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iPARTMfiN-t OF COMMtlSCE
wn«>i|f FtatiakiurcoinBiKCUmo
MISCELLANEOUS SBRIES-f«a an
THE GLASS INntlflTRY
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f THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
758233
ASTOR. LENOX AND
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CONTENTS,
Page.
Letter of aubmittaJ 9
Introduction 11
EstabliBhment of the American glaos industry 11
Eaxly development 11
Adoption of coal for fuel 11
Introduction and development of tank furnaces .,?... 11
Influence of the fuel supply 12
Introduction of machinery 13
Making of bottles 14
Pressed tableware 16
• lighting goods 17
Plate glass 20
Window glass 20
Besults of overproduction 22
Specialization in manufacture 22
Effects of the European war 23
Future of the glass industry 24
General statistics of the industry 24
Scope and method of the investigation 31
Group classification of establishments 33
Distribution of industry by States 35
Summary 37
General results of the investigation 37
Materials, machinery, and processes 41
Capital, net sales, and turnover 42
Depreciation 44
Cost and profit by establishments 45
Cost and profit by specified units 46
Industrial conditions 46
Selling expense and conditions ; 48
Wages and labor conditions ^ 49
Needs of the industry 51
Imports and duties 62
Exports 54
Chapter I. — ^Materials, machinery, and processes 55
Raw materials used 55
Sand 55
Alkaline bases ^ 56
Metallic bases 57
Cullet 57
Decolorizers 57
Colorants 68
Mixtures for American glass 59
Machinery, tools, and equipment 60
Types of furnaces 60
Blowpipe 62
3
K
CONTENTS.
Cnapter
I. — ^Materials, machinery, and processes — Continued.
Machinery, tools, and equipment — Continued. Page.
Molds 62
Blowing machine 62
' Paste-mold blowing machine 63
Automatic bottle machine , 63
Flowing device , 64
Pressing machine 64
Window^lass machine 65
Air-puminng system 65
Reheating furnace 65
Aiy^ealing oven, or leer 6$
Conveyor devices 66
Manufacturing processes 66
Batches for various products 66
Preparation of the batch 68
Window 0ass 68
Plate glass • 70
Rolled figured glass 71
Wire glass 71
Opalescent glass 71
Bottles 71
Tableware 72
Lifting goods 74
Chapter II. — Capital, nets^es, and turnover 76
Operating and final profit .-; 76
Percentages of profit on capital and net saleB 78
Profit or loss of each establishm^it 79
Number of establishments showing iM!ofit or loss 83
Variations in profits and losses 84
Turnover of capital 85
Chapter III . — Depreciation of plant and equipment 86
Importance of the charges 86
Various methods employed 86
Neglect of charges by glass-making plants 88
Relation to net sales, capital, and investment 90
Effect on profits 90
Chapter IV. — Cost and profit by establishments 94
Cost and profit based on net sales 94
Cost and profit based on sales value of goods produced 99
Method of determining sales value of goods 99
Average production costs by groups 100
Materials 106
Labor 107
Fuel, power, etc 109
Taxes and insurance 109
Salaries 109
Royalty 110
General expense 110
Selling 110
Profit Ill
Depreciation Ill
Interest Ill
Miscellaneous expense and miscellaneous income 112
CONTENTS. 5
Chapter IV. — Cost and profit by establishments — Continued. Page.
Cost and profit in individual establishments 112
Handmade window glass .* 112
Machine-made window glass 116
Plate glass 120
Wire and opalescent glass 122
Handmade bottles 124
Machine-made bottles 129
Hand and machine made bottles 132
Jars.. 137
Blown tableware 141
Blown and pressed tableware 143
Lighting goods 146
Lamp chimneys 149
Miscellaneous articles 151
Cost based on total expenses, excluding depreciation and interest 154
Lowest and highest cost establishments 157
Sales in previous years 161
Profits in previous years 166
Chapter V. — Cost and profit by specified units 171
Tabulation of cost and profit by articles 171
Unit cost for window glass 176
Handmade product 177
Machine-made product 180
Manufacturing costs by items 183
Production at a profit and at a loss , , 186
Chapter VI. — Industrial conditions 187
Fuel as a factor in location and operation ^ 187
Increase in output of building glass 188
Window glass 189
Effect of selling agencies on prices 190
Number and equipment of hand and machine plants 190
Production affected by machinery 192
Factories operated on part-time basis 192
Effect of machines on glass blowers' earnings 193
Price list and discounts 194
Definition of grades 197
Hand production classified by g^ade, size, and strength 198
Proportion of production by hand and machine 199
Cooperation among manufacturers 200
Increased demand for first grade and for small sizes 200
Manufacturing to fill orders and for stock 201
Conditions outlined by manufacturers 201
The sheet-glass machine 205
Plate glass 205
Increase in production • 205
Number and equipment of plants 206
Trend of prices and sizes 206
Bottles 209
Production affected by machinery 230
Number of establishments and their equipment 211
Number of automatic machines 212
The problem of standard capacity 214
Localization in the industry 215
Pressed and blown ware 216
Number, location, and equipme 216
' s
6 CONTENTS.
Chapter VI. — Induatrial conditions — Continued. Page.
Cut tableware ,. 217
Superiority of American cut glass 218
Imports and exports 219
Methods of manufacture 219
Imitation cut glassware 221
Incandescent lamps 221
Types of lamps 221
Manufacture of bulbs 222
M Chemical glassware 222
^ Germany former source of supply 223
Imports free of duty for schools, colleges, etc 223
Development of American industry 224
High quality of American product 226
Present conditions in the industry 226
Proposed restriction of free importation 227
Photographic glass 229
Comparatively high cost of production 229
Amount consumed — Tariff rates 230
Chapter VII. — Selling expense and conditions 231
Selling expense 231
Selling methods 233
Distribution of goods 233
Views of a bottle manufacturer 234
Imperial Window Glass Co. case 235
' European plate-glass trust 236
European watch-crystal selling agreement 237
Selling factors 237
Trade abuses 239
Trade acceptances 239
Economies possible through cooperation 240
Chapter VIII. — ^Wages and labor conditions 242
General data relating: to the industry 242
Wages in glass and other industries compared 245
Employees by sex and age 250
Days worked during year •. 250
Number of employees in the industry 251
Average working hours and earnings 253
Classification of occupations 289
Window glass .^ 290
Advantages of location : 290
Wages and wage scales 291
Labor-union regulations 295
Bottles 299
Effect of shop system on labor 299
Piece prices, 1907 to 1917 300
Glass Bottle Blowers* Association 303
Hours of labor 306
Summer stop 308
Apprentices 308
Extension of labor organization control 309
CONTENTS* 7
Chapter VIII. — Wages and labor conditiona — Continued. ' Page.
Tableware and lighting goods 309
Number of union workers t 310
Number employed and unemployed.. 310
Strikes and lockouts 811
Piece and time work 311
Hours of labor 312
The * * move " system 313
Summer stop and holidays 314
Apprentices and child labor 314
Women employees.. 315
Chapter IX. — Needs of the industry 316
Lack of efficiency in manu^ture and selling 316
Chemistry 316
Machinery 317
Buildings 317
Selling 318
Other desirable improvements 318
Methods of computing costs 319
Ruinous price cutting caused by crude cost finding 319
Advantages of modem cost keeping 320
Theper-pound method 321
The shop-hour method 322
Overhead expense in making window glass 326
Predetermined costs 327
General accounting conditions 332
Chapter X. — Imports and the tariff 334
Production, imports, and exports compared 334
Imports compared with rates of duty 335
General imports 336
Value of imports by class of products 337
Imports from principal countries 338
Increases in imports 340
Window glass imported 342
Plate glass imported 344
Other building glass 346
Bottles and jars 346
Pressed and blown ware 347
Statistics of imports for consumption 351
Cylinder, crown, and common window glass 352
First three brackets of window glass 356
Plate glass, cast, polished, and unsilvered 357
Bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys, empty 360
Ornamented articles 366
Other cylinder, crown, and common window glass 368
Other plate glass 369
Bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys, filled 369
Miscellaneous glassware 370
Tariff classifications 370
Decisions regarding classification of imports 370
Principal branches of the glass industry 373
Classification under tariff act of 1913 374
Suggested clasaification , 376
8 COKTBHTB.
Cbiq^ter XL^-Pfodncto exported 378
Gfowth ol tade in recent yean 378
Total exports by monthe 378
Exportfl of principal pfoducte by monthB 380
Dedine in worid trade in 1914 381
Export! of principal products by continents 382
Exports of principal products by countries 383
Effects of European war 390
Establiriiments in foreign trade 391
Export methods 392
Chapter XII. — Opportunities in the export trade 394
Imports of fordgn countries 395
Suggestions lor increasing foreign trade 403
Appendixes 405
A. List of references on the glass industry 405
B. Schedules used in the investigation 424
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.
Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington^ May SI, 1917.
Sir: I beg to submit herewith a report on the conditions in the
glass industry and the cost of production in its various branches.
This report is the ninth of a series of reports issued by the Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce regarding the cost of production
in different industries. The investigation w^s begun in January,
1916, and conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved
August 23, 1912.
The report contains principally cost of production data. In addi-
tion, information is given concerning labor and industrial conditions,
factory equipment, selling methods, and suggestions regarding better
general accounting and more accurate cost-finding methods. The
suggestions are based on interviews with manufacturers and on the
personal observations of the special agents. A comprehensive bibli-
ography, prepared in the Library of Congress, is appended.
The investigation was planned and directed by Walter B. Palmer,
a special agent of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
In the field work and in the preparation of the report he was assisted
by Special Agents David M. Barclay, Harry Gtell, Marion C. Howard,
Frank B. Meador, Thomas Mills, Thomas C. Stewart, Stanley D.
Winderman, and Charles F. Yauch.
E. E. Pratt,
Chief of Bureau.
To Hon. William C. Redfield,
Secretary of Cofnmerce.
9
COST OF PRODUCTION IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
IKTEODUCTION.
ESTABLISHMSKT OF THE AMEBICAIT GLASS INDUSTBT.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT.
The manufacture of glass in the United States was begun by the
first English colonists in 1608 or 1609, when they established a glass
{)lant near Jamestown. Wood was plentifid and potash was made
rom wood ashes. The product was probably only bottles, although
the claim is made that wmdow glass also was made. The great inter-
est in tobacco soon caused glassmaking to be neglected. In 1621
Italian workmen were induced to come to Virginia to make beads
for trade with the Indians, funds having been raised to erect a new
glasshouse.
In 1639 a glass plant was erected at Salem, Mass.; glass was made
in New York during the Dutch regime and in 1747 in Connecticut.
The first factory in New Jersey was established by Wistar at Allo-
waystown between 1760 and 1765, and upon the failure of this plant
in 1775 the workmen went to Glassboro, N. J., and established a fac-
tory which is still in operation. This is the oldest continuously oper-
ated factory in the United States. In 1769 Baron Stiegel, of Ger-
many, estabhshed a glass plant at Manheim, Pa., for the manufacture
of richly colored bowls, and goblets. By 1800 other factories had
been established in Philadelphia, New York City, Connecticut, Brook-
lyn, Germantown (Quincy), Mass., Salem County, N. J., Temple,
N. H., Boston, Albany, and Keen, N. H. The product of these lac-
tones was mainly bottles or bottles and window glass.
ADOPTION OF COAL FOR FUEL.
Messrs. Craig & O'Hara estabhshed glass works near Pittsburgh in
1796. This plant was the first to use coal for fuel. Wood had been
the fuel used up to this time. The introduction of coal as fuel was
intentional and not due to any lack of wood. As late as 1810 it was
only the glass plants around Pittsburgh that used coal for fuel. The
plant of Craig & O'Hara made window glass, but, like most of the
plants in the early glassmaking days, one or more pots were used for
making bottles, flasks, and other hoUow ware. The nearness of coal
and the abundance of excellent sand in adjoining rivers resulted in
the phenomenal rise of the Pittsburgh district as the glass center.
INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TANK FURNACES.
The desire to increase production and to meet the very keen com-
J)etition that had sprung up led soon after 1870 to improvements in
urnaces.
11
12 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
In 1861 Siemens introduced, in Grennany, the first regenerative
glass furnace. Up to the time of the Siemens furnace direct firing
was the universal rule, that is, the hea£ of artificially dried wood or
coal was applied directly to the pots. With wood or coal direct firing
only was possible.
In the Siemens furnace the fuel was first converted into gas outside
the furnace and then heated, generally with preheated air, on the
principle of the Bimsen burner. The gas and the air were heated
separately by means of regenerators placed beneath the furnace, which
utilized the waste heat from the gases of combustion. By this method
a great saving was made in the fuel, the melting time was reduced,
the output was increased and the quality of the glass improved. In
the seventies other gas-pot furnaces, such as those of Nicholson and
GiU, were introduced in the vicinity of Pittsburgh.
It was not Siemens' original furnace — a pot furnace — ^but the tank,
which covers the whole area of the furnace and does away entirely
with the use of pots, that reached its greatest development in this
country. In 1872 the tank furnace was divided into tnree compart-
ments by means of two transverse floating bridges; the batch was
melted in the first compartment, the glass was refined in the second,
and the third held the purified glass. A later improvement did away
with these floating bridges bj substituting refining vessels tihat were
floated opposite each gathenng hole.
The introduction of the tank furnace was made possible only by
the use of gas as fuel, and the commercial utilization of natural ^as
greatly stimulated its extension and development. Direct firmg
ceased, to exist. Because of its size, a tank can not be p>roperlj
heated by direct firing. In order to reach the contents effectively, it
is necessary that the flames be forced across the top of the tank and
this is possible only by the use of gas.
In the last 25 or 30 years a large number of the pot furnaces have
been replaced by tank furnaces. The only efficient plants that use
pots at present are plate-glass plants, those that manufacture very
nne qualities of tableware and other goods, and establishments in
which a great diversity of colored glass is made.
The use of the continuous tank enables a plant to work 24 hours a
day. Tanks are more economical, regular, and durable, and produce
a more uniform molten glass. While the flrst cost of the tank is large,
the tremendous expense for pots, which last but a short time, and
the time lost in removing and setting them make tanks just as cheap
for a permanent investment. The adoption of tanks increased the
production of the blower, due to the possibility of using shorter gath-
ering irons, which skim the glass from the surface of the tank more
rapidly than the long irons formerly necessary to gather glass from
the pot.
Several furnaces have been patented for melting glass by electricity
but none has as yet been perfected so as to majke its commercial
introduction possible.
INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL SUPPLY.
The cost of fuel is, exclusive of labor, generally the largest single
expense that enters into the manufacture of glass. It is not surpris-
ing therefore to find manufacturers influenced to a very great extent
INTRODUCTION. 18
in locating their plants by the source of the fuel supply. Fuel is the
prime reason for locating factories at a particular place. The glass
industry in its early days was established along the Atlantic coast,
that being the first settled section of the country. Wood, which was
dried to expel aU moisture, was to be had in almost every section of
this territory. With the adoption of coal as fuel in Pittsburgh in
1796, the glass industry moved west of the AUeghenies and centered
in the Pittsburgh district. Wood and coal were used for direct firing.
Siuce the introduction of the Siemens furnace, however, improve-
ments have been in the direction of substituting gaseous for solid
fuel.
The discovery of natural gas and cheap oil in western Pennsylvania
caused factories to locate in the gas and oil regions of that State, and
the disco verv of natural gas, first in Ohio and then in Indiana, caused
the glass industry to move farther west. Hundreds of '^mushroom "
factories sprang up over night. On the failure of the natural-gas
supply some plants moved to new fields, but the '^mushroom" plants
as well as many old-established factories were compelled to quit busi-
ness. In recent years the natural gas of West Virginia has oeen the
direct cause for tne erection in that State of some of the largest fac-
tories in this country. When natural gas failed, oil was substituted
and proved to be an excellent fuel.
Gas, either natural or artificial, is an ideal fuel; it is free from ashes
and dirt, and gives a uniform heat which is essential in the manufac-
ture of glass. It gives an almost perfect combustion, and the flame *
is easily appUed and controlled. Natural gas is preferred because it
is cheaper than artificial gas and gives a greater heat; but it is unre-
liable, as the supply is usually imcertain. Oil furnishes an intense
and easily regulated heat, but is as yet too expensive for xmiversal
use.
In the days when natural gas was the chief fuel because of its low
cost, plants moved about from year to year following the gas supply.
This moving was made possible because of the cheap cost of con-
structing the frame builaiiigs and the absence of any great amoxmt
of machmery. At the present time, however^ factories are large, the
buildings are more or less substantial, and, smce the machinery and
equipment are costly and not easily moved, the industry is com-
paratively stable, rlants now, as formerly, prefer to use natural
gas, and when this supply is exhausted, generally change to artificial
(producer) gas or oil. Electricity may probably prove to be the ideal
fuel, but as yet has not been used commercially as a glass fuel.
INTRODUCTION OF MACHINERY.
The invention, introduction, and development of machinery in the
glass industry has resulted from the desire to displace the skilled and
ighly paid blower and to increase production and cheapen cost.
The making of glass from earUest history down to recent times was
a handicraft, and much glass is stiU blown by the breath of a glass
maker. Later molds were invented to assist the blower in shaping
the articles. The machine for pressing the simpler articles in molds,
without the aid of blowing, has been used since 1827. It has been
chiefly in the manufacture of bottles, jars, and window glass that
machmery has been invented and developed.
14 THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
MAKING OF BOTTLES.
Early nineteenth-century product. — ^From about 1808 to 1870 an
important branch of the glass industry was the manirfacture of fancy
pocket flasks and bottles. These were blown in engraved metal
molds. The early bottles had mouths cut with shears when in a
;lastic or soft condition, which resulted in a rimless, irregular edge,
'he base has a circular scar made where the bottle was broken from
the punty rod which held it while workmen finished the neck. Later
this scar was removad from the finer products by grinding. In the
fifties a ^'snap'' was used to hold the bottle, which came from the
mold with a smooth hollow base. A rim or beading formed by a
'HooV' was also added to the mouth. All the early bottles were
green in color and it was not until 1861 that flint glass was used for
prescription bottles.
Beginning of the shop system, — ^In order to increase production there
was mtroduced in bottle factories about 1870 what is Joiown as the
"shop system.'' Instead of the single blower, who previous to this
time naa produced the entire bottle, three men ("the shop") worked
together, two of them gathering and blowing while the third made the
neck smooth and otherwise finished the bottle. The average output
of bottles for each gang of three men working together in this way is
275 to 300 dozen per day; in the case of especially expert men the
daVs work is often much larger. Formerly, the smgle blower,
working with only the mold-shutting and snapping-up boys' help,
was regarded as having produced a very good day's work when he
made 40 or 42 dozen per day.^ The "shop system" is still in vogue
in plants where bottles are made by hand.
Machinery. — ^Ashleigh, an Englishman, made the first automatic
bottle machine, but it was unsuccessful for narrow-neck bottles,
because only a small percentage of the ware had a good enough neck
to be marketable. In 1882 the process of prepressing a blank, form-
ing the neck in the pressing operation, then transferring the neck to a
blow mold and blowing it into the finished form by compressed air was
invented by Arbogast, of Pittsburgh.
There are three methods of making wide-mouth bottles xmderthe
Arboffast patent. By the first the pressed blank is transferred from
the blank mold to the blow mold and blown by means of a disk with
a handle to which compressed air, controlled by a stopcock, is fed
through a rubber hose. Later, to increase production, tne blank and
blow molds were moimted on separate revolving tables. By the
second method the blank mold is telescoped into the blow mold against
the shoulder forming the neck. This system was invented by
Windmill, of England, and was used successfully for fruit jars, but
legal entanglements and litigation caused manuJFacturers to discard
it. The third method consists in pressing the blank in the blank
mold.
About 1896 a machine was perfected which, though commercially
successful, was somewhat crude and restricted to the making of wide-
mouth bottles and jars. This machine was not automatic. H
Since about 1900 any number of bottle-jnaking machines that
required one, two, or three skilled operators have appeared on the
— ■ I ■ « ■ ' II I ■
1 Twenty-eighth Annual Beport, Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries of New Jersey, 1905,
p. 201.
INTKODUCTION. 15
market; these machines are usually designated as one, two, or three
man machines. In 1900 a two-man machine for making wide-mouth
bottles was invented. Shortly after the automatic machine was
introduced, there appeared on the market the '* Johnny Bull," or
United, an EngUsh thr^e-man machine for narrow-mouth bottles.
In 1908 there appeared a three-man machine for narrow-neck bottles^
in 1912 a one-man machine for wide-mouth bottles, and in 1914 a
one-man machine for narrow-neck bottles.
Owens (mtomatic macTiine. — ^In 1903 the Owens automatic machine.,
invented by Michael J. Owens, of Toledo, was introduced com-
mercially. The machine revolutionized the entire bottle-making
industry, and since its introduction has greatly increased the standard
of efficiency in the bottle-manufacturing plants of the United States
and has made possible the gradual reduction in the price of bottles
that has been noted during the years since its invention.
Tlie first Owens machine that appeared on the market had six
arms; the latest type of machine has 15 arms. Improvements have
been made so that to-day practically any kind or shape of bottle from
one-tenth of an oxmce to 13 gallons in capacity can be made upon
some one of the four types of Owens machines.
The operating speed of the 16-arm machine is indicated by the fact
that more than 75,000 quart fruit jars are manufactured by a single
machine in a 24-hour day. The machine is entirely automatic,
gathering its own glass and blowing the bottle, and wiien an auto-
matic conveyor is used, dehvering it to the leer without the touch of a
worker's hand. The machine can be run for 24 hours a day and every
day in the year.
The machine is very costly, and the special equipment necessary
to operate it makes the initial outlay exceedingly large. This fact,
together with a serious doubt as to the machine's competitive ability,
kept manufacturers from installing it generally. Pnor to 1908 the
Owens machine was restricted almost exclusively to licensing on a
basis of royalty. In that year, however, the Owens people began the
manufacture of bottles. In a report by President Libbey, of the
Owens Bottle Machine Co., he states that, exclusive of the plants
controlled by the Owens Bottle Machine Co., there are 15 factories
operating 114 machines and having a normal annual production of
over 850,000,000 bottles.* There are installed in the United States
at present 6 fifteen-arm, 97 ten-arm, 87 six-arm, and 1 special machine,
making a total of 191 machines. There are 13 machines in Canada.
The Owens European patents were sold in 1907, to a European
combination controlled by German shareholders, for 12,000,000 marks.
The first three Owens machines were sold in Europe in 1908, and
there are now 60 or 70 machines in use. It is significant that Japanese
capitalists, despite the cheap hand labor to be had in that country,
have purchased the Owens Japanese patents and are now installing
the most modem Owens machines.
Flowing device, — From the time of the ancient Egyptian glass blow-
ers up to 1903, when a patent for a flowing device was issued to Homer
Brooke, and the Owens machine, which gathered its own glass, was
commercially introduced, hand gathering was the first step in the
process of glassmaking. Brooke's device consists in permitting the
1 National Glass Budget, Apr. 1, 1916, p. 2.
16 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
molten glass to flow continuously and freely from the furnace, and
then severing this flowing stream below its point of exit from the
furnace to obtain the desired imformed molten mass, allowing the
severed mass to fall in the mold and supporting the upper portion of
the stream, which continues flowing from the furnace untu another
mold comes into position to receive another mass to be severed.
In hand gathenn^g, which was the universal method up to this time,
the ^lass gathered is usuidly more than the amoxmt necessary for the
required ware. The glass is dropped into the mold and the proper
amount has to be cut off by shears or by other means. TTie Brooke
patent accomplished the gathering and cutting automatically.
Previous to Homer Brooke's invention many attempts had been
made to do away with hand gathering. Haley devised a machine
which manipulated the gathering rod in exactly the same manner as
in the hand operation. In 1885 Rylands patented a device (British
patent) to staxt and stop the flow of glass by means of a lever. In
1890 came the Schulze-Berge patent, by which desired quantities of
glass were forcibly ejected from the furnace by means of a plunger
acting in the furnace or by means of air pressure in the furnace.
Eimsen (British patent) started and stopped the flow oif glass by
means of a revolving cyUnder with pockets in its periphery. The
difficulty with all these intermittent start-and-stop devices was that
the glass adhered to the cut-off device or stopper, or congealed and
did not flow. The Brooke patent provided for a continuous flow,
thus preventmg the fflass from congealing.
The advantages claimed from the use of the Brooke patents are
greatly increased production, uniform quantities, reduced cost of
manufacture, and ability to work throughout the hot months, when
it is difficult to get hand gatherers to work.
It appears that other manufacturers have been working on flowing
or pourmg devices since Brooke received his patent, and some claim,
to nave perfected and to be using such systems. There are 10 or 12
firms making bottles and jars by the flowing method.^
PRESSED TABLEWARE.
The discovery of a process for pressing glass in 1827 is credited to
a carpenter of Sandwich, Mass. Deming Jarves in that year made ^"'
the first pressed tumbler. Up to this time all glassware not cast ba(r ^
been blown. The shaping oi glass to the desired form and size l>
means of a mold and pressing was at first used only for the common
grades of goods. This discovery revolutionized the industry.,;'
greatly reduced the cost of production, making it possible for immfei r^
quantities of the same article to be turned out at a low cost,- ar
permitted the imitation of fine ware. Toward the close of the sixt...
goblets and wineglasses were made by the pressed method and wc .
almost as fine and dehcate as those made by blowing and cutting.^* ' ^
Up to 1864 the finer pressed-glass articles were made of flint gls:-^^
composed of the best sand, pearl ash, refined saltpeter, and oxide'^fef^
lead, while the cheap tumblers and other common ware were made'r ^'^
German flint glass composed of soda ash, lime, nitrate of soda, ai*
sand. About 1864 WDham Leighton, of Wheehng, discovered .
1 D. A. Hayes, president of the Glass Bottle Blowers' Asscciation, in The Glassworker, July 22, 1916,
p. 3.
INTRODUCTION. 17
method of making a clear brilliant glass which revolutionized the
pressed-glass business. By his process the batch was made of bicar-
bonate of soda, pure sand, Hme, and refined nitrate of soda, and its
cost was about one-third that of the lead-flint batch.
LIGHTING GOODS.
Lamps and lamp chimneys. — ^There was a great depression in the
glass industry from 1860 to 1860, but this was followed by a great
development in the flint-glass business, due to the making of coal oil
from coal and the later discovery of petroleum. Though lamp chim-
neys were manufactured about 1855, it was not untU about 1859,
when refined petroleum for lighting purposes was commerciallj mar-
keted, that their manufacture assumed large proportions. With the
introduction of petroleum the demand for lamps and lamp chimneys
grew by leaps and bounds until the introduction of gas and electricity
about i885 led the manufacturers to commence the making of modem
lighting goods. Lamp chimneys, and oil lamps are mantuactured in
the Umted States in considerable quantities at the present time and
are exported to countries where gas and electricity nave not yet been
introduced. Lamp chimneys were at first blown off-hand and some
with flat sides were made in molds. In recent years lamp chimneys
have been manufactured in a paste-mold machine.
Bulbs for incandescent Icrnips. — ^The first glass bulbs used for in-
candescent lamps were made from tubing by manipulating the latter
over a flame. This practice was followed imtil such time as the in-
candescent lamp began to assume commercial importance, when
the manufacturers began to cast about for a cheaper and more
expeditious method of production.
As far as is known, the first attempts to make bulbs on a blow
iron (i. e., a glassworker's blowpipe) direct from the molten glass
were' made in Corning N. Y., in the late seventies. After laborious
experiments with glasses of different composition and with different
methods of manipulation, a process was evolved for making a so-
called '^ off-hand bulb, which was a distinct improvement over the
bulb previously used, in that it was more uniiorm in shape and
size, was of a satisfactory and fairly uniform thickness, and possessed
r ther physical properties — correct coeflBicient of expansion, fusibil-
7 1^^ freedom from visual defects, etc. — necessary to successful use.
7'\^^.type of bulb moreover was susceptible of manufacture in exist-
Ji^jglass plants by workmen then available. This no doubt was an
j»oj^tant consideration, as it was desired to get bulbs promptly in
i/ ^>yere then considered large quantities.
|||Will be imderstood that while these off-hand bulbs were a great
imim)vement over those made from tubing and temporarily met
th requirements of the lamp manufacturer, the art of lamp making
\\.^ then distinctly a hand art, and uniformity was not needea.
Ap^^flae art of lamp making progressed, attempts were made to ex-
uc^te the process by substitutmg machinery for hand operators.
T-irxact, it became obvious that machinery must be substitute4 if
•jxi^ndescent electric lighting were to assume the importance hoped
I'v'r it.
102511**— 17 2
18 THE GI-ASS INDUSTRY.
With the development of machines for holding and manipulating
lamps in process, the need of greater accuracy in the manuf actiu'e
of the bum became imperative, and the glass manufacturer met the
situation by substituting the ''wooden-mold" process for that
previously employed.
In the off-hand process the glassworker gathered a small ball of
glass on the end of his iron hj dipping the latter in the molten
mass and quickly rotating and withdrawing it. He then rolled the
"gather'' on a pohshed iron plate, cooling it and causing it to assume
any approximate cylindrical shape. Then, by a combination of
blowing and swinging, he caused the glass to elongate and distend
to the proper shape. It is needless to say that this was an opera-
tion requiring a high degree of skill and great care. No measuring
tools or gauges could be touched to the plastic glass, and the uni-
formity of the product was strictly dependent on the abihty and care
of the operator.
The wooden-mold process had long been in use in the glass trade
for the production of globes, chimneys, and similar articles. Just
why it was not originally adopted for the making of bulbs instead
of the off-hand process is not known. The preUminary steps in
both processes are identical. In the wooden-mold process, however,
the "gather'' or blank when only partially distended is introduced
into a hardwood water-soaked mold, whereupon the operator blows
into the iron and at the same time rolls it between the palms of his
hands, thus imparting a rotary motion to the blank, while it assumes
the contour of the mold. As soon as the glass becomes sufficiently
stiff, but before it has entirely lost its plasticity, the mold is opened
and the bulb still attached to the iron is removed. Finally the bulb
is removed from the iron by cracking close to the latter with a wet,
or at least a cold, file or "knife."
This wooden-mold process was a distinct advance in the art.
The product was much more imiform in size and shape, had a high
polish due to the rotary motion of the glass while in contact with
the mold, and could be made faster and more cheaply than previ-
ously. The hand process of bulb making in vogue at the present
time is a direct development of this wooden-mold process, and differs
from it only in the refinement of tools employed.
As the development of machinery for lamp making progressed,
the requirements of the lamp maker became more and more exacting,
and tne glass manufactiu'er soon began to cast about for a more
reliable material than wood from which to make his molds, for it
was found that wooden molds soon warped and burned out of shape,
with resultant inaccuracies in the product. This more rehable ma-
terial was soon forthcoming in the form of cast iron, coated with a
so-called "paste" of linseed oil and charcoal or hardwood sawdust.
As nearly as can be ascertained this new or "paste" mold was de-
veloped in France and introduced here by certain itinerant French
chimney or tumbler blowers. These men traveled from place to
place as suited their whims, carrying their molds with them, and
acqepting employment wherever offered or whenever necessity urged
them. They guarded most jealously the secret of their paste and
it was some Uttle time before Americans acquired the secret. How-
ever, in the late eighties American glassmakers did learn how to
properly coat or paste their molds, and from that time until the pres-
INTRODUCTION. 19
ent day practically all incandescent lamp bulbs made in America/
have been blown in these iron molds coated with carbonaceous paste. I
It is a rather surprising fact that this process was not generallyjN
a.dopted in European countries and in Japan until very recent years.l 1
Iron molds of great accuracy are now used by all bulb manufacturers, I
and with proper handling these continue accurate through years of I
constant use. *
Briefly the process of ^'pasting'' is as follows: The inner surface
of the mold is spread with a thin layer of boiled linseed oil, appUed
with a brush like paint. Other substances, such as wax or rosin,
are sometimes dissolved in the oil. The mold is then dipped in
powdered charcoal, in fine sawdust (usually of apple wood), or more
recently in cork flour, which is powdered cork sifted or bolted to
make it of imiform grain. The mold is then shaken or tapped to
remove the surplus powder and immediately placed in a baking oven,
where it is subjectea to suflB.cient heat to partially carbonize the oil and
coating without warpir^ the mold.
After carbonization has progressed sufficiently, the mold is re-
moved from the oven and allowed to cool. A heavy '^gather'' or
blank is prepared on a blow iron and introduced into the mold;
the latter is closed and the blank is blown up tight against the coated
surface. The extreme heat of the glass blauK serves to complete
the carbonization of the paste, and upon opening the mold its
working surface is foimd to be coated with an exceedingly thin,
smooth, and closely adhering coating of carbon, almost graphitic
in character.
The mold is then dipped in water and is ready for use. This dip-
ping in water is a vital part of the process and must be repeated each
time before a bulb is blown. Without the water it is impossible
to rotate the blank in the mold, and the resultant article has a rough
or pitted surface. The high poUsh of a paste-mold bulb is doubt-
less due to the rotation oi the glass over the '' graphitic" surface
lubricated by water and water vapor.
As already stated, save for the introduction of the paste mold and
the use of semiautomatic devices for opening, closing, and wotting
molds (so-called ''dummy mold holders '') the process of making
bulbs by hand is much the same as 20 years ago. Recently, however,
a variety of machines have been introduced, both semiautomatic
and automatic, which give promise of both cheapening and improv-
img the incandescent lamp bulb. Such machines are in use in sev-
eral manufacturing plants and are turning out a satisfactory product.
There is much development work still to oe done on these machines,
but it seems probable that within a few years they will largely
supersede the hand process.
These machines have not introduced any really new fundamental
principles in the art of bulb making; the individual stops in the pro-
cess are similar to those in the manual process and the sequence of
steps is the same. The machine simply imitates with great precision
the movements of the adept artisan and produces a very uniform
product.
From a small beginning 30 years ago, the business of bulb making
has grown to considerable importance. There are now in the United
States alone about 4,000 persons, mostly men, employed in the making
of glass bulbs and tubing for incandescent lamps. Throughout thp
20 THE GLASS INDITSTBY,
world there are probably from 10,000 to 12,000 so employed, though
definite statistics are not available. It is estimated on good authority
that production of incandescent lamp bulbs in the United States is
now going on at the rate of 20,000,000 per month or nearly 1,000,000
for each working day.
Decorated lighting glassware, — ^The principal items of lighting glass-
ware are incandescent bulbs, lamp chimneys, lamp shades, Tantem
f lobes, arc-light globes, reflectors, and decorated globes and shades.
)ecorated gfobes and shades are made in a variety of shapes and
designs, both for ornamental and practical purposes. They are
pressed or blown, plain or decorated, machine-cut or hand-cut.
needle-etched or acid-etched, and are made from flint, opal, ana
colored glass. It is claimed that American lighting goods are now
superior to those made in Germany and, except in mie colors, are
better than the products of Austria and Venice.
PLATE GLASS.
The making of plate glass in the United States was first attempted
in Brooklyn, N. i., in 1852. In 1869 John B. Ford, after visiting
the Lenox works, where plate glass had previously been made, and
securing all possible information from the imported workmen, estab-
lished a plant at New Albany, Ind., which, though successful in
manufacturing plate glass, was not piofitable financially. This plant
was equipped with imported machmes for grinding, smoothing, and
polishing. In 1872 the newly formed American Plate Glass Co.,
erected a plant at Crystal City, Mo. This plant, like Ford's, was not
financially successful at the outset, though it manufacturea a good
quality of glass. Mr. Ford operated two other plants subsequent to
operating the New Albany plant, but it was not until 1881, when he
established a large plate-glass factory at Creighton, Pa., that plate
glass was profitably manufactured. This plant is one of the original
works of the present Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
Previous to 1880 every investment in plate-glass manufacturing
in the United States had resulted in financial failure. The wonderfiu
progress and development of the plate-glass industry began in 1880
ana has continued until the present day, when American plate glass,
it is claimed, is the equal oi the European in clearness, finish, and
freedom from flaws and defects. Regular plate glass is one-quarter
of an inch thick. There are, however, American companies at the
present time that are specializing in the manufacture of a very thin
or a very thick plate glass.
The first process for making commercially successful wire glass was
patented by Frank Shuman in 1892. Since 1890 there has been a
wonderful development in the manufacture of cathedral, opalescent,
and art sheet glass, and all kinds of figured, ribbed, and colored
glass.
WINDOW GLASS.
Crown glass, a variety of blown glass, was the original form of
mod em window glass. A bulb of glass was blown, and after the lower
part of the bulb nad been opened by shears, the bulb was flared out
to a sheet by a rapid rotation of the blowpipe. Tlie circular sheet or
INTRODUCTION. 21
disk was cut into two half circles and squared for glazing. From
the crescent shape of the cut halves was derived the term crown glass.
The cylinder process of forming window glass probably originated in
Italy and about 1830 was introduced into England from France.
The great development in window-glass manufacture dates from
1880. rrevious to that time American window glass was of poor
Suality and was made in the old type of pot furnace, whereas the
IngUsn and Be^ium window-glass manufacturers had adopted the
tank furnace, it is estimated that fully 25 per cent of the window
glass used in the United States at that time was imported/ In 1888
Jojnes Chambers, after visiting the European glass factories and
securing alj possible information, built at Jeannette, Pa., a plant
equipped with tanks, and although opinion forcasted its failure, it
was successful from the start in the continuous and regular production
of clear, faultless glass which was superior to that in which the batch
had been melted in pots.
Cylinder macMnery, — In 1854 Loup introduced a device (French
patent) for the mechanical production of cylinders of glass. A ''bait
member '' drew a cylinder from the molten glass iato which it had been
lowered, air pressure forming the cylinder. In 1886 Martin Andreas
Oppermann, a Belgian glass manufacturer, designed and constructed
another machine iot the making of window glass in cylinder form.
This machine was so arranged tnat cylinders of considerable length
could be made, compressed air being used to blow out the cylinder
and mechanical means appUed for drawing the ^cylinder. Opper-
mann stated in his patent that he anticipated using this machine as
a means for drawing such cylinders from a tank or bath of molten
^ glass, as also from a bath of glass contained within a refractory
receptacle, whereby segregated portions of glass taken from the pot
or tank could be operated upon, so that either cylinders or otner
forms of glass could be made.
Numerous other attempts wore made betweqn 1890 and the time
that Lubbers (in 1903) brought out his window-glass cylinder machine.
However, the various ideas and designs which nad been brought out
by several different inventors were but little developed, owing to the
skepticism of manufacturers and the antagonism of the dominant
labor unions in that branch of the industry.
The Lubbers machine was brought out m 1903 and was taken up
bv the American Window Glass Co. and installed at Alexandria, Ind.
It did not, however, reach a stage of commercial utiUty imtil approxi-
mately 1905. This n^achine is used in the plants oi the American
Window Glass Co. Several other machines for the making of window
glass have been installed and are now producing large quantities of
commercial glass of high qu^^lity, among which is the He^ machine,
owTQed and controlled by the ConsoUdated Window Glass C!o., and the
Frink machine, invented and owned by Robert L. Frink. The Pitts-
burgh Plate Glass Co. has also several factories operating under
methods which it owns and controls for the production of window
glass, in conjunction with its plate-glass business. Other types of
machines used are the Douchamp, the Douchamp-Hen^haw, and the
Olwulgee. It will be seen therefore that macmne making of win-
dow glass has to a great extent supplanted the old hand process.
1 James Gillinder, in One Hundred Years of American Commerce, Vol. I, p. 281.
22 TI3E GLASS INDUSTRY.
It is claimed that hand-blown window glass is not so apt to break
as machine-made glass because it is better tempered, due to the con-
stant reheating in the blowing process. Machine-made glass is drawn
which, it is claimed, makes it more brittle.
Sheet-plass machinery . — ^In 1882 Clarke attempted the mechanical
production of sheet glass. Since then nimierous inventors have at-
tempted to solve the same problem. About 1908 Irving W. Col-
bum, of Franklin, Pa., perfected a machine that draws continuous
sheets of plass of any desired width and thickness. The width is
regulated by a perfected device that makes it imiform. The thick-
ness of the glass is varied at the will of the worker. It is stated that
single-strength ^lass can be drawn at a linear speed of 56 inches a
minute and double-strength at 48 inches a minute. The only worker
required is a cutter to cut the sheet into various sizes as it emerges
* from the leer. The people who successfuUv produced the Owens
. machine for bottles are now erecting a large plant for the manufacture
of sheet glass by the process which Colburn invented and perfected.
BESULTS OF OVERPRODUCTION.
Until recently, the establishment of a glass factory required a com-
paratively small investment; a cheap Same structure built near a
sand supply or fuel field was the only building necessary. The cheap-
ness of wood and sand was no doubt responsible for the building of
numerous plants. With the discovery of natural gas many towns
offered lai^e bonuses and other inducements, such as free sites and
free or cheap gas, and people entered the business who had neither
the knowledge nor the ability successfully to conduct a glass plant.
The overproduction which followed, together with the general busi-
ness ignorance of many who had recently entered the field as a get-
rich-quick speculation, resulted in a period of price cutting.
In numerous instances manufacturers attempted by purchase or
organization to remedy the evil results of this keen competition and
overproduction. In 1885 almost all the large glassware plants in
New Jersey formed a manufacturers' association for the purpose of
fixing prices, and in 1891 a number of manufacturers formed a stock
company, known as the United States Glass Co., which bought up 15
of the largest and most complete press-manufacturing plants in the
Country, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. The
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., formed in 1895, purchased all the plate-
glass factories in the United States with the exception of three.
Many manufacturers, it is stated, have been deterred irom combining
for tne purpose of fixing prices by fear of the Sherman Act. At the
present time many window-glass manufacturers market their prod-
uct through the same selling agent, and manufacturers in other
branches of the glass industry are contemplating some such arrang-
ment.
SPECIALIZATION IN MANITFACTURE.
There is a tendency in glass manufacturing, as in most other indus-
tries, toward speciauzation, and its cheaper cost of production and
improvement of quality. Specialization would, for one thing,
S'eatly lessen the expense for molds, which is very large. Users of the
wens machine usually manufacture only a few products and other
INTEODUCTION. 28
manufacturers have also begun to concentrate on one product or one
line of goods. This specialization, probably due to keen competition
and the perfection of various machines, is likely to continue.
FoUowmg is a brief description of the specialties manufactured by
the leading glass-producing coimtries of Europe:
England: Beautiful, pure, brilhant, lead nint ware; cut and en-
graved ware and excellent quality of colored ware.
France: Polished plate glass that is considered the standard;
stained glass windows; enameled and etched fancy ware; lenses;
ware with elegance of shape, lightness of design, and beauty of glass.
Belgium: Window glass of mie quality at a low price.
Germany: Mirrors; cheap tableware; colored vases.
Austria-Hungary (Bohemia) : Beautifully cut, engraved, and deco-
rated glassware oi beautiful color and purity of glass; glass gems,
beads, pearls, and buttons.
EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN WAR.
The war in Europe has had, indirectly, a beneficial eflfect on the
American glass industry. Manufacturers and inventors in this in-
dustry, as m others, have been concerned chiefly with increased pro-
duction and lower labor cost, and all their energies, consequently,
have been spent in perfecting the mechanical end of the business and
the invention and miprpvement of machinery. The batch and the
application of chemical principles, however, have been neglected.
This most important detail of successful manufacturing, a knowledge
of the glass itself, its behavior, the ingredients that go to make up the
batch, was lacking. A manufacturer made glass as. his father made
it before him (empirically) or as his competitor made it. At the time
of this investigation the agents found comparatively few plants that
employed a chemist of any kind and only one that had a chemical
phwicist.
With the advent of the war, glass manufacturers faced the same
situation that confronted the users of dyes tuffs. They had learned
to depend upon foreign coimtries for many of the principal ingre-
dients of glass. Shut off from their usual supply, manufacturers
began to grope about for themselves and a great impetus was given
to chemical research. Soda ash has been manufactured in this coun-
try for many years. Since the war started another chemical has been
substituted for pearl ash, heretofore considered indispensable. A
substitution was also made for zinc oxide when its price went up, and
one manufacturer stated that he had discovered a decolorizer to take
the place of manganese. The war has of necessity compelled Ameri-
can manufacturers to shift for themeslves in a field of their business
which they had heretofore neglected. The start has been made, and
it is hoped that American manufacturers will continue the work so
well begun, so that before many years there will be a thorough knowl-
edge of glass chemistry.
Laboratory and chemical glassware was not manufactured to any
extent in the United States prior to the European war, being imported
Erincipally from Germany. With its importation impossibfe, colleges,
ospitals, laboratories, etc., looked about for Amencan-made goods,
ana several manufacturers were quick to take advantage of the oppor-
tunity of the times and began to manufacture the much sought-for
chemical and laboratory ware. For the short time they have been
24
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
engaged in manufacturing these products, remarkable process has
been made. It is claimed that a new branch of the glass industry
has been estabUshed and that it will remain after the war is over.
FUTURE OF THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
There is at present a tendency toward large factories with then*
greater production and correspondingly lower overhead cost, greater
opportunity for eflB.ciency, and increased purchasing power. The
J)rofitable factory of the future will probably be a large one. Manu-
acturers are gradually installing modern machines, specializing in one
product or Ime of goods has been begun, and the manufacture of
chemical glassware has been developed to comparatively lai^e pro-
Eortions. With the perfection of machines and the elimination of a
irge amount of hana labor, it is probable that the annual production
will greatly exceed the domestic demand. This will necessitate some
plants withdrawing from the business or the entrance of the industry
m general into the export trade on a large scale.
American glass of almost every kind equals the foreign product •
in some lines, such as lead cut glass, all forms of pressed ware, ana
machine-made fruit jars and bottles, the domestic glass is superior
in purity of glass, pattern, design, utility, and is lower in price. The
demand for glass products is increasing rapidly and should grow to
immense proportions. With the present total absence of foreign
competition of any kind and with the high prices now prevailing,
flass manufacturers have the opportunity to remedy the evils of the
rade, improve their factories, put themselves in sound financial con-
dition, and so put their house in order as to insure future stabihty and
Srosperity regardless of the outcome of the war, its effects or in-
uences.
QSNEBAL STATISTICS OF THE INDUSTBY.
General statistics of the glass industry shown in Tables 1 to 10
were furnished by the Bureau of the Census
Table 1. — ^Value of Glass Production, by States.
[Data from the Buretm of the Census.]
States.
PflmLsylvania...
Ohio
Indiana
West Virginia. . .
Illinois
New Jersey
New York
Missouri
Oklahoma
Maryland
Kansas
Virginia
Ma^achusetts. . .
CaUfomia
Kentucky
Michigan
Connecticut
New Hampshire.
Iowa
All other States.
United States.
1879
9S,
2,
2,
720,584
549,320
790,781
748,600
901,343
810,170
420,796
919,827
687,000
254,345
140,000
388,405
90,000
160,000
70,000
3,500
21,164,571
1889
$17,179,137
5,649,183
2,995,409
945,224
2,372,011
5,218,152
2,723,019
1,215,329
1,256,697
431,437
(»)
(«)
1,065,397
41,051,004
1699
$22,011,130
4,547,083
14,767,883
1,871,795
2,834,398
5,093,822
2,756,978
765,564
557,895
418,458
(«)
924,706
56,639,712
1904
$27,671,693
9,026,208
14,706,029
4,598,563
5,619,740
6,450,195
4,279,766
1,781,026
589,589
958,720
549,031
1,011,873
915,446
(«)
1,449,719
79,607,998
1909
$32,817,936
14,358,274
11,893,094
7,779,483
5,047,333
6,961,088
4,508,790
1,992,883
(a)
1,038,368
2,036,673
681,900
(a)
(«)
(«)
(«)
3,279,481
92,095,203
1914
$39,797,822
19,191,342
14,881,372
14,631,171
7,680,343
7,697,754
5,166,714
3,882,420
2,006.736
1,500,982
728,681
690,420
(•)
(•)
(»)
5,340,263
123,085,019
a Included in "All other States."
INTBODUCTION.
25
Table 2. — Pkopoktion op Production ani> Bank of States in Manufacture of
Glass.
[Data from the Bureau of the Census.]
States.
Per cent of total production value.
Rank.
1879
1889
1899
1904
1909
1914
1879
1889
1899
1904
1909
1914
P(ITipSylvftTllft
41.22
7.32
3.74
3.54
4.28
13.28
11.44
4.35
41.85
13.76
7.30
2.30
5.78
12.71
6.63
2.96
38.93
8.04
26.10
3.31
5.01
9.01
4.88
1.35
34.76
11.34
18.47
5.78
7.C6
8.10
5.38
2.24
35.63
15.60
12.60
8.43
5.48
7.56
4.90
2.16
32. 33
15.59
12.09
11.89
6.24
6.17
4.19
3.16
1.63
1.22
.59
.56
1
4
8
9
6
2
3
5
1
2
4
9
6
3
5
8
1
4
2
7
5
I
8
1
3
2
6
5
4
7
8
21
12
10
13
9
11
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
9
""io"
s
13
1
Ohio.r
^
Indiana
West Virginia
3
4
HI inois
5
Now .Jersey
6
New York
7
Missouri
8.
Oklahoma
9^
Maryland
2.77
3.06
.99
.74
1.20
.69
1.27
1.15
1.13
2.21
.74
10
7
9
10
Kansas
11
Virginia
13
10
12
12-
Massachusetts
4.04
.66
1.84
.43
.76
.33
.02
1.05
.74
7
13
11
14
12
15
16
10
14
11
17
California
......
Kentucky
Michisan '.
16
15
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Iowa
i
Wisconsin
13
11
14
16
18
19
17
20
South Carolina
Tennessee
Georgia
12
15
16
15
17
14
-•■•••
Colorado
Delaware
2.60
1.64
1.82
3.56
4.34
Table 3. — General Statistics of the Glass Industry.
{Data from the Bureau of the Census.]
Items.
1869
1879
1889
1899
1904
1909
1914
Number of estab-
lishments
154
169
294
355
399
363
348
Persons engaged.
(«)
(«)
(«)
55,256
67,105
72,573
78,804f
P r prietors
and firm
members. .
(«)
(•)
(»)
170
96
87
9a
Salaried em-
ployees
wage earners
(«)
(»)
(•)
2,268
3,040
3,576
4,200-
(average
number)...
Primary horse-
power
15,367
1 24,177
44,892
52,818
63,969
68,911
74,502
1,857
tl3,826,142
5,672
$18,804,599
28,241
62,943
$61,423,903
91, 476
123, 132
If 3, 1.39-
CM>ltai
$40,966,350
$80,389,161
$129,288,384
$153,925,876
Salaries and
wMes
7,589,110
(«)
(«)
9,144,100
<«)
(«)
22,118,522
(»)
(«)
29,877,086
2,792,376
41,228,441
3,940,293
44,293,216
55,204,723
6,548,904
Varies
4,993,591
Wages
27,084,710
37,288,148
39,299,624
48,655,819-
Paid for contract
work
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
56,848
85,864
150,185
Bent and taxes
(including in-
ternal revenue)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(•)
6 357,121
606,633
882,222-
Cost of materials.
6,864,365
8,028,621
12,140,985
16,731,009
26,145,622
32,119,499
46,016,504
Value of prod-
ucts
18,467,607
21,154,571
41,051,004
56,539,712
79,607.998
92,095,203
123, 085, 019-
Value added by
manufacture
(value of prod-
ucts less cost of
materials)
12,603,142
13,125,950
28,910,019
39,808,703
53,462.476
69,976,704
77,068,515
a Figures not available.
^ Exclusive of internal revenue.
■26 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Tablb 4. — Per Cent of Inckbase " in Baoh Cbnsus Period avteb 1869.
[Data (rom tlie Biueaa of the Census.]
Claasifloation.
18W-18T9
„^,m
ig»»-i8eB
IBW-IBW
72.2
33.S
ee.2
Si
«.2
.1=:;;:
N be t tablishmenta
S.7
nc,
aa.7
|s
4E.1
«.a
W.7
8J.fi
Ba7
Wage earners (average number)
20.$
117.9
l!
g.'i
74.2
30.9
4.1
»tl
ma
37.7
Table 5. — Detail o
l> Figures not strictly eompaiBbio.
H TSE Qlasb Indubtrt, bt States, in
Nmnbei
lisb-
mmts.
Total
_
l'^
Clerks, etc.
Btata.
membeti.
tendents
and
managers.
Male.
Female.
ol em-
ployees.
i
18
3
'1:^2!
a
68
22
29
70
1ST
426
246
61
1
227
657
a
'k
2
j
3',SM
United States
3«
78,804 j TO
1,386
2,026
788 1 74, SOI
1
Wage earners.
Total.
16 and over.
Under IS.
State.
Number, Ifith day 01-
FemalB.
Male.
9
IIW
Fe-
Maximum.
Jan. i,337
s; ":s\
is. ',;2
Mar. 2e,39I
Mar. 4,030
Minimum.
,8M
Illinois
Sept. 2,604
?^- "''^
Aug. 681
Aug. 1,839
Aug. 1,883
Aug. 1,760
AU|- '.^
July' i8,06fl
4,028
10,488
S:S
em
3,273
^'66»
10,566
159
35
222
102
ll
S;::::::::::::;:::::
1,043
3,060
'!«
' 29
VlrgiX
SfSSfev::::::::::
284
united Steles
Mar. 8a, 481
Aug. 49,861
-'■'■"
■■■"">
l.m 1 361
iinode Island, l; South Catolim
INTBODUOTION.
[Data liom tbe Bureau d[ the D
Expenses for Balaries and wages.
OOdala. Clerks,
Uarylondl
Missouri
Newlemy— ..
New York
Ohio.
OkJaboma
PeuDsylranlft...
-Vtrgiiik.,
^Veat Virginia..
All other Stalo.
United SU
9,7fl3,4C
s.mw
8,950,M
10,000
28^400
' Expeiuea lot materials.
Tsi«9, in-
Rent of eluding I
foct<^. internal n
Maryland....
Missouri
PeimaylTaiila...
WestVli^nia!!!
All other 'States.
034,028 123,055,019
Table 7. — Value or Production in Main Divibiomb or QiiAss Manufacture, b
States.
[Dat» from tbe Burmn Ot the Cansua.]
Fiodnct and State.
leso
Building glass, total value tI7,0M,234
Illinois 24,000
Missouri'.!!!!;!! !!;;;!!!;!;!;;;;!!!;!!;!!"!!! !!!!"i""s65|6M
New Jersey I 274, oil
New York 1 346,790
WB3t Virginia.!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 'loi'wa
.Ml other states 24?; 712
>> Included In "All other States" lo avoid Individual dlsclceures.
1.;^
173,387
2,741,813
2,3U,e4fl
3,122,703
28
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Table 7. — Yajajz of Production in Main DiviaioNs of GhJkss Manufacture, by
States — Concluded.
Product and State.
Pressed and blown glass, total value.
Indiana.
Kansas..
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania . -
West Virginia..,
All other States.
Bottles and jars, total value.
California
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma ,
Pennsylvania . . ,
Virginia ,
West Virginia. . .
All other States .
All other products.
United States .
1890
$17,076,125
2,601,787
100,000
21,300
1,178,784
2,738,280
1004
121,056,158
8,453,560
1,379,706
517, 709
21,676,701
2,678,780
6,327,468
2,850,087
64,607
46,101
181,550
1,032,524
3,054,660
0,406,183
2,620,665
800,502
1009
127,308,445
33,631,063
346,683
260,000
4,452,210
1,105,276
1,058,055
4,162,990
(a)
381,847
812,623
600,562
56,530,712
855,446
4,049,156
7,213,456
407,868
536,478
607,383
6,066,714
1,866,245
2,961,727
5,951,144
549,031
602,002
1,064,413
2,774,128
202,696
508,492
1,019,836
1,926,852
6,160,707
9,847,228
4,806,528
651,978
36,018,388
878,434
4,804,795
6,982,378
651,376
528,767
(«)
5,884,605
1,884,394
4,717,658
(«)
7,778,787
681,900
646,521
l,088,71£
1914
$30,279,290
2,926,296
(«)
(«)
(0)
2,237,960
6,490,498
220,620
11,241,496
6,263,554
61,968,728
2,322,916 2,369,967
79,607,998 | 92,01^203
6,680,700
9, 155, 163
1,244,760
759,627
7,176,787-
2,343,683
7,422,402
603,559
8,930,255
690,420
3,777,445
3,173,927
4,022,932
123,085,019
a Included in *' All other States" to avoid individual diselosures.
Table 8. — Quantity and Value of Production in the .Glass Industry, by
Articles.
[Data from the Bureau of the Census.}
Product.
Building glass:
Window glass-
Square feet
Value
Obscured glfi», Inolu^lng <aithe<)r^ And sky-
light—
Square feet
Value
Plate glass-
Total cast, square feet
Polished-
Square feet
Value
Rough, made for sale-
Square feet
Value
Wire glass-
Polished—
Square feet
Value
Rough, made to be sold as such— •
Square feet
Value ,
All other building glass, value ,
Total value, building glass.
1899
217,4)64,100
$10,879,355
12,696,a55
$732,338
21,172,129
16,883,578
$5,158,598
628,684
$75,887
$250,056
$17,096,234
1904
242,^15,750
$11,610,851
21,870,634
$972,014
34,804,986
27,293,138
$7,978,263
17,784
$3,529
(«)
(«)
$1,133,214
1909
346,080,550
$11,742,959
22,815,946
$1,358,574
60,105,694
47,370,254
$12,204,875
205,690
$37,431
ffi
$964,599
1914
400,908,803
$17,495,056
43,040,079
$2, 417, 25a
75,770,261
60,383,516
$14,773,787
131,492
$25,859
1.707,848
$534,322
13,980,996
$1,056,612
$520,280
$21,097,861 $26,308,438
$36,824,069
a Not reported separately.
INTBODUOTION.
2d
Table 8.— Quantity and Value op Pboduction in the Glass Industry, bYv
Articles — Concluded .
Product.
Pressed and blown glass:
Tableware 100 pieces. .
Jellies, tumblers, and goblets dozen.
Lamps do —
Chimneys do —
Lantern globes do —
Globes and other electrical goods do
Shades, globes, and other gas goods do
Blown tumblers, stem ware, and bar goods
dozen. .
Opal ware do
Cut ware do
Decorated glassware do
Total value, pressed and blown glass. . .
Bottles and Jars:
Prescription bottles, viah, and druggists*
wares gross. .
Beer, soda, and mineral do
Liquor bottles and flasks do
Milk jars do....
Fruit jars do
Battery jara and other electrical goods, .do
Patent and proprietary medicine do
Packers' ana preservers' do
Demijohns and carboys dozen. .
655,141
8,544,050
807,765
6,901,192
1,044,816
2,673,854
6,127,867
3,750,443
134,726
$17,076,125
2,423,932
1,351,118
985,374
146,142
789,298
1,296,131
784,588
83,243
Total value, bottles and jars $21, 676, 791
All other products, value .
$690,562
Grand total value I $56,639,712
1,283,974
7,346,214
487,017
7,039,756
1,765,247
1,901,415
878,244
6,282,606
1,091,208
83,736
$21,956,158
3,202,586
2,351,852
2,157,801
253,651
1,061,829
19,974
1,657,372
1,237,065
64,450
$33,631,063
$2,322,916
& $79, 607, 998
1,286,056
11,687,086
322,482
6,652^967
952,620
11,738,798
1,541,449
9,182,060
3,095,666
206,336
(«)
$27, 398, 44o $30, 279, 290
1,554,056
18,030,348
580,196
6,989,694
1,363,562
10,461,848
2,016,800
11,377,310
4,636,051
297,957
1,158,077
3,624,022
2,345,204
1,887,344
440,302
1,124,48,')
9,981
1,637,798
1,237,175
122,570
$36,018,333
4,893,416
4,573,610
2,089,022
1,188,891
1,198,952
79,211
1,384,689
3,271,174
160,796
$51,958,728
$2,369,987
C$92,095,203
$4,022,932
$123,065,019
a Not reported separately.
b In addition . glasswu-e to the value of $9,663 was made as subsidiary products by establishments engaged
primarily in other lines of manufacture.
c In addition, 42,639 gross of bottles and jars, valued at $90,490, were made by establishments engaged
primarily in other lines of manufacture.
Table 9. — Proportion op Glass Production, by Value, in the Main Divisions
OP Manufacture .
[Data from the Bureau of the Census.}
Product.
Window glass ;
Obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight.
Plate glass:
Polished
Rough, made for sale
Wire glass:
Polished
Rough, made to be sold as sudi
All other building glass
Total building glass.
Pressed and blown glass. .
Bottles and jars
All other products
1899
1904
Per cent.
19.25
L30
Per cent.
14. 59
1.23
9.12
.18
10.02
(ft)
.44
!L
30.24
30.20
38.34
1.22
27. 20
27.58
42.24
2.92
1909
1914
Per cent. Per cent,
12.75 14.22
1.48 1.96
13.25
.04
1.05
28.57
29.75
39.11
2.57
a Less than one one-thousandth of 1 per cent.
12.02
.02
.44
.86
.42
29.92
24. (lO
42.21
3.27
b Not reported separately.
80
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 10. — Ikcrease in Fbodugtion of Giasswabe Compared with Ikcrease
IN Population in the United States, 1904 to 1914.
[Data from the Buieaa of the Census.]
Product.
Estimated population, continental United States
Window glass:
Square feet
Value
Obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight:
Square feet ,
Value
Plate glass, polished:
Square feet
Value
Plate glass, rough, made for sale:
Square feet
Value
All other building glass, value
Pressed and blown ware, value
Bottles and jars, value
All other products, value
Total value
1904
82,466,551
242,615,750
$11,610,851
21,870,634
1072,014
27,293,138
$7,078,253
17,784
13,529
$1,133,214
$21,056,158
$33,631,063
$2,322,016
$70,607,098
1014
06,646,401
400,098,893
$17,405,956
43,040,079
$2,417,253
60,383,516
$14,773,787
131,402
$25,850
$2,111,214
$30,270,290
$51,058,728
$4,022,932
$123,065,019
Increase,
1904
to 1914.
Per rent.
19.62
65.28
50.60
06.70
148.68
121.24
85.18
630.38
632.76
86.30
37.01
54.50
73.18
54.6
Referring to Table 6, it will be seen that the total value of glass
products in 1914 was $123,085,019, and the amount paid wage earners
was $48,655,819, or 39.53 per cent of the value.
Table 1 shows that during the 35 years from 1879 to 1914, Pennsyl-
vania was the leading State in value of production of glass and glass-
ware. New Jersey changed from second to sixth rank among the
glass-producing States, and New York from third to seventh rank.
The production of glass of all kinds remained practically station-
ary in Indiana during the 15 years from 1899 to 1914. In 1914 the
production in West Virginia was sHghtly less than it was in Indiana,
out during the 15 prior years it had increased nearly sevenfold in
West Virginia, a greater rate of increase than in any other State.
Cheap gas accounts for the great development of the glass industry
in West Virginia and for the establishment of the industry in
Oklahoma.
Table 7 shows that during the years from 1899 to 1914 the produc-
tion of bottles and jars considerably more than doubled in value;
the production of building glass more than doubled, while the pro-
duction of pressed and blown glass did not increase so rapidly.
Nearly all of the production of glass in New Jersey consists of bottles
and jars. New York, which was seventh among the States in the
production of glass in 1914, produced very little building glass, while
Illinois, which was fifth in order of production, produced practically
no building glass or pressed and blown glass, neany all of its products
being bottles and jars.
Referring to Table 8, it will be seen that in window glass, obscured
glass, poHshed plate glass, and poHshed and rough wire glass there
were large increases in the production from 1899 to 1914. The table
shows that 75,770,261 square feet of plate glass were cast in 1914,
that 60,383,516 sauare feet were polished and 131,492 square feet
were not polished. The waste, mostly from breakage, appears,
therefore, to have been about one-fifth of the quantity cast.
INTRODUCTION. 31
In pressed and blown glass the largest number of articles pro-
duced were jelly glasses, tumblers, and goblets, and the next largest
number was of blown tumblers, stem ware, and bar goods. During
the years 1899 to 1914 the number of glass lamps and of shades^
globes, and other gas goods decreased, the nimiber of lamp chimneys
and lantern globes increased slightly, and the nimiber of globes and
other electrical goods increased enormously. The increase in the
nimaber of milk jars was large, which may be accounted for by the
enactment of laws requiring that covered jars be used for the distri-
bution of milk. The nimiber of prescription bottles, vials, and
druggists' wares doubled during the 15 years, while the number of
bottles for patent and proprietary medicines increased compara-
tively little.
Examining the section of Table 8 referring to bottles and jars, it
will be noticed that from 1899 to 1914 there was a l^e increase in
the number of liquor bottles and flasks produced. Though during
that time prohibition was adopted by manj States and the saloons
in them were closed, liquor was dispensed m bottles and flasks. It
is also noticeable that there was a large increase in the number of
beer, soda, and mineral bottles and of demijohns and carboys.
There was an increase in thes number of fruit jars, but a much
greater increase in the number of packers and preservers, which indi-
cates that a less proportion of the preserved fruits and vegetables
are canned in the nomes of the consumers than formerly.
Table 10 shows that the percentage of increase in all kinds of glass
and glassware specified by the Census of Manufactures during tho
10 jears from 1904 to 1914 was very much larger than the percentage
of mcrease in population.
SCOPE AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
This investigation of the cost of manufacturing glass and glassware
was undertaken in compliance with the act of Congress approved
August 23, 1912, which created the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, and which contained the following section providing for
investigations of the cost of production of articles dutiable in the
United States:
Those certain duties of the Department of Labor, or Bureau of Labor, contained
in section seven of the act approved June thirteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-
eight, that established the same, which especially charged it ^'to ascertain, at as
early a date as possible, and whenever industrial changes shall make it essential,
the cost of producing articles at the time dutiable in the United States, in leading
countries wnere such articles are produced, by fully specified units of production,
and under a classification showing the different elements of cost, or approximate
cost, of such articles of production, including the wages paid in such industries per
day, week, month, or year, or by the piece; the hours employed per day; and the
profits of manufacturers and producers of such articles; and tne comparative cost of
living, and the kind of living; what articles are controlled by trusts or other combi-
nations of capital, business operations, or labor, and what effect said trusts, or other
combinations of capital, business operations, or labor have on production and prices, "^
are hereby transferred to and shall hereafter be discharged by the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce, and it shall also be the duty of said Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Conunerce to make such special investigation and report on particular sub-
jects when required to do so by the President or either House of Congress.
The investigation was greatly aided by the very hearty cooperation
of most of the manufacturers visited. The number of plants that
refused to furnish agents of the Bureau with the desired information
was 19.
32 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
The information secured during the investigation was obtained
directly from the manufacturers and from their books. No data
regardmg the cost of production were accepted that the agents did
not find recorded on the books of the establishment reporting.
From the data obtained and entered on establishment schedules
were derived the figures that show the various items in the cost of
production and also the percentages of profit on net sales, on sales
value of goods produced, and on the capital employed in the busi-
ness. Other schedules, designated *^unit schediues," were used to
ascertain the cost of manufacturing specified units of glass products.
Copies of the forms used by the agents of the Bureau are reproduced
in Appendix B (p. 424).
In order to obtain permission to examine the books of manufac-
turers, assurance was given that the information would be regarded
as confidential and would not be used in such a way that the estab-
lishment could be identified. The form of the assurance was as
follows:
Defabtuent of Commerce,
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington,
CONFIDENTIAL.
[One copy of this agreement to be retained by the manufactoier and one copy to be forwarded to the Chief
of the Bureau.]
The informatioii which hajs been given to Mr , special agent of the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, is furnished with the imderstanding
that neither the name nor the address of the establishment will be written on the
schedule; that the information on the schedule will be considered by the Bureau
and its special agents as absolutely confidential, and that the information will not be
divulged nor published in such a way that the identity of the establishment will be
shown.
This information, which appears on establishment schedule No , has been
obtained from the books and from the officers of the establishment, and, to the best of
our knowledge, is correct.
Special agent's signature:
Manufacturer's signature :
Date: , 191...
Many manufacturers were interviewed by special agents of the
Bureau in regard to subjects relating to the glass industry that were
not included in either the establishSaent schedule or unit ^schedule,
and much valuable information regarding general trade conditions
was thus obtained.
The statistics regarding wages and hours of labor which appear
in this report were secured from only those estabUshments, which,
in the opinion of the agent, maintained accurate labor records.
The period taken was the last full-pay period at the time of the
agent's visit.
The investigation was begun in January, 1916, and the field work
was completed within seven months. Special agents of the Bureau
secured reports from 213 estabUshments, owned by 189 companies
or firms, operating 245 plants. Of these 245 plants, for which data
were obtained, 69 are located in Pennsylvania and 53 in West Vir-
ginia, where the industry is largely centered. Keports were soUcited
from all plants engaged in the manufacture of glass products except
those whose product was specialties or of such character as to mate
their classification in the various groups impossible. The establish-
ments varied greatly in size, the amount oi capital employed, and
IKTBODUCTION. 33
in the amount of business. Of the 213 establishments, 211 reported
capital employed in business amounting to $89,103,387; two estab-
lishments aid not report the amount of capital. The total net sales
of the 213 estabUshments was $79,918,801. According to the
Census of Manufactures, 1914, the value of the total production of
all kinds of glass was $123,085,019. Of this total the net sales of
the 245 plants that reported data for this investigation is 64.93 per
cent.
GROUP CLASSIFICATION 0^ UStABLISHMENTS.
The 213 estabUshments for which data were obtained were classified
into 13 groups according to their products and methods of manu-
facture. These groups are as follows:
Group I. — ^Thirty-seven establishments making hand-blown win-
dow glass.
Group II. — ^Twelve establishments making window glass by
machine.
Group III. — Six estabUshments making plate glass.
Group IV. — Nine establishments making wire and opalescent glass.
GrouJ) V. — ^Twenty*six establishments making hand-blown bottles.
Group VI. — Eighteen establishments making bottles by machine.
Group VII. — ^Twenty-seven establishments making bottles by hand
and machine.
Group. VIII. — Thirteen establishments making jars. This group
includes plants manufacturing milk jars, fruit jars, and packer's and
preservers'] ars.
Group IX. — Eight establishments making blown tableware.
Group X. — ^Twenty establishments mamng blown and pressed
tableware.
Group XI. — Eighteen establishments making %hting goods.
This group includes plants manufacturing bulbs for incandescent
lamps, lamp shades, headUghts, railroad lamps, semaphores, etc.
Group. Xlt. — Six estabUshhxents making lamp chimneys.
Group XIII. — ^Thirteen establishments making miscellaneous glass
products. This group includes plants manufacturing marbles, nest
eggs, demijohns, chemical Ware, milk testers, specialties, novelties, et(5.
102511°— 17 3
34
THE GLASS HSTDUSTEY.
The following table shows the number of establishments by groups
and also the business period for which data were obtained.
Table 11. — ^Establishments, by Groups, Showing Business Period for Which
Data were Obtained.
Group.
Estab*
Ush-
ment.
Business year ending-
ClassifLcatlon.
Oct.,
1914.
Dec.,
1914.
• • •
Feb.,
1915.
19ll!
June,
1915.
7
1
July,
1915.
Establishments making—
Window pIrss hv hand ..... ^ ... .
I
n
m
IV
V
VI
vn
viu
IX
X
XI
xn
XIII
87
12
6
9
26
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
2
6
Window glass by machine
Plate glass
1
1
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
1
1
2
:.:; * * r
3
4
7
10
TinttlA8 t>y TTiftfthlne ,
2
Bottles by hand and machine
Jars
1
5
*
Tableware, blown
;::::::::;:::::!:::::::
4
10
3
5
1
Tableware, blown and pressed. . .
l^icrhtiTifir iroods
1
2
Lamn chimneys
MtawIlapwMis articles.. . ..........
••••••••
Total
213
1
2
1
3
45
27
Group.
Business year ending—
Classification.
Aug.,
1915.
Sept.,
1915.
Oct.,
1915.
i'
Nov.,
1915.
2
Dec.,
1915.
4
4
6
7
6
3
6
6
4
9
12
1
11
Feb.,
1916.
June,
1916.
Establishments making-
Window glass by hand
I
n
111
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
xn
XTTT
7
5
9
Window glass by machine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
1
3
4
8
2
4*
1
1
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and maohtne....
Jars
1
3
1
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed . . .
Lighting goods
1
I»mponirnneys
Miscellaneous articles
1
Total
20
14
6
4
79
1
1
f
INTEODUCTIdN.
35
Table 12 which follows gives the number of establishments from
which schedules were secured, the number of plants operated, and the
number of firms or companies owning such plants.
Table 12. — Number of Cost Schedules Secured, Number of Gomfakies or
Firms Represented, and Number of Plants Operated, by Groups.
EstabUshments making-
Window glass by hand
Window glass by machine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and machine.
Jars.
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed.
Lighting goods
Leunp ch&neys
liiscellaneoas articles
Total.
Sched-
Compap
Plants
operated.
Groap.
ules
secured.
nlesor
firms.
I
37
35
38
II
12
10
12
m
6
6
6
IV
9
9
12
V
26
26
26
VI
18
11
21
vn
27
25
30^
VIII
13
7
14
IX
8
8
9^
X
20
15
26^
XI
18
18
27
xn
6
6
T
xni
13
13
n
213
189
atf
DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY BY STATES.
Table 13 that foUo'v^s shows the location of the 245 plants by States
and also classifies them according to products produced.
Table 13. — Plants Classified by Peoducts and States.
states.
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Louisiana
Maryland
Massachusetts.
Michigan ,
Missouri
New Jersey. . .
New York
Ohio
Oklc^oma
Pennsylvania.
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Vir^a.
Wisconsin
II
2
5
1
4
2
9
14
-SB
1
1
5
60
S
O 60
2
2
2
3
"l
1
6
2
9
1
1
S'
o
3
4
6
1
1
4
1
"2 •
S9
5
3
4
'9*
1
i*
1
1
1
1
6
14
•a
3
3
1
5
7
I
2
1
2
2
6
2
I
10
20
6
2
5
a
1
2
16
17
32
6
69
1
1
2
53
1
Total.
38
12
6
12
20
21
30
14
9
26
27
17
345
36
THE GLASS IKBUSTEY.
Table 14 shows the total numbet* and location by States of the
glass plants listed in the Glass Factory Directory fof 19l6, and also
the number for which cost of production schedules were obtained and
the number omitted from the investigation, with the reason for such
omission.
Table 14. — Number op Plants Listed in the Glass Factory Directory, 1916,
Number Furnishing Cost Schedules, and Number Omitted, with Reasons
ton Omission.
Sched-
ules ob-
tained.
Plants
closed.
Schedules not secured because—
Sched-
ules
secured
and can-
celed, c
Wants
omit-
ted.a
Pltots
bot
visited.
states.
Infor-
mation
refused.
Infor-
mation
delayed.
Less
than one
year.o
Records
Incom-
plete.6
California
3
Indiana
i?'
9
4
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
Illinois
1
Kansas
1
Kentucky
1
Louisiana
2
5
2
1
2
13
14
28
6
60
Maryland
"■•■•*"■"
2
Massachusetts
Michigan
1
1
3
1
2
1
Missouri
2
1
1
1
New Jersey
I
3
2
8
'
1
New York
1
4
Ohio
1
1
»1
7
Oklahoma
1
4
Pdnnsylrania
South Carolina
6
4'
.........
T
4
.........
1
1
Tennessee
1
1
2
46
1
••*••••••(
Texas
1
Virginia
i
1
West Virginia
2
1
V
3
5
Wisconsin
'
Total
213
19
19
8
22
15
11
18
6
a A full year's schedule could not be secured for the period desired.
b A complete schedule could not be secured because of methods of keeping books of account.
c Schedules were canceled because of abnormal conditions existing in the plant, or period was less than
a year, or equipment of plant was being changed.
d These plants were not visited because of the class of product manufactured, change of ownership, plant
in an experimental sta^e, or because the product was manufactured as a side line for consumption by the
same company in a different business.
A contemplated investigation by the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce of the cost of production of glass products in
European countries was prevented by the war.
ST7MMART.
GBHXSAI. BESULTS 07 THE XNYESTIGATIOK.
There are sever^il distinct branches of the glass industry, each
different and complete in itself. Of the 331 establishment^ listed
in the Glass Factory Directory of 1916, reports were secured from
213 establishments operating 245 plants. The reports cover estab-
lishments manufacturing hand and machine blown window glass,
plate glaas, wire and opalescent glass, hand and machine blown
Dottles and jars, blown and pressed tableware, lamp chimneys and
other lighting goods, ^nd miscellaneous products. Some plants
visited were found to have suspended operations, and some refused
to furnish the information requested. A few schedules obtained
(not included in the 213 reported) were not used because abnormal
conditions existed in the plants. Schedules could not be secured in
some establishments because the records in their books of account
were incomplete. The investigation was greatly f aciUtated by the
unreserved cooperation pf inost of the manufacturers visited.
According to the Census pf Manufactures, the value of the tptal
production of all kinds of glass and glassware in 1914 was $123,-
085,019. Of this total the net sales oi the 213 estabUshments from
which data were secured is 64.93 per cent.
As shown by the census, the value of the production of all kinds
of glass and glassware was 856,539,712 in 1899, $79,607,998 in 1904,
and $123,085,019 in 1914. The increase in production (square feet)
from 1899 to 1914 was 84.74 per cent for window glass and 357.65
per cent for polished plate glass. The increase in value of produc-
tion was 139.7 per cent for l)ottles and jars and 77.32 per cent for
pressed and blown ware. This great increase in production during
the 15 years is due, primarily, to the general introduction of machin-
ery in some branches of the industry, which has replaced the highly
skilled hand l£|,bor previously employed.
The industry is to a great extent locahzed. Excepting labor, the
cost for fuel is generally the chief item of expense. Manufacturers
have therefore, erected plants where cheap fuel (natural gas, coal,
or oil) could be obtained. This localization is shown by the fact
that, according to the census of 1914, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana^
and West Virginia, in each of which cheap luel in some form is to
be had, ranked highest, and in that order in value of production;
and the value of the production in these four States was $88,501,707,
or 71.90 per cent of the total value of the production in the 'United
States during that year, $123,085,019.
The introduction of automatic and other machinery has greatly
increased production, lowered cost and selling prices, driven many
highly skilled workers from the industry, and has been a disturbing
factor in the respective branches of the industry where it has been
installed. The automatic bottle machine, introduced about 1903,
was followed shortly by the flowing device, which did away with the
skilled gatherer.
Manufacturers using the automatic machines or flowing device
probably produce more than all other battle manufacturers. Those
37
38 THE GULSS INDUSTBY.
who use other machines, which have been introduced in an eflfort to
oflFset the lower cost of the automatic-machine product, or who make
bottles by hand, unless their factories are very advantageously
located, nnd it difficult to compete with manufautiu-ers usmg the
automatics or flowing device, especially on large orders.
The extended use of window-^lass machinery, introduced in 1903,
resulted in overproduction. This led about 50 window-glass manu-
facturers in 1909 to form the Imperial Window Glass Co., which
curtailed production and raised prices. The officers and directors
of this company were, in 1910, indicted and fined. In recent years
the prices announced by the company that is the largest producer
of wmdow glass in this country are followed by the other manufac-
turers. At present the entire product of about half of the 51 hand
factories and of a few machine factories is sold through one agent
or broker.
Many branches of the industry operate only a part of the year.
Hand window-glass manufacturers work only about seven months;
machine manufacturers usually average about eight months a year.
Many other branches lose one or more months a year. The reasons
are fear of overproduction, the inabUity of the men to work around
the furnaces in the great heat of sunmier, the necessity for replacing
pots, fixing tanks, regulating bad glass, repairs, etc.
Despite the generally improved quality of the ware produced, the
tendency, untfl the war changed normal business conditions, was
for prices to decHne. This decrease was due to the introduction of
macninery, which has considerably lowered costs, and to the very
keen competition that is general in the glass industry.
The prices of aU siz^ of plate glass have been reduced — in the
size 5 to 10 square feet, from $0.60 per square foot in 1900 to $0.43
in 1910 and $0.29 in 1915. In March, 1912, the price of the 16 by
24 bracket, single strength, A quality window glass, was $1.74 per
per box of 50 feet, and in January, 1914, $1.58; the same bracket
and strength B quality, $1.63 in March, 1912, and $1.47 in January,
1914. The price of incandescent lamps has decreased from some-
thing over $0,036 per candlepower in 1907 to $0,006 in 1916.
There is much inefficiency in the industry. Until very recently
only a few manufacturers had an essential knowledge of the chem-
istry of glass. In the plants visited not more than one in twenty
employed a chemist. Most plants, except the few large ones erected
in recent years, are poorly constructed and arranged. Accounting,
generally, is not up to the standard expected in an important indus-
try, and, with the exception of a few excellent systems found, there
are no accurate cost-keeping methods or records. Many manufac-
turers' do not even attempt to compute costs.
At least two new branches of the industry have been recently
established. Photographic glass, first made commercially in the
United States in 1911, has been developed. Prior to the war only
one American factory manufactured chemical glassware, and ite
production was inconsiderable. A number of progressive manu-
lacturers have begun to make such ware, and the quaUty of most
articles produced in the United States is as good or superior to what
was formerly imported. Men in the trade feel that with proper
encouragement these new and necessary products will continue to
be manufactured in the United States after the war.
SUMMABY. 39
Of the 213 establishments from which data were obtained the
business year of 45 ended in June, 1915, 80 from July to November,
1915, and 79 in December, 1915. The agents endeavored to obtain
data for business periods ending in 1915, because up to late in that
year the prices of raw materials had advanced very little, due to the
practice of purchasing materials under long-term contracts, and
because at that time selling prices were still comparatively stable.
The capital turnover in the glass industry is exceptionally small.
The average ratio of net sales to capital employed for the 211 estab-
lishments reporting capital employed is in the proportion of 88 to
100, the ratio varying from 174 to 100 for the himest group to 37 to
100 for the lowest group. This low turnover is aue to the unusuallv
large capital investment required by a ^lass plant for its land, build-
ings, and equipment. The average capital for the 211 establishments
is $422, 291.
The average operating profit, computed after deducting deprecia-
tion and interest on current loans, for the 211 estabHshments that
reported capital is 4.66 per cent on the capital employed. The
highest percentage of operating profit, 15.48 per cent,- is shown by
the miscellaneous gi'oup which manufactures novelties, specialties,
etc., and the lowest percentage, an operating loss of 0.15 per cent,
by the blown and pressed tableware group. The average operating
profit on net sales of the 213 establishments, computed after deducting
depreciation and interest, is 5.57 per cent. The average final profit
of the 213 establishments, on the basis of the sales value of goods
produced, is 6.12 per cent.
Four of the 13 groups had greater average sales in 1915 than in
previous years. Eight groups had smaller average sales in 1915
than in either 1914 or 1913. One group had greater average sales
in 1913 and smaller average sales in 1914 than in 1915.
Five of the 13 groups showed a higher average percentage of final
profit (based on the sales of each year) for the year 1915 than for
1914, 1913, or 1912. Five groups showed lower average percentages
of final profit for the year 1915 than for 1914, 1913, or 1912. Three
groups showed lower average percentages of final profit for the year
1915 than for 1914 or 1913 but greater percentages than for 1912.
Of the 211 establishments that owned land, buildings, and equip-
ment only 102, or less than haK, made a charge for depreciation. Of
these 102 only 35 had separate depreciation charges for land, build-
ings, and machinery and equipment. Depreciation for the 109 plants
that made no charge for depreciation was computed for tables in this
report at the average percentage of those plants in their respective
groups that made such a charge. After this computed depreciation
was added, 20 plants that had previously shown a final profit showed
a final loss. . ^
Labor constitutes* the chief single item of expense. The labor cost
for the 213 estabHshments is 40.57 per cent of their net sales; three
groups show averages over 50 per cent. The highest percentage is
shown by the hand window glass group, 58.53 per cent, and the
lowest by the wire and opalescent group, 20.95 per cent.
Practically all the skilled labor is on a piece-rate basis; aU other
labor is on a time-rate basis. Females are employed only to an
insignificant extent and in only a few occupations in the industry.
40 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Owing to the desire to increase production and to the impractica-
bility of extinguishing furnaces every day, the work in many branches
of the industry, especially where continuous tanks are used^ continues
day and night. The smiled workers usually alternate at day and
night work, as do some of those less skilled who assist them. Most
of the unskilled workers do not alternate but are more frequently
either 4&y or night workers only.
In the manufacture of hand window glass and also of blown and
{)resseid ware, which includes tableware, bp.r goods, lighting goods,
aboratory ware, vases, and miscellaneous articles, the labor unions
restrict the output of the plants by limiting the maximum production
of workers in each turn of ^ specified number of hours. This system
decreases production and increases cost.
Wages in the highly skilled occupations are relatively high. The
hoTU^ of labor ^re compa^ratively snort, averaging between 46 and
50 hours a week, and in some cases 45 hours or less. A week's work
in some few of the unskilled occupations is 84 hours in 7 days, but
the USU9.1 average for unskilled occupations is a week of 60 hours in
6 days.
SelUng expense is exceptionally low in this industry, being only
4.01 per cent on net sales for all the establishments reporting. Due to
the small turnover of capital, manufacturers generally prefer to sell
their output to jobbers and large consumers who usually buy in con-
siderable quantities and on comparatively short terms.
Althougn. the Bureau prepared special forms for obtaining the cost
of specified units in the various branches, it was generally foimd
impossible to use them. In the groups that made diversified products
it was impossible, generally, to obtain comparable costs. Many
manufacturers had no cost records whatever, and even among those
that kept records there was a lack of uniformity in the Considera-
tion of the various items of expense. Unit cost data were obtained
from only those plants which, in the opinion of the visiting agent,
had reasonably accurate cost records.
The average cost of each specified item of expense vas computed
for a 50-foot box of single-strength window glass, both machine and
hand made. For estabushments reporting wage data in detail costs
were also computed for 50-foot boxes, A and B grades, by different
brackets, the items consisting of the cost for materials, fuel, piece-paid
labor, other factory labor, salaries, and all other cost. For all other
units, which consist of bottles and jars, blown and pressed tableware
and stem ware, lamp chimneys, and lighting goods, only the total
cost, net selling price, and profit or loss were obtainable on a com-
parable basis.
Imports for consumption as compared with the domestic produc-
tion have largely decreased. The percentage that imports for con-
sumption (fiscal year) was of the domestic production (calendar
year), as reported by the Bureau of the Census, was as follows: 15.51
per cent in 1879, 18.91 per cent in 1889, 7.58 per cent in 1899, 8.33
per cent in 1904, 5.75 per cent in 1909, and 6.68 per cent in 1914.
The imports for consumption during the fiscal year 1913 (the last
full year of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act) were $6,436,662. During
the nscal year 1914 (the Underwood-Simmons Act became effective
Oct. 4, i913) imports increased to $8,219,112. Since the war began
imports have very materiaUy decreased.
STJMMABY. 41
Tile general dutiable imports during the fiscal year ending June
30, 1914, were as follows: Cylinder, crown, and common window
glass, $1,356,218; plate glass, cast, polished, and imsilvered, $727,-
889; bottles, jars, etc., used for containers in transportation, $1,148,-
460; articles cut or ornamented, $1,151,876; spectacles, lenses, and
optical instruments, $721,560; all other, $2^468,128. The free gen-
eral imports were: Plates or disks for optical purposes, $617,703;
white enamel glass for watch and clock dials, $12,970.
Window-glass manufacturers did not complain of the rates of
duty on glass larger than the first three brackets. However, all
those interriewed claimed that the rates on the first three brackets
(384 square inches and under) were too low. Manufacturers of plate
glass claimed that in their case also the smaller sizes were inadequately
protected.
The present tariff classification on imports has not been changed
for many years. No criticism was made as to the classification of
any kindf of building glass. Schedule classifications of other products,
however, were criticised, and suggestions were made that some of
them might be improved by making them more specific and descrip-
tive. A proposed revision of these classifications is presented m
the report.
Glass exports from the United States increased from $2,252,799
during the fiscal year 1905 to $3,729,623 during the fiscal year 1914.
From the fiscal years 1905 to 1913 (the last full year under the Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Act) the ratio of exports to imports increased from
38 to 65 per cent. In 1914, due to the great business depression in
all countries of the world, the ratio of increase fell to 45 per cent.
Prior to the war most of the exports were '^all other kinds, " which
includes heavy cut ware of whicn the exports are considerable and
the imports very little. This ware went largely to Europe. This
classification also includes lamp chimneys, of which a large quantity
is exported. Most of the small amount of window and plate glass
and bottles and jars that were exported went principally to Canada
and Mexico. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, the total
exports of glass and glassware were $12,321,338, an increase of 30.27
per cent over 1914. The largest exports during the fiscal year 1916
went to England, Canada, and Australia.
MATEBIALS, MAGHIN£BY, AND PBOCESSES.
The raw materials employed in glass making are usually silica,
various alkalies, alkali earths, and metals. Cullet (broken glass)
in varying amounts is generally added to the batch. Silica in the
form of sand is usually 50 to 75 per cent of the batch. The alkaline
bases usually employed are soda ash, salt cake, and potassium; the
alkaline earths are lime and (occasionally) barium carbonate; the
metallic bases are lead and (occasionally) aliuninmn, arsenic, and
zinc. Manganese principally, and to some extent selenium, cobalt,
and nickel, is used to neutralize the colors imparted by other ele-
ments. A number of other elements used to color glass are enmner-
ated in the report.
There are two types of furnaces employed, the pot furnace and
the tank furnace (day or continuous). They are heated by natural
or artificial gas or fuel oil. Furnaces employ either the regenerative
42 ' THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
or recuperative system of heating; the regenerative system is moie
commonly used. A temperature of about 2,600° F. is necessary to
melt the batch.
An iron blowpipe from 4^ to 6^ feet in length is used for all hand
blowing. Molds are used to facilitate blowing and are employed in
all blowing (hand and machine) except in offhand blowing.
There are automatic, semiautomatic, and other machines for
blowing bottles, and a flowing device which dispenses with the
skilled hand gatherer is installed in a few factories. There are paste-
mold machines for blowing seamless ware such as tmnblers, lamp
chimneys, etc. Presses are employed for certain lines of tableware
and are either stationary or rotary. Several types of machines are
in use for blowing cylinders of wmdow glass.
The leer in general use is a long brick structure heated at dimin-
ishing temperatures; the ware is tempered by being passed slowly
through the leer. Various devices are employed for carrying ware
from the blowing room to the leer and conveying boxes of packed
ware.
The cylinders from which window glass is made are blown either
by hand or by machine. After it has been blown the cylinder is
split lengthwise, flattened, and cut to size.
Plate glass is cast on a smooth, highly polished table. A heavy
roller passes over it. The glass is then ground and polished.
Bottles are blown by hand or by automatic, semiautomatic, or
other machines.
Tableware is blown, made in a paste-mold machine, or pressed.
Lighting goods are blown (offhana, in a mold, or in a paste mold)
or pressed. The ware is often decorated by sand-blasting, etching,
cutting, painting, or a combination of these methods. Bulbs for
incandescent lamps are blown in a paste mold or by a machine.
CAPITAL, NET SALES, AND TTJBKOVEB.
Of the 213 establishments for which data were obtained, 211
reported capital employed in business amounting to $89,103,387, or
an average of $422,291 per estabhshment.
In tabulating the data, the establishments were divided into 13
groups, according to the kinds of glass and glassware manufactured,
as shown in the following table, which gives, for each group, the
number of estabUshments, the number having operating profits and
the number having losses on net sales, the average per cent of such
profits or losses on the capital employed in business and on net sales
(depreciation and interest on current loans considered in each case),
and the ratio of net sales to capital:
STJMMABY.
48
Table 15. — Opbratino Profits and Losses, Depreciation and Interest Con-
sidered^ BY Groups of Establishment's.
EstabUshments making—
Group.
Window glass by hand
Window glass by machine
Flate glass
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and machine. .
Jars '...
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed . .
Iiightine goods
Lamp cniinneys
Hlsoellaneous articles
All establishments re-
porting
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
xn
XIII
Establishments
having
profits
or losses on net I
Ertab-
sales.
lish-
monts.
1
Profits.
Losses.
37
31
6
12
7
6
6
3
3
9
6
3
26
16
10
18
16
2
27
14
13
13
10
3
8
8
.
20
12
8
18
14
4
6
5
1
13
13
213
155
58
Per cent of profit-^
On capi-
tal em-
ployed.
7.22
2.14
.08
1.85
a3.26
7.39
2.27
4.97
10.30
6.16
C9.64
4.91
15.48
On net
sales.
5.33
1.99
.16
4.99
2.28
10.79
1.98
5.04
9.29
&.15
9.59
2.91
8.90
<'4.66
Ratio of
net sales
to capital.
1.85
1.08
.51
.37
O1.40
.69
1.15
• wo
1.11
L06
C.91
1.68
L74
d.88
a Comprted on the basis of 25 establishments, 1 not reporting capital,
b Operathig loss.
c Comprted on the basis of 17 establishments, 1 not reporting capital,
d Computed on the basis of 211 establishments, 2 not reporting capital.
With the exception of Group X, all of the groups show an operating
profit on both capital and net sales, depreciation and interest on
current loans considered, this profit averaging only a fraction of 1
per cent in Group III. The hig:hest average percentages of profit on
capital are shown by Groups XIII and lA. The average operating
profit for all groups was 4.66 per cent on capital and 5.67 per cent on
net sales.
Capital is not turned over so rapidly in the glass industry as in
many other industries. The net sales of the 211 establisnments
reporting capital amounted to 88 per cent of the capital they
employed. The net sales of 8 of the 13 groups were larger, and of 5
groups smaller, than their capital.
A comparison of Groups I and II shows that the percentages of
profits of establishments making window glass by hand averaged
considerably more than the average percentages of establishments
making window glass by machinery. Comparing Groups V and VI,
it is seen that the converse is true, the percentages of profits of estab-
hshments making bottles by machine averaging considerably more
than the average percentages of estabUshments making them by
hand. The turnover was greater in the cases of both window glass
and bottles made by hand than of those made by machinery.
Detailed tables in Chapter II show, by estabhshments, as well as by
groups, the operating profit when depreciation and interest are not
considered, and operating and final profits when these items are
considered. The final profit was obtained by adding to the operating
Srofit (depreciation and interest considered) items of income and
educting items of outgo not strictly connected with manufacturing.
As shown by Table 16, the number of estabUshments having
final profits on net sales was 155 and the number having final losses
was 68, depreciation and interest on current loans considered, but
44
THE QLASS INDUSTRY.
reference to the tables in Qiapter II shows that when these items
are not considered the number having operating profits was 189 and
the number having operating losses was 24.
Reference to these tables shows also that, when depreciation and
interest aa current loans are considered, the greatest percentage of
operating profit on capital was 251.71, earned by an establishment
in Group AlII ; and the ^eatest percentage of operating loss on capital
was 30.89, by an establishment in Group X; also that the ffl*eatest
percentage of operating profit on net sales was 32.3, eamea by an
estabUshment in Group AIII ; and the greatest percentage of operating
loss on n.et sal^s was 33.19 by an establishment in Group V.
DEPBECIATION.
Of the 213 estabUshments reporting data, 109 did not provide for
depreciation charges, while 2 manufacturers rented plants. Of the
102 plants charging depreciation, only 35 had separata amounts for
builaings, machmery, and other equipment; the others charged l^mp
sums on the total value of the property.
In tabulating the schedules secured from these 109 estabUshments,
depreciation was calculated on the average percentage of depreciation
reported by the other estabUshments in their respective groups. The
total depreciation both charged and thus estimated amounted to
$2,970,021, or 6.38 per cent of the total value of land, buildings, and
equipment, $46,576,584. The number of estabUshments navine
final profits or losses as reporibed, and the number after the estimated
depreciation for the remamder is deducted, is shown in the following
table:
Tablb 16. — ^Establishments Hayinq Final Prohts or Losbbs, With and Without
Depebcution.
Establishments charging depreciation
Establishments not charging depreciation.
Total, as reported
Total, after deducting estimated depreciation.
Having
nnal
profit.
87
a88
a 176
a 155
Having
final
loss.
15
93
88
58
a Includes 2 rented plants; no depreciation charged.
?otol.
102
#111
• 2U
«9U
Excluding all depreciation, the total final profit of the 213 estab-
lishments amounted to $7,844,111. The extent to which profits are
affected by depreciation is shown by the fact that a deauctipn of
$2,970,021, the depreciation charged by 1Q2 establishments and aver-
age estimated depreciation for the remaining 109, reduces the ^al
profit to $4,874,090.
BUMUCABY.
45
COST AND PBOnr BT BdTABUBHMBKTS.
The data secured from the 213 establishments showed that the
average sales value of goods produced per establishment was $362,596;
average operating profit without depreciation and interest, $38,035,
and with aepreciation and interest, $20,199; average final profit, de-
preciation and interest considered, $^ j200. When interest is included
it is interest on current loans. In Table 17, which foUows, averages
are shown for sales value of goods produced, cost of goods produced,
excluding and including depreciation and interest, and the profits, by
groups of establishments.
Table 17. — ^Average Sales Value op Goods Produced, Average Cost op Goodb
Produced, and Average Operating and Final Profits, by Groups op Estab-
lishments.
Bstal>U8hmenis making-
Group.
Window glass, by hand . .
Window glass, by ma-
chine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent goods
Bottles, hy^ hand
Bottles, by machine
Bottlte, by hand and mt^
Qhine
Jars
Tableware, blown
Tablew£U'e> blown and
pre3S«l
Lighttncr |;oods
Lamp cnimne vs
M'l^oellaneous articles
Estab-
lish-
meuts.
i Average
I sales
i value of
I goods
produced.
All establishments.
II
III
IV
V
VI
yi|
vnt
XI
X
XI
XII
XIII
37 , $164,851
12
6
9
26
18
27
13
8
2t)
18
6
13
213
286>325
800,985
250,587
175, 498,
805,088
248,225
481,497
235,483
408,519
648,711
204,314
228,876
362,596
Average cost of
goods produced—"
Exclud-
ing depre-
ciation
and
interesi^.
$149,620
259,518
707,325
225,463
166,388
675,157
827,448
437,248
206,672
387" 637
658,251
193,607
199,671
324,561
Includ-
ing depre-
ciation
and
interest.
$156,027
279,819
804,069
240,694
in, 740
711,629
341,069
457,699
213,406
408,368
588,342
198, 446
209.229
342,397
Average operating
profit —
Without
With
deprecia- deprecia-
tion and tion and
interest. I interest.
$15,231
25,807
93,660
25, 124
9,105
129,931
20,777
44,249
29,811
20,882
90,400
10,707
29,205
Average
final
profit,
deprecia-
tion and
interest
con-
sidered.
$8,824
5,506
a 3, 084
9,893
8,753
93,459
2,156
23,798
22,077
151
60.369
5,R68
19,647
38,035 1 20,199
$9,256
7,668
2,308
11,876
4,475
97,826
9,709
29,202
22,163
1,188
64,451
5,S13
19,857
22,200
A Operating loss.
The figures in the above table, when reduced to percentages based
on the sales value of goods produced, show that the total cost of ^oods
produced, excluding depreciation and interest, ranged from 83.86 per
cent in bottles made by machine, Group VI, to 94.89 per cent in blown
and pressed tableware, Group X; including depreciation and ihterest,
the cost ranged from 88.37 pjer cent hi bottles made by machine,
Group VI, to 100.39 per cent in plate glass, Group IV.
The average operating profit for all estabUshments, computed with-
out depreciation and interest, was 10.49 per centj computed with
depreciation and interest, 5.57 per cent; final profit, depreciation and
interest considered, 6.12 per cent. The establishments in Group III,
plate glass, showed an average operating loss of 0.^9 per cent after
aepreciation and interest were deducted. The'highest average profit,
11.61 per cent, was found in Group VI, bottles made by machine.
In Table 18, which follows, percentages, ba.sed on sales value of
goods produced, are shown for the total cost of goods produced,
excluding and including depreciation and interest, and for the profits,
by groups of estabfishmenls.
46
THE GIASS INDUSTET.
Table 18. — ^Percentages of Total Cost of Goods Produced, Operatino Profit,
AND Final Profit, Based on Total Sales Value of Goods Produced, bt
Groups of Establishments.
Group.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Sa'es
value of
goods
produced.
Per cent
goods
wasofsi
cost of
produoed
£ies value.
Includ-
ing de-
predation
and
interest.
Operating profit.
Final
profit^
deprecia-
tion and
interest
consid-
ered.
Establishments making-
Exclud-
ing de-
prec ation
and
interest.
Without
depreda-
tion and
interest.
With
deprecia-
tion and
Interest.
Window glass by hand. . .
Window glass by machine
Plate gla^
I
n
III
IV
V
VI
VTI
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
37
12
6
9
26
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
90.76
90.96
88.31
89.97
94.81
83.86
94.03
90.81
87.34
94.80
86.06
94.76
87.24
94.64
98.07
100.39
96.05
97.86
88.37
97.94
95.06
90.63
99.96
90.70
97.13
91.41
9.24
9.04
11.60
10.03
6.19
16.14
6.97
9.19
12.66
£.11
13.94
5.24
12.76
5.36
1.93
a. 39
3.95
2.14
11.61
2.06
4.94
0.37
.04
0.30
2.87
8.59
5.62
2.e»
.29
Wire and opalescent goods
Bottles by hand
4.74
2.55
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and ma-
chine
12.15
2.79
Jars
6.06
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and
pressed
9.41
.29
Ll^tine goods
9.93
T/ftmn cni'^neys. .
2.85
liiscellaneous articles
8..6S
All e^tAhlisbniAnts .
213
100.00
89.51
94.43
10.49
5.57
6.12
a Operating loss.
COST AKD PROFIT BY SPECIFIED XTNITS.
The average cost and profit or loss in making a 50-foot box of single-
strength window glass are shown by data furnished by 35 hand facto-
ries and 11 machine factories. The costs of window glass of different
grades and various sized brackets, single and double strength, are
shown by data furnished by 18 hand factories and 3 machine factories.
Data obtained from 29 estabUshments show the total cost^ net sell-
ing price, and profit or loss in making 259 different imits, mcluding
different kinds of bottles, jars, stem ware, tumblers, tableware, and
lamp chimneys. Lack of uniformity in the records and cost systems
employed by these establishments made it impossible to obtain in
detail the cost of materials, labor, and overhead expense.
mDirSTBIAL CONDITIONS.
The glass industry is located mainly west of the AUeghenies and in
districts, such as West Virginia and Oklahoma, where cheap natural
gas can be obtained. The glass factories in the East use producer gas
or oil for fuel, and the high cost of the fuel is an offset to the market
advantage. The manufacture of building glass, that is, of window
glass, plate glass, etc., more than doubled in the United States
during the period 1899 to 1914. In 1916 there were 51 hand window-
glass plants in the United States, with 1,737 pots and 25 machine
Slants with 296 machines. The production by hand has decreased,
eing only about 40 per cent of the entire production in 1915-16.
The American Window' Glass Co. operated 116 of the 296 machines
in the United States in 1916.
The average value per box of window glass produced decreased in
the period 1899 to 1909 from $2.51 to $1.70. This declme is not
attrioutable to the Dingley tariff act, which was in force during this
SUHMABY. 47
period, but to intense competition among domestic manufacturers,
which greatly increased after the manufacture of window glass by
machinery began on a commercial basis in 1903. Prices again
increased after the formation of a combination of manufacturers to
control production and price. Since 1904 the increase in the number
of machmes has depressed prices. The imion has shortened the time
covered bj its agreements with manufacturers making window glass
bv hand, m some years to only seven months, while machine wiadow-
glass factories average about eight months a year. Sheet-glass
machines are expected further to revolutionize the industry when
they are successfully operated on a commercial basis.
The production of plate glass in the United States has increased
much more rcmidly than the production of window glass, although
the number of factories manufacturing polished plate glass (15) is
small compared with the number of wmdow-glass factories. The
trend of prices has been downward. There has been an increased
demand for plate glass of the smaDer sizes for use in place of window
glass.
The production of bottles and jars is not only lai^er but more
widely distributed than the production of other varieties of glass and
glassware. The automatic bottle-blowing machine and the flowing
process which require no skilled labor to operate them, have caused
great changes ia the bottle industry since 1903. Their production is
probably much in excess of the production by hand and by hand
machines. Nearly all the establishments that succeed by the older
methods are favorably located with reference to cheapness of fuel or
accessibility to markets. Recently the tendency toward the standard-
ization of shapes and sizes has been increased by the greater produc-
tion of bottles by machinery and has resulted m lower prices. The
Glass Bottle Blowers' Association has endeavored to secure more
uniformity in State laws regarding the capacity of containers.
The American pubHc generally considers the heavy cut tableware
manufactured in the United States superior to similar ware made in
Europe. Before the war it was sold in all parts of Europe.
The duty on ornamented glass, including cut glass, has been reduced
frona 60 to 45 per cent ad valorem under the present tariff act; still
the imports have been decreasing and are now very small.
Among the reasons for the cheaper production of heavy cut-glass
tableware in the United States than in Europe are: Differences in the
methods of cutting glass and ia machinery and tools used; the use of
blanks with pressed designs, which reduces the amount of cutting,
and larger sales of each design in America than in Europe. Manu-
facturers of high-grade cut glassware have made much complaint
about imitation cut glassware, with which many people are deceived.
In 1880 the regular manufacture of incandescent lamps was begim.
By 1885 electric lighting became general and the manufacture of
lighting good became an important branch of the glass industry.
TTne number of electric lamps for domestic use produced in the United
States in 1915 was about 125,000,000. In 1907 the tungsten lamp
appeared and nearly revolutionized the industry. The Mazda lamp
is the most recent development in high-efficiency illuminants. Glass
bulbs for incandescent lamps are made in only five plants in the
United States. About two-thirds of the total number produced are
blown by hand. From 1892 to 1915 electric lighting was one of
48 THE QLAfiS IHBUSTBY.
the few well'knowti commodities to ahow a marked d^ecrease in costy
and this reduction was due to the higher efficiency of the lamps
produced.
The development in the manufacture of chemical glassware in the
United States since the war in Europe began is analogous to the
development in the manufacture of dyedtuffs. Formerly few chem-
ists in Amercia acknowledged that any ^chemical glassware made in
the United States was equal to German or Bohemian ware. The
war having caused a great reduction in imports, the serious shortage
led in 1915 to a greatly increased domestic production. The product
was soon recomized as of the highest quality. Beakers and flasks
nbw made in America are better than even Jena ware.
Glassware used for educational or scientific pui'poses has been
admitted free of duty imder various tariiBfs. Manufacturers inter-
viewed regarding the duty on chemical glassware colisider it much
more important that there should be some duty on apparatus for
educational or scientific use than that the rate of duty on the remain-
der of such imports should be raised above 45 per cent ad valorem
the present rate. Some college professots agree that apparatus
imported for educational or scientinc use should pay a duty.
The manufactiu'e of photographic glass, which is thinner than
window glass, is a new industry in the United States. ' Manufac-
turers claim that the rate of duty on photographic glass should be
higher than on window glass, because of the very much greater
labor cost, and the greater loss froni breakage. There is at present
no tariff distinction between photographic glasd and window glass
and no separate statistics of imports are kept.
SELLING EXPEKS& AND CONBmOKS.
The glass industry in general, compared with other industries, has
a small selling expense. The total selling expense for all the estab-
lishments reporting, based on the net sales, was 4.01 per cent.
Goods are usually sold in lar^e quantities, generally to the jobber,
large consumer, or distributor. About 30 window-glass manufac-
turers sell their entire output through one sales agent.
In 1909, 50 or more window-glass manufacturers organized the
Imperial Window Glass Co. Foflowing the formation of this com-
pany, prices greatly advanced. In 1910 the officers and directors of
the company were indicted and fined.
The cost for packing material, owing to the fragile nature of the
product, is a very large item of expense. The losses due to bad
debts are very small. The seasons have some effect on the indus-
try. Although goods are usually manufactured long in advance, the
tendency is for the size of orders to decrease. There are but few
job lots. Trade abuses are not very serious, although there are
some unjust claims, unwarranted cancellations, etc. No branch of
the glass industry has as yet adopted the trade acceptance, although
its use has been emphatically urged.
It has been su^ested tnat if mahufacturers would cooperate,
selling costs could be reduced. Such cooperation would include a
uniform cost-finding system, standard contract, standardization of
shapes, styles, etc., a credit and information bureau, a central sell-
ing ot* show room, and a cessation of ^^ dumping'' in one another's
regular seUing territory.
WAQE8 AND LABOB GOHDiTIOKS.
Labor cost is verv high in the glass industry. Table 36 of this
report shows that the average labor cost based on sales value of
product was 41.98 per cent; in one lamp-chimney establishment it
was 71.69, and in one machine bottle plant it was 18.2 per cent.
In none of the industries for which a cost of production report has
been made by this Bureau, nor in the cotton and wool reports made
by the Tariff Board was the proportion of labor to the sales value of
Sroduct (Bureau reports) or to the cost of manufacture (Tariff
►card reports) so lai^e as in glass. Of 334 industries reported by
the Census of Manufactures for 1914, glass ranked thirteenth in
labor cost based on the value of product. Its proportion was 39.53
per cent. In 33 of these industries, each having a value of product
exceeding $150,000,000, the average percentage of labor cost, based
on the value of product, was 7.92.
Data from various Government reports show the rates of wages
to be very much higher in the skilled occupations of the glass indus-
try than in the nigher-paid occupations of other trades and
industries.
The total number of employees in 208 factories during the busy
season of their last business years was 60,375, the average being
290.3. Of the total, 2.48 per cent were under 16 years of age.
Females constituted 8.15 per cent of the total. More women were
employed m the tableware and lighting goods groups than in any
of the others; in foiu" groups none were employed.
Fewer days were worked in the last business year than the average
for the three preceding years, in all but three groups.
According to the Bureau of the Census, 36,668 out of a total of
68,911 employees in the glass industry worked 64 hours or less per
week in 1909, and 51,250 out of a total of 74,502 in 1914. The
latest increase in number of employees was in West Virginia.
ray rolls for 19,092 employees, 18,235 male and 857 ^male, were
furnished by 132 of the glass establishments visited. Of the total
male workers 2,772 were employed in plants making window glasSi
1,049 in plats-glass plants, 6,716 in bottle plants, 1,895 in plants
making jars, 2,566 m tableware plants, 3,063 in plants making
lighting goods and lamp chimneys, and 174 in plante making mis-
cellaneous articles of glass. Of the total female workers, 135 were
employed in bottle plants, 398 in tableware plants^ and 324 in plants
making lighting goods and lamp chimneys.
The folu)wing table shows the lowest and highest average earnings
per hour and the average full-time weekly hours and earnings, for
male workers in some of the more skilled occupations.
102511**—17 4
50 THE piASS INDUSTRY.
Table 19. — ^Ma,lb Workers in Some of the More Skilled Occupations.
Groaps and occupations.
Window glass:
Machine operators
Blowers
Gatherers
Snappers
Flatteners
Cutters
Plate glass:
RouG;h-plate cutters
Layers
•Qrmders
Polishers
Tablemen
Finishers
Pot makers
Bott'es:
Ma 3hine operators
Blowers
Gatherers
Finishers
Stipper erinders
Mold makers
Jars:
Machine operators
Gatherers :
Mold makers
Tableware:
Blowers.-
Gatherers
Finishers
Pressors
Foot casters
Cutters
Mold makers
Lighting goods and lamp chim-
neys:
Blowers
Pressors
Gatherers
B lockers
Finishers
De3oratnrs
Mlssellaneous articles:
Blowers
Pressors
Gaffers
Gat herers
Cutters-off
Servitors
Estab-
Ush-
ments
Employ-
report-
60S«
tag.
7
50
24
601
21
459
22
422
25
172
27
276
3
11
3
76
2
152
3
87
2
44
3
14
3
9
22
766
29
1,370
5
66
6
12
2
10
12
95
4
164
4
95
5
82
15
307
22
532
17
219
18
266
2
7
8
83
10
87
12
419
7
39
14
714
7
104
3
14
2
25
1
12
98
7
1
12
1
4
1
8
1
11
Average earnings per hour.
Full-tin
Average
hours.
le week.
Lowest.
Highest.
Avenge
earnings.
$0.25-10.30
$0. 65-10. 70
4&1
S21.0»
.35-
.10
1.50 and over.
43.6
41.99
.45-
.50
1.50 and over.
43.5
35.06
.20-
.25
.65- .70
43.8
15.55
.45-
.50
1.50 and over.
55.8
45.79
.25-
.30
1.25- 1.60
59.0
4a 42
.25-
.30
.35- .40
67.6
19.48
.20-
.25
.30- .35
68.8
16.72
.16-
.20
.35- .40
61.3
14.34
.15-
.20
.30- .85
61.9
13. IS
.16-
.20
.30- .35
71.5
16l02
.20-
.25
.30- .35
63.4
19.27
.20-
.25
.40- .45
61.3
21.21
.20-
.25
1.00-1.25
48.6
29.06
.25-
.30
L 26- 1.60
46.3
27.87
.25-
.30
.85- .90
45.2
23.50
.25-
.30
.65- .70
60.2
24.85
.60-
.65
1.00- 1.25
63.0
49.13
.25-
.30
.65- .60
63.3
2L05
-
.15-
.20
1.00-1.25
46.1
27.01
.25-
.30
.85- .90
46.3
23.01
,15-
.20
,96- 1.00
65.4
23.10
.3S-
.40
.90- .95
46.2
27.57
.20-
.25
.70- .75
45.0
17.64
.25-
.30
1.00-1.25
44.9
24.02
.35-
.40
,85- .90
44.6
25.78
.50-
.55
.75- .80
44.6
29.93
.15-
.20
.46- .50
60.9
19.65
.20-
.25
.60- .65
62.1
22.04
.30-
.35
.90- .95
49.9
27.25
.20-
.25
.75- .80
50.6
27.32
.15-
.20
.65- .70
50.8
19.56
.30-
.35
.70- .75
45.8
23.31
.30-
.35
.60- .66
46.4
23.56
.15-
.20
.40- .45
66.0
16.94
.25-
.30
.40- .45
49.5
17.97
.35-
.40
1.00-1.25
46.0
28.06
.40-
.46
.85- .90
49.6
33.91
.60-
.55
.66- .70
54.0
32.40
.40-
.46
-.65- .70
54.0
31.27
.40-
.45
.60- .65
49.5
24.95
The average hourly earnings of workers other than those shown m
the f oregomg table ranged m the various plants as follows : Window
glass, male, 15-20 to 65-70 cents; plate glass, male, 10-15 to 35-40
cents; bottles, male, 10-15 to 65-70 cents, female, under 10 cents to
35-40 cents; jars, male, 10-15 to 40-45 cents; tableware, male, 10-15
to 80-85 cents, female, imder 10 cents to 40-45 cents; lighting goods
and lamp chimneys, male, 10-15 to 60-65 cents, female, under 10
cents to 25-30 cents; miscellaneous product, male, 15-20 to 25-30
cents.
The skilled workers in hand window-glass factories earn more than
those in the skilled trades of any other branch of glass manufacturing,
but their season is very short— about seven months.
In spite of the effect on labor produced by the introduction of
machines for window-glass making, the skilled operatives in hand-
made window glass, through the efforts of a strong labor union, have
been able to maintain a nigh scale of wages. In some years from
SUMMAEY. 51
1904 to 1913 they were forced to accept lower piece price rates, but
in the seasons ot 1914-15, 1915-16, and 1916-17 very substantial
increases were given.
There are ttSee labor organizations connected with window-glass
manufacturing. The oldest and strongest is the National Window
Glass Workers, it had a membership of 4,301 in 1915-16. It meets
annually with the manufacturers' association to adopt a wage scale
and to dispose of other matters coming up for settlement.
Labor in bottle manufacturing was greatly benefited by the in-
creased production that resulted from the estabhshment of the
*'shop" system in 1870, and later from the substitution of the tank
for the old-style furnace.
Bottle machines were first commercially successful in 1896, but it
was not until 1903, when the Owens automatic machine was intro-
duced, that the remarkable production hj machines began to have a
serious effect on labor. In factories using these machines skilled
labor is not necessary, and in factories that competed with them
piece rates for many years remained the same or were reduced.
The first increase in many years was granted for the season 1916-17.
The Glass Bottle Blowers' Association of the United States and
Canada is the onl^ labor organization connected with bottle manu-
facturing. It originated in 1847 and adopted a wage scale in 1861.
It is one of the oldest labor imions, and its record presents one of the
best examples of successful collective bargaining between labor and
its employers. There has not been a national strike in the glass-
bottle mdustry since 1884.
The American Flint Glass Workers' Union, the only labor organi-
zation connected with tableware or lighting goods, takes in the soiled
workers of the various departments. Its membership has increased
but slightly in several years; in 1916 it was 9,430. The number of
members unemployed auring the season of 1914-15 was 1,075 and
during 1915-16 it was 218. This branch of the business has been seri-
ously affected by strikes ; in very few years has it been entirely free
from strikes and lockouts.
NEEDS OF THE INDXJSTBY.
There is need in the glass industry for extensive chemical research
and experiment; the buildings should be improved and modernized,
so as to faciUtate production and lower manufacturing cost; machin-
ery and labor-savmg devices should be investigated and installed;
accounting conditions should be improved and accurate cost-keeping
methods adopted.
There is perhaps no industry in which a good cost-keeping system
is more needed than it is in glass manufacturing. Not only have
American glass manufacturers had to meet sharp foreign competion
in several Tines, but there is probably no industry that has suffered
more from intense competition among domestic manufacturers. The
increased use of and improvements in machinery have made radical
changes in the methods of manufacturing glass and glassware during
recent years . Hand manufacturers have struggled desperately against
the competition of those using machines, and often the market was
demoralized in consequence. Ruinous competition is usually the re-
sult of trying to fix prices without a knowledge of the unit costs of
production.
52 THE GLASS INDUSTET.
A large proportion of the establishments that were visited during
this investigation had crude cost-finding methods and poor genertu
accounting systems. It is more difficult to determine the costs of
units in manufacturing glass than in some other industries, and some
manufacturers express the opinion that it is impossible to devise an ac-
curate method that is adapted to this industry. This, however, is erro-
neous. No association ol glass manufacturers has approved any cost-
finding system, but the subject has been discussed in association meet-
ings, and in the last few years some of the more enterprisinjj of the
manufacturers have employed cost accountants to study their metii-
ods of production and to install cost-finding systems. Articles ex-
plaining improved methods of cost accounting, prepared by manufac-
turers tnat nave given special attention to the subject, are embodied
in the report.
IMPOSTS Axm Dunxs.
During the fiscal year 1913, the last full fiscal year under the Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Act, the imports for consumption of glass and glassware
into the United States were valued at $6,436,662; during the fiscal
year 1914 they increased to $8,219,112. Since then they have de-
clined greatly on account of the war in Europe. In the fiscal year
1889 the imports were 18.91 per cent of the production of the calendar
year 1889. This was more than twice as large as the proportion ia
1899 or 1904 and about three times as large as the proportion in 1909
or 1914.
In 1872 the duties on the principal commodities were reduced 10
per cent. Tariff acts, since that of 1872, were passed in 1883, 1890,
1894, 1897, 1909, and 1913. The duty on glass and glassware aver-
aged highest in 1894. In 8 of the 38 years it was over 60 per cent.
Other statistics are given in tables in the chapter on general imports
(p. 334 )j showing increases and decreases by months and imports by
kmds of glassware and by exporting countries.
While the imports of glass and glassware in general increased about
one-fourth in the fiscal year 1914, as compared with the fiscal year
1913, imports of plate glass more than doubled and imports of window
glass ana bottles increased more than one-third.
The general imports of cylinder, crown, and common window glass
were $977,211 during the fiscal year 1913 and $1,356,218 during the
fiscal year 1914, or 5.59 and 7.75 per cent, respectively, of the pro-
duction during the calendar year 1914 as reported by the census,
$17,495,956.
Of the imports of window glass, more than 80 per cent was of the
smaller sizes (of the first three brackets) during the fiscal year 1906 to
1914. From 50 to 60 per cent of the domestic consumption is of
single-strength glass of these sizes.
The rates of duties have been lower on the smaller than on the larger
sizes for 20 years. No manufacturer interviewed complained of the
duties on glass larger than the first three brackets, and some admitted
that these duties might be somewhat reduced. ' All, however, claimed
that the rates on the first three brackets were too low.
Imports of window glass before the European war came mostly from
Belgium . Few of the imports go to interior points. Before the Euro-
pean war some imports went by ocea» freignt to Pacific coast points
and as far east as Salt Lake City.
SITMMABY. 58
Prices in the United States have at times been lower than the total
of the Belgian price with the freight and duty added. The severe
competition among American maxmf acturers was caused largely by the
introduction of machinery for making window glass; this led to reduc-
tions of wages in the hand factories, some of which were driven out of
business.
General imports of plate glass, cast, polished, and unsilvered,
amounted to $321,605 m the fiscal year 1913 and $727,889 in the
fiscal year 1914, or 2.18 and 4.93 per cent, respectively, of the pro-
duction of polished plate glass in tne calender year 1914 as reported
by the census, $14,773,787. The plate glass imported consists mainly
of the finer and more expensive grades; its value averaged $0,224 per
square foot in the fiscal year 1914.
Most of the imported plate glass is used for mirrors and is of first
quality. Most of the imports of plate glass, as of window glass, go ta
Atlantic, Pacific, and Giuf ports and near-by points.
Imports of other building glass are small. Rough plate glass is
prob«u)ly made cheaper in the United States than anywhere else in
the world. Our manufacturers compete successfully in Canada with
English manufacturers who enjoy a preferential tariff. Most of the
wire class and opalescent and cathedral dass used in the United States
is of domestic manufacture; nearly all the antique glass, however,
was imported before the war from Germany and England.
The pressed and blown glass imported for consumption in the fiscal
year 1913 amounted to $3,006,621, and in the fiscal year 1914 to
$3,387,858, or 9.93 and 11.19 per cent, respectively, of the production
during the calendar year 1914 as reported oy the census, $30,279,290.
With lower duties on pressed ware, less of it was imported tJian of
blown ware. All manufacturers of blown Ware interviewed com-
plained of foreign competition. Yet the group of eight establish-
ments, as a whofe, that manufactured blown ware exclusively had an
operating profit (charges for depreciation and interest considered) of
9.29 per cent on net sales, while the group of 20 establishments, as a
whole, that manufactured both blown and pressed ware had an oper-
ating loss of 0.15 per cent on net sales.
Glassware of different colors is not made extensively in the United
States. Though the wages of workers are higher in the United States
' than abroad; the import of cut glass is small; it consists largely of
novelties.
The general imports of bottles, jars, etc., during the fiscal year 1914
amounted to $1,148,460, or 2.21 per cent of the production of bottles
and jars during the calendar year 1914 as reported by the census,
$51,958,728.
Extensive tables are also given in the chapter on imports to show
the quantity, value, duty, etc., for the principal classes of glass en-
tered for consumption. Other tables snow for years during which
the last three tariff acts were in force the imports of glass and glass-
ware for consmnption and the computed ad valorem rate of duty for
specified classes.
The duty on '* glassware composed wholly or in chief value of glass,
blown, either in a mold or otherwise, '' is now higher (45 per cent) than
the duty on glassware made by pressing (30 per cent). A court de-
cision made in 1916 permits much blown stem ware to be imported at
the lower rate. Manufacturers claim that this does not give them
the protection Congress inter ' ariff act of 1913.
54 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
SXPOBTS.
The exports of glass and glassware from the United States amounted
to $2,252,799 during the fiscal year 1905 and to $3,729,623 during
the fiscal year 1914. The exports increased more rapidly than the
imports during this 10-year period, which closed a month before the
war in Europe began. The ratio of exports to imports increased
from 38 per cent during the fiscal year 1905 to 65 per cent during the
fiscal year 1913, the last full year under the Payne-Aldrich Tarin Act.
It fell to 45 per cent during the following fiscal year, the Underwood-
Simmons Act having gone into effect October 4, 1913. The decline
in exports may be attributed to a business depression in the leading
countries of the world, indicated by figures m Table 134, showing
the decrease in the foreign trade of these countries in July, 1913, as
compared with July, 1914.
Before the war most of the small amount of the window glass, plate
glass, bottles, and jars exported went to North American countries,
principally Canada, Mexico, and Cuba. On the other hand, the
exports of "aU other" kinds (pressed tableware, lighting goods,
optical goods, etc.) went largely to Europe, where their superiority
was recognized over European-made goods, and such exports increasea
annuaUy.
During the two fiscal years ending June 30, 1916, the total exports
of glass and glassware increased 230 per cent. The largest increases
in value were in exports to Europe, and second to North America.
Of the 213 establishments for which data were obtained, 68 reported
exports to 39 countries during 1915, and 41 reported $1,550,883 as
the total of their exports. The largest exports went to England,
followed by Canada and next by Austraha. Nearly all the manufac-
turers reported large increases in foreign shipments in 1916, notwith-
standing lack of shipping space and freight rates that were often pro-
hibitive ; some sold products even to countries that have preferential
tariffs.
An embargo on imports of window glass, plate glass, and tableware
into the United Kingdom went into effect August 21, 1916. Ameri-
can manufacturers, however, expect to do a still larger business with
other parts of the world during the war and to do a larger foreign
business after the war than they did before it began. The usual
method employed has been to sell through American export com-
mission houses.
CHAPTER I.
Ji^ATEBIALS, HACHINEBT, AND PROCESSES.
BAW MATEBIALS USED.
Commercial glass is a fused mixture of silica, usually in the form of
sand, in combination with at least two bases, one of which is an alkali.
Glass at a high temperature is fluid and at lower temperatures is
semifluid and solid. In its semifluid, plastic state it is ductile and
capable of being cast, pressed, rolled, olown, or otherwise manipu-
lated.
The raw materials that enter the batch for the making of glass are
usually sihca, various alkahes, alkah earths, and metals. The pro-
portion of the ingredients varies with the kind of glass desired, the
type of furnace, the custom of the plant, and the Imowledge or lack
of knowledi^e of the individual under whose supervision the mixing
is performed.
Silica in the form of sand comprises the chief ingredient of the
batch, usually from 50 to 75 per cent of the mixture. The sources of
the alkaline mgredients were originally the ashes of plants and sea-
weed. At the present time the source is the natural deposits and
other compomias of sodium, potassium, and Uthium. The alkaliiifi.
earths usually employed are calcium, barium, strontium, and mag-
nesium. The metalhc sources are lead, zinc, and aluminum. Of
all these elements, sand, sodium in the form of sodium carbonate
(soda ash), sodium sulphate (salt cake), potassium in the form of
potash, calcium^ and lead form the basi c ingredients for nearly all
the glass made.
SAND.
Sand that is usually acknowledged to be superior to the foreign is
found in abundant quantities in rennsylvania, West Virginia, Illi-
nois, Missouri, New Jersev, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, New York,
Marvland, and many otner States. In the States enumerated the
Sana is foimd practically pure in the form of rocks and stones, which
are quarried and crushed. This sand is used for the finer grades of
glassware. For cheaper products, like insulators and some fruit
jars, the sand employed is often dredged from rivers.
The sand is thoroughly washed to remove as much alumina,
organic matter, and other foreign substances as possible, and is then
dned. One glass chemist who has done much experimental work
f has suggested the use of unwashed sand, thus not only saving the
^^ost of washing and drying but preserving the otherwise washea-out
alumina, whicn he considers one of the most valuable constituents
of the sand in making glass. When over 75 per cent of sand is intro-
duced the batch increases in refractoriness to such an extent as to
make working very difficult.
55
56 THB GLASS INDtJBTBT.
ALKALINE BASES.
Soda ash (sodium carbonate, NaXJO.) is now manufactured from
common salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) by the Solvajr process, which
decomposes the sodium chloride by means of ammonium bicarbonate.
Soda ash is an active flux and reduces the melting point of the batch
to a lower temperature than an equal amoimt of potash and when
mixed with the proper proportion of lime makes an easily worked
glass.
Salt cake (sodium sulphate, NajSO^), derived bydecomposing sodium
chloride b^ sulphuric acid . is not used bo extensively as soda ash. It
is used prmcipally in window glass and green bottle glass. It is not
so desirable as soda ash, because it is necessary to introduce with it
carbon in some form, usually coal, to decompose it. Although salt
cake is cheaper than soda asn, it requires extra time and excess heat
in the furnace and its use tends to produce stony glass.
Potassium is introduced into a glass batch generally in the form
of the carbonate, which is known as pearlash or potash. Potash,
hke soda, acts as a flux in a glass batch. It is not used extensively,
as it is always considerably more expensive than sodium salts. It
is a desirable flux, however, in optical glass or other glasses where a
high brilUancy of color is desired. Lithium is sometimes used for
optical glass, but its cost is too high for general use.
Other alkali salts introduced occasionally for their oxygen are the
nitrates of soda and potash and soda as borax. These salts are also
more easily decomposed than the carbonates. An excess of alkali in
glass causes it to imdergo what is known as ^'fading," which results
&om the chemical action of the atmosphere and moisture upon the
free alkah, soda, or potash that has not been satisfied by the siUca.
Such a chemical process causes a deliquescence of the alkali salt and
produces minute crystals that give to the glass an iridescent appear-
ance. Sometimes this iridescence will cover but small areas and at
other times it will appear throughout the entire ^lass, depending
upon the care with which the glass nas been made or its homogeneity.
ALKALINE EARTH BASES.
LiTne in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCOg) or slaked lime
(Ca(0H)2), when used as the other basic constituent, hardens the glass,
giving it stability and permanency, and facilitates melting and refin-
mg. An excess of lime prevents chords but increases the tendency
to devitrification. Where Hmestones containing very Uttle iron are
hard to obtain the better grades of burnt Ume are sometimes used.
The hmestone rock is preferable, however, as the evolution of the
carbon dioxide gas assists in the melting process. In many cases
dolomitic Hmestones containing a considerable portion of magnesium
carbonate are being used satisfactorily. The magnesium decreases
the tendency to devitrify but makes the glass more refractory.
Barium carionate, when substituted in small amoimts for hme, is
said to increase the strength and brilliancy of the glass. Experience
seems to show, however, that when more than 3 per cent of barium
carbonate is used the glass is increasingly difficult to work.
MATEBIAL?^ J4AQWlSnS»l, AND fBOCESSES. 57
MSTALLIO BASES.
Lead in the form of litharge (PbO) or red lead (PbgOJ imparts to
the glass a brilliant color and increases its weight. Although red
lead would seem most desirable because of its greater content of
oxygen, litharge is used to a ^eater extent because of its constancy
of composition and very small content of metalUc lead. Lead is a
very active flux and is used in all glasses which must have a low soften-
ing point; and where it is desired to weld a metal to the glass.
Other metallic iaaes are aluminum, arsenic in the form of white
arsenic (AsaO,), zinc oxide, and carbon (nonmetaUic).
Arsenic is used chiefly to act as an oxidizing agent in removing
carbonaceous material and to assist in freeing the glass from gas
bubbles.
Carbon is employed with salt cake to provide a reducing agent to
assist in the decomposition of the sulphate, thereby reoucmg the
deleterious and erosive effect on the furnace walls and flues. Car-
bon is also used in amber glass as a coloring agent. It may be
used in the form of coal or charcoal.
Of the principal aforementioned substances the following are
obtained in the United States: Salt cake, hme, red lead, litharge,
soda ash, arsenic, and manganese. The following are imported:
Nitrate of soda from South America, arsenic from England and
British Columbia, manganese from Saxony and Russia, and potash
from Germany.
GULLET.
In the making of glass there is usually added to the batch some
cuUet (broken glass) of the same composition. The amoimt of
cullet added varies from a small quantity up to about one-half the
bulk of the batch as a maximum. Cullet is used for two reasons:
First, because of the economy in remelting the broken glass about
the plant, and, second, in tank furnaces because it provides a foun-
dation in the molten bath whereby the batch or raw materials are
maintained more compact and more positively in that portion of the
furnace where the temperature gives the best melting conditions,
for as soon as the cullet becomes plastic the batch constituents
adhere to it and in that manner are to a degree cemented together
until they have undergone sufficient temperature to carry out the
complete melting process. The cuUet also assists in removing the
gas nubbles. Too much cullet is said to make the glass brittle and
difficult to work.
DECOLORIZERS.
Practically all the raw materials used in glass contain some iron as
an impurity. This iron, when present in small amounts, imparts to
the glass a pale green color, whict increases in intensity as the con-
tent of iron increases. When a colorless glass is desired this green
color must be removed, which is done by using decolorizers. If
the total percentage of iron in the ordinary soda lime glass exceeds
0.05 per cent, a sHght green color will be imparted to the glass. If
the amount of iron exceeds 0.2 per cent the color is too intense to be
destroyed.
58 THB GLASS INDtJSTBY.
Manganese, seleniiim, cobalt, and nickel are the chief decolorizing
agents used. Manganese, selenium, and nickel act as decolorizers
because of their chromatic action on the green color of iron by the
complementary pink color they produce. Manganese is m.ost com-
monly used; because it permits easy control of the color. In using
selenium and nickel the quantity used must be very carefully con-
trolled. These latter substances are desirable in window or plate
glass, as glass decolorized with manganese changes to a pink color
when exposed to light a great length of time.
Cobalt in the form of powder blue is used in conjunction with
manganese or selenium to destroy any pink color produced by an
excess of the decolorizer.
COLORANTS.
There is no definite knowledge as to the cause of color in glass.
What is known is that certain chemicals, such as metalUc compounds
of manganese, nickel, selenium, etc., added to and melted with
various batches will produce glass of a certain color. Glass made
from sodium, potassmm, lime, and lead, wdth silica and the other
necessary ingredients, has no color unless a large amount of iron is
present as an impurity. The coloring agents are generally metallic
oxides. While a very few elements produce a definite color, as the
blue of cobalt, the color produced is generally uncertain. The same
oxide may produce different colors with different batches and differ-
ent oxides of the same element may also produce different colors.
Following is a brief description oi the effects produced on glass by
the various coloring agents employed. The coloring agents are
arranged in the alphabetical order oi the elements:
Aluminum. — Certain compounds of aluminima impart a white
opacity to glass, such glass oeing known as opal glass. Aluminum
sodium fluoride (cryolite) produces an opal glass, but is objectionable
because it injures the pots.
Antimony, — ^Antimony in large quantities produces white opacity.
Antimony sulphide (SbS) exerts an uncertain color effect due to its
volatility. In some cases it produces a fine yellow color.
Arsenic. — ^Arsenic used in excess produces milkiness.
Barium. — The sulphur compounds of barium produce deep green
and yellow colors.
Cadmium. — Cadmium sulphide (CdS) produces rich yellow colors.
Carhon. — Carbon, when introduced for coloring purposes, produces
a color ranging between straw yellow and a dark amber. Finely
divided vegetable charcoal gives a yellow color. Carbon also affects
the color of glass by reducing other substances that may be present.
Chromium. — Chromium oxide produces a grass-^een color and is
used considerably. In the form of potassium bichromate it pro-
duces a bright green color. Chromium with iron gives a cold blue
color; with copper, a sea green.
Cobalt. — Cobalt produces all shades of blue and is generally used
in the form of oxide of cobalt.
Copper. — Copper or copper oxide (CuOj) produces a peacock blue
which becomes emerald green if the proportion of copper oxide is
increased. When full oxidation of the copper is prevented by the
HATEBIALS^ MACKIKEBY^ AND PROCESSES. 59
presence of a reducing agent and the glass is cooled slowly or reheated,
the resulting color is an intense crimson-ruby. Cupric silicates pro-
duce intense green to greenish-blue colors.
Gold. — Gold produces a brilliant ruby which, though less crimson
than the copper-ruby color, is more regular and uniform.
Iron, — Ferrous oxide produces an olive green or pale blue according
to the composition of the batch. Ferric oxide gives a yellow color.
i^cK^.— Lead gives a pale yellow color. Lead increases the color-
ing effect of other chemicals present fti the batch.
Manganese, — The compounds of manganese, when other coloring
ingredients are absent, produce colors between pinkish purple and
violet according to the chemical nature of the glass, manganese
dioxide (MnOj) develops a pink tint which neutralizes the green
color due to the presence of iron compounds in the sand. Used in
excess manganese gives an amethyst tint. Manganese used in
excess with the oxide of iron or cobalt produces black. The violet of
manganese, if neutralized by the oxides of copper or iron, results in a
gray color.
Nickel, — ^Nickel with a potash-lead glass gives a violet color; with
a soda-lime glass, a brown color.
Phosphorus. — Calcium phosphate (Ca2P04) produces an opalescent
glass. It is, however, rarely used.
Selenium, — Selenites give glass a pale pink or pinkish yellow color,
and a ruby red under conditions of reduction.
Silver. — Silver oxide (AgjO) mixed as a paint and spread on the
surface of glass which is then heated results m a permanent yellow
color. Silver is never applied to the batch but is used as a surface
stain and gives a color from a delicate lemon to a deep orange in
proportion to the quantity used.
Sulphur. — Sulphur gases are very apt to produce a yellowish
milkiuess.
TeUurium. — ^Tellurium appears to give glass a pale pink tint.
Thallium, — ^Thallium is introduced to increase the coloring effect
of other substances.
Tin. — ^Tin in conjunction with copper produces a copper ruby.
Tin oxide in a finely suspended state produces opalescence and in
large quantities white opacity.
Vanadium. — ^Vanadium produces vivid yellow and greenish tints,
but is too rare to be introduced in the batch.
Uranium. — Uranium, though costly, is sometimes introduced in
small quantities in the form of a chemical compound and produces
a beautiful fluorescent yellow. Uranium oxide will produce a
greenish yellow opalescent effect.
MIXTUBES FOR AMERICAN GLASS.
The following typical mixtures for American glass have been taken
from the New International Encyclopsedia. These recipes are not
intended as standardized batches to be strictly followed by manu-
facturers. It has been pointed out that the batch will vary with
the kind of furnace, the temperature, and numerous other factors,
and the following formulas are intended only to indicate, in a very
60
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
broad and general way, the ingredients and the proportions of ma-
terials that enter the batches for various kinds of American glass:
ReCIPSS rOK AUEBIGAN GXA88.
Materials.
Window glass.
Plate glass.
Green bottles.
Lead flint.
Sand . r . r , . . T . , - r .
100.0
44.0
100.0
40.0
4.0
sao
&0
100.0
' 42.0
4ao
&0
100.0
loaoo
100.0
4ao
*3&6"
4.0
•2.0
loao
loao
loao
38LO
loao
loaoo
Salt cake
Soda ash.
sao
24.0
1.0
36.00
24.00
.75
1.00
3&0
310
• • a. . ..
3fi.O
22.0
Limestoiie.
"2a.'6'
4.0
84.0
Carbon.......
Areenic ,....
"'Is'
.15
Charcoal
&a
Potash
3d. 6*
4ao
&0
.3
34.00
Red lead
i "
48.00
Niter
«.00
Borax
*'W
.09
Antimony..
1
.02
1
MACHINSBY, TOOLS, AND EQT7IPMEKT.
TYPES OF FURNACES.
The oldest furnace for melting glass was a fire-brick box in which
stood the pot with the fire of wood or coal on either side. Two
general types of furnaces are now used for melting glass, pot furnaces,
and tank furnaces. They are heated by natural or artificial (pro-
ducer) gas or by fuel ou, and the usual temperature requirea to
melt the batch is about 2,600° F. A temperature of about 2,000° F.
is maintained at the gathering holes or working-out end of the furnace.
These temperatures are not absolute ; they vary With the size of the
furnace, the use of the pot or tank, the composition of the batch,
and numerous other factors.
Pot Jumace, — Pot furnaces are either conical, circular, elliptical,
rectangular, or square, and usually have huge chimneys, the upper
tapering half of which is usually above the roof of the building.
The size of the furnace varies with the shape and the number of pots
used, and the pots usually number from 6 to 12. Plate-glass furnaces
employ the largest pots, usually about 20 in number, and have an
opening opposite each pot to permit its hurried removal for casting.
The walls are about 18 inches thick, with a number of openings at
intervals, which are arched over. At the base of the cnimney is
the central fire, about which, in all but square and oblong furnaces,
the melting pots, varying in number and size with the establishment
and the ware produced, are arranged in the arched-over openings.
In oblong-shaped furnaces the pots are usually j)laced in two rows,
one on either side of the fire, and the furnace is provided with a
door at each end for removing and replacing broken pots. The
heat from the central fire, forced outward by drafts, envelops the
Eots and heats the batch until it is in the proper state for gathering,
a rectangular furnaces the flame travels from one end of the furnace
and by a manipulation of the draft is made to completely fill it.
A covered pot is used for melting flint glass. In the manufacture
of window and plate glass, bottles, and other glassware, open pots
are used. Covered pots are usually used in a circular furnace and
open pots in a rectangular furnace. The closed pot is beehive-shaped
and has a hooded opening on one side near the top. This opening
ICATEBIALS, MAOHZETBST, AHD PBOGESSES. 61
projects to the wall of the fumaoe; through it the batch is charged
and the molten glass extracted. Opea pots are open truncated
conesi the smallest diameter bein^ at the bottom, and the batch is
ehaiged through openings in the side of the furnace.
Pots are made of fire day and their manuf actture is a long, careful,
tedious process, rec^uiring many months for comoletion. They are
costly and their life is comparatively short, closed pots lasting
several months, open pots about six weeks, and the pots for plate
glass only about 25 days. The installation and remoyal of pots is a
laborious task. Pots have a limited capacity: continuous tanks have
not, some being built to hold up to 500 tons of glass. When nots
are used the work ceases when the pot has been emptied of the melted
batch, and it is resumed again only after many hours, durmg which
time a new batch has been melted. When a continuous tank is
used the work is never interrupted.
Tank furnace. — ^The tank furnace has generally displaced the pot
furnace. The advantages claimed for it are increased production,
continuous operation, regularity of work, more efficient utilization
of the heat and flame of the furnace, greater durability, and better
glass production, in that the molten ^lass in a tank can be main-
tained at or near a constant level, which makes gathering easier.
Tank furnaces are generally oblong in shape, the width being about
one-fourth or onerfifth of the length, the depth from 3 to 6 feet;
they contain about 6 to 20 ring holes. Tank tumaces hold the glass
on the hearth of the furnace; the flame sweeps across the furnace
and above the batch. Tank furnaces are of two types, the day
tank and the continuous tank, and are usually constructed of the same
material as are pots.
The day tank, intermittent in its action, is practically a large pot,
in which the batch is charged, melted, and then extracted, in some-
what the same manner as in working the pot. It may be considered
a pot furnace in which the one large open pot is square or rectangular.
The continuous tank permits charging the batch at any time and
continual extraction of the molten glass, irrespective of the time the
batch is charged. The tank is always full or nearly full. The tank
covers the whole area of the furnace and is divided, by means of two
transverse floating bridges or partitions, into three compartments.
The batch is charged into the ttrst or melting compartment, and the
flames, entering at one aide or end of the furnace and escaping at the
other, melt the batch. The released j^ases and acid vapors are carried
off through the stack, thus preventmg injury to the furnace. The
molten glass flows into the second compartment, where, by means of
a higher temperature, it is freed of its impurities, and it then flows
into the last compartment, where a reduced temperature prepares
it for gathering. Many tank furnaces have only two compartments,
one for melting and one for gathering the glass.
. The more modem tanks dispense with the floating bridges. When
the glass is melted it sinks and travels toward the gathernig holes at .
the other end. A refining vessel, floated opposite each gathering
hole, gathers the molten glass at the lowest depth in the tank, raises
it to the surface, where it is completely refined in a compartment
prepared for that purpose; then, on sinking, the glass flows only into
the working-out end. The working-out end of the tank usually
projects into the shop, is usually semicircular or crescent shaped.,
62 THE GLASS INDUBTBY.
and contains a varying number of ring holes or openings through
which the blowers or gatherers extract the glass. Furnaces employ-
ing gaseous fuel use eitner the regonerative or the recuperative system
of heating. Both systems employ the waste heat of the furnace
gases to heat air for combustion. Tne regenerative system is the
one generally used.
Tae re^eaerative system employs two chambers, called regener-
ators, one on each side of the furnace, which contain loosely stacked
fire bricks. When the bricks in one regenerator have become hot
from contact with the waste gases of combustion, the direction of the
flames is reversed, and the air for combustion passes through the hot
regenerator, while the waste gases now pass through the regenerator
on the other side of the furnace. Reversing the direction of the flame,
usually about every 20 minutes, results in heating the air before it
enters the furnace proper while the waste gases are heating the other
regenerator preparatory to the air passing through it.
The recuperative system does not employ a reversal of cuirent.
The incoming air absorbs the heat, which has penetrated the thin
walls as the waste gases pass through the flues.
BLOWPIPE.
The blowpipe which is used to blow all glassware that is neither
blown nor pressed by machine, is an iron pipe or steel tubing from 4i
to 5i feet m length, and from about throe-fourths of an inch in the
smallest part up to 1 J inches in diameter. A hole about one-fourth
of an inch or more runs lengthwise through the pipe. At one end is a
mouthpiece for blowing; the other end, upon which the. glass is
gathered, is slightly enlarged and somewhat lunnel-shaped.
MOLDS.
Molds are used to facihtate the work of blowing. Molds that are
not used in machines rest upon or above the floor, depending upon
the height of the foot bench, or in pits.
The joint open-and-shut mold in common use consists of two hol-
low cast-iron pieces fastened together by heavy hinges. The mold
opens and closes horizontally by means of two short handles. The
parts of the mold which are cast in separate pieces can be removed
and others, for ware of a different size and shape inserted. Each
half of the top of the mold is indented so that when the mold is
closed the top fits around the blowpipe and, in bottles, forms the
long, narrow neck.
BLOWING MACHINE.
A ' ' gob '' of glass, the proper amount cut off by shears as the molten
glass is dropped from the gathering iron, is deposited in the first or
?ress mold, and a descending plunger presses the neck of the bottle.
'he partially formed bottle is then transferred to the second or blow
mold, and the bottle is then blown by means of compressed air.
The latest machines have a revolving framework containing a series
of molds. This machine is used for wide-mouth ware.
One type of machine in use for wide-mouth and semiwide-mouth
jars turns out 16 jai-s a minute. A greater speed is not possible, it
MATEBIALS^ MAGHIKEBY, AND PROCESSES. 63
is claimed, because the glass would not then have tune to settle and
would cave in. The machine requires a gatherer and a turn-out boy,
but if .a jlowing device is employed, only a turn-out boy is necessary.
This blowing machine is generally employed only for wide-mouth
bottles and jars.
In some bottle-blowing machines, the plunger is raised to the proper
point in the blank mold, after which the necessary amoimt oi glass
IS dropped in the blank mold, sheared off, and forced down around
the plunger by compressed air to form the neck of the bottle. The
partially formed bottle is then inverted, and compressed air blows
the bottle in a second mold.
PASTE-MOLD BLOWING MACHINE.
Seamless ware like lamp chimneys or tumblers can not be made in
an ordinary mold but requires a mold (paste mold) coated with a
carbon or other paste. Since 1898 a machine has been successfully
producing this class of ware.
The machine consists of a series of revolving paste molds. The
blowpipe with its gather of glass, which has been shaped on the marver
and slightly blown, is clamped perpendicularly into a socket exactly
above the mold and so arranged that the bulb of glass just fits into
the mold. The upper end of the pipe is connected with the valve
controUing the compressed air. The revolving mold opens and
receives its gather of glass; after it closes the connected pipe supplies
the comjpressed air for blowing. The constant mechamcal rotation
of the pipe and its bulb of glass while the compressed air is blowing
prevents the formation of seams on the ware. After the machine
has revolved halfway, during which time the ware has been com-
pletely blown, the mold opens and, after the pipe and attached blown
ware has been removed, dips into water. This bath is necessary to
keep the paste Uning wet.
One such blowing machine, in use for making light tumblers in
paste molds, has five molds to the machine, and, with one tumbler
to each mold, produces 12 to 14 tumblers a minute. Some machines
have two tumblers to the mold. Not only does this machine produce
ware much cheaper than when hand blowing is employed, but it is
superior in that it blows articles of considerable length with the sides
and walls absolutely uniform in thickness.
AUTOMATIC BOTTLE MACHINE.
The automatic bottle machine consists of a series of arms, radiating
from a perpendicular axis, each terminating in a combination mold.
The glass is melted in the furnace and flows to a refiner and then to a
specially constructed revolving pot or tank, which suppUes the hot
glass -that is constantly used. The arms, one after another, dip, and
as the blank mold on the end of the arm projects into the molten
metal in the revolving tank, it sucks up its capacity of glass. As the
arm rises from the tank, the mold forms the neck of the bottle and
gives the glass a general shape, cooling it so that it will not run. As
the first mold withdraws, a second or finishing mold, rises and closes
around the stiU red-hot glass form, and, when this mold is closed,
compressed air which is turned on forces the glavss to take the shape
of the mold.
X
64 THB GLASd Iimt76T&7.
The process is continuous and uninterrupted, the forming of the
bottle taking place while the molds are in motion. The arm having
completed its circuit, the mold opens and the bottle drops out.
When an automatic conveyor is used, the bottle drops onto the
conveyor.
This machine makes the bottle automatically from the gathering
of the glass to the completed bottle that is to be put in the leer. It
puts the same amount of glass into every bottle, and makes each
exactly the same length, weight, finish, shape, and capacity, which
is almost impossible by the hand method, even with the most skilled
labor. The machine wastes no* glass and can be operated con-
tinuously.
FLOWING DEVICE.
There are a numbar of machines which, with the application of a
flowing or pouring device that doe^ away with the gatherer, are
practically automatic. It will be sufficient to describe one such flow-
ing device to illustrate the general principle and processes involved.
As the revolving molds of a macnine pass below a specially built
projection of the tank, a stream of glass flows down vertically into
it. A cup-shaped cutter from the left of the down-flowing stream,
and a blade from the right, are mechanically made to come together
like the blades of a pair of scissors. The stream of glass is cut off,
but continues to flow into the cup-shaped cutter instead of flowing
into the mold. The cup-shaped device is then turned part way over,
but still receiving the stream of flowing glass from the tank. As the
next mold is brought into position, the cup-shaped device spills its
accumulated glass into the mold, and the stream of glass from the
tank then flows directly into this new mold. This operation is
repeated as each mold comes into position. With the filling of the
mold with the exact amount of glass required the work of the flowing
device is completed.
Flowing devices, it is claimed, have been successful only with wide-
mouth bottles and jars. One manufacturer, however, claims to hare
a flowing device which he has successfully used for manufacturing
narrow-neck bottles.
PRESSING MACHINE.
Presses for tableware are either stationary or rotary. In the
stationary machine the mold is filled with molten glass and, as the
side lever is pulled, the overhanging plunger descends into the mold,
pressing the plastic glass into the desired shape. The stationary
machine is equipped with either one or two molds, which rest upon a
stand and are removed by hand. The rotary machine consists of a
series of revolving molds, usually four or eight in number.. The
gatherer fills the passing molds and the glass is then pressed.
The kind of ware that can be made on a pressing machine is limited
to that class in which the opening tapers downward, thus permittii^
the plunger to be easily withdrawn. When a solid or block mold is
used the outer surface of the articles, as smooth tumblers, smootii
nappies, etc., must be of a downward tapering shape to permit
removal after pressing. For ware with outer surfaces of other shapes,
a joint mold is used, which is opened when the ware is to be removed
MATEBIALS, MACSIJPIEX^ AND FBOCESSES. 65
One of the rotary tiimbler presses in use employs 8 molds and
produces about 18 tumblers a minute. This press is semiautomatic;
with the aid of the flowing device, which one company uses in con-
junction with this machine, it is practically automatic.
WINDOW-GLASS MACHINE.
A ring is dropped for a moment into the surface of the molten glass,
and the glass adheres to it by molecular attraction. The ring is
pulled upward and draws a cylinder of glass as it ascends. The rate
of draw is from 1 to 2 feet per minute depending on the thickness, size,
and temperature of the glass and on the type of machine. The
diameter of the cylinder is regulated by compressed air, introduced
in some machines through the oait to which the ring which draws the
glass is attached, and in another through an aperture in the center of
the pot. The thickness of the ^lass is regulated by the speed with
which the ring is elevated. Cylinders 25 feet or even 35 feet long
may be drawn. The machine operator occupies a tower, 12 or 15
feet above the floor, and is called a towerman or a blower. Each
towerman operates the electrical mechanism which draws two, and
in some cases three, cylinders simultaneously, and controls the air
pressure and speed.
AIB-PUMPING STSTEM.
Most factories have an air-pumping system, which forces a current
of cool air upon molds and machines, preventing them from becoming
so heated that the plastic molten glass would adhere to them. Where
no such system is employed, the molds are cooled by playing a stream
of cold water upon them. The air system also serves to cool the
workers.
REHEATING FURNACE.
In addition to the furnace in which the batch is melted, bottle
plants employ a reheating furnace, called a '^ glory hole," and table-
ware factories use one usually called a warming-in furnace. These
furnaces are used for partially reheating the ware, which facUitates
the manipulation necessary to shape it to the desired pattern during
the process of manufacture.
ANNEALING OVEN, OR LEER.
Practically all glassware must be annealed, or OTadually cooled,
immediately after it has been blown or pressed. Grlass can not be
annealed by exposure to the air, as this generally causes some of the
pores, usually those in the exterior, to close more auickly than others,
which results in an internal strain and a brittle glass, easily cracked
or broken. One form of anneaUng is to place the ware in a heated
furnace, box, or other receptacle, and gradually diminish the heat
until it equals the temperature of the outside air. This method con-
sumes much time and is rarely used at the present time, the kiln
having been displaced by the leer.
The leer is a long, narrow, tunnel-like, brick structure, closed on
all sides but open at both ends. The heat is kept at about 1,200° F.
at the end called the ''mouth,'' in which the ware is first put. The
102511*— 17 5
66 THB QLA8S Iin>U8TBY.
ware is placed in iron pans resting on the bottom of the leer, which
are pulled very slowly, by means of a moving-belt arrangement,
through the leer's entire length. The heat, high at the mouth, is
maintained at a gradually decreasing temperature throughout the
length of the leer, and the ware, traveling very slowly through these
various zones, is thoroughly annealed when it reaches the end. The
length of time necessary for thorough anneaUng depends upon the
Idnd of product, and grade of goocb manufactured. The pans are
brought back from the rear of the leer to the front by means of
pulleys swung from an overhead track.
CONVEYOR DEVICES.
In order that the ware may not chill after it is made, it is necessary
that it be transferred to the leer as quickly as possible. Where
conveyors are not used, bottles or jars, immediately after being blown,
are carried to the leer on handled trays. Other ware is placed on a
sliding tray in a wanning stove, and the tray when full is carried to
the leer.
In some factories mechanical conveyors are used to carry bottles
or jars to the leer. An overhead track circles the shop and passes
the leer door. Suspended cars are pushed around the shop and the
ware is gathered therein as the car passes the various shops. When
the sUding tray on which the ware is placed is full, the car is pushed
to the leer and the ware transferred.
Some factories have installed automatic conveyors which operate
on the principle of the endless belt. The belt carries the bottles
singly and runs from the shop to the leer, where the bottles are
transferred by hand, or in some cases mechanically.
In a few factories conveyors are in use which carry packed boxes,
barrels, etc., from the paclan^ room to the warehouse, where they are
stored, and thence to the freight car on the siding. On a decline the
package descends by gravity over a series of roUers, but on an incline
power is apphed, the package being hfted by an endless chain. The^e
conveyors are comparative^^ cheap to construct and the packed ware
is not injured or broken in transit.
MANUFACTTTSIKa PROCESSES.
The manufacturing processes described on the following pa^es are
not given as standardized processes in the glass industry or to mform
manufacturers as to the best possible method of production. They
are intended to indicate in a very general way how the various
Products are manufactured and the sequence of operations. All the
escriptions omit anneaUng or tempering the ware, a description
of which has been given. A description of packing and storing
of the ware after it has come from the leer and been examii\ed has
also been omitted, as these operations are not strictly manufacturing
processes.
BATCHES FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS.
Glass may be divided into the five following classes: (1) Lime-flint
glass, (2) lead-flint glass, (3) plate glass, (4) window glass, and (5)
optical and special glasses. Tnese are again subdivided according to
the WQxe made from the glass under each of these classifications.
MATEBIALS, MACHINERY, AND PBOOESSES. 67
Lime flint is the glass which is used in manufacturing tableware,
novelties, bottles, lamp chimneys, Ughting goods, and globes. In
the making of Hme-flint glass, the compositions vary greatly, and
until a few years ago each manufacturer or glassmaker had his own
particular formula from which he made his glass. The composition
often contained as many as 20 ingredients, of which sand was the
principal one, and in addition to which there was used burned lime,
soda ash, pearlash, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, anti-
mony oxide, antimony sulphide, arsenic, feldspar, cryohte, fluorspar,
borax, manganese, and cobalt, or '^blue*' (cooalt silicate). Of late
years, however, the manufacturer has to a great extent dropped the
use of many of the expensive chemicals last enumerated, and in the
naaking of a Ume-flint glass confines himself to the use of sand, soda
ash, and burned lime, with antimony, arsenic, or manganese as a
decolorizer, or other chemicals like nickel, selenium, or cobalt, or
combinations of these metals.
For many years burned lime was supposed to be the only alkali
earth which could be successfully used in making flint glass, and Ume
obtained from certain locaUties was assumed to be particularly-
adapted to its manufacture, for the reason that it contained a con-
siderable quantity of magnesia. In recent years, however, particu-
larly in tank-furnace operation, raw hme has come into successfiJ
use, from which a glass has been produced equal in brilliancy and
stability to that produced from burned Ume. In pot furnaces burned
lime is still preferable, inasmuch as the increasea boiling action pro-
duced by the raw lime causes the melting material to boil excessively
and does not permit of as great a charge oeing made at any one time,
and therefore increases the attention and labor necessary to obtain
a fuU pot of glass.
Lead flint is used for making cut glass, goblets, the better grade
of tableware, etched ware, and novelties. This batch consists prin-
cipally of sand, red lead (minium), and litharge in combination with
soda ash, pearlash, and other alkali salts, and, as in Hme-flint
flass, with antimony, arsenic, borax, and manganese as decolorizers.
lore recently nickel, cobalt, and selenium, either separately or in
combination with manganese, have been used as the decolorizing
agents. Lead has also been used in combination with or partially
replaced by lime, magnesia, or barium.
PlcUe glass is melted in pots, cast, ground, and pohshed. The batch
is usually made up of sand, soda ash, and lime. Sometimes salt cake
replaces a portion of the soda ash, and with it some of the above-
mentioned decolorizers are also used as required.
Window glass is made by the hand-blown or machine method in
cylinder form, being subsequentfy flattened into sheets and cut, but
not groimd and polished. This batch is composed of sand, salt cake,
and Time, with a small amoimt of powdered coal or charcoal, although
in some instances soda ash replaces a portion of the salt cake.
' Optical and other special glasses vary in composition, according to
the uses for which they are intended and the respective physical prop-
erties which are desired. Chemical glassware and special glasses will,
of course, have formulas for their batches to meet the physical
properties required of the finished product.
Ijie preparation of the batch lor each of the foregoing classes or
subclasses is largely dependent upon its composition and upon the
68 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
procedure necessary to melt and refine it to the degree that will
insure the product desired.
PREPARATION OF THE BATCH.
Sand contains iron, lime, alumina, and other impurities, to remove
which it is first washed by stirring it in large volumes oi water and
allowing it to settle. The sand is then burned by playing flames
directly upon it, to expel the moisture and remove the organic and
extraneous matter, ana is then sifted. The sand and other ingredi-
ents that make up the batch are then weighed out according to the
formula of the plant. The amounts are actually weighed in many
estabUshments, out in some are only an approximation on the part of
the mixer. The batch is then mixed. This may be done by hand, by
hand and machine, or entirely by machine. H^d mixing is usually
employed for small quantities. The various substances are mixed on
a dean floor by turning them over with a wooden shovel. The
mcichine for mixing consists of a hollow drum with revolving paddles
which beat and mix the batch. The mixing machine has generally
displaced the hand-manipulated wooden snovel, because its use
results in a better and more uniform mixture.
CuUet (broken glass), which aids fusion, is then added to the batch,
which is then carted to the pot or tank on wheelbarrows, pr in modem
plants is mechanically shot through tubes. When a pot or day tank
IS used, the batch is generally charged in the mormng before work
commences or at night when work is over. When a continuous tank,
which is always at about the same temperature, is used, the charging
goes on continuously so as to keep the glass at a constant level.
During the melting of the batch there is a loss of material, due to
evaporation and volatilization, which will generally average, it is
\ claimed, about one-sixth the weight of the batch.
The temperature necessary to melt the batch can not be stated
positively. It depends on the use of furnace or pot and the com-
position of the batch. The average actual temperature generally
^ required is about 2,600° F. and in some few instances as much as
2,850° F. (glass temperature).
The molten glass is worked into commercial products by three
methods — ^blowing, pressing, and casting.
WINDOW GLASS.
Window glass is made by the cyUnder process, blown by hand or
machine, and by the automatic sheet method. In the cylinder
method the difference is only in the blowing of the cylinder, either
by the blower or by a machine. The subsequent treatment of the
cyUnder is practically the same.
In making hand-blown window glass the gatherer uses a blowpipe —
an iron tube about 50 inches long, one end enlarged to approximately
3 inches in diameter — which, being previously heated, he dips into
the mass of glass contained in the pot or tank furnace. Rotating
the pipe permits a film of glass to adnere to the enlarged head. The
gatherer removes the head from the furnace and cools the pipe by
immersing it in water or allowing water to flow upon it, coohng it
and the glass gathered upon the head. By repeated gatherings
and coolings in the cooling "buck" or tub, the gatherer obtains a
MATEBIALS, MACHINERY, AND PROCESSES. 69
sufficient quantity of ^ass of spherical form upon the pipe head as
will in his judgment make a cylinder of the desired size and thick-
ness, after which he places this in what is known as the ''block/'
a concave iron receptacle so fashioned as to give the glass a pear-
shaped form when it is rotated therein.
The blower takes the blowpipe, and by blowing enlarges the glass
bulb into the form of a huge cylinder. In doing this he swings his
blowpipe through an opening or pit in the floor, and when the glass
cools, reheats and softens it in tne furnace so that the cylinder can
be easily elongated. The material is evenly distributed by the
blowing and the glass is made single or double strength, or heavier,
by the amoimt of molten glass that is gathered, the size of the cyhnder
originally formed in the u'on mold, or block, the speed or rapidity
with which the blower swings or elongates the cylinder, and the
amoimt of air he puts into it. (A description of the machines that
blow the cylinder of glass mechanically is given on page 65.)
When by intermittent blowing and swinging a cylinder of proper
length has been formed and the glass has sufficiently cooled, the blower
brings it into a horizontal position upon a crane support. He then
introduces the lower or closed end of the cyhnder into an opening
in the furnace known as the ''blow furnace,'* or into an opening of
the tank known as the "blow ring," permitting the heat of the
furnace to come in contact with the small area of this closed end,
so manipulating the cylinder as to have the more intense heat in
the exact center of the closed end of the cyUnder. When the end
has become sufficiently heated he blows into the cyUnder with con-
siderable force, places his thumb over the open end of the blowpipe,
and then by introducing a considerable portion of the cyhnder into
the hot gases of the fiu*nace causes the air within the cyUnder to
expand. The plastic glass is forced out over the intensely heated
closed end of the cylinder and bursts an opening therein. A high
temperature is again applied to this bursted opening until it becomes
quite soft and plastic. The blower then removes the cylinder from
tne horizontal position, drops it into the pit or "swing hole'* and by
careful rotation and manipulation enlarges or opens up the hole to
the full diameter of the cyhnder proper.
The snapper then hfts the cylinder from the swing hole or pit
and places it in a horizontal position upon wooden supports known
as the "horse'* (usually made of wood filled with sawdust). He
touches the neck, or that portion next to the head of the pipe, with
a moist iron, which starts a check or crack in the glass, and by
fently tapping the blowpipe he severs the cvlinder from the blowpipe,
le then, with a small iron rod, gathers a few ounces of molten glass
and with a pair of pincers draws it out into a thin thread which he
wraps around the cyhnder, thereby heating a narrow zone to a tem-
perature considerably in excess of the temperature of the main body
of the cylinder. By applying a cold or moist iron to this heated
zone, he separates from the body of the cylinder that portion which
is known as the "cap." When required, a portion of the lower or
hole end of the cyhnder is also severed from the main body of the
cylinder in hke manner, thereby preparing the cyhnder for jlattening.
when the cyhnder has been blown by machinery it is usual to employ
an electrically heated wire instead oi a thread of glass.
70 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
The splitter, or opener, then splits the cylinder longitudinally or
lengthwise by means of an iron rod heated at one end to a bright-red
heat; he draws the rod back and forth through the cylinder and
then touches this heated zone with a moist glove.
The roller boy wheels the cylinder to the flattening oven, and the
cracked cylinder is placed on a large, smooth, circiuar, stone table
inside the oven. As the heat softens the glass and it begins to wilt,
the flattener by means of a long-handled wooden block quickly
flattens out the cylinder until it is a flat sheet. The stone on whicn
the flattened glass rests is turned and the glass is then sent through
the leer where it is tempered.
Due to the fact that window glass made by flattening cylinders
can not be flattened perfectly, it usually has a slight bend or bow
Such glass also has a possible variation in thickness due to the
blowing, though how the blower blows a practically imif orm cvlinder
of glass is one of the wonders of the glass industry. These aef acts,
however, are accepted by the trade.
It is claimed that window glass made from hand-blown cylinders
is generally of better quality than that made from machine-blown
cyhnders, although some manufacturers assert that good glass blown
by machine is of better quality than the hand-blown product, (As
mentioned on page 205, a factory is being erected for the manufac-
ture of window glass in sheet form, so that flattening will be
unnecessary.)
PLATE GLASS.
As the door of the furnace is opened, the pot, usually containing
about 1 ton of molten glass, is removed from the furnace by means
of wrought-iron tongs attached to an electrically operated traveling
crane, which, after the surface impurities have been skimmed oft,
carries it to the casting table.
The casting table is made of iron with a smooth, highly polished,
trued surface, and is from 12 to 16i feet in width and from 20 to 27i
feet in length. The pot is tipped, and, as the molten glass is poured
or cast upon the table in front of it, a heavjr roller attached to the
table quickly passes over the glass, rolling it into a sheet of uniform
thickness. The roller is of cast iron and hollow, about 18 inches in
diameter, covers the entire width of the table, and rolls over its entire
length. Both the table and the roller are water-cooled by means of
water circulating through them during the casting operation. The
roller travels on adjustable strips or iron tracks on each side of the
table, and the thickness of the glass depends on the thickness of
these strips. When the glass has been rolled out and the sheet
which has suifficiently hardened by cooling is pushed into the leer
and by means of mechanical apphances, it is made to successivelv
travel from one position in the leer to another, thus passing through
a gradually diminishing temperature.
After the glass has oeen removed from the leer it has a rough,
opaque appearance. This is rough plate glass. The sheet is care-
fully inspected, the rough edges are cut on, and the glass cut to the
desired size.
Tfe\fflass is then groimd. It is secured to a revolving iron table,
25 or mwe feet in diameter, by means of plaster of Paris, and in some
cases is lurther secured by wooden blocks. As the table revolves
water an A sharp river sand are applied to the glass and revolving
MATEBIALS, MACHINERY, AND PBOOEBSES. 71
iron runners begin to grind. The table revolves slowly at first, but
the speed is gradually increased as the grinding continues. The
revolution of the table and the constant rotation of the runners
insure the whole surface being evenly ground. After the sharp
sand, emery is used in a similar manner. Formerly, after grinding
one side, it was necessary to turn the glass and grind the other
side before polishing. At the present time one side is ground and
polished before work on the other side is begim.
The glass, after being groimd, is placed on a special polishing table.
Kouge and water are applied and felt-covered oscillating blocks or
disks polish the glass. After it has been groimd and pohshed, the
glass IS about one-half the thickness of the original rough plate,
one-fourth being usually lost on each side of the plate during the
processes of grinding and polishing.
ROLLED FIGUBED GLASS.
The process of making rolled figuri^d glass is similar to that of
making plate glass, except that it is not ground and polished. The
pattern which it is desired to produce is engraved on the roller
which passes over the glass, these designs being known in the trade
as ribbed, pyramid, etc. Sometimes the patterns are cut m the sur-
face of the casting table.
WIRE GLASS.
Wire glass is manufactured by three different methods: (1) A
sheet of glass is rolled and, while the glass is still soft, the wire is
pressed in and embedded in the glass, which is then smoothed; (2)
the wire mesh is placed over a thin sheet of glass which has been
roUed and another sheet is simultaneously poured and rolled over it;
(3) a wire netting is mechanically crimped, placed on the casting
table and a sheet of glass is then poured upon it and rolled.
OPALESCENT GLASS.
The colorless glass is ladled out of the pot, and poured upon that
part of the machine called the table. One or two workers (according
to the size of the sheet) stand at the machine and turn this colorless
riass over once or twice with a two-pronged iron shaped like a tuning
fork. The colored glass is then ladled out and put on the glass aU
ready on the table. The two glasses are mixed together by turning
the glasses over several times. A worker then turns the crank (in
some plants this is now done by electric power) which moves the table
under and against a stationary roller which is part of the machine.
The table runs along tracks. As the crank is turned, a boy pushes
the glass against the roller, distributing it evenly. The roller flattens
out the glass, after which it is lifted, by means of a padle, to a swing-
ing pan suspended from an overhead track and moved to the leer,
where it is pushed in to be annealed. After annealing, the sheets are
cut up for decorative glass, window work, lamp shades, etc.
BOTTLES.
The blower or gatherer inserts his blowpipe into the tank or pot
and a small lump, or ^'gob,^' of the molten glass adheres to the end
of it. Sometimes it is necessary to return to the furnace two or more
72 THE GLASS IKDXTSTEY.
times to gather sufficient glass for the size of the bottle desired. By
blowing gently, the bulb of glass is slightly enlarged and it is then
rolled on a flat plate of iron or stone called a marver, until it assumes
a symmetrical pear shape, and on being reheated to the proper tem-
perature the glass is ready to be blown. The work up to this point
may be performed by a gatherer who does no blowmg, or by the
blower himself.
A mold boy opens the iron mold into which the slightly enlarged
ball of glass is lowered. When the boy has closed the mold the blower
blows into the blowpipe sufficiently to force the glass to take exactly
the shape of the mold. In some cases the mold is opened and closed
by a treadle operated by the blower's foot. The bottle shows seams
where the two halves of the mold join. Circular, seamless bottles are
blown in a paste mold by twirling the blowpipe during the blowing
process.
Some ware, such as carboys (large bottles of several gallons capac-
ity for mineral waters, chemical liquids, etc.), are blown oflFhand
without the use of a mold, but aided by an arm arrangeraient upon
which the heavy weight of a carboy can be supported without hinder-
ing the blower in his work. This, the earliest method of blowing
bottles and other ware, is seldom used at the present time.
Continued blowing after the glass has taken the shape of the mold
causes the glass above the top of the mold to break. After the mold
has been opened and the bottle removed, a snapper-up seizes it
with a pair of pincers and places it neck upward in a ^'snap,'' a sheet-
iron can with an iron handle about 3 feet long, which is of the same
size and shape as the bottle.
. The snapper up rubs the jagged neck of the bottle on a piece of
sheet iron and then inserts the bottle, still in the snap, into the ^' glory
hole,'' or reheating furnace, the neck of the bottle just touching the
flame.
When the neck has been heated sufficiently to make it workable,
the bottle is taken out of the glory hole. With his left hand the
finisher rolls the handle of the snap on the horizontal arm of his
bench, and with his right hand he finishes the neck of the bottle by
means of a tool, one part of which, inserted in the neck, opens it out
and the other part, a pair of hinged jaws, makes the Up as the bottle
is turned.
Three men, constituting ^^a shop," usually work together, two of
them gathering the glass and blowing the bottle and the third finishing
the neck. The three may interchangeably perform these operations.
The carry-in boy then takes the bottles to the leer for annealing.
In some factories the bottles are taken to the leer by a mechanicaUy-
operated, or automatic, conveyor.
(For a description of the blowing machine and the automatic
bottle machine see p. 63. For a description of the flowing device,
which does away with hand gathering and which is employed in the
manufacture of Dottles and jars, see p. 64.)
TABLEWARE.
Though a large quantity of tableware is blown or made in paste-
mold machines, a great portion of the production is made by a pressing
process, in which the article takes its form from a mold under the
MATERIALS, MACHINERY, AND PROCESSES. 73
pressure of a plunger, the exterior surface modeled by the mold, the
interior surface by the plunger. Sometimes ware is ground and
poUshed in order to enhan^ce ite appearance. . .«
Pressed tableware. — In making pressed tumblers, dishes, nappies,
jugs, tankards, goblets, vases, etc. (these articles may also be blown),
the gatherer gathers his ^'moil^' of glass just as in hand blowing ana
suspends the lump of glass immediately above the mold of the sta-
tionary press or the revolving mc)ld of the rotary press, which is of
the pattern of the desired article. As the soft glass drops into the
mola the presser cuts off the exact amount with snears. The presser
then pulls down the lever, which causes the plunder to descend and
press the plastic glass to the pattern of the mold. The descent of
the plunger is sometimes automatic.
The ware is then fire polished by being put into the glory hole (on
an iron pontee) , where it is heated sufficiently to melt out the mold
marks on the surface of the glass article, after which it is buffed into
shape again by a finisher using wooden tools. The fi.nisher either
restores the article to its original shapfe as given by the mold, or he
rubs the top out to form a bell shape or rubs it in to form a barrel
shape. After this process the article is annealed.
Plain jelly tumblers, commonly designated ^'unfinished," are an-r
nealed at once after removal from molds. Such articles are used
mostly for packing purposes.
In many of the better grades of pressed ware the rough and uneven
bottoms are ground down on a flat revolving stone to remove the
marks of the pontee rod. This process follows annealing. (For a
description of the pressing inachine see p. 64.)
Blanks for cut glass are pressed for the cheaper grades and hand
blown for the better grades. Cheap pressed glass is made to imitate
good cut glass by molding the facets instead of cutting them and
sharpening the angles.
Paste-mold blovnng. — Practically all blown tableware is blown in a
paste mold, an iron mold coated on the inside with a paste of carbon
or other greasy coating, which is kept moist so that the glass when
blown win not touch the mold itself. Such contact would result in
roughening or crinkling of the glass. The blower gathers his ^^moil"
of glass and proceeds as in ordinary blowing, except that as he blows
he constantly rotates his pipe, so that the ridges formed where the
two halves in the mold come together and other mold irregularities
will not make an impression on the ware. The mold is opened and
closed mechanically by the blower's foot. Only ware oi a round
shape, which can be rotated in the mold, can be made in a paste mold.
Paste-mold ware, it is claimed, is much better than iron-mold ware
and can be made finer and more delicate.
The blown ware is then taken out of the mold and a helper knocks
it off the pipe. It is then carried to the leer for anneahng, after which
it goes to the finishing department. In the case oi a tumbler,
fimishing consists in cracking off the top of the tumbler, where it has
been broken from the pipe, by means of a special fiat blowpipe flame
or electrically heated wire, and grinding and glazing the top of the
tumbler. Some ware is ground without glazing and other ware is
only glazed.
La the making of cheap wine glasses and goblets, the body is blowii
in a paste mold. After the body of the glass has been knocked off
74 THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
it goes to the finisher, who, receiving from a boy a thread of hot
glass on a pipe, attaches one end of the thread to the body and cuts
off the other end from the pipe with shears. With a tool he works
this thread into the stem, to the free end of which is attached another
''moil" of ^lass, which he works, with tools, into the foot or base.
(For a description of machine paste-mold blowing see p. 63.)
LIOHTING OOODS.
lighting glassware is divided, as to qualities, into translucent^
semitransmcent, and opaque glass. Translucent glasses in general
use include ordinary crystal glass and plain, decorated, and colored
glasses of all colors, shades, and tints. Semitranslucent glass is glass
m which the opacity is given by visible particles of opaque matter
seemingly suspendea in a crystal glass. This class of glass is repre-
sented oy a series of trade-named glasses, of which the ''Alba'' glass
was the first. Opaque glasses are either opal, plated opal, or opal
with a dense colored covering. Lighting glassware is made either Dv
blowing or by pressmff.
EUrnn glass. — In blown goods the articles are either handmade
(blown offhand) or are blown in a mold, the mold beins either an
iron mold or a paste mold. In all blown glassware the blowpipe is
used as a gathering rod.
The gatherer gathers the requisite amoimt of glass on the head of
the blowpipe by dippiog it into the molten metal through the mouth
of the pot. The treatment after the first eathering depends upon
the method of blowing that is to be employed, if the article is
handmade (blown offnand), it is manipmated entirely by hand,
without the use of a mold, by the gatherer^ blocker, and finisher.
If the article is blown in an iron mold, there is usually no additional
^lass gathered, but after the gather has been uniformly distributed
it is placed just above' an iron mold, which is of the design of the glass
desired, and the glass is blown usually by the blower and not by com-
Eressed air. If the article is to be blown in a paste mold, a small
all of glass is gathered on which a sufficient additional quantity is
gathered to maKe the article desired. Generally only plain articles
that can be turned in the mold are blown in a paste mold.
Pressed glass. — Pressed glass is stamped out by a machine operated
either by power or by a hand lever.
Decoration. — ^Lightmg glassware is ornamented by sand blasting,
etching, cutting, paintmg, or by a combination of these methods,
some 01 which are very expensive. In the decalcomania process the
desired design is printed on paper, and, after it has been put on the
glass,' the paper is rubbed off, leaving on the glass only the design
traced in acid-resisting ink. The part of the glass not included m
the design is then covered with paraffin to resist the acid when the
ware is given an acid bath. The acid attacks the uncovered design.
Lamp chimneys. — ^Lamp chimneys are blown offhand without uie
aid of molds, in a paste mold, or made by machine.
Incandescent lamps. — Glass bulbs for incandescent lamps are blown
either in a paste mold or by a machine. The principal parts of an
incandescent lamp are the glass bulb, the base, the filament, the
inside stem upon which the nlament is mounted, and the leading-in
wires passing through the stem and connecting the filament with the
MATEBIALS, MAOHIKEBY, AND PBO0E8SE8. 75
base.^ Some 50 different and distinct operations, with an equal
number of additional handlings for inspection, are necessary in the
practical manufacture of lamps.
The first step in the maniuacture of an incandescent lamp is the
Preparation of the bulb. As received from the glass works, tne bulb
as considerable superfluous glass at the neck, which has to be cut off.
The process of makmg the lamp consists first of melting a hole in the
roimded end of the bulb. The exhaust tube is then welded to the
bulb at this point, care being taken to maintain a free air passage
so that later the air may be pumped out through this tube.
C^'The tubulated bulb is then placed over the completed mount, both
bein^ held in their proper relative positions. Bunsen flames are
applied at the neck of tne bulb, and both the bulb and moimt are
rotated slowly until the neck of the bulb is welded to the flare of the
stem tube. The seal thus formed at the neck of the bulb must be
absolutely air-tight.
^ The exhaust tube is then connected to a vacuum pump and all
air exhausted from the lamp. At the same time this is done the lamp
is inclosed in an oven heated to a high temperature. After the au*
is exhausted the tube is removed and the lamp is sealed, this operation
formmg the tip which everyone has noticed^on incandescent lamps.
The lamp is then based. One of the leading-in wires is brought
down through and soldered to a cap at the end of the base. Tnia
cap is insulated from the shell by black glass. The other leading-in
wire is soldered to the brass shell, and the lamp is completed.
In a newer type of lamp the bulb, after bemg exhausted, is filled
with an inert gas, such as nitrogen. The presence of this gas retards
the evaporation of the filament and permits its operation at a much
higher temperature and hence with much greater efficiency.
CHAPTER II.
CAPITAL NET SALES, AND TXTKITOVEE.
While data regarding the cost of pruduction in the glass industry
were obtained from 213 establishments, capital employed in business
is shown, in the following tables, for only 211 establishments, as 2
did not report this item.
OPERATING AKD FINAL PROFIT.
Table 20, which follows, shows the amount of capital employed in
business by each group of the 211 establishments reporting, the net
sales and their ratio to capital, the operating profit when deprecia-
tion and interest on current loans are considered and when not con-
sidered, and the final profit when these items are considered.
The operating profit was found by adding the cost of goods pro-
duced, the selling expense, and the cost of finished goods purchased,
and from this sum deducting any increase in the stock of goods
during the year or adding a,ny decrease in the stock of goods ; the
deduction or addition of the difference in inventories, in each in-
stance, gave the cost to the manufacturer of goods sold, which figure
subtracted from th« net sales gave the operating profit. The opera-
ting profit with depreciation and interest not considered was, of
course, larger than with these items taken into account.
Of the 213 estabhshments, only 102 charged off depreciation, 109
did not show depreciation on their books, and 2 plants were rented.
Before final profit or operating profit with depreciation and interest
on current loans charged was arrived at, the average rate of deprecia-
tion of establishments that actually charged depreciation in each
group was apphed to establishments in that group which did not
charge depreciation.
What is called the final profit was found by adding to the operating
profit (computed with depreciation and interest on current loans
considered) the miscellaneous income from real estate, bank bal-
ances, or investments outside the manufacturing business and
deducting miscellaneous expenses.
Salaries of active officers and the drawing accounts of individual
owners or partners were included in the cost of production before
profits or losses were figured. Also, before profits or losses were
computed, aU expenses for selling were included in the cost of pro-
duction.
Each of the 13 groups shows an operating profit when deprecia-
tion and interest on current loans are not taken into consideration;
when they are considered, Group X, embracing 20 estabhshments
manufacturing blown and pressed tableware, shows an operating
loss.
76
CAPITAL, NET SALES, AND TUKNOVEE.
I
i!
II
If
it
M
a$3SS8£S=£SSK
Sa-'"8SS2''82'=S
"«5£>?gSt<x^g|
I.
; ;
N
78
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
PERCENTAGES OF PROFIT ON CAPITAL AND NET SALES.
The percentages of operating profit with and without consideration
of depreciation and interest on current loans and of final profit with
depreciation and interest considered, based both on capital employed
in business and on net sales, are shown in the following taole by
groups of estabUshments.
Tabi»e 21. — ^Average Percentage of Operating and Final Profit on Capital
Employed and on Net Sales, bt Groups of Establishments.
Group.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Operating profit.
Final profit, de-
preciation and in-
ferest considered.
EstabUalmieiits maldiig—
Computed without
depreciation and
interest.
Computed with de-
preciation and
interest.
On cap-
ital.
•
On net
sales.
On cap-
ital.
On net
sales.
On cap-
ital.
On net
sales.
Window glass, by hand. .
Window glaas,by machine
Plate glass
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
37
12
6
9
26
18
27
13
8
20
18,
6
13
12.65
ia39
6.05
3.82
a7.04
ia32
6.55
9.02
li.t)6
5.23
C13.19
&88
22.52
9.34
9.22
11.93
10.29
5.08
15.07
5.71
9.16
12.69
4.96
14.05
5.27
12.84
7.22
2.14
.08
1.85
03.26
7.39
2.27
4.97
ia30
6.16
e9.64
4.91
15.48
&33
L99
.16
4.99
2.28
10.79
1.98
5.04
9.29
6.15
9.59
2.91
8.90
7.69
2.97
4.14
2.11
a3.82
7.74
3.07
6.04
ia34
.11
clO.25
•4.86
15.64
5.60
2L76
.82
Wire Euad opalescent glass.
Bottles, by nand
5.68
2.65
Bottles, by machine
Bottles, by hand and ma-
chine
1L30
2.68
Jars
6ul3
Tableware, blown.
Tableware, blown and
pressed
9.33
.11
Lighting goods
10.19
T^amp pnirnnev-s
2.89
Miscellfkneous articles
&98
All establishments
reporting
213
<i9.11
ia32
d4.66
5.57
«»5.15
&10
a Computed on the basis of 25 establishments, 1 not reporting capital.
6 Operating loss.
e Computed on the basis of 17 establishments, 1 not reporting capital.
<i Computed on the basis of 211 establishments, 2 not reporting capital.
As the capital turnover varies in different establishments and in
different groups of establishments, the relation between the profits
based on capital employed in business and the profit on net sales
varies accoroingly. Thus the operating profit, after deducting de-
preciation and interest on current loans, based on capital employed
m business was 4.66 per cent for 211 establishments, and on net sales
5.57 per cent for 213 establishmnets. The same relation existed be-
tween the final profit on cajpital employed in business, 5.15 per cent,
and on the net sales, 6.1 per cent.
Group XIII, estabhshjnents manufacturing miscellaneous products,
shows tne highest per cent of final profit based on capital employed
in business, 15.64 per cent followed by Group IX, blown tableware,
and Group XI, lighting goods, with 10.34 per cent and 10.25 per
cent, respectively. Group VI, bottles made by machine, shows the
highest per cent of final profit based on net sales, 11.3 per cent, fol-
lowed, in the order mentioned, by Group XI, lighting goods, and
Group IX, blown tableware, with 10.19 per cent and 9.33 per cent,
respectively.
A comparison of Groups I and II shows that the average per-
centages of profits are considerably higher for handmade winaow
CAPITAL, NET SALES, AND TUBNOVEB,
79
glass than for machine-made window glass. On the other hand, a
comparison of Groups V and VI shows the converse to be true, the
estabhshments making bottles by machinery showing considerably
higher average percentages of profits than those in which bottles are
blown by hand. However, as shown by Table — , the hand plants,
in both window glass and bottles, show a greater capital turnover
than the machine estabUshments in these lines.
PROFIT OR LOSS OF EACH ESTABLISHMENT.
«
Table 22, which follows, shows for each individual establishment,
as well as for each of the 13 groups, operating profit, when deprecia-
tion and interest on current loans are considered and when not consid-
ered, on capital employed in business and on net sales; and final
profit, when depreciation and interest on current loans are considered,
on capital and on net sales.
Table 22. — ^Percentaob op Opbrating'"and Final Profit on Capital Employed
AND ON Net Sales, by Groups and by Establishments.
*
Operating profit.
trivial
_— AA
Establishments.
Computed without
depreciation and
interest.
Computed with
depreciation and
interest.
J5 mal uruuhf
depreciation and
interest considered.
On On
capital, net sales.
On
capital.
On
net sales.
On
capital.
On
net sates.
Group I.— Window glass by hand:
24.63
a 4. 13
05.33
39.19
11.27
6.23
13.44
1.05
14.24
12.48
10.42
15.07
25.56
15.52
34.14
5.74
28.09
30.99
30.24
4.61
10.69
37.72
19.27
13.27
11.50
1.63
7.44
11.39
21.07
6.25
21.10
17.93
10.39
7.96
21.16
14.40
12.38
12.00
a 12. 35
a 2. 92
13.33
8.71
6.69
12.09
1.64
8.88
10.32
8.06
11.79
5.62
14.25
14.34
7.47
14.73
5.74
4.97
2.91
6.31
12.65
14.55
8.87
7.98
1.30
4.57
7.95
15.36
12.32
14.82
17.85
3.65
9.93
11.98
7.13
10.37
10.50
a 9. 74
013.15
35.04
7.44
1.22
7.91
a6.39
9.55
6.27
4.76
9.65
25.56
9.06
29.70
.76
25.24
26.53
7.64
5.11
29.11
a7.22
11.92
5.75
1.31
7.12
010.01
5.96
5.19
3.68
7.56
5.62
8.32
12.48
.99
13.23
4.92
1-25
9.84
09.74
013.02
35.04
7.44
1.22
7.91
06.39
9.55
6.01
4.76
9.65
26.49
9.06
29.70
.76
26.28
26.53
7.64
0.96
2.12
28.60
13.06
4.38
7.69
1.42
07.21
11.68
19.21
2.48
16.72
16.30
08.12
4.44
13.18
n.07
10.14
4.79
No. 2
029.11
JJo.3 :
No. 4
07. 16
11.92
No. 5
5.75
No. 6
1.31
No. 7
7.12
No. 8
o 10. 01
No. 9
5.96
No. 10
4.97
No. 11
3.68
No. 12
7.65
No. 13
5.83
No. 14
8.32
No. 15
12.48
No. 16
.99
No. 17
13.77
No. 18
4.92
No. 19
1.25
No. 20
o. 96 a. 60
2.12 1.25
28.60 9.59
13.00 9.82
4.38 ' 2.93
6. 13 4. 2A
0.60
No. 21
1.25
No. 22
9.59
No. 23
9.88
No. 24
2.93
No. 25
5.33
No. 26
.05
a7.99
5.97
18.66
2.48
16.55
16.13
8.12
4.44
12.94
.04
• 4.91
4.16
13.60
4.89
11.62
16.05
02.85
5.54
7.33
1.13
No. 27
04.43
No. 28
8.15
No. 29
14.00
No. 30
4.89
No. 31
11.74
No. 32
16.22
No. 33
02. 85
No. 34
5.54
No. 35
7.46
No. 36
11.07 5.48
9.92 1 8.30
5.48
No. 37
8.49
Average
12.65
9.34
7.22
5.33
7.59
5.60
o Loss.
80
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Table 22. — ^Pbbcentage of OPEBATmo and Final Profit on Capital Emflotsd
AND ON Net Sales, bt Gboups and by Estabushmbnts— Continued.
Establiahments.
Group n.— Window glass by machine:
No. 38
No. 39
No. 40
No. 41
No. 42
No. 48....,
No.fl
No. 45
No. 46
No. 47
No. 48.
No. 49
Average
Group in.— Plate glass:
No. 60
No. 51
No.M
No. 63
No. 64
No. 55. :
Average
Group IV.— Wire and opalescent glass:
No. 56
No. 57
No. 58
No. 59
No. 60.
No. 61
No. 62
No. 63
No. 64
Average
Group v.— Bottles by hand:
No. 65
No. 66
No. 67
N0..68
No. 69
No. 70
No. 71
No. 72
No. 73
No. 74 .•
No. 75 !
No. 76
No. 77
No. 78
No. 79
No. 80
No. 81
No. 82
No.83
No. 84
No. 85
No. 86 :
No. 87
No. 88
No. 89
No. 90
Average
Operating profit.
Ck)mputed without
depreciation and
interest.
On
capital.
03.44
a 15. 77
«.t)7
15.49
18.95
7.65
13.27
19.25
14.46
7.33
9.78
16.65
10.39
6.48
3.82
12.60
2.64
8.82
4.^
6.06
2.09
tt7.75
21.73
20.95
15.73
87.95
6.44
17.79
2.87
3.82
2.22
9.72
1.73
a 19. 03
1.78
4.08
8.3S
8.55
7.71
9.07
7.35
17.55
15.28
34.51
1.76
2.88
12.94
25.00
22.47
7.55
«3.73
6.01
14.29
15.38
4.60
On
net sales.
«7.04
02.68
a 12. 10
a. 16
10.55
12.80
6.16
6.47
11.80
12.53
7.10
11.79
14.03
9.22
6.15
4.14
24.97
6.11
12.09
13.89
11.93
7.88
18.45
28.88
11.08
23.47
18.66
012.90
16.71
11.19
10.29
7.47
14.08
1.13
27.42
1.03
2.10
6.35
6.17
5.52
13.99
4.41
8.21
11.89
10.84
a 1.39
1.14
4.60
13.90
6.65
5.97
6.67
1.36
5.25
8.24
8.47
4.39
5.06
Computed with
depreciation and
interest.
On
capital.
015.06
20.02
3.14
6.65
14.58
8.43
7.96
14.76
2.33
2.37
02.47
8.60
On
net sales.
011.78
al5.36
7.09
4.46
9.86
2.76
3.88
9.12
2.02
02.29
03.00
7.1^
2.14
4.62
6.01
6.00
02.36
2.76
01.34
.06
03.88
010.18
20.46
15. r3
13.83
30.73
08.17
14.17
1.12
1.85
a.45
0.13
03.24
23.03
0.20
01.94
al2.96
3.50
4.32
6.78
.65
16.35
13 65
34.51
06.54
al.4l
6.87
21.83
14.43
1.30
013. 51
3.74
11.33
9.24
2.77
1.99
4.38
07.6O
11.80
04.55
4.00
03. 98
.16
14.63
24.22
27.18
8.05
20.64
15.11
016.37
13.31
4.37
4.99
01.63
0.I8
02.11
033.19
0.11
01.00
9.83
2.53
3.09
10.46
.39
7.65
10.62
10.84
05.17
a.66
2.44
12.13
4.27
0.95
1.14
04.94
3.26
6.53
5.09
2.66
e3.26
2.28
Final profit,
depreciation and
interest considered.
On
capital.
04.40
020.02
3.14
6.55
14.58
4.91
10.25
16. £9
2.33
02.37
02.15
9.45
2.97
4.62
0.6.01
6.00
el. 90
3.04
0.83
4.14
03.86
0IO.I8
2QL48
15.23
14.42
30.73
07.98
14.17
1.42
2.11
0.45
0.13
03.24
022.79
.61
01.94
012.70
3.85
8.43
6.78
.65
23.93
14.11
34.51
04. 18
01. 41
5.14
21.83
14.43
(6)
1.30
013.51
3.69
12.81
9.52
3.26
e3.82
On
net
03.43
015. 36
07. 09
4.46
9.8S
3.95
5.00
16.21
2. 02
02.29
02.61
7.96
2.76
4.3S
• 7.50
11.80
OS. 67
4.41
02.46
.82
14.56
a 24. 22
27.18
8.05
21.52
15.11
a 15.96
13.31
5.53
5.68
01.53
0.I8
02.11
032. 84
.35
ol.OO
09. 63
2.78
6.00
10.46
.39
11. W
10.97
10.84
03.30
a. 56
1.82
12.13
4.27
0.95
1.14
04.94
3.23
7.JS
5.24
3.13
2.6S
o Lqis. b Capital not reported. EzdlusiTe of 1 establishment not reporting oapitaL
CAPITAL, inST SALES, AKD TtJBNOVEB.
81
TabLB 22.— PEnCENTAOB OF OPKBAWNd AMD FinAL PeOWT ON GAFTTAL EMPLOYED
AND ON Net Sales, by Gnotips and by Establibhhbntb— Conthiued.
.
Operating profit.
INnol
«._jkA
Kstablinhmfinfi.
Compnted without
depred^iMi and
intonot.
Computed with
depreciation and
Interest.
final uivuii,
depredauon and
taiterest oonslderedt
On
On
iMtsatoB.
On
On
netaatos.
On
capital.
On
net sales.
Group VI.— Bottles hj machine:
1^0.91
0.76
15.01
12.61
16.93
.60
10.18
4.20
44.31
19.18
14.76
17.81
20.94
31.30
12.33
16.77
4.59
8.90
10.07
0.64
8.02
17.46
22.96
3.83
11.41
29.08
A 1.82
24.61
13.31
17.90
19.12
24.39
13.13
24.76
16.63
21.88
8.41
oil. 73
4.81
6.52
6.44
.36
1.70
33.45
013.04
11.71
.7.24
14.89
13. 3J
18.18
10.11
9.91
4.26
8.52
6.15
08.31
2.68
9.02
9.27
2.85
1.91
28.13
06.90
14.97
6.53
14.97
ILSO
2a 82
10.77
16.55
15.30
20.96
6.13
011.73
4.81
6.52
6.44
0.16
.1.70
83.45
• 15.87
11.91
.8.78
14.97
14.28
18.98
11.19
9.91
4.00
8.46
7.67
8.31
No. 92
2.68
Ko.98
9.02
No. 94
9.27
No. 95
0.97
No. 96
1.91
No. 97
88.18
No. 98
«6.7a
16. »
No. 90
No. 100
7.92
No. 101
15.04
No. 102
18.06
No. 108
31.68
Nal04
11.91
No. 105
16.66
No. 106
14.81
No. 107
20.79
No. 106
6.40
Average
10.32
15.07
7.39
10.7a
7.74
11.80
Groap VII.— Bottles by hand and machine:
No. 109 •.
19.88
11.07
7.13
13.60
10.37
oa76
10.61
2.10
.55
19.18
.10
3.18
2.27
.68
07.69
16.84
25.24
017.78
8.83
5.98
32.75
.20
018.53
14.86
29.94
14.72
6.87
10.73
4.56
9.68
7.78
12.74
010.41
7.73
2.94
.61
9.22
o.lt
2.73
.74
1.05
7.01
0.13
13.36
07.58
5.62
8.55
13.35
.19
014.14
9.15
15.58
16.76
7.21
8.34
04.23
.0.47
10.07
5.68
15.68
4.36
03. 29
02.20
12.50
08. 62
05. 36
0.48
02. 65
010.17
10.83
16.18
028.96
2.83
1.10
19.58
01, 96
027.90
1.94
25.66
12.57
5.38
4.50
oL74
0.68
6.80
6.96
0I8.6I
8.17
04.47
02.41
6.01
0I6.2I
04. 61
0.I6
04.09
09. 26
3.94
8.03
012. 85
L80
1.58
7.98
01.86
02L29
7.36
13.36
14.31
6.65
8.81
04.23
4.25
10.07
5.68
015.61
4.36
02.33
01.75
12.50
06.00
04. 98
0.48
02. 65
0.72
10.83
15.42
025.22
2.88
1.10
21.91
0.94
021.00
12.11
27.48
12.67
4.64
4.49
No. 110
01.74
No. Ill
0.34
No. 112
5.80
No. 113.
6.98
No. 114
018.53
3.18
No. 116
03.17
01. 98
No. 118
6.01
09.41
No. 120
04.29
0.I6
No. 122
04.09
0.66
No. 124
3.94
8.16
No. 126
olO. 75
1.80
No. 128
1.58
8.98
No. 130
0.89
0I6.O2
No. 132
7.46
14.80
No. 134
14.31
4.87
6.65
5.71
2.27
1.98
8.07
2.68
No. 136
7.71
84.60
4.26
8.37
6.94
81.20
13.76
6.16
9.15
13.96
2.51
13.37
10.01
8.60
33.80
16.99
ia46
4.62
14.74
7.17
3.83
14.71
0.86
O3.03
11.34
12.87
8.00
39.86
04.90
.97
.66
37.94
9.67
.16
3.87
6.07
05.66
10.71
7.88
8.81
19.14
• 1.84
1.38
• .44
18.30
&08
.88
6.86
4.39
• 4.40
9.06
10.14
8.00
39.86
• 4.46
3.98
«.66
37.94
0.67
3.66
4.86
6.07
• 4.66
11.63
8.79
8.81
19.14
No. 138
0L68
8.76
No. 140
•*U
18.30
No. 143
6.08
6.74
No. 144
7.81
4.30
No. 146
• 8.76
No. 147
9.86
No. 148
11.81
Aywagfi
9.02
9.16
4.97
6.04
6.04
6.18
• Loss.
102511*— 17 6
82
TBE GLASS VSTDJJ&TBY.
Table 22. — ^Psscentaob of OpE&ATiNa and Fikal Profit on Capital Emplotbo
AND ON Nbt Sales, bt Groups and bt Establishments — Oontinued.
•
Operating profit.
Tn««At
^A.
Establishments.
CompQted without
depredation and
interest.
Computed with
depreciation and
hiterest.
f mai prune,
depreciation and
interest considered
On
capital.
On
net sales.
On
capital.
On
net sales.
On
capital.
On
net sales.
Group IX.— Tableware, blown:
No. 149
3.87
8.02
S7.12
11.99
11.00
9.05
9.88
23.88
5.28
6.11
16.86
6.24
8.82
10.70
11.49
31.50
.86
3.86
30.43
1.05
7.19
5.62
6.55
31.60
L18
2.94
13.82
.64
6.77
6.65
7.61
19.46
.86
S.87
30.43
1.05
7.19
5.78
6.58
21.60
1.18
No. 160
2.96
No. 151
13.82
No. 162
.54
No. 153
5.77
No. 154
6.84
No. 155
7.65
No. 156
19.45
Average
14.06
12.09
10.30
9.29
10.34
0.33
Oroap X.— Tableware, blown and pressed:
1^0.157
U.85
6.67
a 3. 28
7.66
a 3. 18
5.95
a 22. 88
14.45
6.20
9.78
33.76
O2.07
25.36
13.26
3.80
3.17
11.60
1.04
5.31
5.34
10.33
9.71
6.76
7.21
5.81
6.17
al2.99
11.38
3.60
9.44
11.36
2.01
20.81
7.19
4.34
2.61
10.89
1.80
2.68
3.91
7.70
a. 75
a 9. 91
4.44
a 10. 95
4.26
a30.89
10.38
a 2. 93
2.53
29.26
a 7.56
14.67
8.76
2.09
a 2. 86
7.31
a6.66
1.83
L34
6.71
OL29
a 20. 43
4.18
a 20. 04
4.41
«17.54
&18
1.70
2.45
9.83
a 7.34
12.04
4.74
2.39
a 2. 36
6.92
a 9. 72
.89
.98
7.70
a. 76
a 9. 91
5.38
a 10. 95
6.71
No. 158
.«1.»
No. 169
• 20.43
No. 160
5.06
No. 161
a 90.04
No. 162
4.26 4.41
No. 163
a 30. 80 a 17.54
No. 164
10.80 1 fi^sn
No. 165
a. 06
2.53
o .03
No. 166
9 15
No. 167
29. 26 i 9 83
No. 168
a 7. 56 1 a 7 34
No. 169
14. 77 12. 13
No. 170
9.58 1 5.19
No. 171
2.33 i 2.67
No. 172
a 2. 86 1 a 2 36
8.23 7 80
No. 174
a5.63 a 9. 68
1.83 .89
No. 176
1.98 1.45
1
Average
6.23
4.96
0.16
a. 15
.11 .11
Group XI.— Lighting goods:
.34
17.85
7.38
27.30
3.87
9.97
1&92
29.66
20.24
9.07
8.36
32.94
3.46
1.63
40.37
2L34
16.46
.15
9.80
10.89
11.02
4.76
14.45
14.54
ia76
16.79
10.72
2.51
10.70
4.86
6.29
9.75
21.42
24.44
13.67
a 10. 61
3.26
1.40
14.11
a 7. 39
7.62
15.68
23.88
17.20
5.64
3.71
21.47
1.42
a. 08
38.02
18.07
11.14
a 4. 80
L79
2.07
5.70
a 9. 06
11.05
12.06
15.11
14.27
6.67
1.11
6.97
2.00
0.31
a 2. 86
20.18
20.70
9.86
a 6.67
3.26
2.04
14.11
a 7.39
7.86
03.03 '
No. 178
1 79
3 01 1
No. 180
5 70
aO 06
No. 182
11 40
16.21 • 12 46
No. 184
24.67 i 15.61
No. 185
17.20 14 97
No. 186
6.42
7-59
No. 187
3,71
23.09
1.42
a. 08
40.10
l.ll
No. 188
7.50
No. 189
2 00
No." 190
o 35
No. 191
a2 86
No. 192
91 «
18. 47 91 IS
No. 194
12.63
11.17
Average
«13.19
14.06
C9.64
9.59
el0,25
10.19
Groap XII.— Lamp chimneys:
29.94
a 13. 11
31.44
20.38
24.43
4.52
7.20
10.88
16.64
6.27
11.07
3.22
27.51
19.27
27.07
1&82
15.52
1.20
6.62
15.99
13.38
4.87
7.03
.85
27.51
a 19. 27
27.18
18.82
15.95
1.07
6l6S
No. 196
• 15 99
13 43
No. 198
4 87
7 23 '
No. 200
76
Average
8.88
5.27
4.91
2.91
4.86
2.89
a Loss. b Capital not reported. « Ezdusive of 1 establishment not reporting capital.
CAPITAL^ K£T SAJLES^ AND TUBiN^OVEB.
83
Tablb 22. — Pebcbntaob of Opbbaitno and Final Profit ok Capital Eicplotbd
AND ON NbT SaLBS^ BT G&OUPS AND BT ESTABUSHMBNTB — Goncluded.
OpenitlBg profit.
VfMAl ■
_..^jiA
EitehlMimfintti.
Compoted wWioiit
depmciaUoiLaiid
interest.
Gomptited with
depreeiatioB and
interest.
depreoiaEioa Mid
Interest considered*
On
oapilal.
On
netaalee.
On
capital.
On
net sales.
On
oapitai.
On
n«t«lflii
Oroap XIII.— Miscellaneous artielas:
No. 201
•
22.61
13.74
10.01
22.13
34.48
263.20
38.31
10.23
17.22
20.81
22.01
23.49
26.84
40.45
4.21
10.58
17.11
14.44
19.49
8.76
10.92
17.69
18.15
7.23
13.61
11.62
18.06
11.42
6.73
19.08
23.38
251.71
25.69
2.86
15.04
18.76
19.14
16.12
13.46
32.30
3.60
7.11
14.76
9.80
18.64
5.87
3.05
15.37
16.37
6.12
9.34
6.88
1&05
11.42
7.22
19.09
23.38
251.71
26.69
3.24
16.06
18.76
19.64
16.12
13.68
32.30
No. 202
3.50
No. 203 *
7.63
No. 204
14.76
No. 205
9.80
No. 206
18.64
No. 207
6.87
No. 208
3.46
No. 209
15.38
No. 210
16.37
No. 211
6.28
No. 212
9.34
No. 213
5.98
Average -
22.52
12.84
16.48
8.90
16.64
8.98
NUMBER OP ESTABLISHMENTS SHOWING PROFIT OR LOSS.
The following table is a summary of the preceding table and shows
for each group of estabhshments the number having operating profits
and the numoer having operating losses (depreciation and interest
on current loans considerea and not considered) on capital employed
in business and on net sales, and also the number having final profits
or losses (depreciation and interest on current loans considered).
Tablb 23.-rNuMBER of Estabushuentb Havino Operating and Final Profits
OR Losses.
Establisbments making—
Groups.
Without deduction
for depreciation
and Interest.
After allowance lor depreciation and
interest.
Operat-
pr^t.
Operat-
ing
lORR.
Operat-
proSt.
Operat-
ing
loss.
Final
profit.
Final
loss.
Window elass by band
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XTTT
35
9
6
7
22
16
22
12
8
16
18
5
13
2
3
2
4
2
5
1
4
1
31
• 7
3
6
16
16
14
10
8
12
14
5
13
6
5
3
3
10
2
13
3
8
4
1
31
7
3
6
16
15
14
10
• 8
12
14
5
13
Window glass by machine
Pl^tA g'WB. ..... r -
5
3
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by Dand ,...
Bottio-*! hy TTiftchii)e.
3
10
3
Bottles by band and machine . .
Jf ars
13
3
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed. .
Liehtins eoods
8
4
I/ainp cni™Ti«ys .,...,,......
1
Miscellaneous articles
Total
189
24
156
58
164
59
The preceding table shows that of 213 estabhshments reporting,
depreciation and interest not considered, 189 had operating profits
84
THE GLASS INDUSTBT.
and 24 operatiiijg losses. When de})reciation and interest are consid-
ered, 155 establShments had operating profits aikl 58 operating losses
and 154 establishments had final profits and 59 final losses. Over 27
per cent of the 213 establishments from which data were secured
showed a final loss.
Group IX, blown tableware, and Group XIII, miscellaneaous arti-
cles, are the only groups which do not include establishnients showing
losses.
Of the establishments making bottles by hand. Group Y, over 38
ner c^it had a final loss; of those making bottles by machine, Group
Vl, over 16 per c^it; and of the establishments making bottles by
hand and machine, Group VII, over 48 per cent.
A much higher percentage of estabUshments in Group II, window
glass made by machine, show a final loss than is shown oy establish-
ments in Group I, winaow glass made by hand.
VARIATIONS IN PROFITS AND LOSSES.
Of the establishments in the 13 groups, depreciation and interest
on current loans considered, the highest percentage of operating profit
on capital employed (251.71 per cent) is shown by an establishment
in Group XIIl, making miscellaneous articles of glass, and the great-
est percentage of operating loss on capital employed (30.89 per cent)
is shown by an establishment in Group X, making blown ana pressed
tableware.
Depreciation and interest on current loans considered, the highest
percentage of operating profit on net sales (32.34 per cent) was also
made by an establishment in Group XIII, manufacturing miscella-
neous articles of glass, and the greatest percentage of operating loss
(33.19 per cent) was made by an establisnment in Group V, manufac-
turing bottles by hand.
The following table shows, in percentages, the highest final profit
and greatest final loss by any establishment in each group and the
average profit for the ^oup based on capital employed and on net
sales, depreciation, and interest on current loans considered and mis-
cellaneous income and outgo included :
Table 24. — Highest and Average Percentage of Final Profit and Greatest
Percentage of Loss on Capital Employed and on Net Sales, bt Groups of
Establishments.
Group.
OncapitaL
*
Onnetaalm.
EstabUdunents making-
Highest
profit.
Average
profit.
Greatest
loss.
Highest
profit.
Average
profit.
Greatest
loss.
Window elass by hand
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
vni
IX
X
XI
xn
xin
35.04
16.53
6.00
30.73
34.61
33.45
27.48
39.85
30.43
29.26
40.10
27.51
261.71
7.59
2.97
4.14
2.11
3.82
7.74
3.07
6.04
10.34
.11
10.26
4.86
15.64
13.02
20.02
6.01
10.18
22.79
15.87
26.22
4.65
a. 86
30.89
7.39
19.27
a3.24
16.22
10.21
11.80
27.18
12.13
23.13
14.31
19.14
19.45
12.13
21.28
13.43
82.80
6.60
2.76
.82
6.68
2.66
11.30
2.68
6.13
9.33
.11
10.19
2.89
8.98
29.11
Window glass by machine
Plate glass
15.31
7.50
Wire and opalescent goods
Bottles bv nand , - . r r
24.23
32.84
Bottles bv machine
8.31
Bottles by band and machine
Jars.... -
18.53
3.75
Tableware, blown
a. 54
Tableware, blown and pressed —
JAthtine eoods
20.43
9.08
I^amD onimnevs ^--,-^-.r.
15.99
03.46
a Lowest profit; no establishments in this group shows a loss.
CAPITAL, NET SALES, AND TURNOVER. 85
TUBKOVBH OF CAPITAL.
Capital in the various braaohes of the glass industry is not turned
over rapidly. In the 211 establishments for which capital employed
in business was reported, Table 20 shows that the average turnover,
or the ratio of net sales to capital, was as 88 to 100. In other words,
the capital was turned over less than once during the course of a year's
business. The table indicates that the amoimt of capital required to
finance some glass factories is greater than the amount of net sales.
Comparing Group I with Group II, it is seen that the average turn-
over ot hand window-glass factories was greater than in the case of
machine window-glass factories. A comparison of Groups V with VI
shows, hkewise, that the average turnover of hand bottle factories was
greater than in the case of machine bottle factories.
The greatest average turnover by groups in order was in the manu-
facture of miscellaneous articles; lamp chimneys; bottles by hand;
window glass by hand; bottles by hand and machine; taoleware,
blown; window glass by machine; and tableware, blown and pressed.
In all of these groups the average sales exceeded the average capital
employed. Groups in which the net sales were less than the capital, in
the order of the largest turnover to the smallest, was in the manufac-
ture of jars, Ughting goods, bottles by machine, plate glass, and wire
and opalescent glass.
The 1914 Census of Manufactures of the United States gives the
value of the product of 348 establishments in the glass industry as
$123,085,019 and the capital invested as $153,925,876, a ratio of prod-
uct to capital as 80 to 100.
CHAPTER III.
DEPSECIATIOV OF PIAVT AVD EQITIPIEEVT.
ZMPOBTANCS OF THS CHABOSS.
The importance of considering depreciation as an dement of cost
to be charged to operating expense or deducted from income is recog-
nized by practicaliY all accountants. Many establishments believiDg
that they were conducting a profitable business have found themselves
facing financial ruin because the importance of providing for a depre-
ciation reserve was not recognized.
The invention of new and more efficient machinery necessitates
the scrapping of obsolete equipment. Very frequently glass plants
are compellea to move to different locations on account of a shortage
of/natural gas. These elements of hazard are incidental to industry
and must be guarded against by reserves or sinking funds. Unless
they are taken into consideration, no cost or accounting system is
scientifically accurate or safe.
The amount or percentage and the taethod to be employed in
charging depreciation is a mooted question. Little douot exists,
however, that systematic provision must be made for it in order to
arrive at the accurate state of affairs of any manufacturing business.
The value of buUdin^, machines, and otner equipment deteriorate
from many causes — ^from use, abuse, accident, oDsolescence, etc. In
an article on the subject of depreciation appearing in the new American
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, written by Wm. A. Del Mar,
some of the factors that affect depreciation are defined as follows:
Deterioration, — ^Any change in a propnerty due to wear and tear or the ravages of thi
elements which tendis to impair eitner its usefidness or its life.
Lose of useful association. — Any change in the associations of a property which tendi
to impair its usefulness or its life.
Obsolescence. — A loss of commercial ability in any property due to the advent of
superior substitutes.
Inadequacy. — Loss of commercial utility in a property due to its inability to meet
increased business conditions.
While it is possible to estimate quite accurately how much should
be charged for wear and tear, it is impossible to do so for the elements
of obsolescence and the like. It requires an * insurance" or reserve
fund to overcome this industrial hazard.
VABIOUS METHODS EMPLOYED.
There is no uniform practice as to the percentage of original cost
to be charged off for depreciation. The ** straight-line depreciation"
consists of estimating the expected hfe of a machine and charging
depreciation each year according to the percentage found by dividing
the original cost by the number of years estimated. Estimating a
certain percentage of depreciation each year, figuring this amount
every year after the first on the depreciated or net value of the
macnine, is also frequently employed. Another method is that of
charging the amount of depreciation to a reserve account or sinking
fund.
The crude and inaccurate method of lumping all property and
machinery and charging c^^ imiform percentage of depreciation is
86
DEPBECIATIOK OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT. 87
absolutely incorrect and can only lead to a false statement of values.
Some machinery and equipment must necessarily be treated dif-
ferently than others. The amount to be chained is largely a matter
of experience and sound business judgment, f he hazardous element
of competition enters into the Ufe of machinery and equipment as it
does in all branches of business and industry, and the wise business
man will insure himself against this factor.
To arrive at the proper amount of depreciation it- is essential to
provide for a detailed inventory of the value' of buildings, machinery,
and equipment. It must also be recognized that no amount of
maintenance, repairs, or renewals can prevent depreciation. To argue
that such charges cover depreciation is inaccurate. The time will
arrive when a machine or even a building, regardless of the repairs
and renewals, will have to be scrapped, either because it is worn out
or obsolete or because of anj of the other causes mentioned above.
Many manufacturers are in the habit of showing charges for depre-
ciation when profits are exceptionally high, nedecting to do so wnen
the business year shows a loss or only a smiul profit. This is fre-
quently done in order to show the business in a better light, when
applying for loans or commercial ratings. This method can not be
too strongly condemned. An accumulated charge for depreciation
covering several years should not be charsed against the cost of
manufacturing or against surplus account oi a single business year.
Depreciation differs in the different departments and therefore
should not be charged at a common rate for the whole establishment,
but the chaise should be made at a proper rate for each department
separately.
Most manufacturers visited during this investigation paid little
attention to this subject. The books of many did not provide for
depreciation accounts. Out of 102 establishments reportii^ such
charges, only 35' charged depreciation separately on buildings and
macnines and on different types of machines. The others charged
off lump sums without regard to the classification of the property.
In one instance an estabhshment charged off almost 50 per cent of
the value of the plant and equipment for one business year, an amoimt
which represented the accumulated depreciation for eight years.
Some of the statements made by manufacturers in answer to the
inquiry concerning depreciation are as follows:
We usually charge for depreciation, but profits must warrant it.
Five per cent annually it profits warrant; if not, no depreciation is charged for the
business year but is doubled in the following year.
Bepair account is sufficient to cover depreciation.
Several of the establishments from which data were obtained pro-
vided accurate methods of charging depreciation. One of these classi-
fied its annual depreciation charges as follows:
Buildings : Per cent.
Brick 4
Frame 4
Concrete 2J
Machines and tools:
Ordinary 10
Clay mixing, etc 20
Equipment (blowing rods, etc.) 10
Gas producers 10
Furniture and fixtures 10
Molds 10
88
XH£ GLASS IKDUSXBt.
Of the 213 establishments reporting data, 109 did not provide for
depreciation charges, but in tabulating the schedules secured from
these 109 establishments depreciation was calculated on the average
percentage of depreciation reported by establishments in their
respective groups. This percentage was based on the total value of
the plant, including the land, which in some cases was not reported
separately from the bmldings and equipment.
^ NXGLSCt OF CHABGS8 BT GLASS-HAXZNG PLAHTS.
The following table shows in detail the number of establishments
that charged and that did not charge depreciation, and the amounts
charged and estimated, by groups:
Table 25. — ^Value op Plants, Number op Establishments Chargino Deprecu-
TioN AND Amount Charged, and Number Not Charging Depreciation, with
Estimated Amount, bt Grottfs.
Establishments
manufacturing—
by
Window glass
hand
Wkidow glass by
machine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent
Bottles by hand
Bottles by machine.
Bottles Dy hand
andmacnine
Jars
Tableware, blown . .
Tableware, blown
and pressed
Lighting |;oods
I4unp chmaieys
Miscellaneous arti-
cles
Total.
Group.
n
m
IV
V
VI
VII
vin
IX
X
XI
xu
xm
Number of establish-
ments.
Total.
•J7
12
6
9
026
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
ft213
Charg-
ing
depre-
ciation.
10
7
4
6
8
16
12
12
5
6
11
2
102
Not
charg-
ing
depre-
ciation.
26
5
2
4
17
2
15
1
3
14
7
4
9
Total
value ot
land,
buildings,
and equip'
ment.
109
S2, 404, 400
1,815,956
6,176,876
2,707,412
2,221,981
10,696,556
3,506,898
2,971,009
786,030
4,314,405
7,425,008
431,794
1,118,199
46,576,584
Depreciation.
Charged.
S42,433
80,313
392,430
80,772
32,896
535,459
130,959
176,501
28,538
137,251
836,593
3,609
64,851
2,051,096
Estl-
mated.
1129,816
74,252
116,933
13,328
44,905
19,093
125,259
7,357
18,170
233,117
77,138
16^089
43,468
918,925
Total.
8172,249
154,565
508,36a
108, lAO
77,801
564,652
256,218
183,858
46,708
370,368
413,731
19,680
107,810
2,970,021
Per
cent of
value.
7.16
8.51
&2S
3.81
3.50
&18
7.31
6.19
5.94
&S8
5.57
4.56
9.64
6.38
a One plant is rented; no depreciation charged.
h Two plants ar^ rented; no depreciation charged.
DEPRECIATION' OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.
89
One defect of the accounting systems used in many glass factories
was shown by answers to inquiries as to whether there were reserves
for bad dedts and for depreciation or whether an amount for depre-
ciation was charged against the capital account. The answers to
these inquiries are tabiSated below:
Table 26. — ^Establishments Which Charge Off Depreciation and Which Hayb
Reserves for Depreciation and Bad Debts, by Groups.
EstabUshments manufacturing-
Window glass by hand
Window glass by machine
Plate gla^
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and machine.
Jars
Tableware , blown . . . .•
Tableware, blown and plressed .
Lighting goods
Lamp chimneys
Miscellaneous articles
Total.
Group.
I
II
m
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
Estab-
lish-
ments.
a 37
12
6
9
26
18
o27
13
8
20
18
6
13
&213
Deprecia-
tion
charged.
Yes.
10
7
4
5
8
If.
12
12
5
6
11
2
4
102
No.
a26
5
2
4
18
2
a 14
1
3
14
7
4
9
bl09
Reserve for
deprecia-
tion.
Yes.
5
5
2
3
14
8
7
1
4
3
1
2
55
No.
32
7
6
7
23
4
19
6
7
16
15
5
11
158
Reserve for
bad debts.
Yes.
1
1
3
9
5
6
2
4
1
1
33
No.
36
11
6
9
23
9
22
7
8
18
14
5
12
180
a Includes one rented plant; no depreciation charged.
& Includes two rented plants; no depreciation charged.
The preceding table shows that of 213 establishments, 158 had no
reserve account for depreciation; 109 (not including 2 that rented
factories) made no charge for depreciation against capital account,
and 180 had no reserve for bad debts (though some stated that they
had no bad debts). Probably all glass manufacturers realize that
there is a shrinkage in the values of their buildings and equipments
outside of repairs and additions from year to year, yet over naif of
those that reported in this investigation did not charge off deprecia-
tion in making up their profit and loss statements. Some charged
off depreciation only after several years, and then in insufficient
amounts; others only in years when they made an unusually large
profit. Many establishments do not charge off depreciation every
year for the reason that they wish to make favoraole showings in
regard to capital and profits to bankers and commercial agencies.
If proper charges for depreciation are made, some establishments
that show final profits by tneir annual profit and loss statements are
found to have had final losses when depreciation is deducted. This
is illustrated by Table 28. As reported, 175 of the 213 establish-
ments earned final profits and 38 had final losses, but when allow-
ances were made for depreciation in the reports of those that did
not charge off depreciation on their own booli (this allowance being
at the average rate of those that did charge off depreciation), the
number that earned a final profit was reduced from 175 to 155, and
the number that had a final loss was increased from 38 to 58.
90
THE GLASS IimUSTBY.
BXLATIOIX TO NXT SALBS, CAPITAL, AND ZNVBSTIOEHT.
The following table clearly illustrates the relation between the net
sales, capital employed in business, and the amount invested in land,
buildings, and equipment. It will be noticed that the amount of
plant value is over 50 per cent of the total capital invested.
Table 27. — ^Amount of Net Sales, Gapftal Employed, Value of Plants, and
Amounts of Depbeciation Charged bt Estabushments and Estimated, bi
Groups.
EstabUahments manufao-
turing—
Window glass, by hand
Window glass, by machine .
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent glass...
Bottles, by nand
Bottles, by machine
Bottles, by hand and ma-
chine
Jars
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and
pressed
Ligltfineeoods
Lamp cnimneys
Miscellaneous articles
Total.
Group.
I
n
III
IV
V
VI
vn
vni
IX
X
XI
xn
xin
Estab-
lish-
ments.
37
12
6
9
26
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
Net sales.
16,918,686
3,368,242
4,930,141
2,586,970
4,969,281
15,359,396
9,856,970
6,464,708
1,820,229
8,125,077
12,136,579
1,230,578
3,151,944
213
79,918,801
Capital
employed
in
business.
14,^70,347
3,129,343
9,720,629
6,968,167
0.3,402,516
22,416,423
8,593,877
6,56^,943
i; 642, 881
7,691,784
012,062,347
730,454
1,810,676
689,103,387
Invest-
ment,
land,
buildings,
and
equipment.
12,404,400
1,815,956
6,176,878
2,707,412
2,221 981
10,696,556
3,506,898
2,971,069
786,030
4,314,405
7,425,008
431,794
1,118,199
Depreciation.
Charj^ed
by e!^b-
lishments.
842,433
80,313
392, 4-^)
89,772
32,896
535,459
130,959
176,501
28,538
137,251
336,593
3,600
64,351
EsU-
mated.
46,576,584 2,051,096
8129,816
74,252
116,9^
13,S28
44,90$
19,003
125, 2SB
7,W
18,171)
233,117
77, W
16,0ft
43, 4«
918,«
« One establishment in this group did not report capital.
h Two establishments did not report capital.
EFFECT ON PROFITS.
That depreciation materially affects the operating cost and the
profit is clearly shown in the following series of tables. Table 28
shows the number of establishments having final profits and losses
with and without charged and estimated depreciation. It also shows
that after including an estimated amount for depreciation on plants
that did not charge any, the number of plants showing final losses
increased from 38 to 68.
DEPBECIATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT.
91
Table 28. — ^Number of Establibhments Cbabgino and Not Charoino Depre-
ciation, AND Showing a Final Profit or Loss, by Groups. Igj
As reported.
Total,
with de-
EstablifiluneDts manui^cturiiig—
Charging
deprecia-
tion.
Not charg-
ing depre-
dation.
Total.
preciation
charged
or
estimated.
Window glass, by hand:
Profit
9
I
• 25
2
• 34
3
• 31
Loss
6
Total
10
• 27
• 37
• 37
Window glass, by machine:
Profit........
5
2
5
10
2
7
Loss
6
Total
7
5
12
>
12
Plate glass:
Profit
3
1
1
1
4
2
3
Loss
3
Total
4
2
6
6
Wire and opalescent glass:
Profit. .7,
4
1
2
2
6
3
6
Loss
3
Total
5
4
9
9
Bottles, by hand:
Profit
6
2
• 13
5
• 19
7
• 16
Loss
10
Total
8
• 18
• 26
• 26
Profit
15
1
15
3
15
Loss
2
3
Total
16
2
18
18
Bottles, by hand and machine:
Profit
9
3
12
3
21
6
14
LM9
13
<^^i>. ...■•••••■•■•.■••.•(•.•.......................
/
12
15
27
27
Profit
10
2
1
11
2
10
Loss
3
Total
12
1
13
13
Tableware, blown:
Profit
5
3
8
8
Loss
Total
5
3
8
8
Tableware, blown and pressed:
5
1
9
5
14
6
13
Loss
7
Total
6
14
20
20
10
1
5
2
15
3
14
Loss
4
Total
11
7
18
18
IVofit.....
2
3
1
5
1
5
1
Total
2
4
6
6
Uiscellaneous articles:
4
9
13
13
Loss
TotaL
4
9
13
13
a ««
All £Tom)s:
87
15
688
23
6 175
38
6 155
Loss
58
102
6 111
6 213
6 213
• Includes one rented plant; no depreciation charged.
6 Includes two rented plants; no depreciation charged.
92
THE GL-iSS lAULSim Y.
The following taUe shoif^ the final profits, exdndin^ chaises for
depreciation reported, including such cnarges and including reported
and estimated charges. Trutse protits are based on the net sales.
The table shows to what extent prv^tits are affected by depreciation.
In two groups, viz, plate glass and blown and preyed tableware,
profits of $549,572 in the ftrst case and ?379,036 in the second are
reduced to profits of $40,2i>9 and *S.66S, respectively.
Table 29. — ^Amount of Xet Sales. Fixal Psoftts Wrrn and Without Defbecu-
TION ChABOKD, and AjfOUlfTS OF DePRECL&TIuX ChaSGEI> and EsmCATED, BT
Groups.
Fiml profit.
DeptBfiiiition.
Establishments
Estab-
lish- Nctsaks.
mtnts. '
Vithoat
any
cfaanDBS \ <^
pre****" bv estab-
lisb-
ts.
With cfaarjes for
deprecauQO.
As
and
byestab- Esti-
lish- mated.
Its.
Total
Window glass, by hand.
Window glass, by ma-
chine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent
glass
Bottles, by hand
Bottles, by machine
BotUes, by hand and
machine
Jan
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and
prrased
a37j $5,91S,6S6 $301,022 U61,dS9 1331,773 MS; 433 $129,816 $172,249
12 3,368,21?
6' 4,980,141
247.501
549.072
167.188
157.142
92,996
40,209
9
I
2,586.970 • 250.045 160.273 146,945
26 4,969,281 209.713 176,817 131,912
18 15,359,396 2,290,667 1,755,208 1,736,115
Lighting goods
Lamp chimneys ,
ICisoeUaneous articles...
TotaL
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
6 213
80,313 74,252 \
392,430 116,933
t I
89,772 13,328 ,
32,896 44,905
535,459 1 19^093
9,856,970 520,076 389,117 263,858 1 130,959 125^259
^»i^»l9§ ^»?36 408,725 396,3^1 176,501 7,357
1,820,229 216,590 188,062 169,882 ; 28,538
8,125,077 379,086 241,785 ^668 • 137,251
12,136,579 1,650,517 1,313,9*24 1,236,786 330,593
1,230,578 55,213 51,613 35,524- 3,000
3,151,944 I 390,933 326,582 283,U4 , 64,351 '
18,170
233,117
77,138
16,069
43,468
154,565
509,363
108,100
77,801
554,552
256,213
183,858
46,706
370,368
413,731
19,689
107,819
79,918,801 7,844,111 5,793,015 4,874,000 2,061,096 j 918,925 12,970,
021
a One plant ranted; no depredatiGn charged. h Two piants rented; no depcedatioii charged.
The amounts shown in the preceding table are given in the form
of percentages in the table which follows:
Table 30. — ^Peb Cent of Finai, Profit, With and Without Depreciation
Charged, Based on Net Sales, bt Groups.
Establisbmants mana&ctariDg—
Window glass, by hand
Window glass, by machine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent glass
Bottles, by hand
Bottles, by machine
Bottles, by hand and machine. .
Jars
Tableware, blown
Table ware, blown and pressed.
LighUng goods
Lampchinmeys
MiaoeUaneoufl articles
Total.
Group.
I
n
in
IV
V
VI
vn
vin
IX
. X
XI
xn
xni
Estab-
lish-
ments.
a 37
12
6
9
a26
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
IS
Withoat I
any chanes<
)or de-
preciation.
b213
Per cent of final profit on net s<iles.
8.52
7.35
11.15
9.67
4.22
14.01
5.28
8.98
11.90
4.67
13.60
4.49
12.40
9.82
With eharges for
depreolaaan.
As charged
stab-
lents.
by estab-
lishm<
7.80
4.96
3.19
6.20
3.56
11.43
3.96
6.26
10.33
2.96
10.83
4.19
10.86
7.25
As charged
and esti-
mated.
5.00
2.76
.82
5.68
2. OS
11.30
2.68
6.13
9.33
.11
10.19
2.80
a98
6.10
a Bidades one rented plant; no depreciation charged.
» Iiiclades two rented plants; no depreciation charged.
DHPfiECIATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT. 93
Table 31, which follows, is similar in form to Table 29 except that
operating profits are shown in place of final profits, trie latter in-
cluding miscellaneous income and outgo items. The operating
profita shown in this table differ from operating profits in other
tables In that interest chaises have been included in the operating
outgo.
Tablb 31. — Amount or Nbt Salis, Ofibatimo Pkofits With and WrrHoni
Defb£cutiom Chakqed, and Amounts of Depbeciation Charoed and Esn-
HATED, BT GbOVFS.
llsh-
muits.
NoltalM.
Operating proat.
Without
any
"JSSK.'i-
Estl-
#
t
tatiliab-
menu.
TDt.1.
window ghus by h»nd
W^dow Elan bj m^
aST
•s
13
13
*},S1S,SSS
!:S1S
IS, 359, 398
9,356,^0
!:S;3
8,12s, 077
1488,000
232,208-
190,933
2,212,062
Si
3«;S
tMS,UT
111,SM
124,788
142, 43«
168,087
L, 078,803
187,380
1,240) 444
SI 9«
3*3>
S31S.7S1
•!;£
129,108
t 12,072
aso;38i
IC,»33
£•£
89,773
S2,IM
5M,4S9
as
3«,S3S
11
Il»,ffl8
11
as
Ii7a,2«
BottJes by haod
BottlBsbymacliinB...
Bottles by band and
as
•s
TablB»-a«,bIowii
Tableware, blovn and
t|F™Eii--"
19,889
107,819
= ai3
79,918,801
7,«8,071
5,38fl,07S
4,44S,0»
^051.098
fll8.B25
■ One plant raatadj no depredation ehu^^.
'D plants ranted: no depredation chaiged.
The amounts shown in the preceding table are given in the form
of percentages in the table which follows:
XI I(
Total
ol opeiBtli^ proQt on net
• One plaDt rented; nadepiedBEl
roplantarnQtal; no depredatioaifti
CHAPTER IV.
COST AVD PSOFIT BT ESTABUSEICESTS.
The 213 establishments for which data were obtained have been
divided into 13 groups. The 64 establishments in Groups I to IV,
mclusive, produced goods used in the building trades; the 84 estab-
lishments in Groups V to VIII, inclusive, produced prescription bot-
tles, beer, soda, and whisky bottles, packers, preservers, jars, etc.; the
28 establishments in Group IX ana X produced tableware, blown,
Sressed, and cut; the 24 establishments m Groups XI and XII pro-
uced all varieties of lighting goods, including such articles as in-
candescent bulbs, gas and electric globes, bowls, lantern globes, lamp
chimneys, etc.: the 13 establishments in Group XIII produced a
great variety of articles, such as marbles, nest egffs, advertising nov-
elties, specialties, chemical goods, and other articles which could not
be assigned to one of the other groups.
It must not be assumed, because an establishment was ussimed
to a certain group, that it .produced exclusively goods of the kind
described in that group. As an illustration of the method used in
determining the group to which an establishment manufacturing
goods of a different character should be assigned, we may take an
establishment producing both tableware and lighting goods, which
was not uncommon. In such a case the estabushment as a whole
was assigned to the group which most fairly represented the product
of the establishment.
COST AND PBOFIT BASED ON NET SALES.
In presenting the data secured from the 213 establishments, actual
amounts are not shown by individual establishments, because by
such figures it might be possible to identify establishments. The
items of expense, sales value of goods produced, and the profits or
losses are shown by percentages for individual establishments and by
amounts, averages, and percentages for groups. In Table 33, which
follows, total amounts for the various items are shown for all estab-
Ushments and for each group.
For the 213 establishments, the net sales amounted to $79,918,801;
operating profit without charges for depreciation and interest,
$8,247,016; total labor and royalty on bottle machines, $32,420,970;
and total materials, $17,527,264. These figures, taken in conjunction
with census figiu'es for 1914, which gave the value of glass products
as $123,085,019, show that about 65 per cent of the industry was
covered in this investigation.
In Table 34 the amounts in Table 33 have been reduced to per-
centages.
94
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
95
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TBOS GLASS INDTTSTRY.
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COST AND PROFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 99
COST AND PROFIT BASBD ON SALES VALUE OF GOODS PRODUCED.
The percentages in the preceding table will not correspond to the
percentages shown in Table 36, which also shows percentages of cost
and profit for all establishments and by groups. In Table 34 the per-
centages are based on net sales and in Table 36 they are based on the
sales value of goods produced. While at first glance the base used in
each table appears to be the same, it is different, as explained below.
The same general conditions applying to both tables, no discussion is
made of the former.
METHOD OF DETERMINING SALES VALUE OF GOODS.
Up to this point the items of cost have been shown as they appear
on the books of the various establishments. Table 33 gives actual
returns for aU establishments and for establishments in the various
groups. Table 34 shows in the form of percentages the relation of
each item to the total net sales.
It is necessary now to go a step further and segregate the items of
cost pertaining to the goods produced. In order to accompUsh this
certam adjustments are necessary. The original returns show for
example the selling ex!penses, the loss from bad debts, and the operat-
ing profit. All of these items are strictly speaking dependent on the
amount of- goods sold rather than the amount of goods produced.
To get the amount properly chargeable to goods produced, it is
necessary to increase proportionately the selling expenses, bad debts,
and profits, when the amount of goods produced exceeds the amount
sold, and to decrease proportionately these items, when the amount
of goods sold exceeds the amount of goods produced.
ftom the books of the establishments are ascertained the cost of
the goods produced within the business year, the cost of the goods
purchased, and the increase or decrease in the stock of goods on nahd
(imsold) at the end of the period as compared with the beginning of
the period. Goods produced and goods purchased, increased of
decreased by the change in the inventory, gives the cost of the goods
sold. If the stock has increased during the business year, mofe
eoods have been produced than have been sold and accordingly the
difference must be subtracted. If, on the other hand, the inventory
shows a decrease in stock, more goods have been sold than were pror
duced within the period under consideration, and accordingly the
difference must be added.
Since selling expense and bad debts are incurred on the total
amount of goods sold and the profit is obtained on the entire amount
of goods sold, it is fair to adjust these figures in the ratio of goods
produced to goods sold. The process can be made much clearer by
an illustration. The data are nypothetical, but correspond more of
less closely to returns from a number of establishments. The figures
printed in roman t3T)e are obtainable directly from the books of the
estabUshments, while derived figures are printed in italics. The
problem is to ascertain from the original returns the amounts charge-
able to goods produced during the business year.
758283
100
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Items.
Goods produced
Ctoods parchased . . • .
Jncreaae in inventory
Goods sold.....
Mannflinttiitng and
administrative cost.
Dollars.
1,056,000
15,000
-50,000
1,021,000
Percent.
lOS.iS
-4-90
SeUing
expense
and bad
debts.
Dollar*.
91,099
W
-ism
Dollars.
108,430
1,470
-4.900
100.00 I 80,000 I 100,000
DoOm.
1,190,^
1,151,000
In this particular case the cost of the goods produced exceeded
the cost of the goods sold by 3.43 per cent. The selling expenses,
bad debts, and profit, as taken from the books, have therefore been
increased in the same proportion.
If the stock on hand had decreased $50,000 instead of increased
by that amount — or, in other words, if $50,000 worth of goods moi©
had been sold than were purchased or produced — ^the total value
of goods sold during the business year would have been $1,121,000.
In that case the cost of the goods produced would represent only
94.2 per cent of the cost of the goods sold, and accordingly the sell-
ing expenses, bad debts, and profits would have to be reduced 5.8
per cent.
The adjusted items for the establishments in each group were
added to obtain the group averages shown in Table 35.
AVEBAOE PBODUOnON COSTS BY GBOUPS.
In Table 35, which follows, data are presented in the form of
averages for all establishments and for groups of establishments.
Exammation of this table shows that the average sales value of goods
produced per establishment was over $500,000 in only three groups,
being $800,985, $805,088, and $648,711, respectively, in factories
makmg plate glass, Group III, those making bottles by machine,
Group VI, and in those making lighting goods. Group Al. Of the
remaming groups, two had an average of $400,000 to $500,000, one
between $300,000 and $400,000, five between $200,000 and $300,000,
and two between $100,000 and $200,000.
The average operating profit with charges for depreciation and
interest was $20,199 for all establishments. Group III, plate glass,
with next to the largest average sales value of goods produced,
showed an average loss per establishment of $3,084. Grroup VI,
bottles made by machine, with $93,459, showed the highest average
profit per establishment. Elsewhere in this report are tables showing
percentages based on sales value of goods produced and on invest-
ment, wmch are better ^des to the amount of profit earned in the
various groups or in individual establishments.
In the series of 14 tables, 36 to 49, inclusive, the sales value of goods
produced is used as the basis. As has just been explained, this fiigure
is derived by adding to the actual cost of goods produced the seUing
expenses and bad debts properly chargeable to such goods and also
the profit attributable to such goods. This basis has a distinct
advantage over that used in previous reports of the cost of pro-
duction division — the cost of goods produced. According to the
new basis, the value rather than tne cost of the output is the criterion.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABUSHMEKT8. 101
The sales value is obviously substantially the same, qualitv for Qual-
ity, in different estabUshments, while the cost may diflfer wiaely.
The new basis, therefore, makes it possible to show not merely the
relative outlay for different items of expense but also differences in
total cost for the various establishments.
Table 36 shows percentages based on the sales value of goods
produced for the various items of cost, for the operating profit com-
puted without and with depreciation and interest, and for* the final
profit by establishments grouped according to the character of the
goods produced.
102
THE QLA8S IKDUSTBY.
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104
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106 THE 0LA88 INDUSTBY.
MATBBIAL8.
An interesting feature brought out by the above table is the
differences in tne percentages for total cost of materials in the
different groups. In four groups — factories making window glass
by hand, Group I; window glass by machine, Group II; btown
tableware, Group IX; and blown and pressed tableware, Group X—
the percentages show relatively low costs for materials, which reflects
a natural condition, inasmuch as the establishments in these groups
produced light-weight goods as compared with the establishments
m the other groups, and for every pound of glass used they obtained
proportionately a greater number of units than those establishments
producing heavier goods. This was especially true of blown table-
ware group, and would be true in Group XII, lamp chimneys, were
it not for the exceptionally high cost of packing materials.
Of the groups showing relatively high pNBrcentages of cost for
materials, those making jars. Group Vlfl, with 40.07 per cent, and
wire and opalescent goods. Group IV, with 29.97 per cent, showed
the highest percentage of cost and were the only groups in which the
percentage of cost for materials was greater than the percentage of
cost for labor. An examination of the items of materials in Group
VIII will show that this high cost was due principally to the lajge
amount of metal trimmings, rubber rings, etc., and pacldng materials
required by establishments producing this class of ^ooas, and in
Group IV it was due to the high cost of batch, which m some estab-
lishments included wire. Omer groups showing relatively high
S3rcentages of cost for materials were those making plate glass,
roup in, and bottles by machine. Group VI. These groups showed
relatively low percentages of cost for labor, and as materials assume
greater importance, in mose establishments producing heavy-weight
goods than in those producing light-weight goods, it follows that
the percentages for materials must be higher and the percentages
for other items must be lower.
Of the different items under materials the percentages for batch
were more than one-half the total cost of materials, except for
establishments making jars. Group VIII, and lamp chimneys,
Group XII. Attention has already been called to the high per-
centages for packing materials in these two groups and for metal
trimmjogs, ruober rings, etc., in Group VIII. In wire and opalescent
goods. Group IV, the percentage for batch was considerably above
me average lor all groups, being slightly more than twice the average.
This high percentage ol cost is due largely to the heavy character of
the goods produced and partly to the inclusion by some establishments
of wire with batch materials.
The next item after batch in importance was packing, with an
average of 7.38 per cent of the total sales value of goods produced
and a range of 2.73 per cent for plate glass, Group III, to 16.24 per
cent for lamp chimneys, Group All. When the difference in the
maimer of packing plate glass and lamp chimneys is taken into
consideration, this wide vanation presents no unusual feature.
The remaining items imder materials were relatively of httle
importance, but the item of freight requires some explanation. In
some establishments the books did not show freight separately and
it became part of the cost of the materials. In otner estabUshments
COST AlH) FBOFIT BY BSTABLI8HMBKT8. 107
distinction was made only between incoming freight and outgoing
freight, and no attempt was made by such estabUshments to charge
the different materials with their proportion of freight. The per-
centages for freight as reported in this table and the tables which
follow therefore represent only that portion of incoming freight which
was not distributed to other items under materials.
LABOR.
In tables showing percentages for the various items of cost, whether
based on the total cost of manufacture, net sales, or value of product,
perhaps no item receives more attention than that of labor. When
it is taken iato consideration that only about 2.7 per cent of the
industries in the United States, producing slightly over 3 per cent
of the total value of products, show a labor cost, based on the value
of products, of over 40 per cent, and that the glass industry is
included in the above group, one fully realizes the important part
that labor takes in the costs of this industry.
In previous reports on cost of production issued by the Bureau of
Foreim and Domestic Commerce, the percentages of costs for labor,
based on net sales, were: 23.14 per cent in the knit-underwear
industry; 22.07 per cent in the women's muslin-underwear indus-
try; 25.77 per cent in the hosiery industry; 30.69 per cent and
27.05 per cent, respectively, for collars or shirts and collars, and for
shirts, in the shirt and collar- industries; and 31.23 per cent in the
men's factory-made clothing industry. In the pottery industry
the labor cost was 58.81 per cent of the total manufacturing cost,
including decorating but excluding packing and selling expense,
50.49 per cent of the aggregate cost, and 46.03 per cent of the net
value of the product. These percentages would be somewhat higher
were packing labor included as part of the manufacturing labor.
It was not thought necessary to show labor by departments, and
the only division made is between supervisory laoor and other
factory labor. Other factory labor includes direct and indirect,
))roductive and nonproductive, skilled and imskilled — ^in fact, all
abor which could not be assigned to supervision. In addition,
other factory labor in making bottles by machine, Groiip VI, bottles
by hand and machine^ Group VII, and jars, Group VlII, includes
royalty on machines. The principal reason for including royalty
with labor was to avoid the possibiUty of disclosing the identity of
individual establishments usmg certam automatic machines. The
item ''Superintendent and foremen'' includes in some instances only
part of the salaries of officials who devoted only a part of their time
to the factory end of the business, provided an equitable basis for
the distribution of salaries of such officers was furnished.
Excluding royalty from the total labor cost the percentages would
read: 40.26 per cent for all establishments reporting; 25.04 per cent for
bottles by machine. Group VI; 48.04 per cent for bottles by hand
and machine, Group VII; and 28.91 per cent for jars. Group VIII.
In other words, the percentages for royalty on machines were, respec-
tively, 1.72, 7.53, 0.23, and 1.17 of the sales value of the goods pro-
duced for all estabhshments and the groups specified abbve.
Another method of presenting data relating to royalty on machines
without violating any confidences or disclosing the identity of estab-
108 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
lishments is to show the percentage that royalty on machines is of
total labor, including royalty. If based on actual figures, the per-
centages would be for all establishments reporting, 3.66; for Group
VI, bottles by machine, 23.12; for Group Vil, bottles by hand and
machine, 0.47; for Group VIII, jars, 3.9.
The difference in the labor costs between handmade and machine-
made goods is strikingly brought out by the percentages for window
glass. Groups I and fl. In (S'oup I, handmade, the labor cost was
56.8 per cent of the selling value of goods produced, and in Group II,
machine made, 47.74 per cent. This difference is even more strikingly
shown by the percentages for bottles, Groups V to VII, inclusive.
The percentages showing labor costs decreased inversely in propor-
tion to the extent that automatic machines were employed in the
production of bottles^ the percentages being 53, 48.27, and 32.57,
iwpectivoly, for bottles by nand, bottles by hand and machine, and
bottles by machine. Should the percentages for royalty be deducted
from the two machine groups, the variation in the labor costs would
be more marked. The low labor cost in Group VIII, jars, was also
due partly to the use of automatic machines.
Another interesting comparison is that between those branches of
the industry employing a comparatively large amount of skilled
labor and those branches employing a comparatively small amount
of skilled labor. Included in the former mention may be made of
factories making window glass by hand, bottles by hand, blown
tableware, and Tamp chimneys, with percentages for total labor of
56.8, 53, 53.68, and 52.4, respectively; and included in what may be
termed the unskilled labor groups are factories making plate glass,
wire and opalescent goods. Dottles by machine, and jars, with per-
centages for total labor of 33.76, 24.03, 32.57, and 30.08, respectively;
leaving in between the pronounced skilled and unskilled labor groups
the factories making window glass by machine, bottles by hand and ma-
chine, blown and pressed tableware, hghting goods, ana miscellaneous
articles, with percentages for total labor of 47.74, 48.27, 48.01, 40.15,
and 44.85, respectively. At first glance it would seem that the lower
percentage for labor depended almost entirely upon the use of auto-
matic machines. This, however, was not true, for certain types of
machines used can not be classed as automatic, and the lower labor
costs in plate glass. Group III, wire and opalescent goods. Group IV,
and lighting goods. Group XI, must be ascribed to the unskilled
character of the work and not to the use of automatic machines.
The labor cost was found to be highest in window glass made by
hand. Group I, 56.8 per cent; lowest in wire and opalescent goods,
Group IV, 24.03 per cent; and the average for all establishments
reporting was 41.98 per cent of the sales value of goods produced.
Eight groups showed a higher labor cost than the average for all
establishments, foiu' of them having a labor cost of more than 50
per cent of the sales value of the goods produced, and five groups
showed a lower labor cost than the average.
In no group was the percentage for superintendent and foreman
above 3.05, and it is interesting to note that this occurred in Group
IV, wire and opalescent goods, which had the lowest total labor cost.
The average for all establishments was 1.69 pfer cent; the lowest was
0.58 per cent, in Group I, window glass by hand, which had the
highest total labor cost.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 109
FUEL, ETC.
The item fuel, power, light, and water, next to materials and labor,
showed the greatest percentage of cost based on the sales value of
goods produced, except in establishments making wire and opalescent
goods, Group IV, in which the item general expense was about 2.5
per cent higher.
The variation in percentages for fuel, power, light, and water may
be due to several reasons, chief among which may be mentioned:
(1 ) Difference in cost of natural gas ; (2) character of glass produced —
that is, the plate-glass branch of the industry may require more gas
per unit for the fusion of materials than another branch; (3) use of
tanks or pots, th6 fusion of the materials being accomplished in the
former by direct contact with the flame of the gas, while in the latter
the combustion is outside the pot and the heat must radiate through
the pot to accomplish the fusion of materials; and (4) whether pro-
ducer or natural gas is used.
The average for all estabhshments was 8.45 per cent; the highest,
13-24 per cent, was in Group III, plate glass, and lowest, 5.26 per
cent, m Group XII, lamp chimneys. Four groups were above the
average for all establishments and nine below.
TAXES AND INSURANCE.
Taxes and insurance were relatively unimportant items. The
average expenditure for taxes by all estaolishments was 0.58 per cent,
with a range for the different groups from the lowest, 0.25, in jars,
Group VIU, to the highest, 1.05, in wire and opalescent goods,
Group IV. For insurance the average was 0.65 per cent, the per-
centages in the groups ranging from the lowest, 0.34, in blown and
pressed tableware. Group X, to the highest, 1.45, in window glass
made by machine. Group II.
SALARIES.
It has been previously explained that salaries of officials have in
some instances been partly assigned to superintendent and foremen,
under labor. A further distribution was made of salaries of officials
in estabhshments where some of the officers devoted their whole
time or part of their time to selling, provided such salaries were
charged to selling in the books of the estabhshments, or in case where
not so charged an equitable basis for distribution was furnished by
the officials themselves. Also, in some estabEshments no charge
was made by officials for services rendered by them, in which case
an estimated amount for their services, if furnished by the officials,
was charged and then the amount distributed according to the char-
acter of tne work performed. The percentages for salaries of officials,
therefore, do not represent the complete charge, but examination of
the percentages for superin'^rident and foremen and for seUing in
the mdividud establishment's in the different groups will to a cer-
tain extent explain the variation in the percentages for salaries of
officials.
The average for total salaries for all estabhshments reporting was
3.51 per cent, being about equally divided between salaries of officials
110 THE 0LA8S INDUSTRY.
and office force. A similar equal division was not found in the differ-
ent groups or in individual establishments, as examination of the per-
centages will clearly demonstrate. In no group was the percentage
for total salaries in excess of 5.04 per cent of the sales value of tne
goods produced; being in one group as low as 1.77 per cent.
EOYALTT.
In only two groups was royalty, other than on bottles and jars, a
Eart of the charge of the cost of production. In window glass made
y machine, Group II, the cost was 3.68 per cent, and in hghting goods,
Group XI, 0.78 per cent, the former representing royalties paid on
machines and the latter royalties on batch.
GENERAL EXPENSE.
General expense includes a great variety of chaises which could
not be assigned to other items in the schedules, among which niay be
mentioned factory supphes, office expenses other than office salaries,
repairs, legal expense, welfare work, etc. Notwithstanding the num-
ber of items included with general expense, the percentages for the
various groups are not remarkably high. In only wire and opalescent
goods, (Sroup IV, was this expense over 10 per cent of the sales value
of goods produced. The average for all establishments was 7 per
cent, and the lowest, 3.26 per cent, was in blown tableware, Group tX..
SELLING.
Chapter VII, pa^e 231, is devoted to selling methods employed in
the dinerent branches of the glass industry and shoidd be read in con-
nection with the percentages For seUing in this and the following tables
for a better understandii^ of the variations in the selling expenses
for the different groups.
Establishments making tableware. Groups IX and X, and lighting
goods. Group XI, showed comparatively high percentages of cost for
selling, and those making window glass. Groups I and fl, and bottles
by hand, Group V, showed comparatively low percentages of cost for
seUing. Plate-glass factories. Group lil, had the remarkably low
selling cost of 0.25 per cent, nearly evenly divided between salesmen
and other seUing expense.
For all estabUshments reporting, the average for total selling
expense was 3.92 per*cent, of which 3.01 per cent, or over three-fourths
of the total selling expense, was for salesmen.
Loss from bad debts was remarkably low in this industry. In no
group was the loss equal to 1 per cent of the sales value of goods pro-
duced, or, in other words, for every $100 selling value of goods pro-
duced in Group VIII, jars, the amount recovered through sales was
only 98 cents less. In estabhshments making window glass by hand,
Group I, and plate glass. Group III, the loss from bad debts was less
than 0.05 per cent, or, expressed in dollars and cents, the loss suffered
through bad debts was less than 5 cents on every $100. For all estab-
lishments the average loss from bad debts through converting goods
produced into cash was 44 cents on every $100 sales value oi goods
produced.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. Ill
PBOPIT,
The mai^in between the total cost and sales value of goods produced
constitutes the profit, the aim and incentive of all business. The.
wider the margin between these items, the greater the profit, and as
competition in the main fixes prices on the one end, it is the desire of
the manufacturer to keep the other end, his costs, as low as possible
and thus secure for himsdf a margin between the total cost and selling
value. The question naturally arises, What items are properly
chargeable to costs? Perhaps on no items more than depreciation
and mterest is there such a wide difference of opinion as to whether or
not they are proper charges to cost; especially is this true of interest.
For this reason it was thought advisable to show total cost of goods
produced without charges for depreciation and interest and to show
operating profit computed both without and with depreciation and
interest.
The tables are so constructed that one can easily determine the total
cost including either depreciation or interest, or both, by simply
adding the percentages for these items to the total cost. For one who
believes that depreciation is a proper charge to costs and that interest
is not, and who wishes to know wnat the operating profit would be if
depreciation were charged and interest were not, Si that is necessary
for him to do is to add the amount shown opposite *' Interest paid"
to the profit shown immediately below, or iu case there was a loss
reduce the amount of the loiss by the amount of interest paid.
Operating profit on goods produced computed without deprecia-
ciation and interest showed for all establishments an average of 10.49
per cent on the sales value of goods produced, ranging from 5.11 per
cent in blown and pressed tableware, Group X, to 16.14 per cent in
machine-made bottles. Group VI. Six groups, or one less than half
of all the groups, showed profits of more than 10 per cent. Of the
remaining groups four showed profits between 5 and 6 per cent and
three betweem 9 and 10 per cent.
DEPRECIATION.
Chapter III, page 86, is devoted to depreciation, and it is believed
that a discussion of the subject in this part of the report would be a
needless repetition.
The average rate of depreciation based on sales value of goods
produced was 3.85 per cent for all establishments. The highest
average rate of depreciation was found in plate glass, Group III, 10.6
8er cent, and the lowest iu lamp chimneys, Group XII, 1.61 per cent.
>f the remaining groups, none showed an average rate in excess of 5
per cent.
INTEREST.
Interest paid excludes interest on investment, bonds, mortgages,,
and other Dorrowed capital in all establishments reporting such
charges.
Examiaation of the percentages will show that the average interest
paid in all establishments on the total sales value of goods produced
was 1.07, the highest, 2.6, in window glass made by machine, Group
112 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
n, and the lowest, 0.54, in tableware, blown and pressed, Group X
In five groups the average was less than 1 per cent; in seven groups
oonsiderablj below 2 per cent, in only one group was the average
over 2 per cent.
MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSE AND HISGELLANEOUS INOOME.
Miscellaneous expense and miscellaneous income are composed of
such items as could not properly be chaiged or credited to the cost
<rf operating. By taking these items into consideration, the average
pront or loss for some groups is slightly modified.
COST AND FEOVIT IN INDIVIDUAL ESTABUSHMSNTS.
HANDMADE WINDOW GLASS.
The following 13 tables show percentages of cost and profit based
on the sales value of goodsproduced, by mdividual estabnshmeiits in
the diflFerent groups. In Table 37, which follows, these percentages
are shown for estabhshments making window ^lass by hand, Group I.
Data were secured for 37 estabUshments, the ^eatest number in
any one group. These establishments were located in West Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Indiana, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and
Texas, more than 60 per cent of the establishments being located in
West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Hie total cost of materials varied from 7.11 per cent to 22.72 per
cent with an average of 15.39 per cent for all establishments in tnis
*oup. Batch was the principal item of cost, although in 10 estab-
thments the cost of packing exceeded that of batch.
Owing to the lar^e amount of skilled labor required in the various
operations, the establishments in this group showed high percentages
for total labor, the average being higher than in any other group.
In no establishment was this item less than 50 per cent of the sales
value of goods produced, and it was as high as 65.98 per cent in estab-
lishment No. 2. It will be seen by an entimeration ol the percentages
that there were 12 establishments with percentages for total labor
ranging between 50 and 55 per cent, 17 between 55 and 60 per cent,
7 between 60 and 65 per cent, and 1 over 65 per cent.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABUSHMEKTB.
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116 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Superintendent and foremen carried a small percentage of the sales
value of goods produced, due to several causes, chief amon^ which
may be mentioned (a) cooperative estabUshments in which the own-
ers received no salaries, but wages as workmen; (6) officials of the
company acting as superintendents, but charging no part of their
salaries to factory supervision; (c) officials acting as superintendents,
but receiving no salaries and furnishing no estimates as to the value
of their services.
The percentages for fuel, power, light, and water were affected
more by the location of the plant than were the percentages for other
items. The establishments located in those States where gas is cheap
had a decided advantage over those in other States where the natu-
ral-gas supply is giving out or where producer gas is used. To
locdize any individual establishment, even by State, might disclose
the identity of that establishment, but it can be generally stated that
the establishments located in West Virginia, Oluahoma, and Louisi-
ana had an advantage over those in other States, although some of
the establishments in the States named had higher percentages than
the lowest in other States.
Of the remaining items of cost, general expense, with an average
of 4.33 per cent, was next in importance, followed by total salaries,
2.74 per cent; total selling expense, 1.46 per cent; insurance, 1.39
per cent; taxes, 0.53 per cent; and bad debts, 0.04 per cent. Lo^es
from bad debts were reinarkably small for establishments in this
group, only three estabhshments showing such losses.
Oi the 37 estabUshments in this group, only 2 showed operating
loss, computed without depreciation and interest, one showing a loss
of 12.35 per cent and the other 2.92 per cent. Of the 35 establish-
ments showing profits, 16 had profits of over 10 per cent and 6 less
than 5 per cent. The average operating profit for aU establishments
was 9.24 per cent; the highest was 17.85 per cent, in establishment
No. 32, and the lowest 1.3 per cent, in establishment No. 26.
Allowing charges for depreciation and interest, six establishments
showed operating losses ranging from 0.21 per cent to 19.1 per cent,
while all establishments showed an average operating profit of 5.36
per cent. A number of the establishments showed expenses and
mcome which could not be correctly charged or credited to the cost
of production, and the final profit or loss m some establishments will
vary from the operating profit to the extent that these items were
found in the accounts of the various establishments.
MAOHINE-MADE WINDOW GLASS.
Table 38, which follows, is like the preceding one in that it deals
with the cost of producing window glass, but with the machine-
made product instead of the handmade. The percentages are based
on sales value of goods produced.
COST AND PROFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
117
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118
THE GLASS INDX78TBT.
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COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 119
Data were secured for 12 establishments, located in West Virginia,
Pennsylv^ania, Ohio, and Oklahoma. Nearly 84 per cent of the estab-
lishments were in the first two States named.
Generally speaking, the average percentages for this group were
somewhat nigner than they were for the group making wmdow glass
by hand, with the exception of total labor. Since tne percentages
for all items of cost and profit or loss must add to 100 per cent, it fol-
lows that if for some reason the percentages for one or more items
were lower in one OToup than in another, the other items must neces-
sarily be higher. For example, take Group I, which showed 56.8 per
cent for total labor, and Group II, 47.74 per cent; the diflPerence of
9.06 per cent must be taken up by other items in Group II.
Although in this group the average for batch was over 2 per cent
greater than for packing, four establishments had a higher percentage
for packing than for batch. The average cost of all materials was
18.26 per cent, highest in estabhshment No. 45, 22.76 per cent, and
lowest in estabhshment No. 49, 16.4 per cent.
The total cost for labor in this group fell below 50 per cent in the
average for all establishments and in seven of the individual estab-
lishments, being as low as 36.86 per cent in estabhshment No. 43.
The highest percentage for labor was 57.84, in establishment No. 49.
In certain operations the machine-made window glass requires the
same kind of skilled labor as in the handmade product, but the lower
labor cost in the machine-made product must oe ascribed to the use
of automatic machines, which do away with the highly skilled lahcr
in blowing.
The discussion of the item fuel, power, hght, and water in the pre-
ceding table attempted to bring out the effect that location of estab-
hshments had upon the cost of mel. In that discussion it was pointed
out that establishments in certain States in which natural gas was
abundant had a decided advantage over those establishments located
in other States where natural gas was not so abundant or where pro-
ducer gas was used. This in general is true. However, because an
establishment is located in a natural-gas State, it does not necessarily
follow that it can secure cheap gas, for it may be located in a district
in which the supply is giving out, or it may be entirely outside a nat-
ural-gas district, in which case it would nave to pay a higher rate
than other establishments more favorably locatea or be compelled
to produce its own gas.
Two estabUshments, Nos. 38 and 39, with 21.78 and 19.95 per cent,
respectively, had exceptionally high costs for fuel, power, etc., as com-
{ >ared with other estabHshments m this group and with the average
or all estabUshments, their costs being more than twice as much as the
average and over five times as much the lowest cost, 3.72 per cent in
estabhshment No. 49. It is interesting to note that these two estab-
lishments were operated at a loss, and that if they were more nearly
on a par with other estabUshments in regard to fuel they could greatly
reduce their losses or operate at a profit.
Taxes, insurance, and salaries were relatively of Uttle importance,
the percentages for all establishments being 0.38, 1.45, and 1.77 per
cent, respectively.
Royalty, being a payment for the use of certain automatic machinesi
was not found in the handmade window-glass group, and in compar*
120 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
il]£ the labor costs in the two window-glass groups one must not lose
sight of the fact that the lower labor cost in the machine group was
somewhat offset by the payment of royalty. The average for roy-
alty for the group was 3.68 per cent; three establishments showed
no payments for royalty.
General expense showed an average of 6.17 per cent for all estab-
lishments, ranging from the highest in establishment No. 39, 13.72
per cent, to the lowest in establishment No. 45, 1.56 per cent.
Selling and bad debts accounted for 2.14 per cent of the 90.96 per
cent comprising all costs in manufacturing, administration, and sell-
ing. In no establishment was the total seUing in excess of 3.31 p^
cent of the sales value of goods produced, nor oad debts in excess of
thirty-eight one-hundredths of 1 per cent. Eight establishments
showed no losses from bad debts.
A greater percentage of the establishments in the machine-made
window-glass group were operated at a loss than in the handmade
window-glass group. Three establishments showed operating losses
when computed without depreciation and interest and two othier
establishments showed losses after charging depreciation and inter-
est, making in all five establishments, or over 40 per cent of the num-
ber reported, operating at a loss. No establishment showed an oper-
ating profit as great as 10 per cent after charging depreciation and
interest, and in contrast one establishment suffered a loss slightly
over 15 per cent of the sales value of the goods produced, or, in other
words, there is a difference of 24.9 per cent in the cost of production
between estabhshments No. 39 ana No. 42, which showed the great-
est loss and the greatest profit.
PLATE GLASS.
Table 39, which follows, presents cost data in the form of percent-
ages for plate glass, a branch of the industrv whose product, Eke that
of the two preceding groups, is used in the Duilding trades. The per-
centages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
Data were secured for six estabhshments, one-half being located
in Pennsylvania and one each in Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois.
This branch of the glass industry requires an exceptionally large
amount of suppUes, such as grinding sand, rock and lime, felt, emery,
copperas, and muriatic acid for use in the grinding and polishiM
department, and for this reason a separate fine was given to sucn
supphes xmder materials, although they are not materials in the sense
that they are constituent elements of the product.
COST AND PBOFIT BY' B8TABLISHMENTS.
121
Table 39. — Percbntages of Costs, Bf Specified Items, and Profits or Losses,
Based on Total Sales Vai^s of Goods Produced, bt Establishments Manu-
facturing Plate Glass.
Itenu.
Aver-
age.
No. 60.
No. 51.
No. 52.
No. 53.
No. 54.
No. 65.
Materials:
Batch
11.38
12.67
2.73
11.85
10.02
2.17
12.54
9.96
2.28
5.08
7.12
2.47
14.05
16.63
2.61
12 02
19.89
2.60
11.96
OHndfnfir and iwllsbjliur materials
10.13
Paddng
3.49
Total mtiterialii
26.78
24.04
24.78
14.67
33.29
34.51
25.57
"
Labor:
2.39
31.37
2.53
32.10
5.49
37.81
2.86
32.32
2.09
25.60
.2.20
30.76
1.00
Oiner &ctory labor
31.71
Total labor
33.76
34.63
43.30
35.18
27,69
32.96
32.71
Fiifll. TJOWfliT. Iteht. and "Rtftr
13.24
1.03
.73
14.55
1.07
1.82
19.28
.72
1.18
14.72
.36
12.87
.60
.79
10.19
.45
.46
11.68
2.10
Insurance and workmen's compensation
.48
Salaries:
Offlcials
1.49
1.09
4.23
1.09
1.88
.87
1.21
.60
1.04
.92
1.16
1.00
.90
Office force
1.63
Total salarif^.
2.58
5.32
2.75
1.81
1.96
2.16
2.53
9.92
12.42
3.36
7.31
17.28
7.18
10.78
Total manulactuilng and administration
88.04
93.85
95.37
74.64
94.48
87.86
85.84
SeUing:
RalMiTnAn ..
.12
.13
.35
"".'ds'
.25
Other selllne exDense
.49
.39
Total selline exnense ...................
.25
.49
.39
.35
.05
.25
Bad debts
.02
.06
.03
Total oost of goods produced
8&81
11.69
93.85
6.15
95.86
4.14
75.03
24.97
94. ts9
5.11
87.91
12.09
86.11
Operating profit on goods produced, com-
puted withoat depreciation and interest . ..
Operating loss on goods produced, computed
without denreciation and Interest
13. 8»
Total sales value of goods produced
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
10.60
1.48
1.57
9.44
2.63
10.94
3.08
7.81
1.67
7.89
18.36
Interest T)aid ............ ....r...... ....r
1.65
Operating profit on goods produced, com-
puted ^th depreciation and interest
4.58
7.93
10.95
4.37
4.20
Operating loss on goods produced, computed
with depreciation and interest ......
.39
6.13
Mincnllaneons income
.68
.87
.40
1.70
Final profit, depreciation and Interest
oonsWereo T ,,-
.29
4.58
7.93
10.95
3.50
4.60
Final loss, depreciation and interest
considered
4.43
Grinding and polishing materials were 12.67 per cent of the sales
value of goods produced by all establishments, which was greater
than the percentage for batch, the principal item under materials
in all other groups with the exception of Group XI, lighting goods.
In three of the establishments the cost of batch was greater than
grinding and polishing materials.
Total materials, with an average of 26.78 per cent for all establish-
ments, ranged from 14.67 per cent in estabnshment No. 52 to 34.51
Ser cent in establishment No. 54, or in other words there was a
ifference of nearly 20 per cent between the lowest and highest cost
of materials.
122 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
The cost of labor for all establishments in this ^oup was 33.76
per cent of the sales value of goods produced, of which 2.39 per cent
was for supervision and 31.37 per cent for other factory labor.
Three groups showed a lower total labor cost and eight a higher cost
than the average for the group. The low labor cost in this branch
of the glass industry as compared with other branches must be
ascribed partly to the comparatively small amount of skilled labor
required and partly to the higher percentage of cost for materials.
In establishment No. 53 the percentage for total labor was 27.69
per cent, the lowest, and in establishment No. 51, it was 43.3 per
cent, the highest.
Fuel, power, light, and water, with 13.24 per cent for all establish-
ments and ranring from 10.19 to 19.28 per cent, was higher in this
branch of the ^ass industry than in any other.
Of the remaining items in the total cost of goods produced, exclud-
ing depreciation and interest, general expense was the only one that
showed a percentage of any great importance. When it is taken
into consideration that this item is so general and is composed of
all items that could not be assigned to other headings, it is not sur-
prisinff that the percentages should be rather high and that they
should vary considerably in the different establishments. The
average for all establishments was 9.92 per cent, and ranged from
3.36 per cent in establishment No. 51 to 19.28 per cent in establish-
ment No. 53.
Operating profit on goods produced, computed without deprecia-
tion and interest, was 11 .69 per cent for all establishments and ranged
from 4.14 per cent in establishment No. 51 to 24.97 per cent in
establishment No. 52. The high percentage of profit in the latter
establishment was due to its remarfcably low cost of materials.
Allowing depreciation and interest as part of the cost of produc-
tion, the establishments as a whole were operated at a loss, due
princiapUv to the heavy charge for depreciation, which in this group
amounted, to 10.6 per cent, being more than twice that shown for
other groups. Three establishments were operated at a loss and
three at a profit.
WIRE AND OPALESCENT GLASS.
Table 40, which follows, presents cost data in the form of per-
centages for establishments manufacturing wire and opalescent
goods, the last of those groups whose products are used in tne build-
mg trades. The percentages are based on the sales value of the
goods produced.
COST AND PBOFIT BY E8TABUSHMEKTS.
123
Table 40. — Percentagbs of Costs, bt Specified Items and Profits ob Losses,
Based on Total Sales Value of Goods Produced, bt Establishments Manu-
facturing Wire and Opalescent Glass.
Items.
Aver-
age.
No.
56.
No.
57.
No.
58.
No.
59.
No.
60.
No.
61.
No.
62.
No.
63.
No.
64.
Materials:
RAtoh fttid whnft- ^ , ^ ^
24.74
5.09
.14
11.96
5.78
13.38
7.19
13.88
5.97
19.10
5.91
13.82
6.15
3.95
27.57
3.20
33.70
5.55
22.53
4.76
25.77
Packing
5.17
Freight^ not Included in
above items
1
29.97 17.74 1
20.57
19.85
25.01
23.92
30.77
39.25
27.29
30.94
1
Labor:
Superintendent and foremen
Otner fEwstorv labor
3.05 1
20.98
1
1
"i9J47'
3.09
34.55
is.' 86*1
3.28
22.27
2.98
15.21
1.23
a8.23
2.69
27.91
1.61
23.71
4.35
18.78
Total labor
24.03
19.47
37.64
18.86 25.55
18.19
19.46
30.60
25.32
23.13
Fuel, power, light, and water-
Taxes, State, corporation, etc..
Insurance and workmen's oom-
■nensatton ....,.r.T,,r-r
10.13
1.05
1.01
14.18
.70
.53
8.56
2.16
3.96
9.96 18.80
2.01 ' .78
.76 .41
5.19
.58
.27
8.74
.17
1.48
3.68
.57
1.15
13.01
.61
.75
10.63
1.49
.97
Salaries:
Ofllclals. ......... w .. T ,,, - r -
3.52
1.52
5.07
1.69
7.93
5.16
' ■ 1
6.72
1.67
5.90
l.lfl
5.96
3.10
"lw'
5.72
1.70
1.32
.88
3.66
Office force.
1.52
1
Total sftiflrfes..r , -
5.04
6.76
13.09
8.39 ! 7.06
9.06
LOO
7.42
2.20
5.17
Qeneral exnense
14.28
15.41
21.51
6.96
5.54
11.84
16.37
25.73
13.28
12.33
Total manufacturing and
administration
85.51
74.79
107.49
66.79
83.15
69.05
78.08
108.40
82.36
84.66
Selling:
Salesmen .t....t- r,r.-^
2.83
.89
16.58
1L64
5.16
4.12
.14
4.71
1.53
.58
4.50
.93
2.76
Other selling expense
1.39
Total selling expense —
3.72
28.22
5.16
4.26
4.71
1.53
.58
4.50
.93
4.16
Bad debts
.74
4.87
5.80
.07
L06
5.95
2.68
Total eost of goods pro-
duced
89.97
10.03
107.88
118.45
71.12
28.88
88.92
11.08
76.53
23.47
81.34
ia66
112.90
12.90
83.29
16.71
88.81
Operating profit on goods pro-
duced, computea without
depreciation and interest . . .
Operating loss on eoods pro-
duced, computea without
depreciation and intATRSt ..-T
11.19
7.88
18.45
Total sales value of goods
produced
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.000
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Denreciation
4.57
1.51
5.70
3.60
2.98
1.75
1.98
1.02
3.02
3.83
.12
3.35
2.79
.43
6.14
Intermt paid r , r .. t r
2.78
Operating profit on goods pro-
predation and interest
Operating loss on goods pro-
duced, computea with dfr-
T>reclation and intenst
3.95
27.13
8.08
20.45
14.71
16.25
13.49
2.27
13.68
26.03
.18
.97
.87
MiscellanMim InoomA . , ^ . . .
.06
..94
.87
1.87
Final profit, depreda-
tion and interest con-
sidered
4.74
27.13
8.08
21.39
14.71
16.88
13.49
3.77
Final loss, depreciation
nnd int^qrMt coos^dnred
13.52
26.08
Data were secured for nine establishments located in Pennsylvania,
Indiana, Illinois, West Virginia, and Ohio. TTiree were in rennsyl-
vania, two each in Indiana and Illinois, and one each in West Vir-
ginia and Ohio.
124 THE GLASS INBUSTEY.
The total cost of materials was higher and the total cost of labor
was lower in this group than in any other. It has been pointed out
before that all items of cost and profit must add to 100 per cent, and
if some items bear, comparatively, a high percentage of cost, then
other items must bear a correspondin^y low percentage of cost.
This, however, does not accoimt entirely for the high and low per-
centages of cost for these items, and other reasons must be assiened.
In the case of materials, this high cost was partly due to the inclu-
sion of materials not common to other branches of the glass industry;
especially was this true of those establishments producing goods in
which wire was part of the cost of materials. In the case of labor,
the low cost was partly due to the relatively small amoimt of skilled
labor required.
The average cost of materials for aU establishments was 29.97 per
cent of the sales value of goods produced and ranged from 17.74 per
cent in estabUshment No. 56 to 39.25 per cent in establishment
No. 62. Batch and wire, on the average, constituted about 80 per
cent and packing materials about 20 per cent of the total materials
used.
Total labor, with an average of 24.03 per cent, varied froin IS. 19
Ser cent in estabUshment No. 60 to 37.64 per cent in establisTiment
To. 57. Three estabhshments had a labor cost of less than 20 per
cent and two over 30 per cent of the sales value of goods produced.
This group, next to the plate-glass group, showed the highest per-
centage of cost for fuel, power, light, and water, the average being
10.13 per cent. Four oi the establishments showed a higher per-
centage of cost than the average, one establishment, No. 59, having
18.8 per cent, the highest shown.
Of the remaining items constituting total sales value of goods pro-
duced, general expense, with an average of 14.28 per cent for aU
establishments, was by far the most important. Selling expense
showed a wide variation, being as low as 0.58 per cent and as high as
28.22 per cent, the average being 3.72 per cent. The other items,
with the exception of salaries, 5.04 per cent, were relatively of little
importance and need no comment.
Examination of the percentages for operating profit on goods pro-
duced, computed without depreciation and interest, will show that the
estabhshments in this group were either very successful or very unsuc-
cessful. In no estabhshment was the profit on the sales value of goods
produced less than 10 per cent, and in establishment No. 58 the per-
centage of profit was 28.88 per cent. After charging depreciation
and interest, six estabhshments showed operating profits ranging from
2.27 per cent to 27.13 per cent, and three estabhshments showed losses,
the loss in each establishment being over 10 per cent and as high as
25.03 per cent in estabhshment No. 57.
HANDMADE BOTTLES.
Table 41, which follows, is the first of four tables that treat of the
bottle and jar branch of the glass industry.
[:
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126
THE GLASS INDUSTBT.
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COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
127
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128 THE GLASS INDUSTEY.
Data were secured for 26 establishments, located in Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, Indiana, Illinois, New York, Maryland, Virginia, West
Virginia, and Louisiana. About one-third of the estaDlishments
were in Pennsylvania and about one-fourth in New Jersey, no other
State having more than three of the establishments reporting.
The total cost of materials for the establishments in this group,
like the preceding groups, is composed almost entirely of the cost of
two items, batch and packing, although a new factor, that of metal
trimmings, etc., enters mto the cost of materials in a few of the estab-
Kshments.
Apparently it is not the custom for the manufacturers of hand-
mad!e bottles to furnish metal trinmaings, etc., for in only six of the
establishments were such materials reported. One, however, must
take into consideration the different kinds of bottles produced; that
is, whether prescription, beer, soda, whisky, or cologne bottles, and
whether fancy or plain, some of which may be equipped with patented
stoppers, to suit the demands of customers. Even in those estab-
lishments reporting such data it does not follow that the whole
product of that establishment was equipped with trimmings.
Batch, with an average of 11.22 per cent for all establishments and
with a range from 22.01 per cent in establishment No. 67 to 5.21 per
cent in establishment No. 86, was with few exceptions, the most
important item in the total cost of materials.
racking, with an average of 6.85 per cent, varied from 15.47 per
cent in establishment No. 88 to 0.43 per cent in establishment No.
85. This variation was due principally to the amount of packing
required and the kind of bottles produced. An estabhshment which
manufactures, say, soda bottles, may be located in the same city
as a bottling concern and a great part of its product disposed of to
that concern, in which case the cost of packmg would oe of httle
importance, whereas, if the greater part of the product were disposed
of to outside concerns, the cost of packing would be increased on
account of the extra and better materials required in packing the
product for safe shipment.
As indicated by the title given to this group, the product was hand-
made and required a highly skilled class of labor, especially in blow-
ing. It is only natural, tnen, that the percentages for total labor
for this group are high, being on the average more than 50 per cent
^j>i the sales value of goods produced. In 15 establishments the
total labor cost was more than 60 per cent, in 13 establishments it
was between 50 and 60 per cent, in 7 establishments between 40 and
50 per cent, and only in 1 establishment was the labor cost less than
40 per cent.
Fuel, power, etc., salaries, and general expense, with avert^es of
8.13, 4.67, and 5.16 per cent, respectively, were items of expense
which carried nearly 18 per cent of the sales value of goods produced,
and together with materials and labor accounted for over 90 per
cent of the cost, so that other items of expense, after taking into con-
sideration operating profit of 5.19 per cent, constituted less than 5
per cent of the sales value. In 5 establishments the percentage of
cost for fuel, power, etc., was over 10 per cent, being 18.79 per cent
in establishment No. 71.
Of the 26 establishments in this group, 22 showed operating profit
computed, without depreciation and interest, ranging from 1.03 per
COST AN]> PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 129
cent to 14.08 per cent, and 4 showed losses with a range from 1.36 to
27.42 per cent.
After charging depreciation and interest, the operating profit for
all establishments was reduced from 5.19 per cent to 2.14 per cent,
making a charge of 3.05 per cent for these items. This charge varies
greatly in the different estabUshments, according to the manner in
which the owners look upon depreciation; the amount so charged
was not determined in many instances until the company found its
earnings would warrant a charge for depreciation.
MACHINE-MADE BOTTLES.
Table 42 presents cost data in the form of percentages for those
estabhshments manufacturing machine-made bottles. The por«
centages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
Data were secured for 18 establishments, located in Ohio, West
Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, New Jersey,- Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and Oklahoma. About 80 per cent of the establishments were located
in the first four States named.
The average cost of materials for all establishments in the machine-
made bottle group was somewhat higher than in the handmade bottle
Soup, being 25.4 per cent in the former and 20.63 per cent in the
bter.
Of the different items under materials, two, metal trimmings, etc.,
and packing, showed a wide variation in the percentages and account
principally for the variation in the total cost of materials. The
variation m metal trimmings, etc., was due partly to the demands of
the trade; that is, some customers prefer to secure such trimmings
from concerns other than the manufacturers of bottles, while others
depend entirely upon the bottle manufactures for such supplies. The
variation in packing materials depended largely upon how the bottles
were packed. If in carload lots, the cost of packing materials will be
small, but if packed in crates, the cost (h such materials will be
greatly increased.
102511*— 17-
130
THE GLASS INDUSXBT.
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132 THE GLASS IKDUSIBT.
A comparison of the labor costs for the handmade product and the
machine-made product will show a difference of about 20 per cent in
favor of the machine-made product. The avwage for the former
group was 53 per cent and for the latter 32.57 per cent. This, how-
ever, was not true in individual establishments, for there were some
establishments in the machine group which had high percentages for
labor cost. An enumeration of the percentages for total labor will
show that one establishment had a cost of 56.6 per cent, four between
40 and 50 per cent, nine between 30 and 40 per cent, three between
20 and 30 per cent, and one less than 20 per cent of the sales value of
goods proauced.
Fuel, power, light, and water, with an average of 9.92 per cent for
all establishments and ranging from 2.47 to 20.09 per cent; salaries,
with an average of 3.01 per cent and ranging from 0.80 to 6.96 per
cent; general expense, with an average of 8.12 per cent and ranging
from 0.46 to 19.54 per cent: and selling expense, with an average ol
3.08 per cent and ranging from 0.24 to 5.07 per cent were tlie only
other items constituting total cost of goods produced that showed an
average cost of over 1 per cent of the sales value of goods produced.
The items, taxes, insurance, and bad debts for all establishments were
less than 1 per cent, although in some individual establishments the
percentages were above 1 per cent, but in no establishment did they
reach 2 per cent of the sales value of goods produced.
Operating profit on goods produced, computed without depreciation
and interest, for all establishments was 16.14 per cent, which was
reduced to 11.61 per cent after charging depreciation and interest,
and after taking into consideration miscellaneous expense and income
the final profit was 12.15 per cent.
Two establishments showed losses both before and after charging
depreciation and interest, and throe a final loss, the inclusion of the
third establishment being due to miscellaneous expense in establish-
ment No. 45.
The greatest loss suffered by any establishment after charging
depreciation and interest was 8.07 per cent in establishment No. 91,
and the greatest profit was 23.13 per cent in establishment No. 97.
Two other establishments had operating profits, after charging
depreciation and interest, of over 20 per cent, seven had profits
between 10 and 20 per cent, and five leas than 10 per cent, only one
of the latter in excess of 5 per cent.
G^ the whole, the establishments manufacturing bottles by
machine were more successful than those manufacturing bottles by
hand.
HAND AND MACHINE MADB BOTTLBS.
Table 43, which follows, presents cost data in the form of percentages
for establishments manufacturing bottles by hand and machine.
The percentages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
134
THB GLASS INDUSTBY.
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136 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Data were secured for 27 establishments in this group, and next
to Group I handmade window glass is the laigest group in point of
number of establishments inauded. Those establishments were
located in 10 States, mainly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, In-
diana, and Now York.
The wide variation in the percentages for metal trimmings, etc.,
and in packing found in the establishments of the two preceding
groups was also found in the establishments of this group, and the
reasons previously given for this variation need not be repeated, as
they also account for the variations in this group.
Total cost of materials, with an average of 19.4 per cent, was lower
than in either of the other bottle groups. The vory high cost of mate-
rials in establishment No. 110 was duo to the large amount expended
for metal trimmings and packing material, and this was ono of the
establishments in which the cost of materials was greater than the
cost of labor.
Labor was higher in this CToup than in the machine CToup but less
than in the hand group, the average for all establishments being
48.27 per cent as against 32.57 per cent in the machine group and 53
per cent in the hand group. Three estabUshments had a labor cost
of over 60 per cent oi the sales value of goods produced, 10 had a
cost between 50 and 60 per cent, 11 between 40 and 50 per cent, and
3' less than 40 per cent.
Fuel, power, Ught, and water, with an average of 7.83 per cent for
all establishments and a range from 3.51 per cent in establishment
No. 110 to 14.01 per cent in estabhshment No. 120, was an item of
considerable magnitude and one over which an establishment has
Uttle control. Some plants were favorably located in respect to
fuel and had the benefit of cheap gas, while other plants were not so
favorably located in this respect.
Salaries, general expense, and selling, with averages of 4.62, 7.19,
and 4.63 per cent, respectively, and varying considerably in the differ-
ent establishments, were items of expenses more or less under the
control of the management. A study of tho percentages for these
items in the different establishments will to some extent indicate those
which were operated economically. However, an imf avorable con-
dusion should not be drawn against those estabUshments whose per-
centages appear to be high, as conditions affecting these items can
not be given without the possibiUty of identifying establishments.
Of the 27 establishments in this group, 22 showed an operating
profit, computed without depreciation ana interest, ranging from 0.19
to 16.76 per cent, and 5 snowed losses ranging from 0.19 to 14.14
per cent. After charging depreciation and interest, the number oper-
ating at a profit was reducea from 22 to 15 and the number operating
at a loss was increased from 5 to 12. Estabhshment No. 134 had a
profit of 14.84 per cent and estabhshment No. 131 had a loss of 21.39
per cent. In the matter of profit the establishments in the hand
group and the hand and machine group were, on the average, about
on an equality, but both groups are at a considerable disadvantage
when compared with the machme group.
An examination of the percentages paid for interest discloses that
two of the five estabUshments which showed no charges for interest
paid were operated at a loss, and the loss in these two estabhshmoiits
must be ascribed to reasons other than the lack of sufficient working
COST AND PBOS'IT BY ESZABUSHMENTS. 137
capital. Establishments Nos. 111,119, and 1 20 showed comparatiyely
Ingh percentages for interest and two were operated at a loss.
JABS. .
Table 44, which follows, presents cost data in the form of percent-
ages for establishments manufacturing jars, and is the last of the four
tables relating to the bottle groups. The percentages are based on
the sales value of goods produced.
Data were obtained for 13 establishments, of which 6 were located
in Pennsylvania, 3 in West Virginia, and 1 each in New York, Ohio,
Illinois, and Oklahoma.
US
TUE GLASS INDUSTBT.
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COST AND PROFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
189
el
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140 THB GLASS IKDUSTBY.
This group and the one making wire and opalescent goods, Group
IV, were the only groups which on the average showed a higher per-
centage of cost for materials than for labor. The averara for materials
in all establishments in this group was 40.07 per cent, being exceeded
by the percentages in establishments ]\ os. 138, 140, 146, and 148. Tiie
high average for materials in this group and the high percentages
in the individual establishments were due to the exceptionally large
expenditures for metal trimmings, etc., or packing, or both. A
perusal of the percentages for these items wul indicate the extent
to which metal trimmings, etc., were furnished by the establisbmenta
and the amount of packing material required.
Royalty paid for the use of automatic machines has been included
with labor. This was found necessary to avoid disclosing the identity
of establishments and to offset the objections of the owners of the
machines, who thought that if such data were shown separately it
would disclose confidential information. On page 210 of this report
there is a discussion of the relation between laoor proper and royalty
for the different groups but not for individual establishments.
The total labor cost for all establishments in this group was 30.08
{)er cent of the sales value of goods produced and in onl^ one estab-
ishment was the cost more than 50 per cent. Of the remaining estab-
lishments one had a cost of 41.27 per cent, five a cost between 30 and
40 per cent, and six between 20 and 30 per cent.
Six establishments were above and seven below the average cost of
7.81 per cent for fuel, power, light, and water. In establishment
No. 144 the cost of this item was more than twice the average for all
establishments and more than eight times the cost for establishment
No. 38.
Taxes and insurance combined did not in any estabhshment amount
to as much as 1 per cent, the average for all being 0.61 per cent, of
which 0.25 per cent was for taxes ana 0.36 per cent for insurance.
The remaining items composing the total cost of goods produced
were salaries, with an average of 2.37 per cent and ranging from 1.68
to 3.98 per cent; general expenses, with 5.59 per cent and varying
from 1.23 to 8.69 per cent; and bad debts, with 0.98 per cent and
ranging in estabUshments reporting bad debts from 0.38 to 1.70 per
cent.
Before charging depreciation and interest, one establishment was
operated at a loss of 2.03 per cent, while the others were operated
at a profit ranging from 1.60 to 22.20 per cent. After cnarging
depreciation and interest, four establishments were operated at a
loss ranging from 0.05 to 4.51 per cent and 9 at a profit ranging from
1.21 to 20.12 per cent.
The average for depreciation was 2.94 per cent and for interest paid
1.31, the former ranging from 1.1 to 11.77 per cent and the latter from
0.16 to 2.67 per cent. Establishment No. 137 was the only one in
which no interest charge was found, and it is interesting to note that
it showed the highest percentage of profit.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
141
BLOWN TABLEWARE.
Table 45, which follows, presents cost data in the form of per-
cent£^es for establishments manufacturing blown tableware. The
percentages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
Table 45. — Percentages op Costs, by Specified Items and Profits and Losses,
Based on Total Sales Value op Goods Produced, by Establishments Manu-
facturing Blown Tableware.
Items.
Aver-
age.
No.
149.
No.
150.
No.
151.
No.
162.
No.
153.
No.
154.
No.
155.
5.35
No.
156.
Materials:
Batch
7.59
.34
.02
4.08
.20
8.13
.60
6.56
7.84
5.24
.10
11.24
8.30
.32
.11
3.26
7.16
Decorating
1.08
Metal trimrninKS, eto- ...,.,..,..,
Packing
9.49.
4.58
3.85
7.26
2.79
4.17
3.16
Freight not included in above
items
.89
Total materials
12.23
18.22
11.14
11.69
12.60
14.03
n.99
9.52
12.29
LAbor:
Superintendent and foremen
Other factory labor
1.99
51.69
"53."6i"
4.62
61.31
1.04
54.98.
*62.'73"
8.57
50.90
3.23
50.04
.66
55.42
1.84
42.09
Total labor
53.68
53.51
65.93
56.02
62.73
54.47
53.27
56.08
43.93
Fuel , power, light, and water,
6.04
.55
.61
7.41
.29
1.47
4.60
1.06
.44
4.29
.89
.72
7.34
.28
1.04
6.40
.33
.29
6.58
.81
.90
6.04
.42
.21
6.43
Taxes, state, corporation, etc
Ins' 'ranee and workingmen's compen-
sation
.51
.56
Salaries:
2.33
1.06
1.10
1.25
3.23
1.91
2.07
1.01
2.55
1.03
4.21
.96
1.36
1.15
.66
1.28
2.88
OfBee force
.71
Total salaries
3.39
2.35
5.14
8.08
3.58
6.17
2.51
1.94
8.68
neneral expense
3 26
7.44
3.16
.98
2.86
2.93
4.31
4.32
2.38
Total man'ilBctnrlng and ad-
ministratioiv
79.76
90.69
91.47
77.67
9a 48
83.62
8a87
77.58
68.64
RAllfngr:
Salesmea
6.81
.28
3.78
.30
L99
.17
5.17
.30
3.38
■ ■ ■
7.12
.16
8.13
.32
9.67
.96
7.69
Other -''eiMflff expense r , . - - .
*""***
Total selling expense
7.09
4.03
2.16
5.47
3.33
7.28
8.45
10.62
7.59
.49
.26
.28
.48
.88
1.27
Total cost of goods prodnced. . . .
Oiierating profit on goods produced
interest
87.34
12.66
94.72
5.28
93.89
6.U
88.14
16.86
93.76
6.34
91.18
8.82
89.80
10.70
88.51
11.48
78.60
21.50
Total sales valae of goods pro*
duoed
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Depredation
2.48
.81
1.24
2.67
2.73
.78
1.39
1.60
1.72
3.66
2.88
.46
4.18
2.84
.45
2.03
Interest paid
Operating profit on goods produced
computed with depreciation and
interest
9.37
1.37
2.60
13.78
.86
6.98
6.52
8.20
19.48
Miscellapeous income.
.04
.19
.03
■
Final profit, depreciation, and
interest consicfered
9.41
1.37
2.60
13.78
.86
5.98
1
6.71 8.23
19.48
Data were secured for eight establishments, of which six were
located in West Virginia and one each in Maryland and Pennsylvania.
This group showed the smallest percentage of cost for materials;
the average being 12.23 per cent, the highest 18.22 per cent, and the
142 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
lowest 9.52 per cent. Batch was more than one-half of the cost of
materials, except in two estabUshments, in which the cost for packing
materials was greater than for batch.
The average for total labor for the establishments in this group w^as
53.68 per cent and, except that for handmade window-glass factories,
Group I, was the highest shown. In only one establishment was the
percentage of cost under 50 per cent of the sales value of goods pro-
duced, and in two establishments the cost was over 60 per cent. The
establishments in this group employed relatively a large amount of
skilled labor, especially in forming and cutting the ware, which in a
large measure accounts for the high percentage of labor cost.
The percentage of cost for fuel, power, light, and water for all estab-
lishments was 6.04, and in this respect they have a comparatively
low cost. As about 75 per cent of the establishments were located
in West Virginia, where cheap gas prevails, the low cost for fuel must
be ascribed to the advantage of location.
Taxes and insurance together amount to 1.16 per cent of the sales
value of goods produced, of which 0.55 per cent was for taxes and
0.61 per cent for insurance. Taxes varied from 0.28 to 1.06 per cent
and insurance 0.21 to 1.47 per cent.
Salaries, with an average of 3.39 per cent and ranging from 1.94
to 6.17 per cent, and general expense, with 3.26 per cent and ranging
from 0.98 to 7.44 per cent, present no imusual features and require no
comment.
Total selling expense, with an average of 7.09 per cent, was highest
in this group. Four establishments were above the average andfour
below. Elsewhere in this report (p. 233) is an article which shows the
selling methods employed by the different groups of establishments
and in a measure accoimts for the differences in percentages for this
item.
Each of the establishments in this g^roup was operated at a profit,
even after charging depreciation and interest, and of only one other
group, miscellaneous goods, can the same be said. This group
ranked fourth in the per cent of profit earned, computed without
depreciation and interest, and third after depreciation and interest
were deducted. The average operating pront on goods produced,
computed without depreciation and interest, was 12.66 per cent,
and when computed with depreciation and interest was 9.37 per cent.
After chargmg depreciation and interest, only two estabhshments
showed a profit in excess of 10 per cent, one having 13.78 and the
other 19.48 per cent.
COST AND PROFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
143
BLOWN AND PRESSED TABLEWARE.
Table 46, which follows, presents cost data in the form of percentages
for establishments manufactm'ing both blown and pressed tableware.
The percentages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
Table 46. — Percentages op Costs, by Specified Items and Profits or Losses,
Based on Total Sales Value of Goods Produced, by Establishments Manu-
FACTURiNa Tableware. Blown and Pressed.
Items.
ATer-
age.
No.
167.
8.37
1.42
.77
8.59
1.53
No.
158.
No.
169.
8.84
No.
163.
9.47
yo.
161.
10.03
No.
162.
No.
163.
No.
164.
No.
165.
No.
166.
Materials:
Batch
9.02
.54
.89
7.38
.38
7.96
5.54
8.46
1.20
*"7.'93
8.63
2.46
2.12
12.77
9.25-
Decorating
MetAl tri'W'ninFS, etc
2.05
3.10
2.70
18.85
.55
6.38
4.37
Packing ^ ^ -,-,...--..,,.--,,. .
5.03
14.62
3.85
10.26
14.77
Freight not included in above
items
2.69
Total materials
18.81
23.68
12.99
23.46
17.32 28.88
16.84
17.59
17.06
25.72
24.09
Labor:
Superintendent and foremen..
Otner factory labor
2.28
45.73
1.25
42.94
2.65
47.35
3.49
45.03
2.82
49.39
3.86
41.62
1.57
52.80
3.59
65.16
1
2.84 3.31
43.82 42. .^2
1.7g
40.57
Total labor
48.01
44.19
50.00
48.57 52.21j 45.48
54.37
68.75
46.66
45.63
42.36
Pnel, power, light, and water.
Taxes, State, corporation, etc
Insuraxire and workmen's com-
nensation
8.12
.53
.34
8.61
.23
2.38
8.31
1.02
.12
17.091 10.52
.951 .90
.30| .65
11.78
.78
.12
7.33
.34
.36
12.41
.27
.62
7.68
.34
.24
14 59
.41
.41
9.09
.75
.08
Salaries:
Officials
2.07
1.56
1.28
3.32
.59
L27
.68 2.68
1.43 1.23
.64
1.37
1.99
1.99
1.19
3.85
1
' 2.12
2.06 2.20
.64
Office force
1.36
T"t4ii salf^ries
3.03
4.63
1.86
2.111 3.91
2.01
3.98
5.04
2.06 4.32
2.00
General expense
8.56
2.00
7.99
7.171 5.03 «.77
6.02
7.28
ft. 06' 4 1A
4.29
Total manufaoturing and
administration.
87.97
82.09
82.29
99.65i 00.54
97.82
89.24
111.86
80.10
95.23
82.58
Selling:
SaleffT"eii . , .
4.62
2.04
3.93
2.31
L45
6.30
1.29
^.2^
l-4'i
4.59
1.13
6. 99 1. 10
1.4fi
Other selling exnense
5.60, .62| 6.39
1. 29 . «- 20
1 " '
Total selling expense
6.66
6.21
7.75
6.89i L97i 7.75
4.59
1.13
8.28
1.10
7.74
Bad debts
.26
.77
.25
.22
.28 5U
.24
m
.24
Total cost of goods pro-
duced
94.89
5.11
89.67
10.33
90.29
9.71
106.76
......
6.76
92.79
7.21
105.81
93.83
6.17
112.99
12.99
88.62 QA^^
90.56
Operation profit on goods pro-
duced, computed without de-
pre-iation and interest
Operating loss on goods produced,
computed without depreciation
and interest
1L38
3.60
0.44
1
1
1
Total sales value of goods
produced
100.00
100.00
1 i 1
100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00
1
100.00
1
ioo.oo!ioo.ooioo.oo
I>epreclation.
4.53
.54
L5o
L77
9.35i
1.20-
1
15.32
1;31
2.92 13.40
i 1 9Ji
1.70
.07
3.55
1.15
2.62 5.34 '^ (M
Interest naid
.101
12*
Operating profit on goods pro-
duced, computed with de-
predation and interest
.04
7.01
t
1
1
I
4.29
4.40
17.60
' 1
1
1
8. 66
2.24
Operating loss on goods produced,
computed with depreciation
and interest
1
.84!
1
1
23.30*
1 on aA
1 74'
1
Ifisoellaneous expense
(•)
.25
1
1 1
Mli^^llaneous income
.'.'.'.'.', \'.'.'.".\"".i}: i""" "".'.'
. 2H 1. 72|
1 . .
4.40
m § 9 •
17.69
Final profit, depredation and
interest considered.
Final loss, depre'^iation and
interest considered.
.29
7.01
J
23.39
5.U'
1
20.46
fl.94
AYl
3.34
• Less than ona one^niiidredth of 1 per vmi.
144
CHE GIj^SS tNDUSlKT.
TaBIX 46.— PSBCBNTAOEft OT COtfTS, BT SpBGIFRD ItBXS AND PROFITS OR LO88BS,
Based on Total Sales Value op Goods Produced, by Estabushmbnts Manu-
rAcruRDfo Tableware, Blown and Pressed— Concluded.
Materials:
Batch.
De cu i atliM :
Metal trimming, etc
Parkin?.
Freight not faidaded in abore items. .
Total materials..
labor:
Snperintaidflnt and foremen .
Otner factory labor
Total labor.
Fuel, powo*, light, and water
Taxes, State, corporation, etc
Insuranoe and workmen's compoiaatioB.
Salaries:
Officials.
Office fcMTce.
Total salaries..
General expense.
No.
1C7.
I
No. No.
16S. 169.
.1.
No. * No. ' No. ' No.
170. , ITL 171 ' 173.
I
8.23
5.93 17. 2S
• !.»
.83 1
5.14 3.81 3.641
2L09 ! »
&3S
L72
3.42
ia47i
5.91' 15.09
L25 1
3.78
&G2 5w48
No.
174.
iai7' 8.25
.3S
.97
5l15
9.43
No.
175.
9.24
1.34
1.521
5.97
17.19 ILOO' 23.89; 23.99 1&56 20l57 1(L67. 17.68
' i I
2L74 3.03 L78
48.72 6L08 38.67*
I \
1.89 3.08 1.43' 1.25
43.66' 45.84 34.08. 47.74
3.52
48.53
18.07
.36
44.52
5L46 64.11 43L45i 45.55 48.92, 3&51I 48.99 53L05
7.36; 9.26< 6.79i 8.23
.22, 1.09- .(61 .38.
.41. .17 .25i .19*
7.29 &31i 4.68
.55 .69 .41
.66, .18' .62
I 1
3.77) .65.
L48: L39* 1.81
4-
Total mannlactaring and adminis-
tration
Selling:
Salesmen
Other selling expense
Total selling expense.
Bad debts
Total cost of goods produced
Operating profit on goods produced,
kcompnted without depredation and
Faod interest
Operating loss on goods produced, com-
puted without dejveciation and in-
terest
Totalsalesvalue of goods produced.
Depreciation.
Interest paid.
OiMrating profit on goods inoduced,
computed with depreciation and in-
terest
Operating loss on goods produced,
computed with depreciation and in-
lerest ...•..•...•...•..•••.•.•..••«•..•
Miscellaneous expense.
Miscellaneous income. .
Final profit, depreciation and in-
terest considered
Final loss, depreciation and in-
terest considered
5.25 2.04- L81
2.26! &35: 4.70
84.15 94.02 74.94
4.50
L45' 4.17
6.29!
4.50 7.74 4.17
88.65
11.35
100.0010a 00
LIO
.46)
9.79
9.79
.251 .08
102.01 79.19
2a 81
2.01
4.32
1.26
7. 59
7.69
loaoo
8.59
12.22
.08
12.30
I i
L681 2L35! a44. 2L05
.73* 2L50! .90 L58
2.41; 4.94I 4.34t 3.63
6l08; 4.701 1&78
86.831 83.62
3.52i 10.76
2.18! LOO
5.70' 11.76
.28
.28
92.81 95.66 97.39
7.19
100.00
2.43
.09
4.67
.46
5.13
T
4.34
10a 00
L52
.54
2.28
.29
2.57
7.69
8&3S
&05
.61
8.66
.35
2.61
100.00
4.49
.60
2.48
2.48
82.69
5.46
5.46
.96
89.H
ia89
9.31
.77
.12
44.88
7,31
.36
.24
.66
L42
2L08
7.89
2.40
.83
3.23
17.04
89.90 91.13
L45
&29
&ao
7.74 6.29
.25
97.89 97.42
2L11
loa 00 100. 00 loa 00 loa 00
S.33
.62
6w89
,01
,89
7.77
2L58
ILOO
1.29
10.18
.04
ia22
1.71
No.
176.
9.14
9.17
18.31
2.93
46.59
49.52
5.95
.31
.25
4.5S
L50
6l17
&«
89.20
4.46
2.26
6.72
.17
96iO0
8.91
2.21
.11
.87
.87
LSI
.37
1.96
"
Data were secured for 20 establishments, of which 11 were located
in Pennsylvania, 4 in Ohio, 3 in West Virginia, and 2 in Indiana.
Batch and packing were the two principal items mider materials.
While percentages are shown for decorating and metal trimmings,
etc., these items were not common to all establishments nor were
they of great importance, as the percentages for each of the items in
the establishments showing such data were less than for either batch
COST AND PBOFIT BT EBTABUSHMEKia 145
or packing materials. However, batch in some establishments
included decorating materials and metal trimmings^ the accounts of
these establishments being kept in such a manner as not to permit
a segregation of materials. Total materials for the establishments
in this group averaged 18.81 per cent of the sales value of goods
produced and ranged from 28.88 per cent in establishment No. 161
to 11 per cent in establishment No. 168.
Total labor for aU establishments in this group was 48.01 per
cent of the sales value of goods produced. In 7 establishments
total labor amounted to 50 per cent or over, and in 2 it was over
60 per cent. In 12 of the remaining establishments labor cost was
between 40 and 50 per cent, and in 1 it was less than 40 per cent.
Fuel, power, light, and water averaged 8.12 per cent. Of the 20
establismnents in this group, 12 had a higher and eight a lower
percentage of cost than the average. The highest cost was found in
establishment No. 159, with 17.09 per cent, and the lowest in estab-
lishment No. 173, with 4.68 per cent.
Taxes and insurance amoimted to 0.84 per cent, of which 0.6 per
cent was for taxes and 0.34 per cent for insurance. In only 2
establishments were taxes and in only 1 establishment was insurance
over 1 per cent of the sales value of goods produced.
Salaries amounted to 3.63 per cent, of wmch 2.07 per cent was for
o£5cials and 1.56 per cent for office force. In only three establish-
ments did the total expenditures for salaries exceed 5 per cent, and
in no establishment was it as high as 7 per cent.
The percentage for total selling expense was comparatively hi^
in this group, being exceeded by only two other groups. The aver-
age for the group was 6.66 per cent. The highest percentage was
found in estaDhshment No. 171, with 11.76 per cent, and the lowest
in establishment No. 165, with 1.1 per cent.
Losses from bad debts were not found in four establishments. Of
the establishments which had such losses, the hi^est was found in
establishment No. 173, with 0.96 per cent, and tBe lowest in estab'
lishment No. 165, with 0.07 per cent.
On the average the establishments in this group had the lowest
percentage of operating profit when computed witnout depreciation
and interest. The average for the group was 5.11 per cent as
{gainst 10.49 per cent for the 213 establishments. Ediablkfament
No. 169, with 20.81 per cent, showed the highest profit, and, exclad-
ing the establishments that showed losses, establkhment Xo, 174,
with 2.11 per cent, the lowest. Four establishment^^ showed losses
ranging from 12.99 per cent in ee^tablishment No, 163 to 2/il per
cent in establishment No. 168.
After charging depreciation and interr^t, eigi^it establishiiMnts
showed losses, in two of which the loss was over 20 pfsr cent. On
the average the establishment') in this grr>Tip, after charging dft;>ri*K
ciation and interest, were barely op^^rated at a prr>fit, tn#^ areragftr
for the group being only 0/>4 per cftnt.
Depreciation hnd interest nrnonritM U> hSil per r:eTii, fA w:'.>.i*
4.53 per cent was for deprw:iAnior» m\<\ i)'A j>^f e^»t \f/t xr.^jHt^^t.
Depreciation no^ed from 15^:^2 p^ ^•J^it tA IJ p^r cj^^^y, ar^l irrVr-^*
for those estabfiamient^ T^\jit)irXAX,% <^ni'!i\ dat^ iftfXti 1,77 y^ t^r^X Up
0.07 per cent.
102511*— 1
146
THE GLASS IISTDUSTBY.
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148 THE GLASS INDUSXBT.
Data were secured for 18 establishments, located in New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and
Indiana. There is no marked centralization of the establishments in
any State.
While in a few of the estabUshments decorating and metal trim-
mings, etc., formed a considerable part of the total cost of materials,
it can not be said that it \yas the general custom for manufacturers of
lighting goods to decorate the ware or to furnish tlie metal trimmings.
The average for materials was 20.05 per cent of the sales value of
the goods produced. Six of the establishments were above the
average and 12 below. The highest establishment. No. 188, had a
cost for materials of 31.56 per cent, due largely to decorating and
metal trimmings, and the lowest establishment, No. 182, had 14.85
per cent, due to the comparatively low cost of packing materials.
The labor employed by the establishments in this group may be
said to be between the highly skilled labor employed in the handmade
and blown ware groups and the unskilled labor in the machine-made
ware groups. The average for all establishments in the group was
40.15 per cent. Two estabUshments, Nos. 177 and 187, with 60.09
and 55.21 per cent, respectively, were exceptions to the comparatively
medium laoor coste in the group. Of the remaining establishments,
five had costs of between 40 and 50 per cent, ten between 30 and 40
per cent, and only one less than 30 per cent.
/An examination of the percentages for fuel, power, light, and water
will show that the highest cost, in establishment No. 185, was over
three times as much as the lowest cost, in establishment No. 184.
The percentages of cost for the other establishments were between 5
and 14 per cent, centering around 7 per cent.
The variation in the percentages for taxes and insurance was due
i)artly to the laws of the various States in which the factories were
ocated and partly, in the case of insurance, to the policy of the com-
pany. The average for taxes was 0.52 per cent and in only one estab-
lishment was it greater than 1 per cent. The average for insurance
was 0.39 per cent, and in three establishments it was over 1 per cent
but not greater than 1.65 per cent.
Of the remaining items entering into the total cost of goods pro-
duced, selling amounted to 6.72 per cent, general expense 5.91 per
cent, salaries 4.29 per cent, royalty 0.78 per cent, and bad debts
0.33 per cent. Owing to a peculiar condition existing in establish-
ment No. 191, no selling expense was reported. Rovalty was reported
in four establishments and, unlike royalty in otner groups, was a
payment for the use of a batch formula and not for machines.
The establishments in this group had an average operating profit
when computed without depreciation and interest of 13.94 per cent,
an operating profit when computed with depreciation and interest of
9.3 per cent, and a final profit of 9.93 per cent. Two establishments,
before charging depreciation and interest, showed an operating loss
and four estabUshments showed a loss after charging depreciation
and interest. Of the establishments operating at a profit after
charging depreciation and interest, two had a profit of over 20 per
cent, four between 10 and 20 per cent, four between 5 and 10 per cent,
and four less than 5 per cent; and of those operating at a loss one had
a loss of 9.22 per cent and three under 5 per cent.
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
149
Depreciation and interest together amounted to 4.64 per cent, of
which 3.54 per cent was for depreciation and 1.1 per cent for interest
paid. The two establishments having the greatest percentage of
profit had no charges for interest.
LAMP CHIMNEYS.
Table 48, which follows, presents cost data in the form of per-
centages for establishments manufacturing lamp chimneys. The
percentages are based on the sales value of goods produced.
Table 48. — Percentages op Costs, bt Spectfied Items and Profits and Losses,
Based on Total Sales Valub op Goods Pboduosd, by Establishments Manu-
paoturino Lamp Chimnbts.
•
Items. '
Avet-
No. 10ft.
Nal96.
No, 197.
No. 196.
No. 199.
Na30Q.
MateiialB:
fiat(di
7.40
.46
.06
16.24
10.00
6.75
.18
5.15
4.12
.12
3.67
.41
9.17
DeooratinE ......••...••.•.
.04
Metal trimmtnEt. «tc......***FT r^-.r*-
.10
Packing
18.11
"iii"
iLis
10.15
15.67
18.04
Total matoriab >.«.
24.16
28.11
14.14
17.10
14.30
19.65
28.55
Labor:
Suuerintendent and foremen
ISO
50.10
"so'ei'
3.00
68.60
1.60
60.44
3.44
Other factorv labw ,.r,r r r
6T.21
66.40
44.17
Totfil labor t-t T---r t---
5140
ft0.61
71.60
5104
67.21
06.49
47.61
Pnel. Dower. liebt. water
6.26
.46
.43
3.60
.11
.55
4.87
.24
.70
142
.18
.53
1.92
.38
.37
3.37
.19
.95
6.87
Taxes, State, corporation, etc
.OS
Insaranoe and workmen's oompensation
.30
fialaries:
Officials
2.13
1.06
5.60
165
179
.97
1.05
.41
156
.64
105
Offieeloroa •
1.26
Total salaries r .......'....... .
3.10
6.24
3.76
1.46
3.20
3.81
flpnwal exnense. w ..,,.,. . . r , . r , . . . .
4. OS
.85
6.75
5.86
1.22
1.94
4.75
Total mftnnfactnring and administration
80.03
83.83
106.63
81.89
86.90
85.79
9101
Sellins:
Salesmen
4.18
.30
8.07
2.30
.64
131
7.66
.17
1.69
4.6tl
Other sellinj! e^nwpse.
.5S
Total sallinB eimeiise .......... ^ ^
4.52
&07
8.08
181
7.83
1.69
4.67
Bad debts
.31
1.22
.26
1.45
.10
Total cost of goods prodaoed
04.76
5.94
92.80
7.20
110.88
lass
84.46
15.54
94.73
5.27
88.93
11.07
96.78
Operating profit on goods prodnoed, oompated
without aepreciatKm and interest
3.22
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
DepreciatiOB 1
1.61
.76
.33
.26
174
137
105
.18
.41
1.91
111
1.71
Interest iMdd
.65
Operating profit on goods produced, oompnted
with depredation and interest
2.87
6.61
15.00
13.81
4.86
7.05
.86
Ojierating loss on goods produced, computed
with depredation and interest
If isoellaneous expense
.05
.03
1
.00
Miscellaneous income
.06
.19
Final profit, depredation and Interest
considered.
2.85
6.61
15.99
13.37
4.86
7.24
.77
Final loEB, depredation and interest
considered
150 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Data were secured for six establishments, of which four were
located in West Virginia and one each in Ohio and Oklahoma.
Cost of materials for all establishments in this group averaged
24.16 per cent of the sales value of goods produced. This compara-
tively high percentage was due largely to the packing cost, which
amoimted to 16.24 per cent for all establishments ana ranged from
8.21 per cent in establishment No. 196 to 18.64 per cent in estab-
lishment No. 200.
Lamp chimneys, generally speaking, are packed for both the
domestic and export trade with more care than any other of the
glass products. The chimneys are generally wrapped in paper,
placed in individual tubes or partitioned cardboard, and then placed
m wooden cases, so that the comparatively high packing cost is dis-
tinctive of this branch of the industry.
This group ranked fourth in labor cost, the average being 52.40
per cent. In establishment No. 196 the labor cost was 71.69 per
cent and in establishment No. 198, 67.21 per cent. Of the remaining
establishments three had a labor cost over and one imder 50 per
cent of the sal^ value of goods produced-
Fuel, power, light, and water was lowest in this group, the average
being 5.26 per cent. The highest cost was in establishment No. 200,
6.87 per cent, and the lowest in establishment No. 198, 1.92 per cent.
This low cost was due to the location of the factories in districts where
natural gas is cheap.
On the average, taxes and insurance showed about the same
percentage of cost, being 0.46 per cent for the former and 0.43 per
cent for the latter, although an examination of the percentages for
the establishments, at first glance, would not indicate this relative
S)sition of these two items. Because of the effect of establishment
O..200, the averages do not reflect the actual relative position of
taxes and insurance in the other five establishments.
In establishment No. 195 no salaries were reported, nor was any
estimate given as to the value of the services rendered by the owners.
The average of 3.19 per cent would be somewhat higher if the per-
centage had been computed for only the five establishments reporting
salaries.
General expense amounted to 4,03 per cent and was lowest in
estabUshment No. 195^ with 0.85 per cent, and highest in establish-
ment No. 196, with 6.75 per cent.
Selling expense showed no regularity and depended almost entirely
upon the course pursued by the different establishments. The
average was 4.52 per cent, the highest 8.97 per cent, and the lowest
1.69 per cent. Bad debts were not found in two establishments
and in those reporting such losses the range was from 0.1 per cent
to 1.45 per cent.
One estabhshment was operated at a loss of 10.88 per cent when
computed without depreciation arid interest, the charges for these
items increasing the loss to 15.99 per cent. One estabhshment wa^
barely operated at a profit after cnarging depreciation and interest,
the profit being less than 1 per cent. Of trie remaining establish-
ments, after charging depreciation and interest, one had a profit of
13.31 per cent, two between 5 and 10 per cent, and one less than 5
per cent.
COST AKD PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 151
Depreciation and interest paid amounted to 2.37 per cent, of which
1.61 per cent was for depreciation and 0.76 per cent for interest
i)aid. The former varied from 0.33 to 2.74 per cent, and the latter
rom 0.18 to 2.37 per cent.
MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
Table 49 presents costs data in the form of percentages for es-
tablishments manufacturing a variety of articles that could not be
assigned to any one of the preceding groups. The percentages are
based on the sales value of goods produced.
162
XHB GLASS INDTT8TBY.
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COST AKD PBOFIT BT BSTABUSHMEirxS.
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154 THE GLASS INDUSIBY.
Data were secured for 13 establishments located in Massachusetts!
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; West Virginia, Ohio, Indianai
and Illinois. As is indicated by the number oi States, there ia no
centralization of this branch of the glass industry.
The establishments in this group, producing a variety of articles
from ^lass marbles to chemical goods and using different grades and
varieties of materials, showed a wide variation in the total cost of
materials. The highest percentage of cost was found in establish-
ment No. 202, which was twice the average of 21.51 per cent and
almost six times the lowest cost of 7.63 per cent in establishment
No. 204.
While undoubtedly some of the estabUshments, on account of their
product, require a greater amount of skilled labor than others, yet
the variation in the percentages are not so marked as in materials.
In two estabUshments the percentage for labor was over 50 per cent,
in five estabUshments between 40 and 50 per cent, and in six estab-
lishments less than 40 per cent.
Fuel, power, light, and water also shows a wide variation in the
percentages, the average being 5.57 per cent, the highest 10.55 per
cent, and the lowest 1.09 per cent. Owing to the diverse products
of the estabUshments in this group, the variation in the percentages
did not depend entirely upon the location of the factories, but to
some extent upon the difference in the amount of fuel consumed for
the proper fusion of the materials.
Taxes and insurance amounted to 1.07 per cent, of which 0.56 per
cent was for taxes and 0.51 per cent for insurance. The highest
percentage for taxes was found in estabUshment No. 212, with 1.49
per cent, and for insurance in establishment No. 208, with 1.24
per cent. In other estabUshments neither of these items amounted
to as much as 1 per cent.
Of the other items included in cost of goods produced, salaries
ranged from 1.2 to 8.81 per cent, general expense from 0.95- to 13.1
per cent, seUing from 0.48 to 11.97 per cent, and bad debts from
0.02 to 2.07 per cent in those establisnments reporting such data.
Although the average operating profit^ computed without depre-
ciation and interest, was exceedea by the average profit in machme-
made bottles. Group VI, and lighting goods. Group XI, yet a greater
percentage of the estabUshments were operated at a profit of over
10 per cent than in either of the other two groups. One of the estab-
Ushments was operated at the remarkable profit of 40.45 per cent,
but it so happens that this estabUshment has Uttle effect on the
average. Four estabUshments were operated at a profit between
15 and 20 per cent, five between 10 and 15 per cent, and three at
less than 10 per cent. After charging depreciation aind interest, the
average profit was 8.59 per cent, no establishment being operated at a
loss. Depreciation ranged from 0.66 to 6.47 per cent and interest
paid from 0.03 to 1.51 per cent in the estabUshments reporting such
data.
COST BASED OK TOTAL EXPENSES, EXCLUDING DEPBECIATION AND
INTEREST.
The preceding percentage tables in this section of the report were
based on net sales or sales value of goods produced. The percentages
for the items of cost based on the total cost of goods produced are
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS. 155
different from those based on net sales or sales value of goods produced.
If based on not sales or sales value of goods produced, profit is a
part of the divisor, and in that case the percentage for each item of
cost is smaller than when the computation is based on the total cost
of goods produced: when there is a loss, the divisor is correspond-
JngTy smaller and the resulting quotients or percentages are larger.
I'orhaps the most striking waj to call attention to the difference
between other percentage tables in this section and Table 50, which
follows, is to state that the percentages in the former are based on
receipts, or income, and those in Table 50 on expenditures, or outgo,
whicn, however, excludes depreciation and interest. In the following
table percentages are basea on the total cost of goods produced,
excluding depreciation and interest.
166
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
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coco
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isil
n
^ s ss i§ §ss
r^ «
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s4 , S t
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2 S5S3oJ55 S
eo
X5« a '^••oso »o 3 ?«S ' »
x^ S •>»««^ feS o sex -*
e< •
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CO
eoO
ao»4
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8
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s
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e «o
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u
as ■
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s
o
COST AND PBOFIT BT SSXABLI8HHENTB.
157
Since the same general conditions apply to all tables showing
percentages by groups, it does not seem necessary to discuss the
above table, in view of the fact that these conditions have already
been discussed on pages 106 to 112.
As three different bases have been used in computing percentages
for the tables in this section of the report, it may be of interest to
compare the percentages for certain items when computed on the
different bases. Table 51, which follows, shows percentages for five
items of expense when based on net sales, sales value of goods pro-r
duced, and total cost of goods produced, excluding depreciation and
interest.
TabCb 51. — Comparative Summary op Percentages por Five Items op Expense
Computed on Dipperent Bases.
itonH.
Materials...
Total labor.
Poel
Salarin
Total selling
Sales valae
Net sales.
of goods
produced.
21.93
22.70
40.67
41.08
8.15
8.43
3.39
3.51
4.01
8.93
Cost(rf
goods pro*
uoed . ex-
cluding
depreda-
tion and
Intoiest.
25.36
46.90
0.4i
3.92
4.38.
It will be seen in the above table that the percentages when com-
puted on net sales are lower than when computed on either the sales
value or cost of goods produced ; that is, total net sales for all estab-
lishments were greater in amount than either of the other bases.
LOWEST AND HIGHEST COST ESTABLISHMENTS.
Because of their location in natural-gas fields, some establishments
had a decided advantage in fuel. Others had to produce their own
gas from coal or pay a high rate for natural gas brought from distant
fields.
To bring the various establishments to a more comparable basis
and confine the expenses to manufacturing and administration, the
items of fuel, power, etc., selUng expense, and bad debts were de-
ducted from tne total cost of goods produced. Percentages were
then computed on this new base for the different groups and for
establishments which showed the lowest and highest percentage of
cost in each group. In Table 52, which follows, are given the per-
centages based on the total cost, excluding fuel, etc., selling expense,
bad debts, depreciation, and interest for the various groups and for
the lowest ana highest cost establishment in each group.
158
THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Table 52.— Avbragb Pbrcentaoes ot Costs bt Grotjps, and EsTABLisHifENTfl
WITH Lowest and Highest Percentage op Cost in Each Group, bt SPEcmEB
Items, Except fob Fuel, Power, Light and Water, Selung, and Bad Debts.
Group L-
-Window glass, hand.
Group n.—
Window glass, madiioe.
Items.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment,
No. 14.
Highest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 2.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
ILshment,
No. 45.
Highest
cost estsb-
Ushment,
No.401
Total materials for product
18.96
9.98
20.12
22.99
3L21
2L05
Labor:
Superintendent and foro>
men
.71
09.25
L34
69.08
2.07
68.02
Other factory labor
76.08
53.29
67.35
Total factory labor
69.96
75.06
7a 42
60.09
53.29
57.3S
Taxes, State, corporation , etc. .
Insurance and workmen's
comjMnsation
.65
L71
L15
L40
L35
2.22
.48
L82
.40
2.77
.76
2.14
Salaries:
Officials
1.90
L48
6.04
.04
.58
L64
l.»
Office force
2.14
L84
2.77
Total salaries
3.38
6.98
2.14
2.22
L84
iS7
Rovalty
4.64
7.70
8.35
2.14
&32
General expense
6.34
6.41
3.75
7.81
Total manufacturing cost
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
moo
Groui
>lir.~P]ate
glass.
Group IV
.—Wire and opalescent
glass.
Items.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 52.
Highest
cost estab-
lishn* 'nt.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 58.
Highest
costestab*
Ushment,
No. 62.
Total materials for product . . .
35.81
24.49
40.80
39.76
84.92
37.4S
Labor:
Superintendent and fore-
men
3.20
4L04
4.77
53.04
2.56
3L37
4.05
37.82
2.57
Other factory labor
33.18
26.65
Total factory labor
45.14
68.71
83.93
3L87
33.18
20.22
Taxes, State, corporation, etc.
Insurance and workmen's
compensation
L87
.98
.98
.60
.74
.96
L39
L34
8.64
L84
.51
LO0
Salaries:
Officials
L99
L46
2.03
1.00
L27
1.13
4.67
2.02
n.82
2.96
5.47
Office force
L6I
Total salaries.
3.44
8.03
2.40
6.69
14.77
7.09
General expense
13.20
12.19
2L17
18.95
12.26
34.8S
Total manufacturing cost
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
IT*
Table 52. — ^Atkkaob
WITH Lowest axd HicMBaiT
Items, Excbft pok Fvwl. Pa
Continued.
aw Cost EC Ejlc
T.—
kr
J* i. 14.
i^ZZITirSt
3.C ^:«:^.
Total matamlsivpradDei J4.S
Labor:
ButittiiitBniiwit and iv^
men L7*
Otbflr hctorr labor SLZi
Total fMCory
Taxes, State, itu y t Mmkm . ««
Issmanoe and
unpensatJ
iiies:
OfficiBls....
Offioeforee.
Total
talexf
Total manuto L f Mgeig IX. 'r.
*.**
»f^li
2L 2
».£
44.:;!
2.«
«>. «
-isL
+4:4
3a. tS
#f.j:
«.2
«.s
-4
-*-
Ll.
.•V
y
^
4.C
L'>
1 TT
^ »:
CfT
4.2i
17?
&2S
-L*
Xl
IT >.
U-id
Lli5
IX- X
ix. y.
I.e. X
!.»:. K
lOL »
Crx::^ TIL — i-rrLJra- i.&i^i 4C«1
pVnL— ,
. • "ST:
2*:. -a.
iar fr >- p.
o. its.
No. 135.
Total materiali far
Labor:
Superfntendent aad
men
Other fMtcTf labor . .
Total
Taxes, State, (
Insoranoe and' v<
Hnpenaat
iries:
Officials...
Office lam.
Total;
Genen]
Total 1
M.Vi
!ir-
».T
f»/ y.
41 71
9s.:a
■a'i
L»
Vt«
<! »
4K
2.^
i V5
4.V*
»-*
iX A
1 >:
<• ^vi
47
1 7S
7 */,
M.T7
i.V/ '/,
ZOl^ •
.'»
1ft Vi
nn
41,44
24.r/2
,W
,»
-W
.54
hHt
X73
Li>
,#7
iJ/T
J.W
12. t A
*i >/•
U0t.*0i
Mt,J0i
160
THE GLASS INDUSXBY.
Tablb 52. — ^AvBRAOB Pbrcbntaoes of Costs bt Qboups, and BsTABUSHMsim
WITH Lowest and Hiobbst Pbrcbntaob of Cost in Each Group, bt Sfbcipied
Items, Except for Fuel, Power, Light and Water, Seixino, and Bad Debtb-
Contiiiued.
Group IX.— Tableware, blown.
Group X.-
-Tableware,
pressed.
blown and
Iteou.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 156.
Highest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 150.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment,
No. 169.
Highest
cost estab-
lishment,
N0.1G3.
Total materials for prodoet.. . .
16.59
19.44
12.83
23.57
17.69
30.65
Labor:
Superintendent and fore-
men
2.70
70.12
2.97
66.60
5.82
70.57
2.86
57.26
3.61
65.52
2.61
Other Caotory labor
fiG.74
Total laotory labor
72.82
69.51
75.89
6a 12
69.13
59.35
Taxes, State, corporation, etc. .
Insurance and workmen's
oomp^nsation
.76
.82
.80
.88
1.22
.50
.68
.43
.28
.53
.08
.37
Salaries:
Officials
8.16
L44
4.56
1.12
3.72
2.20
2.58
1.96
L19
3.87
Office force
2.65
Total salaries
4.60
5.68
5.92
4.54
5.06
2. 65
General eTpense
4.42
3.69
3.64
10.71
7.31
6l90
Total manufacturing cost
100.00
100.00
100.00
loaoo
100.00
loaoo
Group ^
CL— Lightln
g goods.
Group XIL— Lamp chimneys.
Items.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 183.
Highest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 177.
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment.
No. 197.
Highest
costestab*
Ushnient,
No. 196.
Total materiab tor product.. . .
27.81
27.13
17.35
28.54
21.52
U.90
Labor:
Superintendent and fore-
men
3.63
52.06
L92
5L72
2.72
69.17
2.02
63.47
2.95
Othd: factory labor
66.53
67.49
Total factory labor
55.69
53.64
66.58
L16
1.21
61.89
65.40
7n.44
Taxes, State, coropration, etc. .
Insurance and workmen's
comoensatlon
.72
.55
.77
1.24
.64
.51
.22
.67
.69
Salaries:
Officials
2.40
8.55
6.64
5.48
3.41
3.01
2.51
L25
3.52
1.22
5.59
Office force
2.50
Total salaries
5.95
12.12
7.02
3.76
4.74
&09
Royalty
1.08
8.20
(ieneralexDense......
6.10
6.73
4.76
7.36
aei
Total manufacturing cost
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
COST AND PBOFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
161
Table 52. — ^Ayebaoe Pbrgentaobs of Costs by Groups, and Establishmbnts
WITH Lowest and SEighest Pbrcbntagb of Cost in Bach Group, by Specipibd^
Items, Except for Fuel, Power, Light and Water, Selling, and Bad Debts —
Concluded.
Group XXll.— Miscellaneous
articles.
Itema.
•
Average
for group.
Lowest
cost estab-
lishment,
No. 201.
Highest
cost estab-
lishment,
No. 202.
Tntftl TT»»tPrWs for nroduct
27.66
23.04
46.48
Labor:
SuDerintendent and foremen
2.98
54.67
2^42
Otneir lactorv labor
09.06
43.27
Total factory labor
57.65
69.06
45.09
Taxes, State, corporation, etc
.72
.65
.44
1.38
.09
TTigllTanfift and workmAn's onmpftTisat^'^P , , . .
.48
Salaries:
Officials
2.77
L99
4.24
OiTice force
,4.14
Total salaries
4.76
4.14
4.24
General expense .'
8.57
1.93
3.02
Total manofftotnHng cost
100.00
100.00
100.00
The above table shows wherein the lowest cost establishment was
operated at a lower percentage of cost than the highest cost estab-
lishments or the average for the group and also wherein it was
operated at a higher percentage of cost.
As an illustration, take the group making window glass by hand.
Group I. The lowest cost establishment had a lower percentage of
cost lor materials, taxes, and insurance, but had a higher percentage
for labor, salaries, and general expense than the highest cost estab-
lishment. The greatest difference in cost was in materials, which in
the main accounts for making establishment No. 14 the lowest cost
establishment in this group. This difference in the cost of materials
may be due to several reasons, among which may be mentioned
(a) nearness to source of supply of materials, (b) quality of materials
used, (c) greater effifiency m buying, (d) other items of expense
relatively high.
SALES m PREVIOUS YEABS.
Sales were obtained not only for the year covered by the report
but for previous years in as many estabhshments as possible. The
object was to compare the sales m previous years with those of the
last business year, 1915. In Table 63, which follows, percentages
that sales of previous years were of 1915 sales are shown by estab-
lishments ana groups.
102511*'— 17-
-11
162
THE GLABS INDUSTRY.
Table 53. — ^Percentages that Sales in Previous Years Were op Sales in 1915,
BY Establishments and Groups.
GROUP I.— WINDOW GLASS, HAND.
Establishments.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
No. 4
77.01
60.55
82.33
80.84
71.56
96.72
87.16
92.17
77.83
159.59
111.49
139.95
72.77
135.74
54.51
78.22
128.68
128.11
57.12
101.92
92.03
94.31
60.90
103.57
39.10
89.20
76.22
58.09
138.32
80.08
94.06
11.61
89.87
72.57
100.85
76.45
92.29
70.49
92.70
01.60
80.30
100.05
85.50
82.52
86.02
65.38
83.24
126.55
82.30
121.60
74.09
129.46
102.78
95.38
106.69
122.21
127.54
116.99
70.49
127.44
90.71
71.24
145.37
103.13
04.63
128.55
110.80
130.88
78.75
118.91
100.08
98.19
113.05
125.73
127.45
114.30
96.86
143.70
80.60
60.14
02.84
01.17
110.80
151.18
102.26
82.13
loaoo
No. 16
loaoo
No. 17
100.00
No. 15
100.00
No. 5
loaoo
No. 28.
••••••••
100.00
No. 25
100.00
No. 24
1QO.0O
No. 82
100.00
No. 35
100.00
No.7
100.00
No. 13
100.00
No. 29
100.00
No. 8
100.00
No. 36
100.00
No. 9
100.00
No. 12
loaoo
No. 26
100.00
No. 21
100.00
No. 27
loaoo
No. 34
100.00
No. 80
100.00
Average:
1 establishment. . .
77.01
60.55
76.30
71.56
86.39
87.80
77.83
118.65
123.85
108.09
57.12
86.57
88.46
76.88
81.88
11.61
63.02
72.25
80.73
82.64
80.74
83.24
96.81
102.86
105.03
103.02
103.42
103.81
04.63
112.57
117.04
110.86
110.30
108.41
105.04
105.53
100.00
8 establishments. .
loaoo
4 establishments. .
100.00
10 establishments.
100.00
13 establishments.
100.00
15 establishments.
100.00
18 establishments.
r
100.00
22 establishments.
loaoo
• -•••••• ••••••••
■
GROUP n.— WINDOW GLASS, MACHINE.
No. 46
70.30
102.53
23.50
41.55
27.00
103.00
20.80
122.17
182.09
65.12
82.23
53.02
118.26
194.78
57.84
84.74
76.60
94.21
203.81
42.27
52.95
100.00
No. 45
loaoo
No. 38
loaoo
No. 40
100.00
No. 42
100.00
No. 40
.
100. 00
No. 30
Average:
1 establishment ...
70.30
102.53
48.25
41.55
32.16
103.99
46.79
71.13
70.09
82.23
62.14
84.11
79.58
84.74
79.14
95.99
86.74
78.94
100.00
2 establishments..
100.QQ
4 establishments..
••••••••
100.00
6 establishments..
100.00
6 establishments..
........I........
100.00
1
GROUP in.— PLATE GLASS.
No. 51
56.62
82.04
90.70
82.07
115.41
74.05
05.10
13L78
7L56
103.88
124.25
88.03
116.81
132.86
91.10
100.00
No. 56
loaoo
No. 50
100.00
No. 52.
100.00
Average:
1 4ff^bifi|hm4nt. .
56.62
82.04
00.70
82.07
105.41
74.05
88.79
06.64
71.56
04.18
00.67
88.03
107.47
112.11
107.26
100.00
2 establishments..
loaoo
100.00
4 establishments..
100.00
COST AND PROFIT BY ESTABLISHMENTS.
163
Table 53. — Pekgentaoes that Sales in Previous Years Were op Sales in 1915,
BY Establishments and Groups — Continued.
GROUP IV.— WIRE AND OPALESCENT GLASS.
EstablishmeDts.
1906
1907
1906
1900
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
No. 57
177.04
243.47
186.15
99.53
207.07
177.18
114.68
125.12
105.28
220.00
144.86
144.61
123.92
102.79
111.04
195.34
129.84
106.42
107.08
87.76
117.38
100.00
No. 56.
100.00
No. 64
100.00
No. 58
100.00
No. 60
100.00
No.59.
100.00
Average:
1 Mtahliffbrnent. . .
177.04
243.47
107.23
207.07
119.79
119.28
220.00
147.51
144.14
142.09
195.84
110.42
109.10
109.46
100.00
3 establishments..
100.00
5 establishments..
100.00
6 establishments..
100.00
GROUP v.— BOTTLES, HAND.
No. 75
81.05
95.83
100.77
83.56
96.15
91.04
105.48
83.92
112.97
100.49
102.09
87.09
116.90
93.78
96.57
106.61
64.22
97.92
90.32
83.25
99.90
107.02
90.85
98.40
71.46
105.70
95.00
103.15
100.67
107.43
83.03
123.38
138.36
103.65
133.07
82.44
91.62
125.61
102.51
112.55
89.64
111.95
108.45
110.89
138.11
120.55
' 132.54
82.43
124.71
97.51
108.67
129.38
125.05
114.53
121.25
137.20
112. 19
173.97
165.95
60.92
132.54
110.21
120.26
123.95
118.08
171.87
120.03
96.19
116. 16
122.18
120.45
200.31
110.41
96.87
123.56
97.67
100.00
No. 79
100.00
No. 73
100.00
No. 85
100.00
No. 77
100.00
No. 89
100.00
No. 72
100.00
No. 81
1
100.00
No. 87
100.00
No. 90
100.00
No. 88.
100.00
No. 67
1
100.00
No. 86
100.00
No. 74
"""•"•**i'"""""
1
100.00
No. 66
100.00
No. 78
100.00
Average:
2 establishments. .
4 establishments. .
5 establishments . .
90.28
89.58
92.95
91.72
105.19
97.60
100.74
95.53
85.41
87.44
88.46
93.65
94.99
95.55
86.98
99.02
100.41
101.55
94.97
109.29
88.17
100.54
102.49
97.92
110.42
111.34
101.27
104.07
104.82
113.55
118. 74
118. 15
121.49
118.61
120.98
120.50
138.76
122.80
122.59
122.32
121.48
100.00
100.00
100.00
6 establishments. .
100.00
10 establishments.
........
100.00
11 establishments.
100.00
14 establishments.
100.00
16 establishments.
100.00
V
GROUP VL— BOTTLES, MACHINE.
No. 100
t
63.44
72.82
77.41
139.92
103.19
53.24
120.34
63.90
95.91
122.41
60.69
111.35
106.35
145.12
55.97
153.73
90.88
94.26
130.49
184.37
79.25
139. 18
114. 16
189.67
86.51
204.82
109.83
209.38
78.05
91.82
107.70
142.53
158.06
96.56
133.21
108.08
212.45
133.60
220.38
127.91
160.66
104.59
120.07
100.00
No. 103
1
100.00
No. 106
100.00
No. 104
100.00
No. 107 •
100.00
No. 92
100.00
No. 93
100.00
No. 94
100.00
No. 102
100.00
No. 105
100.00
No. 91...^.
100.00
No, 98
100.00
No. 108
100.00
Average:
1 establishment ...
63.44
72.82
77.41
97.40
63.90
94.28
99.87
94.26
128.01
132.96
116.94
107.70
127.55
138.44
130.86
100.00
5 establishments. .
1
100.00
10 establishments.
100.00
13 establishments.
100.00
164
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 53. — Percentages that Sales in Previous Years Were op Sales in 1915,
BY Establishments and Groups — Continued.
GROUP Vn.— BOTTLES, HAND AND MACHINE.
Establishments.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
No. 113
152.00
201.77
318. 10
47.45
75.47
221.93
39.92
83.64
130.01
80.47
256.47
55.42
104.77
137.29
87.09
155.66
133.04
237.23
182.89
250.45
66.30
112.52
141.54
83.65
129.50
163.86
151.53
157.96
50.10
121.48
125.08
232.47
68.76
123.17
136.83
94.14
136.95
128.23
148.76
143. 61
69.06
153.73
140.20
72.86
240.52
58.55
110. T2
135.49
108.31
162.06
133.27
152.08
183.60
142.43
125.41
138.22
80.98
209.50
43.65
107. 16
121.45
84.37
153.92
139.76
141.66
97.07
122.87
124.59
128.52
100.07
100.00
No. 124
100.00
No. 130
100 00
No. 122
100.00
No. 131
100.00
No. 109
•
100.00
No. 116
•
100.00
No. 119
100.00
No. 128
100.00
No. 120
100. 00
No. 126
100.00
No. 123
100.00
No. 132
100.00
Average:
1 estoblishment
152.00
201.77
318. 10
100.83
221.93
90.57
92.96
256.47
112.00
108.23
133.78
250.45
118. 73
111.70
126.26
120. 91
232. 47
120.55
115. 14
124.02
124.84
117.88
240.52
114. 21
115.37
132. 20
132.60
125.69
209.50
100.29
100.61
107.56
111.86
110. 27
100.00
3 establishments . .
100.00
5 establishments . .
100. 00
9 establishments . .
100.00
12 establishments .
100.00
13 establishments .
100.00
1
GROUP VIIL—JARS.
No. 142
1
75.77
102. 71
101. 27
128.88 ,
84.84 1
70.77 1
91.22
81.69 1
_ . 1
39.48
ias.24
91.75
77.12
98.47
89.65
68.62
113.54
103.54
93.27
119.57
82.50
60.26
121.30
79.41
91.95
100.00
No. 146
1
1........
100.00
No. 147
"■ 1
69.94
•69. 41
100.00
No. 148 :...
t
100.00
No. 140
100.00
No. 145
100.00
No. 138
100.00
No. 139
i i
100.00
No. 143
i
100.00
No. 144
1
100.00
Average:
4 establishments . .
77.97
1
91.58
90.41 1
1
. . . . . '
85.89
86.96
98.74
98.75
96.62
100.00
6 establishments . .
100.00
10 establishments .
100.00
1
1
GROUP IX.— TABLE'vVARE, BLOV/N.
No. 150.
No. 154.
No. 149.
No. 156.
Average:
1 establishment . .
2 establishments. .
3 establishments. .
4 establishments. .
65.21
65.21
85.51
105. 47
85.51
99.64
92.19
87.63
92.19
88.96
91.95
99.48
91.95
97.28
73.92
114. 56
73.92
102. 70
79.69
116. 11
43.40
79.69
105. 48
96.31
61.09
119. 60
89.40
61.09
102. 52
100.59
99.67
120. 65
99.13
104. 13
99.67
114.53
112.25
108.57
89.56
102.65
84.19
91.40
89.56
98.83
96.67
94.28
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100. 0")
COST AND PBOFIT BT ESTABLISHMBKTS.
165
Table 53. — Percentages that Sales in Previous Years Were op Sales in 1915,
BY Establishments and Groups — Concluded.
GROUP X.— tableware, BLOWN AND PRESSED.
EstAbli^hTnAntj;.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
100.01
112. 77
152. 16
126. 14
190.67
158.70
128.85
110.93
136. 74
100.84
93.92
76.31
1912
1913
1914
1915
No. 167
No.171
76.26
92.98
05.49
106.79
120.86
111.20
120.63
146.33
112.62
107.97
154.64
124.39
169.25
161.09
123.64
108.74
129.15
143. 17
68.50
64.00
97.38
107. 72
125.49
126.91
168.89
157.22
117.10
123.62
134.36
119.30
108.82
130.94
55.05
71.23
93.02
119.82
116. 44
118.42
157. 19
135.45
111.74
93.71
122.50
93.31
112.25
100.09
74.99
76.50
84.79
78.15
126.05
118. 76
125.57
129.51
143.60
142.83
97.86
118.25
84.69
94.36
113.64
74.65
107.92
97.67
100.00
100.00
No. 158
100.00
No. 160
100.00
No. 161
100.00
No. 159
100.00
No. 168
112. 62
100.00
No. 170
110. 11
108.13
100.00
No. 1^74
100.00
No. 163
100.00
No. 172
100.00
No. 173
100.00
No. 169
100.00
No. 166
100.00
No. 165
100.00
Average:
2 establishments . .
«
87.71
103.23
111. 11
109.43
124. 73
108.48
108.76
128. 26
114.49
104.47
124. 42
122.85
115.22
111.38
116.24
112.31
107.74
106.84
109.39
114.87
110.43
107.63
107.24
100.00
9 establishments . .
100.00
12 establishments .
100.00
100.00
15 establishments .
100.00
GROUP XL— LIGHTING GOODS.
No. 183 :
33.06
39.72
186,68
64.44
196.17
76.95
98.62
68.06
190.69
77.91
99.00
72.22
119. 51
86.68
100.99
90.63
61.39
95.78
145.50
72.84
90.00
150.39
9L16
106.14
108.02
90.47
124.61
122.44
90.51
157.08
87.50
116.25
81.34
107.65
109.74
102.54
138.35
123.12
96.88
126.93
100.00
No. 181
100.00
No. 193
100.00
No. 186
100.00
No. 179
100.00
No. 184
100.00
No. 187
•••••••"
100.00
No. 177
100.00
No. 188
"••""•"•
100.00
No. 192
100.00
Average:
1 establisment ....
33.06
39.72
94.51
64.44
107.28
85.19
58.06
107.50
86.60
72.22
89.85
89.34
86.48
90.00
112.61
97.39
99.15
in. 63
87.50
98.22
88.35
96.37
102.96
100.00
2 establishments . .
100.00
4 establishments . .
100.00
9estabHshTni»ntS- .
100.00
10 estAhlishments -
100.00
^
GROUP XXL— LAMP CHIMNEYS.
No. 197
«
49.87
72.24
99.52
88.16
80.94
98.79
90.66
98.83
84.71
84.09
93.57
100.00
No. 199
100.00
No. 200
100.00
No. 195
100.00
Average:
3 establishments . .
89.04
94.65
94.51
86.02
86.30
100.00
4 establishments . .
100.00
GROUP Xin.— MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
No. 208
97.95
5L67
64.61
118.20
100.58
50.66
61.97
117.21
67.79
97.96
6L45
77.67
132.00
88.66
76.00
101. 18
68.81
82.19
119.04
89.00
79.45
60.30
100:00
No. 206
100.00
No. 210
100.00
No. 211
100.00
No. 207
100.00
No. 205
100.00
No. 201
100.00
Average:
4 establishments . .
83.90
86.67
83.93
97.63
96.36
95.08
96.52
95.46
94.46
94.47
100.00
5 establishments . .
100.00
6 establishments . .
100.00
7 establishments . .
100.00
166
THE GLASS INDUSTET.
An examination of the above table shows that all groups are repre-
sented in only the years 1912, 1913, and 1914. The average sales in
Groups II, VlII, XII, and XIII were greater in 1916 than in the years
1912, 1913, and 1914. The average sales in the other groups were
less in 1916 than they were in the other years,
PROFITS m FBEVIOirS TEABS.
Profits in previous years were also obtained from as many estab-
lishments as possible. In Table 64 percentages are shown for the
Erofits of previous years based on the sales of that year, by estab-
shments and groups.
Table 54. — Pebcentages op Final Profit, Based on Sales op Each Ybab, 1906
TO 1915, BY Establishments and Groups.
GROUP I.— WINDOW glass, HAND.
Establishments.
1906
1907 1908
1
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
No.4
3.05
0.38
5.02
7.46
0.40
8.30
11.61
7.60
3.18
a2.34
28.54
20.70
16.71
22.98
6.70
6.54
2SL90
a 1.35
a 8. 11
12.77
6.98
2.67
8.52
a. 79
a 18. 98
4.90
al.99
a 1.96
17.79
a8.25
8.22
a 16. 17
5.06
9.92
5.26
6.77
0.12
5.24
8.01
2.42
a. 35
a5.33
2.54
5.35
05.55
5.07
13.58
13.76
26.66
21.15
16.37
26.30
16.84
9.20
18.46
13.52
12.75
12.95
3.69
03.75
17.43
30.92
4.76
12.70
19.04
12.41
11.23
16.56
16.08
14.58
11.80
6.48
16.04
14.36
10.13
12.38
21.09
a 1.84
8.43
32.75
6.37
2.27
12.67
.55
9.99
10.81
12.95
No. 16
7.47
No. 17
14.53
No. 15
12.03
No.6
8. 06
No. 28
10. W
No. 25
1
7.72
No. 24
'
6.36
No. 32
15.77
No. 35
1
7.35
No.7
. 1
10.59
No. 13
1
5.62
No. 29
,
13.58
No.8
1
a3.67
No. 36
1
5.13
No.9
8.17
No. 12
1
10.57
No. 26
1
2.16
No. 21
4.35
No. 27
0.72
No. 34
. . 1 .
8.57
No. 30
l"
7.20
Average:
1 establishment . . .
3.05
.38 .40
5. 22 7. 07
3.18
11.03
13.70
13.31*
o8.ll
6.71
4.26
1.07
2.70
a 16. 17
6.49
6.07
4.05
3.48
3.19
13.58
18.44
19.22
16.15
14.81
14.02
13.90
19.04
13.29
14.19
13.57
14.04
12.57
12.36
11.62
12.16
3 establishments. . .
11.87
4 establishments. . .
7.86
11.91
10 establishments. .
1
10.30
13 establishments . .
10.36
15 establishments . .
9.09
18 establishments. .
••••••-•
1 -
8.71
22 establishments . .
•
8.13
I
GROUP II.— WINDOW GLASS, MACHINE.
No. 46
4.54
6.46
13.55
06.95
04.99
O1.04
043.92
18.71
6.90
1.29
3.38
24.56
8.35
18.29
1.35
12.75
17.39
a. 42
14.88
1.41
0.57
1.94
No. 45
2.09
No. 38
01.46
No. 40
6.29
No. 42
9.57
No. 49
7.84
Average:
1 establishment . , .
4.54
6.46
8.84
06.95
05. 78
01.04
014.15
OL31
3.38
16.81
13.70
12.75
15.84
12.93
9.45
1.94
2 establishments . .
2.46
5 establishments . .
2.46
6 establishments . .
4.41
1
aLoSfU
COST AND PBOFIT BT ESTABLISHMENTS.
167
Table 54. — Pbrcentagbs of Final Pbofit, Based on Sales of Each Year, 1906
TO 1915, BY Establxshmbnts and Groups — Continued.
GROUP ni.— PLATE GLASS.
Establishments.
«
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
191^
1913
1914
3.39
a 1.19
15.12
12.17
1916
No. 51
a5.18
6.33
21.19
8.58
8.54
a 4. 11
10.36
21.49
a 12. 41
11.25
19.24
1.67
No. 55
02.4B
No. 50
6.15
No. 62
.
11.80
Ayerage:
5.18
6.33
21.19
8.58
8.54
o4.ll
6.74
10.26
a 12. 41
5.91
8.95
3.39
O.07
3.22
. 4.98
1.67
2 AstAhli.tfh'n^ptff .
01.25
3 AStAhliftf^m^ptfi . .
.10
4 estabUdunents . .
2.80
GROUP IV.— WIRE AND OPALESCENT GLASS.
No. 57
17.99
25.60
18.04
5.92
20.09
18.42
6.67
29.33
21.96
8.06
O9.09
9.98
28.79
31.96
4.17
8.05
oil. 88
14.34
24.23
23.21
5.63
o21.0ft
No. 56
014.50
No. 64
5.52
No. 68
28.88
No. 60
21.61
No. 59
10.04
Average:
1 wtoblishrnent. . ,
17.99
25.60
8.17
20.09
7.99
0.61
8.06
9.40
10.07
10.74
8.05
13.14
14.06
13.67
o 21.00
Sdstablishmeiits. . .
8.9D
Sestablishments. . .
6.01
fiastabli.shtneint?. . .
6.18
GROUP v.— BOTTLES, HAND.
No. 75
No. 79
3.71
.66
5.92
4.48
3.15
9.97
15.58
2.17
8.28
14.67
16.45
O.06
9.27
15.38
5.73
06.79
.73
4.44
9.44
3.74
13.27
1.10
5.19
6.35
4.12
9.54
6.76
4.67
012.93
02.80
3.27
8.15
6.76
10.72
5.02
1.31
4.46
11.42
4.76
3.66
8.32
3.81
10.31
6.62
1.09
7.60
11.50
8.76
16.28
6.77
0.68
0.31
8.65
4.43
3.24
1.29
2.03
7.64
10.91
01.19
11.56
3.82
16.84
3.84
O2.07
No. 73
6. 73
No. 77
10.91
No. 89
6.78
No. 72
2.63
No. 87
••••••>«
3.20
No. 90
3.11
No. 88
7.25
No. 67
0.18
No. 86
1
3.41
No. 74
1 1
12.27
No, 66
........ |. ...... . ........
• • ......*. a..... . ........
0.18
No. 78
1
10.83
*""""
Average:
2 establishments. .
3 establishments . .
4 establishments. .
1.69
3.06
3.67
5.71
7.59
7.79
9.60
6.04
7.07
9.06
7.64
1.79
2.66
4.30
4.09
5.96
5.74
5.89
5.19
5.29
06.36
2.74
4.17
5.25
3.48
3.69
«.19
3.35
4.55
4.19
3.29
3.70
8.18
2.45
1.62
3.30
8.91
2.82
8.81
8.39
3.70
.15
9.12
4.24
5 establishments. .
6.37
8 establishments. .
4. 08
9 establishments. .
4.48
12 establishments. .
8.88
14 establishments .
......■• ........
4.87
o Loss.
168
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 54. — Percentages op Final Profit, Based on Sales of Each Year, 1906
TO 1915, BY Establishments and Groups — Continued.
GROUP VI.— BOTTLES, MACHINE.
Establishments.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
•
1915
No. 100
»L93
as. 34
a3.68
10.62
29.80
6.70
33.30
a3.86
21.05
26.75
17.34
30.50
4.90
17.47
30.35
18.46
29.93
11.21
10.49
21.87
13.84
26.34
9.66
23.23
17.84
21.15
42.85
a2.23
a 4. 78
9.45
8.92
10.67
22.93
18.30
28.02
7.85
25.75
30.88
21.68
40.89
4.80
04.28
5.69
7.92
No. 103
20.36
No. 106
13.32
No. 104
10.77
No. 107
18.65
No. 92
2.35
No. 93
18.13
No.94l
16.93
No. 102
•«•••■ «
12.04
No. 105
24.66
No. 91
a3.33
No. 98
a3.32
No. 108
4.31
"•••"•••
Average:
1 esl^blishixient . . .
a3.68
22.26
a3.86
23.82
23.53
11.21
20.13
23.05
18.35
8.92
21.05
24.14
17.23
7.92
5 establishments. .
1158
10 establishments..
15.77
13 establishments . .
U.46
GROUP VII.— BOTTLES, HAND AND MACHINE.
No. 124
10.40
10.60
17.07
4.90
10.26
7.31
11.29
8.60
4.92
5.18
7.08
8.97
4.11
16.28
9.45
6.86
7.06
3.32
5.37
6.79
a5.83
10.74
a 8. 89
4.23
2.66
10.13
9.47
8.25
2.43
5.66
8.90
1.55
7.86
14.24
.51
2.58
13.91
4.18
7.45
0.84
2.83
2.03
8.36
1.12
2.39
9.49
a. 60
0.19
2.61
9.29
5.14
2.30
. 5.23
1.45
03.09
11.45
4.51
al.OO
4.98
6.88
3.67
2.61
8.91
10.06
3.94
No. 130
.61
No. 122
.96
No. 131
oil. 74
No.109
4.13
No. 116
.87
No. 119
1.54
No. 128
4.84
No. 120
ol.ll
No. 126
alO.60
No. 123
.99
No. 113
9.38
No. 132
7.30
Average:
2 establishments . .
IP.55
7.08
7:88
9.13
7.13
9.06
7.41
6.27
6.03
5.12
9.59
7.33
6.88
5.21
5.71
.77
1.57
3.94
3.07
3.65
4.77
1.86
2.83
2.30
3.68
1.66
4 establishments. .
02.62
8 establishments. .
0.51
11 establishments. .
O1.50
13 establishments . .
.05
i
GROUP Vin.— JARS.
No.142
10.90
10.62
.99
3.47
17.57
2.99
13.76
3:66
6.59
6.42
2.96
.99
15.13
10.17
5.25
8.16
0.06
02.65
14.51
10.57
6.34
1.15
1.83
8.59
8.58
8.58
5.03
No.146
4.49
No.147
9.85
No.148
11.31
No.140
2.05
No. 145
4.29
No. 138
01.68
No. 139
3.76
No. 143
5.74
No.144
7.81
1"
Average:
4 establishments. .
5.94
7.35
7.23
8.49
8.24
12.53
11.32
10.65
15.83
6 establishments . .
14.05
10 establishments.
U.99
o Loss.
COST AND PBOFIT BT ESTABLISHMENTS.
169
Table 54. — ^Percentages of Final Profit, Based on Sales of Kach Year, tWW
TO 1915, BY Ectabushments and Groups — Oontiimoil.
GROUP IX.— TABLEWARE, BLOWN.
Establishments.
1006
1007
1008
1900
6.62
1010
05.06
10.87
1011
3.01
10.87
8.00
1012
o 12. 40
8.81
6.70
No. 150
0.02
6.28
3.40
No. 154
No.149
•
No. 156
Average:
1 establishment...
2 estabhshments . .
.02
6.28
3.40
6.62
5.06
7.63
3.01
0.34
15.87
12. 40
4.63
4.77
3 establishments . .
4 establishments. .
1
1
1013
al.68
10.14
5.22
17.17
al.6H
7.14
6.80
11.87
GROUP X.— TABLEWARE, BLOWN AND PRKS8KI).
No. 171
1 2.88
10.02
2.74
0.22
16.37
3.32
10.34
3.08
18.05
6.26
7.42
8.86
5.82
3.05
10.20
4.49
11.24
3.03
0.26
0.41
14.42
6.02
17.28
10.08
15.80
1.08
16.03
2.80
20.61
2.38
8.10
1.73
14.24
7.30
No. 158
14.87
No. 160
1
10.13
No.161
•
16.28
No. 159
5.02
No. 168
18.28
No.170
4.(J9
No.174
18.33
No,162
.44
No. 163
4.66
No.172
8.78
No.173
10.81
No. 166
1.80
No. 160 i
,21
No.165
Average:
1 establishment...
2.88
10.02
5.26
6.92
7.30
8 establishments. ., - 10.47
12 establishments.
14 establishments.
15 establishments.
7.50
8.34
11.00
12.14
10.30 i
0.76
J
4.73
11.86
11.66
16.77
1.35
18.53
6.44
10.24
4.82
15.07
3.72
4.01
H.35
6.26
.68
4.73
lL6fi
9,2.0
8.'/7
I
19U
1016
0.17
12.54
.05
IH.«7
A. 26
10.66
1.16
1H.02
.17
0.27
8.08
12.74
A. 26
0.07
7.00
12.00
4.84
10.00
10.68
16.04
0.63
20.65
5.16
21.74
2.00
2.55
10,30
5.61
30.86
5.81
5.87
4M
12.51
10 r/t)
11.27
2.61
8.50
7.80
o7.fW
«7.H4
»3.22
6.06
,62
6. JO
011,38
2.03
7.66
8,2»
20,00
6.12
1,W
3,60
3,e7
GROUP XL— LIGHTING OOOUH.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
183 «21J7 011.88 <iZ.Ki
181 h),ifii 'i.TA
193 2?,2?
179
184 _.
187
177
188
192
21.04
Average:
1 establishment *2tx: «:: *J* *% ^,
2establislmiaits 4 %>% '. V*
3 establislunmts J.> X
8 establishments
9 establishments _,_. ___
17 ',7
6, J//
»7J,7
2.' Zi
«4 J0*
V4. )7
.74
« 4A
2.^
^ r/
* K
ft
«2.<«
2»M
«1 »>!?
4
77
r,
l.v iff
*4t/l
I '44
24 '<!
«7 'A
n n
K %4
n n
u.n
*4,'S»
I II
7 W
21. »
an
7 t»
n 44
o^'y:r x::^:Auy * ii;\4'^p'/r^.
No. 107
No. 199.. .
No. 200
No. 195
Average:
3 estahUyuneBCz.
4 estabUduneaSs.
4 V,
,ff '/ft
4 *•<
4 »»/
7 Vv
* w
4^
4 /^
* >V»n.
170
THE GLASS INDXJSTBY.
Table H. — PBKOSNTAaBs of Final Profit, Based on Sales of Each Ybab, 1906
TO 1915, BY Establishments and Gboups — Concluded.
GROUP Xin.— MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
Establishments.
1906
1007
1908
1909
1010
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
No. 906
13.63
8.14
16.05
6.12
9.45
L17
16.87
6.01
5.80
2.53
4.11
n.05
4.44
aL70
17.17
2.48
4.77
18.73
7.04
5.38
17.34
20.68
9.6
No. 206
19.48
No. 210
IS. 15
No.211
6.28
No. 207
8.17
No. 205
12.69
No. 201
32.30
Average:
4 esteblishments. .
10.34
0.22
8.83
5.86
4.88
5.50
9.71
9.14
9.58
9.61
12.68
5 establishments. .
12.05
6 establishments. .
12.09
7 establishments. .
lil5
a Loss:
A study of the above table shows the uregularity of profits, not only
in individual establishments but of the average profit in each group as
well. This irregularity, in some establishments at least, is due partly
to whether or not depreciation was charged. Some establishments do
not charge depreciation regularly, but only in those years which show
a» substantial profit. In some years, then, depreciation may or may
not have been considered in computing the rate of profit. No attempt
was made to go behind the figures, the percentages being based on tne
frofits and sales as shown on the books of the various companies,
ive of the thirteen groups showed a higher and e^ht a lower average
profit in 1915 than in 1914. Groups III, IV, and A reached their high-
est average profit in 1914, Groups I, II, VI, and XII in 1913, and Group
VII in 1912.
CHAPTER V.
COST AlSm PBOFIT BT SPECIFIED XJiriTS.
The manufacturers who furnished data respecting their total pro-
duction and net sales were requested to supply also data as to the
cost of production of the specific articles of glassware that formed the
major portion of the ware produced. Great difficulty was foxmd in
obtaininff accurate cost data, not only because of the great variety
of articles produced but more particularly because most of the
establishments used very crude cost-finding systems, which in many
cases were obviously maccurate. •
Data were secured only from plants that had a reasonably accurate
cost-finding sjrstem, based on actual records of imit . production.
Wherever possible cost and prices were obtained as they were before
they were affected by the war in Europe.
Lack of uniformity in the systems and records of those plants that
furnished cost data makes it mipossible to present the detailed items>
of cost of materials, labor, ana overhead charges. For this reason
only total cost, net selling price, and the profit or loss are shown. In
a number of instances \diere splendid records were kept the agents
could not use the data without divulging the identity of the estab-
lishments. Such was the case in several plants manufacturing glass
bulbs for the incandescent lamp industry.
TABULATION OF COST AND PSOFIT BY ABTIGLES.
Data were obtained for 259 separate units from 29 establishments
that manufactured bottles, jars, stem ware, tumblers, other table-
ware, and lamp chimneys. The total cost of producing and selling
these articles, the prices at which they were sold, and 3ie profits oi
losses are shown in the foUovrtng series of tables.
The number of estabhshments reporting, the number of units of
each class reported, and the number of units manufactured at a profit
or loss are shown in Table 55, which foUows:
Table 55. — ^Number of Establishments Reporting and Number op Units Show-
ing Profits and Losses, by Class op Ware.
Class of ware.
Bottles
Jars
Tableware. J
Stemware
Tumblers
Lamp chimneys .
Total.
Establish-
Units
reported.
Units
ments
reporting.
showing
profits.
11
fi6
54
«»
1
28
24
9
62
52
6
16
16
10
49
45 '
4
38
30
29
259
221
Unats
showing
losses.
12
4
8
Units sold
at cost.
2
4
7
35
In the above table the figures in the column showing the number of
establishments reporting do not add to the total for the reason that
in some of the estabhsmnents more than one class of ware is made.
171
172
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 56. — Cost and Profit per Dozen in the Manutacture op Lime-Glass
Tumblers.
Establish-
ment.
Description.
Blown or
pressed.
Net
selling
price.
Total
cost.
Profit.
Loss.
•
No. 162
No. 164
Table tumbler, 10 ounces
do
Pressed . . .
...do
Blown
Pressed . . ^
Blown o...
Pressed . . .
do
$0.50
.33
.23
.22
.33
.40
.33
.28
.13
.67
.14
.60
.52
.40
.38
.34
• .28
.47
.37
.30
.28
.25
.42
.37
.32
.27
.23
.41
.32
.27
.48
.25
.18
.18
.33
.23
.18
.18
.22
.18
.18
.18
.26
.53
.24
.40
.20
.80
.31
10.40
.30
.20
.23
.31
.27
.20
.32
.12
.60
.12
.51
.36
.38
.31
.23
.18
.33
.34
.22
.25
.16
.28
.59
.31
.21
.15
.26
.28
.20
.37
.17
.11
.16
.30
.17
.09
.15
.14
.08
.16
.14
.24
.45
.22
.34
.15
.72
.27
10.10
.03
.03
.02
.13
.04
'"■.'62'
.09
.16
.02
.07
.11
.10
.14
.03
.08
.03
.09
.14
'".6i"
.06
.08
.16
.04
.07
.11
.08
.07
.02
.03
.06
.09
.03
.08
.10
.03
.04
.02
.06
.02
.06
.05
.08
.04
No. 176
No. 188
No. 171
No. 165
Table tumbler, 10 ounces, straight
Table tumbler, 10 ounces, colonial tapered. . .
Table tumbler, 9 ounces, blown light
Table tumbler
"*$6.'6i
No. 158
Tablfi tumbler, plaiti
No. 188
No. 171
Table tumbler, plain, cut star bottom
Table tumbler
...do
do.... .. .
.M
No. 182
No. 176
No. 182
No. 162
Ice tea tumbler, 12 ounces
Ice tea tumbler. 9 ounces
Soda tumbler, 12 ounces, optic
Soda tumbler, 12 ounces, bell
. . .do.... .. .
...do
...do
. . .do..... . .
.07
No. 164
do '. .'
. . .do..
No. 188
do
Blown
...do
Pressed . . .
...do
. . .do. ......
No. 176
No. 176
do
do
No. 162
No. 164
Soda tumbler, 10 ounces, bell
do
No. 176
do
Blown
. . -do.... ...
No. 166
do
No. 176
do
Pressed...
...do
...do
. - .do...... .
No. 162
No. 182
No. 164
Soda tumbler, 8 ounces, bell
do
do
.2
No. 176
do
Blown
Pressed . . .
...do
. . .do...... .
No. 176
do
No. 162
No. 164
Soda tumbler, 7 ounces, bell
do
No. 176
do
Blown
Pressed . . .
...do
. . .do.... ...
No. 158
Rodft tiiTTihlftr plflin.
No. 164
No. 176
Whisky tumSler, 3 ounces, plain.
do
No. 176
do
Blown
Pressed...
• - *\Xv« • « • * • •
...do
Blown
Pressed...
...do
Blown
...do..:
Pressed . . .
...do
No. 158
No. 164
No. 176
No. 176
Whisky tumbler, 2 ounces, heavy bottom. . .
Whisky tumbler, 2 ounces, plain
W hisky tumbler, 2 ounces, fluted
Whisky tumbler, 2 ounces, plain
No. 164
Whisky tumbler, 1 > ounces, plain
No. 176
No. 176
wmsky tumbler, 1 oimceg, fluted
Whisky tumbler, 1 ounces, plain
No. 176
No. 174
Whisky tumblerj 1 oimce, plain
Beer tiinibler, 8 oimces
No. 162
Beer tumbler, 7 ounces
No. 174
do
Blown
Prassed . . .
Blown
Pressed . . .
Blown
No. 162
No. 166
do
No. 162
No. 166
do
a Made of lead glass.
Table 57. — Cost and Profit per Dozen in the Manupacturb op Lime-Glass
Stem Ware, Pressed.
Establish-
ment.
No. 170
No. 171
No. 176
No. 182
No. 164
No. 170
No. 170
No. 182
No. 182
No. 182
No. 170
No. 164
No. 170
No. 182
No. 164
No. 162
Description.
Goblet, 10 ounces, finished
Goblet, 9 ounces, blown light (lead glass)
Goblet, 9 ounces, blown
Goblet, 9 otmces
Goblet, 9 ounces, flat-footed
Claret, 4 ounces, finished
Claret, 4 ounces, unfinished ,
Wineglass, 3 ounces
Sherry. 2* ounces
Cocktail, 3 ounces
Cordial, 1 omice, finished ,
Cordial, 1 ounce, flat-footed
Cordial, 1 ounce, unfinished ,
Sherbet, 6 ounces, footed
Sherbet, 4 ounces, fiat-footed ,
Grapefruit, 21 ounces
Net
selling
price.
SO. 30
.86
.70
.09
.40
.26
.18
.43
.35
.53
.19
.16
.13
.69
.87
3.00
Total
cost.
SO. 28
.72
.52
.65
.36
.24
.16
.32
.29
.41
.17
.15
.12
.42
.30
2.10
Profit.
10.03
.14
.18
.04
.04
.03
.03
.11
.06
.13
.08
.01
.01
.17
.07
.90
COST AND PEOFIT BY SPECIFIED UNITS.
173
Table 58. — Cost and Profit peb Dozen in the Manupacture op Lamp Chimnbts,
Gas Globes, and Lantbbn Globes, Blown.
Establish-
ment.
No.aoo.
No. 200.
No. 197.
No. 200.
No. 200.
No. 200.
No. 200.
No. 200.
No. 200.
No.200.
No. 197.
No.200.
No.200.
No.200.
No.200.
No.200.
No. 200.
No. 197.
No.200.
No. 200.
No.200.
No. 200.
No. 197.
No. 200.
Description.
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 3, paste
mold.
Lamp chimney, student, Rochester, No.
3, 10 inches, paste mold.
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 2, flint,
in c^tons.
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 2, 10
inches, paste mold.
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 2,oflhand
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 2, paste
mold.
Lamp chimney, Rochester, No. 1, paste
mold.
do %
Lamp chinmey, Rochester, No. 0, paste
moid.
Lanm chimney, Stm, No. 2, plain
Lamp chinmey. Sun, No. 2, plain, off-
hand.
Lamp chinmey. Sun, No. 2, crimp top,
ofTnand.
do
Lamp chinmey. Sun, No. 1, plain top,
offhand.
Lamp chimney, Sun, No. 1, crimp top,
offnand.
.do.
Kind of glass.
No. 184
No.m
No. 184
No.lW ;
No. 184 '
No. 184
No.200
No.200
No.200
No.200.
No. 188.
No.200.
No.200.
No. 200.
Lamp chinmey. Phoenix, No. 2, flint,
engraved, in tubes. '
Lamp chimney, Phoenix, No. 2, offhand
ao ,
Lamp chimney, B. & H., No. 2, paste '
mold. ' I
Lamp chimney, B. & H., No. 2, offhand.)
Lamp chimney, electric, No. 2, flint, in .
tubes. * ,
Lamp chimney, Bel^pan, No. 1, 10} ,
inches, paste mold.
Gas globes, C. R. I., ball, 7 inches
Gas globes, C. R . I., ball, inches
Gas globes, r. R, T., ball. 5 inches
Gas glot)es, timzsien, 8 inches, C. R, I,.,
Gas globes, tmi'/sten, 7 inches, C, K. I...
Gas glo>)es, runsnen, r> inches, C. K. I...
Gas elobes, f J-inch air hole, iron mold,
opal.
Cras dohes, 5 inche?. upri/ht, f>^«te mold .
Gas globes. 4} inches,' inverted, /ro^,V;d,
paste mold.
Gas elobes, 5i inches, inverted, miv<i'in,
paste mold!
Gas globes, ^ inches, invert«:d, halJ-
frosted apple.
Lantern rlbbc, Junior, cold blart. No. 2,
ironmokL
do
Lantern globe, tnb'iiar. irori m'^ld
One-half lead..
do
Lime
One-half lead..
Lime
do
One-half lead..
Lime
One-half lead..
Lime
do
One-half lead..
Lime
do
One-half lead..
Lime
do
do
One-half lead..
do
Lime
One-half lea<i..
do
Lime
Net
selling
price.
Total
cost.
$L00
10.04
.45
.42
.54
.41
.50
.48
.46
.45
.37
.38
.45
.37
.40
.40
.33
.27
.45
.35
.35
.60
.31
.32
.34
.44
.31
.30
.30
.28
.30
.41
.26
.39
.26
.46
.50
..yj
..jO
.37
.55
.49
.do.
do..
.do..
.do..
do..
' » » * » ^M*9 * » » m » w » •
do
Lirnf;
do
do.
Jit*.
I
.45 I
.dO ;
\.:a I
1.29
l.'iA I
.84 ;
.V,
.22
,%\
.2H
Profit.
10.06
.03
.13
.02
.08
.07
.08
.07
.13
Loss.
.37
.41 .
.47
1.04
.81
.81
.V,
.71
.rn '
,¥i ',
.47 .
Ar,
1 1
.24
.04
.03
.01 ,.
.02 I.
.13
.13
'.'6i"
.08
.'Jf)
f0.06
.10
.11
.05
• "'M »m*0m0mM
.¥A .
AH .
.18 .
.%) .
.'£', I,
.21 .
<f7 '
/■/r «# » ■* « s t
» 'rW » s » € 9 • '
174
Table 59.-
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
-Cost and Profit per Dozen in the Manufacture of Ldcb-Gubs
Tableware, Pressed..
Establish-
ment.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No,
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No,
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
174.
182.
165.
162.
170.
188.
170.
170.
176.
164.
162.
165.
174.
164,
182.
182.
174.
162.
165.
164.
170.
188.
170.
170.
176.
162.
165.
182.
174.
164.
188.
182.
164.
170.
188.
162.
165.
174.
174.
174.
162.
188.
176.
176.
182.
174.
162.
182.
182.
182.
188.
162.
165.
188.
166.
162.
174.
170.
164.
174.
162.
165.
Description.
Nappy, 8 inches : . .
!!!!!do;!;;ii;!!!!!!; !!!!!]!!!!!!;!!!!!!;;
....do
^^Ppy^ S inches, finished, joint mold.. . .
Nappy, 8 inches, imitation cut
Nappy, 8 inches, unfinished, block mold .
Nappy, 8 inches, unfinished, joint mold .
Nappy, 8 inches, joint mold
Nappy, 7 inches
Nappy, 6 inches
!!!!!do!!;!!!!]!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
do
Nappy, 5 inches
Nappy, 4 inches
!!!!!do;;!!;!'!*!!!!!!!!]!!!!;;;!!;!!!!!!;
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Nappy, 4 inches, unfinished, joint mold.
Nappy, 4 inches, unfinished, block mold.
Nappy, 4 inches
Creamer
do
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Sugar bowl and cover, handled
Sugar bowl and cover
do
Sugar bowl and cover, star bottom.
Sugar bowl, no cover
do
.do.
Sugar bowl and cream set
Jug, ice tea, 73 ounces
Jug, ice tea, 65 ounces
Jug, ice tea, 3 pints, imitation cut
Jug,ice tea, 3 pints
Jug, ice, 12 ounces, handled (blown)
Tankard, ^ gallon
Tankard, 63^ ounces
Tankard, 3 pints (blown)
Water bottle, 1 quart
Decanter, 26 ounces, pressed stopper
Cruet, oil or vinegar, 6 ounces, pressed stopper.
Cruet, oil, 7 ounces, art neck, cut star bottom .
Egg cup, 4 ounces
do
do
Egg cup, double cup . . .
Finger bowl, 11 ounces.
do
Finger bowl, 11 ounces, finished.
Finger bowl, 10 ounces
Plate, 6 ounces
do
do
Net
selling
price.
Total
cost.
$1.60
$1.31
1.59
1.65
1.50
.88
1.50
1.18
.72
.62
.70
.67
.60
.43
.60
.48
.50
.47
,75
.79
.85
.60
.80
.65
.76
.62
.60
.64
.68
.66
,.45
.54
.44
.36
.38
.28
.30
.24
.25
.25
.22
.20
.22
.22
.15
.14
.12
.11
.11
.10
.85
.65
.80
.49
.80
.93
.68
.54
.65
.48
.60
.36
1.21
1.39
.75
.85
.72
.58
.65
.50
1.35
1.05
.90
.79
.80
.62
.80
.53
2.40
1.75
2.50
2.00
1.10
.99
.75
.57
.90
.54
2.97
3.52
2.20
1.73
2.20
1.85
2.19
1.80
6.64
5.00
2.54
1.40
.48
.38
.45
.35
.40
.25
.35
.29
.37
.34
.80
.50
.60
.50
.42
.34
.50
.40
.44
.37
.40
.30
.30
.24
Profit.
Loss.
$0.29
■".'62
.32
.10
.03
.17
.12
.03
'"'.'25
.15
.14
.02
.08
.10
.06
.02
.01
.01
.01
.20
.31
.14
.17
.24
.14
.15
.30
.11
.18
.27
.65
.50
.11
.18
.36
.47
.35
.39
L64
1.14
.10
.10
.15
.06
.03
.30
.10
.08
.10
.07
.10
.06
OOST AND PBOFIT BY SPECIFIED UNITS.
176
Tabse 60. — Cost and Profit in the Manufacture of Machinb-Madb Milk Jars,
Fruit Jars, and Packing and Preservinq Tumblers.
Establish-
ment.
No. 142.
No. 141.
No. 142.
No. 141.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 188.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 140.
No. 174.
No. 174.
No. 174.
No. 162.
No. 176.
No. 140.
No. 174.
No. 174.
No. 188.
No. 176.
Description.
Milk Jar, 1 quart, flint.
MUlrjar, Ipint, flint..
do
Mason jar, 32 ounces
Mason jar, 26 ounces
Mason lar, 20 ounces
Mason jar, 10 ounces
Packer, ^ gallon, ^lass ears, wooden handle.
Preserver, 16 ounces, cylinder, olive
Preserver, 10 ounces, octagon, Jam
Preserver, 9i ounces
Preserver, 8 ounces, octagon, pickle
Preserver, 6 ounces, flat, pickle
Preserver, 5 ounces, mustard jar
Preserver, 4^ ounces, cylinder, olive
Tumbler, 16 ounces, long
Tumbler, 12 ounces, long
Tumbler, 17 ounces, jelly
Tumbler, 12 ounces, jelly
Tumbler, 10 ounces, jelly
Tumbler, 8 ounces, packer, metal cap
Tumbler, 8 ounces, jelly, no cap
Tumbler, 7 J ounces, Jelly ,
Tumbler, 7 ounces, jelly
do
Tumbler, 6 ouncra, jelly, crystal... . ,
Tumbler, 6 ounces, jelly, no cap.
Unit.
Gross
do.
.do....
.do —
.do. ...
.do.
.do. ...
do
DoEcn
Gross
• « • • vViU* • • « ■
....do
..do...
..do...
...do...
..do..,
..do...
....do.
Dozen.
do.
.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...
.do...
Net
aelling
price.
Total
oost.
14.20
14.00
3.45
8.27
2.00
2.76
2.25
2.21
2.99
3.12
2.95
2.91
2.67
2.55
2.15
2.10
.57
.44
3.12
2.60
1.98
1.70
1.67
1.52
1.91
1.66
1.81
1.47
1.46
1.22
1.39
1.34
2.95
2.76
2.43
2.24
.25
.22
.19
.17
.18
.16
.50
.47
.09
.10
.11
.12
.12
.11
.10
.08
.11
.09
.08
.00
Profit.
10.20
.18
.15
.04
.04
.12
.05
.13
.52
.28
.16
.25
.34
.24
.05
.19
.19
.03
.02
.02
LOiS.
10.18
.03 |.
.01
.01
.01 ,.
.02 ,.
.02 1.
1
.01
Table 61. — Cost and Profit per Gross in the Manufacture of Bottles.
Estab-
lish'
mfiDt.
No. 132..
No. 79...
No. 87...
No. 119..
No. 90...
No. 132...
No. 79....
No. 119.. -
No. 87....
No. 90....
No. 82....
No. 130..
No. 132.,
No. 119..
No. 87...
No. 90...
' Description.
No. 113...
No. 82..
No, 130.
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck^ flint.
Prescnption, round, wide
moutD, flint.
Prestription, ov^, narrow
neck, flint.
do
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck^ green.
Prescnption, oral, narrow
neck, flint.
Prescrintian, round, wide
mouth, green.
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck, flint.
do
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck, green.
Prescription, oval, nanx»w
neck, flint.
....do
— do
-..-do
...-do
Prenaiption, <yv-aJ. narf/w
neck, green.
I Prescription, oral, aarrvw
neck, fijnt.
..-.do
Contents.
32 ounces
do,.,.
» m » * m^
i.,,.>lo.
No. 132...
No. 119...
No. 87....
No. 90....
Prescription, ammonia, iojj^
neck, flint.
Prescription, oi-al, narrow
neck, flint.
do
I Presjnptioa. ova], Jiu*rrow
neck, eree&L
4 */ufvm
do..... I
— .do....
— .do...,
16 ounces.
* m m ^ «%M?'^ • 9 ^ m
.dl>.,..
Weight
in
ounces.
20
20
20
: d<>,
do ,
I
....A'j,....
<l'>, ,,,
' ^ X * ^0^ f ^ » p f *
19
20
12
12
Hi
12
12
12
U
7
7
7
7
7
%
Hand or
machine
made.
No. 113... Prescripti'-m. oval. tmTov 4v
I se^ flint, t
Hand...
, ..do,,,,.
m » »Q0# • mm m
• 9 #■**/ • • m »
» • #^j'/« • m m
,.,^}....,
m m •V/ # # # # #
» f j'j'** t » » 9
r ^'m^i 9 9 9 M »
4o ..
'Jo
I
Net
selling
price.
$6.50
6.00
4.92
4.92
4.61
3.69
a. 26
3.21
1.24
%M\
2,70
'I M
•J 'M
'I to
2 W
i fcO
i n
) Vf
\ •)<
10.91
•0.30
.77
.1%
,49
.10
,tt
T^/ Profit. ; Urn.
$4.59
$.30
4.1$
4.19
4. OK
3.1$
3.3$
3.<i2
%.m
'IHft
'J nr,
'/ <iy
'/ w
t v/
^44
i «/
i tifi
i m
9 $^ \9»9»999P
yy
I
1 1 1 1 1 1
» • ' »
' I ' I
• ' • •
....
176
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 61. — ^Cost and Profit per Gross in the Manufacture of Bottles.— Con.
Estab-
lish-
ment.
No. 82..
No. 132.
No. 119.
No. 87..
No. 90..
No. 113..
No. 82....
No. 99....
No. 134...
No. 87....
No. 79....
No. 90....
No. 134...
No. 134...
No. 132.
No. 128.
No. 99..
No. 90..
No. 99..
No. 132.
No. 79..
No. 90..
No. 87..
No. 132.
No.90.-
No.87..
No. 82..
No. 130.
No. 79..
No. 113.
No. 87..
No. 90..
No. 132.
No. 132.
No. 113-
No.87..
No. 90..
No. 87..
No. 90..
No. 87..
No. 90..
No. 90..
Description.
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck, flint.
do
do
do
Perscription, oval, narrow
neck^ green.
Prescription, oval, narrow
neck, flint.
Beer,biilb neck, export, am-
ber.
Beer,bulb neck, export, green
Bter, bulb neck, export ,'flint.
do
Beer, bulb neck, export, am-
ber.
Beer, taper neck, amber
Beer, bulb neck, export, am-
ber.
do
Beer , bulb neck, export , green
do
Beer, bulb neck, export, am
ber.
Soda.bulb neck, export, green
do
Brandy, green
Brandy, amber
Brandy, flint
Brandy, amber
do
Brandy, flint
do
Whisky, amber
Wine, flint
Nursing, round, flint.
■ • • • • \Av/ «••■•■•••_••*•«
do
do
Nursing, flat, flint
do
do
do
Ink, square, flint
Ink, square, green
Ink, cylindrical, flint...
Ink, cylindrical, green.
Ink, cone, green
(Contents.
4 ounces. .
2 ounces.
do...
do...
do...
do...
do
1 quart...
do.
1 pint.
do.
do.
do
do
do
do
do
ipint
1 pint
ipint....
5's
do...,
do
do....
4's.
.do.
do
do
do
8 ounces..*.
do
do
Weight
in
ounces.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do...
2 ounces.
do...
do...
do...
do...
2
2
2
2
2
2h
25
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
12
15
14
22
20
20
20
24
24
24
22
24
6J
6i
6J
4i
ok
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
Hand or
machine
made.
Hand . . .
...do
...do
.. .do
...do
...do
...do
Machine
...do
Hand...
...do
■ « • XA^' • • • » •
Machine
...do
...do
Hand . . .
Machine
Hand . . .
Machine
...do
Hand...
...do
...do
Machine
Hand...
...do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
Net
selling
price.
$1.35
1.38
1.24
1.24
1.16
1.10
1.00
3.75
3.60
3.55
3.50
3.40
2.50
2.50
2.38
2.33
2.25
3.15
2.25
2.78
6.00
25
25
75
50
50
4
4
3
4
4
3.80
5.00
4.75
2.00
1.65
1.65
2.30
2.25
2.00
1.65
65
52
42
48
39
1.39
Total
Cost.
$1.21
1.28
1.18
1.22
1.15
1.00
.90
2.99
2.84
3.24
4.06
2.83
2.25
2.25
2.11
2.35
1.89
2.40
1.89
2.22
6.19
3.88
4.38
2.92
4.13
4.75
3.70
4.79
5.84
1.77
1.88
2.07
2.04
1.90
1.76
1.72
1.86
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.30
1.30
Profit.
1
Loss.
$0.14
.10
.06
.02
.01
.10
.10
.76
.76
.31
10.56
.57
.25
.25
.27
M
.36
.75
.36
_
.56
.19
.37
.13
.83
.37
_ .••«-■■
.25
.10'
.21 '
L09
.23
.23
.42
.26'
.35 ;
.24 '
.07
.21
.20 '
.09
.15
.09
.09 1
UNIT COST FOB WINDOW GLASS.
Available data from which unit costs could be derived were ob-
tained from a considerable number of window-glass establishments
visited by the agents during this investigation. Such (^ata were
reported by 18 establishments manufacturing window glas^ by hand
and 3 manufacturing by machine. These establishments are fairly
representative and are located in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Kansas, Indiana, and Texas.
Information was secured as to the total number of 50-foot single-
strength boxes of window glass produced during the business period.
All boxes were reduced to a uniform basis of single-strength glass.
Double-strength glass was reduced in the proportion of 8 to 5
The method employed in deriving the cost of various brackets of
window glass from the data obtained was briefly as follows: The
amount of piece-paid labor was deducted from the total factory labor
cost. Piece labor includes the following occupations: In the hand
plants, blower, gatherer, flattener, and cutter; in the machine fac-
COST AN0 PBOFIT BY SPEOIFIBD UNITS.
177
tones, blower, flattener, ring man, snapper, capper, cracker open,
and cutter. These occupations are paid according to a piece-price
scale for the different brackets and grades and are charged directly
to the cost of the unit.
The items of cost, except piece-paid labor, are practicaUy the same
for all cylinders produced in a factory, as the graaes and sizes are not
determined untu the glass reaches the cutting department. An
average cost, therefore, for general expense, aamimstration, fixed
charges, and time labor was properly appUed to the cost of the unit.
This was derived by dividing the total oi these charges by the number
of boxes produced. This method is employed practically by all
window-glass factories and serves as a fairly accurate basis for deter-
mining the cost of specific brackets and grades.
HANDMADE PRODUCT.
The following table is derived from the wage scale agreed upon by
the National Window Glass Workers and the National Association
of Window Glass Manufacturers. These piece prices were in effect
from March 15, 1916, to May 27, 1916.
Table 62. — Bates op Piecb-Pricb Labor for a 50-Foot Box of Handmade
Window Gi<ass, bt Brackets, A and B Grades, Single and Double Strength.
[Gatherers are paid 80 per cent and flatteners 27 per cent of blower's rates.]
Brackets.
Blower.
I
Gatherer. Flattener.
Cutter.
TotAl.
A.
B.
A.
B.
$0,188
.216
.244
.256
.268
.280
.304
.324
.256
.368
.400
.448
.532
.916
1.720
A.
$0,068
.078
.088
.096
.103
.105
.117
.123
.096
.139
.151
.167
.203
.338
.622
B.
A and
B.
A.
B.
SINGT.F. STRENGTH.
8 by 10 to 10 by 16 inches
11 by 15 to 14 by 20 inches . . .
14 by 21 to 16 by 24 inches. . .
16 by 25 to 20 by 30 inches . . .
21 by 30 to 24 by 30 inches. . .
24 by 31 to 24 by 36 inches . . .
25by 36 to 30 by 41 inches. . .
All above 30 by 41 inches
DOUBLE STRENGTH.
6 by 8 to 16 by 24 inches
16 by 25 to 24 by 36 inches. . .
24 by 37 to 30 by 40 inches. . .
30 by 41 to 36 by 51 inches. . .
36 by 52 to 39 by 60 inches . . .
40 by 60 to 40 by 78 inches . . .
All above 40 by 78 inches
$0,250
.290
.325
.aw
.380
.390
.435
.455
.355
.515
.560
.620
.750
1.250
2.305
SO. 235 ! SO. 200
.270 i .232
.305 .260
. 320 . 284
.335 .304
.350 1 .312
.380 1 .348
.405 1 .364
.320 .284
.460 .412
. 500 . 448
. 360 . 496
.665 .600
1.145 1.000
2.150 1.844
$0,063
.073
.082
.086
.090
.095
.103
.109
.086
.124
.135
.151
.180
.309
.681
$0,127
.127
.127
.127
.127
.127
.127
.127
.166
.166
.166
.166
-.166
.166
.166
$0,646
.727
.800
.862
.914
.934
1.027
1.069
.901
1.232
1.325
1.449
1.719
2.754
4.937
$0,613
.686
.758
.789
.820
.862
.914
.965
.828
1.118
1.201
1.325
1.543
2.536
4.617
The following series of tables is presented to show.costs of various
brackets and grades of single and double strength window glass.
Table 63 shows the cost of production in 18 establishments of a
50-foot box of handmade single-strength glass, bracket 6 by 8 to 10
by 15 inches, and illustrates the method employed in computing the
total cost of the various brackets as given by separate establishment
in Tables 64 and 65 on following pages.
102511'*— 17 ^12
178
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 63. — Cost of Producing a 50-Foot Box of Handmade Sinolb-Strbngth
Window Glass, Bracket 6 by 8 to 10 by 16' Inches, A and B Gradbs, with
Additional Cost for Depreciation and Interest on Current Loans, bt
Establishments.
Establishment.
No.2
No.3
No.6
No.6
No. 8
No. 11
No. 13
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19 ,
No. 20
No. 22
No. 24
No. 29
No. 31
No. 34
No. 35
Materials.
Batch.
10.174
.097
.129
.285
.238
.170
&.169
.167
.149
.158
.144
.183
.154
.160
.169
.118
.155
.088
Pack-
ing.
to. 158
.096
.183
.088
.183
.129
6.168
.156
.156
.136
.168
.143
.134
.176
.143
.150
.151
.126
Fuel.
10.328
.259
.107
.179
.190
.209
.122
.089
.062
.176
2
.114
.215
.063
.073
.083
.177
Piece-paid
labor.
A.
10.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.646
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
.645
B.
10.613
.613
.618
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
.613
Other
fac-
Salar
tory
ries.
labor.
10,428
10.036
.333
.093
.279
.022
.346
.058
.490
.079
.315
.059
.259
.041
.296
.014
.276
.021
.358
.019
.394
.056
.402
.045
.287
.054
. 309
.075
.326
.018
.300
.017
.317
.052
.332
.059
All ,
other
cost.
10.121
.224
.144
.065
.230
.130
.230
.184
.156
.146
.188
.178
.128
.177
.186
.139
.136
.176
Total C08t.a
a.
B.
$1,880
$1,857
1.747
1.715
1.450
1.427
1.666
1.634
2.055
2.023
1.657
1.625
1.634
1.602
dl.544
dl. 512
1.465
1.433
1.638
1.606
1.837
1.805
1.799
1.767
1.516
1.484
1.756
1.724
1.550
1.518
1.442
1.410
1.539
1.507
1.603
1.571
Pe-
pre-
da-
tion.
$0,119
.070
.054
.050
.159
.058
C)
.026
.028
.008
.066
.054
.033
.060
.036
.032
.067
.073
Inter-
est.
$0.0(3
.on:
.036
.13:
.019
.005
.001
.00*
M
.on
.023
M
('1
.0
.©■
.01)
a Exclusive of depreciation and interest.
b Including 2.2 cents (total, 4.4 cents) for undistributed freight.
e No depredation diarge; plant is rented.
d Includes 0.003 cent for undistributed freight.
« Less than 0.001 per cent.
Table 64 shows costs for eight different brackets, A and B grad^,
mad e in the 1 8 es tabhshmen ts . It will be observed tiiat the piece-paid
labor is identical for all the estabUshments, but the other costs vary
considerably, ranging from $0,797 to $1.41. These differences are
due to a variety of causes, chief among which are more efficient man-
agement, advantages of location as to raw materials, freight, and
fuel cost, and also to the ability to operate at maximum capacity
throughout the blast.
COST AND PBOITT BY SPECIFIED UNITS.
179
Table 64. — Cost of Producing a 50-Foot Box of Handmjldb Sinolb-Strbnotk
Window Glass, A and B Grades, by Brackets, Without Additional Cost
FOR Depreciation and Interest on Current Loans.
All
brack-
ets.
8 by 10 to 10
by 15 inches.
11 by 15 to 14
by 20 inohes.
14 by a
by 241
A.
ltol6
nohes.
16by9
bySOi
A.
6 to 20
QOhM.
A.
B.
A.
B.
. B.
B.
Establishment.
Cost,
except
pleoe-
pold
labor.
Total cost, including piece-paid labor, at rate of-
- \
10.645
10.618
10.727
10.686
11.930
1.788
1.500
1.707
2.096
1.698
1.675
1.585
1.506
1.679
1.878
1.840
1.557
1.797
$0.80
$2,044
1.902
1.614
1.821
2.210
1.812
1.789
1.699
1.620
1.798
1.992
1.954
1.671
1.911
1.705
, 1.597
! 1.604
' 1.758
10.758
12.002
1.860
1.672
1.779
2.168
1.770
1.747
1.667
1.578
1.751
1.960
' 1.912
1.629
1.860
1 1.663
, 1.566
1.652
1.716
1
$0,862
$2,106
1.064
1.676
1.883
2.272
1.874
1.851
1.761
1.682
1.856
, 2.054
, 2.016
1.733
1.073
1.767
, 1.660
1.756
1.820
$0,780
No. 2
$1,244
1.102
.814
1.021
1.410
1.012
.080
.800
.820
.093
1.192
1.154
.871
1.111
.005
.707
.804
.058
•
11.889
1.747
1.450
1.666
2.055
1.657
1.634
1.544
1.465
1.638
1.837
1.700
1.516
1.756
L550
1.442
1.539
1.603
$1,867
1.715
1.427
1.6S4
2.023
1.625
1.002
1.512
1.433
1.606
1.805
1.767
1.484
1.724
1.518
1.410
1.507
1.571
11.071
1.829
1.641
1.748
2.137
1.739
1.716
1.626
1.647
1.720
1.919
1.881
1.508
1.838
$2,088
No. 3
1.891
No.6
1.603
No. 6
1.810
No.8
2.100
No. 11
1.801
No. 13
1.778
No. 15
1.688
No. 17
1.609
No. 18
1.782
No. 19
1.081
No. 20
1.048
No. 22
1.660
No. 24
1.000
No. 29
1.632! 1.591
1.524 , 1.483
1.621 1.580
1.685 1 1.644
1
L604
No. 31
1.080
No. 34
1.688
No. 35
' 1.747
All
I brack-
I ets.
Establishment.
Cost,
except
piece-
paid
labor.
21 by 30 to 24
by 30 inchee.
24by81to24 , 2SbT36to30 > AllaboveSO
by 36 inches. . by 41 inches. t>y41iflchee«
A.
B.
A.
A.
B.
A.
B.
Total GOtt, including pieoe-paJd labor, at rate (4—
$0,914 $0,820, $0,934; $0,852 $1,027 $0,014 $1,000 $0.
No.2 $1,244
No.3 1.1«2 [
No. 5 .M4
No. 6 i.'m
No.8 1.4!')
No. 11 1.012
No. 13 *>**>
No. 15 ^^*
No. 17 «0
No. 18 rfi
No. 19 l.m
No. 20 1.I.V4
No. 22 ^TI
No. 24 lAll
No. 29 Vj.'S
No.31 7''/:
No. 34 Vt4
No. 36 a.vi
$2.1.5^
%2fM
$2. 17<»
titfm
%2.rj\
$2. VA
n.zn
nvn
2.01^,
l.'^22
2.fm
l.fH^
2,120
2. 01^/
2.171
2.W1
1,728
l.f^M
l.liH
htit/i
i.Mi
1.728
t.ViZ
vm
1,»5.S
l.«J4I
1*1$
\/<j%
2.048
X.'JfVf
2jm
x.^m
2.Z24
2.230
2 :M4
2.V/2
2.4^7
%Z24
2.47*
2.3r7*
\.'ry»
l.%32
l.JHii
LV/4
2(04
\/jf»t
2.0^1
i,yn
i.'^n
LW#
l.%3
\.M\
2. h)H
i.WZ
2.^M
l.dM
1. ^\z
1. 'V<t
1.^3:5
1. V,\
ijm
i.OZ
\/*f»,
\.yA
1,7^4
\.^A()
1.7.y|
1. V2
l.«H7
1 7»4
\'<*f9
I.7W
1. '#>7
1. -J.'?
y/^
^ Mr,
2Jf^f
1 y/7
2. *fa
\.*^
2Lirj*i
2L0I2
%\v.
2.'M
2 21 >
2 \f^.
2.V,\
2. \m
i'-jiw
1 '¥li
%(^
2 fff.
2\*>\
2 ff^>
2.22»
2 110
i.r-55
l.W
l.V/,
1 7»
I ^4^
l.7%v
\/¥^
\r>m
2. 0^,
l.'^l
2. ^^r.
l.'^A
2 IV^
2'/2>
2.1V,
2'm
I. >;r#
1 725
!.%•>
) 7.;7
J -Wi
1. ^l'#
l.'-r74
i.rj^
1 Til
1 M7
I. m
1 M!>
1.^24
1.711
I v/.
1.1^
l.^t^
1.714
1.^28
1.74«
1 <Wrl
1 ^0«
1. ^^A
\VA
vra
1.77^
1.992
\A\Ct
\/if^
I.«72
%Afjn
i.m
1
_
.
J
_.
Table 65 is sLmTUr m ionti f/> T^ble M Hud h}iow^ f/f^U hrt ^i^t^i
brackets of double-^tr^jngth ^Ip^pa, ]u (\(^rWu}<f h\\ ht\u^ 4'4f^i, f^xf^^jfi
piece-paid labor for & h<>x of 4<^/uhU-^tr^*Ti$(tf. j()a«5<?, ih^, f-^r^i ff{ H
single-strength box wan \rirrf^.M'/\ \u ir<*p, pro^r/^rtK^/n of ti Uf ^ ut \h^
number of single-^ trenjftri \yffXi^ w^r^, f^*Am4^f\ f/t rlouM^. sf,f/vrrgfrb
basis in the ratio of % U> 5,
180
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 66. — Cost op Pboducino a 50-Foot Box of Handmade, Double-Strength
Window Glass, A and B Grades, by Brackets, Without Additional Cost
FOR Depreciation and Interest on Current Loans.
All
brack-
ets.
6 by 8 to 16 by
24 Inches.
16 by 25 to 24 by
36 inches.
24 by 37 to 30 by
40 inches.
Establishment.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
Cost,
except
piece-
paid
labor.
Total cost, including piece-paid labor, at rate of-
SO. 901
SO. 828
$1,232
$1,118
$1,325
ii.aoi
No. 2
$1,980
1.768
1.302
1.634
2.256
1.619
1.582
1.438
1.312
1.589
1.907
1.846
1.394
1.778
1.448
1.275
1.430
1.533
12.881
2.664
2.203
2.535
3.157
2.520
2.483
2.339
2.213
2.490
2.808
2.747
2.295
2.679
2.349
2.176
2.331
2.434
12.806
2.591
2.130
2.462
3.084
2.447
2.410
2.266
2.140
2.417
2.735
2.674
2.222
2.606
2.276
2.103
2.258
2.361
$3,212
2.995
2.534
2.866
3.488
2.851
2.814
2.670
2.544
2.821
3.139
3.078
2.626
3.010
2.680
2.507
2.662
2.765
$3,098
2.881
2.420
2.752
3.374
2.737
2.700
2.556
2.430
2.707
3.025
2.964
2.512
2.896
2.566
2.393
2.548
2.651
$3,305
3.088
2.627
2.999
3.581
2.944
2.907
2.763
2.637
2.914
3.232
3.171
2.719
3.103
2.773
2.600
2.755
2.858
S3.U1
No. 8 :
2.W
No. 6
2.303
No. 6
2.S5
No. 8
3.45<
No. 11
2.90
No. 13
2,7B
No. 15
2.fl»
No. 17
2.SD
No. 18
2.:*
No. 19 :..
3. IS
No. 20
3.0(T
No. 22
2.SB6
No. 24
2.9:9
No. 29
2.M9
No. 31
2.47B
No. 34
2.631
No. 35
2.134
Establishment.
No. 2..
No. 3..
No. 5..
No. 6..
No. 8,.
No. 11
No. 13
No. 15
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19
No. 20
No. 22
No. 24
No. 29
No. 31
No. 34
No. 35
AU
brack-
ets.
Cost,
except
piece-
paid
labor.
$1,980
1.763
1.302
1.634
2.256
1.619
1.582
1.438
1.312
1.589
1.907
1.846
1.394
1.778
1.448
1.27.5
1.430
1.533
30 by 41 to 36 by
51 inches.
36 bv 52 to 39 by
66 inches.
40 by 60 to 40 bv
78 inches.
A. B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
All above 40 by
78 inches.
A.
B.
Total cost, including piece-paid labor, at rate of—
$1,449
$1,325
$3,429
$3,305
3.212
3.088
2.751
2.627
3.083
2.959
3.705
3.581
3.068
2.944
3.031
2.907
2.887
2.763
2.761
2.637
3.038
2.914
3.356
3.232
3.295
3.171
2.^3
2.719
3.227
3.103
2.897
2.773
2.724
2.600
2.879
2. 755
2.982
2.858
$1,719 $1,543
$3,699
3.482
3.021
3.353
3.975
3.338
3.301
3.157
3.031
3.308
3.626
3.565
3.113
3.497
3.167
2.994
3.149
3.252
$3,523
3.306
2.845
3.177
3.799
3.162
3.125
2.981
2.855
3.132
3.450
3.389
2.937
3.321
2.991
2.818
2.973
3.076
$2,754 I $2,536
$4,734
4.517
4.056
4.388
5.010
4.373
4.336
4.192
4.066
4.343
4.661
4.600
4.118
532
202
029
184
287
$4,516
4.299
3.838
4.170
4.792
4.155
4.118
3.974
3.848
4.125
4.443
4.382
3.930
4.314
3.9ai
3.811
3.966
4.069
$4,937 $4,617
$6,917
6.700
6.239
6.571
7.193
6.556
6.519
6.375
6.249
6.526
6.814
6.783
6.331
6.715
6.385
6.212
6.367
6.470
16.59:
6.38)
5.919
6.251
6.S73
6.236
6.199
6.035
5.929
6.206
6.521
6.4«
6. nil
6.395
6.065
0.892
6.04:
6.130
MACHINE-MADE PRODUCT.
i^The f ollowiag series of tables showing wage and unit cost data for
machine-made glass are similar to the preceding tables for handmade
glass. It will be observed that the piece-paid occupations in this
group differ from those of the hand group, as do the rates of wages.
In the hand group blowing is a highly skilled occupation, but in the
machine group it is not classified as such.
The rates oi wages as shown in this group are those agreed upon
by manufacturers using the Consolidated or Healy machiues at the
beginning of the blast, October 28, 1915.
COST Ain) FBOPET BY SPEOIFIEO UNITS.
181
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182
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
»
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CM
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$1,971
1.760
1.869
11.862
1.651
1.760
i»coio
^ CO ^
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008T AND PBOTTT BY 8PB0IFIED XJNITB. 188
MANUFAGTUBIKG COSTS BT ITEMS.
The following tables show by establishments the average cost
and profit or loss in manufacturing a 50-foot box of single-s&ength
glass, by hand and by machine. (x>sts for 35 hand and 11 machme
establishments are presented in these tables. The percentages of
cost for the various items are fully discussed in connection with
Tables 37 and 38.
i
S5
i'
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1 « j i ii S i
58
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1 S : 1 !l ! 1
mi
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1 8 8 M s 1
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COST AKD PEOPIT BY SPECIPIED UNITS.
186
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186
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Table 71. — ^Average Cost op Each Specifiep Item op Expense in Manupactueing
A 50-FooT Box OP Single-Strength Wini>ow Glass, Machine Made, and Aver-
age OPERiATING PrOPIT OR LoSS, WiTH AND WiTHOUT CONSIDERATION OP DEPRE-
CIATION AND Interest on Current Loans, Based on the Selling Value, bt
Establishments.
Items.
AUes-
tablish-
1 ments.
1
No.
38.
•
No.
39.
No.
40.
No.
41.
to. 182
.155
No.
42.
No.
43.
No.
44.
No.
45.
No.
46.
No.
48.
No.
49.
Materials:
Batch
10.148
.111
.001
to. 139
.146
to. 133
.138
to. 213
.118
to. 164
.125
to. 141
.146
to. 159
.112
to. 218
.146
to. 186
.120
.012
to. 169 SO. 129
"Pwiking.,. ...
.128 .066
Freight:....:.....;.;
Total materials
Total factory labor
Fuel, power, light, and
water
.260
.673
.132
.025
.023
.029
.046
.088
.285
.793
.343
.040
.046
.271
.636
.270
.035
.019
.331
.901
.106
.046
.072
.018
.099
.124
.337
.777
.087
.025
.047
.026
.090
.065
.289
.712
.121
.042
.040
.028
.102
.081
.287
.543
.216
.024
.020
.089
.093
.162
.271
.868
.231
.020
.053
.008
.092
.364
.621
.203
.037
.022
.039
.097
.025
.318
.910
.070
.064
.030
.050
.026
.078
.297
.095
.196
.014
.025
.058
.079
.190
.215
.750
.049
Taxes and Insurance
Total salaries
.017
.013
Total selling expense
.027
Royalty
.033
.079
.100
.186
General expense and bad
debts
.048
Total operating cost
Operating profit com-
puted without deprecia-
tion and interest
1.276
.155
1.619
1.517
1.697
1.454
.172
1.415
.208
1.384
.091
1.543
.107
1.408
.190
1.546
.221
1.554
.208
1.128
.184
Operating loss computed
without depreciation
and iTiterwt . .
.042
.164
.002
........
1
Selling value of one
box produced
1.431
1.577
1.353
1.695
1.626
1.623
1.475
1.650
1.598
1.767
1.762
1.312
Depreciation
.064
.(H4
.047
.091
.051
.044
.055
.028
.049
.040
.083
.035
.017
.156
.050
.041
.OSl
.013
.063
.044
•
.146
.138
.045
.038
.149! -053
Interest
.088
.013
Operating profit com-
puted with deprecia-
tion and interest
.029
m
Operating loss computed
with depreciation and
interest . . .'
.184
.208
.085
*
1
1 •
PRODUCTION AT A PROFIT AND AT A LOSS.
The foUowing table, derived from data shown in Tables 70 and 71,
S resents in summary form the number of establishments reporting
ata and the number of single-strength 50-fcot boxes produced at
an operating profit or loss, with and without charges for deprecia-
tion and interest.
Table 72. — Number of Est.\blishments Producing Single-Strength Window
Glass, Machine and Hand Made, and Number of Boxes Produced at a
Profit or Loss, With and Without Consideration of Depreciation and
Interest on Current Loans.
Establishments showing —
Operating profits computed without
depreciation and interest
Operating losses computed without
depreciation and interest
Operating profits computed with
depreciation and interest
Operating losses computed with
depreciation and interest
All establishments
Number of establishments. Number of JSO-fbot boxes produced.
41
5
38
8
46
Total. Hand.
Machine. Total.
33
31
4
35
8 4,588,550
I
3 344,610
7
4 !
4,181,300
751,860
Hand.
2,829,258
65,821
2,701,116
193,964
Machine.
1,759,291
278,789
1,480,1M
557,896
4,983,160 2,805,060 | 2,
CHAPTER VI.
IJSTDirSTBIAL COJSTDITIONS.
FTTEL AS A FACTOR IN LOCATION AND OPEBATION.
The States in which different varieties of glass and glassware are
most largely manufactured are shown below.
Window ^ass: Pennsylvania, West .Virginia, Ohio, Kansas, Okla-
homa, and Texas.
Plate glass: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois.
Wire and opalescent glass: Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri.
Tableware: Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and
Indiana.
Heavy cut glass: Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and
Fruit and milk jars: New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois,
and Oklahoma.
Bottles, packers, and preservers : New York, New Jersev, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri.
Lighting goods : New i ork, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, In-
diana, and Oklahoma.
Chemical ware: New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.
The glass industry is located largely west of the Allegheny Moun-
tains and in districts where chean natural gaa.can be obtained.- The
glass factories in the East have the advantage of being near the large
eastern markets, but they use producer gas or oil for fuel, and the
high cost of the fuel is an offset to the market advantage.
In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and
eastern Pennsylvania producer gas made by the glass factories is
used. Even in the Pittsburgh district the price of natural gas is now
80 high that producer gas is used to some extent in glass making.
One glass company in that district that makes producer gas esti-
mates that it costs 12 cents per thousand cubic feet and its officers
say that in that vicinity where coal is cheap it is more economical
to make producer gas than to pay more than 12 cents for natural gas.
One factory in southern Indiana reported that by using 2 by 4
nut coal at $1.55 per ton of 2,000 pounds, it made producer gas at a
cost of 8 cents per thousand cubic feet.
In Indiana natural gas was cheap years ago, but on accoimt of the
failure of the gas supply, several factories have moved to Oklahoma,
while some have gone out of business. Oklahoma glass factories
paid 3 or 4 cents per thousand for natural gas in 1916 out have been
notified that the price will be 5 cents or higher in 1917.
187
188 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
In the location of new glass factories cheag__fuel has been the con-
trolling factor. A West Virginia manufacturer of window glass who
was interviewed during this investigation said:
No doubt freight rates are lower in some localities than here and in many places
are higher. These things cut little figure and are entirely overbalanced by the main
consideration — fuel. This section has cheaper gas than any other manufactuniig
center. The price is going up but is still much lower than elsewhere. Pennsylvania
used to have cneap gas, but their gas began to * * play out * * years ago and is now compaia-
tively high. Many factories have moved from Pennsylvania to West Virginia stban-
doning their plants, in order to get cheaper fuel. There are a number of this sort in
this vicinity. This is one of them.
Much of the present gas troubles in this vicinity is due to the fact that the natural-
gas companies are pumping their gas right through this section to the Pittsburgh
district, where it commands a higher price. It is even pumped to Cleveland (for
domestic consumption chiefly), where it is sold for 30 cents to 85 cents and higher,
while here the present price is 4 cents. It can readily be seen that the fuel question is
very much more important than that of markets.
Contracts for gas were formerly made for as long as five years in
Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but the supply oi gas having been
greatly reduced, contracts are now made lor only a year and at
advanced prices, and some gas companies now refuse to make con-
tracts at any price.
In West Virginia and Pennsylvania some glass companies own gas
weUs. Another manufacturer in West Virginia said:
It is generally understood that there is no preventing a very heavy increase soon
in the price of gas. Natural-gas companies say that the supply is diminishing at the
same time that the demand is increasing. Glass manufacturers feel that if they should
persist in holding gas companies to old prices, the gas would be pumped right past
their factories to the Pittsburgh district and to ( leveland, where it is badly neeaed.
and where manufacturers in different industries would willingly pay more to get
gas than is paid in West Virginia.
In normal times before the war in Europe, glass manufacturers
made contracts for raw materials usually every year or every two
years. Sometimes when prices were low manufacturers agreed to
make contracts extending three years. On a rising market, however,
manufacturers could not make contracts for longer than a jear
without offering higher prices than current market quotations.
Beginning with 1915, few contracts for longer than a year could be
negotiated. The contracts provide that denveries shall be made as
needed. Each factory tries to keep on hand enough raw materials to
last 60 days.
INCBEASE IN OUTPUT OF BUILDZNG GLASS.
The manufacture of building glass in the United States more than
doubled during the period from 1899 to 1914, as shown by the fol-
lowing table:
IKDUSTEOAL CONDITIOKB.
189
Tabus 73. — Production of Window Glass, Obscubed Glass, and Plate Glass
IN Census Yeabs.
[Data from the Bureau of the Census.]
Product.
Window glass:
Sqoarefeet
50-foot boxes
Value .•
Average value per box
Obscured glass, including cathedral and sky- I
light:
8q uare feet '
Value
Average value per square foot
Plate glass,poIishea:
Square feet
Value
Average value per square foot
Plate glass, rou^, made for sale:
Square feet
Value
Average value per square foot
Wire glass, polisheo:
Square feet
Value
Rough (made to besold as such), square feet.
Value
All other building glass, value.
217,064,100
4,341,282
•10,870.355
^.51
12,526,055
$732,338
10.058
16,883,578
15,158,508
10.306
628,684
175,887
$0,121
$250,066
Total building glass, value | $17,006,234
242,615,750
4,852,315
$11,610,851
$2.39
21,870,634
$072,014
$0,044
27,298,138
$7,978,253
$0,292
17,784
$3,520
$0,108
$1,133,214
$21,097,861
346,080,550
6,021,611'
$11,742,050
$1.70
22,815,046
$1,858,574
$0,060
47,370,254
$12,204,875
$0,258 I
205,090 I
$37,431 i
$0,182
1014
vUU, Wo, cHw
8010,078
$17,405,066
$2.18
43,040,070
$2,471,268
$0,056
60,383,516
$14,773,787
$0,245
131,402
$25,850
$0,107
1.707,84«
$584,822
13,080,006
$1,056,612
$520,280
$26,308,438 $36,824,060
a Not reported separately.'
As shown by the foregomg table, there was an increase in the pro-
duction of window glass, of obscured glass, including cathedral, and
of polished plate glass in each census year from 1899 to 1914.
WINDOW GLASS.
During the 10 years from 1899 to 1909 the number of 50-foot boxes
of window glass produced increased from 4,341,282 to 6,921,611,
or 59.44 per cent, and the value increased from $10,879,355 to
$11,742,959, or only 7.94 per cent. The average vabie per box de-
creased from $2.51 to $1.70.
The decline in the price of window glass wfis TK)t attributable to
the tariff, as the Dingley tariff act was in force from July 24, 1897.
to August 6, 1909, and the value of imports of cylirifler, crowTi, ana
common window glass, unpolished, dfjcreased from 81 ,196,461 duritig
the fiscal year 1899 to $602,803 dnnuir the fl-,rjtl y<nir lOrjO,
As shown bv the last table, the prodijctir»7i of wjthIo'a ^hi-.-i in 1914
amounted to 8,919,978 boxes of 50 f^-.et ejir},, vuliied at * 17,495,956,
or an average of $2.18 per box.
The dechne in the avrfni:re v^ihie pes box of window ^du.".-, from
$2.51 in 1899 to $1.70 in 1909 was dij<? to \ft\t:\\ -jj ft/jinpi?tition between
domestic manufacturer^, and thi-. cornpoi.ition p;^reaily increased after
the manufacture of window j.'la-,s hy rroujiinery h<?^'an on a com-
mercial basis in 1903,
190 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
EFFECT OF SELLING AGENCIES ON PRICES.
The price of window glass increased after the formation in 1909 of
the Imperial Window Glass Co. The companjr was a selling agency
or combination of manufacturers that largely influenced the produc-
tion and price of window glass. This orgamzation, comprised about
50 plants, besides several that were not in operation; only about
6 plants remained independent. The American Window Grlass Co.
was not in the combination. It manufactured a large proportion of
the output, and together with the Imperial Window Glass Co., con-
trolled the prices of window glass. When the combination was
formed prices were largely increased; production and profits abo
greiatly increased during the first half oi 1910.
During these months the profits were so great that plants that
had been shut down for years began manufacturing, so that by the
fall of 1910 there were 14 independent factories in operation and 5
new ones were imder construction. The competition of the inde-
pendents and the overproduction finally broke the market late in
the fall of 1910. In a suit brought by the Federal Government
against the officers and directors of the Imperial Glass Co., the de-
fendants, in November, 1910, pleaded nolo contendere and were
fined. The dissolution of the company followed.
From the late fall of 1910 until the simamer of 1912 there were
competitive conditions in the window-glass trade. Another selling
agency called the Johnson Brokerage Co. was then formed and prices
went up. The president of this company, J. R. Johnston, haa been
secretary of the imperial Glass Co. in 1916 the Johnston Brokerage
Co. sold the product of about 25 hand plants, or about half the num-
ber of hand plants in the country, and also sold the product of about
5 machine plants. This company receives orders from jobbers and
consumers, distributes them to its patronizing plants, and charges
IJ per cent commission. Window glass being sold at net in 60 days,
the Johnston Brokerage Co. advances money to those factories de-
siring cash, for which a charge of 1 per cent is made, or a total of
2i per cent, including the selling commission.
NUMBER AND EQUIPMENT OF HAND AND MACHINE PLANTS.
For several years after 1903 all of the window-glass machines used
were those of the American Window Glass Co., but by 1908 two other
machines, the Healy and the Douchamp, were introduced, and since
then machines of different patents have been installed — the Frink,
the Pittsburgh, the Okmulgee, and the Douchamp-Henshaw. The
following table shows the number of the hand plants and of their
pots in 1916, and the number of machine plants and of their machines
in the same year.
INDTTSTRIAL CONDITIONS.
191
Table 74. — Location and Number of Window-Glass Plants, Hand and Machine,
IN rHB United States, Number of Potb, ai^^d Number of Machinbs.
[Data from Glass. Factory Directory, 1916.]
States.
Hand plants.
Machine plants.
Plants.
Pots. /
Plants.
Ma^llfT^na.
C|iiifnrn'ia> ,.,, r , -
1
1
2
5
1
6
2
12
1
20
36
30
72
150
36
202
66
486
36
614
IlliTlOiS -.-» -r r-^ r r
Tndianft ,.,,,.-, -
1
(«)
Kansas. T..,,.,.,»-,-,.TTr---.-»-.^. -.-..-.
Louisiana
Ohio
2
1
13
1
7
30
Oklahoma
12
PpnTisvlvania r....... ^,--^--, x-r--, ,-.-,.,-,
6172
Texas
8
West Virginia
74
Total
51
1,737
25
296
a Machines of 1 plant in Indiana included with machines enumerated in Pennsylyania.
b Includes machines used in 1 plant in Indiana.
The number of plants using each type of machine and the number
of each type used in 1916 are shown in the following table :
Table 75. — Location and Number of Machine Plants and of Each Type of
Window-Glass Machines Used in the United States.
[Data from Olass Factory Directory, 1916.]
NUMBER OF PLANTS USING EACH TYPE OF MACHINE.
•
states. 1 A^ri-
1
Dou-
champ.
Dou-
champ-
Henshaw.
Frink. '
Heady.
Ockmul-
gee.
Pitts-
burgh.
Total.
Tn<^Tana
1
1
Ohio
1
1
2
Oklahoma -
1
1
PftTinsylva"ift . . ....
5
1
2
5
1
3
13
Tfixas!"
1
West Virginia
1
1
2
7
Total
6
2
1
3
9
1
3
26
NUMBER OF BACH TYPE OF MACHINES USED.
Indiana
(«)
Ohio
6
24
30
Oklahoma
..........
12
12
Pemisylvania &ii6
6
12
38
172
Texas i
8
..........
8
WestViri^ 1
6
8
24
..........
36
•
74
Total
116
12
8
18
70
12
60
396
a Machines of 1 plant in Indiana included with machines enumerated in Pennsylvania.
b Includes machmes used in 1 plant in Indicia.
As appears by the last two preceding tables, there are 296 window-
glass machines in the United States. The machines cost about
$15,000 each. The following statement regarding window-glass
machines in Europe was made in 1916 by li&. A. P. Whittemore,
president of the Thatcher & Whittemore Glass Co., of Dunbar, W. Va.,
192 THE GLASS INDUSTEY.
which previous to the war had a factory at Roux, Belgium, in which
window glass purchased from other factories was flattened and cut:
There were 23 window-glass factories in Belgium with 38 tanks. All were never
operating at the same time, so far as I know. There were two window-glass machines
in Belgium — the Rowart-Francq, which never got beyond the experimental stage and
was never put on commercial basis, and the Fourcault machine, which made very
heavy glass for skylight purposes, but, so far as I know, never made and sold ordinary
single and dou|?le strength window glass conmiercially. I have since heard that
before the war they were making glass conmiercially, but do not know this except
from hearsay.
A number of window-glass machines are operated by Pilkington Bros., St. Helena,
England. About eight machines are operated by a factory in Aniche, France, and
machines are used also by one factory in Bohemia, one in Kussia, and one in Japan.
All of these plants operate the American Window Glass Co.'s machines.
PRODITOTION AFFECTED BY MACHINERY.
The introduction of machines largely increased the output in the
United States. In 1904, when there was only one machine factory
in the United States, the production was equal to the consumption,
less imports. The general imports of cylinder, crown, and conmion
window glass, unpolished, during the fiscal year 1904 amounted to
$1,366,218, or 7.75 per cent of the production of A^dow glass during
the calendar year 1914, as reported by the census, $17,495,956.
The American Window Glass Co., whose first machime factory was
started in 1903, during the following years established other factories
and installed many machines.
The result was that the window-glass trade was depressed by over-
production. Some hand factories went out of business, some were
operated as cooperative plants, and the wages or piece prices paid
in all of the hand plants that continued were greatly reduced, in order
that these plants might compete with the machine plants, which
employed no skilled labor except for flattening and cutting. The
National Window Glass Workers, the national organization that
includes blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters in hand factories,
was a strong union, but for a number of years it could not prevent the
reduction in wages or piece prices that was forced upon the hand facto-
ries by the competition of the machine plants.
FACTORIES OPERATED ON PART-TIME BASIS.
The union began to shorten the time over which it made agree-
ments with hand manufacturers, in some years to only seven months.
By 1914, when many machines had been installed, the production
would have been enormously greater than the domestic consumption if
the hand factories had not been operated on short time. The wage
agreements of the National Window Glass Workers with the manufac-
turers of hand-blown window glass during recent years have been for
the following periods: September 1, 1909, to May 1, 1910; October 15
1910, to August 31, 1911; September 9, 1911, to May 31, 1912
October 15, 1912. to May 29, 1913; October 27, 1913, to May 29, 1914
October 31, 1914, to May 29, 1915; November 1, 1915, to May 27, 1916
October 25, 1916, to May 29, 1917.
Even the machine window-glass factories have run on short time
in every year. They averaged about eight months a year.
INDUSTRIAL OONDITIOITS. 193
Figures from the American Window Glass Co. are not available,
)ut the production in boxes by the independent machine factories
tnd the number of weeks that they operated diu'ing 1914-15 and
915-16 are shown in the following statement quoted from a paper
ead by William G. Kischenbower, president of the Window Glass
Gutters' and Flatteners* Association of America, before the annual
aeeting of the National Association of Window Glass Manufacturers,
leld at Atlantic City, N. J., in July, 1916:
The amount of single and double strength glass produced by the independent
laehine manufactureFS of window glass for the year of October 28, 1914^ to October 29,
»I5, was: Single, 1,482,410; double, 323,516; total, 1,805,926 boxes. If the double-
length glass IB reduced to a single^tren^ basis, the total is 2,000,035 boxes.
Seventeen tanks were in operation during this period. Average of the 17 tanks:
ingle, 87,201; double, 19,030; total, 106,231. If the average production of the 17
uiks is reduced to a single-strength basis, the total is 117,649 boxes. Average number
i weeks in operation during this period, 32.
At this same ratio, reducing double to single, had the independent machine manu-
icturers operated continuously for one year, production would have been 3,250,052
oxes of glass. By operating only 32 weeks production was curtailed to the extent of
,250,017 boxes, or about 38^ per cent during that neriod.
The present wage scale that the independent macnine manufacturers of window glass
re operating under does not expire until October 29, 1916, but I have prepared a
tatement of production from the beginning of the scale, October 29, 1915, to Jidy 1,
916: Single, 1,288,336; double, 328,453; total, 1,611,789. When the double-strength
has is reduced to single-strength basis, the total is 1,805,860 boxes.
During this period of eight months there were 19 tanks in operation. Average
poduction of the tanks during this period: Single, 67,807; double, 17,024; total,
1,831 boxes. * On a single-strength basis, the avera^ production of the 19 tanks was
s045 boxes. Average number of weeks in operation during this period was 25.
At this same ratio, had the 19 tanks operated continuously for the period of 8 months,
ley w^ould have produced 2,528,196 boxes. By operating only 25 weeks, they have
eated a curtailment of 722,330 boxes, or about 28^ per cent during that period.
Referring to the general conditions of the window-glass business, all persons engaged
the business must admit that the past two years have been a period of unusual
oeperity in this business, which is greatly due to existing conditions in Europe,
le exportation of T^indow glass is a new feature for the manufacturers of the United
ates, which has played a very important part in our present prosperity, and steps
ould be taken to fmrther this exportation so that the factories of the United States
iy be kept in continuous operation in the future.
EFFECT OF MACHINES ON GLASS BLOWERS* EARNINGS.
A r6suin6 of the conditional, during recent years is given in the f ol-
wing statement made in October, 1914, by Mr. Joseph M. Neenan,
resident of the National Window Glass Workers of America, whose
embers are employed in the hand factories:
For the blast of 1915-16, 5,575,000 jfifty-foot boxes were produced by the machine
3thod. This is the first tune we have been able to secure anything like accurate
formation concerning the amount of machine glass produced. The hand produc-
m for the same period w^js 3,725,462 fifty-foot boxes, of which 2,088,828 were of single
ength, 1,719,666 of double strength, and 16,968 of triple strength. Our proportion
the entire production was about 40 per cent.
^a a result of the introduction of macnines Into the industrv, a vast amount of uncer-
nty was felt by both the manufacturers and workmen employed in the production of
admade glass. It was feared that, if the machines were a commercial success, it
uld not be possible to produce handmade glass on a profitable basis. As a result
this uncertainty, tiie demorsdization which followed affected the entire industry,
ichine as well ashand. Hand manufactiurers feared to carry stocks and placed their
:>duct on the market for almost any price they could obtain. The workers ac-
pted a sliding scale arrangement, by wnich their wages were based upon the price
jeived by the manufacturers, the result of which was tnat, before the period of uncer-
nty and demoralization ended, the average of wages of blowers of single-strength
102611'— 17 ^18
194
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
g1a9s was reduced from about 90 cents per box during the year 1903 to 30 cents Tpei box
during the year of 1912-13.
At one time 2,400 pots were operated by the hand method. By the word "pots"
I mean that there were that many places for blowers. I feel quite certain that all of
the places were not manned; the probabilities are that the greatest number of blowers
ever employed at one time was oetween 1.800 and 1,900. Last blast we had 1,800
Sjts in operation, but our membership roll shows that but 1,610 blowers were employed,
ur total membership is 4,241; 1,610 blowers, 1,735 gatherers, 359 flatteners, and 537
cutters.
The working season for window-glass workers has always depended upon market
conditions, ftevious to the advent of machines, it was customary to place wage
scales in effect for 10, 8, and even 7 month periods. Following the introduction of
machines, wage scales were placed in effect for 12-month periods at different times,
but this does not mean that factories were operated continuously. At one timej
or another diu-ing the year it becomes necessanr to make repairs, and in addition
to this, during the period mentioned, a number of companies were forced out of exist-
ence, so that I feel quite certain that during the years the 12-month wage scales were
effective glass was not produced in such quantities as it has been during the past four
or five years.
The annual statistical report of the National Window Glass Work-
ers, published in The National for August, 1915, shows that during
the blast of 1914-15 the union had 3,779 members and that ther
worked an average of 231 weeks. The report pubUshed in The Na-
tional for August, 1916, shows that during the blast of 1915-16 tk
union had 4,301 members and that they worked an avere^e of 2&
weeks. Of the 4,301 members, 60 were spare men and members
beyond the age of 55 who were carried on the rolls as permanent
members.
PRICE LIST AND DISCOUNTS.
Window glass is sold on the basis of a price list, which is fixed from
time to time and is always subject to very lai^e trade discount&
The price Ust adopted October 15, 1912, and stilfin force in 1916 i
as follows:
Table 76. — ^Window-Glass Pbice List, Oct. 15, 1912.
[All sizes of 100 united inches and under are packed in 50-foot boxes; over 100 united inches in 1004ri
boxes.]
United
inches.
25
34
40
50
54
60
70
80
84
90
94
100
105
110
116
120
Bracket.
6 by 8 to 10 by 15 inches. . .
{l2byl3h"^y^^^^-
10 by 26 to 16 by 24 inches.
{20 by 20^20 by 30 inches.
15 by 36 to 24 by 30 inches.
26 by 23 to 24 by 36 inches.
26 by 341
23 by 32 to 30 by 40 inches.
,30 by 30l
{34 by 36/*** ^ ^y ^ inches.
30 by 52 to 30 by 54 inches .
30 by 56 to 34 by 56 Inches.
34 by 58 to 34 by 60 inches.
36 by 60 to 40 by 60 inches .
40 by 62 to 40 by 64 inches.
40 by 66 to 40 by 70 inches .
40 by 72 to 40 by 74 inches.
40 by 76 to 40 by 80 Inches.
Single strength.
A.V.
124.00
25.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
32.00
36.50
39.00
A.
120.00
21.00
22.50
23.75
24.50
26.00
28.00
33.25
35.50
B.
$19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
22.50
23.25
25.25
28.75
31.25
Double strength.
AA.
132.00
35.00
39.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
47.00
51.00
52.00
55.00
56.00
66.00
142.00
15S.00
178.00
210.00
A.
$28.00
31.00
34.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
42.00
48.00
47.00
5a 00
51.00
6a 00
13a 00
146.00
162.00
19a 00
B
an
3H
35.:
3^1
Hi
a\
4:
12X(
im
loll
1
Note.— An additional 10 per cent will be charged for all glass more than 40 inches wide. All sizes oref
52 inches in length and not making more than 81 united inches will be charged in the 84 united inches brack*
All glass 54 inches wide or wider and not making more than 116 united inches will be charged in tlie U^
united inches bracket Si zes above 120 united inches, $20 per box extra for every 5 Inches.
INDU8TBIAL 00NDIII0N8.
195
This price list is the same as the preceding price list, dated January
1, 1901, except tJxat in the list of that date prices were given for the
90, 94, and 100 inch brackets of single-strength glass and the prices of
the 105, 110, 115, and 120 inch brackets were given on the oasis of
50-foot instead of 100-foot boxes.
The trade discounts that have been announced beginning with
March, 1912, are as follows:
March, 191t. — Single strength: Sizes up to and including third bracket, 90 and
22^ per cent; larger brackets, 90 and 20 per cent. Double strength: 90 and 17)
per cent.
January, 19H> — Single strength: First three brackets, 90 and 30 per cent; larger
brackets, 90 and 7) per cent. Double strength: 90 and 20 per cent.
Kovemher, I915.--Single strength: First three brackets, A quality, 90 and 20 per
cent; first three brackets, B quality. 90 and 30 per cent; larger brackets, 90 and 7)
per cent. Double strength: A quality, 90 and 10 per cent; B quality, 90 and 20
per cent.
January y 1916. — Single strength: First three brackets, A quality, 90 and 10 per
cent; first three brackets, B quality, 90 and 20 per cent; larger brackets, 89 and 5
per cent. Double strength: A quality, 90 per cent; B quality, 90 and 10 per cent.
March, 1916, — Single strength: First three brackets, A quality, 89 per cent; first
three brackets, B quality, 90 and 10 per cent; larger brackets, 88 per cent. Double
strength: A quality, 89 per cent; B quality, 90 per cent.
The net price computed with these discounts on the basis of the
price list of October 15, 1912, were as appear in the following table:
Tablb 77.-r-WiNDOw Glass Pricb List: Net Psices per Box, 1912 to 1916.
United
inches.
25
34
Bra<flc«t.
ebyStolObyUinchas.
{libyisl^ol^^y^Olnchee,
40
SO
54
00
70
10 by 26 to 16 by 24 inohea..
{aoby^^^'^y**''*^*^-
15 by 36 to 24 by 30 inches.
26 by 28 to 24 by 36 InchcA. .
fa8by34|
28 by 32} to 30 by 40 inches.
|30by30j
Date of discount.
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November. 1916.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
(March, 1912
January, 1914...
NovemDer, 1916.
January, 1916...
March. 1916
Bfarch, 1912
January, 1914. . .
November, 1915.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
Novemi>er, 1916.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1915.
January, 1910...
March, 1916
I March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1916.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
..January, 1914...
"November, 1915.
January, 1916. . .
March, 1916
SinsJe
strength.
A.
$L60
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.20
1.68
1.47
1.68
1.89
2L31
1,74
1.58
L80
2.03
2.48
L84
2.20
2.20
2.48
2L85
1.90
2.27
2.27
2.66
2.94
2: 02
2.41
2.41
2.72
3.12
2.23
2.66
2.66
3.00
3.45
B.
$L62
1.33
L33
L52
1.71
1.60
L40
L40
1.60
1.80
1.63
1.47
L47
1.68
1.89
1.71
2.04
2.04
2.30
2.64
1.74
2.08
2.08
2.35
2.70
1.80
2.15
2.15
2.43
2.79
1.96
2.34
2.84
2.64
3.03
Double
stren^h.
A.
S2L31
2.24
2.52
2.80
3.08
2.56
2.48
2.79
3.10
3.41
2.81
2.72
3.06
3.40
3.74
3.05
2.96
3.33
3.70
4.07
3.14
3.04
3.42
3.80
4.18
3.22
3.12
3.51
3.90
4.20
3.47
3.36
3.78
4.20
4.62
B.
$2.19
2.13
2.13
2.39
2.66
2L39
2.32
2L32
2.61
2.90
2.56
2.48
2.48
2.79
3.10
2.85
2.76
2.76
3.11
3.45
2.89
2.80
2L80
3.15
3.50
Z93
2.84
2.84
3. 2D
3.56
3.14
3.04
3.04
3.42
3.80
196
THE GLABS INDUSTRY.
Tablb 77. — Window Glass Price List: Net Prices per Box, 1912 to 1916—
Concluded.
United
inches.
SO
84
.90
94
100
105
110
115
120
Bracket.
^4 by if} ^30 by 60 inches.
30 by 52 to 30 by 54 inches.
30 by 5<( to 34 by 56 Inches.
34 by 68 to 34 by 60 inches.
36 by 60 to 40 by 60 inches.
40 by 62 to 40 by 64 inches.
40 by 66 to 40 by 70 inches.
40 by 72 to 40 by 74 Inches.
40 by 76 to 40 by 80 inches.
Date o( discount.
f March, 1912
January, 1914
November, 1915.,
January, 1916...,
March, 1910 ,
March, 1912
January, 1914....
November, 1916..
January, 1916
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914. . ,
November, 1915.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1916.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1915.
January, 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1915.
January, 1916...
[March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1916.
January, 1916. ..
iMarch, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1916.
January. 1916...
March, 1916
March, 1912
January, 1914...
November, 1916.
January, 1916...
IMarch, 1916
Single
strength.
A.
$2..'>8
3.08
3.08
3.47
3. 99
2.76
3.28
3.28
3.71
4.26
B.
S2.2?
2.66
2.66
3.00
3.45
2.42
2.89
2:89
3.27
3.76
Double
strength.
A.
$3.80
3.68
4.14
4.60
5.06
3.88
3.76
4.2)
4.70
5.17
413
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
4.21
4.08
4.59
5.10
&61
4.95
4.80
5.40
6.00
6.60
ia73
ia40
11.70
13.00
14.30
12.05
11.68
13.14
14.60
16.06
13.37
12.96
14.58
16.20
17.82
15.68
15.20
17.10
19.00
2a 90
B.
$3.43
3.32
.^32
3.74
4.1.S
3.51
3.40
3.40
3.m
4.25
.^80
xw
3.68
4.14
ieo
as
a?i
3.:»
lid
4.f2
4.48
448
&04
&60
9. 90
0.60
afio
laH)
12.00
11.23 ,
ias8
12.24
13.60
1254
12.16
12. U
13,«
15.S
HS3
1440
14.40
16. »
I&OO
As appears by this table, the net prices of single and double strength
of the first three brackets were in most instances lower during the
period from January, 1914, to November, 1915, or to January, 1916,
than they were either before or after. The net prices of the larger
brackets in single strength were lowest during the period from March,
1912, to January, 1914, out this was not the case with double-strength
glass.
Special discounts apply to window glass of AA quality, which is
proauced in only limited quantities and by some factories not at all.
There is no fixed price list for C quality, which is produced usually
in only first bracket sizes. This grade is sold at net prices per box,
the range during 1914, 1915, and 1916 being from $0.85 to $1.20 per
50-foot box.
INBXJBTBIAL OONDITIONS. 197
By an agreement or tuiderstanding among the manufacturers, they
charge 15 cents each for boxes for glass of the first three brackets
and 25 cents for boxes for larger sizes. All of them state that they
lose money on the boxes, and when asked why they do not charge
more, say that formerly they did not charge anything for boxes, that
it was hard to get manufacturers generally to agree to make this
charge, and that when the agreement was reached a few years ago,
competition among^ manufacturers caused some to continue to sell
glass without mafing such a charge. It is, therefore, considered
mipractical to make a higher charge for boxes at present.
DEFIKITION OF OBADES.
The following definitions of first, second, and third quality glass
are quoted from Glass and Glazing, issued in 1916 by tne National
Glass Distributors' Association:
AA orjirst quality, — AA quality should be clear glan, free from any perceptible
amount of air bubbles or blisters, burnt specks or bums, cords, and strings. It snould
have a good gloss and an even surface and be well flattened. By air bubbles it ia
understood that tiny blisters, or imperfections not perceptible on the cutters' table
but detectable when placing the sheet directly^ towuxi the light, would not be objec-
tionable. This should be a careful selection in both single and double and should
represent the very best that can be produced in window glass by the present methods.
A or second quality. — ^A (][uality glass is the normal selection of glass when no special
selection is desired or specified and it admits of such defects as small strings or lines,
small blisters when not too close to one another or located in the center of the sheet;
well flattened, the surface even, and devoid of noticeable scratches, cropper marks,
bums, and other prominent defects.
B or third quality, — B giass covers a wider range than either A A (juality or A quality.
It permits many of the defects inherent to the process of making, such as waves,
strings, lines, blisters, scratches, bums, and otner similar or equivalent .defects.
This quality embraces everything below A quality not stony or full of blisters or other
large defects objectionable for any common purpose, such as heavy scratches, heavy
blbtecs, cords, and sulphur stains.
The following paragraphs are quoted from the same pubhcation :
In examining samples of smaU sizes for inspection of quality, it should be remem-
bered that the large light of c^ass will show the natural waves and defects, while the
small piece may appear nearly perfect. It is not altogether a matter of expert judg-
ment to determine the various grades, and certain rules may be accepted governing
window-glass specifications.
Sizes. — ^Window glass in double strength, or heavier, is made as large as 30 by
90 inches, 38 by 86 inches, and 48 by 80 inches, such extreme sizes containing &
square feet^ but it is inadvisable to use such glass in these measurements on account
ot the liability of breakage and the distorted vision due to waves, etc. The same
may be said of the extreme sizes of single strength, which can be made up to 24 by
60 inches, 30 by 54 inches, and 36 by 50 inches, sizes containing 10 to 12} square feei.
Thickness and weight. — Stimi^e-strength glass measures approximately 12 lights to
the inch, but a small variation either way is permissible. Single-strength weighs
approximately 16 ounces to the square foot. Double strength measures approxi-
matdy nine lights to the inch. Tne thickness should be fairly uniform and the
weight approximately 24 ounces to the square foot.
Factory packages. — ^Window glass in regular sizes is packed approximately 50
square feet to the box up to the 100 united inch bracket (adding width and length),
and 100 square feet to tne box in sizes over 100 united inches.
The thickness of glass heavier than double strength is as follows:
26-oiince, one-eighth of an inch ;^ 29-ounce, 136 thousandths of an
inch; 34-ounce, 159 thousandths of an inch; 39-ounce, thre^-six-
teenths of an inch.
198
THB GLASS INDUSTRY.
The net weight of a box containing approximately 50 square feet
of glass is about 55 poimds in single thickness- and 80 pounds in
doiiole thicbness.
HAND PRODUCTION OLASSIFIED BY GRADES^ SIZE, AND STRENGTH.
The proportion of A glass on the basis of total production is
usually larger in the hand factories than in the machine factories.
The National for August, 1916, published for the National Window
Glass Workers of America, shows that in all of the hand window-
glass factories in the United States, during the blasts of 1914-15
and 1915-16, the percentage cut into different brackets, A and B
trades, single and double strength, on the basis of the total pro-
uction of A and B grades, was as follows:
Tabls 78. — Percent AOB of Window Glass Produced btHand, Blasts op 1914-15
AND 1915-16, Cut niTO Different Brackets, A and B Grades.
(Data from The National, published, by the United Window Glass Workers, Augnst, 1915 and 1916.]
Bracket.
1914-15
1915-16
A.
B.
Total.
A.
B.
Total
SINOLX STBSNOTH.
8 by 10 to 10 by 15 inches
Per a.
3.15
5.16
4.66
7.34
3.04
2.68
1.31
.10
Peret.
9.&t
10.86
11.05
18.72
7.93
7.61
5.70
.85
Perd,
12.99
16.02
15.71
25.96
ia97
10.29
7.01
1.05
Perct.
2.55
4.82
4.67
6.35
2.89
2.74
1.18
.11
Per el.
&73
11.13
10.09
19.55
9.02
9.13
6.39
.75
Perd.
11. 2t
11 by 13 to 14 by 20 inches
1&95
14 by 21 to 16 by 24 Inches
14.66
16 by 25 to 20 by 30 inches
25.90
21 by 30 to 24 by 30 inches
a 91
24 by 31 to 24 by 36 inshes
1L87
25 by 36 td 30 by 41 Inches
7.57
All above 30 by 41 inches
.86
Total
27.34
72.66
100.00
25.21
74.79
_ »
100.00
DOUBLE 8TBRNOTH.
6 by 8 to 16 by 24 inches
5.69
17.37
10.52
7.63
2.11
1.27
.21
8.84
19.85
13.04
9.57
2.44
L20
.26
14.53
37.22
23.56
17.20
4.55
2.47
.47
6.47
17.62
ia43
7.77
2.26
1.19
.17
7.80
2(Il 50
13.40
8.96
2.29
.98
.16
14.27
16 by 25 to 24 by36in3hes
38.U
24 bv 37 to 30 bv 40 inches
23. S3
80 by 41 to 36 by 51 inches
16.73
36 bv62 to 39 by 60 inches
4.&S
40 by 60 to 40 by 78 inches ;
2.17
Ail above 40 by 78 inches
.33
Total
44.80
55.20
loaoo
45.91
54.09
100.00
The proportion of the different grades and^ the proportion of
double ana single strength glass varies greatly in the dinerent fac-
tories, as shown by the reports of 19 hand factories for the blast of
1914-15, summarized in the following table:
INDUSTBIAL OOZmiTIONS.
199
rABLE 79. — Proportion of A QuaiiItt of the Three Smaller Brackets, Single
AND Double Strength, Produced b7 19 Factories, 1914-15.
[Data (rom The Glassworker, Aug. 5, 1016.]
Factory.
A grade.
Cut In first throe
brackets.
Single
strength.
Double
strength.
Single,
strength.
Double
strength.
1
Percent.
47.0
lao
14.0
18.0
17.0
20.0
22.0
80.0
11.0
23.5
43.0
24.0
26.0
10.0
14.0
24.0
4.0
8.0
0.5
Per cent.
51.0
4a
20.0
4a
42.0
47.0
45.0
60.0
12.0
40.0
62.5
5a5
45.0
4a
42.0
30.0
5.0
26.0
15.0
Per cent.
55.3
40.6
48.0
32.9
45^3
35.5
85.0
47.8
50.5
47.3
53.1
61.7
46.0
4a 1
47.4
48.6
63.0
27.8
57.3
Per cent.
61.8
2.::.::::::::::::.;:;::::::::;::::;:::::;:;;:::;;;:;::;:;:;:;::
37.0
3
37.6
i
55.8
6
51.1
6
42.8
7
40.0
8
88.7
9
44.7
42.6
I
6a5
2
47.0
3
47.8
4
61.0
5
51.0
6
40.9
7
61.8
i8
61.7
19
64.6
Averaso
2L0
80.0
47.0
6ao
Mr. Neenan's statement, previously quoted, indicates that the
)roduction of window glass by hand nas decreased, as the number
)f union blowers was 1,610 during the blast of 1915-16, while for-
nerly it was probably from 1,800 to 1,900.
FBOFOBTION OF FBODUCTION BT ECAKP AND MAOHINE.
The statistics of the Census of Manufactures do not show the
)roportion of window glass made by hand and by machine, and the
statistics of the union do not show the proportion previous to the
)last of 1915-16, when, as stated by Mr. Neenan, the production
)f 50-foot boxes by hand was 3,708,000 and by machine 5,575,000,
ie hand production being about 40 per cent. The largest producer
s the American Window Glass Co., which in 1916 operated 116 of
the 296 machines in the United States. The machines of this com-
pany have been installed much longer than the machines of any
)ther company and have long since passed the experimental sta^e.
Mr. W. JL. Monro, general manager of this company, in declining
to furnish data regaraing its business for this report, stated that it
pould produce window ^ass cheaper than any other establishment
in the United States ana would continue to do so until window glass
uiould be made by machines in sheets (instead of cylindrical as at
present), the patents for which are controlled by the Owens Bottle
Machine Co. The American Window Glass Co., in October, 1916,
declared a dividend of 12} per cent on its preferred stock, making a
total of 54} per cent paid on the stock within a year, or $3,815,000
on the issue of $7,000,000.
200 TECE GLASS INDUSTRY.
COOPERATION AMONG MANUFACTURERS.
The announcement of discounts from the fixed price list is made
almost invariably by the American Window Glass Co., and is imme-
diately followed by the Johnston Brokerage Co., which sells the
product of about half the hand glass factories and of some other
machine manufacturers.
A West Virania manufacturer, in an interview with a special
agent of the Sureau, answered as follows the inquiry as to what
cooperation there was among manufacturers of window glass:
About the only step taken in this direction is that of selling through one man
(Johnston). This tenos to make stable prices. Curtailment of production is forced
on manufacturers bv an agreement with tne union which fixes the time limits between
which dates the ptants mav operate. Manufacturers have now agreed that this is
beneficial to business, for if they were to operate thfe whole year there would be an
overproduction, which would send prices so low that many establishments would be
ruined.
Considering the hazard to all concerned, the present lack of intercourse and friendly
consideration of the problems involved is worse than a menace to this business. If
there was ever a business which demanded the closest cooperation In all matters con-
nected with it, it is this one. There never has been such cooperation. The problem
of overproduction is constantljr growing worse. It is further complicated by having
new factories spring up every time a short period of pro6perit>[ comes to the industry.
In this immediate locality seven new factories have been built and several old (hibb
enlarged in the past four years. The number already operating is more than sufficient
to supply the demand for glass; and they can do this by operating from 26 to 40
weeks — ^usually about 30 weeks. These new factories are usually the nrst to go under,
but they do damage to the whole industry and make liie business still more unstable.
INCREASED DEMAND FOB FIBST GRADE AND FOB SMALL SIZES.
In the window-glass industry two trade tendencies have been very
noticeable during the last few years. One is the demand for A glass.
Most of the glass that is sold is of B grade, but there has been a growing
demand for A quality. Buyers are now much more strict as to
grading than they were formerly, and A glass is at a premium, that
IS, it has advanced in price more proportionately than have other
grades. So strict is the grading now that some factories no longer
sell A glass as of that grade. Though some of their product is of
A grade, they prefer to sell it all as B grade, to aroid complaints
and claims from their customers for allowances. It is generally,
conceded that more A glass is made by the hand factories than by
the machine factories, but hand maniifacturers usually admit that
the quality of machine-made glass is constantly being maproved.
The other very noticeable tendency in the window-glass industry
is that for several vears, especially since 1914, there has been an
increased demand for the tnree smaller brackets. Glass of these
smaller sizes constitute half or more of the output in ordinary fac-
tories, or from 50 to 65 per cent. Most manufacturers claim that
they lose money on the first* three bracket sizes, because of both
domestic and forei^ competition. They have not, therefore, wit-
nessed with equanimity the growing popularity of small siaes.
The building of so many bimgalow houses is given as the principal
reason for the increasing demand for small glass.
The fixed price list of window glass, subiect to very large discounts,
shows marked diflferenoes in prices. The list prices for smgle B glass
of the three smallest brackets is $19, $20, and $21, respectively;
for the next three brackets, $22, $22.50, and $23.25; for the next
INDUSTKIAI, CONDITIONS. 201
three, $25.25, $28.75, and $31.25. This price list was last revised
on October 15, 1912. It is the belief of many manufacturers that
there is a much greater difference between the net selling prices of
the larger and smaller brackets than the costs warrant and that the
list price of the three smaller brackets should be advanced. About
three-fourths of the imports of window glass before the war in Europe
began were of the three smaller sizes, and many manufacturers give
this as a reason why such brackets were sold at a loss.
It is remarkable, however, that manufacturers have not increased
the prices of the smaller sizes in proportion to the advance in the
prices of the larger sizes from 1914 to 1916, especially as during that
period there has been practically no foreign competition.
MANUFACTURING TO PILL ORDERS AND FOR STOCK.
In normal years, window-glass manufacturers make glass both to
fill orders and for stock, usually about two-thirds for orders and
one-third for stock. The goods made for stock are to fill immediate
orders and to take care of the trade between fires. With hand
factories the ''fire" or manufacturing season extends for seven
months, from the first of November to the last of May, and during
these months they must make enough for stock to supply customers
during the five idle months. Some machine window-glass plants are
shut down only three or four weeks, but do not operate with the full
force during several months of the year. Some orders for window
glass are for immediate delivery, but most of them are for delivery
m from one to three months. During the latter part of 1916 and in
1916, when the demand was extraordinarily active, stocks did not
accumulate, and the factories were run at capacity to fill orders.
CONDITIONS OUTLINED BY MANUFACTURERS.
Following are excerpts from speeches made at the annual meeting
of the National Association of Window Glass Manufacturers held
in 1915.
Mr. H. R. Hilton, president of the Allegheny Window Glass Co.,
Port Allegheny, Pa., said:
Increased capacity of hand and machine factories has reduced the operating period
to seven and possibly six months each year. The jobber now being able to buy glass
at any time to meet all his requirements the year round, no longer finds it necessary
to carry more than a small assortment of sizes to meet his current needs. This forces
the manufeicturer to carry large stocks during the shut-down period, to meet the
reguirementa of the market when glass is called for.
Under present conditions in the hand process window-glass industry, the demand
for glass is greater during the shut-down period, June to November, than during the
customary operating period, November to June. No manufacturer is so wise that
he can foresee what sizes will be in demand the following summer, hence he rarely
accumulates a stock that meets the market requirements.
This imposes large financisd burdens on the manufacturer in carrying over another
year that part of his stock not in demand in addition to losing summer trade by not
having the sizes called for.
The wage scales of the past have permitted the setting out of a certain percentage
of sheets to enable the manufacturer to fill out short sizes on summer orders, but this
percentage is entirely too small for present-da^ conditions, and besides carries with
it a tax of 15 cents per 60-foot box by comnelhng the manufacturer to pay full price
for cutting when the sheets are set out ana full price again when the sheets are cut
into marketable sizes. This double price for cutting sheets and the restrictions
as to setting them out impose a hardship and expense on the manufacturer that is
both, imjust and unfair.
202 THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
As a partial solution of this problem, I would suggest that each cutter be given
the proauction of four pots or places to cut; that he cut weekly the production of two
and a half potsorless according to demand; that the balance be carried directly from
the lehr to the sheet storage room to be held for summer cutting without payment
for the sheets set out from any of his places, he to have the pri\dlege of cutting this
sheet glass during the summer months, as called for, at the scale price.
This would give each cutter from seven and one-half to nine months' work, would
give each factory the labor required for this work, and would enable the manu-
facturer to dispose of his production to the veij best advantage by placing him in a
position to compete with his machine competitor.
Sheets can be set out to occupy less floor space than the same glass would require
packed in 50-foot boxes and piled 25 boxes nigh.
Mr. O. C. Teague, secretary of the Utica Glass Co., Utica, Ohio
(also president of the National Window Glass Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation) :
The window-glass industry during the past year has operated 50 per cent capacity-
meaning that if all available furnaces nad operated at maximum capacity for six
months, all demands, both domestic and foreign, would have been fully supplied
and some stock to spare.
Most producers have recognized the fundamental law of supply and demand and
demonstrated a willingness to exact his share and be satisned. Unfortunately,
however, there are still a few manufacturers who propose to operate full capacity
for a full year, furnace conditions permitting. This last-named factor is the dan-
gerous element in our largely overbuilt industry. Unless we can convince these free
lances of their mistaken policy our future business life is indeed short. ^ » « »
Evidently the day has passed when the jobber engages in speculative buying of
window glass and the result is that manufacturers must carry the bulk of the stock.
This necessitates increased resources and good banking connections, or both.
Mr. G. A. Schlosstein, president of the Dunkirk Window Glass Co.,
South Charleston, W. Va. :
Some industries have overproduction in their individual lines of 10 per cent, others
as high as 25 per cent, but tne sheet-glass business of this country has now reached
the alarming figure of 50 per cent overproduction, or, in other words, there are exactly
two boxes of glass made where only one is wanted.
^ While the hand manufacturer during the blast of 1914 and 1915 has operated only
six months, many machine-equipped factories have operated from 6 to 11 months,
and are still in operation to-day or have just suspended operations. * * *
Since we can no longer form holding companies, or distributing companies, that
will absolutely maintain and establish prices, the time is here when everyone,
with favoritism to none, should see the importance of intelligently contributing his
influence to the maintenance of a profitable market. * * *
During the years 1913 and 1914 tnere were manufactured by the combined machine
plantsof the United States 3,969,519 fifty-foot boxesof window glass, and 3.064,304 were
manufactured by the hand method. The production by machines during the year
ending July, 1915, was largely increased, and it begins to look as though tlie machine
interest will in the future aictate the policies, whether we will overproduce, or
whether we shall intelligently make as much glass as the country req[uires and then
close the plants. ' Strange as it may seem to one unfamiliar with the industry, there
has been an uncontrollable desire on the part of many manufacturers to keep their
plants in operation, thinking that it was more important to operate than to sell their
goods at a profit and to pay dividends to their stockholders. * * *
I can remember as far back as 1887 when the Chambers & McKee Co. built their
first large tank at Jeannette. In a few years others followed, but for a long period of
years the pot factories, meaning those who melted their glass in clay pots instead of
clay tanks, occupied the same identical position that the hand operators have done
in the past few years. Gradually the scene changed as it is changing to-day, and when
the diwn of 1906 came, with its Dusiness depression, the pot furnace had been driven
out, just as the hand operator is being driven out. Those days it was stated that the .
antiquated pot-furnace factory had to go, that it had no right to exist any longer.
When it disappeared, modem tanks took its place, with doubled and tripled capacity.
What made it worse, that mudi new capital was decoyed into the business and
it was more difficult to get along with the new competitors, who knew absolutely
nothing about the business. The evolution of cleaning up the pot furnaces and
nn>xj8TBiAL ooiimiiioNS. 203
bringing tank'^fumacea into general use caused most of the present overproduction
of the industry. * * *
But when we look forward to the next five years, what can be done to make the
business profitable? Hardly has the cylinder drawine machine been made a com*
mercial success, but that we are confronted with a sheet drawing machine which
threatens the cylinder process of to-day.
Even when the sheet drawing machine becomes a success, no more money will
be made in the business unless the glass is intelligently distributed after it is man-
ufactured. Some of the livest economists have stated that *' it was not a question
of production in this country, but a question of distribution." Glass must be sold
by an experienced salesman; it should be shipped from the factory most favorably
located from the point of manufacture to the point of consumption: it should travd
the shortest route so as to minimize the freight equalization to the manufacturer.
Manufacturers should produce their proportion of the glass that the country demands
and have the glass marketed at a profit which is fair and commensurate with the risk;
that the business can not escape. While we bad lean years, and while we have had
profitable years, have we ever made as much money out of the business as we should
nave done? Think for a moment that in our great country we are blessed with
natural gas for fuel. Think of the foreign manufacturers, who even during; the times
of peace were waging a constant battle to produce a superior Quality of window glass
with the use of manufactured gas, and in addition some wood. The day may come
when our gas is gone; then we shall think back to the good old days when it was
in abundance, it has given out in Indiana, it has eiven out in Kansas, and it is
rapidly diminishing in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The few years that are left for
us to use the precious fuel should be counted and the supply carefully guarded and
treasured. ♦ ♦ ♦
Mr. J. W. Allison, president of the Alliance Window Glass C!o,
Dubois, Pa.:
Mr. Johnston has a right to sell our glass, and there is no law to interfere with him
or with me as salesman, and Mr. Johnston has a right to say at what price he will
Bell that product — he can do that without conflicting with the law, but we manu-
facturers can not come here and agree on production or prices, but can only have it
understood that each fellow is going to make his proportion and no more. Then, of
course, it is up to, each man inaivioiially and, as one of the gentlemen here has said,
the law of supply and demand will take care of the business.
Mr. Frank Bastin, secretary of the Blackford Window Glass Co.,
Vinconnes, Ind.:
If we persist in making more glass than the country can absorb it will be a drug
on the market, and it means low prices and impossible conditions for everyone. I
think common sense, which is the basis of all laws, should teach us that this should
be remedied in some legitimate and legal way. It should not be contrary for us,
acting as individuals, to say there is enough glass, when we have statistics before us
showing that we have made as much glass as the country required.
Mr. C. E. Hazelton, general manager of the Consolidated Window
Glass Co., Bradford, Pa.:
There is no doubt but what the condition of our trade is overbuilt, which makes
it a hard proposition to maintain a strictlv standard market where we can all make
a living, but by cooperation and sauare dealing 1 hope we can all continue to live
And prosper for years to come. There is one thing that comes to my mind that
Appeals to me as being worth while, and that is the question of changing our packages
to universal 100-foot packages, such as are used by foreign countries. Just at the
present time it is confusing when we manufacturers receive orders for 50 and 100
toot packages, but that can be remedied by establishing the same package that Is
used in France and Belgium, and I think it would be a good thing for this ousiness.
Mr. C. W. Brown, first vice president of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass
Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.:
We all know that the American Window Glass Co. for 10 or 11 years kept on investing
niore and more money and ran more and more into debt, without making returns to
its stockholders. This is a matter of common record. And now in the past two or
three years the American Window Glass Co. has perfected its machines and is now
J^ble to make the best machine glass in the world. * * *
204 THE GLASS IKDXJSTEY.
During the past year building permits were materially curtailed and the consump-
tion of window glass was greatly limited. There has been a largely excessive pro-
duction of certain sizes and certain qualities, which have been sold at various prices,
unto it is impossible to know what the market price really is. I hope to live to see
the day when all sales of window glass are reported the same as sales of coffee, sugar,
and grain, which will give those in the window-glass business an opportunity to know
what the market price really is. * * *
The hand manufacturers have met this condition in a way that I think is very
creditable ; they have provided for six or seven months' blast. The American Window
Glass Co., as you all know, have also recognized the situation, and instead of indulging
in a ruinous competition they have been broad enough and sensible enough to mate-
rially curtail their production.
Mr. Joseph Neenan, president of the National Association of Win-
dow Glass Workers:
Our wages have increased more than 100 per cent from the lowest point to the point
where, during the last six weeks of the blast endino; May 29, single-strength blowers
were averaging 66 cents per box. Contrast this condition wittx the one that prevailed
three years ago last November, and we are forced to the conclusion that both manu-
facturers and w(»rkers have profited through the efforts that have been made to obtaia
a living wage rate and bring about a stable condition in the markets. At the time to
which I am referring, single-strength blowers were averaging about 30 cents per box;
tile average selling price of single-strength glass was about $1.27 per box; a condition
which meant that both workers and manufacturers were devoting their interests and
giving their time and energy to a business which gave them no returns.
In an address deUvered before the convention of the National
Association of Window Glass Manufacturers held in 1916, Mr. W. L
Monro, general manager of the American Window Glass Co., the larg-
est producer of window glass in the world, estimated the production
in American vdndow-glass factories from September 1, 1915, to Sep-
tember 1, 1916, as 10,600,000 boxes, and said: ^'Had the manufac-
turers ever realized the enormous demand for glass, there is no ques-
tion that they would have demanded more money for their goods
and secured it with the greatest ease." He further said:
The past year has been the most notable one in the history of the window-glass
business in me United States, not only from a manufacturing but also from a jobbing
standpoint. Its claim to note rests on many facts: (1) More glass was manufactured
in this country during the past year since September 1, 1915, than in any previous
year in &e historjr of the business; (2) more ^lass has been sold during the same period
than ever before in a similar period; (3) window-glass prices steadily increased; (4)
the demand absorbed not only all the glass produced during the past year, but also
the greater part of the large accumulations on hand on September 1, 1915; (5) the
export business was the largest we have ever done.
If the year has not also been the most profitable year the manufacturers and jobbers
have ever known, the fault must not be laid to the business, but to the manner in which
those who did not realize their greatest profit have conducted their business. The
money was there to be made.
The following, also quoted from Mr. Monro's address, shows that
there was comparatively httle advance in the price for the first three
brackets of B glass, the grade commonly used for window glass as
compared with A grade and with larger sizes, during the period from
1914 to 1916, though there were scarcely any imports of wmdow glass
during the latter part of this period, and exports were larger than ever:
We hear a great deal of talk about the present prices of window glass being high.
I know of but few things that we buy, whether it is what we use or what we eat or
what we wear, that have not advanced in price since the beginning of the war far
more than window glass. I will only cite two of them — steel from 100 to 130 per cent;
soda ash, 100 per cent. The wages for common labor have increased from 16J cents
per hour to 24 and 25 cents an hour; natural gas from 14 cents to 16 cents in tiie Pitts-
Durgh district. Building costs have increased 40 per cent.
INDUSTBIAL CONDITIONS. 205
The following represents the increase in prices of window glass from May, 1914, to
March 10, 1916. Schedule of prices: S. S. first three brackets, A q^uality, 32.5 per cent;
S. S. first three brackets, B qujJity, 8.4 per cent; S. S. above sizes, 40 per cent; an
average increase of about 27 per cent. A quality, double strength, has increased 36
per cent, and B quality, double strength, 24 per cent, or an average increase of 30 per
cent. If you will compare the percentages of these increases with the percentages
of increase in other lines, you will see that window-glass manufacturers nave failed
to secure their proportionate share of the prosperity that has prevailed, and have
also failed to secure an increase in the pnce of window glass proportionate to the
increase in the cost of producing it. ^t is a sad comn^entary when we realize that B
quality glass in the first three brackets is only selling at 8.4 per cent more than in
May, 1914, and it is our understanding that some manufacturers are even shading
current discounts on that.
THE SHEET-GLASS MACHINE.
All window-glass manufacturers are dreading the time when glass
shall be made in flat sheets by the Owens Bottle Machine Co. imder
the Colbum patents, which it controls. They fear that by the new
process window glass can be made much cheaper than by any other
process that has been used in the United States ; that with the cheaper
production there will be an intense competition in the window-glass
market, and that the weaker estabUshments will be forced out of
business. The Owens Bottle Machine Co. began in 1916 the erection
of an extensive plant at Charleston, W. Va., for the manufacture of
window glass in flat sheets instead of cylinders, American manu-
facturers are apprehensive also about a machine for maldjig flat
window glass wnich was patented in Belgium before the war began.
Another machine was made in Saxony before the war began by
which window glass is blown and not, as in the case of American
machines, drawn from the pot or furnace. In the United States,
however, very Uttle is known about these new European machines.
PLATE GLASS.
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION.
Table 8, page 28, shows that the production of plate glass in the
United States nas increased much more rapidly than the production
of window glass. According to this table, based on data from the
Census of Manufactures, 217,064,100 square feet of window glass
was manufactured in the United States in 1899, and 400,998,893
in 1914, an increase of 84.74 per cent; while 16,883,578 square feet
of poUshed plate glass was manufactured in 1899, and 60,383,516 in
1914, an increase of 357.65 per cent. According to the same data,
the average value of polished plate glass decreased from $0,306 per
square foot in 1899 to $0,245 in 1914.
The number of square feet of plate glass, cast, polished, finished
or unfinished, and unsilvered, imported for consumption during the
fiscal year 1899 was 925,212 square feet, or 5.48 per cent of the do»
mestic production in 1899, and the imports dunng the fiscal year
1914 were 2,819,611 square feet, or 4.67 per cent of the domestic
production in 1914. While the number of square feet manufactured
in the United States increased 357.65 per cent during the 15 years,
the number of square feet imported increased 204.75 per cent.
206
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
A brief signed by 10 American manufacturers of plate glass, and
submitted to the (Committee on Ways and Means in January, 1913,
stated : ^
The production in the United States is about 60,000,000 square feet, about 47 per
cent of which is produced by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., and the remainder by 11
separate companies. None of the American product is exported, excepting a n^ll-
gible quantity to contiguous territory to supply pressing requirements.
The capital invested in the industry in this country is about $49,000,000, the smallest
concern in the industry having^ capital investment of about $1,000,000. The average
number of men directly employed in the industry in this country is about 11,000.
Those indirectly employed will equal more than twice this number.
NUMBER AND EQUIPMENT OP PLANTS.
The number of plate-glass factories is small as compared with the
number of window-glass factories. A plate-glass factory recjuires a
very large investment for fmnaces, annealing ovens, grinding and
pohshing machines, and other equipment. The number of factories
m the United States manufacturing polished plate glass is 15, in-
cluding 2 that were closed in 1916l)ut late in that year were pre-
paring to reopen. Six of these plants, with 52 furnaces and 880
pots, were operated hv the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Of these six
plants, four were in rennsylvania, one in Indiana, and one in Mis-
souri. The number of furnaces and pots of the 15 plants is shown
in the following table:
Tablb 80. — Location and Number op Factories Making Polished Plate Glass
AND THE Number of Their Furnaces and Pots.
[Data furnished by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.]
states.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Furnaces.
Pots.
Tllfnfth,. ,
X
68
4
10
4
14
17
53
80
iBdiana
lao
M^nhign-n -..-.-. , , . . - . - r . . . .
80
Mf !^<?ni11*i -r T r T
208
Ohio
304
PAnnwlyftniR
1,080
Total
cl3
102
1,872
a In addition, 1 plant with 5 furnaces and 100 pots not operated in 1916 was preparing to reopen,
fr In addition, 1 plant with 6 furnaces and 144 pots not operated in 1916 was preparing to reopen,
e In addition, 2 plants with 11 furnaces and 244 pots not operated in 1916 were preparing to reopen.
TREND OF PRICES AND SIZES.
The statement of the manufacturers to the Committee on Ways
and Means in 1913 says:
The prices to consumers of plate glass in the United States have on the whole heen
in distinct contrast to the upward tendency in the price of most commodities during
the last 10 years, while tiie manufacturers have been compelled to pay more for the
materials entering into its production and have been compelled to increase wages
in keeping with the general upward tendency of wages, all of which for a time increased
the cost of production. Nevertheless, by the introduction of labor-saving devices
and new inventions, the tendency in the cost of production for the last four years
has been downward, and the cost to the consmner has also had a downward tendency.
1 Tariff Schedules: Hearings before the Ck>nunittee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, 10l3f
schedule B, p. 838.
Iin>I76XBIAL CONDITIONS.
207
The manufacturers assert that the cost of manufactiiring plate
glass is the same per square foot, whether the glass is of a large or
small size. Nevertheless, the selling prices are graded according to
sizes, being lowest on the smallest size and highest on the largest
size, as shown by the following table embodied in the manufacturers'
statement:
Tablb 81. — Retail Prices op Plate Glass per Square Foot, 1875 to 1912.
[From statement of mannfactarers in Tariff Hearings, 1013.]
Range.
1 to 3 square feet....
8 to 5 square feet....
5 to 10 square feet...
10 to 25 square feet..
25 to 50 square feet..
50 to 100 square feet
1875
10.71
1880
10.51
1885
1890
$0.40
1895
1900
1905
1908
10.46
SO. 30
10.31
10.1875
10.1875
.84
.61
.55
.48
.36
.38
.225
.225
1.12
.80
.72
.64
.48
.60
.36
.36
1.49
1.06
.96
.85
.63
.81
.416
.39
, 1.66
1.11
1.01
.89
.66
.85
.436
.408
1.69
1.21
1.09
.97
.72
.90
.462
.432
1912
SO. 22
.241
.342
.365
.38
.392
The following paragraphs are quoted from the manufacturers'
statement:
It should be borne in mind that a square foot of plate glass costs the same amount
whether manufactured in large or small plates, because it must of necessity be cast
first in large plates exclusively. Glass can not economically be melted in small
quantities. It is necessary tx) manufacture in large sizes, in the course of which
manufacturing process the unavoidable breaking and cutting down for imperfections
produces some smaller sizes under 5 square feet. Normally this production of small
sizes, to wit, under 5 square feet, is about 10 per cent.
In answer to the statement made by the representative of the importers four years
ago, that the cost of small glass was not the same as the cost of large glass, and to the
effect that the small glass was a by-product, we wish to distinctly say that neither
one of these statements is in accordance with the facts. Assuming now for the sake
of argument that the 10 per cent of glass under 5 square feet above referred to is a
by-product, it must be borne in mina that the consumption of the country for g;la88
of tnis character has now grown to be nearly 50 per cent of the entire production,
which compels the manufacturer to cut 35 to 40 per cent of additional glass which
would normally be large sizes down to the market requirements under 5 sq^uare feet,
and which can certainly not be considered a by-product from any standpoint.
The query may naturally arise as to why the manufacturer should supply this
additional glass if he does it at a loss. The answer is that by increasing his output
by this large additional amount of business he is enabled to operate his plants nearly
to their capacity, and thus reduce his general production cost. If the American
manufacturer were to cease to supply this business, the cost of production would be
advanced at least 3 cents per foot.
We do not claim that all glass under 5 square feet is sold at a loss, because for the
finer qualities we ^et what appears to be a fair price; but in order to secure the small
pieces of fine quality, it is necessary to cut out of the large plates the ]>atche8 of fine
quality, with the result that this cutting reduces the balance of the plate to odds and ends
and strips. The average price secured for all the glass sold under 5 square feet has
always netted a loss to the manufacturer.
The increased demand for plate glass of the smaller sizes during
recent years is due to the increased use of plate glass in place of
window glass, and to the very much more extensive use of plate
glass for shelving, showcases, furniture tops, automobile wind shields,
etc. The following is quoted from Glass and Glassware, issued in
1916 by the National Distributors' Association:
Notwithstanding the tremendous investment required, the comprehensive machinery
and materials used in manufacturing, the cost has been scientifically reduced so that
plate glass is no longer considered a luxury and is every day increasing in popularity
for general glazing of high-cla^s buildings, store fronts, show cases, for table and desk
208
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
covering, dresser tops, chiffoniers, buffets, taborets, shelves, etc. The use of plate
glass adds an elegance and finish whenever it is seen.
The same publication states that poHshed plate glass is manu-
factured in thickness ranging from one-eighth of an inch to 1^ inches
and that the standard product runs from one-fourth to five-sixteenths
inch thick. It further says :
One-eighth inch to ^inch glass is used largely for residence windows and by car
builders and for boat sash^ automobile wind shields, and for other special purposes
where perfect surfaces, high polish, and absolutely clear vision is wanted, with
minimum weight.
Glass thicker than the standard product is used for counter tops, deal plates, port
and deck lights on ships, aquariums, etc.
The increase of the retail price in 1912 over the price in 1908 iQ
the first two sizes shown in Table 81, that is, for sizes of 5 feet and
under, reflected the increase in the rate of duty on the smaller
brackets under the tariff act which went into eflfect on August 6, 1909.
Under the tariflf acts of 1897 and 1909, the rates of duty per square
foot on plate glass, cast, polished, finished or unfinished, and
unsilvered, were as follows :
Not exceeding 384 square inches (2.67 sc^uare feet): 1897, 8 cents; 1909, 10 cents.
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches (2.67 to 5 square feet) : 1897, 10 cents;
1909, 12i cents.
Above 720 and not exceeding 1,440 square inches (5 to 10 square feet): 1897, 22}
cents; 1909, 22i cents.
Above 1,440 square inches (10 square feet): 1897, 35 cents; 1909, 22J cents.
The following table, showing the retail price of plate ^lass to con-
sumers during each year 1906 to 1915, inclusive, was furnished by the
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., which manufactures plate glass and sells
it to consumers :
Table 82. — ^Retail Prices op Plate Glass per Square Foot, 1906 to 1915.
[Data from Pittsburgh Plate Qls^s Co., November, 1916.]
Range.
1 to 3 square feet....
3 to 5 square feet....
6 to 10 square feet . . .
10 to 25 square feet . .
25 to 50 square feet . .
50 to 100 square feet .
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
$0. 1875
$0. 1875
$0. 1875
$0. 1875
$0.26
10.22
$0.22
10.22
SO. 19
.225
.225
.225
.225
.29
.26
.247
.26
.23
.36
.36
.36
.36
.43
.39
.342
.36
.31
.41
.40
.39
.39
.46
.42
.365
.38
.34
.42
.41
.408
.40
.47
.43
.38
.40
.35
.45
.44
.432
.43
.50
.46
.392
.41
.36
1915
SO. 17
.20
.29
.32
.34
.35
As shown by this table, the retail prices in 1915 were between 4
and 5 cents per square foot lower in each bracket than they were in
1912.
In furnishing the data for 1906 to 1915, inclusive, supplemental to
the data shown in Table 81, Mr. W. L. Clause, chairman of the board
of directors of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., wrote November 21,
1916:
The figures shown are intended to represent a fair average for the respective years.
In some instances there was quite a wide range of prices .prevailing at dinerent portions
of the year. In the years 1910 and 1911 the prices were somewhat higher th^ those
prevailing in prior or subsequent years. These higher prices resulted from unusual
conditions in the trade. For instance, in 1910 our own company lost by fire its laigest
works, thus taking out of the market an appreciable percentage of domestic supply.
This, together with a strong and firm market, brought about the advanced price con-
INDUBTltlil. OOMDinOKB.
209
ditions as shown and which extended throu^^ a portion of 1911, thus affecting the
retail jnices during that year.
You will note, suso, that no fif^ures are shown for the year 1916, for the reason that
we can not supply figures of this character before the end of the year. They will,
however, be materially higher, due to the general and extraordinary business condi-
tions prevailing.
The percentage of the so-called smaU^bracket glass (that is, under 10 square feet)
produced and sold has ranged during a period of many years from 20 to 25 per cent of
the total production, varying from jrear to year on account of peculiar conditions
experienced in the various factories in the United States. On tne other hand, the
Bales of small-bracket glass range from 60 to 70 per cent of the total production. In
the year 1915, which was a lair, average year, our company's sales of small fflasi
amounted to 64.49 per cent imder 10 square feet; 1916 bids fair, from present indica-
tions, to exceed the percentage shown in 1915. It is obvious from the foregoing figures
that of the total production 40 to 45 per cent manufactured as large glass is, of necessity,
cut down and sold In the small brackets.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, the value of the imports
of plate glasS; cast, j>olished, finished, or unfinished, and unsilyered,
or the same containing a wire netting within itself, was $266,909,
and during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, tne amount was
$38,757.
In spite of the almost entire cessation of such imports on account
of the war, the prices of plate glass were lower during the months
from February to Jtdy,'191S, tina erer l^ore in the mstory of the
trade. Af terwiurds prices increased, md tdier August 25, 1915, they
increased greatly, as shown by the following table:
Tabub 83.--Pncs8 m Sqoau Foot or Qlaomq Subss ov Ttuam QfLAm.
(Anprieasare L o. b. iM!tac7,ftii||it sqaaiiMdfrQniinnrt iMtory topoliit
Brackst.
8t.Loaii
PlatieOlMi
C0.,yamj
Bdwd
FoidPtato
OlMiCt., t
RMfcnl, '
^
St.Lotiff
PfaitcOlMi
Co.,Vattor
Pifk, Mo.'
Edirsf4
F«rdPI«C»
OlMfCfl^,
1 square foot...'.
.14
.IS
.19
.n
.9
toiaD !
.34
.as .
lOiqiiafiifwt.
10. M , 9P.#
Ssquarefoet
12 niMfV fB0i,« .« ^ ........ .
.9 1 «f0
SsquarefBQt
.9 1 #«
4 square feet
Uimnanfmi.
.71 ' M
Ssquarefeet.
MSM1MI«fMi«
.9 4K
7 square feet
13v VvmbW IB0v.#..« .#>«.#.>'
.9 ^U
J
Plate glass and wire jdass are made both Uf fill ord«r» nnd tin
stock. Orders are usudir placed three monthji in advance of da*
livery. Opalescent g^ass'is made chiefly for strx^k heemuie ordMi
usually call for immediate tihipment; formifriy iben^ were men
advance orders.
The production of bouk« an/l jar* b n/H only larsr^r hut ia taonp
widely distriboted than Umi^ prtftUki^unt of ifi\mr varWtv^ *it y^^nm iff
glassware. TaUe 8, pae*? 2*- ^rKf/w* thai, tu*/*/fY*\\h^ Up t)*^^ i^^mnn
of Manufactures, the ral">^ <yf urn Wf^i^j^^Kum of l/'/iiJi^ ai*/J j*r^ wmm
121,676,791 in Ih'.f^, t:;:^.^/;l //;;'> iw )y>i, iyA'^/nh/ZM m 1'^^/^, *^^/^i
151,958,728 in 1914, |jH.n;j^ u^ )r, y^,ixr^ iuf^, ut'fi^hf^. yfnn^ t^/'fJ
per cent. In ejuanb.'vj'^ *.;>rs^ i/v?*-^ k ^^'/'^^i t^, f*^fi^:ifAf^rP^A iUnX
automatic nuuiiineK i^ir s:.^k;:// v/i^i^?* »t.4 ^nt^ »'<-/#? mU'^'Sn^^A w
1025U*— 1
210 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
1903. The nmnber of such machines used in 1904 was inconsider-
able, and although quite a number of machines were installed during
the next five years, the increase of production from 1904 to 1909 was
much smaller than from 1899 to 1904.
The imports of bottles have had but little effect on domestic
production. The value of the imports of empty bottles and vials
and demijohns and carboys entered for consumption was $211,729
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, and $217,995 during the
following fiscal year, the new tariff having gone into effect on October
4, 1913. The value of filled bottles, vials, jars, demijohns, and car-
boys imported for consumption during the fiscal year 1914 amounted
to $966,610.
PRODUCTION AFFECTED BY MACHINERT.
The disturbing factor in the manufacture of bottles during the
years since 1903 has been the automatic bottle-blowing machine.
The Owens machine is called automatic, because it requires no skilled
labor to operate it. The only attendant is a mechanic, who oils the
machine and sees that it runs properly^, and whose wages are not
equal to those of blowers or hand machine operators. '. A boy takes
off the ware when no automatic conveyor is used. The first auto-
matic had six arms, each arm having a pair of molds, and six bottles
were made with one complete revolution of the arms, at the rate of
12 or 14 bottles a minute. Later, machines were equipped with
10 arms, and more recently with 15 arms. The 15-ann machines
can turn out 60 bottles a minute. In making the smaller sizes of
bottles, the mold on each arm is cut for three small molds, so that
180 small vials are produced a minute by a 15-arm machine.
Shortly after the introduction of the Owens automatic machine
other bottle machines were introduced, the first one being an English
machine. These machines were small and cost considerably less
than the Owens machines, but their output was much less, and
manufacturers that used them could not compete with manufac-
turers using automatic machines in filling large orders. The ma-
chines other than the Owens are called hand machines; they are called,
also, three-man machines, because three skilled men aye required to
operate each. They have been largely superseded by two-man
machines, and more recently one-man machines requiring only one
skilled operator for each have been introduced. The one-man
machines ace called semiautomatic. In some plants three skilled
men are employed on two machines. Notwithstanding the improve-
ments in the hand machines so that they can be operated by only
one man, the manufacturers using them still find great difficulty in
competing with manufacturers that use Owens machines, except
on comparatively small orders. The keenness of this competition was
assignea as a reason why a large number of establishments have
quit busiQess.
The Glass Bottle Blowers' Association is composed of the skilled
workers that blow bottles in hand molds, or who operate hand ma-
chines, including the semiautomatic. It is organized in only a few
of the plants using Owens machines, in which no skilled labor is re-
quired, or in plants using the flowing process, in which less skilled
labor is required than in plants using the hand machines.
INDUSTBIAL CONDITIONS. 211
Dennis A. Hayes, national president, in his report to the annual
convention of the association, held in 1915, said:
Shortly after the introduction and installation of the automatic machine, there
appeared on the market what is known as the United or English machine for making
narrow-mouth ware. A list was adopted by our executive board during the season
of 1908 and 1909 covering rounds and ovals, there being no other kinds ot ware made
on it up to that time.
In many establishments that use the hand machines bottles are
also still blown entirely by hand to. fill small orders. President
Hayes's report to the convention is 1915 said:
In nearly every bottle factory on the American continent the^e are one or more
machines, and those factories not having them will either have to install tiiem or be
forced out of business. So it is but natural to assume that manufacturers in order to
protect their investment will endeavor to equip their factories with bottle machines.
Machines to make narrow-mouth ware are being perfected and simplified to such an
extent that it is possible for the man operating tnem to make first-class wages. To
date, however, I know of no machine except the automatic that is capable of produce
me small ware successfully^ especially that of the prescription variety. By "success-
fully" I mean in commercial quantities. * ♦ *
The number of machines making wide-mouth bottles and jars is given as 193,
employing approximately 700 men; 98 of these machines are operating semi-
automatically^ employing three men to two machines, at an average wage of 15.65
per day. This is an increase of 446 machines over the previous season. There are
reported 116 of the United aild* O'Neill machines op^uting on beer, soda, grape
jiuce, catsup, and ammonia bottles, employing 669 operated at an average daily
wage of $4.75. There are 86 machines reported employing two men and 63 employing
one man, making miscellaneous narrow-mouth ware at an a{>proximate wage of |6
per day.
Another invention, in addition to the Owens automatic machine,
which had a great effect on the bottle industry was the flowing
process. It dispenses with the skilled man that gathers the glass,
and is operated with less labor cost than are the machines which
require a hand gatherer. The flowing device was patented by Homer
Brooke in 1903, and by 1910 it was used in several large establish-
ments. The principal patents on the Owens machine and on the
flowing device will not expire until about 1920.
It is not known what proportion of the bottles pi*oduced is manu-
factured by Owens macmnes or by the flowing process, but it is
grobable that the production by both automatic machines and the
owing device largely exceeds the production both by hand machines
and entirely by hand. Nearly all of the successfiu estabhshments
that manufacture with hand machines or entirely by hand are unusu-
ally favorably located with reference to cheapness of fuel or acces-
sibility to markets, and nearly all of them manufacture to. fill much
smaller orders than are accepted by estabhshments using Owens
machines or the flowing process. The manufactiirers employing
automatic machines of no wing § processes, because of the comparar-
tively low price of their product require large orders to insure con-
tinuous uninterrupted production.
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT.
The following table shows, as far as reported, the number of estab-
lishments manufacturing bottles and jars in the United States that
yere operated in 1916, and details about their equipment, not includ-
mg establishments using Owens machines.
212
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Table 84. — Location and Number of Plants IfAnNo Bottles, Jabs, etc., ik
1916, AND NUMBEB OF THEIB TANKS, RiNOS, AND POTS, NOT InCLUDINO PlAIITS
UsiNo Automatic Machines.
(Data from Olaas Factory Disectory, 1916.]
Stata.
Plants.
Continnoos
Day tanks.
Fur-
naces.
Pots.
Tanks.
Rings.
Tanks.
Rings.
Califflrnla x x
2
•63
el4
1'
4
1
62
14
411
411
• «6
<33
1
1
3
4<6
1
7
4
29
1
5
1
6
32
15
24
4
56
1
I
7
3
32
35
281
8
28
6
61
311
112
210
31
441
6
16
28
61
38
nunols
•***•*•*
TouW^n* .....X... ..x.x xx X..
.....
Maryland
1
14
5
9
ififnlgftnx..xxxx. ' . X X XX ..'. X '
ICissoari/.l ] l,V,\\l,,,.]ll]lll\
New Jersey ,
8
76
11
1
m
NewYoi*.
(
OUo
Penn^yiyanla...
7
71
South 'Oirotana.
Tennemee •
Vl«|Plft...x..
Wfft Virginia ;...
Wtocoinfilii
Total
113
201
• 1,006
9
80
31
81
• Tttifci and ilop of 1 |tet In Oktahona iaohided wlili nUBoi^
6 Tanks and rlnii of 1 Mli no h nlaat ii»ffhi4ftd with MissonrL
« Tanks apd rings of 1 plant In Oklahoma Inohided with Indiana.
4 Tanks and rlx^sn of Iplant In Now York and 1 in West Virginia, Intihided wlUi Ohio.
e Tanks of 1 plant In west Virginia Induded with Pennsylvania.
NUMBBB OP AUTOICATIO IIAOHINBB.
The report of President Ha^es in 1915 shows that the number of
automatic madiines in the Umted States and Canada was then 182,
an increase over 1914 of 10 machines, and that of these 169 were
operated in the United States and 13 in Canada. His report in
1916 shows that the number was then 193, an increase over 1915
of 11, and that of these 180. were operated in the United States
and 13 in Canada.
The number of Owens machines used in the United States in
November, 1916, were as follows:
Table 86. — Owbns Bottub Machxnbs InstaUiBD ik thb Umitbd States.
(Reported by the Owens Bottle ICaddno Co., Novotther, 1916.]
Company and product.
Owens Bottle Machine Co. No. 1, Toledo, Ohio;
IClsoellanoous bottles
Owens Bottle Machine Co. No. 2, West Toledo, 'Ohio:
Experimental ,
Owens Bottle Machine Co. No. 3» Fairmont, W. Va.:
Liquors, bottles, preseryes, and misoelkmeoos
Owens Bottle Machine Co. No. 4, Clarksburg, W. Va.:
Prescription and miscellaneous bottles
Whitney Glass Works, Olassboro. N. J.:
Miscellaneous prescription bottles
American Bottle Co., Newark, Ohio:
Beer and water bottles
American Bottle Co., Streator. 111. (2 plants):
Beer, soda, and water botiles
Illinois Qla.ss c o.. Alton, 111.:
Prescription and liquor bottles
6-arm
machines.
6
19
17
17
104rm
machines.
1
1
12
6
1
2
7
10
15«rm
machines.
Total
t
1
IS
I
T
»
H
INDUSTKIAL OONDITIOirB.
213
Table 86. — Owbns Bottlx Maohinxs Installbd in thb Unitbd Statbs.— Con.
Company and iNrodact.
! 6-ann I KKarm
machines, .machines.
I
154rm
machines.
TotaL
I
Dlinois Glass Co., Qas City. lU.:
Miscellaneous prescription bottles, fruit jars, packers, and
preservers
Ball Bros., Muncie, Ind.:
Mason fruit jars, packers, and preservers $
Ball Bros., Wichita Falls, Tex.:
Mason fruit Jars, packers, and preservers
Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Washington, Pa.:
Preservers and misoellaneous bottles
Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Clarksburg, W. Va.:
Proprietary medicine ware and Jars
Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Grafton, W. Va.:
Bottles
Chas. Boldt Co., Cincinnati, Ohio:
Lig uor ware
Chas. Boldt Co., Huntington, W. Va.:
liquor ware
Thatcher Manultoturing Co., Blmira, N. Y.:
Milk Jars
Thatcher Manuiiacturing Co., Kane, Pa.:
Milk Jars
Thatcher Manufiacturlng Co., Streator, 111.:
Milk jars
H. J. Hemz Co., Sharpsburg, Pa.:
Preservers
Maryland Glass Corporation, Baltimore, Md.:
Bromo>Seltzer ware
Kacbeth-Evans Glass Co., Bethaven, Pa.:
Experimental
D. C. Jenkins Glass Co., Kokomo^ Ind.:
Experimental ,
3
TotaL.
1
1
5
3
4
4
4
1
1
87
6
14
2
10
2
3
6
8
2
2
3
1
07
6
»
16
2
11
3
3
11
11
6
4
4
8
2
1
• 1
191
a Special machine .
This table shows that the Owens Bottle Machine Co. itself operates
four plants, one each in Clarksbure, W. Va., and Fairmont, W. Va.,
and two small plants in Toledo, Ohio. This company also owns the
controlling interest in the plant of the Whitney Glass Works at
Glassboro, N. J., and in 1916 it took over the three YGrj large plants
of the American Bottle Co. at Streator, Dl., and Newaii, Ohio. .
These eight plants now operated by the Owens Bottle Machine Co.
^e 77 of the 191 automatics that are used in the United States.
The other 114 automatics in the United States are operated by 9
establishments with 16 plants. Late in 1916 the Owens Bottle
Machine Co. took over the three plants of the Graham Glass Co.,
located at EvansviUe, Ind., Loogootee, Ind., and Okmulgee, Okla.
The 13 automatics in Canada are operated by one company with
four plants. In 1916 there were 40 Owens machmes in use m Europe,
and at the close of the same year automatics were being installed in
factories in Japan, the patent rights haying been purchased from
the Owens Bottle Machme Co. rrior to 1916 the Owens Bottle
Machine Co. had issued capital stock to the amount of $7,000,000.
After taking oyer the two plants of the American Bottle Co. in 1916,
the stock issue was increased to $50,000,000 and the stock was listed
on the New York Stock Exchange.
Undoubtedly more manufacturers would use Owens machines
than now employ them but for the fact that they can not procure
these machines either by buying them or renting them on a royalty
oasis. The Owens Bottle Machme Co. charges royalty on macnines
that it supplies to manufacturers, and it has issued licenses for their
214 THE GLASS INDUSTEY.
use to only a few establishments, and each establishment that uses
its machines is restricted to using them for only the particular line
of bottles covered by its license.
Several flowing devices are used, but the one most largely used
is covered by the Homer Brooke patents, which are controlled by
the Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. President Denis A. Hayes, in his report
to the annual convention of the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association
held in 1916, said:
Since we first reported on this phase of the bottle-making industry rapid strides
have been made in its development, and with the close or the past season there were
10 or 12 firms making bottles and jars by the flowing method. In these days of keen
competition, manufacturers are taking advantage of every opportunity to reduce the
copt of production, so no one was surprised to learn that the flowing process was in use
commercially with varying degrees of success. While fully realizing the importance
of this invention to the manufactiu*er, we should use every honorable means toward
securing for our members the right to operate it.
Bottles are made in such infinite number of shapes and sizes that
most of them are made onlv on orders. Some manufacturers never
manufacture for stock, while others try to keep on hand a stock of
the more standard styles to fill immediate orders and to fill orders
received during the summer shutdown. In normal times large
bujrers generally place contracts for their yearly requirements with
options on increases. Single-car orders are generally placed a few
weeks ahead of dehvery dates, while small orders are often for imme-
diate deUvery. During 1916, when prices of raw materials and of
the finished product were advancing rapidly, manufacturers discour-
aged long contracts. Packers and preservers are made ahnost
exclusively to fill orders.
THE PROBLEM OF STANDARD CAPACrTY.
The principal reason that bottles are made in such a ^eat variety
of shapes and sizes is that many manufacturers of proprietary prepa-
rations have sought to make their products better Known by putting
the goods up in bottles of unique snapes that would be readity asso-
ciated with the product. During recent years, however, there has
been a tendency toward the standardization of shapes and sizes,
and this tendency has been increased by the greater production of
bottles by macmnery. The expense of makmg molds is a con-
siderable proportion of the total expense of manufacture when the
orders are smiaU, and when automatic machines are used from 6 to
15 sets of molds must be made for bottles of each size and shape.
The manufacturer, therefore, can quote lower prices for bottles of
standard varieties than for bottles of special designs.
Bottle manufacturers have had trouble in meeting the require-
ments of diflFerent State bureaus of standards and of official sealers
in some cities in regard to the capacity of bottles. It is practically
impossible to n^anufacture bottles each of which wiU have exactly ^
the same capacity, and it is more difficult to make them uniform in
this respect by hand than by any kind of machine. Some States
and cities allow a smaller variation in capacity than others.
The Bureau of Standards of the Umted States Department of
Commerce, under authority of Federal laws, fixes the standards of
weight and measure, but it does not specify what variations in the
capacity of containers shall be allowed by the vfiixious States or
IKDUBTBIAL OONBIHONS. 215
cities. Harry Jenkins, executive officer of the Glass Bottle Blowers'
Association, said in his report to the annual convention of the asso-
ciation held in 1915:
I am pleased to say that in dealing with the officials in Washington we are ini^ariably
accorded the most patient and coiurteous treatment. The Bureau of Standards, the
department having charge of all the weights and measures, is doing a wonderful \^ ork
in this particular line. Foiu* times a year it holds a convention to \^hich are invited
all the sealers in the United States and the insular possessions, and this invitation
includes also anyone who may be interested in this line of work, and all i^ho attend
may take part in the discussions and offer whatever suggestions they may deem to be
of interest or benefit to the purchasing public. As many as 96 men have attended
these conventions, and all seem to be actuated by the same motive — to give to the
consumer full value for his money.
The Glass Bottle Blowers' Association has gone on record in favor of
a Federal law that will provide for uniform variations in the capacity
of containers in all States. A bill with such provisions, H. R. 16876,
was introduced in the Sixty-third Congress by Representative William
A. Ashbrook, of Ohio. A report of the committee on political protest
and injunction, adopted by the convention of the Glass Bottle Blow-
ers* Association held in 1915 contains the following paragraph:
That a glass container capacity law be enacted which will be uniform in all States,
with such tolerances that a manufacturer employing hand operators can compete
with a manufactiu'er using machines and thereby allow the workmen an opportunity
to earn an honest livelihood.
President Denis A. Hayes, in his report to the 1916 convention,
said:
Most of the States and large cities have laws that allow fair tolerances on containers;
then, too, ofRcials are not expecting the impossible in the way of perfect and accurate
measure, and our association has done mucn to make them fully realize the inability
of the men of our cralt to make an absolutely correct bottle in contents.
LOCALIZATION OF THE INDXTSTBY.
The following article in re^rd to the development of the bottle
industry was contributed by Mr. Herbert B. Garwood, president of
the Williams town Glass Co., Williamstown, N. J.
The glass-bottle manufacturing industry was naturally started on the Atlantic
seaboard, because that was the first portion of the country to be settled. In the
early days it was confined to the souliiem part of New Jersey, because sand was
found there suitable for glass making, extensive tracts of timber furnished not only
fuel and boxing material, but the wood ashes when bleached made the potash which
was needed for flux. The Delaware River oyster beds furnished the oyster shells
from which lime was made, the salt marshes adjoining the coast and river furnished
the salt hay used in packing the bottles in the boxes, and the clay beds supplied
the materials for the common brick and furnace stone used in building the furnaces.
The higher grades of refractory stone were made from German clay which was shipped
into Philadelphia and New York, and the proximity of those cities not only made it
easy for the skilled glass blower from the Old World to find his way to a new place
of employment in his old occupation, but supplied the markets which took care of
the output of the little plant.
As the iron business changed to steel and found its way to the Pittsburgh region,
on account of cheaper fuel and raw material, so glass followed; and the introduction
of soda ash or carbonate of soda in place of potash, and of coal instead of wood, of
limestone instead of oyster-shell lime, made Pittsburgh equally well adapted for the
industry, except for the higher freight rates to eastern markets, a disadvantage offset
by the cheaper price of materials. Next the Indiana gas belt, with its cheap fuel,
and the mountain region of northwestern Pennsylvania, with cheap oil and natural
gas, attracted many manufacturers, and to-day the newer gas fields in West Virginia
with their natural gas at 5 to 6 cents per thousand feet has drawn many manufactureiB
216 THE GLASS UTDUSTBY.
of bottles to that State. During this period the bottle manufacturing industry gained
a foothold in many isolated sections and in some instances have hela them. To-day
the principal centers of tlie industry are, in their order from east to west, southern
New Jersey, Baltimore, Md.^ Pittsburgh district, northwestern Pennsylvania or
mountain district, West Virginia district, middle Ohio district, Indiana gas-field
district, and the St. Louis district
The grade of gooda manufactured in each district is about the same, because,
except in isolateacases, the glass-bottle business has not as yet been highly specialized,
alarge percentage of the manufacturers continuing the practice of making all lines of
bottles. In milk jars, beer bottles, and some high-grade toilet ware me industry
hfljs been epecialized to a greater or less extent, and in fruit jars it has been entirely
specializea and centralized at Washington, Pa., and Mimcie, Ind., and is now being
introduced in Texas and Oklahoma.
Manufacturing; at this time (January, 1916) appears to be Increasing in no particular
locality. Within the last few years the greatest increase has been in me West Virginia
district, due to the cheap fuel.
The advantages regarding markets are naturally with the southem Jersey district,
whose manufacturers are able to make overnight deliveries in New York, which is
the largest glass-consuming city^ in the United States, in Philadelphia, another large
purchs^r, and 48-hour deliveries in Boston, Baltimore, and Washington, althou^
to the two latter points the Baltimore city factories enjoy the advants^.
The Pittsburgh and moimtain district factories naturally enjoy^ the trade of the cities
in the Pennsylvania coal region and the manufacturing towns in central New York.
as well as Buffalo and Rochester. The Ohio factories appear to ship to all parts of
the country, and in a short time that State will be used only by the manufacturen
of beer bottles and some few sundry lines. The Indiana and St. Louis factories seek
the cities of the middle West and the South, they enloyine better freij^t rates to
the interior of the South than any other factories. Tnese mctories also ship west,
but two plants on the Pacific coast and several in Oklahoma in scattered locations
are now oisputing for that trade.
The New Jersey factories formerly controlled the southem coast line below Norfolk,
but a revision of freight rates from West Virginia factories on a combination ndl and
water route by Noriolk has placed them on an equaHt^r with the New Jersey factories
and allowed tnem to compete for the trade of that section.
No section at this time appears to enjoy any iid vantage regarding labor. The skilled
workmen are practically all members of the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association, which
fixes a wage scale every summer for the ensuing year that is uniform throughout the
country, and the supply of skilled labor exceleds the demand, owing to automatic
machines displacing many glass blowers, therefore an adequate supply of handwork-
men or semiautomatic macnlne operators can always be secured in any section of
the country. In unsldlled labor one advantage in one section is balanced by anotiier
advantage in another section. Thus in New Jersey boys work for lower wages than
in the middle West, but in the spring they leave to work on the farms, and the manu-
facturer is thereby crippled. In the West the higher wages continue throughout
the year, but the ooys do not leave in the spring to such an extent as they do in
New Jersey. The recent activity in powder worlim and munition plants have drawn
many boys from the glass factories to those industries in the eastern section of the
country.
PBESSED AND BLOWN WABE.
Pressed and blown ware includes tableware, cut glass, bar goods,
lighting goods, and miscellaneous ware. Table 8, page 28, shows
that according to the Census of Manufactures the value of the pro-
duction of pressed and blown glass was $17,076,125 in 1899,
$21,956,158 in 1904, $27,398,445 in 1909, and $30,279,290 in 1914.
During the 15 years the increase was 77.32 per cent.
NUMBER, LOCATION, AND EQUIPMENT OF PLANTS.
The following table sliows, as far as reported, the number of estab-
lishments manufacturing pressed and blown glassware in the United
States that were opera tea in 1916, and gives details of their equip-
ment:
IKDUSTBUL COKDinOKS.
217
Table 86. — ^Locatiok and Nttmbbb or Aotiyb Plants Manufactubino Blown
AND Pressed Tableware, Lighting Goods, and Lamp Ghdcnbys, and Dbtail
OP Equipment.
[Data from Glass Factory Directory, 1916.]
State and product.
Indiana:
Tableware
Tableware and lifting goods.
Lighting goods
Lamp cninmeys
Maryland:
Tableware
Lighting goods
Massachusetts:
Tableware
Tableware and lis^ting goods.
New York:
Tableware and lighting goods.
Lighting goods
Ohio:
Tableware
Tableware and li^tixig goods.
Lighting goods
Oklahoma:
Tableware and lighting goods.
Lighting goods
Pennsylvama:
Tableware
Tableware and lij^tizig goods.,
Lighting goods
Lamp chimneys ,
Rhode Island:
Lifting goods
West Virgima:
Tableware ,
Tableware and li^thig goods.,
Lighting goods ,
Lunp cninmeys ,
Plants.
Aggregate:
Tableware
Tableware and lighting goods.
Lighting goods.
Lamp chunneys.
Total.
3
a2
»3
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
8
a4
b4
1
2
9
a 14
»10
1
9
5
2
4
Continuous
tanks.
Tanks, i Rings.
Day tanks.
Tanks.
Rings.
6
37
8
81
29
28
6
92
7
3
2
3
2
13
Fur-
naces.
4
2
1
8
1
8
2
21
13
11
3
48
66
35
17
18
22
44
65
6
12
2
2
8
5
2
17
1
7
2
2
168
116
47
17
848
7
11
25
4
47
8
2
12
4
3
1
15
10
22
3
60
1
1
8
2
18
7
9
8
11
Pots.
94
80
28
21
26
14
14
38
20
186
7ft
128
194
m
12
11
10
5
2
46
67
54
2
150
273
451
16
146
196
62
11
948
668
11
3,900
a Equipment of 1 plant in Indiana and 1 plant in Ohio included with Pennsylvania.
b Equipment of 2 plants in Indiana and 1 plant in Ohio Included with Pennsylvania.
The establishments entered in this table as making tableware made
tableware, cut glass, bar goods, and chemical ware; the establish-
ments entered as making tableware and lighting goods made both
products; some of the establishments entered as making lighting
goods made lamp chimneys also; the establishments entered as
making lamp chimneys made them only.
Tableware is made mostly to fill orders, but when orders are not
received the factory makes staple articles for sicxjk. Orders may
be for delivery in 30 days, but most of tlu^rn are for immediate de-
livery. Lighting goods are made both for orders and stock. Some
orders are placed two or three montlis in advance of shipment, but
many are for immediate delivery.
CUT TABLE WABX.
There are two kinds of cut glass, light or (ti\^nivo<\, iind heavy or
deep cut. Articles such as stem ware, viisf^H, f)r)wiH, iiup{)ir*H, plates,
bonDons, colognes, etc., are thin cut or en^^rav<*d, in designs ranging
218 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
from the common unpolished wheel engraving, which can be pur-
chased in the 5 and 10 cent stores, to elaborate designs, known as
*^rock crystal/' The cutting or engraving on these articles is gen-
erally on blown blanks. Heavy or deep-cut glass consists of two
trades, one cut on blown blanks, the other cut on pressed or molded
lanks, which are made either plain or with a large part of the pattern
pressed in them.
Glassware cut on blown blanks usuaDy consist of such items as
stem ware, decanters, vases, pitchers, oil cruets, colognes, and other
articles in such shapes as to render them impractical for pressing or
molding. Pressed or molded blanks can be used only for open pieces,
such as bowls, nappies, plates, etc., which can be readily pressed by
the use of a plunger, as in the ordinary common pressed glassware.
SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN CUT GLASS.
While considerable thin cut or engraved glass was imported before
the war in Europe began, very little heavy cut ^lass was imported.
The discriminating American public seems to be satisfied that the heavy
cut glass manufactured in the United States is superior to similar
ware made in Europe. This opinion has generally prevailed for
many years. The popularity of American cut glass was established
by a splendid display made by a glass company at the World's
Columbian Exposition held at Chicago in 1893. This company made
an elaborate exhibit, which showed the actual process of cutting.
Since that time the Quality of American goods, aided by attractive
advertising, has firmly convinced the public that nothing finer is
made in the line of heavy cut glass than is made in this country.
American cut-glass manufacturers have prided themselves on the
quality of their product. It has surpassed that of any other country
for crystal brilliancy and sharpness of cutting. Potash and oxide
of lead have been used extensively, the potiJsh to flux the other
materials, and both potash and lead to give to the glass a prismatic
effect with high refractory (}ualities. The product was so artistically
beautiful that the reputation of American cut glass became world-
wide. Before the war began in 1914 it was sold in all parts of
Europe. Since the war began the quality has necessarily suffered,
because it has been impossible to replenish depleted supplies of
potash, but this defect will be remedied when potash can again be
imported.
SonxQ people accustomed to traveling abroad are inclined to believe
that cut glass from Europe is superior in quility to the best American
product. An American manufacturer of' cut glass who has a sales-
room in New York City informed an agont of the Bureau that two
J ears previously a wealthy woman called at the factory and showed
im a glass article which had been broken. She stated that she had
purchased the set at one of the fine shops in Vierma and inquired
whether this company had not im'ported a similar set from which
the broken article could be duplicated. The manufacturer examined
it closely, and informed her that his salesroom in New York had a
similar article in stock and that it would be shipped to her. The
cut-glass products of this factory had been exported in considerable
quantities to Austria-Hungary, and the broJken article that was
duplicated had really been made in the American factory.
INDUBTBIAL CONDITIONS. 219
IMFOBTS AND EXPORTS.
The duty on ornamented glass, which mcludes cut glass, was 60
per cent aa valorem under the tariff acts of 1897 and 1909, and is
45 per cent under the present tariff law. Deep-cut glass made in
Europe has been almost entirely excluded from the United States
^under these tariffs. The duty, together with the fact that the Amer-
ican people have been educated to prefer the American deep-cut
glass, may explain why the imports have been decreasing and are
now very small. Many more original designs for cut glass are made
in America than in Europe, and many of these designs are taken
abroad and imitated.
The sole American agent of one of the most famous tableware
factories in the world kept, for several years, a separate account of
his imports of heavy cut glass. This agent imported such cut glass
to the amount of $99,273 m the year ending June 30, 1893, and tnese
imports declined to $14,473 in the year ending June 30, 1901. -After
the latter date he did not keep a separate account of such imports,
but he stated to an agent of tnis Bureau that they had declined to
not over $2,000 during the 12 months last preceding the beginning
of the war in Europe, and that they consisted mostly of special
articles.
The fact that before the war b^an in Europe there were consid-
erable exports of American cut glass to Eiu'opean countries is not
easily explained, except on the ground that the American product
is recognized in those countries as of superior quality or on the groimd
of cheaper production in the United States.
Wages of glass cutters are much higher in America than ia Europe,
and it is remarkable that deep-cut glassware made in artistic designs
by highly skilled hand labor should be produced for export at a cost
which would make it possible for ware from the United States to
compete with the product of factories in European countries. The
countries to which American cut glass is exported include countries
that produce deep-cut glass and that have high duties on their imports.
METHODS OP MANUFACTURE.
Cutting designs on glass forms is done by holding the forms against
revolving wheels. In the first process, called roughing, the cuts are
made with a steel wheel, on which sand and water are poured; in the
second process a stone wheel is used for smoothing the cut, and in
the third a felt wheel is used for poUshing. The wheel used for
smoothing is made of a Scotch stone called Craighleith, which is
either white or black, but the black stone is preferred because it is
softer.
Several reasons are assigned for the cheaper production of cut glass
in the United States than in Europe: (1) American glass cutters,
being paid piece prices in most cases, work faster than European
cutters; (2) in Europe roughing, smoothing, and polishing are often
done by the same workman, but in the United States the work is
divided among three men, and each becomes an expert in one pro-
cess; (3) in America labor-saving devices and methods are em-
ployed that are not used in Europe.
220 THB GLASS INDTTSTBY.
Where figured or pressed blanks are used, roughing is eliminated
entirely, as are also the time and expense of marking the pattern on
the glass, which is required when plain blanks are cut. Blanks
figured by pressing are made by two laree factories in the United
States, under a patent which they control. Other factories making
cut glass use plain blanks which are pressed by iron molds or are
blown offhand.
American manufacturers produce cut glass in designs that can be
easily cut on large stones; that is, designs with only few curved lines.
Where the designs are intricate and the lines curved, they are cut by
small stones, called small-tool work, and the time required is much
greater than where large stones are used.
»For the process of smoothing, carborundum wheels and carborun-
dum powder or grains are largely used in America, instead of stone
wneels and sand, which are commonly used in Europe.
In America the ware, after being smoothed, is dipped in acid for
poUshing, mstead of being poUshed by a felt wheel andputty powder,
as is customary in Europe. The use of acid in polishing has a great
advantage, not alone in the saving of labor, but in adding much
more brilliancy to the glass. The explanation of this is that in
polishing by hand with the felt wheel and putty powder the sharp
cuts are more or less dulled by friction, whereas m using the acid
these cuts retain their sharpness, and, as a result, the glass has more
refractory power, thus adding greatly to its brilliancy.
Deep-cut ^lass is much more extensively used in America than in
other coimtries. Each design that is produced in Europe is made
lip in small quantities, and more exclusive designs are made there
than in America. Much larger quantities of each design are made
in America, and, although cutting is done by hand, the cutter that
cuts the same design many times learns to do it rapidly.
An importer gave to an agent of the Bureau some examples of
the difference in the cost of producing deep-cut glass in America
and Europe. This foreign factory makes both heavy and light cut
glass and exports much of the light cut ware to the United States.
The agent said in an interview:
One reaion why deep-cut glass is made cheaply in America is that it is produced
in large quantities. Tnere is no such demand for heavy cut glass as there is here,
because tnin cut glass is more popular in Europe. Another reason is that, while
American cutters are paid higher wages than cutters in Europe, they work much
faister.
About seven years ago I bought from a glass manufacturer in Brooklyn a 9-inch
deep-cut glass bowl for f2.50, wholesale price, and took it to the factory in Alsace.
A wood mold was made for the form and the form was pressed and cut in the same
design as the bowl made in Brooklvn. The cost of this reproduction was 15 francs
($2.90) without the cost of the mold.
I import some blanks for deep cutting. I sold the Brooklyn manufacturer an
imported blank for a 3-pint jug, which cost here $1.25, duty included. He cut it
and sold it back to me for $5, and I took it to the factory in Alsace. A similar blank
there was cut in the same design and the cost was 40 francs ($7.72).
Five years ago I saw a window full of American deep-cut glass in Strassbuig, the
capital of Alsace-Lorraine. After that I quit trying to compete in New York with
American cut glass.
IKDTJSTBIAL OONDHIOKS. 221
IMITATION GUT GLASSWARB.
Among the manufacturers of high-grade cut glass there is much
complaint about imitations, with whicn many people are deceived.
Following is an extract from an article by J. Howard Fry, published
in the Glassworker for June 3, 1916:
Many imitatdoas of real cut glass, on account of the substituting of inferior blanks,
are being forced on the market at this time. At the best lime glass, even if properly
cut, is inferior, and it is only an imitation of what real cut glass represents. Unfor-
tunately, owing to the European war making it impossible for leaa-blank manufac-
turers to maintain the former high standard or quality, a field is opened for imitations,
which otherwise would not exist. The widespread popularity of rich cut glass leads
to the production of a great deal of cheap ware and imitations of real cut glass.
And unfortunate! }r, again, the idea seems to prevail among some glass manufac-
turers that cut glass is not a work of art, that it is not a science, and is not worthy of
their best elTorts. Thsy are offering to the unsuspecting public a cheap imitation of
cut glass which is not only on a lime blank, but often deception is practioed in foolinff
the public by not cutting all the design. Certain parts, such as (lowers in the frosted «
or light skin cut, are placed in the blank, while the leaves or miter and heavy parts
imitate cutting, but it is simply pressed glass, sometimes of a very eood finish, suffi-
cient to deceive the imsuspecting public, who buy this as good cut glass only to learn
later that fraud had been practiced.
It is absurd to predict just where this practice will lead to, but it is not iiffficUlt to
see that if it is continued the higher ideals for which cut elan stands will be lost and
the industry as an art will be ruined. The public should be educated to detect the
fraud, and imtil this takes place the, market will imdoubtedly be flooded with all
varieties of cheap imitations.
IN0AKDI80XNT LAXP BULBS.
A ^eat impetus was given to the development of the manufacture
of li^tin^ glassware by the wonderful and successful eKperimente
conmicted by Thomas A. Edson^ in perfecting his first conunercial
incandescent lamp, which appeared m 1879. In 1880 the regular
manufacture of incandescent lamps was begun in Menlo Park, 5[. J.,
and during that year 25,000 lamps were made. Bv 1885 electric
lighting became very general, and the manufacture of lijghting goods
becamie an important oranch of the ^ass industry. The aggregate
production of electric lamps for domestic use totaled about 125,*
000,000 during the year 1915 and a considerably larger number in
1916.
The incandescent lamp is the one of all electrical appliances most
universally used, and is available for the lighting of homes, industrial
plants, stores, streets, parks, billboards, automobiles, trolley cars,
and railway cars.
TYPES OF LAMPS.
Incandescent lamps are divided into four classes, according to the
kind of filament — carbon, Gem, tantalum, and Mazda.
The number of materials which can be used for filaments is very
small, for these reasons: First, the filament must be capable of
withstanding a very high temperature, and it must also have a high
vapor tension point; in other words, it must not evaporate rapidly
much below its boiling point; second, it must be a conductor of
electricity, and should nave a relatively high resistance.
Filaments- were made at first from parchmentized thread and
thin slips of cardboard and paper, and later from bamboo; For
many years the bamboo filament, cut into strips by small knives
222 THE GLASS INDUSTKT.
and planes, was exclusively used. The cutting required great care
and expense before the filaments were reduced to the required
sizes. The bamboo strips were then carbonized.
After bamboo filaments were used squirted filaments were made
from carbonized cellulose in one form or o^nother.
Another advance was embodied in lamps still of the carbon type
in which the filaments were strengthened by such substances as
would justify calling them ^'metalSzed.'' The mere word was a
revelation as to the direction in which invention was tending, and
very quickly real metallic filaments were available. The metal
tantalum was quite rare and useful in many ways, but did not com-
pete successfully with the old carbon lamp.
In 1907 the tungsten lamp appeared, fairly startling the world
with its wonderful efficiency, and nearly revolutionizing the incan-
descent lamp industry. The most recent development in high effi-
ciency illummants are the Mazda lamps, a trade-mark used by some
of the largest manufacturers of incandescent lamps in the United
States.
MANUFACTURE OF BULBS.
Glass bulbs for incandescent lamps are made in only five plants
in the United States — ^the General Electric Co., the LibbeyGlass
Works, the Corning Glass Works, the Rochester Tumbler Works,
and the Lippincott Glass Co. It is estimated that of the to.tal num-
ber of glass bulbs for incandescent lamps produced in this country,
two-thirds to three-foiuths are blown by hand and the remainder
by machine.
Incandescent lamps are made from bulbs by a number of estab-
lishments, of which the General Electric, Westinghouse, and Franklin
comnanies are the largest producers.^
While the cost of necessities for living increased from 1892 to 1915
the cost of electric lighting shows a marked decrease, and this re-
duction was caused by the higher efficiency of the lamps manufac-
tured. The price per candlepower of a 6D-watt lamp of the most
improved type manufactured by the General Ellectric Co., decreased
from something over 3.6 cents per candlepower in 1907 to 0.6 cent
in 1916.
GHSMIGAL OLASSWABE.
The development in the manufacture of chemical glassware in the
United States since the war in Europe began is analogous to the devel-
opment in the manufacture of dyestuffs during the same period.
ChemicAl glassware includes flasks, beakers, tubing, reagent bot-
tles, desiccators, cylinders, spirit lamps, retorts, jars of various kinds.
graduates, percolators, etc., which are usually designated as '^hoUow
glassware " and which are made in a glass factory operating a furnace;
and stopcocks, burettes, pipettes, tost tubes, potash bmbs, AryM
tubes, thermometers, hydrometers, and a great variety of additional
items, which are made from tubing before the blast lamp and whicli
are usually classified imder the heading 'lamp-blown ana volumetrio
ware" as their mauufacturo doe4> not immediately involve the opera-
tion of a furnace.
1 Spo H©arines befor© th? Committee on Ways and Means, 1913, Schedule B, p. 763.
INDUSTKIAL CONDITIONS. 223
GERMAXY FORMER SOURCE OF SUPPLY.
Before the war begau flasks and beakers were made in the United
States, but by only one company and in very inconsiderable quanti-
ties. This company has been maldng such articles of excellent quality
since 1900 or before, but tlio quality of its product was not widely
recognized.
To meet the requirements of chemists in analytical work, glassware
must be able to withstand severe tests, of wliich the most important
are the cooling shock test, the test for solubility, and the mechanical
shock test. Many chemists have received German training and have
been educated to oelieve that no chemical glassware could equal that
made in Germany and Bohemia and particularly that made in Jena.
Comparatively few chemists in America acknowledged that any
glassware made in the United States was equal to Jena ware hence
the company in this country that has made such ware of excellent
quality since 1900 found comparatively Uttle sale for it before the
war began.
Practically no importations of chemical glassware from Germany
have enterea the United States since the sunmier of 1915. At that
time a famine in chemical glassware appeared imminent. Colleges
and universities that use large amounts did not know where they
could obtain a supply for the scholastic year 1915-16. The annual
supply of these institutions amounted in value from several hundred
dollars each to over $10,000 in some instances.
The numbers of collegiate institutions and schools that reported to
the United States Bureau of Education in 1914 were as follows: Col-
leges and universities, 567; public high schools, 11,515; private high
schools and academies, 2,199; public normal schools, 235; private
normal schools, 46; manual and industrial training schools, 229. Of
the 11,515 public high schools, 10,183 reported that they owned scien-
tific apparatus amounting in value to $16,447,825; and of the 2,199
private schools and academies, 1,211 reported that they owned scien-
tific apparatus amounting in value to $6,992,365.
IMPORTS FREE OF DUTY FOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, ETC.
Glassware used for educational or scientific purposes has been
admitted free of duty under various tariffs, from 1816 to 1846, from
1857 to 1864, and since 1870. The section of the tariff act of 1913
which provides for free admission of glass is as follows :
573. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, instruments, and prepara-
tions, including bottles and boxes containing? the same, specially imported in good
faith for the use and by order of any society or institution incorporated or established
solely for religions, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary mirpoaes, or for
the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy,
school, or seminary of learning in the United States, or any State or public library,
and not for sale, and articles solely for experimental purposes, when imported by any
society or institution of the character herein described, subject to such regulations as
the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe.
The importations admitted free under this act amounted to $704,496
I during the fiscal year 1914 and $370,620 during the fiscal year 1915.
All olthese importations, however, were not of chemical glassware,
but of scientific apparatus, which included articles made of metal as
Well as of glass.
224 THE GJLASS INDUSTBY.
The imported chemical glassware on which duty was paid is not
separately shown by tariff statistics, but a large part of it was used
by industrial plants, and the duty on such articles when blown was
60 per cent ad valorem under the tariff law of 1909 and is 45 per cent
under the tariff law of 1913. Very little if any such ware is pressed.
Various estimates are made as to the amount of chemical glass-
ware imported into the United States. One of the largest importers
of such ware estimated that the imports before the war amounted to
$500,000 a year, about half free and half dutiable. The examiner
for chemical glass in the appraisers' warehouse. New York City,
estimated that such imports ambimted to about $300,000, of which
50 per cent went to educational institutions free. Most of the im-
ports come from Thuringia in Germany, but some are from Austria.
England and France, the warehouse examiner said, made chemical
glassware for their own use, but also imported from Germany and
Austria.
'^ The quantity of chemical glassware used in the United States has
greatly increased from year to year, because of the rapid expansion
of educational institutions and because many industrial plants have
est&bli^ed or enlaiged their chemical laboratories.
DETELOPMENT OF AMEBIOAN INDTJSTBY.
The great demand for chemical ware caused a number of enter-
prising glass manufacturers to be^in its manufacture in the summer
of 1915. The development in this line was remarkable, and a year
later 8 or 10 American companies were producing such ware. Most
of the shapes- of hollow glassware for laboratory use that were for-
merly imported are now made in the United States, and the domestic
production has fairly causht up with the demand. This can not be
«aid, however, of lamp-blown and volumetric ware, of which there
is still a great shortage, and the prices of many articles in this class
have increased from 20 to 100 per cent.
In commenting on a copy of this section of this report submitted to
Mr. George B. HoUister, general manager of the Coming Glass Works,
he wrote December 1, 1916:
In connectloii with the statement that prices on glassware have increased from 20
to 100 per cent, emphasis should be laid on the fact that the price of the hkhest-piiced
American ware is that of the dutv-paid Jena before the war. The price ot this Ameri-
can ware has not been raised, while Jena has announced two increases in price since
the beginning of the war.
Mr. Evan E. Eamble, president of the Kimble-Durand Glass Co.,
to whom a copy of the article was submitted, wrote October 30, 1916:
Prices increased over the former German prices solely because it is impossible for
American manufacturers to make glass apparatus for scientific purposes at a reasonable
profit at an3rwhere near the old prices in a great many lines. The prices have gone
up on account of labor only, ana not because of the desire of the American manufac-
turer to tE^e advantage of the market. Many articles are being made at the present
time that compare to the duty-paid prices existing before the war and these pricei
have been maintained regardless of the demand, which would have allowed glass
manufacturers to have increased it.
nn)TJ8TBiAL QOKDinoira. 225
HIGH QXTALirr OP AMEBIOAN raODtJCT.
It is remarkable that the product in this new branch of the glass
industry should be so soon recognized by scientific authorities as of
the highest quality. A number of professors of chemistry in univer-
sities who were interviewed during tnis investigation declared that the
beakers and flasks made now in America are better than what had
been imported, better even than Jena ware. Dr. Owen L. Shinn,
professor of applied chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, said
'that chemical glassware made for 15 years in a factory in New Jersey
had been equal to ware imported before the war began, though this
fact had not been generally recognized, and this factory had produced
only a limited variety of apparatus. He further saia:
The old chemists were German trained and they instilled in the students the thought
that anything not German made was inferior. They were hard to convince that
American chemical glassware was of good quality; their attitude was that only Jena
ware was good. The nonsoluble ware made by several American glass manufacturers
ia equal to if not better than Jena ware.
It is not now posdible to obtain everything in chemical glassware that was formerly
imported, but it is the heavier articles that can not be obtained. Beakers, flasks, and
the like are now obtainable equal in quantity and quality to any imported ware, but
most of the heavier things, such as desiccators, are not yet maae here. The reason
for this is Uiat the small market for some of these articles has not made it advisable
jor American manufacturers to make the molds. Manufacturers have been busy meet-
ing the demands for articles more generally used, and therefore have not yet begun
to make these, of which comparatively few are needed.
Not only professors, but even some of the importers who were inter-
viewed, asserted that the best quality of chemical glassware of Ameri-
can make was better than Jena ware. They asserted that such vessels
as beakers and flasks, when submitted to various tests, were distinctly
superior to Jena ware in resistance to heat shock, stabihty toward dis-
tilled water, and in resistance to mechanical test.
Importers as well as chemists asserted also that microscopes and*
lenses had long been made of as good quality in America as in Europe.
PRESENT CONDiriONS IN THE INDUSTRY.
An address on "The Manufacture of Chemical Apparatus in the
United States'' was delivered before the American Chemical Society
at its meeting held at Urbana, 111., April 18-21, 1916, by Mr. Arthur
H. Thomas, an importer, exporter, and dealer in laboratory apparatus
of both foreign and domestic manufacture. The address was pub-
lished in full m the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
for May, 1916. Extracts from it follow:
I propose to remind you briefly of the facts regarding our sources of supply of a few
representative classifications of chemical apparatus as they existed before the Euro-
pean war; to compare with these the conditions as they now exist, and then to consider
the possibilities of retaining and extending the manufacture of this same merchandise
in the United States.
In this tabulation the term ** hollow glassware" is used to designate the product of
the glass factory with a furnace — the °*Hohlglashutte" of Germany — and the term
"lamp-blown and volumetric ware" to designate the product of the glass-blowing
shop — the **Glassblaserei" of Germany — where the finished product is shaped before
the lamp from glass tubing, which tubing is, of course, always made in the glass fac-
tory or **hUtto." In the United States these two industries are mostly conducted
separately, while in Europe they are frequently combined in the same establishment.
102511**— 17 ^15
226 THE GLASS IHDUSTBY.
CLASSIFICATION A — ^HOLLOW GLASSWARE.
AriicUs. — Flasks, beakers, and other factory-made ' shapes, including blanks for
some volumetric ware. Tariff, 45 per cent ad valorem.
Sources before the war. — ^\^'ith the exception of one large factory in the United States
which made, in addition to extensive products in other lines, a few flasks and b^ers
of excellent quality and reasonable price, this ware was purchased exclusively in
Euro}>e. The American production was not, in any commercial sense, a factor in the
situation.
The present situation. — Five factories in the United States are now regularly making
flasks and beakers in la^e quantities. The glass used by one of these is superior in
several important physical characteristics to that used for similar vessels l^y the
European factory whose flasks and beakers have been heretofore considered the best
in the world. The four other makers are using a reaidtance glass much alike in physical
characteristics which, while not (]^uite equal to either the American or Eiuropean pro-
duct above referred to, is unquestionably superior to the glass generally used through-
out Germany and Austria. There are two other American factories making flasks and
beakers, about which I have no deflnite information from actual tests. The ware
turned out in one of them is of excellent api)earance and that of the other I hive not
seen. Neither factory is reported as producing large quantities as yet.
With the present conditions of shortage in almost all of the raw material involved,
in the labor situation, and in the exhausted condition of stock in many of the large
college and university storerooms, a considerable shortage for some time seems inev-
itable unless additional capacity is operated. Under normal conditions the total
convenient production of these seven American factories would more than meet our
usual consumption.
CLASSIFICATION B — LAMP- BLOWN AND VOLUMETRIC WARE.
Articles. — All shapes made of tubing before the blast lamp, including the graduation
of blanks made in the factory in addition to those made before the lamp. Tariff, 45
per cent ad valorem.
Sources before the vmr. — With the exception of a few items not of significance to our
discussion, such as hydrometers and thermometers for clinical and industrial use,
homeopathic vials and test tubes, milk bottles, and syringes, all staple stock was
purchased in Europe. Repair work and the manufacture of a great variety of special
Items, not in sufficient demand to warrant arrangement for importation in large
quantities, was conducted in a few glass-blo^ving shops operated by some of the lai^er
dealers, in separate small shops in a few of the larsjer cities, and in the south Jersey
district as an important side Ime in coimection with three large glass factories.
The present sitimtion. — Two of the south Jersey factories referred to have prac-
tically given up the making of any regular stock m this classification because of the
shortage of labor and the great demand for their own specialties. The other south
Jersey factory has greatly increased its capacity for the more staple and easily made
shapes and is making a commendable but as yet totally inadequate attempt to meet
present requirements. This factory, with the few ^ops just described, constitutes
the entire capacity in the United States to make lamp-blown and volumetric chemical
apparatus. There are a few additional shops competent to make certain chemical
ware but not so engaged because of obligations in more profitable directions.
The combined output of all these establishments in the great variety of items in
this classification is far from sufficient to fill the daily orders for immediate shipment.
Commitments at the present time for large educational quantities, as usually under-
taken at this time of the year, seem not to be justifiable with definite obligatiou as
to either price or time of delivery.
CLASSIFICATION F — OPTICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.
Articles. — Spectroscopes and spectrometers, polarimeters, and saccharimeters,
refractometers, colorimeters, and microscopes. Tariff, 35 per cent ad valorem,
except on microscopes, 25 per cent.
Sources before the war. — ^The instruments in this classification as used in chemical
laboratories were all purchased in Europe vrith the exception of microscopes, the
manufacture of which has, as you all know, been extensively and successfully con-
ducted in America for many years.
> While ordinary bottles are, of coarse, a factory-made product, my remarks are not intended to apply
totbem.
INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS. 227
The present nt^mtion, — ^There is no new manufacturing in America to be recorded
in this line as a result of the war. The explanation is again the enormous pressure
being put upon the several factories equipped for such work for deliveries of prism
binoculars, range finders, telescopes as used in gunnery, periscope optics, etc. Two
British factories have extended their lines to include certain refractometers and sao-
charimeters not heretofore made in England, but their deliveries are much delayed
because of the control of these works by the British Government for war requirements.
The same situation explains both the inability of certain verv excellent French
makers of optical instruments to extend their lines, or even, with one exception, to
make any deliveries of their regular goods.
The domeBtic manufacture of chemical glassware, which previous
to the war in Europe was confined to only one American factory,
has since the siunmer of 1915 increased very largely, though tne
product is still insufficient to supply the demand. The increase in
the output would have been greater if a larger number of skilled
workers could have been obtained. Most of them are Grermans,
but Americans are being trained for this special work. As the
expense of manufacture was exceptionally high during the first
year in which this kind of glassware was manufactured in more
than very limited quantities, no attempt was made in this investi-
gation to ascertain the cost of any chemical glassware units, but
all the domestic manufacturers that make such ware make other
kinds of glassware, and reports were secured from these manufac-
turers covering their iast business year.
PROPOSED RESTRICTION OF FREE IMPORTATION.
Manufacturers who were interviewed during this investigation in
regard to the tariff duty on chemical glassware considered it much
more important that there should be some duty on the apparatus
for educational or scientific use, now admitted free, than that the
rate of duty on the remainder of such imports should be raised
above 45 per cent ad valorem, the present rate. Some college pro-
fessors who were interviewed approved the suggestion that the
apparatus imported for educational or scientific use should pay a
duty, in order firmly to establish the industry in this country, though
they did not, however, advocate a duty on imports for such pur-
poses as high as 45 per cent ad valorem.
The American Chemical Society has started a campaign in favor
of educational institutions paying duty on chemical glassware and
has appointed a committee on the subject, consisting of Prof. Alex-
ander Smith, of Columbia University, Prof. WiUiam McPherson, of
Ohio State University, and Mr. Arthur H. Thomas, of Philadelphia.
Following is a part of the address by Mr. Thomas, extracts from
which have already been quoted :
Let us now consider the possibilities of the future, mentioning first hollow glass-
ware, particularly flasks and beakers. It seems probable that a fair share of our
consumption of flasks and beakers will be made in the United States after the con-
clusion of the war without any increase in duty or any curtailment of the dutv-free
privilege. With some restriction of duty-free entry they would, I think, all be
made here. This statement is based upon the following facts:
1. The intrinsic excellence of our product. This is certainly the basic economic
factor in determining where any merchandise is to be made under normal conditions
of competition.
2. The highest priced American flasks and beakers are now sold at exactly the
duty-paid prices prevailing before the war for the best European brand. Further-
Diore, all other American flasks and beakers are now not only sold at less than these
228 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
prices, but at prices no higher, generally speaking, than those hitherto prevaUing
on European goods of inferior quality.
3. There is a sufficient industrial and other duty-paid demand to justify the con-
tinuation of a part, at least, of our present war-tune production, even tnough the
large educational business ia again placed abroad for duty-free importation This
duty-paid demand ia increaeingly restricted to flasks and beakers of the highest
quality. Those of you engaged m industrial work will agree that in the works laborar
tory the first consideration is not what the flask or beaker costs but rather that it must
not break in use.
4. Flasks and beakers are made in large and well-organized glass factories, of which
we have in the United States several quite competent to unaertake such work, and
the American glass blower accustomed to the manufacture of incandescent lamp
bulbs, thermos bottles, ordinary bottles, and the many shapes of household and
other ware, can usually make them with a few weeks' practice.
5. And thiB is important: There is some possibility as to the application of auto-
matic glass-blowing machines (which have reached a truly remarkable development
in the United States as applied to the blowing of bottles and incandescent lamp
bulbs) to the manufacture of flasks and beakers, if a sufficiently large demand develops.
If this should come to pass I think the term "duty-free'* would no longer be used in
connection with flasks and beakers.
Reasoning in a manner akin to the above seems to justify a similar conclusion, with
some qualifications in each instance, for the classifications "Porcelain ware," "Filter
paper, and "Optical measuring instruments." "Hardware and sheet-metal ware"
and "Analytical and assay balances and weights" have already shown their ability
to take care of themselves.
This disposal of these groups leaves for further consideration the very important
classification B, "Lamp-olown and volumetric ware." It is the shortage m tliif
group which is now causing the greatest inconvenience, and it is about the making
of such goods that we have much to learn if any significant fraction of our annual con-
sumption is to be regularly manufactured in the United States. As compared with
flasks and beakers we here face quite a different array of facts.
1. Our product thus far is, as a general statement, distinctly inferior in workman-
ship, appearance, and (too frequently but not always) in accuracy of graduation.
2. These goods must be sold, on the basis of costs prevailing before the war, at much
higher prices than the duty-paid prices on eauivalent items of foreign make. Since
the war this difference in cost has been still lurther increased, in many instances to
the extent of 100 per cent.
3. The duty-paid demand does not constitute nearly as large a fraction of the total
consumption as is the case with flasks and beakers.
4. This ware is mostly made in comparatively small and often poorly organfzed
establishments. This is frequently true, even though the shop is operated by a firm
which may be fairly designated as "large and well organized " in other directions.
The supply of skilled glass blowers compatent to handle the great variety of such
chemical ware is exceeaingly limited. I doubt if there are 250 such workmen in the
United States at the present time. These men have mostly come to us from Thuringian
factories as skilled and accomplished artisans who were well paid at home. They
naturally demihd and get stlii mDre here. A g3od all-round worker now gets from
$45 to $60 par week. They do not always lend themselves to the proper subdivisions
of labor for economical production. They are quite united in their common interests
and naturally not greatly interested in the training and development of apprentices.
They frequently are compelled to ^ive up work on general chemical ware because of
the nigh wage they can earn on piecework specialties.
One large concern in south Jersey is here deserving of special mention because of
its output in this line, which, while as yet confined largely to the simpler and more
staple items, is made almost exclusively by young men and women native, in the
locality under the direction of a few more experienced workers. I recently visited
this plant and was favorably impressed with the very encouraging progress these
operatives had made in a comparatively few months.
5. And this again is important: There seems to be little possibility as to the appli-
cation of automatic machines to this line, with the exception of those already developed
and in efficient use for homeopathic vials and syringes.
Mr. J. Howard Fry, vice president of the H. C. Fry Glass Co.,
having reviewed a copy of this section, wrote November 7, 1916:
To a certain extent, we agree with Mr. Arthur H. Thomas in his statement that
tariff duty on all chenucal glassware is much more important than an increase of the
present tariff; that there should be some duty on glass for educational or scientific um
INDUSTBIAL CONDITIONS. 229
now admitted free, rather than that the rate of duty should be raised above 45 per
cent ad valorem. In other words, more than likely, tlie conditions in Europe after
the war will be such that, provided the now duty free is abolished, the auty on
imports, 45 per cent ad valorem on chemical glassware, will be sufficient protection
to allow us to continue manufacturing a good quality of chemical glassware in com-
petition with foreign countries.
It is true that the very high grade chemical ware does find and will continue to find
a limited sale in this country, at a price, but thegreat volume of chemical glassware,
such as used by the colleges, industrial plants, and ordinary laboratories, does not
need to be the highest grade of chemical glassware, and that business will eventually
go to the cheapest market of suitable quality. As the duty-free provision permitted
all the universities to get their beakers and flasks without anv duty, it cut out the
volume business for the American manufacturer, and there was Tittle or no opportunity
then for the American manufacturer to succeed. The demand for the very high-
grade stuff is naturally limited, and would possibly only keep one busy, where the
popular demand would keep several factories busy. Personally, I can not under-
stand why chemical glassware should be imported free of duty for educational pur-
poses, because those educational institutions should help support the American
industry and labor, as undoubtedly the American has to support such institutions.
Consequently, by taking that business away from the American manufacturer and
giving it to Europe, it is false economy on the part of the educational institutions, and
our Government should not encourage it.
In 1914 the council of the British Institute of Chemistry appointed
a glass-research committee to conduct investigations with the view of
arriving at suitable formulas for laboratory glassware, miners' lamp
glasses, combustion tubing, resistant glass for pharmaceutical
products, glass for X-ray bulbs, etc. The main part of the report of
the committee was published in Nature (London), April 15, 1915,
and republished in the Scientific American Supplement, July 24, 1915.
PHOTOQBAPHIC GLASS.
A new small industrv in the United States is the manufacture of
photographic glass, wnich is thinner than window glass. Photo-
graphic glass averages 15 panes to the inch, while single-strength
window glass averages llj or 12 to the inch and double-strength 8
or 9 to the inch. Photographic ^lass is packed 100 square feet to
the box, window glass 50 leet per box for domestic trade and usually
100 feet for export.
Dry photographic plates, made by coating photographic glass
with a sensitive emulsion, have long been made in the United States,
particularly in Rochester and St. Louis. Photographic glass, however,
was not made commercially in the United States until 1911.
Only the first two qualities of the thin glass, both of which are
better than A quality window glass, are used for photographic
plates. The third grade, which is called photographic reject, is
used for picture frames, for clock faces, and such purposes.
COMPARATIVELY HIGH COST OP PRODUCTION.
For several reasons photographic glass is much more expensive to
make than is common impolished window glass. The thm glass is
Vjary fragile and the percentage of breakage is much larger than in
the case of window glass. £i making thin glass there are more
bums in flattening. Single and double strength glass does not
got hot so quickly on the stone in the oven, and does not have to be
taken out so quickly as thin glass, so that it is not so liable to bum.
230 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Moreover, when wrinkles on thin glass are rubbed down the sheet
often becomes so soft that pimples appear on the surface.
With photographic glass much more cutting and much more
careful sorting are necessary than with window glass. The window-
glass cutter sorts the glass as he cuts it and piles it on edge according
to size and quality. Photographic glass is sorted by the cutter who
cuts it into strips. Another cutter cuts panes from the strips. The
panes are then examined, sorted, and perhaps three-fourths of them
are cut to smaller sizes to remove defects.
The labor cost on photographic glass is much higher than on win-
dow glass. The difference in total cost is indicated by the differ-
ence in price. In 1916, when a box of 8 hj 10 single-strength A
glass sold for about $2.25, a box of photographic glass of the same size,
Too square feet to the box, sold for $11, or on the basis of $5.50 for
50 feet.
AMOUNT CONSUMED — ^TARIFF BATES.
The consumption of photographic glass in the United States, first
and second quahty only, is about 200,000 boxes of 100 feet, which, at
1916 prices, amounted to $2,200,000. The imports of photographic
^lass are considerable, but the amount can not be stated, as tnere
IS no tariff distinction between such glass and window glass and no
separate statistics of imports are kept.
The duty on cylinder, crown, and common window glass, impol-
ished, which includes photographic glass, is levied on a pound basis
and not at an ad valorem rate. Consequently, the amoimt of duty
on a 100-foot box of window glass is the san^e as the duty on a 100-
foot box of photographic glass, although the value of the latter is
about twice the value of the former, lai^ely because the labor cost
of the latter is very much larger.
Most plates for photographic purposes are in small sizes which do
not exceed 150 souare incnes, or panes 10 by 15 inches, and prac-
tically all is in tne first three brackets, not exceeding 384 square
inches. The duty on cylinder glass, whether used for windows or
for photographic dry plates, is seven-eighths of a cent a pound on
sizes not exceeding 150 square inches, and 1 cent a pomid on sizes
over 150 and not exceeding 384 square inches.
The manufacturers of photographic glass believe that in the tarifif
classifications some distinction should be made between photo-
fraphic glass and window glass, and that the former should have a
ighor duty. This distinction would be made if there were a classi-
fication of glass weighing under 95 pounds per 100 feet, which would
include photographic glass, and a classification of glass weighing
95 pounds or more per 100 feet, which would include window glass
of single as well as double strength. The manufacturers claim that
the rate of duty on the thin or photographic glass should be higher
than that on window glass, and that the rate on dry plates should be
correspondingly increased.
There are large dry-plate factories in the United States, and much
of the photographic glass that they imported before the war began in
Europe was made into drv plates and exported. These concerns,
when they exported dry plates, received a drawback of 99 per cent
of the duty paid when the glass was imported. With brokerage
chaises, the drawback amounted to about 94 per cent net.
CHAPTER VII.
SELUVa EXPEVSE AHD COVDITIOITS.
SBLUNQ XZFXN8B.
Table 87, which follows, shows, by groups, the percentage of selling
expense and of operating and final profit oased on net sales:
Table 87. — Percentage of Selling Expense and of Phoftt, Based on Net
Sales, bt Groups.
Ormip.
Selling expense.
Operating profit
compute i—
Final
profit,
deprecia-
tion and
interest
consii-
ered.
Establiahmeiits maUiig^
Coitof
salesmen.
Other
expense.
Total.
Without
deprecia-
tion ani
interest.
With
deprecia-
tion ani
interest.
Winlow glass by hand
I
n
ni
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
xn
XIII
1.45
1.97
.13
2.77
1.11
2.81
3.46
2.78
6.72
4.60
4.74
4.14
2.89
0.03
.05
.13
.93
.28
.58
1.52
.68
.27
2.08
1.89
.39
.52
1.48
2.02
.26
3.70
1.39
8.39
4.98
3.36
6.99
668
6.63
4.53
3.41
9.34
9.22
11.93
10.29
5.08
. 16.07
5.71
9.16
12.69
496
14.05
5.27
12.84
6.33
L99
.16
4.99
2.28
10.79
1.98
5.04
9.29
0.15
9.59
2.91
8.90
5.60
Winlow glass by machine
Plate glass
2.76
.82
Wire ani opalescent glass
Bottles by hand
5.68
2.05
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hani ani machine..
Jars
11.30
2.68
6.13
Tableware, blown
9.33
Tableware, blown ani pressed. .
Lighting g oo Is
.11
10.19
Lamp nhirnn^ys , . . . .
2.89
Miscellaneous articles
8.98
Average
3.07
.94
4.01
10.32
5.57
6.10
a Operating loss.
The table shows that the cost of salesmen, which includes their
salaries, commissions, and travehng and other expenses, is exception-
ally low, the average for the 13 groups being but 3.07 per cent of the
net sales. The lowest group percentage is that for plate glass, 0.13
per cent; the highest is for blown tableware, 6.72 per cent.
This exceptionally low cost may be explained by the fact that many
establishments employ no salesmen whatever, and also because the
greater part of the goods, in a majority of the groups, is sold in large
quantities to jobbers, large consumers, and distributers. In many
estabhshments the goods are sold by an official of the company or as
the result of a successful bid.
Groups IX to XII, inclusive, show the highest percentages for cost
of salesmen. All these groups probably have smaller and more diver-
sified sales than do the other groups, where only one product, as win-
dow glass, plate glass, bottles, or jars, is sold. To sell small quantities
of varied goods to numerous accounts requires a comparatively larger
selling force. Many lamp chimneys and much pressed tableware are
exported, and this also tends to increase the selling cost, not because
cost of the salesmen is increased but because of brokers' fees, etc.
231
232 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Other selling expense includes the maintenance of selling offices and
showrooms in various glass centers and miscellaneous selling expense.
The table shows the lowest cost, 0.03 per cent, for the hand-made
window-glass group and the highest cost, 2.08 per cent, for the blown
and pressed tableware group.
Much pressed tableware is exported. This requires showrooms in
various centers and other selling expenses not incurred in domestic
selling, and to this fact may be attributed the reason for the blown
and pressed tableware group showing the highest percentage for "other
selling expense," 2.08 per cent.
The average total seDing expense for the 13 groups is 4.01 per cent.
The plate-glass group shows the lowest cost, 0.26 per cent, and the
blown tableware group the highest, 6.99 per cent. The glass industry
in general, as compared with other industries, has a small selling ex-
pense, and the profit in the industry is not greatl;^ influenced bv the
selUng expense, as is the case in many other industries. This is shown
by a comparison of the total selling expense with the profit. As the
final profit consists of the operating profit plus miscellaneous income
outside the manufacturing Dusiness less miscellaneous expense out-
side the business, it wiU be best to compare the total selling expense
with the operating profit that is computed with depreciation and in-
terest on current loans.
The highest percentage of operating profit, 10.79 per cent, is shown
by the machine-bottle group; the blown and pressed tableware group
shows the smallest percentage, a loss of 0.15 per cent. That the sell-
ing expense does not greatly influence the profit is illustrated by the
foDowmg: Blown tableware, with the highest percentage for total sell-
ing expense, 6.99 per cent, shows an operating profit of 9.29 per cent;
lignting goods, with a total selling expense of 6.63 per cent, shows an
operating profit of 9.59 per cent; blown and pressed tableware, with
a total selling expense of 6.68 per cent (which is less than the per-
centage for blown tableware, 6.99 per cent, and only 0.05 per cent
more than that for lighting goods, 6.63 per cent), shows an operating
loss of 0.15 per cent.
The foregoing table shows that machine-made bottles earned the
highest finS profit, 11.3 per cent, and blown and pressed tableware
the lowest, 0.11 per cent.
Table 88, whicn follows, shows, by groups, the percentage of pack-
ing-material cost, bad debts, and of operating and final profit, based
on net sales:
SELLING KZPBN8E AKD CONOITIOKS.
233
Tablb 88. — Pebcbmtaob of Packino-Matbrial Cost, Bad Debts, and Pbout,
Based on Net Sales, by Groups.
Establishxnents making-
Group.
Window glass by band
Window glass by macbiiie. . . .
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent glass
Botlles by hand
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and machine.
Jars
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed.
Lighting goods
Lamp chimneys
Hiscellaneous articles
Average.
I
II
111
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIll
Operating profit
computed—
Final
profit,
depreiUa*
tion, and
interest
con-
sidered.
Packing
materials.
Bad
debts.
Without
With
deprecia-
deprecia-
tion and
tion and
0.01
interest.
intereKt.
7.17
9.34
5.33
5. CO
8.06
.11
9.22
L99
2.76
2.07
.01
11.93
.16
.82
4.44
.68
10.29
4.99
5.68
6.2«
.47
5. OS
2.28
2.65
7.8G
.55
15.07
l(t.79
11.30
4.flO
.73
5.71
1.98
2.08
13.02
1.00
9.16
5.04
6.13
4.22
.49
12.(9
9.29
9.33
7.42
.26
4.9o
a. 15
.11
7.58
.32
14. Oo
9.59
10.19
16.18
.31
6.27
2.91
2. 89
3.31
.40
12.84
8.90
8.98
7.13
.44
10.32
5.57
6.10
3 Operating loss.
The foregoing table shows that the cost for packing material is,
comparatively, a very large expense of the business. This is due to
the nature of the product, which, being fragile, requires not only
careful packing, but numerous material to insure a minimum of
breakage while in transit. Lamp chimneys show the highest per-
centage, 16.18 per cent, and plate glass the lowest, 2.67 per cent.
The high percentage for lamp chimneys is due to the numerous wrap-
pings required, especially when they are for export trade. Excepting
the hand and machine bottle, the blown-tableware, and the miscella-
neous groups, the remaining 10 groups show much greater cost for
packing material than for total selling expense — in the case of plate
glass, more than ten times as much.
Bad debts, as shown by the table, is a very Insignificant item' of
expense. The plate-glass group shows the lowest expense, 0.01 per
cent, and jars the highest, 1 per cent.
SELLING METHODS.
DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS.
Most glass manufacturers prefer to sell their ware to jobbers,
to consuming manufacturers in other industries who use glass prod-
ucts, and to large wholesale distributers.
A large amount of merchandise is sold to jobbers who usually have
an exclusive territory. In the case of bottles and jars, a large quan-
tity is sold direct to the manufacturers or bottlers of wines, beers,
ketchups,, grape juice, etc., to large drug concerns, operating a chain
of stores, and to small druggists. Only a small amount of glassward
is sold to the retailer direct, the nature of the product limiting such
sales to cut glass, tableware, some lighting goods, and a few specialties.
Only a very limited quantity is sold to mail-order houses, as these
houses, owing to their method of distribution, can handle only a few
products, such as cut glass, lamp shades, and tableware. Some
234 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
goods for export trade are sold direct to the consumer, usually
through a resident agent or a commission broker.
A number of window-glass manufacturers (about 25 hand and 5
machine) sell their entire product through a sole selling agent or
broker. This agent sends out his salesmen and on receivmg orders,
distributes them among the various plants according to the quantities
and grades produced, the nearness of a factory to the pomt whore
the ^ass is to be delivered, etc. At least one other branch of the
glass industry is contemplating a somewhat similar selling arrange-
ment. Due to the method of distributing its goods, there are com-
paratively few salesmen employed in the glass industry. The com-
pensation of salesmen-, when they are employed, is in the form of a
commission or a salary and traveling expenses. Where the salesman
works on a commission basis, it is customary for the manufacturer
to allow a drawing account, that is, to allow the salesman to draw a
regular amount every week for his current expenses, which is period-
ically deducted from the actual commission earned.
r — ^The sale of a large quantity of goods to jobbers and wholesale
/ distributers is due to necessity rather than to choice. The capital
turnover in the glass industry is exceptionally small, which is due
to the fact that most of the capital is invested in land, buildings,
plant, and equipment. Labor, which has to be paid for at least
every two wooks, constitutes the chief item of expense in every
branch of the industry except — ^where the processes of manufacture
are entirely mechanical. Practically aU the capital being tied up in
plant and equipment, it is necessary for an establishment in order
to have the cash to meet its heavy pay roll and other current expenses,
to sell to jobbers and wholesale aistributers, who usually buy on very
short terms, and who, if necessary, will pay cash. Another important
reason for wishing to sell to them is that they purchase in large
quantities, which not only insures a large perioaic cash income, but
also tends to make production and prices more stable and reduces
^the overhead expense.
VIEWS OF A BOTTLE MANUFACTURER.
In 1916 a bottle manufacturer in New Jersey sent a circular letter
to other manufacturers in which he referred to the greatly increased
cost of raw materials. He said that manufacturers who had bought
materials before the advance in prices should realize the difference
between the cost when the materials were purchased and the cost
after the advance and should not give this difference to the custom-
ers and thus demoraUze the market price for bottles. He asserted
that manufacturers were too much inclined to give away profits to
which they were entitled by reason of purchases made on lavorable
terms. Tne circular letter was in part as follows:
In th3 glas3-bDttle business almost all of us feel that every advantaj^e that we can
secure must be imneiiately transferred to the customer; sd to-day la witnessed a
■pectacle of a group of manufacturers in one of the oldest trades in the world falling
over themselves to give their customers not only profits which belong to them by right
of the business but part of their costs.
If John Jones can sell at 85 and 10 per cent, we can go 85-10-5 per cent; he hasn't
' anything on us; and for the last five years away we went believing every word our
salesman told us about the other fellow's prices and going him one better, and costs
went into the discard. We could not invent or perfect a labor-saving device without
taking the fastest train to our customer so we could give away our saving, and if we
SELLING EXPENSE AND CONDITIONS. 8S5
worked the glass blowers for a 10 per cent reduction in labor eome of us wont fmU*
enough to think that this meant our entire costs were reduced 10 per cont and w«
imm^iately reduced our 83lling prices 10 psr cent.
Here we are in one of the larsreet business booms this country has w>on for yt^^r*;
here we are f icing the highest costs for raw materials we have seen for ovw )iO yuanit
and we haven't the nei;ve to put up our i>ricQ8 to cover the advances. True, we havci
made same raises, but they are a drop in the bucket. The export trade haM 11 Hod
a hole which existed for s^me yeiiis back and the increased domestic buslnoiw l\ai
stopped the last leak. Bvery bottle manufacturer in the United States ran m\\ hi*
full output for the balance of this blast at any price in reason he asks, and bix^aUMO
some few of them won't ask, the rest of U9 feel that we must meet their pricoM. It
makes me wonder if we know prosp3rity when we see it.
We are deaf, dumb, and blind. We have neglected publicity to educate the buy-
era to higher prices; we have neglected politics to keep out foreign-made bottlon;
we have neglected good fellowship to make our compatitor boo and fowl tliat our
horns are no longer than his, and instead we have hunched oursplvos over a n)ll-top
desk and schemed and planned how to steal 83me p3t order away from our neighbor,
and he, in his office, has been playing the same game. We grudge the money to go
to a meeting, and if we do get there we have to get awa>r early s-) that we ran gfit
home that night, with the consequence that about the time we ''get down to tno
brass tacks" half of us are on the train. It takes us about Ave hours to get wannml
up and get our nerve steady and be ready to put on the screws, and tlien we are afraid
to do it because some fellow left, and we are afraid he won't go along and will takfl
some order away from us.
IMPERIAL WINDOW OLA88 CO. OA»B.
To eliminate very keen competition end the cutting of prir^iw, AO
or more window-glass concerns formed th<» Imperial Window (iUitm
Co. in April, 1909, and started businesH in January, 1910. The Im-
perial company manufactured no glass, but was apparently a Mellinf(
agency for the output of the 50 or more factories, Kncfi j/liirii fnanii-
factured its own glass, but was not permitted to sell any of iin prod-
uct except to the Imperial w^mpany and at what had heofi rurmiii
prices prior t^ the organization of thin <^>nipany.
From April, 1909, wlien the Imperial rj/>rnpany whh fontu*4^f Ut
October, 1910, prices advanc^*d 70 per ce.rit, and it in undernU/od tiih
profits of the company in 10 monthn of \niHUu^M wen* /'/;n>tiderahjy
over a million dollars. Evid<*ric/? Htiow<*/l that the Imperial r4,fnfpti$fy
leased 15 factories at vf*ry hi$rh rfttinU for tit**' ^4pU*> \f\iV\f4p^A*, of ki*A',fn$tf(
them closed and removing? tUctr produHion from iUt*, innrhd. It tn
underetood that wh^-n r,;.", company iUfUiUu*fU'4'A\ l;ii>jn<'.'*5 it hiul
acquired 97 p^r c^-nt of tf,<- ^,tti^ nthUiht/ hand hl//wn wind//w ^K^.
In April, 1910. ir'i^-tffKf.t* w< r<' pro/urMl Hi t^tUA\fttfyh, 1*h ,
against all the offi^-^r* a:,'J ^i^n-^^or*, of lot', lrnf/"n;»l Vitt^'iow ifht^vii O/,
A demurrer to t ^ ;.'.';.'Tri'f *. if^j^y oy*rn,U^^, U ^, /M<n'J^/;U oft
November 12. H^jO. i-^'.'/'^^t^A is> *'o*»r^, '\'i,}^i*\ •,♦;>«'*'. l^^Mi't OfUfi,
Western Di*?trict of V^< :.-'./*>.'., ,y. ;»;.'J j/J';»';//j \.o*}ft */n,\A'itt\i fi' .
The 15 i\\T*'*^/9r'- ^; *; '/''''-?'. of *'m \it,\,*:* .^A u,io\mi, ^ ^ iu^u of
whom was afco & lyr^-,.- ' • o* '/♦'//%;/ "<,• ^/'.'i,*Af to oh'. oi l^^ ^^/to
panics which r,itn ^/r ^. v, */ , .*^ o/^^* V/ «;,/ 1//;;/^ ^,.J f//0,f,hhy,
Were fined ^-irri* it'/:^''^/t\' y % \ 'p'h
236 THE GLASS INDTTSXBY.
EUROPEAN PLATE-GLASS TRUST.*
Prior to 1904 the European plate-glass industry was in a precarious
condition. Very keen competition had lowered the price of plate
glass, while at the same time there wa^ an increase in tne cost of raw
materials. To improve their condition, the manufacturers organ-
ized, on August 17, 1904, a trade association known as the Inter-
national Convention of Plato Glass Manufacturers. The original
agreement has been renewed twice and the present agreement expires
August 17, 1924.
The association in December, 1912, was composed of 17 companies
whose factories were located in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Ger-
many, Austria-Hungary, and Italy— jpractically all the European
f)late-glass manufacturers, excepting Pilkington Bros., operating a
arge Factory at St. Helens, England, and the Soci6t6 des Glaces de
Courcelles, an independent company of Belgium.
The object of the association is to curb overproduction and by
equalizing production and consumption to regulate prices. The
association limits the output of each factory by compelling it to close
down a certain number of days during each quarterly period. This
does not force the factory to shut down entirely. It can continue
producing rough plate, but the grinding and polishing machinery
must not be employed during the shut-Sown period. Efforts also
have been made to get Pilkington Bros, to curtail their production.
Each member of the convention has selling agents in every market,
and, though there is some competition as to the quality of the product,
nearness to market, etc., each is required to sell at the prices fixed
by the convention. Any deviation from prices or from the selling
rules is punished by a heavy fine. The convention also regulates
selling conditions, such as sizes, breakage allowances, etc. The two
large nonmember cpmpanies usually observe the prices fixed by the
convention.
After the organization of the convention in 1904, the plate-glass
industry was prosperous and the manufacturers were financially
successiul throughout Europe. The selling price fixed by the con-
vention, soon after its organization, remained practically unchanged
until December, 1912, when the Union Commerciale Continentale
was incorporated at Brussels, with a capital said to be 2,000,000
francs ($386,000), supplied by the members of the convention.
This new corporation is the convention's sole universal selling
agent, and it destroyed even the slight competition which prevailed
under the convention's rule. Tliis one corporation regulates the pro-
duction of every factory in the convention, purchases the complete
output at a price per square meter, which it determines, and sells
the entire product m every country in the world at prices and under
conditions that it fixes. The profits of the corporation are distributed
in the form of rebates to the various factories.
The new corporation absolutely controls every market in the world
except that of the United States, where approximately half the prod-
uct of the world is consumed. Depending for its profits on its trade
1 The data for this article were secured from brief s submitted to the Committee on Ways and Means in
January, 1913, House Document No. 1447, Sixty-second Congress, third session. Schedule B, pars. 101
and 102. '
SELLIKQ EXPENSE AND CONDITIONS. 23^7
in other countries^ where it cau sell at its own prices, it can afford,
in order to keep its factories in full operation, to sell in the American
market at cost or even less.
EUBOPEAN WATCH-ORYSTAL SELLING AGBEEMEXT.
f
The following report by Milo A. Jewett, consul at Kehl, Germany,
was published m Daily Consular and Trade Keports, July 2, 1914:
After some years of price-cutting war between the different European manufacturers
of watch crystals, an agreement has been reached for a uniform scale of prices, and
peace is declared. In 1905 the Watch-Glass Factories Association, with headquarters
at Strassburg, was in control of all the important European manufacturers oi watch
glasses and was able to fix the producers* selling prices for practically the whole world.
However, through the lapse of some agreements and the establishment of new and
independent manufacturers, competition in selling prices grew up until prices were so
reduced that there was little or no profit in the industry. Until recently the combine
consisted of three factories in Lorraine (one of which also has a factory in France),
one in France, and a fifth unimportant factory in Lorraine that, while not an actual
member of the combine, sold its watch glasses to or through the combine. The
independents consisted of one factory in Lorraine, one in Alsace, two in Switzerland,
and one in Bohemia. The annual output of the combine factories was said to be
500,000 gross of watch glasses, and the independents could make about 300,000 gross
yearly.
The chief feature of the present agreement concerns the selling prices. It is said
that all the manufacturers referred to have agreed to sell at fixed and uniform prices.
There is also some understanding in regard to the dbtribution of territory to be covered
by different concerns and also in regard to the distribution of business, output, and
sdes. While all the different factories are now *' independent," the Vereinigte
Uhrglasfabriken, Vcgesenstrasge, Strassburg, Alsace, will continue to act as selling
agents for some of the more important manufacturers and will exercise general control
in regard to the matters that form the subject of the present agreement.
As a result of this new arrangement, prices of watcn crystals have been advanced
from 60 to 90 per cent. While these higher prices will affect wholesale purchasers in
America, it is not likely that the consumer will be much affected. Watch crystals
were sold extremely low here, and prices will still be relatively low, although about
double what they have been. Ordinary watch crystals were selling as low as 4 francs
($0,772) a gross, which is about half a cent a piece.
This is an industry where hand labor must be employed to a considerable extent,
and the workmen employed in making the watch crystals and the girls that are em-
ployed in putting the labels on each glass and in packing them receive very low
wages. It IS for this reason that watch crystals can not be made in the United otates
in competition with European manufacturers.
SELLING FACTOBS.
Effect of seasons. — ^The seasons have, to some extent, an effect on
the glass industry. Bad weather that retards building operations
affects window, plate, wire, and opalescent glass and, to a minor
degree, lighting eoods ; a cool sxmimer affects manufacturers of beer,
soda, and minerauf water bottles, etc. ; a poor crop affects manufacturers
of ketchup and grape-juice bottles and jars.
Long future deliveries. — ^The fact that goods are manufactured for
long future delivery has little effect on the industry, because most of
such goods is manufactured by contract. However, it often leads to
overbuying, which results from a poor anticipation of future demand
and judgment of the market. When this happens it usually curtails
the manufacturer's production and lowers prices during the next
blast.
Size of orders. — ^Though the great bulk of glass products is sold to
the jobbers and other large purchasers, and the orders are, therefore,
necessarily large, there is a tendency in all ])rancho8, and especially
238 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
in bottles, for the orders to become smaller and more frequents
This is in accord with the general tendency in many other indus-
tries, and results from the purchaser's desire to rid himself of the
responsibility of judging the market and from putting too much
cash into large stocks. The automatic bottle-machine manufac-
turers insist on large 6rders, as do many of the manufacturers in
the other branches who will not ship less than a carload. The
comparatively small orders and the small rush orders go to the
hand plants. In general, however, there is a tendency on the part
of the jobber or other purchaser of glass products, even in standard
goods, to shift whenever possible the burden of carrying the stock
onto the manufacturer, and this necessarily results m smaller and
more frequent orders.
Discounts. — ^The following statement gives the discounts usually
allowed in the glass industry as reported oy manufacturers:
Window glass 2 per cent 10 days or net 60 days.
Plate glass 1 psr cent 10 days or net 30 days.
Bottles 1 par cent 10 days or net 30 days.
Tableware 1 percent 30 days^ or net 60 days.
Lighting goods 1 per cent 15 days or net 30 days.
Though these terms are generally imiform throughout the respec-
tive branches of the industry, the scale is not strictly adhered to by
all manufacturers. It depends to a great extent upon the purchaser
and the character, reputation, and business methods of the manufac-
turer. There are occasions when extra discounts are demanded and
secured. A very large purchaser may be allowed an extra cash dis-
count or its equivalent m the form of a freight allowance. It is not
unusual for purchasers to deduct the usual discoimt, although pay-
ment is not made until long after the bill is due.
Job lots, — Job lots are made up of imperfect ware, bad sizes, broken
stock, standard goods of which too much stock has been produced,
special goods left over by cancellations, discarded styles and designs,
and odds and ends. There are comparatively few ioD lots sold in this
industry; the ware that can not be sold is utilized to a great extent
for cullet. Discoimts allowed on what job lots are sold vary, depend-
ing upon the ware, its condition, how urgent the manufacturer's need
for money is, and numerous other factors.
Advertising, — Though many glass establishments advertise in trade
{oumals, only a very limited number advertise nationally. The great
mlk of glass products by their very nature have no particular indi-
viduality whose advertising would be warranted or profitable; the
principal selling argument is generally the price. Only two or three
manulacturers place trade-marks on the ware they manufacture, and
these appear on pressed goods. It is impossible to blow a trade-mark
on ware made in paste molds or blown offhand.
Trade uncertainties, — ^There are some trade uncertainties connected
with certain branches of the industry. Building-trade strikes which
can not be anticipated affect window, plate, wire, and opalescent glass.
Prohibition to some extent influences the bottle and bar-goods trades;
in addition, bottles are affected by varying laws in regard to size
and capacity and by the varying degrees of their enforcement by
States and cities. The making of goods lettered with the purchaser's
1 Sincd Jan. 1, 1916.
SELLING EXPENSE AND CONDITIONS. 239
name or trade-mark is to some extent a hazard. Seasonal effects,
which have been previously discussed, are trade uncertainties which
can not be forecasted or guarded against.
TRADE ABUSES.
As a general rule the manufacturers interviewed complained but
little of trade abuses. This absence, to a great extent, of the trade
abuses found in many other industries may be explained by the fact
that the glass industry sells mainly to the jobber, who usually is a
reputable business man. There are, however, abuses in the industry
and a description of some of them follows :
AUovxinces. — On a declining market, although the manufacturer is
usually protected by a contract, there is some demand for a reduction
in price not as an actual reduction in price necessarily but as an allow-
ance, which amounts to the same thing. There is also a tendency on
the part of some purchasers to overclaim the amount for shortage and
breakage. As is to be expected, there will be some breakage due to
the nature of the commodity. When no maximum breakage allow-
anc»5 is stipulated in the contract or is understood, purchasers occa-
sionally make overclaims, thus reducing the price of the ware. Some
allowance claims for imperfect ware are due to a careless examination
of the ware by inspectors in the factory, which may or may not be due
to the policy of the plant. It is to be noted, however, that allowance
claims for imperfect ware are more numerous in bad seasons than in
good.
Cancellations, — There are comparatively few cancellations. They
usually come when there is a falling off in demand or a sharp break in
prices. Occasionally, if the ware has not yet been made or if it is
unlettered and of standard size and shape, so that it can be used to
fill other orders, manufacturers will accept cancellations. If special
molds have been made or the goods lettered, cancellations will not
ordinarily Be accepted. However, if the house that cancels the order
is large and its business profitable, cancellations, even imder the above-
mentioned conditions, are sometimes accepted.
TRADE ACCEPTANCES.
As has been pointed out, many glass factories lack ready cash. The
adoption of the trade acceptance would help to supply such assets.
However, no branch of the glass industry has as yet made use of it.
Though it was urged at the 1916 annual meeting of the National Bot-
tle Manufacturers' Association that the adoption of the trade accept-
ance would eliminate some and minimize other trade abuses now prev-
alent in the industry, and though such a well-informed glass man as
Mr. George W. Yost, who is a banker as well as a glass manufacturer,
urged its adoption, the association took no action. Conservatism or
a desire to adhere to custom and the usual lack of cooperation among
manufacturers are the reasons ascribed for action being postponed.
The acceptance is similar to the sight draft, but is payable on a
certain date, depending on whether the terms are 10, 15, 30, or more
days, instead of^being payable on sight. In order to conform to the
laws which make it possible for an acceptance to be rediscounted, a
brief notation or memorandum of the transaction covered by the
240 THE GLASS INDTJSTBY.
acceptance should be written on its face. The manufacturer maik
the invoice, bill of lading, and acceptance to the purchaser, who
accepts by signing his name across the face of the acceptance and
returns it to the manufacturer. The manufacturer's bank will then
advance the manufacturer money on it or it can be held for collection.
The acceptance when i^roporly drawn may be rediscounted by a
Federal reserve bank. When the day for payment arrives the ac-
ceptance is forwarded to the bank of the purchaser, which charges it
to his account.
It was pointed out at the meeting of the National Bottle Manufac-
turers' Association that the use of the acceptance would result in the
following advantages: It would make capital more elastic, in that a
manufacturer could get a cash advance on his shipments, instaad of
having his money in ledger accoimts, and would enable him to better
meet his current cash expenditures; it would eUminate the possi-
bilitv of the purchaser taking unearned cash or trade discounts; it
would do away with the arbitrary return of goods and unjust deduc-
tions for breakage; it would compel the purchaser to pay his bills
when they were due, thus doing away with collection cnarges; it
would tend to make the purchaser buy just what he could pay for,
and would wipe out the oad feeling between seller and buyer that
results from collection letters, actions at law, etc.; its use would
necessitate no change in present accounting methods and would
simplifv acrounting systems.
Tne ToUowing is quoted from a letter received from Mr. Greorge W.
Yost-
My remarks before the National Glass Bottle Manufacturers' Association at Atlantic
City were on account of a discussion with Mr. D. 0. Wills, president of the Federal
rwserve bank of Cleveland, Ohio, and my experience as a banker, both of which con-
vince me of the advantages which would accrue to all parties in interest if trade ac-
ceptances were used instead of the present method of open ledger accounts.
in the discussion with Mr. Wills, I argued that while it was important and proper
that the Federal reserve banks should bring the matter to the attention of the public,
it would be absolutely necessary to have the assistance of manufacturers, merchants,
and vendors of any line or lines where sales are made in large enough quantities to
justify the taking of an acceptance.
This end can best be accomplished by agreements by associations of manufacturers
and merchants that sales will only be made with the understanding that trade ac-
ceptance must be signed imless the buyer expects to and does pay cash for his pur-
chases.
It goes without saying that, except in isolated cases, it will be impossible for a
vendor in any particular line to insist upon this method of settlement, unless his
competitors in the same line pursue the same course; and on this account I consider
it very important that the Federal reserve banks and all other banking institutions
take advantage of every opportunity to bring the matter to the attention of associa-
tions of manufacturers and merchants, to the end that they may decide to use this
method instead of the present plan.
ECONOMIES POSSIBLE THBOTTGH COOFEBATION.
Though selling expense, as shown by Table 87, is comparatively
small, there are many economies that could be effected. There is
among manufacturers no cooperation aside from getting together
once a year and, in conjimction with the union, fixing the wage scale
for the new blast. Cooperation, though urged time and time again,
has never been reaUzed.
SELLIKG EXPENSE AND CONDITIONS, 241
The following is quoted from an interview with one of the best-
infonned bottle manufacturers in the United States:
No special antagonism exists as between varioas manufacturers; on the contrary a
more or less friendly spirit prevails. No well-defined or intelligent effort has been
made between the manufacturers to correct trade abuses. Discussion between manu-
facturers relative to certain policies,. covering such matters as the form of contract,
exchange of credit information, methods of handling breakage claims, the establish-
ment of a uniform discount for cash, and uniform conditions covering Uie manufac-
ture of new or spacial mold equipment, would doubtless be beneficial to both buyer
and manufacturer.
Various mimuf«>twera who were mterviewed offered the foUowine
suggestions as desirable, if the cooperation necessary for their fulfill-
ment could be obtained:
1. The establishment of a uniform cost-finding system, which
would enable all manufacturers in the respective branches of the
mdustry to arrive at competitive prices computed on a comparable
base.
2. A centrally controlled selling agency for each branch of the in-
dustry that would sell the entire production of all plants in somewhat
the same manner as a large quantity of window glass is now dis-
tributed through the Johnston Brokerage Co.
3. A uniform, standardized contract for each branch of the in-
dustry that would, among other things, provide for a method of
packing and would include a specific percentage to be allowed ii\
everv case for freight and breakage and above which no allowance
would be granted.
4. Tne standardization, where possible, of shapes and stylos and
the requirement that the purchaser pay for now molds the making of
which 13 necessitated by tne purchaser's desire to get a product which
differs from the standard.
5. The establishment of a central selling or show room (one firm at
present maintains offices in about 10 cities) which would reduce
materially the selling cost for each individual manufacturer.
6. Tne establishment of a credit bureau, which would not only
give credit information and advice but which would take up and
eliminate all abuses that may arise.
7. The abolishment by manufacturers of the practice of dumping
thoir surplus products m territories where they do not ordiTiarily
sell, thus causing manufacturers who sell in that territory to cut
prices and in turn to invade the usual market of the manufacturer
who has dumped his goods in their territory. Tne HurpluH Htock,
instead of being diunped in this ci>untry, should be exporteil.
Tiiere has been but little attempt at cMiopi^ration betwemi matiu*
facturers. There is much that c^iuld be done. SlvAfA, nhapen, and
selling terms could be standardi;(ed« There in, in Home linen of
products, a tendency on the part #rf the nnrchaner to itinini mi hi»
personal lettering, trie elimination of wnicn would pwmit the manu-
lacturer to carry larger stocks wiih^mt runriini^ a-* mnaU rink ti% ihiH
now entails. A more sci^mtific re^^ulatiori of nUifuttmiiM arid deliv-
eries, based on experience and judgment, wouUI reniili in a Maviii({ in
freight chafes, woich is one of tiie i^hief it>enr4 of exf^enw^ and would
insure more prompt and sati-fa/jiory d<4ivefii*s»,
1025n'— 17 ^16
CHAPTER VIII.
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS.
GENBBAL DATA BELATING TO THS INDtJSTBT.
Among the lai^ge industries in this country glass manufacturing
stands out conspicuously for the largo proportion of the labor cost
as compared with the total cost or with the selling value of the
product. The range and average proportion of labor cost to the
total sales value of the product is as follows:
Tablb 89. — Ranqb and Averaob Percentaob of Labor Cost on thb Basis c
THB Sales Valub of the Product.
Establishments making-
Qroap.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Range.
Ayerage
Window class by hand •
I
n
m
IV
V
VI
VU
vin
IX
X
XI
XII
XTTT
#
37
12
6
26
18
27
13
8
20
18
6
13
Percent,
52. 36 to 05. 96
3& 86 to 57.84
27.69 to 43.30
18. 19 to 37. 64
38.64 to 67.30
18. 2U to 56. 60
30. 77 to 63. 32
22. 32 to 54. 72
43. 03 to 65. 93
35. 51 to 68. 75
24. 23 to 60. 09
47.61 to 71.60
32. 20 to 53. 39
Perctia.
56.80
Window gl^Lss by machine
47.74
Plate glan '
33.76
wire and opalescent
24.03
Bottles by nand
53.00
Bottles by machine
32.57
Bottles by b^iid and machine ,
4&27
Jars :
30. W
Tableware, blown
53.68
Tableware , blown and prised
4&01
Lifrhtincr croods. .......?.
4a 15
«-^mp chimneys
52.40
Miscellaneous articles ^ . . .
44.85
Total
213
18. 19 to 71. 69
4L96
This table shows that in only one group, wire and opalescent glass,
is the cost of labor less than 30 per cent of the sales value. In nine
of the groups it is over 40 per cent. The percentage is as high as
56.8 in one group^ window glass made by hand. In one lamp-chinuiey
estabhshment it is 71.69 and in one machine bottle p]^t it is as low
as 18.2, but the average for this group is 32.57. The average for
allgroups is 41.98.
'Die percentages for labor as set forth in the following table for
various industries, while not exactly comparable with the perceata^os
above because they are on a net sales basis or on a manuf actunn^
cost basis instead o( sales value basis, nevertheless are accurate enougfl
for the purposes of rough comparison.
Reports of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce relating
to the cost of production in five branches of the clothing industry
during 1913 or 1914 show the percentages of direct and indirect
labor cost, based on net sales, as follows:
242
. WAGES AND lABOB COKDmOKSb
243
Tablb 90. — ^Pkrcbmtaob or Dibbct and iNDntxcr Labob Cost in Clothino Im]>u»>
TUBS, Basbd on Nbt Salbs.
IiutastiiflB.
Tmt.
Lahog
oost.
Wmmm'ft ipiiffHi^ imdMnrMr
•
1913
1913
1913
1913
1914
PefotKL
2L54
Hosiary
a&77
Bjiit anderwear
23.14
Shirts and collars
aaeo
Mfln^^ riiAtoiy.rnA/1^ <*iothfng
3L23
The Bureau report on the pottery industry (1912) shows (p. 234)
that the percentage of labor cost, based on the total cost of manu-
facture in a list of representative establishments, ranged from 51.98
Oowest) to 66.40 (highest).
The Tariff Board's report on cotton manufactures (1910) shows
(p. 394) the percentage each item of cost is of the total cost of manu-
facture in the various establishments reporting. From this report
is obtained the fottowing information showing the percentage labor
cost is of the total cost of manufacture:
Table 91.^— Range and Average Percentage of Labor Cost, on the Basis or
THE Total Cost, in the Manufacture of Cotton Textiles.
Number of yam.
Kind of doth.
MUls re-
porting.
Productive
labor range.
General labor
ranse.
12 and under
T'lain, diicv, fancy
8
10
12
18
4
10
Percent.
11.63 to 27.54
10. 56 to 29. 11
12. 55 to 30. 41
14. 50 to 36. 37
17. 18 to 36. 03
17. 44 to 32. 37
Per cent.
0.28 to 1.39
Over 12 and not over 20.
Over 20 and not over 30.
Plain, miscellaneous, duck, fancy
ninptii^rn, plain, fancy .r .......
.53 to 1.72
.37 to 1.53
Over 30 and not over 40.
Fancy, pfftlP, pnirtiani ... ,.,,,_,
.32 to 2. 14
Over 40 and not over 50.
Plain, fancy r
. 55 to L 13
Over 50
P|ain| Tni^IlanAoiiJi, rknny,^ . , ^ , . , , ^ . .
.66 to 1.81
These reports are comparatively recent and are among the most
exhaustive and accurate ever issued by the Government on similar
lines. The figures show that in none of these industries, except
pottery, does labor constitute nearly so much of the sales value or
total co3t as in ^lass.
The Census of Manufactures presents a Ust of 334 industries and
shows for each, for the year 1914^ the value of product, amount paid
wage earners, and other data, m this list of 334 the average labor
cost based on the value of product was 16.82 per cent; glass ranked
thirteenth in labor cost with a percentage of 39.53.
In the following table is presented the list of 13 industries hav-
ing the highest percentage of labor cost, based on value of product,
showing for eacn the value of product, expenditure for wages, ana
percen^e of labor cost.
244
THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Table 92. — ^Valub or Product, Expense for Wages, and Percentage ov Labor
Cost in Industries Havu^g Highest Labor Cost.
[Data from Census of Manufactures, 1914.]
Industries.
1. Watch cases
2. Clothing, men's, buttonholes
3. Cars and general shop construction and r^airs by electric rail-
road companies
4. Firesirms
6. Pens, steel
6. Grindstones
7. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam rail-
road companies
8. Engraving, wood
9. Sewing machines and attachments
10. Brick, tile, pottery, and other clay products
11. Turpentine and rosin
12. Photo-engraving, not done in printing establishments
13. Glass
Value of
product.
17,831,000
638,000
38,577,000
10,544,000
513,000
684,000
514,041,000
719,000
21,392,000
173,8r8,000
20,990,000
15,359,000
123,085,000
Expense for wages.
Amount.
$1,9^,000
326,000
18,64.'>,000
5,067,000
243,000
323,000
234,505,000
310,000
8,861,000
71,896,000
8,58S,000
6,167,000
4S,6C6,000
Percent
of value
of
product.
52.71
51.10
48.33
48.00
47.37
47.23
45.62
.43.12
41.42
41.35
4a tt
40.15
39. S3
From these figures it will be seen that of the 12 industries out-
ranking glass in the percentage paid for labor^ only 2 exceed it in the
value of product.
Of the 334 industries, all those whose products in 1914 exceeded
in value $150,000,000 are shown in the following table:
Table 93. — Value op Product and Expense por Wages in Industries Having
Largest Production in 1914, and Percentage op Labor Cost.
[Data from Census of SCanufactures, 1914.]
Industries.
Value of
product,
1914.
Slaughtering and meat packing
Foundry and machine shop products
ron and steel, steel works and rolling mills.'.
Flour mill and grist mill products
Lumber and timber prolucts
Cotton gools, indudmg lace
Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam rail-
roai coTipanios
Automobiles
Boots and sho?s
Printing and publishing, newspaper and periodicals
Bread and other bakery products
Clothing, women's
Clothing, men's
Smelting and refining, copper
Liquors, malt ~
Petroleum, refining
Woolen and worsted §oods
Leather, tanned, cnrried and finished
Electrical machinerv , apparatus and supplies
Paper and wood pulp
Iron and steel, blast furnaces
Lumber planing-mill products not including planing mills
connected with sawmills
Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes
Printing and publishing, book and job
Sugar, refining
Furniture
$1,651,965,000
986,450,000
9lS,e6n,000
877,680,000
715, 9-52, 000
689,776,000
514,041,000
50*?, 230, 000
501,760,000
49 >, 906, 000
491, 89*?, 000
473.888,000
458,211,000
444,022,000
442,149,000
396,361,000
379,484,000
:«7,202,000
335,170,000
332,147,000
317,654,000
316,840,000
314,884,000
307,3.31,000
289,399,000
265,706,000
Expense for wage.
Amount.
162,136,000
280,345,000
188,142,000
24,59^000
240,172,000
149,598,000
234,505.
66,934,
10', 69=^,
88,r61,
76, 867,
92,f74,
86,828,
16, 1^9,
53,244,
19,397,
75,953,
31,014,
73,806,
53,246,
22,781,
000
000
000
000
000
ooo
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Per eent
of value
of
product.
63,843,000 •
68,306,000
78,414,000 ,
7,823,000 '
71,816,000
3.75
28.42
20. <8
2,80
3?^. 56
2L69
45.0)
13.30
21.06
17. *«
15,63
19.53
18.95
3.64
12.04
4.M
2a 02
8.69
22.02
16.03
7.17
20.15
31.69
25.51
Z70
27.03
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS.
245
Table 93. — Value op Product and Exfeksb foe Waoeb in Industries Having
Largest Production in 1914, and Percentage of Labor Cost — C*oncluded.
Industries,
Expense for wage.
Value of
Product,
1914.
Am3unt.
Hosiery and knit goods
Silk goods, including throwsters.
Butt3r
Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified
Gas, illuminating and heatine
Food preparations, not elsewhere speciiSed
Oil, cottonseed , and cake
Liquors, distilled
Cars, steam railroad, not including operations of railroad com-
paiies
Tobacco, chewing and smoking, and snuff '
Brick, tile, pottery, and other clay products
Smelting and refining lead
Coifactionery
A^ricUitural'implements
Bra?s, bronze, and copper products
Structural ironw^k, not made in steel works or roiling mills..'
C.ie.nirals
F3rtili£3rs
Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding <
$2o8,913,
2.>4,011,
243,379,
22.?, 611,
220,238,
219, :m,
212, 127,
206,179,
194,776,
175,281,
171,8-8,
171,579,
170,845,
164,087,
162. 199,
l.'9,;i7S,
i:8,0.'.4,
i'>:i, iw;.
l.V),749,
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
rxK)
0f«
(XX)
OOT)
(Jdi
mo
$.'9,7.'8,000
47,108.000
10,119,000
31,279,000
26, 802, OCX)
10',H(Mi,000
8,49r),000
3,994,000
41,394,
9,5/0,
71,H'.*i,
6, \M,
21, 472,
34, .'9},
2.',,0M,
X',, VJ^J,
22, (nj;,
10, '.'.'/J,
4, 'OH,
000
OfX)
rxx)
(XK)
fXX)
rxx)
rxx)
fXjrj
MX)
VX)
Per cent
of value
of
product.
Total { 17,46^), 149, rXXJ 2,812, 7W,(XX> ;
4.16
13,99
12.17
4.95
4.(XJ
1.93
21,25
/J.4A
41.*^
12. /J
21. CM
2f).97
i:}.90
6. 87
16.11
la the^e 45 industries, each with a value of product v.xoju'Alinfi
$150,000,000, the total value of product was 517,400,140,000; the
average value, $.388,003,311; and the avera^^e expense for wa^^e-i,
$62,504,803, or 16.11 per cent of the value of prorluct. In the J-Mh .s
industry the value of product was $123 0H5,000, and the expen-e for
wages 848,656,000, or 39.53 pe r cent of the vaiuo of product.
In the 45 industries listed in the table tlicre ari; 2-i in ^hich tho
expense for wages was less than the S 48,050.000 fiaid for wti'^^t^K in the
glass industrv. The total value of prorlur^t of th<^-.c 24 wm
$5^931,940,000: the average value, «200,5I9,130; the total e/pcn e
for wages, $470,077.0)0. and the averaj^e exficfi-.e for waj/^?^*.,
$20,438,130. In these 23 indu-tri/^ tli/; expenne for Wfi^ft^ whm 7//^2
per cent of the value of product,
WAGES IX GLA.4r4 AVO f/T$iKK lHUi>:ttUy,^ (OMi'AHyjt,
The following taMe ^Kox^ the avera$.^e Wfxf/(f*, j^er Uhur tttril tivt^rnyti
hours of labor per w(^'< in ir.e hl'^'h^!- t f/Vid ff4/,u\thUhu in eif/^h of ihit
specified industries for Ua-, y<'H.r^ J V/; af»d l/i';'/, i%A r^^fOth^l (/y {,hiU'4
Stat^ Commis-^iori^^rr of l^rx/r*
246
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
TABLB 94. — ^AVBRAOE HOUBLT WaOBS AND AvERAOB HoURS OF LaBOB OF EmFLOT-
BBS IN THE HiOHEST-PaID ImFOBTANT AND DlSTINCnVB OCCUPATION IN EaCH OV
THB Specified Industries, 1890 and 1903.
[Data from Axmual Report of the United States Comminioiur of Labor, 1904.]
Industries.
Agricoltural implements
Bakeiy, bread
BlacksmitUing and horseshoeing
Boots and shoes
Boots and shoes, rubber
Boxes, paper
Brick
Building trades
Butter and cheese
Candy
Carpets
Carriages and wagons
Cars, steam railroad
Clothing, factory product
Clothing, men's, custom work
Cooperage
Cotton goods
Dyeing, finishing, and printing textiles. .
Electrical apparatus and supplies
Flour
Foundry and machine shop
Fruits and vegetables, canning and pre-
serving.
Furniture
Gas
Glass
Harness
Hats, fur.
Hosiery and knit goods
Tron and steel, bar iron and steel
Iron and steel, Bessemer converting
Iron and steel, blast furnace.
Iron and steel, blooming mills
Iron and steel, muck bar
Iron and steely open-hearth steel
Iron and steel, rails
Leather
Liquor, distilled
Liquor, malt
Year.
1890
1903
1S90
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
Highest-paid ooeupation.
Holders, iron
do
First hands
do
Horseshoers, fitters.. . .
HorseshoMfi, forgemen.
Edge trimmers
Goodyear stitchers
Bootmakers
do
Paper cutters
Scorers
Holders, hand
Kiln burners
Bricklayers
do
Cheese makers
do.
Candy makers
do
Loom fixers ,
do
Woodworkers
do
Holders, brass
do
Buttonhole makers, machine. .
do
Cutters ,
do
Raisers
Trussers ,
Spinners, mule
do
Printers
....do
Patternmakers
do
HiUwrights
Hillera
Pattern nuUcers
do
Canners
Cookers „ ,
Carvers, h^d ,
Upholsterers ,
Pipefitters ,
Chargers ,
Blowers, window glass ,
do ,
Cutters ,
do
Curlers
do ,
Knitters ,
do
Rollers
do ,
Helters ,
Blowers
Keepers
Rollers
....do ,
....do
....do
Helters.. «
do
Rollers
do
Shavers ,
do
Yeast makers.
do
Eettlemen...
do
Wages
per hour.
Sa2676
.3149
.yw
.2808
.2944
.327«
.2982
.3849
.3053
.3580
.2616
.2599
.2106
.2^67
. 4*^16
.5472
.lft'5
.1750
.2257
.2^77
.2533
.2650
.2402
.2503
.2877
.3199
.2797
.3056
.5280
.5593
.2422
.3478
.169^
.2139
.4461
.4614
.3000
.3710
.2588
.2774
.2783
.3224
.1750
.1787
.2402
.2955
.2504
.2529
.8202
Lir»8
.2598
.3053
.4220
.4082
.1753
.2017
.6262
-8331
. o40v
.6089
.1844
.IMO
.4.155
.6768
.3775
.5409
.3811
.4594
.6067
.7259
.2607
.2190
.6182
.5868
.2574
.3197
Hours
per
week.
WAGES AND LABOB C0KDITI0K8.
247
Tablb 94. — AvsHAQs Hourly Wages and Avsraob Hours or Labor ov Employ-
BBS IK THB HiOHBST-PaID IMPORTANT AND DiBTINOTIVB OCCUPATION IN EaCH OP
THB SPBdRBD Industribs, 1890 AND 1903— Concluded.
IndustrloB.
Lithognqihiiig
Lumber. ,
Marble and stone work. .
Mosicel i u et mm ents.
Musical inBtrnmentB, piaiios.
Oil, cottonseed
Oil, Unseed
Paints
Paper and wood palp
Petroleonif refining
Planing mID.......
Pottery
Printing and pabUshing; book and Job.
Printing and poblishiiv,
Bope and twine.
Shipballdlflc.
Sflkgooda.
Stamghtflring and meat packing.
Soap
Year.
Gtovm..
Street and I
Street and aenrers, mnnleipal work.
Sagar reOnine-
Tin plate
Tobacco,
Tobacco, dgva.
Tobacco, plug; Una cot
smoking.
Woolen and
lano
1903
IffiO
1903
1800
1903
IWO
1903
IWO
1903
IWO
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1903
1890
1909
1890
1903
1890
1909
1890
1903
1890
1909
1890
19Q3
1890
1991
1890
19n9
1890
1903
IHBO
1903
1990
190)
IffOO
vm
1903
WR »
1«W
1JKI»
Highestpaid ooenpatlon.
EngraTers.....
Sawyersy'band.
"^
Carvers ,
do ,
Voicers
do
Tone regulators.
Key makers
do
Reflnera.
do
Orinden
do
Machine tenders
do
Coopers
do
Oarpenters
do
Dippers
do
Proofreader
Linotype operators. .
do
do
Bope makers. ....... .
do
^MT makers
CUkers^wood
Weavers, ribbon
Loom fLcen
Splitters, cattle
Sideskinnan^eBttte..
Mixers
Boiler*
Moiders
do
.do.
.do.
.do.
Boilers
do
Awortersw. .,,.,.........«.....•• ,
Tinmen
CigarsUooadiina op«i^on •« . . .
do.* ,
Packers
do
S^jfter* ,
Wra(:»peni *..,..
Loom fixers ,.,
do , ,
aU
Wages
per boor.
f0.M58
.4302
.4013
.48S1
.4464
.5607
.4128
.4146
.33.W
.3667
,VM
. 1375
.2500
.2278
.1794
.2067
.2193
.2634
.2563
.2818
.2118
.2802
.44t5
.S2sn
.3254
.4328
.56W
.52n
.1770
.1870
.3892
.31797
.27fi6
• 2970
.4405
.4899
.18fi0
.2444
.2671
,zfm
.1481
.1926
.1809
• 2ri27
.2^84
.25«
.*m
.«W2
, 1572
.rjtn
.2452
Hoon
week.
4g.00
48.00
61.88
60.90
61.64
47.86
6a 00
64.00
57.60
64.00
TB.71
84.00
6a 00
6a 00
50.21
57.90
6&64
50.93
59.20
54.00
68.26
56.17
4^«>
46.76
50.94
5a 92
4^00
47.76
6a 00
6a 00
67.60
5a 77
6^98
65.78
5a 33
5a 40
65u3S
6a 00
63.52
63. U
59.44
65.81
5fiu63
5a .'io
65.12
07.99
56.67
56. in
57 26
67.24
64.77
64.57
5«. 14
5^/. 72
m^
6H,5t
This table shows that of the Of> indimtri'^ and (>vAM\}fii\(}un appi^ar*
^ in the table the highest waj^en xntr Yumr w#?r^ pni/| in th« p:l«M
industry, to window gliu^ hU^wf^rn, who r#?^;^jv#*^l, in TjO^'/, f IJ7''^H p«f
bour. The next highest wage wa>, paid Up roWt'Tn in the Jmr iron arid
steel indnstrv, $0.i'>31 p*?r hour a differerK'/**, 4ft PfMOl, or over
40 per cent less than the rate paid wttniffwyjhArn (dowern. In only
27 of the 66 occopatioaH were the wny/'n trsi't '.',U f^ttitM per >i/;ijr ktul
in only 11 of the occupation* w^Te they over f/O fMftU.
248 THE OI-US nWUSIKT.
Tbe foOoiring table shows the hi^est and ]awest union wa^es per
bour and the corresponding hours of l&bor per week in distinctive
occupations in specified industries for cities in the north central divi-
non 'if the United States:
gtlifrr! Ftwnm, Dia«hi» balpEria
mrtwmt *)>4 1> tllini:
Bnmri, Dm nm in «iiar, fernmitlncniina, md at ke
BdiMiiilindt
t. Loula, .
ED. 111., Cincinnati, Ohb, Cleveland, Ohio, DMrolt, Mich., Orand Rnnlds, Ulcb., Ind
mat Cit^, U}., lUlwaukee, Wla., Ulimeapalls, Mlim., Omaha, Nebr., Ptfnla, 11
Of tlic ;iG occupations shown in this table the highest union scale
of Wftftfs for 20, or 55.6 per cent, was 60 cents or over per hour, and
for 6 of thoso 20, or 16 j per cent of the total number, it was 75 cents
per hour. The avera|i;e ooura per week in 15 of the 36 occupations
was 44 hours and in 15 others 48 hours.
Tlie following table, prepared from Table 100, shows for sdect«d
oocupations of the glass industry the highest wages per hour, average
wages per hour, and average hours per week:
WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS.
249
Table 95. — ^Highest Wages per Hour, Average Wages per Hour, and Ayer-
AGE Hours per Week in Sei^ectbd Occupations in the Glass Industry,
Group and occupation.
Highest wages per hour.
Average
wagesper
hour.
Average
hours per
week.
WindDw glass:
Blowers
$1.50 and over
$0.9631
.8060
.8206
.6851
.5969
.6020
.6199
.9270
.6859
.4970
.4170
.7000
.5'?50
.6780
.6980
.7178
.6711
.4949
.6919
.4230
.5461
.5399
.3850
.5090
.5189
.5768
43.6
Gatherers
$1.60 and over
43.6.
Flatteners
$1.50 and ovor
65.8
Cutters
$1.25 and under $1.60
$1.00 and under $1.25
$1.25 and under $1 .50
$0.85 and under $0.90
$1.00 and under $1.25
$1.00 and under $1.25
$0.85 and under $0.90
$0.95 and under $1.00
$0.90 and under $0.95
$1.00 and under $1.25
$0.85 and under $0.90
$0.75 and under $0.80
69.0
Bottles:
Machine operators
48.6
Blowers
46.3
Gatherers
45.2
SU, ppcr grinder i
63.0
Jars:
Ifachfne operators
46.1
Gatherers *.
46.3
M Id rnakers
65.4
Tableware:
Blowers
45.3
Finishers
44.9
Pressors
44.6
Lippcrs ,
60.0
Handlers
$0.80 and under $0.85
$0.75 and under $0.80
$0.60 and under $0.(J5
$0.60 and under $0.C5
$0.60 and under $0.65
$0.90 and under $0.95
$0.75 and under $0.80
$0.(55 and under $0.70
$0.70 and under $0.75
$0.60 and under $0.65
$0.53 and under $0.55
46.6
Foot casters
44.0
46.3
Foot gatherers
44.6
62.1
Light. ng gjcds and lamp chimneys:
49.9
l*ressers
50.6
50.8
Bl ;ckers
45.8
Finishers
45 4
Mold makers
32.1
This table shows that in 9 of the occupations, including the 4
occupations in window glass and 3 of the 4 in bottles, the highest
wage per hour was $1 and over. In none of the occupations was the
highest wage less than 50 cents per hour. The highest average wage
per hour was $0.9831 for blowers, window glass, and the lowest was
$0.3850 for gatherers, Ughting goods and lamp chimneys. In 10 of
the 26 occupations the average wage was over 60 cents per hour.
The range of average hours per week, omitting mold makers, was
from 43.5 to 59.
This table also shows that in 19 of the 26 occupations appearing
in it the wages were higher than 75 cents per hour, the highest union
wages paid in any of the trades shown in Table 94 preceding. la
three of them the wages were 100 per cent higher and in two others,
they were 66 § per cent higher.
250
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
EMPLOYEES BY SEX AND AGE.
The number of employees^ male and female, over and under 16
years of age, in 208 factories during the busy season of their last
business year; not including the office force, appears in the following
table:
Tablb 96. — ^Number of Male and Female Employees in Factories (Not Oftzcb)
Over 16 and Under 16 Years of Aob During the Busy Season.
Establishments making—
Window glass by hand
Window glass by machine
Plate glass
Wire and opalescent goods
Bottles by hand
Bottles by machine
Bottles by hand and machine.
Jars
Tableware, blown
Tableware, blown and pressed.
Lighting |;oods
Lamp chimneys
Miscellaneous articles
Total.
Group.
I
II
III
TV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
Estab-
lish-
ments.
37
12
6
9
25
18
26
13
8
18
17
6
13
208
Male.
Over
16.
5,793
2,398
2,583
1,256
4,450
6,521
8,269
3,069
1,642
6,197
8,582
1,398
1,960
54,118
Under
16.
85
64
290
54
79
407
221
76
62
1,338
Female.
Over
16.
29
194
328
295
242
440
961
1,579
152
521
4,781
Under
16.
10
4
53
61
26
158
Total.
Num-
ber.
5,793
2,427
2,583
1,255
4,733
6,913
8,864
3,369
2,214
7,646
10,408
1,626
2,543
60,375
Aver-
age.
156.6
202.3
43a5
139.6
189.3
384.1
34a9
259.2
276.8
424.8
612.2
271.0
195l6
29a3
This table shows that of the 60,375 employees reported by the 208
establishments, 54,118, or 89.64 per cent, were males over 16 years
of age and 4,761, or 7.89 per cent, were females over 16 years of age.
The number of employees, male and female, under 16 years of age
was 1,496, or 2.48 per cent, of the total number. The total number
of females was 4,919, or 8.15 per cent of all the employees. (Census
statistics for the entire industry are given in Table 5, p. 26.)
The average number of employees per establishment in all the
groups was 290.3. Plate glass and tableware had more than the
other groups, the number being 430.5 and 424.8, respectively. Wire
and opalescent goods and handmade bottles had fewer than any of
the otners, the figures being 139.6 and 189.3, respectively. Women
were employed much more extensively in tableware and lighting
goods than in the other groups. In four of the groups, wmdow
glass by hand, window glass by machine, plate glass, and wire and
opalescent goods, no women were employed.
DAYS WORKED DURING YEAR.
The following table shows the highest, lowest, and average number
of days that the factories in each group were operated during their
last business year and the three previous years, so far as reported by
the establishments.
WAGES AND LABOR COKDITIOKS.
251
Table 97. — ^Number of Days Fagtobies Webe Opebated DrsiNo thbib Last
Business Ybab and Averaob Dubino the Thbee Pbbvious Yeabs.
I
n
in
IV
V
VI
vn
vni
IX
X
XI
XII
xni
Window glass by hand:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Window guiss by machine:
Last business year
A wage, 3 previous years..
Plate glass:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Wire and opalescent goods:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Bottles bv hand:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years. .
Bottles by macnine:
Last business year
Average, 3 nrevious years. .
Bottles b V hand and machine:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Jars:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years. .
Tableware, blown:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Tableware, blown and pressed:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years. .
Lighting goods:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years. .
Lamp chimneys:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years. .
Miscellaneous articles:
Last business year
Average, 3 previous years..
Sitab-
Ush-
Nnmter of days d
ments
reported.
■
Highest.
Lowest.
36
31
224
240
83
109
12
9
366
365
147
140
6
5
299
299
251
270
9
7
340
340
180
255
23
22
343
343
150
170
14
11
345
345
150
242
24
19
346
351
122
210
13
12
345
345
216
250
5
5
330
336
245
294
12
10
351
351
216
280
17
16
350
350
248
200
6
6
315
315
278
220
11
8
350
350
250
265
Average.
172.1
192.3
245.8
213.6
275.5
2H3.3
2rV9.8
302.1
259.2
263.0
27L6
29L5
261.3
287.4
287.0
307.3
293.8
314.0
299.0
317.0
289.3
287.3
296.0
282.9
301.1
311.9
This table shows that in three of the groups, window glass by ma-
chine, lighting goods, and lamp chimneys, the factories wore oper-
ated slightly longer during the last business year than was the aver-
age for the three years preceding. In all the other groups the num-
ber of days operated during the last business year was considerably
less than the average for tne three years preceding, except in mis-
cellaneous articles, where the difference was slight.
Factories making window glass by hand operated a less number of
days than any of the other groups, the number for the last year
being 172.1 and for the three preceding years 192.3 Factories
making window glass bv machine were next with 245.8 and 243.6
for the respective periods. In aU other groups the number of days
m operation was much higher than these figures. The group mak-
ing miscellaneous articles was highest in the number of days operated,
the figures for the two periods being 304.1 and 311.9, respectively.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN THE INDUSTRY.
The data in the following table, from the Bureau of the Census,
show the average number of wage earners in glass factories in the
United States, the number being given by States and by hours of
labor per week for the years 1909 and 1914.
252
THE GLASS INDUSTKY.
Table 98. — ^Avbraoe Number of Wage Earners in Establishments, wrb
Specified Number of Hours of Labor per Week, bt States.
[Data from the Bureau of the Census.l
States.
Calilomia
Illinois
Indiana
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania..
Virginia
West Virginia. .
All other States
Total
Year.
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
1914
1909
Total.
Average number in establishments where the prevailing bbttrs of
labor per week were—
1,084
&40
3,764
3,507
9,390
9,544
1,184
1,052
2,248
1,755
6,784
5,C51
3.089
3; 114
10,997
10, 159
1,270
48 and
under.
Be-
tween
48 and
&4.
203
180
94
590
1,850
140
181
11
864
1,007
344
369
784
1,797
806
23,«o:>
2J,710
COj
52 1
8,889
6,190
2,591
3,0j5
4,494
3,019
163
2,315
1,866
1,261
1,145
74,502
68,911
12,205
11,358
856
100
1,203
957
3,361
2,109
937
482
448
102
3,e02
2,451
882
776
4.515
2,279
156
54.
25
540
663
80
2,290
1,978
107
389
35
Be-
tween
54 and
CO.
7,187
4,40^.
343
465
3,931
2,252
230
221
27,651
16,C03
918
420
700
2s0
2,916
1,726
258
1,398
1,241
1,575
221
1,773
1,107
328
198
2,501
60.
Be-
tween
60 and
72.
320
676
1,90S
1,584
1,754
151
56
1,361
2,276
1,139
2,734
1,645
100
59
532
1,424
116
166
2,114 . 2,859
6,235 ' 6,468
983
385
417
902
11,394 ; 7,458
8,707 I 13,923
1,128
2J3
291
273
448
1,036
118
652
2,432
1,257
10, 7i3
10,764
2,550
3,423
72.
240
Over
72.
i,m
363
249
190
65
439
668
1,1%
i.eso
2:6
355
2M
3; 465
This table shows that the number of persons employed in the
industry increased from 68,911 in 1909 to 74,502 in 1914. The two
States m which the greatest numbers were employed, Pennsylvania
and Ohio, practically stood still during this period. Of tne two
States rankmg next in point of numbers, Indiana and West Virginia,
the former had a small loss, while the latter had a large gain — ^about
44 per cent. CaUfomia and Missouri also had good gains.
Of the 213 establishments for which cost data were obtained, 132
furnished pay rolls of 19,092 wage earners employed in their plants,
18,235 of whom were male and 857 female. The details are shown
in the following table:
WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS.
253
Table 99. — ^Nukbeb or Employees, by Sex, in 132 Estabushmbntb Rsportino
Waqb Data.
Items.
Window
glass.
Phite
glass.
Bottles.
39
4
Jan.
Table-
ware.
Lighting
goods and
lamp
chimneys.
Miscel-
laneoos.
Total.
Nnmber of establish-
ments reporting—
Male employees
only
30
•
3
7
8
, 15
7
10
9
103
Male and female
employees
39
Total
30
3
43
7
23
17
9 1 132
Nnmber of employ-
ees-
Male
Female
2,772
1,040
6,716
135
1,895
2,566
398
1
t
3,063 174 ; 18,236
324 8S7
Total
2,772
1,049
6,851
1,895
2,964 i 3.^87 1 t74 i 10.009
'
AYERAOE WORKING HOURS AND EARNINGS.
In other sections of this report establishments are grouped according
to the predominence of the article manufactured and the method
employed in manufacturing. In the treatment of wage data the
same divisions could not be made without going into much useless
detail; therefore, two, and in one case three, groups were consoli-
dated: '^Window glass by hand'' and '^Window glass by machine,"
Groups I and II, wore consolidated under ^^ Window glass;" '* Bottles
by hand,*" '^ Bottles by machine," and *^ Bottles by hand and
machine," Groups V, Vl, and VII, imder ''Bottles;" ''Tableware,
blown," and "Tableware, blown and pressed," Groups IX and X,
under "Tableware;" "Lighting goods" and "Lamp chimneys,"
Groups XI and XII, under "Lighting goods and lamp chimneys."
No labor data were obtained from plants making wire and opalescent
glass.
The above changes reduce the 13 groups shown in other sections of
this report to 7 in the section dealing with wages.
The following table, 100, shows the average full-time hours and
earnings per week, and average classified rates of wages per hour, by
occupations, States, and sex. The average rates of wages per hour
wore computed by dividing the actual earnings of each employee
by the number of hours worked, as taken from the pav roll. The
average classified rate of earnings per hour was ascertained by dividing
the a^regate earnings per hour of all employees by the total number
of employees; the average full-time hours per week, by dividing the
aggregate number of hours that all employees worked by the number
01 employees; and the average full-time earnings per week, by mul-
tiplying the average full-time hours per week by tne average rate of
earnings per hour.
254
XHE GLASS INDXJSIBY.
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259
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THE GLASS IITDUSTBY.
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WAGES AND LABOB COMOIHOAS.
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WAQBS Am) LABOB OONDITIONS.
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288 THB GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Practically all skilled labor is on the piece-rate basis; all other on
the time basis.
The average rate of earnings of male employees ranged from under
10 cents per horn*, in bottle and tableware plants, to $1.50 and over
per horn* m window-glass plants, and the average rate for female em-
ployees from under 10 cents per hour to between 40 and 45 cents per
npur.
The foregoing table gives wage data for 2,772 male workers in 30
establishments producing window glass, and shows that none of the
workers received an houny wage of 75 cents and over except blowers,
flatteners, gatherers, and cutters, who averaged, respectively, 96.3,
82.2, 80.6, and 68.5 cents per hour. The average full-time weekly
hours varied from 43.5 for gatherers to 84 for firemen and watchmen.
Wage data for 1,049 male workers in three establishments making
plate glass show that none of the workers received an hourly wage
of 40 cents and over except pot makers, five of whom received be-
tween 40 and 45 cents. The average for all was 34.6 cents. The aver-
age full-time weekly hours varied from 60 to 72.
In 43 establishments making bottles wa§e data for 6,716 male
workers show that none of the workers received an hourly wage of
75 cents and over except stopper grinders, machine operators, blowers,
and gatherers., who averaged 92.7, 59.8, 60.2, and 52 cents, respec-
tively. The average full-time weekly hours varied from 45.2 for gath-
erers to 81.6 for teasers.
Among the 1,895 male workers in seven estabhshments making jars
none received an hourly wage of 45 cents and over except machine
operators, gatherers, and mold makers, who averaged 58.6, 49.7, and
41.7 cents, respectively. The average full-time weekly hours varied
from 46.1 for machine operators to 81.1 for watchmen.
Data for 2,566 male workers in 23 establishments making table-
ware show that none of the workers received an hourly wage of 65
cents and over except handlers, foot casters, blowers, pressers, fin-
ishers, and gatherers, who averaged 71.8, 67.1, 61, 57.8, 53.5, and
39.2 cents, respectively. The average full-time weekly hours varied
from 44.6 for blockers, pressers, foot casters, and foot gatherers to
84 for firemen.
In 17 establishments making Ughting goods and lamp chimneys
wage dajta for 3,063 male workers shov^ that none of the workers
received an hourly wage of 70 cents and over except blowers, pressers,
and blockers, who averaged 54.6, 54, and 50.9 cents, respectively.
The average full-time weekly hours varied from 45.4 for finishers to
75.1 for engineers.
In nine establishments making miscellaneous articles of glass wage
data for 1 74 male workers show that the hourly wage ranged from
15 and under 20 cents to S5 and under 90 cents. The average full-
time weekly hours varied from 48 to 84.
Wage data are included for 857 female workers employed in four
estabhshments makirg bottles, 15 making tableware, and 10 making
lighting goods and lamp chimneys. The hourly wages ranged from
under 10 cents in each of the groups to as hign as 40 and under 45
cents for cutters in estabhshments making tableware. The average
full-time weekly hours varied from 49.6 for leer women to 60 for
selectors and packers, in bottle plants; 50 for washers to 59.3 for
WAGES AND LABOE CONDITIONS. 289
etcherS; plate, in tableware plants; and 51.4 for decorators to 59 for
chain ffins in lighting goods and lamp chimney plants.
Whue data regarding the employment of female labor were ob-
tained from only estabfishments making bottles tableware, lighting
goods, and lamp chimneys, Table 96, page 250, shows that females
were employed also in establishments making window glass by ma-
chine and tnose making jars. Female labor m the glass industry is
employed chiefly in finishing and decorating occupations ana in
packing the ware.
CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS.
Boy labor, — ^In order to describe fully the occupations of '^boy
labor," it would be necessary to enter into the details of the various
OTocesses of glass making, but as these have already b^en treated in
Chapter I, no attempt will be made in this chapter to relate, except
in a general way, the connection of boy labor with the diflFerent occu-
pations. It shoiild be understood that labor referred to as boy labor
m the glass industrv is not always performed by boys, but is the
work done by a helper irrespective of age, and in but few of the
occupations requires any degree of skill in its performance; in the
main, however, Doys are employed. Boy labor in the following pages
may therefore be considered as unskilled labor, including a small
amount of semiskilled labor. Most of the boys are employed in the
''shops.'' From this it will be understood that the work done by
boy labor is by no means uniform, but in many cases the difference
is slight and unimportant in so far as it concerns the general character
of the work.
Not much boy labor is employed in window-glass factories, and
that which is made use of is engaged in carrying cyhnders of glass
out of the shop and in assisting the flattener. These are called roller
boys and shove boys.
Next to hghting-goods and lamp-chimney manufacture, more boy
labor is employed in the manufacture of bottles than in any other
branch of the glass industry, and the workers, variously termed mold
boys, mold chargers, mold holders, machine boys, stickers-up,
cleaning-off boys, takers-off, takers-out, turners-out, tending boys,
transfer boys, and carrying-in boys, are engaged principally in at-
tending molds, by opening and closing them as required, cleaning
the blowpipes after using, carrying the ware from the blower to the
finisher, and from the finisher to the leer and elsewhere in the shop,
and in assisting the finisher.
More boy labor was employed in factories making fighting goods
and lamp chimneys than in any other branch of the glass industry.
In the 12 plants reporting, boy labor was referred to under 18 differ-
ent names, according to the nature of the operation performed. Al-
though the work done extended to all parts of the plant, and differed
considerably in some cases, the greater number oi the workers were
engaged in handfing ware between blower and finisher and finisher
and leer. These workers were variously termed punty boys, ball
boys, machine boys, mold holders, turning-out boys, carry-in boys,
carry-over boys, passing-along boys, cracking-off boys, stickers-up,
102511'*— 17 ^19
290 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
deaners-off, finishers, transfer boys, shade boys, warming-in boys,
section boys, leer-room boys, and ^ssers.
Common labor, — Wage earners shown in the tables as ''Labor, com-
mon," are men doing a variety of work which reguires no particular
skill, previous knowledge, or training. Under this head are grouped
furnace cleaners, leer oilers, pot-wa^on men, rope pullers, rough-
plate men, sand wheelers, blacksmith helpers, floor sweepers, taole
cleaners, trampers, washers, tar men, carriers-away, clay trans-
formers, coal men, and yard men.
Other consolidations. — For the purpose of avoiding useless detail,
occupations of practically the same kmd but bearing different names
were grouped under geniral heads in the wage table. The occupa-
tions so grouped are given in the following list, the first name in each
instance indicating the name of the occupation for the group:
Blowers, tube drawers.
Box makers, crate makers, box shapers.
Decorators, painters.
Drillers, holers.
Engineers, grinder engineers, polish engineers, sand hoist engineers.
Finishers, polisher finishers.
Gas makers, gas producers, producer men.
Gatherers, baJl makers, bulb gatherers.
Grinders, chippers.
Hookmen, takers down.
Leermen, leer firemen, leer tenders, takers off leer.
Machine operators, blowers (machine).
Packers, packers and sorters, tubers.
Pot tenders, pot drainers.
Pressors, side-lever pressmen, lid pressors, stopper pressor.
Tablemen, first men, second men.
Furnace chargers, shearers, fillers, fiUers-in, fillers and toppers.
Teamsters, drivers.
Warehousemen, transfer glass men.
WINDOW GLASS.
ADVANTAGES OF LOCATION.
As regards the advantage or disadvantage of one locality over
another with respect to labor, manufacturers were of the opinion
that in normal times there was none. The union controls the number
of skilled men available, which number is sufficient in normal times.
This labor must be emploved and is always available. It makes
little difference where the factory is located; labor will come where
it is needed. Of course, surroundings and other conditions have an
influence. Labor naturally prefers to live in good surroundings, and
factories located where this feature is prominent have an advantage.
On the other hand, if such advantages mean a burden in the living
cost, labor very frequently prefers to forego them if it is thereby
enabled to Hve more economically. Thus, a large town, though it
may be attractive for many reasons, may not be chosen as a place
in which to seek employment, on account of the living cost.
Some manufacturers said they preferred to operate in a neighbor-
hood in which there were other factories, because there was usually
a larger supply of floating labor available. Other manufacturers
said they preferred to be located at a distance from any other glass
plant, because labor has a tendency to change working places in an
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS. 291
attempt to better its condition; and if one plant has certain advan-
tages which another plant has not, then the best class of labor will
naturally gravitate to the better plant.
WAGES AND WAGE SCALES.
The skilled workers in hand window-glass factories earn more
during the time they are employed than the skilled labor in other
branches of glass manufacturing. In comparatively few occupations
in other industries is the amount earned per day or week so large,
but it should be borne in mind that in hand glass factories the period
of work during the year rarely exceeds seven months, and is often
less. During this period, however, the men in the four skilled occu-
pations — ^blowing, cutting, flattening, and gathering, particularly in
the first three occupations — ^make exceptionally high wages.
Employees in these four occupations compose the membership of
the National Window Glass Workers, an organization which has been
very effective in advancing the interests oi its members, and whosS
strength has been sufficient to maintain a high scale of wages for the
hand operatives, in spite of the effect produced by the introduction
and use of machines, which now make 60 per cent of the production.
The hand blower and the gatherer are entirely eliminated in the
machine window-glass plant, and when wage reductions have been
made these two occupations have suffered more than the cutters and
flatteners, which occupations are common to both hand and machine
plants.
The following, from a bidletin of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
entitled ''Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor" (1915), bears
upon this matter:
The National Window Glass Workers have had wage-scale agreements with their
employers since 1879. Agreements exist with practically all the establishments
except those blowing window glass by machine processes. Beginning with 1909,
competition with the machine made serious inroads upon the scale. In the first col-
umn of the table below (Sept. 1, 1908, to Feb. 27, 1909) is shown the rate for blowing
single-strength glaas bv '^brackets," as that rate had existed for some years. By
"brackets'' is meant glass cut to sizes within certain ran^s. The blower aims to so
blow a cylinder that it will cut the largest possible sizes, since the larger the sizes the
higher the rate per 100 feet of glass. The cutter s duty is to cut to the largest sizes
the defects in the sheets will permit. In 1908 the old bracket classification existed ;
that is, the first bracket (single-strength glass), any size from 8 by 10 to 10 by 15 inches,
contained the smaller sheets and paid the lowest price, 36 cents per 100 feet. The
second bracket, 10 b^ 16 inches to 16 by 24 inches, paid 46 cents; and so on to the high-
est designated sizes in the last bracket, 24 bv 37 inches to 26 by 40 inches, which paid
86 cents; all larger sizes left unspecified ana paid $1 per box of 100 feet.
Up to this time, 1908, the conmiercial qualities A and B had not been written into
the workmen's scale. Sheets of double-strength glass not considered salable by the
cutter were set aside as "grinders," i. e., to be ground or "frosted" and sold when
semiopaque glass could be utilized.
The upheaval in the industry in 1909, caused principally, though perhaps not
entirely, by the imcertainty as to the effect of machme-made glass upon the market,
resulted in a complete recast of the scale. All the landmarks of the trade were lost.
The commercial qualities of market glass known as A and B were passed on the work-
men and read into his wage scale. The brackets were abolished for single-strength
glass and a fiat rate paid per 100 feet of blown glass, regardless of sizes into which it
could be cut. The rate for single-strength A was 42 cents and for B 40 cents. In the
double-strength scale two brackets were permitted to remain, but these were made
to cover a much wider range of sizes than formerly, as will be noted from the table
presented. This scale was made effective February 27, 1909; that is to say, in the
middle of a "fire " or working year.
292 THE GLABS IKDtJSTBY.
At the beginning of the next "fire" a new scale, effective September 1, 1909, par-
tially restored the brackets, at least revived the principle of bracket payment. In
this scale the two lowest brackets of the 1908 scale were combined to make the small
bracket, i. e., 6 by 8 to 16 by 24; the old third bracket was made to read 16 by 25 to
24 by 36, which was an entirely new classification; the old fourth and fifth brackets
with "all above" were combined into a new third bracket.
The next scale, effective October 16, 1910, revised the brackets, increased the rates
on specified bracket sizes, and restored the "all above" principle. It secured $1
per 100 feet for "all above" bracket sizes in the B quality, which was the price of
"all above" in the 1908 and prior scales. This was practically as good a scale for the
workmen as obtained in 1908. It did not, however, continue diuing the working
year or "fire"; a new midyear agreement, being effective January 24, 1911, went
back to the bracket conditions and piece rates established by the scale effective
September 1, 1909, and that scale remained unchanged by subsequent agreements
up to October 27, 1913. This last-mentioned agreement entirely revised the brackets,
elaborated them beyond anything theretofore obtaining in the industry, and increased
the piece rates somewhat, but not enough to equal the rates in 1908. The scale of
October 27, 1913, was renewed in 1914 and is the present scale.
The period covered by the tables here presented represents the most disturbed
and turbulent era in the wage-scale history of the industry in the United States, 1908
marking the last year of the old steady rates, 1909 the beginning of the disturbance
of rates, and 1913 and since, the apparent settling down to a new basis.
While this analysis has dealt more directly with the first table showing rates for
blowing single-strength glass, it has, it is believed, given a sufficiently clear explana-
tion to enable readers to follow the table of rates for double-strength blowing.
Single-strength glass means glass that measures about 13 lights to the inch in thick-
ness and weighs 100 pounds to the box of 100 square feet.
Double-strength measiu*es 8 lights to the inch and weighs about 130 pounds per 100
square feet.
Single and double strengths were the only weights blown in the United States up
to a few years ago, when the extended use of lightweight plate glass made it imperative
for window-glass establishments to produce a thicker glass to hold the building trade.
Quite recently, therefore, triple-strength, or glass weighing 32 ounces to the square
foot, is being generally made; and occasionally much" heavier than triple is blown,
the scale providing for glass weighing 39 ounces, 42 ounces, and even 52 ounces to
the square foot. A 29-ounce glass, just between double and triple strength, has also
been provided for in the scale. This glass runs seven lights to the inch.
The table, referred to above, has been brought up to date and with
additions is as follows :
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS.
293
Table 101. — ^Piece Rates for Blowebs per Box op 100 Square Feet fob
Making Window Glass by Hand, Sept. 1, 1908, to May 29, 1917, by
Grades.
Brackets.
Sept. 1,
1908, to
Feb.27,
1909.
Feb. 27,
1909, to
Aug. 31,
1909.
Sept. 1,
1909, to
Mayl,
1910.
Oct. 15
1910, to
Jan. 23,
1911.
Jan. 24,
1911, to
AuR. 31,
1911.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
smOLE STRENGTB.
6 by 8 to 10 by 15
SO. 36
.46
.66
10.42
.42
.42
$0.40
.40
.40
$0.44
.44
$0.36
.36
$0.44
.44
$0.36
10 by 16 to 16 by 24
.86
16 by 25 to 24 by 30
16 by 25 to 24 by 36
.54
.62
.62
.62
.46
.54
.54
.54
.54
.62
.62
.62
.46
24 by 31 to 24 by 36
.78
.86
1.00
.42
.42
.42
.40
.40
.40
.54
24 by 37 to 26 by 40
.54
All above
.54
6by 8 to 14 by 20
$0.45
.77
.96
L20
$6.*38'
.69
.85
LOO
14 by 21 to 24 by 30
24 by 31 to 30 by 40
All above
DOUBLE STRENGTH.
6 by 8 to 16 by 24
.60
1.00
1.20
1.50
1.70
2.50
3.00
3.50
. 66
. 66
.66
. 66
.66
1.61
1.61
1.61
.60
.60
.60
.60
.60
1.50
1.50
L50
.52
.72
.42
.64
.52
.72
.42
16 by 25 to 24 by 36
LOO
L15
L40
L75
.90
LOO
L25
L50
.64
24 by 37 to 30 by 41
30 by 42 to 36 by 51
.84
.78
.84
.84
L75
L75
L75
.78
36 by 52 to 39 by 60
.78
40 by 60 to 40 by 65 :
'i.*75*
1.75
L60
LOO
LOO
L60
40 by 66 to 40 by 70
3.00
3.50
.56
2.40
4.25
.58
2.50
3.00
.46
L85
3.50
.58
LOO
40 by 71 to 40 by 78
LOO
16 by 24
39 by 61 to 40 by 65 :
......
All above
4.50
.70
*3.22i
.42
3.00
.42
3.22
.46
3.00
.45
3.22
.46
3.00
Gnnders
.46
Brackets.
•
Sept. 29,
1911, to
Nov. 3,
1911.
Nov. 4,
1911, to
Mar. 15,
1912.
Mar. 15,
1912, to
May 31,
1912.
Oct. 15,
1912, to
May 29,
1913, in-
clusive.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
SINGLE STRENGTH.
6 bv 8 to 10 by 15
$0.44
.44
.54
.62
.62
.62
.52
.72
$0.36
.36
.46
.54
.54
.54
.42
.64
$0.27
.27
.38
.43
.43
.43
$0.25
.25
.32
.38
.38
.38
$0.41
.41
.54
.62
.62
.62
.52
.72
.79
.84
.84
L75
L75
1.75
3.22
.46
$0.38
.38
.46
.54
.54
.54
.42
.64
.70
.78
.78
LOO
LOO
LOO
3.00
.46
}$0.47
.62
.71
.71
.71
.60
.83
.91
.97
.97
2.01
2.01
2.01
3.70
$0.44
10 bv 16 to 16 by 24
16 by 25 to 24 by 36
.68
24 by 31 to 24 by 36
.62
24 bv 37 to 26 by 40
.62
All above
.62
DOX7BLE STRENGTH.
6 bv 8 to 16 by 24
.48
16 bv 25 to 24 by 36
.74
24 by 37 to 30 by 41
.81
30 by 42 to 36 by 61
.84
.84
L75
L75
L75
3.22
.46
.78
.78
LOO
LOO
L60
3.00
.46
.90
36 bv 52 to 39 bv 60
.90
40 bv 60 to 40 by 65
L84
40 bv 66 to 40 by 70
L84
40 bv 71 to 40 by 78
L84
All above
3.45
GriiMlers ..«
.53
294
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table J 01. — Piece Rates per Box op 100 Square F'eet for Making Window
Glass by Hand, Sept. 1, 1908, to May 29, 1917, by Grades — ^Concluded.
Brackets.
1
Oct. 27,
1913, to
May 29,
1914.
Oct. 31,
1914, to
Apr. 16,
1915.
Apr. 17,
1915, to
May 29,
1915.
Nov. 1,
1915, to
Mar. 14,
1916.
Mar. 15,
1916, to
May 27,
1916.
Oct. 25,
1916, to
May 29,
1917.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
SmOLE STBENGTH.
8 by 10 to 10 by 15
10.46
.53
.60
.65
.70
.72
.80
.84
.65
.95
1.03
1.14
1.3S
2.30
2.30
2.30
4.24
10.43
.50
.56
.59
.62
.64
.70
.74
.59
.85
"i.'26*
2.11
2.11
2.11
3.96
.61
SO. 48
.56
.63
.68
.74
.76
.84
.88
.68
1.00
LOS
1.20
1.45
2.42
2.42
".42
4.45
10.45
.53
.59
.64
.65
.67
.74
.78
.62
.89
.97
L05
L32
2.22
2.22
2.22
4.16
.64
«0.53
.62
.69
.75
.81
.84
.92
.97
.75
L07
L16
L32
1.60
2.66
2.66
2.66
4.90
10.50
.58
.65
.70
.72
.74
.81
.86
.68
.98
1.07
L16
L45
2.44
2.44
2.44
4.58
.71
10.46
.53
.60
.65
.70
.72
.80
.84
.65
.95
1.03
L14
L38
2.30
2.30
2.30
4.24.
•
10.43
.50
. 56
.59
.62
.64
.70
.74
.59
.85
.92
L03
L26
2.11
2.11
2.11
3.96
.61
10.50
.58
.65
.71
.76
.78
.87
.91
.71
LOS
L12
L24
L50
2.50
2.50
2.50
4.61
10.47 10.66
.54 .77
.61 .86
.64 .94
.67 LOO
.70 LOS
.76 L14
.81 1 L20
.64 .91
.92 LS2
1.00 L43
L12 L58
L37 L93
2.29 3.20
2. 29 3. 20
2.29 3.20
4.30 5.91
.66
SO. 62
11 by 15 to 14 by 20
.72
14 by 21 to 16 by 24
.80
16 by 25 to 20 by 30
.85
21 by 30 to 24 by 30
.88
24 by 31 to 24 by 36
.92
25 by 36 to 30 by 41
LOO
All above
LOT
DOUBLE STHRX6TH.
6 by 8 to 16 by 24
.83
16 by 25 to 24 by 36
L18
24 by 37 to 30 by 41
30 by 42 to 36 by 51
L29
L43
36 by 52 to 3P by 60
40 bv 60 to 40 oy 65
L76
2.94
40 by 66 to 40 ^>v 70
2.94
40 by 71 to 40 by 78
2.94
All above
5.51
Orinders
.84
This table shows that important increases have been granted
regularly during the past few seasons. At the beginning of the season
of 1914-15, there was a 5 per cent increase over the scale of the year
before. The agreement relative to this increase is as follows:
On the prices specified (previous year's scale) there shall be paid an advance of 5
per cent. It is also understood and agreed that future advances on this scale shall be
computed on the basis of the above brackets after the 5 per cent advance has been
added. And be it further agreed that for every point of discount that glass sells
above 90-17 single strength and 90-21 double strength, wages shall be advanced H
per cent as above specified.
An additional increase of 10 per cent, computed on the scale at the
beginning of the year, with the 5 per cent noted above inducted, was
granted toward the end of the season, and was effective from April
17 to the end of the ''fire,'' May 29.
At the beginning of the season of 1915-16 the scale was the same
as that at the beginning of the preceding season without the 5 per cent
added, or the same as at the beginning of the 1913-14 season. In
March, 1916, a voluntary increase of 7i per cent was given, which was
effective from March 15 to May 27, the end of the fire.
Very large increases were granted for the season of 1916-17. An
increase of 20 per cent over the prices prevailing at the end of the
season was given to single-strength workmen and 16 J per cent to
double-strength workmen, with an additional 10 per cent advance
differential to single-strength blowers exclusively.
The additional 10 per cent to single-strength blowers was urged in
the wage conference by the three noncontending trades — gatherers,
flatteners, and cutters — voting unanimously. According to the view
of the representatives of these three trades the earnings of sinde-
strength blowers had been out of proportion to those of the otner
trades, and as a consequence many blowers had returned to gathering
or had demanded that they be allowed to blow double-strength glass.
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS. 295
That tile wages earned by skilled workers in hand window-glass
factories were very hi^h 25 years am is clearly shown by the followinfi^
average daily wages m 15 establisnments, derived from the Annniu
Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1891 (pp. 567 to 586) : Blowers,
S6.526; cutters, $4,802; flatteners, $6,286; ^therers, $3,950 per day*
Such wages were exceptional for the perioa and are, perhaps, mucSi
hi^er tiian the average of wages paid for skilled labor to-day
At the present time almost aU hand window-glass plants work three
shifts of eight hours each for five days of the week in the shops. The
shifts alternate. On one Saturday, one shift will have no turn, on
the next Saturday a 4*hour turn; on the third Saturday an 8-hour
turn, the day beginning at midnight. So in three weeKs all shifts
have worked a 40. 44, and 48 hour week. Hence the average week
is 44 hours, and tne average Saturday is 4 hoiirs, or one-hafi of the
usual day. A week, therefore, is 5} days.
These figures indicate the fact that wages in the skLQed occupations
of hand wmdow-glass manufacturing have been very high for a long
time and are increasing.
It is not to be assumed that wages in the occupations mentioned
have increased steadily from year to year. There have been periods
when reductions were made, but the tendency over a long period of
years has been toward higher wages.
About 1903 the machine for making window glass was introduced,
and there followed a number of critical years for both the manufac-
turer of handmade wiadow glass and the labor employed. Mr. J. M.
Neenan, president of the National Wiadow Glass Workers, states :
Before the period of uncertainty and demoralization ended the average of wages
was reduced from 90 cents per box in 1903 to 30 cents per box in 1912-13.
According to the manufacturers interviewed during this investiga-
tion, the wages paid in the skilled occupations — ^blowing, gathering,
flattening, and cutting — ^have steadily increased in recent years,
though JOT a period previous to this they had steadily declined, due
to overproduction and a general depression in the business. During
this period of declining wages labor also suffered from short seasons.
As stated before, the season in this industry is short, rarely exceed-
ing seven months for hand factories. In addition, during this period
there are often shutdowns from various causes which further reduces
the number of wage-earning days in the year for the glass worker.
The machine factories have a season of 10 or 11 months, but do not
operate with a full force during the whole season. So, although the
daily eamrags in the occupations discussed may seem very high,
the earnings for the year are not in proportion to the daily earnings,
LABOR-UNION REGULATIONS.
There are three labor organizations connected with window-glass
manufacturing. These are the National Window Glass Workers, the
Window Glass Cutters' and Flatteners' Association of America, and
the Window Glass Cutters' and Flatteners' Protective Association of
America.
The last two named embrace the cutters and flatteners working in
m.achine plants. The first of these two is identified with what is
known as the independent machines and the last with the American
206 THE GLASS nUDUSXBT.
Window Glass Co. , These two organizations are comparatively young,
as machines were not used for fflass making until about 1903, and take
in only two of the four skilled trades. Ea the machine plant there
are no gatherers and the machine operators (unskilled men) take the
place of the blower. The "shops'' are not organized in machine
Slants, though the matter has been considered by the National Win-
ow Glass Workers, thus far without result. The three organizations
are noncontending and work in harmony. The organizations con-
nected with macmne plants are by no means so strong as the one
connected with the hand factories.
The National Window Glass Workers embraces the occupations of
blowing, gathering, cutting, and flattening — ^the four sMUed occupa-
tions. It is the only labor organization connected with the hand
window-glass industry, and is one of the strongest of labor unions.
It meets at least once yearly with the National A^ciation of Window
Glass Manufacturers to adopt a wage scale and to dispose of all other
matters that come up for settlement. It had a membership of 3,779
during the year 1914-15, and 4,301 during 1916-16; at one time the
membership was 6,500.
Wages hosed on mowers' earnings, — ^The wages of the gatherer and
flattener are based on the earnings of the blower. The rule relating
to this is as follows:
Gatherers shall receive 80 per cent as much as blowers' wages for both single and
double sizes.
Flatteners shall receive 27 per cent as much as blowers' wages.
Hours of labor, — ^The following are the imion rules relating to hours
of labor in the shops:
Forty hours shall constitute a week 's work for blowers and gatherers. The following
system may be adopted when locals so decide: In order to do away with the 4o 'clock
snift on Saturday morning, the midnight shift shall produce a ruU day's work, the
day shift starting at 8 o'clock and working until 12 noon. The 4-o 'clock shift finishes
work for the week at midnight Friday night. All work ceases on Saturday at 12
o'clock noon. No member shaU gather and blow before 1 o'clock a. m. Monday.
The actual practice is somewhat different. Each shift works two
turns of 4 hom^ each with only an interval of a few minutes between
the turns. Practically aU factories work three shifts. The first shift
begins work at 12 o'clock midnight Simday and works until 8 a. m.
Monday; the second shift begins at 8 a. m. and works imtil 4 p. m.;
the third shift begins at 4 p. m. and works imtil midnight Monday,
when the first shift comes on again. Work ceases at noon Saturday,
the second shift getting in one turn between 8 and 12 o'clock Satur-
day. During the week, therefore, the three shifts have worked 12, 11,
and 10 turns, respectively. In the following week the third shift
begins first and on die next week the second shift begins first. So
in three weeks each shift has worked a week of 12, 11, and 10 turns,
mating an average of 11 turns of 4 hours or 44 hours per week.
The following is tiie only rule in effect relating to the hours of
labor of flatteners :
All flatteners working 12-hoiir turns shall stop at least 30 minutes for lunch.
The time at which a flattener must begin and ston work is not pre-
scribed. His hours are somewhat irre^ar. He nas just so much
to do — the work of so many blowers — and it can be done at his con-
venience. Sometimes he can do it by working only a short day and
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS. ^ 297
at other times he must work long hours to do it. Table 9'5 of this
report shows the average time worked by flatteners to be 55.8 hours
per week.
A cutter works more hours per week than any other employee in a
skilled occupation in window glass. His hours are not prescribed,
and they are often very irregular, depending on the amount of work
to be done. He frequently works at night and sometimes on Simday.
Table 95 shows the average hours of a cutter to be 59 per week.
Limited production of shiUed workers. — ^The hand window-glass
factories operate not exceeding seven months a year, from about
November 1 to May 30, and during that time produce what may be
required to fill orders during the other five months. As it is impos-
sible for them to forecast the proportions of each size of glass that will
be ordered during the summer, it is customary during the manufac-
turing season to cut only part of their product in regular sizes and to
set aside sheets uncut to be cut as orders may be received during the
five months when the factory is not in blast. The rules of the union
provide that a cutter shall be paid full price for sheets set aside,
though they are uncut, also that when they are cut later they shall
be paid for at full price. On stock sheets, therefore, double price is
paid for cutting. The following is quoted from the union's wage
scale for the 1916-17 blast:
Section I.
Abt. 9. Single strenptli ma^ be made in the following sizes only; aize specified is
size work is to cut; 2 inches m length and 2 inches in width is allowed for cutting:
36 by 56 may be made at the rate oi ten per hour as special orders; 48 by 56 may be
made at the rate of eight per hour as special orders, witn the understanding that when
orders on either of the above sizes are given glass is to be cut in sizes above the 16 by 24
bracket, provided the quality of the glass is suitable. The following sizes in single
strength may be made at the rate of nine per hour: 36 by 64, 38 by 60, 38 by 62, 40 by
66, 40 by 58, 40 by 60, 42 by 54, 42 by 56, 42 by 58, 44 by 52, 44 by 54, 44 by 56. The
company shall post in blowing room the size each shop single and double shall work
on, and preceptors shall see that all workmen work on sizes specified.
Sixty-five rollers shall constitute a day's work. In case of a roller breaking on the
crane or on the horse from capping off or cracking open, blowers and gatherers shall
be privileged to make up such breakage so that 65 rollers are produced for a day's
work.
Abt. 10. Number of D. S. rollers allowed per hour. — All sizes up to and including
1,728 square inches, 9 per hour; All sizes up to and including 2,160 square inches, 8
per hour; All sizes up to and including 2,584 square inches, 7 per hour; all sizes
above 2,584 square inches, 6 per hour; up to ana including 28 by 60, 9 per hour; 28
by 72, 8 per hour; 30 by 56, 9 per hour; 30 by 72, 8 per hour; 30 by 86, 7 per hour;
32 by 54, 9 per hour; 32 by 66, 8 per hour; 32 by 80, 7 per hour; 32 by 60, 8 per hour;
34 by 76, 36 by 70, and 38 by 68, 7 per hour; 40 by 54, 8 per hour; 40 by 64, 7 per hour;
42 by 50, 8 per hour; 42 by 60, 7 per hour; 44 by 48, 8 per hour; 46 by 56 and 48 by 52,
7 per hour.
Art. 13. The number of lights per box in all strengths shall be uniform.
Art. 14. The following list governs cutters when setting out singleHstrength sheets:
6 1/2 lights p(er 100 feet; in setting out double strength sheets, 50 by 60, or tiae equiva-
lent in square inches shall be set out at the rate of 5 lights per box.
Art. 15. Manufacturers may set out stock sheets in amounts not to exceed 2,400
feet per four weeks for any pot, place, or blower. Stock sheets to be set out at a ratio
of one box per blowing. Tiiis to apply to both single and double.
The single and double strength glass set out shall be booked to the blower at the price
the single-strength glass and double-strength glass, respectively, cut and packed
during tiie week it is set out, averages per box.
The cutter is to receive full price for all glass set or* ' — ^ "'" "heets. Stock sheets
shall not be cut up or shipped during the blast.
298 , THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Section III.
Art. 14. Any blower or gatherer making more grinders than provided for by law,
or any cutter cutting or setting out more stock sheets or grinders than provided by
law, shall be fined not less thtm $5 for the first ofifense and $10 for each succeeding
offense.
The production of fiatteners is limited by the following rules:
*
Section IV.
Art. 1. Twelve pots shall be the limit for any one flattening oven.
Art. 2. Where 12 pots are flattened in any oven three flatteners shall be employed
on said oven.
Art. 4. No flattener shall flatten for more than four pots, unless in case of actual
emergency.
The production of cutters is limited by the following rules:
Section V.
Art. 1. No cutter shall be allowed to cut more than two and a half (2 J) pots of
cdngle strength and three (3) pots of double strength.
Art. 3. No cutter shall work while the fire is out filling orders from- glass set out in
the sheet for weekly wages, when such wages would be exceeded in amount if the glass
cut was paid for according to the regidar price per box, as fixed in the articles of agree-
ment between this association and tiie manufacturers.
Art. 4. Cutters setting out single-strength stock sheets shall book six and one-half
(6J) lights per hundred-foot box to the blower.
Art. 12. Cutters shall not cut or book more than one blower's glass at any one time.
The manufacturers object to these restrictions, but have not been
able to get the union to change the rules. They object also to pay-
ing guaranties to skilled workers, a practice which is not forced
upon them by the imion but by the rivalry among themselves.
During 1916, when the demand for glass was large, manufacturers
found it difficult to engage enough skilled workers, and soma offered
inducements in the way of guaranties that men they employed
would be paid not less than a certain amount per day or per box,
regardless of the quantity produced. The effect was that manu-
facturers that offered guaranties secured skilled workers from those
that did not make such offers.
Strikes, — The last general strike in the window-glass manufactur-
ing business occurred in 1907. This came following a period of over-
production, reckless selling, and chronic depression in the business.
A higher scale was demanded by the union men, but, after staying
out 10 months, they returned to work at the old scale. The general
condition of the business made it impossible for the union to force a
higher scale at that time. In 1908 a strike was threatened when the
union demanded a change from a sliding scale, based on the selling
price of glass, to a flat price. The demand was granted.
During the spring of 1916 the snappers in most of the hand window-
f;lass factories demanded higher wages and recognition as a union,
n most instances an increase was granted, and in a number of cases
before the demands of the men were formulated, but the manu-
facturers would not recognize them as a imion, principally because
such action was thought to be contrary to what tne other union men
of the shop desired.
Holidays, — ^The following is the agreement with reference to
holidays:
There shall be no glass blown, gathered, flattened, or cut, on the following holidays:
Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Labor Day.
WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 200
Right to enter factory, — ^Members of the union have the privilege of
entering the factory as explained by the following rule:
No member of the National M^dow Glass Workers shall be denied the right to
enter any factory, flattening house, or cuttinf^ room where the national scale is in
f(»ce. This not to apply to men under the influence of strong drink, sleeping in
factories, or using abusLve language.
Union dues. — ^Union dues are collected according to the following
provisions:
Manufacturers shall deduct from the earnings of all members of the National Win-
dow Glass Workers working for them 2 per cent of the amount earned, for dues to the
National Window Glass Workers, and shall, within 10 da^s after each and every
settlement, present a check, for the full amount to the chief precei>tor, payable to
the Secretai^ of the National Window Glass Workers, togetner with uie names,
amounts earned, and the amoimt paid by each member during said period, same to
be forwarded by the chief preceptor to the national secretary. No debt of any kind
that a member contracts shall prevent the deduction of this 2 per cent, and any manu-
facturer who overpays or fails to deduct and forward said money for dues shall be
liable to the National Window Glass Workers for the payment of same, whether the
member has anything due him or not. This also applies to entire earnings for boss
cutters. All bills to be presented weekly with the amount earned. Said bills to
have the amount of glass cut in each bracket and the amount of A and B.
BOTTLES.
EFFECT OF SHOP SYSTEM ON LABOR.
The "shop" system which is still in vogue was established in the
glass factories of the United States and Canada in 1870.^ A "shop''
consists of three men who divide the operations of gathering, blow-
ing, and finishing.
Between 1870 and 1905 the production per blower increased 138
per cent for the medium line of ware, viz, 8-oimce bottles. This
merease was partly due to the substitution of the tank for the old-
style furnace, as the average product of the blower increased 25 per
cent after its introduction. As a result of this increase, and through
the influence of a powerful labor union, wages for slalled labor in
bottle manufacturing maintained a very high level through this
period as compared with the wages received in the skilled occupations
of other industries.
About 1896 a machine was introduced that was commercially
successful, and, though it was crude and was restricted to wide-
mouth bottles and jars, it marked the beginning of a revolution in.
bottle manufacturing which had the most serious effect on labor.
In 1903 the Owens automatic machine was introduced, the first
type of which made only narrow-mouth bottles; later this was per-
fected to make any kind of bottle. The remarkable production
obtained from this machine without the use of skilled labor soon
demonstrated to aU bottle manufacturers that if they were to com-
pete with it, it would be necessary to make a saving in that highest
element of cost — ^labor.
To this end manufacturers exerted their utmost ingenuity, and,
as a result, there is now a great variety of machines in use, ana prac-
tically 80 per cent of the bottles produced is from machines.
1 Report of Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries of New Jersey, 1905, p. 200.
800
THE 0LA88 INDU8TBY,
The effect on labor can readily be imaged* With the growth
of the use of machines the niunber of skilled laborers* constantly
dindnished. The condition of the hand manufacturers was such
^at wage reductions had to be requested. It is to the credit of the
employees that such reductions were submitted to, not entirely
because they could not be resisted, but because of an honest desire
to share mutually with the manufacturers the burden of a situation
in which all were placed.
PIECE PRICES, 1907 TO 1917.
The following tables give in detail the piece prices prevailing for
the seasons of 1907-8 to 1916-17, inclusive:
Table 102. — Glass Bottles (Hand Blown): Piece Rates per Gross Paid to
Blowers, 1907 to 1917.
Capacity.
Weight.
1907-1912
191^1914
1914-15
1915-16
1916-17
Kind of bottle.
■
o
a
1
Jz;
10.54
.58
.61
.67
•
1
1
$0.58
.61
.64
.72
.80
.89
1.20
1.57
.58
.61
.66
.74
.83
.94
1.24
1.66
.60
.64
.69
.76
.87
.98
1.32
1.80
•
1
i
$0.54
.58
.49
.54
.61
.69
.91
1.22
.56
.58
.50
.56
.64
.72
.95
1.30
.58
.62
.54
.59
.68
.77
1.04
1.42
•
O
.a
i
$0.58
.61
.51
.58
.64
.71
.96
1.26
.58
.61
.53
.59
.66
.75
.99
1.33
.60
.64
.55
.61
.70
.78
1.06
1.44
•
1
i
$0.43
.46
.49
.54
.61
.69
.91
1.22
.45
.46
.50
.56
.64
.72
.95
1.30
.46
.50
.54
.59
.68
.77
1.04
1.42
•
§
•
1
1
Jz;
1
■s
$0.46
.49
.51
.58
.64
.71
.96
1.26
.46
.49
.53
.59
.66
.75
.99
1.33
.48
.61
.55
.61
.70
.78
1.06
1.44
3
O
a
1
$0.47
.61
.54
.59
.67
.76
1.00
1.34
.49
.51
.55
.62
.70
.79
1.05
1.43
.51
.55
5
a
Prescription, round and
fluted, long and short.
Do
^ dram to
1 ounce.
2ounoes..
3 ounces..
4 ounces..
6 ounces..
8 ounces..
16 ounces.
32 ounces.
1 ounce...
2 ounces..
3 ounces..
4 ounces..
Bounces..
8 ounces..
16 ounces.
32 ounces.
1 ounce...
2ounce»s..
3 ounces..
4 ounces.,
dounoes..
8 ounces..
16 ounces.
32 ounces.
li ounces.
2 ounces..
2^ ounces.
3i ounces.
$0.46
.49
.51
.58
M
.71
.96
1.26
.46
.49
.53
.69
.66
.75
.99
1.33
.48
.51
.55
.81
.70
.78
1.06
1.44
$0.43
.46
.49
.64
.61
.69
.91
1.22
.45
.46
.50
.56
.64
.72
.95
1.30
.46
.50
.54
.59
.68
.77
1.04
1.42
10.51
.54
Do
S()
Do
.64
Do
5 ounces. . . 76
,70
Do
6| ounces.
11 ounces.
18 ounces,
li ounces.
2 ounces..
3 ounces..
4 ounces..
5} ounces.
7 ounces..
12 ounces.
20 ounces.
1^ ounces.
2} ounces.
3^ ounces.
4| ounces.
6 ounces..
8 ounces..
14 ounces.
22 ounces.
.86
1.14
1.52
.56
.58
.63
.70
.80
.90
1.19
1.62
.58
.62
.67
.74
.85
.96
1.30
1.78
,78
Do
1.06
Do
1.39
Prescription, oval, French
square, tall Blake, and
tallohlong.
Do......
.61
■
,64
Do
68
Do
.65
Do
.78
Do
.83
Do
1.09
Do
1.46
Flat, short Blake, and
short oblong.
Do
.53
.Hi
Do
.59i .61
.65 .67
Do
Do
.75' .77
Do
.85 .86
Do
1.14 1.17
Do
1.56 1-SS
- T ■
_
WAGS8 AKD LABOB OOKPITIOKS.
SOI
Table 103. — GiAss Bottus and Jabs (Machinb): Rates pee 100 Pieces Paw to
Maohinb Opsratoks, 1907 to 1917.
Kind of bottle.
Capacity.
Prescription, miscellaneous oval,
and French square, half oval,
one side flat.
Round castor oil and lemon sirup.
Do
jounce.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Oval castor oil.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Panel and cod-liver oil.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Bulb-neck panel
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Nursing bottles (strai^t neck) . .
Do
Do
Baking powder
Do
Oatsup
'Sponge, -varnish, blacking, glue:
Round polish ,
Square polish ,
Roun d clacking ,
Do.
1 ounce
2 ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
8 ounces
16 ounces
32 ounces....
1 ounce
2 ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
Bounces
16 ounces
1 ounce
2 ounces
Bounces
4 ounces
Bounces
16 ounces
32 ounces
1 ounce
2ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
Bounces
16 ounces
6 ounces
Bounces
12 ounces
^ pound
1 pound
4 ounces
.do.
.do.
Horse-radish, pickle, and chow:
Round horse-raaish
Round pickle
Fluted pickle
Fluted diow
Oblong pickle
Flat pickle
Oblong pickle
Octagon pickle
BquareiMckle
Hexagon pickle
Oblong iMCkle
Mustard:
Round-pot mnstazd
Do
Fluted-pot mustard
Do
Octagon-pot mnstard
6 ounces-
8 ounces.
4 ounces...
Bounces..,
11 ounces..
do
6 ounces...
do
Weight.
1907-
1912
1912-13
jounce I $0.54
l\
ounces...
2i ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
6^ ounces
11 ounces....
20 ounces
1} ounces
2| ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
Trounces....
12 ounces....
2 ounces
3 ounces
4 ounces
5 ounces
10 ounces
16 ounc«*s
26 ounces
2\ oini(<*.>
3i oumcs
5ounc<;s
6oun(cs
10 ounces
22 ounces
5 ounces
7 ounces
lOo'ina^s
6 ounces
Bounces
4ounoe8
I
5 J ounces,.
(ioun(ti'/i...
ounces. .
?i
8 ounces
do
16 ounces
feouxtcefc
do
16 ounces...,
4 J ounces
7ouncc>
9oimtAi^
lOounw^
Houncji'^
7i ouncjtti
9tfUti<Ai>:
12 oun^^r •>.,,,
Ifj OUIKtt^i
16vun*;efe.,,.
4 ounce* 4J oun'**.
6 fJUli <*i>, h ifitWHiftt . .
<io. -,,,,, ^ '/uii*>«5i.,
8 uunoe* V iyxii**y^ . ,
do dv,.,.
.60
.65
.70
.76
.92
1.14
1.62
.58
.62
.69
.77
.96
1.19
.59
.65
.73
.80
1.14
1.44
2.04
.61
.«0
.SO
.N6
1,15
1.80
,76
.90
1. 08
.72
.85
,70
.15 I
.16^
.J6J
.18 .
,Hi '
,1<H
.21 i
,20 I
,2ii
.22
.'£i
.24
.'ifi ,
.15
J.'y
J5
,18
,18
to. 54
.60
.65
.70
.76
.92
1.14
1.62
.68
.62
.69
.77
.96
1.19
.59
.65
.73
.80
.91
1.15
l.(Ki
.61
.69
.80
.86
1.15
1,80
.61
.72
,86
.58
.68
.70
.15
,m
.16}
,18
,144
.16!
.18
,21
.20
.'/it
,22
.22i
,'/»
.24
,28
.15
J5
.15
.18
,i8
1913-
1915
1915-16
1916-17
10.54
10.48
10.47
.60
.48
.58
.65
.52
,57
.70
.56
.62
.76
.61
.67
.92
.74
.81
1.14
.91
1.00
1.62
1.30
1.43
.58
.46
.51
.62
.50
.55
.69
.55
.61
.77
.62
.68
.96
.77
.85
1.19
.95
1.05
.59
.47
.52
.65
.52
.57
.73
.58
.64
.80
.64
.70
.01
.91
1,W
1.15
1.15
1.27
i.iSW
l.<i:t
1.70
.61
.60
.80
.86
1.15
1.80
.61
.61
.67
,72
.72
,79
.86
,86
.95
.58
,58
,64
,68
.68
,75
.70
.70
,77
.15
.15
,15
,164 I
. 165 I
,18 I
,144 i
, 16} ,
,18 1
.21 '
,20
.22
,m
,23
,24
,28
.\r>
.15
,15
./8
AH
,14
.m
,18
,144
,16}
J8
,21
.'JUi
.20
,2H
,22
/m
//a
.15
,15
,15
J8
,18
I
,164
,16}
,i8
,141
,16|
.1?
.21
.20
.20
,21
,22
,m
,24
.28
,15
.15
,18
302
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 104. — Glass Bottles and Jabs (Machine): Bates peb 100 Pieces Paid to
Machine Opebatobs, 1908 to 1917.
Kind of bottle.
Jars, fruit:
Improved Ifason ,
Jamjar
Improved top, Mason
Do
MiUc:
Jpint
ipint
IpiDt
1 quart
Cherry and olive:
Round
Do
Do
Do
Jelly and tumblers: |-pint jelly glasses. .
Vaseline, pomade, mucilage, andf paste:
Round, wlde-moul^ vaseline
Do
Do i
Do
Jams, preserves:
Round, preserves
Round,jam
Round, preserves
Round,jam x..
Round, preserves
Prescription, bromo, and morphine:
Square, morphine
Hound, bromo
Do
Do
Capacity.
Ipint..
do.,
1 quart,
^^lon.
3} ounces.
8 ounces..
16 ounces.
32 ounces.
12 ounces.
16 ounces.
18 ounces.
27 ounces.
8 ounces..
1 ounce..
2 ounces.
4 ounces.
8 ounces.
I do...
7 ounces..
12 ounces.
16 ounces.
do...
1 ounce...
f ounce...
2} ounces.
5 ounces..
Weight.
7 ounces..
11 ounces.
15 ounces.
26 ounces.
11 ounces.
13 ounces.
15 ounces.
22 ounces.
6 ounces..
2 ounces.
do-.
5 ounces.
7 ounces.
8 ounces...
8j^ ounces..
10 ounces..
11} ounces.
14 ounces..
2 ounces..
1| ounces.
3^ ounces.
6 ounces..
1908-1917
SO. 15
.15
.18
.2H
.17
.21
.25
.38
.20
.21
.26
.30
.13
.12
.12
.14
.15
.15
.16
.18
.18
.23}
.m
.i3i
.14}
.17
Table 105. — Glass Bottles (Hand Blown): Piece Rates peb Gboss Paid to
Blowebs, 1907 TO 1917.
Kind of bottle.
Capacity.
Weight.
1907-8
190»-1912
1913-1917
Pickle jars:
BaitiTHore stvle -
6 ounces
8 ounces
12 ounces
16 ounces
4 ounces
8 ounces
12 ounces
16 ounces
$0.86
.98
L18
1.42
.72
1.02
1.24
1.46
a. 26
a. 42
0.78
h.m
b.l4i
1.32
1.S9
1.38
2.11
.83
1.18}
1.41
.99
1.23
L71
.77
1.09
1.39
1.24
1.38
1.72
SO. 86
.98
1.18
L42
.72
1.02
1.24
1.46
a. 26
a. 42
a. 78
h.m
b.l4}
1.06
1.27
1.10
L69
.83
.95
1.13
.79
.98
1.37
.77
1.09
1.39
1.24
1.38
1.72
so.ee
Do
.78
Do
.94
Do
1.14
Olive list
.58
Do
.82
Do
.99
Do
1.17
Demilnhns &iid c&rbovs .
1 zallon
0.26
Do
2 gallons
a. 42
Do
4 gallons
0.78
Do
8saIlons
6.08
b.U
Do
16 eallons
Bulb-neck or exnort beer
1 pmt
14 to 16 ounces.
22 to 24 ounces.
.85
Do
1 quart
16 ounces
1.02
Lasrer beer chamDasme shane
.88
AnDollinaris and select beer
32 oiiT»f«s-
1.35
Mineral water and erinEer ale
6 oimces
12 ounces
16 oimces
8 ounces
13 ounces
24 ounces
8 ounces
12 ounces
15 ounces
12 ounces
16 ounces
21 ounces
.66
Do
.76
Do
.90.
Whisky
8 ounces
16 ounces
32 ounces
.63
Do
.78
Do
1.10
Flasks
.75
Do
.91
Do
1.01
Milk jars
h Dint
1.24
Do
1 ^^^^v .........
1 pint
1.38
Do
2pints
1.72
,
a Per dozen.
ft Per bottle.
WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 303
For the season of 1907-8 a reduction was made in certain bimdoBte.
In 1912 a very heavy reduction was made, affecting many <yf the
most important brackets of the Ust. The scale of 1912-13 piermiled
during tne following season. For the season of 1914-15 a redoctian
of 20 per cent from the scale of the year before was made for pre-
scription, miscellaneous oval and French square, round castor-oil and
lemon sirup, oval castor-oil, and panel and cod-liver oil bottles.
The scale of 1914-15 remained in effect, without change, during the
next season. For the season of 1916-17 the first advance in many
years was granted. The increase was for 10 per cent, and covers
all lines of ware in the hand-blown department tnat had been reduced
in 1912, except beer, soda, flasks, and a few miscellaneous bottles.
According to D. A. Hayes, president, and William Launer, secre-
tary, of the Glass Bottle ISlowers' Association, the average wage of
11,000 skilled glass blowers in the United States was in 1913 about
$4.60 per day.*
GLASS BOTTLE BLOWERS' ASSOCIATION.
According to President Denis A. Hayes, of the Glass Bottle Blowers,
Association of the United States and Canada, this organization,
which is the only union in this branch of the industry, had its start
in 1847.^ Originally it included only labor in the skilled occupations,
blowing and finishing, but at the present time may include all workers
except mold makers, engineers, and firemen.
A national wage scale was adopted in 1861. For 35 years, accord-
ing to Mr. Hayes, the union struggled to get the employers to meet
with them for the purpose of agreeing to a wage scale. Finally
thejT consented, and at first annual meetings tool place, but later
semiannual meetings were held, which is the custom at tiie present
time. Hie first meeting is held in May, the second in August.
History of the organisation. — The glass-bottle blowers were first
organized in separate and independent Eastern and Western Leagues
of Green Glass Bottle Blowers. In 1886 each became afiiliated with
the Knights of Labor, as Assembly Nos. 149 and 143, respectively.
As early as 1886 there is record of annual conferences between tne
eastern and western leagues of blowers and of loosely organized
associations of east^n and western bottle manufacturers.
As a result of tliese independent meetingH, the two unions often
found themselTes working at cross pnrpimm. Fre<|uently concessions
granted by one of the umons would be vmtd to force conamwtm from
the other. In addition, owing to tlwj fa^^t tlrnt loixnuiyimtn bbwftrs
often went from one district to the otlii5r, it hmanw hmr&HHmf;\y
difficult to discipline the member^liip. On iu*Aumni of thi^) thini<H,
steps were taken looking to a cofmohdatUfn of iUc^ two uiiiorm, ThIh
was accomplished in WM, when th<fV nmU^A in otut body umhr the
title of the National Trad/r* A)^*4a\fly, At iImi mtum iUm ih« »<*/>
tional conferences of pre^^^^ling ycHtu wan mitwAUHUtA by nnt'umtil con-
ferences between Tepr^*i4*uUiitvii^ of i\ii*, u/jio/m and in th<^ rniiriufac-
turers. In July, 1891- tUa abVf//il>ly wilfidnrw frorn th« Knij'ht^ of
Labor to become tlie ixrh^m i'lht^^ l^Ufy/iti%* Abb^K^ittUon of th« L'niUid
804 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
States and Canada. The present name is the Glass Bottle Blowers*
Association of the United States and Canada.
Relations with Tnanwfdcturera. — ^During the first few years following
the amalgamation of the unions, the conflicting interests of the
eastern and western manufacturers operated to make difficult the
purpose of the conference. Gradually the manufacturers' associa-
tion developed into a more compact and more homogenous organi-
zation. At the present time it is unlikely that there coiJid be found
a better example of successful collective bargaining than that which
is carried on between the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association and their
employers. On this point Mr. Leo Wolman writes as follows:^
The agreement between the Glass Bottle Blowers^ Association and the National
Glass Vial and Bottle Manufacturers' Association furnished an impressive and an
instructive exhibit of the feasibility of carrying on for a long term of ^ears a peaceful
and mutually agreeable system of collective bargaining. While friction between
ihe parties to the agreement has at times been great, and while the agreement has
often been almost at the breaking point, yet so enlightened has been the policy of
the representatives of both the union and the manufacturers' association, in granting
concessions and yielding upon disputed points, that the agreement has operated in
one form or another for almost a quarter oi a century. Nor have external conditions
been particularly favorable to the continued life of the agreement. The technical
revolution of the industry, beginning in the middle nineties with the installation
of the so-called automatic machine, and intensified after 1900 by the invention and
the later extensive use of the Owens automatic machine for the manufacture of glass
bottles, has presented to the conferences of the manufacturers and their employees
problems that every year become more perplexing and difficult of solution. The
promulgation of working rules to govern those members of the union who were em-
ployed on the semiautomatic machines, the regulation of the wage scale so as to re-
tain a fair wage for the glass blower, and at the same time to permit the employer of
hand blowers to compete against the machine, and finaUy a readjustment of wage
scales designed to meet the competition of the automatic, are a few of the problems
which have received at the hand of the annual conference, if not a perfect solution,
at least a workable settlement.
Conference agreements, — Unlike those national agreements which
f)rovide only the machinery for the settlement of disputes and which
eave to the local unions the formation of working rules, and in some
cases wage rates, the agreement of the Bottle Blowers' Association
(the union) with the manufacturers fixes in detail practically all the
conditions of employment of the glass-bottle workers. The local
unions can legislate only upon such matters as are concerned with
the internal government of the union. When, however, some unfor-
seen question arises during the year, an attempt is first made to settle
the matter in conference between the factory committee and the
employer, and, if they are unable to arrive at an agreement, the
question is referred to the president of the union.
All matters of whatever nature which are to come up for settlement
with the manufacturers' organization must be presented at the May
conference, unless they originate later than that date, in which case
they are presented at the final conference in August. Matters upon
which adjustment is desired are usually presented in the form of
resolutions from local unions or from individual manufacturers.
The members of the executive board, who are elected annually, act
as representatives of the union at the conference. The representa-
tives of the union are not bound by specific instructions and have
full power to settle questions without referring them back to the
organization. While their acts are necessarily subject to the review
I American Economic Review, September, 1916.
WAGES AND LABOB CONDiTIOKS« 3Qfi
of their constituents, yet these acts have aocortUHl so wvW with tho
views of the members of the imion that many nunnboi^s of tho oxor\w
tive board have been reeleeted over many yarn's. The pi\>suUvut of
the union, Denis A. Hayes^ who died in 1917, hold tho ptmitioii oC
president and ex officio member of the boani for 20 yoai>*.
The- agreement does not provide for any formal system of votiuKi
but it is the custom of the representatives of the union and of tliu
manufacturers to vote as a unit. A mei'e majority of the mtuubern
present is not enough. The measure must be a^ivoable to a majority
of the representatives of both the maimfactuixjrs mul the union.
When the conferences have resulted in a deadlock, it has btjen iJio
custom to adjourn and for the establishmonts to ixmunie opoi'iitiojm
under the rules and prices of the preceding year. In lUOO, folJowioif
persistent demands lor reductions in piece rates, whicJi wore mfiiHoo,
the president of the manufacturers' association HXi^tfoHlod iluii " I-Imi
matter be submitted for arbitration to the judge of tlui ciourtH," T\\t)
suggestion was not acted upon, as both employerH ami oinployin^N
preferred to thresh out the matters iji confei'clico, aJid if without
result to work in a state of truce for pue (u* more yearn undiU' tho
rates of previous years.
In eases of such deadlocks, it is frequently the chho that a wif^iitfJoii
amounting to a lockout occurs, for, in the iiiterval foUowiiiv; the ('.o/i-
ference and the resumption of work, the agreement in in aiUwX mi*^'
pended. In 1905 and again in 1909, the conference a«lj(Mjnie<l with-
out having come to an agreement and witljout Wittin^^ a daUi for a
future cosierence. In each instance the nianufacturi)!'^ did not ofn^n
their plants for some time after ailjourning. lu>r thi:* |M'j'iod the
union president authorized the masi to iuu'A'.\fi empJoyoM^/it if it w<m»
offered at the scale in effect during the pr<'.''^^di/tg |H!/iod, and at tho
same time authorized the branchi^ Ut ahHure th<^ir eirifdoy^i^ i^^hl,
they would be given the advanta;<e of any H<;Mh'nM?nt rh^jf, roi^ht h<*
made later, on and from the date tjf>on v^hirh ii,i*, i/,<^/< h<y;,n y/otk,
While such a condition amounts, in 4iif**Mf Ut a tU^wWhi'Mf both
sides have refused to regard it a^ ^ncJi; and, <r/<rn t/ionj/h th^ t/ft^^
ferences have adjourned without i'/funt// Ut an h^/ti*Atfit*j>if %nf\ ihn
manufacturers, probably 'ai h^'^/futA ot in"/ tenp^'/;'/r >.t;"/p/th ^4 U*^,
union, have been obJig#f^i u* t^ii\Aoy XhH lo^n nt *>frn^it «io^>/t,..,fi>/;l///y
to themselves, vet ti^*fv i,av<' i,/>/i r'u.h *'/fitU'>h*A' r,* «•.<' -zy^U'^fa oi
collective bargsdniiig: X:jiX v..h f'Ji^yv»j?^$< y<?^#' ^^ J'/<//,/^ t- *;//< h//,h^u
in conference withi i:.^ u/.^^rr,
and the man ufac* !/<:',•> z:--. *-/, ,v, /.%v<t >,/,'/ '.'\' ,*/ ,'> *"#//.-., ksA
present in s'i^:. c^*^:. ;;;<"./<- y > . *'^ '/,''.,',%',-. *A "n v^vv'? "/.t^
that most of :.-- ---;..^ -' <:,-,■// \.*, '/ \: ' .•*'* '„>, '/ /'.//; v/
merely eonsui^i^;^' t v«.r*. ';.,/.• r ./ '^. '" ' ',,/*' a " ^ > * y^-f r •* ^ "a
with respect t/> rry^t *', kr/;''/:iy\\ f^, /.v. '* >,\ i^ V/ ,' / >.. ',y
rated at tLe r^-v *r vr > -t- -;,%.*/' V/ .* > - ^ f ,.^ t .**'//» *', V/
weight as t?-'j&r ^'^*^' \ *-'. ' "' * v*-',/"* » / ' '^ - ' / ^^ // - ,^ ,% *,//*,
shape, vrti2?-t. * '.. ;',' ','':*-t *y'. ,-. f >' //^i/ ' w '',;^', v-*-
little room f'js- v_*>r**^^ •• '
On the fj\Zjr^ :.x' ". ' ••'*. '•- y ^ ^^ » * /^ * »• ^ ' ^ '/ ' ■ ' ■ '/<. *.,. V/
the interprf^ur y,'\ -^^ .* ♦,^»c/ #^ •'/.*/ v • r ' *>«< -" " v -' * wx^
of the parties iiuh '••.''****/• • • /'^/" //'**' ^ •#'.//#*' -•/' " ^ » /*</ ** <^ *.,
306 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
The first step in the adjustment of disputes is to refer the matter
to a conference of the employer and a factory committee. When
no settlement can be reached, the question is referred either to the
president of the union or to one of the executive board whom the
president designates as his representative. The president's decisions
are final unless reversed at the next joint conference. Although the
President of the xmion has been acting as arbitrator since 1902, his
ecisions have been but rarely reversed. Most of the matters
decided by him have been concerning prices. In those cases where
the joint conference has found the prices fixed by him to have been
too high the employer is reimbursed for the excess wages paid,
and, conversely, when the prices have been fixed too low the
employer is required to make up the difference to the workmen.
The great centralization of power in the hands of the national
dfganization and the apparent opinion of the members of the union
that such centralization is wise have resulted in the universal support
by the *' branches" of the mandates of their national oflicers and of
the decisions of the joint conference. Similarly, among the manu-
facturers, the attempts to violate the agreement by locking out
employees, or by running shops under rules contrary to those adopted
by the conferences, have been few and far between. In this- case,
however, compulsion upon the manufacturers has not come from the
manufacturers' association. This organization has little control over
its members and can, therefore, do little toward forcing them to
live up to the decisions of the joint conference.
While the power to compel obedience resides neither in the hands
of the union or its president nor in the manufacturers' association,
two forces operate potently to keep manufacturers from violating
the agreement — ^the desire of manufacturers to avoid any action tiiat
might result in a discontinuance of the annual conferences and the
strength of the union, which is able by threatening to withdraw their
workmg force to bring recalcitrant employers into line.
Strikes. — ^The bottle branch of the glass industry has been very
free from strikes. According to the late president of the union^
Mr. Denis A. Hayes,* there has not been a national strike in the
union since 1884. When it is considered what manifold hardships
to both labor and hand manufacturers attended the introduction
and use of the automatic machine, it is strange that conflicts did
not occur during this period at least. In order to meet the competi-
tion of machines working rules and wages had to be radically
changed. For a long period following their first use wages remained
stationary or were reduced, but even with such a condition no serious
labor trouble resulted.
HOURS OF LABOR.
Most of the hand bottle factories work on the two-shift system,
although about 20 factories now work three shifts. The three-shift
system is comparatively new in hand bottle factories. It is only
one of a number of changes which manufacturers, with the consent
of the union, have been required to make in order to meet the com-
petition of the automatic machines. It assists the manufacturer
oecause of the increased production resulting, and it benefits labor
1 Report to the 1916 oonyention, p. 14.
WAGES AND LABOB CONDITIONS, 307
because it provides employment for the men throvm out of work
in increasingly large numbers as the use of the automatic machine
grows. The three-shift system was made a part of the wage agree-
ment in 1909. Later the manufacturers agreed to a division of
work where there was not a sufficient number of men to make up a
third shift but more than could be employed in two shifts.
One of the early steps taken by the union with a view to shortening
the hours of labor in bottle factories was to induce manufacturers to
abolish the Sunday night shift. Some time after this had been
acconiplished the 4 o'clock stop agreement was secured from the
manufacturers. Later the Saturdav half holiday for five months of
the year was granted. The union nas fought strenuously to obtain
the Saturday naif holiday the year arouna, but has not succeeded
in this as yet. Mr. Denis A. Haves, late president of the union,
commenting on the subject of tne Saturday half holiday in his
annual report for 1916, said:
Most of the skilled trades cease work at noon Saturda^r during the entire year;
some do not work at all on Saturday, and many of ihe unskilled trade-unionists have
succeeded in enforcing the same thin^. However, there is this phase of the question
that can not be overlooked, and that is that, while we may be successful in enforcing
a request for a Saturday half holiday the year around, we must not lose sight of the
fact that the automatic is in continuous operation from Monday morning until the
following Sunday morning, and in some instances does not stop even on Sunday.
Gould we, by persuasion, reason, or logic, induce the companies operating the auto-
matic machine to close down their plants at noon on Saturdays, there would be little
opposition on the part of the hand manufacturers to do likewise.
The following are the rules relating to hours of labor as agreed
upon between tne manufacturers and the union workers on the fiint
prescription (covered pot) and the glass vial and bottle lists:
Eight and one-half hours per day (actual working time) shall constitute a day's
work, commencing at 7 o'clock in the momii^, 15 minutes tempo at 3 p. m., and
stop work at 5 p. m., except on Saturday, when there shall be no afternoon tempo,
and work shall 8top at 4 p. m.; the night shift to work eight and one-half hours also,
and there shall be no Saturday night work.
During the months of May, June, July, August, and September work shall cease
12 o'clock noon on Saturday.
There shaU be a stop of 15 minutes for each and every open pot to set, and 30 minutes
for every monkey covered pot, and 1 hour for large covered pot.
The rules relating to the hours of labor for the workers on the
United, O'Neill, and the one and two man narrow-moutjh machines
(machine and press department) are as follows:
We shall work six days per week on daywork turn and five nights per week on
night turn, making an average of five and one-half days per week, except during the
months of May, June, July, August, and September.
When worMng three shifts, work shall begin not earlier than 7 a. m Monday.
Actual working time to be seven and one-half hours per day, with one-half hour for
dinner. Work to cease not later than 4 p. m. Saturday. Second and third shifts
shall work seven and one-half hours also.
In the stopper-grinding department the rule is as follows :
Fifty-three hours shall constitute a week's work in the stoppering department.
Each day's work to start at 7 a. m.
The following holidays are observed by all departments under
the authority of the union: Labor Day and nignt, Thanksgiving
Day and night, December 24, night; Christmas Day and night,
Decoration or Memorial Day and night, July 3, night; and Fourth
of July, day and night, or the day set apart when any of the above
308 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
holidays falls upon Sunday. In Canada, Victoria Day is observed
instead of Decoration Day and Dominion Day instead of Fourth of
July.
SUMMER STOP.
Owing to the inroads made by machines, particularly the auto-
matic and semiautomatic, on the business of the hand bottle manu-
facturers, the xmion, after resisting for a long time, finally agreed' to
a modification of the summer stop in order to increase the production
in hand bottle factories, so that the manufacturers might better
compete with the automatics. The summer stop was reduced to
two weeks in hand and four weeks in machine bottle shops, the
length of the summer stop as it now prevails. The argument used
by the hand manufacturers to secure a longer season, and one that
was effective with the union, was that the automatic and semiau-
tomatic machine. plants were in constant operation the year round,
working three shifts in 24 hours, Saturday afternoons, and iroqaently
on Sunday. Working so continuously, they abtained a large prod-
uct, and therefore a cost so low that the hand manufacturers could
not compete unless they were allowed a longer season. In addition
it was ])()ijitod out that work was lost to the hand* blower and busi-
ness to the hand manufacturers, which was secured by the machine
factories, in consequence of the summer stop.
APPRENTICES.
The apprentice question has been the cause of much contention
between the manufacturers and the union. Manufacturers natu-
rally have desired to have the ratio of apprentices to journeymen as
large as possible, in order to have an excess of labor available. The
union has resisted strongly any attempt to increase the number of
apprentices allowed to each journeymen, because the union has the
utmost difficulty in ordinary times to find places for its men. With
new journeymen coming on, as their apprenticeship is served, the
task oecomes even more difficult. At times conditions have been so
acute that the manufacturers have agreed to the suspension of the
apprentice system during a season. Following a bad season in
1914-15, the union at its annual convention passed a resolution
that "no apprentice shall be taken for the blast of 1915—16." A
similar resolution was adopted at the convention of the foUowing
year. A resolution was also introduced which recommended that
the ratio of apprentices to joiu*neyTnen should be the same in all
departments. At the annual wage conference of manufacturers
and roprosont'^tives of the union held to fix rates and settle other
matters for the year 1916-17 the apprentice question was settled
on the basis of 1 apprentice to every 15 journeymen.
Prior to September, 1913, apprentices received 50 per cent of a
journeyman's wages. At that time the agreement was changed so
that apprentices now receive 75 per cent of a journeyman's wages.
The lollowing are the union regulations as they now exist with
reference to apprentices:
Firms who from any cause reduce the number of their joumexinen must also reduce
the number of their apprentices in the proportion to the joumejTnen employed at
the time of reducing their working force, so that they at all times shall be within
• WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS. 309
the requirements of this law. Example: If the proportion was 1 apprentice to 3
journeymen before reducing their working force, the reduction would be 1 apprentice
to 3 journeymen.
When the condition of the trade warrants the issuing of permits to apprentices
who are unemployed, all such permits are to be uniform, and no permit shall be
insued to an apprentice unless it meets with the approval of the branch controlling
the factory where the apprentice is to be employed.
Firms having put in an apprentice and from any cause said apprentice leaves the
trade he can not be duplicated, but should an apprentice die during the first year
of his apprenticeship he must be duplicated drnring that season.
An apprentice shall serve not more than four years, consisting of 40 working months,
from the date of being put in to blow. No loss of time to be charged against the
apprentice unless the time so lost can be reasonably attributed to said apprentice.
An apprentice who may go to work or continue to work in any factory where asso-
ciation blowers are on a strike shall be fined $100 in addition to his regular initiation
fee, unless otherwise ordered by the president and executive board.
No one shall be considered an apprentice unless he be put in a place to blow.
EXTENSION OF LABOR-ORGANIZATION CONTROL.
Nonuiiionism does not exist very extensively in the bottle business.
The danger which threatened the union from this source as a result
of the new conditions following the introduction of the automatic
machine was quickly met by the organization taking steps to encour-
age the nonumon men to form local unions, which were later merged
into State organizations. The plan was proposed by the president
of the union m 1904. At that time there were 15 nonunion plants
in operation in Indiana and 6 out of blast. In the annual report of
the vice president of the union for 1914-15 it is stated that there
were then only three nonunion factories in operation and three out
of blast. The late president of the union, Mr. Denis A. Hayes, com-
menting on the situation in Indiana, which has been termed the
^^ hotbed of nonunionism^' by the union officers, in his annual report
for the year 1915-16, said:
In spite of the low wages paid to men in nonunion factories, there has been a notice-
able falling off in the number of plants operated and the men emi)loyed. This, in
a kff^e measure, is due to the efforts of our association in dealing with this problem.
Keabzing that with such a formidable competitor as the automatic we should have
to make radical changes in our wages and working rules, and that a number of our
men would be displaced, our first thought was to safeguard their interests as best
we could and prevent any increase in the number of nonunion men and factories.
This was done systematically and thoroughly, and it is gratifying to say that our
plans have been successful. * * * We are forming them into an auxiliary organi-
zation and are making them self-reliant. To-day their affairs are conducted through
committees the same as ours, and they hold meetings to discuss matters pertaining
to the trade.
TABLEWABE AND LIGHTING GOODS.
Manufacturers interviewed during this investigation were of the
opinion that locaUt3^ had very little bearing on the class or quan-
tity of labor available, although it was thought that large towns are
attractive to labor in general. It was also thought advantageous
for several factories to be located in the same vicinitv, as in that
case more labor is available, and a manufacturer is less liable to
find himseK short of help; or, if he becomes short handed, he has
less difficulty in filling the places.
310
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
NUMBER OF UNION WORKERS.
The American Flint Glass Workers' Union is composed of workers
that make blown and pressed ware, which includes tableware, bar
goods, lighting goods, laboratory ware, vases, and miscellaneous arti-
cles. It is the only union oi workers in tableware and lighting-
goods factories. It was established in 1878 and is aflBliated with the
American Federation of Labor.
Not all establishnients are unionized. In establishments where the
umon is fully organized, it includes the skilled and some of the semi-
skilled employees. The membership of the union bv departments
during the last 10 years is shown in the following table:
Table 106. — ^Membebship of the Amebican Flint Glass Workebs' Union, bt
Manufactxtbing Depabthents, 1907 to 1916.
[Fram report of the national secretary-treasurer, 1016.]
Departments.
1907
1906
1900
1910
*
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Press
1,508
451
1,603
340
506
463
448
331
381
218
290
76
27
8
156
1,629
371
1,520
358
666
- 463
504
383
309
200
278
61
22
8
154
1,664
1.519
1,504
371
671
488
513
380
347
218
227
56
19
89
45
1,911
2,217
1,411
433
636
506
530
311
365
192
247
51
37
10
SI
13
1,928
2,258
1,400
540
856
544
478
423
340
165
186
48
54
17
14
1,929
1,860
1,150
660
804
584
514
441
354
145
178
41
62
14
2,414
1,960
1,292
951
784
658
514
486
344
134
98
43
32
18
10
2,531
1,711
1,126
1,079
730
672
513
526
378
138
115
87
56
19
11
2,403
1,620
1,271
1,064
648
720
452
507
345
104
137
51
49
19
10
2,380
Oitting
1,381
diimiiey
1,150
P^mch and stem
1,073
Bulb
m
MoMmftVinj?.... , , , ..
739
Paste m<4d «..»..... -
445
Oaster nlaoe
692
Trcrn mold
366
Shade and ffiobe
101
Machine press
128
Insulator'.
68
Fi'^gr^ving
59
StWpe'' Ri^Ti^inflr
25
Whlfe liners
PresciiptionSa ,
T^wnp workers r , ,
162
Total
6,891
6,994
8,120
8,901
9,251
8,743
9,767
9,692
0,420
9,430
The table shows that the growth in membership since 1911 has
been slight. The maximum membership was reached in 1913. The
largest actual gains from 1907 to 1916 were in the press, cutting,
and punch and stem departments; the largest actual losses were in
the chimney, shade and globe, and machine press departments. Of
the 17 departments, 7 were smaller in 1916 than 1907, namely,
chimney, paste mold, iron mold, shade and globe, machine press,
insulator, white liners.
NUMBEB EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED.
The American Flint Glass Workers' Union has not been able to
limit the number of apprentices so effectually as has the union of
window-glass workers. ^Vs a result, there is usually an overabun-
dance ot skilled men, except during exceptionally good seasons. A
considerable proportion of the membership was unemployed for sev-
eral Yjcars prior to 1915. During the blast of 1914-15, a period when
the clepression in the industry was at its worst, the number unem-
ployed was 1,075, or 11.41 per cent of the 9,420 members. During
the blast of 1915-16 only a few were idle. The number of mem-
bers in each department during the last two blasts, the number
employed at the trade, the number employed outside the trade, and
the number unemployed are shown in' the following table:
WAGES AND LABOR CONDITIONS.
311
Table 107. — ^Total Membebshif of the American Flint Glass Workers'
Union, Number Employed in and Outside the Trade, and Number Em-
ployed, Blast op 1914-16.
[From report of the natlooal secretary-treasurer, 1916.]
•
Departments.
Total member-
ship.
Employed at
trade.
Employed out-
side trade.
Unemployed.
1914-15
1915-16
1914-15
1915-16
1914-15
1915-16
1914-15
1915-16
Press
2,403
1,620
1,271
1,084
648
720
452
507
345
104
137
51
49
19
10
2,269
1,381
1,150
1,073
772
739
445
692
366
101
128
68
50
25
1,929
1,060
1,049
964
532
674
394
459
295
80
106
44
43
17
1,981
1,062
994
903
653
709
412
669
323
80
119
48
55
23
212
115
84
46
109
26
30
16
28
11
3
2
4
1
4
260
243
110
60
118
24
23
16
87
6
9
8
4
2
i*
262
436
138
74
7
20
28
32
22
13
29
5
2
1
6
28
Catting
76
^himTiev. .
46
P^inryi ftfiH ntem , . r r
11
Bulb
1
Mold xnakine
PMtP mold r r r ■, ,
10
Caster olace
7
Iron mold
6
flhad<^ and R^Olt>e . r . . . . x . . . , . , , r . r , r
15
Machine nress
TTi<nilHtnr , . , _ ^ - _ - , ^
12
Engravlne
StoDDcr snrindinK
White liners
T^mp workers
162
* * iei"
Total
9,420
9,430
7,654
8,282
601
930
1,075
218
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS.
In 1878-79 there was a general strike in this branch of the industry.
In 1883-84 there was one that lasted 10 months, and in 1887-88 one
that lasted from six months in some plants to two years in others.
In 1893 the union employees were locKed out by the United States
Glass Co.; the largest producer in the country, and other lockouts
occurred during 1893 and the following two years. There were seri-
ous disturbances again in 1903-4. During the last few years there
have been numerous strikes and lockouts.
In his report to the annual convention of the American Flint Glass
Workers' Union held in 1916, President T. W. Rowe said:
If you estimate our condition by the ability of our opponents, and be guided ac-
cordingly, we are far more liable to secure beneficial results and avoid injudicious
trouble. " We should keep in mind the history of our association and remember our
past mistakes.
We must not forget the serious trouble in which we were involved and the causes
leading to those conflicts, and we must not become intoxicated with the idea that we
have sufficient ability to demand unreasonable things and secure them without re-
sistance. * * * We should try to accomplish our desires without repeating the sad
and sacrficing experiences of the awful past, and that can only be done by exercising
the highest degree of intelligence and equity.
On Jime 1, 1915, there were strikes in eight plants, and the number
on strike was 625, or 15 per cent of the 9,420 members of the union in
that year. During 1915-16 employment was foimd for all of the
strikers.
PIECE AND TIME WOBK.
The strike of 1888 involved the question of piece and time work.
The strikers bitterly resisted the piece-price system, but iSnally
yielded, and it went into effect and nas continued until the present
time. It is now almost universal for skilled occupations.
312 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Manufacturers who were interviewed during the investigation said
that the employees would now be as unwilling as they themselves to
go back to the old system. They said that the piece-work plan is
fairest tq all concerned; that it is the only system economically
sound; for it permits a man to earn according to his ability; and that
it is more satisfactory to the men, because the efficient man receives
all he can earn. Tms is a great incentive to them, and makes for
better conditions.
It is of the highest importance to the manufacturer to get the maxi-
mum production, and this can be obtained only when the men are
paid piece rate and not time rate. The piece-rate system is of very
great value to the manufacturer, because it is the only scheme of
Eay which permits him to know what his product costs. By it he
nows what the skilled labor, the highest element of cost of an article,
will be before he manufactures it. Hence he is able to think intelli-
tently about his selling m-ices. If the men were paid so much per
ay, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to keep accurately
the necessary records of production by which the labor cost in an
article could be determined.
HOURS OF LABOR.
The custom in tableware and lighting-goods factories is to work
two shifts daily in the shops, although some small factories some-
times work only one, and the larger ones in times of slack demand
also do this. Where there are two shifts, the day shift works 11 shifts
a week, Monday to Saturday noon, inclusive, ajid the n^ht shift
works 10 shifts a week, Monday night to Friday night, inclusive.
The day shift alternates with the nignt shift every week.
While there is no agreement between the manufacturers and the
union with respect to the number of shifts, it is quite likely that any
attempt to operate three shifts in a union factory would be resisted
by the workers, although they desire an 8-hour day. When the ques-
tion of an 8-hour day was discussed in the annual conference between
the manufacturers and the representatives of the union, held in 1914,
several manufacturers expressed themselves in favor of granting the
8-hour day, provided they were allowed to have three shifts. The
latter proposal was not favored by the union representatives, and the
president of the union expressed the views of the union as follows:
The members of the union are not securing steady work at the present time, and if
we adopted the 8-houi* day basis and the employer insisted on three shifts, we would
produce more glass workers, more glassware, and, instead of worHng steady, we would
nave a large army of members irregularly employed, with all the dissatisfaction that
accompanies a condition of this kind.
Manufactiu'ers claim that shortening the working time to 8 hours
a day without three shifts would result in decreased production, and
consequently higher costs.
In the 1914 conference the union representatives stated that in
other Unes of manufacturing an 8-hour day was the rule. The manu-
facturers replied that in glass factories the glass workers on day shift
worked only 11 turns, five and a half days a week, and the glass
workers on night shift only 10 turns, or five nights a week, and if the
turns were reduced to 4 hours, the day shift would work only 44 hours
a week and the night shift only 40 hours, an average of 42. The
WAGES AND LABOB CONDIHONS. 313
manufacturers also stated it was unfair to ur^e an 8-liour day when
the men often did not do four hours' work in a turn. They cited
cases where the men did their turn's work in as short a time as an
hour and fifteen minutes, aiid from that on up to four hours. After
much debate and discussion, the conference agreed on the following
proposition :
Four and one-quarter hours shall constitute a turn^s work in all glass-working de-
partments now working the unlimited system of production, excepting the machine
department, this to become effective January 1, 1915. Fifty hours shall constitute a
week's work in the cutting department, this to become effective October 1, 1914, with
the imderstanding that the 60 hours can be worked on 50 hours' pay.
Union glass workers on a limited system, that is where the number
of articles produced is Umited by union rules, work from four and a
quarter to tour and a half hours per turn in the different departments.
THE ^*M0VE'' system.
The price list that is agreed upon yearly by the union and the
manufacturers contains the wages per turn or the piece prices of the
skilled workers, and also the number of articles which it is expected
that each of the workers in certain departments shall make durii^
a turn. The number is called a **move,'' and for an article that can
be made quickly is larger than that for an article which requires
more time in production.
Formerly there was a limited turn system on all ware, under which
the worker was not allowed to make during a turn articles in excess
of the number prescribed by the move. He was, however, paid the
union scale rate per turn, whether or not he reached the move^
Urged by the manufacturers, the union has abolished the move in
some branches or departments.
At present some union men work on a limited piece-price basis,
some on an unhmited piece-price basis, others on a hmitea turn basis,
and others on an imhmited turn basis. Each department legislates
as to its own conditions, and, independent of other departments,
makes wage agreements with manufacturers.
Under the unlimited turn system, the worker that falls below the
move receives the scale rate for a turn, but if he exceeds the move,
he is paid for the excess at the move rate. If, for instance, the move
were 300 and the wages per turn $3, the worker would be paid 1
cent for each good piece made over 300, or $4 for 400.
Manufacturers generally object to the move system, and consider
that it is economically wrong to both the manuiacturer and worker
to limit the production of the latter. They say that the rule operates
to prevent tnem from picking the desirable men and eUminating the
poor workers. They urge the necessity of unlimited production in
order that they may meetioreign competition.
Many members of the union are opposed to the move rule, but
they are the rapid workers and are in the minority. The effect of
the rule is to increase the cost of production. Without the rule, each
factory would seek to get as large a proportion of rapid workers as
possible, and in a factory that increased its^ proportion of such workers
the output per individual would be larger and the number of workers
employed would be smaller. The rule results in a larger number
being employed and in equal pay, though not equal output, for all
314 THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
workers. Most of the workers to whom the move applies favor its
retention because it operates to provide places for more men, and
because, without this restriction, tnere would be, on a full-time basis,
overproduction and the manufacturing season would be shortened.
SUMMER STOP AND HOLIDAYS.
Wa^es in the skilled occupations in tableware and lighting goods
factories are not so high as in window glass, but the ' 'season" is
much longer. Most departments operate throughout the 12 months,
with no shut-downs, except for two weeks in the summer and on
cegtain hoUdays.
New Year's Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Memorial Day, and
Christmas are observed as hoUdays by union workers. In addition,
most of the departments do not work New Year's eve or Christmas
eve and night.
One of the most important considerations relating to wages is that
of overproduction. Li the manufacture of tableware ana lighting
goods tnis condition is not usually so critical as in window-glass or
bottle factories, but it exerts an important influence on wages. The
union has sought to control this condition by limiting production
through the operation of the *'move."
Manufacturers have always favored operating their plants as con-
tinuously as possible. This results in a maximum product and there-
fore lower costs. The union has opposed this, on the ground that,
if the plants operated continuously, there would be an overproduction
which would result in bad business conditions. This would mean
irregular employment for labor, with all its attending hardships.
At present the summer stop is for a period of from two weeks in most
departments to four weeks in a few.
APPRENTICES AND CHILD LABOR.
The number of apprentices that the union allows in some depart-
ments is as follows: Hand press department, 2 apprentices to each
10 pots, 1 to each 15 journeymen on continuous tanks; machine press
ware department, 1 apprentice to each 10 journeymen or majority
fraction thereof each year -punch tumbler and stem ware department,
1 apprentice ^'shop^' on offhand pulled-out stem ware in eacn factory;
cuttmg department, 1 apprentice to each 4 journeymen or majority
fraction thereof; engraving department, 1 apprentice every two
years to each shop employing 2 or more journeymen. A shop
employing 9 or more journeymen is entitled to one apprentice every
16 montlS but never more tnan three.
Child labor may be said to exist no longer in the glass industry in
the United States. Most of the States have laws which forbid the
employment of children. Very hght work is required in many
occupations in which boys were formerly employea but which are
now fiUed by adults. Wnen the laws w«nt into effect manufacturers
were compelled to substitute men in the places of boys and pay
correspondingly higher wages. Manufacturers complain of the lack
of uniiormity in the various State laws relating to cnild labor. Few
of the States have exactly the same age Hmit for employment, and
when two adjoining States have different laws, the manufacturer
where the age limit is highest is at a disadvantage. One manufac-
WAGES AND UIBOB CONDITIONSt 815
turer who was interviewed said that the worst effect of the laws
prohibitijig the emplovment of boys was not the resulting increase
in the labor cost but tne fact that employers could not train boys in
the trade.
WOMEN EMPLOYEES.
Of the women employed in the glass industry, nearly all are
employed in establishments manufacturing tableware and l^hting
goods. They are not employed in any of the blowing, pressing, or
annealing occupations.
In taWeware the occupations filled in part or entirely by women
are sorting, selecting, cracking off, grinding, glazing, washing, wipilig,
etching plate, etchmg needle, decorating, cutting, smoothing, mofa
deanin^, wrapping, and packing.
In lifting goods the occupations at which women work are inspect-
ing, gauging, glazing, finishing, washing, marking for cutters, deco-
rating, mold deaning, wrapping, cartoning, packing, and as chain
girls.
None of these occupations requires much skill, but in most of them
dexterity is essential. None of them is exceptionally taxing to the
strength. It is asserted that some of the occupations in which
women are employed in the decorating department are harmful to
health because of the fumes of acid used in decorating.
CHAPTER IX.
ITEEDS OP THE IITDirSTaY.
LACK OF ETnCIENCT m MAKUFACTUBE AND SELLINa.
CHEMISTRY.
Glass being the result of chemical reactions, it would seem that a
knowledge oi chemistry would be absolutely essential to the glass
manufacturer in order that he might be enabled to produce the
finest grade of desired glass at the smallest possible cost.
The average manufacturer's chemical knowledge of the materials
that enter into the manufacture of glass is very vague and indefinite.
Exceptionally few men in the Umted States have carried on any
scientific investigations or experiments, and it is to be regretted that
there is such a woeful lack of chemical knowledge. It appears as if
all the energy of the glass makers in recent years has gone into the
Eerfecting of machinery as the one means of lowering cost. The
atch could take care of itself. That the most perfect machine is
absolutely useless with bad glass or glass of excessive cost does not
appear to have been taken into consideration. The manufacturer's
lack of chemical knowledge would, however, be harmless if chemists
were employed. In the plants visited by the agents during this
investigation, not more than one chemist was found to about every
20 plants visited; they were usually employed by only the largest
companies. Mr. R. L. Frink, one of the few men in this country who
has carried on any research work, has the following to say:
I found that glass making to-day is carried on with no regard to definite proportions
or consistent methods of operation; that it is void of any true knowledge, and is
essentially an industry based and operated upon and subservient to personal opinions
and prejudice, poisoned by legendary ideas and jealousies, and made generall^r un-
wholesome by lack of progressiveness or any initiative on the part of those who might,
if they would, arise from this quagmire and put themselves on a basis of scientific
fact.i * * *
One frequently hears the remark that a chemist or scientist is of no use in a glass
factory. This, no doubt, in a measure is true, for it is seldom, if ever, that a chemist
or scientist will be able to find a manufacturer or owner .who wduld for a moment think
of wasting time or money in the consideration or adoption of the su^estions of such
individuals, at least not until they are confronted with a situation that legend, sorcery,
prejudice, and guesswork can not account for or overcome. ^ * * *
As a matter of fact, there are a great many so-called first-class glassmakers, and men
who are responsible for large productions and the finest quality of ware, whose knowl-
edge of the constitution of glass begins and ends the moment when the material enters
the furnace, and as a matter of fact many of them still believe that glass is composed of
sand which has been reduced to a molten state by being placed in a mixture with such
ingredients as lime, soda, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, cryolite, antimony, zinc oxide,
borax, or whatever else their batch formula may call for, and that after it has been
subjected to fire all of the ingredients with the exception of sand go up the stack. It
is only the more progressive individuals who have studied this matter, who have
benefited by research, and who have any true conception of the actual composition of
1 Transactions, American Ceramic Society, 1909, Vol. XI, p. 304. * Ibid., p. 313.
316
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY. 317
the glasses that they are making. However, even they, in many instances, have no
true Imowledge as to the properties given to the glass by the materials they use, and
in i&ct there is but little actual specific knowledge available.
It is true that in Europe, and in recent years also in this country, there has been
considerable progress in the making of certain glasses for special purposes, and we
owe much to Guisnand, Bontemps, Schott, Hovestadt, Harcourt, and others, who
having contributed greatly to our knowledge of the composition and making of optical
glasses manu&ictured in closed pots, or under conditions whereby perfect control
could be had of the atmospheric, melting, and temperature conditions. But there
has been Uttle or nothing done, in a practical way at least, to give us specific informa-
tion as to the effects of the chemical constituents of glass when the same is made in
tank furnaces, in open pots, or under varying fire conditions, or how they affect our
various processes of manufacture.^
The lack of research and experimental work has heen generally
attrihuted to the expensiveness of carrying on such work, which
being impossible of satisfactory performance in a laboratory, re-
quires costly furnaces and equipment. Mr. Frink offers the follow-
ing solution :
What the glass industry needs and must have before it can become much more than
a school of conjecture is a Wedgewood or a Schott, assisted by a society of research,
which shall have a backing and be subsidized by the Government or by every manu-
facturer in the business. ^
MACHINERY.
Though much time, money, and energy have been expended in
inventing, perfecting, and introducing machinerv and mechanical
devices that do away with skilled hand labor and. lower the cost of
production, glass manufacturers, as a rule, have been very lax in
mvestigating the merits of such labor-saving machines and devices,
with the result that every vear finds nfany of the hand plants driven
from the business, while tnose who remain continue to suffer losses
resulting from competition with the machine-made product.
In addition to higher costs, hand plants continue to be confronted
by the serious boy problem. Low wages, hmited opportunity for
advancement, and especiaUy the high age-hmit laws in effect in many
States, have curtailed the supply of young men and women who do
the unskilled work around a glasshouse.
The future success of the glass industry and of the individual who
desires to remain a ^lass manufacturer depends to a very great
extent upon the adoption and continued use of machinery and labor-
saving devices.
BUILDINGS.
Glasshouses are generally antiquated. Thev are usually flimsy
structures put up in the formative period of the industry and have
outlived their usefulness. Very few plants are constructed on the
plan of a modern scientifically laid-out factory. As the business
expanded another building, and then another, was added without
any idea as to how it would affect the entire plant as a unit. An
agent of the Bureau has witnessed, in one of the largest bottle plants,
coal and material unloaded from a freight car, loaded on trucks and
carted a distance of about three-eighths of a mile to their respective
storehouses. Inside many factories the same slipshod, haphazard
1 R. L. Frink: The Relation of Chemistry and Mechanical Manipulation to the Evolution of the Glass
Industry. Metallurgical and Chemical EngineeTing Nov. 1, 1916
« Transactions, American Ceramic Society, 1909, Vol. XI, p, 316*
318 THE GLASS INDUSTEY.
ajrangement prevails, decreasing aad delaying production and in-
creasing cost.
It is to be noted, however, that many of the larger plants, espe-
cially those erected in very recent years, are substantial buUdings and
are arranged with the idea of facilitating and increasing production.
SELLING.
It seems that cost does not generally enter into the determination
of the selling price of glass, but the price appears to be set at 'what
the other f eliow is seUing or appears to be selling it for. Buyers have
played off salesman against salesman and machine manufacturer
agamst hand manufacturer with such great success that costs, even
vmen va^ely known, have been thrown to the winds. This selling
at the other fellow's price, or supposed price, is based on the erroneous
assumption that the price-setting manufacturer has a correct cost and
that the other manufacturer is equally efficient. The curbing of
mutual distrust and the adoption of a uniform cost system will cor-
rect the seUing conditions above described.
OTHER DESIRABLE IMPROVEMENTS.
There is a great need for improvement in the factory buildings so
that the present excessive insurance rates may be materially reduced.
There is need for manufacturers to get into their factories and really
learn the glass business, instead of concentrating on the selling and
administrative ends of the business. The chemistry of glass must be
thoroughly learned, and research and experimental work entered into
and continued.
It is a matter of conjecture as to whether there are at the present
time any glassmen who can consistently predict the homogeneity,
chemical composition, physical properties, and color, of the finished
glass. It is essential that knowledge be obtained of the chemical
reactions, the constitution of the glass, its physical properties when
in a finished state, the pause and effect existing within the melting
mass, the furnace and fire conditions, and the requisite properties
of the glass to obtain the maximum efficiency in subsequent proc-
esses so as to produce a finished article of maximum quality at
minimum cost.
There is in addition very urgent need for much practical and
scientific research in order to eliminate poor and variable fuel condi-
tions, bad tank blocks, inferior bricks, improperly made pots and
molds, expensive breakage resulting from imperfect annealing, ware
with imperfect surfaces produced by the chemical effects of the
packing materials, and breakage due to the character of the packing
materials, all of which result in the unnecessary loss of thousands of
dollars annually.
Advantage should be taken of all labor-saving devices; antiquated
machinery should be scrapped and hand methods, where possible,
discarded in favor of machinery. Plants should be properly laid
out and routing systems installed. Hand operations should be
standardized; the workers should not be permitted to shift about for
themselves but should be drilled m the proper method of perfonning
their work. Old methods, retained because they resulted in a profit
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTBY. 319
in by-gone days, must be discontinued. Accounting methods must
be improved and modem systems installed. The installation of a
uniform cost-finding system for the various branches, so that manu-
facturers can, exclusive of their degree of efficiency, inteUigently
compete on equal terms, is of the most vital importance.
From conversation with nimaerous manufacturers, it is apparent
that most gl&ss manufacturers are distrustful of every other manu-
facturer. This spirit should be suppressed. Manufacturers should
exchange ideas and cooperate in every possible way. A real spirit
of friendliness and good will could not but work to the advantage of
every manufacturer in the trade.
METHODS OF COMPUTING COSTS.
The object of conducting business is to secure profits. Nothing
that relates to manufacturing is of more importance than "costing.
Efficiency rules may be appued in an excellently equipped factory,
but, xmless the proprietor has an adequate cost-finding system, ne
is liable to suffer financial loss. If he does not know with a close
degree of accuracy what the different articles he manufactures have
cost and at what prices he can afford to sell them, he is not in a
position to meet competition inteUigently, and he invites business
disaster. Even if a manufacturer is satisfied with the yearly profit
which his annual profit and loss statement shows, he should Know
on which particular products he is making the most profit and on
which he is making only a narrow margin of profit or losing money.
Intelligent cost accountmg would enable him to distinguish between
the profits on different products, to discontinue the manufacture of
products sold at a loss, to limit the sales of products sold at a small
margin of profit, and to give more attention to the manufacture
and marketmg of products on which the largest profits are realized.
BUINOtJS PRICE CUTTING CAUSED BY CRUDE COST FINDING.
Trying to fix prices without knowledge of costs leads to ruinous
competition. The manufacturer ftiat sells goods at a loss, or at no
adequate profit, because he does not keep his books properly and does
not Know whether he is making a profit, tends to force his competi-
tors into a Uke situation. Pnce cutting is nearly always done in
ignorance of costs, and comparatively Uttle of it would be practiced
in any industry if adequate cost finding generally prevailed. This
investigation has shown that many manufacturers of glass or glass-
ware have eithep no method of cost finding or crude and inadequate
methods. Only very recently have a few glass manufacturers em-
ployed cost accoimtants to study their methods of production and
to prepare suitable systems of cost findings. Probably not over 1
in 20 has employed experts to establish cost-keeping systems.
The accounting methods in vogue in many glass estabUshments
are not modem. AH the expenses for the year often appear in a
very few accounts, and all sorts of expenses that have no connection
are thrown together and included in the same account. It is im-
possible, without a lengthy analysis of such crude accounts, to secure
much of the information with which a manufacturer ought to be
familiar. The accoimting is frequently such that it would be of
820 THE GLASS lyorsTRY.
no aid in the kff^ping of a rrn,t system if :/.-- LL^r>t.]»u>- .i »i sol-i. a
system were con tem plated.
As to cost finding, "vrlth the exception of a f-^'sr y^xrriVnt sysieins
found in some of tne larger estabhshmer.t-. it may '-^-r staicii :bM
an accurate knowled$^e of r:r>st of prodnctioa i:?. jp^ufiafly speaidiig.
unknown in the eiaAS in dust rv. llanv estaljii^hmaits. Wii^hnfircr
some of the larger ones, admitted that they made ao anxmpt a:
arriving at accurate c^/sts. Of the 213 estabiisr,nip?i ts riiAt fonnshed
schedufes for U^iA investigation, only 20 reported znat mey ssot a
record of recovered culiet which woiild indicate tiie cost ro be addeii
for defective arid imperfect ware.
A cost-finding sy-tem would not only sr.o"w actTLai :^ost but wDiil«i
serve as a guide or indicator as to where the coet of Labcr. mat^i^
or overhead c^^uid }>e lowered. The absence -^f sucii a system.
resultifig as it do^-s in not knowir>g the cost r.f tne ware pro<fai«-'^i.
leads not only to ineffioi^n^y and waste but ils^:> t^ rj:e ^miajr. :• •
keen, ruinous corrip^tl*i<^'-i of whir-h mar.Tifart^irers -^TiziDiaiii sn '-:>
terly. The most crv'ir»g n^j^-d of the glass ir.'i:isiry ar rlie pre^i'
time is a simple, a^^curate, i;iexpeTi>ive. uniform ?.-st-±i«iiii^ sy?: ^n
to be cranio ved bv everv manufacturer. Or. It- Tv->h the inrrcMr:* -
tion of sur-h a system can the industr*' r.*- rn:*i- -^i'-^-.- azd really
competitive.
Generally speaking, only the larger glass man^^i'^turiiis: companies
have made any effort to improve th'^ir co^^'s::^ in«^tliods. <'«-'St
accounting is, however, especially important f«„.r miiii ^Lfacrorers ^rith
small or comparatively small capital, in order that they may meet
the severe competition of those who manufacture on an extensive
scale and whose manufacturing and accounting departments are well
organized. It is not infrequently the case thar the market for several
lines of glassware has been demoralized by price cuttinz. started bv
small manufacturers, a c^^ntest in which they could less afford to
indulge than could their big competitors.
Many glass manufacturers express the opinion that it is impcBssible
to devise an accurate method of finding the costs of units in tite
industry. This, however, is erroneous. It is more difficult to ascer-
tain correctly the Cf;sts in manufacturing glass than in some other
industries, but some companies have adopted accurate methods.
Some manufacturers, while admitting that accurate cost-finding
systems can be devised, raLse the objection that the op^^tion of such
systems would be very expensive. This also is a mistake, as has
been proven in both large and small factories where scientific systems
have oeen installed.
ADVAXTAGE5 OF MODERN CO^T KEEPING.
There is perhaps no industry in which a good cost-keeping system
is more needed than in glass manufacturing. Not only have American
glass manufacturers had to meet sharp foreign competition in several
lines, but there is probably no industry ^hat has suffered more from
*' cutthroat" competition among the domestic manufacturers. Fur-
thermore, the introduction of and improvements in machinery have
made radical changes in the methods of manufacturing glass and
glasswjiro during recent years. Hand manufacturers have struggled
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTKY. 321
desperately against the competition of those using machines, and
often the market was demoralized in consequence.
While papers showing the importance of correct cost keeping have
been read before meetings of glass manufactm*ers' associations, none
of these associations has approved any cost-finding system. If an
association would appoint a committee to work out some standard
scheme for computing unit costs for each branch of the industry and
would recommend an approved scheme, most of the members would
probably adopt it and much ruinous competition would be avoided.
An article on the importance of computing costs of imits of pro-
duction in the glass mdustry from systematically kept records,
written by Mr. John T. Fuller, an efficiency engineer, is quoted in
part as foUows:
Only a few years ago the selling price of most articles in glassware showed a sufFcient
mai^ of profit to enable the manu facturer to disregard costs. XJn der these con di tion s
the management could concentrate his energies on the sales end of the business, and
feel fairly well satisfied with his profit and loss statement at the end of the year.
Several disturbing elements, however, have crept in during the past few years to
change these conditions, and the manufacturer wno has not been able to analyze the
situation and provide a remedv has had to face a great reduction in profit. A careful
analysis has shown that the principal causes for this chiange are improved machinery
and equipment, increased labor costs, keen competition, and increased cost of raw
materials.
Such improvements as the automatic presses, flowing devices, automatic leers, etc.,
have greatly increased the production per dollar invested, and likewise reduced the
cost per article. In order to market this increased production, it was thought neces-
sary to reduce the selling price. Competitors found it necessary to meet this condi-
tion by a still greater cut in prices. These cuts, for the most part, were based on
the competitor's selling price and not on the manufacturer's cost. The result has
been a demoralized market.
Working adversely to this condition, labor cost has been continually increasing.
Labor unions, increased cost of living, general prosperitv, and shortage of labor are
responsible for higher wages. This condition in itself, however, should not be
objectionable. It is a well-known psychological principle that a manufacturer can
obtain greater efiiciencv and larger production per man by making it possible for a
man to increase his earnings as a result.
Statistics show that the amount of glassware put on the market has been continually
increasing. Despite the greater demand, this condition has. created a stronger fight
for the business and likewise a closer selling price.
As labor enters largely into the cost of raw materials, the increased labor cost has
affected the price of the material. In addition to this, the demand has been greater,
therebv resulting in a very noticeable increase in the price of the material.
A careful analvsis of these conditions brings out the fact that the whole situation is
based on the cost of the product. Improved equipment reduced the cost and enabled
the manufacturer to reduce the selling price and still retain about the same margin
of profit. A little later increased cost of labor, and still later increased cost of raw
material, was brought to bear, with the result that the margin of profit was greatly
reduced.
All managers who are using svstematic methods in figuring their costs and profits
are of the opinion that the glass industry as a whole would be greatly benefited if all
6rms had an accurate knowledge of their costs.
THE PER-POUND METHOD.
One of the conunon methods of computing costs on different units
of bottles and blown and pressed ware is to divide all expenses
for the year, except for skilled labor, by the number of pounds of
finished glass produced during the year, to multiply the quotient
by the weight of a dozen or gross of each unit manufactured, and to
add to this product the amount paid per dozen or gross for skilled
102511'*— 17 ^21
S22 THE GLASS IKDUSTEY.
Idbor. which is paid on a piece-price basis. This method, called the
per pound method, is very inaccurate, because more fuel and labor
are required to make a certain weight of smaU uidcles than the same
weight of larger articles. As a light-weight article when finished
mar cost more and be of greater rahie thfm one which is heavier, a
larger overhead should not be apportioned to the heavier one solely
on account of its weight. If. for instance, the metal or molten ^ass
is drawn frc^m pots, it is obvious that a longer time will be required
to empty a pot from wiiich ^ass for smaU ware was drawn than to
er.^pty a pot from which ^ass for large ware was taken. In some
c^aes it would take twice as Icoig and the fuel and labor would be
twice as much in cme case as in the othor. Moreover, the cost for
hitl and labor to pncnluce an equal weigbt of ^assware would be
twice as much in some cases as in otheis> whether the glass were
drawn fn>m pots or from ring holes in continuous tanks.
THE SHOF-BOm STSTEM.
A nrorv accurate method of ci^iiiputing the cost of units in the
ULanufactore of bottlds and of blv'wn and pressed ware is the shop-
hc'^ir system* which prv^vides for app>.>rtioning expense to each
iin't aouorviiiig to the time ivouired for prvniucing it in the blowine
:r rrvsij^in^ r>?i!i. *? c>.^mT*arv\I with the time required for the totw
prvvi'jL'aiva in each of tile^e iVH>:iis. Ctely the indirect labor, fuel,
azLi rt-rivr&i e^tpense are thus ar^»r5i-?2.eVL Each unit is charged
f^r i-T. sTVH :S; votsts. suib as the sh- r IsN^ •>r direct labor, which is
rss-iilV T-iii for *: p:t>re rat<^
S; :i jlit >rr iv u~ i systera ani :hi- si>>-h:-:ir system are explained
:iL azL Arn. Li by Mr, Kv tvrt G, Ar::i>«p:Ki^, nnftd before the Eastern
Orlifcss Viii ani R^::Le Mar.ufiC4;2r«s^ AssachciatkMi at its annual
n»'v:::.7_r i''. . >l:^- Motsi .^f *ii3< ikn::I<- is bftv q::v>ted:
Ii -.:*'. j?,»*£. •»':. i»i-.^ ir":n;aL i»;aLiiJ*i wa* but* lauflL «v.:ii^ ic ibe supply, bottle
iiUii'Liii'^ir*^*' •««: V :a'v»i TJ*fa* /ix T'i; J.: ^►fsr iwt. jtv^uk. Pr^^i? vcre laige and
i*'Mr^-*»*«'*^ vfti m»-»-"f- — «»<ir*ft-"ij^ "^ •**^ 7mj'LT».""TP«^ SHKstsSr ■magement and
!•'}<•--''<- '»ji ji:».-*rit,: -^Tic >'fr^ xt-vti.itj r^jva u^ '.i»fx ^xficvsaiy ^Riff not yet felt.
~f-i: • :»^ ^»»i I'.- :i}«> tr^ ;ift«r \ ■« w la f ifcr^xCTiftf ^i fc >^X to produce live
i» r ..t^ V 't^r^ u»ir ir** ij*^.;*^^ \ -?r*?C"W^ n z'l.aua^ i;xzL>fC^«Bt^ bcat-the-othff-
».. I »▼ ^s^rn-'' ■'/snTH^-:!'!! rut- iv*" ..7 -sj»r tvst': uujl'* j »»w*i .rwKiraKy to fiiancial rain.
"':•>¥ % r« !i> '* ^tr* ' '**' ^•^^ r vnc ru. '^in»''"r~ntt Ti.-c?r t*» ^ione, bave spent
-»M»r 'rj»*.*~.^ ii »w :»»-><i.7i* ^f^^ir*^ ii. tt^t tiC^Taftv .sm whwi derj hmve been
;»♦ - . riir-. A ins.4.. .ijc \r*na4.f*> >.hr •iv«r> :ivwiwTi.nfc- • .'ViittUai;9<Ai to produce the
Ki M '«>•<-. »* 4^1*.. ♦t'>4 :»>«j.'i»f r^js?*' *. .J* ♦*!fcc :^,t«^Ikjlf ffcrujiy t«r focL Labcff-
sa 'iiiT :*'♦ i^** i »i. i -n's lu^'/ :»'v»T 7^>?y» •*>/. 7* >«fir t !iiit«T ^ae bem scientific-
li ■ 1.' '■*»-. It -^nt*" Tia.T :% .ur :$i"t r*»r^ ic** t.^' "^ -i'T^-Tr** f;s^«» * mjttiiifactur-
iii: -v:. .' i.T "*\ I :.* ri n? '*c n.ui i .:«-Ti jf*i "«r ■▼-:ii>f«'5 ;l»e ODe t^i^i g
i. r- /. ♦^^k : in • i^ ' n u^ -<5i • -rss- ju A,v*irs».u i»i."3 nsMbje cost system.
^ '.'A > '»^ n*** !i -^ * •! *'• •>. i*: t i:» ».T^ $iT».v ^ivrsiTiiic 't'rtir "irti^y if TTcw do not
H.1 .t X \i- • .ir :rv*n> ."*»>5t- ^- \i ' t ^^mj-njfi^-tT. ttW uuwjjj^i ^ iv peuntt vender
Ml ..:•• -.r^-*** J- 1 »..MJiif^^ ^v.'VT" *^r«« ■ vn.'V ;.i>f^ ^'^^^ 4aii jiftH £; ik pKfit ornot at
-" . - 'I
*i ir.u: -^is-s*^ ^ ::.".:^ ^ u:.. nt ^^ *«^cr jivraot^ Vt aIe\^Mranaly-
VBSD6 OF THS IHDUSnY* H^^i
There is but little use, however, in iu>calliiur a i^^st j«\^<otu \u>\<vv< wwi \)«^hMUUMi»
to make any and all changes <hown to bo uectjc^^ary, Vou nu\\ litul \\ \\\\%\^m\\\ \\%
drop a foreman or some workmen whom you had ciHiutwl U^Mml>«H'tt\t^^ yu\\ iii»^ o\ni
that they are not now efficient. You may dis<*ovor to >*\>nr dintnuN thjU K t)< \m«Ui\u
you more to deliver ware to your ** best** customor than lu* is |>nvin>' Uw it . N o\» \\\\\y
discover that certain classes of ware are coating you mon» \\\n\ otijor?* lt*»)« {\\\\\\ y\\\\
had estimated. It will require some backbone to corro< t i\\\ tluv^o ibin^tH. \n\\ tim rnr.
rection of such faults, discovered through the application of a otwt »yj<toiu» lu\w f u« nt^d
the tide of fortune for hundreds of manufacturers from failure to «\UMM*i«f«.
Some have hesitated to install a cost system, boliovingihal if in not powublt^tinltivlpu
a system accurately determining the cost*s of luich differoiit ntyh* \\\u\ hU.o of holtlo.
That is a mistake. A system producing accurate rcsijlts can bo HjtplitMl to luiy Un0
of manufacture. It has been done in the bottle biisinow.
Some have hesitated because they lacked confidence in export iummhuH mitw. TIimI .
too, is a mistake. There are scores of men. any one of wlioni In i\\\ oxpnit lit Hiiclt
matters, who will give you a system built to your burtinoHH lluit will hliow tlio conliBi
and profits of each department of a factory and of ouch indivichinl y,rt)nti of hotllop
made. This service will be conscientiouHly perform od luul in inviiliiMlilo
Some have hesitated because of the first (*0Ht. No oiio wotihl lionhnlo to At»otii|
$500 if assured it would bring in $1,000. In the ordinary t>oltlo fitclory. wllhoiil h
competent cost system, the chances are ton to one that ibo roHiilfw wmiUI ho inwU
more favorable than this, and they would be porpotual.
Some have hesitated on account of the expense of operating tbe nmi «y«lorfi !,««( ^n
suppose that in a 24-ring factorv it will require all the titne of one fMhllHotiHl eh'rk jif
$18 a week — ^$900 a year. If the work is thoroughly done utui the flndlnK« pfop»Hv
taken advantage of the result should cause an avoraj<e {i/lrlifi/ifi»l pfoOf of »f l**««t
1 cent a gross on the output. Such a fa^jt^iry nhould prodiu'e at hsLif MHliHUi t(ro«« //f
bottles in 10 months, showin;; a re.niltin;; net profit of K2,WK). Hut i\t$uu> i'tifitttw uttt
very conservative in comparis<jn with «w»me a/;tnal r^Miilt* ]tritfhitt*f\.
ADVANTAGES OAINKO BY VI$K i}9 CifUr HYU^FKH,
Briefly stated, some of the advajitagf:«> of an ju-^urat^ ktittwU-^V/f ol nf<i^, tttt- th* *•*
(1) The exact cost to deliver any 1 '^fjm^ (n \9kr%*ix t\^\».u\\V'f of w»fif, utH^y \t*', H\ff*t
lutely known.
(2) Unprofitable bottles and arden ar#; *\*iUfnfitu*tA %ui\ ttmy \t** f\t*fif{fA 'ft *)**-
prices advanced to the point of a fair profit, T>i^? pr^/h t;» M** li^/t t (<'* wti\ 1^ '}/ *' f ttti tt*A
and sou^t more diligently.
(3) The exact result of any inrrr^a^ in tli#; r/M *ii \ii\ffft w toff^^fMl »^U ^m ^'/^/f
matically ahown.
(4) The cost to maooiauiiare ai*/ \^AtUr in *r#/ t^uiku^H'/ itrk/ S^ pt^^V-^/ft^^tf^A
with dependable aermacy,
(5) f^es pricK^ may b<fe Imkv^ '* '^/^.•«, \ct<\ /'^i »>/) k/^/»^ , *** \t^^it/ r/^ /w "*'•»
safely go.
(6)' Unint*?lli2«5m*» crjBttjjK?^**^^. ttAf ^^ ^\'rtt;,r,'Otfj^\
(7) Each \ifAxXh k* UEk4i>r Vr ^^iM .*.< ''/vr» f,it''.*^* '^, Xf./i, ffM f*'r<^,\:.<j( *'/,^/, ^/tf ^^t
duction^ day wfMx^ fx ^w^rr w^i ^ j^. "/. vxc^ j,*>/ •,..*<•,'/ '''*' ''-^ ""^'"^ '' ■* '>*'*' /
unfair to iMapma^ par", -d %6^ ^i^^^^. m' u^k*:.^ h <.''*' ..'• .V/* a wy.**. '^c^^' m^."'*
easily nuule.
The wofnt^A h"^- «ni'.«»u V.r *rAw^,.ir'y '//rf'j ^ 'a*! y.-' pf,',*/i jt^^itaw ?> <»
isadaiM^ieroxBacii .^^jafya* r^tt^ftn ' ,v^ ,. ^fx-^.-^^^ » ,\ ti^^ t^ Vr ;^^•"i ->»•«/
at 58 ceikSA. 4KJH . s>\ r--.*^ ^r.»f ^v, ' ; r/">w >/«i \. y,>f
KasasutzhsBL^'.^ y \ 1 *<■ v'.»'*r.wr vi v*M^.u\i\\^ ^ij.''*\\i',\ \,i,'tf,^4\u r* y,'','\-^**A f\''/\^'
ProdnctWiiijr'vw* iA-- ^»;.• V'nn«> ♦. 9 /.'/^^ ^^ < v/*-' •«/ " »'"''« *- *^' m-^*.*
$21.45; i3i> 2r"iii» *r.tT *':» * / /•'•>« ^/,*-* it '/fr -,f' y^Av ,» ^^,'r^ /^m^ */< /--m.i.'-w
round pecffrn'onion v.r u?* i>i/< 'Ut*" '.*-y.t'*<i^uu *-/v«^'./ .\** -« '',w',\ »r<A »^ i* o, ,^ .,r
list.
But wv^ aak»«* rjir V\»"* rarV*.!!/ ,»i '•» . ih/ »). ^» ♦»> ♦ ^'-I'A^ '' ' / V ' *'-"• t*
ponbtTfMiftir. '
324 THE GLASS INDXJST&Y.
In the case of the colognes, the 33 gross also cost $4.50 for boy labor, or $0.1363 a gross,
a dii^erence of $0.0363 in the item of boy labor alone, not taken care of by the per
pound method.
There are several other items of expense in the cost of those bottles which are
affected in the same manner, thus increasing the inaccuracy. Fiuiher, experience
has shown that two shops working side by side on the same bottle will vary, consider-
ably in their output. Also that a given shop working on the same bottle will vary
for one reason or another — an old mold, a new boy, or other similar cause. All these
variations directly affect the costs per gross, but the per pound system does not provide
lor such variation.
Go back to the boy wages, $4.50. It matters not what the weight per gross of the
bottles they are making may be, whether 2-ounce, 4-ounce, 8-ounce, or more, or
whether the production is 50 gross or 35 gross or 20 gross per day — ^their wages are the
same, $4.50. So that this expense bears no fixed relation to the weight of the bottles
or the quantity produced, but it has a fixed relation to the time consumed in making
the ware. Therefore the expense, $4.50, should be applied to each gross produced
during the day in the proportion of 1 gross to the total production. For example, if
10 gross are produced each gross costs 45 cents for shop boys. If 45 gross were produced
each gross costs 10 cents for shop boys.
Take gas: Assume that gas for an 8-ring furnace costs $32 a day, $4 a day for each
ring hole. It will cost practically $4 a day for eacK ring hole no matter what size ware
is being produced or how many gross are being turned out. If it is large ware, much
gas must be used to thoroughly melt and cook the glass. If small ware, much gas
must be used to keep the glass hot. So the size of ware produced makes but little
difference in the daily cost for each shop.
Suppose the shop is working two turns on a 2-ounce weight bottle and producing 85
gross a day, or $0,047 a gross for gas. Suppose again the shop is on a 2-ounce weight
bottle more difficult to make and the prod\iction for two turns is 65 gross, then the cost
for each gross for gas is $0.0615, an actual increase in cost of $0.0145 not discovered by
the pound system, because the two bottles being of the same weight are charged
with the same burden of expense.
The same illustration can be given of bottles of any weight ai\d we are led to the
concliLsion that the cost of gas bears no direct relation to the weight or the size of the
bottles being produced, but that it has a direct bearing on the time consumed and
should be applied pro rata on the nimiber of gross produced diuing any cost period.
We might consume an hour illustrating the inaccuracies resulting from appljdng
all the different sorts of expense items, according to the weight of the bottles, but it is
imnecessary, as precisely the same principle applies to all such expense items as
batch mixing, furnace tending, gas, shop boys, peanut roasting, leer expense, packing,
shipping, interest, repairs, and depreciation. In short nothing should be figured by
the pound except the single item of melted glass, the net cost per pound of which
should be ascertained, and each gross of bottles charged according to its weight.
It would appear from the foregoing that some other method of determining coflts
than the per pound system must be adopted to arrive at correct figures. One such
method is the shop-hour system.
THE SHOr-HOHR SYSTEM.
The object of this system is to include every item of exx)ense, manufacturing coets,
interest, depreciation, and maintenance, and to apply to each gross of bottles produced
the exact proportions of these costs that belong to it. If this is done, we must admit
that the resulting figures will be accurate and may safely be used as a basis for estab-
lishing selling prices.
The shop-hour system recognizes two principal classes of bottle costs, viz, specific
costs and nonspecific costs.
Specific coats. — ^The method of handling these is very simple. They consist of the
following items: Glass, blowing, mold depreciation, boxes, and packing paper.
At the close of business each month the total production in gross of each kind of
bottle made is ascertained. The production of each bottle is charged with the num-
ber of gross times the blowing rate.
An account is kept with each mold. Experience will soon determine what portion
of the original cost of a mold is depreciated by each 100 gross of bottles produced.
Based on this known rate of depreciation, the production of each bottle is charged
with the proper amount of mold depreciation.
The box-cost system determines the cost of each box produced. These per box
costs are multiplied by the number of boxes required to pack each kind of boUle, and
the resulting figures added to the total costs for each bottle produced.
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTBY. 325
There is bq slight a difference in the amounts of paper required per case to pack the
different sizes that we assume all to cost the same per case. On this basis the total
costs of each bottle produced are charged with the proper amount for packing paper.
By a method to be explained later, the exact raw materials cost of melted glass per
pound is determined. The total cost of each bottle produced is charged with the cost
of glass used.
To ascertain the cost per f^ss of any bottle, add these five items to the total shop-hour
cost for that bottle and divide by the number of gross produced.
Shop-hour costs. — ^This is a little more complicated, but easily enough handled.
Some period of time must be adopted as the unit. The hotir being short and answering
all the requirements, is being used.
Shop-hour costs are baaed on three principles, or theories, as follows: (a) A 1 manu-
facturing costs except the specific costs should be calculated on the basis of time;
(h) all costs, including manufacturing costs while operating, costs incurred by reason
of a shop or shops being idle from time to time, ana costs accruing during shut-down
periods must be applied to the total number of productive hours; (c) each ring hole
or shop must be charged with exactly the same amount of costs in the ratio of its pro-
ductive hours, without r^ard to the size or quantity of ware it is producing.
The hour. — At the close of each month the total number of gross of each bottle pro-
duced during the period, and the actual hours employed in making each, is ascer-
tained. The total number of hours by the same process is subdivided into hours on
handmade, or machine-made, or pressed stoppers, or in making amber, etc.
The process is this: Shop No. 1, handmade ware, works 9 hours (shop hours they
are called) on April 1. The record of their day's work is made to show this. A similar
record is made for eveiy shop for each day of the month, and at the end of the month
it is merely a matter of addition to ascertain the segregate number of shop hours em-
ployed on each class of ware by all the shops. Suppose the records indicate 2,500
shop hours on handmade ware for the month and a total shop-hour cost of $3,750; this
equals $1.50 to be charged to the production of each shop for every hour they have
worked during the period. The same process is followed for machine ware, or amber
ware, or blue ware, or any other subdivision. desired.
This will serve to illustrate the shop-hour cost in practice: Assume the rate to be
$1.50 per hour. If a shop produces bottles at the rate of 3 gross per hour each gross
will have cost 50 cents, wnich represents the bmrden for all manufacturing costs except
the five items of specific costs mentioned in a previous chapter. If the production is
4 gross per hour the shop-hour cost of each is 37i cents; or, if 5 gross per hour, the cost
for eacn is 30 cents, etc.
Cost per pound of melted glass. — By means of forms specially prepared for the work,
the weight and cost of each material that goes into the glass is ascertained and tabu-
lated. These give the total weights of raw materials and their cost. The production
record which snows the number of gross of each bottle made also shows the total num-
ber of pounds of glass used. The difference between these two total weights repre-
sents the shrinkage in melting. The total pounds produced divided into the total
cost indicates the actual cost per pound of melted glass for raw materials, and this is
the only item of the costs that should be applied at so much per pound.
In addition to manufactiuing costs there are merchandising costs, consisting of office
expense, sales expense and commissions, cash discounts, and officers' salaries. These
added together produce the total of general expense, which is added to the manufac-
turing cost on a percentage basis.
At the end of a month the records may show that 1,000 gross of 2-ounce round pre-
scription bottles have been produced. The cost to make, sell, deliver, and collect for
them is determined by adaing together the various sums'produced by multiplying
1,000 by the following items: The blowing rate, the mold depreciation, the box cost
per gross, packing paper, and glass, and the number of shop hours times the shop-homr
rate at $1.50. The sum bein^ divided by 1,000, produces the manufacturing cost of
each gross, which we will say is $1.10. To this we add the merchandising expenses at,
say, 5 per cent, the freight at what it actually is — say 4 J cents a gross — and the sales-
man 's commissions, all of which show a cost of $1.27 the gross, if 5 per cent profit is
satisfactory, the sale price must be $1,334 the gross.
Under the method explained by Mr. Armstrong, the cost of the raw
materials only is charged to each unit on the pound basis. Specific
costs — ^for blowing, mold depreciation, boxes, and packing paper — are
charged according to the actual cost for each unit. AH other costs,
including fuel, general labor, and general expense of all kinds, are
apportioned on the shop-hour basis. Some accountants are in favor
326 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
of including the fuel cost with the cost of raw materials to ascertain
the cost per pound of material used.
This system of apportioning costs that are not direct to the dififerent
units may be applied to tableware and lighting goods as well as to
bottles.
The cost of leering depends on the size of the article^ the length of
time necessary to anneal it properly, and the temperature required.
The labor cost of grinding, ornamenting, inspecting, wrapping, and
packing may be charged to each imit according to the time actually
spent on it. The selling expense may be apportioned on the total cost
01 the xmit, according to tne ratio between the total selling expense
and the total cost of the factory product during a certain period.
OVERHEAD EXPENSE IN MAKINO WINDOW GLASS.
Where both single and double strength window glass is made, the
cost of the metal, or molten glass, should be separately figured, as the
relative weights are about as 5 to 8. Window class is made in several
grades, called double A, A, B, and C, double A being the best grade,
and is cut into panes of different sizes called brackets. The cutters
cut the glass sheets to the best advantage, and get as much of the
better grades and larger brackets as possible.
In manufacturing window glass the skilled labor consists of gather-
ing, blowing, flattening, and cutting in the case of hand-blown glass,
and of flattening and cutting in the case of machine-made glass. The
piece prices paid per 100 sauare feet cut vary under union rules ac-
cording to thickness, being nigher for double strength than for single
strength, and also according to grades and brackets, being higher for
the better grades and for the larger brackets. This skilled labor can,
therefore, be easily charged directly to the cost of 100 square feet of
each bracket of each grade, single or double strength.
The expense for metal being computed separately for single and
double strength glass and the expense for skilled labor being computed
separately for each bracket of each grade, single or double strength,
the other expense of manufacture, including the burden or overhead,
may be apportioned by dividing this expense by the total number of
100 feet produced, irrespective of thickness, quality, or size of bracket.
Other methods of distributing the burden might be adopted. For
instance, the cost of the unskilled labor on a unit might be allocated in
the proportion of the cost of the skilled labor, which is paid for at piece
prices, according to the various brackets and grades; or the prime-
cost method might be used, by which the burden is distributed on the
basis of the total cost of skilled labor and materials of each unit. The
effect of either of these methods, the latter to a greater extent than the
former, would be to increase the burden on the larger brackets and
better grade, and decrease it on the small brackets and lower grade.
This is theoretically desirable, and the cost of the small brackets and
lower grades, as apportioned by either of these methods, would be less.
Consequently there would be less complaint from manufacturers that
they had to sell the small brackets and lower grades at a loss; but by
either of these methods of apportionment more burden would be dis-
tributed to the larger brackets than is done imder the present practice.
Manufacturers could not sell their larger brackets without reducing
their margin of profit if they should apportion overhead by the prime-
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY. 327
cost method; they would be unable to compete with manufacturers
who apportion the burden according to the prevailing practice. It is,
however, on the larger brackets that manufacturers at present make
their largest percentage of profit. It would probably be found that it
would be very difficult practicaDy for a maniuacturer to use the prime-
cost method unless most of his competitors also should adopt it.
PREDETEBMINED COSTS.
An article by Mr. Herbert B. Garwood shows that whether a factory
is operated efficiently or inefficiently can not be decided without a
study of predetermined costs and comparing them with the actual
costs, as shown by the factory's records. Such a comparison will show
in what departments of the factory there is preventable waste. He
suggests that manufacturers, acting together, should publish the re-
sults of a study of their predetermmed costs for the benefit of them-
selves as well as of their uninformed competitors. He sajTs that this
accurate knowledge of the lowest costs that have been obtained would
result in the elimination of preventable waste and in a decrease of
price cutting. Such data, if^ accessible to all manufacturers, would,
m his opinion, cause them to fix selling prices with much greater uni-
formity than has been customary. His article, quoted below, was
read before the members of the Glass Bottle Manufacturers' Club at a
meeting held in New York City September 12, 1911:
pREDETERMIinSD GOSTS OF BfANTTFAOTUItmO IN THB HAND-BlOWN GxJLSS-BoTTLB
Business,
the modebn theory of cost accountino.
The greater number of those interested in the hand-blown glass-bottle business
are agreed that the financial return on the capital invested is inadequate. As to
the cause of this inadequacy tiiere is a wide diveigence of opinion. The manufac-
turing department blames the selling department for low prices, the selling depart-
ment claims that it has to meet the prices of other manufacturers, and that the manu-
facturing department must be inefficient, otherwise they could produce at the prices
of these competitors and show a profit; and the general management blames first one
and then the other, as circumstances may be.
The true cause of inadequate returns is probably unintelligent competition plus
inefficiency in both manufacturing and selling departments, tqgetiier with an excess
or deficienc]^ of capital, due to lack of system in the general management. Admit-
ting this, is it not a matter of vital importance to manufacturers to know what their
costs should be? Not what they have been, not what they are to-day, but what they
theoretically should be, plus a certain i)ercenta|p;e allowed for inefficiency and waste,
the data being obtained from a sdentinc analysis of the business.
Without tMs information, how can they tell whether they are operating under
efficient or inefficient conditions? Do they know wheUier they are asking a legiti-
mate iirofit or a legitimate profit plus a profit upon inefficiency, the latter being
manifestly wrong in principle and Dound to result in diiaiitor? liOst, but not least
in importance, can they state for a certainty whether thoy are making or losin(2[ money,
and if the amount made or lost is what it should have bnon under tne conditions pre-
vailing during the period of operation?
The old and generally accepted method of cost a(*(?otjntinff is to ascertain costs after
the work has been completed. The objectioni to it am Uiat it delays information
until the information is of but little value and that it in abNolutely incorrect, as it
mixes up with costs items that do not have the nnnoU^ni connection with them.
As an illustration, take this incident: A shop was making 8-ounce Baltimore ovals.
About 2 o'clock in the afternoon the three blowers quit without notice and the three
boys were ordered to sweep off the tops of the Icn^rs. The time sheets had the total
wages of these boys charged to the 8-ounco Haiti more oval order, and it was so re-
coiled in the office. Is such information worth the time expended upon it?
328 THE GLASS. INDUSTBY.
The modem method of cost accounting is to ascertain costs before work is under-
taken. Then, when the job is completed and the actual figures are known, to charge
to the job the predetermined cost and to put the excess (that is, the difference between
the actual ana the predetermined cost) under an account called preventable waste,
where the attention of all concerned is inmiediately called to it.
It will be seen at once that this substitutes for tibe haphazard reckoning of the old
method a scientific basis of determination. The predetermined costs are derived from
a careful ascertainment of theoretical costs with allowance for waste and inefficiency.
Predetermined costs are therefore never standardized. Any day something may
be discovered which will change the theoretical cost or alter me percentage of waste
and thus place the predetermined costs on a new level. This predetermination of
results based on scientific certainties modified by experience is of more value than
retrospective costs based on a servile record of the haphazard.
In the first place, it has its value for superintendents, salesmen, and foremen. It
has been customary to hire men for these positions and put them to work with a hand-
ful of general instructions and then blame them for whatever went wrong. Perhaps
they were told the owners of the business expected it to make a certain amount per
year and that the greatest possible production was wanted at the lowest possible
cost, and this production was to be sold at the highest price possible. Data as to
the results, step by step or unit by unit, was seldom given them; they were hired
and turned loose to work out their own salvation. In many cases their employers
knew less than they did and could not have given charts had thev been asked for.
The modem method gives the men in command a chart to steer by. The greatest
possible volume of business a plant is capable of turning out in a given period of
time is first determined; a eelhng force to dispose of this output is then organized;
the material and labor necessary to its production is scientifically reckoned; an ap-
portionment of the overhead burden to the different stages of manufacture is made;
the required margin of profit is decided upon and standard selling prices established.
All of this information is mapped out for the guidance of the men.
As the work progresses actual costs are compared with predetermined costs. In-
efficiencies are immediately located and removed. Predetermined costs then fall to
new levels and again actual costs are compared, further elimination of waste is made;
the cycle continues indefinitely. The men know whether they are doing their work
in a satisfactory manner, not only to their employer but to themselves. The salesmen
determine their worth not from gross sales, out from net profits forecasted from pre-
determined costs. Every employer has accurate means of judging the worth of every
man in his employ. He is not dependent upon personal feeling or prejudice; he knows
what are the actual results accomplished by each man.
In addition to the help the men derive from this knowledge of what their work
should be, predetermined costs have a use and are even a necessity in forecasting the
results of business policies. Some years ago rather a high scale of prices was put into
effect by a combination consisting of the greater number of bottle manufacturers of
this country. Almost all plants operated upon a fairly eflScient basis commenced to
make what would to-day be regarded as an abnormal profit.
Thereupon a number of new plants were started to take advantage of the situation.
Had preoetermined costs shown that these prices were going to produce excessive
profits and the certain attraction of excessive profits to new capital been predicted,
a lower scale might possibly have been adopted, and the hand-blown glass industries
might have been saved some of the excess production which is to-day responsible for
much of the disorganizaion in the business. At the time no such thoug;hts occuned,
prices were fixed on the basis of what the market would stand, and in a few years
chaos reigned.
The greatest value of predetermined costs, however, lies in their comparison with
actual costs and in tiie Imowledge thus attained of where inefficiencies and prevent-
able waste, accidents, unavoidaole expenses have been foimd and how much they
have affected profits.
Suppose under the old method cost records contained an item called ** Tending
factory No. 1 " and during different periods of a year the following charges were made:
(1) $309, (2) $315, (3) $322, (4) $385, (5) $260, (6) $340. At the end of the fourth period
the superintendent would probably have been asked to explain the high cost of $385.
He would have dissected his time Dook or cards and in three of four days reported that
owing to a shortage of boys he had been compelled to use packers for tending boys
and to hire a number of extra boys for the night shift at higher wages. There would
have been more or less grumbling and the matter would have passed. At the end of
the next period he would possibly have been complimented upon the good showing,
and later it might have been discovered that a page of the time book had been mislaid.
Now, assuming this occurred in a plant making nothing but beer bottles and the
NEEDS OF THE IKDUSTBY. 329
production was exactly 20 gross per shop per shift, the bottles made duriDg the fourth
period would have cost more than those made during the fifth. Would the salesman
have been expected to go out and get a higher price for those made at a higher cost
and would customers have been notified of a reauction in price during the following
period?
This question is of course ridiculous, but as it is manifestly impossible to get a
higher price for the beer bottles made during the period of high cost the owners of Ae
business must lose the extra money paid out for tending. Knowing they must lose it,
why wait for the end of the fiscal year to recognize it? Why not immediately charge
it to preventable loss in iJie books, so that when the end of the year come^ not only the
losses but their sources may be determined?
Take the same situation under the new method. Superintendents, foremen, and
accountants are called in and wages fixed for tending. Ihe number of boys to a shop
is detemnined. Allowance is made for extra boys for emergencies. Wage increases
during the year are forecasted, and the burden spread among the various units or shops.
Let us assume that the predetermined cost of tending is $2.90 per shop per ^ft and
that for a certain period 100 shops are operated. The predetermined cost of tending
for this period is therefore $290. At the end of the period let us imagine that the
actual pay roll shows for tending $325. Turning to tending account in the ledger,
which is ruled and headed for three columns instead of one, we post as follows: Stand-
ard cost, $290; preventable waste, $35; actual cost, $325. When the end of the year
arrives and the books are closed the amount of money lost and the place it disappeared
are both known, for by the use of this system you are always losing money regardless
of what profits you may make. This seeming paradox is explained by the fact that
standard costs are always changing to new levels, so that actual costs never catch them,
preventable waste being always present.
Let us continue to assume nothing but beer bottles are being made and the produc-
tion is still 20 gross per shop per shift. The standard cost does not vary; therefore the
standard selling price remains the same. High actual cost lost some money in a certi^n
period, but instead of trving to saddle it on one order or group of orders, it is spread
over the year and recognized as a penalty for inefficiency instead of a chaige which
should have been made against a customer. .
As Harrington Emerson expresses it: ^' A waiter bringing in an expensive dinner to
a guest in a hotel stumbles and crashes dinner and dishes to ruin. Shall the guest,
besides being put to the annoyance of waiting another half hour, be charged not only
double price for his dinner but also for the broken dishes, or is the expense of the
accident to be charged to inefficiency, a general charge or overhead burden on all
dining-room operations, taken care of in the standardized cost of each dish, without
reference to specific accident?"
Standard prices must always be based on standard costs. Suppose in a plant making
nothing but beer bottles the actual cost for one period was $3.32 per gross while
during the next period it was $3.41 per gross. In wnich period would you determine
your selhng price? But suppose predetermined cost was $3.24, then wnen the figures
came in at $3.32 and $3.41 you would have data to talk about to the factory man-
agement; and bear in mind these figures would come to you as the aggregate of hun-
dreds of separate operations, so you could immediately put your finger on the item or
items responsible for the excess and take steps to prevent its reoccurrence.
If, as many manufacturers believe, present financial returns are inadequate, either
costs are too high, selling prices too low, or both are at fault. Without a scientific pre-
determination of costs, how can it be decided where the fault lies? Is it safe either
to lower or raise selling prices? One, of course, opens the way to bankruptcy, the
other to better-informed competitors taking away business. Information as to actual
costs are for the private benefit of each manufacturer. It would be folly to ask or
expect them to be divulged in a public meeting or published in any manner. Pre-
-determined costs are a matter of general interest and information to all and can be
discussed and worked over without jeopardizing the poHition of any manufacturer
taking part.
If this could be generally realized, there would seem to be nothing to prevent manu-
facturers taking up the study of predetermined costs together and publishing the
results, thus educating their uninformed competitors as well as themselves to the
necessity of seUing prices ba.sed on cost secured tnrough elimination of inefficiency, plus
a reasonable margin of profit. Wlien this is done, it will be found that a closer uni-
formity in selling prices will follow than has ever l>een secured through any combina-
tion heretofore in effect.
Other industries have followed this system of educating their competitors and
themselves to a true knowledge of costs to their great benefit. One example is the
printing trade. Such a scheme is now being worked out through the Foundrymen's
330 THE QLAS8 IKDUSTBY.
Association. Another is in the field of electricity. The number of failures among
unall electric light plants has been vitally reduced since the inception by the Na-
tional Electric Light Association of a study of costs. The window glass manufac-
turers are now engaged in forming an association based on educational lines to study
the question of costs. There is no reason to doubt that such a study would be of tre-
mendous advantage when applied to the glass-bottle manufacturing business. Is it
not, in fact, almost a matter of vital necessity and should it not be made before any
action is taken even for the suggestion of selling prices?
DETERMINATION OP OUTPUT.
Jf No study of predetermined costs should be undertaken without first making a care-
ful examination of the business and analyzing every step in tJie operations of the plant.
Manufacturing costs are the aggregate of me costs of hundreds of separate opera-
tions, and until each one of these is carefully studied and assayed and the results
tabulated it is manifestly impossible to attempt to forecast this aggregate. There-
fore an analysis of the glass-bottle business is necessary before attempting to ta\-e up
the question of costs. As each step in the process is shown, the cost of that step
can be determined.
This analysis discloses the fact that glass is needed to make bottles; that glass is a
inutual solution of a number of chemical substances, usually silicates, their solu-
tion being accomplished through the fusion of their mixture by heat applied in a
furnace. A furnace is a receptacle not only for making glass but from which it is
withdrawn in small units to be fabricated.
The starting point of the business b, then, the furnace. It is next learned that
no more glass can be melted in the furnace than is withdrawn by the workmen during
the process of manufacture. But the cost of this glass does not bear a direct ratio
to the tonna^ produced, for heat must be kept on the furnace continuously, re^rd-
less of variation in amount of output. There are also certain indirect materials, indi-
rect labor, and general expenses which continue at practically a fixed amount in
spite of a wide range in tonnage output.
There is, therefore, in every plant a certain tonnage which should be manufac-
tured in order to secure the greatest possible economy in the cost of glass mal;ing.
Knowledge of the amount of tonnage possible is the first step in the study of prede-
termined costs, for without this the quantity of raw material needed can not be ascer-
tained nor the number of workmen required to manufacture bottles estimated.
Therefore we must forecast the output of a given furnace or furnaces before proceed-
ing further.
To ascertain the maximum output of a furnace, the inside dimensions of the melt-
ing pot, the area of the ports, and the cubical contents of the generators should be
known. The reason for including ports and regenerators is that if these are of insuffi-
cient size the furnace with which they are connected will not have the same melt-
ing power as a furnace with properly designed ports and generators.
In 1868 Mr. C. W. Siemens, in an address before the Chemical Society of England,
formulated his principles regarding the design of checkers, and, though many years
with their improvements have passed, the furnaces with the greatest melting power
in this country to day are those which closely follow the principles then laid down.
As a matter of interest the pith of his article is here reproduced:
"The amount of brickwork required to absorb the waste heat of a given furnace is
a matter of simple calculation. The products of tke complete combustion of 1 pound
of coal have a capacity for heat equal to that of nearly 17 pounds of fire brick, and in
reversing every hour 17 pounds of regenerator brickwork at each end of the furnace
per pound of coal burned in the gas producer would be theoretically sufficient to absorb
the waste heat if the whole mass of the generator was uniformly heated at each
reversal to the full temperature of the flame and then completely cooled by the gases
coming in.
** In practice, however, by far the larger part of regenerator checker work is required
to effect the gradual cooling of the prnducts of combustion and only a small portion
near the top, perhaps a fourth of the whole ina«». is heated unifonnly to the full tem-
perature of the flame, the heat of the lower portion decreasing gradually downward
nearly to the bottom. Three or four times as much brickwork is thus required in the
regenerators as is equal in oapa^-ity for heat to the products of combustion. The best
size and arrangement of the briclcs is determined by the consideration of the extent
of opening required between them to give a free passage Ui the air and gas, and by
the rule deduced firom my experiments on the action of regenerators in 1851 and
1852 a surface of 6 square feet is necessary in the regenerator to take up the heat of
the products of combustion of 1 pound of coal in an hour.**
NEEDS OF THE INSUSTBY. 331
A furnace built according to this principle is able to deliver 40 per cent of its capac-
ity every 24 hours, or 20 per cent in 12 hours, and under the plan of 11 shifts per veek,
220 per cent of its capacity per working week. This does not mean that 40 per cent
of capacity is the maximum output of the furnace. Such a statement woula not be
tnie, for a furnace so designed, if carefully handled, can deliver 50 per cent of capacity
every 24 hours for a sustained period, but it does it at the sacrifice of the lasting power
of the stone and by taldng big chances on the quality of glass.
A basis of 40 i)er cent capacity allows a marejn for toinporaiy overloads through
increasing the weight of bottles being made, and is a reserve in case of trouble with
dirty iires in the gas producer. It is undoubtedljr as high a figure as may safely be
given for a season's o])eration and is concurred in by two glass-furnace engineers
connected with contracting concerns and by several managers. It is only fair to say,
however, that almost every one has a different method of reaching this result, but if
in the end all arrive at approximately the same conclusion it may safely be assumed
that curreut practice is well represented.
The method generally used m determining the capacity of a furnace is to figure
the cubical contents of the melting pot and count 150 ]>ounds of glass to the cubic
foot. The method of arriving at 150 pounds as the weight of a cubic foot of glass is
as follows:
A cubic foot of distilled water weighs 62.42 pounds. The specific gravity of a
substance being the ratio of weight between a given volume of that substance and a
like volume of distilled water, it is only ne<?es8ary to ascertain the specific gravity of
glass and multiply it by 62.42 Tx>undg. In textbooks the siJecific gravitv of bottle
glass is generally given at 2.60 to 2.90. Actual results with ordinarv fiint {)ottle glass
show figures much lower. An average from a plant employing a cnemist who made
tests every week gives about 2.415. Multiplying this hy 62.42 })ounds we have 150}
pounds. For all practical purposes 150 pounds per cubic foot will sufiice.
Having secured the capacity of a furnace in tons, and fi^rin^ on an output of 20
per cent of capacity per shift, or 220 per cent per week, it is a simple calculation to
determine the yearly output. It is next necessary to make an estimate of the waste
between ring hole and packing box and to deduct this in order to determine the
amount of packed product on which the basis of cost is established. In theory this
is incorrect. The proper method would be to determine the cost of glass based on
the output and compute the waste on each job, charge the jol) with the total amount
of glass used, and credit it with the value of the waste returned to furnace. As this
would introduce an endless amount ol* detail and complication the prior method is
here used.
The question of waste between ring hole and packing box is of great importance
and is not recei^'ing the attention it deserv'es in tnese days of large continuous tanks.
In the old pot-iurnar'e days it was watched more strictly, as upon the care bestoTved
on it depended the daj 's output. A chapter could easily be filled in describing
methods used to eliminate it. Filling in at noon all the cullet made in the moniing
so as to stretch out the afternoon's work and throwing spoiled bottles in the bacrk <3
the pot are two illustrations.
With modern continuous furnaces, recorrls of waste as low as 9^ per cent and as
hi^h as 32 per cent are reported. If glass is not used for heating molds 10 per cent
would seem very inefficient; but for the purposes of this explanation 15 per cent will
be used. Therefore the packed output fier week will be 220 per cent less 15 per cent
of 220. or 187 per cent of the ca})acity of the furnace.
To illustrate: A furnace 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 3 feet deep contains 600
cubic feet; 150 pounds of glass to the cubic foot makes the contents 90,000 pounds,
or 45 tons: 187 per cent output of packed glass per week is 84.15 tons, or slightly less
than 8 tons per shift. The number of working shifts in a fire or blast are next com-
puted and the annual output determined.
At this point the probable production of bottles in gross is forecasted. As each
manufacturer is familiar with the number of ring holes and the sizts ware it has been
ciietomary to make therefrom, it naturally follows that by figuring the amount of
glass packed daily by the different shops adju«rtments can be made in sizes to keep
this aggregate quantity in agreement with the average daily output.
332
THE GLASS INDXTSTEY.
To illustrate, let us take 8 tous as the predetennined output per shift:
Founds.
2 shops, 4-ouiice weight, packing 30 gross of bottles 2, 160
2 sboj)s, 7-ounce weight, packing 25 gross of bottles 3, 150
1 shop, 12-ounce weight, packing 20 gross of bottles 2, 160
1 shop, 16-ouiice weight, packing 18 gross of bottles 2, 592
1 shop, 24-ounce weight, packing 14 gi'oss of ])ottles 3, 024
1 shop, 44-ounce weight, packing 8 gross of bottles 3, 168
Total 16,254
or slightly over 8 tons per shift. These daily quantities multiplied by the number of
shifts in a blast give expected output and are a base for the establishment of a selling
organization. By furmshing this organization with a chart of required quantities,
the orders received daily mav be listed under their proper sizes so that the selliiig
organization has a thorough knowledge of the amount of business required at any
time during the year. If on account of the state of the market certain sizes run ahead
of predetermined quantities or beMud them, manufacturing conditions can be adjusted
to suit and revised data furnished the selling organisation, from which they can
work in the future.
The next step is to determine the quantities of raw materials needed to produce &
given quantity of molten glass and cost of the same, with due allowance for the losaes
taking place during the operation of melting.
GENEBAL ACCOTINTINO CONDITIONS.
The general accounting systems of establishments in the glass
industry are, as a rule, much better than their cost keeping systems,
though this investigation disclosed that in some glass lactories very
imperfect methods of bookkeeping are employed. The following table
inoicates the methods of cost finding, the other accounting con(ntions,
and the frequency with which inventories were taken in the glass
factories that were visited by agents of the Bureau. The classifica-
tion regarding general accounting conditions were made by the agents
and were based on their own observations.
Table 108. — Accounting CoNDrnoNS in Establishments op Various Branches
OP THE Glass Industry.
ClassificAtion.
All
establish-
ments.
213
I.
Window
glass,
hand.
II.
window 1
glass,
machine.
12!
III. ;" IV.
I
1 Wire and
Plate opales-
glass. I cent
1 goods.
1
1
v.
Bottles,
hand.
VI.
Bottles,
machine.
Total establishments
37
—
6' 9
1
26
18
Bstablishments having—
Good accounting records
Fair accounting records
105
24
20
21
32
90
25
7
22
5
79
30
6
19
9
24
3
6
8
1
21 5
1 1
14
4
13
Poor accounting records ....
1 • .^ 1
Detailed unit costs
1 1
10
?!
Estimated costs
7
3 2
No unit costs
3 i i
3 7
Establishments taking inven-
tories of—
Raw materials—
Annually
' 25
3
1 1
4
5
1
1
2
5 8
1 3
11
Semiannuallv
Quarterlv
Monthly
1
i k"
Perpetual inventories. . .
Finished product-
Annually
1
2
A
24
' \
1 4
1 ^
2
1
5
Semiannually
1 < 6
Quarterly
Monthly
1 s
Perpetual inventories. . .
: 4
NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY.
Table 106. — AccoUnttno Cokditionb in Establishmbnts op Vabious Bbax
OF THE Glass Industry — Concluded.
Total estabUshments.
vn.
Bottles,
hand and
macbine.'
27
vni.
Jars.
IX.
Table-
ware,
blown.
XI.
xm.
13
Table-
ware,
blown
I and^
' pressed.
-i
LigbUiiK
goods. '
■
I
LAZSp
cfaisfr-
8
ao
IS
6
Establishments
Cood accoantin^ records.
Fair aoooantin? records
Poor accoontini; records
Detailed unit costs
Estimated onit costs.
No unit costs
Establishments tatnng inven-
tories o( —
Raw materials —
Annually
SemJannuelly
Qoarteriy...!
Monthly
Perpetoal htrentories. . .
Finished product —
Annually
Semiannually
Quarteriv...'
Monthly.
Perpetual inventories.. .
9
4
3
5
8
3
5
I
9
2
5
2
5
1
3
8
•I"
4
2,
.1
S '
5 .
1
2 !
2 ■
3
3 ..
2 .
*
2
3 .
3 .
1 .
2 .
6
1
3
2
si
1
1 .
1 .
3
3 .
7
2
ii
t
1
a
1
3 .
3
1
1
9
ft
1
...,.
.1.
6
1
l\
7
2
3
1
ft
1
I
In the above table all establishments maintaining accounts showing
a good separation of important items were classified under the head
of "Good accounting records"; some of these employed improved
modem methods. Tliose classified under "Fair accounting records"
showed too great a consohdation of important items; those under
" Poor accounting records " showed very bttle segregation in accounts
and in some cases also verv crude metnods.
Of .the 213 establishments visitffd, 149 furnished data rej^arding
their general accounting records, 105 showed gf>od accounting rec-
ords, 24 fair, and 20 poor accounting records. Many of tlie manu-
facturers have inaugurated systems for as^rertaining unit costs, some
of which are accurate while otri^rn are merely estimates.
In the table above all establishments classified under "Detailed
unit costs" have either an accurate unit co«t nyhUtm or tlieir unit
records are of such detail that but little estimating in dr>ne. Under
"Estimated unit costs" th^/se establishments are kUtrwn whfmn unit
costs are either wholly or in great^^r part estimaU^d. (H the 213
establishments visited, 21 rejx^rt/jd (U'XhiU'A unit a^iM', 66 (^iiuxniAul^
and 32 no unit costs.
Inventories of raw maU-riak were taken annually by W) e«tablii*h*
ments, semiannually by 25, ^juarte/ly by 7^ monthly bv 22, and per-
petual inventories were k/-pt hy 5 <^,tahh-Jirru;riU, jnvenf//ri<^ of
finished products were taken annually by 1*4 iifXfi\f\\tiUtni*M\M, uenii-
aimually by 30.quarterly hy ^^. #nonth/y \ty lU, and per|#eUml jnv«n»
tories were kept by 9 *?staf/j;tthnjer*U,
A laige proportion of iMh)4i>^$iHi'hiA in i^^tt ^/jutMi indutelj-y neither
had reserves for depre^;iat/on hof ^ harmed oit uhyl\nh^ o/i ar/:ount of
depreciation, W/,eri ^Jef/r<y iaiion m Uhi fhihutitn-jl l.he htHhiifniXnrnr
is often under tr-e fai-^r ui.yt*^-uoft lUni, hi« f/rohr« hia hirnar than tl*ey
reaDy are. Thi» huoj^/X nt 4iS'^jtr..U'4 u$ ('\ihitU'4 III, l*^^^ ^ft.
CHAPTER X.
IMPORTS ATSD THE TABIFF.
PRODUCTION, IMPOBTS, AND BXFOBTS COHPASBD.
Table 109 shows the value of the production of ^lass and glassware
in the United States during each year, beginning with 1879, for which
data were collected by the Bureau of the Census. It aJso shows the
feneral imports, imports for consumption, and domestic exports
uring each fiscal year from 1879 to 1916, inclusive.
Tablb 109.— Value of Pb
ODUCTIO
NINTH
United States, General Imposts and
lUPORTS FOE CONBDMFTION-, AND
Domestic Expobtb of Glass
ND GlASSWAHB,
AND ExoBss OP Imports ovbb
EXPOBTB.
Geueral imp
impon*
Years."
Froiluniido
oiporla.
sumtitim
Free.
""'""''
ToUM. Fi™.
Dutiable
Total.
187B
•31 L.4,1171
-^
iaS32 4TU
1,1 K" m M0I3 Ml 45|
« JTsJi
S788,844
12 S12,S»
133; Mi
740,888
3»,4»
S7 J25 S 882 27
758,022
106, »1
8 031371
8 753;m
884 23
8S9,311
7 7fi2 54:
7toJ.M 370 WW
908, S57
m.ta
7 S67 O* 1Xa\ 9S3 181
Tseo,si(
8.19, 7.W
(
720,760
S 281 341 S,e9« S4a 721
8 847,417
783,915
563,501
fl "UH n99 20 142 S41 OR
773,878
ss7sa
le sw
7 iW 71 WBl? 301 S4I 7S18,MK|
HS3,504
«*'"!
US8
1 12 57a T2H5 7 734,02d
881,828
ff^
isra
42 10 TBI 750 577 7 781,3381
891,200
1
1890
882,877
!aa.m
mi
IS irtl 227 52 »« B827|l07|
888,37
758,733
1802
71 1
13 71091 S81W |«M,M3^
010,6»1
ISH
^;o7;
'.
033,141
1856U
UU
9461 38:
Ki.m
0"(
,062,221
2ffi,7T3
^
46.1, lis
Z
W 630 712
1^ 1
' i^ reoi m m i^'.m
;^i'';!!^'
?13;^
leoo
m «T 1 Wl 9M S 008,885
102,74(
14.71^ 4S1 ire^5008.1»3 2.ia^,'..i
881,584
12 S9
203 5TS 8 II in 8 2»,£38
,'.i-.'l. In
2BS,73!
1M3
220 880 8 MB DM 7 1M.81B
■IMMVi.
048 mo
l«t)4
70 am ii
224 B28 8 404 501 8 829, I3(
6M,««
IMS
18g 9, ST7b6ei K«e5.2Efi
;■;''.";:«'
712,457
4U W
iia,w
i9oe
23
'l M9 ^ B 175 wl 8 Ms'b*
:S;;::ll
'
9K>
040, 2H
im
oaoo»2CQ
402 240 4,837 7471 5 iw;^
, u.t. 1'j.i
is6,;»4
1110
aossBj 1
^
as
401 il 02- iitl
'^;;!'''';^
:
714, 157
1013
20 4491 a 032 hse
) 1 i4>* IS aetf 021 36.1 fl 4,-»,e6|
243, MO
1014
830 «7J[ 7 574 110
49S in^ 4 DB7 IW
A 4M,4S9
teu
,-.Vti7
«110!,M7
1B10
38 aS9 1 9W 812
2 241 Hill 258 au 2 037 042 2 W|308 1
Mo,oia,«n
« Product 1
m ls'^ror"^l«n7J^w7(I.t>.rt
nmlUc Rureaiiotthe Cflnsui): [inport!
andexpOTtsarefot
flacal years e
ding June 30.
t Excess
IMPORTS AKI> THE TABTFF.
335
The foregoing table shows that the imports were larger during the
fiscal year 1914 than during any fiscal year from 1893 to 1913,
inclusive. During the fiscal year 1913, the last full year under the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, the imports for consumption amoimted to
$6,436,662; during the following fiscal year, the Underwood-Simmons
Act becoming effective on October 4, 1913, they increased to
$8,219,112. Since then there has been a great decline in imports on
account of the war in Europe.
IMPOSTS COMPARED WITH RATES OF DUTT.
Table 110 shows for the same years that appear in Table 109 the
percentage that the imports and the excess of imports for con-
sumption over domestic exports, were of the production, and the
average rate of duty on imports of all kinds of glass and glassware
computed on the ad valorem basis.
Table 110.— Pehcentagb op Imports pob Consumption and op Excxess op Imports
OVER Exports op Domestic Glass and Glassware, on the Basis op Produc-
tion, AND Computed Ad Valorem Rate op Duty.
Imports,
percent-
age of
produc-
tion.
Per cent.
15.51
Excess of
imports
over ex-
ports,
percent-
age of
produc-
tion.
Computed ad valo-
rem rate of duty.
Years.o
Imports,
percent-
age of
produc-
tion.
Excess of
imports
over ex-
ports,
percent-
age of
produc-
tion.
Computed ad valo-
rem rate of duty.
Years.o
On duti- .
able
imports.
1
On free
and duti-
able
imports.
On duti-
able
imports.
On free
and duti-
able
imports.
1879
Per cent.
11.88
Per cent. \
57.63
64.77
56.23
56.94
55.05 1
55.68
58.67
58.27 .
61.77
62. 16 1
58.40
57.44
54.90
62.53
60.40
69.51
52.61
46.07
47.31
Per cent.
57.63
54.77
56.23
56.94
55.05
55.63
58.51
58.09
61.63
62.05
58.32
56.87
54.26
59.55
63.29
68.53
51.80
45.32
46.37
r
1898
Per cent.
Percent.
Per cent.
57.49
60.07
67.60
56.38
58.59
' 61.74
61.18
57.33
52.25
53.22
53.21
54. a5
53.83
55.12
52.20
51.54
36,70
32.91
30.96
Per cent.
55.77
1880
1899
1900
7.68
4.92
68.34
1881
66.07
1882
1901
54.77
1883
1902
66.68
1884
..........
1903
69.77
1885
1904
1906
8.33
5.84
69.10
1886
65.62
1887
1906
50.81
1888
1907
61.59
1889
18.91
16.73
1908
50.20
1890
1909
1910
5.75
3.40
49.33
1S91
50.45
1892
1911 '
52. 74
1893
1912
48.82
1894
1913
47.41
1895... .
1914
1916
6.68
3.65
d3.78
1896. . . .
29.22
1897
1916
27.38
a Production is for calendar year fdata from the Bureau of the Census); imports and exports are for
fiscal years ending June 30 .
The imports during the fiscal year 1889 amomited to 18.91 per cent
of the production during the calendar year 1889. This was more
than twice as large as the proportion in 1899 or 1904, more than three
times as large as the proportion in 1909, and nearly three times as
large as the proportion in 1914.
In 1872 Congress enacted a measure that reduced the tariflF duties
on principal commodities 10 per cent. The dates when the tariff
acts since then took effect are as follows: MiUs Act, March 3, 1883;
McKinley Act, October 6, 1890; Wilson Act, August 28, 1894;
Dindey Act, July 24, 1897; Payne-Aldrich Act, August 6, 1909;
Underwood-Simmons Act. October 4, 1913.
336
THE GLASS INDXJSTEY.
As appears in Table 110, the rates of duty averaged highest on
dutiable glass and glassware in the fiscal year 1894. In 8 of the 38
years it was over 60 per cent. The average during the fiscal year
1913, the last full year of the Payne-Aldricn Act, was lower than it
had been since 1896 and 1897, the last two fiscal years under the
Wilson Act.
GENERAL IMPOSTS.
Table 111 shows the value of general imports of all kinds of glass
and glassware during each month from January, 1908, to December,
1916.
Tablb 111. — ^Valub of General Imports of Glass and Glassware, bt Months )
FROM January, 1909, to June, 1916, Inclusive.
AMOUNT OF GENERAL IMPORTS.
Months.
1909
1910
1911
$.502,576
493,482
583,398
460,450
536,904
505,934
490,919
570,497
568,543
591,826
553.805
571,664
1912
1913
1914
1915
1016
January
$427, L50
375,297
472,037
491,541
627.297
550,656
4S0,9fi3
505,525
565,461
522,605
484.645
510,672
S520, 155
458,257
662,963
609,623
606, 185
626,710
63.'),646
736,538
644,345
606.582-
6a8,991
507,045
$.500,297
383, 158
489,851
504,666
501^,549
48?, 850
546,643
598,337
590,705
630,816
560,264
.512,488
$517,405
463,947
498,674
578,201
520,081
619,732
598,584
.594.160
676,401
715,70:i
678, 704
811,148
$682,632
561,420
768,349
685,185
'.08,435
711.112
7.51,896
508,157
318,392
3a8,083
430,733
429,626
$469,452
298,824
413,791
226.575
225,717
211,11?
171,254
143,920
1.38,516
242,06:i
181,017
182,774
$180,323
February
March
19:i,773
li9.8.')4
April
17^439
May
198,163
June
25S,907
July
245, 2>6
Aupu'^t
198.998
September
October
269, •SCo
151,257
November
December
257,909
205.726
Total
5,913,849
7,283,040 !6, 429, 996
1
6,302,621
7,172,740 |6, 864, 020
■
2.905,016
2,518,169
AMOUNT OF INCREASE (+) OR DECREASE (-).
I ;
January .- $37,268 + $93,005
Februafy '-* 210 + 82,960
March '+ 65,3.30 + 190,926
April + 91,873,+ 118,082
May + 1R.5,2S7 '+ 78,888
June + 146,114 1+ 76,054
July + 91,736 '+ 154,683
August + 117,704 + 231,013
September + 100, 639 + 7S, 884
Ocloljer + 126,a8;i + 8:^,977
November + ia3,783 >+ 124,346
December ;+ 111,714 + 56,373
I -$17, 579
,+ 35,225
- 79,565
i- 149, 173
- 69,281
1-12(1,776
-144,727
-166,041
- 75,8.12
- 14,7.56
- 55,186
+ 4,619
!+
- $2,279
-110,324
- 93,547
44,216
35,355
22,0S4
77.808
27,840
22.162
+
.+
+
+$17,108
+
+
+
■+ 38,990
.+ 6,4.59
- 59,176
80,789
8,823
73,. 535
+ 18,532
+ 35,882
51,941
4,177
!+ 8.5,696
+ 84,887
+ 118,440
+298,660
it
Total i+l,0S2,787 +1,369,191 -853,044 -127,372
'.; I
+fl65,227
+ 97,473
+269,675
+ 106,984
+ 188,354
+ 191,380
+ 1.S3,?12
- 86,003
;-?58,009
;-407,620
-^7,971
-381,522
+870,116
-308,720
$213,180
262,-596
354,558
458,610
482,718
499,999
580.642
364.237
179,876
66,020
249, 716
246,852
-3,959,001
PER CENT OF INCREASE (+) OR DECREASE (-).
January
Febniarv
March.;
April
May
June
July
August
September
October ,
November
December
Aveniise
- 8.02
- ,06
+16.06
+22.99
+45.66
+36. 12
+ 23.57
+30.35
+ 21.65
+31.80
+27. i5
+28,00
+21,77
+22.11
+ 40 45
+24.02
+ 14.96
+n.8i
+32. 16
+45.70
+ 13-95
+ 16 07
+25.66
+ 11.04
- 3.38
+ 7.69
-12.00
-24.47
-11.43
-19.27
-22.77
—22.54
-11-76
- 2.4C^
- 9.06
+ .81
- 0.45
+22 36
-16.0'*
+ 9.60
- 6. .58
- 4.?6
+ 14.85
+ 4.88
+ 3.90
+ 6- .59
+ 1.17
-10.35
+ 3.42
+21.09
+ 1-.80
+14.5;
+ 3.09
+ 7.42
+ 9.50
- .70
+ 14.51
+ 13.46
+21.14
+58-28
+31.93
+21.01
+54. W
+ 18.50
+36.22
+36.82
+25.61
-14.47
-52.93
-56.95
-36.54
-47.03
I "-
31.23
46.77
46.14
66,93
68.14
70.31
77.22
71.68
56.50
21.43
57.97
57.46
-$289,130
-ia5,0!3
-22i,937
- 48,136
- 27,554
+ 47, 7W
+ 74,002
+ 55,078
+131,050
- 90.806
+ 76,893
+ 22,952
-386,847
-61. S9
-35.16
-56.53
-21.25
-12.21
+22.64
+43.21
+38.27
+94.61
-37.51
+42.48
+12.56
+ 22,41
+23.15 - 11.71 - 1,98 +13.81 -4.30 . -57.68 -13.32
IMPOSTS AND THE TABIFF.
337
The foregoing table shows that, comparing each month in 1909 and
later years with the corresponding month in the preceding year, there
were m creases during 1909 after tne first two months and during every
month in 1910. During 1911 there were decreases except in Feb-
ruary and December. During 1912 there were increases in six
months and decreases in six months. In 1913 there were increases
except in August. The increases continued from September, 1913, to
July, 1914, inclusive. In every month beginning with August, 1914,
the month the war began in Europe, there was a decrease imtil June,
1916.
VALUE OF IMPOBTS BY GLASS OP FKODUCT8.
Table 112 shows the value of the general imports of different kinds
of glass and glassware during each month for four calendar years,
1912 to 1916.
Table 112. — ^Valub of Gbnbbal Iupobts of Glass and Glassware, by Classes
AND Months, 1912 to 1916.
Years and months.
1912.
January
Febraary
March
April
May
June
July
Aujnist
September...
October
November. . .
December
Cylinder,
crown,
and
common
window
glass,
un-
polished.
$75,420
58,009
98,629
87,625
77,820
80,667
87,618
72,608
78,717
105,054
71,525
73,752
1013.
January 64,176
February 84,798
March 86,041
April 110,571
May I 68,634
June , 73,628
July ; 92,731
Aucust 88,249
September 81,282
October i 96,527
November • 106,883
December i 117,066
1014.
January
February
March
Anril
Muy
June
July
August
September...
October
November...
December —
Plate
glass,
cast,
polished,
un-
silvered.
102511°— 17-
112,290
96,164
144,375
115,620
167,054
138,077
187,063
147,560
76,350
52,846
38,709
40,794
-22
125,067
15,462
20,000
15.696
22,193
21,813
14,385
24,536
22,679
20,966
30,326
27,445
31,810
19,603
27,733
33,865
33,203
85,052
18,454
27,130
43,765
68,481
80,675
91,285
84,584
57,668
u2fVaO
60,940
49,704
52,307
28, 149
27,263
22,127
7,856
4,393
1,472
Bottles,
etc., used
as con-
tainers.
162,606
51,905
66,328
81,173
86,381
83,047
67,587
72,741
63,333
75,185
84, o99
85,119
60,233
43,063
49,939
88,652
73,726
78,920
86,593
65,624
70,364
87,673
107,803
135,217
85,654
59,176
82,639
115,547
« 0,244
1,926
86,344
90,742
68,022
55,913
79,439
88,725
Bottles,
'decanters,
and
other
glassware,
cut or
orna-
mented.
163,971
66,217
68,905
60,578
71,768
69,265
88,729
103,779
94,060
106,008
04,305
69,017
81,922
63,466
76,298
82,916
88,440
84,008
112,789
107,735
126,909
139,721
99,915
113,909
76,944
71,450
82,352
76,808
66,240
77,103
83,533
55,029
32,597
30,675
66,873
49, 169
Lenses
Plates,
and
or disks, 1
optical
rough cut
instru-
or un- 1
ments
wrought,
(includ-
for
mg spec-
optical 1
tacles).
purposes.
947,084
136,091
32,129
24,186
53,884
38,845
44,161
33,522
59,151
39,828
51,281
33,227
66,257
34,487
62,556
35,602
73,093
35,197
64,622
42,802
49,915
48,651
45,823
42,557
38,420
51,483
62,992
57,833
62,079
60,062
73,571
90,085
79,302
97,609
42,541
54,834
35,455
35,964
61,640
47,582
50,801
52, 176
64,804
34,994
22,432
51,302
21,184
16,653
50,254
38,664
52,240
37,977
51,601
34,562
45,132
39,657
47,808
44,850
44, 197
58,480
61,536
40,734
65,817
68,161
50,767
50,564
59,217
24,650
26,032
24,380
56,562
47,327
AU
other.
9190,058
145,250
143; 260
181,887
144,408
144,550
187,580
226,425
223,626
216, 179
180,643
168,775
190,091
162,870
143,429
166,387
142,398
153,500
169,314
175,680
226,971
180,842
197,690
239,457
226, 169
200,364
238,530
200,527
203,625
208,959
242,786
127,919
70,832
85,111
163,573
185,486
Total.
1500,297
3S3, 158
489,851
504,642
501,549
483.850
546,643
698,337
690,705
631,816
560.264
512,488
517,405
463,947
498,674
578,201
520,081
519,732
598, 584
594,160
676,401
716,703
678,704
811,148
682,632
561,420
768,349
685,185
708,435
711,112
751,896
508,157
318,392
318,083
430,733
429,626
338
Table 112.-
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
-Valttb of General Imports of Glass and Glassware, bt Classeb
AND Months, 1912 to 1916 — Concluded.
Years and months.
1915.
January
February
March
Anril
May
June
July
AUGfllSt
September ,
October
November
December
1916.
January
February
March
AprU
May
June
July
AUTUSt
September
October
November
De cember
Summvy of calendar
years:
1912
1913
1914
1916
1916
Summary, fiscal
years ending June
80:
1913
1914
1915
1916
Cylinder,
crown,
and
common
window
glass,
un-
ix>lished.
$40,558
32,714
26,971
27,014
32,570
19,334
17,798
13,296
16,238
27,746
13,490
15,060
17,316
16,857
11,670
15,607
12,504
19,958
61,310
21,567
13,449
14,045
102,003
44,366
Plate
glass,
cast,
polished,
un-
silvered.
967,534
1,070,485
1,316,902
282,798
350,742
977,211
1,356,218
722,483
197,549
12,124
2,115
1,476
538
658
288
"2i'
1,545
160
528
4
922
104
2,350
590
2,558
1,399
260,568
511,058
480,359
7,335
10,160
321,605
727,889
98,171
3,553
Bottles,
etc., used
as con-
tainers.
«oO, 594
43,3%
69,709
62,524
45,833
65,318
50,587
53,665
49,604
51,668
41,998
62,460
60,104
53,017
62,927
81,067
76,275
123,161
86,625
76,845
62,173
57,759
59,645
65,780
880,304
947,807
1,064,371
657,299
865,437
843,397
1,148.460
816,493
766,592
Bottles,
decanteiSy
and
other
glassware,
cut or
oma*
mented.
948,429
40,294
64,862
26,740
23,531
23,490
16,492
18,203
15,192
31,556
26,612
23,145
23,571
22,351
23,900
25,134
22,146
31,481
20,512
28,798
24,144
18,684
30,168
24,355
Lenses
and
optical
instru-
m'^nts
(includ-
ini; spec-
tacles).
922,216
14,002
15,504
12,803
12,333
14,744
14,922
6,760
15,083
17,475
16,860
10,252
9,185
26,199
10,959
8,642
14,242
16,178
12,316
18,479
9,075
11,103
7,509
15,862
946,602
1,178,028
768,773
361,546
295,244
1,032,948
1,151.875
545,222
282,783
649,956
770,811
404,987
172,963
159,749
695,135
721,560
302,971
166,766
Plates,
or disks,
rough cut
orun-
wrought,
for
optical
purposes.
162,962
45,540
74,913
14»441
84,285
24,870
28,648
19,782
17,093
20,764
24,229
19,804
15,725
30,518
21,395
20,324
22,001
25,016
19,115
16,735
121,152
13,999
28,121
23,597
All
other.
8232,509
120,859
160,356
82,515
76,507
63,327
42,519
32,205
25,285
89,854
57,743
52,035
54,421
43,255
48,843
27,117
50,901
42,191
45,274
34,224
89,573
35,077
27,815
30,358
444,995
545,422
575,747
337,331
357,788
ulM, uV4
617,703
495,179
265,389
2,152,641
2,149,129
2,153,881
1,035,774
479,049
2,162,403
2,468,128
1,611,840
566,389
Total.
$469,452
298.824
413,791
226,575
225.717
211.113
171,254
143,990
13S,518
242,063
181,017
182,774
180,322
193,772
179,854
178,439
198,163
258,907
245,256
198,906
269,566
151,257
257.909
205,725
6,302,600
7,172,740
6,864,020
2,905,016
2,518,169
06,537,293
08,191,833
4,592,350
2,249,001
o Thase flxures are the totals of praliminary monthly returns and for this reason differ slightly from
the revised annual totals in Table 113.
IMPORTS FROM PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES.
Table 113 shows the general imports of the different classes of
glass and glassware from the principal coimtries exporting them during
the fiscal years ending Jime 30, 1911 to 1916, indusive.
IMPOSTS AND THE TABIFF.
339
Tablb 113. — ^Valub of Gbkbral Ixpobts of Glass and Glass wabb into thb
Unitbd Statbs Dubino Fiscal Ybabs Ending Junb 30, 1911 to 1916, by Classbs
and countbies.
Classes and countries.
Cylinder, crown, and common
window glass, unpolished:
Belgium
France
Germany
United Kingdom
All other countries
Total
Plate glass, cast, polished, and
UDsilvered:
Belgium
France
Germany
Netherluids
United Kingdom
All other countries
Total
Bottles, etc., used as con-
tainers, empty or fiUed:
Ausina-Uungary
Belgium
iranoe
Germany
Italy
Neinerlands
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Canada
All other countries
Total
Bottles, decanters, and other
glassware,cut or ornamented:
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
France
Germany
Italv...:
Netherlands
Sweden
United Kingdom
Canada
Jiman
AU other countries
Total
Lenses and all optical instru-
ments (indudmg spectacles):
Austria-Hungary ,
Belgium
France
Germany
United Kingdom
AU other countries
Total
States or disks, rough-cut or
unwrought, for optical pur-
poses:
Belgium
France
Germany
United Kingdom ,
All other countries , . .
Total
1911
1,943
95,037
162,011
1,119
948,959
730,568
37,256
106,104
61,155
5,720
121
126,115
10,877
272,205
24e,358
27,786
33,548
11,140
■ 8 441
108,371
52,782
13,883
911,506
423,616
136,468
190,027
380,674
28,119
36,940
15,333
84,602
6,633
8,727
2,319
1,313,457
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)
762
62,154
172,871
41,535
71
277,393
1912
1686,455
3,731
102,51*3
156,772
572
960,123
274,831
13,544
46,816
2,589
6,189
350
1913
1742,162
5,391
118,819
110,342
1,097
977,211
262,341
32,9t4
24,263
450
1,581
3
940,924 344,819
136,497
371
293,333
235, ItO
28,644
20,133
16,238
4,826
97,319
61,282
20,785
913,688
231,721
172,356
143,287
319,431
13,573
21,395
12,087
80,701
1,844
1,721
3,426
321,605
143,086
439
277,439
204,883
33,6l5
11,476
10,820
2,091
87,486
66,5 3
5,550
843,397
299,978
141,436
115,232
332,809
17,068
9,118
942
107,416
1,712
2,719
4,468
1,001,542
1,032,948
7,568
4,804
318,491
182,144
63,347
3,296
579,650
16,592
4,161
392,513
173,813
103,992
4,064
605,135
10,812
68,815
244,703
58,005
899
383,234
18,894
92,977
249,471
141,898
1,354
504,594
1914
$1,050,432
3,979
108,290
186,789
6,728
1,356,218
664,489
16,401
22,953
9,417
12,444
2,185
727,880
122,372
3,389
326,598
210,010
40,138
22,745
12,277
3,401
336,116
78,839
41,775
1,148,460
1915
1346,636
2,163
64,4(>7
311,360
7,968
722,483
71,443
2,187
8,294
3,472
7,350
5,416
98,171
52,580
1,178
226,887
114,343
40,714
16,407
9,401
2,758
246,368
66,504
39,363
816,493
^,028
159,641
118,848
321,3(0
19,283
10,246
336
111,168
2,396
7,509
4,060
139,097
30,886
84,597
170,370
13,113
7,540
7
86,364
2,019
8,318
2,911
1,151,875
20,794
14,807
403,801
237,596
40,126
4,436
721,560
68,354
98,832
290,154
159,851
512
617,703
545,222
6,898
4,099
165,948
104,473
15,414
6,139
302,971
12,164
52,028
244,632
184,031
2,324
495,179
1016
ta6,987
6,681
10,655
134,348
19,878
197,649
873
89
1,114
1,977
8,663
10,922
101
368,476
44,548
80,734
23,147
10,134
2,296
194,114
22,357
59,776
766,592
23,674
2,498
70,350
35,185
28,716
2,397
103,298
848
12,229
3,188
282,783
123
128,895
10,478
7,861
19,409
166,766
60,934
18,982
174,926
10,647
265,389
a Included in "All other glass and glassware" in 1911.
340
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 113. — Value of General Imports of Glass and Glassware into thb
United States During Fiscal Years Enkno June SO, 1911 to 1916, bt Glasses
AND Countries— Concluded.
Classes and countries.
All other glass and glassware
AustrlarHungary
Belgium
France
G ermany
Italy
Netherlands
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Canada
Japan
All other countries
Total
Summary, by continents:
Europe
North America
South America
Asia
Oceania. . .'
Africa
Total
1911
1912
S445,320
150,733
530,928
1,133,482
4,443
6,283
7,776
6,705
208,758
5,960
6,540
3,693
2,510,621
6,812,133
69,223
156
21,028
139
181
6,902,860
$654,375
35,150
200,032
903,762
7,086
9,924
12,154
5,905
153,603
5,612
5,284
2,e83
2,055,570
6,140,002
73,399
170
14,456
599
1013
1690,437
31,679
213,565
1,051,950
6 759
11,139
23,856
4,600
234,136
2,659
5,589
1,889
2,178,258
6,465,542
75,440
70
11,950
122
24
6,228,626 6,553,148
1914
$531,461
130,241
258,267
1,258,529
8,244
20,661
26,007
5,074
227,075
4,640
6,637
4,262
2,481,098
8,074,171
100,335
76
29,908
92
221
8,204,803
1915
$345,525
11,057
130,042
839,213
10,974
21,003
22,982
5,253
195,331
7,142
10,54&
12,170
1,611,840
4,463,144
93,780
112
34,707
541
75
4,592,359
1916
151,191
1,058
96,188
182,412
17,771
5,040
30,360
1,175
146,360
6,157
22,019
6,638
566,360
2,142,833
44,014
33
61,514
39S
212
2,249,001
Table 114 shows the quantities of general imports of cylinder,
crown, and common window glass, and of plate glass, cast, polished,
and imsilvered, during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1911 to 1916.
Table 114. — Quantity of General Impobts op Cyhndeb; Cbown, and Common
Window Glass, Unpolished, and of Plate Glass, Cast, Polished, and Unsil-
VERED, DUBING FiSCAL YeABS EnDINO JuNE 30, 1911 TO 1916, BY COUNTRIES.
Classes and countries.
1911
Cylinder, crown, and common i
window glass, unpolished: Pounds.
Belgium ' 26,574,343
France ! 18,404
Germany 791,563
United Kingdom ' 3, 831, 690
All other countries ' 33, 928
Total 31,249,928
Plate glass, cast, polished, un-
silvered:
Belgium
France
Germany
Netherlands
United Kingdom
All other countries
Square feet.
3,270,356
144,879
420,523
287,088
32,285
223
Total I 4, 155, 354
1912
Pounds.
20,547,158
38,688
777,586
3,437,722
7,632
24,808,686
Squarefeet.
1,160,790
28,275
184, 140
12,750
36,089
238
1,422,282
1913
Pounds.
19,786,225
75,059
882,864
1,968,938
21,797
22,734,883
Squarefeet.
1,121,907
76,271
75,644
2,000
3,174
6
1,279,002
1914
Pounds.
27,574,477
35,372
977,726
3,586,408
140,776
32,314,759
Squarefeet.
2,943,974
31,010
86,846
44,210
81,566
8,341
3,195,947
1915
P(mnds.
12,074,320
13,794
341,534
4,378,232
90,586
16,898,466
Squarefeet.
309,542
4,722
22,823
15,003
27,317
18,202
397,600
1916
Pounds.
404,005
18,154
66,768
1,100,915
196,281
1,776,125
Squarefeet.
1,698
154
2,222
4,550
8,624
INCREASES IN IMPORTS.
Table 115, derived from Table 113, shows, for each different class
of glass and glassware, the amount and percentage of increase of
general imports during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, over
the fiscal year 1913. The fiscal year 1913 was the last full year
under the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, and the Underwood-Simmons
Act went into effect October 4, 1914, about 10 months before the
war in Europe began.
IMP0BT8 AND THE TABIFF.
341
Table 115.— Amount and Per Cent of Ingreabb in Value of General Imports
OF Glass and Glassware in 1914 over Imports in 1913, Fiscal Years Endino
June 30.
Claaaes.
Cylinder, crown, and conmum window glass, unpolished ,
Plate glass, cast, poUshed, and unsUvered ,
Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboySi and Jars (mtrided), empty or filled
Bottles, decanters, and other glassware, cut or.omamented
Lenses and all optical instrumeiit^ (including spectacles) ,
Plates or disk?, rough-cut or unwrought, for optical purposes
All other glass and glassware
Total...
Amount of
increase.
Per cent
of
increase.
$379,007
406,284
305,063
118,927
26,426
113, 109
302,840
38.78
126.33
36.17
11.51
3.80
22.48
13.90
1.651,655
25.20
As shown in the foregoing table, the imports of plate glass, cast,
polished, and unsilvered more than doubled during the fiscal year
1914; the increase in window glass and in bottles^ etc., was over
one-third, and the total imports of glass and glassware of all kinds
increased about one-fourth.
Table 116, derived from Table 113, shows the percentage of the
general imports of different kinds of glass and glassware from the
principal coimtries exporting the same to the United States during
the fisG^ years ending June 30, 1913 and 1914.
Table 116. — Percentages op General Imports op Glass and Glassware Into
THE United States froh Principal Exporting Countries During Fiscal
Years Ending June 30, 1913 and 1914.
Classes and countries.
Cylinder, crown, and common
window glass, unpolished:
Belgium
United Kingdom
Germany
AU other countries
1913.
1914.
Percent.
Percent.
76.05
11. ib
11.29
13.77
12.10
7.99
.66
.79
Total 100.00
100.00
Plate glass, cast, polished,
and unsilvered:
Belgium
Germany
France
All other countries
Total,
Bottles, etc., used as contain-
ers, empty or filled:
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Austria-Hungary
Canada
Italy
All other countries
81.57
7.55
10.25
.63
100.00
32.90
24.29
10.37
16.97
7.89
3.98
3.60
Total.
100.00
Bottles, decanters, and other
glassware, cut or orna-
mented:
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Belgium
France
United Kingdom
All other countries
91.29
3.16
2.25
3.30
100.00
28.44
22.64
20.56
10.66
6.86
3.56
7.28
Classes and countries.
Lenses and all optical Instru-
ments (including spec*
tacles):
France
Germany
Umted Kingdom
All other countries
1913.
1914.
Per cent.
66.47
25.00
14.96
3.57
Total.
Per cent.
65.96
32.93
5.56
5.55
Plates or disks, rough-cut or
unwrought, for.optical pur-
poses:
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Belgium
All other countries
Total.
100.00
Total.
29.04
32.22
13.69
11.16
10.40
3.49
100.00
All other glass and glassware:
Germany.
Austria-Hungary
France
United Kingdom
Belgium
Sweden
Netherlands
All other countries
Total.
34.47
27.90
13.86 11
10.32 ,
9.66 1,
3.80 I
100.00 li
Summary, hy continents:
Europe
North America
Asia
All other continents .
Total.
342
THE GLASS IN^DUSTBY.
WINDOW GLASS IMPORTED.
As shown by Table 113, the imports of window glass before the
war began were mostly from Belgium. As shown by a previous
table, Table 8, page 28, the production of window glass in 1914, as
reported by the Bureau of the Census, amoimted to $17,495,956.
Computed on this amount, the general imports of cylinder, crown,
and common glass in the fisc^ year 1913 ($977,211) were 5.59 per
cent, and in the fiscal year 1914 ($1,356,218) were 7.75 per cent.
As shown by Table 123, page 356, the imports of window glass of
the first three brackets were over 80 per cent of the total window
glass imported during every fiscal year from 1906 to 1914, inclusive,
except 1911. The &st tfairee brackets include sizes up to and not
exceeding 384 square inches, or 16 by 24 inches.
Under previous tariff acts for 20 years or more, the rates of duty on
the smaller sizes of window glass have been lower than on the larger
sizes. Table 117 shows the actual rates of du^ on different sizes
under the Payne-Aldrich TarifiF Act and the Underwood-Simmons
Act, and the rates computed on an ad valorem basis for the fiscal
year 1913 and for the period from October 4, 1913, when the latter
act went into effect, xmtil June 30, 1914, the end of the fiscal year:
'-Table 117. — Rates of Duty on Imports op Cylinder, Crown, and Common
Window Glass, Unpolished, Under Tariff Acts of 1909 and 1913, and Con-
futed Ad Valorem Rate Under Each Act.
Classification.
Not exceeding 150 square inches:
Valued at not more than 1} cents per pound...
Valued at more than 1} cents per pound
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square inches:
Valued at not more than If cents per pound...
Valued at more than 1} cents per poimd
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches:
Valued at not more than 2| cents per pound...
Valued at more than 2^ cents per pound
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square inches
Above 864 and not exceeding 1,200 square inches. .
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square inches.
Above 2,400 square inches
Total.
Rate of duty
per pound.
Act of
1900.
CenU.
Act of
1013.
CeiOt.
1
1
11
l]
M
l\
2
Computed ad va-
lorem rate.
Fiscal
year
ending
June 30,
1013.
PercaU.
02.10
34.00
107.61
54.23
107.04
58.66
50.30
52.06
64.27
110.36
Oct. 4,
1913, to
June 30,
1914.
4L10
Percent.
[ 20.77
I 31.51
32.71
42.83
47.74
28.33
26.73
No manufacturer that was interviewed during this investigation
complained of the rates of duty on glass larger than the first three
hracKets, and some admitted that without material injury to the
industry in the United States the duties on the larger brackete
might be somewhat reduced. Without exception, however, all the
manufacturers interviewed claimed that the rates of duty on the
first three brackets (384 square inches and xmder) were too low, and
most of them said that foreign competition forced them to sell these
brackets below cost.
JMFOaaS AMD XHB TAUFF«
M«
The impcyrts of window elass are moo^Uy to ^dut^tv* \xx\ ur \\^^\' tht^
Atlantic seaboard, the Guli coast, aixd the Pmntio (H>«Ht. (Nnujmvw-
tively little goes to interior points. Before the wnr in Kunn»ti W^^w
window glass was iinportea to Pacitic coast ptuutM m\{\ u\\\\i\\m v^
far east as Salt Lake City, because it was cheaper to nhi]) fiHMu KuiHipti
around Cape Horn tlian to pay freight rates fn)n\ Pitt**h\U'tjh m\\\ otht^r
plate-glass manufacturing centers. The gmeral imports (if <v\ liH<bri
crown, and common window glass by cUHtoiUH <lirtti'ictH dtitiutf iU^
fiscal year 1914 were as follows:
Table 118. — Quantitt and Valub of Obnkral iMrottTM n¥ OviiNHiaff. i Httwtn.
AND Common Window Glass During thv FiNCAb Ynah ICnminm ji'ftfi^ AH, IMH,
BT Customs Districts.
Customs districto.
Rochester
New York
St. Louis
Massachoaetts
San Irandaoo
Phi jideipfaia.
Chicaeo
OhiD
Southern Calif jrnia.
Washingtcm
Oregon
Miimes.ta
Buffido
Maryiand
New
Georgia...
Pounds.
ValiM.
CuMtMM 41«irU>t«.
■- 1'-
7,9B5,fm
2,721.424 '
2;«»,435
1,949,4117
1,009,710
914, 40»
4U m
UH Tft.
lift v>\
$408,244
M4,lia
72S,i}U
m,Hin
«4,2M
44-^*4*
12,7'A
II IM
i ni
4 X^\
!< WlMSOtMln,,,..,.
, OffMha... I, II • ■ •
f£f./yiA Xi^ttf^
^MMf/|«
W, V/« I
/4, ^4^. '
'4). «t^f
iN 've,
UK
V4U4n
§4 //ft
• ' *
1
^/^4»t >W |..<Vr A^
The imports u» B/jitru^9^ru*ir «yJ V/ ^^ (//v*^ itf^ci^ rAif^^yr // ->.,-'.
glass used fcjv |.ii6i^j^3n»cc^, <rr y^jei^ ^x^^^ Vi' #r>^v^r/yAy ^^v «^ ^'^
New Yofk CtJtT sujri *uitv«- V/ -^! ^y^v.**; u<?i;,n7 -y^ ?> ^i> ^/:#>**a^
three snuJkr IWa^.asA^u.. '.r./v ^V v^ <«V ■j./ty /♦a*'..^ ^A '-Ka -^^^^m^vo^a ^a*v.-
Co., wtiki ^*«Ii^ t m*:^^ vu^ \/ :t*» v^'-^^-w^'' V* 'aa iwvti^^ *''ai(4v/r -jj***.*-
/ ♦ •
Qia4e 111 ;tit' tmriii^ v*/#<iiiiu**«>
^?naiL\v r:u' wj.*. i.^. •♦j*- v..', -» / . ^ ' / ' . .
344 THE GLASS INDUSTaY.
can sell this product at cost price, notwithstanding the fact that on these small sizes
of third single the skilled workman receives not more than $2 to $2.25 per day.
The Pacific coast consumes about 10 per cent of the glass used in the United States,
and yet United States factories can not compete with Belgium in Pacific coast market
in these small sizes at the present tariff.
Owing to severe competition among domestic manufacturers^ the
prices in some years have been considerably lower in the United
States than the total of the Belgian price witn the freight and duty.
F. J. Goertner, sales manager of Semon Bache & Co., importers,
presented figures to the Committee on Ways and Means, in 1913, to
show that at times the prices of domestic glass, especially of the larger
sizes, were very much less than the cost of Belgian glass delivered at
New York, and occasionally was less than the price in Belgium, and
occasionally less even than the amoimt of the duty.
Mr. Goertner pointed out that the wages of skilled workers in the
window-glass industry had been reducea while the Dingley and the
Payne-AJdrich Tariff Acts were in force, and concluded that ''the
tariff had absolutely nothing to do with the prosperity of the Ameri-
can window-glass worker." * The very severe competition among
manufacturers was caused laigely by the introduction of rnachinery
for making window glass and the efforts of hand manufactiurers to
meet lower prices fixed by machine manufacturers. The competition
between the hand manufacturers and the machine manufacturers led
to reductions of wages in the hand factories. Some hand factories
were driven out of business, and without reduction of wages others
probably would have been forced to quit.
As explained in the chapter on ''Industrial conditions," page 187,
prices were stabilized by the formation, in 1909, of the Imperial Glass
Co., a selling agency of hand manufacturers, which, when dissolved
in 1910, after a Government prosecution for violation of the antitrust
act, was succeeded, in 1912, by the Johnston Brokerage Co. This
latter company sells a large proportion of the product of the hand
factories at prices fixed by the American Window Glass Co., which
manufactures by machinery and is the largest producer in the United
States.
PLATE GLASS IMPORTEIT.
As shown by Table 8, page 28, the production of polished plate
glass in 1914, as reported fey the Bureau of the Census, amounted to
$14,773,787. Computed on this amount, the general imports of plate
glass, cast, pohshed, and unsilvered, in the fiscal year 1913 ($321,605)
were 2.18 per cent, and in the fiscal year 1914 ($727,889) were 4.93
per cent.
Table 119 shows the actual rates of duty on different sizes of plate
§lass under the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act and the Underwood-
immons Act, and the rates computed on an ad valorem basis for the
fiscal year 1913 and for the penod from October 4, 1913, when the
latter act went into effect, until June 30, 1914, the end of the fiscal
year.
i Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, 1913, Schedule B, p. 818.
IMPOSTS AND THE TABIFF.
345
Table 119. — Rates of Duty ok Imports of Platb QlasB) CasT) Pousttfeb)
Finished ob Unfinished, and Unsilyered, or the Same CoNTAtKtNO a
Wire Netting Within Itself, Under Tariff Acts of 1909 and 1913, AND
Computed Ad Valorem Rate Under Each Act.
(Classification.
Not exceeding 384 square inches
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches ,
Above 720 square indies
Total.
Rate of duty per i Computed ad va-
sqiiare foot. i lorem rate.
Actor
1909.
Onto.
10
Act of
1913.
Fiscal
year
ending
June 30,
1013.
Ptr cent.
32.73
r,7. 43
83. 73
Oct. 4,
1913, to
June 30,
1914.
Per cent,
23.89
38.34
47. d6
61.14
40. IS
Manufacturers of plate glass claim that it costs them the same,
whether in large or small sizes/ yet they sell the smaller sizes for mUch
less than the lai^er sizes. They claim that the smaller sizes are inad«
equately protected. Under all tariff acts the rate of duty has been
less on the small sizes than on the larger sizes.
The imports of thB different sizes of plate glass^ cast^ polished, fin-
ished or unfinished; and unsilvered, are shown in TabM 124, paffe 357#
The percentage of imports of each specified size during the fise^ yeaiv
1913 and 1914, respectively, was as follows: Not exceeding 384 square
inches, 3.7 per cent in 1913, 6.54 per cent in 1914; above 384 and not
exceeding 720 square inches, 71.05 per cent in 1913, 63.64 per cent
in 1914; above 720 square inches, 25.25 per cent in 1913, 29.82 per
cent in 1914.
TTie plate glass imported connisis mainly of the finer and more
exi>ensive grades. In the imports during the fiscal year 1914 the
average value per square foot of plate glass, cast, polished, finished
or unfinished, and unsilvered, imported for consumption averaged
$0,224. (See Table 124, p. 357.)
Most imported plate glass is used for mirrors, and the greater part of
it is of first quality, the second quality being cut to small sizes for hand
mirrors. For a time a good deal of second-quality plate glass was
imported for automobile wind shielfis, but American manufacturers
now make most of the glass used for this purpose in the United States.
As in the case of window or] ass, the imports of plate glass are mostly
to places on or near the Atlantic, Pacific, or Gulf coast.^ The general
imports of plate glass, cast, polished, finished or unfinished, and un-
silvered, by customs districts (\nr\ng the fiscal year 1914 are given
in the following table.
1 Hearings Ijefbre the Commirt«» on Wiy^ :^nd \f«»nns. froM«?<» of R*»pr<»sPTitativ^s, l'>i:r ^rhf»dnlp B. p. S40.
* See tabte of ocean and r.wlroa/l ritps ;i'om li*^i'.'JMn fiiriorips I'o pr.noipril r'jtips ti h** i nited -^fatps, ind
railroad rates froni plaftH?I»ss •nnniifar'tMrirtc r-p^Mfr-^ ti 'bp ( m^c/\ <i-\u^^ m thp >:amp r*iiip<? prp<?p-nt«1 to
the CcMiunittee on Ways and .vfi*?!!!^, Ho»is«« <)« K.«prfH*»nt'iftv<»'?, i«n:i, Wv Semon. H»ohp A- ♦ «).. Xtnr Yark.
Hearfngs. Schedulp R. p. S61.
346
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 120. — Quantity and Valuk op General Imports op P14ATE Glass, Cast,
POUSHED, AND UnSILVEEED, DuRING THE FiSCAL YeAR EnDING JuNE 30, 1914,
BY Customs Districts.
Customs districts.
New York ,
Michigan
Buffao ,
Philade.phia
Ohio
Kentucky ,
Chi.>ag3
Massachusetts
Southern California
Maryland
NewOr.eans
San Fran .isco
Indiana
Hawaii
Virginia
Bquare feet.
Value.
1,187,873
S285,902
878, 198
182,179
277,174
61,691
169,736
36,434
130,749
35,140
129,178
28,517
84,774
24,758
88,110
18,810
48,904
12,461
49,496
10,210
34,282
6,972
24,016
4,966
21,395
4,846
22,169
4,537
20,042
4,179
Customs districts.
Rochester
St. Louis
Connecticut
Washington
Florida
Alaska
Dakota
Laredo
Galveston
Porto Rio
Tennessee
Duluth and Superior
Total
Square feet.
20,231
7,657
255
1,025
403
78
136
18
16
11
15
6
3,195,947
Value.
t3,960
1,647
226
200
94
43
41
35
33
4
3
1
727,889
OTHER BUILDING GLASS.
The imports of plate glass other than that which is cast, polished,
and unsilvered is comparatively small. The values of such imports
during the fiscal years 1909, 1913, and 1914 appear in Table 128
page 369.
A statement relative to the imports of rough plate glass, made by
F. J. Goertner, sales manager of Semon Bache & Co., importers,
New York, to the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Repre-
sentatives, in 1913,^ said:
As a matter of fact, this glass is probably made cheaper in the United States than
anywhere else in the wond. The manufacturers have been for years exporting
considerable quantities to Canada, where they are able to compete successfully not
only with European manufacturers in general, but even with the English manufac-
turers, who enjoy a preferential tariff in Canada.
Most of the wire glass used in the United States is of domestic
manufacture. Most of the opalescent and cathedral glass used in
the United States is of domestic manufacture, but the finer kinds are
imported. Many more colors are used in producing glass of these
kinds in Europe than in this country, but the domestic product is
sold much cheaper.
Practically all the antique glass used in the United States is im-
ported from Germany and England. Little if any of this glass is
made in this coimtry because of the lack of chemical knowledge and
of expert workmen.
BOTTLES AND JABS.
As shown by Table 8, page 28, the production of glass bottles and
jars in 1914, reported by the Bureau of the Census, amounted to
$51,958,728. As shown by Table 113, page 339, the value of the gen-
eral imports of bottles, etc., used as containers, during the fiscal year
1914 was $1,148,460, or 2.21 per cent of the amoimt of production
reported by the JBureau of the Census. These imports included all
bottles ordinarily used as containers for purposes of transportation,
except filled bottles that were imported from July 1, 1913, to October
3, 1914. The bottles filled with wines, brandies, mineral waters, and
other liquids are sold and used again for containing beverages.
1 Hearings, Schedule B, p. 849.
IMPOBTS AKD THE TARIFF. 347
Bottles containing whiskies, brandies^ punches, beer, and mincnd
craters are imported mainly from the United Eangdom^ France,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Some Dottles intended to be used as containers for beverages, dm^^
and col<^nes are imported empty and filled in America, so that
consumeis will think that the contents as weU as the bottles have
been imported. Thus, vodka bottles come frcnn Russia, punch
bottles from Sweden, and pellet bottles from England.
PRESSED ANV BLOWN WAKE.
Table 121 shows the value of pressed and blown glassware im-
ported for consumption during the fiscal years ending June 30,
1913 and 1914, and the percentage of increase during the latter year.
Tablb 121. — ^Valuk of Blown and Pbbssbd Glasswark Impoktkd pok CoNsrsp-
TiON, AND Ad Valorkm Rates of Dctt, f^scAL Ykabs Endoto Jinra 30, ldl3
AND 1914.
n-^i WW 101* J<Jy 1 ^ ^^ct- ^f Oct. 4, 19Uto Tmai
: ^'*»* ye«r 1^13. ' i.,i3 j^^e 30, m4. |S.
Classificatioii.
Bate. VaJje. Bate. Value. Bate, Valoe. I'rl4.
IKC
Prret. Ptr et. Per et. Ptfi
Blown wtt« CO $l,*lf72,2t^ «0 fZ»,7» 4» Wai,Sg; S,2U,»» VLU
Blown or pressed ware.
deconMed. « l.«K& 730 -» 223, r« 45 T7>,«» t»».«8 «Xia
msceUaneoas, iiich>lin^
pressed ware not deco-
rated 45 414,7o4 4> n.54Z » ZSi,i!» OZ^Tta .M
Electric lamps:
Arc 45 2r,>n 4> 7,we » m *e 2#,fflft as^m
( arbon filament ^. 7^ 'r^i iT, I. '10 Vf 7*. *% 7-.4» .1*
Metal filanvnt 4S 3994,247 4; 7},4iX» ST/ fTr 2:^ .^2 ii»
Another ^^ ijJj/j'r « <W7 .-..
Total , a.'/j*,^^! f,:0,'<» 2.7I7/4S J,«7,>i5« li.
* f-f^-i-r^^^ft-
glassware in 1914. a.% f^\f^fn>'A oy tr.^- IJ'ir^vj-u of tr>f- i.^TiHUH, arr;oij/it^^
to $30,279,290, ro;r.pj^>-^l or. tr..-. Arr;Ofjfit tr.^- ir/.f/^^rtH for f:onHUfrip
tion in the fe<^-^l y-'<ir !':•::; *:; '^//V>i2l, v/^-r*- 0/f/J pr r^rit, ftofj u
the fiscal vear Ifif^ I ;..^^.7>.'>, ^^n- I MO f/^r r^/it,.
As shown by TaT»k S, pj^jT*- 2%. the pr^/^la^rf Ion of prf-^^-^d and W^mn
glassware in 1914. a.% t^ytn^A Sy tr.^- hnr^-Tyii of thf- O rj>ji.s, amount^/]
>-
The increase in th^ i/;.;x^rt-. ^; .r.r.7 t/i^* /,-•/«] y^-^ir l',iH ov^r th/^s^j
for the prerf^dinsf r.-'^%ii j/^-'Sf ;ifr,oiif»t/d Ut yJj'tH p^.r f^'Ui. \i \f^
remarkable that. Vr.o .;(;. *;.^' f\ Av hti htt thfutr-^ wfm /|^' n w-^/1 fio/fi
45 to 20 per cftr.t. rr.> .::./,:"- ^\i^t'n-U'(\ \h a\ pM- ri-Mf. 'IImm^ wh«i
a decrease also iri ^:.c .:;. y,r*'-' ^f '/iovri >f///) p//- H/*d v/«m», dw/;^ «♦//*/!,
and increases in tr..> o*vr »*^r/.<.
The imp'>rt^ of V.*;. o*"/* r» /'''^l P^' "f -^z/jm*, pl»ifr ^^ i\\n^u\\\-\\.
includes not o;.>/ *^/%, •^^f*' ^ '* lr/f,httif ^f,nfh 'l\th ]mui,th^ hf
blown ware. piAirf. .ry . >- - >/,o^r»^or / r/«// /lofl/ Mo^'M hm/I pM.:i^/l
ware includes ^.-,*>r'^*/..''< ^<'^^ f./</M*i/-
Under the f'-iy;..'-.\ <-.' -• T""'? A/* /fr/. /(•»// hu \A*uh \tu.i.n\
ware was 45 o*-r ''^-•'* ^•''''' '''" '''""" '""' '''' p'-' ^'^'1, umSu i.h^j
Underwood-Si 5 ".^.'' A-'* - ' ^l '' / '"' '"^ >/.mm/ / ,.; \h ^,u t^ufl whd
the latter ^-S ;>''** ''' ' * '^ * mmm-»J/«M/ |i,m|. ^mMi M»/: |/iwi;r
on
348 THE GLASS INDUSTBT.
duties on pressed ware much less of it was imported than of blown
ware. Of pressed tableware very little is imported and considerable
?[uantities were exported before the war in Europe began. No manu-
acturer that was interviewed during this investigation complained
of the imports of pressed ware, but au who manufactured blown ware
complained of foreign competition. Under these conditions it is
very remarkable that the eight establishments that manufactured
blown ware exclusively and that reported during this investigation
had an average operatmg profit (charges for depreciation and interest
considered) of 9.29 per cent, based on net sales, while the group of 20
establishments that manufactured both blown and pressed ware had
as a whole an operating loss (charges for depreciation and interest
considered) of 0.15 per cent on net sales. It is difficult to account
for this difference. It may be explained, however, that while the
fine grade of pressed ware made in America is superior to any foreign
product, large quantities of domestic pressed ware of very cheap
grades are put on the market. Large quantities of this cheap ware
are sold to the 10-cent stores, and manufacturers sell to them at cost
or even below cost in order to keep their factories operating during
seasons when trade from other sources is dull. Department stores
compete with the 10-cent stores in this line of goods and they, too,
buy in large quantities at or below manufacturing cost. So far,
therefore, as pressed ware is concerned it appears that the manu-
facturers in this country suffer from competition among themselves
rather than from foreign competition.
Imported pressed ware consists largely of door knobs. Most of
the cheap blown tableware and bar goods used in the United States
is of domestic manufacture, but there are considerable importations
of fine grades of blown ware and decorated blown ware. Tjie forei^
competition in this line was perhaps greater before the war than in
any other kind of glass or glassware except cylinder glass used for
window lights and dry plates. Most imported blown ware is stem
ware. Practically no tumblers are imported except from Austria-
Himgarj. Most of the imported tumblers are ornamented, usually
by etchmg, cutting, or coloring; few by sand-blast or enamel. Many
plain goblets come from France.
From Austria-Himgary comes cheaply decorated and blown ware,
and some that is highly decorated and colored — oil and vinegar
cruets, sugars and creams, salts and peppers, and similar articles.
Cologne bottles and similar articles come mainly from Austria-
Hungary and Germany.
Glassware of different colors is not made extensively in the United
States, because of the trouble manufacturers have in mixing batches
in proportions that will properly assimilate. Very few American
manufacturers employ glass chemists.
It is remarkable that, although there is more hand labor on cut
glass than on any other glass product, and although the wages of
workers are much higher in the United States than in foreign coun-
tries, the imports of cut glass are comparatively small, and before
the war considerable quantities were exported. American cut glass
is recognized at home and abroad as distinctly superior to the foreign
product. This subject is discussed in another section of this report
(p. 218). Imports of cut glass consist largely of novelties, with some
tableware, usually exclusive designs.
IMP0BT8 AND THE TABIFF. 349
Most ^s lighting fixtures come from Austria-Hungary, oil lisfhting
fixtures from Germany, and electric lighting apparatus, arc lights,
etc., from hoth countries.
The American manufacturer has au advantage in that he can fill
orders and deUver goods much more quickly in the United States
than can his foreign competitor. The tendency is toward smaller
orders, and the American merchant who imports must buy in lai^
r entities to keep on hand at all times a complete line of goo<&.
other advantage that the American manufacturer has is that he
can quickly supply ware necessary to replace that which is broken
in shipment or m store handling. The breakage in blown ware is,
owing to its fragile nature, a considerable item. Importers have
many broken sets which can not be sold at the full price imtil dupli-
cates are brought from Europe, raid this takes weeli or months.
The following is quoted from a statement made in 1916 to the
Bureau by Mr. M. G. Bryce, president of the United States Glass Co.,
of Pittsburgh, the largest manufacturers of blown and pressed ware
in this country:
Prior to the war it was absolutely impossible for a glass manufacturer to compete
with a foreign manufacturer on blown ware for table use, and the only eoods that could
be sold by American manufacturers were those of original design and certain staples
which it paid a dealer to get quicttly instead of waiting for importations. * * *
There is very little, if any, pressed glass imported into this country, consequently
the glass men are not very much int<?rested in a tarifif on that end of the business, and
as far as I can learn no manufacturer is anxious for any tariff except one that would
make the cost in America and Europe equal; that is to say, the Europ^ean goods laid
down, plus the tariff, should not be any cheaper than what are made in America.
In regard to our foreign business, prior to the war it was simply impossible to do
any great volume of business in any foreign country. Anything that was made by
the foreigner could be exported by him to the different sections at a very much less
cost than an American manufacturer could export it. All of our foreign business
consists of goods either of special design or a kind that is not made by foreigners.
The following is quoted from a statement made by Mr. Ernest
Nickel, secretary-treasurer of the same company:
The total cost of the material here and abroad would average about the same, some
costing more and some less, but the difference in labor costs is so great that protection
to take care of the differential should be provided. Undoubtedlv our emplovees, as
a whole, live better and have more comforts than their foreign brethren ana conse-
quently require larger eamint^s, but this does not alter the fact that our costs are just
BO much higher, and, therefore, must be considered. ♦ ♦ ♦
In the pressed ware we have not, up to the present time, had the serious competition
that we have in the blown lines, as the foreign manufacturer has not taken up that
line so energetically. However, as to blown ware, the dil'for(»ntial in tho wii)tvn (»arnpd
is so great that the American manufacturer is unabln to ovorrnmo tho (llfforonrn, with
the result that the foreign manufacturer is able to prodticc^ and lay down bin k»»oH« in
New York at a less price than tho Am^^rican niaimfiirftiti'r vnn pm\\\v\> thotn, tttui thin
is certainly a condition which whould not cxlfit. Tim frjwmil'mMutti of jjIaw t)f nuf
character is an art and the man rnuHt ha a Hkillod worMtinti.
It looks to us that the way to find out what prnt<n<tlnn pIimhIiI lm Um^w** Whmtul M^y
industry is the creation of an imp'irtial tariff corninlnfllun fluH \\\\\ \\\\^\y^\\i'\\\\ hivrpll-
gate every phase of a business, and then if they find rt»i lihlnoh \ \\\\\\ \\ \f» «»Ml|lh»<l to
protection, so that it mav live and flojiri^li in llils «miimH» \ -muI \sv rt IumumU <o il» t'ltl-
zens at large, tariff to the m*rci*:viry refjiilfi'inmH bhiMthl lu* hh^littv^t wiul phould \si
least equalize the differonee in wii<'*o '1 hia ttii>l)t>«ti \\\^\\\\\ w^^i v\\\\\\\\t\U^ roM^iMW
competition but would simply H<-rve (,o |j1«« u I ht. \«m..»I»«u\ Mt«uu«u»n\tU'» \«h ttiUMnml
basis in the cost of wages witJi Om- Kun.)nmii Mi<nnii«h \\\\\\ \\ \\\^\\\\\ oMll t»n up to
the American manufacturer toffrivi- In mimImi tn.n ».H\»u b» |uiMh»»»« il»*» lumt nuality
of ware and not permit hini^'lf to fitll lutiliiil Inn Ii.m tMtUHtl<«« ttihto \\\ ttow UltutH or
improved methoas. ♦♦'»•'
350 THE GLASS INDUSTKY.
The American manufacturer will undoubtedly appreciate anything tW is done
which may help to place our blown- ware branch of tne business on such basis that at
least a reasonable return on the capital invested can be earned.
The following is quoted from a statement made later in 1916 by Mr.
Nickel:
Replying to your recent inquiry as to why there is so little competition from abroad
in the pressed-ware branch of our business, which carries a duty of only 30 per cent,
against the blown ware, which carries a duty of 45 per cent, would say that this is
probably due largely to the fact that in producing pressed ware there is a very heavy
investment in molds necessary, whereas in blown ware this is not required; and,
inasmuch as labor is so much lower abroad than it is in this country, blown ware could
be produced in Europe so much more cheaply that manufacturers there have had
no incentive to go as heavily into the production of the cheaper pressed lines.
From your going over our affairs you will probably recall that our investment in
molds is one of our largest expense items. There is another reason, possibly, and that
LB that sometimes a manufacturer makes a heavy investment in molds and gets out a
line which he may think is a splendid one, and yet later on it may not find favor with
the trade. You can see in this event that a manufacturer could easily make quite an
outlay of money and not receive anjrthing like an adequate return. Of course, there is
some pressed ware made in Europe, but it has never been developed as in this country.
Labor conditions, undoubtedly, have a great bearing on this whole matter.
With reference to the blown ware, for instance, the European manufactmer has been
enabled to lay his product down in a port like New York City for a less price than the
American maufacturer could produce a similar article. AJl this shows the neces-
sity for a reasonable protection to such an extent thit the differential in wages between
Europe and this country is taken care of.
We have enjoyed a splendid business in all lines and, while a great deal of this is due
to prosp2rity wnich is existing in the country to-day, there is no question that the
artificial protection by which we are surrounded, owing to the European war, has
enabled tne blown-ware manufacturer for the first time in many years to get a fair
price for his product.
It would certainly be a fine thing if the Government would go into this matter thor-
oughly and appoint a compatent, nonpirtisan tariff commission, which would inquiie
and investigate thoroughly the various industries, and then recommend a protective
duty, simply to the extent that the American manufacturer would be placed on an
egual basis with the Europ2an manufacturer — i. e., however, only to the extent of the
differential in wages. Personally I do not think that any industry should be pro-
tected to any such extent where it eliminates fair competition, whether it be at home
or from abroad.
Mr. George M. Stiegler, secretary of Oscar O. Freidlander, a New
York importer, in a statement made to an agent of the Bureau in
1916, said:
The lighting goods imported are fine in quality. Lamp shades are produced cheaper
abroad. The domestic factories can not meet the competition on 10-inch roimd-top
domes or on green shades white on the inside. Electric shades of foreign make are
better but dearer, and the American public buys the cheaper article. Inverted
bowls of foreign make are finer, but they are made in America for a much cheaper price.
Glass prisms for chandeliers or candelabra are not produced at all in the United States.
Mr. Rudolph Kirschberger, secretary of Kirschberger & Cole, New
York, importers, in a statement made to an agent of the Bureau in
1916, said:
Impbrted lamp chimneys, even with the reduction in dutv from 60 to 45 per cent,
can not compete with the product of the Macbeth-Evans Glass Co. of Pittsburgh, in
western temtory, on account of freight rates, but imported chimneys are sold in the
East, and much is sold to the Standard Oil Go. We import cases of 24 dozen chimneys,
to save ocean freights, which would be greater were the package smaller. People out
West want batches of 6 to 12 dozen that can be handled easily, so do not buy imported
chimne3rs.
IMPOSTS AND THE TABIFF. 351
Mr. William R. Noe, of William Noe Sons, New York, importi^ni,
in a statement made to an agent of the Bureau in 1916, said:
Before the Europ3aii war, American manufacturers complained about th^ imp^irta^
tion of Rochester chimneys, 10-inch cones, and air-hole chimneys for ga«. On tur-hrA^
chimney No. 198 the Macbeth-Evans Co. began cutting by reducing? thaprir,^ trfMn
60 to 55 cents a dozen. Then the importers dropped to 50 cents a dozen . Thun about
May or June, 1914, the Macbeth-Evans Co. took an order at 46 cent0.
There are fluctuations of price in various lines. In December, 1915, all tatcUmMt
sold lantern globes at 15 cents a dozen, in July, 1916, sold them at ^ centM and up p^
dozen. The Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., of Pittsburgh, and Gill db Co., of VhihAelpisz,
fix the prices. These lantern prlobes have never been imported.
Silvered-glass reflectors sold in December, 1915, at 80 and 1 off. Now, in July, IDI<I,
the discount is only 60 and 10. None of these reflectors are imported, so the prii* M
absolutely fixed here. American manufacturers of cheap crystal lamp iihad«« 1mv«
put the importers out of business in this line.
Another New York importer, Mr. H. D. McFadden, Haid in 1916:
The imports of illuminating glassware are in high-price gor>d.H. Thft Cftmnum and
medium grades are made as cheaply in the Uniterl States as in Europe, Th« tronht^
with many American manufacturers \s that they want to do btL<Hn«'fwi rm a bi^ ^fzlf^
and make all kinds of glassware, fine as well as cheap. Thin (rAimm hcAvy cffrnpf^titum
but affects the quality.
STATISTICS OF DCPOBT8 FOB COVBVUFTIOV.
Tables which follow show the imports for rrori«umptiori rjf ItJam
and glassware during the fiscal years ending June 30, IS06 to 1016,
inclusive. These tables show tne quantity, total valu#?, vaJni* per
unit of quantity, duty paid, rate of duty, and actual and (unnvnU^
ad valorem duty on the principal clas^as of glans imrxirtM, ad UAUmn:
Table 122, cylinder, crown, and common w'ludffw {pa>^« UhfHtMtHl;
Table 124, plate gla*-*^. rast, polirhofi, fini-h^d or iinfinr-n/'d, and
unsilvered; Table 125. bort]*-^ and viai-,, fiot ttnmuu'MU'A, arid AMm^
Johns and carboys, all empty: TaM^ 120, botll/^H, d/rcant/^r^, aiul all
articles of glass of every description, ornarrHrnt^rd or (U'futttLtt'A in any
manner. Followirig tf.e fir-^t (A th^**-.^* tabj/^ i^ Tabk VlZ; which
shows the proportion that .Tfi^p^^rt* of j(J/t>^. of tli/; f/r^t it^t-jf^ hrHr:kf:U
was of the total irr.p-'irt- of ^'AifAt't. iiT<f%u. t%tA f-ouiUiou wjA^/w
glass, unpolished.
These tables are foll'.v*^ hy oiij-r taM/^- wh>h -how Uj: ,fr;;yyft*
of all other gla?-« aM srU—'Aair*: for cof,M;rr,o*y/f;, /^hr.f// •r,*- fz-yi^l
years ending Jur^ :,'! :v/f Ia,',/;/-;, *>*r ff ' /f//, 'i'9i%t,f. /\^\r,*u
tariff), and 10I4 Ur.^^rjrvyyi^-r^r^rr.ofU ^ntA*. ^iu^ f>/'*o^ir.f '/, \Ki:/,j,
The value of nr^iyr-t t.:A *:,<- ^-/^r^;//- f/^t,y,uA */i v;>Jof '////*♦/-. *A
duty in each jtrnj x:^ *:.^rt :, f^f *;> fo#>//y,„',/ tW^ii^, of j/l//--^ mA
other than that u-r *'/^ : v, ,;. 7^,,,^ ,:</ T^M^ l/H, \t\hSi'^\n'f»*> ffHtt-p
than that sp^^.f .^: ,.-. 7^,,^^ ,/.j 7.-.',,^ ;i^'^ J^v^Mi- , yn^P, /(/ ttnihhh-'
carboys, and ^-lt-. :. ^ -, '7^',^. , ;% // /y;;/.^iv'/' fhf'i'*t1f*^ *»*f*-' '/»
glass not showr. ,r. •;> f'r y^ - / v, o / /
352
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 122. — ^Imports of Cylindbr, Crown, and Common Window Glass, Unpol-
ished, Entered for Consumption, Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1896 to
1915.
Fiscal year and classification.
1896— Wilson Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches
All above 24 by 36 inches
Total
1897— Wilson Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 1 6 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches
All above 24 by 36 inches
Total,
1898— Wilson Act to July 24, 1897; Dingley
Act Afterward.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches
Above 24 by 36 inches
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 inches
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 inches
Above 40 bv 60 inches
Duty
per
pound.
Cents.
1
II
2
2J
Poimds. Value.
Duties.
Aver- Com-
aee puted
value adval-
per I orem
pound. I rate.
Total.
1899— Dingley Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 bv 36 inches
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 inches
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 inches
Above 40 by 60 inches
Total.
1900— DiNOLEY Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 16 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not e^cceeding 21 by 36 inches- •
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 inches
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 inches
Above 40 by 60 inches
Total,
1901— Dingley Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 inches
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not ccceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 inches
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 inches
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 inches
Above 40 by 60 inches
Total.
-- I
13,154,689 I $332,453
15,373,922 | 233,441
12,318,075 1 213,926
3,870,802 , 72,864
9,463,366 i 210,205
1131,547
192, 174
215, 566
77.596
201,097
ia025
.015
.017
.019
.022
1
a
2
2i
54,189,854 1,062,889
14,337,508
15,291,388
12,895,821
4,140,380
9,774,275
380,426
237,670
231.752
81,848
227,465
56,439,464 ;1, 159, 161
if
II
i»
2
3
3
4
1,035,996
11,248,185
1,239,593
9,634,752
W9,724
7,670,415
301,788
2,300,256
688,859
2,685,627
1,284,246
90,053
39,130,094
1|
ll
2|
2]
3|
3i
4f
15,203,738
13,5a5,227
9, 569, 48 J
2,583,378
2,642,829
1,835,799
120,223
45,520,677
li
ll
2|
2l
3|
H
19,173,525
15,611,691
8,96i,8l8
2, 446, -80
2, 722, 855
2,019,901
135,797
51,073,972
13,256, 312
9, 525, 835
3,(i82,572
756,811
646, 427
356, 810
11,852 I
25,092
364,292
19,020
173,165
18,666
154,824
6,588
61,709
17,850
68,548
34,315
2,940
927,009
605,736
273, 5a5
217,600
66,328
69,687
67,419
6,186
817,980 .020
143,376
191,142
225,677
82,808
207,703
850,706
10,360
164,663
15,496
180,652
16,620
182,172
6,036
66,132
14,ai8
90,640
49.765
3,966
791, 13«
1,196,461
678,632
376,916
246,561
75,445
82,774
65,558
4,852
1,530,638
462, 869
264,430
124,668
28,837
24,218
17,190
484
28,Z36,619 j
922,696
209,052
2.54,348
227.275
74,272
89,196
71, 137
5,260
930,640
263,636
292,719
212,891
70,334
91,896
78,271
6,941
1,015,688 .030
182,274
178,610
87,461
21,758
21,817
13,826
519 I
Peret.
39.57
82. :»
10a77
106.49
95.66
,027
,016
018
,020
,023
021
.023
.ai3
.020
.021
.026
.026
.031
.051
.027
.036
.024
.028
.031
.030
.0''2
.036
.035
.028
.033
.038
.037
.048
.041
606,265 I .032
76.98
37.69
80.42
101.17
91.31
73.39
.024
41.28
.032
42.45
.015
81.45
.017
10i32
.019
89.(0
.020
117.66
.021
91.60
.022
127.89
.025
82.01
.021
151.81
.026
14.101
.032
134.90
85.34
41.34
93.00
10i45
111.98
127.99
123.89
85.03
77.77
38.85
77.66
8&a6
93.23
111.12
119l;«
122,46
66.36
.39.38
67.55
7a 15
75.45
9a 09
8a 43
107.25
54.87
IMPONB AKD TBM TAUFF.
86ft
Tahi^b 122.^Ii90«tb op Cn^NDBv, Crown, Aiii> Gommow Window QtiiMi tTH»ofa»
IRHSD, EnTISRBD FOB C0N3DMmQN, FISCAL YBA.B8 BnMNG JuKB 30, 1886 TO
1915— -Contmiied .
ytiol year md chHgiflmtton.
19(0— DmoLKT Act.
Notexce««n(10bjl6iwAMt
Above 10 by 15 and noteKoeeilng If by U tiMbe?
Ab Te26by24andDotexoeediJi€94by90incbes
Above 34 by 30 and not exceeding 34 by M inebes
Above 24 by 30 and not e xoeeding 30 by 40 incbe!<
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 00 inebes
AbovelObyeoinfbes
TotaL.
1903— DoroLXT Act.
KotexoeadiqglObytlincbie
Above 10 by 15 and not exoeedlniE l# by M inebes
Above 16 by 94 and not exceeding 24 by tOincfaes
Above 34 by 30and notexeeeding94 by Miocbes
Above 34 by 36 end not exceeding 30 by 40 Inebes
Above 30 ^ 40 and notesiMdiog 40 by QOiociies
Above4Oby00ina|i^
Total*
1904— DnroLST Act.
Duty
pjund.
11
1
3
3
3
3
. 4
Not exceeding 10 by 15 indaes
Above lOby }5 and not exceeding 10 by 31 inebes ,
Above 16 by 34 and not exeeeding 34 by 30 inches !
Above 24 by 30 and not f veediM ^ by 3« i netee
Above 34 by 96 and not exondbg 30 by 40 i ncbes
Above 30 by 40and not exeaediBC 40 by OOioshes
Above 40 by OOindMS.
Ddmlst Act.
NotexeeedinglOby 15 inebfl!!
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding lA by M inebes
Above 16 by 3t and notexoeeuingdt b7 iO inches
Above 94 by 30 and not exceeiianff 14 hy M i aches
Above 34 1^ 36 and not exceeding :)0 by 44) i nches
Above 30 by 40<uid not esoeeding 10 by dO inches
Above40by60facfaes.
Acs.
I
Not ujcnedfng 10 by 15 inebea.
Above 10 by 15 and m» exceeding M ^y 24 ;nrh<^
Above 16 by 34 and not excnding 2i »y ui , nohfa
Above 34 by 30 and not exceeding 24 ly :\ts inches
Above 34 by 38 and not exceeding :iO )y 40 inches
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 r>y aoiiiehes
Above 40 by 60 inches.
AfiT.
Koi ex ee eifing 10 by 16 inciMs
Above 10 by 15 and notexoeeding ifiny Ui n#>h^
Above 16 by 34 and not exoeerjing J4 -^y ;0 1 w^hps
Above 34 by 30 and notexoeeding 24 ' >y ^ i n/'hes
Above 34 by 36 and ootexoMfiin^ .to • >y m) • ur'hp^
Above 30 by 40 and natesoeeding Ui by m i ncnfls
Above 40 k^ao inebes t
Total '.
Pounds.
1,49V, 443
1,501,647
061.048
37^340
,51,011,740
11
I
3
3
4
L
,506,970
13,3N0,730
^,406,564
3,773.013
3,430,703
1,153,360
55,735
01,306,060
If
l]
VMoe*
094,439
407,504
330,585
57,903
50,108
30,398
1,633
1,797,589
719,937
553,301
335,613
79,M91
73,437
38,746
3,908
Outiee.
0387,480
810,454
157 987
43,534
50,881
85,615
1,193
Aver*
agv
valui
per
pjund.
00.090
.099
• 'SI6
.089
.089
.040
.080
931,888
394,450
439,014
199,633
79,734
01,701
080
<081
.094
.988
.099
.034
.070
pitted
ad val*
orem
rate.
51.38
99.70
113.^
115. 'H
63.30
1,708,883 ;i,101,657 , .090 I 60.33
5f=-rT
30,388,746
18,-W7;T73
7,131,987
3,017,100
1,921,493
1,335,830
95,818
015,740
411,138
1^,034
55,006
51,860
40.006
3,300
1
380.303
366,371
• WW
04,X5O
51.763
4,198
.000
.ora
.037
.037
.037
.080
.035
45.S8
85.41
M9. 61
135.07
130.13
136w80
51,^^,183 1,366,318
307,336
l«»,il7 (
31,71.5 I
19,.ii:J
5,914,057 [
3, 163, tl3 i
66K,435
6f»,30) .
174,264
685 I
8,238
133
114,960
110,888
5l,.J67
1H/J30
32,:iH3
6,75.^
30
.0«J7
37.41
.038
67.96
.034
60.35
.0$^
<«. 17
.030
1U.96
.(H7
>e.()7
.MS
33.70
17,M.3,039 503, 7W 335,301 .038 54.7%
}|
30, 1<VI,W
X, 107, \M
3, "ff^, 'V'»2
')!4, M2
339, .63
7^ <M2
377 W^
35i, 010 ^
I,-»2,i¥»
i;<M^ <i9
QO .u.'i
A.\.'%r/> 1
aH^2X7
33, \:if) *
37, »91
J3,.>i0
9.2H.i
13
13
.030
.031
.030
.040
.044
^Vl7
»«.06
73.00
'^. 77
71.20
100.00
.34, 073,430 1,2«Q, 170 103. 076 .037 46.30
If 16,143,735
1? 9, /2«, .74
3,4>;,a72
1.2«8
vIO, 2«2
iM,^04
ill, 100
34, i73
26, '>4 <
331,963
1X2, U>3
k2,.i«9
2«,'f'0
23,''24
f^ .OS
.16
.<W3
.a>4
.<)72
41.06
.0
i3
'•.0
>0
71. -^
•W.'iO
71.
74.
31, iH«;, 7nn r^, vyr .si"), «:?
'Kl
53 -5
1025U*— 17 »
354
THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Tablb 122. — Imports of Ctunder, Crown, and Common Window Glass, XJNPOir
isHED, Entered for Consumption, Fiscal Years Ending Jxtne 30, 1896 to
1915— -Continued .
Ftacal year and olamfflmtlon.
19QB— DuroLsr Act.
KotezoBedlnfflObjISiiicfaes
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 Indies
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by SOlndws
Above 34 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 Indus
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 80 by 40 indies
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 indies
Above 40 by 60 indies
Total.
1900— DiNOLZT Act.
Not exceeding 10 by 15 indies
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 14 indies
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 indies
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 indies
Above 30 by 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 indies
Above 40 by 60 indies.
Total.
191&— DnroLET Act to Aug. 6, 1909; Patns-
Aldkich Act Ajtebwabd.
Not exceeding 10 by 16 indies
Not exceeding 150 square indies:
Valued at not more than 1} cents per pound
Valued at more than 1^ cents per pound
Above 10 by 15 and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square indies:
Valued at not more than If cents per pound.
Valued at more than If cents per pound
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square indies:
Valued at not more than 2| cents per pound.
Valued at more than 2| cents per pound
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 36 indies
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square indies .
Above 24 by 36 and not exceeding 30 by 40 inches
Above 864 and not exceeding 1.200 square indies.
Above 30 bv 40 and not exceeding 40 by 60 inches
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
indies
Above 40 by 60 inches
Above 2,400 square indies
Duty
per
pound.
Oenit.
I
I
3
3
4
Total.
1911— Patitb-Aldbich act.
Not exceeding 150 square inches:
Valued at not more than 1^ cents per pound.
Valued at more than 1^ cents per pound....
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square inches:
Valued at not more than If cents per pound.
Valued at more than If cents per pound
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square indies:
Valued at not more than 2| cents per pound.
Valued at more than 2| cents per pound
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square indies. .
Above 864 and not exceeding 1,200 square inches.
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
Inches
Above 2,400 square Inches
Total.
I
3
3
4
all
Pounds.
14,890,395
6,609,243
2,891,768
412,668
883,508
185,428
240
24,272,219
14,400,477
5,163,189
2,230,728
436,965
404,105
115,607
3,574
22,754,650
87,030
1,826,860
13,373,898
804,727
1,021,550
6,786,722
62,156
182,289
2,114,764
89,086
886,564
15,114
841,824
14,889
170,600
150
4,200
Value.
6352,689
178,168
77,384
14,622
13,238
7,154
18
543,273
447,510
141,411
66,141
14,300
17,179
6,036
236
692,803
25,690,427
1,941,648
13,420,505
1,716,655
6,848,821
903,103
3,226,000
759,530
508,738
280,690
2,622
29,698,312
1,447
24,814
800,630
6,248
16,764
156,705
1,627
3,441
70,181
996
18,011
708
15,484
785
8,586
20
309
Duties.
$197,868
123,928
56,804
11,864
11)333
5,348
11
406,940
198,007
96,810
53,960
13,563
13,639
4,479
156
378,684
711,741
36,533
895,840
37,350
185,999
17,436
111,198
24,900
23,229
13,795
121
825,381
1,197
22,836
183,877
6,714
17,877
106,501
1,476
4,101
50,236
1,134
9,355
510
11,109
577
6,785
7
178
435,300
34,371
184,533
80,041
138,416
30,830
76,618
30,887
19,459
10,526
111
Aver-
age
▼aiae
per
pound.
to. on
•037
515,180
• CBl
.040
.063
.075
Com*
puted
adval^
oiem
rate.
.033
.081
.037
.030
.033
.043
.052
.063
.081
.017
.014
.029
.021
.016
.027
.026
.019
.088
.035
.047
.045
.063
.48
.188
.074
.038
.014
.039
.016
.037
.019
.034
.033
.089
.046
.046
.088
Perd.
43. 1»
6e.M
73.40
8LU
81.77
n.»
74.91
44.25
68.46
80.10
80.25
79. 3»
74.21
69. 1»
54.65
82.70
92. 0»
47.07
91.45
106.64
69.20
90.73
119. 1»
n.6i
112.8^
ai3
73.56
7L96
73.50
78.48
83.80
57.77
69.75
91.51
46.63
109.84
69.04
116.60
68.90
83.89
8S.77
82.95
92.10
68.42
• July 1, to Aug. 6, 1909, under act of 1897. h Aug. 6, 1909, to June 80, 1910, under act of 1909.
IMP0BT8 AKD THB TABIFF.
355
TaBUE 122. — ^IlfPORTS OF GTLDfDSR, CbOWN, AND GOMMON WiNDOW GlASS, UnPOIt
I8HED, Entbbbd FOR OoNSUifRiON, FtscAL Ybars Endino Junb 30, 1896 TO
191&— Goatmaed.
Fiscal year and dasrifleatkni.
1913— Patmb-Au>iicb Act.
Not exoeediiig ISO square iDcbes:
Valued at not more than 1} cents per poond.
Vahied at mora than 1^ cents per poond. .. .
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square indies:
Valued at not mora than 1} oencs per poond.
Valued at more than 1} cents per pound. . .
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square Inches:
Valued at not more thui 3| cents per pound.
Valued at more than 3| cents per poond
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square inches . .
Above 864 and not exceeding 1,200 square inches .
Above 1,200 and not exoMding 2,400 square
indies.
Above 2,400 square inehes
Total..,
1013— Patms-Alducb Act.
Not exceeding 150 square inches:
Valued at not more than Ij^ cents per pound.
Valued at more than 1| cents per pound...,
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square inches:
Valued at not more than l| cents per pound,
Valued at more than 1^ cents per pound
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches:
Valued at not more than 2| cents per innind ,
Valued at more than 2| cents per pound... .
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square inches . .
Above 864 and not exceeding 1.200 square inches ,
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
inches
Above 2,400 square inches
Duty
pt'Hind.
Total.
1914— Fatne-Aldbich Act to Oct. 4, 1913;
Undebwood-Sdcmons Act Aftebwasds.
Not exceeding 150 square inches:
Valuea at not more than 1} cents per pound.
Valued at more than 1^ cents per pound....
Not exoeedine 150 square inches
Above 150 and not exceedmg 384 square inches:
Valued at more than 1| cents per pound
Above 150 and not exceeding 384 square inches. .
Above 384 and not exceeding « 20 square inches:
Valued at more than 21 cents per pound
Above 384 and not exceealng 720 square inches. .
Above 720 and not exceeding 864 square inches. .
Above 864 and not exceeding 1,200 square inches .
Above 720 and not exceeding 1.200 square inches .
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
inches
Above 2,400 square indies.
Total.
1915— Undebwood-Simmoks Act.
Not exceeding 150 square inches
Above 160 and not exceeding 384 square inches . .
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches . .
Above 720 and not exceeding 1.200 square inches .
Above 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
inches
Above 2,400 square inches
Total.
Omit.
Pounds.
497,794
15,033,003
156, <81
4,664,755
29,062
2,068,863
375,865
368,934
830,791
1,314
23,496,153
Vahw.
96,746
542,179
3,861
147,904
555
75,739
17,959
30,614
13,214
107
837,868
Ihities.
S6,323
206,600
2,743
87,464
654
49,136
10,336
11,990
8,656
56
}
386,838
13,512.880
19,474
4,311,521
3,314
1,608,549
280, 6H4
285,141
141,310
Sfil
20,458,971
60.514
3,2N3,i:iU
13,274,870
820,203
7,518,975
230,816
3,530,572
37,028
40,932
1,869,718
12,103
.506,335
12
20,226
31,197,631
6,862,306
4,407,494
3,384,073
2,170,772
710,011
6,064
16,632,210
5,250
546,458
317
145,626
6/
65, l.Hl
16,837
17,794
8,245
la
804. 7ai)
816
160,170
55U.a58
20,771
238,473
11,122
121,411
2,254
2,776
66, 133
036
19,886
1,428
1,212,636
327,304
164,032
06,536
63,342
27,845
377
679,226
888,947
Aver-
aeo
value
per
pound.
4,836
185,808
341
78, 9M
78
38, sua
9«;tt7
A,aQ(t
15
aao.iW8
75ti
45. R^
Ufl.lw
16.3S1
75,140
6,tta4
30,710
l.wa
i.aao
37,H0ti
454
9.403
405
338,541
6i,3as
44,076
88,078
33,662
13,330
121
179,374
10.014
.03(>
.018
.032
.019
.037
.048
.056
.057
.081
Ck)m-
puted
ad val-
orem
rate.
Peret.
r24
• 12
J. 23
59.14
117.82
64.87
57 55
58.16
65.50
52.20
.035 46.38
.014
.040
98.10
94.00
.016 : 107.51
,035 54.8»
,081
av4o
.oa«
107 94
ftiiao
64. »?
,U»9 4iao
.013
.iH2
.032
.047
.1\34
.050
,mh
.077
.030
.417
.071
.030
92.81
28.45
20.(7
51.66
81.51
50.67
32 71
46.27
47.04
42.83
48.49
47.74
10.20
88.38
.056
.037
.020
.029
.039
.062
27.03
15.65
26.87
39.44
51.49
47.88
82.12
.040 I 26.41
a July 1 to Oct. 3, 1913, under act oT 1900. h Oct. 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914, under act of 1913.
356
THE QLASS IiaDUSTBT.
Tablv 122.-<^MPonT8 op Otlindrh, Qbowh, ano Ooicm on Window GLAas, JJvfOir
I SHED, EnTSRBO foe CONSUMPTION, FiSOAL YbAJU SnPINO JuNB SO, 1896 TO
1915--Ooncluded.
Fiscal year and dassiileation.
1916— Undekwood^immoks Act.
Not eToeedine IfiO square inches
Above 150 ana not exceeding 384 square in'*lies. .
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square in ''lies. .
Abo'e 720 and not exceeding 1,200 square inches.
Abo^e 1,200 and not exceeding 2,400 square
inche«5
Above 2,400 square inches
Total.
Duty
per
pound.
CentM,
I
1
U
li
11
2
Pounds.
861,374
427,007
83,138
22,491
7,008
500
1.401,672
ValOA.
$94,«28
9«.171
e,106
2,080
9S6
27
140,262
DutiM.
$7,587
4,271
936
837
181
10
13,221
Aver-
age
▼aiue
per
pound.
10. lie
.086
.073
.092
.137
.054
,100
Com-
puted
ad val-
orem
rate.
Perd.
7.91
11.81
15.32
li6.S
13.73
37.00
9.43
Table 123. — ^Total Imposts of Cylinder, Crown, and Common Window Glass,
Unpolished, Entered for Consumption, and Proportion Comprised in thi
First Three Brackets (not Exceeding 16 by 24 Inches, or 384 Square Inchbs).
I'lf, i i inii.Mfi-yv- gs
Tear ending
June 30—
1890
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
Total
imports.
11,062,889
1,159,161
927.009
1,196,461
1,530,638
922,696
1,797,689
1,702,883
1,366,218
693,791
1,259,497
Imports of the first
three brackets.
Amount.
1565,894
618,095
581,569
779,241«
1,055.448
727,299
1,412,023
1,272,298
1,026,866
470,347
1,042,652
Per cent
of total.
53.24
53.32
62.74
65.13
68.96
78.82
78.55
74.71
75.16
79.21
82.78
Year ending
June 30—
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Total
imports.
Imaortsofthefiist
tnreel
1078,597
543,273
692,803
711,741
825,381
827,868
804,732
1,212,536
679,226
140^262
braclrets.
Amount.
$705,086
630,062
588,021
506,698
635,713
600,680
697,645
987,587
491,226
131,093
Percent
of total
8L2S
84.90
SSiM
8184
77.68
MA
86ifl9
8L4I
72.38
98.M
I I » n >^« I
IMFOBXB JJTD THB TAUFF.
367
Tabim 124.— lMi*oim OF
ANt> UKStLtlBftSD,
1896 TO 1915.
GuLM, Oast, Pousrbd, Piki8«bd o« UNNHrmBn^
9oa Oommnmoir, FftBCAL Ybars Bnmho Juki 30|
Ybcal year tfi4 dftsaiflflittoii.
1S9^~WXL80M Act.
Not txiiuHltnftae by MtacbM.. . ..«
JLbtfM 16 by 24 and not •xcMdtag 34 by aoinches.
▲bav« 24 by 80and not «zceedtng 24 by aoincbtt.
AllaboveMbyeOteohM.
Total.
1897— Wilson Act.
Hot oxo€if»rttQg 16 by 24 Inchflt •-•■
Above 16 byM and not «xoeedlng 24 by aoinehes.
Abovo 24 l^aoand not ttoeedlng 24by OOlnehcfl.
AllnboveMby60lneh« '..■
Total.
18Bg_WlL90N ACT TO JULT 24. 1897; DiKOLET
Act AfTKRWAKDB.
NotexoeedingldbydCfDchflt
Above 16 by 2ft and not acoeedfaig 24 by aoindiei.
Abovo24 by Wand net cMteding 24 by iOiaoliee.
AbtfreMl^OOinalMi.
Total.
189l^l>iMGLKT Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24indMt
Aborel6by24
Above24by»Hld
Ab«re24by60
net cMtiding 24 ^ iOiaolMa.
Duty
gqiun
foot.
Total.
19O6>-]>0fBLKr Act.
Not eToeedtng 16 by 24
AbtfFel6by94aad
Abore 24 by afrand net
Above24by«>
Total....
by
24 by
1901— Ddrsuet Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 kieiiea
Above 16 by 24 andnot exceeding 24 by 9) bntitiPA
Abo^e 24 by afrand net eweadinir 24 by 60 oMtbea
Above 24 by to
Total...
ACT.
Not ffxceedinir 16 by 24inehe«
Above 16 by 24 andnot exceeding 34 hy 30 mr*hes
Above 24 by aOand not e9cceedlttir24 hy 40 int^bm
Above24by«0in(dtaa.
Total
1909 Dm rn i sgr act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 incbM
Above 16 by 21 ananoe exenrfing 34 h v W f nrh^K*
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 oy HO inr h<*4
Above 24 by 60 ineliea.
Total
Otmtt
5*
8
22i
36
Souare
Re«.
690,901
1,968,666
698,492
106,664
3,298,603
6
8
22i
36
6
8
8
10
22i
36
8
10
221
36
129,979
866,121
186,348
21,807
1,193,266
22,049
26,409
138,066
39i|704
112,969
6,666
Value.
8126,009
448,976
162,349
41,668
763,893
83,686
908,469
68,490
8,463
308,037
r,180
,619
39,033
89,733
30,408
6,769
696,836 ■ 179,801
Dutiea.
131,046
167; 493
134, UOO
3H,944
300,143
6,499
68,490
41,703
7,633
134,334
1,103
3,038
11,047
39,370
26,415
1,979
80,M6
74,704
386,096
404,674
60,738
18,660
88,657
104,761
19,679
6,976
38,610
91,062
31,35K
935,213 331,747 I ]M,796
8
10
35
106,323
4>,2I4
*»,577
145,611
30,327 I
86,453
99,57ft
45,043
8,436
43,x2l
«3,177
5^). 964
Aver-
square
KMit.
•^8
.86
.89
.33
.36
.34
.33
.30
.36
.384
.300
.333
«338
.270
1.090
Ccltl-
6l VA-
l»rem
rate.
88.
88.89
).33
47.14
19.91
33.4
71.30
90.80
40.86
.346
^ 3
31'26
26t 09
34.46
43.77
83. 33
34.31
47.34
I
.260
.330
.269
.334
33.09
43.44
^.92
108.02
,280- 67.66
f
.192
.302
.270
.316
41.66
49.53
X3.53
110.69
l,04x,i<2f> 2&2,999 tf9>,^f» \ .241^ 7348
I
8
10
33i
35
' ast3,782
1,47.>,344
705, m
724,724
.1 _^
.'^,2W,0fiO
I
I
69,158 '
.'J14,M.SK .
1QV,2S4
210, a^
7^,.'?07
I
36,622'
147, .>94 t
2.>^,fl.54 I
I
.207
.21:*
.2«0
.290
38. .50
46. »»
><n. IS
120.76
.VW,405 - .246 74. 0»
8
22i
I
.VI, 718
1,*46,X02
94<V,')16
],.19».455
6^,«J4
:no, 197
241,254
30,588
1.S4, .5«0
218, Oo<?
4fV> V^
.1«0
.447
. 2fvS
.2^9
4^» ^9
121.10
-i_.
4,2rtt,Wl 1,004, .547 s«3.4*« .23<> H5.'>4
«5!,W)
10 .'?,2f»4, 124
22J 1,KH,J73
AF> l,m2 J 12
111,104
«^^,425
2*<x,231
2^)1, H»
.52, I2«
Tf'-A i)!4
171
209
,242
2r>i
46. ')2
>^ <»
I.'ift V4
.!_ _ - _
6.200 000 !.;<.>♦ 220 1.0-6 20.'^
215
X.16
358
THE QLA8S INDUSTRY.
Table 124. — ^Impobts of Flats Glass, Cast, Poleshbd, Finishbd ob Ukunishsd,
AND UnSILYBBBD, EnTBBBD FOB OONSUMFEION, FiSOAL YbARS EnDINO JuKB 30,
1896 TO 1915— Continued.
Fisoal year and dassiflcatlon.
lOOf— DmoLET Act.
Not exoMdJng 16 by 34 inches
Above 16 by S4 and not exoeedtog 34 by SO Inches.
Above 24 by 80 and not exceeding 34 by 60inches.
Above 34 by 60 inches
Total.
Duty
per
square
K>Ot.
1905— DiNOUCT Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 34 inches
Above 16 by 34 and not exceeding 34 by 30 inchta
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 34 by 60 inches.
Above 24 by 60 inches
Total.
1906— DiNGLET Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 34 Inches
Above 16 by 34 and not exceeding 34 by 30 inches.
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches.
Above 34 by 60 inches
Total.
1907— DiNOucT Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 34fuid not exceeding 34 by 30 inches.
Above 34 by 30 and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches.
Above 24 by 60 inches
Total.
1909— DiNOLET Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 Inches .»
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches.
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 34 by OOinolifls.
Above 24 by 60 inches
Total.
1909— DiNGLET Act.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches.
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 34 by 60 inches.
Above 24 by 60 inches
Total.
1910— DiNGLET Act to Aug. 6, 1909; Patne-
Aldbich Act Ajtebwarqs.
Not exceeding 16 by 24 inches
Not exceeding 384 square inches
Above 16 by 24 and not exceeding 24 by 30 Inches.
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 square inches. .
Above 24 by 30 and not exceeding 34 by 60 inches.
Above 24 by 60 inches
A bo ve 720 square inches
Total.
OmU.
8
10
33^
36
Square
feet.
Value.
Duties.
8
10
22i
35
683,507
4,833,660
703,579
365,443
8
10
22i
35
8
10
23}
35
8
10
33i
35
667,803
3,443,960
811,310
595,195
4,417,357
6,064,288
1,050,313
5,178,212
808,294
164,416
7,291,235
1,307,576
4,577,050
741,947
180,913
6,707,495
442,862
2,590,302
643,715
150,346
3,827,224
8
10
22i
35
• 8
ft 10
a 10
M3»
22]
a35
h22^
345,560
1,611,845
300,011
22,517
2,279,933
3,974
505,478
49,706
2,057,277
14,813
7,068
511,860
3,150,176
186,011
433,844
184,807
139,015
843,577
110,964
733,807
175,739
66,225
1,076,725
184,860
1,059,738
228,756
45,952
1,519,296
224,338
929,250
204,263
40,687
1,398,447
85,818
548,115
172,306
42,762
848,901
57,637
349,260
85,719
7,260
499,485
• 858
97,649
10,819
443,431
4,393
1,827
143,072
702,039
$45,431
344,296
183,545
308,319
680,501
54,606
432,367
178,330
92,905
758,210
84,025
517,821
202,116
57,546
861,506
96,606
457,706
166,938
63,330
784,570
35,429
259,030
144,836
63,631
491,916
37,645
161,185
67,503
7,881
364,313
318
50,648
4,970
257,160
3,333
3,474
115,168
433,971
Aver-
aee
value
per
square
root.
10.153
.177
.337
.234
,191
Com-
puted
ad va-
lorem
rate.
PereeaL
52.37
56.37
99.01
149. 8S
.163
.167
.222
.349
.in
.176
.305
.355
.370
.308
.185
.203
.375
.325
.208
.194
.212
.268
.384
.222
.167
.317
.286
.333
.319
.316
.103
.318
.216
.297
.258
.279
.223
80.68
49.31
59.73
101.48
140. »
70.42
45.41
48.86
88.38
125.2!
66.70
43.08
40.25
81.73
156.62
66.10
91. 2B
47.25
84.10
123.00
57.06
48.00
46.15
78.75
108.42
52.85
37.06
51.76
46. »i
57.00
75.87
135.40
8a50
6L82
a July 1 to Aug. 6, 1909, under act of 1897. ft Aug. 6, 1909, to June 30, 1010, under act of 1909
IXKIKIS AHD IHB TASmr.
aso
Table 124. — Ihkmsb or
Aum TJnseltsksd, Sntbuto
1896 TO 1915-^>onchided.
Qajkas^ Ca0t, Poushus Fih»ii«» oh UNfiNwniio,
vox OoirsininioN, Fisoaii YiBAHa S^vaiifi Jvnii dO,
Fiscal year and HMriftmtlMi.
1911— Patns-Aldbicb Act.
Not azoeeding 384 sqnara inches.
Above 384 ana not exceeding 720 square Inohii. .
AboT« 720 square inches
Total
lOia— Patnx-Au>bich Act.
Not exceeding 384 square inches
Above 384 and not ezoeBding 730 square tnehfls . .
Above 720 square inches
Total
1013— PATinB-ALDBICH ACT.'
Not exceeding 384 square inches
Above 384 and not exceeding 720 sqoara Inelias.
Above 720 square indies
Duty
sqoar
foot.
Ctnia,
10
10
Si
10
Total.
1914— PATHK-Aii>ncB Act lo Oct. 4, IMS; Vth i
DKBwooD-Safmxm Act
Plate class, cast, jMttshed, lliirtiiil or vnAnifbed,
unauvered, or the ssnie oontainfng a wire :
ting within ttseiC
Not exceeding 384 sqnaniodMS,
Above 384 and not aseeadttag 739
Square
ftat.
390, IM
a,8D0,Ma
688,378
8,878,979
Tg -rm n -,
03,175
016,169
403,899
1,110,748
99,886
806,483
333,109
1,06«,437
Value.
883.883
887,870
INS. 688
889.907
30,014
189. 73A
118,813
376.481
9,181
178.009
U7,0ifi
PutlM,
889,016
880, (MM
Ifia. 7a7
843, M31
9,317
77. (nil
176,778
3,988
. — J
am
?aTii9
lier
■auare
80.319
.910
.969
,930
,337
,937
,348
,349
m V8-
Uiiaiii
raui.
47-09
89,60
88.70
88.87
78.17
88.98
I
ijm,m7 \ rm mi4
I
Above 720 aqoare ;
Total
fini^Md irfnalauHb»6^
ogBUiuiifi^ a ^'m m^
♦ 8 l//4<J'« '^f^.Vlf,
\ *!/ «W,8*V \a,>i^
.w
^88
« /iff
'^ «*
.•f£l
<A i'l
.'0h
•u '<4
.'4tt,
J04 ^i
'Oi/i
4^(i^
m » » *
:i5,WV>ii *^\,t(>^ '/IK^'^ .'^/14 4'J. Jk9
Plate ^aaB,c i .
unsuwed, or
tmgii
Not
Abo>re JB8
•feiKliftg T0» tuixtut*
'tSfVit i7,7«/ 4//i^ -'J^ 'UW
t
UM, vot
///Of/.
Vs '4,
.%•
4f/ 'a
i'l
Ul if.4
^ -i^A
U J
//»/.
4f%
fUOt^SiMMMtt A<^
♦•V./A* i5A;,4W/ V './'
./;</.
V «<A
Pliliirisai,ff,psBsbe<i. llaista<? t^v wftni^ffj^c ,
mM Mvered, or tiwaanie cauuuuu^^ «. «<«u. 4«^
this vidnD itaelf :
Kot firoesffiur 884 aquav^- twnsv
AJbtrv SM and ihk «&>M«»aixj|< 7;a, #<|(m<a
J.-4#r
W''
M
oiit
M 96
f.
•/.^.
//•.
•J^it
.JkH
3»' W
1/
'^ ^y
'/ At/
■ f^'
./-f,)
U« i*«/
/•. //••
// ///
i,*//
/M
*•/ i*/
^Hks 1 W» Oet.«{. tti^. ttur.«vr .^iv'. ^ a^«
' 'y<*' 4, /;**' •^' J'*<** y- >y '' «*'.' v i^^' v' '"^m
860
!ffi& GLASS tSrPXTSXftT.
Tabls 125.*-^IiiPOTrr8 6P botrhnb and Yials, Not C>nwAinsi7t«i>| akd Dsvn6ttKS
Ain> Cahsots, All £ifpirr, Ordinahily Usad as Goktaii^brs ni TftANAFoitTA-
TiON, Entered for Consumption, Fiscal Year Endino Jvks ^, 18S6 'fo 1915.
Fteal years and dasslficattan.
i»ytt— Wilson Act.
Bottles aiui vvi.<>- fl^ni and lime, molded and
pressed:
Ho'ding more i> j,p I pint (poimds)
Holding not more cl.an I pint and not less than
i pint (poimds).
Holding less than } pint (gross)
Bott es and vials, green and colored, molded or
pressed:
Ho ding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more tban I pint and not lees tban
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than ^ pint (grons)
Demijohns and oarboySf covered or uneovered
(pounds).
Total.
18B7— WH.SON Act.
Bottles and vials, flint and liffio, moldid and
pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Ho'ding les tlum i pint (gross)
Bott'es and vials, green and colored, molded or
pressed:
Ho:ding not more than l phrit (poimds)
Holding not more than 1 pint ami not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than \ pint (gross) . <
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered
(pounds).
Total.
1898— Wilson Act to July 24, 1897; Dingley
Act AjnxRirABES.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holding more tban 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less tban i pint (gross)
Others on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than Iplnt (pounds)
Rateiof
duty.
ftlb-
IHlb.
40i gross.
Wlb....
iHlb...
40t gross
Hlb....
Klb.,
IHlb.
40t gross..
Mlb
iHlb....
40t gross.,
filb-....
Qoantlty.
1,154,512
91,148
390
% 581, ins
1^341,056
710
453,533
Stt:
1,001,080
217,907
446
6,468,008
2,717,397
2,015
379,373
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Ho.ding .ess than \ pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more tban 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total
Ulb.
40%.
233.157
674,071
8,951
163,271
13
1
Value.
S24,643
2,806
8S0
190,
18,767
076
11,552
179,828
21,247
6,304
2,991
125,022
44; 858
1,707
9,831
210,960
439. 19A
2,004,421
665
1,212,904
460
117,133
6,562
10,360
282
3,730
89
13,889
8,
32,466
24
21,102
604
21,436
2,757
175
122,369
Duties.
$8,659
1,026
168
49.362
16^097
284
8,402
77)981
7,058
2,451
178
48,615
30,571
1,166
2,845
93,384
1,749
6»741
101
2,449
6
5,556
3,294
20,044
18,194
230
8,574
1,171
70
67,185
Value
P«
unit of
quan-
tity.
10.021
.087
8.960
.018
.918
1.870
.026
.on
.025
0.800
.019
.017
Actual
and
com*
puted
ai va*
lorem
rate.
Perd,
35l14
36.64
17.70
41.06
80.44
29.10
29.44
.026
.018
.030
.022
3.000
.016
.086
.017
1.220
,093
36.04
4&70
&07
38.8!
6&15
6&32
2&94
2S.64
5546
36.70
66.65
13.74
40.00
3S.87
61.74
8Lao
8S.97
4a 79
4aoo
4148
4a 00
IMPOBIB AHD.TRX TABIFF.
361
Tabia 125.— iMPomM ot Borttxd and Tealb, If or ORNAincMm), akd DxirnoRNft
AKO Cahboyb, All Empty, Ordinarilt Uacd as CotrrAnrKKB m Transporta-
tiON , Bnterbd ton Con BTmntoK, FiaeAL Ysab BNomo Juhr dO, 1S96 to 191&^
Ckmtinued.
Plscal ywn tad dttaalflofttlGn.
18Q0— DofOLBT Act.
Bottlii. vials, and jan, flint, lima, or laad:
Holding mora than 1 pint (poonds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not loss than
\ pint (poimds).
Holding toss than I pint (groai)
Other on which spadflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (poonds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
HoTding less than i pint (fl-oss)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
TotaL.
1900— Ddtolkt Act.
Bottles, vials, and jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holdmg more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
^ pint (pounds).
Holding leas than I pint (oross)
Otiier on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (potmds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than 1 pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specmc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1901— DiNOLEY Act.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, flfait, lime, or lead:
Holdmg more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding le^ than i pint (gross)
Other Ota wlilch specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, plain green, or colored,
mo'ded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than } pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specmc duty would be less
tbam 40 per cent.
TotaL
Rateaof
duty.
Ulb.
iHIb.
^J
gross.
Ulb.
IHlb.
50i gross.
«%
Ulb.
Ulb.
IHlb.
504 gross.
40%
Quantity.
379,618
22,918
90
2,310,366
393,026
734
49,388
S1Q,325
368
48
5,256
38,435
6,948
529
86,116
1,033
46
1,960,860
33,493
96
Ulb.
lH»b.
sot gross..
40%
Ulb.
40%.
Ulb.
IWlb.
50< gross.
40%
Ulb.
IJilb.
50< gross.
40%......
Ulb.
40t..
1,937,246
^,880
672
75,771
1,983,710
3,937
110
2,080,830
227,020
951
61,303
Value.
148,103
28,687
654
105
19,488
32,713
6,726
614
134,180
1,822
2,668
Duttes.
$7,496
344
15
2,102
23.103
5,805
367
34,446
494
18
74,280
227,657
34,094
101
73
7,366
35,952
4,730
955
165,345
1,561
3,838
254,014
19,609
502
48
7,796
19,372
5,263
336
53,672
768
1,067
108,422
19,837
59
55
2,946
20,808
3,504
475
66,138
613
1,535
115,970
Value
rer
unit of
quan-
tlty.
10.014
.016
1.600
.017
.015
.721
.021
.015
.020
.109
.017
.019
.914
Actual
and
.com-
puted
ad va-
lorem
rate.
.240
.170
.026
.660
.017
.021
1.000
.025
Perd,
72.60
9142
31.25
40.00
60.11
99.11
69.38
40.00
47. Rl
4a 00
68.35
76.79
45.84
40.00
50.22
78.25
54.70
40.00
41.58
40.00
58.18
58.48
75.41
40.00
57.89
71.99
49.78
40.00
39.27
40.00
362
THE GLA88 INDTJSTBY.
Tablb 125. — ^Imports of Bottlbs and Vials, Not Orkambntbd, and Dbmuohns
AND Garbots, All Empty, Ordinarily Usbd as Gontainbrs in Transpobta-
TioN, Entbred por CONSUMPTION, FiscAL Ybar Endino Junb 30, 1896 to 1915—
Gontmued.
Fiscal years and dasslficattcn.
19Q2— DiNGUT Act.
Bottles. Tials, and jars, f Int, limn, or lead:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
\ pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
B )ttles, vials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
J pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1903— DiNQLKY Act.
Bottles, vials, and jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not les9 than
i pint (poimds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1904— DmoLET Act.
Bottles, vials, and jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
\ prat (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles. viaiS, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than \ pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carbo5rs, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total
Bates of
duty.
It lb.
IWIb.
50^ gross.
40%
If lb.
liilb,
50f gross..
40%
If lb.
40%.
If lb.
liflb
50f gross..
40%
If lb.
liflb
50f gross..
40%
If lb.
40%.
If lb.
IJflb.
50f gross..
40%
If lb.
IJflb.
50f gross.
40%
If lb.
40%.
Quantity.
2,274,679
66,802
382
1,366,628
170,889
383
38,116
$45, 119
1,757
215
29,405
24,855
4,042
176
126,939
937
7,672
2,197,626
124,230
546
2,270,721
115,996
372
104,647
2,878,065
51,009
367
2,870,012
279,413
1,068
91,005
Value.
122,747
1,002
191
11,762
13,666
2,563
192
60,775
381
3,069
241,117
39,642
2,987
393
46,795
37,667
2,437
502
126,175
2,303
8,643
267,544
46,690
1,221
368
46,953
42,870
6,153
534
124,516
1,965
6,967
278,237
Duties.
106,348
21,976
1,863
273
18,718
22,707
1,740
186
50,470
1.046
3,457
122,436
28,761
765
179
18,781
28,700
4,191
534
49,806
910
2,787
Value
per
unit of
quan-
tity.
$0,019
.026
.563
.018
.024
.460
.025
.018
.024
.721
.017
.021
1.350
.022
.016
.024
1.030
,015
022
500
022
A=
135,414
Actoal
and
com-
puted
adva>
lorem
rate.
PercL
50.50
57.00
8S.91
40.00
5i9S
63.41
10S.85
40.00
40.68
40.00
55.44
62.39
69.41
4a 00
6a29
71.40
37.05
4a 00
45.43
40.00
61.00
82.67
4&57
4a 00
66.96
68.11
loaoo
4a 00
46.31
4a 00
IMPORTS AND THE TABIFF.
363
Table 125. — ^IiiFOim of Bottuu and Vials, Not Ornamsntbd, and Dbmuohns
AND Carbots, All Ekftt, Obdinabilt Usbd as Gontainsrs in Tbansporta-
noN, Entbbbd fob CoNsuMPnoN, FuoAL Ybab Ending Juns 30, 1896 to 1915 —
Cantinued.
Fiaeal ymn md ciaiwiflcatiiw,
1906.~DDfOi.BT Act.
Bottles. Tials, and jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holdmg more than 1 jrfnt (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
I pint (pounds).
Holding less tlum i pint (noss)
Other, on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
I pint (pounds).
Holding less than i ]^t (gross) ,
Other on which spedflc duty ^
spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, ooyered or uncovered:
Horaing more than 1 pint (poimds)
Other on whidi spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1906— PmoLET Act.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, flint, Ume, or lead:
Holdmg more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less thiui
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
^ pint (pounds).
Holding less thaji } pint (gross)
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds) ,
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1907— rmoLET Act.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, viais, and Jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
I pint (pounds).
Holaing less than { pint (gross)
Other on which speaflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
I^emljohns and carboys, covered or uncovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total
Bates of
duty.
It lb.
IHlb
50e
40%
Quantity
2,187,27S
36,514
289
Ulb.
liilb
sot gross.
40%
It lb.
40%.
It lb
lit lb....
60t gross
40%
It lb.
IJtlb.
50t gross.
40%
It lb.
40%.
It lb.
lit lb.
60t gross.
40%
It lb.
lit lb.
50t gross.
40%
It lb.
40%.
8,S80,323
498,988
713
76,006
1,276,646
38,807
117
1,898,875
225,606
1,197
58,833
364,805
37,557
617
3,888,571
672,364
979
30,590
Value.
,918
617
309
41,067
47,215
8,997
580
182,077
1,718
6,068
821,873
273,296
19,677
884
116
138,142
28,850
3,886
1,126
120,280
1,110
7,502
321,573
6,091
1,014
371
142,365
55,906
14,940
601
190,042
706
8,479
420,517
Dotifls.
189
16,435
33,803
7,410
357
62,811
780
2,427
138,088
12,766
582
69
55,257
18, 89o
3,384
509
48,083
538
3,001
143,258
3,648
563
250
52,946
33,886
10,065
489
76,017
806
8,892
181,541
Value
per
unit of
quan-
tity.
10.016
.017
1.110
.014
.018
.813
.022
.015
.023
.989
.015
.017
.941
.021
.017
.027
.718
.017
.022
.614
.023
Actual
and
com-
puted
ad va-
lorem
rate.
Perct.
64.80
86.84
45.11
40.00
70.64
82.86
61.61
40.00
45.64
40.00
64.68
65.85
50.68
40.00
65.82
87.09
53.16
40.00
48.50
40.00
50.90
55.66
69.68
40.00
60.62
67.61
81.44
4a 00
43.21
40.00
864
THE GLASS UTOUSTBY.
Tabls 125. — ItfPoftTs o* Bottles and Vials, Not Ornambktbi>, and DBviioHirs
A^TD Oasbots, All Emftt, OADiNASCLr Ussd as Containers m Teanspoata-
tiov, EvrERED FOR OoNsCHpnoN, Fiscal Ybar Enddtq Jtms 30, 1896 to 1915—
Continued.
tiaoal years and classification.
190S— riNOLET Act.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, fllntp lime, or lead:
Holding more than Ipint (pounds)
Holdini; not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than ipint (gross)
Other (HI whidi specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, x-ials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pre^wl:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding ]f« than ipint (doss)
Other on which sp^dflc dtlty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered or imtovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which speaflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total.
1909— riNGLEY Act.
Bottles, vials, and jars, flint, lime, er lead:
Holdmg more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
I pint (pounds).
Holding not less than iiiint (gross)
Other on which specific duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding not less than )pint (gross)
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covtred or mieovered:
Holding more than 1 pint (pounds)
Other on which spedfic duty would be less
than 40 per cant.
Total.
1910— DmoLEY Act to Aug. 6, 1909; Patnk-
Aldbich Act Atteswakds.
Bottles, vlals, and jars, flint, Ume, or lead:
Holdmg more than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than } pint (gross)
Other on which specific duty does not amount
to 40 per cent.
Bottles, vials, and jars, flint, lime, or lead:
Holding mwe than 1 pint (pounds)
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
} pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
Other on which spedfic duty does not amount
to 40 per cent.
Pemijohns and carboys, covered or tmcovered:
Otiier on which spedmc duty does not amount
to 40 per cent.
Total ,
lUtesof
duty.
It lb.
liilb.
50i gross.
40%
Ulb.
IHlb.
50t gross.
40%
8,573,068
482,986
687
Ulb.
40%.
Ulb.
IHlb.
50i gross.
40%
Ulb.
lit lb.
50^
40%
Ulb.
40%.
Ulb.
IHlb.
50t gross.
40%
Ulb
IHlb
50t gross..
40%
40%.
Quantity.
673,450
102,257
1,505
7,511
$11,276
2,558
1,384
27,486
50,957
11,206
474
165,892
171
13,147
353,508
37,711
840
1,487,409
133,508
918
5,880
812,195
12,522
138
1,799,797
191,940
906
Value.
293,500
7,513
835
269
30,740
36,969
3,147
662
132,884
144
3,255
206,418
5,590
352
154
11,070
31,498
4,019
720
239,617
7,565
300,476
Duties.
$5,736
1,534
753
10,994
35,731
7,246
814
66,357
75
5,259
133,997
3.526
566
170
12,296
14,874
2,003
459
53,154
69
1,302
88,409
3,122
188
69
4,428
17,998
2,879
464
96,807
3»Qea
127,967
Value
per
QDftof
quan-
tity.
Actual
and
com-
puted
ad va*
lorem
rate.
$0,020
.026
.886
.017
,023
.756
,028
021
,022
,762
.018
.024
.710
,024
.018
.028
1.120
.018
.021
• 798
PeTet.
50.86
SO. 96
m
56.40
40.00
90.99
64.65
6&16
40.00
44.05
40.00
46.91
67.75
66.61
40.00
55.U
63.63
?a41
4a 00
40.83
40 00
55. 8S
53.37
44.92
40106
57.14
71.63
63.03
4a 00
4a 00
IMP0BX8 AKD THE TABIFF.
365
Tabus 125. — Lupobtb of Bottlvs and Viai^* Not Ornamibntsd, and Dkmuobks
AND Garbots, All Ehftt, Ordinabilt Usbd a8 Containbbs in Tranbporta-
noK, Entebbd for Consumption, Fiscal Year Ending Junb 30, 1896 to 1915—
Continued.
Fiscal yean umd oJttssiAcatioo.
Bates of
duty.
Qoaottty.
Value.
Pttticv.
Value
per
unit of
quan-
tity.
Actual
and
com-
puted
ad va-
lorem
rate.
1911— Fatni-Alduch Act.
Bottles, yfals, and to, plaiv, green, or oolored,
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead:
It lb
IHlb
80^ gross. .
40%
9.210,886
724,546
4,724
952,959 S3?, 109
15,609 10,868
8.413 2.36?
90.016
.022
.722
Per a.
60.64
Holding not more than 1 pint and not less than
1 pint (potmdg).
Holding less than I pint (eross)
09.69
60.21
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
177,523 7i.nn
40.00
than 40 per cent.
T>«mtJ"*»7M ^n^ rarhpys ooyered or iinoov^«*d*
Otoer on which specific duty would be less
40%
10.679
4.272
40.00
than 40 per cent.
•^f "• » ,^ _. ^
Total
260,177 120.620
■
Ulb
lit lb
50t gross..
40% 1
" • •
1912— Patnx-Aldbich Act.
Bottles, viBia, and Jars, plain, grren. or colored,
leoided or pressedj and flint, ItmOj or lead:
Holding more taan 1 pint (pounds)
2,295,358
498,033
1,797
99,578
11,019
1,185
169,507
9,159
22,354
7,484
898
61,409
9,061
.018
.022
.660
56.48
Holding not more than 1 pliit and not less than
i ptet (pounds).
Holding less than } i^t (gross)
Otber en wUch speoifio duty would be less
67.92
7&W
tlian 40 per cent.
Demijohns and carboys, covered and uncovered.'
40% '
Other on which speafle duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
1
•
Total
214,442
95,800
Ulb
IJflb
50e gross..
40%
1919— Payns-Aldbich Act.
Bottles, Tlab, and Jars, plabi. green« or colored,
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead:
Holding more than i pint (pounds)
HcMing not more than 1 pint and not less than
I pint (pounds).
Holding less than i pint (gross)
•
1,680,805
176,327
4,454
28,472
4,954
3,070
109,352
6,481
16,808
2,645
2,227
67,741
2,602
.017
.025
.680
59.08
60.75
72.54
Other on which specific autv would be less
40.00
than 40 per cent.
Z^emiiofansand carboys, covered and uncovered:
40%
40.00
Other on which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Total
211,729
02,013
Itlb.a
IHlb.A....
50t gross*.
40%a
1914— Patnb-Aldbich Act to Oct. 4, 1913;
Undebwood-Simmqns Act Aftbbwabd.
Bottles, vials, and Jars, plain, green, or colored,
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead,
not specially provided for:
Holding more than I pint (pounds)
i pint (pounds).
Holding less than } pint (gross)
964,586
57,286
909
5,982
1,399
299
33,818
172,658
743
9,156
3,646
860
154
19.527
61,797
297
947
.016
.024
.768
.031
.040
60.95
61.42
65.08
Other on which spedfle duty does not amount
to 40 per cent.
All sizes (under act of 1913) (pounds)
Demijohns and carboys, covered and uncovered:
Other OB which spedflc duty would be less
than 40 per cent.
Under act of 1019 (pounds)
40.00
30%ft
40%«
8,065,779
9a 00
40.00
3Q%»
79,769
90.00
Total
217,905
71,227
r-"r : -.t '*
llL.liiL
• July 1 to Oct. 9, 1913, under act of 1909. b Oct. 4, 1913, to June 90, 1914, under act of 1013.
366
THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Tabls 125. — ^Imposts of Bottles and Vials, Not Ornambntsd, and Dbmijohns
Ain> Oabboyb, All Emptt, Obdinabilt Usbd as GoNTAmsBS m Tbansporta-
noN, Entebbd fob OoNBuuFnoN, Fiscal Ybab Ending June 30, 1896 to 1915—
Concluded.
Fiseal yaanand dasBifloitioiL
Bateeof
duty.
Quantity.
Value.
Duties.
Value
per
unit of
Quan-
tity.
Aetoai
and
com-
puted
adva-
krem
rate.
1015— rivDKBiroox>-Siiafoira Act.
Bottiee, Tial^, and ian, pbin. men, or colored,
molded or pressecL and flint, mne. or lead, not
spedaUyprovideafar: Boftfie8,via]B,aiidJan
Qxxmds).
Pemijolms and OBrtwys, covered and oncovered
(poonds).
30%
80%
8,881,200
27,000
888,888
800
825,108
287
80.024
.082
Pad,
IOlOO
IOlQO
Total
84,'i578
25,878
1018— UlTDKBirOOD-SDaf 0N8 ACT.
Bottles, Tlals, and iars, plain, ereen, or colored,
molded or pressed, ana flint, flme, or lead, not
specially provided for: Bottles, v&Is, and Jars
(pounds).
Demijohns and carboys, covered and uncovered
(pounds).
80%
80%
1,350,065
4,781
21,027
286
7,206
80
XLOO
adoo
Total
1,355,718
21,325
7,207
Tablb 126. — ^Impobts of Bottlbs, Deoantbbs, and All Abticlbs of Glass of
EvEBY Dbsgbiftion, Obnamented OB Decobated in any Mannbb, Entebsd
FOB Consumption, Fiscal Yeabs Ending June 30, 1896 to 1915.
Fiscal yeaa and olassificalion.
1896.— Wilson Act.
CJasstficatlon No. 1: Bottles, cut,
aagraved, painted, colored,
printed, stained, etched, or
otherwise ornamented or dec-
orated, except such as have
ground nocks and stoppers
only, not specially provided
for
Classification No. 2: Articles of
glass, cut, engraved, painted,
colored, pnntod, stained, dec-
orated, silvered, or gildea, not
including plate glass, silvered,
or looking-glass plates
Classification No. 3: Decanters,
or other vessels or articles of
glass, when cut. engraved,
painted, colored, printed,
stained, etched, or otherwise
ornamented or decorated, sil-
vered, or gilded, except such
as have ground necks and
stoppers only, and not includ-
ing plate glass, silvered, or
looking-glass plates, not ouier-
wise provided for
Classification No. 4: Chemical
glassware for use in labora-
tory, and not otherwise speci-
ally provided for
ClasoDcation No. 5: Porcelain or
opal glassware
Total.
Bate of
duty.
Peret.
40
60
40
45
40
Value.
$18,471
16
528,737
282
2,187
547,843
Fiscal yean and classification.
1897.— Wilson Act.
Classification No. 1, as in 1896.
Classification No. 2, as in 1896.
Classification No. 3, as in 1886.
Classification No. 4, as in 1896.
Classification No. 5, as in 1896.
Total.
1808— Wilson Act to July 24,
1897; DiNOLET Act Atfes-
WABD.
Classification No. 1, as in 1806...
Classification No. 5, as in 1896...
Classification No. 6: Bottles, de-
canters, or other vessels or ar-
ticles of glass, cut, engraved,
painted, colored, stained, sil-
vered, aided, etched, frosted,
printeoTin any manner or oth-
erwise ornamented, decorated,
or ground (except such grind-
ing as is necessary for fitting
stoppers), and any articles of
which such glass is the com-
ponent matarial of chief value.
Classification No. 7: Porcelain,
opal, and other blown glass*
ware
Total.
Bate of
duty.
PereL
40
60
40
45
40
Valoe.
40
40
60
60
116, 08r
452, 4U
254
470,104
42, 1»
95,470
732,809
153,825
1,028,232
a«T
Tabls 12S. — '.
Eyrt
roB Go:
VmcAi. T
Oft I>BCl>ftikTS» IX ASX M^SMiH,, KnTUHMU
Haeal
I
ClMwfflotkn No, •> Mia
CtessHkmtiffln No. 7, as to
JVrtf.
m 86^440 I
Totol
1900— I>iHOiST Act.
Classification No. 6, as in 1»8..
Claaaificatian No. 7, as in USB..
1,164, 683
Total
1901— DmoLXT Acr.
Classification No. 0, as in 1896.
Classificaaon No. 7, as in 1896.
Total
1902— BnroLBT Act.
Classlficatton No. 6, as in 1896.
Classification No. 7, as in 1808.
Total
1903— DoioLBT Act.
ClBssificattan No. 6, as in 1896.
ClassificatiQn No. 7, as in 1866.
60
60
60
60
l,8ia»787
85,607
1,896,994
1,818,643
142,139
60
60
1,460,766
1,407,996
113|70A
1,621,700
60 • 1,664,646
60 V/2,W)
Total
1904— DnroLXT Act.
Classification No. 6, aa in 1886.
Classification No. 7, M in ia».
i,im,tm
m i,6fir7,vf4
60 IM, i¥4
Total l,7%//»
Cjassificatiaa No. C M fas ]«i6.
ClassifiGatiaBi No. ^ M in ua«.
Total.
1906— DoK&ST ACS.
gMBJflratton No. «. » ii. IH*.
N«. 7. ak lb
Total..
'/^ Z-^'
At-.
Kt-C Ktt as*
>•{.. T. lb. 01. Jd*.
*9
T A'
ToinL
V
«
4*'
JL i4^
', . '1/
mo-DiM^ajKY Act i^^ AV«. 6«
1906; PAYN«v\VMttOM Av^
ClKBUkialiiA Nu. ft; Bo|t)«i» Ua-
eanUrSi anU «Ui arUo)«ai ol
•WT a««'ripUiu\. iHauiMwad
wiioiky or i» ohiaf valua tu
fla». ornain«iU<Mi k>x utHKi-
ratau in any maimar, uf iuU,
aufravail. (mUuImI, litHHiralait,
ornamaulaU, iHk|ur«ii, Mtaiuwi,
sUvar^d, KUatU, aMtMi, mm44'
blAAtaU, rrtmtMi, ur piiutati ill
any maimiM', ur srotiuU (««•
oapt aui>h iiriiutliii a« in ii«*t-M-
sary (or ttttiiMi ntupiitii's tii fur
puriMWMuihar tliiUi ui lunimii'
laUtm), nut NimolMily iHuvitliMi
(or
ClaniatUiatiun Nii. U. All ai Uilwt
of avary (i«MitriiiiiiM». iiiiiluil
Inf l)<)tlliM aiMi )»o((lii %\\^^'
warn, iiointituMNl wholly oi m
ohlitf valua of kImm. bUmii,
•llhitr iti a iiioUi or oChiti wIjmi,
riot it|N»i (ally |#fovl4iMl lor —
HaHv4
Uuly.
Itm^
V«IM6.
AO
•i,(M6,fMt
Total.
1911 -l'AVMK*AM/Wi M Ai>r.
ntt<»siM/'ttU/m No. 6, «« U4 li^M^-,
't'AMi,
^j*«oi>0«iW//M %*** ^, iftt m AVM'
'iv«^
AW4> y^fmp, i i4/tt4/'it ^*//t
/ ♦
/
V
XV
^>/
^
•/
/./
V
/A'
» *'
^
/'
• /i<
/ /' , '/
^
868
THE QI.A6S IKPTJSTBY.
Table 127. — ^Vaxus of Imposts ov Ctunoibr, Csown, and Common Windoit
Glass, Othisr than Spscified in Table 122, Flsical Years Endino Junk 30,
1909, 1913, AND 1914, WITH Avehaqs Computed Ad Valorem Eatbs op Duty,
Under Tariff Acts of 1897, 1909, and 1913.
Value of imports.
Average computed ad valorem
rate of duty.
dawifloation.
•
1000
loia
1
1014
WOO,
act of
1897.
1013,
act of
1000.
Oct. 4,
1013, to
JUDSSO,
1914,
act of
1913.
Cylinier, crown, and oommon winciow
glass, anpoUshel, whan bent, grouni,
otjscurei, frosted* aaniei, anamelad,
beveled, etchei, embaaseJ, angrav^l,
fla.Hbei, stained, oolorad, painted, or
otherwise ornamented or daeorated
CyllDier, crown, and oommoa window
glass. unpoUsbel. sUvcrei
f?»,36S
1163,723
1116,485
3,003
168,696
26,632
20,405
«l,084
Percent,
37.48
Per cent.
28.01
PereetL
17.64
31.19
Cj-linxer and crown glass, polished, im-
silvered
115,068
83,420
234
110,305
<10,260
23
25.10
25.71
87.80
12.40
20.27
27.86
■
11.43
21.75
Cyllader »nd crown glass, polished. unsU-
verei. when bent, ground, obsoured*
frostel. sanled. oBanieled, beveled,
etrhel, embossed, engrared, flashed,
stained, colored, painted, or oUierwise
ornamented or deooratad
Cylinier and crown glass, polished, sil-
vera L, and looking-glass {Mates exeea.i-
ing in size 144 square inches
Cylinder and crown glass, polished, sU-
vered, when liant, ground, obscured,
frostel, sanded, joaameled, beveled,
etched, embossed, engraved, flashed,
stained, colored, painted, or otherwise
(xnamented or decotBtad..
2L40
2i(B
IMP0BT9 4in> THE ITAfilFF.
369
Tablb 128.— Yalub of Ixpobts of Plate Glass, Othsr Than Sfxgifixd or
Tablb 1^, Fiscal Tkabs Ekdino Juke 30, 1909, 1913, anb 1914, with Avkeaob
CoMPiTTBD Ad Valorkm Rates of Dimr, Undeb Tariff Acts of 1^, 1909,
and 191S.
Plate class, llntod« roDad, ilbbed, or rocu^
or ttm mam < s i a i Uii i ln g a wire natung
witliiii itsoif (ezeeas of 1 pound per sqilara
footdntlililaat
Plata 0aas» flnlad. rallod, libbad. or rou^
groimd, snuMthed, or otbflrwise obsoarad
(axo0BB d 1 pomidporsqiiara fbot of datl-
able at aaina rats)
wiicn bant, gramicU obae uf ed, irortedt
sanded, enameled, beveled, etdied* em-
bosaad, enfraved. flashed, stained, col-
ored, painted, or otberwiae nmamented
ordeeorated
Plate 0aas, east, poOahed. sOrered, and
>latflB, eiffiwiiliin tn also
144 8aiiflte
Plata ^aas. east, poHalied, dlrerad,
bent, yoon d. ob aeorad, firosted, aaaded ,
emuiiwed, twyelai, etdied, embossed*
cncraTed. flashed, stained, colored*
painted, or otherwise omaiwrted or
dflcorated.. ................... ...••..••.
Valoa of imports.
1900
lOlS
1014
tlStSTS
108,788
7.
s,w
814, 8ia
%m
812,390
i«,8n
47,440
5S7
\
4,808
l«00l
8,848
Averaca oompiited ad
rata of dut j.
act of
1807.
Percent.
90.00
48w46
80.81
81.88
78.87
lOlS,
act Of
1900.
Percent.
88.08
88.80
98.01
Oet.4,
1013, to
June 30,
1014,
act of
1913.
Percent,
4188
80.18
I
41.87
88.18
Table 129. — ^Valvb of Imfobts of BomES, Vu.ui, DBMuomrs, CARsors, a wo
JTars, all Filled, Fiscal Years Evdimo Juite 30, 1909, 1913, awd 1914, iriTif
Ateragb Actual and Comtvtkd Ad Valorem Rates of hurr, t/Mi/sR A'rm
OF 1897, 1909, AND 1913.
VaJvj* of Imp^rte.
tW0
vm
r»H
a4 vMiU/ft(m ntu tA nuif.
I
I ' ff'i 4,
^ ' ^ ^ / #
f^0f ^*^M /'#/ HfH4 I'M t'Mit
Bottles or \a^, ^ ,
other spimiioaB Bc^jn '♦/
BotOas or Jogs, cam*zac ^^^ ^/^wr^
dianqiagne and all fxzja wju*. ^/.4r . *^0'
dials, braaiy. «»- '^-^-^ -> '-'•'•«
Hqoon, and al other vruos v4«9k «t tu^
dndalia^alneofeBcvr-je '^/ ht,
BottleB,Tlab,atti an, ' v. ./> 'r ^' %/A^ i 4f4 ni \
BattleB.Tlata» aMipn. :«»:£., ^«» 4r4r>K A^m i4!/^ WtfM/l t>¥A \ i ¥, ¥0
oced.mflldei,orpr»f-*.. *JX *f^A , \ 4i V/ I
_;, , 1^ 4 V// 44 00t ¥f M */ M
'#M. V/<
« V l<* U^ '/ '^/'^ '^ 44$>^M*U^ ff-'f /««« /< // /^// / ti
lil»ii*— lT~-i5#
870
TECE GLASS INDUSTBT.
Table 130. — ^Values of Imposts of Misoellaneoits Manufaotubes of Glass,
NOT Shown in Foregoing Tables, Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1909, 1913,
AND 1914, with Average Actual and Computed Rates of Duty Under Tabiff
Acts of 1897, 1909, and 1913.
Classifloatioo.
Enamel, white, for dock and watch dials..
Enamel, fusible, and glass, n. s. p. f
Glass tiles or tiling, opal or cylinder
Plates or disks, rougn cut or unwrought,
for use in the manufacture of optical in-
struments, spectacles, rnd eyeglasses,
an L suitable only for such use
Porcelain, opal, and other blown glassware.
All articles of every descrtpticn, mdudins
bottles anl bottle glassware, composed
wholly ot in chief value of glass, blown,
either in a mold or otherwise, n. s. p. f . .
Glass windows, stained or painted, or parts
thereof, an i all mirrors, not exceeding in
size 144 square inches, with or without
frames or cases
Lenses of glass or pebble, ground and pol-
ishe I to a spheri<»l, cylmdrical, or pris-
matic form, and ground and pidishel
piano or coquille glasses, wholly or partly
manufacture!
Opera and field glasses, telescopes, micro-
scopes, photographic and prolecdnc
lenses, ani optical instruments, ana
frames ot mountings for same, n. s. p. f . .
Surveying instruments, telescopes, micro-
scopes, .photographic and projecting
lenses, and frames and mountings for
the same
Spectacles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and
Ihunes for the same, or parts thereof,
ftnishe 1 or unfinished
Stripe of glass not more than 3 inches wide,
Sound or polishel on one or both sides
a cylin jical or prianatic form, and
glass slides for magic lanterns
All other manufactures of glass or paste, ot
of wbkh glass or paste snail be the com-
ponent material of dbief value, n. s. p. f . .
Value of imports.
1900
S7,052
21,431
455,188
106,672
178,280
87,804
391,844
57,341
o, (Rfv
817,211
1913
815,865
11,997
409,864
1,072,259
889,032
58,603
546,041
78,690
ft 8, 110
414,775
1914
813,284
13,567
166
612,880
775,909
200,090
129,406
•888,888
160,194
56,276
ft 26, 291
353,850
Average actual and computed
ad i^orem rate of duty.
1900,
act of
1807.
Percent,
Free.
. 25.00
Free.
60.00
45.00
45.91
45.00
51.16
46.00
46.00
1913,
act of
1909.
Percent.
Free.
26.00
Free.
60.00
45.00
48.48
46.00
51.44
46.00
46.00
Oct. 4,
1913, to
June SO,
1914,
act of
1913.
Percent.
Ftm.
20.00
30.00
Ftw.
45.00
80.00
25.00
85.00
3S.0O
86.00
2S.0O
80.00
a Not including telescopes, microscopes, photographic, and projecting lenses, and frames, and moontiiill
for the same.
b Includes strips of glass used in the oonstmction of gauges.
TABIFF CLASSmCATIOKS.
DECISIONS BEaARDING CLASSIFICATIONS OF IMPOBTS.
Under the present tariff law, as well as under preceding laws, the
duty on ''glassware composed wholly or in chief value of glass blown
either in a mold or otherwise" carries a higher rate of duty than glass-
ware made otherwise, that is, by p^ressing or casting, the present rate
being 45 per cent on ware which is in cnief value olown and 30 pe^
cent on unomamented pressed ware. A decision made in 1916 oy
the Court of Customs Appeals permits much blown stem ware to be
imported at the cheaper rate. This decision, manufacturers claim,
does not give them the protection which Congress intended in enacting
the tariff act of 1913.
IMPORTS AND THE TABIFF. 371
The importers protested the merchandise was not composed in
chief value of blown glass, and claimed that, under the tariff act of
1913, the rate of duty should be 30 per cent instead of 45 per cent
ad valorem. The Board of General Appraisers sustained the pro-
test and the Grovemment appealed. The decision of the Court of
Customs Appeals (T. D. 36457) follows:
The merchandise seems to be identical with that which was passed upon by this
court in the case of United States v. Gredelue (5 Ct. Oust. Appls., 298; T. D. 34476),
and the method of manufactiirinc: the glassware there involved appears to be exactly
the same as that employed in producing the goods now under consideration. In this
case as in that two men are employed to make the bowl, one of whom carries a drop of
molten glass to the blower, who blows the same in a mold into the form of a bowl with
a boss-snaped top. After the blowing of the bowl a small (quantity of the molten
glass is brought by a third workman to a fourth, who shapes it into the stem. Another
drop of molted glass is then attached to the stem, which is shaped into the foot. Both
■tern and foot are made by the same workmen. In the Greaelue case the glassware
was composed of blown glass and of molded glass, but whether Uie merchandise should
be classified as blown glass rather than as a manufocture of gla^ depended wholly
on which of the materials was the component of chief value. In order to determine
&e component of chief value it became necessary to ascertain the value of each of
the constituents, and to do that only those expenses incurred in producing the con-
stituents and not those assignable to the article itself could be taken into consideration.
Accordingly, we laid down the rule that the Value of the blown glass must be taken
as of the time it became blown glass and the value of the molded glass as of the
time that it became molded glass. The ruling, we think, was not dictum, but
was necessary to the decision of the issues raised, inasmuch as the conclusion to
be drawn from the testimony adduced as to the relative values of the component
materials depended entirely upon the stage of manufacture to which such testimony
was addressed.
In supi>ort of its appeal the Government contends, first, that in ascertaining the value
of the stem no item of cost can be considered after tJie fused glass has been attached to
the bowl, and that the value of the foot must be determined by the cost of the material
and the expense incurred in attachins: a drop of melted glass to the stem; second, that
the witnesses for the importers faUea to take into account the cost of removing the
boss-shaped top which was blown as a part of the bowl and that therefore the value of
^e blown glass as fixed by them was less than the true value; and, third, that the
testimony submitted by the importers established the value of the stem and the foot
in their finished condition in the completed article, and that such value was greater
than ibe true vake inasmuch as it included costs incurred subsequent to the time
when the stem and the foot became molded glaes.
In answer to the first point, we think it is suflBcient to say that the glassware is
composed of blown glass and molded glass, and tkat the material in two drops of molten
glass and the coet of attaching them to the bowl and the stem respectively does not
represent the value of the molded glass, but that of molten glass in place for molding.
Component material of chief value is defined by paragraph 481 of the tariff act of 1909
and by paragraph 385 of the act of 1913 as follows:
"Tlie words 'component material of chief value,* wherever used in this section,
shall be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any other
single component material of tne article; and the value of each component material
shall be determined by the ascertained value of such material in its condition as
found in the article." (Italics ours.)
See Seeberger v. Hardy (150 U. S., 420, 424).
From these provisions it is apparent that Congress did not contemplate the taking
of the value of the mMerial put into the article (here molten glass), out the value of
the component materials (here blown glass and molded glass).
As to the second point, we are of tne opinion that the cost of removing the boss
from the top of the bowl was not an expense incurred in blowing the glass or in making
the blown glass of the bowl. In other words, the cost of removing the top was an
expense incurred after the bowl had become blown glass, and could not be considered
as a fector in determining the value of the blown glass in the bowl, which is the only
blown glass in the completed article.
The claim made in the third point that the cost of finishing the stem and foot was
included in fixing the value thereof we do not think is sustained by the evidence
introduced by the importers. The record, as we read it, shows that the importers'
witnesses included in the cost of producing the stem and the foot nothing more than
372 TSB a^ABB INPUSTBT.
the value of the molten material used, the expense of putting such material in place,
and the labor cost of fashioning, but not of finishing, tne stem and foot.
The decision of the Board of General Appraisers is affirmed.
Foflowiug is a list of decisions by the Treasury Department and the
Bbard of General Appraisers in cases where controversies arose with
regard to the classification of imports of glass and glassware under
the tariff act of 1913:
T. D. 34782. Hand reading glasses held dutiable as optical instruments, paragraph
93, 35 per cent, and not as microscopes, paragraph 94, 29 per cent, as claimed. Sep^
tember28, 1914.
T. D. 35056. Stained glass windoivs, held free if imported to \^e used in houses of
worship, paragraph 655. January 14, 1915.
T. D. 35167. Ornamented and decorated glassware, ornamented so as to give appear-
ance of cut elass, held dutiable under paragraph 84, 45 per cent. February 25, 1915.
T. D. 35168, G. A. 7690. Stained glass windows for religious society; religious society
need not be incorporated to come utider paragraph 655. February 23, 1915.
T. D. 35283. Molded glass articles, cut to represent brilliants, dutiable under
paragraph 95, 30 per crent; smaller eizea, parampn 357, 20 per cent. April 2, 19151
Abstract 37622. Glass lamp shades, classifiea under paragraph 358, as manufactures
of silk or cotton, held dutiable as manufactures of glass, paragraph 84, 45 per cent.
April 14, 1915.
Abstract 38025. Containers, glass bottles covered with willow, classified under para-
graph 173, held free of duty as coverings of merchandise. July 6, 1915.
Abstract 38138. Stained gl^ss windows held ^ee under paragraph 655. July 22,
1915.
Abstract 38304. Cylinder glass, silvered and beveled, classified as polished plate
glass under paragraphs 88, 89, and 90, held dutiable under pare^raphs 86, 89, and 90.
August 26, 1915.
Abstract 38482. Stained glass windows claimed free of duty imder paragraph 655,
held dutiable under paragraph 95. September 27, 1915.
Abstract 38569. Sand; manufactures of glass, clarified as manufactures of glass,
paragraph 95, 30 per cent, and as mineral substance, paragraph 81, 20 per cent, hela
free, as sand, paragraph 614. October 15, 1915.
Abstract 38696. Glass stem ware, classified under paragraph 84, 45 per cent; some
items found to be composed in chief value of plain glass and held qutlable und^
paragraph 95, 30 per cent. October 29, 1915.
Abstract 39108. Glass sounding tubes, claimed dutiable, paragraph 95, 30 per cent,
or paragraph 94, 25 per cent, held rightly classified, paragraph 84, 45 per cent. Janu-
ary 17, 1916.
Abstract 39403. Glass flower blocks, classified as blown glassware, paragraph 84,
45 per cent, held dutiable as manufectures of glass, paragraph 95, 30 per cent. March
16, 1916.
Abstract 39494. Glass bottles, decorated, ornamented with sprays of leaves and
fruit, claimed dutiable as plain bottles, paragraph 83, 30 per cent, design being trade-
mark which protestants claimed should not be consiaered as decoration. Held
dutiable as blown glassware, ornamented, paragraph 84, 45 per cent. April 4, 1915.
Abstract 39495. Window glass; glass eigns, wora "Exit" cut thereon, classified as
articles of glass, ciit or colored, held dutiable as window glass, flawed, paragraphs
85 and 90. April 4, 1915.
Abstract 39515. Glass rods, colored, milky color, tapered at ends, claimed dutiable
as manufactures of glass, paragraph 95, 30 per cent, held dutiable as articles of colored
glass, paragraph 84, 45 per cent. April 6, 1916.
Abstract 39516. Magnifying glasses; linen provers, classified as optical instruments,
paragraph 93, 35 per cent, held dutiable as microscopes, paragraph 94, 25 per cent.
April 6, 1916.
Abstract 39687. Glass drinking sets, claimed dutiable either as being in chief value
metal, paragraph 167, 20 per cent, or wood, paragraph 176, 15 per cent, held dutiable
as blown glassware, paragraph 84, 45 per cent. May 5, 1916.
Abstract 39725. Glass vials; blown glass articles, classified, paragraph 84, as articles
in chief value of blown glass; held dutiable as plain glass vials, filled or imfilled,
n. s. p. f., paragraph 83, 30 per cent. May 12, 1916. *
Abstract 39829. Eoap boxes of glass and metal; elass containers, metal covers,
classified under paragraph 356, held dutiable as articles of chief valiie of metal, para-
graph 167, 50 per cent. May 31, 1916.
T. D. 36457. Glass stem ware: (1) In determining the value of each constituent
of an article only those expenses incurred in producing the constituent, and not those
iMPOBTs And the tariff. 373
assignable to the article, can be cansidered. (2^ Wlien an article is made of blown
glass and molded glaas, tbe one of chief value is tne one which had the greatest value
at the time it became blown glass or molded glass. (3) When an article is made of
blown glass bowl and molded stem and foot, and the removal of the boas-shaped top
blown on the bowl is neceasary to the completion of the article, the cost of such removal,
having been incurred after the bowl had become blown glass, is not a part of the value
of the blown glass, but of the article. (4) Plain stemmed glassware, with blown bowl
and molded stem and foot, the stem and foot being chief x-alue, is dutiable as a manu*
lacture of glass under paragraph 95, tariff act of 1913, and not as being in chief value
of blown glass under paragraph 84. May 23, 1916.
Abstract 40123. Glass articles, classified as artificial flowers, paragraph ^7, 60 per
cent, held dutiable as glass articles^ paragraph 84, 45 per cent. September 15, 1916.
Abstract 40315. Glass vlxU classified as olown glass articles under paragraph 84,
45 per cent, held dutiable a.^ c j itainers, paragraph 83, 30 per cent. October 23, 1916.
T. D . 36893, G. A. 8005. Pi -Csss of painted or stainea glass intended for use in repair-
ing painted or stained shaa windows in dhurches are free of duty under paragraph
655, and are not dutiable under paragraph 95, as '^ stained or painted glass windows
or parts thereof. ** It is not necessary lor window glass to be imported for presentation
to come under the provisions of puagraph 655. December 20, 1916.
FBIKOIPAL BRANCHES OF THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
The following statement; prepared by Mr. Nicholas Kopp, vice
president and general manager of the Pittsburgh Lamp, Brass &
Ulass Co., suggests a general division of the glass indtistiy into its
principal brajmshes for statistical and tariff purposiBs:
The classification in the tariff on imports of glass and glassware, which has not
undergone a change for many years, should be worded with reference to the different
branches into which this industry has developed.
There are from five to seven distinct divisions or branches in the glass industry.
In some o! these divisions a large investment in factory buildings and machineiy is
necessary and the labor cost is relatively low: in others the investment in buildings
and machinery is smaU, but the labor cost is high, particularly that of skilled labor^
while in still others, the investment in buildings and machinery is small, as is, also,
the labor cost. Another branch rec]^uires only a room, Bunsen oumers, and a very
iaige percentage of labor, and especially skilled labor.
In order to arrive at a proper clasedfication, it seems to me that these branches
should be enumerated imder separate classes, first, to make it possible to obtain
better statistical reports; and, secondly, that the necessary tariff readjustments can
be made from time to Ume without affecting other branches or divisions that have
not undergone any special changes.
The industry in the United States at the present state of its development is divided
into the following distinctive branches:
1, BuUding glass, — Flat glass and bent glass, which again falls into the following
branches:
(a) Window glass, flat or bent. Some one who is practical and efficient in this
branch could prepare a proper classification according to the differences between
plain ordinary glass or bent glass, single or double strength, high or low grade, deco-
rated, stained, or otherwise ornamented. The introduction of window-glass machines
has caused great changes in this branch of the industry. Under the old hand process
only medium capital is reauired for the factory and equipment.
(o) Plate glass. One who is experienced in this industry could properly classify
the rough glass, polished ^lass, thick or thin glass, opaque or colored glass. This
branch requires laM;er capital than branch (a) but probably less labor.
(c) Wire glass. Besembles rough plate glass.
{a) Cathedral glass. Can be produced with small amount of capital and small
percentage of labor.
2. Blown and pressed glassware —
(a) All plain, colored or clear, ribbedj fluted or figured glassware, provided it
consists of one kind of glass only, and provided the ribs, flutes, or figures are produced
by molds while the glass is in its original semiplastic state. All glassware, eitner made
onhand or blown, or pressed in mold or drawn out; all glassware such as decanters,
pitchers, goblets, wines, liquorp, bowls, dishes, plates, disks, bottles, shades, globes,
electric bulbs, chimneys, lantern globes, tubes and rods, funnels, flasks, beakers, and
articles of every description composed wholly or in chief value of one kind of glass,
either pressed or blown, or both.
374 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
(6) All of (a) glass, when plated, consisting of more than one kind of glass, or, when
consisting of one kind of ^lass, but refined by cutting, etching, roughing, engniving,
decorating, printing, staining, or improved or refined in any other manner not special^
provided for, should be one-third more than class (a). Requires medium size capital;
uses more skilled labor.
3. Optical glass. — Rou^h, in lumps or partly Jormed, partly ground, fully shaped and
ground, or polished, finished lenses, spectacle glasses. Common spectacle glasses,
especially colored, belong to class (a), No. 1.
4. Enamels, colors ^ fluxes, lusters, for use in decorating glass, china, and porcelain,
by firing same, being in either lumps or ground. (Mostly imported, composed ot
silica, borax, andlea^.)
5. Glass bexids and btUtons, either loose or mounted; colored, silvered, gilted, cut or
plain; imitation glass jewels, pressed, cut, silvered, gilted, clear or opaque, colored;
Christmas-tree ornaments, colored, plain, decorated, silvered, gilted. This industry
is mostly carried on in the homes in Europe or in large rooms in this country, with the
aid of Bunsen burners, hence called ^4amp work.''
6. Chemical apparatus, instruments, also glass eyes and thermometer glass, produced
in similar ways as No. 5, viz, by lamp workers, but requiring a laiger amount of skilled
labor.
CLASSIFICATION UNDER TARIFF ACT OF 1913.
While the rates of duty have been changed under all tariflf acts,
there has been very Uttle change in the classification of glass and
glassware in recent acts. The classification of all glass products
specified in the act of 1913, except of cylinder, crown, and common
window glass and of plate glass, is shown below:
SCHEDULE B — EARTHENWARE AND GLASSWARE.
Par. 83. Plain greon or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or lead glasi
bottles, vials, jars, and covered and uncovered demijohns, and carboys, filled or un-
filled, when suitable for use as and of the character ordinarily employed as containen
for the holding or transportation of merchandise, not specisdly provided for ; 30 per cent.
Par. 84. Bottles, decanters, and ail articles of every description, compoeea wholly
or in chief value of glass, ornamented or decorated in any manner, or cut. engraved,
painted, decorated, ornamented, colored, stained, silvered, gilded, etched, sand-
blasted, frosted, or printed in any manner, or ground (except such grinding as is
necessary for fitting stoppers or for purposes other than ornamentation), not specially
provided for; 45 per cent.
Par. 84. All articles of every description, including bottles and bottle glassware,
composed wholly or in chief value of glass blown either in a mold or otherwise, not
specially provided for; 45 per cent.
Par. 91. Spectacles, eyaglasses, and goggles, and frames for the same, or parts
thereof, finished or unfinished; 33 per cent.
Par. 92. Lens3s of glass or pabble, molded or pressed, or ground and polished to a
spherical, cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and polished piano or coquills
glasses, wholly or partly manufactured; 25 per cent.
Par. 92. Strips of glass, not more than 3 inches wide, ground or polished on one or
both sides to a cylindrical or primatic form, including those used in the constructioii
of gauges and glass slides for magic lanterns; 25 per cent.
Par. 93. Opera and field glasses, optical instruments, and frames and mountings for
the same; 35 per cent.
Par. 94. Surveying instruments, telescopes, microscopes, photographic and pro-
jecting lenses, and frames and mountings for the same; 25 per cent.
Par. 95. Glass windows, stained or painted, or parts thereof; 30 per cent.
Par. 95. Mirrors, not exceeding in size 144 square inches, with or without frames or
cases; 30 per cent.
Par. 95. Incandescent electric light bulbs and lamps; 30 per cent.
Par. 95. All manufactures of glass or paste, or of which glass or paste is the component
material of chief value, not specially provided for; 30 per cent.
Par. 96. Enamel, not specially provided for, fusible and glass; 20 per cent.
Par. 96. Glass tiles or tiling, opal or cylinder; 30 per cent.
\
\
aw
rA£5v i^I> ILlXrFACTVIfet^ti ^>^.
Par. 1«1. Watch i m ii i i i I h w whether tmDoctwi ia c«iim gt iiK>t. w^^WIh'^^aw %UvI
parts of wmtdieff f im.lBtliii g vatch cnr^tafe : 3l> per c^ut.
PSm". 167. AitidcB or wijKa not spectallr provided Iwr v^i«K'hftsH\^ <kn» Wmj^K ao
percent.
TIXKS« AND OTtlKK 1MI^Y»H.\mh\H.
Par. 2^. Botties and oantainefB filled with natund or imitalk)iiv» ol miut^ml WMtta'M;
one-third the rates that would be diarged thereon if imporl<Hi «4upty ixr M'|M4ri^tt))y •
8CHU>n.E N — 8VNDRIK8,
Par. 333. Beads and spangles of all kinds, inchulinc imitAti(>n |Hv«r) htn^U, uot
threaded or strung, or strong loosely on thread for fat^Uity in tniUM|Hirtt^Uia( u\i\y\
35 per cent.
Far. 333. Curtains, and other articles not embroidertHl or Appli()u^<), not ii|ie<Mully
provided for, composed wholly or in chief value of beads antl i*|mnul(^ nmtlo iif gltMH
or paste, gelatin, metal, or other material: 5i) per cent.
Par. 339. Buttons not specially provided for; inohuU^ ^Itnw buttonH; M\ imr im\i.
Par. 342. All toys, and parts of toys, not compowHl of rhin*. iMmtiUln, HHiiiiii,
bisque, earthen, or stone ware, and not specially providtnl fur; in(*lu(lbd gltWH ( \\m\-
mas-tree ornaments; 35 per cent.
Par. 347. Artificial or ornamented feathers, suitable for umo as mllllnary (irimniHiitH.
artificial and ornamented fruits, grains, leaves, fiowem, and MtemH or [mrfM t\wrtiuf, of
whatever material composed, not specially provided for: 00 per cent.
Par. 356. Imitation precious stones and ffems; (JO pctr cent.
Par. 356. Stampings, galleries, mesh ana other materiulN of nietulH, whether or nut
set with glass or paste, finished or partly finished, sepurttte or Jii «f ri|w or Hheets, mni-
able for use in the manufacture of articles worn on lipparel or r'arrjed on //r nUnnl tif
attached to the jperson, including bracelets, ImrkloN, dreuM hwiUmt^, mimU h^u mu\
purses, and millmery and hair ornaments; 60 jxtr vimi,
Par. 380. Photographic cameras, and part^ thereof, n/;t i*p<*<'ially prov)/)ed f//r, »n4
photc^;raphic dry plates, not speciall)^ providi^rj Uif\ \u pitr / ^nt.
Par. 384. Waste, not specially provided for; iwliuU^u cuUh, JO pr rtid.
Par. 493. Enamel, white, for watrrh aiui ^UmU 4mU; in*M.
Par. 494. Plates or diskjj, rouj^<'iit or nnwitfii^f^ti^ for mue in thir fmhiAwUna i4
optical instruments, specta<rl*?i?, ai>d <fy«^iau>ft<^, m/>/J tmttAt^Ai: oniy J>/i ^wif t,.j jfi^i.
Par. 573. PhilosopblcaJ and jy-i'-fUiiV: -^ijj/itts^Uit, itOtuuU^ ha-ifuniii^i*, i^'^i ^jt* h
arations, including bfAllek aod tyj^f^. '/jutjAiutti'/^ Ut*- ti^u,^-, #'|av >• Jy tt4^f*/ft/4 ^t. y^M/i
faith for the use and hy or*i*fr 'A :a.!jy vy^vy *h ii*r,hy,yii//i) h^/,f^^,r4UAi *h i#U^/j>/;>i>J
solely for religious, ph'ihjb'jplx<:iii «rj v <i'AV//A*j, ty i^-nnij v/ h>A't4jy Oijti/^Am *jt ior
encouragement of tLe h:^*; aru. <jr i'x ia^, um^ ^lM i,^ ot^u-f vJ w^ ^ >/>*<./* w il/i^./^//,
school, orsemijiar>' of le<.r;.;.*,/ <jr jLf-y >:'-^^a v/ j/. <,*.*' 't.wf^j, „aj} t^^i U^ i»^u mA
articleesoleh-forexperijUi»*:.Uw p^#♦^>wl'^ i/o
None of the lIia^••Jfu'-^v/<^♦/^ oi ;- */>i'^A'^^ j^.Vi >^<'w^</l /'..*. *>v U-j*
inTestigatioii lubat u"y <y^;'.:^.c. ^•* ^'v,,* i.,i: r,;^.ii <„.^ , L^,i..».',i, .^
any Mnd of bu..d r.^ K-t*-^. -, %;^ vw •! «.< ' ^/ . \u/, '\ ^a <..u...U.,s.,^,u^
of oth€rgla8b proa ur-v i.«M-.i-x*-i ».,„<,,, ^.^,>/^/. i.^.^j . ..;//,i.,i,^,„, ^4.u.
made tliat buni^r .y ^:,t.M ^n ,;/•- ^^ •.'.om..</. vv " ./ •./ '.si -. ,,..,u.
more detaUec lutti -,,.,« m -,=,« ^,,,,1' ,,./,/ ,,,/' i...^,.. .r^v*. 'Ji,i
icaninaniifu':iufe«> ai,^ )i. .;,',».* i. ,.^.. ,^„,.i .^..,. v.,.. ,.,^,^,^1 .. ».i>4
tanff laiirfc of 1<>f*-,)- v.M.r.*,., ♦ ,,. ^ ^,,,, ,.„„ ' , ,.,, .^^ "
a»proTi5G bv lufr um^ ^^,;; ^^ y ._, ...... .,^,., . . .,v' ,..'>.^' -yf
Flmt auc JLaui*, Oi<i.-> >:>*,, />. , .>..,
876 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
GLASS AND GLASSWARE, NOt ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED.
Bottled, vials, jars, demijohns, and carboys, suitable for use as and of the character'
ordinamy employed as containers for the holding or transportation of mer-
chandise, not specially provided for:
Bottles, vials, and jars —
Empty.
Filled.
Containing mineral waters.
Demijohns and carboys (covered or uncovered)—
Empty.
Filled.
Containing mineral waters.
Double-wall vacuum bottles or other vessels of chief value of glass —
Mounted, in a container of metal or other material.
Unmounted.
Electric-lighting goods, whoUy or in chief value of glass:
Arc lamps.
Incandescent lamps.
Incandescent lamp bulbs, and tubing for making them.
Chimneys for oil lamps.
Chimneys for gas lamps and tubing for making them.
Articles composed wholly or in chief value of glass, including globes, shades, candler
sticks, candelabra, chandeliers, and other articles, and parts of, regardleaa o*
shape, that can be used in connection with oil, gas, electricity, or any othef
artmcial method of illumination, whether completed or partially completed,
colorless, colored, opal, opaque, or semitranslucent, whemer blown, molded,
pressed, or made in any other manner, not specially provided for:
Cut or ground, except to efface the marks of the pontee, engraved , {Minted,
stained, fumed, silvered, gilded, etched, sand bXasted, boBted, printed, or
ornamented or decorated in any manner.
Not cut or ground, except to efface the marks of the pontee, and not ei^^ved,
painted, stained, fumed, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blastied, frosted, printed,
or ornamented or decorated in any manner.
All articles of every description, including bottles, decanters, and all kinds of table-
ware, blown in a mold or otherwise, and all kinds of stem ware, either with
pulled-out stems and cast feet or with cast stems and cast feet, composed
wholly or in chief value of glass, not specially provided for:
Glass of one color, plain, sand blasted, or frosted.
Glass of more than one color, plain, sand blasted, or frosted.
Cut, ground, etched, engraved, silvered, painted or decorated in any manner
except by sand blasting or frosting, or with gold, except the grinding of stop-
pers or stopper necks; and except effacing marks of the pontee.
Decorated with gold.
Articles of every description composed wholly or in chief value of pressed glass, not
specially provided for:
Plain, or without ornamentation except from the mold and without cutting or
grinding except to efface mold marks.
Cut or ground or otherwise ornamented.
Glass windows, stained or painted, or parts thereof.
Mirrors, not exceeding in size 144 square inches, with or without frames or cases.
Cut to size, adapted for use in the manufacture of dry plates for photographic pur-
poses, when imported by the manufacturers of such dry plates for use exclusively
in tiie manufacture thereof in their own factories.
Dry plates for photographic purposes, covered on one side with a sensitiYe substance,
with or without negative pictures thereon.
Strips of glass^ not more than 3 inches wide, ground or poUshed on one or both sides
to a cylindrical or prismatic form, including those usea in the construction of gauges
and glass slides for magic lanterns.
Photographic cameras, and parts of.
Lenses of glass or pebble, molded or pressed, or ground and polished to a spherical,
cylindrical, or prismatic form, and ground and polished piano or coquille glasBeB,
wholly or partly manufactured.
Spectacles, eyeglasses, and goggles, and frames for the same or parts thereof, finished
or unfinished.
Surveying instruments, telescopes, microscopes, photographic and projecting lenses,
and frames and mountings for the same.
\
IMPORTS AND THB TABIFF. 377
Buttons, with or without eyelet holes, ^bm ooiml» glaM \Mb, and ghm drops, whether
colored or not:
Not painted, and neither gilded nor sUvered.
Painted, gilded, or silvered.
Imitation precious stones and gems.
Beads and spangles of all kinds, of white or colored glasB, not threaded or strange
or strung loosely on thread for facility in transportation only:
Not painted, and neither gilded nor silvered.
Painted, ^ded, or silvered.
Bracelets, earrings, broodies, ornaments for personal wear, and similar articles, not
specially provided f(v.
Imitations of flowers, wreaths, leaves, grains or fruits, for use as millinery ornaments
or for other purposes, made of glass, not specially provided for.
Curtains and other articles not embroiderea or apphqu^d, not specially providtKl for»
comx)oeed whoUy or in chief value of beads and spangles made of glass or paste,
gelatin, metal, or other material.
SUmpings, galleries, mesh, and other materials of metals, whether or not set with
elass or paste, finished or partly finished, separate or in strips or sheets, suitable
for use in manufacture of articles worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached
to the person.
Watch crystals.
Enameled watch and clock dials.
Enameled articles not specially provided for.
Enamels and lusters, either lump or ground, for use in decorating glass, china, or
porcelain, by firing same.
Toys and parts of toys, including Christmas-tree ornaments, not specially provided
for.
Tiling, paving, or roofing, plain, opal, flat, or cylindrical.
Philosophical and scientific apparatus, utensils, instruments, and proparations,
including bottles and boxes containing the same, specially imported in good foith
for the use and by order of any society or institution incorporated or estabhslied
solely for roligious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literarv purposes, or
for encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use and by order of any college, academy,
school, or seminary of learning, or any State or public library, and not for sale,
and articles solely for experimental purposes.
All other manufactures of glass or paste, or of which glass or paste is the component
material of chief value, not specially provided for.
Cullet.
CHAPTER XI.
PRODUCTS EXPORTED.
GKOWTH OF TRADE IK KECENT YEABS.
The value of the imports of glass and glassware compared with the
value of the production in the United States, as shown by Table 109,
page 334, very materially decreased from 1879 to 1914. Table 131
shows that the exports have increased more rapidly than the im-
Eorts during the nscal years ending June 30, 1905, to 1914, a month
efore the war in Europe began:
Table 131. — ^Valxte of Imports and Exports of Glass and Glassware for Fiscal
Years Ending June 30, 1905 to 1916.
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
Imports for oonsnmption
Pomestic exports
$6,966,266
2,252,799
17,652,771
2,433,904
S7, 600, 142
2,604,717
16,645,636
2,605,417
$5,299,987
2,173,193
$6,626,997
2,805,401
Per oent exports were of im-
ports
87.76
32.23
34.27
38.28
41.00
42.33
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Imports for consumptfon
Domestic exports
16,938,066
3,246,391
16,208,310
3,494,153
16,436,662
4,193,642
18^19,112
3,729,623
$4,656,120
5,558,717
$2,303,309
12; 321,338
Per cent exx)orts were of im-
ports
46.79
56.28
65.15
45.38
119.39
63194
As appears in this table, the proportion of exports to imports in-
creased from 37.76 per cent in the fiscal year 1905 to 65.15 in the
fiscal year 1913, the last full year under the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act.
During the fiscal year 1914 this percentage fell to 45.38, the Under-
wood-Simmons Act having been in force from October 4, 1913. On
account of the war in Europe, imports have greatly decreased, and
the exports have enormously increased, as shown by the statistics for
the fiscal years 1915 and 1916.
TOTAL EXPOKTS BY MONTHS.
Table 132 shows the value of the total exports of glass and glass-
ware, by months, from January, 1909, to December, 1916, together
with the increase or decrease of the exports in each month, as coni-
pared with the exports in the corresponding month of the preceding
year.
378
PBODUCXS BZPOBIEO.
AMOUNT OP DOMESTIC EXP'
—h. ! »» j i«. 1 m.
(364,552
286,300
Mj;472
uii 1 nu
ists
I916
January ' M3S
ES^.:::::::::! IS
344 SB,130 1 253.017
380,f«7> 319,647
353,178 1 378,887
336,637 1 304,7M
333 146 181 146
27S,M3 1 344,447
383,438 1 3fi7;0O3
388^703 46l[389
IP. '.a
7".'. s-n»
WTl.Ilt
950. 408
jnmV.' .■::;:".:::: j 31s
July 1 307
1,403,334
l,3«,nM
1,339,439
i^;;;;;;;;! i
030' 347;54g 365;!S63 i 307; 133
330 233,313 391,108 360,434
034 I 386,459 3»6,3M 370,613
103 , 236,391 1 310,775 | 366,040
I'oS'^
i; 136; 008
Total j2,so
M3 3,054,175 3,345, H3 .1,907,11:.
4,133,791 ^,(36.711
9,006,641
i4,4»,eTi
OF INCREASE (-
+180,680 1+130^61 :+ »8,77B
+ 54 555 + 5l>5 + 38 933
+ 6i;076 '+ 13;B07 + 16;flI0
+ 30,803 + 88,536 + 7,506
+ 41,325 ;+ 63,913 + 41,153
+ 38,210 + M,69£ .+ 36,l»l
+ 66,334^25,484 '+ 78,858
+ 37^918 + 13,W3 + !H,»V4
+ 17 629 + 18 114 '+31,460
+ 39,093 + S,**! ,+ W.SSfi
- 8,476 + 8,940 + 84,214
+ fl.28S,+ 71^384 +SS,371
+»64 636
1 vm
fS;:*^g{
+ 80:M1 j- 33:5SS
+ 64,350 -84,116
+ 36,433 ,- 61,050
+ 36t
+ 54<
+ CSi
+ 73f
+ 660
+ fl
+ 30
+ 31
11
it
+ 35
573
326
1
'<^X ^f^
§:&::::::::
- 34;il6
+ 23,657
-142, DOO
+ 73,686
240 ;+ »oo;i3a
a : ,s|g
ToW
+384,338
+446,122 +300,968 1+302,352
+225,296
-596,080
+6,539,030 1+5,393,030
PER CENT OF INCREASE (+) OR DECREASE (-).
-36.33
- 7,49
+ 3,86
+17.43
+14.37
t^%
+20.07
+64.67
+18-43
+39.37
+38,71
+34.97
+ 10: 88
+1190
+ 7.87
+ 2:73
+«-^
+37, 43
+21,63
+23.13
il
+31,47
+ 3.67
+16,73
+ 6.56
+ 13,58
+36.68
+11,85
+24.62
-7.33
+ 6.19
-21,33
-11.32 j
-22! 09
+18.70 I
+115.59
+ 167.70
+300.44 1
+379.61
+103.35 1
+370.78 1
&EE:
+ 30.60
g^^
+ lOM
A'»™««
+IMO
+ 17,79
+ 13. !3
+ 6,77
-14.43:
+15^38;
+ 00.48
This table shows a decrease of 0.23 per cent in exports during July,
1913, as compared with July, 1912, From July, 1913, to December,
1914, inclusive, there were increases during only four months — Octo-
ber and December, 1913, and October and December, 1914. During
the other 14 months of this 18-month period there were decreases m
from 0.23 to 43.94 per cent.
880 THE GLASS INDU8TBT.
EXPOETB OF PBINCIPAL PKOBTTCTS BT HONTHS.
Table 133 shows the exports of different products of glaa
glassware by mouths for five calendar years, 1912 to 1916:
Yean Bud monttu.
Bottles,
vlali, demi-
Jolin3,MMl
Fabrouir...
Uuob
SS"::::::;
«:::
Fabruvy.. .
llAich
is?:::::::
OctobOTA...
45S:::
B^smber..
Octobar
Novembo...
M,an
37,158
Si
B
tS3,0I7
7S,e81
115^ 5SS
1311,606
307,337
I37|053
306,703
iftt.ooe
> Iiuliided in "AD otbar."
PBOOUCTS BXFOBTED.
Ycus HUl montltt
40s|lHt
2,*B,8S7
4.ISa,70S
434, 3«1
,J!!;S
PlaU glass.
AU other.
Tottl.
171, ess
i,.ioo;m
1,868,117
5g,830
M.Tfl7
si
t'.xi'.m
6,W1,M3
Sis
!i,'4»;W7
"i'ffl
SnmmaiV.'iii^ Viin.'indhig Juii'JD:"" '
The decline in exports during the fiscal year 1914 may be attfibuted
to a business depression that prevailed in the principal countries of
the world during that period- The declines during the months of
August, September, and November, 1914, were, of course, largely due
to the war in Europe.
DECLINE IN WORLD TBiOJE IN 1914.
The bnsinesa depression that prevailed generally throughout the
world during the year before the war commenced about August 1,
1914, is indicated statistically bj Table 134, which shows that from
July, 1913, to July, 1914, the imports of merchandise of all kinds
into most of these countries decreased or but slightly increased.
IData tTtm -baabMa activity In the United Btstea and leading f««^
""""•"
Oountrle*.
Julr,lBi3.
Jul;, iei4.
lncnia».
DKreue.
Percent
^
'■KS;ffl
■id) ■n,xa
■-<ii'm',m
i-y. w^ooo
■1T.(03,(H3
210,619, m
il'Mm
20, MR, 000
73,209,328
15,670,130
35,011,807
!S;S;S
iaa,fli6,sn
18,63S,106
14.S2
sSsiiE::::::;::;
li;i
2.70
8. 30
7,70
"■S™
1,072,000
8.50
S;SS
3,77»,426
11. 7B
1,194,870
10 S
TO5,107
iio
i,2»2,Bog,6fls
1,151,747,928
1,219,028,413
1,050,351,132
73,7S1,2S5
W,3«fl,a08
ratal, unltti'ng ttia
SliSSSi
ir three moDtii
,"e^Xg"5US
Ulabk.
JulrOgun
a not avalla
*.
382
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
As appears bjr this table, the total value of the unports of the 17
specified countries decreased 5.71 per cent during the year from
July, 1913, to July, 1914. Omitting the United States, the imports
decreased 18.8 per cent.
EXPOKTS OF PSmCIPAL PBOPTTCTS BT COKTINENTS.
The value of the exports of different kinds of glass and glassware
during the fiscal years 1912 to 1916, inclusive, are mlowu by continents
in Table 135.
Table 135. — Valvb of Exports of Domestic Glass and Glassware from thb
United States During the Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1912 to 1916.
Classification and destination.
•
1919
1913
1914
1916
1916
Cjibidary entm, and flowimon wtedoir
Europe
199
428,312
3,927
10
1,845
168
•
$611
301,074
2,573
206
6,014
61
S2S0,011
733,294
168,323
82,090
198,228
12,167
$ato,36i
J^ortn America
1108,704
3,560
192
347
1,297
688,32ft
407.136
Aouth America
Asia '.".!. .*/.II!!.'.*;!!!;.'!;i!I
Oceania
Africa
56,677
Total
114,109
434,361
311,339
1,443,113
3,123,916
Plate glass:
Europe
12
49.027
829
190
63,416
1,814
140
8,270
370
32,342
2,033
305,490
287,304
60,273
9,196
169,889
575
336,388
Nortn America
641,606
South America
201,6^2
Asia
141,957
250 069
^^c^efuiia ...... ........
868*
28
1,022
Africa
6! 487
Total
50,754
58,830
35,767
831,727
1,568^181
Bottles, via]s,demiJohns,carboy8,andiar8:a
Europe...
24,238
621,017
106,216
9,116
40,860
6,880
13,160
636,809
109,288
12,488
35,949
3,659
80,106
620,485
64,307
11,474
74,394
12,661
748.756
Nortn America
966.174
South America
214,067
Asia
40!S06
Oomuiia . .......... .......
10S.885
Africa
104,867
Total
808,327
711,363
772,427
2,168,244
All other:
Europe
501,652
2,127,488
334,704
51,670
278,478
35,296
563,662
1,811,032
228,901
46,293
202,239
40,107
643,561
1,548,076
180,012
45,192
213,941
40,392
678,101
1,266,866
176,820
69,461
299,598
30,606
2,533,644
1820.558
465,789
North America
South America
Asia
136 873
Ocmnia . .
407,919
Africa
106,319
Total
3,329,290
2,892,124
2,671,164
2,511,450
5.460,997
Summary:
Europe
501,664
2,285,219
339,102
51,862
279,683
36,623
588,079
2,913,777
340,858
65,559
248,214
47,155
657,592
2,418,301
293,906
57,886
257,826
44,112
1,331,708
2,797,948
468,723
172,221
742,109
56,008
3.849,151
North America
4 587,416
South America
1 403,878
1007,664
Oceania
1 168,989
Africa
*274;340
3,494,153
4,193,642
8,729,623
6,558,717
12,321,338
a Indnded in "All other glaas and glassware" prior to 1913.
During the years 1911 to 1914, inclusive, the haad factories^ which
produced between 40 and 50 per cent of the total production of
window glass in the United States, operated only from 7 to 9 months
each year, and the machine factories did not operate full time. ^
both kinds of factories had been operated full time, the production
PE0DUCT8 EXPOBTED.
383
in the United States would have been far greater than the domestic
consumption. Until the war began in August, 1914, American win-
dow glass manufacturers did but little exporting, and nearly all that
they exported went to countries in North Amenca.
In all of the classes of glass and glassware specified in Table 135, the
^eater part of the exports previous to the war were to North Amer-
ican countries, but the exports of ''all other" kinds to Europe were
much larger than those to any of the other continents, except North
America . For years before the war, American manufactures of pressed
tableware, heavy cut glassware, and photographic cameras was con-
siderable. The supenority of these goods was recognized even in the
European countries where such goods were made, and such exports
from the United States increased annually, although the exports of
''all other'' kinds decreased from 1912 to 1915.
There was a sreat disparity in the proportions of the various kinds
of glass and gbssware produced, and tne exports of various kinds
before the war in 'Europe began. Of the total value of glass and
glassware produced in tne United States during 1914, the value of
window glass and obscured glass, including cauiedral and skylight
glass, was 16.18 per cent. But the value of the exports of cylmaer.
crown, and common window glass during the fiscal year 1914 amountea
to only $311,339, or 8.35 per cent, of the total glass exports, $3,729,623.
Practically all of the exports of window glass were of machine manu-
facture.
BZPOBTS OF FBINCIPAL FBODTJCTS BY COUNTBIES.
The values of the exports of the different kinds of glass and glass-
ware during the fiscal years 1911 to 1916, inclusive, are shown by
countries in Table 136.
Table 136. — ^Exports of Domestic Glass and Glassware from the Unitbd
States, by Products and Countries, During the Fiscal Years Ending
June 30, 1911 to 1916.
CYLINDER, CBOWN. AND COMMON WINDOW GLASS: VALUE.s
Exported to—
Europe:
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Fnmoe
Qermany
Greece
Malta, Gozo, and Caress Islands.
Netherlands
Russia in Europe
Spain
United Kinedom—
England ,
Scotland
Ireland *. ,
North America:
Bermuda ,
British Honduras ,
Canada ,
Central American States-
Costa Rica ,
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua ,
Panama
Salvador
Mexico ,
Newfirandland and Labrador
1011
1588
■**i2
376
382
9,047
265
160
772
46,187
850
447
912
186
5,096
301
84,497
1,909
1912
S382
99
74,050
1,172
475
OxO
149
1,437
25,666
202
1913
$49
50
93
24
898,571
915
242
768
386
2,516
146
18,528
1914
$511
159
66
276,987
602
328
1,428
503
4,3ft4
142
11,856
1915
$84
4,714
3,525
225,170
22,554
2,964
438
1,311
636,059
485
593
1,151
148
1,924
1,672
13,144
13,584
• Figures for 1911 are for lix months only, January to June^ indusiye.
1916
$34,107
1,217
22
992
175
14,905
1,488
154
071,796
1,750
3,707
1,482
350
11,976
1,520
17,671
4,148
384
THE QI.ASS IKDTJSIBT.
Table 136. — ^Exports op Domestic Glass and Glassware proh the United
States, by Product^ and OoirNTRiES, During the Fiscal Years Ending
Ittkb 30, 1911 TO 191d--OoiitiiiUed.
CYLINDER, CROWN, AND COMMON WINDOW GLASS: VALUE-Continued.
^xpQrte4t(^~
1911
1912
1913
r • *
1914
1915
1916
North America— Continued.
West Indies—
British-
Barbados
35
545
302
437
2,187
16
150
176
397
1
8181
1,^
401
S321
^&Tn>4fi^- ,,,..-. ^ . T .......... .
«,«0
^n
42B
504
3143
44
215
3,015
«5
m
12
878
3,101
2.443
Trinidad and Tobaeo
Othte British/..'....
8tS
Cuba
319
84.967
Datii!?^-. .
110
Pwninican Renublie
838
Dutch
24
French
104
226
r
..........
11
;45
2,778
i,<i36
214
Haiti ., .
195
South America:
Ar^ntina^
963
598
247.433
Bolivia
i6o!on
Brazil %.
15
727
362
88
Chile
32
17
479
}|015
m
• • •-•« • « • • •
129,299
8,601
Colombia
815
^uadctf
0,337
Guiana —
British
*?i
Dutdi
Peru
136
131
19,628
trtumay i
5,901
1,746
13,731
5,097
27,844
Venezuela
1,792
.1,354
474
168
4,354
Asia: • '^
China
110
191.768
China, leased territory-Japanese.....
• 9 725
Chosen....'.-....'. .'..i-.
10
186
10
125
East Indies-
British-
British India
11,885
6464
477
81,995
Straits Settlements
4,362
Otiier British.'
3,714
Dutch
45
1,002
622
7.889
Honekimcf .,.,.-,»,-,, .^.r. -.,.,.
6
11,187
33,249
141,965
Japan
15
23
246.056
Russia in Asia '.
55
Siam
674
Oceania:
British-
Australia
200
26
153
861
180,571
1^791
116
307,155
New ZA^and ....... ^ t ^ . r , r . r . - . t .
69,029
other British
French
795
131
7,869
55
116
51
753
Gfirmsui ^ . ^
Philippinfl Jglancls - . ^ . t .,.,,,., .
292
1,550
168
^,002
4,750
30,189
Africa:
British Africa—
West
3,083
South
54
■"i0,420*
56 m
20
'745
EKypt ................................
•
1,20s
1,275
2
22
1,725
Portueese Africa
7
i,5S2
Total
121,339
114,109
434,361
311,339
1.443,113
3.123,911
PLATE GLASS: QUANTITY.a
Europe:
Belgium.
Germany.
Si>aln.
united Kingdom—
'land ,
Englan
Scotland
North America:
Bermuda...^...
British Honduras
Canada
SqJeeL
835
933
53.254
Sq.fea.
40
606
1,372
49.575
Sq.feeL
290
240
1,637
1,100
44.277
Sgjfet.
580
884
604
40.163
Sq.feeL
233
1,039,318
114,783
141
196
777,198
a Figures for 1911 are for six months only, January to June, tnoluslre.
Sq.feeL
62,239
208
22
1,867,216
PEODUCTS EXPOBTED.
385
TABI.E 136. — ^Exports of Domestic Glass and Glassware from the Unitbd
States, by Products and Countries, During the Fiscal Years Ending
June 30, 1911 to X916. — Continued.
PLATE GLASS: QUANTITY-Conduded.
Exported to—
Nortli Amarica— Concluded.
Central American States—
Costa Riea
Guatemala « —
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Salvador
Mexico
Newfoundland and Labrador.
West Indies—
British-
Barbados
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British
Cuba
Danidi
•DomiTrimn Bepublic
Dutoh
Haiti
Sooth America;
Argentina
BcUvia
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Eenador
Peru
Uruguay
Venesoela
Asia:
China
Chosen
East Indies—
British-
British India
Straits Settlements...
Other British
Dutch
Hongkong
Japan
Russia in Asia ^...
Siam
Oceania:
British-
Australia
New Zealand
Philippine Islands
Africa:
British Africa— South
Portuguese
Total.
1911
1912
Sq.Jtd.
6,854
103
1,596
6,166
3,280
835
4,065
40
65.
4,644
'"'aio'
"256"
79
31
225
203
500
1,890
509
65
2,025
88,596
2,206
727
2,650
2,233
2,728
151,093
80
4,013
' *i38'
"*"479"
18
1,486
65
90
2,558
47
1913
8q. fed.
1,158
1,250
1,767
907
5,806
30
04,519
2
54
14
3,421
"**79'
122
320
14
892
718
80
706
140
65
5,519
222,206
165,129
1914
8q.UtL
2,398
656
2,123
462
6,234
337
10,
84
88
306
2,480
1,365
20
114
125
282
2,010
1,116
50
1,613
74,867
1915
Sf.fmL
1,094
3,104
844
6,860
4,566
150
640
2,835
120
86,980
558
145,868
120
5,648
76
3,383
9,842
"936'
909
1,680
18,121
800
454,076
43,772
2,785
1,601
2,730,046
1916
3.130
130
3,226
1,597
16,487
1,273
14,348
501
40
139
66
945,637
51
1,697
80
317,169
40,151
158,788
8,311
830
3,748
14
3,634
56,158
40
1,467
551
560
10
40,990
305,422
1,278
508,600
200,174
13,925
16,021
600
5,149,512
PLATE GLASS: VALUE.o
Europe:
Belgium
Germany
Spain
United Kingdom—
Englana
Scotland
North America:
Bermuda
British Honduras
Canada .....•....•••.•.•>.'
Central American States-
Costa Kica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Stdvador
3546
439
14,855
1,125
48
726
2,169
1,800
315
112
419
^1
15,616
932
313
1,221
1,029
1,468
$100
90
974
556
16,726
749
711
848
486
3,545
12
$370
680
301
16,279
1,232
308
920
340
3,215
390
$235
275,466
29,789
122
99
232,875
500
813
1,782
476
3,067
200
$311,091
15,297
100
17
507,184
1.325
60
x,620
9,343
746
a Figures for 1911 are for six months only, January to June, inclnsiye.
102511'*— 17 ^25
386
THE GLASS INDUSTBY.
Table 136. — ^Ezfortb of Domestic Glass and Glasswabe from the XJnitsd
States, by Pboducts and Countries, During the Fiscal Years Endino
June 30, 1911 to 191&-€ontinued.
PLATE GLASS: VALUE— Continued.
Exported to-
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
North Ameriofr— Condoded.
Mezioo
$1>931
$24,607
826,554
3
$6,076
$2,717
50
498
899
$7,928
331
West Indies—
Britlshr-
Barbados
25
60
220
22
Jamaica.
15
29
44
40
10
59
Trinidad and Tobago
20
Other British
72
42,705
149
Cuba
1,887
2,543
2,075
1,551
111 020
T)ani^>i - r - . - . -
23
Dominican 'RepnbMfi, .-..,,...,.
144
79
47
662
11
68
339
907
Dut<di
Haiti
117
135
81
271
11
59
South America:
Argentina ^ .., - ,
50,903
41
8,660
47
1,753
104,512
Bolivia
Brazil
49
58
168
124
305
853
386
78
176
1,015
19,734
69,169
5,086
554
Chile
10
727
41
565
490
37
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
3,107
1,265
Uruguay '. ,,.,.,-,
7
Vones"ela .,.,.-. t ^ -
51
440
100
40
764
772
700
1,355
Asia:
Cbinft ....r,T-..-x.,r --
27,873
Chosen
15
East Indies—
British—
Priti^H l-nAi^
440
Straits Settlements
231
Other "British ...
44
156
Dutdi
5
HonRkonK .t ....... .
295
7,681
11,739
100,379
1,119
Japan
Rnn^A in Asia. ,,.,.--„,....-
Slam - . - . T . T . . . .
620
154,103
14,450
1,836
676
Ooeania:
British—
31
186,474
66,384
7,»1
6,187
300
New Zealand
PhillDPlne Islands ..,..-.
1,550
858
28
3,270
001
Africa:
British Africa— South
Portuguese
Total ^
29,683
50,754
58,830
36,767
' 831,727
1,568,181
BOTTLES, VIALS, DEMIJOHNS, CARBOYS, AND JARS: VALUE.a
Europe:
Austria-Huneary
Azores and Madeira Islands .
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia In Europe
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom-
England
Scotland
Ireland
$79
187
2,549
291
50
232
4,607
13,294
2,309
640
$248
148
163
278
405
791
1,070
1,001
7,469
1,503
a Included tn "All other glass and glassware" prior to 1918.
97
215
4,034
847
32
6
68
'i27
69,952
14,319
188
1,792
T9,7W
2,385
2,573
978
648
109
61
19,105
601
626,617
14187
879
387
Tabu 136.—]
STAnS, BT PbOBWCB abb •rOfHRBOB. DCBXSPS tMB FSCAL Y
Junk 30, 1911 to ISli^-Conr.niBHt.
BOTTLES, YlALa^ DZMi:'>B5S. CA^BOT?. ASD JAB& VALCZ-Conetedad
North
BritiahH
Canada
Central
Costa Riea
Mexico
NewfbandlaiMl sad
West Indies—
Bridab—
Trinidad and T ^ca^n .
Other Brid:^
Cuba
D ftiriwh
Dominican Bepcib&e
Dmch
French
Haiti
Soath America:
Argentina
Bolivia
Braal
Oiile
Colombia
Ecoador
Oniana—
Biitfsli.
Dotcfa
Paraguay
Pom
Uragiiaj
V fln8aueia»»«»-»»»»-»» •••>••••.
Asia:
China ...,
Chosen
East Indies—
Britiflh-
Britidilnfia
Straits SettlsDHnts...
Other British
Batch
Hoogkang
Japan ,
Russia in Asia
I^am
Turkey in Aria ,
Oceania:
British—
Anstrailia ,
New Zealand
Other British
Trench ,
German
Philippine Islands......
AMca:
Belgian Congo
British Africar-
West
South ,
Canary Islands
IiU>eria
Portuguese Africa
Total.
3.13*
2, .11
1. ja
1. *'i
3 ::j
17'*
?)
11
35.'?S3
2. 1'^
1.377
14
91
11
l.Or'5
4,435
3»eu
312
582 I
156
24,551
6,843
812
1914
2.S2
•>. - W
2, *47
♦». Ml
l..i*j
3'3
3. ^^>
^•4
1.J».3
UK. M7
Iw
1.7W
119
v^y
5H.73D
4.;«>7
47o
ri •
21S
2,1S5
3»n5
738
207
8,798 I
126 >
217
1,300
498
437
40
126
16,404
7,855
4$
3,431
8,623
150
6,716
14
808,827
8,111
3,600
50
711,853
19T5
I
3S6
2I».42S
U404
•>13
4,24**
22, Intf
3{i2
oT,273
1,773
70
1.135
521
14.3. :J7 4
1.335
1.325
20
35."
17.094
*^0
vJr.2
S.97V
4,4LX$
31 '
91
3:M
1,472
$,«!i3
941
180
8,768
57
44
255
ne
155
itfitf
»,317
i,a7
353,718
2; 753
6,428
^154
1,773
44,121
1.7«8
102,710
3,224
216
2. ioo
2,314
881
413,134
4,im
4,ijm>
428
3t)3
38,007
Wl
47.9do
4,S))t>
*),7iO
14.2tA>
1,4^
170
114
5»S9l»
7,lJ»
43,148
3,478
183
27,277
1,5M
1.238
4,877
2,088
110
377
21,646
38,137
66
580
12,965
12,408
81
779,427
1S3
38,150
61,080
76
767
8
5,787
87,084
868
528
7
8,087
2,168,944
388
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 136. — ^Exports or Bomestio Glass and Glassware from the United
States, bt Products and Countries, During the Fiscal Years Ending
June 30, 1911 to 1916— Continued.
ALL OTHER: VAJ/UE.*
Exported to—
Europe:
Jij]8tria*Huiigarv
Azores, and Madeira Islands..
Belgium
Bulgsiia
• I>eimiark ■
Finland....
France <
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece •
Italy
ICalta, Oo«>,eto
Netherlands <
Norway ■
Portugal •
Roomania
Russia in Europe
Spiin
Sweden
Switserland
Turkey in Europe
UnitM Klofdom—
England...-.
Scotland..
Ireland
North America:
Bermuda
British Honduras
Canada •
Central Ameiican States-
Costa Blca
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Salvador
Mexico
Mlquelon, Langley, etc
Newfoundland and Labrador.
West Indies—
British-
Barbados
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago .
OtherBritish
Cuba
Danish
Dominican Republic
Dutch
French
Haiti
South America:
Argentina
BoUvia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guiana—
British
Dutch
French
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia:
Aden
aUna
China, leased territory-
British
French
German
Japanese
Chosen
mi
12,886
36
6,888
92
6,068
494
13,046
118,124
1,
200
6,372
16
48,828
916
35
61
8,316
2,206
2,207
622
832
267,513
7,720
2,439
6,260
7,806
092,900
10,147
9,121
8,415
7,176
59,051
7,068
386,548
51
15,147
1,755
12,780
3,054
6,115
191,743
1,279
8,949
1,570
338
9,160
125,174
4,706
73,362
31,905
21,900
6,345
2,045
117
14
191
17,431
12,596
22,285
1912
t3,806
28
4,206
85
7,580
929
12,350
149,439
281
146
4,597
41,456
683
615
167
4,602
3,806
2,942
192
45
258,499
5,876
785
7,618
6,662
1,340,852
12,344
8,849
8,882
7,410
52,721
4,852
388,179
101
15,518
1,842
21,578
4,358
7,479
212,733
1,195
11,260
1,651
881
11,023
99,832
4,778
93,317
41,661
22,219
9,272
1,539
552
16
700
22,507
13,545
24,676
1913
13,566
79
10,242
200
9,760
1,348
27,325
134,716
209
750
4,192
41,985
2,966
85
5,066
1,276
2,711
104
278
306,805
9,713
147
6,036
4,200
1,293,016
8,132
9,807
7,858
6,009
40,519
3,204
204,692
17,968
250
1,863
574
19,198
855
1,772
12,507
1,881
15,139
3,788
5,674
160,820
1,903
13,202
1,404
938
10,303
71,779
5,417
57,708
27,020
15,978
6,016
657
240
1914
12,165
49
6,941
27
11,474
2,428
24,710
111,138
221
163
5,700
35
16,402
14, 9M
12,655
44,729
2,8a0
817
500
4,844
1,060
8,754
685
1,687
407,291
5,000
306
6,710
3,419
1,144,087
6,586
9,165
10,466
3,871
38,939
2,465
87,791
19
22,614
2,018
12,230
5,728
6,967
160,301
1,875
11,754
2,224
713
8,234
33,860
7,895
38,774
34,726
17,426
6,950
960
578
6
180
18,768
8,763
11,126
10,296
14
'i,*279
30,580
171
48
267
528
1015
888
30
13,162
25,188
12,007
184
5,701
7,343
2,180
6,178
2,446
13,074
20
13
575,481
13,064
540
4,540
3,432
822,020
6,483
6,756
12,031
3,050
41,020
3,742
78.668
25
7,060
1,6)7
11,275
6,445
6,720
216,801
1,800
13,400
1,709
056
5,960
20,630
3,043
44,490
23,042
24,634
0,854
2,813
342
88
121
16,930
8,645
12,368
5
28,882
1916
8B0
11,508
*48,'i78
6, 464
577
3,271
2,800
1,029
21,046
10,087
17,653
102
2,215,8M
182,166
2,258
7,003
8,113
1,000,066
11,914
8,514
. 0,343
6,580
65,050
10,770
70,435
184
13,733
3,850
23,446
22,063
12,098
412,514
2,0SS
^S
8,380
4,009
6,511
136,896
5,761
84,788
63,054
58,002
21,464
6,387
1,185
336
111
28,079
44,375
26,727
151
47,335
753
381
a In 1011 includes "Cylinder, crown, and common window glass," and "Plate glass" for six months,
July to December, 1910.
jmam^'i^s^ jii^iirrEi: >^
• r!3Iin: ^ ... 'T — 4n:T::^in.
Ml SSZ SC JM. ^rte ^MA»
Ejec^^bBbf —
*lb '•8L .^'h ^^ «*^
«i ^
3i» ^ift ^« I 1^^
^ iT-- , a*^ t»r >^ *^
II 21 . »
54i Atf^ isr »f " *%^
_, ii ^ > <Ji
n;
ftr
Mi
.- .. . #1
.3. IH&.W- ^saL2M' :i.«iSLidi iL«;r^)f^ :&Ki,4.v ^^M^^^
Coiisidering the fLsr^JT^ in thk table for the tfe^rtil yxn*t ^to.;i\^ ^hm<^
30, 1914. a month Wfone the war in Euiv>pe be^sui. it xiiU W ?5«^<^\
that the laroest expc»rts of window «rla^ wen^n in tW orvlor w^nwHsi^
to Canada. Mexico. Philippine Idaniis, Panama, and iNilvn: «^n\i ^Vt
plate g^aas to Canada, Mexico. Panama, and Ciil>a.
When an examination is made of the liguivss for ih^^ ?iax\u^ vxMir
showing the exports of bottles, vials, demijohns. oartH>\^. Axui j^i^t^^
and of "aB other" glassware, it will be ^sieen tha(t <y^nsidVrabK^ qUAU^
titles were eroortcd to other parts of the world thw^ North Auu^Hxh^U
countries. Tme largest exports of bottK^. eto., >vx>n\ in \\\<^ o\>ltvr
named, to Canada, Cuba. Mexico, Ar^mtina^ Ura-AiK )Vnai^^«^,
Australia,^ Colombia, United Klngilom, British ludia> rhilip)nno
Islands, New Zealand, and Guatemala,
The largest exports of "all other*' glass\van> \votv» in (ho oi\ltxr
named, to Canada, United Kingdoni, t\iba, Axis^tralin^ UtM*u\iu\\\
Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Brazil, Philippitu> lHlAiui!>i, Hriti^h
South Africa, New Zealand, Cliile, ArgiMitina* bVaneo, NoNvfound-
land and Labrador, China, Peru, Colombia. Hritinh \\\^\m^ »buUAioH|
Dominican Repubhc, Denmark, Vouozuela, Uondurni^, tJ\mto-
mala, Uraguay, Sweden, Haiti^ Bolivia, Ecuador, HolMituu^ i\o) luudai
Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, anil Italy.
390
THE OULSS INDUSTRY.
EFFECTS OF EUROPEAN' WAR.
The enormous increases of exports of ^lass and glassware since
the war began are shown in Table 137, in which a comparison is
made of the exports during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914,
with those during the fiscal year 1916.
Table 137. — ^Valub op Total Exports op Domestic Glass and Glassware During
Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1914 and 1916, with Amount and Percentage
OP Increase, by Products and Continents.
Products and continents.
Cylinder, crown, and common window glass:
Em'ope
Nortn America
South America
Asia
Oceania
Africa
Total.
Plate Klass:
EuroiDe
North America.
South America.
Asia
Oce^ni i
Africa
Total.
Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars:
Europe
North America
South America
Asia
Oceania
Africa
Total.
All other:
Eurojpe
North America.
South America.
Asia.
Oceania
Africa
Total.
Total all classes:
CvUnder, crown, and common window glass.
Plate gliss
Bottles, vials, demijohns, carboys, and jars..
All other
Total, all continents:
Europe
North America..
South America. .
Asia
Oceania
Africa
Grand total .
1914
S511
301,074
2,573
20A
6,914
61
311,339
370
32,342
2,033
1,022
35,767
13,160
536,809
109,288
12,488
35,949
3,659
711,353
643,551
1,548,076
180,012
45,192
213,941
40,392
2,671.164
311,339
35,767
711,353
2,671,164
657.592
2, 418, .301
293,906
57,886
257,826
44,112
3,729,623
1916
S250,364
1,109,081
612,340
688,328
407,126
56,677
Increase, 1914 to 1916.
Amount.
3,123,916
$249,853
808,007
609,767
688,122
400,212
56,616
Per cent
2,812,577
326,388 '
641,608
201,682
141,957
250,059
6,487
1,568,181
326,018
609,266
199,649
141,957
249,037
6,487
1,532,414
748,755
956,174 I
214,067 I
40,506
103,885
104,857
735,595
419,365
104,779
28,018
67,936
101,198
2,168,244 I 1,456,891
2,523,644
1,820,553
465,789
136,873
407,919
106,219
5,460,997
1,880,093
272,477
285,777
91,681
193,978
6c, 827
2,789,833
3,123,916
1,568,181
2,168,244
5,460,997
2,812,577
1,532,414
1,456,891
2,789,833
3,849,151
4,627,416 t
1,493,878 I
1,007,664
1,168,989
274,240
3,191,559
2,109.115 .
1,199,972 i
949,778 !
911,163 ■
230,128 ;
12,321,338 I 8,501,715
903
4,284
205
104
KB
4,284
205
104
As shown by this table ^ the total exports of glass and glassware
increased 230 per cent during the two-year neriod. The largest
increases in value were in exports to Europe, North America, and
Souih America, in the order named, but the largest percentage of
increase was to Asia, 1,640 per cent.
^'TS
4.«V
Of Uie 213 esUh
reported
11 estaUiduiiaits dki moi sCAte ZLtt dgssdjSAtiooS' c^ si.>ix^ «xp«jirtiii«£^
In most cases the fAihxv k«> report tiestizLiiCKWB w^ oa atfiivaaxis %^
the manafkctiircr ^rilTng to Usii:^ Scaties JoboMs wii»> pccixlisifiiHl
the product and ;^irr>p««£ to fora^ coantnies oa ibgir <;>wTt Skfww&Q^
The forfflgn tnde o( 27 cs9tabbaci:&«Lt& was cixinzi^d lo siz^ 9ii^iViK
tries and 30 ahqiped to tvo or moc^ coontmsw
Table 138 dbovs ib^ foretzn coantzies to wiiich ^upoawcits^ ww^
made hj the 68 estah&sLcEu^cits reporting exports^ and tb^ number of
estabBahments erpomng the Tanr^^s kmds of manufaetxaures oic ^ija;^
to each ooimtrj.
Table 138. — ^Foeekx Coryrratias to Wsks S
GOUNTKT IS 19Ia, BT PKODCCEB.
Majdxg SamiFXs^ lo £4L«a
AOti
NnmlMr of
reportiii^..
IS
M
Euro pe:
TTBOfOtm.
Italy.
1
1
2
1
2'
SH^a
il
1
Rnsdau
Bpfliii
iCii'.iy.
i'
1
n
**'
*•«•«•«•*.
\
» 1
Rwf»^f»%fiH .
' f
1
' 1
United KincdoBi—EiiS-
North Amedou
1
■
t
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
5
1 VI .■
i 1
Canada
Central American
States-
Costa Rica.
<' 4
1
1
2
i *
1
O^fttt^^m^Mfi .
1
' %... .
Hoodnras
i::::::::;:::::;::
Nicaragua
1*:
Panama.
' 1
Salvador
1
1
1
other ooantiifes not
stated
f
1
2
2
I
I
t
Mexico
; t
1
5
1
2
1
I
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
Westlndiea—
Cuba
1
1 !
THvninif^n Repoblic
1
Otber West Indies...
1
2
Soath America:
Argentina
1
• • . . ^^ . ■
1
•
I
BoTivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other countries not
stated
2
4
1
**••••••
2
2
1
1
1
Asia:
rhipa
India
Japftii
1
Slam
1
4
2
S
91
a
a
1
1
t
9
t
4
S
10
a
i
«
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
u
•
4
\
302
THE GLASS IKDUSTBY.
Table 138. — ^FoBsmN Countbies to Which Shipments wbbb Made by 68 Estab-
lishments, AND NUMBEB OF ESTABLISHMENTS MaKINO SHIPMENTS TO EaCH
CouNTBT IN 1915, BY Pboducts— Concluded-
Countries.
Win-
dow
glass.
Wire
and
opales-
cent.
Bottles.
Jars.
Table-
ware.
Light-
ine
goods.
Lamp
chfin-
neys.
Miscel-
laneous.
Total.
Oceania:
British--
Australia
4
2
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
16
New Zealand
3
Tf^nnania
2
Philippine Islands
Afirica*
British South Africa
2
4
1
6
Other countries not
stated
2
All other countries not stated.
2
2
2
2
1
11
Forty-one establishments reported the amounts of their exports,
covering chiefly the calendar year 1915, the total of which was
$1,550,883. The amounts ranged from $558 to $284,312 per estab-
lishment, the average being $37,826. Definite amounts exported
to each separate country were not ascertained, but information
obtained from the 68 establishments shows that England was the
principal country to which shipments were made, Canada coming
second and AustraUa third in order of magnitude. Practically all of
the manufacturers that reported exporto in 1915 stated in 1916
that their shipments to foreign countries had laigely increased during
the latter year.
One large establishment that manufactures bottles, packers, and
preservers had a selling agency in London before the war began,
and its goods were sold on tne (Continent as well as in England. One
large establishment that manufactures pressed and blown tableware,
bar goods, and lighting goods, maintains salesrooms in Habana,
Cuba; London, England; and Sydney, Australia; and its wares are
shipped to almost fiuH countries throughout the world.
A tableware establishment that had done an export business
through exporters in 1915 amounting to $30,000 had an unfilled
order for four carloads to be shipped direct to England, the sale
having been made through catalogues.
Tlie export business of one lamp-chimney establishment grew
rapidly after the dose of the fiscal year 1915, and it became necessary
to increase the niunber of employees 100 per cent in order to take
care of it. #
In 1915 the exports of an estabUshment, manufacturing opal,
colored, and crystal glass, toy marbles, caster balls, and otner
specialties was about 10 per cent of the product, and the officials
expected them to increase to 40 per cent oi the product during 1916
EZPOBT METHODS.
The most popular method employed in seUing glass products
abroad is through American export commission houses located in
New York City. This method is preferred for the reason that it
results in a greater number of orders^ Many solicit orders through
correspondence and catalogues with very good success. A few sell.
FBOmXCTB EXFOBTBD* ,*^^^
goods through foreign resident Aeento or traveling agantu ai^^l tMli<v>«i
through advertising. An officii of a bottle factory Htaftnl U\*i ik
had attempted to establish a foreign trade through an Kn^liah <i^n(
in London but received no resultfi. An attempt wan uu>n u^a^^^
through New York commission houii4;«, with the reHult t\\^\ t\\\\\\f,}S
business amountiig to S125/)00 was secured in uix months.
Americw export agents usuaDy purchase goodn outright, \^^\^i x^h\\\
to the foreign costomer at an advance of about 2 per cent; tht^\ «^Wt>
sen on commission. In some cases the export agentH living aWmi^h)
buy the goods outright and pay for them, m other oaneii Ihay «t4) ^\n
commission. Unless credit is extended or otbor arrangnianU n\ii«)ii^
for payment, the collection of the account is usually takt^n oi^n^ \yt
by some New York export house or by means of ltittai*M til tu^tlilx
"When goods are sold on credit it is the usual custom to allt^w a ^\\\M
discoiu&ty about 1 per cent, for cash in 30 days from data of A)ul\nuM^I^
Mr. Nicholas Kopp, vicepresident of the rittsburgh hanq^i IIi'imm >^
Glass Co., manufacture ofJighting goods, stated;
Before the war we exported only to Mexico. In lfK)0 find J 9 JO wt» at»M ^tsA^^^ <f
$6,000 worth of goods to Mexico in esch yesr In (Jaosda we aolU Abo\it llO.tHHt w^Ml
a year for aevenl yean. We had no otner exports befom the war. Hiiu^ti i\w \yM «>ur
exports to Canada have increased to %H,0()0. We liavo HtarUid a biuiiiioiM wiU) )\^tt>
Rico. We may be able to hold our trade with (knada, Mexico, and (Uiba.
We sell direct to dealers in Cuba, and have a traveling man there who In apPAi^^Uy
matiTig good; he is a Forto Ricmn. We aim sell some to comnUnion housefl. Wa give
the same tenns in Cuba as in the United States— before January 1, 1010, 2 per caa«»
15 davs, net 30 days; now 1 per cent, 15 days, net 30 days. In Uermany we gavu nX
months. We also have one traveling salesman in Canada.
CHAPTER XII.
OPPOBTUHITIES nr THE EXPOBT TRADE.
There is some demand for American glass products from most every
country in the world and for practicaUy all grades of goods that are
manufactured in the United States, from the best and mghest priced
to the commonest and cheapest; and although some countries have
a preferential tariff operatii^ against the United States, this does
not prevent manufacturers in this country from selling there to a
certain extent. While many small as well as large sales are made,
the tendency since the war has been for larger orders. The healthy
condition of the markets abroad for American glass products is
indicated by the receipt of repeat orders from foreign customers.
Although our foreign trade has of late greatly increased, it no
doubt would have been much greater had not ocean freight rates
so greatly increased since the outbreak of the war in Europe. Nor
did the ocean rates alone operate against exporting, but the great
•demand for vessel tonnage made it very difficult and frequently
impossible to secure shippmg space. In this connection, Mr. W. L.
Monro, general manager of the American Window Glass Co., one of
the best-informed glass manufacturers of the United States, in an
address deUvered at the National Association of Window Glass
Manufacturers at Atlantic City in July, 1916, stated:
I estimated that the total foreign trade of this country for the year from September
li 1915, to September 1, 1916, would be about 2,000,000 boxes, but certain conditiQnB
arose which reduced very materially the amount of the export trade we otherwise
would have done. The principal difficulties were the enormous increase in ocean
freight rates, the impossibility of securing vessel space even at those exorbitant
rates, and the difficulty of getting glass to the seaboard even after vessel space was
available. All these things, each in its turn, contributea to discourage the buying
of American glass. But a more important factor sprang up, and that was the resump-
tion of operations by a number of factories in Belgium; and while at first it was not
the amount of glass they produced which cut down the export trade, it was the
menace which foreign buyers felt that this production would oe if they were to lay
in large stocks of American glass.
An optimistic view is taken regarding the export trade of manu-
facturers of handmade window ^ass in an editorial in The Glass-
worker of August 12, 1916, which states:
It is impossible that hand-plant window-glass manufacturers will devote more
attention to the export trade during the coming season than they did during the last
Statistics show that of the 1,500,000 boxes of glass shipped abroad last year, including
Ouiadian shipments, only 200,000 were of handmad^ glass. It has also developea
that other prospective sales aggregating easily 500,000 boxes could have been secured
by the hand plants but were turned down.
The subject has been brou^t to the attention of the manufacturers and is now
under their consideration. Whether they will take steps to share in this profitable
business next year remains to be seen. Of course it is not certain just how big die
export business will be, but the impression is strong in many quarteip that the coming
of peace in Europe will by no means usher in the immediate resumption of European
window-glass factories, but that on the contrary a year and pernaps longer must
elapse before the skilled labor necessary to operate those plants, even when physical
394
OPPOSTUKIHES IN THE BXFOBT TBADE.
396
repairs are not needed, can be secured. If this view of the sltiiation is borne out
by events, the export trade will be well worth paying serious attention to next year.
The sale of half a million boxes of glass means a lot of money, and represents a full
month's operation.
An embargo prohibiting the importation of window, sheet, and
plate glass and glass tableware into the United Kingdom went into
effect on August 21, 1916. It will, however, hardly decrease the
exports of glass and glassware from the United States, because the
demands from other parts of the world are enormous. Exporting
manufacturers do not expect to hold trade to the extent to which
it has expanded during tne war, but most of them expect to do a
larger foreign business after the war than they did b^ore the war
began.
niPOBTS OF FOBXIQN' GOUNTBIES.
The values of glass and glassware imported into foreign countries,
colonies, protectorates, and dependencies, shown in Table 139^^ which
follows, were compiled from data pubUshed by the various countries
and are here given to show approximately the extent of the market
for different kinds of glass and glassware open to the American manu-
facturer. The data given are for the nearest available 12-month
period preceding the outbreak of the war in Europe, in 1914, repre-
sentative of a period when the market was still in a comparatively
normal condition.
The statistics of imports of foreign countries are not comparable
with exports of the United States to these countries, because different
methods of valuation are used in different countries, because the
imports in some cases are reported not from the country of origin
but from the country where tne goods were purchased, and because
considerable quantities of imports are reshipped and therefore appear
in the statistics of imports of the country to which they are reshipped
as well as in those of the country which first imported them. These
and similar considerations should be borne in Wnd when an attempt
is made to analyze the commerce of foreign countries, or in making
comparisons between the exports from the united States and imports
into foreign countries.
The statistics of imports which follow are as complete as it is possi-
ble to make them with the data available, but some of the minor
colonies, dependencies, and protectorates are not included.
Table 139. — ^Value of Imports of Glass and Glassware into Foreign Countries,
BY Continents.
EUROPE.
AUSTBXA-HrmOAST.O
$203
Electrio-light bulbs
Hollow ware:
Fine, etched, smoothed, decorated,
emery-ground and cut, common ... 98, 802
Bottles, ordinary 127,403
Bottles with ground-in stoppers 39, 691
Pressed ware:
Crude, natural color or white 31^565
Colored, painted, etc 26,910
Kirrors, plate, rough and polished 340,869
Mirrors, framed 21,800
Wire glass 930
Phot(^rai>hic dry plates 373,675
a Calendar
AU8TBiA>iruN0ABT— <»ntinned.
Optical goods:
Bough in lumps, sheet or lens shaped,
etc $36,630
Spectacle lenses 33,186
Other not specified 24,717
SmaU rods, plates, and tubes 10,576
Watch crystals, polished 33,551
Glass in the lump, enameled and glazed
in lump, glass^wder, etc 191,109
Beads, plain ana decorated 23,380
Buttons, plain and decorated 15, 657
Bracelets and necklaces, etc 7,456
Imitation pearls, etc 29,206
year 1913.
396
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 139. — ^VaIiUB of Impobts op Glass and Glass warb into Foreiqn Countries,
BT Continents — Continued.
EUROPE— Continued.
AUSTBIA-HUNQABT— concluded.
Solid pendants, etc $12,835
Glass and enameled ware, toys, orna-
ments, etc 273,857
Total 1,754,008
AZORES AND MADEIBA ISLANDS.a
BotUes
Buttons of porodain and glass .
Lamp chimneys
Mirrors
Opera glasses
Pnotographic plates
Hate, polished, uniMlished, silvered, or
unalvered
Vases
Manufactures not specified
6,639
1,732
2,062
1,441
1,602
2,109
1,007
932
25,924
Total.
43,508
BELGnm.o
Botttea 852,167
Csrbosrs 6,888
Ooblets, etc 61, 773
Ordinary glassware, not specified 6, 237
Plate glass:
Rough 21,247
PoHdied 62,919
Savered 4,080
Window glass, ordinary, ribbed, and
colored 67,738
Other glassware not speeded 546,478
Total 1,629,527
BULQABIA.b
Bottles and demijohns
Charms, buttons, bracelets, et&.
Enamel, and articles of
Lamps and 1 antems
Electrio*light globes
Mirror glass, framed and unfriuned
Fine glassware
Vases and other ordinarr glassware
Window and plate, ordinary colored, en-
graved, etc
Ordinary crude glass
Glassware, notspedfied
68,528
29,450
152
6,027
26,960
33,574
53,315
64,618
133,954
2,339
17,379
Total 435,846
DEN]fARK.a
Bottles 64,856
Siphons 4,824
Incandescent lamps 434, 160
Lamps, shades, and parts of 102, 108
Lenses, optical, and photographic ware . . Ill, 756
Laboratory and scientific ware 15, 812
Hollow ware and glass'ware 119, 260
Tableware 140,700
Glass manufactures, metal mounted and
ottier not specified 5,092
Glass, silvered, ground, or not 46, 364
Glass, not silvered or ground 48, 240
Opaque glass 31,892
Ofiier glass 266,660
Total 1,391,724
ITNLAND.a
Bottles, ordhiary 1,284
Plate and mirrors. 117, 510
Window glass .
Tiling
Spectacle glasses without settings,
watoh crystals
a Calendar year 1913.
20,355
9,252
2,187
4,026
TiNLAND— concluded.
All other:
Unground, uncolored 173,505
Ungroond, rough colored 55,366
Ground, uncolored 18,351
Ground, colored, painted, gilded, sil-
vered, etc 1,739
Miscellaneous 190
TotaL 309,765
FBAHCB.a
Bottles 258,202
Lighting goods 762,785
laoandesoent eleetrio lamps:
With carbon filaments 18,2»
With metallic filaments with fittings. 421, 975
Not mounted 66,006
Glassware, plain and pressed 879, 107
Glassware, turned, cut, or decorated 1, 426, 563
Mirror and plate 447,706
Window 271,855
Roofing 51,861
Optiwd. 170,496
Watch crystals 23,237
Glass, in lump or tubes, beads, fiowers,
imitation stones, cnllet, etc 924,057
Manufactures, not specified* 272,371
Total 5,994,450
GERlCANT.a
Hollow ware:
Not pressed, natural color 18,564
Not pressed, white 52,360
Not specified 424,830
Painted, gilded, plated 108,054
Siphons 1,190
Lamp chimneys 71, 162
Mirror and plate, not polished, bent, etc.:
Not colored nor transparent 275,842
Colored or opaque 20,944
Other 16,422
Photographic:
Dry plates. 206,012
Lenses 114,716
Photographs 5,474
Optical:
Crude 39,984
PoUshed 122,332
Spectacle lenses 69,020
Spectacles 38, 7M
Artificial eyes 62,832
Opera glasses 411 , 502
Pendants 341,590
Pearls, corals, and paste ware 702,576
Tubes 78,064
Watch crystals 9, 758
Glassware, not specified, glass wool, col-
ored and uncolored 628,320
Glass combined with other materials 60, 020
Glass in mass 77, 826
Broken glass 7, 378
Total 4,077,178
OREECE.a
Bottles
Glassware ,
Lamp chimneys, etc
Lamps of every Kind
Lusters of glass, with and without metal
Mirrors
Pearls, etc
Photographic pistes
Plate glass
Spectacles, eye glasses, and lorgnettes... .
Watdi crystals and lenses
Window glass
Broken glass
19,574
38,085
68,569
66,795
1,185
4,103
15,425
8,674
246
3,868
1,086
55,983
85
Total 283,678
h Calendar year 1911.
OFPOKTUNimS IN THE EXPOBT TBADB.
3i*T
Tablk 139. — Yalitx of Impobtb or Glass avd Glassware ikto Forvion iVv \f iit«a
BT OoMTiNvsTS — Continued.
SUBOPK— Contiinied.
ICBLAllD.a
Lamps and lamp ware t^h^^
WfnOaw^ttm 7,9©
Total.
19,112
RALT.«
Bottles 198,232
Demljoims M3
Beads 31,337
Battoos 4,3IK
Iwamdescgpt electric llg^ lamps 1,754,803
502,001
593,532
9,021
305,980
2,413
8,054
200,025
12,173
15,233
001,646
98,700
5,700
3,413
Blown or molded.
Co]oradaiidoat,etc...
White or oolond, sil^end Insida.
Painted or gaded, etc
Volmnetrie
Ifirrors, plate and framed.
Glass or cmtal oiateK
Not polished, eommon windoir glass.
Wired lor roofs
Otbernot polished
FoHshed, not silvflred 1,
Photognmhic plates
Crude opfieaL
Broken.
TotaL 4,807,581
CTPBSSB I8LA]n)8.a
Glass and glassware.
30,134
KnilKBLAMDB.*
Bottles 22,7M
ICIrror glass, sflvered and plain 55,345
"Vnndow glass 101,728
BrolDen glass 11,649
Manufactures not specfUsd. 112,347
Total 303,635
NOXWAT.a
Bottles and flaslra 67,834
IfiUr jars, crocks, etc. 8,308
Fishing buoys 4,985
Electric incandescent lamps 195,721
ICfaTors 18,438
Ulrror glass, sIlTered 47,275
Ifirror glms, unsUveced. 114,516
Window glass 138,047
Flooring 16,375
Photomphic plates 25,406
Optical glass 16,107
Retorts, etc 2,010
Otherglass manofoctures 170,234
Total 815,256
FOBTUOAL.a
Bottles 175,009
Buttons of porcelain or glass 28, 257
Lamp chimneys 14,975
Mirrors 12,554
Plate:
Polished, unsilvered 47,227
Polished, silvered 52,507
Not polished 2,114
Photographic plates 37,976
Opera glasses 27,565
Vases 3,590
Broken glass ' 908
Manu&ctures not specified. 307,817
Total 710,499
HOUMAinA.e
Bottles |»«y7»4S.
Demijohns *»V»
Carbonated water oontainert,.,,.,., 3Mv4i:»ik
Tableware S,iSr
Table vases and oontainers ,««. ^M»
Electric bulbs «l#v^{^
Lamp glaea .....,.«..« W. ^H
Mirrors and looking-glass, framed mhI
unframed «)C\^
Optical goods ^ vH
Spectacles , Itkx?^
Opera glasses and largnettes , idX '^t^
lucroseopefliindotheroptioallnatrufueiita. )^4m^
Watch crystals 1 . 7Ui
Photographic plates and slides -M. M^
Photographic apparatus )^ ^Mi
Roofing i^ass 4. V
Window and plate ^MU.Axi
Window mounted In metal Tsdk
Wire glass *k^M*
Cut glassware n.*W
Imitation pearls of all kinds M v\>*A
Buttons li^. TH>
Bracelets 5i^x ^4
Manuractures not specified ^, AM
Miscellaneous ^.im
Total l.lJH.Oer
Kuasu.^
BoUles 56,130
Siphons 2,850
Tableware, blown 23,418
Manufacturers of flint glass 47,065
Manufactures:
Uncut, unpolished,nnground, pressed
or molded 52,675
Blown offhand 370,450
Cut, polished, etc 204,363
Not specified, colored, opaque, etc. . . 241, 948
Not specified, etched, unground, etc. 421, 626
All kinds with ground necks, etc 83,728
Electric-light bulbs:
With carbon filaments. 212,066
With metal filaments. 2,282,505
Plate:
Not cast, poHahed 274,686
Not silvered 0,223
SUvered 00,116
Wire glass 7,578
Photographic dry plates 26l,98S
Broken gbss 18,245
Spectaclesriarmetfes, binocnlars 155,633
Soeet glass, blown or cast, uncut, un-
poBahed.. 887,752
Ottier sheet 75,060
Sheet glass, embelished with paintings;
leadglass 13,381
Total 5,202,498
SERBIA.^
Incandescent electric lamps 25, 886
Lenses, etc 8, 617
Optical glasses and watch crystals 1, 018
Photographic dry plates 4,801
Plate and window glass 84,276
Wire and opaque glass 8, 913
Prisms, pendants, buttons, and pearls,
etc 11,807
Imitations of precious stones 11, 120
Glassware combined with other materials 12, 906
Glass and glassware, not specified 141, 042
Total 305,386
a Calendar year 1913. ' Calendar year 1011.
b Calendar year 1913; includes Russia in Europe and Russia in Asia.
898
THE GLASS INDUSTEY.
Table 139. — ^Valueof Imports of Glass and Glassware into Foreign Gountbiss,
BY Continents — Oontinned.
EU RO PE— Concluded.
SPAIN.a
Bottles and demijohns , 1183,740
Klectric-li^t lamps with mountings 957, 643
Optical glass, watch crystals, and spec-
tacle lenses 24, 953
Photographic plates 87, 773
Plate and window glass 171,997
Paving and ^Ire, etc 72, 897
Ribbed 6,497
Silvered, plated, and nickeled 13, 306
Imitation pearls, etc 53,639
Manufactures not specified, uncut, un-
oolored, etc 102, 646
Colored and cut, etc 147,311
Total 1,822,302
SWEDEN.a
Bottles , $34,703
Household articles 117, 926
Lamp shades and glasses 23,814
Photographic dry plates 1 18, 147
Window and mirror 232, 088
Mirrors and paintings. 59, 541
Wire glass 59,366
Door panels 87,863
Roofing and paving 8, 258
Portholes 7,983
Laboratory articles 1 1, 989
Tubing 4, 120
Optical 5,380
Imitation pearls 26, 31S
Buttons of glass or porcelain 10,029
All other manufactures of glassware and
enamel ware 33,035
Total 842,615
SWrrZESLAND.O
TTniio'wr ware*
Electrio-Ught globes 109,720
Insulators and electric battery Jars. . . 10, 524
Made from brown, black, or green
glass 99,895
SWITZERLAND— concluded .
Hallow ware— Concluded.
Not polished, semlwhite glass S >2, 731
Not polished, white gliss 2W, JA6
Other kinds, polished, unground,
colored, or elided 265,298
Com])ined with metal or straw 37, 170
Photographic dry plates 132,383
Watoh crystals 149, 382
Mirror glass, unsilvered 305,065
Mirror glass, silvered 39,059
Mirrors 30,355
Window glass 342,534
Cathedral glass 17,521
Roofing glass 95,235
VitrifTcation , and imitation pearls 21, 705
Other manufactures of glass 13,52S
Total 1,996,785
TURKEY. 6
Electric apparatus and incandescent
bulbs 681,859
Lamps 64,222
Optical instruments, etc., including pho-
tographic dry plates 251, 265
Plate glass and mirrors, framed or not . . . 195, 737
Window glass, all kinds 318, 667
Other glass manufactures 924, 73)
Total 2,436,480
UNITED KINODOM.a
Bottles 3,965,73)
Flint, plain, cut. or ornamented, and man-
ufactures of flint glass, except bottles . . 6, 739, 523
Plate glass 2,641,799
Window and German sheet, including
shades and cylindws 3,416,118
Manufactures unenumerated. 21,306
Total. 18,784,476
NORTH AMERICA.
BRITISH WEST INDIES.
Barbados: a
Glass, manufactured
7,713
Jamaica: o
Bottles 7,800
Glass and glassware 56,381
Total.
64,081
Trinidad and Tobago: a
Glass and glassware «.... 61,368
Bahamas: a
Bottles 452
Earthen and glass ware 186,786
Total 187,238
Leeward Islands: ^
Earthen and glass ware 21,544
Grenada: a
Glass and glassware 7,003
St. Vincent: a
Glass and glassware 4,409
St. Lucia: a
Glass and glassware 3,638
a Calendar year 1913.
b Fiscal year ended Mar. 13. 1912; includes Turkey
I Europe and Turkey in Asia.
CANADA.<i
Carboys, demijohns, bottles, decanters,
flasks, Jars, etc $597,443
Balls, cut, pressed ot molded, crystal glass,
tableware, blown glass, tableware, ana
other cut glassware 676,871
Lamp chinmevs, globes, shades, or glasses 390, 573
Common window glass 1,497,379
Ornamental floured and enameled, col-
ored glass, and enamel or other orna-
mental wmdow glass 37,316
Plain colored, opaque, stained or tinted,
or muffled, in sheets 99,016
Painted or vitrified, chipped, figured,
enameled, and obscured white glass. . . 31, 499
Plate glass, all kinds and sizes 1,077,382
Glass lor pnotc^raphic dry plates 17, 738
Glass plates or disl:s for optical purposes. 11, 520
Silvered glass, beveled or not, irained or
unfhtmed 171,005
Stained or ornamented glass windows 25, 678
All other articles of glassware 470, 518
TotaL 5,103,938
c Calendar year 1912.
d Fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1914.
OPPOBTUHITIES TS THE EXPORT TRADE*
JtM^
Tabls 139.— Yalits of Imposts of Guum and Olasswarb into Forem^ \\m
BT CONTINBNTS — GoDtinUOd.
^ ^ ^^TT^^^^
009TA 1UCA.a
NORTH AMBRICA-Ooaeludtd.
0VATBMAtA--CCk|iettt«^«4^
Otassware 912,406
Glass »,571
Lamps and accessories 12,1K&
MiiTors 3,M3
Wired glass M«
Total.
48, Ml
CUBA.&
Bottles, commoD 196,963
Bottles, labeled 199,600
Glass containers
Electric lamps 119,009
Mirrors 79,700
Window glass 76,702
All other glassware 697,907
Plat«RlMt
RooflngiclMX
Articles combined with metiUak
Other articles
Total.
IIt'NMl||AiL»
Bottles and flanlcM ,
I>amp('hfmn»yM..
321)033 I ^ila.Hi(Wttrn
IX»0killj?-Klli«.H4»S. . .
Plate KUiSH
B[)e('ta('l(M
TotaL 1,677,072
tHOlCA0
DASiaH WEST INDIES, 8T,
ISLAin).
Glassware
12,349
DOIONICAN BEPUBUC*
Glass and glassware 66,390
DUTCH WEST INDIBS.a
Glass and glassware 4,260
TKENCH WEST INDlES.a
Onadeloape and dependencies:
Bottles
Demijohns
Inca^esoent electric bulbs...
Hollow ware-
Cut, ensraved, decorated.
IP chin
Lamp chimneys.
Plain pressed, etc.
Plate glass
Window glass
Trinkets, ornaments, beads, ete.
MiaceUaneoos
2,490
306
6,090
1,661
6,749
1,201
683
602
400
Total.
Martinique:
qne:
Bottles
Incandescent electric bolbs.
Hollow ware-
Cut, enoaved, decorated.
LP chimneys
Lamp
Plain, pressed, etc
Plate glass ,
Window glass
Trinkets, omiunents, beads, etc.
Miaoellaneous
20,902
4,620
461
3,402
618
1,680
2,121
714
273
6,062
Total.
19,830
GUATElIALA.a
Bottles, flasks, demijohns....
Glassware for nousehold use.
Spectacle lenses,
lurrors
Jardiniers.
6,814
4,907
97
1,165
201
a Calendar year 1913.
& Fiscal year ended Jmie 30. 1014.
e Fiscal year ended Jane 30, 1012.
Total.
MICXIOO.*
lk)UltM»
DemiJohnN and carboy a
FliMkfi, lined witli leather, rattaUi oKHh^
etr;
MirrorH and rIush fur, all kluiln
LenHOH of lOl kliulH with haudlea mxsX
muiintfjiKH.
Rpet'tai'loH Mu\ WHt<*he.s, ^ham tw
Common and plute, pulliihmi
C'ut and euKruvod
Docomted with gold, Hilver, eto.
Paving glaH.s
Window and plate , . .
iy«M
4. Aw
151.:hv>
Total I, aoi, IM
meWVOUNDLAND.*!
Bottles
Plata, silvered, speotaolei. eto. . .
Common, colorleas, and ^window.
7,948
99,939
16099
Total
iriCARAOUA.O
Glass and glassware
PAJIAMA.e
66.109
99,999
Bottles
Demijohns
Glassware
Plate glass
Glass not speoifled.
6«9i9
066
42,074
16, 147
6,a3a
Total.
72,562
ST. FIBRRB AND MIQUSLON.A
Bottles, filled or empty 1,081
Hollow ware, plain, pressed, and lamp
chimneys 864
Window glass 1,010
Incandescent electric bulbs 834
Miscellaneous 647
TotaL
3,835
SALVADOR.*
Glassware.
d Fiscal ended year Mar. 31, 1014.
« Calendar year 1012.
48,879
400
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 139. — ^Value of Impobts op Glass and Glassware into Foreign Countries,
BY Continents — Continued.
SOUTH AHEBICA.
AS/avtrasA.9
Bottles, ordixmry. and flasks $405,873
Presoriptiaii bottles 202,409
Bnlte.. 187,1«5
IhOBindesoent lamps 478,101
Insulators 346
Flooring and sl^Ughts 216,465
Mirrors, finished. 128,387
Mirrors, glass for 7,210
Opera glasses 49,015
TtftiTiTt ware*
Of glass and porcelain 126,043
Shades 31,658
Carriage 7,240
Portame 60,471
Not specified 63,081
Plate glass 1,821,064
Spectacles, and lenses for 46,962
Ofehing.... 202,407
Watch crystals 67,768
All other not spedfied 1,086,843
Total 6,229,406
BOLIVIA.a
Mirrors 24,014
Glass 46,626
Glassware 69,779
Other glassware 9,967
Total 150,386
BSAZIL.a
Bottles.
Flasks..
Gups.
Eyefflass lenses
IiBUjators
lAboratory apparatus
Lighting goods:
Garru^ lamps
Lamp chimneys
Elecmo lamps
Polished glass
Window glass
Manufsotures not specified 1,
606,616
207,452
73,213
2,379
IDS, 560
55,832
5,496
40,861
477,329
90,312
660.349
009,445
Total 3,427,853
BBinSH OUUNA.a
Bottles, lamps, lamp chimneys, and ta-
bleware
O t her glassware
19,149
7,166
Total.
26,316
CBILE.a
Bottles 667,773
Demijohns 3,917
Flask, for pocket, and with metal caps. . . . 606
Eleotric light globes 892,262
Lamps 22,402
Loonng glasses, and mirrors for 60,416
Glassware:
Ordinary and metal mounted 863,626
Fine and metal mounted 20,343
Plate glass, beveled or not 253,796
Colorful glass 19,086
Photographic glass 27,746
Marine and opera glasses 6,238
Spectacles, lenses, and watch crystals — 16, 708
lusoellaneous 6,329
Total 1,769,044
DX7TCH QUIANA.a
Glassware.
Lamps —
7,626
6,631
Total 14,257
a Calendar year 1913.
ECUAIK>S.a
Ordinary glassware
Fine glassware
Lamps and lanterns
Mirrors
Window, pteto, concave, and ribbed ^ass
122,362
1,024
11,670
5,050
10,783
Total.
50,789
FALKLAND ISLANDS.^
Glass and earthenware
4,657
FRENCH Cn7IANA.«
Bottles, filled or empty
Flowers, ornaments, imitation pearl and
porcelain, funeral wreaths
Hollow ware:
Plain, pressed, etc.
Cut, engraved, and decorated.
Lamp chimneys.
Incandescent eleetEic bnlbs
MisceUaneous
Plate glass
Small glassware, beads, trinkets, etc.
Spectacles and optical goods
Watches and clocks
Window glass, plain
3,554
566
2,397
2,213
532
1,55^
1,062
480
51
10
13
286
Total.
12,719
FEBU.a
Bottles:
Ordinary 125,259
Carbonated water containers 11,382
Covered with straw, metal, orleather. 1,022
Flasks and demijohns 4,382
Glassware:
Ordhiary 26,360
Cut or decorated 61,531
With metal mountings : 12,207
Field, marine, opera glasses and lorg-
Lenses..**!.'*!'.'!!!...!.!...!!"!!!!^! '313
Lighting goods:
Lamp shades and bowls 14,727
Kerosene lamps, chimneys, and gas
globes 7,659
Incandescent lamps 39,714
Carriage and other lanterns 4,333
Mirrors, andplatesfor 39,923
Photographic and dry plates 4,483
Spectacles and goggles 3, 115
Window, plate and ribbed glass 28, 781
Miscellaneous 3,555
Total 390,460
Bottles
Demijcdms
Flasks
Lamps
Lamp chimneys
Mirrors ,
Floor glass
Plate glass
Ribbed glass
All other glassware.
UBUaUAT.ft
72,885
11,330
23,877
17,859
21,867
1,0S3
10,965
66,420
9,346
146,948
Total 382,580
VSNBZUELA.a
Bottles, ordinary
Carbonated water bottles.
Demijohns
Lamps
Lighting goods
Alcohol lamps
Glass manuiactures
Optical apparatus
Plate
116,276
3,64S
12,987
26,875
12,840
4,206
90,289
1,112
9,986
TotaL 278,219
b Calendar year 1911.
OPPORTUNITIES IS THE EXPORT TRADE.
401
Tablk 139.— Valus of iMrons owOlam amd Glamwabb into Fobsion
WT CowTtMMMiB Gontiiiudd.
ASU.
Baneles 911,445
Beads and taJae pearls
Boctles and phjals
FozmelSy ^(wes, and 0m parts of larapt.
Tableware, InrJndfng decsntaiiy tniiv-
biers, etc
Sheet and plate
Other glassware
3, .',77
1,124
6,721
Total. 4»,721
Bandes 2,610,0%
Beads and flUse pearls 7»2,«(75
Bottles and phiab 711,370
Funnels, globes, and glam parti of lamps. Ml, 7.%
Tableware, Inctnding deeanters, tom-
biers, etc 2M, 220
Sheet and plate 72',,216
Other glassware 6;il,6M6
Total 6,311, 13A
Plate glass 20,766
Wmdow and Oennan dwet 3^,420
Another Ui,504
Total 1H«»
XAmns and lamp ware. 1,011,021
Looking elaases. 275, .506
Glass ana glassware 601,727
Whidow glass 836,204
Total 2,924,466
Whidow glass 74,550
DimX MABt lUDtEB>
Bottles 108,321
Lamp chimneys •.... 84,277
Tiling 17,180
Window ghisB 65,106
-Glassware imported for the Government . 47, 806
Another 721,365
Total 1,044,234
Indo China:
Bottles, filled or empi
Flowers, ornaments, el .
Ineandeseent aleqtrlc bulbs.
HoUow ware —
Plain presMd ,
Cut. engraved, and decorated.. . ,
Lampohlmneyi
Plate glaM
Window gUiss
Bmall glaMwaie, beads, trinkets, etc!
XisoeUaoeous
S173,5M
10,457
45,216
25^363
2a»sao
50,617
60,177
13,501
22,017
Total 613,963
French India:
Plate glass
SmaU glassware, beads, trinketo, etc!
32
967
331
Total 1,330
?h«fUlaM 1,0I»,S61
Plate glass 260.270
Plate or sheet, silvered 37,564
Plate or sheet, ribbed, embossed, etc.,.. 30,965
Wire glass 6^423
PbotographJo plates lffir,760
All other manufactures 64,216
Total 1,600»768
Kirrors, unframed 4,180
Olashigglass 8^742
Uollowware 116,533
All other glass manudMturBs 31,310
Total 100,765
BTHAin SKTTLXICmTS.'
Bottles 236,302
All other glass and glassware 408,433
Total 644,634
AFRICA.
ABYSSmiA.b
•Glass and glassware
BELGIAN KONOO.b
Glassware
BBITISH WEST ATBICA.^
Gambia:
Glassware
-Southern Nigeria:
Glassware
BBinSH SOUTB AnUCA-b
Bottles and jars
"Other glass and glawware.
83,651
104,065
4,166
46,236
710,670
645,906
Total 1,356,576
BBinSH EAST ATBICA.
East Africa Protartarate: 4
Glassware and earthenware
■Mauritius: d
Glass and glassware
64,048
33,388
a Fiscal year ended Kar. 31,
b Calendar year 1913.
e Calendar year 1914.
1914.
102511**— 17-
-26
BBI118H EAST AmcA>-eonioiaded.
Seychelles: d
Glassware
Uganda Protectorate: <
Earthenware, cidna and ^ass. .
8730
38,109
Zanzibar: d -
Crockery and glassware.
Beads
31,968
19,617
TotaL 61,575
FRENCH AHUCA.fr
Algeria:
Glasses for table use
Window glass
Bottles
387,583
120,818
184,508
Total 643,900
Dahomev and dependencies:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles.
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, eto . . .
d Calendar year 1912.
e Fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1913.
19,878
15,010
402
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
Table 139.— Value ofEupobtb opGlass and Glassware into Foreign Countries,
BY Continents — Continued.
AFRICA-<:k>ncluded.
rBENCH.A7RicA— continued.
Dahomey and dependencies— Concluded.
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain
Cut, enzrossed, and decorated . . .
Lamp shades, etc
Incandescent lamps
Insulators and tiling
Plate glass
Spectacles and optical goods
watch and clock glass
Window glass
Miscellaneous glassware
12,367
1,197
483
151
44'
2,425
37
5
544
2,503
Total
Franch Guinea:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain
Cut, ensrossed, and decorated . . .
Lamp shades, etc
44,218
Incandescent lamps
Insulators and tiling
Plate glass-
Unpolished and polished .
SUvered
Window glass
Miscellaneous glassware
35,573
310
65
314
502
755
719
303
1,348
23
117
2,741
Total
French Somah:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain.
42,770
Cut, enerossed, and decorated .
Lamp shades, etc
Incandescent lamps
Plate glass, uni>o]|shed and poh^ied.
Watch and clock glass
Window glass
Miscellaneous glassware
11,341
1,014
15
7,114
3,469
1,341
45
830
3
782
717
Total
Gabon:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Demijohns
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc
Hollowware, goblets, etc.^
Plain....
Cut, engrossed, and decorated. . .
Lamp shades, etc.
26,661
Insulators and tiling
Plate glass, unpottshed and polished.
Window glass
Miscellaneous glassware
2,214
1,283
587
109
3,300
173
441
11
279
67
1,063
Total.
9,617
iTorv Coast:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware. 30, 614
Bottles 6
Enameled glass 664
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc 39
Glass in sashes 232
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain 1,098
Cut, engrossed, and decorated ... 298
Lamp shades, etc 636
Incandescent lamps 110
Plate glass, unpolished and polished. 1, 894
Spectacles and optical goods 7
Watch and dock glass 10
Windowglass 680
MisoeUaneooBglasswaze 10,312
Total.
46,399
FRENCH AJBICA— concluded.
Madagascar and dependencies:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc
Glass in sashes
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain.... !
Cut , engraved, and decorated
Lamp shades, etc
Incandescent lamps
Insulators and tiling
Plate glass, unpolished and polished.
Watch and clock glass
Wi ndow glass
Miscellaneous glassware ,
S5,657
23,937
1,024
27
11,788
2,420
2,047
1,395
i,m
2,789
10
5,159
3,30?
Total 60,804
Middle Kongo and Ubang-Shari-Chad:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles ^^.
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain I
Lamp shades, etc
Insulators and tiling
Plate glass
Watch and clock g^ass
Windowglass
Miscellaneous glassware
13,009
8,563
1,910
326
ao2
353
10
868
830
Total 26,161
Reunion:
Glassware.
Senegal:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Demijohns
Enameled glass
Flowers, ornaments of pearl, etc
Glass in sashes
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain.. !
Cut, engrossed, and decorated. . .
Lamp shades, etc
Incandescent lam
Insulators and tili
LDS
mg...
lishedi
Plate glass, unpolished and polished.
Spectacles and optical goods
Stained glass ^
Watch and clock (^ass
Window glass
Miscellaneous glassware
12,980
2(^181
* 1,342
278
10,369
1,758
254
3,037
1,025
1,002
5,746
539
3,605
104
223
24
4,356
5,918
Total 80,261
Tunis:
Glassware.
181,900
Upper Senegal and Niger:
Beads, trinkets, and small glassware.
Bottles
Demijohns
Enameled glass
Hollowware, goblets, etc.—
Plain
Lamp shades, etc
Incandescent lamps
Insulators and tiling. . . .
Plate glass, unpoUsned i
Stained glass
Windowglass
Miscellaneous glassware.
. and poU^ied.
8,834
161
1,892
72
90
1,323
221
296
4
604
579
a Calendar year 1918.
Total
GXBicAir AnacA..o
Glass and glassware
MOBOOCO.b
Glass and glassware
h Calendar year 1012.
14,870
405,996
333,296
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE EXPORT TRADE. 403
Tablb 139. — ^Valub of Ekports of Glass and Glassware into Foreign Countribs,
BT Continents — Concluded.
OCEANIA.
ACSTRAUA.a
Bottles 1524,044
Battery jars, tubes, rods, retorts, etc 10, 526
Sheet glass 561,687
Polished and plate 623,006
Glass, bent, beveled, enameled, silvered,
etc 74,428
Syphon bottles and accessories 297, 518
Lenses, watch crystals, etc. 34, 450
Not elsewhere specified, including glass
caps, stoppers, fancy cut glass, etc 867, 001
Other articles 50,977
Total 3,043,636
NEW ZEALAND .a
Bottles 375,643
Mirrors and lootdng glasses 45,842
NEW ZEALAND— continued.
Plate glass •251,944
Window glass 269,069
Glassware 275, 566
Total 1,217,954
FRENCH OCEANIA.a
Bottles and demijohns 4, 740
Hollowware 8,591
Flowers, ornaments, etc 3,938
Small glassware, trinkets, beads, etc 590
Window glass 980
Plate glass 2,366
Other glass 2,830
Total 23,970
a Calendar year 1913.
SUQOSSTIOKS FOB INCBXASIKO FOBSIOK TBADE.
Before the war in Europe began the exports from the United States
of plate glass were negligible, of window glass and bottles very
small, and of all other glass small compared with the domestic pro-
duction. Most manufacturers made no serious efforts to build up a
foreign trade, and there was a general lack of knowledge among them
as regards the requirements of foreign markets and the proper
methods to be adopted in building up an export trade. Shipments
of all kinds of glass and glassware have enormously increased sinc^
the war began, and many more manufacturers are exporting now
than ever before. There is much xmcertainty as to how much of
this foreign trade can be retained after peace is declared, but manu-
facturers are very hopeful that they can hold a much larger trade
abroad than they had before the war.
To hold and extend their foreign trade, manufacturers should
inaugurate an active campaign of inquiry and study as regards the
requirements of markets in other countries and the proper methods
to De adopted to reach these markets. Individually or collectively
manufacturers should send representatives into the foreign fields to
study the conditions and the tastes of the people, to show samples,
and to establish their own agents in the principal countries, who
could look after the business when their representatives had re-
turned from the field.
Manufacturers who are unable or unwilling to adopt this pohcy
should avail themselves of the facilities which the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce provides for assisting them in securing
export trade. In the ''Trade opportunities'' published in the Com-
merce Reports, issued daily by the Bureau, there are frequently
printed inquiries from abroad for the names of American manufac-
turers and exporters, and if these opportunities are actively followed
up connections can be made with loreign importers that may result
in good sales.
Manufacturers who seriously undertake the work of selling their
products abroad should bear in mind the suggestions which always
apply La the development of export trade, namely, to write letters
404 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
and prepare catalogues iii a language which the prospective customer
understands, to quote prices in a currency with which he is familiar,
to furnish c: i. f. (cost, insurance, and freight) quotations as far as
{)ossible, to pack goods properly, to fill orders promptly and care-
uUy, to extend a reasonable amount of credit where the standing of
the importer justifies it, and to keep in constant touch with the
market through representatives or by correspondence.
Numerous publications have been prepared by the Bureau of For-
eign and Domestic Commerce to give manufacturers information as
to the character, extent, resources, and trade of foreign coimtries,
and also to enable them to determine in part the most favorable
markets for their products. These publications are listed in a cata-
logue which may be obtained on application to the Bureau or its
branch offices.
The original customs tariffs of all foreign coimtries are on file in
the division of foreign tariffs of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, which, in response to specific inquiries, wiU furnish
information concerning the duties on any particular product in any
coimtry in which the inquirer may be immediately interested.
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.
LIST OF EEFEEEHCES OH THE GLASS INDXT^'^-^ ''^^^ ^
(Compiled under the direcUon of H. H. B. Meyer, Chief BibUogrftpl*^^'
Congress.)
MANTTFACTXTBS AKD HISTOBT.
BIBLIOORiiPHT.
re
lati
1. Edinburgh. Royal Scottish museum. Library. List of hooks, ^ ^y :Nei
to glass, in the library of the Museum. Edinburgh, Pnn^^ ilicate
company for H. M. Stationery off., 1893. 40 p. tli^T^ndon.
2. Great Britain. Patent office. Library. Subject list of worKB ^^^ ^ i/brary'
induBtry (ceramics and glass) in the library of the Patent ^j^^fS.c0 ^^"
H.M. Stationery off., Darling & son, ltd., 1914. 84 p. (Patent^
Subject lists, new ser., CD-CK.) cUi^^, ^jn-
3 Meyer, H. H. B'., and Laura A. Thompson. List of references Yr bureau-
Washington, Govt, print, off., 1916. 161 p. (U. S. Children & t-Hrarv
dustrial-series, no. 3.) Glassindustryrp. 92-94. , nubli^ i f rom
4. New York. PubHc Ubrary. List of works in the New York^ AeV^^^
relating to ceramics and glass. [New York, 1908.] 38 p- ^^ , ^^
the BuUetm, October, 1908. . Nati^f^,;^
5. South Kensington museum. A list of books and pamphlets in f*l« Jon, ^^
library of the South Kensington Museum illustrating glass. ^^ .
by Byre and Spottiswoode, 1887. 47 p. cl»y^ ' hi n
6. United States. Geological survey. Investigations relating tg igOO. ^\^a
1908. By George 0. Matson. Washington, Govt, print. on.» glass san«
Advance chapter from Bulletin no. 380. Survey publications
and glass-making materials: p. 19.
See also items nos. 18, 21, 49, 82, 93, 94, 100.
BOOKS.
■rf-ir New
7. Acton, R. M. A short history of the glass manufacture in Salem ^^2885,' v. 9;
Jersey. Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, ^^^'
343-346. ,rjj pennsyl-
8. Africa, Walter G. The glass sand industry of the Juniata Valley. Vtafics, 1^85.
vania. Department of internal affairs. Pt. Ill, Industrial statist'*
Harrisbuig, 1886. p. 36-43.) . amend-
9. [Allegheny plate glass company.] Schedule B, Plate glass. -^J^i 7 p
ments to paragraphs 98, 100. Sixty-first Congress, [n. p., 1909 J JL of the
10. American flint glass workers' union. Annual reports of national ^?^ ^I^iber
American flint glass workers' union. [Toledo, Ohio, Kraus & ^^^ '
191&-1916.] 2v. . nf the
11. American flint glass workers' union. Proceedings of the convention *^*
American flint glass workers' union. Toledo, Ohio, 1912-1916. 3 V.
12. Appert, L6on. La verrerie depuis vingt ans. Paris, E. Bernard et cie.> ^°^^*
148 p. o
13. The art of ancient glass making. Cornhill magazine, Nov. 1867, v. 16:580-oo?-
14. Austria. Arbeitsstatistisches Amt. Die Arbeitszeit in (Jlashiitten. •^^??^
uber die in der Zeit von 14. Juni bis 14. August, 1909, durchg©^^*"^
erhebung. Wien, A. Holder, 1911. 121 p.
15. Barff, Frederick S. Glass and siUcates. (In Bevan, G. P., ed. British manu-
facturing industries. London, 1876. v. 7, p. 63-126.)
405
406 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
16. Bassett, Sara W. ~The story of glaas. Philadelphia, The Penn publishing co.,
1916. 230 p.
17. Belgium. Office du travail. Monographies industrielles. Groupe IV, Fabri-
cation et travail du verre. Bruxelles, J. L. Le B^gue et cie, 1907 . 263 p.
18. Benrath, Hermann E. Die Glasfabrikation. Braunschweig, F. Yieweg und
Sohn, 1880. 495 p. (Handbuch der chemischen Technologie, hrsg. von
Bimbaum. Neue Folge, 2. Lief.) ^'Versseichniss der benutzten umfassen-
deren Arbeiten " : p . 485-487 .
19. Biser, Benjamin F. Elements of glass and glass making. A treatise designed
for the practical glass maker, comprising facts, figures, recipes, and formu^
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JJST or BEFEErvCES OX THE GLASS rSI>^^^^*
39. Frary, Fiancb C. L*i-ari^:in- 3r-in'=»I of zbasblo^rtn^r >«^^ ^y^^^^
'Hill book nampuay. 191 k ^ p. j.«*-^«? **^^^^5i* P^
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408 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
•
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410 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
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June 21, 1902, v. 53: 22128^22129.
147. 1902. Willey, D. A. Process of cutting glass dishes. Scientific American sup-
plement, Jime 28, 1902, v. 53: 22141-22142.
148. 1902. Electric glass smelting. Scientific American, Sept. 6, 1902, v. 87: 148.
149. 1902. Malleable glass. Scientific American, Sept. 13, 1902, v. 87: 168.
150. 1902. Msmufacture of cut glass. Canadian magazine, Oct. 1902, v. 19: 576-676.
151. 1902. Glazebrook, Richard T. Glass for optical purposes. Society of arts.
Journal, Oct. 17, 24, 31, Nov. 7, 1902, v. 50: 877-886, 889-896, 901-909,
914-923.
152. 1902. Electricity in glass manufacture. Scientific American supplement, Nov.
1, 1902, V. 54: 22432. n
153. 1903. Kershaw, John B. C. The use of electricity for glass manufacture. Elec-
trical review, 1903, V. 43: 735-738.
154. 1903. Manufacture of quartz glass in Germany. Scientific American, Apr. 11,
1903, V. 88: 274.
155. 1903. Sharp, T. W. How chipped glass is made. Scientific American, Aug. 1,
1903, V. 89:87.
156. 1903. Sievert process of mechanical glass blowing. Scientific American, Oct. 3,
1903, V. 89:236.
157. 1903. Glass making by electricity. Scientific American, Nov. 14, 1903, v. 89:
348.
158. 1904. Glass industry in France. American review of reviews, Jan. 1904, v. 29:
111.
159. 1904. Production of glass sand in 1902. Scientific American supplement, Mar.
19, 1904, V. 57: 23583-23584.
160. 1904. Manufacture of incised or cut glass. Scientific American, Apr. 30, 1904,
V. 90: 341, 348-350.
161. 1904. Stewart, W. R. Great industries of the United States: Glass making.
Cosmopolitan mamzine, Jan. 1904, v. 37: 139-154.
162. 1904. Blake, J. M. To turn glass in the lathe. Scientific American, June 18,
1904, V. 90: 483.
163. 1904. Pearson, W. H. P. Glass manufacture. World's work (London), June^
1904, V. 4: 49-53.
412 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
164. 1904. Powell, H. J. Gku9s blowing in Bohemia. Magazine of art, July, 1904,
V. 28: 421-423.
165. 1906. . Cut glass. Society of arts. Journal, 1906, v. 54: 776-781.
166. 1906. Electric fusion of glass. Scientific American, Feb. 17, 1906, v. 94: 146-
147.
167. 1906. Day, A. L., and E. S. Shepherd. Quartz glass. Science, Apr. 27, 1906,
n. 8., V. 23: 670-672.
168. 1906. Hayes, D. A. Length of trade life in the glass-bottle industry. Ameriran
academy of political and social science. Annals, May, 1906, v. 27: 496-499.
169. 1906. Blackiston, G. P. The ma^tude of the glass industry in the United
States. Business man's magazine and bookkeeper, July, 1906, v. 19: 53-^3.
170. 1906. Tragic significance of cheap bottles. Current literature, Aug. 1906, v. 41:
218-220.
171. 1906. Machine for the commercial production of window glass by the sheet
process. Scientific American, Dec. 1, 1906, v. 95: 400.
172. 1907. The first glass works in America, Temple, N. H. Granite state magazine,
Jan. 1907, v. 3: 17-21.
173. 1907. Making quartz glass. Scientific American, Apr. 20, 1907, v. 96: 330.
174. 1908. Macbeth, George A. Glass making by machinery. Scientific American
supplement. Mar. 7, 1908, v. 65: 151.
175. 1908. The history of glass making. Scientific American supplement, Apr. 25,
1908, V. 65: 271.
176. 1908. Colburn window-glass machine for drawing window glass continuously
in any width. Scientific American supplement, May 16, 1908, v. 65: 305,
312-313.
177. 1908. Middleton, P. H. Sheet glass by machinery. Technical world maga-
zine, Oct. 1908, V. 10: 175-177.
178. 1909. Glass industry of the United States. Scientific American, Apr. 24, 1909,
V. 100: 314.
179. 1910. Bartlett, E. Burglar-proof glass. Technical world magazine. Mar. 1910,
V. 13: 27-28.
180. 1910. Bostock, E. H. Glass; its adaptability to building. Architectural record,
Apr. 1910, V. 27: 350-358.
181. 1910. Schaller, R. Manufacture of glass. Scientific American supplement,
June 11, 1910, v. 69: 373.
182. 1911. Salvage-glass industry. Harper's weekly, Jan. 28, 1911, v. 55: 34,
183. 1911. Gray, H. St. G. The industry of glass-making at Nailsea, Someraet
County, England. Connoisseur, June, 1911, v. 30: 85-98.
184. 1911. Saimders, C. H. Cooperative glass making. South Charleston, W. Ya.
Twentieth centurymagazine, June, 1911, v. 4: 235-239.
185. 1912. Dorr, R. C. When -is a factory not a factory. Hampton's magazine,
Feb. 1912, V. 28: 39.
186. 1912. Crookes, William. Devitrification of silica glass by heat and radium rays.
Scientific American supplement, June 15, 1912, v. 73: 381.
187. 1912. Unsmashable glass. Literary digest, Sept. 28, 1912, v. 45: 512.
188. 1913. City car window-glass test. Electric railway journal, Jan. 11, 1913, v. 41: 78.
189. 1913. Luckiesh, M. Investigation of disusing glassware. Electrical world,
Apr. 26, 1913, v. 61: 883-884.
190. 1913. Machine for blowing window glass: Sievert process. Scientific American,
July 19, 1913, V. 109: 52-53.
191. 1914. Brady, E. J. Development of daylight glass; with discussion. Hluminat-
ing engineering society. Transactions, 1914, v. 9: 937-960.
192. 1914. Uncommon constituents of glass. Engineering and mining journal,
Jan. 17, 1914, v. 97: 181-182.
193. 1914. No more flying rfass; triplex glass. Literary digest, July 4, 1914, v. 49: 14.
194. 1914. Brady, F. J. Development of daylight glass; summary and discussion.
Electrical world, Oct. 3, 1914, v. 64: 655.
195. 1914. Chalmers, S. D. Glass for optical purposes. Nature, Oct. 1, 1914, v. 94:
117-118.
196. 1914. Sullivan, E. C, and W. C. Taylor. Rapid methods for glass analv'sis.
Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Nov. 1914; v. 6: 897-899.
196a. 1915. Bostock, E. H. Sheet glass in lighting. Illuminating engineering I
society. Transactions, 1915, v. 10, pt. la, p. 108&-1096,
197. 1915. Manufacture of optical glass in America. Scientific AnCierican, Feb. 20,
1915, V. 112: 175.
198. 1915. Notes on glass. Nature, Mar. 18, 1915, v. 95: 78-80.
LIST OF REFERENCES ON THE GLASS IJCDUSTBY.
199. 1915. Supplies of laboratory and optical glass apparatus; reporto- N^tuf^
Mar. 25, 1915, v. 95: lOa-105. ^^^.
200. 1915. Houghton, A. A. Contributions of the chemist to the rI^^LI"^^
Journal of ind
5. Yoxall, J.
V. 285: 3a-37.
5. Houghton, A. A. Contributions of the chemist to the f^lmsB indu^^
Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Apr. 1915, v. 7: ^^^^^'«^^
5. Yoxall, J. Grentlemen glass makers come. Living age, Apr. 3, 19 ^
202. 1915. Formulas for glass manufacture. Nature, Apr. 15, 1915, v. 95: 192-19S^ f^
203. 1915. Wein, S. Selenium in the production of colored glass. Scientific Ad^
ican, Apr. 17, 1915, v. 112: 361. .^^^
204. 1915. SmuU, Judson G. Causes of the opalescence of glass. Society of chen%^
industry. Journal, Apr. 30, 1915, v. 34: 402-406. ^^.
205. 1915. Spitzer, G., and L. S. Trachael. Sand blast for marking glaasiV^^
Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, May, 1915, v. 7: 426-40'^ '
206. 1915. Supply of optical glass. Nature, May 6, 1915, v. 95: 266-267. . ^
207. 1915. Anderson, D. G. Manufacture of laboratory glassware in Great I^rit^J^.
Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, June, 1915, v. 7: 64^--"
Scientific American supplement, July 24, 1915, v. 80: 59. j
208. 1915. Evans, W. A. D. ^luminating of glass factories. Electrical review ^^^
western electrician, July 10, 1915, v. 67: 78-81. .
209. 1915. Formulas for glass manufacture. Scientifir A morifau supplement, July ^'
1915, V. 80: 59.
210. 1915. Hulme, E. W. Chapters in the history of ghwH making and painting "^
England. Antiquary, Aug., Nov., 1915, v. 51: 2H8-202; 422-426.
211. 1915. Triplex glass. Scientific American Hupplemmit, Hopt. 18, 1916, v. KO: »J^-
212. 1915. Scott, James. Glass; inpredionts and manufacture. Architect, i>c^t. ^9,
Nov. 5, 1915, v. 94: 343-344; 308 :W>. ^
213. 1915. McEvoy, M. How glass in gradofl. Kngiuooring record, *^<'^' ^. *^*^'
V. 72: 458.
214. 1915. Glass making at the Ediswan workH. MluminatluK englnt^or, Oct, , 1915,
V. 8: 434-435.
215. 1915. Glass famine in Britain. Lh-i»rary dii(imt, Ort. 1(1. 1916. V. 5*; ^^^^^'
216. 1915. Gage, 8. H. Daylight gla/w; abstract, Klurlrlcid world, Nt'V, fl, I9|ft,
V. 66: 1041. .
217. 1915. Frink, R. L. Relation of cherrilMry mi\ iiMiclmiilcMl nMMd|>«»»'*'H»'» <<» (Ua
evolution of the glass indii«try. MniiilhirKi'Ml Mini »'huMil«'»»^ **»»MMunn j^y^
Nov. 1, 1915, v. 13: 800-802. , . .
217a. 1915. SulUvan, E. C, and W. 0. Taylor. Nww gUw; and an ttpl»^J*f ""'J <»<^ tUu
low reflectivity of gla«6 ior radiant buat, Jouriml o|f liulutfti**** *«d nuyr^.
neering chemistry, Dec, 1915, v. 7: 1064-1066. Holeutlrtii AlM^^'UHn huii-
plement, Aug. 19, 1916, v. 82: 121.
217b. 1916. Mudlcr, H. O. Glafs models of anlmaU. Vm Amaricaa uiHwn. liulU
tin, Jan., 1916, v. 42: 95-99. .
218. 1916. Lamb, 8. Some notes on optical gla^. Hcieutific American iuppl^i*»*-»^t,
F^. 5. 1916, V. 81: 8^87. , ,, . . o^^^
218a. 1916. Ghus reseaich. Engineer a^ndon) Mar. 24, Hept. 22, 1916, v. l^i*
250; V. 122: 250, 252. ,..v X« VO,
219. 1916. Cheshire, F. J. Opti/'al gla^i; an historical note. Nature, ^^^ ^ '
V. 97: 10(^-101. v,^fto\i»Ky'
220. 1916- Eisen, G. Origin of glass blowing. Amerif^au journal o\ arcl^***'
Apr., 1916, V. 20; 1*4^143, . rt^l^^^"^
220a. 1916. Langland«, 8. B. h&\m'iM (ti the desmn md \m of gla»9 ware \^^^ X^ ^^'
to natural and ftrti^<:ial illuroinatii>u. fjluminatirw engineer , -^* * *
V.9: 118-122. DiMcimum, p, in-lH. ^ wi^^^ i?i
221. 1916. Glass indu^ry; eymuiHiinm at HWetiii^ of New York section of " j , lU*^"»
chCTucal indujetry, Heiidimgie'4 aiwj chemix:al eiigiueering, AP^' ' ^ ii^-
221a. 1916. Sullivan, B, C. Pevel/>p»ifiat of low expansion glasses Jo^^^ ^ri^i-
^^^ ^dustrialaiideagin^irj^ chemistry, May, 1916, v. 8: 399-401. r\id^^
223. 1916- I>?ir-«xpansionglaj8e. Engineering magazine, July, 1916 r ftl^ ' ^-^♦'^ V.vVS
224. 1»16. Rr>9enhain, W-. Optical gla^; varu>^s qualities reriuired ..A 0^^ ^*53&JmN8
the history and methods of it£ marmfacture. 6ri<>ntific k 2r\C^ \^lf^^
ment. Aug. 19. 1916, v. 82: 118-119. Abstract in MetalluriA^ ^f ^^^^
engineering. Mar. 15, 1916, v. 14: 33^336 '""^KXc^al ^
414 THE QLASS INDUSTRY.
225. 1916. New glass; and an application of the low reflectivity of glavss for radiant
heat. Scientific American supplement, Aug. 19, 1916, v. 82: 121.
226. 1916. Wolman, L. Collective bai^aining in the glasa-bottle industry . American
economic review, Sept., 1916, v. 6: 549-567.
226a. 1916. American-made chemical glass and porcelain, discussion. Journal of
industrial and engineering chemistry^ Oct., 1916, v. 8: 952-954.
226b. 1916. Boys, 0. V. Annealing glass. Nature, Oct. 26, 1916, v. 98: 150-151.
227. 1916. Bryson, F. F. S. Electrochemical action on glass. Scientific American
supplement, Oct. 28, 1916, v. 82: 277.
227a. 1916. Sheldon, A. N. Heat transmission through windows. American society
of mechanical engineers. Journal, Nov., 1916, v. 38: 890-894. MetiJ
worker, Dec. 29, 1916, v. 86: 791-796.
227b. 1916. French, J. W. Grinding and polishing optical surfaces. Engineer (Lon-
don), Nov. 17, 1916, V. 122: 443.
227c. 1916. Scientificilaasware. Nature, Nov. 16, 1916, v. 98: 210-211.
227d. 1916. Murray, £. A. Gage glass cutter. Railway mechanical engineer, Dec.,
1916, V. 90: 660.
227e. 1916. Manufacture of bottles. Scientific American supplement, Dec. 2, 1916,
V. 82: 360.
227f. 1916. Mueller, H. O. Animals of blown glass. Scientific American supple-
ment, Dec. 9, 1916, v. 82: 372-373.
227g. 1917. Kerr, C. H. Manufacturers' dependence on ceramic research; discus-
sion. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Jan., 1917, v. 9:
96-97.
227h. 1917. Optical glass: a brief historical review. Photo-era, Jan., 1917, v.
38: 20-f .
227i. 1917. Cheshire, R. W. New method of measuring refractive index and disper-
sion of glass in lenticular and other forms. Scientific American supplement,
Jan. 20, 1917, v. 83: 37.
227j. 1917. French, J. W. Glass grinding and polishing. Engineer (London), Feb.
23, 1917, V. 123: 182.
227k. 1917. Linton, R. Window glass machine. Engineers' societ]^ of western
Pennsylvania. Proceedings, Feb., 1917, v. 33: 1-22. Discussion, p. 23-30.
227m. 1917. Parker, R. G., and A. J. Dalladay. On a precision method of uniting
optical glass. Scientific American supplement, Feb. 17, 1917, v. 83 : 102-103.
227n. 1917. What industry owes to science. Engineer (London), Mar. 9, 1917, v. 123:
217-218.
227o. 1917. DevelopiQent of the optical glass industry. Franklin institute. Journal,
Mar., 1917, v. 183: 377-378.
227p. 1917. The manufacture of quartz glass: patented by O. C. Trautmann. Metal-
lurgical and chemical engineering. Mar. 15, 1917, v. 16: 343.
227q. 1917. Carrick, A. V. Pressed glassware. House beautiful, Apr., 1917, v. 41:
293-295.
227r. 1917. French, J. W. Glass grinding and polishing: how the surface prepared
for optical purposes is formed. Scientific American supplement, May 19,
1917, v. 83: 308-310.
^ DIRECTORIES.
228. Complete directory of glass factories in the United States and Canada, 1916.
(jomp. by H. W. Gauding. [Pittsburgh, Pa., Commoner publishing co.,
1916.] 63 p.
229. Directory of glass factories in the United States and Canada. 191(3. Pittsburgh,
National glass budget, 1916. 76 p.
230. Keller's annual of the pottery and glassware trades, "('rockery dealers' year-
book," 1913. New York. R. H. Keller. 1913.
231. Pottery and glass directory, 1914. New York, Huott publishing co., 1914.
PERIODICALS.
232. China, glass, and lamps; a weekly journal for the buyer. Pittsburgh, J. G.
Kaufmann 1890,-date.
233. The Commoner and glass work. Pittsburgh, Coinmoner publishing co., 188ft-
1911. Weekly. Continued as Glassworker.
234. Crockery and glass journal. New York, Whittemore & Jacques, 1898-date.
Weekly.
LIST OF BEFBKBKCES ON THE GLASS INDUSTRY. 415
2:^. The Glassworker. Pittsburgh, Commoner publishing co.
236. The Glass worker, official organ Amal. glass work^s' int. a^is'n. Chicago, 1904-
1909. Monthly.
237. National glass budget; weekly review of the American glass industry. Pitts-
burgh, 1896-date.
238. Potcery and glass. [A monthly magazine devoted to the interests of the pottery,
glass, lamp, art metal, and allied industries.] New York, Pottery and glass
publishing co., 1908-1915. Absorbed the Glass and pottery world in April,
1909.
238a. Sprechsaal. [Zeitschrif t fiir die keramischen. glas- und verwandten Industrien.]
Odirarg, MOller & Schmidt, 1904-1916. Weekly.
COLOBXD AND ABT GLASS.
BIBIJOGRAPHT.
239. Boston. Public library. Catalogue of books relating to architecture, construc-
tion and decoration in the Piiblic library of the city of Boston. 2d ed. Bos-
ton, Published by the trustees, 1914. 535 p. Stamed-glass: p. 409-412.
240. Drake, Maurice. A history of English glass painting, with some remarks upon
the Swiss glass miniatures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centunes.
London, T. W. Laurie, ltd., 1912. 226 p. **A bibliography of stained
glass": p. 187-191. "A bibliography of Swiss stained glass": p. 193-195.
241. Eklinburgh. Royal Scottish museum. Library. List of books, etc., relating
to glass. E<unburgh, Printed by Neill & company for H. M. Stationery
off., 1893. 40 p. rt. II: Stained and painted glass.
242. New York. Public library. List of works in the New York public library
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243. Peabody Institute Library. Glass, painted and stained. (In its Catalogue,
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244. South Kensington Museum. A list of Dooks and pamphlets in the National art
Ubrary of uie SouHi Kensington Museum illustrating glass. London, Printed
by Eyre <Sc Spottiswoode, 1887. 47 p. Pt. II: Painted and stained window
glass.
See also items no. 253, 254, 259, 273, 276, 280, 3a3, 306, 308, 310, 316, 320, 329,
331, 337, 340, 348, 361.
BOOKS.
245. Alte Schweizer Glas-malereien aus dem ehem. cistercienserkloster Rathhau.
sen bei Luzem. Zttrich, M. Kreutzmann [1899]. 40 pi. 1 p.
246. Andr6, Auguste. De la verrerie et des vitraux peints dans Tancienne province
de Bretame. Rennes, Impr. de C. Catel et cie, 1878. 281 p.
247. Arnold, Hugh. Stained glass of the middle ages in England ana France, painted
by Lawrence B. Saint, described by Hugh Arnold. London, A. and C.
Black, 1913. 269 p.
248. The art work of Louis C. Tiffany. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page &
company, 1914. 90 p.
249. Atkinson, William, & co.. New York. The artists, painters and glass stainers*
coats of arms and crest book of 1871. New York, RusselFs American steam
printing house, 1871. 90 p.
250. Azeglio, Vittorio E. T., marchese d*. An exhibition of artistic painted glass
from the fourteenth to the nineteenth century. London, Printed by Spot-
tiswoode & CO., 1876. 10 p.
251. Ballantine, James. A treatise on painted glass, showing its applicability to
every style of architecture. London, Chapman & Hall, 1845. 51 p.
252. Barber, Edwin A. American glassware, ola and new; a sketch of the glass
industry of the United States and manual for collectors of historical bottles.
Philadelphia, Patterson & White co., 1900. 112 p.
253. Batiasier, Louis. Histoire de Tart monumental dans Tantiquit^ et au moyen
&ge, suivie d'un traits de la peinture sur verre. Paris, Furne et compagnie,
1845. 684 p. Bibliographical footnotes.
254. B^ule, Lucien. Les vitraux du moyen &ge et de la renaissance dans la r6rion
lyonnaise et sp^cialement dans Tancien diocese de Lyon. Lyon, A. Key
& cie., 1911. 254 p. Biblio^aphical footnotes.
255. Beltrami, Giovanni. Vetrate artistiche. G. Beltrami, Milano. [Milano? 1902.]
10 phot. 81.
416 THE GLASS INDUfi^BY.
256. Bontemps, Georges. Pelnture sur verre au XIX* si^cle; les secrets de cet art
sont-ils retrouv6s. Quelques r6flecions sur ce sujet adress^s aux savants et
aux artistes. Paris, Impr. Ducessois, 1845. 45 p.
^57. Bourass6, Jean J. Verri^res du choeur de I'^llse m^tropolitaine de Tours,
desain^es et publi6es par J. Marchand. Pans, V. Didron, 1849. 75 p. 17
col. pi.
258. Bowes, James L. Notes on shippo; a sequel to Japanese enamels. Liverpool,
Printed for private circulation, 1895. 109 p. "Glass making": p. 65-71.
259. Bruck, Robert. Die elsassische Glasmalerei vom Beginn des XII. bis zum eilde
des XVII Jahrhunderts. Strassburg i. E., W. Heinrich, 1902. 154 p.
'^Verzeichnis der benutzten Schriften iiber Glasmalerei una einzelne Gl£^-
gemalde": verso of 4th prelim, leaf.
260. Burty, Philippe. Chefs-d'oeuvre des arts industriels. Paris, P. Ducrocq [1866].
598 p. Vitraux: p. 291-317.
261. Gamesina, Albert. Die altesten Glaagemalde des chorherren-fitifteB Kloster-
neuburg und die Bildnisse der Babenberger in der Cistercienser-abtei Heil-
igenkreuz. Wien, Eaiserl. kdngl. Hof und staatsdruckerei, 1857. 34 p.
27 pi.
262. Carter, Owen B. A series of the ancient painted ^aas of Winchester cathedral.
Traced from the windows and drawn by Owen B. Carter. London, J. Weale,
1845. 8 p. 27 pi.
263. Charles. Leopold. Atelier de verriers k La Fert^-Bemard k la fin du quinzi^me
si^cle et au seizi^me. Le Mans, GalHenne, 1851. 40 p.
264. Clement, Silvain. Vitraux de Bourges; vitraux de XIIP allele de la catb^drale
de Bourges; illustr^ de 54 planches autographi6es. Bourges, Impr. Tardy-
Pigelet, 1900. 120 p.
265. Coussemaker, Edmond. Vitraux peints et incolores des 6glises de la Flandre
maritime. Lille, Impr. de Lefebvre-Ducrocq. 1860. 19 p.
266. Day, Lewis P. Stained glass. (In Encyclopaedia britannica, 11th ed. New
York, 1910. V. 12, p. 105-112.) "Bibliography"; p. 112.
267. Stained glass. London, For the Board of education by Chapman &
Hall, ltd., 1903. 155 p. (Victoria and Albert museum art handbook. ) '* In-
ventory of stained glass exhibited in the museum" : p. 146-152.
268. Windows; a book about stained and painted glass. 2d ed. London,
B. T. Batsford, 1902. 419 p.
269. Deane, Anthony C. A short account of Great Malvern priory church, a history
of the monastery, and description of the fabric, with a chapter on the ancient
glass and tiles. London, G. JBell and sons, ltd., 1914. 100 p. illus. (Bell's
cathedral series.)
:270. Descamps, Andr6 P. V. Les vitraux de la cath^drale de Toumai, dessin^s par
J.-B. Capronnier et mis sur pierre par J. de Keghel; avec un text historique
et descnptif, par MM. Deschamps et Le Maistre-D'Anstidng. BruexeUes,
librairie scientifique et litt^raire, 1848. 10 p. 14 pi.
271. Des M^loizes, Albert, marquis. Vitraux peints de la cath^drale de Bourges
post^rieurs au XIII® si^cle. Paris, Descl^e, de Brouwer & de., 1891-97.
82 p. 29 pi.
:272. Deville, Acnille. Histoire de Part de la verrerie dans Pantiquit^. Paris, V*
A. Morel et de., 1873. 108 p. 112 pi.
573. Dilbn, Edward. Glass. London, Methuen and co. [1907]. 373 p. (The con-
noisseur's library. General editor: Cyril Davenport.) "Selected bibliog-
raphy of works on glass": p. xxii-xxviii.
274. Drake, Maurice. A history of En^ish glass painting, with some remarks upon
the Swiss glass miniatures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Lon-
don, T. W. Laurie, ltd., 1912. 226 p. 33 pi.
:275. Duthie, Arthur L. Decorative glass processes. London. A. Constable & co.,
ltd., 1908. 267 p. (The "Westminster" series.)
276. Eden, Frederick S. Andent stained and painted glass. Cambrid^, Eng.,
University press; New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1913. 160 p. (The Cam-
bridge manuals of sdence and literature.) * * Aids to further study " : p. 152-
154.
277. Elward, Robert. On collecting engravings, pottery, porcelain, glass, and silver.
London, E. Arnold, 1904. 90 p. (The wallet series.) Short bibliographies
at the end of each subject.
278. Engelbrecht, Karl. Neue Vorlagen fur Ktinst-glaserei. Hamburg, Boysen &
Maasch, 1904. 1 p. 18 pi.
LIST OP BEFEBENCES ON THE GLASS INDUSTKY. 417
279. Essex, Richard H. Illustrations of the architectural omamente and embellish*
ments, and painted glass, on the Temple Church, London. London, J.
Weale, 1845. 15 p. 29 pi.
280. Fischer, Josef L. Handbuch der Glasmalerei fur Forscher, Samimler und
Kunstfreunde, wie ftir Kiinstler, Architekten und Glafflnaler. Leipzig,
K. W. Hiersemann, 1914. 318 p. 135 pi. (Hiersemann's Handbticher, Bd,
8.) "Die wichtigste Literatur Qber die Glasmalerei": p. 301-311.
281. Fischer, Joseph A. Jos. Ant. Fischer's Kartons zu den Fenstem der Mariahilf-
kirche in der Au zu Miinchen und zu den Glasgemalden des siidlichen
Seitenschiffes in Dome zu Koln. Miinchen, Piloty & Loehle, 1891. 1 p. 19
pi.
282. Florival, A. de, and E. Midoux.^ Les vitraux de la cath^drale de Laon. Paris,
Librairie arch^olo^cjue de Didron, 1882-91. 4 pt. 35 pi. "Documents con-
sult^s": pt. 4, i-viii at end.
283. Fowler, William. To Heneage Legge esqr. this series of engravings from sub-
jects executed in ancient stainea plass in the windows of the Hall at Aston
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102511"— 17 27
418 THE GLASS INDUSTBT.
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302. HistorLsch-antiquarischer Verein in Winterthur. Meisterwerke schweizerischer
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310c. The arts in the middle ages, and at the period of renaissance. 2d ed.,
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315. L4vy, Edmond. Histoire de la peinture sur verre en Europe et particuli^ment
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317, Lee verri^res de Pancienne 6gli8e Saint-Etienne 4 Mulhouse. Mulhouse,
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LIST OF BBFEKBN0B8 OK THE GLaBS IKDXJCmiY. 419
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420 THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
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LIST OF BEFEBEHCBS OK THE QLASS INDUSTRY. 421
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377. 1901. Thomas, W. H. Window making as an art. Munsey's magazine, Dec.,
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378. 1902. Difficulty and its solution. Architectural record, Jan., 1902, v. 11: 110-112.
379. 1902. Lamb, F. S. Stained glass in its relation to church ornamentation. Catho^
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388. 1903. Lamb, Frederick S. The painted window. Craftsman, Mar., 1903, v. 3:
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390. 1903-4. Sparrows, Silvester. The stained glass of the future. Art workers' quar-
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392. 1904. Stained glass and glass mosaics. Current literature, Mar., 1904, v. 36:
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393. 1904. Wright, Helen E. Memorial windows of San Francisco. Overland
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394. 1904. Karageorgevitch, B. Emile Galle, a master in glass. Magazine of art,
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395. 1904. Skinner, A. B. Stained glass window in the Victoria and Albert museum.
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396. 1904. Wright, Helen £. The evolution of a window. Overland monthly, May,
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397. 1904. Hadlow, J. Blake. Some pictorial stained glass. Art journal, Aug., 1904,
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399. 1904. Dole; N. H. Stained glass windows of William Willet. IntemaUonal
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400. 1905. The window opening in decoration. International studio, July, 1905,
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401. 1905. Art window glass. Fine arts journal, Jan., 1905, v. 16: 27-31.
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405. 1906. Powell, H. J. Picture- windows in New College ante-chapel. Burlington
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406. 1906. Lamb, F. S. Making a modern stained glass window: its history and
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407. 1906. Thomas, W. H. Glass mosaic— an old art with a new distinction. Inter-
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412. 1907. Ryley, A. B. Bohemian glass. Connoisseur, Aug., 1907, v. 18: 241-246.
413. 1908. Smith, M. C. Saint Michael's window and decorations. International
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414. 1908. Plymouth church transformed. Outlook, Jan. 18, 1908, v. 88: 114-115.
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416. 1908. Heaton, C. Stained glass and romanesque architecture at Rheims.
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418. 1908. Thorley memorial window. International studio, May, 1908, v. 34, sup.
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419. 1908. Carbonell, F. R. Fairford church windows. Christian art, Oct., 1908,
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420. 1908. Cowles, G. A. Building a stained-glass window. Craftsman, Oct., 1908,
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421. 1908. Goodhue, H. E. Painted glass and its problems. Christian art, Nov.,
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422. 1909. Decorative work of Henry Holiday. International studio, Apr., 1909,
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424. 1910. De Kay, C. Welcome in stained glass. Harper's weekly, Jan. 1, 1910,
V. 54: 9.
425. 1910. Phillipps, L. M. Stained glass windows. Contemporary review. Mar.,
1910, V. 97: 346-360. Living age, Apr. 16, 1910, v. 265: 138-150.
426. 1910. Windows for Plymouth church, Brooklyn, -designed by Frederick S.
Lamb. International studio, Apr., 1910, v. 40, suj). p. 44,45.
427. 1910. Coburn, F. W. Harry E. Goodhue, worker in stained glaas. Inte^
national studio, Aug., 1910, v. 41, sup. p. 37-40.
428. 1910. Vallance, A. Sir Edward Bume-Jones's deedgns for painted glaas. Inte^
national studio, Dec, 1910, v. 42: 91-103.
429. 1911. Pratt, H. M. Stained glass windows. Chautauquan, Mar., 1911, v. 62:
83-91.
430. 1911. Painting in glass on a canvas of concrete; mosaic curtain of the Mexican
national theatre. Scientific American, Apr. 29, 1911, v. 104: 425.
431. 1911. Vallance, A. Flemish painted glass panels. Burlington magame, Julyi
1911, V. 19: 189-192.
432. 1911. Syford, E. Examples of recent work from the studio of Louis C. Tiffany.
New England magazme, Sept. 1911, n. s., v. 45: 97-108,
433. 1911. Sears, Taber. Stained glass windows. Art and progress, Nov. 1911,
V. 3: 392-397.
UST OF SEFEBENCES OK THE GLASS INDUSTBY. 428
434. 1912. Heaton, Clement. The art of stained and painted glass. American
architect, Jan. 10, Feb. 7, Mar. 6, 27, Apr. 3, May 8, 1912, v. 101: 13-19,
«2-66, 68, 113-118, 141-145, 153-157, 20^212; July 3, Aug. 7, Sept. 4, Oct. 9,
1912, V. 102: 1-3, 41-46, 81-85, 125-128.
435. 1912. Lauber, J. European versus American color windows. Architectural
record, Feb. 1912, v. 31: 138-151.
436. 1912. Northwest tradition in stained glass. Western architect, Apr. 1912,
V. 18: 48.
437. 1912. Stuart, Evelyn M. American ornamental glass. Fine . arts journal,
June, 1912, v. 26: 387-398.
438. 1912. Eberlein, H. D. Use of stained glass for windows in homes. Suburban
life, Oct. 1912, V. 15: 183-185, 226.
439. 1912. Hunter, G. L. New lawyers' club of New York city: window byJ. G.
Guthrie. Architectural record, Nov. 1912, v. 32: 393-404.
440. 1912. Stuirt, Evelyn M. The history of artistic glass. Fine arts journal,
Nov. 1912, V. 27: 725-740.
441. 1912. Viollet-le-Duc, E. E. Vitrail (stained glass). Architectural record, Dec.
1912, V. 32: 487-495.
442. 1912. Hunter, G. L. Gothic windows in the Lawyers' club of New York city.
International studio, Dec. 1912, v. 48, sup. p. 38-39.
443. 1913. Friedley, D. A renaissance window of 1531, owned by T. F. Ryan.
Art in America, Apr. 1913, v. 1: 136-140.
444. 1913. New era in stained glass. Favrile glass. Arts and decoration, June,
1913, V. 3: 288.
445. 1913. The West window of Proctor Hall, Princeton University . Art and progress,
Dec, 1913, V. 5: 50-53.
446. 1914. New glass in old windows. Independent, Jan. 5, 1914, v. 77:9.
447. 1914. Dorr, C. H. Art of making a stained glass window and the work of Clara
M. Burd. Architectural record, Feb. 1914, v. 35: 162-169.
448. 1914. Legge, T. M. The windows of Henry A. Payne. International studio,
Apr. 1914, V. 52: 128-131.
449. 1914. Brabazon, T. Old British and continental glass in American windows.
Arts and decoration, May, 1914, v. 4: 263-265.
450. 1914. Thiebault, G. Minnesota history in stained glass. Art and progress,
Aug., 1914, V. 5: 351-355.
451. 1914. Burgess, I. J. Modern stained glass. American homes, Nov., 1914,
V. 11: 369-370.
462. 1915. Barber, Edwin A. Mosaic and millefiori glass. Pennsylvania museum.
Bulletin, July, 1915, v. 13: 31-40.
453. 1915. Stevenson, W. J. The romance of stained glass. Chambers's journal,
Nov. 20, 1915, 7th ser., v. 5: 810-812.
454. 1915. Montmorency, J. E. G. de. Idyll in stained glass. (Contemporary review,
Nov., 1915, V. 108: 658-663.
455. 1916. Stained glass. Memorial window by W. and Annie Willet. American
magazine of art, Jan., 1916, v. 7: 314-115.
456. 1916. Barber, E. A. Old American glass. Art in America, Apr., 1916, v. 4:
162-172.
457. 1916. Vallance, A. German painted glass. Biu-lington magazine, Apr,. 1916,
V. 29: 12-15.
458. 1916. Humphrey, G. Blashfield windows. International studio, Sept. 1916,
V. 59: sup. p. 59-60.
459. 1917. Evsmgelization of the northwest; window placed in the Church of St.
Louis, St. Paul. Bellman, Jan. 13, 1917, v. 22: 37-38.
460- 1917. Bayne, R. C. Limitations of stained glass; a comparison of ancient and
modem methods. Scientific American supplement, Apr. 28, 1917, v. 83:
262-263.
APPENDIX B.
SCHEDULES USED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
The schedules used by the special agents of the Bureau in collecting
the data for this report are reproduced on the following pages.
Establishment No
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE,
WASHINGTON.
CONFIDENTIAL.
Each establishment is assured by the Department that its name will not appear on
this schedule and its identity will not be disclosed in connection with any figures
that it furnishes.
Glass Industry — Establishment Schedule.
(a) general information.
1. Branch of industry
2. Kinds of goods made
3. Made by
4. Individual, partnership, limited partnership, or corporation
5. Report for business year, beginning , 19 . . ; ending , 19. -
6. Days operated during last business year, ; average during three pre-
ceding years
(b) labor.
1. Superintendent (in factory) and foremen $.
2. Other labor .
3 . Total labor .
(c) FUEL, MATERIALS, AND CHEMICALS USED.
1. Fuel, power, light, and water
2. Raw materials
3. Chemicals
4. Decorating materials
5. Packing materials
6. Gaps, stoppers, rubber rings, etc
7. Freight on materials, etc., if not included in cost.
8. Total materials, etc ...
(d) GENERAL EXPENSE.
1. Salaries of oflBicers, partners, or owner ; $. . *.
(If not charged on books, estimated value of service,
$ )
2. Salaries of general ofi&ce force and auditor
3. Salaries, commissions, traveling, and general expense of
salesmen
4. Other selling expense
5. Bad debts charged to reserve or apportioned to this year
424
SCHEDULES USED IN THE INVESTIGA.TION. 425
6. All other operatmg expense (including factory supplies and
cost of molds, not of new machinery)
7. Finished glass, bottles, or ware purchased
8. Expense on investments outside manufacturing business
9. Total
(b) fixed charges.
1. Taxes, State, county, dty, on property used in manufactur-
ing
2. Corporation (not income) tax
3. Insurance fees for this year only
4. Royalty
5. Depreciation on property used in manu^Bicturing: Values
on depreciated oasis, or full value less reserve for depre-
ciation, at beginning of year —
Depreciation above repairs during year, charged or
estimated —
Land — ^Value, $ ; depreciation, I
Buildings, tanks, leers, ana other real estate —
Value, $ ; depreciation, $
Other equipment---Vaiue, $ ; depreda-
tion, $
Total depreciation if charged on books, $
(Do not extend depreciation if not charged.)
6^ Workmen's comx)ensation or employers' liability
7
8
9. Interest paid on current loans
10. Total fixed chaiges
(f) income.
1. Gross sales |.
(a) Less returns, allowances
for breakage, etc |
(6) Discounts
(c) Outward freight and cart-
age
(d) Total deductions .
2. Net salee
3. Interest
4. Other income items from investments outside manufac-
turing business
6
7. Total income
(O) GENERAL STATEMBHT«
1. If a corporation; Capital stock outstanding, common and preferred, and bond
issue and other borrowed capital at beginiunff of year, | :
surplus, $ ; accumulated loss, | ; gooa
will, if credited as an aeaet on balance sheet, | ; paid in
stock issued during year, | ; month issued,
2. If an individual or partnership: Capital employed in the business ^Includine
borrowed capital) at beginning of year, | ; capital added
during year, | ; month
3. Inventory: Goods in process and finished — Beginning of year, |
end of year, |
4. Number of inventories taken yearly: Of raw materials, ;
of finished product,
426
SSB OLA88 IBDUSKBy.
5. Method of inventorying: Estimated, ; physical, ;
perpetual,
6. Is there a reserve for bad debts? ; f or depredationT
; or is depreciation chained off every year?
7. Is a record of recovered materials (cullet; kept?
8. Briefly describe system of apportioning overhead and state whether it appean to
be accurate -.
9. Other accounting conditions which may indicate efficiency or inefficiency
10. Vaiue of exports to each country
11. Classify, as follows, employees, employees in factory (not office) during the month
(busy season) of , 191. . . : 16 years of age and over— male
female ; under 16 years of age — male , female
Foregoing data furnished , 1916, to special agent
(h) profit and loss statbmbnt
Outgo,
Labor (B-3)
Fuel, materials, etc. (0-8)
General expenses (D-9 less 7
and 8)
Finished goods purchased (D-7) .
Fixed charges (E-10 less 9)
Inventory, first of year (G-3). . .
Operating profit
Total
Operating loss
Depreciation (E-5)
Interest paid (E-9)
Simdry expense outside manu-
facturiDg (D-8)
Total.
Final profit.
Total.
Income.
Gross sales (F-1) |.
I^ss returns and al-
lowances (F-la) $
Discounts (F-16)
Outward nreight and
cartage (F-lc)
Total deductions (F-ld) . . .
Net sales (F-2)
Inventory, last of year (G-3)..
Operating loss
Total.
Operating profit.
Interest received (F-3)
Sundry income outside manu-
facturing (F-4, 5, 6)
Total.
Final loss...
Total.
Note.— Unless an explanation is made, the final profit or loss which i^pean here
should be exactly the same as the profit or loss shown by the establishment's profit
and loss statement.
(l) PRBYIOUS PBOnr AND LOfiS STATSMBNT8.
If obtainable, file with the schedule copies of profit and loss statements for previoiu
yeans as far back as possible. If unobtainable, give the following items (provided
they can be obtained from the books) as far back a« possible:
Year ending , 19..: Net sales, | ; profit, I ; loss, |
Tear ending , 19..: Net sales, I ; profit, I ; loss, $
Year ending , 19..: Net sales, I ; profit, f ; loss, |
Yev ending , 19..: Net sales, | ; profit,! ; low. I
SCHEDULES T7SED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
427
Unit Schedulb for a 50-foot Box op Window Glass.
1Mb,
Single or
doable.
1
Brackets. A,B,orC.
^a^/Blowing. ^^-
Cutting.
Other
labor.
Total •
labor.
1
i
' s s
S
S
S
2
1
8
!
1
'"%
4
. • . /c • ••••
5
6
'
7
8
-----.---■-I------.-.- ..........
10
• •.•••••«. I. ••-••«••• ••••••••••
i
1 1
Blowing labor (hand): Gatherers, blowers. Blowing labor (machine): Blowers, ringmen, ladlers, snap-
pers, taJ^ers-down, cappers. Other labor and total labor: Not including making or packing boxes.
TOTAL COST PER 50-FOOT BOX.
Line.
Total labor
(forwarded).
Material for
glass.
Other cost.
Total cost.
Usual net sell-
ing price.
Profit.
1
$,.
1
$
$ i $ ^....
s
2
* 1 *
3
1
4
....... ...>.....|... ............. ............••••
1
5
6
1 '
7
:
1
8
1
10
I -••••• -•--••••
1
Unit Schedule for Bottles.
(Unit 1 gross.)
Kind.
Description.
Weight,
ounces.
Color.
Mfide by-
Date.
Prescription ovals, narrow neck:
2K>unoe '.
4-ounce
8-ounce
l&ounce
32K}unoe
Milk:
Pint
Quart
Wine, brandy:
4*3
Va
Beer, bulb neck, export:
irpint
Kit : :..
Boda: i-pint
Masoa zmit jar, including cap
and nibber ring:
1-quart
SK^uart
Noising, SKnxnoe:
Flat
Bound
Ink, il^uBoe:
C^lindiiea]
Cone.
IS^nare
Deecriptlon: Trade name or other note. Made by hand, 1, 2, or 3 man machine, or number of arm Owens
maehines. Date on which unit was estimated.
428
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
COST AND SELLING PRICE.
TCind.
Glass.
Blowing, pressing,
or machine oper-
ating, skilled
labor.
Other
cost.
Total.
Usual net
selling
price.
Profit.
Prescription ovals, nar^sw
neck:
2*>?inpe _
S
• • • « • • •
S
S
S
$
$
4-ounce
?u»iiTice ,
16-ounce
•.••••••..
32ounce
Milk:
Pint
Quart
Wine, brandy:
4's
6's
Beer, bulb neck, export:
fpint ....fr.
•
Vhx
* '
Soda: i-pint
•«•••>••«•
Mason fruit jar. including cap
and rubber rmg:
1-quart
^
l^quart
Nursing, ^unoe:
Y]&t
Round
Tnk:
Cylindrical
Cone
Square
Other cost: All other labor, shop expense, and overhead.
Unit Schedule for Tableware, Bar Goods, Lamp Chimneys, and Gas Globes,
Description of article.
Lime or lead.
Blown or
pressed.
Other description.
Date.
**
COST AND SELLING PRICE.
Cost per for—
Usual
selling
price per
dozen.
Description of article.
Glass.
Blowing, pressing,
or operating,
skilled labor.
Other cost.
Total.
Profit.
$
S
$ t
$
$
.
1
1
1
Tumblers, stem and table ware: Cost per 100; selling price per dozen. Lamp chimneys: Cost and aellliiK
price per dozen; if record is on a different basis change box head. Prices should not inchide paddng.
SCHEDULES USED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
429
Rates of Wages.
Establishment No.
Pay roll for the ..
. . . Bianch of glass industry,
ending 191. .
Number of
employees.
Sex.
Time work.
Piecework, if taoois an
recorded.
Oeoupation.
Hours
worked
during
period.
Actual
earnings
during
period.
Hours
worked
during
period.
Actual
eamingii
durizig
period.
S
S
Outline for Intebvibws with Manufagtubebs.
Please number replies according to the numbering of inquiries.
A. Manufacturing centers:
1. Principal centers in this line?
2. Grade of goods manufactured at each center?
3. In what localities is manufacturing increasing?
4. Advantages regarding market?
5. Advantage's of different localities regarding labor?
B. Labor conditions:
1. Changes in labor conditions in recent years?
* 2. Bate of last strike and effect on cost?
3. Relative increase of wages in this and other localities?
4. Time or piece work preferred by manufacturers? Reason.
5. Time or piece work preferred by employees? Reason.
C. Manufacturing conditions:
1. How long in advance are materials usually purchased?
2. Are goods made for stock or to fill orders?
3. How long in advance are orders placed?
4. Busiest months in manufacturing department? Dullest months?
5. Most popular articles produced? Most profitable articles produced?
D. Selling conditions:
1. Is selling to consumers, retailers, sole argents, jobbers, or commission houses
p referred?
2. Wnat cooperation between the manufacturer and retailer is practiced and
what is desirable?
3. When do seaisons open and when do salesmen start on the road?
4. Months when sales are largest? Smallest?
5. When is the bulk of deliveries made?
6. Trade as affected by seasonal conditions?
7. Trade as affected bjr long future delivery?
8. Other trade uncertainties?
9. Is the tendency toward large or small orders?
10. Trade abuses: Extent, chief causes, and effect of each —
a. Returns.
b. Allowances.
c. Cancellations.
d. Special discounts.
e. Dating extensions.
f. Rushing seasons.
g. Selling job lots.
. Other abuses.
11. Cooperation among manufacturers for protection against trade abuses?
What has been done? What ought to be done?
12. Prices at which left-over goods are sold and to whom?
13. How could selling expense be reduced?
480 THE Guuas nnycnnsr.
m
E. Efficiency of methods:
1. How could manufacturing methods be improved?
2. What econondes could be effected?
3. How could accounting methods be improved?
4. Is tendency toward large or small factories?
5. Are large, medium, or small factories most profitlable? Reason.
F. Imports:
1. Effect of the tariff act of 1913?
2. What kinds and grades are imported? From what countries?
3. Extent of importation of cheap and medium grades?
4. Are imports increasing in greater proportion than the growth of domestic
maniifacture?
G. Exports:
1. Extent of your foreign trade in this line? To what countries?
2. Is there a foreign demand? From what countries?
3. Have you attempted to establish a foreign trade? By what means? In
what countries? With what results?
4. What disadvantages as to tariff have American manufacturers?
5. Grades of goods salable in foreign countries?
6. Size of foreign orders or sales?
7. Do repeat orders come from foreign cotmtries?
8. Goods sold for export direct or through agents? Which brings better leemltB?
9. Do export agents purchase goods outright or guarantee xwiyment or sell on
commission?
10. Discount and time allowance on foreign sales?
11. Credit reporting systems for foreign trade?
12. Collection agencies for foreign trade?
13. To what extent has your foreign trade been profitable? Why not more
profitable?
14. Reasons for slow growth of foreign trade?
15. By what means could foreign trade be increased?
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