Great,
one of the greatest men of all times; and a special appropriate-
ness lies in the fact that a statue is to be erected here in the city
of Washington, the capital of the Eepublic, on the birth of which
he looked with such friendly interest. For this new proof of your
friendly sentiments to our country, I thank you in its name. The
gift will assuredly be here regarded as a fresh token of friendship
between the two nations. We hope and firmly believe that in
years to come this friendship will become still stronger and firmer.
It is a good omen for the welfare of the entire human race that
at the commencement of this century the American and the
German nations work together in a spirit of hearty friendship.
" KOOSEVELT."
THE EMPEROR AS MARGRAVE OF
BRANDENBURG
IT is customary for the members of the Diet of Brandenburg to
assemble on certain occasions at an official banquet, and, as a
rule, the Emperor is one of the guests and takes the opportunity
to deliver a speech. The utterances which his Majesty has made
on these occasions are not only most characteristic of his oratorical
style, but are at the same time of particular interest from the
political point of view, for nearly all of them have contained
warmly expressed and unrestrained criticisms of and allusions to
matters of public concern, and one or two have aroused an extra-
ordinary amount of comment in foreign countries as well as at
home. Before he came to the throne he attended at least one of
these banquets, and then made an important utterance. It is a
matter of common knowledge that when the present Emperor was
Prince William it was generally believed that he had a burning
ambition to excel as a soldier and that he was certain to plunge
the Empire and some foreign Power into all the horrors of war.
For a long time he submitted to these imputations in silence, but
eventually repudiated them in the firm words which will be found
on page 3. That speech cleared the air considerably, for most
thoughtful people accepted in full the assurances of the Prince,
and time has shown that their confidence was not misplaced.
A year later, after the Emperor had ascended the throne, he
addressed the members of the Brandenburg Diet on the last day
of the Session. His Majesty said :
" I have come here because I did not wish the Session to close
without passing at least a few minutes with you. The Governor
was good enough to invite me to this year's banquet, and it would
have given me great pleasure to accept the invitation, but as it
fell on the very day before the anniversary of the death of my
grandfather, I was, unfortunately, not able to do so. But, as I have
288
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 289
already said, I could not allow a year to pass without spending
a short time in the company of my Brandenburgers, so I decided
to pay you a hurried visit and to give to all of you, gentlemen,
my greeting.
" The first and most illustrious name in my full list of Koyal
titles is that of Margrave of Brandenburg, and, naturally enough,
I always regard myself as Margrave when I am amongst you, for
I am your direct head. That in itself is sufficient to make me
feel that I ought to be in your midst when you are assembled
together.
" We have this year undergone experiences, the like of which
have scarcely ever occurred to a people or a family. Indeed, so far
as I am aware, history does not record any case similar to ours.
We have lost two Kings. Within a short period of time I have
seen a grandfather and a father die before me, and I think that
that is training enough for a young man who is called upon to
rule such a country as this. I was well aware that I had in
a special degree the sympathy of the Province of Brandenburg,
and in particular of its representatives here present. We have
now known one another intimately for a long time, and, therefore,
I was certain that you in this province would understand the
difficulty of the circumstances in which I was placed, and would
not hesitate for a moment to show me your sympathy and to
support me in my task.
" What my principles are, you are well aware. I made you
acquainted with them last year, and I leave it to your judgment
to say whether I have acted up to them or not.
" I think I can safely say that the industry of the province is
improving in every respect, that commerce and the general
prosperity are on the increase.
" I rejoice to have been able to spend these few minutes with
you to-day, and I trust that the Provincial Diet may succeed in
solving the problems which it has to consider this Session. I
hope that circumstances will allow us to meet again next year,
and I may add the one request that you, gentlemen, will in the
future as in the past, continue to manifest and to preserve the
traditional Brandenburg loyalty."
290 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
On the 5th March, 1890, the Emperor was present at the
banquet given at the Kaiserhof Hotel, and spoke as follows :
" Gentlemen : I first of all thank you for the desire you
expressed to see me amongst you this evening. Apart from the
short visit which I paid to the Chamber at the conclusion of
last year's sittings, three years have passed since I was with my
Brandenburgers, during which time many things of deep concern
to my House and to the province of Brandenburg have happened.
"The intimate connection which exists between the House of
Hohenzollern and Brandenburg, and which is so much admired
yet so little understood by foreigners, rests above all upon the fact
that, in contradistinction to the case in many other States,
Brandenburg was privileged to show, in times of the greatest
misfortunes, its loyalty to its ruling House. Let me remind you
of my ancestors, and especially of the Great Elector of whom
I always take a special pleasure in speaking to you, for even in
his own lifetime he was named the Great and of Frederick the
Great. Each of these Sovereigns always considered it to be his
first duty, not to exploit for his own advantage the State which
he had once adopted in exchange for his more beautiful for such
men call it home in South Germany, but to merge his interests
entirely in those of the new land of his adoption, and to regard
it as his highest duty to strive incessantly for its welfare. On
those journeys to which your President has just referred, I do not
merely endeavour to learn something of the countries which I
visit and of their national institutions, and to cultivate friendly
relations with their Kulers. But besides that, these journeys, the
purport of which has so often been misapprehended, are valuable
to me inasmuch as they place me beyond the reach of party con-
flict and enable me to watch home affairs from a distance and
quietly to examine them in all their bearings. Anyone who has
been on the high seas, and has stood alone on the bridge at night,
only God's starry heaven above him, and has then held com-
munion with himself, will be able to understand the value of one
of these journeys. I should like to recommend many of my
countrymen to pass hours such as these, in which they could
give to themselves an account of their aims and achievements.
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 291
Then they would be cured of presumption, and that is a lesson of
which we all stand in need.
" There hangs in my room a picture which was for a long time
forgotten. It depicts a line of proud ships each flying the flag on
which is the red eagle of Brandenburg. This picture reminds me
every day that the Great Elector rightly understood that if the
province was to make the most of its industry and productive
capacity it must obtain for itself a position in the markets of the
world. Enormous has been the progress of Prussian and German
industries and commerce since then, and especially during the
reign of my grandfather. I regard it as one of my highest duties
to promote the further development of our economic activity.
I have, therefore, after endeavouring to secure peace with foreign
nations, directed my attention to domestic affairs. I have adopted
as my own the aims proposed by my late grandfather in his
message. Following in his footsteps, I regard it as my chief care
to devote myself most earnestly to the question of the welfare of
the lower classes of my subjects. For the successful issue of the
deliberations of the State Council, which I hope will soon be
embodied in legal form to the advantage of the Fatherland, my
thanks are due not least to the loyal and self-sacrificing co-opera-
tion of men of Brandenburg. The principles which I have already
mentioned to you, and which guided my ancestors and the House
of Hohenzollern in general, in the view they took of their position
towards the province of Brandenburg, were embodied in the
highest degree by my late grandfather. He regarded his position
as a task appointed him by God, to which he consecrated himself
by devoting all his powers to its performance till the last moment
of his life. His belief is also mine, and I deem the country and
the people that have passed into my care to be a talent entrusted
to me by God, which, as it is expressed in the Bible, it is my
duty to increase and multiply, and for which I shall some day
be called upon to give a reckoning. I trust, to the best of my
power, to be such a faithful steward with my talent, that I may
hope to gain many another talent besides. I welcome with all
my heart those who wish to assist me in my work, no matter
who they may be, but those who oppose me in this work I will
crush. Should times of difficulty be in store for us, I shall trust
292 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
to the loyalty of my Brandenburgers, and I hope that they will
faithfully assist me to fulfil my duties. Kelying upon that, and
recalling their motto "Here good Brandenburgers all," I drink
to the health of my Brandenburgers and this dear province."
A very remarkable speech was that delivered on the 24th of
February, 1892, at the banquet of the Provincial Diet of Branden-
burg, when the Emperor said :
" You have assembled together for your work, and, in accord-
ance with tradition and as good Brandenburgers, have not forgotten
your Margrave. For this I express to you my cordial thanks. It
is always a particular pleasure to me to be in the midst of my
Brandenburgers, especially when the whole province is so worthily
represented as it is by the present assembly.
"The words which have just been spoken and which have
given renewed expression to your loyal feelings have gladdened
my heart. It is doubly agreeable, and at the same time en-
couraging to me in my difficult task, to find that my efforts on
behalf of my people are so gratefully and so warmly recognised.
Unfortunately, however, it has of late become customary to find
fault with everything that the Government does. On the slight-
est pretext the tranquillity of the people is disturbed and their
pleasure in the existence, vigour, and prosperity of our great
Fatherland is embittered. All this carping and fault-finding
finally gives rise in the minds of many people to the idea that
our country is the most unfortunate and the worst-governed in
the world, and indeed that it is torture to live in it. That this
is not the case we, of course, know perfectly well, but would it
not be better if these dissatisfied grumblers shook the dust of
Germany from their feet and withdrew as quickly as possible from
these miserable and distressful surroundings ? They would thus
be put out of their misery, and they would at the same time do
us a great favour. We live in a state of transition. Germany is
gradually growing out of her childhood, and -will soon be entering
upon her period of youth. It is, therefore, high time that we
should throw off our childish ailments. We are passing through
difficult and exciting times, in which, unfortunately, the judgment
of the great majority of the people is wanting in objectivity.
They will be followed by more tranquil days if only our people
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 293
will earnestly concentrate their energies, realise their duties, and,
refusing to be led away by outside influence, will place their trust
in God and in the unsparing diligence and paternal care of their
hereditary Kuler.
" I should like to illustrate this stage of transition by a story
which I once heard. Sir Francis Drake, the famous English
admiral, had landed in Central America after a difficult and
exceedingly stormy voyage across the Atlantic. He was en-
deavouring to find that other great ocean, of the existence of
which he was convinced, though most of his companions held a
contrary opinion. A native chief, struck by the searching ques-
tions and enquiries of the admiral, and greatly impressed by his
personality, said to him, ' You seek the great water ; follow me,
and I will show it to you.' And then the two, despite the warn-
ing cries of the companions of the admiral, ascended a lofty
mountain. After fearful difficulties they arrived at the summit.
The chief pointed to the sea which lay behind them, and Drake
saw the wild, tossing waves of the ocean which he had crossed.
Thereupon the chief turned round, guided the admiral round a
small, rocky prominence, and suddenly, like a mirror gleaming in
the golden rays of the rising sun, the broad expanse of the Pacific
Ocean revealed itself to his enraptured eyes majestically calm.
" So may it be with us also ! The firm consciousness that your
sympathy accompanies me in my work constantly inspires me
with new strength to persevere in my task and to continue in the
way which Heaven has marked out for me.
"In addition to this there is the feeling of responsibility to
our Supreme Lord above, and, also, my steadfast conviction that
He who fought on our side at Kossbach and Dennewitz will not
fail us now. He has taken such infinite pains with this our
ancient province of Brandenburg and our House that we cannot
believe He has done so for naught. No; on the contrary, Bran-
denburgers, a great future is still reserved for us, and I am still
leading you on to a glorious destiny. Only do not let a gloom be
cast on your outlook into the future, or the pleasure you take in
united effort be lessened by mere carping criticism and dis-
contented partisan talk. Catchwords alone are powerless to
effect anything, and to the incessant, captious criticisms of the
294 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
new course of our policy and those who are responsible for it I
quietly but firmly reply, ' My course is the right one, and in it
I shall continue to steer. That my brave Brandenburger crew
will help me to do so, I sincerely hope."
In reply to an address made by Governor Dr. von Achenbach,
Minister of State, on March 1st, 1893, at the banquet of the
Provincial Diet of Brandenburg, the Emperor said :
"My dear Governor, and you, my honoured countrymen of
Brandenburg: I beg you to accept, first of all, my thanks for
your wish to see me in your midst. The sentiments of loyal
devotion which his Excellency has expressed on your behalf
awake a joyful responsive echo in my heart. Such sentiments as
these are an avowal of that firm confidence on your Sovereign
and his endeavours, which is the noblest reward that can be
bestowed on me and my trusty advisers in our heavy labours.
" The present age delights in casting many a glance backward
at the past, and in comparing it with the existing state of things,
mostly to the disadvantage of the latter. He who can look back
at such a glorious past as, thank God, we Germans can, does well
to do so, in order to learn many a lesson therefrom. In a
monarchical state this is called tradition. But it should not
merely cause us to launch out into unavailing lamentations about
men and things which are no longer in existence, we ought
rather to refresh ourselves in our recollections, as in a spring, that
rising from it strengthened and reinvigorated we may devote
ourselves to a joyous activity and happy exercise of our powers
of work. Our first and foremost duty is to show ourselves
worthy of our ancestors and their achievements. And that we
can only do by an unde via ting adherence to the paths which they
traced out for our guidance.
"The noble form of our great departed Emperor William is
ever present to our eyes with its mighty triumphs. To what
were they due ? To the fact that my grandfather had the most
firm belief in his divinely appointed office combined with the
most unwearied devotion to duty. The Province of Brandenburg
stood by him, and the whole German Fatherland too. Well,
gentlemen, I grew up and was reared by him in these traditions,
and I too cherish the same belief. My highest reward is, there-
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 295
fore, to labour night and day for my people and their welfare.
But I do not disguise from myself the fact that I can never make
all the members of our nation equally happy and contented. But
I have good hope that I shall succeed in bringing about a state of
things with which all can be content who have the will to be so.
<r lt is my earnest wish that this will may become stronger day
by day in my people ; that all good Germans and, above all, my
Brandenburgers may help me in my task is my request. And it
is my hope that our entire German Fatherland may thereby gain
strength at home and respect and esteem abroad. Then may I
say with a good courage, ' We Germans fear God and naught else
in the world.' "
Governor von Achenbach also made an address to the Emperor
at the banquet held on February 24th, 1894, to which the latter
replied :
" My honoured Governor : I beg to offer you my hearty deep-
felt thanks for the kind words which you have addressed to me
in the name of the Province of Brandenburg. In the course of
your speech the call ( Here good Brandenburgers all ' rang in our
ears, and to this call we may add that other, the battle-cry of my
ancestors, ' Here good Hohenzollerns all.'
" A glance at the history of our lands of Brandenburg suffices
to show how the Hohenzollerns and Brandenburg have ever be-
longed to one another, and how by the force of events and the
historical development of our land they now form but a single
conception. You have referred to various moments, to epochs
with which are connected important episodes in the history of
our House and country. You have laid stress on the manner in
which my ancestors and the forefathers of the Brandenburgers
here assembled worked and laboured at a common task. There is
a special significance in your striking this note at the present
time.
"Even the Margrave of Brandenburg can only work for his
country with a view to its material prosperity, if he knows him-
self secure of the confidence of his Brandenburgers. That my
ancestors, and in particular that one to whom we most delight to
look back as to the greatest of all Brandenburgers I mean the
296 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Great Elector were able to accomplish so much for their country,
is due to this mutual confidence of prince and people, is due above
all to the knowledge that the reigning House of Hohenzollern is
equipped with a high sense of duty derived from the consciousness
that it is appointed by God to its position, and that to Him alone
and to its own conscience has it to render an account of all that
it does for the welfare of the land.
" Let us, then, cultivate the love of our Fatherland, let us teach
our children to glory in our great united German Empire, of
which, after all, Brandenburg is the main pillar. And if we
cannot do so from the impulse of our own heart, let us learn to
do so from other nations. By this I mean to refer to the Dutch
people, our kinsmen in race and religion, among whom the Great
Elector had to spend his early youth in order that he might sub-
sequently practise the lessons he learnt there for the benefit of
the whole. How deeply rooted in the consciousness of the people
of that country is the feeling of what the reigning House has
done for Holland, is shown by a simple, touching incident which
occurred when once a Dutch peasant woman with her little
children entered the house, in the wall of which were visible the
bullet-holes made by the fatal shot by which William of Orange *
fell. When the old woman came to this spot, she turned to her
children and pointing to the marks with her finger said, ' That is
William.'
" Well ! we too will do the same. Let us look back to the year
1866 and the year 1870, and then we too can say, 'That is
William.' They are great things which my illustrious ancestors
have won for us all. Even under the Great Elector the Eagle
of Brandenburg was feared by our foes also on the water, and
now the Province of Brandenburg has lately had the kindness to
present a flag to the ironclad Brandenburg, so that last autumn
it was possible, for the first time for two hundred years, to see
the red eagle floating in the blue sky. Once again I express to
you my most hearty thanks for this gift.
" Since then a day of distress has come to the ship, and bitter
William of Nassau, Prince of Orange (W. The Silent), Stadtholder of Holland
and Zealand, was shot by a fanatic at Delft on July 10th, 1584. (See Motley's
Dutch Republic, Part VI. cap. 7. )
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 297
trouble befallen the crew.* Gentlemen, the men who fell on
board the Brandenburg died like Brandenburgers, and showed
that in the performance of their duty they remained true to their
oath till death. By way of thanks for your kind gift, and in
remembrance of this ship, I beg to hand you here a picture which
you may hang up in your hall here in memory of the time of the
Great Elector."
The next of the speeches which we may give was delivered on
the 20th of February, 1896, and was as follows :
"In the autumn of last year I went over the battlefield of
Metz a bright spot in the history of the foundation of our
Empire. I ascended to the summit of the hill on which the
Brandenburg Corps delivered its attack, in order to help to win
the Imperial crown for its King and Margrave. It was with
moved heart and tear-dimmed eye that I looked upon the field,
and I saw in mind the companies and regiments of Branden-
burgers pass by, struggling along their bloody path. In mind I
saw soldiers fall struggling in the throes of death, their failing
eyes turned towards heaven and their hearts filled with the cer-
tainty of victory and that the battle was won. And then, for
the first time, the real greatness of the work which the province
did for its King in the great war became clear to me, and in my
heart there was born the conviction that for a people which could
accomplish so much nothing is so good, nothing so great, that
their Margrave is not bound to do it for them by way of thanks.
Such was my glance at the great time which we lived over again
in our reminiscences.
" And now let me describe to you an incident which occurred
at the time of the celebrations held last year. We human beings
are wont to associate the natural phenomena which we see around
us with the hand of God. When the Hohenzollern was nearing
the entrance to the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal night was just giving
place to day; a heavy storm hung over us, and lightning and
thunder alternated in rapid succession, presenting an impressive
spectacle. Nature seemed to be in great commotion. As so
severe a tempest might possibly cause the abandonment of the
* On February 17th, 1894, a fatal boiler explosion had occurred on board the
ironclad Brandenburg.
298 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
opening ceremony, or even of the whole programme, my heart
became alive with anxiety as to whether we should, after all,
succeed in carrying it out. For it was the great work which had
been begun by my grandfather, and which before the eyes of the
whole world had been brought to completion, and an anxious
prayer went up from my heart, and I prayed Heaven to vouch-
safe to us, in Its grace, a sign as to whether or no a fine day
would be granted us. The ship swung into the lock and passed
through. On the other side, at the mouth of the canal, there had
been erected two great wooden towers similar to those built in
old times by the Crusaders for the purpose of enabling them to
breach the walls of castles and towns. From both towers hung
German flags, and a thick rope lay stretched across the canal
from tower to tower. Slowly, in death-like silence, the great ship
moved forward. Behind us the last claps of thunder rolled away
and the last flashes of lightning gleamed ; and before us rose
a dark cloud, out of which anon a golden radiance began to
shine. The vessel reached the rope. It was drawn taut. The
resistance seemed beyond our power to overcome ; the towers
cracked, but the line was broken, and the HoTienzollern passed
into the canal. At that moment the first rays of the bright sun
rose through the clouds and dissipated them, and in less than
an hour afterwards the sun was shining in his full strength. At
this sublime signal the canal was declared to be open, and then
the vessel, flying the flag of the newly united Empire, was greeted
by a thundering salute from the ships of the whole world.
"Well, gentlemen, such is my retrospect, such is the total
benefit which we have derived from the work of the last twenty-
five years. And now there devolves upon us the duty of looking
forward. What we have lived to see, what has been accomplished,
we owe to the great Emperor William and to his confidence in
God. The whole celebration of last year merely resolved itself
into a panegyric on his personality, which has now indeed
become sacred in our eyes. It is to us the embodiment of the
unification of the new German Fatherland, which so many longed
to see. It is our sacred duty to defend the person and the
hallowed memory of this illustrious ruler, so pure and noble,
against every assailant, come he whence he will. I am firmly
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 299
convinced that as the appeal which I once addressed to you
that you would rally round me and help me in my work has
met with so warm a response, we shall, assisted by other help, be
able to make still further progress.
" I am thinking now of German women and maids. When I
was on the battlefield of Yionville I thought of how nobly they
gave their sons, their husbands, and their lovers to assist in the
work of regaining for us the Empire. It is incumbent upon
them that they should bring up a new generation of vigorous
men. In our mother, our good German woman, lies a vast
reserve of power that none can overcome. May she, in her
position as mother, always be mindful of her enormous impor-
tance, and may the women of your province in particular always
remember that they should help to rear for us a brave and
vigorous generation of young Brandenburgers full of trust and
confidence in God.
" As for you, gentlemen, who, with proudly-beating heart and with
high hopes, are gathered here, I call upon you to renew to me
the vow contained in the words which are engraved on the badge
of the Order dedicated to the memory of the Emperor William,
1 work in memory of the Emperor William,' and that each in his
own particular place, whether he be member of Provincial Diet,
Councillor, or simple yeoman, will join the others and work for
the welfare of the Fatherland."
On February 26th, 1897, the Emperor was again present at the
dinner given by the Governor to the Members of the Provincial
Diet of Brandenburg. At the end of his speech, Governor von
Achenbach called for cheers for the Emperor, and the latter, after
returning thanks, went on to say :
"Let us glance at the pages of history. What was the old
German Empire ? How often did separate parts of it strive and
struggle to come together to form a united whole, partly in order
to work together for the good of the whole and partly to ensure
the possibility of protecting the entire State against attack from
without? This dream was never realised. The old German
Empire was harassed from without by its neighbours, and dis-
tracted by party rivalries within. The only Sovereign who
succeeded to a certain extent in uniting the whole land was the
300 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
Emperor Barbarossa. To this very day the German nation is
thankful to him for what he did. After his time, however, our
Fatherland fell into decay, and it seemed as if there would never
rise a man capable of welding it together once more. Providence,
however, created this instrument, and chose the man whom we
could welcome as the first great Emperor of the new German
Empire. We are able to trace his career, to see how he slowly
developed from the sore time of trial up to that point in his life
when, already a man of mature years, in fact on the verge of old
age, he was called upon to fulfil his task, after years of prepara-
tion for his call, and with the great thoughts fully formed in his
brain which were to enable him to effect the re-establishment of
the Empire. We see how he first of all raised an army of the
hired peasant sons of his provinces, and constituted them into a
powerful, splendidly equipped force. We see how, by means of
his army, he succeeded gradually in acquiring predominant power
in Germany and in raising Brandenburg -Prussia to the leading
position. This having been done, the moment arrived for him to
call upon the entire Fatherland to rally round him, and on the
field of battle he united those who had been adversaries. Gentle-
men, if that illustrious man had lived in the Middle Ages he
would have been canonised, and bands of pilgrims would have
travelled from all lands to offer up prayers at his tomb. Thank
God, this is also the case to-day. The door of his sepulchre
stands open. Every day some of his faithful subjects visit his
tomb and take with them their children, and strangers go there
for the pleasure of seeing this splendid old man and his statues.
But we, gentlemen, will take special pride in this powerful man
and great Kuler, because he was a son of Brandenburg. That God
selected a Brandenburger must have been a matter of some special
significance, and I hope that it will be the privilege of this province
to continue to promote the welfare of the Empire. The House of
Hohenzollern and Brandenburg are indissolubly united, and the
very fibres of our strength and activity spring from the Province
of Brandenburg and are rooted in its soil. So long as the peasant
of Brandenburg stands by us, and we can be certain that Branden-
burg will respond to our work and help us, no Hohenzollern will
despair of his task. This task is sufficiently difficult in itself,
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 301
but it is made still more so. I allude to a certain duty which
devolves upon every one of us, whoever and wherever we may
be. To the fulfilment of this common duty we are called by the
memory of the Emperor William the Great, and in fulfilling it
we will rally round him and round his memory, as the Spaniards
did once round the Cid. This duty, which is a burden imposed
upon us all, and which we are bound to undertake in memory
of him, is to fight against revolution with every means at our
command. That party which dares to attack the foundations of
the State, which rebels against religion, and which does not even
spare the person of the Sovereign, must be crushed. I shall
rejoice to know that every man's hand is in mine, be he work-
man, landowner, or prince, if only I have his help in this conflict.
And we can only carry this combat to a victorious issue if we
always bear in mind the man to whom we owe our Fatherland,
our Empire, who, by God's Providence, was surrounded by so
many trusty and able counsellors, who had the honour of being
permitted to carry out his intentions, and who, filled with the
spirit of this noble Emperor, were all the instruments of his
sovereign will. We will work according to the right, and will not
desist in the struggle, so that we may free our country of this
malady which is invading not only our people, but also our family
life, and, above all, is striving to shake the position of woman, the
most sacred thing that we Germans know. I hope, therefore, to
see my Brandenburgers rally round me if the fiery signal should
be raised, and with this hope in mind I exclaim : The province
and the Brandenburgers. Hurrah ! "
One more of the Emperor's speeches to the members of the
Brandenburg Diet may be given. It was delivered on the 3rd
of February, 1899. His Majesty said :
"My esteemed Governor and dear friends of the Province of
Brandenburg : The address which we have just listened to
has described in brief outline in patriotic language, glowing
with poetic eloquence, the deeds of my House and the history
of our people. I believe that I but give expression to the feel-
ings which are in the heart of every one of you when I say
that there were two circumstances which made it possible
302 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
for my ancestors and my House to accomplish their task in
the manner they did. The first, the main circumstance was
the fact that, above all other Princes, and in an age when
such thoughts and feelings were perhaps as yet somewhat un-
common, they felt and asserted their belief that they were
personally responsible to the Lord in Heaven. The second
circumstance was that they had the people of Brandenburg
at their back. If we transport ourselves in imagination to the
time when the Governor of the country,* Frederick I., was
nominated Elector, and exchanged his glorious native home in
Franconia for the province of Brandenburg, which was then
in a condition which the descriptions of the historians scarcely
enable us to realise, then the only intelligible reason we can
assign for the exchange is that he felt in himself the call to come
to this land, entrusted to him by favour of the Emperor, in order
to restore here law and order, not merely because the Emperor
willed it for his own pleasure, but because he was convinced that
this task was appointed him from on High. We can trace the
same belief in all my ancestors. Our great struggles with foreign
foes without and our domestic legislation at home were always
guided by the thought of their responsibility for the people placed
under their rule and for the country entrusted to their care.
" It was after the great and glorious events of the years 1870-71.
The troops had come back home, the rejoicing and enthusiasm had
abated, and the old occupations and the foundation and develop-
ment of the newly- won Fatherland were now to begin. The three
paladins of the great old Emperor found themselves for the first
time seated alone at dinner together the great General, the
mighty Chancellor, and the faithful Minister of War. As soon
as the first glass had been emptied to the Sovereign and the
Fatherland, the Chancellor spoke, and, turning to his two com-
panions, said : ' We have now accomplished all that we fought for,
struggled for, and suffered for. We now stand at the summit of
our highest hopes. What is there that can interest or inspire
* Frederick VI., Burgrave of Nuremberg, arrived at Brandenburg on June 24th,
1412, as Statthalter or Vicegerent. On April 30th, 1415, he was made Elector by
the Emperor Sigismund (Super Grammaticam), and was actually invested with the
office iii Constance on April 17th, 1417, as Elector, Frederick I. (See Carlyle,
Friedrich /., p. 135.)
AS MARGRAVE OF BRANDENBURG 303
us or kindle our enthusiasm after what we have experienced?'
There was a short pause ; then, suddenly, the old strategist
answered : ' We can watch the tree grow.' And then profound
silence reigned in the room. Yes, gentlemen, the tree which we
see growing, and which we have to foster, is the German Imperial
oak. It is destined to healthy growth, for it stands under the
care of the Brandenburgers, in whose country it is rooted. It has
weathered many a storm and has frequently threatened to decay,
but the trunk and its offshoots, rooted in the soil of Brandenburg,
will, by God's grace, endure to all eternity.
"I can therefore to-day only renew my vow to do everything with-
in my power. Even my journey to the Holy Land and its sacred
places will be valuable to me in my task of protecting, tending,
and cultivating this tree, and, like a good gardener, of pruning
the superfluous branches and attacking the vermin which gnaw at
its roots in order to exterminate them. I hope, therefore, it will
be vouchsafed to me to see this picture: the oak grown into a
magnificent tree, and the German Michael standing before it, his
hand on his sword-hilt, gazing across the frontier, ready to protect
it. Secure is that peace which stands behind the shield and
under the sword of the German Michael.
"It is a glorious undertaking for all nations to aim at the
establishment of peace, but there is a flaw in all these calcula-
tions. So long as mankind is possessed by original sin, so long
will war and hatred, envy and discord, prevail, and so long will
man attempt to overreach his neighbour. The standard of right
and wrong applying among men applies also amongst nations.
Let it, therefore, be the aim of us Germans at least to stand
together firm as a solid rock. Against this rocker de bronze of the
German nation, both far beyond the seas and here at home in
Europe, may every wave that threatens peace dash in vain.
" The first who are called upon to help me in this task are the
province of Brandenburg and its people, and as I assume that you
will not find any difficulty in following the black and white
banner and the red standard of your Margraves, I hope that you
will understand the reason why I intend to rely upon the province
in the future as I have done in the past, and that in so doing I
count upon your faithful co-operation."
THE EMPEROR ON COMMERCE
AND NAVIGATION
ONE of the Emperor's best-known utterances is " Our future
lies upon the water." This in itself is almost sufficient to show
that he is keenly interested in matters relating to commerce,
navigation, and seamanship, as well as to the development of
his Navy.
Interesting and characteristic was the speech which His Majesty
delivered on board the North German Lloyd steamship Fulda, at
Bremerhaven, on the 1st of April, 1890, when he was the guest of
the North German Lloyd :
" In thanking you," he said, " for the kind words with which
you have welcomed me, I at the same time express to you the
special pleasure it has afforded me that I have at last been able
to fulfil my long-cherished wish personally to inspect the working
and management of this great company, the North German Lloyd.
I can assure you that of the many interests which I have to care
for, and to promote which concerns my Government and my
Empire, there are scarcely any with which I am more particularly
in sympathy than the prosperity and the career of your company.
Each new vessel built by your company, each new success which
one of your vessels achieves, each new service established, fills
me, and not me only, but also many other people of this country
like-minded with myself, with pride and satisfaction. The great
emporium which we have seen to-day in all its palatial splendour,
the mart for so many necessaries of life destined to be re-exported,
is the distributing port from which the Lloyd ships rapidly convey
products to every quarter of the world. The magnificent vessels
which are so greatly admired, not only by Germans, but also, and
especially, by foreigners, and which cut through the waves with
such speed, in the first place, carry with them everywhere the
304
ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION 305
products of our Fatherland, and, secondly, they are a token of our
skill in naval architecture, our speed of construction, and at the
same time give some indication of the extent of our mercantile
marine. I think therefore that I may say, without exaggeration,
that wherever they go they may display themselves with legitimate
pride before the world.
" It is, of course, my first duty to do everything that is possible
to preserve peace, and this is only natural, considering what work
the Lloyd is called upon to perform ; for trade and commerce can
only thrive and flourish when business can be conducted under
sure care and protection. There may be moments when mis-
givings arise in the world of commerce, when it seems to the
uninitiated outsider that critical times are approaching. You
may, however, rest assured that there are many things which are
not so bad as they appear. By way of illustration I should like
to draw a conclusion with reference to our circumstances from
a natural phenomenon. I am passionately fond of the sea, and
delight in observing and watching natural signs, and, like a true
German, like to draw conclusions from nature to meet my own
case. It was on my first voyage with a squadron in the Baltic
Sea; we had been steaming through a thick fog since three
o'clock in the morning. We could hear nothing but the hooting
of the syrens and, from time to time, the reports of signal guns,
which indicated the positions of the ships. At eight o'clock we
wished to change our course, but the fog was so dense that we
could not see as far as the chart-house on our vessel, to say
nothing of from one ship to another, and doubts arose as to
whether the change of course could be made. However, it was
made, and about an hour afterwards we on board the Hohenzollern
suddenly emerged from the bank of fog and steamed into a fresh
breeze and calm water, with blue sky overhead and the morning
sun shining brightly. Our gaze was first directed back to the
bank of fog which lay on the sea like an enormous cloud and
from which the sound of hooting syrens was carried towards us,
when suddenly we saw, high in the clouds, as if carried in the
hand of a cherub, the German flag moving slowly through the
clouds by itself. It was the admiral's flag flying on the mainmast
of the Kaiser, which was still sailing at the head of the squadron
306 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
through the fog and had followed in our wake. This sight was
so surprising that all of us who were on the bridge involuntarily
drew our heels together and stared at this phenomenon. Ten
minutes later the whole squadron, which had taken the new
course, had emerged in faultless order from the fog. Gentlemen,
from this illustration I conclude that whatever fogs and dark
hours may be in store for our Fatherland and our mercantile
marine and commerce, we Germans will succeed in emerging
from them, and, by earnestly striving forward, will reach the end
which we have in view, actuated by the sound principle that
' We Germans fear God, but naught else in the world/ I should
therefore like to make a request to you, namely When any-
thing is mentioned in the Press or in public life which is some-
what obscure, for unfortunately it not rarely happens that my
words and utterances are given a meaning which they do not
bear, remember what I have told you, and remember also the
maxim of an old Emperor, who said, ' The Emperor's word must
not be twisted or explained.' "
The following telegram was sent by the Emperor on the 1st of
June, 1896, to the Board of Directors of the North German
Lloyd :
"As an indication of my special Imperial good-will, I have
conferred upon the captains of German merchant ships the right
to quarter the Iron Cross on the German mercantile flag so
long as they are officers of the Naval Keserve. I should like
this distinction to be the means of tightening the bonds which
bind my Navy to the mercantile marine, upon whose support
in time of war it relies. At the same time the officers of the
Eeserve should regard the distinction as a recognition of their
position and as an encouragement to them to distinguish them-
selves in the future as in the past by conscientious discharge of
duty in navigating the ships entrusted to them."
The Emperor and Empress visited Stettin on the 23rd of Sep-
tember, 1898, in order to be present at the opening of the new
harbour of that port. In reply to the speech made by Chief
Burgomaster Hacken on this occasion in front of the engine-house
in the new harbour, the Emperor said :
" I congratulate you with all my heart on the work which is now
ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION 307
accomplished. You began it in a spirit of adventure, but you
could only do so thanks to the care of my late grandfather, the
great Emperor, at whose command the girdle of iron which en-
circled Stettin was removed. From the moment when the city,
relieved in this way by Eoyal permission, was free to expand,
from that moment you were able to take a wider and broader
view of things, and your city did not hesitate to do so. With
true Pomeranian pertinacity and stubbornness you have succeeded.
I am pleased to see that the old Pomeranian spirit remains alive
in you and has driven you from the land to the water. Our
future lies upon the water, and I am firmly convinced that the
enterprise which you especially, Mr. Chief Burgomaster, have pro-
moted with such vigour, such far-seeing discernment, and such cease-
less care, will, centuries hence, be associated with your name and
thankfully acknowledged by the grateful citizens of Stettin. And
I, your Sovereign and your King, express to you my thanks for
having raised Stettin to such a state of prosperity, and I hope
and expect indeed I may say, I require that the city will
in the future continue to develop at this rate, and that your
attention, never distracted by party quarrels, ever fixed on the
welfare of the whole, may bring it to a height of prosperity which
we cannot as yet even imagine. That is my wish."
On the 1st of July, 1899, the Emperor visited Ltibeck, and was
received by the Burgomaster, Dr. Klug, and the Committee of
the Yacht Club. He was present at a lunch given by the Yacht
Club in the Cellar of the Town Hall, and made the following
reply to an address from the Burgomaster :
" I thank your Magnificence for the words which you have just
addressed to me. It is with joy that, on behalf of the Imperial
Yacht Club, of which I am Commodore, and also on behalf of all
fellow-yachtsmen, I greet the newly established Llibeck Yacht Club.
I hope that the founding of this club may be taken as a sign of the
tendency of the nation to seek its future more and more upon the
water. It is a matter of course that in this tendency the lead is
taken by the Hanseatic towns, and, naturally, before all others, by
the ancient capital of the Hanse, Liibeck, this noble old city,
where every inch of ground and every drop of water relates
308 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
volumes of history as to what its energetic citizens have been
capable of accomplishing. And that reminds me of an ancient
motto of Lubeck ' It is easy to nail the pennon to the mast, but
it costs much to take it down 'with honour/ That is a saying
which every yachtsman would do well to remember as he sets out
for the start in the morning. The promotion of yacht-racing will,
I hope, help to develop interest in all that concerns our economic
relations with foreign countries, to strengthen the desire for enter-
prise abroad, and to promote the training of able yacht-sailors. I
should, however, like to see the ancient motto considered from a
wider, nobler point of view. I have in my mind another flag
the banner of our Empire. We are indebted to the Emperor
William the Great for it. He nailed it to the mast, and there let
it remain fast, as once did Nelson's flag. Let us, therefore, do
everything that we can in order that it may float there aloft with
honour, so long as God in Heaven pleases, and, if He should ordain
that it be lowered, then may He grant that it be only 'with
honour.'
"I drink in memory of the glorious history of the ancient
capital of the Hanseatic League, to the prosperity of the City of
Lubeck and its Yacht Club."
This speech of the Emperor was entirely impromptu. The
gist of the speech, " the flag is easily nailed to the mast, but it
costs much to take it down," could not have been in the Emperor's
mind before he entered the Town Hall Cellar, to which this was
his first visit. One wall of the banqueting-room was adorned
with the motto: "Let us ponder well: the pennant is easily
nailed to the mast, but it costs much to take it down with honour."
On this saying, which among all the mottoes at once attracted the
Emperor's attention, the monarch built up his pithy speech.
On August llth, 1899, the Emperor William entered the
village of Kauxel, near Dortmund, where the Imperial Chancellor
and the Ministers, v. d. Kecke, Thielen, and Hammerstein received
him. From this place he drove in a carriage along the Dortmund-
Ems Canal to the pavilion, where the reception by the Canal
Commission took place. The Emperor then went on board the
government steamer Strewe, and proceeded up the canal to the great
floating canal lift, fourteen metres high, near Henrichenburg. When
the Emperor's boat had passed the lift it continued its journey
ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION 309
to Dortmund. The school children of the surrounding villages
and the local societies lined the banks of the canal the whole
way. On landing at the Dortmund Harbour the Emperor pro-
ceeded to the pavilion to dedicate the harbour. The ceremony
was opened with song, and then Chief Burgomaster Schmieding
addressed a speech to the Emperor in which, after referring to the
universal enthusiasm of the people, he expressed the hope of the
assistance of the State in the present difficult position of canal
traffic. In reply to the address the Emperor said :
"My honoured Chief Burgomaster : I beg to express to you my
heartiest thanks first of all for your invitation, which enables me
to visit your city, and in the second place for your welcome and
for the decorations of your city and your suburbs.
" I would gladly have come here sooner, but that anxiety at the
state of my wife's health led me to her side first, and not till I
felt sure that I could leave her with a quiet mind, and without
a feeling of suspense and anxiety, could I make up my mind to
visit your city.
" The work which I have inspected to-day will, I hope, enable
the city of Dortmund to resume the flight which in former days
it took over the sea. Only I would like to believe that the canal,
as we see it at the present moment, is only a portion of the work.
"It is to be thought of in connection with the great Central
Canal, which I and my Government are firmly and irrevocably
determined to construct.
" It is, of course, difficult quickly to bring home to the people
such great new ideas and to awaken an intelligent interest in
them ; but I believe that as time goes on the conviction will ever
more and more gain ground, that the development of our great
water-ways is absolutely necessary, and will be fraught with
blessings for both interests, industry and agriculture.
"The first impulse for the construction of water-ways can be
found some centuries ago. Two of my greatest ancestors, the
Great Elector and Frederick the Great, were the most important
makers of water-ways. With far-sighted wisdom the Great
Elector turned his eyes towards Emden, and even in those days
intended to connect this city by a water-way with the Mark of
Brandenburg, and thereby to help to raise it to prosperity. I am
:#
*s'
310 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
firmly convinced that this city, too, will succeed in connection
with Dortmund and, further, with the hinterland that belongs to
it, in once more having a great and prosperous future to look
forward to.
" I know, too, that in the great Hanse towns on the North Sea
schemes are already afoot which, if they are ever carried out,
promise the most magnificent future for the Dortmund-Ems
Canal.
" We must not forget that the constantly growing needs of our
country also demand increased and easier means of transport, and
as such we must look upon the water-ways side by side with the
railways. The interchange of bulky goods in the interior, which
is above all things of benefit to agriculture, can only be effected
by water, and so I hope that the representatives of the people,
yielding to this aspect of the matter, will furnish me with the
means, I hope, in the course of this very year, to give my
country the blessings of this canal for their use and benefit.
" I hope therefore, from the bottom of my heart, that this so
richly thriving and, as one can see on all sides, rapidly rising city
will advance to a new, undreamt-of future, and that in developing
its resources it will be true to the old Hanse traditions.
" The support which was wanting to the Hanse in the old days,
a strong, united Empire obeying a single will, that we have once
more gained by the grace of Heaven and the achievements of my
grandfather, and this power shall be thrown into this great work
with all its weight. I pledge my word to that."
When the sailing regatta on the Lower Elbe was over, a dinner
was given on June 19th, 1901, on board the pleasure steamer
Victoria Louisa, belonging to the Hamburg-American Line, at
which the Emperor and Prince Henry were also present. In reply
to an address of welcome from the Burgomaster of Hamburg,
Dr. Monckeberg, the Emperor delivered a speech :
"I tender your Magnificence my heartiest thanks for your
eloquent words. I beg to express to you and to all my comrades
upon the water my joy that it has been my privilege once more
to appear as a competitor in the races held under the auspices of
the North German Regatta Club. In his short and pithy speech
ON COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION 311
his Magnificence has drawn so excellently that it could not be
improved upon, a picture of the development of our Fatherland
in the field of water sports during the last year, and its relations
to foreign countries. My whole task for the future will be to
enable the seeds that have now been sown to germinate in peace
and security. In spite of the fact that we have not yet got a
Navy commensurate with our requirements, we have fought for
and won our place in the sun. It will now be my task to take
care that this place in the sun remains ours by undisputed right,
so that its beams may work with fertilising energy on our trade
and commerce abroad, on our industry and agriculture at home,
and on sailing sport on our waters, for our future lies upon the
water. The more Germans come out on to the water, whether to
compete in sailing matches, or to voyage across the ocean, or in
the service of our naval ensign, the better it is for us. For when
once the German has learnt to turn his eyes towards the spacious
and great, the petty which encompasses him on every side in his
daily life disappears. But if any man will gain this high and
free outlook over the world, a Hanseatic city will afford him the
most suitable standpoint for this purpose. And the lesson we
have so far learnt from the history of our development is, indeed,
nothing else than what I have already insisted on, when I sent
my brother out to the East Asiatic station. We have followed to
its logical conclusions what the Emperor William the Great, my
ever memorable grandfather, and the great man whose monument
we have just unveiled, bequeathed to us as their creation. These
conclusions consist in the fact, that we put out our strength where
in former days the Hanseatic League had to desist, because the
vivifying and protecting force of the Imperial power was wanting.
So let it, then, be the duty of my House to foster and protect
trade and commerce in profound peace for many a long year to
come. I see in the events which have been enacted in China,
and which have now been brought to a conclusion by the return
of the troops, a guarantee that the peace of Europe is assured for
many a long year; for the performances of the various contingents
have evoked an expression of opinion, based on mutual esteem and
a feeling of comradeship, which can only contribute to the perma-
nence of peace. In this peace, I hope, our Hanse towns will flourish
312 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
and our new Hanse will trace out its path and win and acquire
new markets for its goods ; and then can I, as Supreme Head of
the Empire, rejoice at every man from a Hanse town, be he from
Hamburg, Bremen, or Liibeck, who goes forth into the world, and
with farseeing look, seeks out some spot where we can drive in a
nail on which to hang our armour. Therefore I feel that I am
only expressing your own inmost thoughts when I acknowledge
with thanks that the Director of this Company, who has placed
at our disposal to-day this wonderful vessel named after my
daughter, has gone forth as a bold pioneer of Hanseatic enter-
prise, to make peaceful conquests for us; conquests, the fruits
of which our grandchildren will some day gather. In the joyful
anticipation that this enterprising spirit of the Hanse may ever
further and further spread its influence, I raise my glass and ask
all those who are my comrades upon the water to join me in
cheers for water sports and the Hanseatic spirit."
THE EMPEROR ON THE TROUBLES
IN CHINA
IT will doubtless be well remembered that during the serious
troubles in China, in the year 1900, the Emperor's policy was
from first to last marked by great firmness, and that he left no
stone unturned to avenge the murder of his Ambassador and to
restore order. The speeches in which he discussed the situation
attracted unusual attention, and this was particularly the case
with the one which he delivered at Wilhelmshaven on the 2nd of
July, when he bade good-bye to the first battalion of Marines
which left Germany for the Far East. His Majesty's words
were :
" Into the midst of profound peace the firebrand of war has been
hurled not, alas ! unexpected by me. A crime unheard of in its
arrogance, horrible in its barbarity, has struck down my trusted
representative, and taken him from us. The Ambassadors of other
Powers, together with the comrades who were sent to protect
them, are in jeopardy of their lives ; perhaps this very day they
have already fought their last fight. The German flag has been
insulted, and the German Empire defied. This calls for condign
punishment and revenge. The situation has developed with fear-
ful rapidity and is now most serious, and, since I called you under
arms for mobilisation, has become even more grave. The re-
establishment of order, which I hoped to effect with the aid of the
Marines, has now become a very difficult task one which can
only be accomplished by a combined body of troops of all civilised
Powers. On this very day the Admiral of the squadron of cruisers
has requested me to take into consideration the advisability of
despatching a division. You will meet a foe who has no more
fear of death than you have. Trained by European officers, the
Chinese have learnt how to use European arms. Thank God,
313
314 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
your comrades of the Marines and of my Navy, whenever they
have met the enemy, have strengthened and maintained the old
military prestige of Germany, have defended themselves gloriously
and victoriously, and have accomplished their tasks. So I send
you out to avenge this wrong, and I will never rest till the
German flag, together with those of other Powers, floats victoriously
above the Chinese standards, and planted on the walls of Pekin,
dictates peace to the Chinese. You are to maintain good com-
radeship with all the troops with whom you come into contact
Russians, British, French, or whatever else they may be. They
all fight for one cause civilisation.
" We have in mind something higher also, namely, our religion
and the defence and protection of our brothers out there who,
at the risk of their lives, have taken up the cause of the Saviour.
Remember the honour of our arms, remember those who fought
in the past, and go forth with the old motto which is on the flag
of Brandenburg to guide you :
" ' Vertrau' auf Gott, dich tapfer wehr',
Daraus besteht dein' ganze Ehr' !
Denn wer's auf Qott herzhaftig wagt,
Wird nimmer aus der Welt gejagt ! '
"The flags which float over you here will be taken under fire
for the first time. See that you bring them back clean, spotless,
and without stain. You will not lack my thanks and my interest,
my prayers and my solicitude ; they will not fail you ; I will
follow you with them."
In view of the seriousness of the situation, the order was given
to form an expeditionary corps of the strength of a composite
brigade, consisting of volunteers from the Army.
On July 27th, 1900, the Emperor delivered the following
speech to the troops sailing from Bremerhaven for China imme-
diately before their departure :
" Great responsibilities are they which have fallen to the lot of
the newly created German Empire across the sea, responsibilities
far greater than many of my countrymen expected. The German
Empire, from its very nature, is bound to come to the assistance
of its citizens whenever they are oppressed in a foreign land.
ON THE TROUBLES IN CHINA 315
The problems which proved insoluble to the Holy Roman Empire,
the modern German Empire is in a position to solve. The means
that enables it to do this is our Army. By the loyal work of
thirty years of peace, it has been trained according to the
principles laid down by my late grandfather. You, too, have
received your training according to those principles, and are now
to be put to the proof before the enemy, to see whether they
will stand the test. Your comrades of the Navy have already
stood the test, and have shown you that the principles of our
training are sound, and I am proud also of the praises from the
lips of foreign commanders which your comrades out yonder have
won. I look to you to do the same as they. A great task awaits
you; you are to redress the grievous wrong that has been per-
petrated. The Chinese have trampled on international law, they
have, in a manner unheard of in the history of the world, hurled
foul scorn at the sanctity of the Ambassador and the duties of
hospitality. Such conduct is all the more revolting, because the
crime was committed by a nation which is proud of its imme-
morial civilisation. Maintain the old Prussian excellency ; prove
yourselves Christians in the cheerful endurance of suffering ; may
honour and glory attend your colours and your arms; set an
example to all the world of discipline and obedience. You know
right well that you are to fight against a crafty, brave, well-
armed, barbarous foe. If you fall into his hands, then know that
quarter will not be given, prisoners will not be made ; wield your
weapons to such effect that for a thousand years no Chinaman
shall ever again dare to look askance at a German. Uphold
discipline; God's blessing be with you, the prayers of a whole
nation, my best wishes go with you every one. Open the way
for civilisation once for all. You may now start on your voyage.
Good-bye, my comrades ! "
Another notable speech was that which his Majesty delivered
at Cassel on the 18th of August, the occasion being the departure
of Count von Waldersee and his staff.
" I salute you," he said, " at the moment of your departure from
the Fatherland, and I congratulate you on having been chosen
to take part in the campaign in China as the staff and under
316 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
the guidance and leadership of our trusted Field-Marshal, Count
von Waldersee.
" Dear Waldersee, I congratulate you on the fact that I am able
to-day to salute you once more as Commander of the united troops
of the civilised world. It is of great significance that your appoint-
ment had its origin in the suggestion and by the wish of his
Majesty, the Emperor of all the Kussias, the mighty Monarch
whose power is felt in far distant Asiatic countries. This demon-
strates once more how closely related are the old military traditions
of the two Empires. It is a great joy to me, that upon the sug-
gestion of his Majesty the whole civilised world without distinc-
tion spontaneously entrusted to your Excellency the command of
their troops. We, as Prussian officers, are grateful and full of
pride that this duty has been laid upon you, for it indicates
a universal recognition of our military life and work, as well
as of our military system and of the training and leadership
of our generals and officers. As a token of your dignity I hand
over to you on this day your Field-Marshal's baton, and I hope
that you will wield it with your wonted vigour and with the con-
fidence which you have always shown on important occasions.
Above all things, however, I hope that you will be supported by
Providence, without whose aid even the most accomplished soldier
can do nothing.
"I conclude with the wish that your Excellency may be per-
mitted to perform your tasks, whether they are protracted or of
short duration, sanguinary or otherwise, as you yourself would
wish, and as we, who have entrusted our troops to you, unani-
mously desire. I trust, in the interests of all our nations, that
our common expedition may be a firm guarantee of that mutual
toleration and general peace among all European Powers, which
his Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, attempted to bring about last
year in another way. That which was not granted to us that we
should accomplish in peace, we may perhaps now win while we
have our weapons in hand."
After order had been restored, Prince Chun came to Europe on
a penitential mission. He visited Potsdam, and on the 4th of
September, 1901, stood at the foot of the throne and expressed
his regrets to the Emperor.
ON THE TROUBLES IN CHINA 317
His Majesty replied to the Prince's address as follows :
" It is not an occasion of joyful festivity or the desire to fulfil a
simple act of courtesy that has prompted your Imperial Highness
to visit me, but a most lamentable and grievous occurrence. My
Ambassador at the Court of his Majesty, the Emperor of China,
Baron von Ketteler, was struck down by a murderous weapon,
which was raised in the capital of China by a soldier of the
Imperial Chinese Army, acting under the order of a superior.
An unheard-of crime, equally condemned by international law
and the custom of all nations. I have just heard from the
lips of your Imperial Highness how sincerely and deeply his
Majesty, the Emperor of China, regrets this occurrence. I readily
believe that your Imperial Highness's Imperial brother had
no share in this crime and the outrages against inviolable
legations and peaceful foreigners which followed it. All the
greater, therefore, is the culpability of his counsellors and his
Government. They must not imagine that they can atone for,
and be excused of, their culpability by means of a penitential
mission alone, but only by their subsequent conduct in accord-
ance with the precepts of international law and the customs of
civilised nations. If his Majesty, the Emperor of China, conducts
in the future the government of his great Empire strictly in the
spirit of these precepts, then his hopes will be fulfilled, the sad
consequences of the disorders of last year will be forgiven, and
between Germany and China there will again permanently prevail
peaceful and friendly relations, which will be a blessing to both
nations and, indeed, to the whole civilised world. With the
sincere and earnest wish that it may be so, I bid your Imperial
Highness welcome."
THE EMPEROR'S VISIT TO PALESTINE
fTlHE genuine piety with which the German Emperor is en-
JL dowed, and which is partly inherited and partly the result of
education, was the incentive which led to his journey to the Holy
Land, a journey which was undertaken at great cost and under
great difficulties.
Leaving Berlin on the llth October, 1898, his Majesty, accom-
panied by his Consort, proceeded to Palestine by way of
Constantinople, and on the 30th of the month arrived at
Bethlehem. During his stay in that place his Majesty made the
following speech :
" If I am to acquaint you with the impressions which I have
received during the past few days, then I must say that I have,
on the whole, been greatly disappointed. When I heard that
others, my Chief Court Chaplain, for instance, had received exactly
the same impressions as myself, I thought that I need not with-
hold them from you. It may be that the very unfavourable
approach to the city of Jerusalem contributed much to our dis-
appointment. When one observes the present condition of the
Holy Places, and the state of affairs there, it is enough to break
one's heart. And yet it is a stupendous event, on the scene of
which we are standing, the emanation of the Creator's love, and
how out of keeping with it is what we have seen. I am, therefore,
doubly pleased to have obtained here in Bethlehem, at the
ceremony in which I have taken part, the first inspiring im-
pressions which I have received in the Holy Land. The very
example given us by Jerusalem is an urgent warning to us to
keep in the background as far as possible the minor differences of
our creeds, so that, firmly united here in the East, the Evangelical
Church and the Evangelical Faith may carry on their work.
Otherwise we can do nothing. We can only make progress by
318
THE EMPEROR'S VISIT TO PALESTINE 319
means of example and pattern, and by showing that the Gospel
is a gospel of love in all parts of the world, and that it bears
other kind of fruit. Nothing but the lives which Christians lead
can make any impression upon Mohammedans. No one can blame
them if they have no respect for the name of Christian. For the
Christians are split up into rival sects, and they have to be even
restrained from flying at one another's throats by external force
of arms. Under every possible kind of political pretext they filch
from the Mohammedans one piece after another to which they
have no right, and, consequently, the good name of Christianity
has lost much of its influence, and has now reached its present
low level.
"But now it is our turn. The German Empire and the German
name have acquired a prestige throughout the Ottoman Empire
greater than they have ever enjoyed before. It is incumbent
upon us to show what the Christian religion really is, and that
it is our simple duty to exercise Christian charity even towards
Mohammedans, not by means of dogma or attempts at prose-
lytising, but merely by example. The Mohammedan is a zealot
in religion, so that nothing is effected by preaching alone. But
our civilisation, our institutions, the kind of example we set them
by our lives, the manner of our conversation among them, the
evidence that we are united amongst ourselves these are the
things that matter. They form a kind of examination which we
have to pass on behalf of our Protestant Creed and Faith, by
means of which we can give a proof of what Christianity is, and
by which they can learn to take some interest in our religion
and our Creed. Take care that this is done."
On October 31st the consecration of the Protestant Church of
the Kedeemer took place. After the conclusion of the ecclesias-
tical ceremony the Emperor read out the following address :
" God in His grace has vouchsafed to us to be able to consecrate
this House of God, dedicated to the Eedeemer of the world, in
this city sacred to all Christians. The work which my ancestors,
now at rest in God, have for more than half a century longed to
accomplish, and, as furtherers and patrons of the work of love
established in this city by the Evangelical Community have
320 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
striven to perform, has now been completed by the erection and
dedication of this church of the Kedeerner. In this place the
hearts of men shall, by the winning power of ministering love,
be turned towards Him in whom alone the tormented human
heart finds salvation, rest, and peace for time and eternity. Far
beyond the bounds of Germany Evangelical Christianity follows
our ceremony with sympathy and intercession. The deputies of
the Evangelical Church congregations and numerous Evangelical
co-religionists from all over the world have come here with us
to be personal witnesses of the completion of that work of faith
and love by which the name of the Divine Lord and Kedeemer
shall be glorified, and the building up of the kingdom of God on
earth shall be furthered.
" Jerusalem, that city built on a hill, which we see at our feet,
vividly calls to our mind that stupendous work of redemption of
our Lord and Saviour. It bears witness to us of that common
work which independently of creeds and nationality unites all
Christians in Apostolic Faith.
"The world-renewing power of the Gospel, which went forth
from this place, urges us to follow its teaching. It exhorts us to
look up with the eye of faith to Him who died for us upon the
Cross, to Christian resignation, to the practice of unselfish love
for all men, and it gives us a sure promise that if we faithfully
hold fast to the pure doctrine of the Gospel, even the gates of
Hell shall not prevail against our dear Evangelical Church.
From Jerusalem came that Light to the world, in the brightness
of which our German nation grew great and glorious. The
Teutonic nations became what they are under the banner of the
Cross at Golgotha, the symbol of self-sacrificing love for one's
neighbour.
" As almost two thousand years ago, so too to-day shall that call
ring through the world which sums up the longing hope of us all
'Peace on earth.' Not splendour, not power, not glory, not
honour, no earthly blessing is it that we seek here ; we pine, we
pray, we strive alone after the sole, the highest blessing, the
salvation of our souls. And as I on this solemn day repeat the
vow made by my ancestors at rest in God, ' I and my House will
serve the Lord,' so do I call upon all of you to make the same
THE EMPEROR'S VISIT TO PALESTINE 321
vow. Let every man, whatever his position in life, whatever his
calling, take care that all who bear the name of the crucified
Lord may so walk under the banner of His glorious name, that
they may triumph over all the powers of darkness, that spring
from sin and selfishness. May God grant that from this place
rich streams of blessing may flow over all Christendom ; that on
the throne and in the cottage, at home and abroad, trust in God,
love for our neighbours, patience in suffering, and unflagging
industry, may ever remain the noblest ornament of the German
nation ; that the spirit of peace may ever more and more permeate
and sanctify the Evangelical Church. We have the firmest trust
and confidence that He, the gracious God, will hear our prayer.
He, the Almighty God, is the strong rock of defence on whom
" With force of arms we nothing can,
Full soon we were down-ridden ;
But for us fights the proper Man,
Whom God Himself hath bidden.
Ask ye, Who is this same ?
Christ Jesus is His name,
The Lord Zebaoth's Son ;
He and no other one
Shall conquer in the battle." *
Whilst he was in Jerusalem the Emperor passed through the
colony of Templars on the 1st of November, and, replying to
an address of welcome, said :
" It is a great pleasure to me to see so many of my countrymen
here, and I thank you for the splendid reception which you have
given to me. I rejoice that you have recognised the necessity
of affording your neighbours a good example by the lives which
you lead, and in doing this you have shown how to win respect
for the name of Germany in this country. You have, as I have
observed in regard to other colonies, conferred honour on the
name of Germany by means of your industry and piety, you
have gained for yourselves a good reputation here and abroad,
and you have shown how one must set to work to restore a barren
ground to fertility. You are, so far as I know, for the most part
Swabians. I have telegraphed to the King of Wlirtemberg that
* The second stanza of Luther's Psalm, "Erne Feste Burg ist unser Gott,"
translated by Thomas Carlyle, 1831.
322 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
I have found many of his countrymen thriving at Haifa and
Jaffa, and have received from him a reply, in which he requests
me to convey to you his greetings. For you who live here it
is easier than for others to find ever fresh incentives to do good,
for you reside so near to the Holy Places. I hope that in
the future, as at present, friendly relations with the Ottoman
Empire, and especially the friendship which exists between his
Majesty the Sultan and myself, will tend to facilitate your task.
If any one of you is in need of my protection, then I am here.
He may appeal to me, no matter what creed he professes. For-
tunately, the German Empire is in a position to afford its subjects
abroad permanent protection."
On returning to Berlin, where they arrived on the 1st of
December, the Emperor and Empress were welcomed at the
Brandenburg Gate by the municipal authorities. In reply to the
address, the Emperor spoke as follows :
" On behalf of the Empress, I thank you cordially for the re-
ception which you have extended to us in the name of the City
of Berlin. I am glad to set foot in my native city again on re-
turning from so long a journey, abounding in powerful impressions
in the domain of religion, art, and industry.
"Of all that I should like to tell you to-day I may mention
one thing, but that of a highly gratifying character. Wherever we
went, on all seas and in all countries and all cities, the German
name had a sound which it never had before. It is respected and
held in honour as it never has been before. My hope is that this
will continue, and that our journey will have helped to open up
fresh fields where German enterprise and German energy can
.display their activity, and further, that I have succeeded in
advancing the noble work of securing the general peace of the
world."
THE EMPEROR WILLIAM AS A PREACHER
IF there is no chaplain on board a German man-of-war, divine
service is conducted on Sunday by an officer on deck. This
service appeals to everybody by its simple character, and is a
memorable experience to one who has at any time been present
on such an occasion.
If the Emperor is on board he conducts divine service, whether
the vessel is in harbour or at sea.
In the German Navy it is the usual custom for the officer con-
ducting divine service to read out the prayers and a sermon from
a book, but the Emperor delivers sermons of his own composition,
one of which has become public property.
The Emperor delivered this sermon on board the Holienzollern
off Heligoland on July 29th, 1900.
" Seventh Sunday after Trinity. The grace of our Lord Jesus
Christ, the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost be
with us all. Amen.
"Text Exodus xvii. 11: 'And it came to pass, when Moses
held up his hand, that Israel prevailed ; but when he let down his
hand, Amalek prevailed.' Amen.
" It is a striking picture that our text presents to our minds.
Israel is marching through the wilderness from the Ked Sea to
the Mount of Sinai. But suddenly the heathen nation of the
Amalekites meets them on the way and would bar their passage,
and a battle ensues. Joshua leads the young warriors of Israel
into the conflict; their swords clash, and a hot, bloody struggle
begins in the valley of Eephidim. But, lo, whilst the battle
sways this way and that, the holy men of God Moses, Aaron, and
Hur go up to the top of the hill ; they stretch out their hands to
Heaven, they pray. Down below in the valley the company of
fighters, above on the hilltop the company of prayer ; such is the
battle scene in our text.
323
324 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
" Who to-day can fail to understand what it will say to us ?
Yet once again is the spirit of the heathen Amalekites stirring in
distant Asia, and is striving with great might and craft, with
burning and bloodshed, to bar the way to the trade and thought
of Europe, and to check the triumphant march of Christian
morality and Christian belief.
"And now again God's command has gone forth, Choose out
men, go out and fight against Amalek. A hot, bloody struggle
has begun. Already many of our brothers are standing there in
the fire, many are on their way to the shores of the enemy, and
you have seen the thousands who responded to the call of volun-
teers for the front. Who will be the protector of the Empire ?
Even now they are assembling, and with colours flying are
entering into the fight.
" But as for us who must remain behind at home, as for us who
are bound by other sacred duties, tell me, hear ye not the call of
God, which goeth forth to you and says to you, Arise, go up to
the top of the hill, hold up your hands towards heaven? The
prayer of the righteous prevaileth much, when it is in earnest.
"Well, then, yonder in a far land the companies of fighting
men, here at home companies of men of prayer, let that be our
sacred battle picture to-day. Then let this peaceful hour of
morning warn us, let it warn us of the sacred duty of intercession,
and let it remind us of the sacred power of intercession.
" The sacred duty of intercession.
"Assuredly it is a stirring moment when a vessel with its
young crew on board weighs anchor. Have you not seen the
light in the eyes of your warriors? Have you not heard the
cheers from their thousand throats ? But when the shores of
home disappear in the distance, when they enter the glowing heat
of the Ked Sea or on the mighty billows of the ocean, how easily
do courage and enthusiasm grow faint.
"Assuredly it is a moment of exaltation when, after the long
voyage, the straight lines of the German forts are sighted in the
far distance, when the black, white, and red flag of the German
colony comes into view, and your brothers in arms are standing
on the shore to bid you welcome with their cheers; but when
THE EMPEROR WILLIAM AS A PREACHER 325
after that come the long marches in the burning sun, the long
nights of bivouac in the rain, how easily do the spirit and strength
fall away. Assuredly it is a moment to which all have long looked
forward, when at last the drums beat for the storming and the
trumpets peal for the battle, and when the word of command
rings clear : ' Forward against the enemy ! ' But when amid the
thunder of the guns and amid the hail of shells comrades fall to
right and to left, and the batteries of the enemy will not yield,
how easy then it is for the stout heart to begin to quail.
" Christian men, in order that our brothers yonder may keep
cheerful hearts even in their hour of most pressing need, that
they may remain true even under the most exacting duty, that
they may remain undaunted even in the greatest peril, they need
more than ammunition and sharp weapons, even more than youth-
ful courage and fiery enthusiasm ; they need the blessing from
above, otherwise they could not win and hold their victory they
need that heavenly world which is open only to prayer. Prayer
is the golden key to the treasure-house of our God, and he who
has it has also the promise : ' Whosoever asks, he shall receive.'
" Or shall we perchance lay our hands idly in our bosoms ?
Woe unto us if we are slothful and remiss, while they are plying
their hard and bloody handiwork. Woe unto us if we are merely
curious spectators of the great spectacle standing behind the lines,
while they are struggling in hot fight unto death. That would
be the spirit of Cain with his cruel words, " Am I my brother's
keeper ? " That would be indeed faithlessness towards our brave
brothers who are risking their lives.
" Never. We will not only mobilise our battalions of soldiers,
but also a holy fighting company of men of prayer.
" Yes, how many a petition and how many a prayer may we
not offer up for our brothers marching into the field. They must
be the strong arm that punishes the assassins, they must be the
mailed fist plunging into the wild turmoil. Sword in hand must
they intervene in defence of our most sacred possessions.
" So with our prayers we will accompany them over the billowy
deep, on their marches, into the thunder of battle, and into the
stillness of the hospital. We will pray the Lord God that they
may stand manly and strong at their posts; that, heroic and
326 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
undaunted, they may fight their battles ; that, brave and un-
complaining, they may bear their wounds ; that God may grant
those who meet their death in the fire a blessed end, and may
give them the reward of their loyalty ; in short, that He may
make our warriors heroes, our heroes conquerors, and may then
bring them back to the land of their fathers, with the laurel
round their helmets and with the badge of honour on their
breasts.
" The sacred power of intercession.
" Perhaps we do not believe in the sacred power of intercession.
Well, then, what says our text ? * When Moses held up his hand,
Israel prevailed.' The earnest prayers of Moses blunted the
swords of the enemy. They pierced like a wedge into the battle
array of the enemy ; they caused them to waver, and fastened
the victory on to the fluttering banners of Israel. And if the
prayers of a Moses accomplished that, shall not our prayers have
a like power ? God has not withdrawn a single word of His
promises. True prayers have power even to-day to throw down
the dragon banner into the dust, and to plant the banner of the
Cross on the wall.
" And Moses stands not alone with his intercession. Lo !
yonder on the height of Sodom stands Abraham interceding
before his God, and by the power of his petition rescues Lot
from the burning city. Shall not our prayers, too, succeed in
rescuing our fighting comrades from out the fire of the battle ?
" See, yonder in Jerusalem the young Christian congregation
have fallen on their knees; their leader, their father, lies bound
in prison, and lo ! with their prayers they call the angel of God
into the gaol, and he leads Peter forth uninjured. Shall not our
prayers have the power even to-day to burst open the doors of
the oppressed, the prisoner, and the persecuted, and to place the
angels at their side to help them ?
" ' Oh, the unacknowledged might
Of the prayers of saints,
Nothing without prayer is wrought
Or in joy or sorrow.
Step by step
It works with us,
Wins the victory for our friends,
Brings to naught our foes.'
THE EMPEROR WILLIAM AS A PREACHER 327
" Yes, God liveth as of old. Our great Ally still reigneth, the
Holy God who cannot suffer sin and iniquity to triumph. He
will lead His holy cause against an unholy nation. The Almighty
God, who can smite through the strongest walls as through
gossamer, who can scatter like a heap of sand the mightiest
armies, the merciful true God who in His Father's heart bears
the joys and sorrows of His children, who hears every sigh and
sympathises with every sorrow. Pious prayers open His fatherly
hand, and it is filled with blessings. Earnest prayers open His
fatherly heart, and it is full of love. Yes, faithful persistent
prayers bring down the living God from Heaven and place Him
in our midst, and if God is with us who can be against us ?
" Well, then, yonder on the mountain-top mysterious bells are
hung by ropes. They are rung by no human hand. While it is
sunshine they hang silent and voiceless, but when the storm wind
arises then they begin to swing, commence to ring, and the sound
of bells is heard far down in the valley below.
" Now the Lord God has hung in every human heart a bell of
prayer, and in the sunshine and prosperity of life how oft does it
hang still and silent, but when the storm wind of distress rages,
then it begins to ring. How many a comrade, who has forgotten
how to pray, will yonder learn again to fold his hands in prayer in
the life and death struggle. Necessity teaches to pray, so let it
be at home too. Let the solemn days which have dawned, let the
storm of war which has burst upon us set the prayer bells ringing.
Let us pray for our fighting brothers. Not only now and again
in the solemn hour ; no, no, let us be true in prayer. Just as our
fathers of old in times of war rang bells every evening and at
their sound bared their heads and prayed, * Lord Jesus Christ,
abide with us because it is now evening,' so let us not for a single
day forget to make intercession. Moses held his hand up until
the going down of the sun ; until Joshua had discomfited Amalek
with the edge of the sword. Our fight is not ended on a single
day, but let not your hands grow weary ; let them not fall, until
the victory is won. Let our prayers be a wall of fire round the
camp of our brothers.
" How will it strengthen, inspire, and kindle them, the thought
that thousands, nay millions, are thinking of them with hearts of
328 THE GERMAN EMPEROR'S SPEECHES
prayer ! The King of Kings calleth for volunteers for the front.
Who will pray for the Empire ? Oh, would that it might be said
here : the King called and they all came, all of them ! Let not
one of us be absent. He is a true man who knows how to pray.
" Some day history will describe the struggles of these times.
But man sees only what is before his eyes ; he can only say what
the wisdom of leaders, the courage of troops, the sharpness of
weapons have accomplished. But some day eternity will reveal
yet more. It will show how the secret prayers of the faithful
were a mighty power in these conflicts, how once again the old
promise was fulfilled * Call unto Me in the hour of need, and I
will rescue thee.' And therefore be steadfast in prayer. Amen.
" Prayer :
" Almighty God, our dear Father in Heaven, Thou Lord of
Hosts and Leader of the battle, we raise our hands up to Thee in
prayer. On Thy heart we lay the thousands of our brothers in
arms, whom Thou Thyself hast called to the fight. Guard these
our sons with Thy almighty protection, lead our men to mighty
victory. On Thy heart we lay the wounded and the sick; be
Thou their comfort and their strength, and heal the wounds they
have received for King and Fatherland. On Thy heart we lay
those for whom Thou hast decreed to die on distant battlefield ;
be with them in their last fight, and give them everlasting peace.
On Thy heart we lay all our people. Make true, holy, and increase
the enthusiasm which now glows through all our hearts. Lord
our God, we venture forth in reliance on Thee. Lead Thou us in
the battle. We boast, Lord, that Thou art our helper, and in
Thy name we unfold our banner. Lord, if we forsake not Thee,
Thou givest us Thy blessing. Amen."
The Emperor concluded with the Lord's Prayer and the Blessing.
INDEX
A.
Academy of Arts, at Berlin, 182, 183.
Academy of Sciences, at Berlin, 191-4.
Accidents, exhibition of means for pre-
vention of, 75.
Achenbach, Governor von, 3, 294, 295,
299.
Actors, address of William II. to Berlin,
181.
Admiral, William II. as a British, 18,
19, 98, 99, 101, 103, 108.
Adolph, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe,
118, 269.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Collegiate Church of,
Aix-la-Chapelle, visit of William II. to,
70-3.
Albert, King of Saxony, 18, 115, 116,
120, 122, 123, 127, 128, 133, 221,
223.
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 98.
See also Edward VII.
Albrecht, Prince Regent of Brunswick,
119, 133, 149, 150, 267, 268.
Albrecht Achilles, 211.
Albrechtsburg, the, 127, 129.
Aldershot, visit of William II. to, 99.
Alexander III., the Tsar, 1, 14, 21, 22,
23, 25, 26, 30.
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 100,
133, 134.
Alice, Princess, of England, 126.
Alsace-Lorraine, 16, 25, 44, 45, 46, 48,
49, 248.
Alsace-Lorraine, the dictatorship para-
graph, 97.
Alsace-Lorraine, passport regulations for,
45, 91, 92.
Anglo-German Agreement of 1888 (on
East Africa), 98.
Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 (on
E. and S.W. Africa, Zanzibar, Heligo-
land), 99.
329
Anglo-German Agreements of 1893 (on
Kilimanjaro ; Cameroons), 101.
Anglo-German Agreement of 1894 (on
Togoland and Gold Coast), 101.
Anglo-German Agreement of 1900 (on
China), 111, 112.
Anniversary, 25th, of Peace of Frankfort,
137-47.
Armada, the Spanish, 235.
Arminius, 199.
Army Corps, Third, 16, 17.
Army Corps, Eighth, 130, 217.
Army Corps, Tenth, 229.
Army Corps, Twelfth, 122, 127, 128.
Army Corps, Fourteenth, 124, 132.
Army Corps, Fifteenth, 123.
Army Corps, Sixteenth, 52.
Army, increase of the German, 201, 209,
210, 213-17.
Army, Proclamation to the German. 4,
227.
Art, views of William II. on the in-
fluence of, 180.
Artistic talents of William II., the, 178.
Artists. See Commissions to.
Athens, visit of William II. to, 22, 99.
August, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, 133.
Augusta, the Empress, 119, 217, 218,
249, 250, 268.
Augusta Victoria, the Empress, 65, 278.
279, 309, 318.
Austro-German Alliance, the, 2, 9.
B.
Barbarossa, the Emperor, 153. 198, 246,
300.
Beautiful, William II. on cultivation of
the, 190, 191.
Begas, Professor Reinhold, 186, 187.
Benzler, Bishop, 62, 67. See also Metz,
Bishop of.
Berger, Baron von, 179.
330
INDEX
Berlepsch, Herr von, 39, 85.
Bethlehem, visit of William II. to, 318.
Bielefeld, visit of William II. to, 261.
Bismarck, Count Herbert, 14.
Bismarck, Count Wilhelm von, 247.
Bismarck, Prince, 1, 2, 98, 140, 146, 164,
302.
Bonn, University of, 195-200, 268, 279.
Bonnal, General, 53, 54.
Boulanger, General, 35, 36, 45.
Boulangists, the, 1, 35, 43, 44.
Brandenburg, S.M.S., 239, 256, 296, 297.
Brandenburg, Diet of the Province of,
3, 288, 292, 295, 297, 299, 301.
Bremen, visit of William II. to, 134,
269.
Bremerhaven, visit of William II. to,
314.
Breslau, the Prince Bishop of, 39, 58, 88.
Breslau, visit of William II. to, 74, 88.
Brunswick, visit of William II. to, 119.
Burgraves of Nuremberg, the, 130, 131,
137.
C.
Cadets, education of German, 156-8, 169,
204.
Cambridge, the Duke of, 18, 19, 99.
Cameroons, the, 101.
Canal, the Dortmund-Ems, 308, 309.
Canal, the Eider, 32.
Canal, the Kaiser Wilhelm, 31-4, 48,
49, 102, 103, 240, 297, 298.
Cape to Cairo Telegraph, the, 107.
Caprivi, Count, 213.
Carnot, President, 30, 46.
Cassel Gymnasium, Prince William at,
152, 153, 154, 163.
Catholic Church, relations of the German
Government to, 11.
Centre, the, 57, 58, 61.
Chamberlain, Joseph, 104.
Charlemagne, 70, 71, 198, 258.
Charles, King of Roumania, 24.
Charles, King of Wiirtemberg, 116, 120.
Charlottenburg, the Technical High
School at, 104, 172, 173-5, 251.
China, affairs in, 105, 111, 112, 313-17.
China, the expedition to, 65, 67, 249,
250, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 324.
Christian IX., King of Denmark, 16.
Christiansund, visit of William II. to,
147.
Chun, Prince, 316, 317.
Classics, William II. on the study of the,
155, 161, 162.
Coblenz, visit of William II. to, 199,
268, 271.
Cockade, the German, 1 48.
Code, new, of Civil Law, 140, 147.
Code, new, of Military Law, 131.
Coghlan, Captain, 281, 282.
Cologne, the Archbishop of, 57, 66, 67.
Colonies, the German desire for, 109.
Columbus Festival, the, 281.
Commissions to Artists, William II. and,
184, 186, 187.
Congo Free State, the, 103.
Constitutional Oath, the Prussian, 11.
Copenhagen, visit of William II. to, 15.
Courts of Honour, in Army and Navy,
224, 243.
Cowes, visit of William II. to, 100, 101,
102.
D.
Darmstadt, visit of William II. to, 126.
Delagoa Bay, 103.
Dictatorship paragraph, repeal of the,
97.
Don John of Austria, 252.
Dormition de la Sainte Vierge, the, 62,
63, 64.
Dortmund, visit of William II. to, 309.
Drake, Sir Francis, 293.
Dresden, visit of William II. to, 120,
122.
Dreyfus Affair, the, 49, 50.
Duelling, William II. on, 197, 224.
Diippel, Battle of, 210, 213.
Durand, Marguerite, 182.
E.
Eberhard the Quarrelsome, 264.
Edinburgh, the Duke of, 100. See also
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
Educational Conference of 1890, 158-71.
Edward VII., 112, 113, 114.
Elector, the Great, 250, 260, 261, 263,
264-6, 290, 291, 296, 309.
Emden, 309.
Emma, Queen-Regent, of the Nether-
lands, 23, 25.
Ende, Professor von, 182.
Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse,
126, 254.
Evangelical Christianity, William II.
on, 320, 321.
Evans, Rear-Admiral, 284, 285, 286.
F.
Far East, the, 48, 54, 65. See also China.
Faure, President, 50.
Fehrbellin, Battle of, 260, 262.
INDEX
331
Field-Marshal, William II. as a British,
112, 113.
Forchheim, visit of William II. to, 132.
Francis Joseph, the Emperor, 20, 23.
Franco-German War, the, 138, 222, 285.
Franco-Russian Alliance, the, 24, 55.
Frankfort, the Peace of, 138.
Frankfort-on-Main, visit of William II.
to, 144.
Frankfort-on-Oder, 16, 17.
Frederick IV., Burgrave of Nuremberg,
131.
Frederick I., Elector of Brandenburg,
210, 302.
Frederick I., King of Prussia, 183.
Frederick the Great, 13, 40, 203, 225,
230, 286, 287, 290, 309.
Frederick William I., King of Prussia,
231.
Frederick William III., King of Prussia,
231.
Frederick III., Emperor, 4, 53, 201, 259,
270, 273, 274.
Frederick, the Empress, 43, 44, 126, 273.
Frederick, Grand Duke, of Baden, 115,
121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 132,
134-6, 245, 254.
Frederick Charles, Prince (the "Red
Prince"), 16, 17, 210, 224.
Frederick Charles, Prince, of Hesse, 27.
Frederick William, the Crown Prince
(afterwards Emperor Frederick III.),
4, 17, 276.
Friedrichsruhe, 146.
G.
Galleys contrasted with line-of- battle
ships, 252.
Galveston destroyed by a cyclone, 283.
George, Duke of Saxony, 129.
German Corner, the, at Coblenz, 199,
271.
German East Africa Company, the, 99.
German Emperor, duties of the, 8.
Germanic Museum, the, at Nuremberg,
136, 137.
Glucksburg, visit of William II. to, 278.
Goethe, 119, 174, 194, 200.
Gorlitz, the Emperor William II. at, 128.
Gossler, Herr von, 158.
Grace, Act of, 1896, 142, 143.
H.
Hahnke, General von, 14, 211.
Haifa, German colony at, 62, 322.
Hamburg, speech at, 31, 257, 310.
Hamburg - American Line, the, 256,
310.
Hanover Courier, the, 168, 229.
Hanoverian Army, traditions of the,
228, 229.
Hanse, the, 257, 259, 271, 307, 308, 310,
311, 312.
Heimdall, 125, 257.
Heligoland, cession of, to Germany, 22,
99, 236-8.
Henry IV., King of England, 114.
Henry VII. , the Emperor, 131.
Henry, Prince, of Prussia, 14, 56, 57,
114, 241, 244, 273, 275, 282, 284-6.
Hinzpeter, Dr., tutor of William II.,
161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 261, 264.
History, how taught in the schools, 155,
157, 162, 163, 176.
Hohenlohe, Prince, 45, 96, 147, 248.
ffohenzollern, the yacht, 14, 25, 51, 106,
133, 297, 298, 305, 323.
Hohkonigsburg, the, 96.
Holleben, Dr. von, 281.
Holy Alliance, the, 269.
Holy Roman Empire, the, 71, 72, 198,
199, 299, 300, 315.
Homework in German schools, 163.
Hoskins, Admiral, 99.
Hulsen, the actor, 182.
Humbert, King, of Italy, 26, 27, 28,
56.
"Hunger Candidates," the, 164.
Ideals, William II. on the cultivation of,
182, 183, 188, 189.
Ill-treatment of subordinates, William II.
on, 204.
Iltis, foundering of S. M.S., 243, 249.
Industrial Arbitration, Courts of, 86.
Injury to the Emperor by a madman,
134.
Insurance, compulsory, of workmen, 74.
International market, competition in
the, 81, 87.
Iron Cross, the, 196, 221, 306.
Italy, German Alliance with, 9, 10.
J.
Jameson Raid, the, 104, 110, 111.
Jerusalem, Evangelical Church of the
Redeemer at, 63.
Jerusalem, German Catholic Hospice at,
62, 63, 64.
Jerusalem, impressions of, 318.
Johannesburg, 103.
332
INDEX
K.
Kaiser, S.M.S., 245, 246, 247, 305.
Karlsruhe, visit of William II. to, 121,
132, 134.
Ketteler, Baron von, murder of, 282,
283, 313, 315, 317.
Kiao-Chau, annexation of, 246, 250,
275.
Kiel, visit of William II. to, 102, 103,
114, 275.
Kiel Regatta, the, 105.
Khalifa, the, 105.
Kingship by the grace of God, the, 145,
263, 272, 291, 294, 296, 302.
Kitchener, Sir H., 105.
Kuackfuss, the painter, 178.
Kollin, Battle of, 203.
Kommers, William II. at a students',
196, 279.
Kbnigsberg, William I. assumes the
Crown at, 145.
Konig Wilhelm, S.M.S., 239, 240, 241,
244.
Kopp, Prince Bishop. See Breslau.
Korps Life, William II. on the true
meaning of, 197.
Koser, Prof. Dr., 185.
Kruger, the Emperor's telegram to
President, 104, 110.
Krupp's Avorks, visit of William II. to,
87, 88.
Labour Conference, the International,
36, 57, 58, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87.
Lascelles, Sir F., 107.
Lauff, Joseph, the playwright, 179,
180.
Launching of ships, speeches at the, 45,
256-9.
Leaving certificate, the school, 153, 154,
164, 167, 177, 206.
Leibnitz, 194.
Leipzig, Battle of the Nations at, 269.
Leo XIII., Pope, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 63, 66, 67, 73.
Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria, 126.
Lepanto, Battle of, 250.
Liberation, the War of, 232.
Liegnitz, visit of William II. to, 225.
Light Infantry Battalion of Guards,
223.
Lissa, Battle of, 241.
Literary bureau, the Emperor's, 191.
Loe, General von, 59, 60, 73, 219.
London, visit of William to the City of,
100.
Loubet, President, 51, 55.
Louise, Queen, of Prussia, 129.
Liibeck, visit of William II. to, 307.
Lucerne, visit of William II. to, 29.
Ludwig of Bavaria, the Emperor, 131.
Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, 117,
126, 131, 134, 136, 137, 138, 255.
Luther, Martin, 210, 321.
M.
MacMahon, Marshal, 45.
Maine, loss of the, at Havana, 281.
Malplaquet, the Battle of, 20, 99.
Manning, Cardinal, 84.
Maria Laach, the Abbey of, 62, 67,
Marienburg, the consecration of, 113,
114, 149, 150, 277.
Mars-la-Tour, Battle of, 16, 17, 19.
Matricular contributions, 215.
McKinley, President, 281, 282, 283,
284. '
Menzel, Professor von, honoured, 184.
Mercantile Marine, growth of the Ger-
man, 109, 304, 305.
Message of January 18th, 1896, to the
German nation, 139.
Metacentre, anecdote about the, 253.
Meteor, launch of the yacht, 282, 284.
Metz, visit of William II. to, 60, 69, 92,
94, 96, 123.
Metz, the Bishop of, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69.
Metz Cathedral, 69.
Michael, the German, 146, 303.
Military Law, new Code of, 131.
Minden, Battle of, 228, 229.
Modern languages in school curricula,
176.
Mohammedans, William II. on, 319.
Moltke, Count von, 39, 201, 202, 203,
208, 209, 210, 211, 217, 302, 303.
Mommsen, Professor Theodor, 277, 278.
Muck, music director, decorated, 180.
Miihldorf, Battle of, 131.
Munich, visit of William II. to, 116.
Minister, Count, 45, 47.
Museum of Arts and Crafts at Berlin,
190, 191.
N.
Napoleon I., 232.
National Defence, Committee of, 202.
Nationalists, the French, 1, 48, 49.
National spirit, cultivation of the, in
schools, 157, 161, 162, 163, 168, 169.
Nature in Art, William II. on, 187,
188.
INDEX
333
Naval Academy, William II. at the,
264.
Naval Administration, reorganisation of
the, 236.
Naval Architects, the (British) Institu-
tion of, 104, 245.
Naval Architects, the (German) Institu-
tion of, 245, 251.
Naval Reserve, the, 306.
Navy, increase of the German, 245, 247,
248, 255, 256.
Navy League, the German, 244, 247, 248.
Navy, Proclamation to the German, 5.
Nelson, Admiral, 99, 100, 101, 308.
Neue Freie Presse, the, 2.
Newspapers, William II. on military
discussions in, 213, 214.
Nicholas II., the Tsar, 27, 30, 31, 34,
316.
Niederwald Monument, the, 199.
Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. the,
15.
North German Lloyd, the, 304, 305,
306.
Nuremberg, visit of William II. to, 130,
131, 136.
0.
Oberon, Weber's opera, 182.
Officers in Army, status and supply of,
William II. on, 205-8.
Oldenburg, visit of William II. to, 118.
Omdurman, the Battle of, 105.
One-year volunteers, 164, 165.
Orange, the House of, 24, 25.
Orange, William of, 296.
Osborne, visit of William II. to, 98.
Oscar II., King, 15, 17.
Overpressure in schools, William II. on,
156, 163, 166.
Overproduction by higher schools, 163.
P.
Paderborn, the Bishop of, 66.
Palestine Association, the German, 62,
63, 64, 65.
Palestine, the journey of William II. to,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 131, 303.
Pan-Slavists, the, 1, 15.
Paris Exhibition, the, 35.
Patriots, the French League of, 35, 43,
44.
Pelee, eruption of Mt., 55.
People, Proclamation to the German, 6.
Pergamon Museum, the, 187.
Peter, Grand Duke, of Oldenburg, 118.
Phelps, Mr., American Ambassador,
280.
Philologists, William II. on fanatical,
155, 161.
Physical exercises in secondary schools,
155, 171, 177.
Pioneers, the Torgau battalion of, 212.
Pless, the Prince of, 88.
Pola, visit of William II. to, 241.
Poles, the, 150, 217.
Political outlook, the, in 1888, 1, 2, 3,
13, 14, 15.
Political outlook, the, in 1889, 18.
Posen and Gnesen, the Archbishop of,
58, 59, 67.
Pretoria, 103, 104.
Prussian Diet, speech at meeting of the,
in 1888, 10, 56.
Q-
Questioning, the Emperor's skill in, 107,
179.
R.
Recruits, swearing in of, 219, 226, 238,
241, 242, 244, 249.
Reed, Sir E. J., on William II., 107-11.
Regatta on the Elbe, 310, 311, 312.
Regiments
Alexander Regiment of Grenadiers, the,
21, 27.
Dragoon Guards, the First Royal
(British), 101, 102.
Grenadiers, the King's Regiment of
Prussian, 225.
Infantry, 28th Regiment of Prussian,
18, 20.
Prussian Dragoons, the First, 18, 19,
98, 112.
Prussian Foot Guards, First, 52, 195,
220, 275.
Schwedt Dragoons, the, 203.
Eeichsanzeiger, the, 1, 79, 131.
Reichstag, speech to the members of the,
274.
Reichstag, speech at opening of the,
1888, 7, 74.
Religion, the Emperor on the necessity
of, 73, 167.
Rhodes, Cecil, 107.
Roberts, Lord, 113.
Rbchling, the painter, 178.
Roon, von, 302.
Roosevelt, President, 286, 287.
Rossbach, Battle of, 293.
334
INDEX
S.
Saalburg, the, 277.
St. John, Knights of the Order of, 114,
149, 267.
St. Petersburg, visit of William II. to, 14.
St. Privat, Battle of, 52, 53, 219-21.
St. Privat, the monument at, 52, 53,
178.
" Salamander," a students', 279.
Salisbury, Lord, 112.
Samoa, the hurricane at, 235, 236.
Sans-Souci, a visit to, 40.
Schools, German secondary, 152.
Schorlemer-Alst, Herr von, 61, 62.
Science, the end of all, 175, 194.
Sculpture, Berlin school of, 187.
Sea-power, the importance of, to Ger-
many, 108, 109, 231, 234, 244, 247,
248, 255, 259, 263, 311.
"Secession," the, criticised by William
II., 185, 188, 189.
Sedan, Battle of, 221, 222.
Steadier, S.M.S., 103.
Seniorenkonvent, 196, 197.
Seymour, Admiral Sir E., 249.
Shortsightedness in German schools,
154, 165, 166.
Siegesallee, the, at Berlin, 184, 185, 186,
187, 189, 261.
Simon, Jules, 36, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49.
Simon's, Jules, account of William II.,
37-42.
Social democracy, the Emperor on, 76,
77, 89, 160, 169, 173, 222, 278, 292,
301, 303.
Social legislation, 74, 80, 82, 83, 89.
Sonnenburg, the, 149, 267.
Sophia, marriage of Princess, 22, 26, 99.
Spanish-American War, the, 281.
Spithead review, 1897, 244.
Sports, the Emperor's taste for, 111.
Stage, William II. on the influence of
the, 181, 182.
State Council, the, 81-5.
Stettin, visit of William II. to, 306.
Stockholm, visit of William II. to, 15.
Strassburg, visit of William II. to, 68,
93, 94.
Strassburg, the Bishop of, 68.
Strike of coal-miners, 76-9.
Strikers, warnings to, 77.
Studios, visits of William II. to artists',
183, 184.
Stuttgart, visit of William II. to, 116,
120.
Sultan, the, of Turkey, 22, 63, 64, 322.
Switzerland, visit of William II. to, 29.
T.
Teachers, responsibility of, 158, 160, 165,
168, 169.
Technical High Schools, the Prussian,
172, 173, 174.
Templars, the Knights, 149, 321.
Teutonic Order, the, 114, 149, 151.
Theatre, Berlin Court, 181.
Togoland, 101.
Torpedo-boats, flotilla of, up the Rhine,
253-255.
Trafalgar, the Battle of, 99, 101.
Training ships, French and German,
meet, 51, 52.
Triple Alliance, the, 9, 14, 18, 20, 55.
Twentieth century, commencement of
the, 230-3.
U.
Unity of Germany, re-establishment of
the, 141, 142, 258, 270.
University of Berlin, 193.
Urville, William II. establishes a home
at, 92, 93.
Usury in the Army, William II. on, 229.
V.
Veterans' societies, 121, 147, 221.
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 30,
217.
Victoria, Queen, 18, 23, 98, 99, 112, 113,
266.
Victoria, foundering of H.M.S., 101.
Vionville. See Mars-la-Tour.
W.
Waldemar, Prince, 275.
Waldersee, Count, 201, 315, 316.
Warlike ambitions repudiated by Wil-
liam II., 3, 36, 288.
Waterloo, the Battle of, 20, 99, 105,
228.
Waterways, importance of inland, 309,
310.
Weimar, visit of William II. to, 119,
211.
Weissenburg, the Battle of, 44, 226.
Wellington, the Duke of, 20, 113.
Wettin, the House of, 120.
Wied, the Prince of, 247, 271.
Wiese, Inspector, report on Prince
William by, 152, 153.
INDEX
335
Wildenbruch, the playwright, 179.
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands,
25.
Wilhelm-Order, founded, 143, 299.
Wilhelmshaven, visit of William II. to,
235, 239, 313.
William I., the Emperor, 4, 129, 145,
148, 201, 226, 231, 262, 270, 271, 272,
296, 298, 300, 308.
William II., King of Wurtemberg, 222,
223, 248, 321, 322.
William, Prince of Prussia (afterwards
William II.), 3, 195.
William, Crown Prince, 134, 275, 276,
277.
Windthorst, Herr, 58.
Wittelsbach, the House of, 117, 131,
136, 137.
Workmen, deputations of, received by
William II., 74, 76, 79.
Worms, visit of William II. to, 79.
Worth, Battle of, 237, 273.
Y.
Yacht clubs, William II. on, 307, 308.
Z.
Zanzibar, 98, 99.
Zeithain, the training camp at, 127.
Zola, the Emperor's views on, 41, 42.
PLYMOUTH
WILLIAM BRENDOST AND SON, PRINTERS
H Classified Catalogue
OF WORKS IN
GENERAL LITERATURE
PUBLISHED BY
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.G.
91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, AND 32 HORNBY ROAD, BOMBAY
CONTENTS.
PAGE PAfiP
BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE). - 12
MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL
BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL ME-
PHILOSOPHY - - - 17
MOIRS, &c. g
MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL
CHILDREN'S BOOKS ... 32
WORKS ... . 38
CLASSICAL LITERATURE, TRANS-
LATIONS, ETC. - 22
POETRY AND THE DRAMA - - 23
COOKERY, DOMESTIC MANAGE-
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECO-
MENT, &c. - - - . . 36
NOMICS 20
EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY,
&C - - - - - - -21
POPULAR SCIENCE - - - - 30
FICTION, HUMOUR, &c. - - 25
RELIGION, THE SCIENCE OF - 21
FINE ARTS (THE) AND MUSIC - 36
SILVER LIBRARY (THE) - - 33
FUR, FEATHER AND FIN SERIES 15
SPORT AND PASTIME - - - 12
HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY,
POLITICAL MEMOIRS, &c. - - 3
STONYHURST PHILOSOPHICAL
LANGUAGE HISTORY AND " y
SCIENCE OF 20 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, THE
LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOGY,
COLONIES, &c. . ... ii
&c. 17
WORKS OF REFERENCE- 31
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.
Page
Page
Page
Page
Abbott (Evelyn) 3, 19, 22
Balfour (A. J.) - 13,21
Buckle (H. T.) - 3
Cross (A. L.) - . 5
(J. H. M.) 3
(T. K.) - 17, 18
Ball (John) - - n
Banks (M. M.) - - 24
Bull(T.) --- 36
Burke (U. R.) - - 3
Crozier(J.B.) - - 9, 17
Cutts (Rev. E. L.) - 6
(E. A.) - 17
Acland (A. H. D.) 3
Baring-Gould (Rev.
S.) - - -21,38
Burne-Jones (Sir E.) 36
Burns (C. L.) - - 36
Dabney (J. P.) - - 23
Dale (L.) 4
Acton (Eliza) - 36
Barnett(S.A.andH.) 20
Burrows (Montagu) 6
Dallinger (F. W.) - 5
Adelborg(O.) - 32
Baynes (T. S.) - - 38
Campbell (Rev. Lewis) 21
Dauglish (M. G.) - g
/Eschylus - 22
Beaconsfield (Earl of) 25
Casserly (G.) - - 3
Davenport (A.) - 25
Agacy (H. A.) - 20
Beaufort (Duke of)
Chesney (Sir G.) - 3
Davidson (A. M. C.) 22
Albemarle (Earl of) 13
12, 13, 14
Childe-Pemberton (W.
(W. L.) - - 20
Alcock (C. W.) 15
Becker (W. A.) - 22
S.) --- 9
Davies (J. F.) - - 22
Allen (Grant) - 30
Beesly (A. H.) - - 9
Chisholm (G. C ) - 31
Dent (C. T.) - - 14
Allgood (G.) - 3
Bell (Mrs. Hugh) - 23
Cholmondeley-Pennell
De Salis (Mrs.) - 36
Alverstone (Lord) 15
Belmore (Earl of) - 3
(H.) --- 13
De Tocqueville (A.) - 4
Angwin (M. C.) 36
Annandale (N.) 21
Bent (J. Theodore) - n
Besant (Sir Walter)- 3
Christie (R. C.) - 38
Churchill (Winston S.) 4, 25
Dent (P. O.) - - 32
Devas (C. S.) - - 19, 20
Anstey (F.) - 25
Aristophanes - 22
Bickerdyke (J.) - 14, 15
Bird(G.) 23
Cicero - - - 22
Clarke (Rev. R. F.) - 19
Dewey (D. R.) - - 20
Dickinson (W. H.) - 38
Aristotle - - 17
Blackburne (J. H.) - 15
Climenson (E. J.) - 10
Dougall(L.) - - 25
Arnold (Sir Edwin) 11,23
Bland (Mrs. Hubert) 24
Clodd (Edward) -21,30
Dowden (E.) - 40
(Dr. T.) - 3
Blount (Sir E.) - 9
Clutterbuck (W. J.)- 12
Doyle (Sir A. Conan) 25
Ashbourne (Lord) 3
Boase (Rev. C. W.) - 6
Cochrane (A.) - - 23
Du Bois (W. E. B.)- 5
Ashby(H.) - 36
Ashley (W. J.) - 3, 20
Boedder (Rev. B.) - 19
Bonnell (H. H.) - 38
Cockerell (C. R.) - n
Colenso (R. J.) - 36
Dunbar (Mary F.) - 25
Ellis (J. H.) - - 15
Atkinson (J. J.) 21
Avebury (Lord) 21
Ayre(Rev. J.) - 31
Bacon - 9,17
Booth ( A. j) - - 38
Bottome (P.) - - 25
Bowen (W. E.) - 9
Rrassey (Lady) - n
Collie (J. N.) - - 12
Conington (John) - 23
Converse (F.) - - 25
Conybeare(Rev.W.J.)
(R. L.) - - 17
Erasmus - 9
Evans (Sir John) - 38
Falkiner (C. L.) - 4
Bagehot (W.) - 9, 20. 38
Bagwell (R.) - - 3
Bailey (H. C.t - - 25
Bright (Rev. J. F.) - 3! & Howson (Dean)" 33
Broadfoot (Major W.) 13 1 Coolidge (W. A. B.) 11
Brooks (H. J.) - - 17 Corbett (Julian S.) - 4
Farrar (Dean) - - 26
Fite(W.)- - - 17
Fitzwygram (Sir F.) 38
Baillie (A. F.) - - 3
Bain (Alexander) - 17
Brough (J ) - - 17 j Coutts (W.) - M
Brown (A. F.) - - 32 Cox (Harding) - 13
Ford (H.) 16
Fountain (P - - n
Baker (Sir S. W.) - n, 12
Bruce (R. I.) - - 3 Crake (Rev. A. D.) - 32
Fowler (Edith H.) - 26
Baldwin (C. S.) - 17
Buckland (Jas.) - 32 Creighton (Bishop) - 4, 6, 9
Francis (Francis) - i(j
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS continued.
Page
Page
Page 1 Page
Francis (M. E.I - 26
Jameson (Mrs. Anna) 37
Nansen (F.) - - is Stanley (Bishop) - 31
Freeman (Edward A.) 4, 6
efferies (Richard) - 38
Nash(V.)- - - 7 | Steel (A. G.) - - 13
Fremantle (T. F.) - 16
Jekyll (Gertrude) - 38
Nesbit (E.) - 24 Stephen. (Leslie) - 12
Frost (G.)- - - 38
Jerome (Jerome K.) - 27
Nettleship (R. L.) - 17 1 Stephens (H. Morse) 8
Froude (James A.) 4,9,11,26
ohnson (J. & J. H.) 39
Newman (Cardinal) - 28
Sternberg (Count
Fuller (F. W.) - - 5
Jones (H. Bence) - 31
Nichols (F. M.) - 9
Adalbert) - 8
Furneaux (W.) - 30
; yce(P. W.) - 6,27,39
Oakesmith (J.) - - 22
Stevens (R. W.) - 40
Gardiner (Samuel R.) 5
Justinian - - - 18
Ogilvie(R.) - - 22
Stevenson (R. L.) 25,28,33
Gathorne-Hardy (Hon.
Kant (I.) - - 18
Osbourne (L.) - - 28
Storr (F.) - - - 17
A. E.) - - 15, 16
Kaye (Sir T. W.) - 6
Packard (A. S.) - 21
Stuart- Wortley (A. J .) 14, 15
Geikie (Rev. Cunning-
ham) 38
Gibson (C. H.)- - 17
Keary (C. F.) - - 23
Keller (A. G.) - - 21
Kelly (E.)- - - 18
(W.) - - 33
Paget(SirJ.) - - 10
Park(W.) - - 16
Stubbs (J. W.) - - 8
(WO- '- - 8
Stutfield (H. E. M.) 12
Gilkes (A. H.) - - 38
Kendall (H. C.) - 24
Parker (B.) - - 40
Suffolk & Berkshire
Gleig (Rev. G. R.) - 10
Kielmansegge (F.) - 9
Payne-Gallwey(SirR.)i4,i6
(Earloi) - - 14
Graham (A.) - - 5
Killick (Rev. A. H.) - 18
Pears (E.) - - 7
Sullivan (Sir E.) - 14
(P. A.) - - 15, 16
Kitchin (Dr. G. W.) 6
Pearse (H. H. S.) - 6
Sully (James) - - 19
(G. F.) - - 20
Knight (E. F.) - - n, 14
Peek (Hedley) - - 14
Sutherland (A. and G .) 8
Granby (Marquess of) 15
Grant (Sir A.) - - 17
KostlinQ.) - - 10
Kristeller (P.) - - 37
Pemberton (W. S.
Childe-) - - 9
(Alex.) - - 19, 40
Suttner (B. von) - 29
Graves (R. P.) - - 9
Ladd (G. T.) - - 18
Penrose (H. H.) - 33
Swinburne (A. J.) - 19
(A. F.) - - 23
Lang (Andrew) 6 ,13, 14, 16,
Phillipps-Wolley(C.) 12,28
Symes(T. E.) - - 20
Green (T. Hill) - 17, 18
21,22, 23,27, 32,39
Pierce (A. H.) - - 19
Tallentyre (S. G.) - 10
Greene (E. B.) - - 5
Lapsley (G. T.) - 5
Pole(W.)- - - 17
Taylor (Col. Meadows) 8
Greville (C. C. F.) - 5
Laurie (S. S.) - - 6
Pollock (W. H.) - 13, 40
Theophrastus - - 23
Grose (T. H.) - - 18
Lear (H. L. Sidney) - 36
Poole(W.H.andMrs.) 36
Thomas (J. W.) - 19
Gross (C.) - - 5
Lecky (W. E. H.) 6, 18, 23
Poore (G. V.) - - 40
Thomas-Stanford (C.) 16
Grove (Lady) - - n
Lees (J. A.) - - 12
Portman (L.) - - 28
Thomson (H. C.) - 8
(Mrs. Lilly) - 13
Leslie (T. E. Cliffe) - 20
Powell (E.) - - 7
ThornhilKW. J.) - 23
GurnhillQ.) - - 18
Lieven (Princess) - 6
Powys (Mrs. P. L.) - 10
Thornton (T. H.) - 10
Gwilt(J.)- - - 31
Lillie (A.)- - - 16
Praeger (S. Rosamond) 33
Thuillier (H. F.) - 40
Haggard (H. Rider)
Lindley(|.) - - v
Pritchett (R. T.) - 14
Todd(A.)- - - 8
IT, 26, 27, 38
Lodge (H. C.) - - '6
Proctor (R. A.) 16, 30, 35
Toynbee (A.) - - 20
Halliwell-Phillipps(J.) 10
Hamilton (Col. H. B.) 5
Hamlin (A. D. F.) - 36
Loftie (Rev. W. J.) - 6
Longman (C. J.) - 12, 16
(F. W.) - - 16
Raine (Rev. James) - 6
Randolph (C. F.) - 7
Rankin (R.) - - 8, 25
Trevelyan(SirG.O.)
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
(G. M.) - 7, 8
Harding (S. B.) - 5
(G. H.) - -13,15
Ransome (Cyril) - 3, 8
(R. C.) - - 25
Hardwick (A. A.) - n
(Mrs. C. J.) - 37
Reid (S. J.) - - 9
Trollope (Anthony)- 29
Harmsworth (A. C.) 13, 14
Lowell (A. L.) - - 6
Rhoades (J.) - - 23
Turner (H. G.) - 40
Hart (A. B.) - 5
Lucian 22
Rice (S. P.) - - 12
Tyndall (J.) - - 9, 12
Harte (Bret) - - 27
Lutoslawski (W.) - 18
Rich (A.) 23
Tyrrell (R. Y.) - - 22, 23
Harting(J. E.)- - 15
Hartwig (G.) - - 30
Lyall (Edna) - - 27, 32
Lynch (G.) - - 6
Richmond (Ennis) - 19
Rickaby (Rev. John) 19
Unwin (R.) - - 40
Upton(F.K.and Bertha) 33
Harvey- Brooks (E.G.) 38
(H. F. B.)- - 12
(Rev. Joseph) - 19
Van Dyke (J. C.) - 37
Hassall(A.) - - 8
Lytton (Earl of) - 24
Riley(J.W.) - - 24
VanderpoeHE. N.) - 37
Haweis (H. R.) - 9, 36
Macaulay (Lord) 7, 10,24
Roberts (E. P.) - 33
Virgil ... 2 ,
Head (Mrs.) - - 37
Macdonald (Dr. G.) - 24
Robertson (W. G.) - 37 | Wanner (R.) - -
Heath (D. D.) - - 17
Macfarren (Sir G. A.) 37
Robinson (H. C.) - 21
Wakeman (H. O.) - 8
Heathcote (J. M.) - 14
MackaiHJ. W.) -10,23
Roget (Peter M.) - 20, 31
Walford (L. B.) - 29
(C. G.) - - 14
Mackenzie (C. G.) - 16
Romanes (G. J.) 10, 19,21,24
Wallas (Graham) - 10
(N.) --- ii
Mackinnon (J.) - 7
(Mrs. G. J.) - 10
(Mrs. Graham) - 32
Helmholtz (Hermann
Macleod (H. D.) - 20
Ronalds (A.) - - 17
Walpole (Sir Spencer) 8, 10
von) - - - 30
Macpherson(Rev.H.A.) 15
Roosevelt (T.) - - 6
(Horace) - - 10
Henderson (Lieut-
Madden (D. H.) - 16
Ross (Martin) - - 28
Walrond (Col. H.) - 12
Col. G. F. R.) - 9
Magnusson (E.) - 28
Rossetti (Maria Fran-
Walsingham (Lord) - 14
Henry (W.) - - 14 Maher (Rev. M.) - IQ
cesca) 40
Ward(W.) - - 40
Henty (G. A.) - - 32
Mallet (B.) - - 7
Rotheram (M. A.) - 36
(Mrs. W.) - 29
Higgins (Mrs. N.) - ' 9
Malleson (Col. G.B.) 6
Rowe (R. P. P.) - 14
Warner (P. F.) - 17
Hifey (R. W.) - - 9
Marbot (Baron de) - 10
Russell (Lady)- - 10
Watson (A. E. T.) 12, 13, 14
Hill (S. C.) - - 5
Marchment (A. W.) 27
Sandars (T. C.) - 18
Weathers (J.) - - 40
Hillier (G. Lacy) - 13
Marshman (J. C.) - 9
Sanders (E. K.) 9
Webb (Mr. and Mrs.
Hime (H. W. L.) - 22
Mason (A. E. W.) - 27
Savage- Armstrong(G.F.)25
Sidney) - - 8, 20
Hodgson (Shadworth) 18,38
Hoenig (F.) - 38
MaskelyneH. N.) - 16
Matthews (B.) - 39
Scott (F. J.) - - 8
Seebohm (F.) - - 8, 10
(judge T.) - 40
(T. E.) - - ig
Hoffmann (j) - - 30
Maunder (S.) - - 3!
Selous (F. C.) - - 12, 17
Weber (A.) - - 19
Hogan (J. F.) - - 9
Max Miiller (F.)
Senior (W.) - - 13, 15
Weir (Capt. R.) - 14
Holmes (R. R.) - 10
10, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 39
Seton-Karr (Sir H.)- 8
Wellington (Duchess of) 3;
Homer 22
Hope (Anthony) - 27
May (Sir T. Erskine) 7
Meade (L. T.) - - 32
Sewell (Elizabeth M.) 28
Shadwell (A.) - - 40
Weyman (Stanley) - 29
Whately(Archbishop) 17,19
Horace - - - aa
Melville (G.J.Whyte) 27
Shakespeare - - 25
Whitelaw (R.) - - 23
Houston (D. F.) - 5
Merivale (Dean) - 7
Shearman (M.) - 12, 13
Whittall(SirJ. W. )- 40
Howard (Lady Mabel) 27
Merriman 'H. S.) - 27
Sheehan (P. A.) - 28
Wilkins(G.) - - 23
Howitt(W.) - - ii
Hudson (W. H.) - 30
Huish (M. B.) - - 37
Mill (John Stuart) -18,20 Sheppard (E.) - - 8
Millais (J. G.) - - 16, 30 1 Sinclair (A.) - - 14
Milner (G.) - - 40 Skrine (F. H.) - 9
(W. H.) - - 10
Willard (A. R.) - 37
Willich (C. M.) - 31
Hullah(J.) - - 37
Monck (W. H. S.) - 19
Smith (C. Fell) - 10
Willson(B.) - - 8
Hume (David) - - 18
Montague (F. C.) - 7
(R. Bosworth) - 8
Wood (Rev. J. G.) - 31
- (M. A. S.) - 3
Moore (T.) - - 31 (T. C ) - - 5
Wood-Martin (W. G.) 22
Hunt (Rev. W.) - 6
(Rev. Edward) - 17 (W. P. Haskett) 12
Wotton(H.) - - 37
Hunter (Sir W.) - 6
Moran (T. F.) - - 7 Somerville (E.) - 16, 28
Wyatt(A. J.) - - 24
Hutchinson (Horace G.)
13, *6, 27, 38
Morgan (C. Lloyd) - 21 Sophocles - - 23
Morris (W.) - 22, 23, 24, < Soulsby (Lucy H.) - 40
Wylie(J. H.) - - 8
Yeats (S. Levett) - 29
Ingelow (Jean) - 23
27, 28, 37, 40 Southey (R.) - - 40
Yoxall (J. H.) - - 29
Ingram (T. D.) - 6
Mulhall (M. G.) - 20 Spedding (J.) - - 9, 17
Zeller(E.) - 19
James (W.) - - 18, 21
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