Gleason's horse training made easy ... Illustrated with forty-four engravings ..

ORSETRAININC-

GLEASON'S

HORSE TRAINING
MADE EASY

A NEW AND PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING
AND EDUCATING THE HORSE.

Illustrated xvith Forty-four Engravings

WHIP TRAINING ;

OR, HOW TO DBIVE WITHOUT REINS; HOW TO MAKE A
HORSE TROT HONEST, ETC., ETC.

BY

OLIVER H. GLEASON, V. S.

TO WHICH IS APPENDED
AN ESSAY ON HORSE SHOEING

The Symptoms and Treatment of the Various Dis-
eases of the Horse, Embracingr a Full and
Complete History of Glanders.

Chicago

Frederick J. Drake & Company

Publishers

PREFACE.

The art of training- horses has, until within
the last few years, been attended with much
cruelty and bad management. The system
known as Rarey's, though practiced in this
country for many years, was made popular by
Mr. J. S. Rarey, to whom the author gladly ac-
cords all the credit which is justly due him.
His success has given a new impetus to the in-
ventive minds of horsemen; but like almost all
other discoveries, the original is lost sight of in
the improvements which follow it. The Rarey
system is one purely of subjugation and exhaus-
tion; the spirit of the animal by this method is
often broken, which is contrary to the system
employed in this treatise.

The author has employed a method purely
his own, which is, that the animal is first taught
to understand what is required of him, and when
he comprehends your purpose he readily be-
comes a willing subject. To attempt to force
him to do that which he does not comprehend,
is to excite him to resistance; a circumstance
always to be avoided. This is the main cause of
the many balky, kicking, biting and otherwise
unruly horses.

The system taught in this work does not re-
quire an over-abundance of nerve and determi-
nation to successfully train a horse. This
8

i*equisite is possessed by but few men. A boy
fifteen or sixteen years of age can break, handle
and harness the wildest animal by the system
followed by the author. Patience, perseverance
and kindness are the chief requisites — not cour-
age, strength and cruelty. The man who is de-
void of patience cannot control and win the
confidence of a spirited horse.

There is no other system known to man by
which a horse can be trained to drive without
bridle, bit or reins, guided simply by motions of
the whip. The principle is so simple that any
intelligent person can practice it successfully on
any intelligent horse. To make a horse trot
honest is also a part of the system taught exclu-
sively in this book.

The subject of shoeing horses, being of great
importance to horse owners generally, has been
duly considered by the author. The bad effects
of careless shoeing are fully demonstrated. A
full history of Glanders, together with remedies
and preventives is also fully treated.

INDEX

PAGK

A few Hints on Buying 5

Hints on Training Horses-, 13

The Rope Halter, 20

The Cord, 21

The Line Webbing, 23

Habits of the Horse, 24

Kicking in the Stable, 24

Kicking agsunst the side of the Stall, 26

Kicking while Harnessing, 26

Kicking while Grooming, 27

Kicking in Single Hainess, i 27

Kicking in Double Harness, 29

Kicking while Shoeing, 30

Ugly to Shoe Front, 32

Striking, 33

Baulking, 34

Shying, 35

Weaving, 37

Cribbing, 38

Biting Horses, „ 39

Running Away, 41

Cgly to Bridle, 49

Lolling the Tongue, 60

Hugging the Pole, - 61

To make a Horse trot honest, 52

Halter Pulling, 54

Objects of Fear, 66

Haltering the Colt, 62

Hitching the Colt, 64

Training Colts to Harness, 69

Whoa, 67

Learning to Back, 68

Hitching to the Wagon, 70

Bitting the Colt 71

To add Style, 73

Mounting the Colt 74

Riding th« Colt, , H

Whip Training, 75

The Short Strap, 78

The Long Strap 80

To teach a Colt to follow you, 80

To teach a Colt to lie down, 80

To teach a Colt to sit up 86

To make a Bow, 85

lo answer Questions, 8«

To KlsB you, » 88

To thAk* Hands, V

6 INDEX

To Kick wltn the right or left Foot, ........ 87

Learning to Waltz, .„ ~ 88

Hints npon Shoeing, ~ 91

Preparing the Foot, 9^

Application of the Shoe, ~ 86

CUps, 97

Interfering, 97

Overreaching, - 98

Shoeing Ilorees with Corns, - 99

Stopping the Feot ~,.....^.... 100

Things worth knowing, 100

Diteases of the Horse —

Inflammation, Sthenic and Asthenic Inflammation, — 104

Terminations of Inflammation, 105

Lampas; Bags or Washers, 106

Sore Mouth; Ulcers in the Mouth, 107

Wolf Teeth, ., 108

Irregular Teeth; Carles of the Te«th, 109

Diseases of the Eye; Amaurosis, or Glass Eye, 110

Inflammation of the Haw; Simple Ophthalmia, Ill

Specific Ophthalmia; Cataract; Distemper, 112

Sore Throat; Strangles, .-...- 113

Influenza, ........._..... 114

Bronchitis; Nasal Gleet, .- 115

Pleurisy, 116

Inflammation of the Lnngs ; Congestive Pneumonia, 117

Hydrothorax; Heaves, or Broken Wind, 118

Palpitation of the Heart; Inflammation of the Brain 119

Stomach Staggers; Inflammation of the Bowels, ._ 120

CoUc 121

Diarrhoea; Worms, 122

Retention of Urine, .» 123

Profuse StaUug, ~ 124

Bloody Urine; Calculi, or Stone in the Bladder, 126

Hide Bound; Mange; Surfeit, 126

Poll Evil, 127

Fistula of Withers; Water Farcy; Locked Jaw 128

Rheumatism; Cramp, 130

Founder, 131

Pumiced Feet; Navicular Joint Lameness, 182

Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages, 133

Quitar; Thrush 134

Scratches; Grease Heels, K5

Bone Spavin; Blood Spavin „ 186

Ringbone; Splint; Curb; Capped Hock, 137

Shoulder Strain; Galls, 138

Warts, «.. 139

Oastroting Colts 139

EMsay on Glanders, 141

Valuable Receipts Itf

HORSE TRAINING

MADE EASY.

A FEW HINTS ON BUYING.

Perhaps the most difficult thing to buy in the
world is a horse. Nothing lends itself, however
unwillingly, to fraud and chicanery so readily.
A great writer once observed, "There's some-
thing about horse dealing that makes a man a
blackguard, in spite of himself." Without en-
tirely subscribing to this theory, the fact
remains, that men, otherwise "straight" in their
business and social transactions, will occasion-
ally be found straining a point in order to sell
some worthless animal as a good horse. The
temptation to "get out" of a bad trade is great.
What can be more distressing than to find one-
self with a horse that is never well two days
running, a confirmed jibber. To avoid the temp-
tation of "letting in" some hapless fellow-crea-
ture for such a beast, let us, then, exercise all
our powers of discretion in the original selection
and purchase, and, above all, let us take our
time and wait our opportunities. No one
can recommend you where to go; there is no
growing ground for horses; neither can we get
them made for us, even at St. Louis. I have picked
7

8 HOBSE TRAINING MADE EASY.

up horses in the most unlikely places, and at
all sorts of prices. Having- found something" of
the stamp you want, do not be too particular
about his color, or the length of his tail — "a
good horse is never a bad color,'' remember, and
it is as impossible to get one that exactly suits
you in all respects, as it is for mortal man to
attain complete happiness on earth. Again, do
not be too exacting about the conditions of a
trial, such as the owner's natural desire to be
present at it, etc. If the animal is a hunter, you
must see him over fences; if a hack, trot and
canter him along the hardest road you can find;
then, if you can get any soft going, gallop him
steadily. In this way you can find out whether
his paces are easy, and suitable to the work you
have in contemplation for him, and you will also
ascertain whether his wind is clear. Pay special
attention to the feel of his mouth; and then,
having satisfied yourself that he is about the
style of horse you want, your functions as rider
end, and those of the veterinary surgeon begin.
Now comes the question as to whether you will
employ one of these professional "aids to buy-
ers," or whether you will undertake the duties
yourself. It is difficult to lay down any rule
upon this point, but I may say that I have, from
beginning to end, purchased a very large nuui-
ber of horses, and never in one single instance
had recourse to professional assistance. This by
no means, however, proves that it is a safe plan
to dispense with a veterinary examination, nor
is it any guarantee that I, personally, may not
be fairly caught at the very next venture. As-
suming that you have determined to examine for
yourself, as far as your abilities allow, into the
soundness of the proffered animal, you will find

HORSE TRAINING MADE BAST. 9

that your eye will naturally fall, in the first
place, upon the fore legs. Any child can, of
course, tell whether these are straight or worn;
but it takes a clever man to judge how long they
are likely to remain straight, and without show-
ing signs of wear. Pick up each leg in turn and
look at the foot; is the frog sound and clean, or
does it carry an odor? If so, look more closely
to it; ascertain whether thrush, etc., exists; then
satisfy yourself as to the heels, which should be
open, and not contracted, that is, when the foot
narrows in the quarters, and the sole gets more
concave than it should be; and bear in mind that
"one pair of good feet is worth two good pairs of
legs." Now as to the latter: Run your hand
carefully down, from immediately below the
knee to the fetlock joint. Is the leg cool, flat
and clean? Let your digits make search for any
bony enlargements, splints, etc. , and " When
found, make a note of !" The particular note you
have to make is this: WTiere is the splint? If
situated on the bone, and not very close to the
knee, it will probably never interfere with either
his action, or his usefulness; but on the other
hand, if on or near the ligaments or tendons of
the leg, be shy in the extreme of him, for a day's
work may leave you with a cripple on your
hands.

If the leg, instead of being flat, is rounded,
and apparently fleshy, it will probably be found
that the back sinews are strained, and, as an
intending purchaser, you had better have noth-
ing to do w^ith him. In this state, a good gallop
will be as likely as not to produce what is
known as breakdown — i. e. , the extreme case of
strain of the sinews, for, as a matter of fact, the
tendons themselves are very rareij strained.

10 HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY.

Generally speaking, the injury is one to the
sheath, or else some of the fibers attaching" to it
are broken.

One word as to windgalls. These pujffy en-
largements, which are more often found on the
hind than the fore legs, are not of serious im-
port unless they become of great size, which is
extremely rare; and a horse should not be re-
jected on this ground alone. They usually arise
from the horse being rattled about, and grad-
ually disappear with steady work.

Always remember that it would be quite im-
possible to indicate any golden rule by which
to avoid disappointment in the choice of a horse.
One may say, roughly, that your intended pur-
chase should stand true on his feet, the pasterns
should be sloping; the bone from the knee down-
wards not too light, nor the leg too long; the
thighs should be muscular, the hocks big and
clean, and the body well ribbed up. Especially
in a saddle horse the oblique pastern should be
sought. If this joint is upright or stilted, dis-
comfort will be experienced by the rider, and
the horse himself will always be more or less
liable to diseases of the feet and legs; the jar of
the hard road is much more felt by the upright
or short joint than by one that slopes naturally.

The shoulder should slant more with the
driver or hunter than the harness horse; the
latter, having to oppose his weight to that of
the vehicle he draws, is rather better for a shoul-
der which, although it should be by no means
upright, is yet considerably straighter than that
of the animal destined for saddle work.

Few men selling hunters will consent to giv-
ing you a trial with hounds, and so the next best
thing to do is to see them over fences, and, if

H0R8E TRAIKING MADE EASY. 11

possible, to ride them over yourself. Plenty of
good, free jumpers are so roug-h that they would
jolt nine men in ten out of the saddle. Should
you by chance ht ppen on such a one, be not dis-
mayed; nearly every case is curable v^rith a little
patience and courage, and most horses will come
quiet after awhile.

A horse for harness purposes should, to my
mind, undergo a severer trial than any other. A
horse has far more power over you when draw-
ing you behind him, than when you are perched
comfortably upon his back. In the latter case
you have got him, whilst in the former he has
got you! If he has the least suspicion of jibbing,
backing, etc., decline him instanter; it is so sim-
ple to say— in print— what to do with one of
these animals, but having deliberately chosen
the sharpest part of a stiff hill, your horse be-
gins an Irish progression in the direction of a
plate glass front! Shying is also a nasty fault
in a harness horse, and kicking worse; the for-
mer vice, however, "comes lighter" in a two-
wheeler than in a four, as there is no under car-
riage to get locked, and thus bring about disas-
ter. Another important point to look to is the
mouth. Although equally unpleasant, it is not
equally dangerous, to have a horse with a bad
mouth in the saddle as it is in harness; one that
is not readily "steerable" will prove a terrible
nuisance, if nothing worse, in driving. There
are dozens of other things, which experience
alone will teach, to be looked to in the choice
and selection of horses, and I have only attempt-
ed the roughest outline in these hints, feeling
that it would be courting failure to go into «"«^h
a matter at any greater length.

HINTS ON TRAINING HORSEi.

The form, proportions, muscular powers, and
swillness of the horse, combined with its spirit,
docility, and intelligence, expressly fit it for the
use of man. It is alike serviceable for draft and
the saddle. From its primeval nursery it has
radiated in all directions ; it has accompanied
man in his wanderings over the world. To the
industrious inhabitant of the thronged city, to
the agriculturist, to the sportsman who follows
the chase for pleasure, and to him who scours
the plains in quest of prey, a " mighty hunter
before the Lord,'' this noble, beautiful, but too
often ill-treated creature, is either important or
essential. It performs the drudgery of toilsome
servitude ; it draws the peaceful plough, and
dashes on in battle amidst withering volleys of
musketry and the clash of gleaming swords. Man
owes a deep debt of gratitu ie to the horse, and is
bound to acknowledge his sense of its value by
humanity and kindness. In its natural state,
the horse is gregarious j and in domestication it
exhibits the same propensity to associate with its
fellows. In the field they herd together, fono
2 (13)

X4 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

friendships, gambol with each other, aad rush to
the fence to see a strange horse in the road,
saluting him with repeated neighings So de-
cided is the disposition of the horse to contract
friendship, that, when others of its species are
not accessible, it will attach itself to animals of a
different species. Many instances of mutual
attachment between dogs and horses have been
recorded. English Eclipse contracted a strong
friendship with a sheep. When kindly used, the
horse will demonstrate towards his master every
mark of submissive attachment. There are, it is
true, horses of a sullen, obstinate temper, which
the kindest treatment will not conciliate; but
these are exceptions to the general rule ; many
horses, we may add, have their temper spoiled
by injudicious or wanton severity, in which case
it requires patience and perseverance to reclaim
them; but almost universally, where kindness
is shown to the horse, his attachment will be
secured.

In the tents of the Arabian, the mares with
their foals, and the masters with their families,
dwell all together ; the master caresses his favor-
ite mare, the children and the foal play together,
and the utmost confidence exists between them.
The quiet peaceful companionship of horses with
each other does not obtain among the stallions.
In a wild state, they have furious contests ; and
in a domestic state, stallions, if at liberty, will
fight desperately with each other. Twenty years*
experience in active practice has afforded the

HOESE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. 15

author very many opportuaities of studying the
disposition of th*^ horse, and how to manage it to
the best advantage has been his special study.
That the horse possesses more intelligence than
has been accredited to him is very evident from his
readiness to learn, when properly instructed. The
feats he is taught to perform in the " spectacles''
of the modern circus fully prove this. Knowledge
of time, and memory, are certainly possessed by
the horse, as a thousand instances will convince.
A horse accustomed to commence or leave oflf
work at a certain hour of the day, well knows
the respective periods. Well does the farmer's
team know the hour of release from labor, as is
shown by their actions when hearing the horn for
dinner. Taken to a distance from home, the
horse will return, finding his way during the
darkest night. The following, taken from an old
number of the London Penny Magazine, illus-
trates the love of the horse for its " old home :" —
" A short distance below Fort Erie, and about
a mile from where the river Niagara escapes over
a barrier of rocks from the depths of Lake Erie,
a ferry has long been established across the broad
and, there, exceedingly rapid river, the distance
from shore to shore being a little over one-third
of a mile. On the Canada side of the river is
the small village of Waterloo, and opposite
thereto, on the tJnited States side, is the large
village of Black Kock, distant from the young and
flourishing city of Buffalo two miles. In com-
pleting the Erie Canal, a pier or dam was erected

1(J HOESa-TRAININQ MADE EAST.

up and down the river and opposite to Black Rock,
at no great distance from the shore, for the pur-
pose of raising the waters of the Niagara to such
a height that they might be made to supply an
adjoining section of the Erie Canal. This pier
was and is a great obstruction to the ferry-boats ;
for, previous to its erection, passengers embarked
from terra fir ma on one side of the river and
were landed without any difficulty on the other;
but after this dam was constructed it became
necessary to employ two sets of boats, one to
navigate the river, the other the basin, so that all
the passengers, as well as goods and luggage, had
to be landed upon this narrow wall and reshipped.
Shortly after the erection of the pier-dam, a boat
propelled by horses was established between this
pier and the Canada shore. The boat belonged
to persons connected with the ferry on the Ameri'
can side of the river; but, owing to the barrier
formed by the pier, the horses employed on the
boat were stabled at night in the village of Water-
loo. I well recollect the first day this boat began
to ply; for the introduction of a boat of that
description in those days, was considered an event
of some magnitude. The two horses (for the
boat had but two) worked admirably, considering
the very few lessons they had had previous to
their introduction upon the main river. One of
the horses employed on the new ferry-boat had
once been a dapple gray, but at the period I am
speaking of he had become white. He was still
hale and hearty, for he had a kind and indulgent

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 17

master. The first evening after the horses had
been a short time in the stable, to which they
were strangers, they were brought for the purpose
of being watered at the river, the common cus-
tom of the place. The attendant was mounted
upon the bay horse, the white one was known
to be so gentle and docile that he was allowed to
drink where he pleased. I happened to be stand-
ing close by, in company with my friend W n,

the ferry contractor, on the Canada side, and had
thus an opportunity of witnessing the whole pro-
ceeding of old Grizzle, the name that the white
horse still went by. The moment he got round
the corner of the building, so as to have a view
of his home on the opposite side of the river, he
stopped and gazed intently. He then advanced
to the brink of the river, then again stopped and
looked earnestly across for a short time, then
waded into the river until the water reached his
chest, drank a little, lifted his head, and, with
his lips closed and his eyes fixed upon some
object on the farther shore, remained for a short
time perfectly motionless. Apparently having
made up his mind to the task, he waded further
into the river until the water reached his ribs,
when off he shot into the deep water without
hesitation. The current being so strong and
rapid, the river boiling and turmoiling over a
rocky bed, at the rate of six miles an hour, it
was impossible for the courageous animal to keep
a direct course across, although he breasted the
waves heroically and swam with remarkable vigor.
2* B

18 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASIT.

Had he been able to ste^jr his way directly across,
the pier-wall would have proved an insurmount-
able barrier. As it was, the current forced him
down below where the lower extremity of this
long pier abuts upon an island, the shore of
which being low and shelving, he was enabled
to effect a landing with comparative ease. Hav-
ing gained terra Jirma^ he shook the water from
his dripping flanks, when he plunged into the
basin and soon regained his native shore. At
the commencement of his voyage, his arched
neck and withers were above the surface, but
before he reached the island his head only was
visible. He reached his own stable-door — that
home for which he risked so much — to the no
small astonishment of his owner. This un-
expected visit made a favorable impression on
his master, for he was heard to make a vow that
if old Grizzle performed the feat a second time,
for the future he should remain on his own
side of the river, and never be sent to the mill
again. Grizzle was sent back to work the boat
the following day, but he embraced the first
opportunity that occurred of escaping, and swam
back the way he had done before. His owner,
not being a person to break the promise he once
made, never afterwards dispossessed him of the
stall he had long been accustomed to, but treated
him with marked kindness and attention."

Colonel Hamilton Smith, of the British Army,
relates a case which proves the memory and
attachment of the horse : " The Colonel had a

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 19

charger in his possession for two years, which he
left with the army, but which was brought back
and sold in London. About three years after-
wards the Colonel chanced to travel up town, and
at a relay, on getting out of the mail, the off-
wheel horse attracted his attention ; on going
near to examine it with more care he found the
animal recognised him, and testifying its satis-
faction by rubbing its head against him, and
making every moment a little stamp with its fore
feet, to the surprise of the coachman, who asked
if the horse was not an old acquaintance. It
was — it was his own old charger !"

" A lady, remarkable for benevolence to the
brute creation, observed from her garden-gate
one day a miserable horse, with the shoulder raw
and bleeding, attempting to graze upon an open
spot adjacent ; having, by means of some bread,
coaxed the poor animal to the gate, she then
managed, with some assistance, to cover the
wound with adhesive plaster spread upon a piece
of soft leather. The man to whom the animal
belonged (one of those ignorant and careless
beings who are indifferent to the sufferings of
any but themselves) shortly afterwards led the
horse away. The next day, however, the horse
made his appearance again at the gate, over
which he put his head and gently neighed. On
looking at him it was found that the plaster was
removed, either by the animal's master, Dr by the
rubbing of the ill-made collar in which he worked.
The plaster was renewed. The third day he

10 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

appeared again, requiring the same attention,
which he solicited in a similar manner. After
this the plaster was allowed to remain, and the
horse recovered ; but ever after, when it saw its
benefactress, it would immediately approach her,
and by voice and action testify its sense of hei
kindn-ess and notice. This anecdote, for the
truth of which we can personally testify, proves
how sensible the horse is of humane treatment,
and how grateful for benefits bestowed."

Kind treatment and every care are due to an
animal from whose services man derives such
important benefits ; but too often does man forget
that he has a duty to perform, not only towards his
fellow-man, but towards those domestic animals
which Providence has intrusted to him for his
welfare.

The apparatus used in training horses upon
our new system are both cheap and simple. A
common rope halter, a three or four p.ly cotton
cord about twelve feet long, and a piece of line
webbing, are all the implements required in
training colts.

THE ROPE HALTER.

This should be made rather heavier and longer
than those used upon broken horses, and so
arranged, by tying a knot or otherwise, that it
does not slip up so tightly as to pinch the ani-
mal's nose.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. **l

THE CORD.

This is nothing more than a three or four ply
rope or cord. The cotton cord is much the best,
as it works smoothly, and is much softer than
any other. This cord is not a new feature in
horse -training, as impostors would have you
believe, it having been used many years by
various tribes of Indians, Mexicans, &c. It is
mentioned in the Veterinarian of London in 1828
as used by the North American Indians in sub-
duing their horses : hence it is known as the
Indian war bridle. A. H. Rockwell calls it the
Yankee bridle, which claim is wrapped in some
obscurity. The use of this simple arrangement
is a powerful means of controlling horses, when
properly used, otherwise it is more likely to do
harm than good. To prepare the cord for use,
tie a knot in each end, as seen in the engraving,
then make a loop by doubling the cord and pass-
ing the knot through, as represented by the
engraving.

LOOPIWO THB OORD

22 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

These loops should be at such distances Irom
the knot as will allow the cord to pass around the
neck at one end and the lower jaw at the other,
passing the knot through the loop from the oppo-
site side of the loop to where it first passed through
in making the lap; this brings the thickness of the
cord in the centre of the loop. By this means
safety is secured, the cord slipping easily through,
preventing the possibility of its getting fast, as
it would be likely to do if passed through the
loop from the same side it originally came
through. The necessity of this arrangement will
be seen on applying the cord. We have here
two principles involved : first, steady pressure
upon the lower jaw; second, friction in the mouth.

OOBD APPUID C« LOWSB JAW.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 28

CORD APPUED ON NECK.

the one stationary in the mouth, the other slip-
ping through it. The uses of these loops will be
explained in their proper places.

THE LINE WEBBING.

Take a piece of worsted webbing, such as is
used for driving-lines, divide it in two parts,
one piece of sufficient length to girt the body.
Make a loop in one end large enough for the
other end to pass through, so as, when adjusted,
it is sufficiently long to tie. The other part of the
web needs no loop. These two pieces of web axe
used for various purposes, which will be explained
fiw we proceed.

24 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

HABITS OP THE HORSE.

Horses contract habits very easily when im-
properly managed, and transmit them to their
offspring.

*' 'Tis easier to prevent than cure."

Every one at all conversant with the secrets of
the stable know how readily habits are contracted
by the horse, and the difficulty in breaking up
such habits when once contracted, by the ordinary
methods. Many habits of the horse, in no way
owe their origin to vice, yet are often as trouble-
some and dangerous as those which do.

KICKING IN THE STABLE.

To break up this dangerous habit, it is only
necessary to place the animal in a stall closed at
the head, or against a wall, p'^ as to allow him no

HORSE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. . 25

opportunity of jumping into or over the manger.
Tie his head short, and suspend by a cord at
either end, a bag of straw, hay, corn husks, or
any soft material, so as to strike the hocks when-
ever the animal kicks. The bag rebounds, striking
him upon the hocks : after several repetitions the
animal is observed to stand and tremble; the bag
at this point is to be pulled upon one side so that
he does not see it, and when the animal gets over
his excitement try and induce him to kick. If you
succeed, immediately let the bag go back to its
former position. Two or three kicks will again
quiet him, and he trembles as at first. Remove the
bag, and when his excitement abates, try and
induce him to kick again. By repeating this a few
times the animal is thoroughly broken of the habit.
Such horses are often broken of the habit of
kicking in harness, as well as the stable, by the
same means.

Kicking against the side of the stall is a serious
evil. Capped hocks, and callous enlargements are
frequently consequences of this habit; mares more
frequently than geldings are subject to this vice.
Particularly is this the case when placed beside
other horses. _ Removal to a box stall, and left
there unhaltered, will frequently break up the
habit. When no such conveniences exist, a strap
should be buckled around the leg above the hock,
to which a club one and a half or two inches
thick, and ten or twelve inches long, covered with
a woollen cloth, or other soft material, so as not
Co hurt the animal, should be attached in such %

26 HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY.

manner as to hang loosely against the shank bone ;
with this appendage the moment the animal kicks,
this club punishes it by comning sharply in con-
tact with the leg, but does not bruise it. The
animal soon learns that by keeping the leg still he
escapes the punishment which follows every eflfort
to kick.

KICKING WHILE HARNESSING.

This habit is acquired by bad management in
the early training of the horse ; rough handling,
throwing the harness too quickly upon its back
before it becomes thoroughly accustomed to its
feel, are sufficient causes to produce this habit in
the colt of a highly nervous temperament. The
more quietly you go about such an animal, the
more readily and willingly will he yield obedience
to your desires. To break up this habit the cord
is called into requisition ; put the small loop over
the under jaw, take your position upon the near
side, opposite the shoulder, pass the cord over the
neck from the oflf side, and carry it through the
loop around the under jaw ; now draw it up tightly
and take a half-hitch, so as to keep the head in
a confined positio'a (represented in engraving),
keep the cord in your hand, so in case of the
animal rearing you can slip the hitch and let th^
head loose. You should then give him a few quick
jerks; t)iis diverts his attention; you now quietly
take up the harness in your hands, and as quietly
approach, and put it upon him. Should he attempt
to kick, slip the 'oop as before, and give him a

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 27

few more sharp pulls upon the cord; this discon-
certs him. Repeat this lesson a few times, and he
will soon learn to stand quiet while you are har-
nessing him.

KICKING WHILE GROOMING.

Horses of a high nervous temperament are
frequently addicted to this habit. This, like
kicking in harness, is brought on by careless oi
rough handling. The cord here too is a powerful
instrument of control. Having secured the head,
use the brush and currycomb in the most gentle
manner for several days, particularly about such
parts as he manifests the most tenderness.

KICKING IN SINGLE HARNESS.

Previous to putting the animal in harness, take
the cord, put the small loop over the under jaw,
pass the rope over the neck from the oflf side and
through the small loop upon the near side;
give him a few quick pulls, which calls his atten-
tion to you. Put the harness upon him, having
a ring or loop upon the top of the bridle B and
a ring H secured to the back strap, about six
inches from the crouper. You now take a small bit,
attach to either ring a strong leathern strap about
half an inch wide, pass these straps A, A, A, A,
up over the flic« to the ring B in the bridle,
down through the terrets in the saddle, and back
through the ring H, then bring them down at
right angles, across the quarters and secure them
to the shafts on either side, in such a manner as

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

29

not to interfere with the animal in travelling.
With this arrangement properly adjusted, the
moment the horse attempts to kick, the strap is
drawn tight over the quarters, at the same time
it jerks up the head forcibly, punishing the ani-
mal at each attempt to kick.

KICKING IN DOUBLE HARNESS.

First use the cord upon the animal until tie
wiW yield his head on the slightest pull upon the
cord; put on a halter, which should be a good
jtrong leather one, having a strong lead, and
ring F, (see Eng. p. 28), so adjusted as to slip
under the girth. Have two strong straps with

3*

8TKAP3 ON KICKINQ HORSI.

80 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EA8Y.

rings, on tlie plan of a dog collar. These are to be
buckled around the leg above the hooks, D, Dj a
strong leathern strap fastened to the rings D,
passing through the ring F, well secured, so as
to be tense when the animal is standing square :
now check him up, and he is ready to hitch up foi
the start. This arrangement does not interfere
materially with his travelling, yet it reproves him
whenever he attempts to kick, and hn, mood gives
up the habit.

KICKINQ WHILE SHOEINQ.

OOBD AFFLIXS ON LOWEE JAW.

This, like most other habits, is brought on by
bad management. The colt, upon first entering
the shoeing shop, should be used with the greatest

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST 81

gentleness and kindness. Any deviation from this
rule often causes the colt to resist all eflForts to
shoe it. Particularly is this the case wi^h the hind
feet. The habit once established, requires the
utmost care and perseverance to overcome the
evil. Ordinary cases of resistance while shoeing
may be brought to terms by the use of the cord
alone. To do this, put the small loop over the undei
jaw, pass it over the neck, and through the looj
upon the opposite side, draw the cord tight, anu
take a half-hitch ; you will then take up the foot.
Should he resist, slip the hitch, and give him a
few quick jerks upon the cord, and then renew
the hitch. If he still refuses to let you have the
foot, repeat the operation. If he then resists,
put a collar around his neck, slip the long web
through the collar, carry it back, and around the
fetlock of the foot you wish to handle, bring it

32 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

back through the collar, holding the end in your
right hand ; now pull up the foot and hold it until
he ceases to resist : then take the web in your
hand close to the foot and pull the foot in different
directions, until he ceases to resist your efforts;
then caress him. Recollect, gentleness and kind-
ness go a great way in gaining the confidence of
the animal. When he gives you the foot readily,
take a hammer and tap upon it very gently. If he
resists, jerk him sharply a few times with the cord ;
if he still resists, remove the long web, then take a
short hold upon the halter with your left hand,
and with a quick motion catch the tail with the
right hand, and swing him around a few times,
by quickly bringing the head towards you. This
so disconcerts him that he usually yields the foot
without further resistance. For safety it is
always better to put the web on again for one or
two handlings. Properly managed you will seldom
fail in breaking up this habit iu from four to six
days.

HORSES UGLY TO SHOE IN FRONT.

Take the short web, put it on the foot (at the
fetlock) you wish to handle, pass it over the back
from the opposite side ; now pull the foot up and
hold it there until the animal ceases his efforts to
get it away, then tap lightly with a hammer upon
the foot, increasing the force of the blow ^raciu-
ally, until he will allow you to strike upon the
foot as hard as may be necessai\y ; tli^eii let the
foot down, pick it up with the hand ; if he resists,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 33

draw it up again with the web ; and so repeat .antil
he yields it readily and willingly. Usually th6
animal submits his foot in a very short time,
unless he becomes excited by rough usage.

THB LONG FOOT-STRAP.

STRl KING.

Some horses have an ugly practice of striking
with their front feet. To break up this habit
take the cord, put the small end in the mouth,
and jerk him from one side to the other ; he will
try to strike you, but he fails to do so if you give
him sufficient length of cord ; he soon finds he is
overmatched, and yields to you readily. By
using the long foot-strap or web, placed around
the near forefoot, then passed under the girth,
and carried back, having an assistant at tho iiai-
mal's head to lead him, as soon as he step", pull
up the foot, let it drop and pull it up again at
C

34 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

the next effort to step or strike. This teaches
him that he cannot use the foot as he would like,
and he ceases to make the effort.

BAULKING.

This is the most aggravating of all the habits
0 which the horse is subject; it tries the patience
of man to the utmost; yet, by patience and per-
severance, with proper management, even this
habit can be broken up. It is rarely we find a
baulky horse which is not a good one. They are
usually very hardy, high-spirited, quick of com-
prehension, and of a strong nervous temperament.
They resist because we have failed to make them
understand what we require of them, or it may
occur from overloading, sore shoulders, or work-
ing until tired out. Particularly is this the case
with young animals. To whip under such cir-
cumstances only excites them to more determined
resistance. On the first attempt of your horse
to baulk, get out of the wagon, pat him upon the
neck, examine the harness carefully, first upon
one side then upon the other, speaking encour-
agingly to the animal while doing so; then jump
in the wagon and give the word to go ; generally
he will obey; if he refuse to do so, take him
out of the shafts, put up the traces so that they
do not drag upon the ground, then take him by
the head and tail, reel him until he is almost
ready to fall, then hook him up again, and give
him the word to go ; this rarely fails, it takes that
sullen spirit out of them, and they start at the
3*

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 35

word. I have failed but once in handling baulky
horses, though I have handled a large number
of them. By repeating the same operation every
day for a week, usually breaks up this most
perplexing habit thoroughly and permanently.
Another method which often proves successful,
is to tie the tail of the horse fast to the shaft-bar,
unloose the traces, securing them so that they
will not get under his feet. Now start him up ;
as soon as he finds his tail fast he will pull the
wagon by that appendage ; repeating this a few
times will often cure the habit. Another method
still will sometimes prove successful : instead of
tying the tail to the shaft-bar, take it between
the hind-legs, having a cord secured to the end,
and tie it to the saddle-girth; this will often
answer the same purpose.

SHYING HORSES.

Those who are in the habit of riding or driv-
ing along frequented roads, or through thickly
populated cities, can best estimate the inconve
nience, annoyance, and constant apprehension
occasioned by a shying horse. While travelling
along with an air of the greatest unconcern, all
n an instant, planting himself in an attitude of
affright, he comes to a dead stop, or flies the
road. Of the sensation of the animal at such a
time, we will not venture a description, but we
know by experience what those of the driver or
rider are. Shying in horses is no doubt the off-
spring of fear. Fear is the emotion excited by

36 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

suspicion, apprehension, appearance or approach
of danger. This may be denominated native
timidity, giving rise to that kind of shyness with
which colts, and young animals generally, are
endowed. There is another kind of shyness
which we may denominate acquired. To illus-
trate, a colt is naturally shy at any object of im-
posing appearance, either novel or strange to
him. On the other hand, he beholds an object
that is familiar to him, which he associates with
some former suffering. We do not mean to assert
that these manifestations of fear are alike, further
than that they arise from the impressions made
upon the brain, a dread or consciousness of dan-
ger, in the one case acquired, in the other con-
genital. Shyness may be attributed to a third
cause, imperfect vision. A horse whose eye-
sight is imperfect is apt to shy at objects in con-
sequence of not seeing them properly. The
disposition to shy arising from either of the above
causes, is often increased by the acts of the
driver; for instance (a very common one), a man
is driving a young horse upon the road, he meets
an object of fear to the animal, and, as he ap-
proaches it, starts suddenly out of the road, his
driver instantly commences a round of castigati.on
with the whip, in which he persists until the
horse, as well as himself, have lost their temper,
and then, while one whips, the other jumps,
plunges, frets, &c. The next object of fear the
animal meets recalls the whipping previously in-
flicted upon him. and ap'-ociates it with the object

HORSE-TRAINTNG MADE EASY. 87

he fears, shies, and starts with even mora tlaj-m
than before, sometimes attempting to run away.
Gentleness and persuasion are the best means
of breaking up this habit; let the animal stand
and look at the object he fears, speak to him
encouragingly, and gradually he will approach it.
After he has passed it, turn him around, passing
the object slowly several times, and his fear
vanishes. By thus gently managing him, he
soon places confidence in you, and a gentle word
from the driver will induce him to move on by
the object. It is an old saying, that the most
effectual way to make a cowardly dog fight is to
put him in front of his antagonist, in such a way
that he cannot retreat ; but we never heard any
one recommend that he be whipped at the same
time; yet we whip a horse for being afraid to do
that which we desire him to do. Reason and
experience both forbid the practice. It is our
duty to act mercifully towards an animal so noble,
BO beautiful, and so useful to man. Contemptible
indeed is that being who disregards the plaintive
murmurs and inefiectual resistance of the poor
beast which chance has thrown into his possession

WEAVING.

This is an unsightly habit, but not of so much
consequence as either of the foregoing. It con-
sists in the animal moving his head and fore-
quarters in quick succession from one side of the
stall to the other, like the action of a weaver's
shuttle, or like the hyena in his cage. The ani-
3

38

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

mal stands with his forefeet wide apart, hence
the motion of the animal throws the weight of its
body alternately upon the inside of each fore-
foot. The effect of this habit is to turn the
inside quarter of the feet downwards and inwards
at the heel, forming, as it were, a kind of club-
foot. This habit indicates a restless disposition,
expressing impatience at being tied up. To
break up the habit, it is only necessary to turn
the animal loose into a box-stall.

0RIBBI5e uxntLM

CRIBBING.
This is a very disagreeable habit, to say the
least, but not so serious as it is often represented.
The effects of an inveterate crib-biting horse are

HORSE-TRAINING MA^E EAST. 89

plainly perceptible upon the incisor (nippers)
teeth. The cribbing muzzle is tho best means
of breaking up the habit. See Jennings on
•'The Horse and his Diseases."

BITING HORSES.

This is a hateful habit, or, more properly, a
vice of the worst kind. It is sometimes acquired
from foolishly teasing the animal in the stable by
mischievous boys. Love of mischief is a pro«
pensity too easily acquired, and often becomes a
confirmed vice; particularly is this the case with
biting horses. Last spring (1865) my advice
was asked regarding a horse which had alwayy
been known as a remarkably good dispositioned
animal, but, some four or five months previous,
some boys amused themselves by teasing him.
He soon acquired the habit of biting, and, almost
simultaneously, that of striking. Kegarding the
former vice — one of the most dangerous and the
most difficult of all vices to break up — I advised
castration ; the owner approving, I operated upon
him on the spot. Instead of curing the habit,
he from this time becaii-»e notoriously vicious, two
men narrowly escaping with their lives from the
infuriated animal. He finally became so con-
firmed in his vicious propensities, it was worth a
man's life to approach him. The owner, whose
name I omit by request, called upon me to handle
this animal, which I did on the sixth day of Oc-
tober, 1865, at his residence, near Princeton^
New Jersey. My efforts were attended with

40 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

entire success. I first drew his head down close
to the manger from an opening in the partition,
having his head well secured. The stable-door was
thrown open. I then approached his head cau-
tiously, and put my rope halter upon him. I now
tied a knot in his tail, slipped the halter lead
through the hair above the knot, drew the lead
up as far as possible, so as to draw the head to
one side, and tied the halter lead by a half-hitch
to the tail; this prevented the animal going in a
straight line, and enabled me to keep out of his
way. I now slipped the head-halter, previously
upon him, and drove him out of the stable. The
moment he gained the yard, I was after him,
tickling him upon the hind-legs with a whip.
This set him wild with rage, and caused him to
move in a circular direction quite rapidly. I
kept up this action until he began to stagger ; I
quickly caught the halter at the head to prevent
his falling, and, before he had time to recover
himself, I tightened the halter so as to bring the
head and tail nearer together. I again started
him, he reeled more rapidly, and came near fall-
ing ; I caught the end of the halter, slipped the
hitch, and, before he had time to recover, I had
the smalt end of the cord nicely adjusted in his
mouth. I then commenced to pull him right and
left, and in a few minutes he was as quiet as a
lamb, following me readily in any direction. He
was handled by the owner in the same manner
for several days. I recently heard from him ; he
remained perfectly tractable. My friend Mr. E

HORSE-1 RAINING MADE EAST. 48

C. Dudlej, of the firm of Magner & Dudley
horse trainers, accompanied me to see this horse.

RUNNING AWAY.

Some horses, of an excitable or headstrong
disposition, will make frequent efforts to get away
with his driver, and, when once he succeeds, he
is very apt to try it over again. Such animals
must be trained upon the mouth. To do this
effectually, take the cord, using the large loop,
over the neck, placing the cord in the mouth,
•nd back through the loop. You now pull

TEMPEBINO THE MOUTfl.

quickly and sharply upon the cord, this sets
the horse back, and causes the mouth to become

44 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

tender. You then go behind him, pulling quick
upon the cord. Handle him several times in
this way before putting him in harness ; he soon
yields promptly to the slightest pull upon the
cord. You may now harness him up ; and, as a
matter of safety, put the long web around the
near foot, and give it in charge of an assistant.
Let him take it in the buggy. With him, you

TAKING UP THl FOOT.

Btart on your journey ; if the animal attempts to
run, pull upon the lines, and he will generally
come down to his usual gait. ^Should he not
obey this gentle warning, fet your assistant take
np his foot by pulling the web. This throws him
upon three feet, and prevents his running.
Another method, more convenient and equally

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 47

effectual, is the apparatus used for kicking horses,
with this diflFerence, instead of fastening the ring

STRAPS ON KICKING HOBSB,

which passes under the girth to the halter, secure
it to the collar (see Eng. p. 46). With this ar-
rangement upon him, a horse cannot run. It is
not necessary to have the straps as heavy as for
a kicking horse.

REFUSING TO STAND WHILE GETTING INTO A
CARRIAGE.

This habit is very easily broken up. Use tha
oord upon the mouth, have it long enough to

4ft HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

OONTBOX.TJNO THl MO>ITH

take in your band; when enterins: the carriage,
if the horse starts, jerk Ughtly upon the cord;
if he does not obey, bring him back forcibly by
a quick, strong jerk on the cord. This soon
teaches him to stand until you are ready for him
to start.

HARD PULLERS, OR lUGGERS ON THE BIT.

To break up this habit, usf» the cord in the
same manner as upon a runaway horse, or liave
a pair of straps about twelve inches long, with a
ring at one end and a buckle at the other : pass
these straps through the ring of the bit on eithei
side, carry them up on the side of the face^ and

HORSE-TRAINING MADE KASY.

49

buckle to the head-piece of the bridle, which
must be a strong one; buckle the lines to the
rings on these straps, instead of the rings in the
bit. This forms a gag, similar to the French
twitch gag, and is a powerful means of eo«itrol«
ling the mouth of a hard-pulling horse.

UGLY TO BRIDLE.

Some horses are ugly to bridle from Laving
been knocked or roughly handled about the head.
Horses are occasionally troubled with sore ears,
or have some tenderness about the mouth or head.
Such animals refuse to be bridled from fear of
being hurt. Nothing but kindness and careful

KSSPING THE HXAD DOWIT.

50 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

handling will accomplisli our purpose in such
cases. Where the habit arises from previous
injury or ugliness of disposition, take the cord,
put the small end into the mouth, draw it tightly,
and take a half-hitch. This confines the head,
preveii»'ing the animal from raising it. In this
position, the horse will allow you to put on and
t.ake off the bridle at pleasure. After putting it
on and removing it several times, loosen up the
cord, and repeat the bridling; every time the
animal resists, draw the cord tightly; on the
contrary, when he yields, caress him ; you thus
gain his confidence.

LOLLING THE TONGUE

Some horses have a habit of carrying the
tongue out of one side of the mouth. This if
generally confined to narrow-jawed horses, the
space between the molar teeth being too narrow to
contain the tongue in the mouth when the bit
presses upon it, without coming in contact with
the edges of the molar teeth, to prevent which
the tongue is thrown out over the bit and hangs
from one side of the mouth. To remedy this
defect, take a common bar bit, drill a hole on
cither side, about three-quarters of an inch from
the centre of the bit, from the upper surface;
then take a piece of sole leather, four inches
long and two inches wide, sprinkle it over with
pulverized rosin and burn it into the leather, this
renders it proof against the action of the saliva

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY 51

in the mouth ; now drill two holes in the centre
of the leather corresponding to those in the bit,
and secure both together by rivets, so that the
leather extends two inches above the bit and two
inches below it ; this, put into the mouth, keeps
the tongue down clear of the molar teeth, and
prevents the animal getting it over the bit. A
horse which lolls the tongue should never be
driven with a snajffle bit j a bar bit is always
preferable.

HUGGING THE POLE.

This is a great annoyance to the other horse,
and he will probably learn to do the same thing,
not from imitation, but from leaning inwards so
as to enable him to stand against the other lean-
ing on him. I have seen a pair of horses thus
going, each leaning on the other, rendering it
extremely dangerous in frosty weather, or where
the road from any cause may be slippery. This
habit may be broken up by securing a piece of
sole leather to the pole upon the side where the
animal leans, having a number of tacks driven
through it in such a manner as to protrude from
the leather towards the horse. The moment he
attempts to hug the pole, the tacks prick him,
and he leaves it in a moment and takes his proper
position. He makes but few efforts after the first
punishment j a few days' driving in this manner
usually cures him of the habit.

» i HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

TO MAKE A HORSE TROT HONEST.

Many horses show speed when they strike their
gait, but do not hold it long. This, in many in-
stances, arises from too much anxiety on the part
of the driver, forcing the horse off his feet. This
is a great source of annoyance to the owners, who
in many instaacos have built their hopes very
highly upon the great speed of their favorite nag.
But how often are they doomed to disappoint-
ment ! the animal is beaten by those of far less
speed, simply because he breaks up badly. To
prevent this habit in horses, requires some de-
gree of patience and good management on the
part of the trainer. The apparatus used upon
this occasion is a similar one to that used for
kicking horses. The straps e e are the same; the
halter lead, however, is not required ; use instead
a strap passed through the collar; the choke-strap
will answer the purpose, if not too long ; to this
strap secure the ring/, pass the strap c e through
the ring /, and buckle the straps d d above the
hocks. We are now ready to drive the horse,
going off on a moderate gait, that he may become
familiar with the feel of the straps prior to urging
him. As he moves, the strap e e slips through
the ring /, allowing the animal to move without
restraint as long as the legs move alternately, as
they do in the trot or pace ; but the instant he
attempts to change his gait, he then meets the
check which the straps give him ; he cannot move
them together as he does in the run, the strapa

64

HOESE-TRAININO MADE EASY.

preventing both legs going back at the same
time. After he has made a few attempts to
break up and fails, he becomes gradually more
steady. We may then urge him to the top of
his speed without his making any effort to go up.
Drive him every day with this arrangement for
three or four weeks, and by that time he will, aa
* general thing, trot perfectly honest and re-
gain so.

HALTER PULLING.

This is a bad habit, often contracted by bad
management on the part of those having the care
of young animals. It is one, however, with care
the a little patience, easily broken up. For this
purpose we use an ordinary rope halter, with a

TO PREVENT HALTER PUI-I.ING.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 55

PULUNQ ON TH£ HALTEK.

lead long enough to pass through the haltei-
ring then back between the forelegs and under a
surcingle, and tie with a slip-knot to one of the
hind feet, be careful that the halter ring is strong
enough to resist the pull ; now put him back,
and as he pulls, the halter draws both ways, upon
the head and on the hind foot ; he rarely makes
more than two or three attempts to pull back.
You may now approach him, and try your best
to set him back, whip him over the nose, throw
your hat in his face, a buffalo, or any other object
which he may fear, and all will fail to set him
back ; repeat this a few times, and he will give

66 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

up the habit. When in harness it is not safe to
hitch him thus, as it gives him an opportunity to
pull himself down ; it is therefore better to tie
the halter around the body, back of the shoulders,
instead of tying it to the foot; if he pulls now,
he pulls against his fore-arms, but it does not
take him off his feet. Another plan is to tie a
knot in the tail so that it will not slip, then divide
the hairs in the middle above the knot, and pass
the end of the halter through the opening and
tie it, so that when he pulls it brings the tail
between the hind ngs; thus fixed, he pulls upon
his head and tail. Either of these plans will
effectually break up the habit.

OBJECTS OP FEAR.

Some horses are naturally far more timid than
others, and take alarm at objects which in others
produce no fear. We have seen horses dread-
fully agitated during a thunder-storm ; while, on
the contrary, we have observed some apparently
indifferent to the flashes and roar. In cases
where horses are in stables on fire, fear appears
to paralyze their powers, so that it is very difficult
to rescue them, unless they be first blindfolded,
which should always be done. Professor Eodet
relates several curious cases of this character :
"In 1806, during the campaign of Austerlitz, a
Piedmontese officer possessed a beautiful, and in
other respects, a most serviceable mare, but which
ine peculiarity rendered at times exceedingly

nORSE-TRAININQ MADE EASY. 57

dangerous for the saddle ; she had a decided
iversion for paper, which she immediately re-
jognised the moment she saw it. The effect
produced by the sight or sound of it. was so
prompt and so violent, that, in many cases, she
unhorsed her rider; and in one case, his foot
being entangled in the stirrup, she dragged him
a considerable way over a stony road. In other
respects, this mare had not the slightest fear of
objects that would terrify most horses. She
regarded not the music of the band, the whistling
of the balls, the roaring of the cannon, the fire
of the bivouacs, or the glittering of arms. The
confusion and noise of an engagement made no
impression upon her ; the sight of no other white
object affected her; no other sound was regarded;
the view or the rustling of paper alone aroused
her to madness. A mare belonged to the Guard
Eoyal from 1816 to 1821. She was perfectly
manageable, and betrayed no antipathy to the
human being nor to other animals, nor to horses,
except they were of a light gray color ; but the
moment she saw a gray horse, she rushed upon
it and attacked it with the greatest fury. It was
the same at all times and everywhere. She was
all that could be wished on the parade, on the
route, in action, and in the stable; but such
was her hatred towards gray or white horses,
that it was dangerous to place them in the same
stable with her at whatever distance. If she
once caught a glimpse of one, whether horse or
mare, she rested not until she had thrown her

68 HORSE-TRAININQ AlAi)E EAST.

rider or broken her halter, and then she rushed
upon it with the greatest fury, and bit it in a
thousand places. She generally, however, seized
the animal by the head or throat and held it so
fast that she would suffocate it if it were not
promptly released from her bite. No other white
body appeared to make the least impression ou
her. A mare belonging to the fifth squadron
hussars feared, on the contrary, all white inani-
mate objects, such as white mantles or cloaks,
and particularly white plumes. When any of
these white bodies, and especially in motion, were
suddenly perceived, if they were of any magnitude
and their motion was rapid, she was in a dreadful
fright, and strove to escape; but if they were
of no great size, and moved more gently, she
rushed furiously upon them, struck at them with
her forefeet, and endeavored to tear them with
her teeth. No other colors produced the slightest
effect upon her, nor did the appearance, however
sudden, of white horses or dogs of the same
color ; but if a white plume waved, or a white
sheet of paper floated by her, her fear or rage
was ungovernable.''

Professor Rodet regards these as cases of true
monomania. It is remarkable that in each in-
stance the subject of this singular frenzy was a
mare. Some animals are very much alarmed at
the sight of a buffalo-robe, an umbrella, &c. To
break up these habits requires more care than is
usually required for other habits. Take the cord,
put the small loop in the mouth, place the object

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 59

TEACaiNG THE HORSE TO STAND.

of fear at a distance, lead the animal as near it
as possible, have an assistant to raise it off the
ground ; if the animal attempts to get away from
it, jerk him sharply from side to side a few times,
then have your assistant approach with the object
of fear very slowly, and each time the animal flies
from it, jerk him as before, and so repeat until
he will allow you to approach near enough to rub
him on the nose. If it is a buffalo-robe, stroke
him upon the neck, gradually put it on his back,
take it off and put it on again ; repeat until he
stands perfectly quiet; now approach him from
another direction, he now starts up again as at
first, jerk him in the same manner, and repeat
every iay until he will allow you to approacn

fiO HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

him from any direction. A week or ten days is
fiuflBcient to break up the habit thoroughly, if
properly managed.

Another very good method is the halter so
arranged as for halter pulling. Having the

THE HALTER PULLER.

animal ready, take the buffalo-robe on your
arm, approach as near as possible without
causing the horse to pull back, stand a moment,
and, when the animal gets over the temporary
excitement, gradually approach it ; the horse now
pulls upon the halter, and comes back to his
proper place ; in five minutes, generally, he will
stand and allow you to put the buffalo on him in
any \»ay you please. Occasionally we find a case

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. bl

IRTINa TO GET AWAT.

that does not yield readily. Under such circum-
stances, the cord, small end, should be applied in
addition to the halter. Now approach him gradu-
ally; if- he does not stand quietly, give him a
quick, sharp pull upon the cord. Take the cord
off, leaving the halter upon him ; lay the buffalo
on the floor before the animal, and leave him to
examine it for an hour or two ; now hang it over
the back part of the manger, and leave him again
in the same manner; then hang it up in the en-
try before him, so that he can view it at a short
distance, then change its position, hang it up
behind him ; finally you may put it over hL«t back,

(J2 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

and secure it with a surcingle. By diangiog it
in this manner, he becomes famihar with its
appearance in any position. A horse wlI\ often
see an object in one position and not notice it ;
but place the same object in a different position,
and the animal becomes alarmed. One day
usually is sufficient to break up this habit, com-
pletely and thoroughly.

HALTERING THE COLT.

To do this without the colt offering resistance,

it is necessary to drive him into a cow-stall or

other convenient place. You wil now, with

vour hand if you can reach him, otherwise with

a stick of sufficient length, touch him gently

upon the quarter ; this will cause him to start up

and perhaps to turn around in the stall. Do not

attempt to prevent his doing so, or you increase

his excitement, which at all times should be

carefully avoided. You will then repeat the

operation, and in a few minutes he will stand

quietly and allow you to stroke him with your

hand, or stick; gradually pass the hand or stick

up over his back, as he will bear it, until you

reach his head; if he attempts to get away do

not try to prevent his doing so, as you will fail in

the attempt. As soon as he will allow you to

stroke his head, take up an ordinary rope hal er,

such as are used upon colts, pull out the lead so

as to form a good sized loop, place it on the end

of a stick, and hold it towards him ; let him smelJ

aORSE-TRAININQ MADE EAST

63

HALTEKINQ THE COLT.

it, and, as he does so, let his nose pass througl^
the loop; raise the upper part of the baiter over
his head, then turn the stick and the halter will
fall back of the colt's ears. Slip up the lead and
you have him fast; now place the lead over his
neck and secure it by a slip-knot, so as to keep
him from treading on it. Open the stall-door and
let him go out. Now drive him into a carriage-
house, or some other suitable place, not more
than twenty-five or thirty feet square ; you then
approach him ; he runs to a corner ; take a pole
•lix or eight feet long, and commence as before by
touching him on the (juarter ; and as the polft

64 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

approaches the neck, close up gradua-lly until you
can put your hand upon him ; you will then dis-
pense with the pole, slip the knot in the halter,
and remove the lead from his neck. You now
have one end of the halter, the colt ihe other;
you want to teach him to lead ; you take yom
position a little quartering from his body, and
nearly opposite his shoulder. You say, Come here,
sir; your colt pays no attention to your command,
because he does not understand you ; give the
halter a quick, sharp pull, which brings the coll
towards you. The instant you pull, let the haltei
slack, this prevents him from pulling back : if
you keep your lead tight, he learns that he is
fast, and he will pull in spite of all your efforts to
prevent his doing so; repeat this operation several
times, always using the words Come here, your colt
will soon learn to follow you in the one direction.
You then go to the opposite side and teach him to
follow in the same manner; he must be handled
from both sides, or he will obey but one. He now
follows to the right or left You want him to go
forwards ; take your position a little to one side,
but slightly in advance of his head ; give your
halter a sharp, quick pull, and as your colt steps
forward, stop and caress him ; repeat this a few
times, and he will follow you in any direction.

HITCHING THE COLT IN THE STABLE.

Lead him into an ordinary stall four and a half
feet wide, having previously fitted a movable bar

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 65

at the back of the stall about three feet and a
half from the floor, or, if more convenient, a good
Btrong rope, well secured, will answer the pur-
pose— let it be about the same distance from the
floor. After leading the colt into the stall, put
up this bar or rope, and then tie the colt to the
manger-ring ; if you do so at first, he will in all
probability run back before you can have the
bar or rope secured in their place; and then the
halter gives way, and you have taught the colt
the first lesson in halter-pulling, which under all
circumstances should be carefully avoided. In
taking the colt out of the stable the same precau-
tion must be used. Untie the halter before re-
moving the bar or rope. Continue this precaution
for about ten days or two weeks, and by that time,
as a general rule, the colt will stand hitched any-
where.

TRAINING COLTS TO HARNESS.

To break a colt successfully, requires a man
who has inexhaustible patience, great presence of
mind, strong nerve, &c., in a word, a man who
can control himself, can train a horse to harness,
so as to prevent their contracting any bad habits.
Witli such indispensable attributes and proper
appliances, a man of ordinary intelligence can
train a horse to harness without accident to the
animal, himself, or others. Always train a colt
with an open bridle, so that he may see exactly
what you are doing : using the blind bridle pre-
vents the animal from seeing your movements,
6* E *

0 HORSE-TRAININO MAi^E EASY

and unless you use great care and judgment, you
are •t.pt to alarm the colt from the least misplaced
iLOvement, Let a man recollect how surprised,
and in some cases alarmed, he feels on anything
toxi"~hing him behind. The same is the case with
tho horse where he does not see the object. We
may say it was only the end of the trace that
touched him ; how is he to know this if he does
not see it ? A man standing in the street would
turu as quickly round if- a harmless sheep touched
him, as if it were some more formidable animal.
We must, therefore, be careful not to alarm or
confuse the horse. Do everything in the most
gentle and persuasive manner; if you do any-
thing which frightens your colt, he never forgets
it. Take time, and teach each point in training
thoroughly ; remember, that which is done hur-
riedly, is done badly.

HARNESSING.

Horses, wnether young or old, sometimes have
an aversion to going in harness; such animals
show their unwillingness by kicking, baulking,
rearing, running back, or, perhaps, running away.
To prevent such habits being developed, take the
colt, after being thoroughly halter-broken, by the
head and tail, reel him a few times, and you can
put the harness upon him ; by this means you
disconcert him, he will not then resist you; place
him in the stable with the harness upon him.
and leave him there a few hours, so that he may

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 67

become accustomed to it. Then bring bim out,
take the lines behind him, having an assistant at
his head, and teach him thoroughly the use of
the reins, turning him to the right and to thft
left, until he will obey the slightest pull upon the
reins ; after having him so that he will start at
the word, turn to the right or to the left, by a
pull upon the line ; he is ready for the word

WHOA.

This is the most important word used in horse-
training; it is our safeguard in case of accident;
the animal, therefore, should learn its meaning
thoroughly. To prevent confusion in his mind,
the word should never be used out of its proper
place. If we approach a horse standing quietly

68 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

in the stable, we should never use the word whoa^
though it is very generally used on such occa-
sions. Use instead the words Get over, Gro over,
Quietly, my pretty boy, or any other word you
please, to make the animal aware of your pre-
sence; but under no circumstances use the word
whoa, except when the animal is in motion, and
you want him to stop. In order to properly
teach him the meaning of the word whoa, put
the long web around the near fore-foot, pass it
under the girth, and as the animal walks along,
pull up the foot, at the same time say whoa; by
repeating this, you will soon see him raise the
foot when the word is given, even though the
web is not pulled upon. Horses thus trained are
safe in case a rein or bit should break, as they
will generally stop at the word, under almost any
circumstances. A friend of mine trained his
horse to stop by simply catching hold of the tail.
You are now ready for

LEARNING TO BACK.

Put the cord upon the horse, using the small
loop; draw it up with a steady pull, — this brings
the animal's nose towards his body. Keep a
firm hold upon the cord until he steps back
a little, using at the same time the word back,
then caress him; you thus teach him that he
has done exactly what you wished him to do ;
then repeat caressing him each time he obeys.
Oare mu»t be used not to excite the colt too

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY

LEARNING TO BACK.

much or you will have him resist you ; therefore,
do not continue your lesson more than five or ten
minutes at any one time ; on repeating the lesson
a few hours later, the animal will usually yield
and back freely. Now try him with the line
alone; if he obeys, you may remove the cord
altogether. Occasionally, we fi.nd an animal
which will not yield to this treatment; we then
take the short web, put it around the near fore
foot, carry it over the back from the off-side, have
a bridle upon the animal, take hold of it close to
the bit with your left hand on the near side,
having the web in the right hand, with which
bring up the near fore foot, holding it up by the
web, now press backwards upon the bit, this

70 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

brings the body back, and as it does so, let the
foot fall; the toe strikes the ground some fifteen
or eighteen inches behind the opposite foot, and
as it does so, the off-foot comes back to the same
point. By repeating this lesson, we teach any
horse to back, however obstinate he may be. 1
have never known a single instance where it
failed.

HITCHING TO THE WAGON.

In hitching up a colt to the wagon for the first
time, it is always better that you put him along-
side of a steady, well-broken horse ; if you have
no opportunity of doing this, let him become
perfectly familiar with the wagon before hitching
him up single ; lead him up to the wagon in the
shafts of which you intend putting him j let him
examine it carefully; raise the shafts up and
down in his presence, so as to get him familiar
with the motion ; if it be a top-buggy, raise and
lower the top ; should he behave badly, put the
cord upon him, using the small end ; jerk him
every time he offers any resistance. Now lead
him in front of the wagon ; pull it towards him ;
should he start, jerk him again, and so repeat
until you can pull the wagon up to him. Now
raise the shafts and let them down quietly over
his back ; repeat this operation until he will re-
main perfectly quiet. Now lead him up, pulling
the wagon behind him. When he will bear this
nicely, you may hook him fast to the wagon, first
putting the long web upon the near front foot,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 71

SAFE TO DRIVE.

pass it under the girth, and give it to an assistant ;
get into the wagon with your assistant, having
previously instructed him how to manage the
web. Have a second assistant to lead the animal
a short distance ; if he behaves well let him go.
With this system, one-half hour's handling every
day for a week is sufl&cient to break thoroughly
to harness the wildest colt.

BITTING THE COLT.

The ordinary process of bitting colts is too
well known to horsemen generally to need any
description at my hands. A cheap and easy
method of bitting colts, if properly managed, is
by means of the cord. To arch the neck and
bring the nose in where you want it, take the

72 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

cord using the small loop over the under jaw,
pass the cord over the ne-ck from the off side, and
through the loop on the near side. Now take

BimSG THB COM.

your position at the near shoulder, press lightly
upon the cord ; should the colt resist, let it loose
for a moment, then press upon it again, and as
he yields caress him; by repeating this a few
times, say two or three times a day as opportunity
offers, you will find he soon yields his head nicely.
Use the utmost care on first applying it, or you
will excite the colt to resistance. When once he
learns that he can resist successfully he will try
it, over again. Do not continue the use of the
cord more than about ten minutes at a time.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 78

Now change the end of the cord, taking the
large loop, pass it over the neck, put the cord
through the mouth from the off side, back through
the loop on the near side, take your position in
front of the animal, pull lightly upon the oord ;
this sets his head up as high as you want to put

BETTINO UP THE HEAD.

it By repeating this lesson, the colt soon learns
to get up his head on the slightest touch upon
the rein. The cord is also used,

TO ADD STYLE.

It will be observed in using the cord for the
«arpose of bitting the colt that the small loop

74 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

brings the cliia in towards the body, at the sama
time beautifully arching the neck ; the large loop
Laving directly the opposite effect by puttin-g the
head up in any position desired. This arrange-
ment applied to older horses, with a bad carriage
of the head, adds at least twenty per cent, to their
appearance, and often more than that amount to
their price.

MOUNTING THE COLT.

Take your position on the near side of the colt,
stand with your right side next to the animal,
take hold of the mane with your left hand, place
the toe of the left foot in the stirrup, placing the
right hand upon the back part of the saddle ; now
raise yourself up with a quick spring, passing the
right leg over the saddle, and take your seat; a
very little practice will enable you to perform this
feat with ease and in a graceful manner. To
place your body fronting the side of the animal is
a very awkward position, and one rendering it
much more difficult to mount the animal. Should
the colt not stand well, a few jerks with the cord
will bring him to his senses, and make him stand
until you are seated. You are now prepared for

RIDING THE COLT.

In riding the colt for the firsi: time, a common
riding bridle without martingale is to'be preferred;
fasten the short web around the off fore foot, take
a phort hold upon it with the right hand while

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 75

you sit upon his back, holding the bridle-rein in
the left hand ; should he act badly, pull up the
off foot with the web, at the same time pat him
o-ently upon the neck with the left hand ; there
Ts no danger in taking up the foot in this manner,
provided you do not pull upon the reins at the
same time. Let down the foot in a few minutes,
and turn the colt around several times by pulling
upon the off rein, then reverse the action by pull-
ing upon the near rein ; now turn him to the
right, then to the left, several times. Should he
still be restive, take up the foot again, and so re-
peat until he performs his part properly — then -do
not fail to caress him. Make the first lesson a
short one, and gradually increase it from time to
time as occasion may require. This method
rarely requires the whip, and is certainly attended
with less danger than the old and tedious one of
riding a colt. We now come to

WHIP TRAINING

To train a horse thoroughly to drive without
bit or line under the whip, requires from four to
six weeks' time; it requires also a man of strong
nerve and self-control to be a successful trainer in
this particular branch. Whip training illustrates
the beauty and power of our system of horse
training. Such a feat as driving a horse without
bit or line cannot be accomplished by any other
system known to man. Having selected a horse
with a moderate share of intellig-ence, the nex.i

76 nORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

thing is to secure a suitable place for training.
An inclosure twenty-five or thirty feet square ia
required. If you have it smaller, and your horse
should be disposed to kick, you would be in
danger; if larger, it gives the animal too much
room to get away from the whip. It is better
that you go in with the horse alone, as then the
animal will have no other object to take his atten-
tion. Turn him loose without bridle or halter in
the inclosure ; take your position in the centre,
holding in your right hand a straight whip nine
or ten feet long; you crack the whip as you take
your position; this alarms the horse and causes
him to run into one corner of the inclosure;
crack it several times that he may learn that you
do not intend to hurt him; now commence tap-
ping him lightly upon the near shoulder, but not
to hurt him ; if a nervy fellow he is all excite-
ment for a few minutes ; continue the tapping
until he turns his head towards you, which he
will do in a short time. The moment he turns it,
however slight it may be, cease the whipping ; as
soon as he turns it away again repeat the tapping
with the whip; in a few minutes he again turns
his head towards you; stop the motion of the
whip : as he turns away repeat the whip-tapping
as before; in a very short time he turns around
so that you can approach him; now gently caress
him; move away and again approach him; should
he turn away repeat the whipping : by this means
you teach him to come to you on the near side.
After he has learned this thoroughly, which re-

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 77

quires about one week's training, half an hour
each day, then proceed in the same manner upon
the off side ; as soon as he obeys the motion of
the whip upon this side, take your position behind
him, and turn him by the motion of the whip, to
the right or to the left; as soon as he performs
nicely, put the harness upon him, take the lines
behind him, and, as you give him the word to
go forwaTQs, throw the whip down by his right
side without touching him, at the same time
have the long web around the rear fore foot, and
give it to an assistant ; you want him to stop,
give him the word wJioa^ at the same time your
assistant pulls up the foot, turn the whip in a
horizontal position above your head — in this way
you teach him that the whip in that position
means whoa. By repeating these motions, he
learns in about four weeks to turn to the right
whenever the whip is thrown towards the right
shoulder; to the left when thrown towards the
left shoulder ; to go ahead when thrown down by
the right side ; and to stop when held in a hori-
zontal position. You now want to teach him to
back ; having previously instructed him accord-
ing to our rule, put the cord, using the small
loop, in his mouth ; take the cord in your hand
with the reins, pull upon the reins, and say Back,
at the same time keep the whip directly over the
animal's back, giving it an upward and downward
motion, or you may tap him gently upon the back
with the whip — this is best done in a sulky. If
be starts forward, set him back by pulling quickly

78 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

upon the cord ; repeat the operation until he wiil
go back by the motion of the whip alone. Should
he make repeated efforts to go forward, bring the
whip quickly once or twice down over his nose,
he will not then repeat the operation very often ;
with this training, it is necessary to use an open
bridle, so that the animal will see the motions of
the whip ; you are now prepared to hook him up
for the first drive. Take an assistant with you ;
have the foot-strap or long web secured upon the
near fore foot; give it in charge of your assistant;
let the lines lie over the dash, as a matter of pre-
caution. Now commence operations with the
whip; if the animal acts promptly, remove the
foot web, and begin again, having the lines over
the dash as before ; drive the animal in this way
at least two or three weeks before removing the
bit from the mouth. Your horse is now safe to
drive under the whip.

TO TEACH A HORSE TRICKS.

It is necessary, in teaching horses to perform
tricks, to have in addition to the webbing the im-
plements known as the Rarey straps, by which
means you teach the animal to lie down, &c.

THE SHORT STRAP.

A common breeching strap is all that is neces-
sary ; it is used to strap up the foot (see engrav-
ing). Open the loop, keeping the buckle on the
outside, put the loop over the foot, then raise the

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 79

THK SnOBT STRAP

foot and pass the strap around the fore-arm from
the inside, and buckle it tight; this holds the foot
up firmly.

PTJLLlNa UP THK MOt.

80 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

THE LONG STRAP.

This is a strap which buckles around the toot.
It has a ring in it, to which is buckled another
strap seven or eight feet long, or the short web
will answer the purpose. This is put upon the
right foot passing it under the girth (see engrav-
ing at foot of p. 79), or over the back for the
purpose of taking up the foot, when we want to
bring the animal upon his knees.

TO TEACH A COLT TO FOLLOW YOU.

Take the cord, using the small loop, give him
a few quick pulls right and left, then take your
position on one side opposite the shoulder, give a
quick pull upon the cord, which brings him to-
wards you; at the same time say, Come here, sir;
as he obeys, caress him. Repeat this until he
will come without the pull, then take your posi-
tion upon the other side and proceed in the same
way. You will soon have him so that he will
follow in any direction.

TO TEACH A HORSE TO LIE DOWN.

Take your position upon the near side ; strap
up the near fore foot, using the short strap ; have
a good strong bridle with cheek pieces, so as to
prevent the bit from pulling through the mouth.
Tie a knot in the bridle-rein over the neck, take a
short hold of the bridle-rein with the left hand,
the right hand holding the off rein ; now press
him backwards, and as you do so he comes down

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 81

FOOT STRAPPED XSV.

LEABNINQ TO UE DOWN.

F

82

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

gently upon his near knee j let him rest awhile
in that position. Whenever he attempts to jump
puJl him towards you, and press back as before;

THE STRUGGLE.

after repeating this two or three times most horses
will lie down ', if you do not succeed, however,
put on the long strap, passing it under the girth,
or, what is better, over the back ; take a short
hold of the strap with the right hand, pull him

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY,

83

PBOPEB POSITION.

towards you with the left hand, and as he steps
DTill up the right foot, this brings him upon his

OOMINO Oi>' His KStSiB,

knees; keep him there until he lies down, then
caress him, handle him gently all over, knojk his
feet together, pull his head up and lay it down

84 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

eimira rbast.

I!0^?W AT XJ'Sllf.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 85

carefully ; repeat this operation several times, and
he will soon learn to lie down by merely raising
tlie near front foot, or lightly tapping it with a
whip.

TO SIT UP.

Lay the animal down as previously directed,
having a collar upon him; place a hobble or
strap, with a ring in it, around each hind foot ;
take 'a pair of ordinary driving lines, pass the
D'lckle-end through the collar back to the ring in
the hobble, and buckle them ; pull the feet up
towards the shoulders, and carry the lines back
to the hind quarters, hold them firmly in one
hand, or give them to an assistant. Have a bridle
with a long rein upon the animal ; take the rein
in your hand, stand upon the tail, and pull upon
the bridle-rein, keeping the linos firm at the same
time ; this brings him up in front, and prevents
his getting his hind feet back far enough to rise
upon them, they being drawn forwards and se-
curely held by the lines. Repeat the operation a
few times — say two or three times a day—and he
soon learns to lie down at the word. This is the
method usually practised upon circus horses.

TO MAKE A HORSE BOW.

Stand upon the near side, and with a pin in
yo'ur right hand prick the animal lightly in the
breast, and say Make a bow, sir ; he will soon learn
to throw his head downwards ; when he does so
caress him; by repeating this opGiation a fc-Sv

86 HORSE-TRAIJNING MADE EAST.

times lie soon learns to bow by merely pointing
the hand towards his breast, or if learned by a
motion of the foot. In all cases when training
horses to perform tricks, it is necessary that they
should have a bridle without winkers, or else
have the head bare.

TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Take your position as before, and with a pin
in your right hand, prick him lightly anywhere
along the mane or over the withers, (ask such
questions as you want answered in the negative,)
this causes him to shake his head, which he will
do also when bothered with flies upon the neck
during fly time. It was this circumstance which
suggested the use of the pin to make a horse say
no. By repeating this operation a few times he
will shake his head by simply raising the hand to
your head as if to raise your hat; this motion of
the head indicates no. Nodding the head by
pricking the breast signifies yes ; always ask the
question before making the motion with your hand.

TO KISS YOU.

To teach a horse to kiss you, take a piece of
apple in your hand, let the horse smell it, he will
then try to get it from you, carry it up to your
mouth and hold it between your teeth, let him
take it from yoi:r mouth ; repeat this a few times
and use the words, Kiss me ; he soon learns that
Kiss me, means apple, and he puts up his moi^th
to yours to take it away ; when operating privately

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 87

always give it to him, and he will then obey yon
promptly when showing him publicly.

TO SHAKE HANDS.

Take your position in front of the horse, say
Give me your right foot, or Shake hands ; he does
not understand you ; you convey the idea to him
by taking a pin and gently pricking him upon the
right leg, he at once lifts it up; as he does so take
it in your hand and caress him ; he understands
by this that he has done what you wanted him to
do; after repeating this a few times, put your
hand towards his leg and crack the thumb and
fingers, he anticipating the prick lifts his foot;
should he fail to do so have your pin handy and
use it lightly. By this means he soon learns to
give you the foot at the crack of the thumb and
fingers. As soon as he gives one freely, teach him
in the "^ame manner to give the other one.

TO KICK WITH THE RIGHT OR LEFT FOOT.

Care must be taken in teaching this trick, that
you have a horse not predisposed to vicious pro-
pensities, or you may make a confirmed kicker;
and then you will have the habit to break up. A
horse of a mild disposition may be taught to
perform thus without the risk of his becoiuiug a
kicker. I have taught one of my ponies to kick
when I desire him to do so, and he cannot be
made to K?c^ unless the whip is used lightly upon
his hh-A r rts. Having selected your animal.

03 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

take a pin in your right hand, prick the near
hind leg with it and say Kick with the left foot;
the animal soon learns to obey. Then proceed with
the opposite leg in the same manner After the
horse will kick with either foot, by a motion
ef the hand without prickicig him you will stand
off a short distance, with a long whip in your
hand; touch the near hind foot and say Kick with
the left foot; then proceed in the same manner
with the right foot. By proceeding thus once a
day the animal will soon learn to do his part very
nicely.

LEARNING TO WALTZ.

Some horses seem to love music, and can
readily be taught to waltz or dance. Use a girth
around the body, upon the near side of which
buckle a short strap, having a loop at one
end, to fasten to the ring of the bit ; draw the
strap through the girth buckle so as to incline
the head a little to the near side ; have one or
two good pieces of music, and play any waltz that
may be desired ; at the same time turn the animal
by the use of the whip lightly upon his legs ; he
soon learns to turn merely by a motion of the
whip without touching him. After repeating this
lesson once a day for three or four weeks, the strap
may be removed, iea\^ng his head free.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 91

HINTS UPON SHOEING.

A glance at the skeleton of the horse will at
once serve to convince us that the animal is
formed at the same time for strength, and for
celerity and ease of motion. If we look at the
fore limbs we shall see that the scapula, No. 3,
recedes from the shoulder-joint, falHng back
obliquely; its upper part uniting with the spinous
processes of the anterior dorsal vertebrae, No. 14,
to form the withers. The shoulder-bone No. 4
retreats, forming an angle at the elbow-joint; the
fore arm consists of two pieces, No. 5, the radius
and ulna consolidated as one bone in the mature
horse; this is followed by a double row of small
bones, No 9. the carpus or wrist bones, seven in
number. These are succeeded by the metacarpus,
No. 10, with two slender splint bones attached
posteriorly to its upper part. To these succeed
the three phalangeal bones, Nos. 11, 12, and 13.
There are besides a small pair of hones situated
behind the fetlock joint called sessamoides, and a
small bone situated behind, and between Nos. 12
and 13, called the navicular bone. The coffin bone.
No. 13, is enclosed in the hoof, which consists of
thick, firm, rounded horn, having a certain degree
of expansibility ; and underneath, forming a sort
of sole, IS a part called the frog; it is an elastic
cushion, and in a healthy state prevcnls con-
cussion. At each step the frog yields under the

92 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

weight of the animal, and swelling out laterally
expands the heels of the hoof. This frog ought
always to touch the ground ; it does so naturally,
and v/here bad shoeing prevents it, the crust of
the hoof soon becomes hard, britcle, and unyielding,
causing a shock at every step as the animal trots
over the hard road. Inflammation and alteration
of structure soon supervene. The posterior limbs
are modelled on a similar plan. Now from the
angles which the bones of the limbs make with
each other at the joints, the force of every shock
as the animal trots or gallops is greatly broken ;
its very step is light and elastic; and this not
only results from the obliquity of the bones in
question, but particularly from the yielding spring
of the pastern, its elasticity being provided for
by a ligament which passes down the back of the
cannon bone. No. 10, and along the pasterns. to
the coffin bone 11, 12, and 13. Nor is the spring
of the elastic frog to be here overlooked; it also
contributes an important share to the easy pro-
gression of the horse, the action of whose limbs
as he moves is, or ought to be free, vigorous, and
springy. But alas ! how often do we see the
knees distorted with overtoil, and the pasterns
rigid and swollen from disease!

Shoeing is generally regarded as a necessary
evil ; and were it not for our paved streets and
turn piked roads, an evil which might in a great
measure be well dispensed with. As it is, our
object should be to observe as closely as possible
three important rules in shoeing horses : 1st. To

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. iJS

preserve the natural bearing of the foot : 2d. To
preserve the hoof in its natural shape : 3d.
To protect the foot from injury. If we observe
the foot of the unshod horse, we find the hoof has
a perfectly level bearing upon the crust or wall
as it rests upon the ground, as well as upon the
frog, which, as previously stated, acts as an elastic
cushion preventing concussion and expanding the
heels, which relieves the pressure upon the sensi-
tive and delicate structu»re within the hoof, that
otherwise would occur were the hoof hard and
unyielding It is unnecessary as well as unin-
teresting to the general reader for us to go into a
minute description of the structure of the horse's
foot. Those who desire such information can obtain
it by consulting Jennings on "The Horse and his
Diseases." The sole or ground surface of the foot
is all that part of the foot situated between the
frog and the crust or wall; this sole should not
come in contact with either the ground or the
shoe. Supposing now the reader to understand
our meaning,

In order to preserve the level bearing of the
foot, it is necessary that the shoe be made with
a perfectly level surface upon the foot side, for
the crust to rest upon. Beyond that point it
should be bevelled inwards, in order to prevent
pressure upon the sole. The frog should remain
untouched with the knife, except to trim off any
ragged edges. The moment the substance of the
frog is cut away, that moment it begins to lose its
moisture , hence its elasticity. It becomes hard

94 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

and brittle often as the hoof itself; its function
is thus destroyed, and it now acts as a foreign
body, bruising the sole, causing diseases of various
kinds to arise. If we examine the feet of horses
shod in the ordinary manner — and there are few
others — we find in place of the shoe having a
level beariug for the crust, it is bevelled from
without inwards, so that the foot rests upon a
concave instead of a level surface. The conse-
quence is, the heels, instead of expanding up
these inclined planes, are actually pressed in-
wards, in consequence of the lateral pressure
thus brought to bear upon them. This, as a
natural result, causes contraction of the hoof
Booner or later, causing a hard, brittle condition
of the hoof, predisposing it to split, producing
toe, quarter, or other cracks, which never occur
in an elastic hoof; corns soon follow contraction
of the hoof, often producing very severe lame-
ness, and leading to diseases of a more serious
nature. When we have a contracted foot, it is
only necessary to reverse the bearing of the shoe
— that is, the bearing at the heels back from the
last nail-hole should be very slightly bevelled out-
wards. This has a direct tendency to gradually
faciUtate the expansion of the heels. Dr. R. Jen-
nings's Hoof Ointment is one of the best appli-
cations that can be made to a contracted hoof;
it restores its elasticity, and promotes a healthy
condition of the hoof. And here let me caution
the smith, in bevelling the shoe, to give it a very
little slant, from the last nail-hole on either side,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 95

not more than the twentieth part of an inch;
otherwise more harm than good will be likely to
follow its application.

PREPARING THE FOOT FOR THE SHOE.

This, as a mechanical operation, requires a man
>f good, sound judgment to properly perform his
work. The growth of the hoof is about equal to
Its wear when the animal remains unshod, other-
wise the hoof would be worn too short or become
too long. Our object, then, in paring the foot,
is to remove so much of the hoof as would have
been worn away had not the shoe prevented such
wear. Any deviation from this rule causes the
feet to become unusually long, the sole thick, &c.,
causing the animal to stumble at almost every
step. In preparing the foot for the shoe, after
carefully removing any old stubs that might re-
main, the crust should be lowered with the rasp
from the toe to the heels, the sole then should
be pared with the drawing-knife in preference to
the buttress. The feet should be poulticed the
night before being shod, with linseed meal ; this
will so soften the hoof as to enable the smith to
pare the feet without difficulty. Care must be
taken to remove a portion of the horn between
the crust and bars, so that the heels of the crust
should be higher than the heels of the sole. The
bars will simply require cleaning out, removing
any loose portions without diminishing their
strength. All ragged portions of the frog should
be removed, but the frog must by no me.-sns be

4l8 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

cut away merely because the smith fancies it to
be too large. In wea,k feet, very little paring is
required ; the heels, however, require the nicest
care for their protection from injury in shaeing.
No fixed rules can be laid down for paring the
feet; that mus-t be determined by the nature and
condition of these appendages.

APPLICATION OP THE SHOE TO THE FOOT.

The shoe should be set as near the outer mar-
gin of the crust as possible; by so doing, we
have the crust as the main support of the foot,
as nature intended it should be. By setting the
shoe back a quarter or three-eighths of an inch
from the outer margin of the crust, as is often
done, at least one -half of the bearing surface
of the foot is destroyed. It is therefore weak-
ened in exact proportion as it is cut away,
besides greatly reducing the space for driving
the nails, thus rendering them more liable to do
injury, by being driven too close to the sensitive
structure, or by pricking the foot. The naila
should be pointed with great care, in order that
they may be driven with a greater degree of cer-
tainty. Eight nail-holes are usually punched in
the shoe ; but our experience teaches us that
injury is often prevented by leaving out the
quarter nail upon the inside of the foot. If it
should be thought necessary, it may be put in at
the toe instead.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 97

CLIPS UPON THE SHOE.

These should not be used, as they are the
frequent cause of an obscure lameness, often
giving rise to much trouble. The growth of the
horn being from above downwards, the clip offers
an obstruction to the growth of the hoof, which
cannot be overcome ; hence it is turned inwards
upon the soft structures of the foot. This is
readily seen after death, in the hoof of a horse
which has been shod several years with the clip.
Removal of the cause will enable the animal to
get entirely over the lameness in two or three
months. I have restored horses to perfect sound-
ness in this way very frequently, even after a
lameness of two and three years' standing. When
it is thought necessary to use a clip, one of the
smallest kind should be employed.

INTERFERING.

Many horses are in the habit of interfering
and many ingenious methods have from time to
time been devised to prevent this troublesome
habit. Both the hind and fore legs are subject
to cutting or striking, usually about the fetlock
joint. In the front feet, however, we sometimes
find them striking just below the knee-joint,
producing an enlargement known as a speedy
cut. We should, when this habit exists, first
ascertain the cause as nearly as possible, and the
part which strikes, whether the shoe or the foot.
Many horses interfere only when leg-weary. Par-
9 G

98 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

ticularlj is this the case with colts. Some horses
Btrike when shod with heavy shoes, but do not
do so with hght ones. Others interfere from
some peculiarity in the conformation of the limbs..
The most successful plan of preventing this habit,
is to straighten the inside of the shoe from the
toe to the quarter, allowing the heel of the shoe
on the inside the same inclination that it would
have ordinarily applied. Two nails only should
be driven on the inside of the foot with this shoe.
This is an exception to our rule in applying the
shoe, but it usually has the desired effect. By
no means make the shoe higher on one side than
the other, as it causes unequal concussion upon
the limb when the animal is in motion ; hence
predisposing the joints to injury. In some rare
cases, widening the web of the shoe, as well as
straightening it upon the inside, has the desired
effect, when simply straightening fails to accom-
plish the purpose.

OVERREACHING.

Many very good horses have this troublesome
habit. Young horses are more subject to over-
reaching than old ones; it very frequently disap-
pears as the speed of the animal is increased. At
a moderate gait the front feet do not always get
out of the way in time for the hind ones as they
are brought forwards, hence a collision takes
place. Sometimes the heels are cut or bruised
badly, and occasionally the shoes are torn from

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 99

the front feet. The most successful means of
preventing this habit, is to make the front shoes
a little lighter, which facilitates their motion, the
animal lifting them up so quickly — the hind ones
should be a little heavier. Trifling as this differ-
ence may appear, it is very generally successful ;
an ounce of iron will make a very marked differ-
ence in the movement of most animals, as much
so as weight upon the back.

SHOEING HORSES WITH CORNS.

The corn should be well cut out, and then
burned with a red-hot iron, muriatic acid, or but-
ter of antimony. The shoe recommended for
contracted feet should be here applied ; the hoof
backwards from the corn to the heel should be
removed, so that no part of the hoof back from
the corn have any bearing upon the shoe; by this
means we prevent all concussion that otherwise
would fall upon the part affected; the animal thus
shod will travel sound though the corn be a bad
one. Much depends upon the careful and skilful
application of the shoe, independently of its being
constructed on proper principles. Many horses
with very bad feet are enabled to go sound for
years by a combination of care and skill, while on
the contrary a single shoeing done by a bungling
workman would suffice to lame them. It requires
considerable skill to fit a shoe properly on a bad
foot, so as to save the weakest parts and econo-
mize the horn.

100 H(- RSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

STOPPING THE FEET.

When we take into consideration the unnatural
condition in which the feet of the horse in a state
of domestication are brought, by nailing upon them
the iron shoe, and standing them upon plank
floors, we can readily understand why it is, that
the hoof so soon becomes hard, brittle, and con-
tracted. 1st. There is no moisture absorbed by
the foot from either the shoe or the plank. If
we stand the horse upon the ground, it is but lit-
tle better, as such floors are usually very dry, or
else they are in a filthy condition in consequence
of the urine which the animal has passed off, pre-
disposing the feet to thrush, &c. In consideration
of the above facts it is our duty to protect the
feet by artificial means. To do this effectually,
the feet should be stopped with flaxseed meal
mixed with water, that is when the meal is mixed
the soles should be packed full, say once or twice
a week during the winter season, and three or four
times a week during the summer season. A small
quantity of Dr. K. Jennings's Hoof Ointment
applied to the upper part of the crust will be
found of very great advantage; it softens the
hoof and causes a healthy secretion of horn, or
hoof. For a more perfect description of shoeing
and the injuries consequent thereto, see Dr. R.
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases.'^

THINGS WORTH KNOWING.

A man to control a horse must learn to control

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. lOl

himself. What you do must be done thoroughly,
or better not do it at all.

Once handhng a horse produces but a tempo-
pary effect. " A merciful man is merciful to hif^
beast."

On first hitching a colt in the stable, put a
rope behind him, so that he cannot pull back
upon the halter. Light stables are preferable to
dark ones. Why? On taking a horse from a
dark stable the pupil of the eye is dilated, in con-
sequence of the change from a dark place to a
light one ; the pupil is acted upon too suddenly
and severely; the result is, the animal cannot
distinguish objects until the pupil of the eye con-
tracts.

Stuff the feet often, and use occasionally Dr. R.
Jennings's Hoof Ointment, if you would keep
the feet of your horses in a healthy condition.

Drive fast, and stop often.

Pay the groom liberally, it will pay you back
in the care of your horse.

To warrant a horse free from vice is to make
use of an almost indefinite term, for its bounda-
ries are neither well defined nor understood ; and
under this sweeping term might be included
many faults generally considered trivial. Slipping
the coIIot, w'eaviog in tfee stall, &o., might all
equally be oonstfued ioto vids.

To warrant a hdr^e |)erfe<?tly free £?t)pi^ice is
great folly, beoauee it will always admit of a
quibblok

In law, the word " warranted" extends merely
9*

102 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

to soundness; " warranted sound" has no greater
extent.

" Warranted sound, free from vice, and quiet
to ride or drive," covers everything but age. The
warranty should always be written. If you are
about purchasing a horse, it would be to your
interest to cousult some reliable veterinary sur-
geon. Things which cost least are not always the
cheapest, but prove in the end very dear. Cheap-
ness is the surest bait in the world.

Quantity may be estimated by an uneducated
eye : to discern the quality of anything, requires
experience and judgment. If you have a horse
you wish to match, do not let the dealer know
your object, or he will demand a higher price.

" The eye of the master makes the horse fat."

" He who buys, had need have an hundred
eyes."

'* What is everybody's business is nobody's
business."

Try before you buy.

To make a horse have a fine coat.

Feed well, clothe warmly, sweat often, groom
well, and use Dr. R. Jennings's Condition Pow-
der.

To remove a horse from a burning stable, blind-
fold him

Never quarrel with your horse.

Wet the hay for a horse with heaves, and use
Dr. R. Jonnings's Heave or Cough Powder.

Good grooming promotes the health of horses.

Never let your horse know that he can rosis*,
you.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 103

Never bleed a horse when the membrane Uning
the nose presents a bluish appearance, as it de-
notes a debilitated condition of the system; under
such circumstances the animal wants a liberal
diet, and strong tonic treatment.

Never drench a horse if it can be avoided, but
always administer medicine in the form of ball or
powder. The anatomical structure of the horse's
throat renders drenching exceedingly dangerous.

Drenching is the best way of administering
medicine to cattle.

To ball a horse properly, take the tongue in
the left hand, bringing it out on the off-side of
the mouth, then take the ball in the right hand
botween the thumb and first two fingers, pass it
o/er the curve of the tongue, and let it go; do
not be in too much of a hurry, or you will be
likely to foil in giving it.

Never feed corn or corn meal to horses which
are not in a healthy condition.

10-i HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

DISEASES OF TFIE HORSE.

This noble animal, more than any other of oup
domestic animals, is subject to diseases, which
are as numerous and varied as are those of man,
generally assuming an inflammatory character of
either the sthenic or asthenic form. By

STHENIC INFLAMMATION

We mean its acute form, which is the most com-
noon stage of inflammation. It is generally rapid
in its attacks, certain in its cause, quick in its
course, or in the development of its terminations
or consequences, and strongly marked in its symp-
toms and attendant fever. The most acute forms
of inflammation are Founder, Inflammation of the
Bowels, Lymphatics, Lungs, and other forms of
chest and abdominal inflammations.

ASTHENIC INFLAMMATION.

This is characterized by a feeble and debili-
tated state of the organism j by an uncertainty
in many instances as to the real nature of its
cause ; by an insidiousness in its progress ; by a
want of that precise c&rtainty in its symptoms,
whiab is so characteristic a feature of tho acute
stfe'^io kinds ; by being attended with fever of a
low typhoid nature j and, by its greater pronenees
in the generality of cases to spread to nearly all
the soft tissues, and terminate in gangrene and

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 105

death. The most common forms in which asthe-
nic inflammation is manifested are those of Ty-
phoid, Pleuro-Pneumonia, the ordinary Typhoid
Influenza, Scarlatina Maligna, &c.

TERMINATIONS OF INFLAMMATION.

Inflammation has several terminations, which
are designated hy the following terms : — Resolu-
tion, Mortification, Suppuration, Ulceration, Hem-
orrhage, Efi'usion, Hepatization, and Ossification.

By Resolution, is meant, comparative restora-
tion to health.

Mortification^ death of the parts involved.

Suppuration^ a breaking up of tissues, and form-
ation of purulent matter, which receives the name
of abscess.

Ulceration, the formation of an ulcer ; a puru-
lent solution of continuity of the soft parts.

Hemorrhage occurs from rupture of blood-ves-
sels, wounds, ulcers penetrating the coats of an
artery, &c.

Effusion, watery accumulations ; a serous fluid
as in dropsy.

Hepatization, liver-like structures changed in
their character, assuming the appearance of liver.

Ossifickiiwn, change of soft structures into
bony one*.

Adhesion, two or more separate structures be-
coming "ouited. We briefly allude to the subject
of inflammation in order to give the general readear
some landmarks by which to form tolerably cor-
rect conclusions regarding the character of such
diseases as they may chance to meet with.

106 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.

LAMPAS.

Lampas, as it is termed, is a fullness or swelling
of the gums and the bars or roof of the mouth,
consequent upon cutting the teeth. Lampas is
usually found in all colts during the period of
dentition. Many, however, suffer little or no
inconvenience by them, while in others the great
tenderness of the gums and bars causes the
animal to refuse his food. The owner too often,
with a vague idea of relief, submits the animal
to the cruel operation of burning out the bars
with a red-hot iron. A very few years since,
and I may add still is, in many sections of the
country, almost the only course pursued in such
cases, notwithstanding it is of no practical benefit
whatever; but on the contrary is often very inju-
rious. The only treatment required, is to lance
the parts freely, and wash the mouth with a solu-
tion of tincture of myrrh, one ounce to three of
water; give no hay or corn for a week.

BAGS, OR WASHERS.

The bit, in reining, frequently bruises the
lining membrane of the mouth, causing soft
puffy swellings within the corners of the Hps;
these sometimes become so large as to cause much
inconvenience to the animal in masticating his
♦bod. For their removal the part sh(juld be iree-

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 107

ly lanced and allowed to bleed undisturbed ; then
bathe the parts with the following wash : —

R. Tincture of Myrrh.
Tincture of Aloes.
Rain-water, equal parts.

Mix all together.

Should this not succeed, remove the swellings
with the knife, or what is as well, clip them oflf
with a pair of scissors, then apply the above wash
to the wound two or three times a day, until
healed.

SORE MOUTH.

This is caused also by the bearing of the bit
upon tender-mouthed horses. It is situated at
the corners of the mouth, often causing consider-
able thickening of the lips about the parts afifected.
Alum-water should be applied to the parts three
times a day, or the wash for bags, or washers,
may be used with equal advantage.

ULCERS IN THE MOUTH.

In breaking horses to harness, the under jaw,
immediately in front of the molar teeth, is some-
times so injured by the bit as to cause inflamma-
tion of the periosteum (a thin membrane which
covers the bone), occasionally causing caries of
the bone, in consequence of which pipe-like open-
ings called sinuses are formed, which, becoming
filled with partly-masticated food, soon becomes
fetid, and often occasions sores which prove
troublesome to heal When the gum only is in-

108 HORSE-TRAINING MADJi EAST.

jured, it should be carefully wasned with tincture
of myrrh and water, equal parts ; but when the
bone is involved, the diseased parts must be re-
moved, and afterwards dressed with the following
lotion : —

R. Gallic Acid, 1 ounce.

Tincture of Opium, 1 "

Water, 4 "

Mix all together, and bathe the parts aflfected
two or three times a day.

WOLF TEETH.

Many horsemen regard these teeth as injurious
to the eyes of horses ; but we cannot understand
upon what principle their opinions are based.
These teeth are not supernumary teeth as has been
asserted by many writers, but on the contrary are
natural to all horses. The germs or pulps of these
teeth are in the jaw at the time of foaling, and
are developed generally at one year old, ready to
out their way through the gums. All young ani-
mals of the equine species have these teeth, and
they can be found in the mouths of four out of
Sve colts at two years of age. It is only when
the eyes are affected by disease that these teeth
are looked for, and when found are supposed by
some to be the cause of the trouble. In an ex-
perience of twenty years, I have not been able to
discover the least connection between these teeth
and the eyes. And what is equally singular,
these teeth are seldom mentioned by veterinary

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 109

authors If you find them in your colts, and
wish them removed, the best plan is to pull them
out with a pair of ordinary tooth forceps. See
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases/*

IRREGULAR TEETH

In old horses the molar teeth, or grinders, fre
quently become very uneven upon their grindin^^
surfaces, causing difficulty in masticating the
food ; the outer edges of the upper molars becom-
ing sharp cut the cheeks, causing them to become
sore, and often very much swollen. The remedy
is the tooth rasp, by which the sharp edges of the
teeth are taken ofi^, enabling the animal to again
masticate his food in a proper manner.

CARIES or THE TEETH.

Horses frequently suffer from this troublesome
disease. Caries or decay in the teeth gives rise
to the tooth-ache the same as in man, causing
symptoms in the horse "which are often mistaken
for other affection*?. My work on the horse ex-
plains this subject more fully. When caries has
existed for some time, there will be as a genera^
thing a fetid discharge from one nostril ; the food
passes away in an undigested state, particularly
is this the case when whole corn has been given;
loss of flesh, stupor, starring coat, stopping short
in the road when in harness, shaking the head
and then going on again, starting as though
scared when no objects of fear are about. The
10

110 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY

only remedy is the removal of the teeth, which
generally requires the aid of a qualified veterinary
surgeon.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

AMAUROSIS OR GLASS EYE.

In this disease we observe a clear bright eye,
well calculated to deceive the best horsemen, and
it is not until the animal runs against some object
in his way that blindness is suspected. It is a
very easy matter, however, to detect the amaurotic
eye. The pupil is always larger than usual, and
on removing the animal from a strong to a weak
light, and vice versa, no change is observed in the
pupil, the light not having any effect upon it,
which is not the case in the eye of a horse having
his sight perfect. It is caused by paralysis of the
optic nerve. Treatment. — This is uncertain, but
occasionally the following is successful : —

R. Barbadoes aloes 6 drs.

Pulverized Ginger, 1 "

" Gentian, 1 "

Nitrate of Potassa, 1 "

Mix with molasses in the form of a ball and
give to the horse. In twenty-four hours after
giving the ball, give half drachm doses of pul-
verized nux vomica mixed in the feed night and
morning; and apply a blister under the ears

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. Ill

INFLAMMATION OP THE HAW.

This is an inflammation of the membrana nicti-
tans situated at the inner corner of the eye, the
function of which is to cleanse the eye of any
dirt or other foreign substance which may get
into it; when inflamed it becomes timid, causing
a bulging at the inner corner of the eye, and is
commonly known by the term hooks, or haw, in
the eye. The treatment consists in bathing the
eye with the following wash, two or three times
a day : —

R. Tincture Opium, ^ ounce.
Tincture Aconite, 2 drachms.
Rainwater, 1 pint.

Mix all together. Give a purgative ball, but
do not under any circumstances have them cut
out, as you thus deprive the animal of the means
of cleansing the eye of dirt, or other matter getting
into this delicate organ.

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

This is simply an inflammation of the eye,
caused generally by blows, or some other external
injury. Bathe the eye with cold water, and give
the following ball : —

R. Barbadoes aloes, 1 ounce.
Ginger pulverized, 1 drachm.
Gentian " ^ «

Mix with water.

Bleeding under the eye is sometimes an ad-
vantage.

112 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

This is commonly known as moon blindness ,
the attack is sudden, the eye becomes watery and
exceedingly tender, the lining of the eyelid is
very red, and the eye itself is cloudy or white in
appearance. The treatment consists in opening
the bowels well with the purgative ball recom-
mended in Amaurosis, and to bathe the eye with
the following wash.

R. Tincture of Opium, 1 ounce.
Rainwater. 1 pint.

Mix both together.

This disease being of a specific character, its
termination is sooner or later confirmed blindness;
though the animal may have a number of attacks
previous to its final termination.

CATARACT.

This is one of the terminations of specific oph-
thalmia It is a breaking up of the crystalline lens
of the eye, situated immediately behind the pupil
When diseased it presents one or more white spots,
which gradually blend together until the whole
lens is involved. There is no cure : operations
only partially rAi«;tore the sight, causing the animal
to become a shyer, which is certainly more
dangerous than blindness.

DISTEMPER.

This term is used by horsemen to denote all
of catarrhal afifections. A common cold,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 113

influenza, bronchitis, &c., are all included undei
the above heading. We are not disposed, however,
to regard the term distemper on so broad a field,
and will therefore drop it from our nomenclature
altogether; and consider the various diseases
under their proper headings.

SORE THROAT.

This is usually an accompanyment of catarrhal
affections. It sometimes occurs independently of
any such dise-ases; it is then known as laryngitis.
Symptoms. — Stiffness of the neck, cough, dif-
ficulty in swallowing, mouth full of saliva, with
more or less fever. Treatment, — apply the fol-
lowing liniment to the throat externally : —

R. Linseed oil, 3 ounces.

Cantharides ointment, 1 ounce.
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 "

Mix all together.

Or what is a better application, Dr. R. Jennings's
Sweating Liniment. It may be obtained of
Druggists and dealers generally: and give in-
ternally Dr. R. Jennings's Tonic Powder, it seldom
requires more than one box to effect a perfect
cure.

STRANGLES.

This is a more aggravated form of sore throat,

attended with considerable swelling of the throat

externally, often threatening suffocation. In very

bad cases the aid of a veterinary surgeon should

10* H

114 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

be bad if possible ; in the absence of such assist-
ance, poultice the throat with Hnseed meal; pour
scalding water upon some wheat bran and steam
the nostrils with it, put a bag over the nose to
prevent the steam from escaping too much ; when
the swelling becomes soft lance it under the jaw;
the danger generally is past when it discharges
freely. Grive internally Dr. R. Jennings's Tonic
Powder.

INFLUENZA.

This disease is supposed to result from some
miasma in the atmosphere. It occurs in the
spring and fall months, at times assuming a very
malignant form, at other times it is comparatively
mild in its attacks.

Symptoms. — A thin mucus discharge from the
nostrils. The living membraDQ of the eyelids pre-
sent an orange red appearance. The corners of th<
eyes are filled at times with a nurulept matter ,
the animal is very much debilitated, as may be
observed by its motion in the walk ; the mombrane
of the nose is also reddened ; cough attended with
sore throat. In this disease metastic inflam-
mation frequently occurs ; by metastic we mean
a change in the seat of disease in this case from
the air passages to the feet, producing symptoms
very similar to founder, which often is mistaken
for that disease. A sustaining treatment is here
required. In the early stages of the disease, give
ten drops of Flemming's tincture of aconite in a
little water upon the tongue evervsix hours, until

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 115

Jhe fever is checked ; then give Dr. K. Jennings's
Tonic Powder, it being prepared expressly for
this olass of disease. When the throat is sore
use Dr. 11, Jennings's Sweating Liniment.

BRONCHITIS.

This is an inflammation of the air-tubes (bron«
chial) of the lungs, usually accompanied with a
painful cough, sore throat, mouth full of saliva,
discharge from the nose, respiration disturbed,
pulse quick, lining membrane of the nose and
eyelids reddened. On applying the ear to the
Bides, a bubbling sound is heard, like the agita-
tion of a fluid.

Treatment. — Give the following ball, and if
the fever is not broken in twelve hours, repeat: —

R. Pulv. Saltpetre, 2 drachms.

" Digitalis
Emetic Tartar, of each, ^ drachm.

Mix with honey or molasses; or, use

R. Nitrate of Potash, IJ oz.
" Soda, 6 oz.

Mix, and divide into six doses. Give one
three times a day in a sloppy mash Apply to
the throat Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating- Liniment;
and, when convalescent. Dr. R. Jennings's Tonic
Powder may be used with great advantage in
restoring strength and vigor to the system.

NASAL GLEET.

This is usually the result of neglected catarrh.
It is attended with a chronic discharge from on^

116 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

or botb nostrils of a thin, whitish mucus. The
animaFs health is usually good, feeding and work-
ing as in perfect health. The only treatment
which has proved successful is a sustaining one.
Grive the following powders night and morning
in the feed : —

R. Sesquichloride of Iron, 2 oz.

Powdered Cinnamon, 1 "

« Gentian Root, 1 "

" Quassia, 1 **

Mix all together, and divide into eight pow-
ders; or, use the following powders night and
morning in the feed : —

R. Muriate of Barytes, 1 0%,

Linseed Farina, 2 "

Mix, and divide into sixteen powders.

PLEURISY.

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the
chest and investing membrane of the lungs, is
know as pleuritis, or pleurisy, which requires
prompt treatment, or it is apt to terminate in
dropsy of the chest. Symptoms. — Pain on press-
ing the sides, a grunt peculiar to this disease,
pawing, tLo duimal looking or biting at his sides,
pulse quick, temperature of the body much above
the natural heat, lying down but rising quickly.
TreatTnent. — Give ten drops of tincture of aconite
root, in a little water, every three hours for the
first two days : give in every pail of water one
ounce of nitric e*^her, and use Dr. R. Jennings's

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 117

Sweating Liniment on the sides ; keep the body
warm, and give no corn or corn meal.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

This disease occurs in the spring and fall, and
is known to horsemen as lung fever. Symptoms.
—Pulse quick and thready, mouth hot, the ani
mal hangs his head in or under the manger, legs
and ears cold, appetite lost, respiration quickened;
on applying the ear to the side a crackling sound
is heard. This disease requires prompt treat-
ment, as it frequently terminates fatally in a few
hours. If the animal is in a plethoric condition,
bleeding is attended with beneficial results. Give
five drops of tincture of aconite root, in a little
water, upon the tongue every two hours, until the
respiration becomes more tranquil ; apply Dr. R.
Jennings's Sweating Liniment to the sides. In-
jections of castile soap and water are very use-
ful; or, what is better, injections of tobacco-
smoke. The legs should be well hand-rubbed,
and stimulated (vith mustard or cayenne pepper,
and then wrapped in flannel bandages.

CONGESTIVE PNEUMONIA.

This disease is caused by some impure condi-
tion of the atmosphere, violent exercise, or sud-
den changes in the temperature of the air, &c.
The blood ceases to circulate through the lungs,
remaining there in a congested state ; the pulse
is full, but its action cannot be detected. Speedy
resort to the lancet is our only hope here. Bleed

118 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

freely and quickly, then place the animal in a
box-stall, where the atmosphere is pure, and give
the following twice a day : —

R. Tincture of Opium, 2 drachms.

Liquor Ammonia Acetatis, 2 oz.
Mix both together, and add one gill of water.
Place a pail of bran slop before the animal, and
keep the body warm ; stimulate the legs, as in
inflammation of the lungs, and wrap them in
flannel bandages.

HYDROTHORAX.

Dropsy of the chest, is usually the termination
of pleurisy. Symptoms. — ^^Pulse small and quick,
respiration quick and short, legs set wide apart,
breast, belly, and sheath swollen ; the animal
never lies down. There is much prostration
of strength in this disease, making the chances
of recovery very doubtful. The treatment which
has proved the most successful, is setons in the
breast, and half-drachm doses of the iodide of
potassa in water three times a day.

HEAVES, OR BROKEN WIND.

This disease is so well known that it does nor
require any special remark. When seated in the
lungs, it is out of the reach of medicine, except
as palHatives. The best preparation for this
disease is Dr. R. Jennings's Cough or Heavo
Powder; or, use the following: —

R. Assafoetida, 2 drachms.
Gum Camphor, 1 drachm.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 119

Mix, and give every other night for a week.
The hay should be well sprinkled with water :
avoiding clover hay or corn.

PALPITATION OP THE HEART.

This disease is known to horsemen as the
<ihumps. It is an inflammation of the lining
membrane of the heart. S/ymptoms. — Heart
pulsates violently, and may be observed at some
distance from the animal ; pulse full and hard.
This disease is regarded as incurable. We can,
however, palliate the worst cases in one or two
hours' time, so that the animal is ready for work
the following day. Divide one drachm of pul-
verized digitalis leaves into five powders ; give
one powder every fifteen minutes ; keep the body
warm, and give food sparingly for a day or two.

INFLAMMATION OF ^THE BRAIN.

This disease is known as mad staggers. It
arises from blows over the head, over-feeding,
particularly with corn ; a tight collar will some-
times produce it, &c. Symptoms. — Disinclination
to move about, lining membrane of the eyelids
much reddened, appetite lost, eyes pi-esent a dull,
sleepy appearance; to these succeed delirium or
madness. The animal now becomes indifi"erent
to ail about him, plunges about, destroying every
thing in his way that will yield to his struggles.
Treatment. — Bleed freely, before the mad stage
comes on, or you must wait until the animal falls

120 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

from exhaustion, then put the lancet into the
jugular vein, bleed almost to fainting; apply
'bags of broken ice to the head, and open the
bowels with the following ball : —

R. Barb. Aloes, 1 oz.
Croton Oil, 6 drops.

Pulv. Ginger, 1 drachm.

Mix with water, molasses, or honey.

Injections are also very beneficial. Give no
food of any kind for twenty-four hours. Corn
should not be given to animals subject to such
attacks of disease.

STOMACH STAGGERS.

This is the result of an overloaded stomach,
pressing upon the heart and lungs. The animal
appears dull and stupid, with a tendency to pitch
forwards unless supported by a wall, manger, tree,
or other object; constipation of the bowels usually
accompanies this disease. Treatment. — Bleed
freely, and open the bowels with the ball recom-
mended for inflammation of the brain. Give no
food for forty-eight hours after the attack.

INFLAMMATION OP THE BOWELS.

Enteritis, or inflammation of the bowels, some-
times makes its appearance very insidiously ; at
other times it is sud len in its attack. Symv-
toms. — Pulse full, strong, and quick, pawing, ly-
ing down, rolling on the back, kicking the belly,
body hot, legs oold, no intermissions of pain, as

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 121

in colic. Treatment. — Copious bleeding is very
necessary in this disease; give five drops of
Flemmings's Tincture of Aconite in a little water
every two hours ; blankets saturated with water
as hot as the animal can bear them should be
strapped around the body, and kept wet with hot
water for two or three hours ; then remove, and
replace them with dry ones. Tobacco-smoke
injections are here very serviceable, or castile
soap and water will answer a very good purpose.
Give no food for forty-eight hours.

COLIC.

This disease occurs in two forms, flatulent and
spasmodic colic. In the former there is consider-
able swelling of the abdomen, the animal throws
itself about as in inflammation of the bowels; the
pulne, however, is nearly in a natural condition,
and there are intermissions from pain. In
spasmodic colic, the same symptoms are present,
with the exception of swelling of the abdomen.
Treatments — Grive one-third of a bottle of Kerr's
East India Liniment, prepared by Jennings &
Higgins. This is the best preparation that can
be used ; or, give the following : —

R. Tincture of Opium, 1 oz.
Sulphuric Ether, ^ "

"Water, ^ pint.

Mix all together, and drench. If not relieved
in half an hour, repeat the dose; rub the b-^Uy
well with mustard and vinegar.
11

122 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

DIARRHOEA.

This disease is sometimes caused by the too
free use of cathartic medicines, change of water,
exposure to cold, &c. Treatment. — Give of Kerr's
East India Liniment 3 oz. in one pint of water.
The advantage of this Liniment is, it does not
constipate the bowels ; yet it has the desired effect
by restoring healthy action in the digestive
organs ) or, give the following : —

R. Pulv. Opium, 1 scruple.

" Gentian Root, 1 drachm.
« Ginger " 1 "

Mix all together, and give every six hours until
relieved ; or, use the following : —

R. Gum Camphor, pulv., 2 drachms.
Rhubarb, " 3 «

Opium, *• 1 "

Mix all together, and give in half a pint of
warm ale.

WORMS.

All animals are subject to these parasites; and
thousands of animals are annually lost, without
the cause being suspected. Symptoms. — Star-
ring coal", haggard eye, colicky pains, gasping,
debility, sluggish movements, emaciation, skin
covered with scurfy blotches, small feeble pulse,
belly tucked up, respiration slow, a peculiar pal-
lid appearance of the membrane lining the mouth,
irregular appetite, badly-digested faeces, agitation
of the heart and tail, duns: covered with a mucous

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 123

substance, a whitish or yellowish white sub-
stance about the fundament, rubbing the tail, &c.
These symptoms do not all appear in the same
animal. Treatment. — Use Dr. R. Jennings's
Worm Powder, the best preparation known for
worms; or, use the following, which in some
cases will answer the purpose : —

R. Oil of Male Ferns, 1 oz.

Powd. Ginger, i "

" Linseed, i "

Mix with molasses for one ball, repeat the dose
once a day for a week, then give an active purge;
or, the following will in some cases be found very
useful : —

R. Assafoetida, 2 drachma.

Oil of Male Ferns, i "
Calomel, 1 "

Savin, 1 "

Linseed Meal, 2 "

Mix with molasses, and form a ball; give at
night, and follow it the next morning by giving
a purgative ball.

RETENTION OF URINE.

This is caused by irritation of the neck of the
bladder, or a dislike to spatter the legs. Symptoms.
— Frequent efforts to stale. Shake up the litter
under him, and he will urinate freely, unless the
retention is the result of disease, when such
means will fail. An instrument made for tht
purpose, called a catheter, should be passed up
the urinary passage, first having it well greased

124 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

with lard ; the urine will then flow freely, and
give instant relief. If there is any fever present,
give the following: —

R. Nitrate Potassa, 1 oz.

Pulv. Digitalis, 1 drachm.

Calomel, 1 "

Mix all together, and divide into eight pow-
ders ; give one on the tongue three times a
Jay; or,

R. Sulphate of Iron, 1 oz.

Nit. Potassa, 1 "

Rfsin, i "

Juniper Berries, pulv. 2 "

Mix, and divide into four powders ; give one
night and morning. Injections of castile soap
and water are very useful ; or, where it can be
resorted to, tobacco-smoke is preferable.

PROFUSE STALING.

This disease arises from the too free use of
diuretic medicines, mow-burnt or musty hay, &c.
gome persons are constantly giving their horses
resin, saltpetre, and other diuretic drugs, which
have a teiidency to produce diseases of the uri-
nary organs. This disease, as a general thing,
is easily remedied ; give the following : —

R. Prepared Chalk, I oz.

Pulv. Opium, 2 drachms.

" Catechu, i oz.

Mix, and divide into six powders, one to be
given in the feed three times a day, until the

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 125

desired efifect is obtained ; tlien give Dr. E-. Jen-
nings's Condition Powder.

BLOODY URINE.

Hematura, or bloody urine, is caused by strain
of the loins, calculous concretions in the kidneys
or ureters, unwholesome food, rupture of small
blood-vessels about the bladder, &c. Treatment.
— Give flaxseed-tea to drink, and open the bowels
with a strong purgative ball, and give twice a
day Dr. R. Jennings's Condition Powder.

CALCULI ; OR, STONE IN THE BLADDER.

A horse may have these deposits in the blad-
der a long time before they occasion any very
serious disturbance in the system. Symptoms. —
Frequent efforts to stale, but voiding the urine
in very small quantities at a time, which usually
is of a turgid yellow or thick whitish color;
colicky pains are often observed, the animal kicks
its belly, paws, looks at its sides, and on changing
its position frequently gets relief. Treatment. —
Grive twice a day one drachm of muriatic acid in
a pail of water. Should this fail to give relief,
an operation for the removal of the stone should
be resorted to; this will require the assistance
of a competent veterinary surgeon. (See Dr.
Jennings on " The Horse and his Diseases.'^) I
have operated on some nine or ten horses for this
disease, and with entire success in every instance.
11*

126 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

HIDE-BOUND.

This is often caused by some slight disturbance
in the system (occasionally from the action of
worms), without producing any marked symptoms
of disease. In all such cases, Dr. R. Jennings's
Condition Powder is the best treatment which
can be resorted to. If worms are the cause of
the trouble, give Dr.R. Jennings's Worm Powder.

, MANGE.

This is a disease identical with that of itch in
man. It is caused by a very minute insect called
the acari equus. The skin about the neck be-
comes puckered, the hair comes off in spots,
causing scabby patches ; there is an intolerable
itching, causing the animal to be almost constantly
rubbing itself against a post, tree, &c. Treatment.
— Select a clear, warm day, place the animal in
the sun, and, with a scrubbing-brush, wash or
scrub him well all over with castile soap and
water; when dry, take one quart of sweet-oil
and two ounces of kerosene oil, mix them together,
wet the brush with the oils, and rub him all over.
It does not require to be put on very thick ) in
fact, it is better not to be so.

SURFEIT.

This is a scurfy eruption of the skin, caused
by an unhealthy condition of the blood. Treat-
ment.— Give the following: —

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY 127

R. Socotrine Aloes, 1 oz.
Nitrate Potassa, 1 dr.
Ginger, pulv., 1 dr.

Mix with molasses, and form a ball ; follow this
iwice a day with Dr. R. Jennings's Condition
Powder.

POLL-EVIL.

This disease occurs in horses only when the
blood is in a morbid condition : it cannot live in
a healthy system. An hereditary predisposition
to this disease is frequently transmitted from
parent to oflPspring. Several cases have occurred
m my own practice where brood-mares having
been affected with this disease, and afterwards
having had several colts, and that, too, after the
disease had been to all appearances thoroughly
healed up, all of which showed the same disease
before they arrived at the age of three years.
One mare had three colts, another two, and several
one, affected in the same way. I do not think
better proof of hereditary predisposition can be
required. Many mares have this disease, and
their colts escape it, simply because, they do not
have the exciting or immediate cause to develop
it. Treatment. — The best and quickest means
is to cut it out well with the knife, when not too
long standing and deeply seated. After such an
operation, the wound should be washed with two
parts of water to one part of muriatic acid. Open
the bowels, and give Dr. R. Jennings's Condition
Powder to purify the blood. No corn or corn-

128 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

meal should be given to tlie auimal. These cases
being troublesome, they are best treated by the
qualified veterinary surgeon, when he can be
obtained.

FISTULA.

This disease is precisely similar to poll-evil, its
location only giving it a different name. It occurs
more frequently than pcU-evil, arises from the
same causes, and requires the same treatment.
For more full particulars of these diseases, see
Dr. R. Jennings's work on " The Horse and his
Diseases."

WATER FARCY.

This disease is known by swelling of the legs,
sheath, belly, &c. In young horses the parts are
hot, and painful to the touch ; while in old ones,
there appears to be no pain on pressure, but the
marks of the fingers will remain behind for some
time after. Hand-rubbing and moderate exercise
are very necessary, and give in the feed Dr. R.
tfenning's Tonic Powder.

LOCKED JAW.

Thi.T disease is the result of injuries, such as
picking up or running nails in the feet, metallic
or other substances taken into and wounding
the stomach or intestines ; worms are occasionally
Bupposed to give rise to this disease, &c. The
first indications of its approach, are a straggling

UoKbli-TRAINING MADE EASY 129

^Ait ©r the hind-legs, which occurs about the
uiuth dhy. la a few days after, the merabraoe
uictitans, or haw of the eye, will cover one-third
or more of the eyeball whenever the head is ele-
vated ; two or three days later, the muscles of
the jaw become rigid, the tongue swollen, mouth
full of saliva, nostrils dilated, nose poked out,
and ears erect; the respiration becomes disturbed,
the animal very excitable, bowels constipated ; in
turning the horse, he moves without bending his
neck. °The first indication in the treatment is to
remove the patient where he will not be unneces-
sarily disturbed ; open the bowels with the aloes
ball. This should be done on the first symptoms
beino- observed, as it is not often successful after
the jaws become set. Give upon the tongue, in
a little water, ten drops hydrucyauic acid every
two hours ; or, the following may be used with
advantage : —

R. Flemraing's Tincture of Aoonite, i oz.

Tincture of Belladona, i "

Water, I **

Mix ; give ten drops every two hours, and apply
Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Liniment all along
the spine, fruni the head to the tail. Keep a pail
of bran-slop before the animal, and -put a ball of
aloes in the mouth, as far up as possible; replace
as often as it is dissolved ; there is no danger
of giving too much ; continue this until the
bowels are opened. When the foot has been
injured by a nail, open the wound well, and appl/

130 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

a flaxseed poultice until healthy action takea
place.

RHEUMATISM.

This disease is of rare occurrence in thia
climate ; but in Ohio, and some other sections
of the United States, it is very common. Symp-
toms.— Stiffness in moving about, the animal is
lame first in one leg, then in another, the joints
sometimes become swollen, and are painful to the
touch, &c. Treatment. — The bowels should be
opened with the following purge : —

R. Socotrine Aloes, 1 oz.

Calomel, J dr.

Pulv. Gentian Root, 2 "

Mix with molasses, and form a ball. Give
internally one ounce of pine tar, made into a
ball with flour or flaxseed meal, once a day, and
bathe the parts with Kerr's East India Liniment,
prepared by Jennings & Higgins, Philadelphia,
Penna.

CRAMP,

This disease, even when it exists in a severe
form, is seldom suspected by the most experienced
horsemen, in consequence of the peculiar manner
in which the animal is handled. The horse
appears perfectly well, eating as usual ; but, on
attempting to take him out of the stall, he then
appears to have lost all power of motion in one
of his legs, usually one of the hind ones. Od
compelling the animal to move, ho takes two oj

HORSE-TRAININQ MADE EAST. 131

ttree steps naturally enough; wlien, suddenly,
the leg fails to come forward, and is left dragging
behind. Hand-rubbing, and bathing the limb
with Kerr's East India Liniment, prepared by
Jennings & Higgins, will restore the animal in a
very short time.

FOUNDER.

The primary cause of this disease is con-
traction of the hoof, rendering it hard, brittle, and
unyielding, in consequence of which, the con-
cussion when the foot is thrown upon the ground
when in motion is very much increased. In this
condition long drives upon hard roads, bruise
the soft and delicate structures within the hoof,
in consequence of which the foot becomes sore
and fevered. In this condition the animal when
warm is often watered, the body is suddenly
chilled, causing a determination of blood to the
feet, the capillary vessels of the feet become
clogged, inflammation is the result, and all the
symptoms of founder follow, which are well known
to horsemen generally. Treatment. — Open the
bfwels as speedily as possible with the following:
R. Barbadoes Aloes, 1 05.

Nit. Potassa, 1 dr.

Ginger Pulverized, ^ "

Mix with mucilage gum arable, and make into
a ball. Bleed from the coronet, around the upper
part of the foot, at the inside quarter. Foment
the feet well with hot water for two or three
rtours, and then poultice with flaxseed meal, and

132 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

in one week's time the animal usually recovers.
After which use Dr. R. Jennings's Hoof Oint-
ment, which will promote healthy action in the
hoof.

PUMICED FEET.

This is a change from the concave sole to a
convex one, in consequence of the absorption of
the lower margin of the os pedis, or bone within
the foot (see Skeleton p. 90), from the inflamma-
cion consequent upon neglected founder. Proper
shoeing so as to prevent pressure upon the sole
of the foot, and the use of Dr. K. Jennings's
Hoof Ointment, is all that can be done in these
cases.

NAVICULAR JOINT DISEASE.

This is a disease of frequent occurrence in all
sections of the country. The horse is observed
to point, or advance one foot, sometimes for
months before any lameness is seen. The animal
is at times lame on first going out of the stable,
but recovers from it after travelling a short dis-
tance, and may not show it again for days or even
weeks. In some cases it comes on while the
animal is on the road, and disappears in a short
time, in other instances the lameness is continu-
ous. These variations are in consequence of the
diflFerence in the development and intensity of the
disease.

Symptoms. — In its early stages there is no
heat about the foot, no pain upon pressure, no
swelling:, the horse picks up the foot naturallv

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 133

but steps liglitly upon it. As tlie disease increases
the animals step becomes short or paddling ; par-
ticularly is this the case when both feet are in-
volved.

Treatment. — Use Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating
Liniment, once a day to the fetlock until the
parts are well blistered, then dress with lard^
wash the foot every three or four days with
castile soap and water, and when dry use the lard
Continue this course until the scurf is all re
moved, then use the sweating liniment again and
dress in like manner. Apply Dr. R. Jennings's
Hoof Ointment to the feet every other day.
When this treatment fails the frog seton should
be resorted to. See Dr. R. Jennings on ''The
H^rse and his Diseases."

rSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL CARTILAGES.

These are gristly projections from the os pedis
or cofl&n bone in the foot, arising from contraction
of the hoof and other causes. They become in-
flamed, in consequence of which transformatioB
takes place, converting them into bony masses ; in
this coidition the heels become thickened and in
bad cases bulging out considerably; when con-
firmed the disease is incurable. In its early
stage, which is quite difficult to distinguish from
navicular joint disease, the use of Dr. R. Jen*
nings's Sweating Liniment, and Hoof Ointment,
are indicate 1.

12

134 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

QUITAR.

This disease is often the result of bad corns.
Pus or matter is formed within the hoof at the
heel, generally upon the inside of the foot, which
burrows its way upwards to the top of the hoof
where it discharges; in its course upwards it
separates the hoof from the soft tissues within.
The animal is very lame until the abscess opens
at the top of the hoof, when considerable relief
is afforded.

Treatment. — Poultice the foot with linseed
meal, for several days ; cut away all the loosened
parts of the hoof, and inject the parts with a solu-
tion of sulphate of zinc 2 drachms, to one pint
of water, or use nitrate of silver in the same
proportions. The foot should be wrapped up to
keep dirt from it, and when the parts begin to
heal properly, dress once a day with glycerine.

THRUSH.

This is a disease of the frog, caused generally
by standing in filthy stables. The almost constant
contact of the wet litter causes the frog to be-
come rotten, secreting a very fetid matter in its
cleft or division.

Treatment. — Wash the parts clean with soap
and water, and while wet sprinkle a small quantity
of Dr. R. Jennings's Antiseptic Powder in the
cleft, and press it down with a Httle raw cotton.
In a few days repeat if necessary. One appli-
cation usually is sufficient.

HORSE-TRAININQ MADE EAST. 135

SCRATCHES.

This disease is caused by travelling on muddy
roads during a wet season, generally in the spring
or fall, or in consequence of an unhealthy con-
dition of the skin causing it to crack in the fet-
locks , horsemen understand very well the nature
of this disease.

Treatment. — Wash the parts clean with castile
soap and water ', if the parts are very raw, apply
a flaxseed poultice mixed with the following solu-
tion. Sulphate of zinc 2 drs. to one pint of
water ; spread it upon a cloth and place it over
the scratches, securing it with a bandage. Con-
tinue this for three days ; then apply a small quan-
tity of Dr. Rr. Jennings's Antiseptic Powder, or
use

R. Castor Oil, 2 oz.
Collodion, 1 "

Mix together and apply with a piece of sponge,
The parts must be well dried before it is applied.
Give internally, Dr. R. Jennings's Condition
Powder.

GREASE HEELS.

This is a greasy exudation of a whitish of-
fensive matter from the heels; the skin is hot,
tender and swollen ; large portions of the skin
sometimes slough away, leaving ugly sores to heal.

Treatment. — This must be constitutional as
well as local. Give a strong purge, and poultice
the parts with linseed meal, in the same manner
as reoDmmended in scratches; when the parta

136 HORSE-TKAININQ MADE EASY.

assume a healthy action, wash well with castile
Eoap and water, and dress once a day witli Dr. K.
Jennings's Antiseptic Powder, or use once a week
a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in alco-
hol; if this latter article is used, do not wash the
sores more than once a week with the liquid ; it
will be necessary, nowever, to keep the parts clean
with castile soap and water

BONE SPAVIN.

This is a very common disease, located in the
hock joint of the horse, (see Skeleton of the
JTorse, p. 90) arising from strains, sprains, bruises,
punctured wounds, in fact anything that will
cause inflammation in the hock will produce
spavin. See Jennings on " The Horse and his Dis-
eases." Previous to bony deposits being thrown
out, bathe the parts when first injured with
tincture of arnica ; spavin will very frequently be
prevented by this simple remedy. When it be-
comes confirmed spavin, use Dr. R. Jennings's
Sweating Liniment.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

This is a puS^v swelling upon the inside and
frornt part of tl? . hock, caused by an abundant
secretion of synovia or joint oil. It rarely causes
lameness or other inconvenience, being nothing
more than an eyesore ; it may be removed by
conipresses and cold-water bandages so arranged
as to press only upon the swelling. It however
requires much care and attention for several
months, which few nersons are willing to apply

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 137

RING BONE.

This is precisely the same disease as spavin,
being seated between the large and small pastern
bones, requiring the same treatment as spavi""
Both these diseases are slow in their course, re-
quiring generally several months to overcome the
lameness.

SPLINT.

This is an exostosis or bony enlargement, be-
tween the cannon and splint bones, showing itself
often er upon the inside of the fore legs than it
does upon the outside. A few applications of
Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Liniment will usu-
ally drive it away.

CURB.

This is an enlargement of the integument, or in
some cases it is caused by bony deposits. In
other cases it is the result of breaking down of
the hock. This latter is incurable. It is situated
at the back part of the hock just below the cap,
and often under the most favorable circumstances
proves troublesome to manage. Blistering, firing,
and setoning are the usual methods of treating
this disease. Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating Lini-
ment is the best remedy known to us.

CAPPED HOCK.

This is a puffy swelling of the cap of the hoek,
containing a serous fluid. It is caused by bruises,
in kicking against the side of the stall, and from
12*

188 HORSE-TRAININQ MADE EAST.

other injuries. Use Dr. R. Jennings's Sweating
Liniment. Should this fail, resort must he had to
the seton ; pass it under the skin the whole length
of the swelling ; saturate it with the following : —
R. Cantharides Ointment, i oz.
Spirits of Turpentine, 1 "

Mix together. Turn the seton once a day, remove
it in two weeks, wash the parts with castile soap
and water, and dress with lard.

SHOULDER STRAIN.

This is one of the most easily detected injuries
to which the horse is liable, a-s the symptoms are
usually well marked. If the injury is severe the
shoulder swells. In consequence of the inflamma-
tion, the toe drags upon the ground whenever the
animal moves forwards. In recent cases foment
the parts well with hot water for half an hour,
then use Kerr's East India Liniment, prepared
by Jennings & Higgins, Veterinary Surgeons.
Tincture of arnica is also a good remedy.

GALLS.

These are generally caused by friction or un
equal pressure from the saddle, collar, &c. Bath«
the parts with the following : it is the best pr&
paration known to us.

R. Tincture of Aloes, 1 oz.
Tincture of Myrrh, 2 "

Mix, and use two or three times a day

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 139

WARTS.

These are fibrous or seedy fungoid growths,
occurring in various parts of the body. In co?^
they frequently present themselves in great num-
bers about the nose. Treatment : Let them alone
when about the nose of colts ; in horses, they should
be removed with the knife, or by a string tied
tightly round them, and kept there until they
slough away. Permanganate of potash, as a
caustic, is an excellent remedy.

CASTRATING COLTS.

This operation, to say the least, is a barbarous
one, necessity only justifying its performance.
This fact admitted, it becomes us, as rational beings,
to perform the operation in such a manner as
involves the least risk, the least pain, and the
least inconvenience to the animal operated upon.
Castration is one of the most ancient operations
known to man. The different methods which
have from time to time been practised, we will
not consider in this little work, but will be con-
tent with mentioning the operation introduced
into the -United States, by the author, several
years ago. This consists in removing the testicles
by means of the acraseur, an instrument invented
for the removal of hemorrhoides (piles) in man.
The advantages of this operation over all others
arej First : it is safer, better, less painful, more
scientific, and less barbarous than any other at
present known. Second : the wounds heal quickly,

140 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

geldom requiring more than two weeks, and usually
not more than one. Third : the operation is less
troublesome to the skilful operator, as well as to
the owner of the animal, as the colt is done with
as soon as it is let up, no after treatment as a
general thing being required, as in other methods,
Buch as keeping the scrotum open, &c. Fourth :
usually little or no swelling takes place, the
animal being scarcely affected in any preceptible
way by the operation. Fifth : there is no more
hemorrhage than by any other operation. An
experience of twenty years' active practice justi-
fies me in making the above assertions, averaging
over one hundred operations a year. Where a
sufficient number of colts are obtained in any
section of the country, to justify an excursion,
".he services of Dr. R. Jennings may be obtained
to perform the operations by addressing him at
Philadelphia, Pa.

GLANDERS.

Thi«* subject being one of great interest at the
present time to horsemen and the public genor-
ally, and having in connection with the Phila-
delphia Society for promoting Agriculture, dis-
tributed 2500 copies of my pamphlet on Glanders
gratuitously, and the applications being several
thousands more than could be supplied, induces
the author to republish it in connection with this
work.

GLANDERS.

Fellow-Citizens : —

The sales of condemned government Korses in
New Jersey and adjacent states, having intro-
duced into our county and immediate vicinity
the terrible scourge known as "glanders," I con-
ceive it my imperative duty to warn you in time
of the danger which is threatening our com-
munity.

If the experience of a veterinary surgeon, who
has devoted twenty years of his life to the relief
of the noblest animal in the gift of Providence,
is not sufficient to excite your sympathy and even
your fears, I am convinced that the following
reports, based upon evidential facts and undoubted
authority, will attain that object.

You will see the proofs that " glanders" is a
disease without remedy, positively incurable, ex-
tremely contagious, easily commmncated to man,
and that every day human life is sacrificed to
incredulity and ignorance !

GLANDERS.

Definition. — Glanders consists in a discharge,
from one or both nostrils, of matter which by
transfer or inoculation will produce the disease

(141)

142 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

in another animal (of the equine or human spe-
cies), and which discharge is sooner or later
accompanied by vascular injection and chancrous
ulceration of the schneiderian membrane, by
tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands,
and by farcy. — Percival.

Symptoms. — A discharge of matter from one
or both nostrils, enlargement of one or both sub-
maxillary glands. When one nostril only is
affected, the corresponding gland is almost inva-
riably found enlarged. The schneiderian mem-
brane (lining of the nose) is generally of a pale
or leaden hue, and sometimes ulcerations are
visible on its surface. The discharge usually
sticks to the nostrils, and is sometimes white and
thick, but oftener of a grayish aspect. A dis-
charge from the nostrils, and the appearance
of ulceration, is not alone suflSfient to establish
the presence of the disease ; for these ulcerations
are sometimes produced by the acrid nature
of the discharge from catarrh. In the first stage
of the disease, there is a discharge from one
nostril only of a whitish humor, which is incon-
siderable, except when the horse has been exercised
for some time. There is an increased redness
of the membrane within the nostrils. The swell-
ing of the glands under the jaw is on the same
side as the affected nostril. The horse's coat
appears healthy, and the animal in good condition.

The symptoms of glanders, arising from com-
munication with a glandered horse, are different
from those of glanders produced by bad proven-

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 143

der, excessive exertion, &o. In the former, the
discharge is from one nostril only, or much more
from one than from the other; and there is no
cough or other symptom of catarrh or cold, or
any other disorder. In the latter, on the con-
trary, there is cough, either dry or moist; and it
is preceded by loss of appetite, or falling oflF in
appetite, and depression of spirits.

The symptoms of the second stage are, the
altered appearance of the nasal discharge, which
has become more glutinous, and adheres to the
edges of the nostril, with a contraction and par-
tial closing of the nostril, with increased tender-
ness of the swelling under the jaw, which adheres
more closely to the jaw-boD^. ; the discharge is
somewhat streaked with blo^d, and of an offen-
sive smell. The discharge i« now from both nos-
trils. There is a slight tumefaction of the under
eyelid, a swelling or elevation of the bones of
the nose or forehead. Loss of appetite, debility,
cough, and swelling of the leg<=i and sheath, and
sometimes lameness without any apparent cause,
chancres or ulcerations within the nostrils, great
tenderness of the glands under the j?w, which
now adhere close to the jaw-bone, a small dis-
charge of matter from the inner cornei of the
eye. When these symptoms appear, the disease
soon proceeds to a fatal termination. The above
symptoms are not all peculiar to glanders, but
may occur in strangles, peripneumony, and pleu-
risy. The glutinous discharge, the swelling of
the glands under the jaw, and the ulceration

144 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

within the nostrils, are symptoms which occur in
the above diseases, as well as in glanders.

Although the disease is here divided into the
6rst and second stages, it is not essential that in
each case the former should precede the latter,
for sometimes the acute only is present, and the
horse speedily dies, if not destroyed. In other
instances, the acute stage may be succeeded by
the sub-acute. It may, however, be observed,
that the first stage never ends in death, but
it is always in the second stage that the disease
proves fatal. Besides these stages, glanders
sometimes assumes a still more insidious appear-
ance, in which the discharge is so slight, and the
enlarged gland so trivial, as not only to deceive the
ignorant, but often to mislead the well-instructed
practitioner. The discharge is thin, and appears
no more than a slight increase of the natural
discharge, and the sub-maxillary swelling is no
larger than a bean, though hard and indurated.
Such cases as these have proved of irreparable
injury to many horse proprietors, from the symp-
toms not being sufficiently urgent to excite
alarm ; and when a veterinary surgeon has given
his opinion that such case was one of glanders,
there have not been wanting plenty of farriers
and others who have altogether contemned such
an opinion, and, for a time at least, have exulted
over their own superior sagacity. Mr. James
Turner relates a striking instance of this, in
which his advice was disregarded, and a horse,
with these insidious appearances, was allowed to

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 145

mix with other horses, to several of which he
communicated the disease in the course of a few
months. — White s Vtterinary Art.

The most common cause of this disease is the
impure air of close, ill-ventilated, damp, and
filthy stables, acting injuriously upon the organs
of respiration, destroying the constitution, de-
bihtating the system, rendering it susceptible to
the attack of disease. Neoflected catarrh, strangles,
&c., sometimes terminate in glanders; hard work
and bad provender, together with sudden changes
from exposure to cold and wet weather, to hot
stables, &c., are likewise regarded as among the
causes; contagion is the most common of all
causes, the disease being readily communicated
from one animal to another by it.

" The city of Lyons, France, must always con-
tain a great number of glandered horses, on
account of the dampness of the situation and
climate, and it being a public market for L^xacS.
The garrison at Lyons generally has its share
of this disease. During this year the mildness
of the winter, and the heat of the spring and
summer, have prevented circumstances less favor-
able than usual, to the development of this
malady; therefore, with the exception of horses
from the garrison, and which had been long kept
in the infirmary at the barracks before they were
sent to us, we have had very few cases of gland-
ers, compared with several preceding years ; yet
notwithstanding these favorable circumstances,
we are compelled to acknowledge that it has been
13 ^

146 HORSE-TKAINING MADE EASY.

as rebellious to treatment as ever. Our means
of cure have always possessed too little power
seeing that when ulceration of the pituita*^
(of the nose) membrane begins to appear, the
lungs and constitution of the animal have under
gone a modification which it is diflScult to remove.

" The greater part of the animals that have
gone from us, apparently cured of glanders, have
speedily relapsed when they have been subjected
to hard work, or have been exposed to neglect or
privation." — Extract from the Report of the
Veterinary College of Lyons, 1834 and 1835.

Mr. W. Percival, in his " Hippopathology,"
gives us the following facts as the result of his
own experience :- -

1. " That farcy and glanders, which constitute
the same disease, are propagated through the
medium of stabling, and this we believe to be
the more usual way in which diseases are com-
municated from horse to horse.

2. " That infected stabling may harbor and
retain the infection for months, or even years;
and although by thoroughly cleansing and mak-
ing use of disinfecting means, the contagion ma^
be destroyed, yet it would not be wise to occupy
such stables immediately after such supposed or
alleged disinfection.

8. " That the virus, or poison of glanders, may
lie for months in a state of incubation in the
horse's constitution before the disease breaks
out. Of this we have had most positive evidence.

4. " That when a stable of horses becomes

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 147

eoMtaminated, tlie disease often makes fearful
ravages atnong them before it quits; and it is
only after a period of several months exemption
from all disease of the kind, that a clean bill
of health can be rendered."

FARCY.

This I regard as an incipient stage of glanders,
or as a type of the same fatal malady, and is to a
certain extent curable. Experiments prove that
the virus from a farcied horse will produce
glanders by inoculation in a sound one, and that
ihe glandered matter will in like manner produce
farcy. There are two distinct varieties or stages
of farcy; one, which is called button farcy, ia
altogether superficial, being confined to the
lymphatic vessels of the skin, and readily yields
to medical treatment; the other variety makes
its appearance in the extremities, generally upon
the inside of the hind-legs, which become com-
pletely engorged ; but the swelling is very difi"er-
ent from the ligamentary thickening, or from
oedema, being very uneven or lumpy, excessively
tender, and painful to the touch. Small ab-
scesses are formed, which at first discharge a
healthy pus, but soon ulcerate, and discharge a
thin sanious matter. These abscesses first make
their appearance on the inside of the hind-legs,
and then on the fore ones in like manner ; the
neck and lips come next in turn, and they may
appear in all parts of the body, when glanders
will begin to manifest itself.

148 nORSE-TRAINING MADE EASV.

Stonehenge says : " Farcy appears to depend
upon the development of the same poison as in
glanders \ but the attempt at elimination is made
in the skin, instead of the mucous membrane
lining the nose. A horse inoculated with glan-
ders may exhibit farcy, and vice versa."

*' Farcy usually shows itself first by one or two
email hard knots in the skin called ' farcy buds;'
these ioon soften and contain a small quantity
of pus ; but, as this is rapidly absorbed, the
lymphatics which convey it into the circulation
inflame; and at a short distance another bud is
formed, &c. In process of time the general
system sufi'ers, as in glanders, and the horse
dies, a miserable, worn-out object. No treat-
ment can be relied on to cure the disease ; and,
as it is equally contagious with glanders, every
farcied horse ought at once to be destroyed.
The hard nature of the buds, and the thickened
lymphatics extending like cords between, clearly
make known the nature of the disease/'

Glanders Contnyious. — This brings us to the
more important part of our subject, and places us
upon our guard, so as to prevent 'us as far as
possible exposing ourselves to such a calamity.
-The time which glanders appears after inoculation
is very uncertain ; it may be a few flays, or it may
be several months, varying according to circum-
stances and the condition of the animal. Glan-
ders has been known to remain dormarjt in the
Kystem for a period of two or three years previous
to its being developed.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 149

^^The main cause is contagion — I now ap
proacli, gentleinen, not without hesitation, but
without fear, the grand cause of Glanders — Con-
tagion. I advisedly call it 'the grand cause/
for I believe that I shall be able to render it pro-
bable that glanders arises oftener from contagion
than from any other source. I know that our
continental neighbors deny the contagiousness of
glanders altogether; but they do not, and can-
not deny that the disease does follow contact, and
often mere proximity of situation. When they
tell me that it is not the disease that is commu-
nicated, but a mere predisposition, a greater
aptitude in the frame generally, or some part of
it, to be affected by the usual causes of glanders,
T cannot but regard this as the merest quibbling.
1 take the broad fact, that a glandered horse
being inadvertently admitted into a stable, some
of his companions, after awhile, become glandered
too. The stable had previously, and for many
years — nay, from the very time of its erection —
been free from the disease, and no alteration,
whatever, has taken place in the system of
management : a glandered horse finds his way
thither, in a few months the whole team is
glandered. When in the face of this, a person
tells me that it was not the disease which was
communicated, but a facility of being acted upon
by certain agents, I regard it as a species of quib-
bling, unworthy of a scientific pathologist ; and
[ deprecate the injury which may be done to the
agricultural community by the broad assertion,
13*

150 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

thus ridiculously and falsely explained, that
glanders is not contagious. One point, however,
is established, I think, — that glanders is far more
contagious than many have supposed; Mr.
Turner's mare destroyed four of her companions.
The poor Widow at Paddington had her stable
perfectly emptied by the disease ; and I will ven-
ture to say, that there is not a district throughout
the kingdom, in which some farmer, by the loss
of a considerable proportion, or the greater part
of his team, has not had sufficient proof of the
contagiousness of glanders. The cause of this
doubt with regard to the frequent communication
of the disease by inoculation, seems to have arisen
from ignorance of its insidious nature. When
glanders appears, and the horse has, for several
weeks or months, scarcely been exposed to the
possibility of contagion, it has at once been con-
cluded that the disease was generated in him by
Bome assigned or unknown recent cause. It has
now, however, been proved to us that the disease
may exist and may be communicated to others,
when, for many months, there has been nothing
to excite suspicion in the mind of the groom or
the owner; and when the candid veterinary sur-
geon acknowledges, that, had not the circum-
stances been pointed out to him, it would probably
have escaped his observation. The truth of the
matter is then, that every horse that passes
through a fair, or is baited at an inn, or even
travels the common public road, may be infected
without the rider's or owner's knowledge oi

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 151

sliglitest suspicion. A glandered stallion neighed
at a mare that was separated from him by a
double hedge and a deep lane; the virus was
wafted across by the wind, and she became dis-
eased, and died. It is impossible for any one to
say, except there be some plain and manifest
cause for the generation of the disease, that any
horse did not receive it by infection. There
would be a degree of presumption in the assertion
which the calm inquirer after truth should not
display. The opinion of our ancestors, from time
out of date, had taught us to beware of glanders
as a contagious as well as a fatal disease. Let us
not, without incontestable proof, abandon that
which for ages was never doubted. There is not
a circumstance that has been productive of half
so much loss to the agriculturist, and the pro-
prietor of horses, as this too frequently and too
positively repeated assertion of the non-con-
tagiousness of glanders. Many thousands of
pounds would not cover the annual loss. A case
occurred about two years ago, and not a very
great way from this metropolis. A gentleman
had a team of farm-horses, almost unrivalled for
activity and strength. One of them exhibited
symptoms of incipient glanders. A newly arrived
young veterinarian was consulted as to the pro-
priety of preventing all further mischief, and
cutting short the affair, by destroying the dis-
eased animal. 'Oh! by no means,' said he;
* there is not the danger about glanders which
some foolish people imagine ; you well ventilat«

152 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

your s<ables, and let there be no animal poison
lurking there from air that has been breathed
over and over again, and I will answer for it,
your other horses are safe enough; there is not
one horse in a thousand that catches glanders/
The gentleman was somewhat surprised, and ex-
pressed a little doubt about the matter; but, the
young theorist producing chapter and verse in
elucidation of his point, he sufiered himself to be
over-persuaded ; and in less than a twelvemonth
he had not a sound horse upon his farm/' —
Youatt's Lectures at the University of London^
1832.

The glanders is a disease of the horse tribe, com-
municable to man and other animals. It is chiefly
manifested by unhealthy suppuration of the mu-
cous membrane of the nasal cavities, and pustular
eruptions on the skin, and unhealthy abscesses
in the lymphatic system. — Druitt's Surgery.

The instant that there is any appearance of it,
the horse should be immediately removed to a
place by itself, as this malady is exceedingly
infectious; and from want of due caution, when
even a suspicion is entertained, the most dis
astrous consequences have been the result.—
Brown' s Farriery.

Glanders. — K disease in horses, attended
with a copious discharge of mucus from the nose.
It is needless to endeavor to describe the various
attempts which have been made to cure this
almost invariably fatal disorder. But the farmer
must avoid a common error of confounding ulcer-

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 153

ation of the membrane of the nose with glanders,
for the symptoms are very similar. The farmer
will do well, as soon as he finds a horse attacked
with this disease, to place him by himself, give him
green food, and thoroughly whitewash the stable
from which he is taken, for it is a most con-
tagious disease. — American Farmer's Encydo-
pedia .

Two thorough-bred colts, yearlings, that had
never been broke or put into a stable, were af-
fected with the glanders to a violent degree. It
was considered by the proprietor as a very ex-
traordinary circumstance that having never been
kept with any other horse, these colts should have
been attacked with the disease. On inquiry,
however, the author found that a canal ran on the
side of the field in which thesQ colts were kept,
and that upon one occasion, some boatmen had
been detected in turning their horses to graze in
the same field; and hence a very fair presumption
arose that the contagion was communicated in
that way. — Lawrence.

That the glanders is contagious, has been
clearly and indisputably proved by numerous ex-
periments, and the manner in which it is prop."-
gated has likewise been satisfactorily demon-
strated. The great number of horses that have
been destroyed by glanders, especially in the
army, and in the establishments where great
numbers of horses are kept, has excited. particular
attention to the subject, especially in France and
Italy, where mauv attempts were made in the be-

154 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

ginning of tlie last century to discover a remedy
for it. — Skeavington.

"It is a remarkable circumstance," says Mr.
vVhite, *' that glanders cannot be communicated
by applying the matter which is discharged from
the nose of a glandered horse to the nostrils of a
Bound one, unless there be an open wound or
sore, even though a piece of lint, soaked in the
matter, be put up the nostrils, and kept in contact
with the pituitary membrane for a short time ) or
even if the matter be thrown up the nostrils with
a syringe. But, if the smallest quantity of mat-
ter be applied in the way of inoculation, either
to the membrane of the nostrils, or to any part of
the body, a glanderous ulcer will be produced,
from which farcy buds and corded lymphatics
will proceed. After a few weeks the poison will
get into the circulation, and the horse will be
completely glandered. The circumstance of
glanders not being communicated by applying
matter to the nostril, enables us to account for a
horse escaping the disorder, as he sometimes
does, after being put into a glandered stable, or
standing by the side of a glandered horse. I am
incHned to believe that the disorder is more
readily caught by eating the glanderous matter
mixed with oats or hay, than by drinkins: it with
water, as in the former case it is so intimately
mixed with the food in mastication. M. St. Bell
placed two sound horses by a glandered horse,
drinking out of the same pail, and eating out of
the same mangrer. One of the sound horr^es wa«

HORSE-TRAININO MADE EASY. 165

six years old, and just taken from grass; the
other nine years old, and taken from regular
work. The first showed evident signs of glanders
at the expiration of thirty-four days; it fu»Hy
declared itself in the second at the end of six
weeks."

John Gramgee, Professor in the Edinburgh
Veterinary College, says : " Horses undoubtedly
affected with this dreadful malady should be de-
stroyed as soon as the disease is satisfactorily
diagnosed. Various mineral tonics have been
vaunted as specifics, but we cannot conceive on
what principle animals should be allowed to live,
endangering the life of those around them, with
no benefit to themselves.

"A glandered horse may contaminate the air
of a stable to such a degree, that horses breath-
ing the same air may become infected with the
disease, although the infected may never come in
contact with the infecting horse. Fortunately
glanders is not so infectious as some other dis-
eases to which horses are liable, otherwise the
breed would soon become extinct." — Veterina-
rian, 1833.

" Glanders. — We have had about the same
number of glandered horses as in the last year ;
and we must repeat, that in spite of all the care
that has been bestowed upon them, and the strict
attention which has been paid to the adminis-
tration of medicines the most likely to have a
good effect, and the power of which has • been
vaunted by others, we are not able to relate f

156 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

single case of the complete cure of glanders.
Seven horses were returned to their owners ap-
parently cured — all the recognisable symptoms
of the disease had disappeared ; six of them were,
after some months, returned to us more decidedly
glandered than they were before ; they were de-
stroyed. The seventh has now been away three
months ; but we reckon upon seeing him again
about the same time as the others, and in the
same state as that in which they returned." —
From the proceedings of the Veterinary Collegej
Alfort, France, 1833-4.

" Acute Glanders. — MM. Renault and Bow-
ley have continued their researches on this dis-
ease. An inquiry into the nature of this malady,
its symptoms, and, more especially, its contagious
property, has acquired increasing interest since
its transmissibility from the horse to the human
being has been lately proved in so many instances.
MM. Renault and Bowley have arrived at the
following results : Acute glanders is contagious
by inoculation from horse to horse. Every ex-
periment of the last and the present year has
given this positive constant result. Without a
single exception, the symptoms of the infection
of glanders have appeared in the inoculated
animals from the tbird to the fifth day, and death
has ensued between the tenth and fifteenth days."
— Veterinarian.

In the year 1861, my attention was called ta
seventeen horses, the property of Mr. E. K. B.,
of Felton, Delaware, who, some six months pre-

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 157

vious, had purchased a horse at the horse-auction
in Philadelphia. This animal was supposed to
have a slight attack of what is commonly called
" distemper.'' In a short time some of Mr. B.'s
other horses showed symptoms of the same dis-
ease, several of which died. Mr. B., becoming
alarmed at his repeated losses, called in my assist-
ance. I found (if my memory serves me right)
five of the seventeen horses glandered, three
of which I ordered killed. The others which
had not shown symptoms of disease, I ordered to
be at once removed from the stable, so as to pre-
vent all possible communication between them
and those in which the disease was not fully
developed. Mr. B. loaned Mr. H., a neighbor,
one of his horses to work in a lumber team ;
soon after which the disease made its appearance
in Mr. H.'s stock of ten horses. My attention
was called to these animals, also, several of whict
I found laboring Irom the same fatal malady
Two of these animals in which the disease was
fully developed I ordered killed. Kemoving my
residence from Philadelphia to Bordentown, N.
J., about this time, I lost sight of these cases,
and have not since heard from them.

Soon after the present rebeUion broke out, one
of my old customers, Mr. H., who kept a livery-
stable in Cherry street, Philadelphia, was doing a
thriving business, and having a number of the
finest horses in the city kept there. Two army
horses were put up for the night at that stable. No
appearance of disease was observed about them
14

158 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

One of these horses occupied a stall near to that
occupied by Dr. L.'s horse, which was valued at
$300. Soon after this visit, Dr. L.'s horse showed"
evidence of ozena, which rapidly degenerated into
glanders; the animal was killed. Case No. 2,
valued at S500, the property of Mr. D., fell a
victim to this fatal disease, and was also killed.
Case 3, valued at $300, belonging to Mr. B.,
also became glandered and was destroyed; to-
gether with six other animals, all valuable and
highly prized by their owners. This calamity
fell heavily on Mr. H., who in consequence was
compelled to relinquish the business for some
other occupation. This stable has since been
torn out, the walls picked, remodelled, and it is
once more in successful operation, with new
stock and a new proprietor, who it is to be hoped
will meet with better fortune.

In 1854, when inspector of the Philadelphia
Mutual Live-Stock Insurance Co., I was called
to examine a fine gray horse belonging to Mr. W.,
of the Western Exchange Hotel, recently insured
for $300, which policy had just expired. Mr.
W. asserted that the animal had only a slight
cold, but was getting better : on examining the
animal, however, I pronounced him glandered,
whieh the owner was loth to believe : in order to
satisfy him of the correctness of my diagnosis, I
called in T. J. Corbyn and the late W. W. Fra-
ley, veterinary surgeons, both of whom confirmed
my opinion. Mr. W., not wishing to destroy
the norse, desired me to experiment with him ic

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 159

oi<ler, if possible, to save his life. S)me twc
weeks subsequently, a farmer stopping at the
hotel, supposing himself well acquainted witn
such diseases, offered Mr. W. $75 for the horse,
asserting at the same time that it was only the
distemper that ailed him, and he could cure any
horse of that disease. Mr. W. immediately con-
sulted me in regard to the propriety of selling
the horse : my advice was, under the circum-
stances, to clear himself of all responribility.
The result was the horse was sold. Some six
months later, I learned that the horse was dead,
together with two other animals belonging to the
same unfortunate purchaser.

Sometime last spring, Mr. P., residing near
Pemberton, New Jersey, purchased a horse which
showed, as be thought, symptoms of "distemper ;'*
for some reason or other, Mr. P. did not keep
this animal long, but sold him to a Mr. J., re-
sidi«ig some two miles distant. Soon after Mr.
P. parted with this animal, he sent another horse
belonging to him to me for examination which
had been previously treated for nasal gleet.
This animal I unhesitatingly pronounced glan-
dered, and recommended his destruction ; the
animal, however, died in a few days, since which
time another of Mr. P.'s horses has shown symp-
toms of the same disease. Subsequently I was
called to see the horses belonging to Mr. .7., who
had lost three animals since the purchase of Mr.
P.'s horse, and had two more sick with the same
fatal disease, all of which had been treated ir

IGO HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY

tbe same manner as were those of Mr. P. }
found these animals also glandered, and ordered
one of them to be killed ; the other died, making
seven animals thus far inoculated by one glanr
dered horse. These cases show the necessity
existing for competent veterinary surgeons who
have been regularly educated in the same manner
as are human medical practitioners.

In my private correspondence with veterinary
surgeons, I learn that glanders is rapidly spread-
ing all over the country. Dr. Isaiah Michentr,
of Bucks county, Pa., writes to me as follows :
" I have just returned from a trip to see two
cases of laryngitis, accompanied with enlarge-
ment of the sub-maxillary gland, and adhesive-
ness of the matter discharged from the nose,
that led me to suspect that glanders might have
been lying dormant in the system, until provoked
so a development by the above disease ; but more
anon. One other case seen to-day was bought at
a sale of condemned government horses ; he is dis-
charging freely from both nostrils ; no enlarge-
ment of the glands or evidence of the schneiderian
membrane being affected ; still I consider that
glanders is lurking in his system, in the form
of tubercles in the lungs. I was called last

spring to see a case of glanders that a Mr.

had been treating for several weeks, telling the
owner at every visit that there was no glanders
about the horse, and he would cure him. The
case was well defined, and no man who knows
anything about the symptoms of glanders could

WuKSE-lHAlNlNU MADE KA"^r lOl

for a moment be in doubt. This week I was
oalied to see aaotlier case, also an army liorse,
treattid by the same party for three months,
assuring the owner that there was no danger, as
he did not have the glanders, because the dis-
charge was from the right nostril, together with
other saij sues equally absurd. 'ibe owner,
strangely impressed with the idea of glanders,
removed the animal from his other stock, not-
withstanding his professional adviser assured
him there was no danger, and that he was un-
necessarily cautious.

" I was called last week to see a horse which
the owner said had the distemper, but on exami-
nation I found it was glanders, which the owner
was very unwilling to believe, and insisted that
I should give him medicine. This horse was
also from the army.'^

Gr. W. Bowler, veterinary surgeon, Cincinnati,
informs me that gla'-.iders is spreading at a fearful
rate since the sale of government horses in that
vicinity.

T. B. Rayner, veterinary surgeon, of Chest-
nut Hill, Philadelphia, informs me that many
cases have recently come under his notice.

On passing up Filbert street, Philadelphia, the
other day, in conc.pany with R. Mc-Glure, V. S.,
and several of the students of the Veterinary
College, my attention was attracted to an army
horse belonging t'", the 20th cavalry regiment :
this animal had tetanus (locked jaw) in its woist
form; tied to the «!a.-ie post was srotV^.^T anioial
14* T,

162 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

badly affected with farcy glanders — that is, the
two stages of glanders combined. These horses
were waiting their turn to be shod at a shoeing
shop in the neighborhood. In close proximity
to these animals were some ten or a dozen other
horses, the owners of which were perfectly inno-
cent of the danger in which their animals were
placed. Qualified veterinary surgeons in the
army would prevent all such occurrences. The
horse with locked jaw cannot be used for any
purpose, and it would not be a matter of surprise
if he did not reach his camp.

I have condemned several horses as glandered
during the last few months, some of which were
afterwards sold, with, of course, a guilty know-
ledge, to other parties innocent of the nature
of the disease. Such men should be held re-
sponsible by law for all damage resulting from
such a sale. Did these parties know the weight
of the responsibility which rests upon them, they
would not for a few paltry dollars sacrifice the
property and often the lives of their fellow-men.

R. McClure, V. S., says : '' The symptoms of
glanders are to be studied, not with a view to its
cuKe, which is at all times dangerous to attempt,
as there is the risk of contagion to him who
attempts it; but with a view of ascertaining and
diagnosing truly that it is glanders, that being
all that can repay for the trouble, in order that
the animal be destroyed at once, as it is not fit
to live upon the face of the earth, with contami-
nation following in its wake.

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY 163

BEWARE OF GLANDERED HORSES.

There is one point upon which we desire t)
caution our readers — a point which we deem all-
important, and which, we trust, will challenge
their earnest and prompt consideration As
rapidly as army horses, whether from disease or
accident, become unfit for service, they are put
up at auction and sold to the highest bidder. As
the prices obtained for them are not large, many
farmers are induced to make purchases. It is
now a well-established fact, that that most loath-
some, contagious, and fatal disease, the glanders,
prevails to a large extent among the army horses,
and that, of those already sold, a great many
have been afflicted with it. These glandered
animals have been distributed through every
section of the country, and it is a notorious fact
that there are now ten cases of this dangerous
disease among our farm-horses, where there was
a single one two years since. What is to be
done in such a case? Shall this introduction
of a most pestilent • disease be permitted to go
on ? If it be, we may confidently look forward
to the almost complete extermination of our
horses ; for the facility with which the disease
communicates itself from one animal to another,
and the speedy and fatal termination of the dis-
ease, where it is the result of contagion, point to
no other result. The government should at
once take this matter in hand, and remedy the
crying evil, by ordering the immediate killing
of every glandered horse in the army. — Culturist

164 HORSE-TRAlNIiNU MADE EASY.

GLANDERED HORSES.

Written for the "National Union," by G. W. Bowler, Veterinary
Surgeon, Cincinnati.

In consequence of the many reports received
of the increased number of glandered horses in
various parts of the United States, it becomes
our duty to make some inquiries as to the cause
of such a malignant and fatal disease, as well as
to use such measures as will mitigate it. I have
no doubt but that it can be accounted for in the
following manner : We are well aware of the bad
treatment which the horses belonging to the army
receive, not only in the manner in which they
are stabled, but in the feeding of the animal ;
and where a large number of horses arc crowded
together, without any regard to cleanliness or
protection from the cold and wet, disease in some
form must necessarily ensue. Thousands of
valuable animals are annually being sacrificed in
the United States army, through ignorance, which
might otherwise have been saved, was there but
some little system adopted to prevent it; but,
where hundreds of animals are crowded together,
regardless of proper shelter from the weather,.
and under the control of persons who know little,
if anything, about the proper care of horses, why,
nothing short of disease of a malignant character
can be expected. The very plan to propagate
such diseases as glanders and farcy is daily
practised among horses of the United States
Army ; for it is well known by all medical men,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 165

that undue exposure to the weather, transition
from heat to cold, improper feeding, uncleanli-
ness, and bad ventilation, are the very means to
bring about such diseases as glanders, farcy, and
other diseases of a debilitating character.

One day the animals, as I have been informed
by persons in the Grovernment service, will have
more food placed before them than they can pos-
sibly consume, and probably for several days
previous they have been on the verge of starva-
tion, eager to devour almost anything within
their reach, not excepting the fences they were
tied to. How then can anything else be expected,
but a great many of them will die from disease of
the bowels or stomach ?

Catarrhal affections are very naturally to be
expected amongst a large number of horses ex
posed to the various changes of the weather ; but
do not a great many of these affections, for want
of proper treatment, run into glanders? That
they do, I have not the shadow of a doubt ; but
as the government does not employ competent
persons to examine the horses regularly, why the
disease runs on ; the glandered horse coming in
contact with his associates transfers it to them,
and thus the disease is spread throughout the
-^amp. Furthermore than this, not only are the
horses in danger of communicating the disease
to their own species, but are in danger of trans-
ferring the disease to the persons who have
charge of them, and who little know the fearful
risk they are incurring, of becoming inocuiated

166 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

by the poisonous matter. A simple scratch on
the hand, should a portion of the glanded matter
come in contact with it, would be sufficient to
inoculate a person, the result of which would be,
a most terrible death.

For the special benefit of such persons as may
be employed about the Government horses, I will
give a brief account of the nature, cause, and
diagnosis of glanders, in order to put the inex-
perienced on their guard. Glanders is a disease
of a most loathsome and malignant character,
occurring far more frequently in the horse than
any other animal ; still I am inclined to believe
that it rages with far more violence when com-
municated to the ass or mule, than it does even
in the horse. Another important fact in regard
to the loathsome disease, and which ought always
to be borne in mind by those employed about
stables, where the disease is likely to exist, is
that it is not confined to the equine species, but
is readily communicated to the human being.
The only domestic animals which appear to be
free from contamination are the ox and the sheep,
which do not appear to take the disease even by
inoculation.

GLANDERS IN THE HUMAN BEING.

The path of propriety and of duty evidently is
to put the farmer and horse-proprietor on their
guard. The experience of every age, and I would
say of every man who has seen country practice,

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST 1G7

teaclies him that a glandered horse can rarely
remain long among sound ones without serious
mischief ensuing. It is affirmed that glanders is
communicated to the human being. That a
loathsome and fatal disease results from inocu-
lation with the matter of glanders is undoubted :
I am awaie, indeed, of one case which goes a
great way towards establishing the identity of the
disease. One of the feeders in the Badsworth
hunt cut himself while preparing a farcied leg
for the hounds; he died within a week. A day
or two before his death an ass was inoculated with
the matter from some of the sores that broke out
about him, and died, evidently glandered. —
Youatt's Lectures.

A man aged twenty-three was admitted into
St. Thomas's Hospital; he complained of much
pain in the head and became delirious, to miti-
gate which, leeches were applied to the forehead;
he then spoke of wandering and acute pains
every\^,iiere, indicating some rheumatic affection;
a tumor appeared upon the hand and another on
the foot, seemingly of a gangrenous nature; the
pain ^^ the head \^onld again return attended by
delirium bO tha^. ^©w? compelled to be strapped
on hip 1/ed •. and all the while his flesh was wasting
and ni? tarength diminishing. On questioning
the poor fellow, it was ascertained that he had
Jiaf' a glandered horse under his care a month
before, and that the discharge from the nose had
come upon his hands. The case was now suf«
ficiently plain; but the jatient was too far gonfl

168 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY

to admit of the slightest hope. Previous to his
death he said, "I am dying, I shall die soon,
but I shall die happy; — I know now I am glan-
dered — I shall die as my horses do — I shall die
happy.'^ — yetermarian, 1833.

A case is mentioned in the ^^ Lancet" of 1834,
of a Mr. Norbrook, who punctured a blister on
his knee with a lance with which he had pre-
viously been bleeding a horse ; some of the blood
remained on the blade, from this he was inocu-
lated, and died a horrid death.

" This school has, in the year just expiring,
added another mournful case to those previously
recorded in the hospitals of the biped, of the
communication of glanders to the human being."
^Alfort College Record, 1838.

Dr. Barham, of Truro, reports a case of glan-
ders in the " Veterinarian" of 1840, in the per-
son of Joseph Pascoe, aged 22, resulting in death.

Al young man named P. Kelley, aged twenty,
was admitted into Richmond hospital on the 26th
August 1838. On admission his face presented
that peculiar aspect which is so characteristic of
glanders; the left half was very much swollen,
tense, and shining, the redness fading away
gradually and becoming lost in the surrounding
integuments. He stated that he had always been
healthy, and when questioned as to the nature of
his occupation, said that he had been employed
for the last four months in attending horses that
were glandered; he did nsjt recollect that he had
a wound or sore on either hand ; he had not

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY. 169

drank out of any vessel used by the horses, nor
had he slept in the stable. He died on the 29th.

— Dublin Journal of Medical Science, 1841.
Mr. Rocher, medical student at the hospital of

LVecker, was charged with the dressing of a
patient affected, first, with chronic farcy, and
mbsequently with acute glanders, under which
he died. In a few days Mr. Rocher showed
evidences of the disease, and died glandered, six-
teen days from the commencement of the disease.

— Lancet, 1841.

In the latter part of May I was requested to
see Andrew Foot, aged thirty-six, who presented
all the symptoms of glanders. I could not dis-
cover any appearances of his having been inocu-
lated, but having seen a glandered hjorse some
time since, and thinking the above unfortunate
case so much resembled that of this horse, I was
induced to inquire of the owner whether there
was anything the matter with either of his
horses, when he told me that one of them was
laid up with a bad cold. On examining the ani-
mal it proved to be a decided case of glanders.
The horse died in ten days afterwards ; Mr. Foot
iied also. — Provincial Medical Journal.

In the hospitals at Paris, according to the ac-
ijounts of the medical journals, the cases of glan-
u3rs among men have been less frequent than in
ttuy preceding years. Sidon, a veterinary sur-
geon, published a pctptr in France, in which he
stated that glanders >vijs transmissible from the
horse to man, causing ».ht worst kinds of ulcers
15

170 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST.

He mentions an instance in which a horse was
affected by the disease from a farrier who had a
glandered sore on his hand, which came in con-
tact with the animal while he was giving it a
ball. The man and the horse both died with the
disease.

A groom, named Provost, slept in a stable at
Paris, occupied by a glandered horse. Some
days after the death of the animal Provost was
attacked with the same disease and died,

Mr. Hamerton, surgeon to the Castle-town Dis-
pensary, has placed upon record three cases of
acute glanders in the human subject, all running
the same course, and terminating fatally, and all
traceable to the same cause, i. e., contagion from
a diseased horse. — Veterinarian^ 1843.

A vine-grower, in drenching a glandered horse,
was bitten on the cheek ; fifteen days after he
died glandered. — Vet. 1844.

The patient, whom I saw several times during
the progress of the malady, was Thomas Whit-
taker, whose case was clearly one of inoculation.
The poor fellow was bald-headed, and received a
slight scratch on his scalp which cost him his
Hfe. He recollected wiping the perspiration off his
head with his dirty hands ; and as the scratch in
his scalp first showed the true character of a farcy
ulcer, there can be little doubt as to the inocula-
tion having taken place at the time of skinning
the farcied horse. He survived the inoculation
twenty-one days. Robert Pick, an old, faithful,
*nd I believe, 'valued, servant to the gentleman

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 171

who owned the farcied pony, was the subject of
the second lamentable case, which is considered
one of infection; and the infection is supposed
to have been conveyed by the fetid breath of the
animal, while the poor man was in the act of
giving some mucilage of linseed to the pony a
few hours before his death. A few hours after
the death of the pony, Dick complained of being
unwell, and of having pain in his knee. At first
the pain was regarded as rheumatism, but ulti-
mately proved to be that of farcy, as that disease
showed itself in its true character and virulence,
which ended the suflPering patient's life on the
twenty-second day after he had inhaled the fetid
breath of the animal. — Vet. 1846.

" Within the last quarter two veterinary sur
geons — one residing in Walworth, and the othei
in Wolverhampton — are reported as having died
from inoculation of glanders. This terrible dis-
ease is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre-
quently in England, and still more so in Ireland.
From the latter circumstance, the malady is often
found to be imported about the west coast of
Scotland. London has always been renowned
for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus,
cab, and other horses. A very strict supervision
is maintained, and all glandered horses are des-
troyed when discovered; but nevertheless, we
can state on good authority that the omnibus
horses of London have suffered very severely
from this disease, and d« so still. The partial
measures adopted by companies are not sufficient

172 HORSE-TRAININO MADE EASY.

to eradicate it, and the "glandered night team^'
is not altogether a thing of the past. The danger
to human life is so great that we feel happy to
seize an opportunity to urge the adoption of the
most eflectual measures for the suppression of
any practice which tends to prolong the life of
the glandered horse."

Another case, as published in the Herald of
Reform," is as follows : —

" Mr. J. Burns, a grocer, in Baltimore, died a
horrid death in that city, a few days ago, in con-
sequence of poison communicated to his system
from a horse afflicted with glanders. During the
administration of medicine Mr. B. thrust into the
animal's mouth his hand, a finger of which had
been previously cut, and the flesh laid open.
Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and
mortification supervened. A surgeon was called
upon to amputate the diseased member. Per-
ceiving, however, that the poison had penetrated
to every portion of the unfortunate man's system,
he deoJined performing the operation, and stated
that no earthly skill could save his life. After
lingering in great agony, death closed the scene.

Still Another — Death of a Russian
Lady from Glanders. — The awful death of
Madame Palesikofi", one of the most charming
amongst all that bevy of charming Russian ladies
who sometimes gladden the winters of Paris, has
created a terrible shock amongst the circles she
BO lately embellished by her presence. The un-
happy lady left Paris but a short time ago, on a

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAS^. 178

Bummer tour to Germany. While stepping jcu^
the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain
her carriage, she let fall one of her bracelets close
to the pavement. Stooping to pick it up, she
noticed at the time, laughingly, that "one of the
horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand,
dropped his head so close to her face, that he had
touched her, and left a moist kiss upon her
cheek.'' In a few days the unfortunate lady was
taken ill with that most horrible disease, glan-
ders, and in a few day more breathed her last, in
spite of the attendance of the first physicians
of Berlin, and every resource to be obtained by
wealth, or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends.
— Court Journal.

In March, 1853, a messenger named Meignan,
of the commune of Chemilli, consulted a quack
by the name of Moyne about a discharge affect-
ing one of his horses. Moyne, who passed in
the country as formerly a pupil of the veterinary
school at Alfort, and even assumed in his prac-
tice the title of veterinary surgeon, declared, after
having examined Meignan's horse, that he was
affected with " strangles," but that Meignan
might use him and treat him without any risk
of harm, and that he would answer for his re-
covery.

Meignan, equally simple and confiding, followed
this dangerous advice. He made use of his horse,
treated and groomed him according to the instruc
tions given — in fact, was too faithful an executor
of the prescriptions of a man m whom he had

'74 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

placed his confidence : he would daily wipe tht
nostrils of the horse clean with his pocket hand-
kerchief, lest he might be found fault with by
the authorities of the villages he was necessitated
to pass through. Such care became to him fatal.
On the 7th of April, this unfortunate messenger
fell a victim to the effects of the farcino-glander-
ous attack contracted from his horse. Some days
after his death, M. Pangoue, veterinary surgeon,
called in by the authority, pronounced that the
horse of this unfortunate man was affected with
acute glanders, and recommended accordingly his
immediate destruction. Our brethren, MM. Pan-
goue and Bresson, communicated to us this fact,
as another proof of the danger of empiricism.

In mentioning a similar case where two horses
were glandered, M. Pangoue says: 'Tor the
last fortnight these horses had been treated by
the proprietor himself, who, in the course of that
time, contracted the glanders in spite of all the
precautions I had strongly urged him to take,
not doubting but that he exposed himself to great
risks. Notwithstanding one could not positively
assert the channel through which contagion had
taken place, it was very easy to suppose what the
contagious agent was, and how the glandered
virus had operated. However incomplete this
case may be deemed, especially as far as con-
cerns the unfortunate subject of contagion, do
not similar details to those I have just related,
exist in abundance, and prove in a most undeni-
able manner that human nature enjoys the sad

HOBSE-T&AININa MADE EAST. 175

prerogative of contracting, through inoculation,
a disease so terrible among our domestic animals,
and one which veterinary science has designated
under the name of glanders. — Rec. de Med. Vet.
deSep.Ub^.^

In man it is generally produced through in-
oculation of the matter into a wound. Whether
it can be contracted by infection, through the
miasmata arising from it, without actual contact
of the matter, is not yet quite decided. There
are, however, some grounds for believing that this
disease is occasionally propagated by infection in
the horse; and that the effluvia are capable of com-
municating some form of malignant fever, although
not true glanders, to the human subject. But the
matter from the abscesses or nasal cavities of hu-
man beings is capable of communicating the
disease both to men and animals. A man died
of glanders in St. Bartholomew's jffospital, in
1840, and the nurse who attended him inoculated
her hand, and died of it also in a few days; and
two kittens, which were inoculated from the
nurse, became aflPected likewise. Moreover, the
blood of a glandered horse injected into the veins
of a healthy one, communicated the disease,
although no abnormal appearance could be de-
tected in it by the microscope. — Druitt's Surgery.

" An inquest was opened at the Guildhall,
Bath, on Friday evening, September 26th, by
A. H. English, Esq., the city coroner, on the
body of a boy who died from glanders." — Veteri-
narian j 1862.

176 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

Death from Glanders. — A blacksimia,
named George Spence, residiDg at Aunadarragh,
and aged about forty years, was admitted into
the County Infirmary on the 27th May last, suffer-
ing from glanders. Notwithstanding all the
efforts of medical skill, the unfortunate man
expired on the 7th ult. This loathsome disease
must have been communicated to the deceased
by some horse which he was shoeing. As it is
now well known that glanders is incurable, ani-
mals infected with the disease should be des-
troyed as soon as the first symptoms are mani-
fested.— Veterinary Review^ 1862.

From time to time, cases of glanders or farcy
are reported as occurring in the human subject,
but the frequency with which such reports meet
the public eye bear no relation to the actual
number of cases which are observed. As with
several other forms of disease due to animal
poisons, there are many cases overlooked, and
never diagnosed. We have a law referring to
glandered horses, to their use and sale, but we
)an state from experience that the law is evaded.
V^eterinary surgeons are not disposed to insist on
ihe immediate slaughter of any glandered horse
khey meet with in practice. Cases of farcy are
)ften much neglected, and the result is the spread
jf disease. Information lias reached us of
glandered horses sold by public auction, of ani-
mals similarly affected being worked in LondoF
omnibuses, and it is well known that glandei<
has proved unusually destructive within the las*

HORSE-TRAINING MADE EAST. 177

two or three years amongst the horses of our
cavalry regiments.

Ireland is no doubt the division of the United
Kingdom in which there are most cases of glan-
ders in man and horses. In the report of the
Census Commissioners for 1851, we find the fol
lowing remarks : " The number of deaths from
this cause afforded by the returns of 1841 was
but eleven; on the present occasion they amount to
one hundred and ninety-six, viz., one hundred
and sixty-eight males and twenty-eight females.
We think the magnitude in the returns for 1851
is owing, not merely to a greater knowledge, both
medical and popular, of the symptoms of the
disease, but to an increase of these affections,
and to a greater negligence on the part of per-
sons engaged in the care of horses. Instances
have been recorded of families becoming infected
with this frightful malady from residing in the
same apartments with diseased animals. In our
report upon the statistics of disease, we have
already called attention to the subject of the in-
crease of this affection, and pointed out the
necessity which exists for bringing infected ani-
mals under the surveillance of the police. The
seasons show the following great varieties: In
spring there died seventy-one persons from this
cause; in summer, fifty; in winter, forty-eight j
and in autumn, but twenty-nine.'' — Veterinary
Review^ 1863.

I^aw respecting glandered horse.? in England,
reads thus : " Any person who shall sell, expose

178 HORSE-TBAININQ MADE EAST.

for sale, or keep in his possession, or keep or
Buffer to be kept on his premises, or lead, drive,
or bring in or into any street, road, or public
place, any horse or beast affected with the said
disease, or any disease of the like nature, know-
ing such horse or beast to be so affected, shall be
liable to a fine not exceeding the sum of twenty
pounds (^100), or, in default of payment, to be
imprisoned for a term not exceeding one month.'*

*' Any justice or justices may order any horse or
other beast affected with the said disease, together
with any troughs, litter, hay, straw, or other
article which he or they shall judge likely to
have been infected thereby, to be forthwith
destroyed, or otherwise disposed of in such man-
ner as he or they shall deem proper/^

" In 1784, a law was enacted by the French
government to prevent any one from keeping a
glandered horse, under a penalty of one hundred
dollars. Every animal suspected of glanders had
the words ^suspected animal' impressed wilh
green wax on his forehead ; and the penalty for
Belling such an aoimal, or offering him for sale,
was one hundred dollars.

" Persons having suspected animals were to
report the same to the mayor, syndics of villages,
or other proper authorities, under a penalty of one
hundred dollars. Such horses were then inspected
by experienced veterinary surgeons, apj)ointed by
the mayor or other officer, and, if found glan-
dered, were destroyed. If only suspected, they
were marked in the forehead as before described."

The foregoing is but a drop in the bucket,

HORSE-TRATNINQ MADE EASY. 179

compared with the recorded evidence upon the
subject of glanders; time and space, however,
will not permit a further extension of this subject.
Our present experience in the United States oi
America should bring us to the level of Europe
in passing laws, ordinances, on the subject t)f
glanders. The losses already sustained by our
farmers and horsemen, by the purchase of con-
demned and diseased government horses, amount
to more than the sum realized by the govern-
ment, and will go on increasing at a fearful rate.
We are told "that the glandered horses of the
army have been shot or destroyed, and that none
are offered which are known as diseased. Half
an hour in the sales-yards is more than sufficient
to convince a competent judge to the contrary.
It is evident to the observer that the malady
exists to a great extent. Where is the fault ? Is
it not obvious that the ofl&cers having charge of
the animals offered for sale are not competent,
and do not understand the disease ? Hovv many
recognised veterinary surgeons are there in the
employ of the United States Government? None
to speak of. Before sending a lot of horses to
any place for public sale, every animal should be
thoroughly inspected by the most competent sur-
geon, qualified as such, a graduate, a man of long
experience and a practitioner, and every animal,
even suspected, should be at once destroyed,

VALUABLE KECEIPTS

FROM THE PRIVATE RECEIPT-BOOK OF THE ADTHOR.

BALLS.

R. Barb. Aloes ... 1 dr.

Calomel 1 scruple.

Linseed Meal . . . i oz.
Mix with molasses. An alterative, used for
diseases of the liver principally; given once a
day.

R. Black Antimony . . 1 oz.

Sulphur Flour * . . 4 "

Nitre (pulv.) . . . 1 "
Mix with honey and divide into four balls j ao
excellent alterative.

R. Calomel Mr.

Linseed Meal . . . 1 oz.

Mix with molasses; give at nignt, ?nd follow
in the morning with a purgative bdli , a vern.i-
fuge.

R. Oak Bark . . . > 1 o'/..

Powdered Opium . . 1 Cai.
Mix with molasses. For diarrhoea in Lvjks.*

16 (l^^J

183 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

R. Ammonicum .... 2 drs.
Powdered Squills ... 1 "
Barb. Aloes .... 1 "
Linseed Meal .... 2 "

Mix with molasses. For cougli.

11. Emetic Tartar .... Mr.

Digitalis (pulv.) . . . i "

Nit. Potassa 2 "

Powd. Liquorice . . . 2 "

Mix with molasses. For fever in horses oi
eattle.

R. Camphor Gum .... 2 drs.

Nit. Potassa 3 "

Linseed Meal . . . . J oz.

Mix with molasses. For retention of urine.

R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 6 drs.

Pulv. Ginger .... 1 "

" Gentian .... 1 "
Mix with water. A purgative.

R. Barbadoes Aloes ... 5 drs.

Calomel 1 "

Linseed Meal .... 1 "

Mix with molasses. A good puro"*

R. Sulphate of Copper . . i dr.
Sulphate of Zinc . . . ^ "

Aniseed 1 "

Linseed Meal .... 2 «

Mix with molasses. A good tonic.

VALUABLE RECEIPTS.

183

R Iron Filings 2 drs.

Carbonate of Potash . . 2 "
Powdered Gentian . . . 2 "

Miz with molasses. A good tonic.

POWDERS.

R. Sulphur 1 oz

Black Antimony . . . J "
Saltpetre 1 "

An alterative.

Mix all together

R, Mustard Seeds .

Sweet Flag . .

Juniper Berries

Flour of Sulphur

Foenigreek Seeds
Mix; dose, one tablespoonful.
phoid diseases.

4 oz.
4 "

2 "

6 ''

3 ''

Good in tj'

R. Powdered Gentian . . . 2 oz.

Cascarilla (pulv.) . . . 1 "

Ginger " . . . 2 "

Mix ; dose, one teaspoonful. For lost appetite

R. Calomel .... . 1 dr.

Sulphate of Potash . 1 oz.

Powd. Linseed 1 "

Mix. Used In abrlominnl inflammation.

184 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

R. Sulphate of Potash . . 2 oz.

Powd. Gentian . . . . ^ "
Mix. Used in colic.

R. Iodide of Potassa . . . 1 dr.

Chloride of Mercury . . 1 "

Powdered Belladonna . . i oz.

White Sugar .... 1 ^'

Mix, and divide into four powders. Put upoD
the tongue for sore throat.

R. Powdered Camphor . . 1 dr.

'< Rhubarb . . 2 ''

" Opium . . . 1 "

Mix. For diarrhoea.

R. Burnt Alum . . . . 4 oz.

Sulphate of Iron . . . 2 "

Sulphate of Copper . . 1 "

Camphor 2 drs.

Mix. For thrush or canker.

MIXTURES.

R. Linseed Oil 1 pint.

Croton Oil 10 drops.

Mix. A purge.

R. Linseed Oil 1 pint.

Assafoetida 2 drs.

Mix. Good in flatulent colic.

VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 186

R Camphor 2 drs.

Sulphuric Ether . . . 4 "
Acetate of Ammonia . . 4 oz.

Mix. Used in typhoid diseases.

R. Quinine i dr.

Sulphuric Acid . . . . i "
Water 1 pint.

Mix, and give in warm gruel. A good tonic.

LINIMENTS.

R. Mercurial Ointment . . 1 o«.

Liquor Ammonia . . . 2 "

Camphor 1 dr.

Sweet Oil 4 oz.

Mix. In skin diseases.

R. Oil of Turpentine . . . 1 oz.

Tincture of Opium . . 1 "

Soap Liniment .... 1 "

Tincture of Capsicum . . } *'

Mix. A good liniment.

R. Extract of Opium ... 2 drs.

Goulard's Extract ... 2 oz.

Water i pint

Mix. Used in inflammatory swellings.

16*

186 HORSE-TRAINING MADE EASY.

R. Tincture of Myrrh . . 4 oz.
Tincture of Aloes . . . 2 "
Water J pint

Mix. For galls, sore mouth, &c.

BLISTERS.

R. Pulv. Cautharides .
Spirits of Turpentine
Powd. Euphorbium
Oil Origanum .
Lard

Mix. A strons: blister.

2 drs.
2 "
1 «

1 "

2 01.

R, Cantharides Ointment . 2 oi.
Tartar Emetic . . ." . 1 dft
Mix. A powerful blister.

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