Glossary of geographical and topographical terms and of words of frequent occurrences in the composition of such terms and of place-names

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project

to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject

to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books

are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the

publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at |http: //books .google .com/I

I

- /

/ >'

^y

/

STANFORD'S COMPENDIUM

OP

GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL

(SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME)

PRINTKT BY
SPOTTISWOODB AKD CO. LTD., KKW-STREET SQUARB

LONDON

.^<^"

c-^

STANFORD'S
COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL

(SUPPLKMEMTABY VOLUME)

GLOSSAEY

GEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS

AND OP WORDS OP FREQUENT OCCURRENCE IN THE

COMPOSITION OF SUCH TERMS AND OF

PLACE-NAMES

01

AND

BT

ALEXANDER KNOX, B.A., F.R.G.S.

AUTHOR OF *A OUIOR TO RKCENT LARQK-SCALK MAPS* ETC.

4 < » ' ' m

• »

LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD

12, 18, & 14, LONG ACRE, W.C.

1904

''}

. 1 ^V * * « \^ « A 1

PUBUC LIERARY

154.'585A

ASTOn, T^*- ^' T AMD
TILKEis r '' £./■'. .V ' i-

'

, • • . ,

«« • • • •

• • • # » •

• » • • • • •

INTEODUCTION

The Glossary is the outcome of a series of notes taken
during a long course of close geographical reading extending
over some ten years, and almost entirely restricted to works
dealing with extra -European countries. When, however,
the collection of terms began to assume fairly large propor-
tions, it was thought advisable to add similar terms for the
European languages. This is, in brief, the history of the
Glossary the compilation of which has involved a very con-
siderable amount of labour, apart altogether from the collec-
tion of the raw materials.

In a pioneer work of this kind small errors will inevitably
creep in, however great care may be taken to exclude them ;
errors of judgment, too, may possibly in time be brought to
light ; the insertion of some few terras may eventually prove
to have been superfluous, while the exclusion of some others
may be thought to lessen the value of the whole. Time
alone can tell.

Though in no way responsible for the Glossary, or for
any such errors, Dr. A. H. Keane has not only very kindly
read the proofs, but has allowed the author to draw, without
stint, on his vast fund of knowledge and experience, and has,
moreover, by his criticism, both constrijctive and destructive,
added largely to the value of the work ; and, as a matter

VI INTRODUCTION

of fact, the paragraphs in this introduction which deal with
the law of interchange of consonants in the Indo-European
family of languages are from his pen.

The spelling of the terms has been made to conform, as
far as possible, with the spirit of the system or code recom-
mended by the Royal Geographical Society for the spelling
of place-names. This code, though capable of considerable
improvement, has, in its present form, been in use for some
years, and Continental Geographical Societies have formu-
lated similar codes on the same lines but with modifications
to suit the language in each instance. In the case of
languages written in Eoman character the spelling of the
terms, as recommended for place-names, undergoes no
change; the terms remain as spelled in those languages.
But where any language is written otherwise than in Roman
character, or is not written at all, an approximation to the
sounds intended to be conveyed is arrived at by the use of
English consonants and Italian vowels.

According to this code or convention a is pronounced as
in father; e and ei have the force of a in place, crater, i,e.
they are equivalent roughly to the French e, i, e; i is pro-
nounced as in ravine, and replaces the English ee (as in
deep) which is discarded ; o is pronounced as in the final o
in volcano, or as in pole ; i^ as in true, flute ; y is always a
consonant, never a vowel ; qu as in quarry is replaced by
kWt otherwise by k; the sound of ou (as in mountain) and
ow (as in tower) is replaced by au or ao ; the simple o is
used for the sound ow (as in meadow) ; and thus w? is a con-
sonant except in the combination aw ; i (as in mine) is
ced by aL Ch is always pronounced as in church ; ph

INTRODUCTION vii

is never used to represent the sound of / ; ^ is always hard,
the soft g being replaced by j, which always has the force of
that letter in jetty ; the r is always rolled ; the sound 8 in
measure is given by zh ; AA is a hard guttural as in loch ;
gh another guttural something like the Northumbrian r or the
Parisian r ; c is not used, the soft c being represented by s
and the hard by k. Every letter is sounded and no super-
fluous letters are used. Finally no diacritical marks are
allowed except the accent (') to denote stress, and the
ordinary short mark to suit one particular instance. These
are the main features of the code of the Boyal Geographical
Society, which, so far as African words are concerned, has
been rigidly adhered to in the Glossary, the final h being
retained only in some Arabic words in the combination ah,
when it is actually sounded.

In transliterating terms from foreign works, the following
modifications have been adopted : —

1. German : ch has been replaced by kh; sch by sA, tsch
by ch and dsch by j ; ai has been used for the German eiy
and oi for eu.

2. French : ou before a vowel has been replaced by w,
and otherwise by u : thus the French Ouagadougou would be
written Wagadugu; ai, ay, and ey have been transformed
into ei or the simple e, dj has been represented by j, ch by
sh, tch by ch. The French eu has been allowed to stand, as
the code does not provide for the sound.

3. Italian : c before 6 or i has been replaced by ch, else-
where hy k ; g before e and i hy j ; gli by lyi ; sch by sk ;
8c before e tad i hy sh; gu before a, a, i has been repre-
sented by gw ; where ci, gi, sci are followed by another vowel,

viii INTRODUCTION

the i has been omitted ; thus the Italian Soioa would be
represented by Shoa, and Ooggiam by Oojam.

Similar changes have been made in words derived from
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and Scandinavian authors, so
as to represent in all cases the actual sound as near as may
be. Thus, the Span, Moqni, Chiquito, Quechua, become Mold,
Cliikito, Kechua, the Dch. Soenda becomes Sunda and so on.

In Kafir terms, c, q, and x have been used to represent
respectively the dental, palatal, and lateral clicks which are
alluded to below.

It has been thought advisable, in certain cases, to depart
from the strict letter of the code, and to retain the customary'
diacritical marks, and in some cases the final h — notably in
words of Sanscrit, Persian, and Hindi origin, and also in
Malay words — where the terms are not actually place-names.
When, however, the terms are used in the examples either
as place-names or as constituent elements in place-names
the diacritical marks have been withheld and the final h
withdrawn in accordance with the spirit of the code. The
reason for this departure from the conventional rules is
threefold and may be best explained by examples. Firstly,
the final h has been retained in some cases, as in dih, deh,
the Pers. for * village,' inasmuch as the h is an integral and
important factor in the root diha from which dih, deli is
drawn ; and, were the h omitted, the derivation would be
obscured ; but in Charde (* The Four Villages '), since it is a
place-name, the h is omitted and the derivation given.
Secondly, the use of diacritical marks is necessary to dif-
ferentiate between terms which have different meanings,
but, without the marks, would have precisely the same form.

INTRODUCTION IX

For instance mandal is the Hind, for * a port ' or ' harbour/
but manual in the same language means ' a district ' :
ab-g^uz&r is the Pers. for ' a watercourse/ but ab-gos&r for ' a
ford/ and so on ; but as with the final h, so with the diacritical
marks, when the terms become elements in place-names
these marks have been dropped, thus hamtin the Pers. for
' a desert/ but Hamun-i-SifltaiL without the mark ; batu the
Malay for ' rock ' and Batu-tujo without the mark, but batu-
titi, * a mile-post/ with the mark, not being a place-name.
Thirdly — and this is a point not without importance — those
who have some acquaintance with these languages and
their subtle niceties cannot only appreciate the exact pro-
nunciation, but can also immediately re-transcribe the terms
in the original characters.

The Glossary being intended as an aid to the reading of
maps and geographical works, many words, taken from
standard books ^nd maps, have been included the spelling
of which does not accord with more recent ideas on the
subject, the object being to assist the reader, without assum-
ing that he already possesses sufficient knowledge to enable
him to recognise a term disguised in what would now be
thought an uncanny garb. Thus the forms itam and etam,
hwang and hoang, are both given in the Glossary, and in
some cases as many as three forms or more occur, as teluk,
telok, tullok, but in such circumstances the misspellings
are referred to the correct term. Where two or more
forms are actually in use, where one term is simply a variant
of another, in such cases of dialectic difference all the forms
are given ; thus balad, bilad, and bled all appear, and so too
gram, garam, and g^iram, km, knun, kornm, and krom, mong.

X INTRODUCTION

meng, and menng, du, dhn, and dhnb will all be foun^
Again, with regard to Chinese words, the spelling depend
to a large extent on whether the language is that of tti
North, of the Mandarins, of the capital — Pekingese in fact-
or whether it is the language of the South, of the rest <
China, or Nankingese, and the spelling will then furth^
depend on whether the words found were transcribed accorti
ing to the system adopted by Wade, or some modification <
it, or whether they were rendered into Boman character i
accordance with the system formulated by Von Richthofei
Thus the chou of Pekingese and Wade becomes chau i
Nankingese, according to Von Eichthofen's rendering
similarly the ohiang of the North corresponds with the kiaoj
of the South. In such circumstances, where both form
have been found, both have been inserted, and, in soin^
instances, more than two forms are given, e.g, pe, pel
and pel.

Dealing, as it does, with words selected from man;
languages and from various dialects, scattered over tb
face of the globe, the Glossary seems to need some kind o
binding or cementing material, to join or link together, i
not all, at least as many as possible of these languages an<
tribal or local dialects into groups, since they cannot, froD
the nature of the case, be brought into closer relationshi]
and so form one homogeneous whole. In a certain limited
measure this linking has been accomplished by means o
references to cognate terms ; and with the same end in viev
the paragraphs which immediately follow are devoted to th<
various changes, principally consonantal changes, whict
words undergo as they pass from one of a group or family oi

INTRODUCTION XI

languages or dialects to another; and at the same time
a. few of the marked peculiarities of some of the languages
Sbve indicated.

Peculiar to the Teutonic branch of the Aryan linguistic
family is a general tendency to strengthen the mutes (ex-
plosives), and this tendency, acting from remote times, has
set up a normal permutation of consonants the law of which,
discovered by Erasmus Eask, developed by Jacob Grimm,
and completed by Karl Verner, is commonly known as
Grimm's Law of Lautverschiehung ( ' sound-shifting * ). By
it are primarily affected the organic Aryan soft sonants, b, g,
d, which become the hard surds, p, k, t, while the organic
surds, p, k, t, become everywhere the hard fricatives, f, h, th.
Here the rotation is arrested in the first instance, because
these fricatives are incapable of further strengthening.
These first shifts were already completed in the prehistoric
period, as seen in the consonantal system of Gothic, the
oldest known Teutonic language, whose written records date
from the fourth century of the new era.

But these first prehistoric shifts were not uniform and
their vagaries were a cause of much trouble to philologists
till the true explanation was discovered by Vemer and
announced in 1877 (in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, vol. xxiii. p. 97),
as under :

'Aryan k, t, p, first shifted everywhere to h, th, f ; the
fricatives thus generated, as well as the surd (voiceless)
fricative 8 inherited from Aryan, then became themselves
sonant (voiced) when medial and in sonant company, hut
remained unchanged immediately after accented voicels.'
It is the clause here italicised that constitutes the essence

xii INTKODUCTION

of Verner's discovery, which for the first time takes ini
account the important part played by accent in this phoneti
system. In general, mutes preceding the accent, bein
under less control, have double shifting, the voiceless sto|
passing first to voiceless fricatives, and then to voice
fricatives. But mutes following the accent have onl
one shift — voiceless stops to voiceless fricatives, except i
weak syllables, where the second shift takes place after n
well as before the accent. Hence it is that in Teuton i
organic k, t, p appear as h, th, f, or as g, d, b, accordinj
as they occur after or before the accent, while organic
(voiceless) remains unchanged or arrested after the accent
but becomes voiced («) before the accent, and it is thii
voiced 8 that later becomes r in German, Anglo-Saxon
and especially Norse, Thus Scr, &ntara=Go^A. &ntliar=:
A.S. ddher (for CndiieT) ^Eng. other, with simple shift onlj
(t to th), because the accent precedes. But Scr, ant^= Go//i
undar=^.S. and Eng. under, with double shift (t through
th to d), because the accent follows. So Goth, hauajan foi
liauzjaii=^./S. heran=JEngf. to hear, voiceless 8 through voiced
8 (z) to r.

These prehistoric shifts are carried further, but mainly in
German and Dutch, in the historic period beginning about
the seventh century a.d. Here the voiceless fricatives pass
through the voiced fricatives to the voiced explosives : f
through V to b ; hard h (eh) through soft h to g ; voiceless
th through voiced th to d. Thus Goth, tha (voiceless th) =
Eng, the (voiced th) = Ger. der, Dutch de.

Here the shift is carried one step forward in Eng, ; and
two in Ger. and Dutchj which thus complete the rotation.

INTRODUCTION xiil

3xLt A.S. and Eng, in many cases stand at the prehistoric
Gath.) level, as in thorp (voiceless th) = G(?r. dorf; Goth.
Iia.xiniii8=^.5. and Eng. thorn (voiceless th)=sGer. dom
= Dutch, doom ; and always when th is followed by r or w,
ts in three ==:66r. drei; thwart, thwack, &c. In Ger. k of the
3 othic period passes through aspiration (ch for kh) to the
Srspirate (h) ; t through z (written ts) to 88 for voiceless 8,
atnd voiceless 8 often to voiced 8. Thus Pliny's Amisia
(voiceless 8) becomes the modem river Ems (voiced s), while
tliLe Gatti of Tacitus pass through the forms Chatti, Hatsi,
to the modern Hessen (Hessians).

With these remarks the subjoined table of the more
general permutations will become intelligible. And the
confusion caused by our present somewhat exuberant phonetic
terminology may be obviated by remembering that mutes,
explosives, and stops are synonymous terms, having reference
JO those non-continuous consonants that form a complete
vocal stop. These are the labials or lip-letters, p, b; the
gutturals or throat-letters, k, g ; and the dentals or teeth-
letters, t, d. These again with the sibilant 8 may be either
voiceless, surd, hard, tenues, or thin (all practically synony-
mous terms) ; or else voiced, sonant, soft, flat, lenes, mediae,
or smooth (also synonymous terms) ; the former being p, k,
t, 8, the latter b, g, d, z. Thus the mute, explosive, or stop
p is a voiceless, surd, hard, or thin labial; b, a voiced,
sonant, soft, flat, or smooth labial, and so on. Corresponding
to these explosives are the fricatives and aspirates p'h, f, v ;
k'h, h ; t*h, th, which in Teutonic grow out of the voiceless
explosives p, k, t. With other categories, such as palatals
and cerebrals, we are not here concerned.

XIV

INTRODUCTION

ExplMives,

or
Stops

Organic Aryan Sonanto,
Sunds and Prioative? and
Aspirates

First (pre-
t historic)
Sliifta

I

Sanipc.

Or.

Labials .

Gutturals -

P
bh(h)

/3
4>

Dentals .

Sibilants .

g

k
gh(h)

7

K

X

d

t

dh(h)

T

8

ff S

Latin

b

P
f(b)

g
c, qu, g

h, f (q. V)

d
t

f (d, b)

8

Gothic

A.S.

English

P

f.b
b

k

h, g (t)
g

t

th, d

d

8, z, r

Second

(historic)

Shifts

Old High
Ger. Datch

ph

« (P. V)

P

ch

h

k

d

t

ts (z) r

Middle
High G«r.

pf,f
f.V,b

b, p

k, oh, ck
h, ch
g.

z, tz

d,t

t

Bch, r

New Hip:
Ger.

f. V.b
b

k, oh, ck
h, eh
g. ck

z, tz, ts

d.t

t (th)

sch, r

The Arabs, essentially nomad herdsmen, dwelling in
tents, have exerted a wide influence on the languages of the
Old World. Arabic forms, with Sanscrit and Persian, a
large constituent in Hindustani, and multitudes employ the
Arabic script in writing their Persian, Turki, or Malay;
while relics of the language are found in the furthermost
parts of Western Europe, in the Iberian peninsula, e.g,
Guadalquivir, which is the Arabic Wad el Kebir or ' the Great
Eiver,' and Alcazar, so frequently found in Spanish place-
names, which is the Arabic el Ka«r or * the town,* * small city,'
or * citadel.' The whole of the North of Africa has been and
is subject to Arabic influences, many even of the Hamitic
Berbers having become, so to speak, Semitised, while the
Arabs have imposed their language on the whole Semitic
group, with the exception of the Abyssinian section. The
same Arabic influences are experienced in North Central
Africa as far south as Foweira and Fajao on the Nile, these

INTRODUCTION XV

ames being evidently the Arabic forms of the old Bantu
lames Faweira, and Pajao, the Arabs always substituting f
or p, which does not exist in their language. In Eastern
ilquatorial Africa the coastal place-names, such as Dar es
lalam, point clearly to the presence of the Arab traders,
vhile the Ki-Swahili, the language of the Swahili or * coast-
>eople ' (from Arab, sahel, * coast region *) which is the lingua
ranca of these equatorial regions, though Bantu at the
>ase, is very strongly tinged with Arabic, e,g, gharika, ' flood,'
inundation,' from Arab, ghark ; husnn, ' a fort,' from Arab.
Lusn ; and so forth. Arabs are found everywhere in the Sudan
— Darfur, Wadai, the Chad Basin, the Hausa states, and in
;he extreme west in the coastal regions beyond Adrar and
;o the south of Marocco.

The most important consonantal changes in Arabic as
t is spoken in various parts of the world may be briefly
stated as follows. In Cairo and the neighbourhood the k is
Frequently lost altogether or is rendered by an interruption
3f the voice, as in El 'Ahirah for El Kahira ('Cairo,' 'the
victorious '). Suggested by this example, a fact with regard
bo pronunciation may here be stated, namely, that the
Arabic final h in ah is only sounded when the h forms part
Df the root as in Allah, Timsah, Malh, whereas in the greater
Qumber of cases where the final h occurs it is merely the
[erainine termination and is not sounded. In Marocco the
fc is lisped into ts ; in Tunis, as well as in the Lebanon, the
j (as in jetty) becomes zh (the French j), and in Upper Egypt
and in Algeria the k (q) is rendered by g, thus kolea, ' a small
castle or fort,' becomes golea as in El Oolea. The d frequently
finds a substitute in th and sometimes in dh. Thus the

XVI INTRODUCTION

word Kadi (properly Qayi) becomes, in the Cairo dialec
Adi, and in Upper Egypt Qadi, while in other regions it i
pronounced Kathi, (htthi, and Oadhi. In Egypt the g is ud
for j as in gebel for jebel, the th (as in thin) is there aisi
replaced by t, while the Turks and Persians and Mosleid
of the Farther East pronounce it as s. The th (as in t?iy) i
in Egypt and Syria replaced by d, ds, and even s.

Among the vowel sounds a becomes e in Algeria ad
Marocco, thus wadi, wad, 'valley or river bed,' of othti
regions is rendered wed, and similarly we find Uled in tb3
same regions for TJlad, *a tribal name or district.' Tha
reverse, however, happens in some instances ; for example,
in Fez and Meknez we find that these towns are frequently
called Faz and Heknaz. As to the accentuation of Arabic;
geographical names one general rule may be given. Whecj
a vowel is followed by two consonants, that vowel carritj^i
the accent with it, thus A'tbara, Ddngola, Farifra, whereat
in Persian and Turkish names the accent is generally on the
last syllable, thus : Bakhtegfin, Bendamir, Kermin, Tehrfin, not
Teheran.

The great Berber race of North Africa is spread over
a very large area, tribes of this family being found, roughly
speaking, from the 28th meridian of east longitude west-
wards to the ocean, and north of 15° north latitude. Con-
sidering the vastness of this area, it is not surprising that
Berber dialects differ considerably according to locality ;
indeed, separated as these tribes are, and many being, more-
over, unlike the Arabs, highland husbandmen, with settled
permanent abodes, it is marvellous to find the close resem-
blances which exist between the various dialects, much closer,

INTRODUCTION XVll

or instance, than between Norse and English. An
ixamination of the tribal consonantal changes in a large
mmber of words has shown that a general law of inter-
ihange may be traced ; and in accordance with this law the
lialects may be grouped together in three sets, correspond-
ng roughly with North, Midland, and South, which may be
called the strong dialects, the intermediate, and the weak, as
certain consonants become softened in passing from one
?roup to another. To the strong class belong the dialects
3f the Northern Berbers (Kabile), the Zwp.wa, the Shelha or
Shiu, as well as the dialects of Ghadames and of South
Oran ; in the second or intermediate group are the Zenatia,
the Mzabi, the Kelowi, the dialects spoken in the neigh-
bourhood of Wad Ehir, and, not\fithstanding their geo-
graphical position, the Riffs ; while in the third, the weak
or soft group, are included the Awelimmiden and the
Zenaga, from whom the Senegal takes its name. In these
three groups the consonants d, 1, s, g, and z become gradually
softened as follows :

d 1 1 8 g Z

Thus, ergez (* a man '), of the first group, becomes ariaz in
the second, and eryez in the third ; and the plural irgezin
C men,' ' people ') develops into iriezin and iryezin, and in some
dialects into irzezin. So too ales (* a man ') of the first group
becomes ariaz as mentioned above. In addition to these
characteristic relations which distinguish the groups, there
are many other intertribal changes of consonants, to some of
^hich it will be well to draw attention. The b of Zwawa

a

xvm

INTRODUCTION

becomes fin Ghadames, and n, w in Mzabi, Biff, &c., and|
in yet other dialects, thus thabburth, 'a gate'=tafiirt=:^
twurt=tliawiirth=thawort=thaggurtlL. The Tuaregs inter
change z, sh, h, and j, according to tribe, the Kabile ai]i
Biffs, and some other tribes prefer the soft th to t, and dh :.i
d, and others frequently lisp the t into ts, but there is c:
tB in Mzabi, and, in the remaining Tuareg dialects, in Mzai i
and in South Oran the soft th is never found. The n of tk
Biffs becomes the m of Zwawia, and the Kabile use dh for
zh (French j). The following table gives all the importact
consonantal interchanges, including the group shifts already
mentioned :

b

d

1

t

V

k

g

d

z

s

f

ch

r

th

rh

(gh)

kh

•

J

m

d

sh

w (u)

sh

kr

d

sh

8h

sh

y

■

J

g

d

•

3

dh
h

g

h

g
kh

•

1

y

•

1

y

Many of these changes may be traced in the following
examples, in which the various tribal renderings of the same
words are shown :

A Village

A House

Mail ising.)

Men, People (pi.)

Thenunurtli

Deszi

Ales

Midden

Ktamaiirt

Dejji

Kedden

Tethedderth

Tidert

Ergez

Irgesin

Emisdegh

Taddert

Inesin

Amazagh

Tidhert

Ariac

Eriasen

Amashagh

Taghahamt

Sryei

Iryeiin

Ameidagh

Tidderth

Uggit

Udhen

Thiddorth

Eiiden
Ynden

INTRODUCtlOK xk

AHIU Month. Moon Night ^^'init***

Tedrak Aggur It Iref

Sddahereth Unr Idh lUif

VdhtTBT Aivr Edhi

Urir Aynr Eti

Ighil

The equivalents for * sheep * and * dog ' are also good illus-
trative examples, namely thiklud, tirsi, tekahi, and akjim,
arzim, akzin.

One cannot but be struck by the extremely peculiar forms
assumed by some of these Berber words, more especially
those which are the equivalents of * a gate,' * a house/ and * a
village * ; and on the map of Africa, in the Berber area, will
be found a very large number of place-names, which appear
to bear, in formation, a very close resemblance to those
mentioned above, such as Tafllelt, Tidikelt, Tuggurt, and so
forth, and this peculiarity seems to call for some explanation.
Now, most masculine substantives, in the Berber language,
begin with a, e, i, or n, and the feminine is formed from the
masculine by prefixing and postfixing th ; thus amrar, * an old
man,' thamrarth, ' an old woman/ This final th may become
t if preceded by n. In some dialects the initial th becomes
h, or is entirely dropped, e.g. thit, * an eye, source, spring,'
becomes hit ; and in most of the Tuareg (Saharan) dialects
the th, as has already been pointed out, is changed into t or
even ts. Thus a very large proportion of the Berbers call
themselves Amazirgh, i.e, ' noble,' and their language
Tamazirght. Feminine nouns which are not formed from
the masculine have no final th, for example thizi, ' a col.'
There is also another source from which nouns having the
initial and final th are derived, for diminutives are formed

a2

XX INTRODUCTION

in precisely the same manner as feminines ; thus iger, * a
field/ thig6rth> ' a little field,' igran, ' fields, ' thigrathin, ' little
fields * ; so also aiekka, * a tomb/ thasekkauth, ' a httle tomb/
The final th in diminutives becomes slit in some dialects, e.g.
amdan, 'a reservoir/ thamdtiBlit, 'a little reservoir.' It should
be noted that the n, as in the examples given for ' fields '
and * people/ is essentially the Berber plural termination :
some nouns, however, especially those beginning with a,
take an initial w for the plural, thus asif, ' a river,' wasif,
'rivers.* We have here, then, the explanation of the
peculiar forms assumed by so many place-names in the
Berber country ; they are mostly feminine words, with
some diminutives, while Temassinin, and similar place-names
ending in n, are most of them plurals. In some cases the
Berber terms or place-names have been derived from Arab
sources. For instance, the tribe which the Arabs call
Kintafah (h feminine) has been Berberised by the Shelha or
8hlu into Takinteft, and similarly Tafilelt, Tamdant, and many
other place-names are merely Arabic words made Berber by
the addition of the initial and final t to make them feminine
(possibly to agree with the Arab. Medina, * town *) ; thus Arab,
Filal, Berber Tafilelt, and so on. In some Berber dialects the
Arabic t becomes th, as in Sok at Tlata, ' market of the third
day/ i.e. the place where a market is held on the third day
of the week, where many Berbers change Tlata into Thlatha.
In the Abyssinian region the principal intertribal con-
sonantal changes are the following :

b g k s t

w j g flh 1

h

kh

INTRODUCTION XXI

The most interesting of these interchanges are those in
which w and h play a part. The former in some dialects,
Sidamo for instance, is equivalent to the Galla and Amharic
b, and thus it is found that Abbaba, as in Addis Abbaba,
the present capital of Abyssinia, is by many pronounced as
if the three bs were replaced by ws, and even in the capital
itself it is thus rendered by some, the lips scarcely closing to
form the b sound. The h frequently replaces both k and g,
as in eager, * a tribe,' which in some localities is pronounced
askir, and in others ashir. Again, both w and h are not
infrequently inserted or dropped, as the case may be, and
thus Aksum is in some districts called Akweflnm and Waha=
Wha=Wa=Eha=Aka=Ak. The name of the province
Oondar is, in different districts, rendered Ouendar and Owendar ;
and the name of the lake Abasd is by some tribes called
Awassi, and by others Hawassi (just as the Italian gets his
oggi (* to-day ') from the Latin hodie), which becomes further
north Hawash, the * riotous ' river. It has already been
pointed out how g replaces k, and it is also found to be inter-
changeable with j ; thus both the renderings Harjesa and
Hargeisa are found, and so too Jildessa and Oildessa. The t
is sometimes softened into 1 ; thus Abbata, * a lake,* becomes
Abbala, and this 1 is still further softened (in the same way as
the Italian gets hiBfiume from the Jjidi.tin Jliimen) into land y,
and thus we find Abbaia and Abbaya ; similarly the hata,
* water,' of the Walamo, becomes the aiya of the Shankala.
The intertribal vowel changes may be exemplified by the
various forms found for Begameder, * the land or country of
the Bega,' namely, Begamder, Bigameder, Begemeder, Bagemeder,
Bagemder, and so also gibe, ' a palace,' is by some tribes called
j:ebi.

xxii INTRODUCTION

In the Somali subdivision of this area a large number
of words will be found ending in i — and sometimes also ic
a or u — preceded by one of the consonants k, g, h, t, d or by
ih ; and this peculiarity, which seems to call for some com-
ment, arises from the fact that the vowel is the definite
article, postfixed and connected with the word which it
qualifies by one of the consonantal links, which are employed
as follows: for masculine words, k is used after any con-
sonant except g, k ; g after g, k, i ; h after vowels, except i :
for feminine words, t is used after consonants, except d ;
d after vowels and after d ; when the combination Id or It
occurs, it is changed to sh. Thus we have mijri, * jungle,'
ittiyigii ' the jungle ' ; tol, * tribe,' tolki, * the tribe ' ; biyn,
' water,' biyaha, biyahi, biyahn, ' the water ' ; so also mel,
'place,' melfha, mesha (for melta), * the place'; similarly we
have rerki, * the village ' ; burti, * the mountain ' ; oddi, * the
zeriba' or *the kraal.' This article termination occurs in
many place-names, e.g. Nas Oodki, ' hillock of the cave,' Oadki
Ooble, * the headland where the gob trees grow,' &c.

When we come to the Bilad-es- Sudan, * the land of the
blacks,' Nigritia or Negroland, it is found that some tribes
lack the r and replace it by 1. There is, for example, a branch
of the A-Zande who call themselves A-Vungura, but the
Mangbattu, who cannot sound the r, use the form Ma-TungiQa.
This l=r shift is, in fact, one of the most common throughout
Africa. It has already been pointed out as occurring among
the Berber tribes ; here we have it among the Sudanese, and,
as we shall presently find, it occurs among the Bantu tribes.
In the far east, too, the same peculiarity is noticed, the con-
formation of the vocal organs in many peoples precluding

INTRODUCTION XXUl

the pronunciation of the r ; thus the Chinaman's struggles
to pronounce and transcribe the Mongol kliure, an * encamp-
ment/ result in no nearer an approximation than kulien or
kulun.

Again, just as the Arabs replace p by f, so in North-Central

African regions, b is replaced by the same letter and Kobkob

becomes Kuf kuf, while further west, among the Fula tribes, the

p and f are interchangeable, and the Faro River (a tributary

of the Benue Eiver) becomes Paro. In the Western Sudan

t is found to replace d, in the Hausa region, as in kataroka,

kadamka, a bridge ; and n, 1, and d are interchangeable ; thus

the Soninke dnnda, 'a hill,* is equivalent to the Bambara and

Malinke tundn, to the Fula tnlde, the Wolof tunda and the

Hausa tuddu. Again, 1 is sometimes replaced by t and thus

Futa Jalon and Futa Toro are merely the Fula district Jalon,

and the Fula district Toro. The Wolof kk becomes g in

Serer, while the d of the former is represented sometimes by

m in the latter ; thus degh, ' a river,' becomes mag, which is

softened to mayo, mao, in Fula. This kk is also replaced by

t as in kkol, * a garden ' = tol = toll in Bambara. The d, r

change may be exemplified by iniBidi, * a mosque,' jn Soninke,

and musire in Bambara and Malinke ; and the h, f change

by hore, * a freeman,' of the former and foro of the latter

tribes, which becomes horr in Hassania ; diude, * a ford,' of

the Fula is the equivalent of the Mande diube, where there

is a d, b change ; the kk is sometimes replaced by r, or,

perhaps, more properly the r is softened into kh and thus •' a~

market ' is sukuro in Bambara and Malinke, but sakha in

Soninke ; the 1 of the Fon (Dahome) is the ny of the Hausa,

alii, ' a path,' of the former becoming hanya in the latter.

XXIV INTRODUCTION

Farther, d and f and also kh and f sometimes change places,
e.g. (n)dokh, the Wolof for * water/ is fof in Serer, and the
Bambara badala, ' a marsh/ is the equivalent of the Malinke
bafala ; d, b, and z are also interchangeable, thus dugu ' place/
'house/ 'country '=bugu=:bimgo=n>ngo=ionko, wher& a
g, k change may be noticed in the last pair of equivalents.
The d, t, g change is well represented in the various
equivalents for 'a wall/ namely din, gwin, dan-dan, tata,
tagaye ; and as an example of the shift from h to v we have
in Ibo (Nigeria) ibe ahun^ibe avim, ' that place,' * there/ ibe
meaning 'place.' The above and other Sudanese inter-
changes may be represented synoptically thus :

bbddhlmpprst t

f gl gvnb kf bshgd

zrz dd hi kf

t kh

f

In most of the Western Sudanese languages there is a
nasal sound not imlike that of the French n, which has
apparently not been appreciated by the ears of many
travellers, especially those of more recent times'. Thus the
older travellers wrote Bnssang, Bussan (a town on the Niger
Eiver), which to-day is represented by BuBsa, and many other
examples of a similar kind might be given. This nasal of
many tribes will be noticed in some of the examples which
have already been given in connection with the consonantal
changes ; for instance, in the shift from tata to dandan, from
tuddu to tnndn, and from bugn to bnngu. A similar nasal is
traceable in many other parts of the world, notably in Poly-
nesia, where what is sometimes written Toga is pronounced

INTRODUCTION XXV

Tonga, and Hadroga, Hadnri are pronounced Handronga, Han-
duri. The clipping or shortening of words is also a marked
peculiarity of the Western Sudan, where, for example, badala,
' a lake,' in some districts becomes badia, and in others dla,
the ba being omitted and dala contracted to dla. The slurring
over the consonants is another form of this process, as in
Karelahim, or, with the nasal, Kanrelabxin, in Sierra Leone,
which is pronounced locally Kailann by many natives.
Similar contraction is also noticeable in the Hausa region,
where Oiddan Sarkin Fawa, for example, is used for Oiddan
Serikiii Fawa (' the town of the chief Pawa *) or more properly
Gidda^n-Sariki-n-Fawa, the n being the sign of the possessive
in Hausa, in which respect this language has a point in com-
mon with Berber, and so also Kadanika=Kaderku, ' a bridge.'
In the region of the Niger Delta a very large proportion
of the place-names will be found to begin with a vowel or
with m or n, a peculiarity which arises from the fact that,
in the Iho language, the substantives are formed from verbal
roots by prefixing either a vowel or an m or n ; thus we
have oke, ' a boundary or limit,' from ke, * to bind,' ibe, * a
place,' from bi, * to be, to dwell ' ; ulo, ' a house, establishment,'
from lo, ' to marry ' ; and similar formation accoimts for such
words as uzo, ' a street, road,' ikpere, ' coast, bank,' nga, ' a
place,' ohan, ' a nation,' ohia, * a desert, wilderness,' and so
forth.

The name Bantu, originally suggested by Dr. Bleek, is
now by common consent applied collectively to all those
idioms spoken by the agricultural black races found in all
the well-watered regions from Keiskamma River, in Cape
Colony, in the south, to and beyond the equator on the

XXVI INTRODUCTION

north, and from Walfisch Bay to Old Kalabar, from

Angola to Mozambique and from Natal to Fernando

Po. This large area may be said to comprise Africa south

of the equator, except that in the extreme north-west it

extends to 4° or 5° north latitude, and in the north-east

equatorial lake region to about 2° N. The reason for the

choice of this name for all these idioms is that in most

of them some variant of the word Ba-ntu means 'people,'

and is applied by these tribes to themselves as distinguished

from white people. These Bantu languages are essentially

languages of prefixes. Not only is concord established by

means of prefixes (a point which, however, is here immaterial,

as only words, and not phrases or sentences, are dealt with

in the Glossary), but the actual words themselves are built

up from stems by the employment of such prefixes. In the

most highly developed of these Bantu languages no less than

eighteen of these prefixes have been recognised, some of

them generally implying a plural, others a singular meaning;

and the same stem, by assuming different prefixes, obtains

various meanings, though not necessarily kindred meanings ;

thus mu-Tonga is ' a Tonga man,' ba-Tonga * the Tonga

people,' being the plural of mu-Tonga, and ba-Tonga is * the

Tonga country,' and chi-Tonga ' the language of the Tonga

people ' ; again, m-Nyamwezi is ' a Nyamwezi man,' wa-lTyam-

wezi * the Nyamwezi people,' u-Nyamwezi * the country of

Nyamwezi,' ki-BTyamwezi * the language of the wa-Nyam-

wezi ' ; similarly mu-Ganda, ba-Oanda, bu-Ganda, and lu-Oanda

have respectively corresponding meanings, but here what is

properly Buganda in the Lu-Ganda language has become,

through Swahili influence, Uganda, the u prefix in ki-Swahili

INTRODUCTION XXVU

(' the language of the SwahiU ') corresponding with the u of
the Nyamwezi and the bu of the Tonga.

A. single example will suffice to show how the Bantu
words are gradually built up from a stem by means of
prefixes. The stem izi, nzi, or ezi, as in Zambezi, Chambezi,
conveys an idea of production or fecundity, and by most
Bantu tribes the moon and water are considered to be the
great fertilising powers in the world, hence mw-ezi is * the
moon ' ; by adding another prefix (nya), we have nya-mwezi,
' the mountains of the moon,' and, as indicated above, by
adding yet another prefix, wa-nyamwead, * the people who
inhabit the mountains of the moon.* These elements may
be arranged synoptically thus :

,ezi . . . fecundity

mw ezi . . . moon

nyamwezi . . mountains of the moon

wa nyamwezi . . people of the mountains of the moon

The consonantal changes which are the main source of
the differences between the various Bantu languages may be
traced to the different conformation of lips and nose, to
the tribal artificial disfigurements of teeth and the wearing
of various ornaments in the lips and nose, &c. There being
no less than one hundred and twenty-eight recognised Bantu
languages or dialects, the number of interchanges of the
consonants is, as might have been expected, correspondingly
large. Taking Tonga, the language spoken between the
Victoria Falls of the Zambezi and Lake Bangweulu, as a
standard with which to compare other languages, a few of the
more prominent features of some of the better-known of these

XXVIU INTRODUCTION

Bantu languages will now be mentioned. The most marked
characteristics of Tonga are the sibilants s and z, which are
more common in this than in any others of the group, and
the entire absence of the p sound, which is replaced by w.
In Yao, which is spoken on the plateau between Nyasa and
the coast, the z, v, and f either become mere aspirations or
are omitted (c/. the k in Cairo Arabic), In Nyamwezi,
after n, y completely disappears, and t, k, and d in similar
circumstances are softened to h ; p of other languages is also
softened to b, and v to b, while the Tonga f is replaced by g.
In Taita, the language of the hill country between Mombasa
and Kilima Njaro, k is softened to g, and v hardened to f.
South-eastwards from Kenia towards Mombasa, in the Eamba
language and also in Swahili, 1 is dropped or becomes j, and
in the former b, z, and j are all either weakened or omitted,
Nika, spoken inland from Mombasa, has h for t, and dz or
ds for z. The Senna language is spoken in the regions round
Senna and Tete and on the lower Shire, and has some
peculiarities in common with Karanga or Ealaka, the chief
language of the present southern Khodesia, which also
includes the dialects of the neighbourhood of Lake Ngami
and Zuga River, as well as that of Mashonaland, shoyia
being merely the Karanga pronunciation of Senna, The
most noticeable of these common characteristics is the
softening of sharp sounds, v to b, z to dz, and f to pf, while
the latter language is distinguished from almost all the other
Bantu dialects by its use of zh (French j), and sh instead of
z and 8. The insertion of a g^ or a b between vowels
diflferentiates Ganda, the language spoken north of the Victoria
Nyanza, from most others ; while the distinguishing

INTRODUCTION XXIX

peculiarity of the Kafir group, including the languages of
the Amaxosa, the Amazulu, and the Matabele, is the use of
clicks and of the combinations hi, dl, tl. In the Botse of the
Upper Zambezi z is changed to t, d, or y, and b to d, sh, or
j, while in Lunda, or Runda, which is closely connected with
Kotse, and is the language of the Upper Easai Biver, zi is
replaced by ji or cM. In Angola and the regions of the Lower
Congo Biver z followed by i becomes zh, and p is often repre-
sented by b or h. The interchange of r and t characterises the
languages of very widely separated areas, namely, the lan-
guages of Mozambique or Kua of the Makua, mcluding
Masasi and Kilimane, the Chwana of Bechuanaland, and the
Mpongwe, spoken in the regions of the Lower Ogowe Biver.
Chwana is also distinguished by the change from a to tlh, and
Mpongwe by the replacement of z by 1. In Dualla of
Kamerun 1 takes the place of the Tonga t and d that of z ;
in Fan of the Ogowe basin 1 also replaces t, the Tonga
f becomes k and g takes the place of v ; while in Fernandian
z of the Tonga is changed to t.

The stability of the vowel sounds is one of the marked
peculiarities of the Bantu languages, the changes, where
such exist, consisting chiefly of the reduction of two con-
secutive vowel sounds to one. The following, however,
deserve attention : the u of other dialects is changed in
Chwana and Mpongwe to o, and i to e; in Fan a corresponds
to the Tonga a or u, o to a, and e to o or a. In Tonga and
many other dialects the e (accented) becomes i (unaccented)
at the end of a word, thus mu-86, earth, but a-n-si, on the
ground, a-fai, near, but a-fae-fai, very near.

XXX

p

H

H

H

K

H

-<

PQ

h

O

en

O

OS

<

«

s

:<

a

>•

5

«

s

o

H

H

%

fc

H

H

04

(A

o

H

<

•«

«•

ti

u

••

H

M

S ff

H

;s

-.J «

^- *

o to

§ S5

r »*

&4 O

& CO

^ « ^

H

H

0<
O

« {^

pa ^
w d ^

S Spq

O SB

OQ

™ r 1

CO «

H ^

-<

p n

o 5 P

ti "^ O
H

n

E-i

o

INTRODUCTION

^ 50 N
00 C fi OD

N ^ "^ tS tS t3

-- fl ♦- ;* >3

t>>

^ s

,£3

1 g.-a2

-

c _^

s-S^Ai

03

B

ja rrt ■** N

00 O "^ «4^ pfl

»^ P^ -^ N

OQ -^^ » .^a di

pO CU

-fi >

P4.I3 '^S^-^S S Qua

•5 « fl

® §;

0^

-S -?,

>

p- "

o

rX5

06

2"

0)

^

^^

-M

•

-♦a

O

•^

a

S -fl

o

fl «

•i^

-u

•i-H

t3

fT3

c3

C3

§pi3^'S;S^

• f-^

tlJ

a

<j

C2 '^

CO

-CTSH-ipSfl fl q ouco

60«*-" .^^

«M 6C^ ^ A &'« -^

^3 1— I q OB ^

o ^ c£ q cQ •** -^

.,^ a q p< >

fl ;

INTRODUCTION

XXXI

It would be impossible, even it were desirable, to illus-
trate the whole of this great number of interchanges by
examples bearing directly or indirectly on geography or
topography, but many of the more important and more
conoLmon changes will be found in the following list of
equivalents for * a path,' ' water,' and * grass ' in various
Bantu languages.

A Path

inZila (Tonga)
inZira (Bisa)

nJira {Gogo)

nOila (Sagara)
SUa (Boondei)

nJia (SwahiZi)
inBlhela {Zulu)
onDyira (Hereto)
onJila (Bihe)

nGela (Mbwnda)

nBela (Rotae)
BUa (Kilimane)

iPiro {Mozambique)
Tsela (Chwana)
mPoHo (Mpongwe)

nOia (Dualla)

nXele (FemamdA,am)

nJUa (Kongo)

Water

malTii (Tonga)

Menii (BUa)
maSenga (Oogo)

J£e}i(8a^ara)
maZi (Shambala)
mlnii (Nyanyemhe)
maDii (Nika)

oMera (Hereto)
oyaVa (Bihe)

Kenya (Mbunda)
me I (Botae)
maJi (SwahiU)

Xenia (Angola)
maZa (Lower Congo)

Xeii (Yao)
maiji (Kilimane)
xnaSM (Mozambique)

Metie (Chwana)
aHingo (Mpongwe)
maBiba (DuallcC)
ma Chi (Fan)
bo Opi (Femandian)

Grass
baliu (Tonga)
maNyari (Sagara)
mAni (Boondei)
maKyasi (Taita)
maSwa (Nya/nyembe)
maJani (Swahilt)
widii (Pokomo)
wnKhua (Karanga)
bnSo (Oanda)
n-tyAni (Zulu)
o-wOnga (Bihe)
bo Am bo (Mbunda)

Hope (Rotse)
ulra (Angola)
ma Kyasbi (Mozambique)
bo Jang (Chwana)
biUln (Dualla)
but (Fan)
f nta (Kongo)

There also occur in the Glossary other examples of these
changes, not found in the above list, but illustrating the
interchange table on page xxx, such as mwiru, mwitu, 'a
forest ' ; mwago, mwako, ' a mountain ' ; inchi, inti, ' a country ' ;
makazi, makani, ' a dwelling ' ; diko, liko, ' ^ landing-place ' ;

XXXll INTRODUCTION

mahaU, pahali, * a place ' ; kilila, kirira, kidila, ' an island ' ; and
luany others.

Among the Kafir peoples, i,e. that section or group of
Bantu-speaking tribes which includes the Amaxosa, the
Amazulii, and the Matabele, certain sounds, called clicks,
are in use, which have been traced to an admixture of
Hottentot, the roots of the words, in which these clicks
occur, not being found in any other Bantu languages.
These clicks, which are produced rather by drawing in than
by expressing sound, are six in number, and may be divided
into three sets, so far as their use in Bantu is concerned,
each set consisting of a hard and a corresponding soft click,
and known as the dental, palatal, and lateral clicks respec>
tively, according to the process by which the sounds are
formed. In Hottentot there is also a seventh click known
as the cerebral, but this does not occur in the Kafir lan-
guages.

It is quite impossible, even with the most complicated
system of diacritical marks, to represent Chinese words in
such a manner as to give the correct sounds to European
ears, and this difficulty is aggravated by the existence in the
Chinese language of what are called the tones, of which there
are four in the mandarin or court language, though six,
eight, or even twelve are found in southern dialects. We can
only arrive at a very rough approximation, especially when
we discard the diacritical signs ; thus the word which we
represent by ma, when pronounced in one tone, is the
world-wide term for * mother,' but when another tone is
employed it signifies * a horse,' and in yet another tone it is
a terrible oath ; similarly we have ku ' a pass,' ku * old,' ku

INTRODUCTION XXxiii

' a valley, canal, streamlet/ and ku ' a dam, dike/ Again in
the south of China is the province Kwang Tung or ^ Broad
province east/ as distingnished from Kwang Si or 'Broad
Province west/ and here Kwang means * broad/ Tung ' east/
and 8i ' west ' ; but in the north there is another Kwang
Tung, and this Kwang does not mean ' broad ' nor does this
Tung signify ' east/ the meaning of this Kwang Tung being
*The Viceroy's Sword/ Further, we find that the word
which we represent by 11 means * inner,' * hamlet,' and a
standard measure of length (about two-thirds of a mile)
according to the tone employed. To Chinese ears these
sounds are as different as ' hall,' ' house,' and ' hut ' to ours,
but the ordinary European ear does not discriminate between
them, so that there is no course left open to us but to repre-
sent the different forms by precisely the same spelling.

Allusion has already been made to the Chinese of the
mandarins as spelled by Wade, and the language of the rest
of the Chinese as spelled according to the system formulated
by Von Eichthofen. A few of the more common differences
will now be mentioned, as words are variously pronounced
in different parts of the country or variously represented by
some of the principal authors who have devoted their atten-
tion to China. The ch of the mandarin pronunciation, when
followed by i, is generally repla<:ed by k, as in chiang, kiang,
*a river,' chiao, kiao, *a bridge,* though sometimes we find
h, 8, or ta instead of k, thus ching, king, sing, ' a well ' or
' the capital of a state,' and Ta tsien la instead of Ta cMen
In, which has also been rendered Tathsianln. When the
ch is followed by any other vowel, it generally remains

b

XXXiv IXTRODUCTION

unchanged, except in some instances where it is replaced by
t, as in cheng, tengp, ' a town/ < a village/ and this t is
variously represented by U, th, thus tn]i==t8un=t8eii=tliiin=
tien^a village. The hs, which is a sound approximating to
the Spanish c as in Centa, or to the ti in the termination -tion
of Parisian French, is variously represented by h, ts, di, and
s (especially when followed by i), e.g. hden, Men, a ' district
city,* Hsining or Sining, a town to the east of Eoko-nor,
hria, hia, Mower,' An-hsun or An-shun in the south-west
of Kwei-chau, Hsun-chan or Tsim-oliaa on the 8i-kiang. The
letters j and n are sometimes interchanged, as in Ju-chen or
Nu-chen, the language of the CJmi or Gold Dynasty ; and Jipen
for Hipen, whence Marco Polo's Zipangu (Japan). ^ Another
marked peculiarity in the writing of Chinese place-names is
the insertion or rejection of ng by various authorities, e.g.
Chian=Ki-ngan in Eiang-si, and Ngan-lo:=:An-lo in Hupe.
The representation of such word-elements as the first in
Su-mao and Se-chaan appears to point to a considerable
divergence of authoritative opinion. In the first case the
authorities give Su-mao, Ssn-mao, Semao, and in the second
no less than eight forms will be found in works and on maps,
all of which carry considerable weight, viz. Se, Si, 8u, Ss,
Sse, Ssn, Sz, Sze.

The principal differences in vowel sounds occur in con-
nection with the on of Wade, which is represented by an

* This curious substitution of J for n took place daring the Yen or Mongol
Dynasty (1260-1366 a.d.) when the mandarin or court language was greatly
influenced by the Mongol phonetic system. The change did not spread to
Japan, which consequently still retains the n, as in Nip-pon from the original
Chinese Nit-jxm^ the 'Rising Sun,' the Orient.

INTRODUCTION ' XXXV

in some cases, and by n in others ; thus Von Bichthofen and
others write chan for Wade's ohon, as in Kiao-chou, Kiao-chau ;
and kou, * a pass/ becomes ku. A minor difference is the
substitution of e for Wade's a in such word-elements as
yuan, ynen, tsnan, tsuen, hsuan, hsuen.

In the various Polynesian languages certain consonantal
interchanges, which are widespread, may here, in conclusion,
be mentioned. The b, f, h, p, and v are frequently found
replacing one another, thus ban=vau, ' a stone,' and banua
=feniiashanaa=panna=va]iiia, 'a village/ The r is some-
times replaced by n and vice versa, thus nima=:nnina,
' house ' ; and d, 1, and r appear frequently to replace one
another, thus legi=:regi, 'grass,' and duba=luba=:ruvu,
' the deep sea.' The aspirate sometimes gives place to t and
sometimes to w, thus lianostanoswano, ' earth.' On the
other hand, the aspirate has ousted s everywhere in Poly-
nesia except in the Samoan and Ellis groups. Thus the
Samoan island of Savaii (for Savaiki) takes the form of
Hawaii in the Sandwich Archipelago ; Havaii in Tahiti ;
Havaiki in the Marquesas ; and in the Maori traditions
Hawaiki was the land whence came the first inhabitants of
New Zealand. Lastly the interchange of k and t ranges
over the Pacific Ocean, and explains such forms as kanaka
= *men,' 'natives' (in Hawaii), and tagata (in Samoa,
where, however, the t is now reverting to k). Subjoined is
a table of the chief sound-shiftings in Polynesia :

XXXVl

INTRODOCTION

Organic ^^^^^-^^ ^,.,,

ng

ng

k

k.*

t

t

P

P

V

V

w.f

h

h

h

r

r,*

Soath

n

k«

t

P

V

f

h

Tahiti

n

i

t

P
V

i

h
r, •

N. Zea-
land
(Maori)

ng
k
t

P
w

w

h

r,d

HawaU
(Sand-
wich)

n

4

k

P
w

h

h

1

Rara-
tonga

ng
k
t

p, b

I

Gambler

ng
k
t

P

V

t,k
P

V

£

s
1

The Glossary is arranged so that after the Geographical
or Topographical term follows the language or dialect to
which it belongs, or the locality where it is used, or the
name of the tribe in whose vocabulary it is found to be
included ; and, in some cases, both the tribe or dialect and
the locality are stated when this has been thought advisable.
When any term is found in two or more languages, both are
given. This portion of the information is printed in italics
and enclosed within brackets. Then follows the meaning of
the term. If there be an abbreviation for any term officially
recognised in connection with any of the Great Topo-
graphical Surveys, this will be found, within brackets,
immediately after the meaning ; and several terms, which
would not otherwise have found a place in the Glossary
have been inserted for the express purpose of indicating that
such abbreviations are recognised for these terms ; for
example, Regione, which is dignified by an abbreviation by
the Italians (whereas the corresponding equivalents in the
other Latin languages are not similarly honoured), Abbaye,
Biviire, &c. Then follow, in many cases, examples and

INTRODUCTION

XXXVll

references to cognate terms, or to words of similar meaning
or the reverse. The Bantu terms, where possible, have been
referred to their stems or roots, the prefixes being outset in
the margin.

Most of the italicised portions of the entities need no
explanation, but the following list, showing the geo-
graphical situation of some of the less-known tribes, dialects,
or localities, may be of use :

Language, Tribe, or District
Abbadi ....
Agni ....

JVvtrlS ....

A-Zande (' Niam-Niam ') .

}3afo ....
Bagirmi ....
Baktinda

Bali ....

Balang ....
Bambara ....
Bangala ....

Banjan
Bapoto
Basari

Batta
Baule

Berta

Bihe

Boondei

Bomu

Bonghly conespondlng geographical aitoattou

Upper Egypt, east of Nile

Ivory Coast, between the rivers Bandama
and Komoe

Ivory Coast, west of Komoe B.

Between the Ubangi B., the npper Bahr el

Ghazal and the upper Shari B.
Kamerun, on upper Mungo B.
On Shari B., south of Lake Chad
North Kainerun, south of Anglo- German

boundary

Ditto

Kamerun, on upper Mungo B.

Western Sudan, upper Niger basin

(a) Angola, on Ambaka B. and neighbouring
Congo region

(6) The district round Nouvelle Anvers,

Middle Congo
Kamerun, west of the upper Mungo B.
North of the great Congo bend
Western Sudan, the hinterland of the Gold

Coast and Togo
Benue B. region, Adamawa
Central district of the French Ivory Coast

colony
Eastern Sudan, Darfur
Angola, on upper Kwanza B.
On the mainland of Eastern Africa opposite

Pemba Island
South and west of L. Chad

XXXVIU

INTRODUCTION

LanguAgG, Tribe, or District

Chainba

C/hinbok

Ghinbon

Chong Chia-tsc

Chung-kia

Chwana

Danakil

Ktbai

Fan .

Fanti

Fon .

Fula

Galla

Giryama

Gogo

Gonja (Gonya)

Gurma

Harem

Ha-tu

Hausa

Hu-ni

Kabile

Kamba

Kanem
Kanuri
Karanga

Ketosh
Khas Chos
Kikuyu
Kirghiz

KosBova

Kotoko

Kwenam

Ronghly correBpondiug geographical sliuatioii
Western Sudan
North Arakan, Chin Hills
Ditto

South China, Yunnan
Shan States
Bechuanaland

South-western Bed Sea littoral
Upper Egypt, east of Nile
French Congo, on upper Ogowe B.
Gold Coast
Bahome

West and Central Sudan
The region between Abyssinia, Lake Rudolf,

and the Tana B.
East Africa, near Mombasa
In Ugogo, central German East Africa
Northern Gold Coast, on White Volta R.
French Sudan, north of the Dahorae and

Togo protectorates
Laos, Siaui
South China, Yunnan
West central Sudan, between the Niger and

Bornu
South China, Yunnan
North Algeria and North Marocco
British East Africa, from Mount Kenia to

Kilima Njaro
North-east of L. Chad
Bornu, west and south-west of L. Chad
MatAbeleland, Mashonaland, and regions of

L. Ngami and the middle Zambezi B.
Eastern Uganda
Laos, Siaui

Eastern Uganda, south of Mt. Kenia
North and west of the Caspian Sea, West

Siberia, and Pamir uplands
Eastern Uganda
Southern Bornu (q»v,)
North Arakan

INTRODUCTION

XXXIX

Langnage, Tribe, or Dlitrict
LfOmwe
Ln-Wanga
Magonza
Makua
Malinke
Mandara
Mande

Mangbattu

Man Sung

Masai

Mentawei

Miao-tse .

Min-kia .

Mittu

Afobali

Mondunga

Mossi

Mpongwe

Xandi

Nhan

Nika

Kongo

Nnng

Pai .

Pula.

Roshnan

Rua .

Sagara

Senna

Serer

Shangalla

Shignan

ShiUuk
Somali

Roughly corresponding geographical titoation
Lake Shirwa and Mozambique
Eastern Uganda, Nzoia Biver basin
North of the great Congo bend
German and Portuguese East Africa
Senegal

Southern Bornu (q.v,)
Western Sudan, upper Niger and region to

the south
Upper Welle R.

Lao-kai, northern Tonking and Yunnan
Eastern equatorial Africa
Group of islands off S.W. Sumatra coast
Kwei-chau, South China
South China, Yunnan
Upper Nile

North of the great Congo bend
Ditto

French Sudan, within the Niger bend
French Congo, on Lower Ogowe and

Gabun Bs.
Eastern Uganda, south of Mt. Elgon
Northern Tonking, Yunnan
Eastern equatorial Africa, near Mombasa
Shan States, Laos
Lao-kai, Yunnan
Shan States
South China, Yunnan
Upper Amu Daria (Oxus), south of the Mur-

gab, Pamir region
On the middle Lualaba (Congo)
In Usagara, east-central German East Africa
Districts of Senna, SofeJa, Tete, Zumbo,

Nyasa, and on the Bufiji and Shire Bs.
Senegal coast, and about Cape Verde
Between the Blue Nile and Sobat Bs.
Upper Amu-Daria (Oxus), north of Wakhan

B., Pamir region
Upper Nile and Sobat B.
Horn of Africa

xl

INTRODUCTION

LanguAffe, Tribe, or DLHrict

Ronghlj oorretponding geograpbioal sitoatlon

SoDghai .

■ •

Western Sudan, Middle Niger from Tin-
buktu to Say

Soninke .

On Senegal B.

Taita

Between Kilima Njaro and the Ndara HiUs

Tamul

Deccan, Coromandel Coast and North Ceylon

Tangut

Begion about Koko-nor

Taungtha

North Arakan

Thai

3han States, Laos

Tho .

Lao-kai, Yunnan

Tonga

Between the Victoria Falls (Zambezi) and
L. Bangweulu

Usagara .

See Sagara

Welaung .

North Arakan

Wolof .

Senegal coast between Senegal B. and Serer

Yambo .

Upper Sobat B.

Yao .

On the tableland between Nyasa and the
coast

Yayo

South China, Yunnan

Yinda Chin

Chin Hills

Yoruba .

Between Dahome and the Lower Niger

Zirian

Deria-i-Zir, Central Kurdistan

GLOSSARY OF GEOORAPHIOAL

AND

TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS

A

A {Africa^ Welle-MaJcua region. North of the Equa-
tor), a plural personal prefix, people, found in many
dialects in this region, e.g. A-Zande, A-Barmbo,
A-Bangba, A-Hadi, i.e. 'the Zande people,' 'the
Barmbo people,' &c. ; equivalent to the Bantu
{South of the Equator) Wa, Ba, Ama, Oya (q.v.)
Cf the postfixed -bn, -bi, -be (q.v.)

A {Africa, Bantu, South of the Equator), a plural
personal prefix, people, e.g. A-Kikuyu, ' the people
of Kikuyu,' the sing, of which is Mnkiknyu, * a
Kikuyu man ' ; A-Kamba, ' the Kamba people ' of
the country TTkamba ; Mkamba, ' a Kamba ' ; A-
Hyika, * the Nyika people * or ' people of the desert ' ;
Mnnyika, ' a man of the desert.' The more usual
forms of the Bantu -plwcal personal prefix are We,
Ba, Ama, Ova {q.v.), as in Wanyamwead, Basuto,
Amazulu, Orampo, Ovaherero.

B

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

A {Sw.)
AA(Da.,Dch,)

A rivulet, e.g. Tomeli Oroote Aa,
Cf. fi, Ach, Av.

Aaohen (Ger.), same word as Aiz (q.v,), and Aixe ; hence
Aachen = Aiz-lapChapelle.

Aacho {ShiTTiasha, Abyssinia), water.

Aadad, pi. of Id or Ed {Egyptian Sudan), wells, espe-
cially in a desert.

Aan (Dch,), at, on, near, e.g, Egmond aan Zee.

Aapu {Kabadi, New Guinea), a mountain.

Aas, Ab {Nor,, Da,), the ridge of a hill. Cf. Ab.

Ab, Abu {Arab,), father; as a geographical term signi-
fies producing, abounding in, large, and is of very
frequent occurrence. Cf, Abbas.

Ab (Hottentot). See Ep.

Ab {Jaalin, Nubia), a patronymic termination, e.g.
Kaliab, Sadab.

Ab {Pers,, E. Turk,), water, river ; e,g. Pnigab, * the
land of the five rivers ' ; paig=five. Cf. Doab.

Abad, Abadan (Pers,), cultivated (lands), populous, in-
habited ; in India this is used as signifying ' abode/
' city,' e.g, Allahabad. See Allah.

Abaia) (Abyssinia), a large mass of water ; a lake. See

Abalaj also Abba, &c.

Ab-amber (Pers,), a cistern ; lit, a * store of water.'
See Ab (Pers.) Cf Ambar.

Aban, jpZ. Heban {Fan, French Congo), See Ban.

Aban {Gold Coast), a house built of stone, a palace.

Aban-kese {Gold Coast), a fort, castle.

Abankor {Sahara), wells in the bed of a river, filled by fil-
tration ; or wells in depressions filled by rain-water.

variants of Abaia {above).

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 3

Abarraka {Tuareg, Berber), a road.

Abata {Yoruba), a marsh in a plain, a pool.

Ab&ta (Yoruba), a park,

-Abatu {Congo), a suffix signifying * direct ' (of roads or

streams).
Abba \
Abbala
Abbata
Abbaya;
Abbas {Pers.), father, e.g. Abbasabad, * paternal town or

abode/ Cf. Ab. See Abad.
Abbaye {Fr.), abbey (Abb*').
Abbazia {It.), abbey (Abb»).
Abdachung {Ger.), slope, declivity. Cf. Abhang.
Abe {laibo, New Guinea), a path.
Aben, pZ. Meben {Fan, French Congo). See Ben.
Abeng {Tuareg, Berber), a temporary lake, a pond.
Aber {Wales and Scotland), the confluence of two

rivers, or of a river and the sea, at the mouth of a

river, e.g. Abergavenny, Abergeldie, Aberdeen. See

Inver.
Abetu (Yortiha), a brook, rivulet.
Abge {Bornu), a lake of natron. See Sirge.
Ab-guz&r {Pers.), a watercourse, conduit; channel.
Ab-guzar {Pers.), ford, ferry.
Abbang {Ger.), slope, declivity. Cf. Abdachnng.
Abiad {Arab., N. Africa), the proper form of Abiodh,

white, e.g. Bahr-el-abiad, * the white river,' i.e. the

White Nile.
Abiar. See Boij.

B 2

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Abiodh {A rab.y N. Africa), white ; fern. Beida. See Abiad.

Abish-khur (Pers,), a reservoir. See Ab-khana.

Ab-jo (iVns.), a rivulet. See Ab.

Ab-khana (Pers.), a reservoir. See AbiBh-khor.

Aboe (Gold Coast), a confluence of two streams.

Aboli,^/. Meboli {Fan, French Congo). See Boli.

Abom (Gold Coast), stony ground.

Abomma {Gold Coast), tributary, aflBuent, branch of a
river.

Abon, pL Mebon {Fan, French Congo). See Bon.

Abonse {Gold Coast), the bottom of a valley.

Abosam {Gold Coast), clifif, crag.

Abra {Port,), bay, creek, roadstead.

Abrah {Pcrs.), conduit, canal, watercourse.

Abrevadoro (iS*^.), a watering-place for cattle (Abro).

Abrid (Kabile), a road.

Abriz (it/. Turk.), basin, ditch, depression in which water
collects and remains.

Absal (Pcrs,), vineyard, garden.

Abshar (Pcrs.), waterfall, cascade, cataract.

Abu (Arab.) See Ab.

Abuano (Kerepumt, New Guhiea), east. See next entry

and Avurigo.
Aburigo (Kerejyunu, New Guinea), south. See above

entry.
Abnsua-ku (Gold Coast), family, tribe, clan.
Abyad (Arab.) See Abiad.
Abyar,^?. of Bir {Arab,, N, Africa), wells.
-Ac (Celtic), a suffix, sometimes patronymic, sometimes
possessive, e.g. Langeao.

AND TOPOaRAPHICAL TERMS 6

Aoeqnia (Sp.)> ^ canal.

Ach, Ache (Alps), a river, e.g, SalzacL

Ach (Gaelic), See Och.

Achan {E, Turk.), a place where a gorge opens out into

a plain.
Achik (E. Turk.), salt, bitter, e.g. Achik Bulak, 'bitter-
spring * ; open, e.g. Achik-yilga, ' open valley.*
Acqnitrino {It.), percolating water, ooze, swamp, bog.
Acre (Anglo-Saxon iEcer), a field, e.g. Long Acre.
Ad (Indian, U.S.A.), deer, e.g. Adosia, 'fair-deerland.*
Ad, Ado (Somali), white, e.g. Biyo Ado, * white water,*

Bnrad, ' white hill.' See Biyo, Bur.
Ada, Ata (Turk.), an island.
Adad (Somali), trees, e.g. Adadle, * the place where trees

grow.' See -le.
Ada-do (Yoruha), an island.
Adar (Temashight, Berber), a mountain, mountain

spur, lit. a leg.
Adar-n-Eghirreu (Sahara), an arm (lit. a leg) of a river,

a creek, used to include both the Arab, terms Rejl

or Kra and Bot-ho (q.v.) See also EgMrreu.
Adar-udar (Hind.), a ditch, or mound of earth thrown

up from it to form a boundary.
Addi (Eritrea), green; e.g. Dilemmi Island, properly

Addi-lem, * green spot.'
Addis (Abyssinia), new, e.g. Addis Abbaba, Addis Harar.
Adeb (Arab., N. Africa), a gently sloping hill.
Adek (Chinbon), small, applied to a hamlet, as a small

village.
Adel (Ger.), noble, e.g. Adelsheim, ' noble's home.'

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Adi (N. Chin hills), small, as of a stream, a small

river.
Adi (Basari). See Oudi.
Adler (Ger,), eagle, e.g. Adlerberg.
Ado {Danakil and Soinaliland), white See Ad.
Adosase {Gold Coast), arable land.
Adrar (Sahara), a mountain.
Adnana (Sp.), a custom house.
moAdya {Congo, dialect of Banttt), a house.

Af {Somali), an opening, ravine, valley, lit, a mouth,

e.g, Afmadn, see Mado.
Afae {Gold Coast), a pass, defile.
Afam {Gold Coast), district, region.
Afan, pi. Mefan (Fan, French Congo), See Fan.
Afanin {Arab.), paths, ways.
Afelle {Tuareg, Berber), desert, lit, north, i.e. the

Sahara. Cf, Agus.
AS {Gaelic), water.
Affluent {Fr.), tributary stream.
Afri (Kabile), a grotto.

Ag {Indian, U.S.A.), water's edge, brink, bank, shore.
Aga {Galla), rock.
Agach {Turkestan), wood, tree.
Agadir {Berber), escarpment, rampart, fortification ; pi.

Igadar.
Agahar {Berber), a river. Cf, Akarka.
Agbaiye {Yoruba), the w^orld.
Agba-ra (Yoruba), a wooden fortification.
Agh {Ireland), a field, from Irish achadh, e.g. Ardagk,

* the field on the height.' See Ard.

AND TOPOOllAPfltCAt tEtlMd 7

Aghelad {W. Sahara), a defile.

Aghil (E. Turk.), an enclosure for flocks.

Aghma (Arab.), a desert. Cf. Ama.

Aghz (Turk.), an entrance.

Agi {Kerepunu, New Guinea), wind.

Agib (Marocco),. farm, as Agib Sberif, 'royal farm.'

Agio8,a,on {Greek), holy, sacred, saint. See Hagios.

Aginan£ {Hindi), the east. For other points see Uttar.

Agolmin {Berber), pool, pond.

Agos {Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), current of a

river ; a watercourse.
Agrar {Deccan), a village or quarter of a town occupied

by Brahmins.
Agrisb {Kabile), stone, rock.
Agua {Port., Sp.), water, e.g. Agnas Calientes, 'warm

waters.'
Aguala {Spanish S. America), watering-station, a place

where the water is drinkable, water-lock.
Agnla {Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), marsh land.
AguB {Tuareg, Berber), south wind, south, the Northern

Tuareg name for the Sahara. Gf. Afello, Ego.
Agy {Hufig.), top, summit, peak.
Aha {Indian, U.S.A.), water. Cf. Ha.
Ahaban {Gold Coast), bush, wood, forest.
Abandu {Lu-Wanga of Awa-Bimi group, Uganda). See

Eandn.
Ahathlno {Indian, U.S.A.), sea.
Ahawag {Sahara), a plain.
Ahawin {Gold Coast), grass.
Abe (Gold Coast), place, locality, situation.

8 OLOSSAKY OF aEOGRAPHICAL

Ahea (Fanti), sand.

Ahel, AU (Arab.), people, e.g. Ahel es-Sahel, ' coast-
people.' Cf. Ba, -Ba, Wa, Kel, A. See El, Saliel.

Ahemman)

., . r {Gold Coast), a kingdom.
AQenni j

Ahidaina {Maiva, New Guinea), south. For other

points see Tototaina.
Ahlen (Chinbok, E. of Mon JR.), red.
Alunar (Arab.), red, e.g. Tel el Ahmar, 'red hill ' ; /eni.

Hamara. See Hamar.
Ah na ku il {hidiaUy U.S.A.), town, village.
Ahoro (Yoruba)f ruins.
Ahtatalki voarat (Fin.), a mountain.
Ahwan (JV. Arakan), a village.
AY (China), a col, saddle between hills.
Aiara (Maiva, New Guinea), a village.
kiAiek (Uganda), a ferry.
Aigak (Aleut), great, big; e.g. Aigag^, volcano.
Aiguille (Fr.), a spire, steeple, peak (Aig'),6.gr. Aiguille

d'Argentiere.
Aikh, Aik (Arab.), a hard bank.
Aikak (Indian, Alaska), a passage between islands,

between an island and the mainland, or into a river.
Aimak (E. Turk.), a division of a tribe; means also

(in Mongolia) an administrative district, and (in

Afghanistan) a group of Turki or Mongol tribes,

e.g. Char Aimak, the 'Four Tribes,* about the

Herat district west of the Hazara.
Ain, En (Arab.), a fountain, spring, source, e,g. Ain

Sefira, Engedi.
Ainet (Nandi and Eldorobo, Uganda), a river.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 9

Aird {Gaelic Airde), high, height, e.g'. Airdrie. See Sie.
C/. Ard.

Airilich, Airilghan {E. Turk.), a place where a stream
divides into several branches.

AYmh {Danakil and Somaliland), grass.

AYt {Berber), a tribal prefix corresponding to Ben, Hae,
&c., e.g. AYt-Ijer ; AYt-Sedrat. See Aiyal.

AYt {Kabile), a resident, inhabitant.

Aiz, Aize {from Lat. aquas, ace. pi. of aqua, most French
nouns derived from Latin being formed from the
accusative case), waters, e.g. Aix-les-Bains, also Aix-
la^Chapelle, Aizheim, Aixe-sur-Vienne. Cf Ger.
Aaohen, really the same word.

Aiya {Shankali, Abyssinia), water.

Aiyal {Arab.), a tribal prefix. Cf AYt.

Aiyari (Hausa), caravan.

Ai yaw {Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), small.

Ajelmam (JV. Sahara), a lake.

Aju (Migu) {German E. Africa), house, e.g. Ifyakajn,
' a village in Nyaka.' See Ju.

Ak {Korea), peak, mountain, e.g. An-ak, Chai-ak, Pi-ak.

Ak (TwrA;.), white, e.g. Ak Sii=:* White Water '= river
Oxus.
chAka {Giryama), the dry season.
dzAka {Nika), a forest.

Aka {Japan), red, e.g. Akasaki, 'red cape.' See Saki.

Akaba {Arab.), a col or saddle between two hills ; a
hill or steep way ; any uninhabited place, wilder-
ness.

Akakio {Uganda, dialect of Bantu). See Kio.

Akalin {Arab.), countries, zones.

10 GLOSSARY OF OBOGRAPHICAL

Akame {Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Me.
mwAkani (Giryafna), south. See Xutswerero.

Akanika, jpZ. of Tnnika {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu.

See Hika.
Akar {Sansc), mine, quarry, spring, source.
Akarka {Basque), a river. Cf, Agahar.
Akau {Hawaii), north. For other points see Knkiilii

Hema, Hikina, Komohana.
Akaya {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya.
Akba {Arab., N. Africa), ascent, height, elevation.
Akbasha {Abbadi, Etbai), slate-coloured, applied to the

rocks of the neighbourhood.
Ake (Hu'Ni, China), water.
Ake-ja-onna {Yoruba), a cross street, lane.
Akena {Kabadi, New Guinea), river.
Akere, Aki {A I fur), water. Cf Wai.
Akhal {Somali), house.
Akhal {Arab., N. Africa), black, e.g, AkhalkalaH ; fe?n.

Kahala.
Akhdar (Arab., N. Africa), green, covered with verdure ;

fe7n. Khadara.
Aki. See Akere. ,

Aki {Japan), autumn.

Akim a (Pimo Indian, U.S.A. ; Mexico), a river.
Akin {E. Turk.), the pouring forth or gushing out of

water.
Akipi {Elgumi, Uganda), water.
Akja {Turk.), white. Cf. Ak.
Ak-klut {Eskimo), provisions, ammunition ; e.g. Aklat

' the village where provisions may be obtained.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 11

Akla (Indian U.S.A.) y deep water.
mwAko {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain. Cf
Ango.

Ako-ban {Gold Coast), a defensive wall, fence, rampart.

Akogha, pi. Bekogha {Fan, French Congo). See Kogha.

AkropoliB {Greek), citadel, fortress.

Akroterion {Greek), cape, promontory.

A ka {Indian, U.S.A.), a plain.

Aku {Maiva, New Guinea), sea.

A knm na {Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh.

Aknpaka {Maiva, New Guinea), the deep sea.

Akwampo {Gold Coast), a desolate, bad, impassable
way.

Akwo (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), sand.

Akyn {E. Turk.) See Akia.

Al {Arab.), family, race.

Al, Alb, Alp {Aryan languages), high, hill, e.g. Shiffiial,
Albania, Alps (cognate with Latin albns, white).

Al {Wolof), a forest.
dzAl {Fan, French Congo), a village. Y or pi. see Dzal.

Ala {Madagascar), forest wood, thus aiiala=the place
where the forest is, e.g. Analasora, 'at the wood
where the hedgehogs are found.' See An.

Ala {Arab.) upper. Cf. Fokani.

Ala {Turk.), variegated, e.g. Alatan, 'variegated moun-
tain,' because of the stripes and patches of dark rock
alternating with snow.

Ala {Yoruba), a boundary.

\{Loango, Bantu), a village. ¥ov pi. see Buala.
bwAlai

12 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

In Ala (Bantu) y a clifif.
Alaohnk (Persia), the bee-hive movable dwellings of the

Yomut Turkomans, with a wooden framework,

usually about 16 feet in diameter, and covered with

felt.
Alafo (Yoriiba), valley, ravine.
Alambrado (Spanish S. America), wire fencing f&steneJ

to posts. Cf. Alambre, copper wire.
Alamu (Nika), wide, broad (river).
Alaya (Sajisc), abode, e.g. Himalaya=the abode of

snow. See Him.
Alb. See Al.
Albardon (Spanish S. America), rising ground on the

coast or amongst lagoons.
Aid (Gaelic Allt), a stream, e.g. AldoambuB, ' the stream

of the bay.' See Cambiis.
Aldea (Port,, Sp.), a village, hamlet, used also in Anglo-

hidian for a villa.
Ale (Sara, Chad L.), a mountain.
Aleb (Arab., N. Africa), a shelving hill.
Aleg (W. Sahara), a lake.
Alen (N. Chin hills, Taungtha), large, great.
Alfa (Arab., N. Africa), a name common to several

species of grass ; sometimes Haifa, e.g. Wadi Haifa,

* the valley with the esparto grass.'
Alfandega (Port.), custom house.
Algus (Hausa), green, as of a forest in leaf. Cf.

Chanwa.
All, 2>^- Meli (Fan, French Congo). See Li.
Alifa {Bagirmi), chief, e.g. Alifa Ba=chief of the river.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 18

Alin (China) J a mountain, range.

Aliz68, Vents- (Fr,), trade winds.

Alkube (Songhai), a fortified place.

AUah (Arab.), God, e.g. Allahabad, ' the town of God.'

See Abad.
AUe (Wolof), a desert, a forest.
AUt {Gaelic), a stream or brook, e.g. Allt Anavig, near

the Kyle of Lochalsh. Cf. Aid.
cbAlo {Cent. Africa^ dialect of Bantu), country, district.
umwAlo {Lu'Wanga, Uganda), a field or plantation.
-Alonga. See Nini.
Alor (Malay), a drain, dike, e.g. Alor Sama, Alor Fongsu

in Bagan Serai.
Alp. See Al.
Alquena (Sp.), grange, farmhouse ; generally a farm

with a house at a distance from neighbours.
A1b6 (Hung.), under, lower, e.g. Also Alpar.
Alt (Ger.), old, e.g. Altenbnrg.

Alt, Allt (Welsh), a steep place, e.g. Altcar, Alltmawr.
Alta (Indian, U.S. A.), swift, running water.
Alta,o (It., Sp., Port.), high, e.g. Tierra Alta (Sp.),

* high land.' See entries under Alto-.
Altin (E. Turk.), lower, e.g. Altin Tagh. See Astin.
Altopiano (It.), an elevated tableland.
Altozano (Sp.), a height or little hill.
Altun, Altyn (E. Turk.), gold, e.g. Altyn Kiopm.
cMAlu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, district.
AlTkgli,pL Melugh (Fan, French Congo), the portion of

a river between two dams, which is emptied in

order to catch the fish. See Lugh.

14 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Alig (Marocco), converts, e,g, Ulad el Aluj, *the son?

of the converts,* as the inhabitants of Agarai are

called, being of Spanish gipsy origin.
Alun-alim {Java), a grassy public square surrounded by

trees, which is found in the centre of all tovens in

Java.
Alvenaria (Port,), rough, unhewn stone (building).
Alyen {Chinbon), large, e.g, Mlet Alyen, * the big stream/
Alzata {It.), an embankment.
Am {Madagascar), See An.
Am {Welsh), by, near, e.g. Amlwoh, Henllan-am-Ooed,

* the old church by the wood.* See Hen, Llan, Coed.
Ama {Arab.), a desert. Cf. Aghma.
Ama^ {Bantu), plur. prefix signifying 'people,' e.g.

Amazulu. This is really the article a, followed by

the prefix ma. See A.
Amagamba, Igamba {dialects of Bantu). See Ckunba.
Amaji {dialect of Bantu). See Mansi.
Amak {Aleut), blood, a name given to islands where

W'alruses are found and killed.
Amala {Arab., N. Afi'ica), a province.
Aman {N. Chin hills), black, e.g. Aman Var, * black

river.*
Aman {Marocco), water.
Amantifl {Gold Coast), the upper part of the country ;

the high country.
Amanzi {Zulu, Kafir), water. See Nzi.
Amapiri {dialect of Bantu). See Piri.
Amara, Amr {India), immortal, e.g. Amarapura, ' town

of the immortals,* Amritsar, * lake of immortality,'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 15

-Amatadi {Congo)^ suffix meaning rocky. See Tadi
Amazagh, Amashagh, Amezdhagh, Emizdegh {dialects of

Berber), a village. Cf* Vtamazirt.
Amazi (dialect of Bantu). See Manai.
Amb {New Guinea), a house.
Amba {Abyssinia), an elevated mountain plateau.
imiAmbaj mw Amba {Swahili), rock.
kiAmba {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain.
Ambar {E, Turk,), a granary. Cf Ab-amber.
Ame {Japan), rain.

Amenti {dialect of Bantu). See Mansi.
Amers {Fr.), landmarks^ natural or artificial, on the

coast.
Amezdhagb {Tuareg, Berber), See Amazagh.
-Amiongo {Congo), suffix meaning * hilly.' See Ongo.
Ammapwa {Logon, Chad L. region), the current of a

river.
Amont (Fr.), up-stream. See Aval.
Ampang (Malay), a dam, and to dam.
-Ampwena (Congo), suffix meaning * great.'
Amt (Nor.), a county.
Amtik (Kabile), a passage.
Amud (Somali) f earth.
A man bive (Indian, U.S.A.), an island.
IdAmvu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), bridge, pier.
Amwene (dialect of Bantu). See Mwene.
An (China), border, shore.
An, And, Ant, Am (Madagascar), all modified forms of

Ani, the place where one finds something, or where

something is, at, on, in, near, e.g, Ankazobe, 'at

16 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

the big trees/ * the place where the forest is ' ;
Andranomami, 'the place where the sweet water
is ' ; Antaahakeli, < at the little brook ' ; AntananaxiTo,
< at the town of thousands or of a thousand
dwellings.' See Kazo, Be, Bana, Saha, Keli, Tana,
Arivo.
An {China, Cochinchina), signifies rest, tranquillity, and
occurs in a large number of place-names ; e.g,
An-Dien, * the peaceful rice-field.' Cf. Friedenau.
An (China), a saddle ; e.g, An-Slian, 'saddle hill.'
Ana (Hatu, China), black.
kiAna (Congo, dialect of Bantu), farm, garden.
mwAna (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu), an affluent.

Anak-ayer (Malay), tributary of a river, lit, * child of

the river/ e,g, Anak-ayer Kaohing; See Ayer.
Anamghur (Sahara), a watering-place.
dzAnche (Nika), a place cleared of wood for cultivation.
Ancoradooro (Port.), anchorage.
Ancoraggio (It,), a roadstead, anchorage.
Ancrage (Fr.), an anchorage.
And (Madagascar), See An.
luAnda (Nika), an open tract of land.
IwAnda (Giryama), prairie, veld.
Andar (Armenian), a forest.
nlwAndle (Kafir), See Lwandle.

Andrefana (Madagascar), west. For other points see

Avaratra.
Andriana (Madagascar), lord, chief, great man, noble,
e,g, Ankaranandriana, ' at the lord's rock.' See An,
Kara.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 17

Ane {Gold Coast), west, westward. See Boka.

Anexnomnlos {Neo-Greek), a windmill.

-Anene (Congo), suffix meaning * great.* Cf, Nene.

Aug (Kwenam), a stream.

Ang'are (Brit. E. Africa), water, e.g, the river Ang'ares

Sinandi.
Ange (Kanuri, Chad L.), equivalent to Firki (q.v.) See

also Ohadir.
Anghi (Tuareg, Berber), torrent, rivulet.
Angin (Malay), wind ; Angin-Ddrat, land-breeze ; Angin-
laut, sea-breeze.
mwAngo (Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain.

Cf Ako.
paAngo (Swahili), a cave.

Angostura (Sp.), a narrow pass.
Angrenzend (Ger,), adjacent, contiguous.
Angri (Marocco), a well.
Angoin (N, Arahan), a valley.
Ang vai (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), large.
Anhar (Arab.), rivers, streamlets (pi, o/'Nahr, stream).
kiAiii|

chiAni^ (Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass.
vlAni'

Aningo (Mpongwe, Bantu). See Ningo.
luAiga (Bantu), the sea.

nyAiqa (Cent. Africa, Bantu), lake, water either of a
river or lake. Cf Anza^ Asa.
nAiga (Swahili), an enclosure.
Ankap&hia (Fin,), a roadstead.
y^ Ankergrund (Ger.), anchorage.

18 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ankik (Kabile), gorge, col, defile.

Anna {Upper Nile), bush, high grass.

Annexe (Fr.), a parochial chapel.

Ano {Gold Coast), bank, shore.

Ansa {It.)y a creek, bay.

Anse {Fr.)y a creek, bay.

Ant {Madagascar). See An.

Ant (Tibet), end, extremity, e.g. Bhot-Ant, corrupted into

Bhutan. See Bhot.
Antia {Loimce, Mozambique), lake, swamp.
Antsinanana (Madagascar), east. For other points ^v;c

Avaratra.
Antn {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Htu.
isAntwenka {Zulu, Kafir), a deep reach of water.
Ana {Gold Coast), near, alongside of, e.g. Apuanu, near

the sea, sea-side, coast. See Apu.
Ann {Tuareg, Berber), a deep well.
mwAnya {Giryama), a gap.
luAnza {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country, town.
nyAnza {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a broad water,

lake. See Nyanza, Mnanza, Anja, Asa, &c.
Ao {Annam), lake, marsh, pond, pool.
Ao {Hainan), a mountain.
Ao, Awo {Japan), green. See Awo.
Ao {China, Siam), bay, creek.
Ap {Hottentot). See Ep.
Ap {Sa7isc.), water.

Apa {Gold Coast), borders, frontiers ; region, district.
Apa {Indian, U,S.A.), abounding in cliffs.
Apara klippo {Fin.), cliflf.

AND TOl»OGllAPfiICAL TfitlMS 19

Apatoa (Tahiti), north. See next entry.

Apatoerau (Tahiti), south. See preceding entry.

Apeliotes (Neo-Greek), east. See Boreas.

Apere {Gold Coast ), a plan for defence, entrenchment.

Api (Malay), fire, e.g. Ounoiig Api=fire mountain, or

volcano. See Onnong.
Approdo (It.), a landing-place.
Apro (Hung.), little.
Apn (Gold Coast), the sea ; Apu Ann, ' the sea-side ' ; Apn

Intn, ' sea-water.' jS^^ Ann, Insn.
Aqnilon (Fr.), the north wind.
At, Am (Tamul), a river.
Ar- (Welsh), 'upon,' e.g. Llanarmon. See Llan.
Ara (E. Turk.), middle.
Ara (Indian, U.S. A.), a path at a gorge.
Ara (Barotonga, Polynesia), house.
Aragari. See Oyari.
Aragib (Arab., N. Africa). See Argnb.
Araha (Kerepunu, New Guinea), garden, plantation.
Arak, pi. Arkan (Arab.), cavern or cliff.
Aral (E. Turk.), an island.
Aralcba (E. Turk.), small island.
Arfira, Karfira (Hind.), high steep banks.
Araras (Marocco), road, path.
Arare (Marovo, Solomon Is.), wind.
Arazi (Arab.), lands.
Arba (Abyssinia), elephant, e.g. Tnln Arba, 'elephant

range ' ; Oara Arba, ' elephant peak.'
Arbre (Fr.), a tree (Arb.)
Area de Agna (Sp.), reservoir.

c 2

clay.

20 GLOSSARY OF GEOaRAPHICAL

Ard (Celtic), a height, high, e.g. ArdrotiaD, Ardnammrchait

'the height of the great headland.' See Mor.

Chan. Cf, Aird.
Ardhun (Arab.), earth.
Area, Areia (Port.), sand ; from Lat. arena.
Areg, sing. Erg, Arga, dim. Arigat (Arab.), a mass of

dunes. See Armath.
Arena (It., Sp.), sand.
Arenal (Sp.), sandy ground, beach.
Arete (Fr.), a sharp rocky crest.
Arga, pi. Areg (Arab., N. Africa), a large dune. &V<

Areg, Erg.
ArgUe (Fr.)
Argilla (It.)
Argub, ^Z. Aragib (Arab., N. Africa), branch of a chain

of mountains ; spur.
Ariawa (Haiisa), north. For other points see Kudu,

KuddoB, Oabbaz.
Arigat (Arab., N. Africa), a small dune. See Areg, Erg.
Arik (Turkestan), a small canal, an irrigation canal.
Arima (Aroma, New Guinea), earth.
Arish (Arab., N. Africa), vegetation on top of a dune :

sometimes the dune itself.
Arisha (Arab.), sandy tracts of small extent on the

borders of a plateau.
Arka (E. Ttirk.), the back, behind, e.g. Arka Tagh,

Arkala.
Arkan (Arab.), caverns or cliffs.
Arkh (Caucasus), canal.
Arkit (Tuareg, Berber), wilderness.

a rivulet, brook (A.)

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 21

Arl (Ger,), eagle, e.g. Arlberg.

Armafh (^ra&., N. Africa) y a group of low dunes, or a

single dune of small relief. See Areg.
Aro (Mongol), behind, north. For other points see

Barong, Jung.
ch Aro (Nika), caravan.

Ar^ (Hung.), ditch, trench, valley ; equivalent to

German Oraben (q.v.)
Arrabalde (Port.), suburb, environs.
Aire. See Ere.
Arrecife (Sp.), a reef.
Arroio {Port.)
Arroyo (Sp.)

„ {U.S.A.), the channel of an intermittent stream

cut in loose earth.
Arsh (Arab., N. Africa), a tribe.
Art {E. Turk.), a col with long ascent almost in a

straight line.
Am (Tamut). See Ar.
Aru (Amis, Formosa), river.
chAm (Cent. Africa, Bantu), country, district.
Amabu (S. Cape, New Guinea), south-east wind.
Arui (Welaung), a hill.
Arns (Malay), current of a stream.
Arvoredo (Port.), a grove.
Aryk (E. Turk.) See Arik.
Arz (Arab.), the earth, land.
As (Sw.), ridge of a hill, chain of hills. Cf Aas.
nyAsa (Cent. Africa, Bantu), lake, water either of a river

or lake. Cf. Anja, Anza.

22 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

AiHga (Turk\), lower.

Asai {Japan), shallow.

Atarim, Budim {Tuareg, Berber), bank of a river.

Aielli {Hanuner Koki, Abyssinia), a hill.

Asfal {Arab.), lower, e.g. Zab-el-Asfid. Cf. Tahtani.

Asfiff (Arab,), yellow, e,g, Jebel es Safira, 'the Yellow

Mount/ See Safra, El.
Ashagha (Turk.), lower. Another form of Asaga.
Ashiret (Turkey in Afiia), a clan.
Aahkin (Pers.), lands flooded only temporarily, e.g.

Aflhldnak around Chakansur on Hamun-i-Sistan.

See Hamtin.

Ashokan {Indian, U.S.A.), rapids. Cf. Koho.

kiAsi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass.

Asi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. See Si.

Asiaona (Kabadi, New Guinea), south.

Asif (Marocco), a river ; the form Asdf is also found.

Asigkele osu {Fan, French Congo), current of a river.

Afimak (Turk.), still water.

Anogh, pi. Mesogh {Fan, French Congo). See Sogh.

Aspro {Neo-Greek), white.

Afls {So?nali), )

• /Tx 7 TV 1 red, e.g. Dabass, Daaraas, * red clay.'

Aeba {Dajiakil),\ "^ ' ^

Amse {Fr.), stratum.

Astillero {Sp.), a dockyard.

Astin {E. Turk.), lower. Cf. Altin.

Asto {Indian, U.S.A.), a defile.

Astyn {E. Turk.) See Aatin.

Asuad {Arab.), black (sometimes written Aswad).

Aflu-bonten {Gold Coast), river, stream.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 28

Asn-kon {Gold Coast), bank of a river. Cf. Nsn-ano.

Aran afo {Gold Coast) ^ down stream.

Abu roki {Gold Coast), the bar of a river.

Aswad. See Asnad.

Aswanek {Senegal), sabject, opp, to Melli, Meli, free, e.g.
Melinke, *the free people.' ^

Aaya^bad {Pers.), a windmill, lit, 'mill-wind.'

At {Indian, U.S.A.), channel, current.

Ata {Turk.), an island.

Atak (Mongol), low, down, lower, e.g. Atak Habsere,
* lower Habsere.' See Kurban.

Atala (Fin.), mud.

Atalaya {Sp.), an elevated place from which a consider-
able view may be obtained ; a watch-tower.

Atarp&l {Sansc), land that is left uncultivated.

A

Atas {Malay), above, top, summit, surface.

Ate {Maiva, New Guinea), a river.

Atea {Indian, U.S.A.), a valley, landscape.

Atexn nn {Chinbok, E. of Mon B.), large. Cf. Im nu.

Atete-ba {Yoruba), a frontier, boundary.

Ath {Irish), a ford, e.g. Athlone.

Athmana {Sansc.), the west.

Athmas {Sansc), land constantly under cultivation.

Atle {Indian, Mexico), water, from Atl, which is Aztec

for 'water.' C/. Atte.
Atxnnr {Egyptian Sudan), a desert route.
Ato (Venezuela), farmhouse, farm, estate.
Atoe-fom {Gold Coast), the west side.
Atoll {Maldive anglicised), one or any greater number

For another derivation see under -Ke

24 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

of coral islands of little height above the sea,

situated on a strip or ring of coral surrounding a

central lagoon.
Atollon (Fr.), an atoll.

„ {English) y a small atoll on the margin of a larger

one.
Atraf {Arab.)y environs, suburbs.
Atsimo (Madagascar), south. For other points set-

Avaratra.
Att (E. Turk,), horse, e.g. Att-bash, * horse-head peak'
Atte (Indian, Mexico), water, c/. Atle.
Au (Cambodia), a stream, torrent.
An, Aue (Ger.), a meadow, e,g, Beichenan, 'nch

meadow,' Ooldene Aue, * golden meadow.*
Au (Neiv Guinea), a tree, also in Mekeo dialect * the

sea.'
Au (Siavi), a bay.

Au (Tibet), snows, e.g. Tsangau, * the snows of Tsang.'
Auch (Scotland), a field, e.g. Auchinleck.
A\ichteT(Gaelic Uachdar), upland, upper land, e.g. Auchter-

gaven, * the upland of the yearling cattle,' Auchter-

muchty, * the upper land of the wild sow * (Muc=

sow).
Auen (Nissan I., New Guinea), a bank, beach.
Auj (Arab.), summit, top.
Aul (Kirghiz), tent-village, camp.
Aurir (Kabile), a mountain.
Aurung (Anglo-Indian), a term applied to the old East

India Company's factories, from the Pers. aurang,

* a place where goods are manufactured ' ; ' adepdt
for such goods.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS ' 25

Aushi (Sahara), tribe, clas, e.g. Anshi n ABta&det.

Au stremot (Cambodia), a bay.

Antel (Tuareg, Berber), an island.

Av (Gaelic), water, e.g. Avoch, 'the field of water.' Cf.

Avon. See Och.
Ava (Madagascar), grotto, cave, cavern, e.g. Andavadolo,

* the place where the grotto of the dead is ' ; * at
the tomb ' ; Andavakombi, ' at the cavern of the
oxen.' See An.

Ava (Slav.; Kurdish), water, river, e.g. Morava ; Av-i-spi,

* white water.*

Aval (Fr.), down stream. See Amont.

Avala (Kerejmnu, New Guinea), north-west wind.

Avalaiflon (Fr.), a flood, torrent.

Avara (Motumotu, New Guinea), north-west wind.

Avaratra (Madagascar), north. For other points see

Andrefana, Antsinanana, Atsimo.
Aven. See Avon.

Avivina (Kabadi, New Guinea), wind.
Avok (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B.), white (of snow or a

foaming torrent).
Avon (Celtic), a river, applied to a large number of

British streams. Cognate with Lat. amnis. Cf. Av.
Avras (E. Turk.), basin, ditch, depression in which

water collects and remains.
Avnrigo (Kerepunu, New Guinea), west. For other

points see Abnrigo.
Awa- (Bantu Kavirondo, Uganda, Nyasaland), a prefix

signifying clan or tribe, e.g. Awawanga, the tribe

speaking Luwanga, inhabiting Wanga, one of whom

26 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

is called Mwanpi, i,e, an inhabitant of Wanga :

similarly Awankonde, Awamwamba. See Wa, -Wa, A.
Awari. See Oyari.
Awhea {Gold Coast), sand.

Awo, Ao (Japan), green, e.g, Awo Shima, 'green island/
Awoa (Gold Coast), high, lofty.

Aworo {Gold Coast), cataract ; the swell of the sea ; surf.
Aworo-80 {Gold Coast), rapids in a river.
Axe. Sec Wysg, Esk.
Ay, pi. Aire {Teutonic), an island (Saxofi Ea), e.g.

Colonsay. Cf. Ey, Oe.
Aya, ^Z. Heya {Faii, French Congo), See Ta.
Ayag {E. Turkestan), under, lower.
Ayaw, Tha {Chinbok, E, of Mon R.), small.
Ayer {Malay), water, stream; fresh water; river;

district on a river ; e.g, Ayer Mati, on the Perak R.
Ayer dras {Malay), a rapid over sand or pebbles.
Ayer rnasin (Malay), salt water.
Aymak {E. Turk,) See Aimak.
Ayua, pL Meyua (Fan, French Congo), See Yua.
Ajxm, pi. of Ain {Arab,), sources. Cf. Oyun. [state.
Azel {Arab., N, Africa), landed property reserved by the
Azenha {Port,), a water mill.
Azhebik {Indian, U.S. A.), rock.
Azib {Kabile, Marocco), country house, farm.
Azrak, Azrek {Arab.), blue; e,g. Bahr el Azrek, 'the

Blue River,' i.e. *the Blue Nile.'
isAztiln {Zulu, Kafir), a locality which is the centre of a

country.
Azza {Kabile), rock.

AJO) TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 27

B

Ba (A-Zande), place.

Ba {Arab.y N. Africa), a form of Bu=father. It enters

into many names, e.g. Ulad-ba-EamiiLn. See Ulad.
Bap (S. Cent. Africa, Barotseland), prefix meaning a

single individual, e.g. Ba-rotM. Cf. English7man.
Ba- {Cent. Africa, Bantu), prefix meaning a people,

e.g. Ba-ntn, the people ; Mu-nta, the individual ;

i.e. sing. Mn-, pi. Ba-. Cf. Bn, Wa, Kel, Im, Ahel.
Ba (Sara, Chad L.), water, a river; e.g. Bamingi; Ba

Bai, another name for the Logon B. Cf. Mane.

The Ba of the Mandingo or Mande, in the Western

Sudan, has the same meaning.
Ba {Togo), a road.

Baae (Nor.), a sunken rock or shoal.
Ba%ja (Arab., N. Africa), land full of pools.
Baak (Dch.), a heacon.
Baak, Baake (Da.), a heacon.
Bab (Arab.), pi. Biban, Buwab (lit. a door or gate), a

passage hetvireen dunes ; a narrow strait or gut ;

e.g. Bab el Mandeb, ^ gate of tears.'
Baba (Hausa), great.

Baba (Turk.), father, e.g. Babadagli=: father mountain.
Babchn (Tibet), a small river.
Babord (Fr.), port side, i.e. the left side, when one

faces the bows of a vessel, or larboard.
Bach (Ger.), a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream (B.)
Bach (Welsh), small, e.g. Eglwy8bach= little church. See

Eglwys.

28 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Baohe (E, Africa) y river, stream.

Baoino (It.), dock, dry dock, basin (of a river).

Bttck iSw,)y a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream.

Bad (Ger.), bath, e.g. Baden, Carlsbad.

Bad (Pers.), wind.

Bad {Scyniali), tank, e.g. Badwein, * big tank.' Sec

Wein.
Badala {M ancle). See Badla.
Badar (Hiyid.), a large house, a granary raised on piles ;

Badftr being a cloud.

Badara (Mande), on the bank, riverside.

Badi (A'Zande), a river.

Badie )

^ ,. \ (Arab.) a desert.

Badiya)

Badla, Badala, Bafala {Mande), lake, marsh, swamp.

BsBk (Nor., Da.)j a brook, rivulet, or small rapid stream.

Cf. English Beck.

Bsar (Icelandic), a farm, village.

Bafara (Mande). Another form of Badla (q.v.)

Bag (E. Turk.), a village.

Baga (Mongol). See Bagha.

Bckgan (Malay), lit. a quay or landing-place, hence a

ferry ; sometimes (e.g. in Wellesley Province) a

district ; e.g. Bagan Nior, Bagan Ointing, both on

Bernam K. Gf. Oz-ford.
Bagar (Hind.), pasture grounds.
Bagare (Mossi, French Sudan), a garden.
Baggara (E. Sudan), a name given to all cattle-owning

nomad Arabs, cowherds.
Bagh (Pers.), garden, orchard, grove ; e.g. Baghdad.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 29

Bagha, Baga {Mongol), small; e.g. Baga Uohimucliiii.

See Ikhe. Cf. Bak (Hung.), Baka.
Baghistan (Hind.), garden ground, vineyard.
Bagiiiwa {Aroma, New Guinea), west. For other points

see Walau.
Bagwio {Tagala, Philippines), a cyclone or hurricane.
Bah& (Hind.), a watercourse, channel.
Baha {Tagala, Philippines), a flood.
Bahandin, Bahai {Philippines), a house.
Baliar {Barfur), north. Cf. Shah.
Baliar {Arab.), lake, sea. Cf. Bahr.
Bahari {Swahili), sea. From the Arab. Bahar, Bahr.
Bahat {Abbadi, Etbai), a mine.

Baheira {Arab.), a lake ; the same word as Bahira {q.v.)
Bahia {Port., Sp.), a bay ; e.g. Bahia de Todos os Santos,

'bay of all saints.'
BaMra {Arab., N. Africa), lake, marshy spot, dim. of

Bahar.
Bahnhof {Ger.), railway station (Bhf.)
Bahr {Arab.), sea, water, river ; e.g. Bahr el Ohazal. See

Boheira, Baliar.
Baibna {New Guinea), peace, e.g. Jesu Balboa, or Yeku

Ngangau, * the Peace of Jesus,* generally called

Yeku {Jesus), where the Inawaia and Eboa tribes

were reconciled.
Baida {Arab.), a desert, e.g. Bar el Baida. See Bar
Bale {Fr.), bay, gulf.

Bailiary {Scotland), the jurisdiction of a sheriff.
Baime {A-Zande), river ; from Ba (father) and Ime

(water).

80 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Bain (Deccan), a large well.

Baiska (Punjab), grazing ground.

Bait {Arab,)y a house.

Baital (Cent. Asia), a mare ; e.g. Ak-Baital, * white mare/

a northerly confluent of the Ak-Su. See Ak.
Baiva (laibo, New Guinea), beach.
Baixo (Port,), a shoal.
Baja (It.), a bay, roadstead.
Bajar (Punjab), street, market-place.
Bajio (Sp.), a shoal.
Bak (Hung.), little. Cf. Bagha, Baka.
B&k (Sw.), a beacon, lighthouse. Cf. Bake.
Bak (Tibet), west. For other points see Lho.
Baka (Mongol), little. Cf. Bagha, Bak.
Bakan (Buss.), a lake.
Bake (Ger.), a beacon. Cf. B&k.
Baken (Buss.), beacon or buoy.
Bakere (A-Zande), great.

Bakhbakha (Arab., N. Africa), soft spongy ground.
Baki-n-Gulbi (Hausa), on the bank, gulbi meaning

* river ' ; a name frequently given to riverside

villages or towns. Baki=bank, side, mouth.
Baki-n-Rua (Hausa), bank of a river. See Eua.
Bakka (Mossi, French Sudan), marsh, pond.
Bakke, BaktL (Da., Icel), a hill, e.g. Eyrarbakki.
Baklan (Buss.), a cormorant, whence Baklanets or Bak-

luish, small islands frequented by cormorants.
Bako (Mossi), a river.
Bal (Gaelic Baile), a town, e.g. Baldernock, *the town of

the stream at the knoll*; Der=Dar (q.v.). Hock

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 81

{Gaelic Cnoc), a hill, knoll ; Baloarres, ' the town of

the contest.'
Bal, Bally, Balla (Irish), an abode, town, e.g. Balbriggan,

Ballymena.
eBala {Congo, dialect of Bantu), For meaning see Ebala.
Bala {Madagascar), enclosure, field, farm, thus ambala =

the place where the field is, e.g. Ambalanondr, ' at the

sheep field,' Ambalanosi, ' at the goat field.' See An.
Bala {Pers.), upper, top, summit, e.g. Bala Murghab.

See PaYn.
Bala {Welsh), the effluence of a river from a lake.
Balad {Arab.), a town, village, country, land. See Beled,

Bilad, Bled, for other forms.
Balagan {Kamchatka), a wooden hut raised on piles to

a height of about 10 feet above the ground.
Balai {Tagala, Philippines), house.
Balchik {Turk.), clay.
Bald {U.S.A.), a high rounded knob or mountain top,

bare of forest.
Bale {Sumatra), the men's house in Batak villages, as

distinguished from Lotsung, the general meeting-
place of the women. The men's house is also

called Sopo. Cf. Bumah, Ingot Bage.
Balgarsun {Mongol), a wall of fortification.
Balgas {Mongol), town, large village, e.g. Khara Balgas,

* black town,' Chagan Balgas, * white city.'
mBali (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu), people of the west.
Balik {Mongol), a town; in E. Turk.- b> fortification,

fortress.
Balise {Fr.), a beacon.

82 GLOSSAJIY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Balka {Riiss.)y a ravine, valley, dell.

Balkan {Turk.), a mountain range.

Balla. See Bal.

Ballewo {Fula), black, e.g. Mayo Ballewo, 'Black Biver/

Ballooh {Gaelic Bealach), a pass, an opening, e.g. Ballocli,

Ballochmyle, ' bare opening.'
Ballnt {Arab.), oak, e.g. Deir Ballntin Palestine. See Deir.
Bally. See Bal.

Balm {Celtic), an overhanging wall of rock, a cave.
Balia {Spanish America), raft, timber float, also a

pool of stagnant water.
Balta {NcO'Greek), a marsh.
Balu {Hind.), sand, gravel.
Balu-danda {Hind.), shoal, sandbank.
Balza {It.), rock, clifiF, precipice.
B^ {Pers.), roof, top, story, e.g. Bam-i-Dunya, * the roof

of the world,* applied by the Persians to the

Pamirs.
Bama=Hama {Japan), beach, shore.
Bamba {Hind.), a well, fount, pump {cf. Port, pompa).
Bamba {W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic),

crocodile, e.g. Bambara, * the people whose idol or

fetish is the crocodile.' Cf. Mali, Sa. Hence
Bambara(W^. Africa, beticeefi the Niger arid tlie Atlantic),

infidel, Kafir, a term wrongly applied to the Bam-

mana, who are Mohammadans. The Bambara of

our maps should be Bammana.
mBambi {Cofigo, dialect of Bantu), boundary, frontier.
Ban {Gaelic), white, e.g. Bannockbnm, 'the stream of

the white knoll.' See Nook, Bum.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 33

Ban (Malay), a village ; used also in Laos,

Ban (Siam), a house or farm place.

Ban, Bun {Somali), an open plain, e,g, Ban-Yero, Ban-Ado

See Yer, Ado.
Baftado {Spanish S. America), marshy land, flooded land,

lagoon.
a Ban {Fan, French Congo), a garden ; tor pi, see Aban.
Banc {Fr,), bank, sandbank. See Bank.
Banche {Fr.), clay and sand bank under water.
Banco {Port, and Sp.), a sand-bank in a stream.
Band (Pers.), a dam. Cf. Bund.
Band {Serer), a stream.
Banda {Songhai), beyond, e.g. Hari Banda = beyond the

river (the Aribinda of the maps).
Bandar {Pers.), landing-place, sheltered anchorage,

harbour, e.g. Bandar Abbas.
Bandara {Deccan), shore, coast.
Bander {Malay), a town, same word as Bandar {q.v.)
Bane {Laos), a village.
Bang {Siam), a village.
Banga {Songhai), a hippopotamus, e.g. Bangagnngn, an

island in the Niger Eiver. See Oungn.
Bangar {Hind.), high ground, uplands, tableland.
Banglata (Danakil), tent, house.
Bangu (Sonr/Aai), lake, wells.
BanhoB {Port,), baths.
Bani {Sansc), a small forest, wood.
Bania {Bulgaria), hot springs.
Banjnng {Nepal), a mountain without snow, i.e. of less

elevation than a Langar {q.v.)

D

84 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Bank (Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, a
single elevation or submarine mountain rising to
within 200 metres of the surface, but not so far as
within 11 metres, 6.^. Porcupine Bank. Equivalent
to Ger. Bank, Fr, Banc.

Banka {Russ,)^ a shoal.

Banliene (Fr.), outskirts of a town.

Banquise (Fr.)^ an iceberg.

Banteai. See Pandai.

Banti {Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), a nullah.

Banua (Arorna, New Guinea), a village. Cf. Fenua.

Banuwa (Malay), See Benua.

Banya {Hu7ig.), a mine, 6.^. Bcinya-llagi ^ great mine.
mBanza {Co7igo, dialect of Bantu), chief town, city.
IBanzana (Kafir), narrow, of a stream or path.

Banzi (Kafir), broad, of a stream.

Bao (Cochinchina), to guard, keep, preserve; e,g, Boa^Hoa,
' to keep the covenant,' Boa-Thanh, ' to remain
flourishing,' districts in Cambodia.

Bao (Hainan), a village.

Bar (Arab,), territory or country, the land, dry land,
e.g, Malabar, Zanzibar. Sec Zang.

Bar (Gaelic), See Barr.

Bar (Buss,), the bar of a river.

Bara (E, Africa), thorny scrub.

Bara (Nika), land, the mainland.

Barabido (Mossi), pond, pool.

Bara gam (Hind,), a town.

Barahi (Hind.), land.

Barak (Buss.), barracks.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 35

Barangai {Philippines), a group of from forty to fifty

families into several of which a village is divided

for purposes of taxation.
Barani {Punjab), land dependent on the rainfall only,

and not irrigated.
Baraqne (Fr.), hut, shed, barrack (B*»'*«).
Barat {Malay), west, B'Ibralrdaia, S.W., Bftrat-laut, N.W.
Baratha {Hind,), land situated in the midst of a jungle;

land on which sugar-cane has been grown, hence

impoverished. The variant Baetha also occurs.
Baraza {Zanzibar), a verandah or outer audience hall.
Baroa {Sp,), a ferry (Bca.)
Barda {Hind.), sandy or light soil.
Barka {Barbary States), a rocky place ( = Hamada) ;

excellent, fertile ( = Beni) ; storm.
Barkhan {Cent. Asia), a sandhill.
Baro {Hind,), high jungle grass.
Barong (Mongol), left, east. For other points see Aro.
Barony {Ireland), a subdivision of a county.
Barr {Arab,), dry land. See Bar.
Barr, Bar, Var {Gaelic), point, upper part, summit, e.g,

Barra (Barray), island, Barrhead, which is merely

Barr with its English rendering, head, suffixed ;

Dunbar, * the fort on the point ' ; Craigievar, * rocky

point.' See Dun, Craig.

f a bar at the mouth of a river, bank of
sand. In Brazil Barra is used for the
mouth of a stream, e.g, Tres Barras,
' three mouths,' on Paraguay R.

d2

Barra {It.)
Barra {Port,)-
Banra {Sp.)

36 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Barrabara (E. Siberia) an Aleut native house, sometimes
partly underground.

BarrapBarra {E. Africa), a road three or four yards wide
cut through woods, bramble, grass, &c.

Barrabkie {E. Siberia), a hut.

Barranca {Sp,), a deep break or hole made by mountain
floods.

Barranca {Mexico and U.S. A.), a rock-walled and im-
passable canon.

Barrancas (Venezuela), shelving sandbanks.

Barranco {Port,), a ravine, precipice.

Barre (Fr.), a bar.

Barreira {Port), ) , , .

- ,o V ra bar, bamer, a turnpike.

Barri {Sierra Leone), a hall of audience, meeting-place.

Barri {Somaliland), east. Cf. Galbed.

Barriere {Fr,), gate (B'*).

Barrier reef {English), a reef fronting a coast line or

encircling an island or group of islands, leaving a

deep channel between it and the shore, Cf,

Fringing reef.
Barrio (Sp,), a suburb, district of a town.
Barro {Hind,), a name given to the uplands on the

right bank of the Jumna Biver.
Barrow =Beorh {Anglo-Saxon), hill, earthwork, fortified

town, sepulchral mound. See Berg, Berk.
Barth {Albayiian), white.
Barzan {Pers.), street, lane.
Basat {Arab., N. Africa), any broad plain, an open

countrJ^

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 87

Bas-b&i, Basobas {Hind,), a house, dwelling.

Basgit (Hind.) J a homestead, residence.

Bash (Turk,), head, chief.

Bash {E, Turk,), head, source of a river, e,g. Bash Kala,
* the Castle at the Head of the Waters.*

Bashnya {Buss.), a tower.

Basin {Eng,), used, in suh-oceanic relief, for a depression
of approximately round form, in which the hori-
zontal diameters are about equal. Equivalent to
the Ger. Beoken ; Fr, Bassin.

Basobas {Hind,) See Bas-bas.

Bassah {Arab,), a marsh.

Bassar {Caucasus), river basin.

Basse {Fr.), shoal.

Bassin (J?V.), basin, dock (B*"). As a form of sub-
oceanic relief see Basin.

Bsksso {Puma, L, Rudolf), water, e.g. Basso Nyiro.

Bastide {Fr.), small country house (B^^^), chiefly in
Provence.

Bastita, Bastia {It,), rampart, fortress.

Basu {Songhai), wells.

Bat {Hind.), road, highway.
eBata {Congo, dialect of Bantu), summit, top, ridge of a
hill.

Bfltang ayer {Malay), a river; Batang = a tree stem,
see Ayer ; water flowing between trees, hence * river.*

Batch {England), a small stream, e,g, Coldbatch.

Baton {Arab.), gentle slope (of mountain, hill, or dune).

Batemotn {Tibet), mosquito, e.g. Baternoto Gol, * Mosquito
K.' (the Patagonto of the maps), a very appropriate

88 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPmCAL

name, mosquitos being a great pest in the Tsaidam.
See Ool.

Bat-ha (Wadai), a river.

Batha (Hind.), running water.

Bathan (Hind.), pasture grounds.

Bftfika (Sansc. and Hind,), a villa.

Bato (Gurma), ruler of a province.

Bato (Madagascar), a modified form of vato, used in
composition, rock, thus ambato = the place where
the rock is found, e.g. Ambatomena, 'the place
where the red rock is.* See An, Mena. Cf. Kara.

B&tu (Malay), a stone or rock, e.g. Batn-titi, ' a mile-
post *;B&tu-&pi=* fire-stone' (flint). SeeA'pi. Also
a mountain, e.g. Batu Tigo, Batn Lawing.

Bfltn-brani (Malay), loadstone.

Bau (Aroma, New Guinea), stone.

Bau (Ger.), a building. PI. Bauten.

Baum (Ger.), tree.

Baumscbule (Ger.), a nursery, plantation.

Baw (Siam), pit, shaft, mine.
islBaxa (Zulu, Kafir), a tributary of a river.

Bayan (Mongol), rich, prosperous, e.g. Bayan Ool, ' rich
stream.' See Gol. Gf. Wayen.

Bayan (Tagala, Philippines), town, village ; also county.

Baygall (U.S.A.), a swamp covered with growth of
bushes.

Bayou (U.S.A.), a lake or intermittent stream formed in
an abandoned channel of a river ; one of the half-
closed channels of a river delta.

B&zir (Pers.), a market ; whence the European bazaar.

AND TOl>OGllAl>flICAL TEHMS 89

Bda {Indian, U.S. A.), a river.

Be, Bi (Batta, Benue B. region), water, e,g, Benue,

* Mother of Water,' nue or nuwe being * mother.'
-B6 {Chad L. region). See Bn.
Be {Gold Coast), a mountain., e.g. A-be-tifl.
Be {Madagascar), large, great, many, e.g. Vosi Be, 'big

island.'
Be {Sara, Chad L.), house made of stone or mud.

Cf. Manda.
Bealach {Gaelic), a pass, gorge, e.g. Bealach a Ctoach

(W. coast of Scotland).
Bear, Beer, Bere {Eng.from Scandinavian). An abode,

farm, village, e.g. Shebbear, Kentisbeer.
Beam mamara {Kerepunu, New Guinea), north wind.
Beau, Bel (Fr.), beautiful, e.y. Beaulien, 'beautiful place,'

Belmont, * beautiful mountain.'
Bebe {Kamerun), near.
Bebd {Yoruba), the brink of a precipice.
Bee {Normandy), a small stream, e.g. Caudebec. Cf. Beck.
Beca {Piedmont), beak, pike, e.g. Beca di Nona
Bechi {Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), water.
Beck {England), a brook, rivulet, small rapid stream,

e.g. Hillbeck.
Becken {Ger.), a basin. For use as a form of sub-oceanic

relief see Basin.
Bedd {Welsh), a grave, e.g. Beddgelert.
Bedw {Welsh), birch trees, e.g. Llanbedw, * birch

church.' See Llan.
Bedzi {Fan, French Congo), the bank of a river.
Bee {Indian. U.S.A.), water.

40 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Beek (Dch.), a small rapid stream, rivulet, e.g. Loobeek,

Neerbeek.
Beer (Eng.) See Bear.

Beer {Ilehreic), a well (= Bir), e.g. Beersheba.
Beg (Irish ; Highlands), little, e.g. Bally Begg. See Bally.
Begaa (Arab., N. Africa), a marshy depression.
Beglik, Beklik (Cent. Asia), an administrative division

under a Beg.
Begraafplaats (Dch.), burial-ground.
Behar {Hind.) See Bikar.
maBehe {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest.
Bei {Ger.), near to, e.g. Meidling-bei-Wien.
Bei (Hainan), a village.

Beida, Beidka {Arab.), white; fern. o/Abiad, Abiodk.
Beit (Arab.), a. house ; Beit Esk-Skaar, tent.
Beiyat (Arab.) a shoal dry at low water.
Bek {Eldorobo, Uganda), water.
Bekkr (Icelandic), a brook, small rapid stream.
Bekleme (Turk.), a guard-post.
Bel, Bcle (Berta, E. Sudan), rock.
Bel (Celtic), a ford, e.g. Belfast.
Bel (Turk.), a col. Cf. Gedik.
Bela (Punjab), highlands only subject to inundation by

very high floods ; cf. Kackcka ; also applied to

islands in a river channel.
Belaa (Arab., N. Africa), quagmire, marsh.
Belad, Beldak (Arab.) See Balad.
Belbel (Adamawa), a square in a town.
Bele. See Bel.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 41

Bele (BambarUy Malinke), iron, e.g, Beledngn, 'ferrugi-
nous country.' See Dngn.

Beled (Arab.), a form of Balad (q.v,)

Beles {Cent Asia). See Bills.

Beli (Si. Slavonic), white, e.g. Belg^ad. See Orad.

Bella (Sahara) y a village for captives ; another form of
Billa (q.v.)

Belo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lo.

Bemasen {Mongolia), a place of commerce, e.g. the
Chinese quarter of Urga, called Bemasen by the
Mongols.

Ben {Gaelic), a mountain {Scotland), e.g. Ben Nevis; a
hill {Ireland), e.g. Bengower ; a rocky promontory
{Ireland), e.g. Bengore. Cf. Pen, Kin, from the
same Celtic root cen, cean, head, top, summit,
a Ben {Fan, French Congo), a dwelling made of trunks of
trees placed horizontally, set apart as a guard-
house ; iovpl. see Aben.

Bench {U.S.A.), a strip of plain, along a valley slope.

Bendang {Malay), padi field.

Bendar {E. Equatorial Africa), harbour. See Bandar,
of which this is a variant.

Bender {Arab.), a market town. See Bandar, from which
this is borrowed.

Bender {Malay), port for trade. See Bandar, from which
this is borrowed.

Beni {Arab.), sons of; a common prefix to names of
villages, e.g. Beni Hassan; signifies excellence,
fertility. See Ibn, Barka.
oBe nkol {Fan, French Congo), a hill ; for ^Z. see Obe nkol.

42 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ben na (Indian, U.S.A.), an island.

Ben^a, Ban&wa (Malay), land, country, region ; hence
Orang Benna, ' aborigines/ and thus Beniia is ap-
plied in Anglo-Indian to the wilder tribes of the
Malay Peninsula.
», „ (Philippifies), village.

„ „ (Polynesia), land, earth.

Benne (Batta), a river, lit. * Mother of Water.' See Be.

Bepo (Gold Coast), mountain, hill.

Ber (So7ighai), big, great, e.g. Tondi Ber mountain, lit.
* big stone.*

Bera (Soninke), a plain.

B^roz (Hung.), a mountain.

Bere (Mande), a mountain.

Bere (Eng.) See Bear.

Bereg (Buss.), the coast.

Berg (Anglo-Saxon, Dch., Ger., Da., Nor., Sw.), moun-
tain, hill (Ger. B., Nor. Bg.) See Berk. The
usual A.'S. forms are beorg, beorh, whence barrow
(q.v.) Cf. Bjaerg, Bjerg.

Bergerie (Fr.), a sheepfold (B^®).

Bergspitze (Ger.), peak of a mountain, summit.

Beri (ChadL. region), a large hamlet, e.g. Beri Shuwabe,
' the village of the Shuwa people.' See Be, Bu. Also
used for an encampment or smaller village.

Berk, Berg (Anglo-Saxon), a barrow, e.g. Berkhampstead.
See Berg.

Berkemi (Sara, Chad L.), north.

Berry (Anglo-Saxon), a hill, fortified place, e.g. Dolberry ;
corrupted from Barrow (q.v.) See DoL

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 48

Besar (Malay), large, e.g. Clrako Besar, ' great Chnko.'
Besh (E. Turkestan), five; e.g. Besh-arik, Besh-bek,

Besh-kent. See Arik, Kend.
Beth (Hebrew), a house, e.g. Bethany.
Beth (Hind.), sandy unproductive ground.
Betha (Arab., N. Africa) y a depression.
Beting (Malay), a sandbank, a shoal.
Bett (Ger.), the bed (of a river).
BettWB (Welsh), dwelling, village, town, e.g. Bettw»-y-

coed. See Coed, T.
Ben (Lolo, China), a mountain.
Benbeu (S. Cape, New Guinea), the north wind.
Benl=Peul=:Beal=Teiil (Korea), a plain, e.g. Hun-beul,

Nan-denl, Vak-tenl. Cf. Phyong, Phyeng.
Bevaarbaar (Dch.), navigable.
mBewe (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a chief.
Beyaz (Turk.), white.

'BbA(Burma), new ; e.g. Bhamo (Bha-maw),' New Market.*
Bhandar (Punjab), a storehouse.
Bhanwar (Hind.), a whirlpool, eddy, revolution.
Bham (Malay), new, frequently applied to villages ;

there is also Kampong Bharu in Singapore.
Bhathiyal (Hind.), with the current, i.e. down stream,

down the river.
Bheira (Arab.), a lake. Cf. Birke.
Bhil (Anglo-Indian), a marsh or lagoon ; especially used

in E. Bengal. See Jhil.
Bhot (Tibet), land ; e.g. Bhot-ant (corrupted into Bhutan),

* Land's End,' i.e. the extremity of Tibet.
Bhuda (Hind.), light sandy soil.

44 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Bhai (Gaelic). See Bui.

Bhnm {Camiodia), a hamlet.

Bhnm {Hind.), laud, country, e,g, Birbliiim, 'laud of

heroes.' Cf, Bfim.
-Bi (Gurma). See -Bu.
Biar {Arab.), wells. See Bir.
Biban, ^Z. of Bab {Arab.), gates, defiles.
Bid (Deccan), street, lane.
Bi da me {Indiaih U.S.A.), a river,
Bidrnng (Baluch), saddle, col.
Bief, Biez {Fr.), a reach of a river ; a mill-race.
Bielki {Siberia), snowy summits.
Bihar {Hind.), rugged land full of ravines.
Bi iri {Mossi, French Sudan) ^ sand.
Bikar-yilga {Cent. Asia), a cul-de-sac.
Bilad {Arab.), the land, country; e.g. Bilad es-Sudan=

* Land of the Blacks ' = Negroland = Nigritia

= Sudan; is a variant of Balad {q.v.) See El,

Sudan.
Bilene {Gazaland), plain country, occurring in the

river valleys, with a rich covering of humus,

and well provided with water.
Bilifl {Cent. Asia), a pass, e.g. Kara-Bilis, 'black pass.'

See Kara.
Billa {Bornii), a town, e.g. Billa Kabsbaribe, 'the town

of the Kabshari people*; see Be, Bu {suffix).

Hence Billama, * the man of the town,' * the mayor ' ;

see Ma {suffix). Also used as signifying the

inhabitants, or, generally, people, e.g. Billangare,

Billa Ngare, ' the Wgrare people.'
Bily {Bohemia), white (BI.)

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 45

Bimbali {Upper Congo). See Mbali.

Bina (A-Zande), a field.

Binh (Cochinchina) lit. to equal, found in many place-
names ; e.g, Binh-Tien, ' eqaal in purity.'

Binin (Gold Coast), bog, marsh, swamp.

Binnen {Dch.), within, inside, e.g, Eemnes Binnen, to dis-
tinguish it from Eemnes Bniten (q.v.)

Biod. See Abiodh.

Bir (Arab.), a well, e.g. Bir Hamam, 'Pigeon's Well,'
places being frequently named after living creatures.

Bira (Tibet), a river.
luBira (Victoria Nyanza region, dialect of Bantu), the

king's enclosure in a native town.
mBira (Giryama), a tomb.

Bire (A-Zande), a forest.

Biringa (Mande), country, forest, brushwood, camp.

Birke (Arab.), a lake. Cf. Bheira.

Birket,|7Z. Bnrkak (Arab.), an artificial pool or tank.

Bime (Arab.), a pool.

Bind (Hausa), town, a capital, e.g. Bind n Kebi. Cf. Oari.

Birsa, Bursa (Mande), bush, wood, grass.

Bisehof (Ger.), bishop, e.g. Bischofsheiiii. See Helm.

Bise (Fr.), north wind, especially the dry north-easter.

Bisha, Besha (Pers.), a forest, desert, wilderness.

Biflham (fialla), water.

Bitigya (Mossi, French Sudan), an encampment.

Bissani (Galla), water.
nBityi (Zulu, Kafir), a bog, a quagmire.

Biy&b&n (Pers.), a desert, wilderness.

Biyo, Biya (Somali), water, e.g. Biyo-foga, 'distant water,'

46 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Biya-ha-Oodle, ' water of the place of caves/ See

Ood, Le.
Bjsdrg, Bjerg (Nor., Da.), a mountain (Bg.) Cf. Berg.
Blad {Arab., N. Africa), country, a form of Balad. Other

forms are Bilad, Beled, Bled (q.v.)
Blair (Ga'Clic), a plain clear of wood, e.g. Blair Athol.
Blanc, Blanche {Fr.), white, e.g. Blanc Bfez, ' white naze.'

Dent Blanche, ' white tooth (peak).' See Hez, Dent.
Blanco {Sp.), white, e.g. Cabo Blanco. See Cabo.
Blato {S. Slav.), a marsh.
Bled {Arab., N. Africa), town, country, a form of

Balad {q.v.) See also Bilad, Beled, Blad.
Blida {Arab., N. Africa), a small town, dim. of Balad.
Blizhni {Buss.), near, e.g. Blizhni I., the nearest to the

mainland of the New Siberia Islands.
Blod {Friesland), a house.
Bluff {U.S.A.), a bluff, as distinguished from a hill, is

the escarpment formed by a river running

through a tableland.
Bo {Nor.), an estate.

Boala {Kiriwina, New Guinea), a house.
Bobrovia {E. Siberia), an otter island.
Bobrovi Kameni {Buss.), sea-otter rocks.
Boca {Port., Sp.),
Bocca {It.),

Bod {Cymric), a house, e.g. Bodmin, Bodwrog.
Bod {Nor., Da.), a warehouse.
Bode {Yoruba), custom house.
Bodi, pi. Bodar {Icel), rocks upon which the sea breaks.

a mouth or entrance.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 47

Bodi {Madagascar), a modified form of vodi, used in

* composition, foot, bottom, base ; thus ambodi (for

ani Yodi) = at the foot of, e.g. Ambodiala, 'at the

base of the forest,' Ambodivohitra, 'at the foot of

the mountain.' See Ala, Vohitra, An.

Boe {Hainan) y a village.

BoBof {Normandy), an abode, e.g. Elboeuf.

Bogen {Ger.)y a bend in a river.

Bogha {Gaelic), a sunken rock.

Boghaz {Turk.), defile, channel, strait, estuary.

Bohangin {Tagala, Philippines), sand.

Boheira, dim. of Bahr {q.v.)

Bohi {Madagascar), a modified form of voMtra, used in
composition, a mountain ; also a village, thus
ambolii=the place where the mountain or village
is, e.g. Ambohibe, ' on the great mountain,' Ambohi-
malaza, ' at the celebrated village,' Ambohipasja,
* the place where the marshy village is.* See An, Be.

Bois {Fr.), a wood (B.), e.g. Bois de Boulogne.

Boivi {laibo. New Guinea), island, mountain.

Bok {Ebon, Polynesia), sajid.

Bok {Somaliland, Nogal district), a well.

Boka {Egyptian Sudan), capital town.

Boka {Gold Coast), east, eastward, leeward. See Ane.
mBoka {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town.

Boko {Songhai), a gorge.

Bold {Anglo-Saxon, Norse), a house.

aBoli {Fan, French Congo), source, ravine ; see Aboli.
BoliB {Neo-Greek), a town ; from Anc, Gr. ir6\i9
Bolita {Kiriwina, New Guinea) j salt water, sea.

48 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

nmBolompo (Kafir), a deep ravine ; a passage between

high banks.
Boloto (Bu88.), marsh, swamp ; Bolotina, marshy place.
Bolshoi (Buss.), great, e.g. Bohhasrar, flowing into Gulf

of Anadyr ; BolBhoi Hoszcenica, on Oslika B., trib. of

Dnieper.
Bolson (U.S.A.,' Mexico), a basin; a depression or

valley having no outlet, e.g. Bolson de ICapimi.
Boma (Bantu), a palisade of poles, stones, &c., serving

as a fortification, equivalent to the Kraal (q.v.) of

the South, a native chief's village or capital ;

applied now also to Government stations. Cf.

Boma on the Congo B. estuary.
Boma (Pula, China), a mountain.
Bombordo (Port ), port side, i.e. the left side or larboard,

when one faces the bows of a ship.
a Bon (Fan, French Congo), bridge ; lor pi. see Abon.
eBon (Fan, Frefich Congo), a lodging-place, whereat to

sleep when on a journey ; for ;Z. see Ebon.
Bon (Siam), upper.
Bona (Kamerun), people, n'iCe, family, e.g. Bona Basem,

Bonaberi.
Bonde (Fr.), a sluice.

Bondog, Bondok (Tagala, Philippines), a mountain.
Bongo (Bornu), a hut with circular mud walls, thatched

with straw. Cf. Zusi.
Bongo (Songhai), a cape,
li Bongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), market.
cM Bongo (Bantu), a small lake.

Bool (Somali), ditch or torrent, e.g. Bool Bashiro, near

Lugh.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 49

Boomgaard (DcA.), an orchard.

Bopo (Nika), a hollow.

Boquete (Sp.)> a narrow entrance, pass.

Bor {Slavonic), a forest, e,g. Bohrau.

Bora {Italian origin), a violent north wind common in
the upper parts of the Adriatic Sea.

Boran {Somali), a trench =B[atakh {q.v.)

Borau {A-Zande), people, the same word as Bore.

Bord {Fr.), shore, bank, strand.

Borde (Provincial, Fr.), a small farm (B^^').

Bore {Songhai), people, the same word as Borau. See
also Boroyo.

Boreas, Borras {Greek), north. For other points see Lips,
Heses, Skiron, Euros, Apeliotes.

Borg {Arab.) See Boij.

Borg {Da,, Sw.), a castle, e,g. Aalborg, *eel castle.'

Borgata {It), borough, market town ; suburb.

Borghetto {It), a large village or small town.

Borgu {Nigeria), grazing land, grass lands, a name given
to several districts, as well as to the territory known
by the name.

Bori {Songhai), fertile lands.

Boij {Arab.), a fortified building, a town ranking be-
tween Medine (city) and Karie or Beled (village).
See Borg.

Boij, pi. Biar, Abiar {Arab,), wells.

Bom {Hesse) a stream, e,g, Hachborn. Cf, Bourne.

Borne {Fr,), landmark, boundary.

Boronuna {Gold Coast), narrow street, lane.

Boron {E, Africa), a cattle track, any path or track.

E

60 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Borough (England), from Anglo-Saxon burg (an earth-
work), a fortified town. Cf. Bury, Brongh.

Borough (Anglo-Saxon) = beorh, a hill, e.g, Ingleborongh.
Cf. Berg, Berk, Barrow.

Boroyo (Songhai), people. See Bore, Borau.

Borras (Nco-GreeJc). See Boreas.

Borro, Borrone (It.), a large ravine.

Bos (Cymric), a house, e.g. Boscawen.

Bos (E. Turkestan), grey, e.g. Bos-kul, Bos-yilga. Sec
Kul, Tilga.

Boscaglia (It.), woods, underwood.

Bosoh (Dch.), wood, forest, e.g. Braambosch (Holland),
Stellenbosch (Cape).

Boschveld (Dch.), open plain covered with low bush.

Bosco (It.), wood, forest (B,)

Bosogha (E. Turk.), gate, entrance.

Bosonopo, Bosoropo (Gold Coast), the great sea, ocean.

Bosque (Sp.)^ a tract of land planted with trees and
brushwood, a forest. In the Philippines this is
used for any wild, uncultivated land.

Bosquet (Fr.), grove, thicket.

Bostan (E. Turk.), kitchen garden.

Bot-ho (Arab.), a creek of water less open than a Bejl or
Kra (q.v.)

Botogo (Songhai), a marsh.

Bottle (Anglo-Saxon, Norse), a house, e.g. Newbottle.

Bottom (AnglO'Saxonhotm), a dale, a hollow, low ground.
(U.S.A.), Biver Bottom or Flat Bottom, the low-
land, covered with wood, lying between a river and
the hills which enclose its valley.

AKD T01>0GRAPHICAL TERMS 5l

iBotwe (Amaxosa), the metropolis, seat of government.
Bouche (Ft.), mouth of a river (B^^^^).
Bou^e {Fr.)y buoy, beacon.
Boimon (Neo-Greek), mountain, hill.
Board {Gaelic Bhuird), flat, e.g. Benabourd, 'table-moun-
tain,' one of the Cairngorms. See Ben.
Bonrg (JFV.), tovni.
Bourne {AnglO'Saxo7i), a stream, rivulet, e.g. Eastbonrne.

Cf. Bom, Bum.
Bouwland {Dch.), arable land.
Boven (Dch.), upper, above, e.g. Bovenkerk.
Bowal {Fr. Guinea), a rocky plain.
Box Caiion (U.S.A.), a canon having practically vertical

rock sides.
Boyon (Tibet), an isthmus, e.g. Kara Boyon, 'black

isthmus.* See Kara. Gf. Buyan.
Boynk (Turk.), great, e.g. Boynk Derbend, in both

Bumelia and Eastern Eumelia.
Boz (E. Turkestan). See Bos.
Braohos (Neo-Greek), a clifif.
Brse (Nor.), glacier, e.g. JostedalsbrsB.
Brae (Scotch), slope of a hill.
Brag (Tibet), rock, a rocky mountain.
Branco, a (Port.), white, e.g. Bio Branco, Serra Branca.
Brang, Brang-sa (Tibet), station, camp.
Brasa (Slavonic), birch, e.g. Braslaf.
Brazo (Sp.), an arm of a river.
Brdo (S. Slav.), a mountain.
Bre (Celtic), a promontory, e.g. Bredon.

e2

GLOSSARY OF GEOaRAPHICAL

Break {Icelandic brekka, a declivity), a hollow among
hills ; (Scotch) a division of land in a farm.

Breite {Ger.), latitude.

Bridal veil-Fall (U.SA,), a cataract of great height aiul
such small volume that the falling water is dissi-
pated in spray before reaching the lower stream-
bed.

Brig (North of Eng.), bridge, e.g. Briggate, Brighoiue.

Brija (Arab.^ N, Africa), a small fortified house ; dim.
of Boij.

Briq[ueterie (Fr.), a brick kiln (Briq").

Brisies (Fr., Mauritius), shooting paths cut in the jungle.

Bro (Celtic), a district.

Bro (Harem, Indo-China), forest.

Bro (Nor., Da., Sw.), a bridge.

Brod (S. Slav.), a ford.

Bron (Dch., Ger.), source of a stream, e.g. Heilbronn,
* holy source,* * holy well.'

Bronu (Gold Coast), a street, lane.

Brough (England), from Anglo-Saxon burh or burg
(an earthwork), a fortified town. Cf. Borg, Bury,
Borough.

Brousse (Fr.), forest, bush.

Brttcke (Ger.), a bridge.

Brug (Dch.), a bridge, e.g. Burgerbrog, Nieuwebrug.

Brughiera (It., Milanese dialect), heath.

Brtmnen (Ger.), well, stream.

Brunnr (Icelandic), a fountain, spring.

Bryn (Welsh), a brow, ridge, slope of a hill, e.g,
Bryngwyn.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 53

Bu {Arab,, Algeria), Added to names of animals,
plants, &c., it denotes the place where they abound.
In composition it signifies resemblance. Joined
to adjectives it means river, e.g, Bu-Herziig=the
fertilising river.

Bu (Cent. Africa^ dialects of Bantu), prefix generally
employed to indicate abstract nouns, e.g. Mn-nta
= a man, Bu-ntu= humanity ; also land, country,
e.g. Bnganda, Bunyoro. See Ba.
-Bu, -Be {Chad L, region), a postfix signifying 'people,'
e,g. Kanembu, the people of Eanem ; Fulbe (usually
written Fula) ; Tibu. Corresponds to the Bantu
prefix Ba, Wa, as in Basuto, Waganda. See also
Eel, Im, Abel. The singular is -ma, e,g, Eanema,
Kanem-ma, ' a man of Kanem,' Billama, ' the man of
the town, mayor,* Billa meaning * town' ; Ngnrubu,
pi. of Nguruma, people and person of Ngnru. Further
west, in Gurma, -bi is found, e.g, Onrmabi, ' the
people of Gurma.'

Bu {Tibet), middle, between.

Buala, Bwala, pi. Mala (Loango), See Ala.

Bucht {Ger,), bay, bight, cove. For use as a form of
sub-oceanic relief see Embayment.

Buda (Slavonic), a hut, e,g, Buda, Budkowitz.

Budh (Punjab), old, e.g, old dry beds of branches of
the Chenab.

Budi (Congo), a papyrus swamp.

Budo, Bude, Buda (Yoruba), a camp, e.g, Bude-Eku, Buda-
Egba. See Egba.

Budu (Mossi, French Sudan), nation.

54 GLOSSARSr OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Bueno, a (Sp.)> good, e.g. Buenos Aires, ' fine airs,' Bnena

Vista, * good view.'
Buff (Galloppa, Abyssinia, and Lokub, L. Budolf),

water.
Bug {Tibet), cavity, recess ; end.
Bugt (Da., Nor., Sw.), bight, bay. Cf. Bucht.
Bugu {Mande), an inhabited place of less importance

than a capital ; house, cottage. Cf. Dugu.
Buhaira (Arab.), a small sea, a lake.
Buhne (Gar.), a wharf, quay; a dam to turn the course

of a river.
Bui, Bhui (Gaelic), yellow, e.g. Eu Bui, * Yellow Point,'

in Loch Alsh.
Buira (Arab., N. Africa). See Bwira.
Buisson (Fr.), bush, thicket.
Buiten (Dch.), outside, without, e.g. Buitenveldert.
Buitenplaats (Dch,), a country seat.
Buitenverblijf (Dch.), a country house.
Biijoko (Yoruba), a dwelling.
Bok (Hang Cheh, Indo-China), great.
Buka (Arab.), a valley between tw^o mountain ranges ;

a low-lying tract of land ; burial-place of a saint.
imBukka (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), cave.
Bukhta (Buss.), bay, creek.

Bukit (Malay), a hill, e.g. Bukit Hulu Bena. See Eolu.
Bukoba. See Wakoba, Koba.
Buksem (Gent. Asia), close tangled wood.
uBuku (Kafir), a bog, a quagmire.
Bui (Chad L. regioii), white, e.g. Nki BcQ, ' white water,'

a portion of Chad L.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 56

Bulak (Turk.), spring, source, e.g. Sig-Bulak. '^
Bnlakan (Philippines), a country or district where

cotton is grown.
mBnlanj^iana (Congo, dialect of Bantu), confluence,

junction of two streams.
Bnlli (Somali), a low place where water collects.
Bolli Haredle (Somali), a rain-water pool. Hared=

rain-water. See Le.
Bolshaia (Alaska), great mountain.
Bulu (Mande), arm, branch, e.g. Babulu, * river arm.'

See Ba.
luBnln (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a small torrent-bed,

brook.
Bom (Pers.), a country, land, soil, cognate with Sa7isc.

bMmi. See BhoiiL
Bnluga (Mossi, French Sudan). See Kuluga.
Bmnanda (Beniie R. region), a ford or place of em-

barcation.
Bun (Irish), mouth of a river, e.g. Bondoran.
Bon (IndO'China), a village.
Bun (Mande), house, cottage.
BniL (Somali). See Ban.
Bnnar (Turk.), the source of a river.
Bund (Pers.), a dam. Cf Band.
Bnndari (E. Africa), harbour, a form of Bandar
Bunder (Pers.), a harbour, a form of Bandar.
Bondn (Fula), wells, spring, source.
Bonga (Galla), an uninhabited desert. Gf. Halla.
Bungalow (Anglo-hidian), a corruption of the Hind.

Bangla (contrac. from Banglla), the most usual

66 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

class of house occupied by Europeans in the

interior of India, being of one story and covered

by a pyramidal thatch roof, though a tile roof is

sometimes used.
Bongo (Barotseland). See Tungo.
Bimgu (Ja-LuOf Uganda), forest.
Bungantaiii (Madagascar)^ a little round hill.
Bonik (Nandi, Uganda), country.
Bantu (Celebes), mountain, e.g, Bantu Bila.
Bar (Somali), a mountain, e.g, Bor-Mado, Bar*Bap, Onm-

bar. See Mado.
Bar (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a well.

Barak (Arab.), artificial pools or tanks (pi. of Birket).
Baran (Cent Asia), a snowstorm.
Btiren (Ger,), an abode, e.g. Amelsbtiren (in Westphalia).

The Dch. form is Baren.
Barg (Dch.), castle, town, e.g. Doomenborg, Rozenbnr^.
Barg, Burgh (England), an earthwork, a fortified town.

Cf. Brough, Bury.
Bargo (Port), a town or castle on a hill ; suburb.
Burgos (lie^idili, East Africa), white-necked, e.g. Donyo

BargOB, * the white-necked mountain,' the Bend Hi

name for Mt. Kenia.
Burl (Danakil), land, dry land; e.g. Burl peninsula in

Eritrea.
Bari (Siam), a city.
Baij (Arab.), a tower.
Bum (Anglo-Saxon), a bourn, stream, rivulet, e.gr.

Blackburn. Of. Bourne, Born.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 57

Bnmu, Bmnm {Turk,), cape, the French Nez; point,

promontory. See Bomii.
Bnron (Fr,), hut, cottage (B°°), from Old Ger. biir, house.
Burrock (from Anglo-Saxon beorg), a small weir or dam

in a river.
Burrone (It), a precipice, ravine.
Bursa (Mande). See Birsa.
Burun (Songhai), king.
Buruu (Turk), naze, lit. a nose, e,g, Isjeburun. See

Bumu.
Bury (England), from Anglo-Saxon burh, burg; an
earthwork, fortified town. Cf. Brongh, Burg, Borough.
Bus (Slavonic), a dwelling, e.g. Trebus.
Buscione (7^.), bush, jungle.
Buso (Yoruba), a resting-place, inn.
umBuso (Zulu, Kafir), a kingdom.

Bdst^ (Pers.), a garden, especially a flower-garden, from

bu, bo, fragrance, and stdn, place.
Busu (Yoruba), loose sandy ground.
umButiso (Zulu, Kafir). For meaning see XTmbutiso.
Butte (Fr.), a knoll.

„ (U.S. A.), a lone hill rising with precipitous cliflfs
or steep slopes ; a small isolated Mesa (q.v.)
Bttttel (Ger.), a house, lit. bailiff, e.g. Wolfenbttttel. Cf.

Bottle.
Buurt (Dch.), a hamlet, e.g. Bovenbuurt, Geldersche Buurt.
Buwab^Z. of Bab (Arab.), gates.
Buyan (E. Turk.), saddle, neck, col. Cf. Boyou.
Buyau (Buss.), wharf , landing-place (in masculine).
Buyuk (Turk.), great, e.g. Buyukdere, on the Bosporus.

58 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Bnzuk (E, Turk,), ruined, in ruins.
eBwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), mouth of a river, con-
fluence.

Bwira, Boira (Arab., N. Africa), little wells.
-Bwo, -Bwe (Upper Sassandra B. region), a suffix,
meaning village, settlement; e.g. (}ogibwo, * Gogi's
village,' Oozrobwe, * Gozro's village.'

By (Da., Nor., Sw.), town, an &hoAe,e.g. Derby, Whitby.

Byang (Tibet), north. For other points see Lho.

Byeli (Buss.), white, e.g. Byeloye More, * the White Sea.'

Bye-ma (Tibet), sand.

o

Canpau (Spanish S. America), a collection of trees ; also
/ a small mound far from a river or spring ; has

same meaning as Ida.
CabaSe~fP'h)>.'aj5f)ttage (C"®).
Cabaret (Fr.), a tavern (Cab**). Cf Khabfirit.
Cabe90 (Port.), the top of a hill, summit.
Calw (Por^., Sp.), cape, promontory, headland.
Caokeo, Caohao (Port.), lit. the bubbles on water, so

bubbling water, a torrential river, e.g. Cacbeo Biver.
CacMmba (Spanish S. America), a shallow well, a

spring.
Cachoeira (Port.), waterfall, rapids.
Caer (Welsh), a fortress ; e.g. Caermarthen.
CafSiere (Fr.), a coffee plantation.
Caillooh (Gaelic cailleach), a nun, e.g. Inohoaillooh, *the

island of the nuns.' See Inch.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 59

Cairn {Celtic), a stony hill, e.g. Cairngorm. See Gorm.
Cait, Caith {Cymric Caeth), narrow, e.^. Penoaitland (Pen-

Caeth-Llan), ' head of the narrow enclosure/ See

Pen, Han.
C^jon {U.S.A.), a box-canon {q.v.)
Cj%^f alat {Sp.), a corruption of the Arabic Kalat, * a

castle on a rock,' e.g. Caltabalotta, Calatamisetta.
Cala (I^.)7 a bay.
Cala {Sp.), a creek or small bay.
Calat {Sp.) See CaL
Calata {It), a slope or declivity.
Caloosa {It), a beaten path, a road.
Caldeira {Fr. Port) See Caldron.
Calder {Celtic), a woodland stream.
Caldron {Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief,

a more or less steep depression {q.v.) of relatively

small extent, e.g. the Monaco Caldron on the

Azores Plateau. Equivalent to Ger. Kessel, Fr.

Caldeira. Cf. Furrow.
Cale de Ferata {Bumania), railway.
Caleta {Sp.), a cove.
Calle {It.), a way, road, path.

Calo {It), fa lli cu^ent o f a ri ver ; de clivit y of a hill.
Calzada {Sp.), a highway.
Cam {Welsh, Gaelic), crooked, e.g. Cam E.
Cama (U.S. A.), a small upland prairie.
Caiiia {Port., Sp.), a bed, stratuin.
Camber {Eng. from Old French), a small dock in a

royal yard for unloading timber ; a harbour.

(JO GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Cambns (Celtic), a bay, bend, e.g. Cambiukeiineth; Ald-

oambni, ' the stream of the bay/ See Aid.
Oaminho (Port.), a municipal or county road, cf. Estrada.
Caminho de Ferro (Port), railway.
Camino (Sp.), a road (C.)
Oamino de Hierro (Sp.), railway.

country, open country, country fields.

Campagna (It.),
Campagne (Fr.),

Oampanario(ASp.)i]

OampanUe {It.). I * '*^'P^'' *^''^'' ^^^-

Oampoi abertot (Brazil), ' open plains,' where little is to
b« HVAin except herbaceous or scrubby growth.

Oampoi agraitet (Brazil), * rough plains,' where coarse
tufty herbage of greyish colour prevails.

Campoi oerrados (Brazil), * closed plains,' having nnme-
rouH Hniall groves, woods, and thickets.

Campoi geraei (Brazil), 'general plains'; the intermi-
na})lo level or slightly rolling tracts, under short
coarnci growth, where the landscape is monotonous
and «(jldom relieved by any conspicuous object.

Campoi mimoioi (Brazil), ' tender campos,' under soft,
fresh, bright green pasturage, suitable for cattle-
runs.

Campoi voroi (Brazil), * true plains,' grassy, treeless, and
waterloHs plateaux.

Camui (Gaelic), a bay or creek, e.g. Camus Oraiay, in the
Hebrides.

Ca&ada (U.S.A.), a very small cafion. In Argentina
this is used for any small depression.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 61

Cancha {Spanish S. America), a spacious flat or open

space.
Candelas (U.S.A.), a group of candle-like rocky pinnacles.
Cangrqal (Spanish S. America), low marshy ground,

full of ruts and holes, impassable and difficult of

access.
Canon (Spanish America), a mountain gorge.
Cantera (Sp.), a quarry.
Cantiere (It.), a dockyard.
Canton (Low Latin Cantonnm, a district, province, Fr.

Canton, a collection of parishes), a small portion or

division of land, a small district constituting a

distinct government. Hence Cantonment, quarters

for soldiers ; the Swiss Cantons.
Caolas (Gaelic), firth,^strait, e.g. Caolas na Aird.
Cap (Fr., Ger.), cape, headland (C.)
Capel (Welsh), a chapel, e.g. Capelcnrig.
Capella (Par ^.), A
Capelle (Ger.), I a chapel.
Capilla (Sp.), |
Capo (It.), a cape (C.)
Capocroce (It), cross-roads.
Capoeira (Brazil), 'aftergrowths,' the jungle that springs

up rapidly in abandoned clearings.
Capdes (Brazil), * thickets,' patches of low growth,

especially palms, in the damp parts of the grassy
' Campos (q.v.)
CsajWales), a city, town, e.g. Cardift.
Car (Scotland), a fortified place, e.g. Carstairs.
CarabineroB (Sp.), a post of military coastguards.

62 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Carraja (It,), a cartway.

CarrasoM (Brazil), scrub, bruBhwood. See Capdet, Ser-

radSes, Catingas.
Carrefour (Fr,), a cross-road (CarrefO-
Carretara (Sp,), a high-road.
Carrick, Carrig (Ireland), a rock, crag, from the Gaelic

carraig, e.g. CaniokfergoB, Carrig o Ounnel.
Carridre (Fr.), a quarry (Carr*).
Carie (Scotland), low and fertile land adjacent to a

river, e.g. Carse of Oowrie.
Cartha (Phoenician), an enclosed place, a city, e.g

Carthage.
Casa (It., Port, Buman., Sp.), a house.
Casar (Sp.), a village (Cas.)
Caioajo (Sp.), gravel.

Casoina (7^), pasture-ground, dairy farm (C"'').
Caserne (Fr.), barracks.
Caseta (Sp.), a small house.
Casino (It.), a country seat (Cas**).
Casotto (7^.), a small house, sentry-box (Ct**).
Cassine (Fr.), a little country house, box.
Castagneto (It.) Castanhaes (Brazil), a forest abounding

in chestnut trees.
Caster (Anglian), from Latin castra, camp, e.g. Don-

caster. Cf. Cester, Chester.
Catena (7^.), a chain (of mountains).
Catingas (Brazil), extensive open woodlands of small

growth and with much underwood, affording cover

to all kinds of animals. See Campos, Capoes.
Cavata (It), a ditch, moat.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 6S

Cay, Key {U.S.A., W. Indies), a comparatively small and

"""*^lo^i\f,.coastal island of sand or coral, fro m Sp. ca^
e.g. Key

Cayo (Sp.), rock, shoal, islet.

Ceann (Gaelic) , Eead, promontory, e.g. Ceann More, W.
coast of Scotland. See More.

Cefii (Cymric), a back, ridge, e.g. Ceyexmes, CefiillyB.

Oeja (Sp.), the summit of a mountain.
„ (U.S. A.), the clijff of a Mesa (q.v.) ridge, an escai-p-
ment.

Celt (Welsh), a covert.

Cementerio, Cimenterio (Sp.), a cemetery, burial-ground.
inCenoesha (Amaxosa, Kafir), a rivulet.

Cenn (Gaelic), a head, a mountain (pronounced ken),
e.g. Kenmore. See More.

Cense (Fr.), a small farm (C^).

Cercania (Sp.), neighbourhood; in pi. environs.

Cemy (Bohemian), black (Cr.) Cf. Chemi, Tzemi.

Cerrig (Welsh), a crag, e.g. Cerrig-y-Dmidion. Cf. Carrick.

Cerro (Sp.), a hill or highland which is in general craggy.
„ (U.S.A.), a single eminence intermediate between
hill and mountain.

Cester (Mercian), from Latin castra, camp, e.g. Leicester.
Cf. Caster, Chester.

Cha, Sha (Indian, U.S.A.), great, e.g. 8hawangunk=
great wall: Cliatemuc= great rocks.

Cha (Indian, California), town, village, house.

Cha (China), sand, e.g. Kin Cha Kiang, ' the river of
golden sand,' i.e. the Upper Yangtse ; also a post-
house. Cf. Tarjam. See Kin, Kiang.

64 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Cha (Kurdish), a moantain.

Cha (Tibet), signifies extent, see Cha lam; also a post-
house, resting-place, e,g, Shan^ha.

Chabet, Chaaba (Algeria) , a system of sinuous ravines.
See the more usual forms Shabet, Shaaba.

Chacra (Spanish S. America), a farm building.

Chad. See Ttadhe.

Chadir (Cent. Asia), house, e.g. Chadir Taah, 'stone
house.'

Chagan (Mongol), white, e.g. Chagan Tologai, * white
head.'

Chaget (Indian, Alaska), a river mouth, e.g. Koschaget,
' the mouth of the Koina,' na being river. In the
lower Yukon district the ch is hardened into k.
See Kaget, Kakat.

Chah (China), a barrier.

Chah (Pers.), well, pit, e.g. Cha-Shirm.

Chahi (Punjab.), land irrigated from wells, whether
assisted by canals or river-floods or not. Cf.
Nahri.

Chai (Chiiia), fortified military place, camp.

Chal (Shan States), a village, e.g. Tao Kuan Chai.

Chai (Turk.), a river, e.g. TJlu Chai. See Xlln.

Chaine (Fr.), a chain of hills (Ch"«).

Chair (Turk.), a meadow.

Chak (Pers.), hole, mine.

Chak (Indian, California), earth, land.

Chaka (Giryaina). See Aka.

Chaka (Tibet), a lake, e.g. Lima Bingmo Chaka.

Chakerem (Cent. Asia), shout-distance.

AND TOPOafiAPHIGAL TEKMS 66

Cha Lam (Tibet), a * large road/ high road. See Cba, Lam.

Chalet (Fr.), house, Swiss cottage (Ch"^^).

Chalo, Chara, Chiala {Cent Africa, dialects of Bantu).

See Alo, Aro; Alu.
Chamama (W. Sahara), inundated banks of rivers.
Chaman (Pers.), pcksture, orchard.
ChamiiLe (Port), a chimney, steeple.
Chamnr (Turk,), mud.
Chan (China), resting-stages for the night.
Chan (Gaelic), a headland, e.g. Ardnamurchan, ' the

height of the great headland.' See Ard, Mor.
Chandis (Java), the ancient temples of Central and

Eastern Java.
Chang (China), village, borough, market ; middle.
Chang (China), long (either time or distance), e*g. Chang

Chiang, ' long river.'
Chang (Pers.). See under Hamfin.
Chang (Tibet), north, e.g. Chang Pa, 'the men of the

north,' a nomad tribe of Tartars called Tagh Lik, or

' mountaineers ' in E. Turk. See Pa, Tagh, Lik.
Changkat (Malay), a hill or rising ground, a small hill,

e.g. Changat Jening, Changat Tepus.
Chanh (Cochinchina), honest, upright ; e.g. Binh-Chanh,

* equal in probity,' a district in Cambodia. See Binh.
Chani (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kiani.
Chanwa (Hausa), green, of a wood in leaf. Cf. Algos.
Ciiap (E. Turk.), a very enclosed ravine.
Chapadas (Brazil), 'high ground,' applied vaguely to

elevated plateaux, low ridges or serras traversing

the Campos (q»v.) See also Taboleiras, Bertoes.

F

66 GLOSSARY OF OEOaRAPHICAL

ChapeUe (Fr.), a chapel (Ch"«).

Char {Bengal), a sandbank, also new alluvium brought

down by a river ; in Anglo-Indian Chorr.
Char {Marocco)f a village built of houses, not tents.
Charde (Pers.), a group of four villages, from char, ' four,'

and deh, ' village.' Cf. Char-so.
Charneca {Brazil), * heath,' applied to scrubby open

tracts forming a transition from Carrascoes to the

Sertoes {q,v.)
Charo {Nika). See Aro.
Char-sn {Pers.), four roads meeting, a market. Cf.

Charde, Chauraha.
Chart {England), a forest, e.g. Seal Chart.
Cham {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Chalo.
Chase {England), an unenclosed hunting-ground, e^g.

Cannock Chase.
Chashma {Pers.), a fountain, source, e.g. Chasma Gauhir.
Chat {E. Turkish), angle, junction of two water-
courses.
Chat ta na {Indian, U.S. A,), a hill.
Chjltean {Fr), a castle (Ch*«).
Chatel {Fr.), a castle, e,g. Heuchatel.
Chatemnk {Indian, U.S.A.), great rocks.
Chatir {Cent Asia), another form of Chadir (?.t?.)
Chan, tj^^osL^China), department, the division of a

province rajiking above a district and below a

sub-prefecture, usually called San^JIhpn; district

city. Cf. Hien, Pn. Also
Chin {Cambodia), everywhere, altogether, e.g. Chau-Phn,

* everywhere rich,' in Bao-Lok.

AND TOPOGRAPHIGAL TERMS 67

Chaufoor {Fr.), a limekiln.

Chau kong fo (Mido-tse, Kwei-chou), a brook.

Chaiunine, Chaumiere (Fr.), a small cottage.

Channg {Burma), stream, creek.

Cliaiir {Hind.)y a large open space in a forest, an ex-
tensive tract of low land.

Chanraha {Hind,, Pers.), a cross road, the junction of four
roads. Cf. Char-Bu, Chaur being a variant of Char.

Chaiuwie (Fr.), a main road (Ch^).

Chawng {Siam), a strait.

Che {China), a dam.

Cheaou {China), a bridge. Cf, Chiao, Kiao.

Cheap. See Chipping.

Chebiri {Hatcsa), an island.

Chede {Nika). See Ede.

Chekil {E. Turk,), a steep rock.

Ghekmeje {Turk.), a bridge.

Chel {E. Turk,), a desert.

Cheltang {Hang Chek, Indo-Chlna), road.

Chema {Tibet)y sand.

Chemin {Fr.), a road (Ch»").

Chemin de fer {Fr,), railway.

Cheminie {Fr,), chimney (Ch"^*).

Chenal {Fr,), a channel (of harbours, &c.), a track. For
use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see Oully.

Cheng {China), a city wall, a city ; a walled village or
town; a stage in a journey. Cf, Pu, Tun, Tson,
Chwang. Sometimes written Chen, e,g, Pei-ku-
chen, ' north pass borough.' See Pei, Ku.

Cheng {Yindu Chin, ]V, of Mon B:), a valley.

F 2

68 GLOSSARY OF GEOORAPHICAL

mChenga (Zanibezia^ dialect of Bantu) ^ sand.

Chengo (Giryania), a camp. *

Chenu, j!>r Chelu (Telegu), a field.

Chap. See Chipping.

Chergi (IK. Sahara), east.

Cherni {Buss,), black, e.g. Chernoe Kore, ' the Black
Sea * ; Chernagora, < Black Mountain,' i.e. Monte>
negro. Cf, Corny.

Chenonesus (Greek), a peninsula.

Chethme (Pers.), source, fountain.

Chester {Saxon), from Latin Cattra, camp, e.g. Win-
chester. Cf. Caster, Cester.

Chesu (Songhai), the bank of a river.

Chete (Giryama). See Ete.

Chexd (Turk.), a desert.

Chevalis (Fr.), a ford when the water is low, a passage
made with boats when a river is low.

Chi (Cent. Africa), a prefix signifying *big,' e.g. Ghiromo
as big lip.

Chi=Hyeng=Nyeng=:Byeng (Korea), a pass, e.g. Ko-
dek*ohi.
i mi Chi, umuChi (Kossova, Uganda), a town.
maChi (Fan, French Congo), water.

Chi (Batta, Benue R. region), a sufiix meaning lan-
guage, e.g. Paparohi, ' the language of the Papar
people.' Cf. Hohi.
in Chi (Swahili), country.

Chia (China), a house, home, family; also a cape.

Chia (Kurdish), a mountain.

Chialn (Cent. Africa, dialect qf Bantu) . See Chalo.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 69

Chiang (China), a river, never used for a small stream,
though Ho may be applied to a large one. See Xiang.

Cliiao (China), a bridge; also a sect, e.g. Chei Chiao,
^ abstinence sect,' applied to Mussulmans.

Chibla (Songhai), earth.

Chibongo (Bantu). See Bongo.

Chico (Sp.), small, e.g. Chico B. There are several rivers
of this name in South America.

Chidnnda (Senna, Bantu). See Dnnda.

Cliie (China), a street.

Chien (China), a thousand ; e.g. Chien Shan, ' the thou-
sand peaks.'

Chien (China), shallow.

Chieng (Laos), a city.

Chie-ye (Mia^-tse, Kwei-chau), a plain.

Chiflik (Turk.), a farm.

Chig (Indian, U.S.A.), shore.

Chigogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a kind
of banana, e.g. Hgogo, a river rising in or flowing
through a banana plantation. See Oogo.

Chignnda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirumba.

Chikowa (Hausa), flood.
maChila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). For meaning
see Haohila.

Chilezo, pL 7ilezo (Swahili). See Lezo.

Chi-li (China), metropolitan.

/ (China), independent department, i.e.

Chi-li-chan J independent of a prefecture; indepen-
dent departmental city or city of the
second order. Cf. Chan.

Chi'li-chon

70 GLOSSARY OF aEOGRAPHICAL

mnChili (Barotseland, Bantu), a clan, e.g. Muchili Xaehi-
hombo, ' the clan of fishers.' For ^2. see MneMlL

CM-li-ting (China), independent sub-prefecture; a di-
vision of a province ranking immediately after a
prefecture, and dependent directly on a circuit.

Chilnndi (Tonga, Bantu). See Lnndi.

Chilwa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirwa.

Chima (Pula, China), a wood, forest.

Chimen (E. Turk), prairie.

Chimpolo (Loango), a ravine.

Chin (China), a town, lit. a tent ; e.g. Maimachin, ' trade
town ' near KiaJ^hta.

Chin (China), gold, e.g. Chin Chnan, ' gold stream.'

Chin (Hind.) See Jin. Chin (Korea). See Jin.

China (It.), a declivity, slope.

Chine (Anglo-Saxon Cinn), a rift, chink; ravine; e.g.
Blaokgang Chine.

Ching (China), a well.

Ching (China), the capital of a state.
liChinga (Mavia, Mozambique), a small hill.

Chinggo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden.

Chini (Stoahili), depth.

Chiniak (Aleut), a rocky, impassable, wretched sea; e.g,
Chiniak bay, cape, and island.

Chin-toil (Hang Chek, Indo-China), a forest.
liChinya (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), an island.

Chiopak (Mentaivei), a stream.

Chipanas (Java), hot springs.

Chipping, Cheap, Chep (Eng. from old Teutonic root,
meaning * trade,' * barter '), market-place, e.g. Chip-
ping Norton, Cheapside, Chepstow. See Kiting.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 71

Chir {Gaelic cMar), dark brown, e.g. AbereUrder (Aber-
obiar-dnr), 'the confluence of the dark-brown
water.' See Aber, Dnr.
Chimmba {Cent. Africa, dmlect of Bantu). See Bamba.
Chirwa {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kirwa.
Chisai {Japan), little, small.

Cbifli, DzUi {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Si.
Chisiwa {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziwa.
Chisna {Bantu). See Sua.
Chit {E. Turk), limit, boundary.
Chito {Bantu). See To.

Chituabi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Litumbi.
CMung {China), border waste land.
Cbliim {Slavonic), an isolated hill.
Cbo {A7inam), a market. Cf. Sho.
Cho {Tibet), a lake, e,g. Am Cho ; Oaring Cho. Another
form is TiM>.
mCho {East Africa, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see
Mcho.
Chog {Tibet), a country, region.
Chokel {Hausa), branch of a river ; backwater. Cf

Faddaxna.
Chokkn {N. Nigeria), rocky, e.g. Chokkn-Chokkn, in
Kabba district, meaning ' rocky-rockj^' i.e. very
rocky.
-Cboko {Cent. Africa), a suffix meaning 'little.'
Choi {Cent Asia), a desolate plain.
Choi {Punjab), a small hollow. Cf Chura.
Choi (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), black.
Chom {Zirian). See Chum.
Chom {Kurdish), a stream.

72 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Chombo (Swahili), a dhow.
Chon {Hainan) f a village. Also in Korea,
iChonde {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest.
Chong (Siam), a strait.
Chong (JB. Turk.), great.
Chong (Tibet). See Clumg.
Cho pol {Indian, California), a lake.
Chor {Marocco), a fixed Berber village.
Chorak {Turk.), a marsh.
Chorion {Greek), a village.
Chot {Wakhan, Pamirs), a lake.
Chota {Hind.), small ; properly Chhota nias., CtihoU, fern.,

e.g. Chota Hagpnr; Chhoti Hadi, a rivulet ('small

river '). See next entry.
Chota gam (Hind.), a small village.
Chou {China), a department ; the capital of a depart-
^ ment. See Chan.
/Cfion {China), a place surrounded by water, island. See
^ ' Chan.

Chn {China), stream, river.
Chn {Tibet), water, river.
Chnan {China), stream, river, e.g. Chin Chnan, ' Gold

Stream.* Cf. Chnen.
Chnang {China), borough, village.
Chnbar {Tibet), an isthmus.
Chn-dog-po {Tibet), a torrent.
Chn-dong {Tibet), wells.
Chnen {China), a channel, river. Cf Chnan.
Chn henn (hon, henun) {Laos), a garden.
Chnknr {E. Turk.), deep.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 78

Chnl {Pers., Afghan), desert.

Chnla (JdhLtio, Uganda) , an enclosure.

Chn In (Indian, California), hill, mountain.

Chum, Chom (Zirian), summer hut ; hence Chumbi, suburb.

Chu-mig (Tibet), source.

Chn-mta (Tibet), bank, shore.

Chnn (China), an old variable designation correspond-

ing with the present prefecture. Cf Chan, CM-li-

Chan, Hien, Fa.
Chnng (Chin Hills), hill, peak. Cf Tung.
Chung, Chong (Tibet), small, e.g. Chong La, ' small pass.'
Chnng Ynen (China), mainland, ohnng meaning ' centre,'

e.g. Chnng Chiang, ' centre river.'
Chnra (Punjab), a wide hollow. Cf ChoL
Chnrang {Malay), a creek. Cf Jnrang.
Chnrr. See Char.
Chnia, Chiqa (Tibet), a source of hot springs, e.g.

Vaisnm ChnBa.
Chniqnea (Chili), reeds.
Chnte (Fr.), waterfall, cataract.
Chn-tram (Tibet), river bank.
Chn-wo (Tibet), river.
Chn-Ear (Tibet), a cascade.
Chwang (China), a village (agricultural). Cf Fn, Tun,

Tsnn, Cheng.
Chwang (Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan), a cave.
iChweba (Anmxosa, Kafir), a lagoon of still clear water.
Chwen (China), a river s=Chyen (Korea).
Cidade (Port.), a city, town, e.g. Cidade do Recife, ' city

of the reef/

74 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL.

Cienaga (Sp.), a marsh, moor.

„ {U.S.A,)f an elevated or hillside marsh con-
taining streams.

Cima {It., Sp.), summit of a mountain (C"*), e.g. Cima
Hove, * new peak.*

Cime (Fr.), top, summit (of a mountain).

Cimetiere (Fr.), cemetery (Cim").

Ciottolato (It.), highway, paved road.

Cirque {U.S.A.), a glacial amphitheatre or basin.

CitadeUe {Fr.), a citadel (Cit'*).

Cittil {It.), a city, town, e.g. Cittk di Oastello, 'town of
the castle.'

Ciudad {Sp.), a city, town, e.g. Cindad Seal, ' royal city.*

Civita {It.), state, town, in composition, e.g. Civita
Vecchia, • Old Town.*

Crjafe {Albanian), mountain top.

Clachan {Gaelic), stones, sing, clach ; usually applied to
a hamlet or small cluster of houses, probably from
the existence of Druidical remains on the site, e.g.
Clachantiompan. Cf. Clongh.

ClairiSre (Fr.), a glade.

Claugh {Irish), See Clongh.

Clawdd {Welsh), a ditch, fence, e.g. Caron Isclawdd. See Is.

Oleit {Gaelic), a rugged eminence, e.g. Cleit Hianish.

Clere {Anglo-Norman), a royal or episcopal residence on
a lofty hill, e.g. Highclere.

Clocher {Fr.), a belfry, clock-tower.

Clogh {Irish). See Clough.

Clon {Ireland), a plain surrounded by bog or water,
from Irish cluain, e.g. Clonmel

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 75

Close {Old Ft, elos, LaL clansus, shut in, enclosed), an
enclosure, courtyard, the precmct of a cathedral.

ClStnre (l^r.), enclosure, fence.

Cloud, Clude {Anglo-Saxon ol6d, a rock, a hill), a cliff,
rock, precipice, e.g. Thorpe Clond.

Clough, Clangh, Clogh {Irish), a stone, e.g. Cloghan,
Claughton, Cloughton. Cf. Clachan.

Clove {U,8.A.)y a gorge, ravine.

Cooh (Welsh), red. See Gtoch.

Coches {Upper Amazon region), small sluggish channels,
leading to the lateral lakes which fringe a river
in low swampy country.

Coed {Welsh), a wood, e.g. Bettws-y-coed, * dwelling
across the wood.' See Bettws, T.

Cohonk {Indian, U.S. A), grey goose, e.g. CohOnkson =
place of wild geese.

Colli {Irish), a wood.

C ol {Fr., Eng .), a neck, an elevated pass.

Collado {Sp.), a hiU.

CoUe (J^.), a hill (C'«).

CoUine {Fr.), a hill.

CoUo {It), the top, summit (of a mountain.)

Coin {Latin, Colonia), a colony, e.g. Lincoln, Cologne.

Colto {It.), ploughed land.

Colwyn {Welsh collwyn), a hazel grove.

Comba {Sp.), a valley.

Combe {Gelto- Saxon ; Cymric, cwm ; A.S., comb, enmb),
a hollow between two hills, valley, dingle ; a bowl-
shaped valley, e.g. Wycombe.

Combe {Fr.), a small valley.

76 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Commime (Fr.), parish, township.

Condate (Old Celtic), a conflaence of two rivers.

Confine (It), boundary.

Contea (It,), a county.

ContornoB (Port), environs, suburbs.

Contre-digne (Fr.), embankment, dike.

Convento (It.), a convent (Conv*®).

Cop (Celtic), a hollow, cup, e.g, Waroop.

Cop (Saxon), a head, the top of a ridge, crest, e.g. Kaloop.

Coqoilles (Fr.), shells.

^ ^.,^ .T^ . V ( a* chain or ridge of mountains, a

Cordilhera (Port.),

CordiUera (S2,.), long elevated and straight teact

I of land.
„ „ (U.S.A.), a group of mountain ranges, in-
cluding the valleys, plains, rivers, lakes, &c. ; its
composite ranges may have various trends, but the
Cordillera will have one general direction.
„ „ (S. America), a chain of mountains with dis-
tinct summits, but closely connected like the links
of a chain or the strands of a rope.

Como (It.), an arm (of a river), peak of a mountain.

Corral (Sp.), a court ; in America this is used to denote
a cattle-pen, like the Port Cnrral ; in Ceylon the
term is applied to an enclosure for the capture of
wild elephants.

Corrego (Brazil), a stream, small river, e.g. Corrego Agna-
Pria.

Corrente (It.), current, stream.

Corso (It.), a long broad street, a thoroughfare, e.g.
il Coreo (Rome).

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 77

Corttjo (Sp.), farmhouse, grange, country house (Cort.)

Cortinal (Sp.), a piece of ground near a village or farm-
house, which is generally sown every year.

Coi (Indian, U.S. A,), g rass .

Costa (It, Sp.)f coast (C^), e.g, Cotta Sioa, 'rich coast.'

Cote, pi. Cotan (Anglo-Saxon), a mud cottage, e.g.
Fossoot, Coton.

Cote (Fr.), coast.

Cotean (Fr.) , a small hill or declivity.

„ (U.S.A.), an elevated pitted plain of rough
surface.

Cotiere (Fr.), a range of coast, seaboard.

Coto (provincial Sp.), territory, district.

Conlee (U.S.A.), a cooled and hardened stream of lava;
they occur as ridges of varying length and breadth,
but rarely of great height ; a wash or arroyo
(q.v.) through which water flows intermittently.

Coorant (Fr.), current, stream.

Conn (Fr.), course, stream, current.

Couvent (JFV.), convent (Couv*).

Cova (Port.), a ditch.

Coxsackie (Indian, U.S.A.), high hills. Cf. ftuassaick.

Co2Zo (It.), a spur of a mountain (C").

Craig (Cymric), a rock or crag, e.g. Craigruigh. Cf. Carrig.

Crau (Savoy), a rock, crag.

Creclda (Sp.), the flooding of rivers, in consequence of
heavy falls of rain.

Crete (Fr.), the crest of a mountain. For use as a form
of sub-oceanic relief see Sidge.

Criok, Craig (England), a rock, crag, e.g. Cricklade.

78 OLOSSABr OF 6K0GRAFHICAL

Criiui (7^.), the crest of a mountain.

Criqne (Fr.), a cove, creek.

Cmi (S. Slavonic), black. See COiemL

Croeiy Crwys (Welsh), a cross, e.g. Croeigoeh, * red cross/

Croft (ATiglo-Saxon) , a close, or piece of enclosed ground

adjoining a boose ; a small farm.
Croix {Fr,), a cross (Cr''), e.g. Sainte Croix, * tbe holy cross.*
Crombie {Gaelic), curved, crooked, e.g. Abercrombie, 'the

curved confluence.' See Aber.
Cromlech {Welsh), a flat stone placed upon two upright

stones in the form of a table, set up as a tomb.
Crue (Fr.), a freshet or flood.
CruiiL {Gaelic), round, e.g. Inchcniin, * round island.'

See Inch.
Cruz {Port., Sp.) a cross ; e.g. Vera Crua, ' the true cross.'
Crwys (Welsh), See Croes.
Csarda (Hung.), an inn (Cs.)
Csatoma (Hung.), a canal (Cstn.)
Csiri (Hung.), little.

Csdct (Hung.), top, summit of a mountain (Cs.)
Csun (Tangiit), little.
Csup (Hung.), a mountain peak.
Ciurtia (Tangut), a tower.

Cuadia (Spanish S. America), a side of Hanzana (q.v.)
Cuchilhas (Port, Brazil), long low ridges crossing the

plains in all directions ; lit. knives. Cf. Cuchillas.
Cuchillas (Cuba), an upland plain cut into numerous

canons and salients. Cf. Cuohilhas.
Cuchillas (Spanish S. America), a chain of mountains.
Cuesta (Sp.), rising ground, eminence.

AND TOPOORAPHICAL TEKMS 79

Cueata {U.S. A,), an ascending slope, a tilted plain or

Mesa (q.v.) top.
Cueva (iSp.)> a cave.
Cnik {Cymric c6g), a cuckoo, e,g, Penicuik, ' the hill of

the cuckoos.' See Pen.
Cnl, Cnll {Gaelic) f back, neekr^.^. Culloden, ' the back-
lying coast ridge ' ; Cnl rogs * the back or neck ofThe

peninsula.' See Bos.
Cnlebra {Sp,), a snake, e.g. Cnlebra islands in the West

Indies, Cnlebra B. (Cent. America), Cnlebra (Peru).
Cnm {Latin) y with ; occurs chiefly when one parish has

been added to another, e,g. Whitton-onm-Thnrkton.
Cnmbre {Sp.), top, summit, mountain peak, e.g. Cnmbres

Alias, ' the high peaks.'
Cwm {Welsh), a bowl-shaped valley, e.g. Cwm Bechan.
Czema, Czemy. See Cmi, Chemi, Tzemi.

D

Da {Danakit), stone.

Da {Tibet), the lower part of a lateral vallejr.
umDa {Amaxosa, Kafir), a boundary.

Daal {Dutch), a valley, dale, e.g. Bozendaal. See Dal.

Daan {Tagala, Philippines), a road.

Daba {Somali), foot-hills, e.g. Daba-Ado, 'white hills.'

See Ado.
Daban {Mongol), col, pass, e.g. DalinDaban, 'the seventy

passes.'
Pabar {Hind*), a marsh, pool, pond, tank.
Dabas {Lokub, L. Budolf), a tree.

80 GLOSSART of GEOOkAPHICAL

Dabba {Egyptian Sudan), small dry portions of land

rising out of a marsh.
Dabdaba (Arab.), rocky gypseous soil.
Pabra (Hind.) See P&bar.
Dad {Serer)f grass, bush.
Dad (Somaliland) , people = Bag ; forest = Hedd, e.g.

Dadliba, * lion forest.'
uDada {Kafir), a thicket, a jungle.
Dadi {Fanti), ground, earth, e.g. Dadiad.
Dadipa {Gold Coast), arable.
Dadse {Gold Coast), ground, shore.
Dag {Mongol, E. Turk.), rock, a rocky mountain, moun-
* tain range. Cf. the other forms, Dagh, Tag, Tagh,

Tau.
Daga {Sara, Chad L.), a lake.
Daga, Dagah {Galla, Somali), stone, rock, e.g. Dagaha-

Dayer, ' monkey rock,' Dagabnr. See Bur.
Dagat {Tagala, Philippines), sea.
Dagh {Mongol., E. Turk.), a mountain. Cf. the other

forms, Dag, Tag, Tagh, Tan.
Dago {Ja-Luo, Uganda), a pool.

Dahar {Arab.), an almost impracticable mountain tract.
Dai=Tai=0=sOki {Japan), large, great.
DaYa=Dhaya {Arab., N. Africa), small depressions,

generally with vegetation.
Daia, Dea {Hassania), a lake.
Daibo {Japan), a fort.
Dainu {Indian, U.S. A.), a town.
Dair {Arab.), monastery, tavern, e.g. Dair Miua, 'the

Moses convent/ Cf Deir.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TEBMS 81

{l7idia), a village, travellers' rest-house.
DiUrat, Dftirah (Malay), a canton, province, territory.
Dak (IndO'China), a river.
Dak-ohemut {Harem, Indo-China), sea.
Dake, Daka (Japan), peak, ridge, summit, e.^.Hodakayama,

' the mountain of the standing ears of corn,' from

the appearance presented by its granite tow^ers.

Another form is Take (q.v.)
Dakha (Soninke), camp, bivouac.
Dokhla {Arab.), the entrance to a gorge or defile.
Bakhla {Hassania), a stream.
Sakhlet {Arab,), country free from sand and surrounded

by dunes.
Daklmi {Hind,), south. Cf, Junubi. For other points

see Xrttar.
nDako {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a house.
Sal {Dch,), a valley, e.g. Berg en Dal in Limburg, Haas-

daL See Daal.
Dal, Dol {Celtic), a plain, dale, meadow, e.g, Dalarosnie,

' the field at the point,' Dalmahoy, ' the field to the

north.' See Sos.
Dal {Serer, Wolof), camp, bivouac.
Dala, Dla {Mande), lake, marsh, swamp. See Badla.
Dala (Ja-Luo, Uganda), town, village.
nDala {Congo, dialect of Bantu), the fall of a river after a

flood.
Dale {Eng.), a valley, e.g. Kirkdale, Lonsdale. Cf. Dell,

Thai, Daal.
Dalem {Java), the dwelling of the regent. .
Dalin {Mongol), See under Daban.

G

82 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Dalle {U.S. A,), a rapid.

Dallol {Niger region, Songhai), large valley which serves

for the collection of the rain, and forms a stream.

but is usually dry for eight or nine months in the

year, e.g. Dallol Maori, Dallol Fogha.
Dalni {Buss,), back, distant (of country), like German

Hinter, e.g, Dalni, near Port Arthur.
Dalr {Icel), a valley, e.g. Fnjtfskadalr.
Dam {Laos, Siam), black.
Dam {Teutonic), an embankment, e.g. Sotterdam, 'the

dam of Kotte.'
Dam {Tibet), a marsh.
Dama {Hottentot), conquered, e.g. Damara, mistranslated

* the people who were conquered,' i.e. by the

Namakwa. Damara is fern, dual^ivjo Dama

women, and is quite wrongly applied to the

people, who should be called Damakwa {masc. pi.)
Damana {Hausa). See Damuna.
Damana {Pers.), the foot of a mountain. The more

usual form is Daman, e.g. Daman-i-Eoh, 'skirt of the

mountain.' See Koh.
Dambo {Ceyit. Africa), an open patch in a wood or forest ;

flat treeless swamp dry in the hot season ; malarial

flats.
Dambok {Cambodia), a hill.
nDambu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), bank (of a river), shore, i

coast, beach. I

Dam-bn {Tibet), reeds. I

Damele {Jibu, Neio Guinea), flood. I

Damka {Hind.), a hillock, eminence. I

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 88

Damm (Ger.), embankment, dam.
Damuna, Samana (Hausa), wet season.
Dan {Siam), Siamese police or customs station.
kiiDana (Nika), a path or way branching out of another.
D&nau (Malay), a lake. Cf. Tasek.
Dan-dan {Bambaray Malinke), a mud wall surrounding

a town or an enclosure. Cf, Din.
muDandando (Nika), a rude bridge.
Dane (Japan), a valley.

Dang (Hind,), a hill, precipice, summit of a mountain.
Dan; (Tibet), cold, e.g. Dang Cho, ' cold lake.' See Cho.
Dang, Dang-sa (Tibet), station, camp.
Danga (Hausa), a garden.
Dangi (Hausa), a tribe.
Dang-po (Tibet), right, direct (of a road).
Dankari (Mande), a ford.
Da no (Indian, U,S.A,), hill, mountain.
Dar (Arab), a large house, an abode, a country, a

subdivision of a province, e,g. Darfnr ; Dar Dief, ' a

house for strangers.' Cf, Khot, Fan.
„ (fla^sawm), encampment, town, village, really the

same word as the above.
Dar (E. Equatorial Africa), harbour, contracted from

Bandar, e,g. Dar-es-Salam.
Dar. See Der.
Dara (Pers.), a valley or pass between two mountains ;

highway.
Sarada (Danakit), a river.
Sarassi (Caucasus), mountain top.
P&rat (Malay), coast (dry land). Cf, Tepilaut.

a 2

84 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Darb (Arab.), a village.

Dar-band (Pers.), a difficult pass, literally a ' door-bar,'

a barrier, hence Derbend, the barrier between the

foot of the Caucasus and the Caspian to bar the

nomad Turks from entering Persia.
Darbar (Punjab) y a Sikh temple, e.g. Darbar Sahib, at

Amritsar.
Darela (Deccan), a waterfall.

Daria, Barya (Pers.), a river, water, sea, e.g. Amu-Daria.
Darsena (Sp.), a dock or basin.
Darvase (Cent. Asia), a gate ; from next word.
Darwaza (Pers.), door.
Darya (Pers.) See Daria.
Dash, Tash (Turk.), stone, rock, e.g. Tashkorg^.
Dashera (Hassania), a village. Cf. Deshera.
Dasht (Pers.), steppe, plain, desert, e.g. Dasht-i-Kavir,

* the Great Plain.' See Kavir.
Dat (Serer), a road.
Daung (Burma) y a town.
Davan (E. Turk.), a steep col, pass; the same word as

Daban (q.v.) ; e.g. Davan-Kum, i.e. sand with a pass

running through it.
Davara (Motu, New Guinea), sea.
Dawng (Siam), a deep forest.
inDawo (Kafir), a place, locality.
Dayr. See Dair.
Dazb (Pers.), a quicksand.

Dazhi (Hausa), a wilderness (not barren), a forest.
Dbus (Tibet), middle, between.
De (Tibet), country, district, e.g. Jamaata de, north of

Kamcho ; De Namru, See 84e,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 85

Dea. See Daia.

Dealu (Bumanian), a mountain (D.)

Deas (Gaelic), south, e.g. Deas Point, Mull of Cantyre.

Debba,p2. Dibab (Egyptian Sudan), a small stony hill.

Debbabia (AraJ).), a misty or foggy place.

Debdeba (Arab.), ground which resounds under the tread.

Debe (Soninke), a village.
iDebi (Amaxosa, Kafir), a shallow in a river.

Deohie, Detsie (Gold Coast), mud, e.g. Dechiesn, ' on the
mud.* See 8u.

Bioouvert (Fr.), an open (country).

Deep (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, the deepest part of
a Depression (q.v.), e.g. the Nero Deep; opp. to
Height (q*v.) Equivalent to Ger. Tief, Fr. Fosse.

Difriohement (Fr.), a clearing in a forest.

Deg (Wohf), marsh, bog, lake.

Dega (Abyssinia), highland. Cf. Kwalla, Ifejd.

Dega (Indian, U.S.A.), a plain.

Dq^irmen, DeYrmen, Dermen (Turk.), a mill.

Deh, Dih (Pers.), a village.

Debess (Arab.), marshy ground.

Deich (Ger.), a dike.

Deir (Arab.), a house, monastery, a convent, sometimes
in ruins, a variant of Dair.

Deirmen (Turk.) See Dagirmen.

De jos (Bumanian), lower (d.j.), generally placed after
the name ; e.g. Sucin de jos, ' Lower Sucin,' to dis-
tinguish it from Sucin de sos, * Upper Sucin,' both on
a tributary of Lapos E., south of Maramaros. Cf.
De myioc.

86 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Dek (Cambodia), iron.

Dek {Indian, AUbsha), a creek, used chiefly in the Copper

B. region ; e.g. Tatoadek, ' Taton creek.'
Dekame (Dahome), a garden, applied by the natives to

the eastern shore of L. Aheme, from its extreme

fertility.
Dekh {Wolof), a river.
Bekhla {Arah.^ N. Africa), a pass, gorge ; a variant of

Dakhla (q.v.)
Dekke (Wolof), town, village.
nDela (Barotselatid), a road, path. C/. Zila, Zira, Jila,

Gila, Tsela
Belaa (A rah,), a long mountain ridge.
De le ba ron {Indian, California), an island.
Dell (Southumbrian) y a valley, e.g. Arundel. Cf, Bale,

Thai.
Delta {Greek), the triangular space occasionally enclosed

between the diverging mouths of a river and the

sea-coast; so called from its resemblance to the

fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (A).
Dem {Upper Nile), an Arab factory, town, village, e,g,

Dem Ziber, ' Ziber's town.'
Dema {Chad L. region), large, great, e.g. Kabe Dema.
nDema {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country.
De m\jloc {Bumanian), middle. Cf De jos, De sus.
Demir {Turk.), iron.
Demir-Yeri {Turk.), an anchorage.
Den {Annam), black.
Den, Dene {Celto-Saxon), a deep wooded valley, e.g.

Tenterden.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 87

Sendron (Greek) ^ a tree.

Deng (Siam), red, e.g. Sala I>eng near Bangkok.

Denis, Bengiz (Turk.), sea ; a large lake.

Denkese (Gold Coast), bush, bushy.

Denkmal (Ger.), a monument.

Denkwan (Galla), a tent.

Denkye (Gold Coast), bog, fen, moor.

Dent (Fr.), a tooth, peak, e.g. Dent da Midi.

Deo (Annam), a col.

Deodhnnga (Hind.), God's seat or hill; a name given to

any sacred hill.
Depression (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief is enclosed on all

sides by elevations of the sea-bed. Equivalent to

Ger. Vertiefimg.
Der, Dar (Gaelic dnr, Welsh dwr), water, e.g. Darent,

' clear water,' Dart.
Der (Somali), long, tall, deep, e.g. Tug Der. See Tog.
Dera (Ara^.), crest, ridge.

Dera (India), house, encampment, e.g. Dera Dun.
Dera (Japan), temple (Buddha).
nDera (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), road. Cf. Dzira,

Zila.
Derb (Arab.), a road.
Derbend (Pers.) See Darband.
Dere (A-Zande), a wall, e.g. Vgaandere.
Dere, Derin (Somali), a valley, ravine, e.g. Dere Godle,

' the ravine of the cave place.' See Ck>d, Le.
Dere (Turk.), a valley.
Deren (Marocco), a mountain.

88 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Dereynya (Buss.), a village.

Derevo (Buss.), a tree.

Derigh (Sofnali), a road = Hilin.

Dermen. See Degirmen.

Denrent (Turk,), pass, defile ; a variant of Darband {q.v.)

Dem (Malay) y the coantry, as distinguished from the

town or seat of government ; frequently used for

village.
Desaguadero (Sp.), an emissary from a lake.
Detcubridero (Sp.), an eminence or rising ground from

which the adjacent country can be overlooked.
Desembarcadero (Sp,), landing-place; quay.
Deshabit^ (Fr,), uninhabited, deserted.
Deshek (Somali), a lake, e.g, Deshek Wama.
Deshera (Kahile), a village. C/. Dashera.
Detht (Pers.), a plain. Cf, Dasht
De 808 (Biivianian), upper. See De jos.
Dete (Giryama), a chasm.
Detsie (Gold Coast). See Dechie.
De3rirme (Turk,), a windmill.
Dhahr, Dhakret (Arab,), a back, ridge. In Abbadi

(Etbai) this signifies * west,' i.e, of the water-parting.
Dhaika (Abbadi, Etbai), a narrow pass.
Dkal (Hind,), a declivity, slope.
DharmBala (Nepal, Tibet), a rest-house.
Dliaya=DaYa (Arab.), a small depression, generally with

vegetation ; a dried-up pond.
kiDhidha (Giryarna), a bog.
Dhiga (Arab.), a gorge.

AND TOPOGllAPHlCAL TERMS 8d

Dhinliba (Upper ^igrcr), water, river; corrupted into
Joliba. *Lenfant says that Joliba means * the river
of songs.'
Dhmirat {Arab,, North Africa), a moderate-sized dune.
Dhromo (Smyrna Greek), a road. See Sromos.
Dhn. See Du.
Di (A'Zande), water, e,g, Pangwadi, ' the water's edge,'

' bank ' ; Wilidi, * water's son,' stream.
Di {Somali), a valley, e,g. Di-Wiyile, * rhinoceros valley ' ;
another form is De.
maDi {Bafo, Kamerun), water. See Mansi, Manzi.
muDi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), village.
Biaman {Songhai), north. See J^i, Wene Kame.
Diamane {Soninke), country.
xoaDiba {Kamerun, dialect of Bantu), sea, stream, river ;
qpp, to MnndL
Dibab, pL of Dobba {Egyptian Sudan), small stony hills.
inlHboiiga {Ama^iposa, Kafir), boggy unsound ground.
Didi {Harem, Indo-China), small.
Die. See Du.

Die {Wolof), market, equivalent to the Arab. Sok, Suk.
Dien {Camibodia), a rice field, e.g. An-dien, ' tranquil rice

plantation,' in Bao-an. See An.
Difiali {Gurm^), the dry season.
Diga {It.), a dyke, embankment, mole.
Digue {Fr.), a dyke (Dig.)
Dill {Pers.), a village ; another form is Deh.
Dihat {Pers.), the country.
Diho {Motu, New Guinea), south ; lit. south wind.

* * Le Niger,' by Lenfant, Paris, 1908, p. 48.

90 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Diho {Motumotu, New Guinea) , west.

Diho {Sokotra)y water, e.g. Dia Dimaz, properly Diho

Dimax.
Dyk {Dch,), a dam, e.g. Dijkihoek, Oantedijk.
Dik (Cambodia), water.
Diko, Liko (Swahili), SeeXo.
Dil (Turk.), isthmus, point, spit of sand.
kiDila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island.
isiDiliya (Aniaxosa, Kafir), a vineyard, garden.
umDiliya (Amaxosa, Kafir), a vineyard, garden.
Dilla (Indian, U.S.A.), a little field.
Dille (Central Sudan), watercourse, river ; the Marghi
equivalent of the Kanuri Komadogu (q.v.)
nDima (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country.
nDimba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a valley, glen.
"DimhtLAxBiheL (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a little valley;

dim. of Ndimba and Dimbila, a valley.
Dimbila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a valley.
Dimda (Eldorobo, Uganda), a forest.
Din (Bambara, Mande), the wall of an enclosure,

usually made of mud. Cf, Dan-dan.
Din (Celtic), an elevated post, e.g. London (Londinimn) ;
other authorities say this is the Long-dun, 'ship-
fort * of the Cymric Celts. See Dun.
Dinas (Welsh), a fortress, e.g. Dinas Dinnle, a huge pre-
historic mound overlooking the sea, near Carnarvon.
Ding (Tibet), depression, col. See Sdings.
Dinh (IndO'China), town of the second order, or pro-
vincial capital.
Din niau (Siam), clay.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEKMS 91

Din si fong {Siam), chalk.

Dintomi {It)y environs.

Dinyasi, Manyan, Hanasi, Malaahi, Linyasi (Cent.

Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Tasi, Hyaii, Hasi,

Laalii.
Dior (Wokf), a plain.

Diorjrx {Neo-Greek), a canal ; from -4nc. Gr, Stopvy^.
Dip (Hind.), an island. See Lanka, Jingira.
Diqne (Sp.), a dock ; a dam with retaining wall.
Dirride (Kanuri, Bomu), light forest, with open pasture

grounds. Cf Karaga tselim.
Diserto (It), a desert.
Dish (Abbadi, Etbai), low scattered hills.
Distretto (It.), a district.
Din, Diva, Dvlp (Hind.), island, e.g. Maldives, * the

thousand isles ' ; Lakhadives, * the hundred thousand

isles.'
Dinbe (Soninke). See Jnbe.
Dinde (Fula). See Jnde.
Diwa (Serer), sea.
Diyar {Arab.), a country, region, e.g. Diyar-Bakr

(Diarbekr), * the land of the Bekr,* an Arab tribe,

who conquered it in the 7th century.
Diz (Per 8.), a castle. Cf. Kala.
iDiza (Amaxosa, Kafir), a field of stubble.
Ijjnp (Sw.), a deep.
Dla (Mande). See Dala.
iDlambi (Zulu, Kafir), a wave.
InDlandlatn (Zulu, Kafir), a narrow ridge between two

precipices.

92 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

inSlela (Kafir) ^ a path, way.

Dlimd (Rtiss.), long, e.g. Dlinnolieakoe Fort in Caucasia.
inSlu (Kafir), a house, building.
So (Songhai), sand.

Do (Nissan I., New Guinea), wood, forest.
Do ss To = Syem (Korea), island, e.g. Chiii-do, Ko«je-do.
Do (Tibet), stone ; bottom of a valley; a confluence.
Do. See Du.
Do, Lo, Eo, Ru (Cent. Africa), an old root meaning ' to

flow,' e.g. DomaBi (q.v.), ariver, maai meaning ' water.'
nDo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a camp, sleeping-place on

a journey, house.
Doab (Punjab, Central India), the natural divisions of

the Punjab, formed by the five rivers; lit. two

waters ; applied to any country between two rivers,

e.g. the Doab between the Ganges and Jumna.

Cf. the Greek Mesopotamia. See Ab. Cf. Punjab.
Dobang (Tibet), a religious wayside monument. Cf.

Kieutigne.
iDobela (ZwZw, Kafir), the tide.
Dobor, Tnbber, Tober (Gaelic Tobar), source, well, stream,

e.g. Tobermore or Tubbermore. See More.
Doca (Port.), a dock.

Do Cbemnt (Khas Chos, Indo-China), sea.
Dodd (Cymric), a mountain with a round summit, e.g.

Great Dodd in Cumberland.
Doenyo (East Africa), mountain, e.g. Doenyo Hgai.

This is also found as Donyo, Eldonyo.
Dog (Tibet), ravine, torrent.
Dogana (It.), a custom house.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 98

Dohar {Hind.), the old bed of a river.

Doi {Laos, Siam), a mountain.

Dokori {Songhai), sand.

Dol {Celtic), a plain, e.g. Dolberry, ' the hill on the plain.'

See Berry.
Dol {Slavonic), a valley.
Solgi {Buss.), long, e.g. Dolgaya Bay in Novaya

Zemlya.
Bolina {S. Slav.), a valley (Dol.)
Dolni {Bohemia), under, lower (DL), e.g. Dolni Tmavo,

on Morava B.
Dolok {Burma), mountain.

Dolon {Mongol), seven, e.g. Dolon Hor, * the seven lakes.'
Dom {Btcss.), a house.
Dom {Upper Nile). See Dum.
Domandavo {Bakunda, Kamsrun), a house.
Domasi {Cent. Africa), a river, from Man and do, lo, ro, ru,

&c., an old root meaning to flow, as in Lo-mami,

Bu-sizi, &c.
Domb {Hung.), hill, knoll.
nDomba {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market.
Dome {Eng.), as a minor form of sub-oceanic relief, a

single elevation or submarine mountain of small

area, but rising with a steep angle to a depth more

than 200 metres from the surface. Equivalent to

Ger. Kuppe, Fr. D&me.
Domgha {Arah., N. Africa), a large dune standing out

above others.
Dome {Nika), a jutting out of land into the sea, or of a

mountain into a plain.

94 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Don (Caucasus), B, river.

Don (CeltO'Saxon). See Dun.

Don (Siam), an island.
kiDonda {Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain.

Dong (Cambodia), east; e,g, An-Binh-Dong, An meaning
tranquillity, and Binh conveying an idea of equality.
Cf. Tai.

Dong (E, Turk.), hill, mountain, or rounded summit.

Dong (Tibet), a deep hollow, gulf, whirlpool.

Donnon (Gold Coast), a bend, bay, bight,

-Dono (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), suffix meaning
' little.*

Donyo. See Doenyo.

Doom (Dch.), thorn, thornbush, e.g. Enkledoom.

Do Phni (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a river.

Dor (Tibet), a rock, e.g. DorkiaLnga Dong, ' the monastery
built on a rock looking something like a sheep's
head,' Inga being a ' sheep ' and Dong a * face.'

Dorf (Ger.), a village (df.), see Dorp.

Dorina (Hausa), a hippopotamus, e.g. Bnwa n Dorina,
* the water, pool, of the hippopotamus,' a wide-
spread name given by Hausa travellers to any water
they may find in the wilderness. Cf. Ngiiratnwa.

Doro (Japayi), mud.

Doro (Jibu, New G^iinea), mountain, sumnait.

Doroga (Buss.), a road; Bolshaya doroga, high road.

Dorok, Torok (Turk.), a peak.

Dorp {Dch., Cape Dch.), a village, e.g. Zeedorp, Yilliers-
dorp, pronounced Fil^isdorp. Cf. Eng. Thorp, and
Da. Torp.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 96

Donane (Fr.), a custom-house (D^),

Dowi (Siam), a mountain.

Down (Old Eng,), hill, mound ; long naked tract of hilly
land ; sand ridge. Cf. Dun (Celtic), cognate with
tun (town, hill, fort, enclosure) ; German Zaung.

Doze (Nigeria), rocky hills.

Dra, Draa (Arab., N. Africa), a chain of hills or dunes ;
also a single rounded hill or mamelon, e,g. Wad
Draa, * the Wad between the hills.*

Dra (Arab,), pasturage in a region of dunes.

Draeih (Welsh), an estuary, e.g. Trefdraeth. Cf. Traeth.

Drangr,^Z. Drangar (IceL), a pointed rock standing alone.

Dren (Ebon, Polynesia), water.
n Dried (French Congo, dialect of Bantu), men of the
woods.

Drift (Cape Dutch), a ford, e.g. £orke*8 Drift ; in Dutch
it means * current.*

Dromos (Constantinople Greek), a road. See Dhromo.

Drowo (Slavonic), a wood, e.g. Drewitz.

Drug (India), huge rocky pile rising often to an alti-
tude of 1,500 feet, sometimes solitary, sometimes
in clusters, and generally fortified, e.g. Chitaldrug,
ITundidrug.

Drum, Drom (Ireland and Scotland), a back or ridge,
from the Irish druim, e.g. Dromore, Dundrum ; from
the Gaelic droma, e.g. Tyndrum. See Dun, Ty.

Drumlin (U.S.A.), a smooth oval or elongated hill or
ridge, composed chiefly of glacial detritus.

Drumos (Greek), a wood.

Dryms (Londonderry). See under Hiflks,

96 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Dry Wash (C7.S.-4.), a wash, arroyo (q,v), or coulee in

the bed of which there is no water.
Dsor (Armenia), a valley.
uDfui {Fan, French Congo), a river.
Du, Dhu, Dubh, Die, Do {Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland),

black, e.g, Poldu, * black pool,' Dablin, * black pool.'

Olenkindie, ' valley of the black head,' Knoekando,

' black hill.' See Pol, Idn, Kin, Knock.
Dn (Songhai), sand.
Dnar (India), a pass.
Duar, Dwar (Berber), village ; a tent village as opposed

to a built village (Karia, Char).
Dub (Slavonic), an oak, e.g, Dubran.
Dubn (Motu and S. Cape, New Guinea), a sacred house

or platform.
Duohi (Benue B. and SoJcoto region), aisio\xntaAn,hill ; rocks.
Dud (Somali), a forest, e.g. Dud-dore, Dnd Jer; a ridge,

e,g. Dud Subhiyn.
Due, Dwe (A-Zande), a ditch.
Dii£eul (Somali), grease or food left round the mouth

after eating, e.g. Durie-Dofan. See Dorie.
Dug (Tibet), uncultivated land, pasturage.
Dugu (Maude), country, locality, e.g. Wagadugu; Koma-

dugu, *the place where water is found,' river.

Also town, village.
Duhat (Arab.), a bay.
Duinen (Dch.), dunes, e.g. Loosduinen.
Duk (Camhodia), virtue, courage; e.g, Vinh-Duk-Tai,

* Much virtue West,* in Bao-An, as distinguished

from Vinh-Duk-Dong, * Much virtue East.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 97

Duk (TFoZo/), a village.

Brim (Lokub, L, Budolf), a camp.

Dnm (Upper Nile), a species of palm-tree, sometimes

written Dom.
Dnmbe {Bambara, Malinke), a bend or curve, e.g.

Badninbe, 'river bend.' See Ba.
Dmni (Songhai), nation, tribe.
Dun, Don {Celto-Saxon), a hill, mound, fort, e.g. London,

Dnnedin.
Dnn (India), a valley, e.g. Dera Dnn. See Dora.
chiDunda (Senna, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain.
Dunde (Soninke), a mountain.
Dundu (Soninke), a hill.
Diine (Ger.), bank or hill of sand, dune.
Dong (Tibet), a bill.
Dnr (Arab., N. Africa), change in orientation of a cliflf

or plateau ; the plateau itself.
Dnr (Welsh and Scotch). See Dwr.
Dnr (Somali), long stiff grass. Cf. Geda.
Dorch (Ger.), through. See next entry.
Dnrchstich (Ger.), a cutting for a railway.
Dnrdur (Somali), a perennial spring.
Dorie (Somali), dirt, a dirty place.
Dusin (Malay), a small village, variant of Dusnn (q.v.)
Doss (Somali), a pass.
Dusim (Malay), a village, country as distinguished from

town; also an orchard, e.g. Dusnn Kepar, Dusim

Lada. Cf. Desa.
Dntto (It.), a canal, passage.
Dnze (Nigeria), a rocky hill.

98 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Dvor (Bu88.)f court, courtyard.

Dwar (Berber), See Duar.

Dwera, Dwira (Arab,), a small house.

Dwfr (Welsh), water, stream. Cf. 'Ojtt.

Dwr, Dnr (Welsh and Gaelic), water, e.g. Olasdnr, Dnrra,

Aberdonr.
Dyb (Da., Nor.), a deep.
nByela (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a road.
Dyfr (Welsh), water, stream; e.g. Dyfrdwy=the river
Dee. Cf. Dwfr.
nDyia (Maginza, Congo), a road. Cf. Zila, Zira.
nDsrila (Bangala, Congo), a road. Cf. Zila, Zira.
Dyk6 (Eng.from A.S. die), a ditch, e.g. Wansdyke.
Dyn6 (Da.), a down.
Dyner (Sw.), downs.
Dza (Tibet) y clay.
Dzaka (Nika). See Aka.
kaDzaka (Nika). See Kadzaka for meaning.
'DzBl,pl. Hal (Fa7i, French Co7igo), village.
Dzamba (Upper Nile), forest, wood.
Dzanohe (Nika). See Anche.
nDzea (Mobali, Congo), a road.
iDzendze (dialect of Bantu), a river.
Dzeri (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Eri.
Dzi (Nika), earth, land, country, continent.
maDzi (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), water.
mnDzi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town, village,

hamlet. Cf. Musi.
kaDzidzi (Nika), a small creek.
InDzidzi (Nika), a creek or cove.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 99

Dzigha, pi, Kigha (Fan, French Congo), confluence.

Dziko )
._ ., (dialects of Bantu). See Iko.

iDSULO j

Dzira (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), road. Cf Zila,

Zira.
Dzisi (dialect of Bantu). See Chisi.
Dzitso (Giryama), source, spring.
Dzong (Tibet), fortress, chief town of a prefecture.
uDzn (dialect of Bantu), grass. See Udzu.
kaDznho (Giryama, Nika), small river, rivulet
kiDzuho (Giryama), affluent, small river, brook.

£

. o

E (Saxon), river, stream. Cf. A, Aa, Ach, Ay, le.

Eanua (S. Cap§, New Guinea), a village. Cf. Fenua.

Eapala (Aroma, New Guinea), the north-west wind.

Eavana (S. Cape, New Guinea), west.

Eb (Hottentot). See Ep.

Ebado (Yoruha), sea-side, river-side, sand, beach.

Ebala (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a little clearing made in
a place where two roads meet, where a tree has
been planted as a shelter or halting-place. See Bala.

Ebata (Congo). See Bata.

Ebe (Banjan, Kamerun), a wood, forest.

Ebe (Yoruba), a hillock.

-Ebene (Congo), a suffix meaning great, large.

Ebene (Ger.), a plain.

Ebon, pi. Mibon (Fan, French Congo). See Bon.

Ebor (Masai, E. Africa), white, e.g. Owaso naEbor, Hhe
White River.'

B 2

1 54.*585

100 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ebun {Gold Coast), an abyss, depth of the sea.

Ebate (Yoruba), a landing-place, wharf.

Ebwetu (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), sand.

Ebwila (Congo f dialect of Bantu). See Bwila.

Eooles (Scotland, from'EkklmAlq.v,'])^ church, e.g. Eecles-
machan, ' the church of St. Machan.* Cf. Eglwyi.

Ecolesia. See Ekklftria.

Echelle (Fr.), the scale of a map.

Echelle de Marie (Fr,), tide gauge.

Echori (Elgumi, Uganda), a water-hole.

EcluBe (Fr.), a lock of a canal or basin, sluice (E^"').

Ecueil (Fr.), a reef, rock.

Ecurie (Fr), a stable (Ec**).

Ed (Egyptian Sudan). See Id.

Eddahereth {Jihali, Berber), a hill. Cf. TTdherer, ITrir.
chEde (Nika), a market.

Edge (Anglo-Saxon eog), a sharp point, a narrow part
rising from a broader; the highest part of a
moorish and elevated tract of ground of con-
siderable extent, generally that which lies between
the streams, e.g. Axe Edge, Ipstones Edge, Claverton-
Edge.

Edogh (Fan, French Congo), deep.

Efagh, j}i. Biiagh (Fan, French Congo). See Fagh«

Efan (Yoruba), chalk, lime.

Egan (Yoruba), a dense forest.

Egan-OdLUsha (Yoruba), thorny, prickly forest.

Egba, lyba (Yoruba), people, e.g. Buda Egba, < the
people's camp.' See Budo.

Egbe (Chamba), See Hgabe,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 101

Egbenn. See Hghenn.

Eghasher, Bghier {Tuareg , Berber), a valley with a

torrent.

Egliirr)§a {Tuareg, Berber, and Hausa), a river, the river,

the Niger. See Iia.

-At' /TT X ] ^ church (Eg^).

•n 1 xTxr 1 T.X r ft church, from iKkXriaca, ecclesia.
JSgl^ iWelsh),\ ^^^^^^

Ego, Egoi {Basqtce), south wind ; south ; c/. Agus.

Egri {Turk,), crooked (of a stream or road).

Egna {Gold Coast), a market-place.

Eil {Somali), a deep well, e,g. Eil Sheikh. Cf. El.

Eilean {Gaelic), an island, e.g. EUean Dun, in Ardencaple

bay.
EinfiLhrt {Ger,), the entrance to a river or harbour.
Eisen {Ger.), iron, e.g. Eisenberg, * iron mountain.' See

next entry.
Eiaenbalm {Ger.) a railway.

ji {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a rapid or cataract.
Ijjidi {Kamerun), the bush ; wood, forest.
Ijjinga {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pool left after the

fall of a river ; a hole in the bed of a river. See

Jinga.
lyman {Ebon, Polynesia), stone.
^oxLdi, Eyondi, Ijjimdi {Kamerun, dialects of Bantu).

See Jondi.
Eka {Indian, U.S.A.), earth.
Bkam {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kam.
Ekanda {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kanda.
Ekanga {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kanga.

102 gLoSSAKY 0^ OEOGRAPHICAL

Ekare (Elgumi, Uganda), a lake.

Ekasa {Fan, French Congo). See Xaia.

Ekedi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kedi.

Eken (Mongol), higher; sommit; e.g. Eken Habaere,
* upper Habsere.' See Knrban.

Eket (Banjan, Kamerun), house, dwelling.

Ekklesia, Ecdesia (Greek), a church. See Eccles, Eglwys.

Eko (Gold Coast), lake, pond, pool.

Ekobi (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), chalk.

Ekog^ (Lomwe, L. Shirwa), a ravine.

EkoUo (Amaxosa, Kafir), the left-hand side.

Ekolo (Gold Coast), a hill.

Ekflerserplads (Nor.), drill-ground.

Eknmu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Kumu.

Ekundze (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kundze.

Ekonene (Aniaxosa, Kafir), the right-hand side.

Ekutilu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Kitnlu.

Ekwae (Gold Coast), a forest, wood, thicket.

EI (Arab.), the; when El precedes any dental, liquid
except m, or sibilant, i.e. any of the * solar ' letters,
it is assimilated with it for the sake of euphony,
though in Arabic writing the El is retained. Thus
we have Beled-es-Sndan, Esh-Shark, Hofra-en-Hahat,
TJm-er-Bbia, &c. The solar letters are t, t (=:th 'm
thin), d, dh (^Irish th in thy), r, z, s, sh, s
(= J?r. 9), d (hard palatal), t (hard palatal), z (== th
in this), 1, n.

El (East Africa), a plural prefix corresponding with

Wa (q.v.), e.g. El Oonyi.
El (Buss.), a fir tree ; adj.; Elevi, Elovi

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 103

El (Somali), a well, e.g. El Dap. Cf. Eil, really the same

word.
ElabOi Elapo (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Labo,

Lapo.
Elamo (MotuniotUy New Guinea), a sacred house or

platform.
El boka (Egyptian Sudan), a capital town.
Eldonyo (East Africa), See Boenyo.
Eleko (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Leko.
Elelenshi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Leleiulii.
Elenga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Lenga.
Elent (Turk., Mongol), See II.
Elevation (Eng.) As a form of sub-oceanic relief this

is either entirely surrounded by depressions or is a

prolongation of the continental border. Equivalent

to the Ger. Erhebung. See Shelf, Bise, Kidge, Plateau.
Elf (Sw.), a river, e.g. Dal-elf, * the river of the dale.'

Cf. Elv.
Eli, jp2. Bili (Fan, French Congo). See Li.
Eliwa (French Congo Coast). See Liwa.
Elian (Scotland), island, e.g. Elian More, ' Great Island,*

see More ; Elian nan Bon, ' Seal Island.'
EUap (Ebon, Polynesia), great.
lELogh^pl. Bilogh (Fan, French Congo). See Logh.
Elondo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Londo.
Elflin (Mongol), sand.
Eln, Em (Cent. Africa), a root meaning ' open water,'

e.g. Mweru.
Eln (Ibo, Nigeria), top, summit, e.g. Elu Ugn, * top of

the mountain.'

104 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAMICAL

Blv (Da., Nor.), a river. (7/ Elf.

Em {Ebon, Polynesia), land.

Emba (Lomwe, Mozatnbique), a house.

Emba (Upper Nile), water.

Embarcadire (Fr.), landing-stage, terminus (Emb'"'*).

Embaroadero (Sp.), quay, wharf; port, harbour.

Embayment (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a
wide and rounded or triangular extension of a
Trough (q.v.), or Bann (q.v.), which penetrates the
land or a submarine elevation either with a
uniform or gradually diminishing depth or which
is bounded on the one side by land and on the
other by a submarine elevation. Equivalent to
Ger, Bucht, Fr. Golfe ; c/. Gully.

Embouchure (Fr.), estuary, mouth of a river or affluent

(Emb^'^'O.
Emelga (Sp.), a large furrow to serve as a landmark.
Emi (Sahara), mountain, rock.
Emizdegh {Wargla, Berber), a village. Cf, Amazagh.
Empito {Lomwe, Mozambique), a road.
Emu (Gold Coast), the interior of a country.
Emuk (Eskimo), sea, cf, Huk, Kanimuk.
Emnmba (Makua, Mozambique), a house.
En (Berber), See In.
En (from Gaelic Aan), a river, e.g. Bathen, * the fort on

the river.' See Rath.
Encalladero (Sp.), shoal, sandbank.
Encanado (Sp.), a conduit.
Enceinte (Fr.), precincts.
Encerradnra (Sp.), enclosure.

AND TOPOGHAPSICAL TERMS 105

Enchente (Port,), a flood.

Enclave (Fr.), an isolated settlement within the territory

of another country, e.g. the French enclave in our

Niger territory and the Belgian enclave on the

Upper Nile.
Encmcijada (/Sp.), cross way, cross roads.
liEnga {Lu-Wanga, Uganda) ^ a lake.
luEnga {Gogo, Bantu), a river.
Engabunet {Nandi, Uganda), a cave.
Engan {Fan, French Congo), deep, especially of a river.
Enge {Ger.), a strait.
Engpaw {Ger,), pass, defile.
Engaololo {Elgumi, Uganda), a river.
Kninma {Kossova, Uganda), See Nimna.
Eqira, Cliiiijira {Kossova, Uganda), See Vjira.
Enjorai {Masai). See Jorai.
Enknlu. See ITknlu.
mw Ene\
amw Enel {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a chief.
umwEne)

Ennene {N. New Guinea), water.

Enneri {N. Africa), a ravine, river-bed.

Ennis {Ireland), an island, e.g. Enniskillen. Cf Innis,

Inch.
Enaeada {Port.), a bay.
Ensenada {Sp.), a bay ; also creek.
Enshir {Kabile), a mass of ruins.
Entonrs {Fr.), environs.
Entrie {Fr.), entrance ; mouth of a river.
Entre-voie (Fr.), the six-foot way (of railways).

106 GLOSSAKY OF GEOaRAPHICAL

Enua (Polynesia). See Fdnua.

Enyang^ha, pi. Binyangha {Fan, French Congo). See
ITyangha.

Znji,pL Binyi {Fan, French Congo), See Hyi,

Enyin (Fan, French Congo). See Hyin.

Eomaka (Kabadi, New Guinea), tide (flowing).

Ep (Hottentot), water, river, e.g. Gari-Ep, *the great
river,* i.e. the Orange Kiver. There are also the
variants Ab, Ap, Eb, Ob, Op, lb, Ip, Up, e.g. Swakop,
TJgab, Kuifip, Hoanib, Khoneb, &c. rivers, and also
Holopo.

Ep (Korea). See Eup.

Epano (Greek), upper, e.g. Epanomeria in Thira.

Eparawe (Lomwe, Mozambique), a waterfall.

Epiro (Makua, Mozambique), a road.

Equipate (Mexico), the light showers which fall in the
mountain districts early in the year.

Erara (Tuareg, Berber), a large valley.

Erazer, Erhazar, Etmsl (Sahara), vegetation; wooded;
lit. the valley.

Erdb (Hung.), wood, forest (E.)

Ere, Aire (Musgu, Chad L. regiofi), a river.

Ere (Elgumi, Uganda), a village.

Erekusn (Yoruba), an island.

Ereru (Makua, German East Africa), sand.

Erg (Arab.), a dune, a land of dunes. See Areg, Arga.

Erhazar (Sahara). See Erazer.

Erhebnng (66r.),as a form of sub-oceanic relief , is equi-
valent to Elevation (q.v.)
dzEri (Zanibezia, dialect of Bantu), left (hand).

a hermitage, sanctuary.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 107

Erial (Sp.), uncultivated ground.

Erife {Sahara), a strong north-east wind.

Eriga {Makua, German East Africa), a stockade, an
enclosure.

Srk {Abbadi, Etbai), a crevasse.

Ermida (Port),

Ennita (Sp.), /

Emik (Buss.), brushwood, underwood.

Ero (Yortiba), a caravan.

Erobi {Masai, East Africa), cold, e,g. Hgpari na Erobi,
* cold water.'

Er5d (Hung.), a fort.

Eroto {Elgumi, Uganda), a road.

Erre (Yorubd), a marsh, bog.

Errek (Ebon, Polynesia), small.

Erto (It.), steep, ascent.

Era, Ela (Cent. Africa). See Elu.
luEru (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), lake.
wErn (E. Africa, Giryama), prairie, veld.

Enm (Yoruba), the dry season.

Erythros (GreeA), red, whence Eritrea, the Italian colony
on the Bed Sea.

Esalim (Tuareg, Berber). See Asarim.

Esau (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sau.

Escarpe (Fr.), a bluff.

Esolasa (Sp.), lock, sluice.

Esoob, Escop (Welsh, Cornish), bishop, e.g. Tyrescob,
* bishop's house.* See Tyr.

EscoUo (Sp.), a rock, reef, shoal.

Sseke (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Seke.

108 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAFHICAL

Eienge (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Senge.

Esep (Fan, French Congo). See Iiep.

Esenra (Tangut), rain.

-Bdie (Zambezia^ Congo), a termination signifying

' river/ e,g. Lnkolethe.
Ether (U.S.A,), a long winding ridge of sand or gravel ;

the deposit from a stream flowing beneath a

glacier.
Edii (Turk.), old. See Eaki.
Ethimu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), beach, shore, coast;

bank of a river (generally spoken of the opposite

side). See Shimn.
Eshi-nihi (Congo), the inhabitants of a country; sing.

Muihi; Eihi-Kongo, the inhabitants of the old

Kongo kingdom. See Shi.
Esika (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sika.
Eak, Exe (from Celtic uisge, wysg), water, stream,

e.g. Esk, Exmouth, TTsk.
Eaki (Turk.), old, e.g. Eaki Zagra (the Russ. Stara

Z agora), as distinguished from Yeni SSagra or 'new

Zagra.'
Eio (Hung.), rain.
Esopus (Indian, U.S.A.), steep coast, or high-walled

banks.
Espigao (Port.), a sharp point of land without trees.
EspigozL (Sp.), a kind of wharf or pier.
Esse (Yoruba), footpath, track, trail.
Estaoada (Sp.), palisading on an embankment.
Estacion (Sp.), a railway station.
Estancia (Argentina), a cattle farm.

A strait.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TEBM8 109

Bttero iSp.)t a small creek ; a lagoon.

„ (Spanish S, America), low, marshy, inundated

land covered with herbs and eujuatic plants.
Estrada (Port), a high-rosid.
Bstrecho (Sp,),
Estreito {Port,)>
Esnka (Tangut), a river.
BBunan (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sunsn.
Etakao (Makua, German East Africa), chalk, lime.
Stakwa (Makua, German East Africa), a forest.
itale (Fr,), slack (of tide) ; settled (of wind), light

breeze.
Etam. See Itam, of which it is a misspelling.
ftang (Fr.), lagoon, lake, pond (Et«), e,g. fitang de Berre.
Etapa .((76?i^. Africai dialect of Bantu), See Tapa.
fitape (Fr.), halting-place, stage.
Etarai (Tuareg, Berber), a plain.
^t (Fr,), a state.
chEte (Giryama), a market.

Etelft (Fin), south. For other points see Pohia.

Etenta (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Tenta.

Eti (GaUoppa, Abyssinia), grass.

^age (Fr,), the low- water mark of a river.

itier (Fr,), a creek which can receive small vessels ; a

conduit by which salt water enters a lake to be

transformed into salt.
Etiet (Nandi, Uganda), a bridge.
Eti-Odo (Yoruba), beach, waterside.
Eto (Indian, U,S,A,), a forest.
Etog (Banjan, Kamerun), a village.

110 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

£toile (Ft,), crossroads (Et*^), lit a star.

Btombwelo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tombwelo.

Etoro {Lomtoe, L. Shirwa), a desert.

Etta (Turkestan), a town.

Etnkulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tukulo.

Euldt (Malay), a hill.

Enng (Indo-China), a mountain.

Enng (Ebon, Polynesia), north. See Bear, Eabelnng.

Enp, Ep (Korea), a magisterial town=Eu]niLai=:Koel.

Enren (Turk.), a ruin.

Euros (Greek), south-east. For other points see Boreas.

Euyuk (Turk.), a hillock.

Ev (Turk.), a house.

Evambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yambu.

Evanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vanga.

Evata (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yata.

Everglade (Florida, U.S.A.), a tract of swampy land
covered mostly with tall grass.

Evia (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yia.

Evwangi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ywangi.

Ewaso (British East Africa, Bantu), water, river, e.g.
Was Ngishu, ' cattle water,' a name given to a salt-
lick (q.v.), near Tigrik Eiver, Ewas-os-Soit, * river of
the stone.* See Waso.
isEweri (Ketosh, Uganda), a water-hole, well.

Ewo-eron (Yoruba), the dry season.

Ewo-ojo (Yoruba), the rainy season.

Ewukwe (Lu'Wanga, Uganda), east. Cf Mbo.

Ewumba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Wumba,

Exe. See Esk,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 111

-Ey, dim. Eyot, Ait (Teutonic), an island^ e.g. Sheppey.

Xya (Yoruba), a tribe, or division.

Syalet. See Vilayet.

E]ranga {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tanga.

Eyendelo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tendelo.

Eyenga {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Yenga.

Ejri (Teda, Sahara), water, equivalent to the Terauye

Mi, and the Arab. Ma.
Eyondi {Kamerun, dialect of Bantu). See IJjondi.
Byot, Ait. See -Ey.

Eyrr, Eyrar {Icel.), a narrow low tongue of land.
Esandu {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zandn.
Ezbali (Egypt), a village or hamlet.
muEzi (dialect of Bantu), a pool of water..

Ta (Annam, Black 22.), a forest.

Fa, Pana (Berta, E. Sudan), a mountain.

7aa (Polynesia), a valley, e.g. Faa-Nui, * great valley.'

Pibrica (Sp.), ) , , .^.^ ,
« V . ^ \J. \. a factory (Fca.)
Pabrica (Port.),] ^ ^

Pab (Welsh), son.

Pabrik (Ger.), a factory (Fabr.)

Pabriqne (Fr.), a manufactory (Fab®).

Pack (Welsh), little, e.g. Uandewyfach. See Llan.

Pad (Gaelic), long, e.g. Elian Pada, * long island.'

Pada (Hausa), residence of the king, e.g. Pada n

(hmna.

112 GLOSSARY OF OEOORAFHIOAL

Faddama (Hausa), an arm of a river, creek, a valley ;
eqaivalent to Adar-n-BghinrVu of the Sahara, and
includes both the Arab, terms Sql or Kra and
Bot-ho (q.v.)

Fadi, Kaifudi {Hausa), broad.

Fae, Fale, Fare, Vale (Polynesia), a house.

Fttitning (Da., Nor.), a fort.
eFagh {Fan, French Congo), a field, plantation; tor pi.
see Sfitgh.

Fahavaratra (Madagascar), the rainy season, summer.

Fahre (Ger.), a furrow.

Ffthre (Ger.), a ferry.

Ftthrte (Ger.), a track, trail. Of. Vaart.

Fahi (Arab., N. Africa), a field.

Faidh (Arab.^ N. Africa). See Feidh.

FaXJa (Arab,), a col.

Fair (Gaelic Farr), a sheep, e.g. Fair Isle, ' Sheep Isle '
(Shetland).

Fair (Welsh), the Virgin Mary, e.g. LlaafEdrfiBohan. See
Llan, Fechan.

Faire (Sahara), a barren naked plain. See Falat.

Faite (Fr.), top, summit, ridge ; Ligne de Fatte, ' water-
parting.'

Faka (Gold Coast), a bay, gulf.

Fakai, Fakhi (Sierra Leone), a farm village, as opposed
to a permanent viUo;^-

Ad, Falu (Hung.), a town." ' ^- - r-^^^- W ax^^

Fala (Barnbara, Malinke). See Fara.

Falaise (Fr.), a cliff.

Falat (Arab.), a bare desert. See Faire.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 118

Fale (Polynesia). See Fae.
m Palme (Swahili)^ chief, king.
Fain (Hung.), village.

Fama (Gurma), ruler of a province. See next entry.
Fama-dngQ (Mande), a capital town. See Dugn, cf,

Serki-Oari.
Fan (Upper Nile), a village, land, country, e.g. Kordofan,

'the land of the Kordo,' equivalent to Arab.

Dar (q,v.)
Fan (U.S.A.), a mountain delta; a conical talus of

detrital material,
a Fan {Fan, French Congo), country, applied only to a

vast extent, and then not to the country in which

one actually is ; for pi. see Afiui ; used also for

environs.
Fana {Berta, E. Sudan), a mountain. See Fa.
Fanal (Fr.), \

Fanal (Sp., Port), [ » lighthouse.
Fanar(Ti^rA;.), j
Fang (China), hamlet, house.
Fange (Soninke), a river.
Fango (Sp.), mud.
Fankhane (Soninke), shore, beach.
Fantsakana (Madagascar), well, spring.
Fanna (Polynesia). See Fenna.
Fanza (China), a house.
Para (Oonya, Gold Coast), torrents; low-lying land

filled with water.
Fara, Fala (Bambara, Malinke), a stream.
Faraba (Bamibara), a valley.

I

114 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Faraka {Mande), bifurcation (of roads or rivers).
Fararano (Madagascar)^ autumn. See Fahavaratra.
Fare (Polynesia). SeeFaa.
Farellon (Sp.), point, cape, headland; rock or cliff in

the sea.
Fari (Songhai), field, country.
Farihi (^Madagascar), a lake.
Fari-tani (Madagascar), region.
Faro (It, Sp.), a lighthouse.
Farol, Pharol (Port), a lighthouse.
Farvater (Buss,), a channel.
Faaht (Arab.), a reef of rocks.
Fasika, Fati (Madagascar), sand, e,g, Ifasimena or Fasi-

mena, * the red sand.* Cf. Pasi. See I, Mena.
Faating^ (Fin.), a fort.
Fatta (It), dung, track in the bush made by

animals.
Fatto (Bornu), a house.

Fatu (Manahiki and Fakaofu, Polynesia), stone.
Faubourg (Fr,), outskirts, suburb (F*»«).
Fauci (It.) , a strait, mouth of a river. Cf. Foce.
Fau-fa (China), a buoy.
Fauns (from Gaelic Fan), a slope, declivity, e.g. Kinfamis,

' the head of the slope.' See Kin.
Fau-tau (China), roadstead.
Fave (Motumotu, New Guinea), stone.
Fecl\an (Welsh), little, e.g. Uanfairfechan. See Llan, Fair.
Fedekan (Sokotra), a mountain.
Fedi (Nepal), the low ground at the foot of a

mountain.

AND TOPOGBAPmCAL TERMS 115

Eegagir, J?!, of Foggara {q,o,)

"Fehit (Hung,) white (Fh.) ; e,g. Fehervag, a stream

flowing from the Central Carpathians.
Feidli, Faidh {Arab., N. Africa), a, ravine which becomes

a watercourse during the rains. Cf, Sahan, Selat.
Fey (Arab., N, Africa), a valley between dunes.
Fek (Hung,), camp. \
Fekete (Hung,), black (Fk.), e.g. Fekete Ardo in the

Ugocsa district on the Theiss B.
Feld (Ger,), plain open country. Cf. Veld.
Feldweg (Ger.) a field road.
Fellsljeld (Norse), a hillside, e.g. Ooatfell (Arran),

SkaptafeU. Cf Fjeld.
Fels (Ger.), rock, e.g. Drackenfeh, ' dragon rock.'
Felsabhang (GerJ), declivity or slope of rock.
FeUien (Ger.), cliffs, rocks ; also in sing. rock.
Felso (Hung.), upper (F.), e.g. Felsd Kaibin, to N. of

Waag E.
Feng (China), the peak of a hill.
Fen ma (China), a tomb.
Fenoa, Eanua, Enua, Honua, Fanua, Fonaa, Vanna, Vannga,

Hanna (Polynesia), land, town, village. Cf Wanua.
iFenya (Bantu) ; for meaning see Ifenya.
Ferik (Arab.), village. In E. Sudan * temporary village.'
Ferka (Arab.), a division of a tribe.
Ferma (Buss.), a farm.
Ferme (Fr.), a farm (F"*^).
Femer (Ger.), further (Fr.)
Ferrocarril (Sp.), railway.
Ferrovia (It.), railway.

I 2

116 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Festung {Ger,), fort, fortress. Cf. Vest, Vestiiig.

Feudo {It), a fief (P*^**).

Fiafl {Arab,), solitary wastes.

Fial {Arab.), a current of water.

Fidh {Arai.), a ravine. Cf. Feidh.

Field {England), a forest clearing, where the trees
have been felled, e,g. Sheffleld. From A.S, Feld,
cognate with Dch, Veld, Ger, Feld.

Fii {Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), water.

Fil {Arab,), elephant, e.g. Eas el Fil, ' elephant's head ' ;
Sin el Fil, * elephant's tusk.'
mFinda {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a forest or wood.

Fing {Mande), black, e.g. Baflng, ' black river.' See Ba.
Gf. Khwa, me.

Firki {Kanuri), a shallow hollow, where the water
collects in the rainy season and drying up gradually
leaves a fertile argillaceous soil. See Ange.

Fim {Switz., from Ger. flme, * last year's '), coarse, half-
solidified snow. Cf Hivi.

Firth, Frith {Scotch), estuary. Cf third, three for r shift.

Fittri {Kuka, Chad L. region), water, river. See Isa.

Fiumara {It.), a river which overflows.

Fiume {It.), a river (F.)

IjsUl, Fjall {Sw., Icel.), mountain, e.g. Bl&@all.

Tjfkti, {Sw.), frith or long narrow inlet, bay. Cf Fjord.

Tjeli, FjflBld {Nor.), mountain, e.g. DovreQeld. Cf Fell,
Veld.

Fjord {Da., Nor.), frith or long narrow inlet. Cf.
Fj&rd, Fjordr.

Ijerdr {Icel), fiord.

Flak {Da.), a flat, plain ; a shoal.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 117

Flash {Old Fr. Flasqne, Flaohe), a pool, pond.

Fleche {Fr,), a spire ; a sharp peak {lit. an arrow).

Flecken {Ger,), market-place, borough, country town.

Fleet {England), a creek, inlet, arm of the sea ; lake,
lagoon; e.g, Wainfleet. From A,S, fleet, a bay,
lit a place where ships float. Cf. Vliet.

Flenr {Normandy), a flowing stream, e,g, Harflenr.

Fleuve {Fr.), a large river (Fl.) Cf. Eiviere, Bniflseau.

Flieg^ende Ftixre {Oer.), boat ferry, or flying bridge (Fl. F.)

F^'6t {Icel.), a stream, e.g. Hverfisfljot.

Fleresta {Sp.), forest, thicket.

Flet {Fr.), flood.

Flur {Ger.), field, meadow, plain.

Flnrstein {Ger.), a boundary stone.

Flnss {Ger.), a river (Fl.) Cf. Strom.

Flnt {Ger.), flood, inundation.

Fo {Thai), a mountain.

Foa {Gold Coast), on a river, riverside, e.g. Ada-Foa,
* riverside Ada,' on Volta Eiver. Cf. Su.

Fobolo {Congo), a ruin.

Fooe {It.), the mouth of a river. Cf. Fanci.

Fed {Hung.) See Fold.

Fodsti {Da., Nor.), footpath.

Fof {Serer), water.

Fogara (Upper Nile), nomad prieste.

Foggara {Arab., N. Africa), a succession of wells
hollowed out on a slope and joined by a subter-
ranean passage ; pi. Fegagir.

Fokani {Arab.), upper. Cf. Ala. See Fukani, really the
same word.

118 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Foko (Madagascar), a tribe.

F61d,'Fod {Hung.), earth, land.

Folyerok (Rtiss.), a small farm.

Folyo (Hung.), a river (Fl.)

Fon (China), wind. Cf. Typhoon. In Siam Fon is used

for a squall or rain wind. See, Loin.
Fond (Fr.), bottom, ground.
Fonda (Sp.), an inn, tavern.
Fondak (Marocco)^ a caravansary. Found frequently as

Fondnk. See Fnndnk.
Fond d'un boii (Fr.), the heart of a wood.
Fondeadero (Sp.), anchorage.
Fonderie (Fr.), a foundry (F^^'),
Fondo (Songhai), road, path.
Fondak (Marocco). See Fondak.
Fontaine (Fr.), spring, source (F"0- See next words.
Fontana (It.), spring, source (Font"). Cf, Hontana,

Fontaine.
Fonte (Port.), well, spring. Cf. Fontaine, Fnente.
Fontein (Belt.), a spring. Cf. Fontaine.
Fonna (Polynesia), See Fenua.
Force (Northumbrian), a waterfall, e.g. Airey Force. Cf.

Norse Foss, Fors.
Ford (England), a stream, a shallow part where the

stream may be crossed, e.g. Oxford.
Fordani, Forodani, Forothani (Nika), custom house.
Forde (Hanover), a ford, e.g. Lemfdrde.
Foresta (It.), forest, wood, wilderness.
Forfet (Fr.), a forest (F*).
Forge (Fr.), a forge (F^).

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 119

Fork {Anglo- American), a large affluent, e.g. Horth

Fork.
Forme de radoub (Fr.), dry dock.
Fomaeo (J^.), a kiln (Fom^*).

Forodaai |

« .^ .. r (Nika). See Fordani.
Forothami)

Fors {Sw.)y a waterfall, e.g. Helsing^ora.

Forst (Ger.), forest, wood.

Fort (Fr.), fort, fortress (Ft.)

Forte (It), fort, fortress (F.) Cf. Fuerte.

Fortka (Swahili), custom house.

Fortiere (It.), a rocky place full of seaweed.

Fortin (Sp.), a small fort ; field or temporary fortifica-
tions.

Fortino (It.), a redoubt (Fort"«).

Fos (^or., Da.), a waterfall.

Fosca (Sp.), a thick wood or grove.

Foso (Sp.), a ditch.

Fobs (Icel.), a waterfall, e.g. Skogar Fobs.

Fosse (Fr.), a ditch. For use as a form of sub-oceanic
relief see Deep.

FoBso (It.), a ditch (F«>).

Fotoi (Chinese, E. Turk.), a measure of length equal to
about 3 versts or 2 miles.

Fon, Fa (China), a mound.

F5vfay (6SS€),4and.

Fez (Port.), the mouth of a river.

Fregnezia (Port.), a parish, district.

Frei (Ger.), free, e.g. Freibarg.

Free, Fren (Sp.), a strait.

120 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Friede (Ger,), peace, e.g. FriedlancL See next entry.

Friedhof (Ger.), a bnrial-ground, cemetery. See

Pringing Seef (English), a coral reef extending from the
shore, seldom for a long distance, having little
water on it, and no ship-passage between it and the
land. Cf. Barrier Seef.

Frontiere (Fr.), frontier, limit.

Fa (China), a prefecture, the largest subdivision of the
modem province ; town of the second order, or
district capital, e.g. Tun-nan-fti ; head, e.g. Ping Fu,
' level beads,' Chien Fn, * pointed heads,* applied to
certain Akka tribes in the Shan States, from the
head-dresses of the women. Cf. Chan, Hien, iQng,
Ting. See Fhu.

Fn (Songhai), a house.

Fnente (Sp.), a fountain or spring (Fte). Cf. Fonte.

Fucrte (Sp.) a fort, fortress. Cf. Forte.

Fufu (Nika), a thicket.

Fohrt, Fnrt (Ger.), a ford, e.g. Frankfort.

Fukai (Japan), deep ; low, e.g. Fokaye island.

Fukani (Arab.), upper, e.g. Hogher Fukani, in Algeria,
to distinguish it from Mogher Tatani, 'Lower
Mogher.' Another form is Fokani.

Fnla (Mande), two, e.g. Bafalabe, lit. 'two streams,*
confluence. Be=to be; cf. Saba. See Ba.

Fnla (Ghazal region). See Meha.
umFola (Kafir), a deep valley, a ravine.
InFalo (Nika), a ditch.

Fam (Arab., Tripoli), a defile; mouth, e.g. Fom Doga,
i.e. the mouth of the Wadi Doga.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 121

Fumarole (U.S.A.), a spring or geyser, which emits steam
or gaseous vapours, is the Fr. fdmaroUe, fluneroUe,
from Low Lat. ftunarioliun (root famns, smoke).
nFnmo

Fumu

. {Congo and Central Africa, dialects of Bantu),

uaxumuy , . - , .

^ chief, king.

mFmnn

mnFmnn

kiFunya (Taita, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain.

Cf. Lima.

Fimdeadouro (Port.), anchorage.

Fondnk {Tripoli), a warehouse. Cf. Fondak.

Fane {Japan), a boat.

Fimga {Mekeo, New Guinea), flood-tide.
umFungi {Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a bridge.

Fungn {S. and E. Africa), a bank or sandy reef.

Fnra {Ma^honaland) , a river bed; originally 'a hole,*
then * water-hole,' and finally a river bed where
holes are dug for water ; a mine. This word has
been wrongly equated with the Biblical Ophir.

Faroke {Ger.), a Furrow {q.v.)

Furo {Brazil), a natural narrow channel connecting two
lakes or two rivers, e.g. Furo Tajapnro, one of the
network of Fnros connecting the Para with the
Amazon.

Furrow {Eng.), as a minor depression {q.v.), in sub-
oceanic relief, a valley or channel-like hollow in
the continental border {see Shelf), and more or less
at right angles to it, e.g. the Indus Furrow, the
Ganges Furrow. Equivalent to Ger. Furohe, Fr.
Sillon. Cf. Caldron.

122 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Fttrtt {Ger.)f prince, e,g, Fiirstenwalde, ' prince's iN'ood.

Purt (Ger.), a ford. See Fnhrt

Fnra, Fnto-Fura (Mande), field, garden.

Fuia {Albania)^ a plain.

PuBO (Kafir), fallow ground.

Fussweg {Ger.)f a footpath.

F&t {Hung.), the course of a river, current.

Puta {Congo), grass, herbage, especially wild ; jungle,

scrub.
Fntalenfii {Araxicanian, Patagonia), a large river, the

large river, i,e, the Upper Rio Yelcho. Futa=

great.
Fute {Kanem), west, western, e.gr. Beri Pute, * western

Ben,' to distinguish it from Beri Knra, or ' Great

Ben.'
Fnto-Fnru {Maude), See Fum.
liFawokho {Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a ferry.
Fnyu {Japan), winter.
Fynnon {Welsh), a well, e.g, Fynnon-Afla, ' St. Asaph's

Well.'
Fyr-Baki {Fin.), a. lighthouse, lit. * beacon-fire.'

G

Oa {Japan), the indefinite term, * a,* * any.'
kaGa {French Congo, dialect of Bantu), a mountain, hill,
e.g, Kaga Hbale.
Oaard, G&rd {Da., Nor.), a farm, farmstead, estate (G'').
Gab (Da., Nov.), an open bay ; chasm.
Gaba {Galla), market-place.
Gabai {laibo. New Guinea), ditch.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 123

Oabbas (Hausa), east. For other points see

Oabbi {W. Australia) ^ water.

Oabet (Nor,)y gap, inlet, passage.

Oabogabo {S. Gape, New Guinea), sea.

Oabotnmn (S. Cape, New Guinea), the deep sea.

Oabristan {Cent. Asia), burial-ground. See Stan.

Ghtbnano {Aroma, New Guinea), north wind.

Ghtbnngji {Togo), large river.

Oaburigo {Aroma, New Guinea), south. For other

points see Walan.
Oachnn {Tibet), a stage in the desert. Cf, Chan.
Oad {Hind,), a boundary mark, landmark.
Oad {Serer), an encampment.
Oad {Somali), a headland, bluff, e.g. Oadki Ooble, ' the

headland where the gob grows.' Ki being the

definite article i, with the connecting letter k.

See Le. The gob is a tall thomless tree with smal

red edible fruit.
Oada {Arab., N. Africa), an elevated plateau, with steep

sides, only accessible at certain points.
Oadde {Wolof), camp, encampment.
Oade {Da., Nor.), a street.
Ghtdh {Sansc), a fortress, castle.
Oadir {Phoenician), an enclosure, e.g. Cadiz.
Gado {Tsarisen, Formosa), a mountain.
Oadobada {Motu, New Guinea), the deep sea.
Oadong {Malay), a house.
Gad-pa {Tibet), a cliff.
Gadu {Paiwan, Formosa), a mountain.
Oagara {Hausa). See Kagara.
Oahoste {Indian, U.S. A.), a plain.

124 GLOSSARY OF OEOORAPHICAL

Oahri (Hind.), low swampy gronnd.

Oahnen {Arab., North Africa), several little rocky hills

in the midst of which is a moist depression with

vegetation.
Oai (Polish), grove, small wood.
Gail, Oayal (Hind.), a road, path.
Oair {Gaelic Oearr), short, e.g. Oairloeh, ' short loch.'
nOaita {Eldorobo, Uganda) ^ a village.
C^jjar {Hind.), swampy gromid.
Oake {Japan), a cliff.
Oal (Tibet), a ford.
Oala, pi. Oalat (Egyptian Sudan), fort on a hill. See

Kala, really the same word.
Gala (Galla), below, e.g., Oaladede.
Oala (Singalese), mountain, hill.
Oalana (Galla), a river, e.g. Oalana Sagan.
Oalbed (Somaliland), west. Cf. Barri.
Oaleb, Oleb, Oaret, pi. Our. Ooiret (Arab.), rocky mounds

with hard calcareous summits.

Oalit (Burma), communication.

Oaliyara (Hind.), lane, street; abode.

Dalle (Ger.), quagmire, pool.

Oalo (Mande), town, village.

Gait (Egypt), reservoir.

Gam (Hind.), a village.

Gamat (Sansc), a road, path.

amaGamba)

•Oft 1* (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), Taoxmtskin.

Gamle (Da., Nor.), old (G*0, e.g. Gamle Carhberg. The
Sw. form is Gamla.

AND TOPOaRAFHIGAL TERMS 125

Oan {Indian, U.S. A.), a lake.

Oana (Bomu), small, e.g. Oana Woshem, flowing into
Chad L. ; Oana Oulfei/ * little Onlfei/ on the Shari B.

Qanda (Galla), village.

Oanda (Songhai), country.
^ nOandn (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town. Cf. Oanzu.

Gang (SaTisc), a river, stream, e.g. Ganges. See Oanga.

Gang (Tibet), ice ; spur of a mountain. See Sgang.

Oanga (Ceylon, India), a river, e.g. Oanga Fnra, ' river
town.' See Oang.

Oangala (Sa^uc), land subject to inundation by the
Ganges.

(}angara, Oangala (A-Zande), hill, dam, dike, e.g. Oangara
na Bojo, ' the hill of the chief Bojo.'

Oang-barar (Sansc, Pers.), alluvial land recovered from
a river.

Oangri (Tibet), a snow-capped mountain.

Oanj (Bengal), a market-town, market, storehouse,
whence the Anglo-Indian Onnge.

Oaqi (Songhai), uncultivated land, forest, desert.

Oanon, Oaon, Oanw (Sansc, Hind.), village, town, dis-
trict.

Oanna, Oanwa (Hausa), a ditch.

Oanw (Sansc.) See Oanon.
nOansu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), outskirts, the imme-
diate vicinity of a town. Cf. Oanda.

Oaon (Sansc.) See Oanon.

Oar (Tibef), camp, permanent camp. The form Sgar
also occurs.

Oar (Arab.) See Ohar.

126 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Oara {Walamo and GaUa, Abyssinia), a mountain

range, a hill, e.g. Oara Arba, * elephant range.'
„ {dialect near Lugh), a hill.
Oara, pL Our {Arab., N. Africa), a rocky peak.
Oara {Sansc), a ditch, pit, cavern ; also low land on

which water does not he long.
Oaram {Safisc) See Oram.
Ghuran {Hind.), a swamp, morass.
Oard. See Tard.
Oare {Fr.), wet dock ; terminus or platform, station

(railway).
Oaret {Arab.) See Oaleb.

Oarganta {Sp.), mountain torrent ; a narrow pass be-
tween mountains.
Oarh {Hind.), castle, hill, fort, e.g. Fathgarh (Putigarh),

* fort of victory * ; fBitt (-4 raft.) = victory.
Oari {Hausa), land, country, town ; e.g. Sabo-n-Oari,
* Sabo's town,' Serki-Oari, * chief town.* See Serki,

Seriki. Cf. Birni.
Oarie {Sonialiland), a group of zeribas ;' a village of

nomadic shepherds. See Oarya.
Oarika, Oerka {Hausa), a garden.
Oarita {Sp.), a look-out house.
Oarmsir {Fers.), winter pasture grounds, hot lands ;

from garm, hot, warm.
Oarra {Irish, Scotch, Manx), a plantation, e.g. Oarrane-

kinnefeake, ' Kenefec's plantation.'
Oars {Arab.), a plantation.
Oarth {England), an enclosed place, croft, garden, from

Icel. gardhr, an enclosure, e.g. Applegarth. See Yard.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 127

Oarw (Welsh), Oarbh {Gaelic), rough, torrent, e.g,

Hantgarw, Tare, ' the rough stream.'
Oairya {Ober, Somaliland). See Oarie.
Oasba {Hassania), fort. Cf. Kasba, of which it is a

variant.
Oasse (Ger.), street, lane, road.
Oasai {Arab., N. Africa), stream between dunes ; hard

rocky ground covered with flints.
Oasthans (Ger,), inn, tavern.
Oat, Oatti {Deccan), bank of a river.
Oat {Hung,), dam, dike.
Oat {Da., Nor.), gap, narrow inlet, passage.
Ghtta (Japan), a lake near the coast ; harbour.
Oata (Sw.), a way, street, lane.
Oate (£n(/Zanc2), a passage, road, street, from A.-S. geat,

an opening, gap, e.g. Beigate.
Oatti (Deccan). See Oat
n Oan (Zulu, Kafir) ; for meaning see Ugan.
Oan (China), a harbour.
Oan (Teut.), a district, e.g. Breisgan. See Oay.
Gkkubn (Aroma, New Guinea), a tree.
Oan Oan (Min-Kia, Yunnan), sea.
Oanhani (Hind.), lands situated close round a village ;

village.
Oanntiya (Hind.), a small hamlet.
Oavan (Buss.), a harbour.
Oawft (Japan), a river, e.g. Sakada Oawa.
(}awi (Chad L. region), firm hard ground, especially

such localities in the Lower Shire B. marshes

where villages can be built, e.g. the village Oawi.

128 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAFHICAL

Oay, Oau (Teutonic), a district, e,g, Bpengay. See Oau.

Gayal (Hind.) See OaiL

Oas (Cent. Asia), a goose, e.g, Oai Knl, ' goose lake/

applied by the Kirghiz to all the Pamir lakes.

SeeZvl
OasoTl (Servian), a ford.
Odir (Arab,), a gulf, whirlpool.
Oe, Oeya (Singalese), a hoase. See Oeh.
Oebel (Arab.), a mountain, e.g. Gibraltar. See JebeL
Oebele, El- (W. Sahara), south. See Oharb, Oebli,

Bhergi, Safel.
Oeber (Arab.) See Kebir.
Oebi (Abyssinia). See Gibe.
Oebiet (Ger.), territory, district, province.
Oebirge (Ger.), mountain range (Geb.) e.g. Siesengebirge,

' giant moimtains.'
Oebli (Arab., N, Africa), south, a variant of Gebele.

See Safel.
Gebtisoh (Ger.), copse, thicket.
Ged (Somali), a, tree, bush, e.g. Ged-wein, GedGalal.

Wein.
Geda (Somali), grass, pasture. Cf. Dor.
Gedal (Arab.), a meadow.
Gede (Soninke), spring, fountain, well.
Gedenkteeken (Dch.), a monument.
Gedik (Turk.), a col. Cf. Bel.
Gedong (Malay), storehouse, e.g. Gedong Singtlta, <an

arsenal ' ; whence Anglo-Ind. Godown, warehouse &c.
Geh (Hind.), a house, mansion.
Oehuoht (Dch.), a hamlet*

AND TOPOGRABHICAL TERMS 129

Qeil {Icelandic) f defile, narrow glen, a ravine.

Gej (Wolof), sea.

Geji {Lokub, L. Rudolf), a village.

Ctelah (Arab)j watch towers. Found also as Oelaa in

Algeria.
GcUi (Welsh), hazel-grove, e,g, Dolgelly. See Dol.
Oelman (Kabile), a ravine.
Oelta (Kabile), a pond, pool. See Ouelta.
Oemaa {Arab.), a knoll.
Oeneza {S. and E. Africa), castle.
Oennar {Arab.), a peak.
Oentra {Arab,, N. Africa). See Onentra.
Geo {Shetlands), a rocky creek with precipitous sides,

e.g. Xlebergeo, as distinguished from Voe, a fiord,

and Wiok, a broad open bay.
Geok {Turk.), blue, e.g. Gcok Tepe, * blue hill.'
Gephyri {Neo-Greek), a bridge; from Anc. Ger. yi<f>vpa.
Gera {Algeria), a lake.
Geral'r, pi. of Gnrara {q.v.)
Gerant {Harem, Indo-China), tree.
Gerara {Arab.), a plot of ground.
Gerara {Arab., N. Africa). See Gurara.
Gereza {Swahili), a fort.
Gerhash {Abbadi, Etbai), rotten schist.
Geri {Galloppa, Abyssinia), a road.
Geri {Masai), striped, e.g. Donyo Geri, * striped mountain,

a Masai name for Mount Kenia. See Lorgenai.
Gem {Arab., N. Africa), a peak.
Gerraa {Arab.), a bare summit or peak.
Gesaa {Arab.), a small embanked plain.

K

180 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPmCAL

Oesh {Upper Nile), bush, tail grass.

Oestade (Ger.), shore, bank.

Oeta (Danakit), a road.

Ghettar {Arab.), a well from which water trickles.

Oeul, Ohol, Ool {Turk,), a lake.

Qeya {Singalese). See Oe.

Ohaba {Arab., Marocco), scrub, low bush.

Ohadir {Arab.), a pool, pond ; in N. Africa equivalent

to Firki {q.v.)
Ohana (Bornu), little, e.g. Marte Ghana.
Ohangakhsu, Ohangeng {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a cape.
Ohangerdluakhsu {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a little fiord.
Ohangerdlukluoa {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a large fiord.
Ohar, Gar, pi. Ohiran {Arab), a grotto, cavern, e.g.

TrafiOgar.
Ghar {Hind), house, dwelling; also clay soil.
Gharb, El- {Egyptian Sudani), left bank of the NiJo,

from the Arab. Gharb, west. Cf. Maghrabi, Hagbreb ;

see Said, Matla.
Ghari {Hind), valley, ravine.
Gharika {Swahili), flood, inundation. From Arab.

Ghark, see next entry.
Ghark-ab {Arab), deep water. See Ab.
Ghat, Ghaut {India), a mountain pass ; range of moun-
tains ; a flight of steps for the convenience of

bathers ; a passage, road, street.
Ghati {Hind), a strait ; pass; a slope, gentle incline.
Ghaut {India). See Ghat.
Ghe {Harem, Indo-China), great,
Ghede {Java), great,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 181

Ohedir {Arab., N. Africa) ^ a small natural reservoir.
Oheghertakhsoa, Oheghertakluu, Oheghertarong, Ohegherten

{Eskimo, Smith Sound), island.
Ohelli {Kurdish^ Kermanji district), narrow defile,

narrow place in a road.
Oheo In (Miao-tse, Yunnan), a forest.
Gher (Mongol), the Mongol circular felt tent.
Oheridat, dim, of Ohurd {Arab,, N, Africa), a small

dune.
Ohiariocio {It,), the gravelly bed of a river, from Ghiaja,

shingle.
Ohiem {Marocco), tents, hence a camp.
Qhi ta he {Min-Kia, Yunnan), desert.
Ghoe {Hainan), a river.
Ghol {Turk.) See Geul.
Ghorrafia {Arab,, N. Africa), a large deep hollow

running from dune to dune.
Ghubba {Swahili), a bay.
GhnkhBoa {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a river.
Ghtunbur {Somali), a hill ; found also as Gnmbur (q.v.)

See Bur.
Ghnnt {Hind,), rent-free lands assigned as endowments

of religious establishments.
Ghnrd, pi, Oghrud {Arab,, N. Africa), a large dune. See

Gheridat.
-Gi {Nupe, Nigeria). See -Ji.
Gi {Kanarese, W, coast of Hindtistan), north. For

other points see Suli, Mutli, Eabli.
Gibe {Abyssinia), palace ; sometimes spelled Gebi.
Gibi {Hausa), precipice, ravine.

K 2

132 GLOSSARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL

Gibi (Turkanay L. Budolf)^ water.

Oibla (Hdssania) , south. Cf. OeblL

Gibya (Abba, N, W.ofL.Budolf), Sec Gibi {TurTcann).
I (Hausa), a dwelling-house, dwelling place, town.
J e,g. Giddan Serikin Pawa, the n being the sign of
[the possessive, ' the town of the chief Pawa.'

Gierbrng (Dch), a flying bridge.

Gihat, El- {Egyptian Sudan) ^ direction.

Gil {Icelandic), a deep narrow glen.

Gil {Pers.), clay.
nGila {Sagara, Bantu), a path. Cf. Zila, Jira, Jila,
Dlela, Tsela, Sila.

Gilef {Abbadif Etbai), sandstone.

Gilia {It.)f clay soil.

Gill {Lake District), a ravine, e.g. Aygill.

Gilli (IF. Australia), a creek.

Gimi {Hausa), a village. Cf. Vng^wa.

Gin {Japan), silver.

Ginie {Soninke), cultivated land.

Ginna {Abbadi, Etbai), cushion-shaped or mamillated
hills.

Ginting {Malay Pen.), the saddle of a hill.

Giogaja (It.), a ridge of mountains.

Gipfel (Ger.), crest, summit of a mountain.

Giram (Sansc.) See Gram.

Gird {Pers.), environs.

Girewa {Sansc), a low hill ; ravine ; steep pass.

Giri (Hind.), mountain, hill, e.g. Nilgiri, * blue moun-
tain.' Cf. Par, Pahar.

Oirima (Hausa), great. Cf. Baba.

AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 188

Oiriwar (Sansc), a mountain, hill. See Oirewar.
Oinmgn (Fr. Congo), 'great water,' large stream. See

Hgpi.
Ginr {Arab,), a dike.

Ginnc^ja {It.), a place full of reeds and rushes.
GizBiifpL of Ooz {Egyptian Sudani), small sandy hills.
mOizi {Lusinga and Chula, Uganda), a village.
Olas {Celtic), green, grey, blue, e.g, Olasooed, see Coed ;

Olenflnglas, ' grey- white valley ' (fin from Gaelic

fionn, white) ; Olassalt, ' grey stream.' See Allt.
Glcb (Arab.) See Galeb.
Gleicher {Ger.), the equator.

Glen {Gaelic), a narrow valley, e.g, Olencoe. Cf. Glyn.
Gletscher {Ger.), a glacier.
Olina {Buss.), clay.
Gling {Tibet), region, district.

Glaboki {Buss.), deep, e.g. Glubokoi in Vilna, S.W. Russia.
Glyn {Ireland, Wales), a glen, narrow valley, e.g.

Glynneath. Cf. Glen.
Qnai' (Laos), great, large.
Gnater {Arab,, N. Africa), rocky ridges between

depressions. Cf Hodh.
Go {Tibet), head, source of a river.
-Go {Japan), suffix equivalent to the German Hinter,

e.g. Bigo.
Gob {Gaelic), the bill or beak of a bird, e.g. Gob na

Croifl, Gob na Hoe.
Gob {Somaliland), a tall thornless tree with small red

edible fruit, e.g. Goble, * the place where the gob

trees grow.* See Le.

134 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Oobiye (Galla), market.

Ooch ( Wehh), red, e.g. UanbedrgoclL Cf. Cock SeelAui.

God (Pers.), lake, e.g. Ood-i-Zirra.

Ood {Somaliland), a hole, e.g. Oodlebile; Oodwein, 'great

cave.' See Wein, Le.
n Oodia (Congo, dialect of Bantu), an abyss.
Godo (Congo) y a town.

Oodown (A/a/ay), storehouse ; corruption of Oedong {q.i\)
Oodnt {Somaliland) y red, e.g. HcU Oodut, 'the red well.'

See Hell.
Goed {Welsh). See Coed.

Goend, Gwend, Gwainda {Hind.)y suburb ; homestead.
Qott {Somaliland)y dry, e.g. Webi Goflf, 'the dry river/ a

watercourse which is dry except in the rainy

season. See Webi.
Gog (Tibet) y ruins.

Gogeti (Galla), a dry stream bed. Cf. Wadi.
chiGogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). Sec

CMgogo for meaning.
kiGogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), water.
Goila (S. Cape, New Guinea), water.
Gok (E. Turk.), green, e.g. Gok Tepe, ' green hill.* See

Tepe, Geok.
nGoka (Giryarfia), shore, water's edge, bank.
Gokje (Turk.), blue. Cf Geok, Gok.
Gol (Mongol), streamlet, small river, river, e.g. Khara-gol.
Gol, Ghol, Geul (Turk.), a lake, e.g. Ak-Gol, ' white lake.'
Gola (Slavonic), a wood, e.g. GoUwitz.
Gola, Gol (Somali), a peak, e.g. Gola Daga=sthe rocky

peak. See Baga.

AND tO^OORAPItiCAL tfiRMS ISS

Oola (It), a defile, narrow gorge ; lit. 'throat.'

Golea, Kolea (Arab,), a small castle, e.g. El Oolea.

Oolets {Bu8s,)f a bare rock.

Golf (Ger,), gulf, bay.

Golfe (Fr,), gulf, bay. For use as a form of sub-oceanic

relief see Embayment.
Oolfo {It, Port, Sp,), gulf, bay (G.)
Goli, Goloi {Bu88.)i bare (of a rocky mountain, or arid
desert). There are no less than ten islands of this
name in Alaskan waters alone.
Golo {Aroma, New Guinea), mountain. Cf. Olo, Oro oro.
Golomyaimi {Buss.), a sea breeze.
Gome {Nika). See He.
nOome {Congo, dialect of Bantu), water.
nGome {Swahili), a fort or castle.
Gomito {It.), a creek, an arm of the sea ; lit. elbow.
Gon {Indian, U.S.A.), clay-land.

Gk)na, pi. Gonaki {Hausa), a farm, e.g. Gona-n-Berda,
* Berda's estate,' n being the sign of the possessive.
Gonaki {Sudan), garden-fields. See Gona.
Gonda {Hind.), a suburb ; field near a village.
Gong {India), a village, e.g. Chittagong, 'the four
villages.' Cf. Charde.
IdGongo {Gogo, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain ; also
in Nyanyembe and Sukuma.
Gonia {Greek), angle, comer.
nGono {Zamhezia, dialect of Bantu), little.
Gtonpa {Tibet), a monastery, lit. solitude, e.g. Tulung

Cknbn Gonpa.
Gop-malial {Arab), pasture grounds.

136 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Oor {Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), a road.

Gora {It,), aqueduct, mill-dam.

Oora (Slav.), hill, mountain, e.g. Ciernagora, ' black

mountain '= Montenegro. See Ciemi.
Goram (Cent. Asia), stony ground.
Gordo, a {Sj).), broad ; e.g. Pimta Gorda, ' broad point.'
Gore {A'Zande), left (hand side).
Gore {Soninke), encampment.
Gorge {It.), gorge, whirlpool, abyss.
Gorha {Hind.), fields near a village, homestead.
Goria {Soinali), tree stumps, e.g. Goriale, 'place of tree

stumps.' See Le.
Germ {Gaelic), blue, e.g. Bengorm. See Ben.
Gomia (Neo-Greek), upper; a Slav loan-word.
Gomoi {Buss.), mountainous, e.g. Gomel island in Sitka

Sound, Alaska.
Gorny | {Polish, S. Slav.) upper (Gm.) ; e.g. Gomy
Gomyi j Toponica on Morava R.

Gere {Hung.), great, high.
Gorod (jBw,ss.),aburgh, town, e.g. Novgorod, *new town/

Cf. Grad, Grod.
-Gorongo {Cent. Africa), a sufBx meaning 'great.'
Gorra {Galloppa, Abyssinia), tree.
Gem {Songhai), channel, bed of a river.
Got {Ja-Luo, Uganda), hill, mountain.
Gotara {Hind.), rich lands immediately adjacent to a

village.
Goalet {Fr.), a narrow entrance.
ffowa {Kitcai, Netv Guinea), a passage in a reef.
Gowt, Goto (Laiv German Goto, Ger. Gosse), sluice in

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 187

a sea-embankment for letting out the land- water

when the tide is out and preventing the ingress of

sea-water, e,g, Winthorpe Oowt.
Ooz, pL Oizan {Egyptian Sudan) ^ a small sandy hill, a

village built in a sandy plain, e.g, Ooz Begeb.
isiOqiima {Zulu, Kafir), a knoll, hillock.
i si Oqunyana (Zulu, Kafir), a small hillock.
Oraba {Marocco), a wood.
Graben (Ger.), a ditch, canal ; a term now generally

applied to the * rift * valleys. For use as a form of

sub-oceanic relief see Trench.
OraA {Slav,), town, e.g.BelgT^Li. (7/. Oorod, Orod. SeeBel.
OrsBndfle {Da,, Nor.), boundary. Cf. OrluiB, Orens, Orenze.
Oram {Tibet), a marsh.

Gram, Garam, Giram {Sansc, Hind,), a village.
Gran {Nissan J., New Guinea), a lofty bank.
Grand, e {Fr,), great, e.g, Grande-Chartreuse.
Grande {Sp,)y great, e.g. Bio Grande.
Grange {Fr,), a bam (6«*).
Granitsa {Servian), a boundary. Gf, Grenze.
Graiqa {Sp,), a country house (Gr.)
Grans {Sw.), a boundary. Gf. GrsBndse, Grens, Grenze.
Grat {Ger,), ridge, the edge of a mountain.
Gratz {Slavonic), a town, e.g. Kbniggratz.
Gravier {Fr,), gravel.
Greda {Sp.), chalk.

Greh {Sansc), house, mansion, abode.
Grens {Dch.), a boundary. Gf. GrsBndse, Grans, Grenze.
Grenze {Ger,), a boundary. Gf, GrsBndse, Grfins, Grens,

Granitsa.

188 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Grod {Polish), a burgh. Cf. Oorod, Qrad.

Grog (Tibet), ravine, torrent.

Oron-ba (Tibet), stream.

Grong (Tibet), a town.

Groot (Dch.), great, e.g. Groote Eylandt.

Groppa (It.), a hill-top.

Grofs (Ger.), great (Gr.), e,g. Groaswardein.

Gmbe (Ger.), quarry, mine.

Gmda (Russ.), a cairn, a pile.

Grue (A'Zande), a road.

Grun, pL of Gem (q.v,)

Grand (Da., Nor., Sw.), ground, shallow bank, shoal.

Grand (Ger,), for use as a form of sub-oceanic relief sec

Shoal.
Grann (Icel.), shallow ground, shoal.
Gras (Arab.), plantations.
Gryaz (liuss.), mud.
Ga (A'Zayide), the; pi. Yo, Ba, or He; e.g. Gangara,

' the water of the bamboos.' See Hga.
Ga (Neio Guinea), water, river; other dialects have

Ka, U, thus Ga-pa, Ka-pa, TT-pa, * rain-water.'
Gaa (Mandara), a river.
Gaad (Spain), ravine, valley, river, from Arabic Wad, e.g.

Gaadalqaivir=Wad el Kebir=* great river.'
Gaadal (Spanish S. America), a knoll of sand, a dune.
Gaasso (Guarani, S. America), great ; e.g. I-gaasso.
Gaba (Galla), above.
Gaba (Buss.), a bay, gulf.
Gabat (Tagala, Philippines), a forest, wood.
Gabemiya (Russ.), a government, province.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 139

Onchi {Japan) ^ a mouth; used in compounds for
Knchi {q.v,)

Oudar {Pers), a pass.

Ouddi,pZ. Dididi (Chamba), house, dwelling.

Oudi, pZ. Adi (Basari), house, dwelling.

GnS (Fr.), a ford.

Onedi {Lokub, L, Budolf), a road.

Guelta (Arab,, N. Africa), a hole or basin in the bed of
a river. Another and more correct form is Oelta.

Ouentra, pi. Onater (Arab., N. Africa), a rocky ridge
between depressions. Another and more correct
form is Oentra. Cf Hodb.

Ou£ret (Fr,), land ploughed but not sown.

Ongule (Bagirmi, Chad L. region), a shallow water-
course.

Onha (Sansc), a cave, cavern.

Oniang (Yayo, China), a wood, thicket.

Ouiret (Arab.) See Oaleb.

Oniret, dim. of Gara (Arab.), a small rocky peak.

Oajeta (Lokub, L. Rudolf), grass.

Gul, Gnr (Tibet), tent ; slope of a mountain.

Gnlbi (Hausa), ocean, sea, stream, e.g. Gulbi n Kebi.

Gulbo (Galloppa, Abyssinia), a nullah.

Golly (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a long and
narrow extension of a Trough (q.v.) or Basin (q.v.)
which penetrates the land or a submarine eleva-
tion, either with a uniform or a gradually
diminishing depth, or which is bounded on the
one side by land and on the other by a submarine
elevation, e.g. the Faroe Gully, the Norwegian

140 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Onlly. Equivalent to Ger. Binne, Fr. CheiuQ. Cf.

Embayment.
Oam (Abyssinia), moon tain.
Oumbas {Cent. Asia), a tomb, e.g, Onmbai-i-Boni, 'the

tomb of Bozai.'
Oombnr (Somali), a hillock, e.g, Onmbur-ta-Jifto, 'the

sloping hillock.' Another form of Ohnmbur. Scf

Bur.
Oombed (Pers.), cupola, tomb of Mohammedan saint.
Oome (So7ighai), port, wharf.
Oummat, Ouinti (Hind.), a tower.
Gun (Japan) J a division of the country.
Gun (Songhai), a gulf.
Gun. See Gyun.
Ouna (Chad L. region), little, e.g, Bediguna, 'little

Bedi.'
Ound (Kurdish), a village.
chiOunda (Ceyit. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island.
mGunda (Swahili, Yao), field, cultivated land.
Gune (Soninke), a desert.
Gunga (Tibet), an egg, e.g, Ounga Nor, * egg lake,' sec

Hor.
Gungu (Hausa, Songhai), an island, e,g. Bangagungu,

* hippopotamus island,* in the Niger E.
nGungula (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the current of a

river.
Ouni (Hausa), a little village.
Gunne (Soninke), a forest.
Gunong, Ounon, Gunung (Malay), mountain, e.g, Ounong

Bongsu, Gunong Ledang.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 141

Oanong Api {Malay) ^ a volcano. See Api.

Onnta (Deccan), a tank, pool.

Onr (Albafdan), stone.

Gur {Arab.y N, Africa)^ rocky peaks.

Out (Cent. Asia), a grave, e.g. Ak-Onr, * white tomb.*
See Ak.

Gut {Tibet). See Gul.

Gurara (Arab., N. Africa), a depression in the form of a
basin, where rain-water remains for a consider-
able period and induces vegetation ; larger than
DaYa {q.v.)

Gore {Songhai), hill, dune.

Gorgi {Somali), huts.

Guri {Somali), a hut made of herios or mats.

Gnma {Arab.), a mountain promontory.

Gnrai {Deccan), cottage, hut.

Gusong (Malay), shoal.

Gn»u {Songhai), cave, ditch.

Gut {England), a passage, channel.

Gutsi {Japan), an outlet.
nGntn {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town.

Guzar {Pers.), a passage, a ferry.

Gwainda {Hind.) See Goend.

Gwaso {E. Gent. Africa), stream, water, lake, e.g. Gwaso
Hyarok, Gwaso Masa.

Gwend {Hind.) See Goend.

Gwin {Bambara, Malinke), a mud wall surrounding an
enclosure. Cf. Din.
jiGwongomoka {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a landslip.

Gwy {Welsh), water, stream, e.g. Wye, Wey, Medway.

142 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

inOxangxaii {Amazosa, Kafir), a rapid in a river ; a small

waterfall.
inOxoboia (Amaxosa, Kafir), a bog, marsh.
omGxoboza {Amaxosa, Kafir), swampy ground.

Gya, Oyan, Gyi {Tibet, Burma), signifies * extent/ great,
e.g. Oyantse, S.W. of Lhasa, Kyitgyi, in Upper
Burma. See Myit.
Oybi, KyOi {Korea), stream, creek, e.g. Kyiofi-San, ' moun-
tain stream.'
Ojjm {Burma), an island. Cf. Kynng.
Oyun {Tibet), a stream.
Ozia {Upper Nile), grass.

Ha {Indian, California), water. Gf. Aha.

Habe {Indian, U.S.A.), hill, mountain.

Habe {Fula). See Kado.

Habilat {Arab., N. Africa), a chain of small dunes.

Habr {Somali), a tribal prefix, e.g. Habr Oerh^ji

Hacienda {Sp.), an estate (Hda).

Hada {China), mountain, range.

Hadd {Arab.), a spit of sand, or low sandy point.

„ {Arab.), a limit, a boundary.
Hadi {Madagascar), ditch, trench ; modified to Kadi

{q.v.) in composition.
Hadilanana {Madagascar), col, saddle.
Haf {Sw.), sea, ocean.

Hafen {Ger.), a port, e.g. Bremenhafen, * port of Bremen,*
Hafen {Nor.), a wharf.

AND TOPOaRAPHICAL TERMS 148

flaflr {Arab.)y an excavation, ditch.

Hagaba (Upper Nile), small cleared arable spots in

the midst of wooded or grass land.
Hagar (Arab.), a stone, e.g. Dair el Hagar. See Dair.
Hage (Da., Nor., Sw.), an enclosure, enclosed pasture.
Hagen = Hag (Ger.), a hedge^ a place surrounded by a

hedge ; park, e.g. Hagendom.
Haghier (Sokotra), white rocks.
Hagios, a, on (Greek), holy, saint, e.g. Hagios Vlasis on

Mount Olonos. Found also as Agios.
Eagna, Hanya (Arab.), an eddy in a river. See Hania.
Ha guxh (Min-Kia, Kwei-chau), house.
Hahake (Tonga, Polynesia), east. For other points see

Tokelau.
Hai (China), sea, sometimes lake, e.g. Wei-Hai-Wei;

Hwang-Hai, ' yellow sea.*
Hale (Fr.), a hedge. See next entry.
Haigh (England), a place surrounded by a hedge; a

park. Cf. Hay, Hale, Hecke.
Hai-kan (China), bight, creek, lit. sea-mouth. See Hai,

Kan.
Hai-kio, Hai-ko (China), a cape, lit. sea-point. See Hai,

Kio, Ko.
Hai-mnn (China), an estuary, lit. sea-gate. See Mnn.
Hain (Ger.), grove, wood.

Hainya, Hanya (Hausa), road, path. Cf. Tumba.
Haishat (Arab., N. Africa), sandy hillocks, covered with

vegetation.
Halt (Arab.), a wall.
Ha i tan (Indian, California), town, village.

144 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hai-tao {China), an island. Lit. 'sea moimtaii}/ ^ice

Tao, Hai.
Haiti (Santo Domingo and Haiti), mountains.
Sai waa (China), a bay. See Hai, Wan.
Hai-yau (China), a gulf. Cf. Hai Wan.
H^ar (Arab,), stone, rock, e.g, Hajar Shwaf, 'Mirror

Stone/ S. of Chad L., from the polished appear-
ance of the rock.
xnuHaka (Giryama), boundary.

Halat (Arab,), a sandbank dry at low water.

Halbinsel (Ger), a peninsula.

Haifa. See Alfa.

Hali (Anglo-Saxon), holy, e,g. Hali&z, ' holy tress,' i.e.

of the Virgin Mary's hair.
Halita (Haiisa), a dwelling-place.
Hall (England), a stone house, from A.S. heall, e.g.

Coggeshall.
Halla (Shangalla, Abyssinia), an uninhabited d^ert.

Cf. Bunga.
Hallal (Egyptian Sudan), a village.
Hauler (Fr), a thicket.
Halom (Hung), a hill.

Hals (Da., Nor,, Sw), a strip or neck of land.
Haltestelle (Ger), halting-place (H. St.)
Ha Lnong (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a tree.
-Ham (England), suffix meaning house, village, home,

farm, e,g, Buckingham.
Ham (Bintukwa Indian, U,S, of Colombia), rock.
Ham (Cambodia), the jaw; e.g. Ham-Lnong, * Dragons

Jaw,' in Bao-Duk. See Lnong.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 145

Hama, Bama (Japan), sand ; low-lying coast, beach

shore, e,g, Yokohama.
Ham&da {Arab., N. Africa), plateau with rocky soil ;
calcareous waterless plateau.

Hamar, Ahmar, pL Homer {Arab., N. Africa), red, e.g.
Jebel Hamar, ' red mountain.' Of Homra.

Hamean (Fr.), hamlet (H»").

HamiB, Eamse (Chad L. region), stagnant water, e.g.
Hamis bay in S. of Chad L., after which Hager el
Hamis, or Mount Hamis, is named.

Hamma (Arab.), hot springs.

Hammerwerk (Ger.), a foundry.

Hanm (52(?.), harbour, haven, e.g. Carhliamn. 'Charles's
haven.'

Hamraye (Sahara), a bleak open district. See Nega.

Hamfin (Pers.), a desert ; plain, level ground ; a lake with
swampy edges, having a large expanse of water
free from reeds, e.g. Hamun-i-Sistan, Hamun-i-Fara,
Ashkin being apphed to lands only temporarily
flooded, Chung, Chang, to water too deep for reeds to
grow in, and Haizar to shallows and reed beds.

Han (Japan), a clan, tribe.

Han (Turk.), grass.

Hana (Japan), cape, point. Also means 'flowers,' e.g,
Hana Batake, * the great flower-field.'

Handaki (Swahili), ditch, trench.
aHandu (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a place.

Handn, j?^. Kundn (Kikuyu, Bantu). See ffdu.

Hang (China), dry, e.g. Hang ho==dry river ; Hang
kong pe= desert. In Korea a neck of a hill.

L

146 GLOSSARY OF GEOORAPHICAL

Han-hai (Mongol), a sea of sand. See Hai.

Hania (Arab.), a bend formed by a river, eddy. Sc^^

Hagna.
Hano {Maiva, New Guinea), earth.
Hantsana {Madagascar), a precipice.
Hanua (Motu, New Guinea), a village. For other

dialect forms see Fenna.
Hanya (Arab.) See Hagna, Hania, the same word.
Hao (China), ditch, trench.
Haoz, Haaz (Pers,), tank, reservoir, from the Arabic

Hand. See Hanz.
Hapotrahana (Madagascar), falls in a river, rapids.
Hara (Danakil), a tree.
Hara (Japan), moorland.
Harad (Sw.), a canton, county, district.
Haram (Arab.), a sacred place.
Hara (Mongol), prefix meaning black. Cf, Slara.
Harana (Madagascar), rock, e.g, Haranandriana, *the

noble's rock.' See Andriana. The modified for a

Kara (q.v.) is also used.
Hari (Kurdish), mud.
Hari (Songhai), water, river, lake, sea.
Harifa (Hassania), field, garden.
Harimo (Songhai), source, fountain. See Hari.
Hannattan (Fanti), a hot wind blowing from the interior

of Africa to the Atlantic between Capes Verde and

Lopez.
Harmina (Fin.), harbour.
Hart (Ger.), a forest, e.g. Hunliart. From Harz, a wooded

mountain, e.g. Harzgebirge.
Haahakut (Indian^ V,S.A.), a lake.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 147

Hashi {Japan) y a bridge.

Hashiet (Hassania), shore, beach.

Hashisli (Arab.), grass.

Hashm (Arab,), a snout, and so a hill in the shape of a
snout, e.g. Hashm el Agl, ' calf's snout,' Hashm el
Kb. ' wolf's snouV places being frequently named
after living creatures.

Hasi (Hassania), spring, fountain, wells ; a variant of
Hassi iq.v.)

Hassadan (Somali), a euphorbia tree, e.g, Hassadanle,
* the place where the euphorbias grow.* See Le.

Hassar (Arab,), a rock.

Hasse (Indian, U,S,A,), a river.

Hassi (Arab,, N, Africa), wells of little depth without
masonry ; holes channelled out in the sand at the
bottom of which one finds water. In Oraa the
name is applied to all wells, with and without
masonry.

Hat (Siam), a rapid over sand or pebbles; sandbank.

Hata (Walamo, Abyssinia), water.

Hata (Japan), arable land.

Hatakh (Somali), a trench =:Boran.

Ha tats (Indian, U.S.A.), sea.

Hatch (England), a hitch-gvite, e.g. Westhatch.

Hato (Mongol), stone, stony.

Hatoba (Japan), wharf, landing-place.

Hatsai (Siam), sandbank.

Hatt (Hind.), a market, market-place.

Hattia (Sahara), a level valley with vegetation, waste
land overgrown with scrub and brushwood.

L 2

148 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Haud {Arab.), a reservoir, tank, cistern; the Persian
forms are Haoz, Hanz.

Haugh (England), (1) from the Norse hangr (a mound),
a mound, cf. Hei, How ; (2) from the Anglo-Saxon
haga (lit. hedge, then hedged ground, field) ; low-
lying rich lands which are occasionally flooded
over.

Hangr (Nor,), a mound. Cf. Hei.

Haul (Vonum, Formosa), a river.

Hauma (Arab.), a district, quarter of a town.

Hauptstadt (Ger.), chief city, capital.

Hans (Ger.), house (Hs.), e.g. Sohaffhaiuen.

Haush (Arab.), a farm.

Haut (Fr.), height, top, summit; upper, e.g. Haute
Loire. For use as a form of sub-oceanic relief sec
Height.

Hauteur (Fr.), rising ground, an eminence.

Haut-fond (Fr.), a shoal (q.v.)

Hanz, Haoz (Pers.), tank, reservoir ; borrowed from
Arab. Hand ; e.g. Hanz Kalan, ' great pool.* Set
Kalan.

Hav (Da., Nor.), sea, ocean.

Haveli (E. Turk.), a homestead.

Havn (Da., Nor,), haven, harbour, e.g. Thonhavn;
Kjbbenhavn, * merchants* haven * (Copenhagen).

Havod, Hafod (Welsh), a summer hut, a shealing, t.g.
Havod-y-Porth.

Havnana (Madagascar), a hill.
Hawaii (Arab.), environs.
Hawili (Arab.), house, dwelling.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 149

Eawita (Arab,, N, Africa), an -enclosure ; a station

marked by a tree or by a pile of stones.
Hay (England), a place surrounded by a hedge ; a park,

e.g. Bonndhay. (7/*. Haigh, Haie, Hecke, Hegge.
Hayasi (Japan), a forest, wood.
Haz (Hung,), a house, dwelling.
Hazo (Madagascar), tree. The modified form Eazo

(q.v.) is also used.
Hasor- (Semitic), aif enclosure for cattle in the desert,

e,g, Hazar-aman.
Hbabchn (Tibet), a small river.
Hbrog (Tibet), uncultivated land, pasturage.
Hdam (Tibet), a marsh, bog, swamp.
Hdam-bu (Tibet), reeds.
JLt,pl, of Gn (A'Zande), the. See Gu.
Hebu (Songhai), a market.
Hecha (Marovo, Solomon Is.), north-east wind.
Hecke (Ger), hedge, enclosure. Cf, Hegge, Hay, Haigb,

Haie, Hangh.
Hedd (Somali), a forest, e.g. HeddGodir, * Koodoo forest.'

See Dad.
Eedr (Arab,, Etbai), a slope.
Heferbe, ^Z. Eefero (Fula), infidel, e.g. Lafare Heferbe,

* Pagan Lafare,' to distinguish it from the neigh-

bouring village, Lafare Fulfulda, ' the Fulbe (Fula)

Lafare.' Is an Arab, loan word ; see Kafir.
Hegge (Dch.), a hedge, Cf. Hecke.
Hegy (Hung.), mountain, peak (H.), e.g. Hegy-Allya.
Hei, He (China), black, e.g. Hei Long Kiang, ' Black

Dragon river.' See Lung, Kiang.

150 GLOSSARY OF aEOGRAPHICAL

Hei (Nor,), hill or height, hummock. Cf. Hoi, Hoid^

Hangh, Haug^.
Held (Arab.), a mount.
Heide (Dch., Ger.), a heath, e,g, Kortelieidei
Height (Eng.), in sub-oceanic relief, the highest part of

a Rise, Bidge, or Plateau (q.v.) if it does not belong

to the base of an island ; e.g. the Valdivia Height

on the Walfisch Bidge; opp. to Deep {q.v.)

Equivalent to Ger. H61ie,«Fr. Haut.
Heilig {Ger.)y holy, saint, e,g. Heiligenberg, in Baden.
Helm (Ger.), a house, e.g, Hoohheim. See Hoch.
Heir (Arab,), a pearl bank.
Hei tu (China), black loam. See Hei, Tu.
Hel (E. Turk,), damp, moist.

Heli (Welsh), salt, e,g, Pwllheli = salt pool. See PwlL
Hell (Samaliland), a well, e,g. Hell Berdale, the 'well

where the Perda plant grows,' see Le; Hell

Godut, * the red well.' Cf. Hil. Found also as Hel.
Eellet (Upper Nile), a village.
Hen (Picardy), a home.
Hen (Welsh), old, e.g. Heneglwys, *old church'; see

Eglwys.
Hena (Ceylon), corrupted to chena, high jungle ground

cultivated every 5 to 14 years, e.g. Kotahena,

* timber chena.'
Hendora (Arab.), a slope, declivity.
Hendere (Kanem), a valley.
liHenga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a pool, pond.
Henshir (Tripoli), a fenced enclosure.
Hepaithlao (Indian, U,S,A,), town, village.
Herdade (Port,), a mansion or large manor-house.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 151

Herera {Niha), a plain.

Herzogthom, Herzogtam (Ger.), a duchy ; lit, duke-domy

from Herzog=duke, and tum=dom.
Heuvel (Dch.), a hill, Langenheuvel, Eaatsheuvel.
He wi (Indian, Calif or nia), hill, mountain.
Hey. See Hay.
Hia {China) y a prefix signifying ' lower,* * smaller,' e.g.

Hia Kotn, near Chang Chai in Kwei Chau.
Hia {Indiany U.S.A.), a meadow.
Hia-kau (China), a strait. See Hia, Kau.
Hiang-tsim (China), a village.
muHiclii (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.
Hien (China), a district city. Cf. Chau, Fu, Hsien.
HigasM, Higaii, To (Japan), east. For other points

see Hokn.
Hihidi (A-Zande), great.
Hiki Shiwo (Japan), ebb tide. See Shiwo.

(Tonga, Polynesia), west. For other points see

Tokelan.

la (Hawaii), east. For other points see Akau.
Ikui (Japan), low, e.g. Hikn Shima. See SMma.
31 (Hind.), mud, ooze.
Hil (Bahanwin, Somaliland) , an eye; source of spring

water, the same as the Arab. Ain and the Soinall

Hell.
Hilin (Somali), a road = Derigh.
HiUa, pZ. Hallal (Egyptian Sudan), a village.
Hima, Him (Sansc), snow, ice, cold, e.g. Himalaya, ' the

abode of snow.'
Hin (Siam)y rock, stone.

152 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

-Hina, -Hini (Indian, N, America), a suffix meaning

' river ' ; eg. Blehini, Krotahini.
Hinigala {K usage, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden.
Sinter {Ger.), hinder, lying behind. See next entry.
Hinterland (Ger.), the region inland from the coast :

equivalent to the French * airiere-pays * ; back

country.
Hippo (Phcfnician), a walled town ; occurs in the ancient

names of many towns in N. Africa, e.g. Hippo

Begnins, the present Bone.
Hira (Jajmn), a plain.
Hirhath (Abbadi, Ethai), mica.
Hiroi (Japan), wide (of a stream or valley).
Hishan (Eg^jptian Sudan), enclosures. See Hitah.
Hissar (Turk.), castle, fort, e,g. Kara-Hissar. See Kara.

Is a loan word in Arab, and Pers.
Hitah (Arab.), an enclosure. See Hishan.
Hithe (England), a wharf ; a small haven or port, from

A.S. h^dh, a haven, e.g. Qneenhithe.
Hito (Sp.), a landmark, guide-post.
Hittuuk (Indian, U.S.A.), a tree.
mHita (German East Africa, dialect of Ba^itu), wood,

bush, forest.
Hiu (China), a cliflF.
Hin (China), a market.
Hjem (Da., Nor.), home, homestead, village, e.g.

Throndhjem, * throne home,' the place of coronation

of Norwegian kings. Cf Heim, Ham.
umHlaba (Kafir), the earth, the world; ground, soil.
iHlabati (Amaxosa, Kafir), the earth.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 153

hth Hlambo {Kafir), a valley.

iHlane {Zulu, Kafir), an uninhabited country or district.
mnHlanlilo {Amaxosa, Kafir), a garden made in the bush.
iHlati (Kafir), a forest, jungle.
inHlagnka {Zulu, Kafir), a landslip.
iHlobo {Kafir), the summer season.
Hloog Ku {Chinbon), a valley.
Ho {Annam), lake, marsh, pond, pool.
muHo {Giryama), a river ; there is also the same word in
Nika,
H6 {Hung.), snow.

Ho {China), a river, e.g, Hwang-Ho. Cf. Kiang, Chiang.
Ho may be applied to any river, Kiang only to a
large one.
Ho, Hoe {Hainan), a river ; from the above.
Hoa {Cambodia), alliance, friendship ; e,g. Bao-Hoa,

* preserve the alliance,' a district in Cambodia.
Hoa {Laos), a boat.
Hoai {Burma, Siam), stream.
Hoang {China), savages.
Hoang {China). See Hwang.

Hoblifl {Mysore), the subdivision of a Taluk. C/. Thanas.
Ho bnne {Japan), sailing vessel.
Hock {Ger), high, e,g, Hochkirch, * high church.' See

next entry.
Hochebene {Ger), tableland, plateau. See Hock.
Hbdde {Faroes e), a promontory. Cf. Hofdi.
Hodk {W, Sahara), a depression between rocky ridges.

Cf. Onater.
Hoe {England), see Hoo; Hoe {Hainan), see Ho.

154 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ho e est {Indian, U.S.A.), a hill.

Hoek {Cape Dch.), a ravine, pass, e,g, Braakhoek. In

Dutch, cape, headland.
Hoeve (Dch.), a farm.
Hof {Ger,), a court-yard; farm, country house, e.g.

Hofheim.
HofaYrt. Dim. of Hofra {q.v.)
Hdfdi {Icel.)j promontory or mountain ridge, e.g.

HjOrleifihOfdi. Cf. HOdde.
Hofh {Icel.), a haven. Cf. Havn.
Hofra {Arab.y N. Africa), ditch, trench; depression

among large dunes, e.g. Hofra en Hahas.
Hogback {Eng. and U.S.A.), a steep-sided ridge or long

hill.
Hohe {Ger.), height. For use as a form of sub-oceanic

relief see Height.
Hohlweg {Ger.), a hollow excavated way ; narrow pass,

defile.
Hohu {Hu-Ni, China), a wood, forest.
Hoi {Da., Nor.), hill or height. Cf. Hei, Heide, Hoide.
Hbide {Nor.), hill, hummock. Cf. Hei, Heide, HoL
Hoil {Khas Clws, Indo-China), a stream, small river.
Hoka {Shinasha, Abyssinia), a river.
Hoku, Kita {Japan), north. For other points see Hishi,

Sai, Higasi, To, Nan, Hinami.
Hoi {Dch,), hollow (road), cave.
HoU {Icel.), a hillock.

Hoi lo ma {Indian, California), hill, mountain.
Hollow {Anglo-Saxon hoik, holg), used in the same

sense as Bottom {g.v.), e.g. Danebower Hollow.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 155

Holm (Da., Nor,), island, e.g, Tindholm, ' tooth-island/
Bornliolin ; this and the four following entries are
all really the same word, derived from an old Teu-
tonic root cognate perhaps with Lat, coUia,
cnlmen.

Holm (Ger,), little hill, especially an elevation above the
surface of inland waters ; islet. See above.

Holm, Holme {Anglo-Saxon), an island in a river, flat
ground along the side of a river. See above,

Holma (Fin.), an island. See under Holm.

Holme (Sw.), an island. See under Holm.

Helper {Ger.), a hillock.

Holt {AnglO'Saxo7i), a copse, e.g. Sparsholt. Cf. Holz.

Holz {Ger.), a copse. Of. Holt.

Homer {Arab,, N, Africa), See Hamar.

Homowak {Indian, U,S.A.), water flowing out, spring,
source.

Homra {Arab,, N. Africa), red, e.g. El Homra Hamada.
Cf, Hamar, Ahmar.

Hon {Annam), hill ; island.

Hondo, a {Sp,), deep or shallow (really means bottom) ;
shoals ; e.g, Honduras. Cf. Lat, fonduB.

Hondu {Songhai), a dune.

Hontana {Sp.), fountain, spring. Cf. Fontana.

Henna {Polynesia), See Fenua.

Hoo {England), a tongue of higher land running out
into a plain, e.g, Hoo End.

Hoog {Dch.), high, e.g. Hoogveld.

Hoofte {Dch.), hill, eminence, rising ground; e.g.
Langhoogte.

156 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hook (U.S.A.), a low sandy peninsula forming the end

of a bay ; e.g. Sandy Hook.
Hoorn (Dch.), horn, a peaked peninsula, e.g. TlithooriL,

Oudenhoorn.
Hoowi {Siam), tributary of a river. Found in early

writers for Hu*^ (qv.)
Hot {Sha7i States), a stream, river.
Hora {Abysainia), lake, e.g. Hora Shale, Hora Korre.
Hora (Bohemia), a mountain (Ha.)
Horami, Knrremi (Hausa), valley.
Horn (Ger.), a peak, e.g. Matterhom, 'peak of the

meadows,' i.e. rising from the meadows.
Homi (Bohemia), upper (Hr.), e.g. Homi Kcina on

the Hungarian Erzgebirge.
Horqueta (Spanish S. America), an acute angle formed

by a river or brook together with the land included

by the stream.
Horst (Ger.), a thick wood. Cf. Hnrst.
Hosere (Hausa), a rocky hill, e.g. Hosere Cholle, 'bird

rock.' Cf. Hoflsere.
Hosh, pi. Hishan (Egyptian Sudan), an enclosure.
Hoshnn (Mongol). See Khoshnn.
Hosn (Arab.), a fortress ; a variant of Husn (q.v.)
H08O (Japan), narrow, e.g. Hososhima. See Shima.
HoBsere (Fula), mountain. Cf. Hoiere.
Hosya (Tso-o, Formosa), a village. Cf. Hoheu.
Hot (Harem, Indo-China), a river.
Hota (Mongol), town, e.g. Chagan Hota, ' white town
Hote (Hu-Ni, China), a mountain.
H&tel (Fr.), mansion, large house, hotel.
Hotk (Botuma, Polynesia) , stone, rock.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 167

Ho-to (China) y town, large village.

Ho-tim (China), lighthouse. Cf, Kwang-lau.

Houdh (Arab., N. Africa). See Hodh. Cf. Onater.

Hout (Dch.), wood, wooden, Oosterhout, Houtdorp.

Hoved (Da. J Nor.), head, cape, point.

Hovedvej (Da., Nor.), main road.

How (Cumbria), mound, e.g. Eoz How. Cf. Haugh.

Howe (English), a hollow.

Hrad (Bohemia), a castle.

Hrad (Sansc), pond, lake.

Hrann (Icel.), a tract of lava, e.g. Odadahraun, ^alhratin.

Hti (China), a marsh, bog, swamp.

Hsia (China) f lower, e.g. Hsia Pn, 'lower citadel.* Cf.

Bhang.
Hfliang (China), a small street, alley ; village ; region.
Hsiao (Shan States), small, e.g. Hsiao Wei Si, 'little

Wei Si.'
Hsien (China), district; capital of a district =Hieii.
Hsi Pang (China), the western region, often used for
Tibet ; has also an ethnical meaning, being applied
collectively to the aborigines of the uplands along
W. frontier of China (Anglice Si Pans).
Hsne (China), a cave in the side of a hill.
Hta (Siam), landing-place, quay.
Htoong (Siam), field, plain.
Hu (China), a lake. Cf. Po.
Hn (China), a gorge, e.g. Shi Hu, ' stone gorge.'
Hu (Songhai), a house.

Hua (China, Manchuria), flower ; e.g. Sung-Hua-Chiang,
'pineflower river,* i.e. the Sungari. See Sung,
Chiang.

158 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hoala (Madagascar) f a bay.

Hnana {Marovo, Solomon Is,), road.

Huang (China), See Hwang.

Huang tu (China), clay.

Hu^ (Laos, Siam), a mountain stream, tributary.

Huerfano (U.S.A.), a solitary hill or cerro {q,v,); the

Spanish word means * orphan.'
Hugab, ^Z. Haguban (Arab,, Etbai), a boulder.
Htlgel (Ger,), a hill.

Hu il (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a village.
Huis (Dch.), a house, e.g, Druggenhuis, Hijenhois.
Huk (Da., Nor., Sw,), angle, point, hook of land.
Hulu (Malay), river source ; up-stream, up-country, the

interior.
Huma (Arab.), a district, quarter.
Humedal (Sp.), humid soil, marsh.
Hunahuna (Madagascar), a marsh.
Hundred (English), a division of a county, supposed to

be named from originally containing 100 freemen

or families. ■
Hunk (Indian, U.S.A.), o, fall or rapid in a stream. Cf.

Mohunk.
Hunnebed (Dch.), a tumulus.
Huntha (Indian, California), town, village.
Huolo (China), a village formerly enjoying autonomy.
Hurst (England), a thick wood, e.g, Fenshurst. Cf.

Horst.
Hurst (Sw.), a shrub, a thicket.
Hurubbe (Arab.), tank or cistern.
Hus, Huus (Da., Nor,, Sw.), a house (H").

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 159

Hum (Arab.), a fortified dwelling. See Hosn.

Husim (Swahili), a fort, from the above.

Hutan (Malay), a wood ; never aspirated in * High

Malay.' See ITtan.
Htltte (Ger,), cottage, hut.
Hutnng (Ger.), pasture-ground.
Huus. See Hns.
Hnyen (Annam), town of the fourth order or capital of

a sub-district.
Hvita (Icel.)y white, e.g, Hvita river.
Hwang (China), yellow, frequently misspelled Hoang

Huang, e.g. Hwang-ho, 'yellow river.' See Ho.
Hwe (Shan States), a stream.
Hydor (Greek), water.

Hyen Oyina-Bea (Gold Coast), harbour, roadstead.
Hyma (Icel.), peak or summit of a mountain.

I (China), barbarian, savage. See Jin.

I (Madagascar), an article used only with proper names

e.g. Ivohibe, * the great mountain.' See Vohi, Be.
I (Nung, LaO'Jcai), little, small.
la (IndO'China), stream, torrent.
I&ki (Fin.), a river.
lar, ler (Gaelic), west, e.g. Ardersier (Ard-Eos-Ier), * the

high western promontory.' See Ard, Eos.
larvi (Fin.), a lake.
lavu (Pula, China), water.
lb (Hottentot). See Ep.

160 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ibanxana {Kafir), See Baniana.

Ibe {Ibo, Nigeria), a place, e.g, Ibe Abnn or Ibe Atoil,

' that place/ ' there/ equivalent to Hga.
Ibn, pi. Beni (Arab.), son; as a geographical term it

signifies producing, containing, &c., e.g. Ibn Ibrak,

near Jaffa. See Beni.
Ibotwe {Zulu J Kafir), the metropolis, the seat of

government. See Botwe.
Ibu {Galla, Abyssinia), a valley.
Ich {Gaelic). See Och.
loh, lobere {Turk.), inner.

lohinga {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nga.
Ichipiri {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri.
Ichonde {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Chonde.
Ichweba {Kafir). See Chweba.
Iciba {Kafir), a pool.
Id, pL Aadad {Egtjptian Sudan), a well (especially in a

desert). Another form is Ed.
Ida {Marocco), tribe, district.
Idala {Ja-Luo, Uganda). See Dala.
Idebi {Kafir). See Debi.
Ide-yu {Japan), warm spring.
Idiza (Kafir). See Diza.
Idlambi {Zulu, Kafir). See Dlambi.
Idobela {Zulu, Kafir). See Dobela.
Idzendze {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Diendfe.
Idziko {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziko.
le {Saxon), river, stream. Cf. E.
lehaf {Arab.), a small mountain group.
le]if{Wolof), governor.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 161

leto (Nandiy Uganda), a place.

Ifenya {Zulu, Kafir), a narrow piece of land at the foot

of a mountain suitable for cultivation. See Fenya.
Ifri {Berber), a grotto, cave, e.g. Jebel Ifren or Tefren,

' the range of the cave-dwellers,* latinised Afer

(Tunis), whence Africa.
Iftiso (Kafir), fallow ground. See Fuso.
Igamba, Amagamba {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See

Oamba.
Igapo {Brazil). See under Igarape.
Igarape {Brazil), a small river ; brook ; lit. in Tupi

language a * boat way.' Applied especially to the

afiSuents or feeders of Faros {q,v.) and rising in the

Igapos, or marshy tracts of forest.
Igboro {Yoruba), a street.
Ighazeng, Ighazekhsoa {Eskimo, Smith Sound), strait,

channel.
Ighil {Kabile), a hill.
Ighir {Shilluh, Marocco), a fort, castle, or fortified

place, e.g. Agadhir-Ighir.
Ighunan {Kabile), reeds.
Igidi {Marocco), sand.
Igiz {E. Turk.), lofty, elevated.
Iglema {Eskimo, Smith Sound), terrace.
Iglesla {Sp.), church, from iKK\7]<ria (ecclesia).
Iglu {Eskimo), a house ; e.g. Iglu creek.
Igreja {Port.), church. See Iglesla for derivation.
Igzer {Kabile), a stream.
Ihlabati {Zulu, Kafir). See HIabati.
IhlaiLe {Zulu, Kafir), See Hlane.

u

162 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ihlati, dim. Thlatana (Kafir). See HlatL
Ihlobo (Kafir). See Hlobo.
li (LolOf China), water.
Ijara (Arab.), a farm,
malje (Kilirnane, Bantu), water.
mwQo (Giryama) ; for meaning see Mwijo.
Ijojo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Jojo.
IJB (Dch.), ice.

flu (Yoruba), wilderness, desert, ocean.
Ikamat (Arab), house, dwelling.-
Ikari (Japan), anchor, anchorage.
-Ik6 (Cent. Africa), suffix signifying * little.'
Ike (Japan), pond, pool.
Ike (Tibet), east. For other points see Lho.
Ikhf (K a bill), cape, promontory.
Iki, Ike, Ikhe (Mongol), great, large, e.g. Ike Umu or Ulan

Hoshu in Dolon-nor district. See Tike, Bagha.
Iki (PoUjnesia). See Iti.

Ikiflu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kisu.
dziko (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. For

other dialects see Ziko.
Ikcmknln (Zulu, Kafir). See Komkolu.
Ikot (Efik, Old Calabar, Nigeria), a landing-place,

beach, e.g. Ikotaba, Ikot Umian. Cf. Ikpa, Ikpere.
Ikpa (Yoruba), track, way, path; in Efik, Old Calabar,

means * beach,' e.g. Ama-Ikpa. Cf. Ikot, Ikpere.
Ikpakpa (Yoruba), pasture ground.
IkpasBO (Yoruba), track, footpath.
Ikpere (Ibo, Nigeria), coast, bank. Cf. Ikot, Ikpa.
Iku (Mcheo,New Guinea), mountain, peak, headland, cape.

AND TOPOGffiAPHICAL TERMS 168

n (Basque), new, e.g. lUiberis, ' new town.'

H, pi. Hat (Turk., Mongol), a tribe, especially nomad.
Other forms are Ilyat, Bleut, Olint, the last two
being applied collectively to all W. Mongols and
their languages, while Ilyat comprises all sorts of
tribes — Arab, Persian, Turki, Mongol — in Persia
and Afghanistan.

II (Buss.), mud.
mwlla (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a small affluent, a creek.

tie (Fr.), an island, isle (I.)

nha (Port.), an island.

nhota (Port.), an islet.

Hije (Turk.), hot springs.

Dindle (Zulu, Kafir). See Ndle.

nintle (Zulu, Kafir). See Ntle.

niwa (Zulu, Kafir). See Liwa.

Ilizwa (Kafir), See Zwa.

niagnl (Fula), an inlet or backwater, creek.

Ulakei (Tamul), a fortress.

Die (Yoruba), earth, land, ground ; a town. Cf. lUu.

nie-babba (Yoruba), fatherland.

nie-ero (Yoruba), an inn.

nie-isho (Yoruba), a watch-tower.

nie^bba (Yoruba), a kingdom, territory.

Illeto (Yoruba), a town or village.

niu (Yoruba), nation, country, people, town, village.

Illa-keje (Yoruba), a small village, hamlet.

Dln-nla (Yoruba), a capital city.

Dog (Tagala, PfCilippines), a. river.

nogan (Tagala, Philippines), the mouth of a river.

M 2

164 GLOSSARY OF OKOGRAPHICAL

noha {Kerepunu, New Guinea), cloud.

A

Dot (Fr.), an islet.

nnndi (dialect of Bantu). See Lundi.

Dyat (Turk., Mongol). See TL.

Im (Chin Hills), an affix meaning village, lit. a house,

e.g. Mkwi Im, Kakh Im, villages near Pusham*tung,

S. of Myittha R. See Im nu.
Im (Ebon, Polynesia), a bouse.
Im, Em (Sahara), people of, inhabitants, e.g. Imanro-

dangh; Emegedesen, 'the inhabitants of Agades.'

Cf. Tel, Ahel.
kilma (Kamha, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain.

Gf. Lima.
Imbukha (Lu-Wanga of the Awa-Rimi group, Uganda).

See Bakha.
Ime (A'Zande), water.
Imfomn, Mfama, Mufnma, Fnmn, pi. Afomn (Gent Africa,

dialects of Bantu). See Fmnu.
Imiamba (Swahili). See Amba.
Imiohi, Umuchi (Kossova, Uganda). See Chi.
Imim (Marocco), the mouth of a ravine. Gf. Pum.
Imitantato (Zulu, Kafir). See Tantato.
Im nu (Ghi7i Hills), an affix meaning * large village,'

lit. many houses, e.g. Tai Im Hu, * the large village

on the Tai R.' See Im.
Impanga (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See

Panga.
Impiri (Gent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri.
In, fern. Tin (Berber) . This is the demonstrative pronoun

followed by n ; it is found in many place-names

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 166

e.g. In Hanunu, Tin Erknk. The forms En, Wan,

Wen, Ten, Tan are also found.
In {Burma), lake.
In (Wakharif Pamirs), a pass.
mw Inane {Makua, German East Africa), a boundary.
Inaran {Tsarisen, Formosa), a village.
Inayan (Puyuma, Formosa), a river.
Ineencesha (Zulu, Kafir), See Cencesha.
Inob. {Scotch and Irish), an island, a corruption of Gaelic

Innis, e.g. IncMqnin.
IncM {Swahili). See Ctii.
Inchike {Cent, Asia), narrow.
Indatataknohaak {Indian, U.S.A.), valley.
Indawo {Kafir). See Dawo.
Indibonga {Zulu, Kafir). See Dibonga.
Indinmalahik {Indian, U.S.A.), lake.
Indlandlatu {Zulu, Kafir). See Dlandlatn.
Indlela, dim. Indlelanda {Kafir). See Dlela.
Indlu {Kafir). S^e Din.
Indre {Da., Nor.), inner. Cf. Tder, Inre.
Indflo {Da., Nor.), a lake. Cf. Insjo.
-Indn, -Ndo, -Kandi {Cent. Africa), little (suffix).
Inengea {Mekeo, New Guinea), a path. Cf. Keanga.
-Ing {Anglo- Saxon), suffix meaning * meadow,* e.g.

Wapping ; used also otherwise than as a suffix, e.g.

Sleethby Ings, i.e. ' Sloetbby meadows ' ; also a

patronymic suffix, ' sons of,' e.g. Beading. Cf. Ingen.
-Ing {Indian, U.S.A.), an inflexion signifying in, on, at.
Ingeb&nde {Ger.), a building within an enclosure or

wall.

166 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ingen (Ger.), sons of, e.g. TttbingeiL Cf. -Ing (Anglo-
Saxon).
Ingone, dim. Lifcnunio (Zulu^ Kafir). See Sgone.
Ingot Bage {Sumatra), the rice-stores in the Batak

villages. Cf. Bale, Enmah.
Ing^nna (Bintukwa Indians, U.S. of Colombia)^ road,

trail.
TiigTangrari {Zulu, Kafir). See Ozangzasi.
Ingxoboza {Zulu, Kafir). See Ozoboia.
Tnhlaimlra {Zulu, Kafir). See Hlaxoka.
Iiga (Mashojialand), a prefix meaning 'place of/ e.g.

Iiga ka Fnra, ' water place/ river. See Fnra.
Injc {Turk.), narrow, e.g. Iige Bnnm, * narrow cape,' on

the north coast of Asia Minor. See Bnnui.
lojira {Lu'Wanga of the Awa-Rimi group, Uganda).

See Jira.
Inkalo {Zulu, Kafir). See Kalo.
Inkaya {Bantu). See Kaya.
Inknndla {Zulu, Kafir). See Kondla.
Innis {Gaelic), an island, e.g. Innismore, ' great island ' ;

Innis Beg, ' little island.' Cf. Ennis. See More, Beg.
Innqaba (Kafir). See Hqaba.
Inqubu {Zulu, Kafir). See Hqaba.
Inre {Sw.), inner. Cf. Indre.
Insel {Ger.), an island.
Insi {dialect of Bantu). See Inzi.
Insila {dialect of Bantu). See Zila.
Insimi {Zulu, Kafir). See Simi.
Insirem {Gold Coast), a camp.
Insjo (^Sw.), a lake. Cf Indsd.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 167

Insa (Gold Coast), water, e,g. Apn Infu, * sea water/ the

sea. See Apu.
Insimgiizi {Kafir). See Songuzi.
Intatyana (Kafir). See Tatyana.
Intendeleko (Zulu, Kafir). See Tendeleko.
Interfleuve {U,S.A,) the upland separating two streams

having approximately parallel courses.
Intile {Zulu, Kafir), a flat strip of country, or a small
valley running parallel with a river, and suitable
for cultivation.
Intiran {Tamul), east ; for other points see Vadakkn.
Intla {Zulu, Kafir). See ITtla.
Intsimi {Zulu, Kafir). See Tsimi.
Innma (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), plantation, garden.
Invei' {Gaelic), a prefix meaning the confluence of two
rivers, or of a river and the sea, e.g. Inverness;
occurs only in Scotland and Ireland, never in
Wales, while the equivalent Aber {q.v.) occurs only
in Wales and Scotland, never in Ireland.
Invemada {Spanish S. America), good pasture-land

especially fitted for fattening cattle.
Inwijk {Dch.), creek, inlet, bay.
InxanTasi {Zulu, Kafir). See Nzanxasi.
Inxiwa {Zulu, Kafir). See Hxiwa.
Inznlnma {Zulu, Kafir). See Nxnluma.
Inyanza {Lu-Wanga of the Awa-Bimi group, Uganda).

See Nyanza.
Inyatuko {Zulu, Kafir). See Hyatnko.
Inzella {Marocco), the outbuildings of a Kasba (q.v.), for
the accommodation of travellers.

168 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Inii, Lui, Hzio {Cent Africa^ dialects of Bantu). See
Hsi, Va.
mlnn (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water ; tor other
forms see Xanai.

Inzila (Bantu). See Zila ; cf. 2Sira.

Inzira (Bantu). See Zira ; cf. Zila.

Inxu (Lu'Wanga, Uganda). See Hsu.

loki (Fi7i.), a river.

Ion (Wolof), a road, path, track.

Ip (Hottentot). See Ep.

Ipiro (Mozambique). See Piro.

Ira (Yoruba), morass, bog, fen.

Iri (Mossi)y an inhabited place of less importance than
a capital.

Iril (Kabile), a hill.

Iriso (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Isote.

Iriwa (Zulu, Kafir). See Biwa.

Irmak (Turk.), a river, e.g. Kiiil Irmak, *red river.'
Sec Kizil.
mwlru (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest, bash.

Irzir (Berber), a ravine, dim. Thirsarth.

Is (Welsh), lower, e.g. lacoed. See Coed. Cf. Isaf, Isia.

Isa (Songhai), a river, the river, i.e. the Niger. The
Songhai Isa, the Yoruba Kwara, the Temashight
and Hausa Eghirr'du (all applied to the Niger), the
Kuka Fittri, the Kotoko Shari, Sari, and also Tsad
(Chad) or rather Tsadhe, which is only another
pronunciation of Sag^he, Bare, all mean ' water,'
* river.'

Isa Ber, Isa Haribi, Isa Homo (Songhai), the sea.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 169

Isaf {Welsh), lowest, e.g. Soad Isaf, in Eamsey Island.

Isaka {dialect of Bantu). See Saka.

Isantwenka {Zulu^ Kafir). See Antwenka.

Isazuzn {Zulu, Kafir). See Azolu.

l8ep,^Z. Bisep {Fan, French Congo). See Sep.

Ifleweri {Ketosh, Uganda). See Eweri.

Ish {N. Africa), a peak.

Iskan-omi {Yoruba), tide, current.

lahi {Japan), stone, rock.

Isibaza {Zulu, Kafir). See Baza.

Isidiliya {Zulu, Kafir). See Diliya.

Isigqtuna {Zulu, Kafir). See Oquma.

Isigqnnyana {Zulu, Kafir). See Oqunyana.

Ldkaulo {Kafir). See Kaolo.

Isikoba {Kafir). See Koba.

Iflikumbu {Zulu, Kafir). See Enmbn.

Isikimgu {Zulu, Kafir). See Enngu.

Isinene {Zulu, Kafir). See Hene.

Isinga {Kafir). See Hga.

Iflipalnko, dim. Isipalukana {Zulu, Kafir). See Palnko.

Isipambusa {Kafir). See Pambusa.

laiqiti {Kafir). See Qiti.

Ifliqwato {Zulu, Kafir). See ftwato.

Isiroqoba {Zulu^ Kafir). See Boqoba.

IsiteleU {Zulu, Kafir). See Teleti.

Isitn {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Situ.

Isitya {Zulu, Kafir). See Tya.

Isiza {Zulu, Kafir). See Xa.

Isizeko {Zulu, Kafir). See Xeko.

Isizeba {Kafir). See Zeba.

170 GLOSSARY OF GEOGILVPHICAL

Itiiwe (Kafir). See Zwe.

Iikele (Turk.), a landing-place.

Isla (Sp.), an island.

lala {Spanish S. America)^ same meaning as Caapan

(q.v.)
Isleo {Sp.), an island formed by rocks.
Iflleta (Sp.)y an islet.

Iso (Fin.), great, e.g. Isojoki in Vasa. See Joki.
Iso {Yoruba), quarter, station.
Isoa, Masoa, Uswa {Ce7it, Africa, dialects of Bantu),

See Soa, Swa.
Isoba {Zulu, Kafir). See Oba.
Isoko {Yoruba), moorage.
Isola {It.)y an island (I.)

Isore {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sore.
Isote, Isore, Iriso {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu),

grass. See Bote, Bore Biso.
Issa {Songhai, Timbuktu), south, lit. the river, the

Niger, another form of Isa {q.v.)
Issa, Isaf {Welsh), lowest, e.g. CwnnwB Issa. C/. Is.
Issa honno {Songhai), sea.
Is sha {Indian, California), water.
Issi {Turk.), warm. See next entry.
Issik {Turkestan), warmer, e.g. Issik-kiil= warmer lake.

See Kul.
Istmo {It., Sp.), an isthmus.
Isua {Fanti), a strait.
It {Polynesia), See Iti.

Itahan {Fin.), eastern. For other points see Pohia.
Itale {Bantu). See Tale.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 171

Itam (Malay), black ; often aspirated, Hitam ; e.g.

Mt. Itam in the sonth of the Malay Peninsula.
Itametta (Yoruba), a place where three ways meet.
Itedo (Yoruba), an encampment.
Itega {Zulu, Kafir). See Tegn.

Iterlekhfloa, Iterleng {Eskimo, Smith Sound), bay, gulf.
Iti, It, Hgiti, Itiiti, Hd {Polynesia), small, e.g. Haiao-Iti,

* little Maiao.'
Itifa {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Tifa.
Itiiti {Polynesia). See Iti.
Itillemu {Sqninke), bush, wood, grass.
Ituel (Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), house, hut.
Itn {Maiva, New Guinea), house.
Ivakavaka {Zulu, Kafir). See Takavaka.
Ivando {Fin.), an estuary.

Ivavao {Kuvarawan, Pei-po, Formosa), a mountain.
Iwa {Burma), a village.
Iwa {Japan), rock, rock in the sea.
Iwanda {Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Wanda.
Ixandeka {Zulu, Kafir). See Xandeka.
lye {Japan), a house.
lyo {Ja-Luo, Uganda), path, road.
Izba {Buss.), a hut.
mlsi {Karanga, Bantu), a river.
urnLd {Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.
Izibnko {Kafir). See Zibiiko.
Izira {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Zira.
Iriwa {Lusinga and Chula, Uganda). See Ziwa.
Izwe {Kafir). See Zwe.

172 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ja- (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifying
clan or tribe, e.g. Ja-lao. Cf. Ka, Taka.

Ja (Pers.), a place.

Ja (Tibet), signifies extent.

Jada (Pers,), a road, pathway.

Jadid (Arab.), new, e.g. Trik el Jadid, 'the new road.'
Cf. Jedid. See Trik.

Jaga (Punjab), a place, a spot.

Jaghfar (Arab.), a river, either large or small.

Jaknn (Malay), wild tribes ; applied vaguely both to
the Negrito aborigines and to the Malay wild
tribes of the Malay Peninsula.

Jala (Sansc), a mass of water, a lake.

JalaiL (Malay), road.

Jali (Arab., N. Africa), palms left without cultivation.

Jam (Bintukwa Indians, U.S. of Colombia), snow,
whiteness.

Jam (Arab.), Jami (Turk.), Jamia (Arab., Palestine),
mosque. The Turkish is borrowed from the
Arabic, in which language Jam', Jam'a, properly
means collection, then assembly, congregation,
mosque. This occurs as Jama in Hassania.

Jamana (Soninke), country.

Jan (Manchuria), a station, post.

Jana (Pali), people.

Jangal (Sansc. ^ Hind.), forest, wood ; corrupted into
'jungle.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 173

ma Jani (Swahili), grass.

Jaiita {Hind,)f brushwood, undergrowth.

Jamyftg {Sw,), railway.

Jarnr {Arab.)y a river, stream.

Jarvi (Fin,), lake. Cf. Jaur.

Jasor {Slavonic) t a marsh, bog.

Jatar {Punjab) , cultivated land.

Jaone {Fr.)y yellow, e.g. Fleuve Jaone, i.e. Hwang Ho {q.v.)

Jaur {Fin.), a lake. Cf. Jarvi.

Jay {E. Turk.), place, spot.

Jaza {Slavonic), a house, e.g. Jaschen.

Jazar {Arab.), islands.

Jazirah {Arab.) See Jezira.

Jebel, pi. Jebal {Arab.), a mountain, e.g. Jebel Ahmar,

* Bed Mt.' Cf. Gebel.
Jedar, Jedir (^ra&.), a look-out place on a road, generally
made of stones ; the wall of an enclosure ; rampart,
fortification.
Jedid {Arab.) See Jadid.

Jeel {Anglo-Indian), a corruption of the Hind. Jhil, a
stagnant sheet of water, mere, lagoon. In East
Bengal the form Bheel {q.v.) is used.
Jelal {Somali), the dry season.
Jelyezo {Btiss.), iron. See next entry and Zhelyezo.
Jelyeznajra Doroga {Buss.), a railway. Lit. ' iron road.'
Jembatan {Malay), jetty, mole, bridge.
Jenan, Jenien {Arab., N. Africa), a garden, e.g. Jenien

Ba Besk.
Jeni. See Teni, which is the proper EngUsh spelling.
Jenien {Arab., N. Africa). See Jenan.

174 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Jeiqub (TwrA:.), southerly.

Jequn {Manchuria), general-in-chief of a large district,

viceroy with both civil and military jurisdiction.
n Jera {Gent. Africa, Bantu), a road. Cf. Zila, Dxira.
Jeram {Malay Penhisula), a rapid in a river, e,g, Jeram

Batn (Jendang on Perak B. See Batu.
Jerf {Arab,), quay, wharf.
JeTt{Arab., N. Africa). See Jorf.
Jembane {Da., Nor.), a railway.
Jetee {Fr.), a jetty, pier (J*^-)-
Jetwela {Congo), the horizon, from Jeta, to revolve, to

encircle.
Jewun {Indian, U.S.A.), a stream.
Jezero {Servian), a lake, e.g. Malo Jezero. {Pol.) Jesioro.
Jezira, Zira, jp{. Jezair, Zair {Arab.), an island, peninsula,

e.g. Algeziras, El Jezire {Mesopotamia).
Jhalars {Punjab), wells.
JhU {Hiyid.) See Jeel.
-Ji, -gi, -zhi {Nupe, Nigeria), a termination signifying

* town,' * village,' e.g. Kaboji, Ettungi.
Ji, Jini {Soninke, Bambara), water.
maJi {Cent. Africa, Bantu), water. See Hansi.
muJi {Cent. Africa, Bantu), a town. Cf. Musi,
n Jia {Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira, Sila, Jila.
Jibal {Arab.), mountains. See Jebel, of the pi. of which

this is a variant.
Jih {China), a post station.
Jiji {Songhai), north. See Diaman, Wene Same.
kiJiji {Swahili), a village, e.g. Ujiji, on Tanganyika; for

pi. see K^iji.

AND TOPOORAPHICAL TERMS 175

n Jila )
^., \ (Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira, Jia, Sila.
o n Jila )

Jilgha {E. Turk.), a deep straight valley.
Jima (Japan), an island, e.g, Awa Jima ; used in com-
pounds for Sima (q.v,) See also Shima.
Jin {China), men, people, whence * China,' the Hind.
* Chin,* and the Arabo-Pers. * Sin,' which gives
the classical * SinsB ' and our * Sinsean,' * Sinology.'
I-Jin, * barbarians/ ' barbarian people,* a term ap-
plied to all foreigners, now forbidden, by treaty,
to be used in official documents. See I.
Jin = Chins Kara =Xoini (Korea), ^a, ferry, e.g. Ul-jin.
Jinde (Songhai), a tributary of a stream ; confluence ;

col, gorge.
eJinga (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ejinga.
kinJingela (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a whirlpool, from
Jinga, to coil or curl, hence * an eddy.'
Jingere-Ber (Songhai), a mosque.
Jingira (Hind.), an island. See Dip, Lanka.
Jini (Soninke). See Ji.
Jinna (Yoruba), far distant.
Jiojia (Mentawei), water.
Jir (Shignan), a mountain.
inJira] (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), path, road; for other
n Jiraj • Bantu forms see Zila, Zira.

Ji«r (Arab.), a bridge.
kiJito (Swahili), brook, small stream; tor pi. see Kijito.
Joch (Switzerland), a pass, ridge (J.)
i Jojo (Zulu, Kafir), a sour-grass country ; a moist, damp
climate or locality.

176 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

i (Fin.), a river.

Joki sen (Japan) ^ a steamer.

Joki sha (Japan), a railway.

JOkuU (Icelandic), an ice-covered mountain or plateau^
e.g, Myrdalsjoknll, Vatnajoknll.

Joliba. See Shioliba.

Jombo (Swahili), a very large dhow.
eJondi (Kamerun), an island.

Jong (Tibet), a broad valley ; also a fort, e.g, Tinldjoiig,
* the fort of the Tinki district.'
en Jora (Masai, E. Africa), mimosa, pL Hjora, applied to
a swamp where these trees grow.

Jorf, Jorf (Arab., N. Africa), an escarpment.

Joro (Fula), a residence, e,g. Joro Kabdu, ' the residence
of the chief Kabdu.'

Jozo (Madagascar), a junk, e.g. Anjozobe, ' at the place
where there are many junks/ See An, Be.

Jn (Korea). See Jyu.

Ju, Jo (Pers.), a stream, brook ; from Old Pers, Gui.
aJn (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Aja.

Jnbb (Arab.), a well, pit.

Jnbe (Ma7ide), a ford, e.g. Jnbeba, ' river ford.' Cf Ox-
ford. See Ba, Jnde.

Jude (Fula), a ford. See Jnbe.

Jndetzi (Rumania), districts.

Jng (Tibet), below ; an embouchure.

Jni-bar (Pers.), a large river receiving many streams.

Jnma (Sever, Wolof), a mosque. Cf, Jam.

Jnmba (Swahili), a palace.
eJnndi (Kamerun). See JondL

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 177

Jung (Malay) f a large trading vessel; anglicised Junk ;

from the Chinese Chwan.
Jong (Mongol), right, west. For other points see Aro.
Jungle. See Jangal. ,

Junk. See Jung.
Jnnnbi (Hind.), south. Cf. Dakhni. For other points

see Vttar.
Jut (Armenia), water.
Jnrang (Malay), a creek. Cf. Chnrang.
Jurdide (Adamawa), a mosque.
Jyn, Jn (Korea), a magisterial town of the first class ;

occurs also as Chyn, Chn.

Ka (Arab.), a plain.

Xa (Congo), small (river), e.g. Ea Bnnda, Kabiboko. Cf. Lu.

"Ka (Congo), an abbreviation of Kazembe, great chief,

prince ; e.g. Ka-Tanga, Prince Tanga, now applied to

the territory of the chief, in this case situated in

S.E. of Congo Free State.
Ka (Indian, U.S.A.), a forest.
BZa- (Mashonaland), prefix meaning 'great,' e.g. Kafiira=

great Fnra. See Fnra.
Ka (Min-Kia, Yunnan), high, lofty (of a mountain).
Ka (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix meaning * clan '

or * tribe.' Cf. Ja, Yaka.
Ka (Shan States), hill people, equivalent to the Moi of

Annam.
Ka (Soninke), house, dwelling.

N

178 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ka {Tibet), snow; also the mouth, banks of a river.

Cf. Kaba.
Eaa (Arab,), earth, land.
Kaai (Dch.), wharf, mole, quay.
Kaap (Dch.), a cape.
Kaar {Ger.), a little valley encircled by mountains like

an amphitheatre.
Kaba (Togo), house, dwelling.
Kaba {Tibet), snow. Cf, Ka.
Kaba-kom {Turk,), gravel.
Kabba {N. Nigeria), stone, rock, hence the name of the

province (Kabba), one of the most striking features

of which is the large number of isolated peaks ;

e,g, the stone of leri, the stone of Semarika.
Kabbelstroom {Dch,), stream, rivulet, brook.
Kabelong {Ebon, Polynesia), west. For other points

see Eung.
Kabike {Netv Guinea), a house.
Kabila {Arab,, Shahpur, Punjab)^ a family, being a

subdivision of the MaM, or clan, the Arabic word

meaning * race,' * tribe.'
„ {Swahili), any community of people ; borroweJ

from Arab,
„ {Marocco, Algeria), tribe; applied collectively

to the Berbers of the coast, and now to their

territory in Algeria {Kahile, Kabilia, dx,)
Kabli {Kanarese, W, coast of Hindustan), west. For

other points see Gi.
Kablunak {Eskimo), white people.
Kabr {Somali), graves, e,g, Kabr Ogaden, *OgadeD

graves.*

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 179

Kabnlula {Kiriwinay New Guinea), a point of land.
Kaohcha {Punjab), land annually inundated by the

ordinary floods. Cf, Bela.
Ka Chia {Miao-tse^ Kwei-chau), a cave.
Kachor {Mongol), detour, bend, gulf.
Kad {Arab.), a shoal.

Kadarnka, Katarnka {Hausa), a bridge. See Kaderku.
Kadda {Danakil), great, large, e.g. Kaddas Mt.
Kadda {New Chiinea), a house.
Kade {Dch.), quay or dam.
Eade {Gonja), an inhabited place of less importance

than a capital.
Kaderku {Hau^a), a bridge. See Kadamka.
Kadi {Madagascar), a modified form of hadi, used in

composition, ditch, trench, thus aiikadi=' the place

where the ditch is,' at the ditch, e.g. Ankadivori, ' at

the circular trench,' Eadivor, ' the circular trench.'

See An.
Kadim {Arab.), old, e.g. Bind Kadim, ' the old capital,'

i.e. of Bomu. See Bimi.
Kadis {Turk.), saint, holy ; from Arab, quds, qndsi, pure,

holy.
Kad-Jak {Alaska). See Kikhtak.
Kado, pi. Hade {Fula), blacks ; autonomous race ;

strangers, e.g. Garo-n-Kado.
Kadzaka {Nika), a small forest. See Dzaka.
Kadzidri {Nika). See Dzidzi.
Kadzuho {Giryama, Nika). See Dzuho.
Kaeaona {Kabadi, New Guinea), east.
Kaf {Arab.), escarpment. Cf. Kef.

N 2

180 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kafir (Arab.), ia&del, pi. Knfira iq.V')f ^-9- Kaflrifltan.
Kafr (Aral,) {Hebrew, Caphar), a village, e.g. Kafir et Tis^

' fig village ' ; also a saline swamp.
Kaftifti {Nika). See Fnfii.

B^aga {French Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Gtat.
Kaga {Sara, L. Chad), a forest. Cf. Mbunga.
Kagara, Oagara {Hausa), a fortification, barracks.
Kaget, Kakat {Alaska, Lower Yukon region), equivalent

to Chaget {q.v.)
Kahala {Arab., N. Africa). See Akhal.
Kahf {Arab.), cave, large cavern.
Kah mu ke {Pimo Indian), a town.
Kahn {Arab.), a market.
Kahnfahre {Ger.), ferry by wherry.
Ka ho ku 8ha ma {Indian, California), valley, ravine.
KaY {China, Shan States, Hainan), market, bazaar, e.g.

Sin-Kai, ' new market,' the Chinese name for

Bhamo. See Sin, Bha, Maw.
KaY {Sahara), the mouth or junction of a stream.
Kai {Japan), sea.
Kai {Polynesia). See Tai.

Kaija {Ceyit. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kajra.
Kaikara {Motumotu, New Guinea), the deep sea.
Kaimakam {Turk.), sub-governor of a Kasa {q.v.) The

proper form is Kaimakan for Kaimaikin.
Kaimen {Nandi, Uganda), west. Cf. Murot.
Kaiser {Ger.), emperor, e.g. Kaiserstadt.
Kaita {Nandi, Uganda), a town.
Kaitya {Cambodia), Buddhist pyramid,
Kaiva {Fin.), a rivulet.
Kajiun {Bornu), grass.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 181

Kakat {Alaska, Lower Yukon region), a river; e.g.

AUenkakat, Baklikakat. See Kaget, Chaget, Ha.
Kakh {Per8.)f a palace, villa.
Kakir (JB. Turk), dry hard ground.
Zakkar {Punjab), snow.
nXaka {Congo, dialect of Bantu). For meaning see
ITkaku.
Kala, Kalat, pL Kila, Kalajat {Arab., Pers.), village,
fortress, castle, e.g. Bask-Kala. Cf. Kasr, Gala,
Kale. The proper Arab, form is qala't.
Kala {Caucasus), cliff, bluff.
Eala {Hind.), black, e.g. Kalabagh on the Indus.
In Kala {Ketosh and Lu-Wanga, Uga7ida), a village.
Kaligvik {Turk.), a little castle. See Kala.
-Kalamba, -Knrnmba {Cent. Africa), suffix signifying

* great.'
Kalan {Pers.), great, e.g. Mir Kalan, ' big mountain,'
Famir-i-Kalan, * Great Pamir.'
nKalango {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest,
thicket.
Kale {Turk.), castle, e.g. Yeni Kale, * new castle.' See

Kala, really the same word.
KaledetB {Buss.), a well.
Kali {Malay), a river.

ii {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), bitter.
See under Makali.
Kalkofen {Ger.), a limekiln (K.O.)
Kallar, Kalri {Punjab), land impregnated with salt.
Xallar Slior {Shahpur, Punjab), the efflorescence which
appears on the surface under the influence of

182 GLOSSAbY OF GiaoaRApaicAL

evaporation and capillary attraction whenever

there is much salt in the soil.
Kalle (Fula), house, cottage.
Kallu (Tamut), a rock, cliiBF.
Kalmelo (Songhai), a gorge.
inKalo {Zulu, Kafir), a neck or opening in a moontain

range.
Kalri (Punjab), See Kallar.
Kalt (Gar.), cold, e.g. Kaltbad. See Bad.
Kalv (Da., Nor.), a detached islet, a small rock or islet

alongside a larger one. Cf. The Calf of Man.
Kalwa (Deccan), river, watercourse.
Kam (Annam), a village.
B^m (Dch.), a ridge (of hills).
Earn, Eham (Tibet), region, e,g. Tang Eham in Eastern

Tibet.
eKam (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water.
Eamalig (Tagala, Philippines), a storehouse.
Eamana (Ce7it. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Mana.
Eamane (Bagirrnif Chad L, region), a shallow water-
course.
nEambalalu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pass between

hills.
Eame (U.S.A.), a, smdAl hill of gravel or sand made by a

glacier.
Eamechi (Ketosh, Uganda). See Meohi.
Eamen (Buss.), stone, rock, e.g. Eamenitsi point, island,

and bay. See next entry.
Eamen (S. Slavonic), a stone, boundary (Km.) See

above.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 183

Kami {Japan), upper, lit, chief, e.g, Kaini-tin-Ke=npper

Ke.
Kamish, Kamnsh (Gent, Asia), reeds.
Kamm {Ger,), a crest, ridge.
Kamoro (Ja-Luo, Uganda) y a place, site.
Eamp (Dch,), a camp, e.g. Maleskamp.
Kampong (Malay), an enclosure ; collection of houses,

village, e,g, Kampong Bantan. See Bantan.
Kamush (Gent. Asia). See KamiBh.
Kan (India), a quarry, mine.
Kana, j>Z. Kanat (Arab.), channel, aqueduct.
Kanaal (Dch.), a canal.
Kanal (Ger., Buss.), a channel.
Kanal (Da., Nor., Sw.), a canal.
Kanali (Fin.), a channel.
Kanan (Arab.), ridge or spur.
Kanan (Sansc), forest, desert.
Kanat (Pers. from Arab.), underground conduits. See

Kana.
Kand (Pers.) See Kend.
Kanda (Banibara, Sudan), a country, district.
eKanda (Gongo, dialect of Bantu), clan, family.
Kanda-hela (Singalese), mountain, hill.
Kandafci (Hausa), a house.
Kane (Japan), metal; makes Oane in compounds, as

Aki Oane, red metal, copper.
Kang (Ghina), a mountain ridge ; village. Gf. Keng.
Kang (Shahpur, Punjab), a sudden high flood of a

river.
Kang (Tibet), a house.

184 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

eKanga {Congo, dialect of Bantu), wilderness, barren soil.
Kangka (Malay Pen,), Chinese village.
Kaago, pi Akango {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a

chief. See Ngo.
Zang-sar {Tibet), new bouse, village.
Kani, Keni {Kurdish), a spring.
maKani {Swahili), a village, dwelling. For other forms

see Makao.
Ka ni kwi ni ka {Hudson Bay region), long island.
Kanisa {Pers., Swahili), a church.
Kanka {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Hka.
Kanona {Kabadi, New Guinea), earth.
Kant {Dch.), side, edge, brink.
Kantara, pi. Znater {Arab.), a bridge.
Eao {China), high, lofty.
Kao {Siam), hill.
maKao {Swahili), a village. For other forms see Makao.
Kapa {E. Turk.), cottage, hut.
Kapal {Malay), a ship. Zapal-api, 'fire-ship,' i.e.

steamer; kapal-layer, * sailing-ship ' (layer = sail),

kapal-prang, * battleship ' (prang = battle, war).

See Api.

Ea pe {Indian, California), a river.

Kapel {Dch.), . )

Kapelliya {Buss.), ) ^^ "

Zapelle {Ger.), chapel (Kpl.)

Zapu {Turk.), gate, pass.

Ear {Beja, Nubia), a well, e.g. Tokar, * The Well,' to

being the fe7n. article ; also ravine, valley.
Ear {E. Turk.), snow, e.g. Chum-kar-kashka glacier.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 186

Kar {Tibet), strong castle, citadel.

Kara {Turk,, Cent. Asia), black, e.g. Kara-hisaar, Kara-
deniz. See Deniz, Hissar.

Kara {Hausa), reeds.

Kara {Galla), a road.

B[ara {Madagascar), a modified form of harana, rock,
used in composition, thus anlutra=the place where
the rock is, e.g. Ankaramalaza, ' at the famous rock,'
Ankaranandriana, 'at the nobleman's rock.' Cf.
Bato. See An, Andriana.

Karaga {Bornu), a wilderness, forest, e.g. Sak el karaga,
*the market in the wilderness,' an Arab hybrid
name for Doka ; Karaga tselim, ' dark forest,'
' dense forest.' See Dirride, Suk, Tselim.

Karahi, Karhat {Punjab), cultivated land embanked to
catch the drainage oflf higher ground.

Karaja {Turk.), black, e.g. Karaja dagh. Cf. Kara. See
Dagh.

Karan {Ataiyal, Formosa), a village.

Karang {Malay), coral reef ; any reef or shoal.

Kariura {Hind.) See Ar&ra.

Karanl {Turk.), guard-post ; watch-house.

Karazana {Madagascar), race, tribe.

Kare {Upper Nile), a river.

Kare {Mossi, French Sudan), forest, wood, bush.

Kfbrez (Pers., Afghanistan), a subterranean canal. Cf.
Kana, Kanat.

Karhat {Punjab). See Karahi.

Kari {Fin.), rock, islet.
i {Hind.), a river.

186 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Karia (Somali), a village. See below.

Earia (Arab.), a built village as opposed to a lent

village (Bnar). Cf. Beled.
Xariba (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). Cf. Kariva. Set

Biba.
Karifl, Xarfl (Hausa), iron, e.g. Koto-n-karft, ' iron district/

n being the sign of the possessive. See Koto.
Karikara {Motumotu, New Guinea), a village.
Karin {Somali), a pass, e.g. Karin daga, 'rocky pass.*

See Daga.
Kariva {Zavibezia, dialect of Bantu). See BiTa; cf.

Biba.
Karkarpa (Tibet), rain.
Kam (Arab.), a peaked hill.
Karnak (Chad L. region), a capital town, e.g. Kamak

Logon.
Kar-po (Tibet), white, e.g. Lo kar-po in South-eastern

Tibet. Cf. Nag-po.
Karra (Galla), road, path.
Karra (Songhai), a gorge.
Karri (Araucanian, Patagonia), green, e.g. Karrileufii,

* green river.'
Karroo (Cape Dch.), from a Hottentot word meaning

' dry place ' ; now a geographical term indicating

certain districts ; frequently spelled Karoo.
Karta (Fin.), cape, point.
Karu (Hind.), a point.
Karuba (Kabile), a quarter in a village.
Kasa (Fhi.), a beacon.
Kasa, pi. KasasM (Hausa), earth, land.

L.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 187

Kasab (Arab.), town, large village.
Ka sa ghie {Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), sand.
Kasba (Arab.), town, small city ; pL Ksabi.
{Arab., Algeria), a citadel.
(Punjab), a small town. •
Kasb (E. Turk,), bank, shore, border.
Ka alio (Indian, California), a lake.
Xashim (Mongol), brackish, e.g. Kashnn Nor, ^brackish

lake.' See Nor.
Ka sit oha (Indian, U.S.A.), a bog, marsh.
Easr (Arab.), a castle, a palace, e.g. Kasr el amad, ' the

castle of pillars.' Cf. Eala.
Kassaba (Turk.), town, ranking between city and

village, i.e. between Sheher (Shehr) and Kioi.
KaBsar (Arab.), a rock either above or below water.
Easteel (Dch.), a castle, ^from Lat. castellnm, for cas-
Eastelli (Neo-Greek), a-jteniliim=a small fort, from

castle. (castrum.

Ka8tro, Kastron (Neo-Greek), castle, fortress, e.g. Neo-

kastro, ' new castle.'
Kasuku (Chad L. region), a market, e.g. Uje kasukula.
Kasnlo (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Snlo.
Eata (China), places where there were boundaries.
Eata (Japan), a lake near the coast.
Katah, Katat (Arab.), a patch of rocks.
Katai (Beni Amer, Suakin), a pass.
Katama (Abyssinia), town, village.
Katamka (Hausa). See Kadamka.
Kather (Mongol), land, territory, place.
Katilish (E. Turk.), confluence.

188 GLOSSARY OF GEOaRAPHICAL

Kato (Greek), lower, e.g. Kato Rotamia in Elis.

Katome (Indian, California), sea.

Katsa (Indian, California), grass.

Katsi (Nigeria), tB,rming, e.g. BafumKatse = the district

of Bafam where farming is chiefly carried on.
Eatta (Cent. Asia), large, e.g. B^tta Knrghan. See
Kurghan.
' Kattik (E. Turk.), hard, firm (ground).
Kau (China), mouth of a river.
Kandi (Bomu), a yard set apart for weaving cotton.
Kau iho (Hawaii), a place.
B^uit (Tagala and Bisayan, Philippines), a creek,

bend, or hook ; frequently used to name a point.
Kan le (Min-Kia, Yunnan), stream. Cf Knrh, Churh.
islKanlo (Kafir), a boundary.

Kanmy Eom (Punjab), a people, race, tribe, family, or

kinsfolk.
Kanponki (Fin.), a town.

Kauritupe (Motumotu, New Guinea), east. Cf. Seipi.
Kans (^raft.), the winter south-east winds of the Persian

Gulf. Cf Sharki.
Kavara (Kahadi, New Guinea), sea.
Kavarapakana (Kahadi, New Guinea), the deep sea.
Kavir (Pers. from Arab. Kebir, q.v.), great, e.g. Dasht-i-

Xavir, the * Great (Salt) Desert.'
Eavo (NeO'Greek), cape, promontory ; loan word from

Ital. Capo.
Eavuru (Motumotu, New Guifiea), grass.
Eaw (Malay), an island.
Eawa (Tibet), snow.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 189

Kawa {Japan)j stream, river, e.g. Shira-Kawa. Cf. Ko
gawa. See Ko.

Kawala {Malay) ^ mouth of a river.

Kaya, maKayat inKaya, aKaya, Ka^a, Tuaija (Cent.
Africa^ Bantu dialects)^ a town.

Kaya (Haiisa), thorn, thorn bush.

Kaya (Nika), a village fortified with jungle.

Kaya {Turk.), bluff, cliff; rocky (Kayalik).

Kasa {Turk.), a sub-district forming part of a Saqjak,

and itself sometimes composed of several Hahi^.
eKaza {Fan, French Congo), market.

Kagarma {Buss.), barracks ; is the Fr. caserne, from Ital.
caaema.

Kaze {Japan), wind.

Kazeme {Dch.), barracks. See Kazarma.
maKazi {Swahili), a village ; for other forms see Makao.

Kazo {Madagascar), a modified form of haze, used in
composition, a tree, thus ankazossthe place where
the tree is, at the tree, e.g. Ankazobe, ' at the many
trees,' ' the place where the forest is.' See An, Be.

Kbab {Arab., N. Africa). See Kubba.

Kber, pi. Kobnr {Arab.), a tomb.

Ke {Tibet), neck, gorge.

-Ke, -Hke {West Africa, Upper Niger B. region), people,
e.g. Mandinke, ' the people of Mande ' ; Malinke, the
people whose fetish or idol is Mali, the hippopotamus.^

Kea {Marquesas), stone.

Keao {Hainan), a bridge.

Keanga {Mekeo, New Guinea), a path. Cf. Inengea.

* For another derivation see under Aiwanek.

190 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kear (Breton), house, village, town (K.) Cf. Ker.

Keber, Oeber {Arab., N. Africa), a tomb.

Kebfr (Arab.), great, e.g. Tel el Kebir, Onadalquivir

(Wad el Kebir). See Tel, Goad, Wad.
Xechil (Malay), little, e.g, the river Spatang Kechil, ' little

Spatang,' a tributary of Spatang B.
Ked (Armenian), a river.
Keda (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a path, Kadaveako, ' wide

path,' Kadakikita, ' narrow path.' See under Tain,

for similar use of veako, kikita.
Kedar (Sansc.), a field ; mountain.

I (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river.
Kedi j

Kediat (Senegambia), a mountain.

Kees (Ger.), a glacier.

Kef, pi. Kifane (Arab., N. Africa), peak, rock ; a rocky

steep escarpment.
Keffl (Sahara), a stockade, which is placed round many

villages.
Kefir (Arab.), a village. Another form of Kafr (q.v.)
Kei (Dch.), stone, flint.
Kei (Fo?-7fiosa), a river.
Keiweg (Dch.), a pebbled road.
Kekur (Alaska andE, Siberia), a pinnacle rock, any high

isolated rock or island. The word is supposed to

be of Kamchatkan origin.
Eel (Berber, Sahara), people, inhabitants; people settled

in a place, as opposed to nomadic tribes ; e.g. Kd

Tidik, * the people of Tidik,' Kel-owi, &c. Cf. Ba,

-Bu, Im, Wa, Abel.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 191

Kelang {Malay), a mill.

Keleipua {Mekeo, New Guinea) y an island.

Eelet (Hung.), the east.

Keli (Madagascar) y little, applied frequently to place-
names, e,g, Pampolrakeli on E. coast. See Saha.

Kell {England), a place where water flows forth.

Xella {S.W, Abyssinia), a guarded gate in fortifica-
tions.

Kelnba {Sahara). See Koleba.

Kern {Mongol), a river.

Kemtsa {Polish), lowland ; a small island.

Ken {Japan), a governmental district, prefecture.

Ken {Gaelic), See Cenn.

Kend, Kent (Pers.), a village, e.g. Tashkend, Besh-Kent.
See Taflh, Besh. Found also as Kand.

Kendik {E. Turk.), a hillock.

Keng {Burma), a city.

Keng^ {China), ditch, stream.

Keng {Siam), a rapid over rocks.

Keni {Kurdish). See Kani.

Kenia, Kenya {a corruption of a Masai word), mist,
applied to the mountain, from the mist in which
it is frequently enveloped.

Kenie, Kenye {Bambara), sand, e.g. Kenieba, * the river
with the sandy bottom,* Keniekho, meaning the
same. See Ba, Kho.

Kenifle {Arab.), a church, from Hebrew Keneseth,
synagogue.

Kenkenn {Benue B. region), a shallow hollow or
depression, where water is obtainable.

192 aiiOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kent. See Kend. Kent is Bttss. in which Pers. d shifts

to t. Cf, Taih-Ke&t.
Kenye (Bambara), See Kenie.
Keo (Hainan), a bridge.
Kepaana {Kabadi, New Guinea), beach, shore.
Ker (Breton), a fortress (E.) Cf. Kear, Caer.
Ker (Senegal), a village.
Kerabeb. See Kerbnb.
Kerbub, pi. Kerabeb (Arab., N. Africa), a place where

one finds spherical water- worn stones of all sizes.
Kerekere (S. Cape, New Guinea), beach, shore.
KerekBur (Mongol), a barrow mound.
Kererut (Nandi, Uganda), a valley.
Kerim (Mongol), village. Cf Khoto, Knre.
Keringet (Nandi, Uganda), a wall.
Kerk (Dch.), a church, e.g. Kerkhof, Oiekerk. Cf. Kirk.
Ker nor (Harem, Indo-China), a house.
Kerspel (Dch.), parish, diocese.
KeBsel (Ger.), a basin; lit. kettle; for use as a minor

form of sub-oceanic relief see Caldron.
Kessor (Sahara), a desert village. See Knur, Ksor.
Keten (Dch.), a chain, range (of mountains).
Ketit (Nandi, Uganda), a tree.
uKeto (Swahili), depth (of a stream or lake).
KetBil (Malay Pen.) See Kechil, of which Ketsil is a

variant.
Kette (Ger.), a chain (of mountains).
Kettingbrug (Dch.), a suspension bridga
Kettle Hole (U.S.A.), a long-sided depression in sand

or gravel ; a hole in the bed of a stream.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 193

Keugh (Armenian) y a village.

Keur (Senegal). See Ker.

Kenrfaz (Turk.), a gulf. Cf. Kinrfez.

Xenmi (Tamul), a fortified place.

Key (U.S.A., W. Indies). See Cay.

K'ha (Indian, California), water. Gf. Ha, Aha.

Kha (Chin Hills), a river, e.g. Mali Kha, the Myitgyi

of the Burmese. Cf. Xhe. See Mali, Myit, Gyi.
KhsA&r&t (Pers.), a tavern ; whence Fr. Cabaret.
Khadar (Hind.), low lands fit for rice-growing.
Khadara (Arab., N. Africa). See Akhdar.
Ehal (Bengali), a creek.
Khalanga (Sansc), a park.
Khalga (Mongol), a gate, hence Kalgan.
Khalij (Arab., N. Africa), a confined, contracted ravine.
Khallett (Arab.), ravine or dell.
Kham (Laos), gold, e.g. Ban Tang Kham. See Ban.
Kham (Tibet). See Kam.
Khamal (Cent. Asia), wind.
Khampa (Tibet), a corruption of Kyampo, nomad, applied

by civilised Tibetans to the wilder races that exist

along the northern part of the tableland abreast

of Nari and Utsang.
yhammn (Arab.), a hot southerly wind in Egypt which

lasts from April to June. The term means fifty,

in reference to the fifty days that this wind generally

prevails.
Khan (Arab., Perso-Turk.), inn, tavern. See Khani.
Khan (Sansc), a mine.
Khan (Tangut), snow.

o

194 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Khftna {Turk.), a house.

Khand (India), country, e.g. Baghelkhandsthe coontrr

of the Baghelas.
Khandalc (Arab.), trench, ditch.
Khandal (Deccan), an open plain.
Xhane (Pers.), a house, e.g. Oan-Khane, * the abode of

cows,' a name given to a tract of jungle on the

Zenda-Bud.
Khanga, Xhanget, pi. BIheiieg (Arab.), a gorge.
Khangah (Punjab), the tomb of a holy man or s&int

(Fakir or Pir).
Khani (Nco-Greck), inn, hotel ; from Perso-Turk. KUui,

Khina.
Khao (Siarn), a mountain, hill.
Khar (Tihef), a fort, e.g. Dingri Khar.
Khara (Mongol), black, e.g. Khara-ITsu, 'black water.*

See Chagan, TTsu.
Kharaiya (Hind.), a pavement.
Khare (Soninke), marsh, bog; lake.
Kharfu (Wolof), west. See Kgelendu.
Khargosh (Cent. Asia), a hare, e.g. Khargosh Pamir, ' hare

Pamir.'
Khari (E. Africa), a creek.
Kharif (Sudan), the rainy season. See Kherif.
Khatal (Hind.), springtide.
Khaur (Arab.) See Khor.
Khe (Arinam), river, stream; torrent. Cf. Kha.
Khele (Hassa7iia), a desert.
Khelwa (Arab., N. Africa), hermitage, a place of

retreat ; cavern.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 195

Kheneg {Arab.) See Khanga.

Khera {Hmd.)y a village ; the land immediately adjacent

to a village.
Kherif {Sudan), rainy season, generally from June to

September.
Kheshem {Arab.), point, lit. nose ; rocky promontory.
Khet {Cambodia), province, district.
Khet {Sansc), a field ; a field of battle ; a holy place.
Khets {Shignan and Boshnan), a river.
SSievi {Caucasus), a dell.

i {China), streamlet, small river.

{China), a bridge, frequently written Kiao.
Khittat {Arab.), country, region.
Khlon {Siam), mud.
Khlong {Siam), canal, creek.
Ehnak (Marocco), a pass.
Kho {Cambodia), an island.
Kho {Kwenam), a village.
Kho {Senegal), a stream ; variant Eo.
Kho {Nhan, Lao-Jcai), great, large.
Zhoar {Tangut), a town.
Khobe {Soninke), a fort.
Khoh {Hind.), a cavern, abyss.
Khoi {Hottentot), men, e.g. Ehoikhoin, * men of men,' i.e.

the Hottentots. As a suflSx it takes the form of

Kwa, e.g. Ifama-Kwa (Namaqua)=the Nama people.
Khol {Serer), a field, garden.
Eholan {Serer), a plain.
Kholle, Khole, dim. Eule {Mande), a stream, branch of a

river.

o 2

1>

I>

196 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

KhoUelleme {Soninhe), a stream, branch of a river.

Kholm {Itu88.)y a hill.

Khop (IIind.)y a cave, fissure.

Khor, Khanr, pi. Kheran (Arab.), a creek or narrow inlet

of the sea ; a strait ; also a deep channel betweeL

shoals.

(E. Africa) y a tidal salt-water inlet.
(Egyptian Sudan), a stream bed, e.g. Khor er

Ramie, ' Sandy Khor.* See Bamla.
Khora (Neo-Greek), a small town. Cf. Khorio.
Kho £al (Welaung), a valley.
Khorbet, pi. Khrub (Arab.), a river. Cf. Khor.
Khord (Hassajiia), a plain.
Khori {Hind.), a narrow way, an alley.
Khorio (NeO'Greck), a village, small town; from Old

Greek ^wpo^, ^wpioi/. Cf Khora.
KhoB (Pcrs.) See Khus.
Khoshun, KoBhong, Hoshan (Mojigol), flag or tribe, being

a subdivision of an Aimak or principality. Cf the

Tonkin g division into flags or tribes. Since the

seventeenth century all the Mongols subject to

China are constituted in 41 Aimaks and 226

Khoshuns.
Khot (Sudan), a district or subdivision of a Dar (q.v.)
Khotat (Welatmg), a village.
Kho tien (Kwenam), a valley.
-Khoto (Maude), old or put on one side, applied to a

settlement or village which has been deserted.
Khoto (Mongol), town, village. Cf. Kerim, Knre.
Khotuin Bulak (Mognol), hot spring. See Bnlak.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 197

Ehon (China) J mouth of a river or of a pass, often used
to designate a place situated at the mouth of a
river or pass, and frequently written Kow, Kan
(g.t?.) See Kou.

Khrnb (Arab,) See Khorbet.

Khmr)

(Arab,), gulf, embouchure.

E3inrab (Arab.), ruins, j?^. of Khnrbe.

BIhare (Mongol), an encampment, e.g. Ikhe Khure,

* great encampment.'
Khus, EI108 (Pers,), sweet, e.g. the well Khusab, * sweet

water ' ; pronounced, in Sarhaddi, Khwash. See Ab.
Khuflukei (Wolof), a ford.
SIhutor (Buss.), a farm.
Khuwar. See Ehor.
Ehwa (Mande), white, e.g. Bakhwa (on French maps

Bakhoy), * white river.' See Ba. Cf. Fing, Tile.
Khwash. See EI1118.
Ki- (Congo, Nika), a diminutive prefix, e.g. the station

in the Congo Free-State Eilonga; longa=a small

plate.
-Zi (China), dam, dike ; market.
Ki (Japan), tree, forest.
Ki- (E. Central Africa, Bantu), a prefix signifying

kind of, sort of ; language, e.g. Ki-Swahili, the

language of the Wa-Swahili (' coast people ').
-Ki (Songhai), a suffix meaning language. Gf. Nchi, Chi.

(China), hamlet, house.
i (China), frontier, boundary.
(Uganda). See Aiek.

198 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

{Hainan), a bridge. C/. Eao.
Kia-lan {Hainan), a market.

Kiamba {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Amba.
Kiamvu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Amvn.
Kiana {Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Ana.
Kiang {Shan States), a city; the equivalent of the

Burmese Keng and the Siamese Chieng.
Kiang {China), a great river. Cf Ho, Chiang (note).
Kiang {E. Turk,), large, broad.
Kiani, Chani, Yiani {Cent. Africa, Bantu dialects). See

Ani.
Kiao {China, Hainan), a bridge. Cf, Kia-Kio, Khiao.
Kiasi. See Taai.
Kibali {Mangbattu), river, stream.
Kibitka {Cent, Asia), a tent.
Eibogo {Uju^er Nile), a mountain.
Kibri {Arab., Upper Nile), forest, wood.
Kibula {Swahili), north. See Snheli, Kusini for other

points.
Kichik {E. Turk.), small ; a ford.
Kicai {Hung.), little.
Kidhidha {Giryama). See Dhidha.
Eidila {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Dila.
Kidonda {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Donda.
Eidzuho {Giryama), brook. See Dznho.
Kie {China), street, road.
Kieji {Congo, dialect of Ba?itu). See I|ji.
Kies {Ger.) gravel, e.g. Kiesenbach in Saxe- Weimar.
Kieutigne {Tibet), a religious monument, superior to

the Dobang {q.v.)

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 199

Kiezel (Dch,)y gravel. Cf. Kies.

Kifar (Arab.), an extensive desert.

Kifamyn {Taita, Bantu), See Fnmvu.

Kightak (Alaska). See Eikhtak.

Kigogo (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), See

Gk>go.
Kigongo (Gogo, Bantu), See Oongo. Cf* Lima, Bima.
Kiham (Borneo), a rapid in a river.
KihiUuim (Indian, U,S,A,), sea.
Kiima (Kamha, Bantu), See Ima.
Kijyi,^Z. Vyiji (Swahili), SeeJiji.
'Ki}ito,pL Yijito (Swahili). See Jito.
Kik (Indian, California), water.
Kikhtak, Kightak (Inuit, Alaska), an island. This has

been corrupted into Kad-Jak, Kodiak, Kudiak.
Kiko (Giryama), See Ko.

Kikulue (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Eulue.
KU (Celtic), a cell, shrine, church, burying-place, e.g,

Kilkenny, Colnmbkille ; is the Lat, cella.
Kil (Dch.), a channel.
Kil (Sw,), Kile (Nor., Da,), a creek, a cove.

(Arab., Pers,), castle, fortress. Cf. Kala.

Kilela, Kirira, Kidila (Cent. Africa, Bantu dialects), an
island. Cf, Ziwa. See Lela, Bira, Dila.

Kilele (Swahili). See Lela.

Kilian (Malay), a mine, e.g. Kilian Bham, Kilian TJlu
Temelong, 'the mine at Temelong source.' See
XTlu.

Kilima (Swahili). See Lima ; cf. Bima.

SOO GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kilisa, Kilisse {Levant, Nubia), a church, from iKKKijcia
(ecclesia), affording an argument in favour of the
former existence of Christianity in the Mofaamma-
dan places where it is found in use.

EU {U.S. A.), a creek.

Kille {Songhai), race, tribe.

Kille {Soninke), a road, path, track.

Eilwa {Ce7it. Africa), a lake.

Kima {E. Turk,), ferry boat.

Kimpambwila {Congo, dialect of Bantu), division, branch-
ing of a river ; confluent. See Mpambwila.

Kin {Celtic), head, upper part, e.g. Kiiuale, Kinloch. Cf.
Ben, Pen, Ken. Sales brine, i.e, tide.

Kin {China), gold, e.g. Kin Cha Kiang, 'the river with
golden sand ' (Yangtse). See Cha, Kiang.

Kin {Taiigut), snow.

Kinara {Pers.), beach, shore.

Kinasat {Arab.), shoal, sandbank. Cf, N^jwah.

King {China), capital city, e.g. Peking, Hanking. See Pe,
Nan. Cf. Chan, Hien, Fn.

Kinga {Sara, Chad L.), a palisade.

King-cM-chau {China), a peninsula.
uKingo {Sioahili), the edge (of a precipice).

Siniafango {Nika). See Niafongn.

Kinjingela {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Jingela.

Kinkhenna {Soninke), west. Cf. Sindom.

Kintombo {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Htombo.

Kio {China), cape, point.

Kio {Hainan), a bridge. Cf Kiao.

Kio, Kyo {Japan), a town, capital, e.g. Tokio. See To.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 201

akaKio {Uganda^ dialect of Bantu) ^ cross- ways.
EioL{Turk.)y village, hamlet.
Kir (E, Turk., Kirghiz), a place where two plains meet ;

a hill, peak.
Kir (Shilluk), a river.

Kirche (Ger.), a church, e.g. Kirchdorf, * church village.*
Kirchhof (Gcr.), a churchyard (Khf.) See Hof.
Kirh {Indian, California), earth, land.
Kirima (Nika). SeeBimsL; of. Kilima, Oongo.
Kirira (dialect of Bantu). See Bira.
Kir i vi ra (Indian, California), town, village.
Kirk (Northumbrian and Lowland Scotch), church, e.g.

Kirkcudbright. Cf. Kirke, Kirche.
Kirk (E. Turkestan), forty, e.g. Kirk-gas, Kirk-saj.
Kirke (Da., Nor.), a church (K«). Cf. Kirche, Kerk, Kirk.
Kirkko (Fin.), a church. Cf. Kirche, Kerk, Kirk.
Kirmzi (Turk.), red. Cf Kizil.
Kimmba, Chimmba, Chignnda (Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu). See Rumba, Onnda.
Kirwa, Chirwa, CMlwa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu),

an island.
Kis (Hung.), little, e.g. Kis-Barath, Kis-Ber.
Kishlak (Cent. Asia), a winter village ; winter pasture.
Kiflia, Kizia (Nika). See Sia, Zia.
Kisima (Swahili). See Sima.
Kisiwa, ^Z. Visiwa (Swahili). See Siwa.
i KisTL (Cent. Africa, Bantu), a country.
Kita (A'Zande), winter.

(=HokTL) (Japan), north. For other points see

Hoku.

202 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICVL

Xitaln, pi. Yitalu {Swahili). See Talu.
it cha wan {Indian, U.SA.), a large flowing stream,
iti {Masai, East Africa), little, e,g. VgHii Kiti.
Kitir {Tagala^ Philippines), a street.
Kitsulu {Giryama), See Twain.
Kittunn {Indian, U.S.A.), a river.
Kituntn {German E. Africa). See Tnntu.
Kiorfez {Turk), a bay. Cf Keur£u.
Kivosho {Giryama). See Vosho.
Kivnko, ^Z. Vivuko {Swahili). See Vuko.
Kizil {Turk.), red, e.g. Kizil Kum, 'red sand/ the plain

E. of Aral Sea.
Ejed {Armenian), a river.
Kladbishclie {Buss.), a cemetery.
Kladovaya {Buss.), a storehouse, magazine.
Kla kan {Indian, California), grass.
Klana {Malay), a title implying jurisdiction on the

mainland.
Kiel {Dch.), clay, marl.
Xlein {Dch., Ger.), small (Kl.), applied to numerous

place-names.
Elemme {Ger.), a narrow pass.
Better {Icel.), rock.

Xlich u {Indian, California), earth, land.
Klinse {Ger.), cleft, gap.
Xlip {Dch.), cliflf, rock, reef.
KUppe {Ger.), bluff, cliff.

Elippoia {Fin.), rocks ; a loan word from Sw. klippa.
Xlong, Klawng {Malay, Siam), stream, torrent; creek;

canal.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 203

Klong (Thai), a tidal stream.

Kloof {Gape Dch,)^ a ravine, valley, gap. Cf. Klnft.

Klooster (Dch.), convent, monastery, e.g. Gerkesklooster.

Cf. cloister.
Klnft (Dch.), a crevice ; parish, ward ; e.g. Kalekluft,

Bnigekluft.
Klnft (Ger.), a ravine.
Klnpu (Fin.), rock, shoal.
Knater (Arab.) See Kantara.
Knock (Gaelic), a hill, e.g. Knockduff. See Ifock.
Knoll, Knol, Knowl (Anglo-Saxon cnol), the top of a hill,

hillock, a small elevation, used both by itself and

in compounds, e.g. AnchorflknoU, Dryknowl.
Knott (England), a small round hill, e.g. Ling Knott.
Knowl. See Knoll.

Knnde (Da., Nor.), a bluff, steep bank.
Ko (China), a belvedere.
Ko (China), a cape, point. Cf. Kio.
chiKo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), ferry, ford. See

riKo.
diKo (Swahili), a landing-place. See liKo.
kiKo (Giryama), a market for ivory and cattle.
liKo (Swahili), a landing-place. See diKo.
riKo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), ferry, ford. See

cMKo.
Ko (Dahome), marsh, mud, e.g. the wooded depression

north of Allada; Ko river =* mud river.' Cf

Kodder B. See Lama.
Ko- (Japan), a prefix signifying * little,* * small.' See Ko

Oawa, the dim. of Kawa.

204 OLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

X6=Ko8iii (Japan), a freshwater lake.

Ko {Khas Chos, Indo-China), a mountain peak.

Ko (Senegal), See Kho.

Kob (Sever), desert; forest.
iiiKoba (Kafir), a forest of yellow- wood trees.

Kobtun (Mongol), reeds.

Kobulo (Malinke), a stream.

Xoda, Kodda (Mittu), a river, stream.

Kodiak (Alaska). See Kikhtak.

Kodolo (Congo), a town, village.

Kodra (Albania), a hill.

Koel (Korea), a magisterial town. See Sup.

Koe-8i (Hainan), a market.

Ko-gawa (Japan), stream. Lit. * small river.' Cf. Kawa.

Eogel (Ger.), hill-top, hill, kopje.

aKogha (Fan, French Congo), tall grass; for pL sec
Akogha.

Kogi, pi, Koguna (Hausa), brook; also lake, river.

Kogo, pi. Kogiiiia (Hausa), a cave. Cf. Kami.

Koh (Persia), mountain, e.g. Koh-i-stan. Cf. Knh.
See Stan. Cf. Koliiiioor= mountain of light.

Kok (China), rocky peak, headland.

Koh (Siam, Cambodia), an island.

Koho (Indian, U.S.A.), waterfall, cascade, e.g. *The
Cohoes ' on the Hudson E. It is noticeable that
a cascade near Spa (Lifege) is called by this name,
though, of course, a mere coincidence. Cf.
Askokan.

Koi, Zeui (Turk.), a village.

Koia (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a mountain.

AND TOPOGILVPHICAL TERMS 205

Koira (Songhai), a town.

Kok {Siam)y open jungle, generally of small hardwood

trees. In Korea a valley. See Eol.
Koka (Congo) y path, highway.
Kokai {Korea), a pass.
Kokany {Hung.), mountainous. .
Koko {Gold Coast), hill, mountain. Cf. Pampa, Pempe.
Koko {Tibet), blue, e.g, Koko nor, ' blue lake,' Koko kntnl,

' blue pass.' Another form is Kukn. See Kntul, Ifor.
nKoko {Congo, dialect of Bantu), river, stream, brook.
Kokoohela {Lomwe, L. Shirwa), sterile ground.
Kol {E. Turk.)^ valley, ravine; a hill connecting a

mountain with a plain. Valley, village in Korea.
Ko le {Indian, California), grass.
Kolea {Arab.) See Oolea.
Kolk {Dch.), abyss, whirlpool.
KoU {Cent. Asia), reservoir =Kiil, lake.
Kolo, Makolo {Cent. Africa), a chief, king.
InKolo {Giryama), tribe, clan.
Kolo {Mande) old or put on one side. See Koro.
Kolo {Marovo, Solomon Is.), ocean.
Kolo, Kolon, Kolongo {Bambara, Malinke), wells, spring,

source.
luKolonga {Boondei, Bantu), a river.
Kolpos {Greek), a gulf.

Kom {Mossi, French Sudan), water. Cf. Komadng^.
Kom {Punjab, Shahpur), a tribe, divided into Huhi or

clans. Cf, Zat. See Kaom.
Xom {Tripoli), a hillock, mound, e.g. Kom en Ifgus.

See ja.

206 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Koxnadngn (A'anuri, Bornu), lit 'water-place/ a mass
of water, either a river or a lake. The real name
of the * Komadugu/ shown on the maps as flowing
east to L. Chad, is Waube. *KomadagiL Waube*
means simply ' river Waube ' ; similarly Komadng:!!
Hgala= river Hgala. Cf. Ihigu, Kom.

Komatagui {Motu, New Guinea), tide (flowing).

Komb {Sever), a market.

Komi {Korea), a ferry. See Jin.

Kome {Greek), a village.

iKomknIu {Amaxosa, Kafir), a kingdom, dominion.

Komohana {Hawaii), west. For other points see Akau.

Kompe {Soninke), house, cottage.

Kompong {Cambodia), a village; the same word as
Kampong {q.v,)

Kon {Indo^China), a village.

Kon {Sierra Leone), head, top, summit.
mnXondo {Nika), a track, narrow path, trail.

Kone {Motu, Neio Guinea), beach, shore.

Kong {China), a temple, palace.

Kong {Hainan), a river.

Kong {Hainan), a road, path.

Kong {Indo-China), a mountain.

nKong*e
miKong'e

{Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river,
stream.

Kongerige {Nor,, Da.), kingdom.
Kong-ka {Tibet), summit of a hill.
Kongo {Mande), country ; forest, brushwood ; mountain.
Kbnig {Ger,), king, e,g, Kdnigsberg.
Konke, Konkili {Mande), a mountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 207

Konko (Nigeria), a club- (house) used as a toll-bar.

Konkoflu (Maude), a village, place of cultivation.

Konnyi brod (Buss,), a horse ford.

Eonton (Gold Coast), bay, bight, gulf.

Koogi (Hausa), stream, river, e.g. Koogi n Tagelafl.

Koonde, ^Z. Makoonde (Swahili), field, cultivated land.

Kop (Dch.), head, hill, e.g. Oerverskop, Tekkop. Cf. Kopf.

Kopec (Bohemian), a mountain (Kpc.)

Kopf (Ger.), head, top, peak, summit (K.), e.g. Schnee-
kopf, * snow head.' Cf. Kop, Kopje.

K6ping (Sw.), trading-place, market, borough, e.g.
Norrkoping, SoderkOping (Northern and Southern
Mart). See Chipping.

Kopje (Cape Dutch), a small mountain, hill. Cf. Kop.

Koppi, Koppe (Gold Coast), a village.

Kopm, Kiopm (Turk.), a bridge, e.g. Altin Kiopm.

Kor (Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), a tree.

Kora (Barnu), great.

Koram (Cent. Asia), stony ground ; the moraine of a
glacier.

Korami (Hausa), a dale, valley.

Koramma (Hausa), a river, stream.

Korchma (Buss.), a tavern, inn.

Kore (Pers.), a channel.

Kori (Japan), a department or subdivision of a pro-
vince. Cf. Koni.

Korit (Nandi, Uganda), a village.

-Koro (Mande), suffix signifying old, put on one side,
e.g. Sikoro, ' old village/ Kolikoro. Cf. Kolo.

Komm, Kmm (Togo), a town. See Km.

208 GLOSSAEY OF aEOGEAPHICAL

Eosa (B1188.), a sand-spit.

Kosh {E. Turk.), two, double, e,g, Kosh-arik, Eoshknl.

Koflh {E, Turk,), stage, place where a caravan camps.

Koshlash {E. Turk.), a confluence. See Kosh.

Koshnng {Mongol). See KhoshuxL.

Ko siwo, Ko shiwo (Japan), neap tide.

Kosogo {Mossi, French Sudan), a rapid in a river.

Kosorho (Mossi, French Sudan), a valley.

Kososobe (Hausa), precipice ; valley.

Kossabulugu (Mossi, French Sudan), sea.

Ko8ni=K6 (Japan), a freshwater lake.

Eosnn (Mongol), a desert.

Kot (India), a fort, e.g. Hoakot, 'new fort.' See Kote.

Kot (Zorea), promontory, e.g^.Chyu-rang-kotinPhyeng-an.

Kot (Nandi, Uganda), a house.

Kota (Malay), a fort or stockade. Also found in Tagala

(Philippines) as Kotta, * the walls of a fort.'
Kote (India), a fort, e.g. Sealkote. See Kot.
Kotel, Kotal (Pers,), a col or pass, e.g, Lnndi Kotal.
Koti (Gold Coast), large, rank, luxuriant.
Kotl (Slavonic), a kettle or combe.
Koto (Bamhara), old, e,g. Tukoto, ' old bush.*
Koto (Hau^a), a region, district, e,g. Koto-n-karfl. See

Karifi.
Koto-jigonron (Yoruba), deep valley, ravine.
Kotok (Swahili), a spring, lit bubbling water.
Koto-oke (Yoruba), a valley.
Kottek (Cent, Asia), dead forest.
Kou (China), a mountain pass, e.g. Han-kou, 'south

pass.' See Van, Khou, Ku.

AND TOPOaRAPHICAL TERMS 209

Kovna {E. Turkestan), old, e.g. Kovna-daria, Kovna-

shahr. See Daria, Shahr.
Kow, Kau (China), mouth (of a river), e.g. Hankow,

properly Han-kan.
Koyan {Turk.), bight, cove.
Koye {Turk.), a well.
Ktfzep (Hung.), middle (Kp.) ; e.g. Kozep Ap«^, on Theiss

B. Found also misspelled as Kosep: "Vw
Kpakpa {Yaruba), grass field ; a plain newly burnt ;

pasture land.
Kpo {Cambodia), high, lofty, upper.
Kpotokpoto (Yoruba), a bog, marsh.
Kra {Arab.), an open creek of water. Cf. Eejl, Bot-ho.
Kraal {Cape Dch.), a cattle fold, a collection of native

huts, a chief's capital. Cf. Boma, Zeriba.
Erantz {Cape Dutch), cliff, precipice.
Krasni {Buss.), red, e.g. Blrasnovodsk. See Sk, Voda.
Kraton {Java), a palace.

Kreb {S. Tunis), sandy hills covered with vegetation.
Kreek {Dch.), bay, cove, creek.
Kreide {Oer.), chalk. Cf. Krijt.
Kreifl {Ger.), a district or circle.
KreitB {Dch.), a district or circle.
Krepost {Buss.), castle, fort, fortress.
Krenzbaum {Ger.), a turnpike.
Krijt {Dch.), chalk. Cf. Kreide.
Krits {Dch.), summit, top.
Krooht {Dch.), hill, hillock.
Kroft {Dch.), a hillock.
Kroj {Albanian), source, spring. See Krua.

210 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Krom (Tibet), market, bazaar.

Krom. See Km.

Krom (Dch.), crooked, e,g. Kromvoort; with many bends
(of a river or road).

Kron-ba {Tibet), stream, river.

Krong (IndO'China), a river.

Krn, Krum, Krom, Korom, Kum (Togo, Ashanti, Agno,
town ; an inhabited place of less importance than
a capital, e.g. Attakru, Kokokmm, Odukrom.

Krna (Albanian), source, spring. See Kroj.

Krugli (Buss.), round, e.g. Kruglolieakoe.

Kruin (Dch.), summit, top.

Kruis (Dch.), a cross, e.g. KruiBdorp. See Dorp.

Krutoyar (liuss.), steep banks, from Kmtoi, steep; e.g.
Krutoi island, point, and cape.

Ksar, pi. Ksur (Arab., N. Africa), village, fortified or
surrounded with walls, in the Sahara oases.
„ (Hassania), a village.

K«etra (Cambodia), a province.

Ksob, Kseb (Arab.), reeds.

Ksur (Arab., N. Africa). See Ksar.

Ku- (Bantu), a prefix applied generally but not exclu-
sively to such rivers as may be considered * arms ' '
of others, e.g. Knbango, Kuanza, Konene.

Ku (China), valley, canal, streamlet, small river.

Kn (China), a dam, dike.

Ku (China), a pass, e.g. Knpeiku, * old north pass.' See
Kou, Pel, and Ku (below).

Ku (China), old. See above.

Ku (New Gtiinea). See Gu.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 211

En {Pers,)y broad street, square, market-place.

Kna (Gold Coast), plantation, farm.

Kuahini (Hawaii), mountain, hill.

Kuala (Malay). See Ewala.

Kuan (China), an official, e.g. Ta-Kuan-Chiang, * Great

Official river.' See Ta, Chiang.
Kuan (China), fortified military place, camp.
Kubba, Kuba, pl,'Kbs,h (Arab,, N. Africa), a cupola;

chapel or shrine surmounted by a cupola in honour

of a saint ; generally brilliantly white and visible

at a great distance.
Knbbat (Arab.), a deep-water bay or inlet.
Kubbe, Kubbet (Arab.), dome ; the same word as

Kubba, e.g. Knbbe-i-sabs, 'green dome.'
Kubi (Korea), a bend, curve, e.g. Kubini.
Kabr,^Z. Kubnr (Arab.), a tomb.
Kubn (Malay), a stockade, fort.
Kubn (Songhai), a wood, bush, forest.
Kuoher (Asia Minor), nomad (tribes).
Knohi (Japan), mouth ; makes Onchi in composition,

as Kawa OnoM, ' the river's mouth.' See Kawa.
Kuchuk (Turk.), little, e.g. Kuchuk Derbend. See Derbend.
Kuda (Tamul), bay. See Kuddawa.
Kndana (Nika). See Dana.
Kuddawa (Singalese), bay. See Kuda, which is really

the same word.
Kuddus, Kudu (Hausa), south. For other points see

Ariawa.
Kudia, Kudiat (Arab.), a hill, generally a small hill.
Kudiak (Alaska). See Kikhtak.

p 2

212 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kndil (Tamul), a hut.

Xndnk {E. Turk., Mongol), wells, e.g. TJlan Kudnk. Set
Ulan.

Kudulunga {Congo), an elevated plateau.

Kudnnia (Hausa), a hill. Cf. Tndn, Tsanni.

Kue {China), promontory, cape.

Kofra {Arab.), pi. of Kafir {q.v.), e.g. the oasis of Zufra,
and other oases, so named from their pagan in-
habitants, the Tibus.

Eufriat {Egyptian Sudan), old ruins.

Kuguli, Kng^ {Mossi, French Sudan), stone. See next
entry.

Knguri zugu {Mossi), mountain-top, summit.

Zuh {Pers.), mountain, cf. Koh, one form being more
usual in the east, and the other in the west ; is
from Ze7id root kup, to swell, hence anything
huge, bulky, e.g. Kuh-i-channa-o-cliali-shirin, 'the
hill of fresh-water wells and springs.' Sa
Chasma, Chah.

Kuh-sar {Pers.), a mountainous country. See 8ar, Zar.

Ku il {Khas Chos, Indo-China), little, small.

Kuitahuun {Indian, U.S.A.), a hill.

Kuka, Kukawa, Xnkwa {Bornu), baobab trees, e.g. Kiika
on Chad L.
mKuka {Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.

Ku-kou {China), a gorge, a narrow pass.
nKuku {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a torrent, stream,
current.

Knkuln hema {Hawaii), south. For other points 5a
Akau.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 213

Kiikwa (Bornu). See Euka.

Knl (E, Turk, and Mongol), a lake, e,g. Kara Kul. See
Kara.

Knlah (Arab,), a castle. Cf. Knlle.

Kolao (Annam), an island.

Kule (Mande). See KhoUe.

Knleba, Keluba {Sahara), a high mountain- top, equiva-
lent to the Thniye, Tnie of other districts.

Kuli (Abbadi, Etbai), low hills.
niKnli {Mozambique), a waterfall.

Knliba {Turk,), hut, cottage.

Knlichkof {Bv^s.), snipe. Applied to several islands in
Alaskan waters.

Kuliliak {Aleut), sorrow, anguish ; e.g, Kuliliak bay.

Kaliugiak {Alaska), rocky and round ; appUed usually to
islands.

Kulla {Arab.), top, summit (of a mountain).

Knlle {Turk.), a tower. Cf. Kulah.

Kulo {Ja-Luo, East Uganda), a river.

Kola (Bambara, Malinke). See Knm.

-Knlu, -Knru, -Vknru {dialects of Bantu), a suffix mean-
ing ' great,' e.g, Kibokulu.
luKulnf {Ceiit. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a mountain.
nKula I Cf Lima.

Knlu chenga {Mossi, French Sudan), a river, great river.
kiKulne {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), the sanl-clouds
of the Eikwa valley.

Kuluga, Bulnga {Mossi, French Sudan), wells.

Knlugu {Chad L. region), a place where water is found ;
a lake, marsh, swamp, dead river. Cf. Tebki,

214 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Knlnkira (Nika). See Lukira.

-Kulungwa, -Knnmgu {Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu),
a sufl&x meaning * great.*
nKulnntn {Loango), a chief; iox pi, see Hknliintu.

Kum {Turk.), sand, e.g, Kizil Kum. See Xizil.

Euma {Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Ha.
isiKmnbu {Zulu, Kafir), a hollow place between hills, a
col.

Enmclii {Hausa), impenetrable forest, thicket.
uKumkani {Amaxosa, Kafir), a king, chief.

Kummene {New Guinea), water.

Eumo {Japan), clouds.

Kiunsal {Buss,), a bank of sand.
eKumn {Congo, dialect of Bantu), the bank of a river,
coast, shore.

Kumur {E. Turk,), coal.

Knmnsh (B. Turk,), silver.

Kun {Korea), a prefectmre, a subdivision of a Pu (county
or department), e.g, Knn-syu, 'a district magis-
trate.*

Eirnd {India), a province, e.g, Bundelkond.

Kund {Sansc.)j an abyss, pool, spring.

Kunda {Gambia), a town, e,g, Baja Knnda.

Eunda {Sierra Leone). See Kundo.
inKundla {Zulu, Kafir), the area of a kraal {q.v.)

Eimdo, Kunda {Sierra Leone), head, source, e.g. Tembc-
kunda, ' the source of the Tembe Biver.'

Kundu {Kikuyu, Bantu). See Handu, Ndu.

Enndabulu {Congo), a small hill.
eEundze {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu) ^ a mountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 215

i siKimga (Amaxosa, Kafir), a place of assembly.

Knni (Japan), province, lit. country. Cf. Kori.

Kimi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest, wood.

Kuny^ho {Hung,), a hut.

Kno (Annam), mouth, estuary.

Kno (China), a nation, state ; government.

Eu-on (Hainan), a path.

Kn-pa (Siam), savages. See I.

Xu pan (MiaO'tse, Kwei-chau), a mountain.

Knperan (TamuV), north. See Vadakkn.

Knppe (Ger,), top, summit, peak, ridge. For use as a
form of sub-oceanic relief see Dome.

Enprxik (E. Turk.), a bridge. Cf Eopru.

Knr (Wolof), house, dwelling.

Kara (Harem, Indo-China), road, path.

Knra (Kanem), great, e.g. Beri Kura, 'large village,*
See Beri.

Knrban (Mongol), three, e,g. Kurban Habsere, 'the three
Habsere,' i.e. the three Habsere mountain peaks,
called respectively Atak Habsere, * lower Habsere,'
Eken Habsere, ' upper Habsere,' and Tnmta Habsere,
* middle Habsere ' ; Kurban Tara, * the three days
desert.'

Kurdndnffi (Hausa), a pond, pool, small lake.

Kure (Mongol), a village. Cf. Khoto, Eerim, Khure.

Eoret (dialect near Lugh, Somaliland), a hill.

Kurgan (Buss.), a tumulus, barrow.

Knrghan (E. Turk.), a fort, e.g. Tash Kurghan. See Task.

Knrh (Min^Kia, Yunnan), a rivei^.

Knrm, pL Knmm (Arab), a vineyard.

Kuro
Kuroi

i

216 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Knrmi, Kurimi (Hansa), forest, wood, bush, e.g, Knimin
Xadirna, 'the forest on the Kaduna Kiver,' the
final n being the sign of the possessive.

Kum {Arab.)y a horn or peak.

Kuro {Gold Coast), town, village. Gf, Km.

f {Japan), black, e.g. Kuro Biwo, * black stream/
answering in the Pacific to the Gulf
Stream of the Atlantic; Kurodake, 'dark
peat.' See Siwo, Dake.

Kuro-kese {Gold Coast), a large town, city, capital.

Knrpl {Turk,), a bridge. Cf. Kopm.

Kurremi {Haiisa), See Horami.

Kuru, Kuln {Bambara, Malinke), a mountain.

Kuru {Togo, Ashanti, Agni), See Km.

-Kum {dialect of Bantu), See -Kulu.

Kuruk {Mongol), dry, e.g. Kurnk Tagh. See Tagk.

Kurum {Arab.), vineyards, ^Z. of Kurm.

-Kummba {Cent, Africa). See -Kalamba.

-Kurungu {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See
-Kuluugwa.

Kurye, Kuryet {Arab,), a village.

Kush {Cent. Asia), killer, e.g. Hindukuah, so called from
the frequent deaths of the Hindu merchants at-
tempting to cross its passes.

Kusi {Bornu), a hut built entirely of stone. Cf.
Bongo.

Kusini {Swahili), south. See Sukeli, Kibnla.

Kuso {Songhai), fine dusty soil.

Kusr {Arab.), house, tower.

Kust {Dch.), coast, shore. See KilBte, Kyst

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 217

KtLste (Ger.)^ coast. See Kust, Kyst.

Knt (Hung,), a streaDi. Wt/^-

Kfit {Bus8.)y the head of a gulf.

Kut (dialect near Lugh, Somaliland)^ clayey ground.

Knt {Jor-LuOf East Uganda), island.

Kuta, Kota (Malay), a fortress.

Kutale (Bambara), new, e.g. Sukutale, ' Newtown.' See

8n. Cf. Zoro.
Kntel (E. Turk.), a col, a saddle.
Kutemba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), to

ascend, 6.^. Bntembo, a village which is situated on

the top of a hill. See Temba.
eZutilu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a place of assembly.
Kntsano (Giryama). See Tsano.
Kntsi (Japan), an outlet.
Kntul (Tibet), corrupted from Pers. Kotal (q.v.), a pass,

e.g. Koko Kntul, ' blue pass.' See Koko.
Kutim (Mongol), a town, e.g. Nomoron Kutun, ' the town

on the river Nomoron.*
Kuva (Nika), a fence, stockade.
Knyu (Turk.), wells.
Knzn (Sai'a, Chad L.), di, village.
Kwa (Modunga, Congo), a road, path.
Kwa (E. Cent. Africa), a village, town, e.g. Kwa Mtesa,

* Mtesa's town.'
Kwa (Hainan), a sub-prefecture.
Kwa (Hottentot), a postfix meaning * people,' e.g.

Korakwa, Ifamakwa, Orikwa ; is really the mas. plur.,

written also qua, e.g. Namaqua-land.
Kwa (N. Chin hills), a village.

218 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kwala, Kwalla (Malay), the embouchure of a river ; the
place of junction between two rivers ; a river, river
mouth, e.g. Kwala Bemam, Kwala Onla.

Kwalla (Abyssinia), lowland, opj>. to Dega.

Kwan (China), custom house, mountain pass, a foni-
ficatioD, garrison village.

Kwa-nam (Hainan), a river.

Kwang (China), broad, e.g. Kwang Si, ' broad (province)
west,' or western broad (province) ; similarly Kwang
Tung = * broad province east.*

Kwang (Pax, China), a mountain.

Kwang-lau (China), a lighthouse. Cf. Ho-tnn.

Kwara (Yorxiba),^ river, water, the river, i.e. the Niger, fre-
quently written ftnarra and ftuorra in error. See Isa.

Kwenda (Sicahili), depth (of a river or the sea).

Kwikk (Eskiiyw), a river, dvM 'Kink, pi. Kwit.

Kwikoru (German East Africa), a chief town.

Kwiya (Hausa), a ridge (of hills).

Kwonu (Gurma), a river.

Kwori (Hausa), furrows, boundaries.

Kwnrmi, pL of Konni (q,v.)

KyamB (Tibet), house, castle.

Kyla (Fin.), a village.

Kyog (Tibet), bend, detour, gulf; sinuous.

Kyrka (Sw.), a church. Cf. Kirk, Kerk.

Kyshlak (E. Turk.) See Kishlak.

KyBt (Nor., Da.), coast. Cf. Knst, Kiiste.

Kytmg (Burma), an island.

Kyoi, Oyoi (Korea), a stream, creek, e.g. Kyoi^Pong,
Kybi-San.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 219

-La (Cent. Africa), a suffix, applied to things, not per-
sons, meaning ' great/

La (Congo), height, altitude, elevation.

La (Lolo, China), boat.

La (Min-Kia, Yunnan), south. For other points see Pen.

La (Tibet), a col, pass ; usually placed after the name, e,g,
Chang-la, 'north pass,' see Chang, though some-
times at the beginning, e.g. La-sar, ' new pass.' Cf,
Mongol Daban, E, Turk. Davan, Chinese Ling.

Laag (Dch.), bed, stratum ; as adj. low, e.g. LaagSoeren,
Laag Zutem.

Laager (Cape Dch.), a camp formed by arranging wagons
end on, so as to enclose a space.

Laagte (Dch.), valley, glen.

Laam (Siam), bay ; bend in a river.

Laba (Somali), two, e.g. Laba Oumbnr Hado, * the two
black hillocks.' See Onmbur, Hado.

Lablab (Hind.), sand, gravel.
eLabo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. Cf
eLapo.

Lab-tae (Tibet), stones marking a road.

Labuan (Malay), anchorage, harbour; more properly
L&bnhan.

Lac (Fr.), a lake (L.) Cf Lago, Lajo.

Lacn (NeO'Greek), a lake.

Lacnna (It.), a lagoon, stagnant pool. Cf. Lagume.

lada (S. Cape, New Guinea), cloud.

220 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ladrillal, ladrillar (Sp.), a brickfield, brick-kiln.

Laepa (MotumotUy New Guinea), a mountain.

Lag {Tibet), arm, bay.

Laga (Galla), river, stream.

Laggan (Gaelic lagan), a small hollow, e.g. Laggan (Inver-
ness-shire).

Lagham {Chad L, region), a river.

Lago {It)y a lake (L.), e.g. Lago Maggiore, * greater lake/

Lagnme {It.), a broad pool of stagnant water, a marshy
place. Cf. Lacuna.

Lagona {It., Sp.), a lagoon, lake.

Lagone {Fr.), a lagoon (Lag.)

Lahi {Niue and Tonga, Polynesia), great.

Lahti {Fin.), bight, bay.

Lahun {Sierra Leone), land, country, e.g. Karelahun,
pronounced Kallann.

Lai {Cambodia), a helm, rudder ; e.g. An-Lai, in Bao-An.
See An, Bao.

Lai {Motu, Next) Guinea), wind.

Lai {Thai, Pat), a mountain.

Laida {Buss.), a shoal which dries.

Lai gheng {Miao-tse, Yunnan), hamlet.

Lailai {Mbau, Fiji), small.

Laili {MiaO'tse, Kwei-chau), a field.

Liga {Sp.), a flat rock.

Lak {Hung.), a dwelling.

L&k {Hung.), lake, pond.

Laka {Hausa), mud.

Lakar-kot {Arab.), a stockade.

-Lakh {Pers.), a suffix meaning ' place.*

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 221

Lalaga (Mossi, French Sudan), wall, fortifications.
Lalap (Malay), swamps.

Lalasi (S. Gape, New Guinea), north-west wind.
Lalo (Nika), a neighbourhood, locality = Arab, Dar.
Lalum (Malay), water.

Lam, Lam-klia (Chin hills ; Tibet), path, way, the way.
nLam (Fan, French Congo). For meaning see Nlam.
Lama (Port,), mud, e,g. the wooded depression north of

Allada (Dahome), known to the natives as Ko (q.v.)
Lambardar (India), village headman.
umLambo (Kafir), a river.
nLamba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a flat shore beside a

river, beach, bank ; course of a river.
Lamorde (Adamawa), the house or seat of a Lamido or

governor. Cf, Eibago.
Lampong (Malay), buoy.
Lan (Brittany), a church, e.g, Landivisiau, * the church

of St. Tivisiau.' Cf, Llan.
Lan (Celtic), a plain, e.g. Lanthwaite. See Thwaite.
Lan (China), market-place.
Lfln (Sw.), a county.
Lan (Yoruba). See If la.
Lanark (Gaelic), a forest glade.
Landa (It,), down, heath, moor.
Landas (Tagala, Philippines), a way, road.
Lande (Fr.), sandy grounds (L**®), e.g. The Landes.
Lftnde (Ger.), landing-place, quay, pier.
Landj^t (Ger.), country estate, manor.
Landsobaft (Ger,), region, district, province.
Landschap (Dch.), province, country, canton.

\

222 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Landstadt {Ger.), a country town.

LandongsplatE (Ger,), wharf, landing-place.

Landweg (Dch,), country road.

Landzonge (Ger.), a spit.

Lang (Anfiam), a village.

Lang {China) t waves.

Lang, Lange (Ger,), long, e.g, Langenberg, 'long

mountain,'
Lang {Siam), lower, e.g, Lang Snan (Swan), in the pen-
insula, south of Tenasserim.
Langa (Con^o), to inundate, swamp, flood; a camp,

regular resting-place for travellers.
Langar (E, Turk.), a resting-house for travellers.
Lange {Gcr.), longitude.
mLango (East Africa^ dialect of Bantu), a channel.

Langtao (Siam), the bar of a river.
nLangu {Loango, dialect of Bantu), water.
Langue (jPr.), a tongue or neck of land.
Langar (Nepal), a lofty snow-capped mountain. Cf.

Ba^jong.
Lanka (Hind,), island. See Dip, Jingira.
Lankh (Sever), sand.

Lansi (Fin,), western. For other points see Pohia.
Lao (China), old, e.g. Lao Sung Ling, * old pine pass';

a misspelling is Liao. See Snng, Ling. Cf Lau.
Lcu) (Hainan), a path.
Lao (Nung, Lao-kai), great, large.
Lapa (Madagascar), a palace.
eLapo (Cent. Africa, Bantu), country. Cf eLabo.
Lapong, Lapang (Malay), an opening in the land.

AND TOPOaRAPHICAL TERMS 223

Laraga {Aroma, New Guinea), a garden.

Larg {Gaelic learg), a hill, slope, e.g. Largs.

Las {Somali), a shallow well or sand-pit, e.g. Las Anod,
' milk well,* Las Dibbra.
maLashi {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass ; for other
dialect forms see Dinyasi.

Lat {Siam), a short cut.

Latala {Cent. Africa), a forest.

Lath {Hind,), an obelisk, minaret, vertical beam of oil-
press.

Lathe {Eng. from A,S. ladh), a part or division of a
county, comprising several handreds {q,v.) ; occurs
now only in Kent, where there are still five lathes.

Latifondo {It,), a large farm, extensive estate.

Latse {China), a saw-peaked range of hills. Cf, Sierra.

Lau {China), a tower ; pronounced with a different tone
means ' old.' See Lao, Liao.

Lanba {Aroma, New Guinea), a cloud.

Laubholz {Ger.), a leafy wood ; opposed to ITadelholz,
pointed needle-like (pine) foliage.

Lanf {Ger,), a stream, course, current ; cf, laufen, to run.

Langith {Ebon, Polynesia), sea.

Laulabada {Motu, New Guinea), south-east wind.

Lant, Lautbesar {Malay), the sea, ocean.

Lauter {Ger.), clear, e.g. Lanterbmimen, 'clear foun-
tains.'

Lavanambu {Sansc), the sea.

Lavan-Khani {Sansc), a salt mine.

Law {Anglo-Saxon), a hillock, mound, rising ground,
e.g. Moodlaw. Cf Low.

224 GLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

LaZy Laks (Nor.), salmon ; e.g. Laxvoe, Laxay. See

Voe, Ay.
Lazar (Hassania), a marsh, bog.
La {Danakil), water.
Le {Anglo-Fr.)y beside, near, e.g. Houghton le Street

from lez, Us {q.v.)
-Le (Somali), a suffix signifying locality ; e.g. Adadle,

* the place of Adad (i.6. trees).'
Lea {Anglo-Saxon) f a meadow or grassy plain. Icy,

Leigh are other forms.
Lea {Hainan), a mountain.
Leac {Gaelic), slate, slab ; e.g. Leac Ban, Leac Lee point.

See Ban, Lee.
Leben {Ger.), a place to live in.
Led {Buss.), ice ; see next entry.
Ledyanaya gora {Buss.), an iceberg. See Oora.
Lee {Anglo-Saxon hied, a shelter), the side of a ship

opposite to that from which the wind blows, so

any shelter or sheltered spot, e.g. Alder Lee, Lees

Moor.
Lee {Gaelic le), smooth, e.g. Lochlee, ' smooth lake.' Cf.

Rie.
Lee wa {Indian, California), sea.
Lefaia {Arab., N. Africa), a place infested by homed

vipers.
Legi {Congo), a road.
Legi {Kerepu7iu, New Guinea), grass.
Le go {Indian, California), a lake.
Lehibe {Madagascar), great, large.
Lei {Dch.), schist.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 225

Lei {Upper Nile), water.

Leidi (Fula), country, district.

Leigh {England, S,W,), a meadow, pasture; e.g. Bud-

leigh ; a variant of Lea.
Leihflien cliu {China), telegraph.
Leite {Ger,), a mountain slope, declivity.
Leito {Fort,), the bed of a river.
Leix {from Nor., Da. Lax), salmon ; e.g. Abbey Leix.
Lejbishche, Lezhbishche {Buss.), a seal-breeding place, a

* rookery ' ; lit. a place of rest.
Lek {Laos), iron.
Lek {Siam), small.
eLeko {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town.
kiLela {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island.
MLele {Swahili), a summit, peak.
eLelenflhi {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a plain ; level, flat.
Leleu {Mentawei), a hill.
Leil {Nissan /., New Guinea), a road, path-
Lem {Siam), a cape, headland, point.
eLenga {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a place where the
grass has been beaten down by a great concourse
of people.
Lenger {Turkestan), a station or rest-house. See Langar.
Lenpu {N. Arakan), large.

Ler {from Icel. Leir), mud, e.g. Lerwick, * mud bay.'
Ler {Da., Nor., Sw.), mud, e.g. Lersund.
Ler {Armenia), a mountain.
Les {Fr.), near, beside, e.g. Aspres-les-Veyiies ; is a variant

of lez {q^v.)
Lesaw {N. Chin hills), a river.

Q

226 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Leste (Sp.)y the east wind, east ; the L is here really

only the article.
Lette {Gironde), a pool formed after rain (L^).
Letto {It.), the bed of a river.

Leuohttunn, Leuchtthurm {Ger,) , lighthouse. Cf. lichttoreiL
Lenfa {Araucanian, Patagonia), river, e.g, Karrileufa,

* green river.'
Levante {It,), east, eastern region, lit, 'rising' (of the

sun).
Level {Latin libella, through French), a gntter for

water to run in.
Levu {Mbau, Fiji), great ; e.g, Vanna Levu.
Lewaya {Cetjlon), a salt-pan.
-Ley (England), an open place in a wood, e,g. Dudley.

See Lea, Leigh.
Lez {Fr./rojn Latin latus, * side,' Provencal latB, laz),

near, by, beside, obsolete except in place-names,

e.g. Plessifl-lez-Toors, * Plessis near Tours/ Savenfhem-

lei-Bruzelles, ' Saventhem near Brussels.' Variants

are le and les {q,v.)
chiLezo
mLezo
Lha {Tibet), god, genius, spirit ; e.g, Lhasa, * the seat of

the divine intelligence.' See Sa.
Lho {Tibet), south. For other points see Byang, Bak,

Nub, Ike, Shar.
Li {China), a hamlet of twenty-five families.
Li {China), inner. Cf. ITui.

Li {China), a measure of length = one-third of a mile,
eLi {Fan, French Congo), a tree; ioi pi, see EIL

{Stvahili), a buoy ; iox ph see Chilezo, Mlezo.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 227

uLi {Fan, French Congo), a clearing in a forest.
Ida (Hind,), land which is annually flooded.
liang {Chungkia, Thai), a road.
Liao (China), distant, e.g, Liao-Ho, ' distant river/ Liao«

Yang, ' remote sun (light).' See lao.
Liba (Somali), lion. See under Shabel.
maliba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water.

Libongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bongo.
Lichinga (Mavia^ Mozamb.) See Chinga ; cf. Litombi.
Lichinya (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Chinya.
Idcht (Ger.), light ; e.g. Idchtenstein. See Btein.
Idchttoren (Dch.), a lighthouse. Cf. Leuohttorm.
lid (Anglo-Saxon hlidh), a slope, side of a hill, Latin

clivns, e.g. Warning Lid in North Sussex.
nLidi (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a ravine.
lido (It.), shore, bank,
lienga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Enga.
liesnoi (Buss.), woody, applied to many place-names

in Alaskan waters. Properly Lyesnoi (q.v.)
lietnika (Buss.), summer village. Properly Lyetnika,

see Lyeto.
Lien (Fr.), place, e.g. Beanlien. See Bean.
maLifa (BaJcundu, Kamerun), water.

Lifnwnkho (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Pnwnkho.
Ligne de faite (Fr.), a water-parting or divide between

two or more river basins. See Faite.
Lihenga (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Henga.
Lik (Tibet), people, tribe, e.g. Tagh Lik, ' mountaineers,'

a nomad tribe of Tatars. See Tagh.
Likete (Ebon, Polynesia), a place, locality.

q2

228 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Li kiari (Gurma), wells.

Liko (Swahili). See Biko, Ko.

Lilang (Choixg-Chia-tse, Yunnan), mountain.

Lilbaden (Jibali, Berber), a mountain.

LiUa (Hw,), small (lil. or I), e.g. Lilla Lulek Elf. Cf. Stor.

LiUe (Nor,, Da.), small (L»*), e.g. LiUe Belt, 'the Little
Belt.'
kiLima {Swahili), hill, detached mountain, mound, e.g.

Kilima Njaro.
mLima {East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain.

Liman (Tu9'k.), harbour, port.] These are really the same

Liman (Buss.), an estuary. '- GrecA: word, borrowed in

Limen (Greek), harbour, port. ) Bussian and Turkish.

Limitrophe (Fr.), neighbouring, bordering.

Limne (Greek), a lake.

Limo {Prov. Sp., Ital.), mud, from Lat. limus, mud, slime.

Lin, Ling (China), grove, wood, forest ; imperial tomb ;
e.g. Tu Lin, * ehn forest.'

Lin, Lyn, Linn, Lynn (Gaelic, linne, Irish, linn, a pool ;
Anglo-Saxon, hlinna, a brook), a spring, pool,
especially one under a waterfall, source of a
river, precipice, ravine, e.g. Dublin, ' Black Pool '
(dnbh= black) ; King's Ljrnn, Linmouth or Lynmouth;
Corra Linn, near Lanark. See Llyn.

Lin (Pa'i, Yunnan, China), earth.

Lina (Aroma, New Guifiea), tide (flowing).

Linani (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), forest.

Lind (Icelandic), a well.

Ling (China), chain of hills ; a height not peaked ; a pass
over a mountain ridge, e.^. Hanling. S^e Nai|.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 229

Ling (Punjab), a stone pillar which is supposed to

represent the god Shiva.
Ling (Tibet), region, district ; also a garden, e.g. STam-

ling, from Nam (q.v.), sky, the monastery being on a

high hill with a garden at the foot'.
Lingara (A-Zande), a village.
Lingua (It.), a small promontory, tongue.
Linn. See Lin.

Linyasi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyasi.
Linyi (Hausa), a slave village. Cf. Rumde.
Lipa (Slavonic), lime-tree, e.g. Leipzig, originally a Slav

settlement.
Lips (Greek), south-west ; really the S.-W. wind

(sirocco). For other points see Boreas.
Lirova (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Bova.
Lis (Gaelic), a garden, e.g. Lismore, * great garden.*

See More.
Lis (Irish), a fort made of earth, e.g. Listowel.
Lisiere (U.S.A.), a strip of country along the coast;

lit., in French, a selvage.
Lit (Fr.), bed, stratum ; bed of a river.
Litala (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Tala.
Lithos (Greek), stone.

Litiwa (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda). See Tiwa.
Litulo (Lu'Wanga, Eastern Uganda), a mound.
Litumbi, Chitumbi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu),

mountain, large hill. See Tumbi. Cf. Lima.
Liva (Turk.), subdivision of a Vilayet (q.v.)
eLiwa (French Congo coast, dialect of Bantu), lake.
iLiwa (Zulu, Kafir), a precipice, clifiF.

'230 GhOSSARY OF 6E0GBAPHIGAL

Ijioeni (Albanian)^ lake.

Igongt {Tibet), a broad valley.

Lkn- (Welsh), a prefix meaning enclosure, church, e.g.

LlaiigoUen.
Llanadai (Patagonia), gently sloping plains, at such an

altitude above the level of a river as to be free

from floods.
Llano (Sp.), a plain, level ground.
Lleam (Armenian), a mountain.
Uena (Sp.), alluvion, overflow of rivers.
Llyn (Welsh), a pool, lake, e.g, lAjn Kymbyr. See Lin.
beLo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), part of a town ; a cluster

of houses in a town.
Lo (Cent. Africa), an old root meaning * to flow,' e.g.

Lomami. Cf. Do, Bo, En. See Domad, Eln.
Lo (Dagboma, Mossi), village.
Lo (Hainan), a path.
Lo (Man Sung, Lao-Kai), great, large.
Lo (Ja-Luo, Eastern Uganda), sand.
nLo (Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning and ^2. see Hlo.
Lo (Lolo, China), boat.
maLoa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), ground.
Lob (Da., Nor.), channel, passage, fairway.
Locature (Provincial Fr.), farm, holding.
Loch (Ireland and Scotland), a lake, a sheet of fresh

water ; bay or arm of the sea. The original Gaelic

and Irish are both loch, though the latter is now

usually written longh; is cognate with A,S. laga,

sea, lake, and with Lat, lacuB, whence A.S. lac,

Eng. lake.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 281

Lode (England), a reach of water in a canal.

Lodo (Span., Port.), mud, from Lat, lutnm, whence
Lntetia PariBiorum (Paris).

Loe (Pal, Yunnan, China), a mountain; is a variant of
Loi (q.v.)

Logar (Port.), a village.
eLogh (Fan, French Congo), grass; lor pi. see Elogh.

Loi (Shan States), a hill. See Loe.

Lokko (Yoruba), on board, aboard, e.g. Port Lokko.

Lo knl lo (Indian, California), a valley.

Lolo (Songhai), a road.

Lorn wow (Siam), north wind; lorn tapow, south wind;
lorn tawan-ok, east wind; loin tawau-tok, west
wind ; for points of compass see Nua. See also Fon.

Loma {Sp), rising ground in the midst of a plain ;
hill, hillocjs, knoll.

Lon (Annam), great, large.

Lonfir (Hind.), salt lands ; a place where salt is pro-
duced; fromldn, salt; cf. Sansc. lavan&kar, a salt-pit.

Londe (Congo), a hill; used only in composition, e.g.
eshi-londe, highlanders.
eLondo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a back current, an
eddy.

Long (S. Chin hills and Borneo), stream, river, e.g.
Mannglong, Thet Long.
muLonga (dialect of Bantu), a river.
uLongo (Giryama), clayey soil.

nLonki (Fan, French Congo), below, the direction to-
wards which a river flows.

Loo (Belgium), an open place in a wood, e.g. Waterloo.

232 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Lorgenai (Lake Budolf district, East Africa), black

stones, e,g, Donyo Lorgenai, 'the mountain of

black stones/ a Masai name for Mount Eenia.
Lotritsi (Bcchuana, Bantu), See Tritri.
Lotsnng (Sumatra). See under Bale.
Loagh (Irelayid). See Loch.
LoYoka (Madagascar), a bay.
Low (England, from Anglo-Saxon hlaw), a mound, hill,

rising ground, e.g. Ludlow, High Low in the Peak

district. Cf, Law.
Lu- (Bantu), a prefix frequently applied to the roots to

form the names of rivers, e.g, Luapula, Lnalaba,

Lukuga.
Lu (China), a road, a way.
Lu- (Congo, Uganda, dx,, Bajitu), a prefix applied to

the root to denote the language ; e.g. Luwanga, the

language of the Wawanga. See Wa.
-Lu (Congo), river, e.g. Sankulu. Cf. Za, Eu.
Luala (Bantu). See Ala.
Luanda (Nika). See Anda; cf. Lwanda.
Luang (Siam), yellow, e.g. Luang Prabang. Cf. Luong.
Luaiya (Bantu). See Anja.

Luanza (Ce7it. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Anza.
Lubira (Victoria Nyanza regioji). See Bira.
Lubok (Malay), a pool; deep holes in the sea; lake,

river, a reach of a river ; a recess or bight in the

winding of a river, e.g. Lubok Ajung, Lubok Fangku

Alor.
Lubu (Kerepunu, New Guinea), sacred house or platform.
Lubulu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bulu. ,

AND tOPOCHlAPHlCAL TERMS 233

Luchau {LolOy China), a wood.
InLuchi {Ketosh, Eastern Uganda), a river.
Luda {Buss.), a rock or reef out of water.
Lndide^ Lutite (Nika), small, little.
Ludzidzi (Nika). See Dzidzi.
Luenga {Gogo, Bantu), See Enga.
Lnem {German East Africa, dialect of Ba7itu), See Eru.
Lnfulo {Nika). See Fulo.
Lugan {Malinke, Senegal), cultivated land.
Lngar {Sp.), a village or small town ; any place; from

Lat. locus.
^^S^ {Galla), a nullah.
aLugh {Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning see Alngh.
Luharano {Madagascar), source, fountain, spring.
Luhasaha {Madagascar), a valley.
Lnhatona {Madagascar), the dry season, spring.
Luj {Arab.), the ocean ; an abyss.
Luji {Arab.), the sea.

Lujja {Arab.), deep water, the middle of the sea.
Lukala {Ketosh and Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda). See

Kala.
kuLnkira {Nika), a road made by the traffic of cattle.
Lukku {Fin.), a rock.

Lokolo {Giryama). See Kolo.
Lnkolonga (Bantu). See Kolonga.

Lukulu, Nkaln ( Ce7it. Africa, dialects of Bantu) . See Kulu.

Luluchi {Ketosh, Eastern Uganda). See Lnchi.

Lum {England, Welsh llum = that which projects), a

chimney; also a woody valley, a deep pool, e.g.

The Lum near Leek in the Peak district.

284 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Lorn {YamhOy Upper Sobat R.), grass.

Lumbn (Hausa), a garden.

Land {Albanian), river, stream.

Lompor (Malay), mud ; sometimes found as Lnmpur.

Lun {Khas Chos, Indo-China), house, abode.

Lun {Tibet), wind.

Land {Nor,, Da.), a grove ; e.g, Landgarth. See Ghartli.
ohiLondi {Tonga, Bantu), a detached hill or mountain.
iLondi {Bajitu), a high mountain, a detached hill.

Lonengenenge {Congo, dialect of Bantu) . See Henge-nen^.

Lung {China), a dragon, e.g. Hei Long Kiang, ' Black
Dragon Biver.' Cf. Lnong. See Hei, Kiang.

Longa {Tibet), ditch, valley.

Lnngma {Tibet), a river. Cf. Longpa.

Langma {Tibet), coarse grass.

Lang-pa {Tibet), a straight valley; also river; cf.
Langma; also one's country {Hind, malk, loan
word from Arab.)

Luogo {It.), place, site.

Laong {Cambodia), a dragon, e.g. Ham-Laong, ' Dragon's
Jaw ' in Bao-Duk. Cf. Long. It also means
* sweet,' e.g. Phai Laong, ' Sweet Wealth,' in Bao-
Duk.

Laong (Laos), yellow. Cf, Laang, of which it is another
form.

Laong {E. Siam, Annam), great, large.

Laoto {Fin.), a shoal.

Lapa {Tagala, Philippines), land.

Lapata {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Pata.

Lapiri {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Piri.

AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 286

LuBese (Bantu), See Sese.

Lusolo {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Solo.
Lut {Pers,), bare, naked, e.g. Dasht-i-Lnt, ' bare steppe/
Lutite {Nika). See Ludide.
Lnyanga (Nika). See Vanga.
Luvila (Congo f dialect of Bantu). See Vila.
Luwi (Bua, Bantu). See Wi.
Luwongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Wongo.
Lrm, Ngozi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See Zi.
Lwanda (Giryama). See Anda.
uLwandle (Kafir), the sea. Davis gives a as the prefix,

but Torrend renders it ulw-Andle.'
Lye (English), a siding, ofibet, or loop from a main line

of railway; from A.S. licgan.
Lyen (Welaung, Kwenam), large, great.
Lyeng, Lyong (Korea). See Nyeng.
Lyes (Buss.), a forest. See next entry.
Lyemoi (Buss.), wooded, woody. The adjective of lyes

Occurs misspelled as Liesnoi (q.v.)
Lyeto (Buss.), summer.
Lyn, Lynn. See Lin.
Lys (Da., Nor.), light (colour), e.g. Lysned.

M

M-. See Ha (S. Cent. Africa).

Ma (Arab.), water.

Ma (Indian, U.S.A.), large water expanse.

' See Kaffir-English Dictionary, by W. J. Davis, and A Comparative
Qrammar of the South-African Bantu Languages, by J. Torrend, S.J.

286 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ka {Indian, California), earth, land.

■a- (Loango), king, a prefix followed by the naire v-i
the country, e.g. Ma Iioaiigo=King of Loango.

Ma (Motumotu, New Guinea), water.

Ma-, M- (S. Cent Africa, Barotseland), the people, t.g
MarotM. Cf. The English. See Bar.

Ma (Tibet), down, low. See Mad.

-Ma (Central Sudan), a singular suffix, e,g. Eanema, i.e.
Kanem-ma, * a man of Kanem.' See -Ba.
kuMa (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a place.

Ma'a, Maka (Samoa, Nine and Tonga, Polynesia), stone,

Maader (Arab., N. Africa), lowland, covered with
vegetation.

Maadie (Upper Nile), a ferry boat ; below the Cataracts
it is used for a large freight and passenger
boat.

Maap (S. Africa), muddy.

Maar (Iceland), a cauldron-shaped depression.

Mabar (Arab.), pass, ferry, ford.

Mabehe (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Behe.

Macchia (It.), jungle, thicket.

Mackar (Celtic maokair), a plain, e.g. Machars (Wig-
town). Cf Mauck, and see Magkera.

Macki (Japan), town ; street.

Macki (Fan, French Congo). See Cki.

Mackila (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a conveyance,
consisting of a canvas hammock hung on a long
bamboo pole, carried by two men. See Ckila.

Mad (Tibet), low country. See Ma, Smad.

Madan (Arab.)^ a mine, quarry. See Maden.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 237

Madeira (Port), wood, timber, wooden (building), e.g.

Madeira I., Madeira &. Cf, Madera.
Maden {Turk.), a mine. See Madan.
Mader {Arah.), a moist locality.
Mader (Pers.), mother, e.g. Mader Kuli, 'mother hill.'
Madera {Sp.), timber, wood, the same word as Madeira.
Ma^liaiya {Hind.), cottage, hut.
Madhya (Sansc), middle, e.g. Madhya-desh = the part of

India comprising Allahabad, Agra, Delhi, Oude, &c.
Madhne (Arab.), a minaret.
Madi {Bafo, Kamerun). See Di.
Madiba {Kameruyi, dialect of Bantu). See Diba; opp.

to Mnndi.
Madina, Medine {Arab.), a city. See Medine.
Made, Madu, Madoba {Somali), black, applied to a valley

that is dark and shady, e.g. Afmadn. See Af.
Madrasa {Gent. Asia, Persia, India), a college; loan

word from Arab, darasa, to read.
Madnk, Madugu {Mande, West Sudan), the house of a

king, palace. See Dngu.
Madzi {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Dzi.
Madzi-Mai^i {Giryama), sea.
Mae {Hang Chek, Indo-China), a tree.
Ma el ma {Arab.), a source. See Ma.
Maen {Welsh), a large stone, e.g. Maen y Frenfol, near

Lampeter.
Maes {Welsh), a field, a heath, e.g. Maesbury. See Bury
Mafana {Madagascar), hot, e.g. Banomafana, ' hot water.'

See Bano.
Mafaza {Arab.), a desert.

1

288 GLOSSARY OF GEOGILiPHICAL

d

Maflttt. See Kafatii.

Kaftitii (Hausa), ferry, landing-place, wharf.

Mag {Gaulish), a field, e.g, Marmagen.

Mag {Hind), road, path, way ; from Sansc. iniig^ tc

Mag {Nerer, Senegal), a river.

Magala {Somali), a town, e.g. Magala Sahil, ' coast toWi

i,e, Berbera. i

Magangamu {Hausa), confluence, equivalent to the Fu!^

Tepe.
Magai {Hung), great, high (Mg.), applied to a larce

number of towns and villages.
Magdomat {Darfur), a province under a Magdum or

governor.
Magh (Irish), a field, e.g. Armagh.
Maghara (Irish), a plain, a field, e.g. Magherafelt.
Maghrabi (Arab.), western, relating to North Africa.

Cf. Oharb.
Maghreb (Arab.), west. Cf. Oharb.
Maghribi (Sic ah Hi), west; borrowed from the Arabic

maghreb. Cf. Oharb.
Magrem (-Ira?;., N. Africa), meeting, junction, e.g.

Magrem el Buhur, ' the meeting of the waters,* the

Arab, name of No L. See Bahr.
Magu iesiva (S. Cape, Neio Guinea), tide (flowing).
Magura (litnnanian), a wooded height (Mgr.)
Mah& (Sansc, Hind.), great, e.g. Mahanadi. See Vadi
Mahal (Arab.), place, building, house, mansion.
Mahal el kufr (Egyptian Sudan), old ruins. See Knfr.
Mahallah (Cent. Asia) a quarter of a town.
Mahanke (Indian, U.S.A.), earth, land.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 289

Mahareb {Wadai), the round bell-shaped huts of Wadai,
made of reeds, as opposed to Eeri, the Wadai name
for the portable Arab huts.

Malii-yan (Sansc), a large forest. See Tan.

Mahifohifo (Nine, Polynesia) ^ west. For other points see
Tokilaa.

Mahigen (Arab.)^ a whirlpool, eddy.

Malgar (Arab.), rocks which impede the current of a
stream.

Mahmsa (Arab,), a garrison or fortified place.

Mai (Bantu), water ; probably not originally Bantu, but
from Arabic Ma.

Mai (Motumotu, New Guinea), river.

Mai (Siam), new.

MaidaiL (Arab., Pers., India, Abyssinia), plain, open field,

place d'armes.

„ (Marocco), an open space on which to practise

horsemanship, usually found in front of every

castle.. This is the original meaning, from Arab.

mada, meda, to be moved or agitated.

MaYen (Upper Nile), bush, tall grass.

Mai&di (Hausa). See Fadi.

Ma^e (Kilimane, Bantu). See Qe.

Mai-ma (China), trade, e.g. Maimachin, ^ trade town,'
near Kiakhta ; chin = town.

Maing (Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub-
district capital. Another form of Meng (q.v.)

Maiiyi (dialect of Bantu). See Mansi.

Mainya, pi. of Baba (Hausa), great.

Maio (Fula). See Mayo.

240 GLOSSARY OF GEOGR.\PHICAL

Kftireveina {Motu, Neiv Grubiea), east.

Maison {Fr.), house (M°»).

Xaiya (Equatorial Nile), a backwater, e.g. Kaiya Bita
Signorai named after the great traveller Mi^'
Tinn<i. Another form is Kaya (q.v,)

Hajani {Swahili), See Jaxii.

Xigen (Arab.), a natural reservoir.

(Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ji.

Makali {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), bitter,

e.g, Marenga Kakali (Biver)=s bitter water. Hu

KaU.
Makan (Arab.), a house, dwelling.
Xakani {Galla), a village. From the Arab, makan (?\
Makao, Makazi, Makani (Stcahili). See Kao, Kasi, Kani.
Makaya (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kaya.
Makazi {Sivahili). See Kazi. For other forms si(

Makao.
Makbar (Arab.), burying-place, tomb, monument.
Makhade (Arab.), a ford.
Makkoren ( IVest Sudan), great, large, e.g. AutelMakkoren:

Imakoren, ' large island * formed by the Niger

River.
Makop (Bali, Kamerun), wood, forest.
Makro (Greek), long, e.g. Makri Yalo, a bay in Crete.
Makta (Arab.), a ford.
Makiia, Makwa (A-Zande), river, stream.
Makuni (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kimi.
Mai (Ilung.), mountain, e.g. Kiralyiiial=K0idg8berg.
Mai (Fan, French Congo). See Szal.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEBMS 241

Mala, pi. of Buala (Loango). See Ala.

Mala (Slav.), little. Cf. Malo, MaU, Maly.

Maladrerie (Fr.), lazaretto (Mai'*).

Malai (Tamul), mountain, hill.

Malaila {Mekeo, New Guinea) , north.

Malan (Hind.), a path.

Malang, Mallang {Malay), rocks visible at high water,

e.g. Malang Sakit Mata.
Malanga (Nine, Polynesia), south. For other points see

Tokilaa.
HalasM (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyasi.
Mali (Chin Hills), great, e.g. Mali Kha, * great river,' the

Myit Gyi of the Burmese. Cf. Hmai. See Myit,

Oyi, Kha.
Mali (S. Slavonic), little. Cf. Malo, Mala, Maly.
Mali (W. Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic),

hippopotamus, e.g. Malinke, the people whose fetish

or idol is the hippopotamus. See Ke, Nke; cf.

Bamba, Sa.
Maliba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Liba.
Maliba mokm (Upper Nile), river, stream.
Malifa (Bakundu, Kavierun). See Lifa.
May (Alba7iian), mountain range.
Malka (Galla), a river. Cf. Melka.
Malmala (Hind.), brackish (water).
Malnad (India, Mysore), hill country, applied generally

to the Manjarabad and Nagar ranges.
Halo (Buss., Servian), small, e.g. Malo Jezero, * little lake.'

Cf. Mala, Mali, Maly. See Jezero.
Maloa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda). See Loa.

R

*242 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Maly {Buthenian), small (ML), e.g. Maly Ksiaz, X.

Cracow. Cf, Mala, Mali, Malo.
Mamakating {Indian, U.S.A.), a great standing kr

mound.
Mambo (Zambezia), chief, king.
Mamelon (Fr.) lit. pap, breast ; a rounded hill.
Man (Celtic), district, e.g. Manchester. See Chester.
Man {Korea), bay, e.g. Nan-to-Man = Goshkevich bay.
Man {Shan States) , a village.
Man {Shan States), new, e.g. Man-Maw, 'New-Markit

the Shan name for Bhamo. See Bha, Maw.
Man {Tamul), earth, land.

Mana {Bambara), a cliff, e.g. Manaule, ' red cliff.' Sec
Mana \

kaMana

'Iff r (^^'^^- Africa, dialects of Bantu), river, lake.

muMana /

-Mana, -Manavi {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a suft-l

meaning * little.'
Mana {S. Cape^ New Guinea), wind.
Manahinj {Indian, U.S.A.), a spring.
Mananga {Gazaland), sandy waterless tracts, above th^

level of the river valleys, covered with thors]

scrub. See Nanga.
Mananyaro {Amis, Formosa), a village.
Manarokta {Indian, U.S.A.), forest, wood.
Manasi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Dinyafl
-Manavi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See -Mana.
Manbate {Sara, Chad L.), a house made of wood.

Be.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 243

Mandal (Hind.), a fountain ; a port, harbour.

Mandal {Hind.), circle, sphere; the solar disk; the

heavens ; a round tent ; a district ; from Sansc.

mandanla, a disk.
Mandan {Deccan), the world.
Mandap {Swnsc., Hind.), a shed ; temple, pavilion.
Mandhi {Sansc, Hind.), a cottage ; small temple ; shrine ;

hermit's cell.
Mandi {Hind.), market ; a shop, storehouse for sale of

goods by auction or on commission.
Handing {Wolof), a desert, wilderness.
Mandir {Sansc, Hind.), house, mansion, palace, temple.
Mane {Sara, Chad L.), water, cf. Tutu ; river, cf. Ba.
Hanene {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Nene.
u Mango {Kafir), the ridge of a country; an elevated

tract of land.
Mangrullo {Spanish 8. America), watch-tower, a signal

staff fixed in the branches of a tree.
Manhattan {Indian, U.S.A.), rapids.
Mania {Banjan, Kameriin), water.
Manigua {Cuba), a tropical forest.
Mai\ji {Bali, Kamerun). See Nji.
Mankala {Arab.), a day's journey; a halting-place ; a

way through mountains. Cf. Manzil.
Mankiala {Fin.), isthmus.

Manse {Low Latin, mansa, a farm), a house or dwelling
with or without land ; a dwelling-house reserved for
a minister ; Capital Manse, a manor-house.

d, Manzi, Menzi, Amensi, Amazi, Minzi, Amaji, Maji,

Mazi, Mezi, Madzi, Mainji, Mari {Gent. Africa,

R 2

244 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

dialects of Bantu) ^ water. See Hzi, Vd, Dd, Ji

Bi, Zi, Mazi.
HanUase {Gold Coast), a subordinate town ; a dependeni

of a leading town.
Manufacture (Fr.), factory (Manuf").
Manyasi {Ceiit, Africa , dialect of Bantu). See IMiiyasi.
Manyata (East Africa, Masai), the villages of the Masai.
Manza (Senegambia), a king or sovereign, hence Kaua-

manza) ' chief of the emigrant Kassa people/ cor-
rupted into Kasamansa, or Casamance.
Manzana {Spanish S. America), a block of houses in the

form of a square, there being a street at each

side.
Manzi {dialect of Bantu). See Nzi.
Manzil {Arab.), a day*s journey; an inn; a dwelling;

boundary. From Nazala=to alight. Cf the other

forms Menzil, Munsil, Hankala.
Mao {Fula). See Mayo.
Maol {from Gaelic maol, bare), a headland, e.g. Maol

Dubh, in Loch Leven. See Dubh.
Ma pa {Indian, U.S.A.), water.
Mape {Mekeo, New Guinea), coast.
Mar (Abba, N.W. of Rudolf L.), a road.
Mar (Arab.), a saint (Christian).
Mar (Sp., Port.), sea. Cf Mare, Mer, Mari, Mere.
Mar (Woloj), a stream. i

Mara (A-Zande), iron, applied to ferruginous districts.
Marabut (North Africa), a saint ; monk ; a monument

erected in honour of a saint, generally a chapel

or shrine with a cupola.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 245

i, Warafiari. See Baflari.

Marago {Ki-Mrima, East Africa). See Bago.
Maraira {Maiva, New Guiiiea), north wind.
Marairana {Kabadiy New Guinea)^ north wind.
MaraiB (Fr.), swamp, marsh (M*).
Marakat {Arab.), a shoal with soft bottom.
Maraovai (MotumotUy New Guinea)^ tide (flowing).
Marca (7^.), boundary, frontier, a loan word. See Mark.
March {Eng., Scot.), border, frontier ; cf. the * Warden of
the Marches.* From A.S. mearc (whence the
border kingdom of Mercia) and Goth, marka (whence
the Marcomanni, the ' border men '). See Mark.
Marcli^ (Ft.), market.

Mare {Rumania), great, e.g. Stobodzieya Mare, on Fruth B.
Mare {Fr.), pool, pond.

Mare {It.), sea. Cf. Mar, Mer, Marl, Mere.

Marea {Mawa, New Guinea), sacred house or platform.

Marea {Sp.), tide; sea-shore.

Marie {Fr.), tide.

Maremma {It.), down, fen, salt-water marsh.

Marenga. See Benga.

Marevo {Buss.), mirage.

Harfag {Arab., N. Africa), promontory, cape. Cf. Menkeb.

Harhaiya. See Marhi.

Marlii {Hind.), a variant of Mandhi {q.v.)

Marl {dialect of Bantu). See Mansi.

Marl {Fin.), sea. Cf Mar, Mer, Mare, Mere.

Harigot {Senegal), a corrupted Jolof word, shallow
creek, arm of a river. Cf. Faddama, Adar-n-Eghirreu,
Bejl, Bra, Bot-ho. Now used in French works.

246 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Marina {It.), sea-coast, shore, strand.

Maijal (Sp.), fen, woodland, marsh.

Mark {Indo-European), a boundary, e,g, Benisii

Altmark; Mercia, the ' Marches.' Is cognate ? i

Lai. margo, margin, frontier.
Mark {Scotland), a forest, e.g, Markinch, ' the f« r.i

island.' See Inch.
Markaz {Arab.), a halting-place.

Markt (Ger.), market-place, e.g. Henmarkt, * Newniart :
Marmaro {Hausa), source, spring.
Mame (Fr.), clay, marl.
Marra {Galla), house, dwelling.
Marraraba {Ilausa), bifurcation (whether of road? i

streams), division, equal division, half way. ^-i

Baba.
Marsa {Arab.), a port, e.g. Marsala, Marsa Zafiran.
Marsch {Ger.), marsh, moor.
Mart (Hung.), bank, shore, coast.
Martha, Marta {Nestorian Christian), village, hamlet.
Mam {Sansc.), a region destitute of water, desert, sand>,
Marwa {Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), quartz.
Marz {Pers.), region, district.
Mas {Provence), small country house (M.)
Masa {Rtibiana, Solomon Is.), a reef.
Masabki {Hausa), a lodging-place.
Masakin {Arab.), mansions, habitations.
Masalik {Arab.), ways, paths.
Masanza {Congo, dialect of Baritu). See Sanza.
Masar {Cent. Asia), a saint's tomb.
Masara {Arab.), a mill.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 247

Hadihad (Arab.), a burying-place, monument.

Hashrik (Arab.), the east. See Matla. In Hind, Mashrak.

doHasi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mazi, Domasi.

Hasidi (Hausa), inn, resting-place.

Masika (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sika.

Masima {Swahili). See Sima.

Maffjid (Arab.), a mosque.

Haskara (Arab.), a camp.

Maslak (Arab.), a path, track.

MasBa-diuru )

[ (Mande), capital. See Dogu, Su.

Hasseria (J^.), a farm (Mass*^).

Hassstab (Ger.), scale (of a map).

Hasua (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Isoa.

HasQinba (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Sninba.

Maswa (Arab.), a dwelling, habitation.

Mat (Swiss), a field, e.g. Andermat; same as Matt.

,r. .' ^ ^ bush, thicket, copse.
Mata (Sp.), j

Mata (Barotonga, Polynesia), great.

Matadi (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Tadi.

Matal (Carolines), waterways.

Matala (Fin.), a reef.

Ma-tau (China), jetty, port.

Ma-teu (China), mouth, estuary.

Math (Albanian), great.

Matiu (Maiva, New Guifiea), a tree.

Mati (Marovo, Solomon Is.), sand.

„ (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a reef.

Matiyata (Sansc), arable land.

•248 GI/)SSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Matla (Arab.)j the east. See Oharb, Said, Manhrilr. •

Mutli.
Matsi, Matsn {Japan), town, village, e.g. ICatsaye ::i

Shimane, Matsnda near Tokyo.
Matswerero {Girijaina). See Tswerero.
Matt (Swiss), a meadow, e.g. Andermatt, sometiiLH

spelled Mat.
Ma-tu (Chifia), a road constructed in Europe-oi

fashion.
Mata (Samoa), north wind ; Itu i Matn, north, i'.>

* north side/ For other points see Sasa^e, Sisifo,

Tonga.
Matuntugge (Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh.
Mauch (Gaelic magh), a plain, e.g. Manchline, 'the plain

with the pool ' ; cf. Machar, Magh. See Lin.
Maudzu (dialect of Bantu). See TJdzu.
Mauer (Ger.), a wall.
Hauna (Polynesia), mountain; other forms are Mana,

Maunga, Manga.
Mauta (Motumotu, New Guinea), south-east wind.
Mavro (Xeo-Greek), black, e.g. Mavri Thalaasa, the ' Black

Sea.'
Maw (Burma), a market, e.g. Bhamo, properly Bha-maw.

' New-market.' See Bha, Man.
Mawa (Arab.), dwelling, abode, habitation.
Mawarid (Arab.), a watering-place. See Ma.
Mawn (Kwenam), a hill.
Mawr, Mor (Celtic), great, e.g. Fenmaenmawr, Benmore.

See Ben, Fen, Maen.
Maya (Albanian), mountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 249

Maya {Upper Nile), a name applied to the shallow

lagoons formed in the swamps, which bound the

lower Bahr-eJ-Jebel. See Maiya.
Mayak (Buss.), a lighthouse, beacon tower.
Mayo {Fula)y a river, e.g. Mayo Kebi; other forms are

Mao, Maio.
Haz- (Pers), mountain, e.g, Mazandaran, 'within the

mountains/
Mazar (E. Turk.), a saint's tomb.
Mazaraat (Arab.), cultivated lands.
Mazi {Lusinga, Ch^da, Uganda). See Zi.
aMazi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. For other

forms see Manri, Si, Zi.
Haziko {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ziko.
biMbali {Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bali.
Mbambi {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bambi.
Mbanga {Ghazal region), royal station, zeriba.
Mbanza {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Banza.
Mbeka {Congo), precipice, cliff.
Mbel {Serer,* Senegal), lake, marsh.
Hbenge (Kamerun), west. See Fongo.
Mbewe {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Bewe.
Mbia {A'Zande), a mountain.
Mbin {Serer, Senegal), house, dwelling.
Mbira {Giryama). See Bira.
muHbo {Lu-Wanga, Uganda), west.

Mboka {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Boka.
Mbotu {Marovo, Solomon Is), hill. Cf. Mbutn.
Mbu {Congo), sea, ocean.
Hbna {Kamerun), rain.

250 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Mbnlangiana {GongOy dialect of Bantu), See Bnlangu:

ICbimga {Sara, Chad L.), a tree. Cf, Kag^.

ICbntu {Ku stage, Solomcm Is.), hill. (7/1 ICbotu.

Mchenga (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Chengs

Mclio(JB. ^/rica), occasional showers which fall thr«^
a month or six weeks in June and July.

Mdima (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See I>iiiLa. Des^

Hdo (Tibet), the end of a valley, confluence.

Me (At tie, Ivory Coast), running water, river.

He (Nigeria), palm oil, e.g. Bafam-me = the portion I
Bafam where palm oil may be collected. See KaWj

Me (Siam), a river, e.g. Menam, Mekong.

Me (Songhai), bank of a river.

Me (Tibet), low country.
akaMe (Congo, dialect of Bantu), water.
go Me (Nik a), an overhanging rock.

Mea {Cambodia), gold.

Mea (Motumotu, Netv Guinea), cloud.

Mea (Rotunia, Polynesia), small.

Meal (England, East Coast), a sandhill.

Meall (Gaelic), a lump, e.g. Meall Beg island.

Meban (Fan, Frowh Congo). See Aban.

Meben (Fan, French Congo). See Aben.

Meboli (Fan, French Congo). See Aboli.
kaMecM (Ketosh, Eastern Uganda), water.

Medalla (Lomtce, Mozambique), road.

Medine (Arab.), city, ranking above Borj (a town):
another form of Madina (q.v)

Medzim (Fan, Frowh Congo), water.

Meer (Ger.), sea, e.g. Schwarzes Meer, 'the Black Sea.'

'*i.

AXD TOPOaRAPHICAL TERMS 251

Meerbnsen (Ger.), a gulf.

Meerenge (Ger.), a strait, eng= narrow.

Me fan (Fan, French Congo). See Afan, Fan.

Megalo {Greek). See Megas.

Megas, -ale, -alo (Greek), great, e.g. Megalokhorio in

Eurytania, Megalo Voumo Mt. Cf. Magas. See Ehorio.
Megh-agam, Megh-kal (Sansc), the rainy season.
Megheta (Arab.), a natural cistern, generally in the bed

of a wadi. Cf. Ain, Bir.
Megisknn (Hudson Bay region), a fish-hook, a name

given to a branch of a river, from its shape.
Meha {Ghazal region), the lagoons formed by the river

overflowing its banks ; called also Fnla. Cf.

Mela.
Mehareg {Arab., N. Africa), a burnt place, a denuded

spot, a depression without outlet surrounded by

vertical clififs.
Mehm {Indian, California), water.
Mei (China), coal.
Meidan, Medan (Pers.), plain, a plain open space.

Corrupt Persian forms of Maidan (q.v.)
Heierhof (Ger.), farm.
Mejaz (AraJb.), a ford, a ferry. Cf Makta.
Mejebed (Arab.), a caravan route, composed of several

MraYr (q.v.)
Mejra (Arab.), a canal, channel, stream, current.
Kekam (Arab., N. Africa), a space surrounded by stones

in honour of a saint.
Mekebb (Arab.), an affluent.
Hel (Buss.), a shoal.

252 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Mel {Somali), place. The Somali article is a, i, oru,
always placed after the word and connected with
it by certain letters, in this case by t, thus melta,
melti, meltu ; further, the combination It is always
changed into ah, thus, mesha = mesM = meshn =
the place. Gf, Le.

Mela {Ghazal region), the lagoons formed by the river
overflowing its banks = Meha (q.v,)

Melahtei (Nubia), bare, e.g. Jebel Melatei, 'bare moun-
tain.'

Melaina {Greek). See Melas.

Melas, -aina, -an {Greek), black, e.g. Cape Melano.

Melha {Marocco), salt.

Meli {Fan, French Congo), See All.

Meli {Senegal), free, opp, to Aswanek, subject, e.g. Melinke.
the free people.

Melka {Arab.), confluence, junction.

Melka {Galla, Abyssinia), a ford. Cf. Malka.

Melki {Buss.), shallow.

Mellah {Marocco), the Jewish quarter of a town.

Mellem {Da., Nor.), middle, e.g. Seen Mellem Smaaldene.
in Vordingborg bay.

Melli {Senegal). See Meli.

Melnitto {Buss.), a mill.

Melrir {Algeria, Tunisia), quicksand, e.g. £fhott Melrir.
See Shott. Pronounced by the Arabs Melghigh. Cf.
Bhat=OIiat. Should be spelled Melrhirh or Mehir.

Melugh {Fan, French Congo). See Lugh, Alugh.

Memnite {Indian, California), a lake.

Men {China), a gate, e.g. Ta Men Chie, 'main gate street.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 258

Mena {Madagascar)^ red, e.g. Ampasimena, ' on the red

sand,' Ambatomena, 'at the place where the red

rock is.' See An, Pasi, Bato.
Menda (Fan, French Congo). See Hda.
Hendere {Mossi^ French Sudan), source, spring.
Hendhra {Arab.), a post of observation.
uMendo {Zulu, Kafir), a highway, a public road.
Menea {Arah.), a strong castle difficult of approach.
Meng {Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub-
district capital. See Menng, Mong, Muong.
Mengku {Mongol), a snowy peak.
Mengub {Arab,, N. Africa), dug out with a pick ; a

place where there is a subterranean watercourse

pierced for water.
Menhel, pi. Menahel {Arab.), a place for watering

cattle.
Menhir {Brittany), a large raised stone or monolith

dating from the New Stone Age. From Celtic

maen, stone ; hir, long.
Menikon {Indian, U.S.A.), a town, village.
Menkeb {Arab., N. Africa), promontory, cape. Cf

Mar&g.
Mennikere {Indian, U.S.A.), sea.
Henotene {Indian, U.S.A.), a town.
Henzen {Fan, French Congo). See Hzen, Zen.
aMensi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water; for

other dialects see Mansi.
Menzi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. Cf.

Mansi.
Menzil {Arab.) See Manzil.

254 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Mer (Fr.), sea, e.g. Mer Morte, ' the Dead Sea/
Merabut {Tripoli)^ a saint's tomb^Marabut of Algeni.
Merageb {Arab., N. Africa). See Mergeb.
Merah (Malay), red, e.g. Cape Merah, ' Bed Ca[eJ

Borneo and Java.
Meraku (Tamul), west ; for other points see YadakkiL
Mercato (It.), market-place.
Mere {Anglo-Saxon, Eng.), a lake, marsh, e.g. Meney,

Windermere ; cognate with Welsh mor ; Lai.

mare ; Ger. meer.
Mergeb, pi. Merageb (Arab., N. Africa), a culminating

point ; hill ; look-out. Cf. Merkeb, really the same

word.
Merima (Swahili). See Rima. Cf. Lima.
Merj (Arab.), meadow, plain.
Meijah-tue (Arab.), marsh, bog.
Merkeb (Sahara), hill, mound, lit. a high seat, e.g.

Merkeb Said n AU. Cf Mergeb.
Mers, Mersa (Arab.), anchorage, port ; another form of

Marsa.
Mesa (Sp.), flat or level surface on the top of a hill or

mountain, tableland ; a landing-place, lit. a table.
„ ((7.S.^.), a flat- topped mountain bounded on at

least one side by a steep cliff.
Meses (Neo-Greck), north-east. For other points see

Boreas.
Mesha, Meshi, Meshu (SoJtiali). See Mel.
Meshera (Arab., N. Africa), a pond, pool.
Meshgeg, ^Z. Meshgegin (Arab., N. Africa), clayey soil.
Mesh-hed (Arab.) See Mashhad.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 255

Meshra (Arab.), wharf ; port ; a ford ; watering-place

for cattle, e.g. Meshra er-Eek.
Meahta (Arab.), winter quarters.
Mesita {Sp., U.S.A.), a small Mesa {q^v.)
Heqid (Arab.), a mosque.
Meso (Hung.) See Mezo.
Mesogh {Fan, French Congo). See Sogh.
Meson {Sp.), an inn, tavern.
Mesos {Greek), middle, e.g. Mesopotamia, ' the land

between the rivers.* See Potamos. Cf. Doab.
Metagh {Fan, French Congo), soil, earth.
Mitairie {Fr.), small farm (Met**^).
Metallef {Arab., N. Africa), labyrinth, difl&cult passage.
Metamore {Marocco), a granary.
Metemma {Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a hollow or

bottom.
Meuang {Siam), a state.
Menng {Shan States), district, or chief town of a

district =Mong. See Meng, Mnong.
Meya {Fan, French Congo). See Aya.
Meyua {Fan, French Congo). See Ajnia.
Mezemelin {Arab., N. Africa). See Smala.
Mezi {dialect of Bantu), See Mansi.
Mezo {Hung.), field. Sometimes misspelled Meso.
Mezrah {Arab.), sown land, arable land.
Mfalme {Swahili). See Falme.
Mfinda {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Finda.
Mfdmu {dialect of Bantu), See Fumu.
Mgabe, pZ. Egbe {Chamba), a large river.
Mgbenn, pi. Egbenn {Basari), large river.

256 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Xgud (Lusinga, Chulay Uganda). See

Mgo (Tibet), head, source of a river. ,

Mg^da {Swahili, Yao). See Ounda.

Mhari (Deccan), house, mansion, palace.

Xhita (German East Africa), See Hitu. '

Mi (Cambodia), good, e.g. Mi-hoa, ' good aJliance/ - \

Bao-thuan.
Mi (Lola, China), earth, land, soil.
Mi {Indian, California), a house ; To Mi, a village.
Mi (Terauye, Sahara), water. See Eyi.
Mia (Arab., N. Africa), a hundred; e.g. Wad Mia b

the wad of a hundred affluents or a handrei

sources.
Mia (Syriac), water, e.g. Mia Khwara, *the white

water.*
Mian (Pcrs.), middle, e.g. Miandoab or Marhametabad ic

N.E. Persia. See Boab. Cf Mesopotamia.
Mianzi (Swahili), bamboos or large reeds, e.g. Mianrini.
Miao, Miau (Tibet, China), a temple, e.g. Lama Miao,

* Lama temple.*
Mibar (Arab.), pass; ferry, ford. ;
Mic (liiummian), little (Mc.) Cf. Mien.
Miehi (Japan), road, path.
Michi-ahiwo (Japan), flood-tide. See Shiwo.
Mica (Rumania), small. See Mikros, Mie.
Midden (Dch.)^ middle, e.g. Midden Beemster. Cj-

Mittel.
Midzn (Japan), water, fresh water as opposed to sea

water. Another form is Mitsn. Cf. TImi,
Midza«umi (Japan), freshwater lake. See Umi, Midza.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 267

Higha {Fan, French Congo). See Dzigha.

Hiho {LolOf China) f earth, soil, land.

Mijlpaal (Dch.), a milestone, lit mile-^o^g. Cf, MilepsBl.

Mikagano (Lomwe, Shirwa Z/.)» a boundary.

Mikha (Pula, China), earth.

Kikoiigo (Cent Africa), forest, bush.

Mikong*e {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kong'e.

Hikrot, a, on {Greek), little, small, e.g. Mikros Han

loannis on the Gulf of Saloniki.
MilepsBl {Da., Nor.), a milestone (M.) Cf. Mijlpaal.
Mimana {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mnmana.
Mimipik {Indian, U.S.A.), pond, pool.
Min {China), the people. Cf Jin.
Mina (Sp., Ital., Port.), a mine.
Minami {Japan), south = Nan {q.v. for other points).
Hinamoto {Japan), source, spring.
Hinar {Arab.), minaret, obelisk.
Hinato {Japan), haven, harbour, port.
Mine {Indian, U.S.A.), water, e.g. Minnehalia, laughing

water.'
Mine {Japan), peak, summit ; mountain.
Mine, Minet {Arab.), harbour, port.
Minhaj {Arab.), highway, road ; a wide street.
Minhal {Arab.), a watering-place.
Miniake {Indian, U.S.A.), good land.
Miniera {It.), a mine.
Minster {England, a monastery; from A.S. mynster,

contract, of Lat. monasterinm.
Mintik {Berta, E. Sudan), a pass.
Minzi {dialect of Bantu). See Inzi.

S

258 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hiongo (Congo) f highlands.

Mipaka (dialect of Bantu), See Hpaka.

Mir (Pers.), a mountain, e.g, Mir Kalan, * big mounts

Miri (Motumotu, New Guinea), beach, shore.

Mirigini (Motu, New Guinea), north wind.

Mirim (Brazil), little, e.g. Lagana Mirim.

Miruru (Motumotu, New Guinea), wind.

His, Mio8 (New Guinea), island.

Misaki (Japan), cape, promontory. See Saki.

Misezo (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ibeio.

Misks (Londonderry), the ridges of bog, which alt^mat'

with ridges of sand, called Bryms, on the seaI)oara

near Lough Foyle.
Misr (Arab.), Egjrpt, Cairo ; any large city.
Missidi (French Guinea), a mosque.
Mitang (Hu-ni, China), a mountain.
Miti (Indian, U.S. A.), a town.
Miti, Mnti, pi. of Mti (Zambezia), trees.
Kitija (Arab.), a plain crowned by mountains.
Mitsa (Hu-ni, China), earth, land.
Mitsanga (Giryama), sandy soil.
Mitsum (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a forest, wood.
Mitsu-umi (Japan), freshwater lake. Mitsn is another

form of Midzu (q.v.) See TTmi.
Mittel (Ger.), middle, between (Mt.), e.g. IGttelmeo

= the Mediterranean Sea. Cf. Midden.
-Mint (Eskimo). See -Mute.
Miya (Japan), a temple.

Miyi (Somaliland), jungle ; Miyigi, * the jungle.*
ji, pi. Miji (Swahili), a village.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 259

Hjnng {Tibet) y below ; embouchure.
(Tibet), a fort.

{Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kuka.
Mlango {E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lango.
Mlet {Chinbon), a river, e.g. Mlet Alyen, * the big river.'
Mlezo, pi. Hilezo {Swahili), a buoy.
mima {E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lima.

__ {Slavonic), a mill (M.), e.g. Hlinek.
Mlyn)

Ko {China), sea, e.g. Shamo, 'the sand sea/ i.e. Gobi.

Ho {Indian, U.S.A.), a spring.

Koadya {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Adya.

Moana {Fahaofu, Polynesia), sea.

Modara {Singalese), mouth of a river.

Modder {Dch.), mud, e.g. Modder Biver.

Moel {Wales), a bare hill summit with a conical outline,

e.g. Hoel Siabod.

Hoelje {Dch.), a mole.

Moeras {Dch.), marsh, bog, morass ; from iiioer=moor,

mire ; cf. Ger. Horast.

Hoghreb {Arab.), west. See next entry. See also

Oharb for other points.

Moghreb-el-Aksa {Arab.), far west; the Arab name of

Marocco.

Mogila {Ru^s.), a barrow, tumulus.

Moha {Upper Nile), a mountain.

Kohu {Marovo, Solomon Is.), west wind.

Mohimk {Indian, U.S.A.), great hill. Cf. Hunk.

MoY {Annam), savages, hill-people, equivalent to the

Ka of the Shan States.

s 2

260 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Moi-lie-im (Hainan), market, market-place.

Moinho (Port), a mill.

Mojon (Sp.), a landmark.

Mok {Korea), neck of a hill, e.g. Mok-Pho.

Xoki (Bakundu, Kamerun), a village.

Mole (Fr.), pier, mole.

Molen (Dch.), a mill, e.g. Molendqk.

Molhe (Port.), mole, pier.

Molima (Swahili), a hill. See Lima. Cf. Bima.

Molino (It, Sp.), a mill (M'').

MbUe (Da., Nor.), a mill.

Molo {It), pier, mole.

Momasa {Mossi, French Sudan), grass.

Honadh {Gaelic), hill, e.g. Xonadh Liadh, Inverness.

Xonadnock {U.S.A.), an isolated hill or mountain nsinc
above a plain.

Honaster {Ireland, Greece), a monastery, e.g. Konss-
terevin. Cf. Minrter, and Fr. Monastire.

Hond, Monde {Dch.), mouth of a river, e.g. Dendermoni^
Cf. Mund.

Monde {Fr.), world.

Mone (Mentawei), a plantation.

Money {Ireland), a brake or shaw ; from Irish muinei

e.g. Moneymore.
Mong {Burma), a town of the fourth order or sub-
district capital. See Meng, Meong, Muong.
„ {Shan States), district or chief town ot ^
district.
Mongo {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Ongo.
Mongwa {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ongwa.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 261

Moni {Gaelic monadh), a hill, e,g, Honimail, properly
Monadli-Maoly ' bare hill ' ; Monifleth, properly
Monadh-Feidh, ' hill of the deer.* See MaoL

Mono (Sara, Chad L,), small.

Monsoon. See Hxudn.

Mont (Fr., Gaelic), a hill (M*).

Montagna {It), a mountain range (M^°*).

Montagne {Fr.), a mountain (M»***).

Monte {It, Port,, Sp,), a mountain (M.) ; also (Sp.)
wood, forest.

Moor, Hore {England), peaty land, marsh ; e.g. Black-
more; from A,S, mdr, cognate with Old Ger, muor.

Mor. See Mawr.

Morast {Ger.), morass, marsh. Cf. Moeras.

Morder {Arab.), a deep pool.

More {Gaelic mbr), great ; e.g. Olen More. Cf. Mawr.

More {England). See Moor.

More {Buss.), sea.

MorfjEt, Morva {Welsh), a marsh, e.g. Pemnorfa.

Morfog {Arab., N. Africa), a bend in a river; a bend in
a valley where there is vegetation.

Mori {Japan), a wood.

Mome {American), small mountain.

Morros (Venezuela), hills on the Savannah.

Morva. See Morfa.

Moryana {Buss.), a sea breeze.

Morzhesovia {Buss.), a walrus island.

Kosea {Gold Coast), gravel.

Mobs {Anglian), a bog; e.g. Chat Moss, Ooldsitch Moss;
from A.S. meos; cf. Ger. moos.

262 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Host (Slavonic), a bridge ; e.g. Babimost

Mot {Mongol), many, e.g. Oolmot, ' many rivers.' See Od

Mo ta {Ifidian, Calif or7iia), a town.

Motu (Polynesia), island, e.g. Motu-iti, 'little island.'

Motnn (Mongol), a tree.

Mouillage (-Fr.), anchorage.

Moulin (Ft.), a mill (M^°).

Moutiers (Old Ft.), a monastery. From Lat. through

Provencal Mostier, e.g. Moutiers-les-MauxilEdts.
Mouvementi (Fr.), undulating (ground).
Moya (Shilluk, Sobat B. region), a pool.
Moye (Arab.), water.
Mpaka, pi. Mipaka (Swahili). See Paka.
Mpambu (Cmigo, dialect of Bantu). See Pambo.
kiMpambwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). For meaning u(

Eimpambwila.
Mpatantwer (Gold Coast), a steep place.
-Mpiti (Gent. Africa), a suffix meaning * great.'
Mpo-ano (Gold Coast), sea shore, coast. Cf. Hsu-ano.
Mpwa (Swahili). See Pwa.
MraYr, pL of Mrira (Arab.), paths. See Mejebed.
Mrara (Arab.), a cavern.

Mrima (E. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Bima.
Mrira (Arab.) See MraXr.
Mrittika (Sa7isc.), earth, clay, soil.
Msangu (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Sangn.
Mseb (Arab.), the mouth of a harbour or river.
Mser (Arab.), a journey, a road, e.g. Mser ben wafi.
Msezo, Misezd (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Sew.

(Arab.), summer quarters or camp.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 263

Mail {Arab,), current of a river or in the sea.
Msii^je (dialect of Bantu). See Sinje,
Msitn (dialect of Bantu). See Situ.
Mta, pi. Hita (Swahili). See Ta.
Mtengo (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See Tengo.
paMtengo (Zamhezia, dialect of Bantu), woods, in the
woods. See Pa.
Mti, ^Z. Miti (Loango). See Ti.
Vto^pl. Mito (Swahili). See To.
tiMto (Uganda, dialect of Bantu), a forest; lit. trees.
Kto (Turk.), high, lofty.
Mtso (Tibet), lake; is the same word as tso (q.v.), m

being mute.
Mta, pi. Watu (Swahili). See Tn.
Mu-, Hgn- (Cent. Africa, Bantu), a singular prefix
signifying a person ; Mu-ntu, an individual of the
Ba-ntu people. Cf. Ma, Ba
Mu (China), wood, trees.
Mu, pZ. Miu (Congo), the sea.
Mu (Tibet), limit, boundary.
Mua (N. Chin Hills), a hill.
Muakbaah (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), slate-coloured

(of the rocks in the region).
Muang (Malay Pen.), province, township.
Muaong (Khas CJios, Harem, Indo-China), town, village.
Muara (Borneo), river mouth.
Muata (Balunda, Bantu, Angola, and Congo), master,

chief, e.g. Muata Tamvo.
Muba (Kiwai, New Guinea), a cape.
Kuchili, ^Z. Michili (Barotseland, Bantu). See Chili.

264 GLOSSARY OF OEOGR.VPHICAL

Mudandando {Nika), See Bandando.

Madargag {Alibadi, Ethai, Upper Egypt), a hill ri>

steeply from a level plain.
Mudi {Cent. Africa y dialect of Bantu). See IM. Cf. to
Mudir (Turk.), governor of a Hal^j or parisli.
Mudiri, Hudirah {Upper Nile), a prefecture, e.g. of H^^

turn ; an administrative department of a proviu z

The more usual form is the Arab. Mudiria.
Hudzi {dialect of Bantu). See HnBi, Dzi.
Muelle {Sp.), a mole, jetty.
Muen {Taungtha, Arakan), a hill.
Muezi {dialect of Bantu). See Esi.
Mnfamu {dialect of Bantu). See Fnmu.
Mugharah, 2^2- Maghair {Arab.), a cave.
Mahaka {Giryama). See Haka.
Muhani {Hind.), the mouth of a river; channel or be»i

of a river ; an estuary ; confluence of two rivers.
Muhi {Shahpur, Punjab), a clan, being a subdivisioD L>f

a Eom or Zat (tribe).
MuMcbi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Hirfu.
Muhiku {Lomwc, Mozambique), a forest, wood.
MtQile {Ger.), a mill (M.), e.g. Altmlihl.
Mnho {Giryama). See Ho.
Mui {Aiinam), cape, promontory.
Muide (Dch.), mouth, e.g. Ijmoiden.
Hniru {Nika). See Iru.
Mais, Mys {Buss.), a cape, headland.
Mniza {Buss.), country house, villa.
Muk {Eskimo), water; c/. Emuk, Nanimuk.
Mnka {Galla), a tree.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 265

Mnkam (Arab.), a sacred station or shrine.

Muki (Balun, Kamerun), a village.

Mukim (Malay), a parish.

Mukom (Kamerun), slave; a bush-dweller, as opposed

to a coast-dweller.
Mukondo {Nika), See Kondo.
Hnknrri (Kamerun), a mountain.
Hnl {Korea), mountain stream, e.g. Mnl-Kubi in Ham-

gyong.
Molde (Ger.), a Trough (q.v.)
Mulk (Arab., Hind.), kingdom, country.
Mull, Maol (Gaelic), a headland ; e.g. Mull of Cantyre.

See Maol.
Mullen (Irish), a mill, e.g. Mullingar.
Mulonga (dialect of Bantu). See Longa.
Mumana» Mimana, Umbana (Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu), a river. See Mana.
Mumbo (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda). See Mbo.
Mumir (Arab.), passage, pass; ford.
Mumpanga (dialect of Bantu). See Panga.
Mun (Bagirmi), intermittent, e.g. Mun Ba, * the inter-
mittent river.'
Mun (China), a gate. Another spelling is Men (q,v.)
Munara (Giryama). See Nara.
Mund (Da., Nor., Ger.), mouth (of a river), e.g. Swakop-

mund. Cf Mond, see Op. The Sw. form is Mund, Mun.
Munda (Giryama), cultivated ground, a farm, garden.

See Nda.
Mundi (Kamerun), town, land ; opp. to Madiba.
MUndung (Ger.), mouth of a river. See Mund.

266 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Mongar, Mongar (Arab., N. Africa), steep slope at :
extremity of a mountain or plateau.

Mni^a (Kamerun), sea, stream.

Moiyn (Chamba), water.

Munsil (Arab.), camp, bivouac ; the same word as ICftiz

Mttuiter (Ger.), minster {q,v.), e.g. MUnsterberg'.

Munte {Rum.)y mountain, hill.

Muong (Ifido-ChifM, Siam), town of the third or fou-i
order, or capital of a district or sub-district. 1
Laos Muong prefixed to the name of a viK^
denotes that the place is the seat of a native chi?'
These villages are always inhabited by Laotiar
only. Villages without the prefix Muong may i
inhabited by Khas, as the hill tribes are collectivti
called. See Meng, Meung, Mong.

Muongo, Mwongo (Loango). See Ongo.

Mur (Fr.), a wall. Cf. Muro, Muur.

Mura (Japan), a village.

Murabba (IT. Australia), salt water.

MurdM (Sansc, Hhid.), summit, top, head.

Muren, Murin (Mongolia, Tibet), stream, river; lar^^
river, e.g. inan-Muren=the Red River. See Ulan.

Murima (Giryarna), See Bima.

Murira {Ginjama), See Rira.

Muro (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Eo.

Muro (Sjh, ItaL, Port.), a wall. Cf Mur, Muur.

Muronga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Bonga.

Murot (Nandi, Uganda), north. Cf. Kaimen.

MuTui (Mongolia, Tibet), tortuous, e.g. Murui-osu (qshV
* tortuous river,' the upper Yangtse.

AND TOPOaUAPHICAL TERMS 267

Mnnui tsiraka (Madagascar), beach.

Murns {Mongol), river, the river.

MuB {Hind), land along the high banks of rivers.

Mns&flr-khana (Arab., Pers), a house for the reception

of travellers.
Mnsattah (Arab), level ; an open plain.
Musiy Muziy Kigi, TTmnzi, Madzi {Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu), See Dzi, Ji, Si, Zi.
Musiii {Arab), season; whence Eng, monsoon, either

through the Ital. monsone or Span, monzon.
Musinji, Hsiiqe {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See

Sinje.
Musitu {dialect of Bantu). See Mwitn.
Hnskeg {U.S.A), a bog or marsh.
Mnskiiknl {Indian, U.S.A), grass.
Mnskuta {Indian U.S.A), low plains.
Hnsoir {Fr.), mole or pier-head, a term largely used by

engineers.
Mnsselim {Turk), governor of a city.
HiUBim {Mongol), ice. Cf Huz.
-Mut {Eskimo). See -Mute.
Hatatago {Giryama). See Tatago.
-Mute, -Mut, -Mint {Eskimo), people, collection of people,
encampment, e.g. Akmnte, Faimnte, Yachergamnt,
* the Ak, Pai, and Yacherk peoples or villages ' ;
Tnbnktnligmint, * the Tubuktulig people.* See Tnlik.
Kntesarrif {Turk), the governor of a Sanjak {q.v)
Mutesarriflik {Turk), the government of a Mutesarrif, a
Sanjak; also an independent Sanjak, i.e. one not
under a Vali of a Vilayet {q.v)

268 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Mutha {Nika). See Tha.

Ku-ti {China), pasture land.

Mati, Kiti {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu). See TL

Mutii (Kanarese, W, coast of Hindustan), east

other points see Oi.
Mnto {Maviaj Mozambique), river.
Mutfwerero {Giryama), west. Another form is Utive!

See Mwakani.
Mntua, Abataa {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). ^

Taa.
Matalu {dialect of Bantu), See Tola.
Muur (Dch.), a wall. Cf Mar, Mnro.
Muvaka (Nika), See Yaka.
Muvu {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Vu.
Mnvumbi {Giryama). See Vnmbi.
Muvimbi {Giryama). See Vnnbi.
Hawat {Arab.)y waste land.
Muwu, pL Miuwu (Congo), sea, ocean.
Muyisi (Lomice, Shirwa L.), damp ground fitted for tin

growth of rice.
Muz (E. Turk.), ice, e.g. Muitagh, *the ice mounteic.

Cf. MuBsun.
Mnzi {dialect of Bantu). See Muai.
Muzik (Arab.), a strait.

Mvitu {Cenl. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Mwitu.
Mvogh {Fan, French Congo), country, applied to the

territory of a tribe or collection of villages. 0-

Si, Fan.
Mvumi (German East Africa), sand.
Mwago (Gent. Africa, dialect of Bantu)* See Mwango.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 269

Mwakani {Giryama). See Akani.

Mwako {dialect of Bantu). See Ako.

Mwamba (pL Hiamba), Umwamba, Imiamba (Cent. Africa,

dialects of Bantu). See Amba.
Mwana (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ana.
Mwango, Hwago, Mwako (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu) .

See Ango, Ako.
Mwanya (Giryama). See Anya.
Mwe (N. Arakan), hill.
Mwene, TJmwene, Amwene (Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu). See Ene.
Hwljo (Giryama), wilderness ; district once devastated
by war or pestilence and no longer inhabited. See
Ijo.
Mwila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Ila.
Hwinano (Makua, German E. Africa). See Inano.
Mwiru (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Im.
Kwitu, Ma8itii,M8ita,l8itn,Xrmn8ita(C6nt. Africa, dialects

of Bantu). See Witu, Situ.
Hwongo, Huongo (Loango). See Ongo.
Mya- (Zamhezia), a prefix meaning * place.' Cf. Hya.
Myestechko (Buss.), a market town.
Myesto vuigruzki (Ruse.), a landing-place.
Myit (Taungtha, Arakan), river, e.g. Myittha.
Kynydd (Welsh), mountain, e.g. Mynydd Mawr, Car-
narvonshire. See Mawr.
Myo (Burma), town of the second order or provincial
capital.

(Cent. Africa). See Zinda.

270 GLOSSARY OF OEOORAPUICAI.

N

-Va» -Ho, -Hn {Indian, Alaska), a river, e.g. Tm
Tateno, Echeatau. See (Hiaget, Kaget.

Ha (Siam), field ; in Laos, rice field.

Haaki (A-Zande), a wood.

Haam {Arab,)^ a desert.

Naauw (Dch,), narrow, e.g. Vaauwpoort. See Poort

Haauwte {Dch.), pass, defile.

Hab, Habb {England, from Icel, nabbi, a knot), to

summit of a rock or mountain ; a rising ^o*:

e,g. Higher Habb in the Peak district.
Hach {Ger,), to (direction of road) (n.)
Hach {Tangut)y wood, forest.
Had {Mysore) ^Kohh {q.v.)
Hada {Japan)^ inlet, tract of open sea, sea.
Hadaha {Hind,), a canal.
Hadelholz (Ger.), fir, pine woods. See Laubholi.
Hadi {Hind,) a creek, a river; e.g. Hahanadi; see Hab

C/. Hnllah.
Hadi {MotUy New Guinea), stone.
Hadi, pZ. Hadiyo {Pali), a river.
Hadi-tir {Hind.), bank of a river.
Hador, Hazor {Aral.), an observatory.
Hadu {Telegu), a country.
H8B8 {Nor., Da.), ness, cape. Cf. He88, Hens.
Hag {Somali), jungle.
Hagah {Egypt), an encampment, either temporary or

permanent.
Hagai {Japan), long, e.g. Hagai, near Tokyo. See HangaL

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 271

Nagar, Hagari, Haggar (India) , a town, city, e.g.

Ahmadnagar; Nagarkot.
Nagara (Malay). See Negri, Nagri.
Hagaropant (Sansc, Hind.), a suburb. See Nagar.
Naghsal (Mongol), a forest.
Nagor. See Hagar, of which it is a variant.
Hag-po (Tibet), black. Cf. Kar-po.
Hagri (Malay) , town of the second order, or provincial

capital ; borrowed from the Indian Nagar.
Hags (Tibet), a forest.
Kagy (Hung.), great (N.), e.g. Hagy-kbrb's.
Hahig (Arab.), way, road, path. Another form of Hahj.
Vabij, Hahie (Turk.), a parish, a subdivision of a Kaza,

under a Kudir.
Hahiya (Arab.), territory, country, district ; coast, shore.
Balg (Arab.), a road. See Nahaj, which is another form.
Wahr (Arab., Turk.), a river, perennial stream. PI. Anhar.
Hahri (Punjab), land ordinarily irrigated by canals. Cf.

Chahi.
Bai (Ainu, Sakhalin), river, e.g. Poronai, * Big river.*
Nai (Korea), mountain stream, e.g. Kui-Hai.
Naig (Indian, U.S.A.), sand.

Haiposha (Masai, East Africa), lake ; another form of
Haivasha, the p sound being changed to the / (v)
sound.
HaM (Mossi, French Sudan), capital town.
Nairobi (Masai, East Africa), cold water; name of a

station on the Uganda railway.
Naistan (Pers.), a sugar plantation.
Naivasha (Masai, East Africa), a lake, name of a lake

272 GLOSSARY OF GEOGR-VPHICA L

and railway station in Eastern Uganda

Haipofha.
Vaiiar (Pers.) See under Hamfin.
Viyi (MossOf China), black water.
H^jwah (Arab,), shoal, sandbank. Cf. Xinasat.
Vak (Indian, U.S.A.), land, earth, soil.
Vaka {Japan), middle. See next entry for examp
Vaka luni {Japan), inland sea. See TTmi.
Hakb {Arab.), col, saddle.
Vakhil (Arab.), a date grove.
HakhBa {Eskimo, Smith Sound), fiat country.
Hakla {Arab.), a subordinate village belonging t:

estate.
Hala {Hind.), a ravine, rivulet, canal, gutter, furr:-

anglicised Hnllah.
Hall {Punjab), long narrow depressions. C/- Vahal-
Nallo {Nissan I., New Guinea), bush, forest.
Nalu {Aroma, New Guinea), water.
Ham {Chin Hills), a village.
Nam {Korea), south, southern, e.g, Vam-San.
Ham {Mongol, Tibet), heaven, sky, e.g. Drolma HamTse

' the heavenly Lake Drolma.* See Tso.
Ham {Shan States, Siam); river, stream, water, f-'

Ham Kong or Ham Eawng = Salwin B.
Ham {Cho7ig-Chia'tse, YunrUin), earth.
Ham {Ja-Luo, Uga^ida), great water, lake.
Hamaga {Mongol), springs.
Ham-chemut {Hang-chek, Indo-China), sea.
Hamckutu {Mongol), prairie land.
Hamekha, Hamik (Mongol), source, spring, fountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 273

ITamen (Botel Tobago Islands, Forvwsa), a village.
Nam Inong {Black B. region, Indo-China), a river.
Namma {W. Australia), small natural reservoir, formed,

after rain, in the granite formation.
Nammonkoro {Gold Coast), a narrow path, a pass.
Nam-ta {Upper Bed B. region, Indo-China), a river.
Namwago {Lomwe, Mozambique), hill.
Nan {Carolines), place, e,g. Nanmetal, ' the place of Metal
or waterways ' ; Han Molnchai, * the place of cinder
heaps,' left by the workmen who assisted the
demi-gods to construct the breakwater or ring and
the islets within, i.e. the atoll.
Nan {China), south, e.g. Hanking, * the southern capital.'

Cf. Pe, Si, Tung. See King.
Han {Japan), south, southern =Minami. See Hislii, Sal,

Hoku, Kita, Higasi, To for other points. Cf. Ham.
Hana {French Congo), a river.
-Handi {Cent. Africa), See Indu.
Han £etng {Miao-tse, Kwei-chau, South China), south.
For other points see Hgthai Luh.
maHanga {Gazaland, dialect of Bantu). See Mananga.
Hangai {Japan), long ; Tokyo dialect for Hagai (q.v.)
Hanimnk {Eskimo), lake. Cf Mnk, Emuk.
Hant {Cymric), a valley, brook, e.g. Hant-frangcon.
Hanu {Kerepunu, New Guinea), water.
HaoB {Greek), temple, shrine.
Ha po {Indian, California), town, village.
Happa {W. Australia), fresh water.
Happe (JPV.), a sheet (of water).
muHara {Giryama), a tower.

T

274 GLOSSART OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Narok {Masaiy East Africa), black, e.g. Owaso Var:t

* black river/ Cf. Nyiro, Hynki. See Owaao.

Nam (Korea), ferry, e.g. Chyu-lfani in Kang-noD.

Nas {Arab.)f people.

Nas {Somali), breast, a pointed hillock, e.g. Has G«di:j

, * the hillock of the cave.' See God ; i is the anic i

k the joining letter.
Nasala (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt). See "SatHsL
Nasb {Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt) y a bluflf.
Nasoente {Port.), a well or spring.
Nase {Ger.)y a naze, lit. a nose. Cf. "Sew,
NaBheb {Pers.), declivity, hollow.
Nashi {Arab.), the winter north-east winds of 11

Persian Gulf,
ma Nasi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. For otheJ

dialect forms see Dinyasi.
Nasla, Nasala {Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), a peak.
Naslud {Buss.), a pool of water on ice.
Nasua {Botuma, Polynesia), place.
Wat {Hind.), a pillar, obelisk, the Camatic country.
Natenga {Mossi, French Sudan), capital, town.
Natsu {Japan), summer.

Nau-ei {Siam), small. See Nawi, another form.
Naulochos {Greek), harbour.
Naurah {Arab.), a waterwheel.
Naus {Greek), a ship, e.g. Nauplia.
Navam {Tamul, Deccan), rainy season.
Navolok {Buss.), a bluff, cliff.
Nawah {Arab.), environs, district ; coast, shore.
Naw-dan {Pers.), a dock, aqueduct.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 275

Kawi (Siam), small.

Nawng {Siam), a swamp, lake.

Ha yach {Indian, U,S*A,), forest, bush.

Nayak (Indian, U.S.A.) See Hyak.

Nazri-dargah (Arab.), land given as an endowment to

places of religious worship.
Nbia (A'Zande), rock, mountain ; Ifa-nbia, * over rock,*

* flowing over rock,' hence a stream ; thus the term
is frequently applied to rivers, e.g. Nbia Daragumba.

-Hohi {Batta, Benue B. region, Adamawa), a suflix mean-
ing language, Chi in some dialects, e.g. Damanchi,

* the language of the Dama people ' (not to be con-
founded with the Dama people of S. -W.Africa).

Hda, pi. Henda (Fan, French Congo), a native hut.
muHda (Giryama), cultivated ground, a farm.
paHda (Swahili), a bifurcation, whether of roads or
streams.

Hdako (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dako.

Hdala (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dala.

Hdamba (Congo r dialect of Bantu). See Dambn.

Ndap (Bali, Kamerun), a house, dwelling.

Hde (Ibo, Nigeria), the one who, those who, e.g. nde nlo,

* the man in the house,* * the man who has the house,*
' proprietor,* nde ahia, * traders,* * merchants * ; occurs
in many place-names, e.g. Nde Akala, Nde Okpo, &c.

Ndela (Barotseland, dialect of Bantu). See Dela.
Ndema, Mdima (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See

Dema, Dima.
Ndera (dialect of Bantu). See Dera, and for other

forms see Nzila.

T 2

276 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hdimba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Dimba.
lliNdle (Zulu, Kaffir), an uninhabited place, a moor.
Hdo (Congo f dialect of Bantu), See Do.
-Hdo (Cent. Africa). See Indu.
Hdokh (Wolof), water.
Ndomba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Domba.
Ndried (French Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Driei
haNdu, pi, m-Ndu (Kikuyu, Eastern Uganda, Banh

place.
Ndyela (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Dyela.
Ndyia (Maginza, Congo), a road. See Dyia.
Ifdyila (Bangala, Congo), a road. See lyyila.
Vdzea (Mobali, Congo), a road. See Dsea.
We (Tibet), a residence.
Nebak (Arab,), pi, of Nebka (q.v.)
Nebenfluss (Ger,), a tributary stream.
Nebka (Arab.), fine sandy soil; a small dune. P

Nebak.
Neder (Dch.), nether, low, e.g. Koningrijk der Nedei-

landen, the * kingdom of the Netherlands.'
Nedre (Nor.), lower (nd.)
Neg (Wolof), house, cottage.

Nega (Sahara), a bleak open district. See Hamraye.
Negri, Nagara (Malay). See Nagri.
Negro (It,, Port., Sp.), black, e.g. Sio Negro.
Nei (China), inner, e.g. Nei-Hsing-An, * the Inner Khingai^

M'*,* as opposed to Wei-Hsing-An, ' the Outer

Khingan M^\'
Ne-i (Mangbattu), a road.
Nejd (Arab.), highland.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 277

Wek (JDch,), a saddle of land between hills, a col, e,g,

Laing's Nek.
Hekopi (Mangbattu), a mountain.
HemaYo (Mangbattu), river, stream.
Hemiri (Marocco), stones, e.g. Tisi Ncmiri, * the hill of

stones.'
-Hene (Cent*, Africa), ^xxSix, meaning 'great.* Cf. Anene.
i siNene {Zulu, Kafir), the right-hand side.
maHene (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a highway.
luHengenenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a precipice.
Neo, Heos (Greek), new, e,g. Neokastro, * New castle.'
ITepese (Indian, U.S.A.), a lake.
Nepoto (Mangbattu), marsh, swamp.
Nero (Neo-Greek), water.
ITes (Icel.), ness, promontory, e.g. Sneefell Nes. See Fell ;

Sn8B=snow. Cf. Ness, Neus, Nez.
Neskotak (Indian, U.S.A.), bad swamp.
Nesos, Nisi, Nisia (Greek), island, islands.
Ness (Scotland, from Nor. nsBs), a nose, headland. Cf.

Neus, Nes, Nez.
Nen (Ger.), new, e.g. Neu-Brandenborg.
Nens (Dch.), promontory, lit. nose. Cf. Ness.
Nev, Nav, Nau (Pers.), new, e.g. Nevshehr, ' new town.*
Neyado (S. America), a snow-capped peak.
Niv^ (Switzerland), half-solidified snow. Cf Fim.
Nez (Fr.), nose, cape, point, e.g. Blanc Nez. Cf. Ness.
Neza (Arab., N. Africa), a mass of stones to mark the

spot where some one has died.
Nezala (Marocco), inn, caravansery.
Hftuno (Zambezia^ dialect of Bantu). See Fuino.

278 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Hga {Ibo, Nigeria), a place, e.g. Hgahim (for Vga Akd

that place, there ; equivalent to Ibe.
ioMNga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island.
iriHga (Kafir), thorn country, a plot or locality wL-n

the mimosa grows.
paNga (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), country. Foro: J

forms see Fanga.
Ngaa (Sara, Chad L. region), land, earth.
Ngada (Kanuri, Bomu, Chad L. region), the current i

a river.
Hgaita (Eldorobo, Uganda). See Oaita.
Ngalisu (Marovo, Solomon Is.), east wind.
Hga^jam (Kanuri, Bomu, W. of Chad L.), a swami;

shallow creek or backwater, equivalent to I'y.

Hausa Faddama and the Sel of Adamawa.
Ifgan (Anna7n), a river. Cf. Nge, Hgoi.
Hgandu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See OandiL
Hgangau (New Guinea), peace, e.g. Teka Vgangau, 'th

peace of Jesus,* the place where the Inawaia ani

Eboa tribes were reconciled, generally referred t-:

as Yekn (Jesus).
Nganzu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Oann.
Kgari (Masai, East Africa), water, e.g. Vgari na Bynki

* red water.'
Kgas (Serer, Senegal), well, spring.
Ifgas (Tibet), wood, forest.
Ngaufiate (Chad L. region), an encampment.
Hga-ya (Hainan), a prefecture.
Hge (Burma), small, e.g. Hyit Nge. See Myit.
Nge (Burma), a river. Cf. Ngan, Ngoi.

AND TOPOGR/VPHICAL TERMS 279

Ngele {Sara, Chad L, regioyi), grass.

Ngelendu {Wolof), south. See Kharfu.

Ngesa {Fula), field, garden.

Np (MiaO'tse, Kwei-chau, South China), narrow (of

a pass or stream).
Hgila (Usagara, Ger. East Africa, Bantu). See Gila.
VgixtL Boma {Giryama and Ketosh, Uganda), highway,

path, road.
Ngo {Kamerun), a cold wind.
lc;aNgo {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), a chief; for^Z.
see Kango.
Hgoa {A'Zande), tree, a wood.
Hgodia {Congo), an abyss.
Hgoi {Annam), a river. Cf. Hgan, Hge.
Hgoka {Giryama). See Ooka.

Ngolo {Chad L. region), large, great, e.g. Kabe Ifgolo.
Hgome {Congo), water.
Hgome {Swahili), fort, castle.
Hgon {Bali, Kamerun), a village.

iHgone {Zulu, Kafir), a bend in a river ; an arm of a
river ; creek, inlet.
-Hgono {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nini.
Ngono, Gn- {Zamhezia), httle.
Hgthai luh {Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), west. See next entry

and Nan Fang.
Ngthai ta {Miao-tse, Kwei-chau), east. See above entry.
Hgu {Cent. Africa, Bantu). See Mu.
Fgn {Banda, A-Zande), water, e.g. the rivers Bungn,
Hgubi. * This is also found, with the vowel

♦ Superville in La Q^ographUj viii 1903, p. 22.

280 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL.

modified, in the middle, as well as at the begin

or end of a word, e,g, Onngara, ' the ^'ater o:

bamboos,' Bangoran. See Ou. Cf. GirangiL
Hpune {A'Zande), sand.

Kgnngala (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Onngnla.
Hgurn {Bornu)y wild beast, hippopotamus, e.g.

tuwa, * the place of the hippopotamus,' a nit

very frequently given to villages. C/1 DoriM.
Ngfuttt {Cent. Africa)^ a town.
Nguri (dialect of Bantu), See Zi.
-Ngwa (Eskimo, Smith Sound) has a diminutive forci
Ngwongomoka {Congo), a landslip.
Nho {Annam, Laos), little, small, e.g. Ban Tanho, od t:

Se Nan, a tributary of the Nam Khong. See Baa

Ta= pagoda.
Hi {Yayo, 'China), earth ; mud.
Hia (Jibu, New Guinea), a path ; also * water.'
Nia ba {Annam), confluence.
kiHiafango (Nika). a wood, forest.
Niakh ( Wolof), grass.
Niam-niam (Cent. Africa), cannibals, applied to tb

tribes inhabiting the A-Zande plateaux.
Hianam (N. of Rudolf L.), river, water; sometime^

applied to Kudolf itself.
Nianset (Nandi, Uganda), sea, lake. Cf. Hyania.
Nieder (Ger.), nether, lower, imder; applied to nnme-

rous place-names, e.g. Kieder Sitten. Cf ledcr.
Niedernng (Ger.), low country or ground.
Nie (MiaO'tse, Kwei-chau), shallow.
Niem (Basari), water.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 281

Hieuw {Dch.), new, applied to numerous place-names,

e.g. Kieuw Dordrecht.
Nif-enser {Arab,)^ a mountain.

Hij-jot (Sansc, Hind.)^ lands cultivated by the pro-
prietors or revenue-payers for their own profit.
alcaNika {Ceni. Africa^ dialect of Bantu), a river.

Nika {Bangweulu L, region) ^ a wide salt plain. These

plains constitute the main wealth of the region.
Hikuli (Makua, Mozambique). See Knli.
Hilas (Ru^s.), newly formed autumnal ice.
aNingo {Mpongwe, Gabun B. district, Bantu), water.
-Nini, -Hono, -Alonga, -Ngono {Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu)y a suffix meaning 'little.'
Ifiraksh {Sansc, Hifid.), the Equator; lit. *no latitude.'
Kir-jal {Sansc, Hind.), a desert.
Hir-jhar {Sansc, Hind.), a cascade, torrent.
Hinun {Lokub, Budolf L.), a nullah.
Nishan {Pers.), beacon; lit. any sign, mark, or signal.
Nishi, Niri, Sai {Japan), West. For other points see

Hokn.
Hid {NeO'Greek), island.
Nid {Japan). See Hishi.
Hit {Wolof), people.

eHiuma {Kossova, Eastern Uganda), a house.
Niveau {Fr.), level.
Niwan {Sansc), low (ground).
Nizki, Nizky {Buss., Bohemia), low (Nz.)
Hjarga {Fin.), a promontory.
Hjera {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Nzila.
Hji {Bafo, Kamerun), a road. See Njira

282 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

maVji {Balif Kamerun), a road. See Njira.
Njia (Bantu), See Jia.
Bjia Panda (Swahili), cross-roads, or where three roa<L

meet. See Jia, Nda.
Njila (Bantu), See Jila.

•^ UZambezia, Uganda, dialects of Bantu) ^ road,
Chi Njira ^ ^^^^ ^^^ j^^^ jj^.

e Njira )

Nju (Togoland), water.

kaNka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brush wood, thicket,

jungle of bushes.
Nkaku (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a dam made in a

stream, in which one or two waterways are left ;

a weir. See Kaku.
Nkalango (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kahingo.
Nkambalalu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See 'KsmbBlabL
Nkant (Harem, Indo-China), a mountain.
-Nke (Mande, West Sudan, Sahara) signifies * inhabi-
tants,' e.g. Tawatinke, the people of Tawat. Cf Ke.
Nki {Bafo, Kamerun), a village.
Nki (Chad L. region), water, e.g. Nki Tselim, 'black

water,' applied to a portion of the lake.
Nkoko (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Koko.
Nkokonoa (Gold Coast), the brink of a river or lake.
Nkol, ^Z. Minkol (Fan, French Congo), a mountain.
Nkol ntogh, pi. Nkol mitogh (Fan, French Congo) , a

small mountain. Cf. Obe Nkol.
Nkong'e, Mikong^e (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu),

See Eong^e.
Nkot,^Z. Nkor (Fan, French Congo), zigzag (of a road).
Nknku (Congo)^ a torrent, stream ; current.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 283

Nkaln {dialect of Bantu), See KxQu.

eNknlu
oHknln

{Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road. Cf.
Zila, Zira.

Hkulnntu, ^Z. Baknlnntu {Loango). See Knluntu.
-Nkum {dialect of Bantu). See -Kulu.
Nkwammoe {Gold Coast), a well-made road.
Nkyerekyera {Gold Coast), dry land, a barren desert.
Nla {Yoruba), great, big, e,g. Omi Bla, * big water ' ; in

some combinations becomes Lan, e.g. Omi Lano,

* the big water over there.*
Nlam {Fan, French Congo), country; applied to the

territory of a village; cf Kvogh; a hamlet or

group of huts in connection with a larger village.
Iflambn {Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Lambn.
Slangy {Loango, dialect of Bantu). See Langu.
Nlidi {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Lidi.
HIo, pi. Hilo {Fan, French Congo), a river. ^ Cf. Oton,

Osn ; see Lo.
Hlo nen {Fan, French Congo), a great river, like the

French Pleuve.
NIodM {Fan, French. Congo). See Lonki.
Nmai {Chin Hills), bad, inferior, e.g. Hmai Eha, the

Myit Hge (Oyi), or * Little Eiver,' of the Burmese.

Cf Mali.
-No {Indian, Alaska). See -Na.
Ho {Japan), a plain.

Ho {Nhan, La^-kai, Indo-China), little, small.
Hobori {Japan), a mountain.
Hock {Irish and Gaelic, Cnoc), a hill, e.g. Bannockbum,

^ the stream of the white knoll ' ; see Ban, Bum. The

^ghcised {orm is Knock, e.g. Enockbride, Knocklong.

284 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Vogo {Bozo, Mande) village.

Vohea {Tso-o, Formosa)^ a village.

Hoir (Fr.), black ; e.g, Voirmoatier island.

Soko (Hammer Koki, Abyssinia), water.

Vom (Hainan), a river.

Voma (Mangbattu), forest, v^rood.

Hpng (Cambodia, Siam), lake, marsh, pond, pool.

Voni (German East Africa), white clay, e.g. Xaaoai

river in Bukoba).
•Hono. See -Sini.
Hoord (Dch,), north.
Vopi (Mangbattu), bush, tall grass.
Vor (Mongolia, Tibet), lake, e,g, Koko-lfor, ' blae lake

Wayan-Vor, 'rich lake,' Toia-Hor, 'butter lake/ Cj

Vur, Tso.
Vord (Fr., Ger., Da,, Nor., Sw.), north.
Koria (Pers.), a waterwheel.
Horre (Da.), adj. north (N"). See S0iider, Oster, Vcster.

Syd.
Hortc (It., Sp.), north. See Ovesto (It.)
Ho8 (Russ.), a cape, headland.
Hosi (Madagascar), island, e.g. Hosi Be, 'great island.'

Anosi, ' the place without islands * ; also means

sheep, e.g. Valanosi, * sheep-field.'
Ifotch (U.S.A.), a short defile through mountains.
Noto (Port., Sp.), south wind.
NotoB (Greek), south. For other points see Boreas.
Novo (Port.y Buss.), new, e.g'. Porto Hovo, Novgorod. S€<

Oorod.
Hovy, Hovi (Bohemian), new (Nv.), e.g. Hovi Selo.
Tqaba (Kafir), a stronghold, tower, fortified place.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 285

TunHquba (Zulu, Kafir) , an encampment.
i Hqnbn {Zulu, Kafir) ^ a bend in a river.
Krata {Makua, Mozambique), lake, swamp.
Nsan {Fan, French Congo), street, the Fan houses being
arranged on both sides of a single street, which
forms the village.
JS[w,pL Ese {Chamba), a road.
Nseghe (Fan, French Congo), See Beghe.
Nshi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Shi.
Nsi (Bali, Kamerun), water.
iNsi {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), country.

ma Hsi )

__ . [(Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), w^ater.
a ma If 81 j

Nana, Suwa (Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), See Sua.

Nflu-akyi (Gold Coast), the other side of the river,

beyond the river.
Hflu-aniwa (Gold Coast), well, spring.
Nsn-ano (Gold Coast), bank, shore of a river, of a lake

or of the sea. Cf. Mpo-ano.
Nsukn (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Baku.
NbuIu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), See Bulu.
Nstt-noa (Gold Coast), land or country by the side of a

river.
Hsnvila (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Bnvila.
Htaba (Congo, dialect of Bantv^. See Taba.
Ntak (Wolof), shore, beach.

Ntaka (Cent, Africa and Congo, Bantu). See Taka.
Ntamazirt (Sus, Berber), a village. Cf, Amazagh.
Ktando (Cent, Africa, Bantu), See Tando.
Vteleka (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Teleka.

286 OLOSSAHY OF GEOORAPfllCAL

Htetele (Fan, French Congo), steep.
Hti (Swahili). See Ti.

iNtla (Zulu, Kafir), the top, sommiL (of a moun-
tain).
iliNtle {Zulu, Kafir), an open, uninhabited country, a

wilderness.
kiNtombo {Congo, dialect of Bantu), the season of the latt
heavy rains.
Ntoto {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Toto.
aHtn {Zavibezia, dialect of Bantu), people.
baNtu {Bantu), the people, humanity. See Ba.

Ku {Fon, Dahome), mouth, e,g, Kotonu (for Kutonun

* the dead mouth of the lagoon,' referring to the
sand bar which blocks the entrance ; Ku ^ dead.
See To.

-Hu (Indian, Alaska), See -Ha.

Nua {Siam), north ; for other points see Tai, Tawan-ok,

Tawan-tok, and for winds see Lorn.
Nna (West Australia), sand.
Nuail (Marocco), thatched huts.
Nub (Tibet), west. For other points see Lho.
Nuba {Arab.), a garrisoned position.
Nuch {Indian, U.S.A.), water.
Nudo (Sp.), a mountain knot.
Nue, Nuwe {Batta, Benue B. region), mother, e.g, Benue,

* Mother of waters.* See Be.

Nuevo {Sp.), new, e.g. Golfo Nuevo, Valle Nuevo.

Nui {Annam), a mountain.

Nui {China), inner. Cf Id, Nei.

Nui {Maori), great, e.g. Awanui in Mongonui county.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 287

Hni (Marquesas, Hawaii), great, e.g, Faa-nni, 'great

valley.'
Nukb (Arab,), a pass.
Nnlnmnku (Mbau, Fiji), sand.
Niillah {Giryama), a chasm.

Nullah (India, Anglo-Indian), a creek. Cf, Hada, Nala.
Kiun (Nongo, Shan, Laos), water.
Huma (Japan), a swamp.
Numa (New Guinea), a house.

Htunba, pi. Simba (Zambezia), a house, e.g. Simbabwe,
* a house of stones ' (one of the derivations pro-
posed for the Zimbabwe monuments in Bhodesia).

Nnnatak (U.S.A.), a rock island'in a glacier.

Hnovo (It.), new, e.g. Honte Nuovo, to the west of
Cumse.

Hnr (Arab.), light, e.g. Hurpnr, * town of light.*

Hur (Mongol), a lake. Cf. Nor.

Nusa (Java, New Georgia, Solomon Is.), an island.

Nuflhei's (U.S. of Colombia, Bontukwa Indian), large
huts used as a meeting-place.

Nnwe (Batta, Benue B. region). See Nue.

Nuyi, pi. Nutulu (Telegu, Deccan), a well.

Nvoa (A'Zande), grass.

Nvoi (A'Zande), forest, wood.

Nwhea (Gold Coast), sand.
INzanxasi (Zulu, Kafir), a waterfall.
INxiwa (Zulu, Kafir), the site of an old village or

homestead.
iHzuliuna (Zulu, Kafir), a large village or kraal.

Hy (Da., Sw.), new, e.g. Nybbrg in Fiinen I.

288 GLOSSARY OF GKOGRAPHIGAI-

Vya {Tanganyika region), a prefix meaning ' place.

Kya.
Nyaba {Congo), swamp, marsh, any mnddy place.
Kyag {Tibet), a little col.
Hjragga {Kikuyii, East Uganda), beautiful, e.g. T:^

Hyagga, ' beautiful mountain,' the Kikuyu l^

for Mount Kenia.
Hyak {Indian, U.S.A.), corner, point, angle.
eHyangha {Fan, French Con^o), a lag'oon or ci^

marsh, not covered with grass. Cf. JTzam ; far

see Enyangha.
Hyai^ja, Hyanza, Hyasa {Cent. Africa, dialects o/'Banr

lake ; water either of a river or lake. See M'

Ansa, Asa.
Hyanza {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Vj^iff*

Ansa.
iNyanza {Ln-Wanga, Uganda), great water; lalf^.
Nyasa {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Hyanj*-

Asa.
Nyasi {Sa-ahili), grass, reeds.
diJTyasi, li Nyasi, ma Nyasi {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu-

grass. See also Dinyasi for other forms.
iNyatuko {Zulu, Kafir), a footpath.
Nyeng, Nyong, Syeng, Kyong, Lyeng, Lyong {Korea), a pass-
eNyi {Fan, French Congo), island. For pL see Enyi.
Nyika, Nika {Nika, Giryama), wilderness ; lit. unin-
habited borderlands ; uplands. Cf Tanganyika.
Nyila {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a road. Cf Zil&»

Nzila.
eNyin {Fan^ French Congo), the sea.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEBMS 289

JSlyiro {Masai, East Africa), grey, brown; e,g. Owaso
Nyiro, * grey river.* Cf. Narok, Kyuki. See Owaso.
Nyit (Burma), stream, torrent. Cf. Myit.
Ifyondo {German East Africa), a forge hammer, e.g.

Manyonda, 'a village with many forges.'
Nyong {Korea). See Nyeng.
Nyua {dialect of Bantu). See TJa.
Nynki {Masai, East Africa), red ; e.g. Ngari na Nyuki,

* red water.' Cf. Narok, Nyiro. See Owaso.
Nza {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Za.
Nzadi {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zadi.
Nzala {Marocco), a Government post-house ; a small col-
lection of huts enclosed in zeriba ; a halting-place.
Nzain,^Z. Minzam {Fan, French Congo), a marsh covered

with grass, &c.
Nzaim,^2. Ezanu {Basari), a road.
Nzanza (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zanza.
Nze, pi. Minze (Bedzi) {Fan, French Congo), a bridge.

Cf. Abon.
Nzen, ^2. Minzen {Fan, French Congo). See Zen.
imaNzi {Kafir), water.

maNsd {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water.
iNzi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), coxmtry, dis-
trict.
Hzige {Upper Nile), a lake.

Nzila, Inzila, Insila, Izira, Dzira, Inzira, Njera, Ndera {Cent.
Africa, dialects of Bantu). Cf. Vyila ; see Zila, Sila,
Zira, Jera, Dera.
Hsiri (Arab.), a barren spot.
Hsonza {Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Zonza.

U

290 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

iNzu {Lu'Wanga, Eastern Uganda), a house.
Nzoln {Zulu, Kafir), deep.

(Japan), great, large =Oki=Tai= Dai, e.g. Axi
(q.v.) ; Jigokn, * great hell/ a name given geni
rally to the solfataras or hot sulphur springs t
Tateyama and other localities. ,

{Da., Nor.), island.

6 {Hung.), old, e.g. O-beoae.

{Sw.) island, e.g. F&rb {Baltic), ' sheep island.* Cj. ^
{Saxon Ea).

Oaia {S. Cape, New Guinea), garden.

Oase {Ger.), oasis {q.v.)

Oasis {Lat. Jrom Coptic through Greek), a fertile s^^
in a desert ; originally only applied to the Libya:
desert, but now generally. The Greek for-
is avaais, which is doubtfully referred to J
Copt, (late Egyptian) word (hiahe=a dwellini:
place.

Ob {Hottentot). See Ep.

Ob, Oban {Gaelic), creek, haven, e.g. the harbour of Obb
in the Hebrides ; Oban.

Oba {Turk.), a summer village.
isOba {Zulu, Kafir), a plantation of sugar-cane.

Obalama {Servian), bank (of a river).

Obaska {Hudson Bay region), grassy narrows. O
Opatawaga.

Obba {Yoruba), king, chief.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 291

Obe nkol, pi, Abe nkol {Fan, French Congo), See Be

nkol ; cf. Vkol ntogh.
Ober {Ger,), upper (0.); applied to numerous place-
names, e,g, Ober Ammergan.
Oberflilche {Ger,)^ surface.
Oberland {Ger,), highlands.
Oberlauf (Ger,), the upper course (of a river).
Oblast {Bu^8.)f province.
Obo {Fantif Gold Coast) y stone.
Obo (Mongol), piles of stones for marking a road.
Obo {Kiwaiy New Guinea), water, tope obo, 'fresh
water,' obo oriro, * flood-tide,* auo obo ogo, 'flood,'
obo bobo, ' lagoon.'
Oboi {laibo, New Guinea), a passage through a reef.
Obon {Gold Coast), valley, bed of a river.
Obonka {Gold Coast), channel, ravine.
Obrtplantage {Ger,), nursery, orchard.
Obinn {Mongol), pasturage.
Obuka {New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a river.
Ooh, Ich, Ach {Gaelic), a field, e.g, Avioh, Avoch, ' the
field of the water or stream,* Ardoch, * high field,'
Achray, * smooth field.' See Av, Ard, Ray.
ddam {Tamul, Deccan), torrent, flood.
Odan {Fanti, Gold Coast), an abode.
Odan (Yoruha), a plain, a grass field.
Odanah, Otannng, Odanugh {Indian, U.S.A.), a town.
Odaniigh. See Odanah.

Odde {Da,, Nor,), a point, a tongue of land.
Ode {Berber), a valley, e.g. Tiggeroden or Tiggerurtin.
Odi (Yoruba), a walled fortification round a town ; fort.

u 2

292 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

diegu, pL Ti dieti {Gurma, French Sudan), t:«i

village.
Odo (Yoruba), district, division, e.g. Odo Ofi, Odo Itn.
Odo (Yoruba), brook, river, e.g. Odo Oli, Odo OyL
Oeagi (S. Cape^ New Guinea), a tree.
Oeo {Maiva, New Guinea), a mountain.
Oever (Dch.), shore, coast, bank (of a river), e.g. Jk

Oever in Drente and North Holland.
Of {Eastern Sudan), a mountain.
fai {Tahiti), stone.
Ofer. See Over.

0-fa-hye {Gold Coast), boundary, frontier.
Ofweam {Gold Coast), the current or svsriftest part of i

river.
Og {Tibet), down, below.
Oga {Indian, U.S.A.), a place.
Ogbon (Yoruba), ditch, valley.
Oghrud, pi. of Ghnrd {Arab., N. Africa), large dunc^;

a small number of dunes in a mass.
Ogi {Walamo, Abyssinia), a road.
Ogiri {Yoruba), a wall.
Ogla, Oglat {Arab., N. Africa), the junction of sever. 1

wells in the same spot ; a place where one is sun

to find water ; large deep wells ; wells.
Ogo {Somali), above, upper, e.g. Ogo, the upper regirC|

the high land, behind the Ouban, or N. Sou-aJ

coastal plain.
Ohi {Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain.
Ohicho {Lomwe, Shirwa L., Nyasaland), east. S

Om irimana*

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 298

Oi (JB. Turk), a hollow, depression.

Olkos {Greek), a house.

Oiman {Mentawei Island, 8.W, Coast Sumatra), water.

Oinet (Nandi, Eastern Uganda), a well.

Ojo {Yamho, Upper Sohat B.), a road.

-Ok (Alaska), a diminutive termination, e.g, Tyonok

village, i.e, * the village of the little chief.'
Ok {Indian, U.S. A.), a forest.
Ok {Hind.), a house, dwelling, asylum.
Oka (Galla), grass.
Oka (Gold Coast), ditch, trench, canal ; the bed of a

river ; a bay, creek.
Oka (Japan), land.
Oke (Yoruba), hill, mountain, Oke Tede, Oke Amo; in

Ibo, Nigeria, a boundary.
Okedi, Ekedi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See

Eedi.
Oki (Japan), large, great, e.g. Old Shima. Cf. See

Shima.
Oki (Japan), anchorage.
Okia {Indian, U.S.A.), water.
Okpinle (Yoruba), termination of the earth, land or

territory.
Okn {Gold Coast), gap, chasm, abyss, precipice.
Okun {Yoruba), sea, salt water.
Oknnda (Cent. Africa), a forest.
Okwan (Gold Coast), way, road, path.
Ola {Mongol), mountain. See THa.
Glare (British East Africa), a salt-lick {q.v.), e.g. Olare
le lang'alang, ' the salt-lick of many crossings,'

294 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL I

i.e. to which access can only be had by crossiij

the neighbonring meandering river many tiii^

Iiaiig=to cross.
Olindoror {Nandi, Uganda), east.
Oliut (Turk., Mongol). See n.
Olkhon (Buriaty Bussia in Asia), dry.
Olo (Kerepunu, New Guinea), mountain. Of. Qolo.
Olon (Mongol), a ford.
Olos (Mongol), people, tribe.
Oltre (It.), beyond.
Olna (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a tree.

Oluinata (Kiriwina, New Guinea), beach, sandy beach.
Olusi (Lomwe, Mozambique), river.
Omanuna (Gold Coast), a small town or state.
Omantan (Gold Coast), an independent state; a mother

state.
me kutl (Indian, California), island.
Omi (Yoruha), water, e.g. Omi Hla, ' big water,' Omi Lua

* the big water over there.* See Nla.
Om irimana (Lomwe, Shirwa L. ; Makua, Ger. E. African

the south. See Ohioho.
Omm (Arab.) See XJiimi, of which it is another form.
Ommodo (Yoruba), brook, rivulet.
Omo (China), a lake.

Omstreek (Dch.), the surrounding country, environs.
Omnt (Indian, U.S.A.), land.
Omwa (Upper Nile), a mountain.
Ott (Indian, U.S.A.), a hill.
On (Japan), august, e.g. Ontake, * august peak,* the

south peak of the Japanese Alps. See Tftke.

I {LoangOy dialects of Bantu) , a mountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 295

Onder (DcA.), lower, under, e,g, Onderdijk.
Ondri {Madagascar), sheep, e.g. Ambalanondri, ' at the
sheep field,' Antsahaondri, 'in the sheep valley/
See An, Bala, Saha.
One (KerepunUy New Guinea), beach, sand ; the forms
Onetai, Oneone occur also in Polynesia.
mOngo {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest.
mOngo {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.
mOngo {Congo, dialect of Bantu), hill, mountain ; down ;

ascent; plateau.
xnnOngo
mOnwgo

Qngot {Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), cape, point.
mOngwa {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town.
Oni {Madagascar), river. Frequently placed at the end
of the name. There is also the form Ona, and
sometimes Ena.
Oniesanu {Ourma, French Sudan), a river.
Onjila {Herero, Bantu). See Jila.
Onknln, Enknln {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu). See

Hknln.
Onland {Dch.), waste land.
Onna (Yoruha), road, street, way, path.
Onsen {Japan), warm spring.
Onvaarbar {Dch.), unnavigable (of a river).
Oost {Dch.), east.

Op {Dch.), on, e.g. Bergen op Zoom.
Op {Hottentot). See Ep.
Opararini {Loniwe, Shirwa L), north.
Oparashe {Indian, U.S.A.), a hill.

296 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Opatawaga {Hudson Bay region), sand narrows.

Obaska.
Oplagshavn (Da., Nor.), a loading-place not possessimrilr

privileges of a regular port or town ; a harbonr :

dock for bonded goods.
Optrek (Dch.), a resting-place.
Or (Anglo-Saxon), the shore of a river or of the sea, t -;

Bognor, Windsor.
Orang (Malay) y a man or human being ; people. .S

next entry.
Orang ITtan (Malay), savages, lit. men of the wood>.

See Utan.
Oraa (Rximania), town; genitive Orasulni.
Ordi (Turk.), encampment; a variant of Urda (q.v.)
0re (Nor.), an ear or low point ; sands or sandbanks a:

the mouth of a river or in a bay.
Oret (Nandi, Uganda), path, road.
Orgo (Mongol), tent.
Ori (New Gtiinea), cloud.
Oririmela (Lomrve, Shirwa L.), deep water.
Orishon (Yoruba), spring, fountain.
Orman (Turk.), forest, wood.
Ormos (Greek), bay, roadstead.
Oro (Madagascar), edge, brink, shore, e.g. Ammmbt,

' at the great shore.' See An, Be.
Orogongo (Kossova, Uganda). See Bogongo.
Orok (Mo7igol), a clan.
Oromo (Kiivai, New Guinea), river.
Oromoito (Kiwai, New Guinea), coast, Obo oromoito, the

sea, lit. coast water. See Obo.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 297

Orooro (Motu, New Guinea), mountain. Cf. (Jolo.
Oro8 {Greek), mountain, hill.
Orove {Mpongwe, Bantu), See Bove.
Ort {Ger,)y place, spot, locality.

Orta (Hung.), middle, e.g. Orta Arad on Maros B., a
tributary of Theiss E., Orta Dombouar, to S.E. of
Flatten L.
Orn {MotuviotUj New Guinea), a garden.
Omrondo {Herero, Bantu). See Bondo.
Ob [Indian, U.S.A.), pebble, drift.
Osambene {Cent. Africa), a forest.
Osanu (Gurma, French Sudan), a road.
Osen (Buss.), autumn.

shiwo {Japan), spring tide. Cf. siwo. See 0, Shiwo.
Osboro (Yoruba), cascade, cataract.
OshuBu {Yoruba), a grove.
Ofliago {Gurma), the rainy season.
Osm {Yoruba), left (hand).

siwo {Japan), springtide. Cf. shiwo. See 0, Siwo.
Oso, 0880 {Fanti, Gold Coast), big, great, e.g. Ogbomoso.
Ospizio {It.), hospice (Osp**).

088U {Mongol), a river, e.g. Tsahan Ossu, * White Eiver.'
See Tsahan. There is also the Manchurian form
TT88U (q.v.) Cf. TTsu.
0Bt (Da., Nor.), east.
Ort (Ger.), east.

Ostang {Turkestan), water channel, ditch.
0ster, 08tre {Da., Nor.), adj. east (0'').
Orteria {It.), inn, hotel (Osf).
Osti'og {Buss., Kamchatka), a village.

298 GLOSSARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL

OttroT {Buss.), island.

Ota {Fan, French Congo), the sea; also Osn, pi. Asl

water of a river, the river itself. See Sn.

Hlo, Oton.
Ofiia {Kiwai, New Guinea), summit.
Osyp, Obtyp {Buss,), a landslip.
Ot {Ja-Luo, Uganda), house.
Ota {Lomwe, Shirwa L.), the west.
Otainahe {Indian, U.S.A.), a town.
Otaiwai {Indian, U.S.A.), a town.
Otako {Makua, Ger. E. Africa), a desert.
Otanimg {Indian, U.S.A.) See Odanah.
Otdyel {Buss., Caucasia), an independent district.
Otebwet {Nandi, Uganda), a pool.
Oti {Makua, Ger. E. Africa), the east.
Oti {Motumotu, New Guinea), earth.
Otlin {Buss.), the ebb tide.
Oto {Nubia), water.
Otok {Mongol), tribe, clan.
OtOE, pi. Aton {Fan, French Congo). See Ton ; cf. Hlo.

Osa.
Otra {E. Turk.) See ITtra.
Ottar {from Gaelic oitar), a low promontory, e.g.

Dtmottar, * the fort on the low promontory, ' See

Don.
Otton (Yoruba), right (hand). See next entry.
Ottoto {Yoruba), the north, with the face to the west, i.e.

the right-hand side.
Oud, Onde {Dch.), old, e.g. Oud Haas B.
Ouett {Fr.), west.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 299

OxLles (Fr. from Latin olla, ' pot '), the semicircular
escarpments over which streams fall at immense
heights, which are a distinctive feature of the
French. Pyrenees.
O^a {Damar aland), Bantu prefix signifying 'people/
e,g, the Ova Hpo of Ovampoland ; Ova Herrero,
* the merry people ' of Hereroland. Ova corre-
sponds to the Wa, Ba, Vua, &c. of other Bantu
languages.
Ova {Turh), plain.

OTava {Bihcy Angola, Bantu), See Va.
Over, Ofer, Ufer (Ger.), a shore, beach, bank of a river,

e.g. Hanover.
Overalpisch {Dch.), transalpine.
Overhaal (Dch.), a ferry.
Overpad (DcA.), a cross-path, cross-road.
Ovest {It.)y west.
Ovrag (Btiss.), a ravine.
fJvre (Da,, Nor.), upper (6v.), e.g. Ovrebb.
wai {Indian, California), a town.
wo {Gold Coast), the drying up of a river.
Owo (Yoruba), cowries, e.g. the town of Owo, Oworo.
Oya {Singalese), a river.
Oyak {Brazil), a river.
Oyaki {Brazil), a little river.
Oyapok {Brazil), a large river, e.g. the Oyapok.
Oyari, Tari, Awari, Aragari {Brazil), large river, the

great river.
Oyasa, Wasa, Wesa {Brazil), straight river.
Oye (Yoruba), the Haormattan wind.

800 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAIi

Oyun, pL of Ain (Arab,), sources. C/. Ayiin.
Ozero {Buss.)y a lake.

Pa- {Cent. Africa, Bantu), locative prefix, at, village of.

Pa (China), temporary embankment, digues volantes.

Pa (Maori), a stockade.

Pa (Siam), a wood.

-Pa (Tibet), a suflBx signifying people, tribe, e.g. Bod-pa,

Dru-pa.
Pa (Ute, Colorado, d:c,), water.
Paadje (Cape Dch,), a path.
Paango (Swahili). See Ango.

Pachcham (Hind.), west. For other points see TTttar.
Pad (Dch.), road, path.
Pada (Pali), place.
Padang (Malay), plain, open space, e.g. Padang Sibagus,

Padang Sasa, Padang Langgin.
Padela (Servian), division (administrative),
Padiin (Buss.), a waterfall, cataract.
Padurea (Buss.), a forest.
Paese (It.), country, region, town.
Paesello (It.), a small town.
Pag (Kan-su), garden, wood.
Pag-ra (Tibet), a wall of stones, entrenchment.
Pah, Pa* (Malay), father, e.g. Pah-tani or Patani, 'Tanis

father,' the founder of the N. Malay States, called

Patani.
Pa ha (Indian, California), water, river.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 801

Paha {U.S.A.), a long ridge of fine loamy material
deposited from a stream, which has cut a channel
in a melting glacier.

Pahar, Par {Hind.), mountain, hill. Cf. Oiri.

Pahli {Fin.), bay, gulf.

Pal {China), white, e.g. Chang Pai Shan, 'ever-white
mountain,' see Shan ; Pai Shui Chiang, ' white-
water river,* a name given to a section of the
Upper Yangtse, see Shui, Chiang.

Pailler (-Fr.), a farmyard.

PaYn {Pers.), lower. See Bala.

PaYopan (Yambo, Upper Sobat JB.), village, country.

Ptgonal {Spanish S. America), marshy land, on which
bulrushes, reeds, &c., grow.

Pak {Eskimo). See Pnk.

Pak {Malay, Siam), confluence.

Pak {Malay, Cambodia), mouth, estuary.
mPaka {Swahili), boundary, limit ; for^Z. see Mpaka.

Pakau (Malay), market town. Cf. Pasar.

Pakdandi {Deccan), a footpath.

Pakhufl {Da., Nor.), a warehouse.

Paknam {Siam), ihe mouth of a stream, whether it falls
into the sea, a lake, or a larger river. See Pak, Nam.

PakBO {Fin.), bluff, chfif.

Pal {Punjab), cultivated land, embanked to catch the
drainage off higher ground.

Pala {Ja-Luo, Uganda), a walk

Palaeo, PalaioS) a, on {Greek), old, ancient, e.g. Palaeo or
Yradeton mountains.

Palais {Fr.), a palace.

802 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Palanka {Turk,), fort, fortress.

Falast (Ger .) , a palace.

Palavanua {Marovo, Solomon Is.), village, place. Stt

Fenna.
Pale {Yambo, Upper Sobat B.), great.
Palier (Fr.), a landing-place.
Palisade (U.S.A.), a picturesque extended rock cM

rising precipitately from the margin of a stream

and of columnar structure, e.g. The Palisades^ New

York.
nPalla {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a rock,

cliff.
Pallala {Pali), a pool.
Palli {Tamid), a village.
Palude {It.), marsh, moor.
isiPaluko {Zulu, Kafir), a valley or stream that branches

off from another.
PaluB {Lat., Fr.), marsh, moor, fen. In Fr. used only

in the expression Palus Miotide = Palus-Meotii =

Sea of Azov.
Palya {Hung.), a road ; Vaspilya, railway.
mPambu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), the junction or forking

of roads.
isiPambnsa {Kafir), a by-path, lane.

Pampa {Gold Coast), hill, hillock. CJ. Pempe, Koko.
Pampas {S. America), the great grass plains of Argentina.
Pampero {Sp.), a violent westerly or south-westerly

wind which sweeps over the pampas of Argentina.
Pamtengo {Zarnbezia, dialect of Bantu). See Mtmgo.
Pamyatnik {Buss.), a monument.

AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 808

{China), mountain, hill.

{Cape Dch.), a pool, a place where a pool has been.
(Paiwan, Formosa) , a river. Of. Panna.
Panda {Swahili). See Vda.
Pandai, Banttei (Cambodia), fortress.
Pang (Burma), confluence.
Pang (Shan States), a camp, encampment.
Pang (Tibet), height.

„ prairie land.
Fanga, im Fanga, mu Fanga (Cent. Africa, dialects of

Bantu), country. See Nga.
Fanga, im Fanga (Giryama), cave, chasm.
Fangalanes (Madagascar), the portions of land inter-
vening between the lakes or lagoons on the N.E.
coast of Madagascar.
Fangkalan (Malay), landing-place ; mart ; e.g, Fangkalan

Badak, F. Balak, F. Bujal. Also Fengkalan (q.v.)
Pangua (Mekeo, New Guinea), village. Cf. Vanua.
Pangwadi (A-Zande), bank ; from Pangwa, edge, and Di,

water. Cf Wilidi.
Pani (Hind,), water, e.g. Fanigong, ' water village.'
Panj (Pers.), five, e.g. Punjab. See Ab. Cf Doab.
Paqang (Malay), long, tall, e.g. Padang Paiyang. See

Pada&g.
Panna (Shan States), a district.
Panna (Tsarisen, Formosa), a river. Cf Pana.
Panne (Indian, U.S.A.), a valley.
Pant (Welsh), a hollow or valley, e.g. Pantglas, Fant-y<>

pro68 ; groes = oroes (q.v.)
Fantalan (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), mole, Jetty.

804 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAX,

Pantano (It.), a marsh (Pant"**).

Pantano {Sp.)^ stagnant water, marsh.

Pantai (Malay) , coast, beach, shore.

Pao (China) f an ontpost ; also a subdivision of a Si

township.
Papandqan (Java), a forge, a name given to yoa >

craters.
Papeterie (Fr.), paper mill (Pap^^^).
Par, Pahar (Hind.), mountain, hill. Cf, Oiri.
Para (Indiaji, Brazil), a river, sea, e.g. Paraguay, Pwsi^

' bad river,' Parakatn, * good river.'
Para (Hind.), a quarter of a town, a ward, v^ill&ge.
Param (Tamul), bank, shore.
Parana (Brazil), a branch out of the main stream o:

river; side channel between islands; lateral bmp:-

of a river. From Indian Para, river, seji.
Pare (Fr.), a park (P.)
Paroo {It.), a park.
Pared (Sp.), a wall.

Parian (Philippines), a market, bazaar.
P&rit (Malay), a drain, ditch, trench, moat, canal.
Parin (Bumania), rivulet, brook (Par.)
Paroisse (Fr.), a parish, parish church.
Parque (Port., Sp.), park, an enclosed wood.
Part (Hung.), bank, shore, coast.
Pas (Fr.) channel, e.g. Pas de Calais ; passage, defile, c-'j-

Pas de la Cere.
Pasanggrahan (Java), equivalent to the Anglo-hidia^

Bungalow (q.v.)
Pasar (Malay), market, corruption of Bazar (q.v.)

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 305

(Madagascar), a modified form of fasi, fasika
(q.v.), used in compounds, sand, thus ampasi = at
the place where the sand is, e.g. Ampasimena, ' on
the red sand ' ; Ampasindava, ' where the great
stretch of sand is/ See An, Mena.

{Malay), sand, a reach of sand, e.g. Pasir Oebo,
Fasir Salak.

(Sp.)j ^ pass.
Passaat (Dch.), trade wind.
Passage {Fr.), ferry (P**^).
Passatwind {Ger.), trade wind, monsoon.
Passe (Fr.), a channel.
Passo {It., Port.), a pass (P»°).
Past (B. Turk.), low. Cf. Post.
Pat {Indian, U.S.A.), a hill.
InPata {Zamhezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge.
Patak {Hung.), brook, rivulet (P.) .

Patam {Tamul, Deccan), a city, contracted from
' Patanam, e.g. Seringapatam. j

Path {Sansc, Hind.), a road, highway.

Patik {E. Turk.), marsh, moor, swamp.

Patkak {E. Turk.), marsh, moor, swamp.

Pattan {Sansc), a city, town.

Patte-d'oie {Fr.), the intersection of several roads.

Patti (India), a division of a village.

Pattik (Mongol), marsh, swamp.

Pa tzu (Yunnan), a cultivated valley.

Pan ga (Miao-tse, Yunnan), hill.

Paul (Hind.) See Pol.

Fau-tai (China), a fort.

806 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Pavilion (Fr.), pavilion, summer house (P^).

Paya (Burma), a temple.

P&ya (Malay), swamp, marsh.

Payi (Fr,)j country.

Pe (A'Zaride), bush, tall grass.

Pe (China), north, e.g. Peking, 'the northern captil

Cf, Pah, Han, Si, Tung. See King. I

Piage (Fr,), toll-house.
Peak, Pike (England), allied to the words beak, ^Sk

e.g. Peak in Derbyshire, Pike o* Stickle. |

Peam (Cambodia), mouth, estusury.
Pecze (Hung.), boundary mark.
Pedhiadha (Neo-Greek), a plain.
Pedra (Port.), a rock or stone.
Peel (Celtic), a stronghold.
Peh (China), e.g. north, Peh Fang in Miao-tse, Yunnai

Cf. Pei, Pe, merely different spellings.
Pei (China), north. Cf. Peh, Pe, which are merel|

different spellings.
Pek (Nandi, Uganda), water.
Pekan (Malay), a village, lit. a place for buying an-

selling.
Pela (Siyigalese), a hut.
Pema (Tibet), sand.
Pempe (Gold Coast), a hillock, knoll, smaller than PaDF>

(q.v.)
Pen (Welsh), a head, hence a mountain, e.g. Pmub*®

mawr, Pennigant, Pennine. Cf. Ben, Kin.
Pen (Min-hia, Kwei-chau), north. For other poins

see La, Turh, San.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 807

Peila {Sp.)y a rock or large stone.

Penghnln {Malay Pen.), dietrict or yillage headman.

Pengkalan (Malay), mart, e.g. P. Balak ; landing place,
e.g, P. P%jak in Wellesley Province. See Pangkalan.

Peng la (Min-kia, Yunnan), a lake.

Peniaola (It.), a peninsula.

Penon (Sp.), a rock or rocky mountain.

Penong (Cambodia), savages.

Pente (Fr.), declivity, slope.

Penyi (Ja-Luo, Uganda), country.

Perebor (Buss,), rocks in a river.

Perede (Gold Coast), a plain.

Peresheek (Bv^s), an isthmus.

Perevoz (Buss), a ferry.

Perm&tang (Malay), ranges of low sandhills which mark
the ancient sea boundaries ; high ground ; a water-
shed ; e,g, Permatang Bogak in Province Wellesley.

Pertnis (Fr.), opening or strait.

Pesak (Servian), sand. Cf. Pesok.

PeBchaid (Buss.), sandy.

Pesok (Bu^s.), sand. Cf. Pesak, the same word.

Petaokonk (Indian, U.S.A.), a fall.

Peth (Deccan), a village, small town.

Petit (Fr.), little ; applied to many place-names.

Petobeg (Indian, U.S.A.), bog.

Peira (Greek), a rock. Cf. Piatra, Piedra, Pierre.

Penk (Korea), north, northern, e.g. Peuk-Dong.

PM (Ger.) a path.

Pfalz (Ger.), a palace, high oiBcial residence ; palatinate.

Pflin (Upper Nile)^ a village.

808 GLOSSARY OF GEOGBAPHICAL

Pferdebahn {Ger), horse- tram way.

Pha {IndO'China, Black B, region), a forest.

Phai (Man Sung, Lao-kai), little, small.

Phanos {Greek), light, beacon.

Phare (Fr.), lighthouse (Ph.) ; Phare Flottant, lighisn:!

Pharol (Port.), lighthouse (Parol).

Pharos (Greek), Ughthouse.

Phieng (Hang Chek, Indo-China), a town.

Pho (China), a market.

Pho (Korea), anchorage, river bank, e.g. Chemiil^a.

Mokpho.
Pho (Thos, Annavi), a mountain. See Phn (note), Fo.
Phong (Cambodia), custom, e.g. Phong-Mi, *good cust"i.

in Bao-Khanh. See Mi.
Phra (Siam), a pagoda.
Phrair (Siam), a tributary of a river.
Phn (Annam), town of the third order, district capita

(This occurs in all French books and maps dealii..

with the region. Cf, Chinese Pn.)
Phu, Phni (Cambodia), rich, wealth, e.g, Phni-KvoL

kwoi conveying an idea of nobility, noble.
Phu (Siam, Indo-China), hill, mountain. See Pho.
Phn (Tibet), a lateral valley.

Phyong, Phyeng (Korea), a plain, e.g. Phyong-An. Cf. B«I
Pi (Ja-Luo, Uganda), water.
Piaggia (It.), rising ground, the seashore.
Piano (It.), a plain (P"«).

Piatra (Humanian), a rock. Cf. Petra, Piedra, Pierre.
Pic (Fr:), a peak (P.)
Picacho (Sp.), top, summit,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 309

Picacho (U.S.A.), a peaked butte (q.v.)
Picada {Spanish S. America) y mountain pass ; ford of a
river which can only be passed by horsemen ; path.
Pico {Part., Sp.), a peak.
Picco (It.), a peak (P^**).
Pie {Min-kia, Yunnan), low.
Pied (Fr.), foot, e.g. Piedmont. Cf. Ital. Piemonte.
Piedra (Sp.), a rock. Cf. Petra, Piatra, Pierre.
Piena (It.), flood or overflow of waters.
Pierre (JPr.), stone. Cf. Petra, Piatra, Piedra.
Pigh gnai (Indian, U.S.A.), hill.
Pihara (Maiva, New Guinea) , stone.
Pi-hu (Tibet), fort, post of observation.
Pijlerbmg (Dch.), a pier, pillar bridge.
Pike. See Peak.
Pila (Tibet), a river.

PHI (England), an inlet or pool capable of holding
vessels to unload, e.g. Pill (Somerset). Cf Pool, Pwll.
Pimb (Serer, Senegal), a mountain.
Pimb aneu (Serer, Senegal), a hill, a small mountain.
Pin (Ft.), a pine or fir tree, e.g. ile des Pins.
Ping (China), a plain.
Piongo (Marovo, Solomon Is.), a river.
Piramnn (Pers.), environs.
Piri

(Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a mountain, e.g.
( Pirikwamba, to the west of northern Nyasa.
Cf. Lima, Bima.

ichiPiri
imPiri
luPiri
ruPiri

810 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

iPiro {Mozamlyique, dialect of Bantu), a road, path. '
Zila, Zira.

Fisang {Malay) , banana; used in place-names, ^.^. Fill
Fisang, banana island.

Fisholina {Servia), a marsh.

Fishtak {Cent Asia)^ an arched fa9ade.

Fi si {Min-kia, Yunnan), wind.

Fiska {Indian, California), sea.

Fiste {Fr,), a track, trail.

Fifltyll {Welsh), a waterfall, e,g, Fistyll-y-Cain.

Fit {Gaelic pitht), a hollow, e,g, Fitcaim, ' the hollow d
the cairn.'

Fitch {W, of England), slope, declivity, top of a hiU.

Fi te nge {Min-kia, Yunnan), a plain.

Fiton {Fr,), a peak.

Fitth {Ja-Luo, Uganda), a mound.

Fiz {Tyrol), equivalent to Beak, Fike, e.g. Fix Mortiratsck

Fjert {Armenia), a castle, fort.

Flaats {Dch.), a place or spot.

Flache {Ger.), a plain, flat country.

Flage {Fr.), shore, beach.

Flanina {S. Slav.), a mountain.

Flano inclinado {Port.), a patent slip.

Flantlbergang {Ger.), a level crossing.

Flateau {Fr.), used not only in Fr, but also in Eng, an:
Ger. as a form of sub-oceanic relief for a steep
Elevation {q.v.) of large extent in which the length
and breadth do not greatly differ. It may rise
from the depressions of the ocean, or, as in tb
case of the Azores Flateau, from a Rise (q.v.) Ob

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 311

dry land Plateau = Tableland; e.g, the Anahuac

Plateau (Mexico).
f lau (Cambodia) f a road.
Tlaya (Sp.)y shore, beach, coast.

„ {U.S. A.), an alkali-flat ; the dried bottom of a

temporary lake without outlet ; an alluvial coast-
land, as distinguished from a beach.
Plaza (Sp.), square or market place, fortified town.
„ (U.S.A.), an open valley-floor, the flat bottom of

a narrow canon.
-Pie. See Polls.
Pleme (Montenegro) ^ tribe, clan.
Plon, Plnn (Slavonic), a plain, e.g. PlOner See.
Plot (Buss.), a floating landing-place, raft.
Plon, Plu, PleA, Plo, P16, Pla (Breton ploii6), village or

parish. Cf. Welsh Plwyf.
Pin (Upper Sassandra B. region), white, e.g. Ibo Plu,

* the White Ibo E.'
Plnr (Armenian), a hill.
Plwyf (Welsh), a parish.
Pneuma (Greek), wind.

Pnom (Cambodia), a mountain, e.g. Pnom Penh.
Po (China), a lake, cf. Hn ; swamp.
Po- (China), a prefix meaning * white.' See Pai.
Po (Indian, U.S.A.), water.

Po (Tibet), summit of a mountain. Another form is Spo.
Poa (Nika), the coast.
Poili holma (Fin.), a peninsula.
Poblado (Sp.), town, village.
Pochtamt (Buss.), post oflice.

312 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Focoson {U.SA.)y a swamp.

Podere (It.), an estate (Pod*).

Podo {Kitvai, New Guinea), hill, mountam.

Podvodnitsa (Buss.), shoals covered at extremelj?' loi»

Poe (Maivay New Guinea), beach, shore.

Poggio (It.), a cliflf (P8'«).

Pogost {Buss.), a parish.

Pohaku (Hawaii), stone.

Pohia (Fin.), north. For other points see Etela,

Lansi.
Pointe (Fr.), a point (P**).
Poio (Tagala, Philippine Archipelago), island.
Po ka (Indian, U.S.A.), a river.
Po kwa (Indian, U.S.A.), a lake.
Pol (NeO'Greck), see Polls ; (Gaelic), see PolL
Pol, Paul (Hi7id.), a gate, a quarter of a city having i:

own gateway.
Pol, Peal (Korea), a plain, e.g. Pol-La-Do, Pol-Hang-VL
Po-la (Indian, California), a river, lit. running water.
Pola (Mcntawei Island, S.W. Coast Sumatra), earth.
Polden (Buss.), south. For other points see Syever.
Polder (Dch.), a tract of land reclaimed from the sea

by means of high embankments.
Pole (Celtic), an inlet, pool, e.g. Bradpole. See Poll.
Polei (hidO'China), a village.
Polls, Poll, Pol, Pie (Greek), city, tovm, e.g. Philippopolis,

Tripoli, Sevastopol, Constantinople.
Poll, Pol,Puill (Gaelic), Pol (Cordis A), pool, bay, e.g. Poll

Scut (Hebrides), Puill Cro (Islay Sound), Polmont,

' the hill by the pool.' Cf. Pole.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 813

IPolnaya voda {Bus8.)y high water. See Voda.
Tolovodye {Buss.), the high waters of spring-time.
PoliLOstrov (Buss,), a peninsula.
IPoly {Greek), much, many, e,g, Folydendri, * a place of

many trees,' in Agya.
Polyana (Buss.), field-ice; also field, forest clearing.
Polye (S. Slav.), open country, fields.
Pom (Siam), a fort.

Porno (Fin.), a bar of a harbour or river.
Ponchak (Malay), the peak of a hill.
Pondok (Malay), a shed or hut.
Ponente (It.), west, west wind.
Pongo (Kamerun), north. See Mbenge.
Pont (Cape Dch.), a ferry.
Pont (Ft.), a bridge (P^).

Pont (Welsh), a bridge, e.g. Pontaberglaslyn, Penpont,
' head or end of the bridge * ; is a loan word from
Lat. pons. See Aber, Olas, Llyn, Pen.
Pontal (Port.), a point or promontory.
Ponte (It., Port.), a bridge (P^\
'iool {England), an inlet or pool, e.g. Poole, Liverpool.
Poo lok (Indian, California), a lake.
Poort (Cape Dch.), an opening between mountains, lit.

gate, e.g. Karoo Poort.
Popoa (Buhiana, Solomon Is.), village, place.
Po pi (Indian, U.S.A.), a spring.
Popoka (Aztek), smoke, e.g, Popocatepetl, * the mountain

of smoke.* See Tepetl.
Pore (India), a city. Anglicised from Pur (q.v.)
Pen {German East Africa), bush, forest.

814 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Poro {Aiiiu, Sakhalin), great, big, e,g. Poranai, 'h

river.* See Nai,
Port(-Fr.), port, harbour (P*).
Porte (jPr.), a gate (P*^).
PorteUo (It), a gate (Port"°).
Portillo {Sp.), a gap.
Porto (It,, Port.), haven, port, e,g. Portobello, 'beantift

harbour.'
Posad (Buss.), suburb, a settlement.
Posada (Sp,), house, hotel.
Poselok (Buss,), a small village.
Pdsito (Sp.), a public granary.
Po 80 {Indian, U.SA,), sea.
Post (Albanian), lower.
Poste (Fr.), post, guardhouse (P'*).
Potainik (Buss.), a sunken rock over which the waves <i

not break.
Potamos (Greek), a river, e.g. Aspropotamo, 'white river
Potok (Bohemian), stream, brook, rivulet (P.)
Potsang (Hu-ni, China), a mountain.
Potto-potto (Upper Nile), a marsh.
Potntonga (Tonga, Polynesia), south. See Tokelau.
Po tzae (Indian, U.S.A.), bog, marsh.
Poudrerie, Poudriere (Fr.), powder mills (Poud**).
Pougkkeepsie (Indian, U'.S.-4.), a small cove.
Poul, Poull (Breton), pool, e.g. Ponldu = * Black-p<wl.

Cf. PwU, Pol, Poll.
Povoa9&o (Port.), a town, a village.
Po yare (Indian, U.S.A.), an island.
Pozo (Sp.), a well, a deep hole in a river, whirlpool.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 815

(It), a well (P").
Pra1>it (SaTisc), a mouDtain.
Pra^a (Port), a market or piazza, a town, fortress.
Prado (Sp.), meadow land. Cf. Prato.
Pr^Bstegjeld (Nar.)^ a parish (Pgd.)
PraliTi (Java), the native canoe, e.g. Tangkuban Prahu,
* a reversed or up-turned canoe/ a name given to
mountains on account of their shape.
(Port), beach, shore.
ja {Malay), a town.

(Cambodia), pyramid, monument.
Praaat (Cambodia), a tower.
Prato (It), a meadow. Cf. Prado.
Pratir (Sansc), shore, bank.
Pre (Cambodia), a wood.
Pr6 (Fr.), a meadow.
Prcau (Fr.), a courtyard.
Predio (It,), a farm, a holding.
Predmyestie (Buss,), a suburb.
Predni (Bohemian), fore = German Vorder.
Prek (Cambodia), a river; confluence; tidal stream.
Presa (Sp.), a weir.
Preudio (Sp,), a fort.
Presqu'ile (Fr.), a peninsula.
Priberezhie, Priberejie (Buss,), the shore, coast.
Priel (Dch.), a narrow channel.
Priliv (Buss,), flood tide, flood.
Prigtan (Buss.), a port, harbour.
Proda (It,), a landing-place, bank, shore, brink.
Proliv (Buss.), a strait.

316 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Psa (Cambodia) f a market.

Pu (China), a citadel, e.g. Shang Pu, 'upper citadel/

Pu (Chhva)y a commercial village. Cf. Tni!, Tta

Chwang, Cheng.
Pu (Korea), a county or department, divided into Ki

or prefectures ; a city, e.g. Pn-San (Fusan).
Pu (Laos, Siarfi), hill, mountain.
Pu (Tibet), the top of a valley.
Puava (Marovo, Solomon Is.), earth, soil.
Pudtho (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a field or plantation.
Pueblo (Sp.), a town, village, e.g. Pueblo Huevo, *nti

town.'
Puente (Sp.), a bridge (P.)

Puerta (Sp.), gate, a narrow pass between mountains
Puerto (Sp.), a port, e.g. Puerto Eico, not Porto Rico.
Puesto (Argentina), an estate.
Pug {Tibet), a cavern.
Puill (Gaelic). See Poll.
Puits (Fr.), a well.
Puk, Pak (Eskimo), big, great, e.g. Kwikpuk, * big rivtr

See Kwikk.
Pul (Albanian), forest.

Pul (Pers.), a bridge, embankment, causeway.
Pulak (Mongol), a spring, e.g. Ulan Pulak,^'red spriLi

Another form of Bulak.
Pulau, Pulo (Malay), an island, e.g. Pulau Singapnn^

Pulau Enche' Ona, P. Jelnai, P. Bentan.
Pul-bandi (Pers.), an embankment.
Pulin (Sansc.), an island of alluvial formation, a smal
island left in a river after the falling of the waUiN

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 317

ulo (Malay). See Pulau.
-In (Tibet), a shepherd's hut.

(Cambodia), a village in the interior. Cf. Kom-
pong.
Puna (S, America), upper Cordillera of the Andes, in-
cluding elevated plateaux, spacious valleys, &c. The
word signifies an affection of the body produced
by the rarefaction of the air at high altitudes, and
hence its geographical application, e.g. Puna de
Atacama.
Pung-mai (Pat, Shan States), forest, bush.
Pnnj. See Pai\j.

Pankhokkie (Indian, U.S.A.), a steep bank.
Punta (It. Sp.), a point (P.)
Puntone (It.), a point (Punt"^).
Papui (Bismarck Archijyelago). See Sapui.
Pur (Sa?isc.), a city, town. Anglicised Pore, e.g.

Cawnpore. See Pnra.
• Pura (Sansc); a city, e.g. Singapore, properly Singapura,
* the Lion city.' See Pur.
Porab (Hind.), east. For other points see TTttar.
Puraeahi (Maiva, New Guinea), tide (ebb).
Porga (Buss.), a snowdrift.
Purl (East Africa), a desert.

»

Purongo (Tso-o, Formosa), a mountain.

Pasawat (Mentawei I., S.W. Coast Sumatra), anchorage.

Poshe (Mandara, Bornu, Lake Chad), a spring.

PuBhta (Pers.), a hillock ; a quay.

Purtosh (Buss.), heath, moor.

Pnazta (Hung.), heath, a steppe.

318 GLOSSARY OF QEOGRAPHICAli

Put (Senegal), a village.

Put {Khas ChoSy Indo-China), great.

Put (Bicss,), way, line of communication.

PutOTa (Servian), road.

Putra (India), son, e.g, Brahmaputra, ' Son of BrstD

Puy (Auvergne), equivalent to Beak, Pike, Pie, e.g, !l

de Cantal.
mPwa (Swahili), beach, shore.
Pwang-dieh (China), rocks.
Pwani (Swahili), beach, shore, coast.
Pwi (Cliin Hills), ridge, spxu:.
Pwll (Welsh), an inlet or pool, e.g, PwUkeli, * salt fc*~.

Of. Poll. See HeU.
Fyatno (Buss,), a spot, a little place with a small de['J

of water.
Fyeshekkodnjra (Russ)y a footpath.
Pyrgos (Greek), a tower.

Q

uftampu (Zulu, Kafir), a neck over a ridge or moimtaiii
uftato (Zulu, Kafir), a desert,
um Qenqelezi (Zulu, Kafir) , a steep place in the side of a
mountain,
uftilima (Zulu, Kafir), a stockade,
isiftiti (Zulu, Kafir), an island,
isiftiti (Zulu, Kafir), a site to settle on, a village.
Quai (Fr) a quay, wharf,
ftuartier (Fr,), a quarter in a town (QO-
Quafisaik (Indian, U.S.A.), rocky stream. Cf. Cox-
saokie, i.e. Quassaikie,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 819

Cfcuebrada (Sp.), broken, uneven ground.

9» (U.S.A.), a canon of rugged aspect, a fissure-
like ravine.
Quelle (Ger.)y well, spring, source (Q.)
Quemado (Sp. Philippines), burnt, e.g. Qnemado cape,

* burnt cape.*
Qninta (Port., Sp.), a country house.
siClwato (Zulu, Kafir), a clearing in bush, grass, or
forest.

R

Ba, pi. On (A'Zande), the definite article, the. See On.
Ba (Bismarck Archipelago), the article; for use cf.

Ralnana, Baknnei, Bawalien.
Ka (Mbau, Fiji), west. For other points see Vua Liku.
Ra (Tangut), house, castle, village.
Bab (Tibet), a ford.
Ba-ba (Tibet), enclosure, tent.

Baba (Hausa), to divide, used in place-names to in-
dicate position, e.g. Mararraba, ' the half way '
between Ghat and Air.
Baba (Upper Nile), small cleared arable spots in the

midst of wooded or grass land.
Baba (Arab., N. Africa), a forest, brushwood, thicket.
Babat (E. Turk.), a resting-place for travellers.
Babdan (Tibet), a house, e.g. the monastery Babdan

Chnliagy chu meaning wisdom, and ling a garden.
Babnana (Bismarck Archipelago). See Balnana.
Baoe (English), a strong or rapid current of water,
from A.S, r8§8, a swift course.

820 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Kad {Soniali), track. See HUin.

Eade (Fr,), road, roadstead.

Eadeau (Fr.), a raft (R'").

Bafl, pL Bafanka or Baflma {Hausa), brook, br
bank, valley, e,g. Gober Safl, * Gober vaUev. i
opposed to Oober Tadu, * Gober aplands.'

ir"r ' f (Cent, Africa f dialects of Bantu), chief, kirj
waBafian )

Bag (Somaliland), peoples Bad.

Bagh {Pers,), a meadow, a declivity.

Bagham {Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), limestone,

maBago (Ki-Mrimi, E. Africa), a camping-place.

Baguba {Arab.), a height, elevation.

Bah {Hind, and Pers.), a way, road. C/. Basta.

Bahad, Bahat {Arab., N. Africa), a pool, lake.

Bahara {Motu, Neiv Gui^iea), north-west wind.

Bahi {Manahiki, Tahiti), great, e.g. the riverFahaBaLii

in the N.-E. of the island.
Bahl {Arab.), a village, house.
Bahon (Pazzehe, Pei-Po, Formosa), a river.
Bai {Siani), clearings made in the forests, by fellinu

and setting fire to the timber, for the cultivation

of hill crops.
Bala {Port.), boundary, limit.
Bain {Ger.), a grassy ridge, serving as a boundary;

meadow, hillside.
Bainstein {Ger.), boundary stone.
Bairai {Hausa), sand.
Bak, Bakat {Arab.), a hard bank, shoal, but with no

overfalls.

AKD TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 321

{laiho, New Guinea), coast.
Hake {from Da., rage, to project, jut out), an inclina-
tion or slope, e.g. The Rakes, Long Bake, Bakeway,

in the Peak district.
Kaknet {Arab., N. Africa), a peak.
Rakunei {Bismarck Archipelago), grass, grass land.

There is also the reduplicated form rakimaknnei,

ra being the article.
BaUt {Mexico), a foot, e.g. the tribe Balamari, 'foot

runners,' corrupted by the Spanish into Tarahn-

mara.
Balnana {Bismarck Archipelago), mountain, hill. There

is also the form rabnana ; in each case ra is the

article.
Bam {Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan, and Upper Bed Biver

region), water.
Bam (Yindu Chin, W. of Mon B., Burma), a path.
Bama {New Guinea), sea.
Bamal {Sp.), branch line (of a railway).
Bamalle {Bismarck Archipelago), a valley, ra being the

article.
Bami,pZ. Bamnna {Hausa), a cave. Cf. Kogo.
Bamla {Arab., Sahara), sand, e.g. Bas el Bamla, ' the

Sand Head.'
Bamu {Kuvarawan, Pei-Po, Formosa), village.
Ban {Hang Chek, Indo-China), a house ; also in Chong'-

chia-tse, Yunnan.
Bana {Khas Chos, Indo-China), a road.
Bancho {Spanish S. America), a wooden building

with walls of mixed clay and cow-dung, roofed

822 GLOSSARY OF aEOGRAPHICAL

with reeds, supported by forked pillars, and 1.. .
a mud floor. Hence ranch.

Brand {Dch,, Ger,)^ edge, rim; ridge of hills; b-:
range ; e,g. Eandberg, Witwatersrand.

Rang (An7iam)f a rice-field.

Rang {E. Turk.), wild goat, e,g. Rang Knl, ' wild i
lake.*

Rang {Pers.), colour, e.g. Rangpnr.

Rang-tag {Tibet), a mill.

Rani {Hausa), the dry season.

Rann (Mahratta), wood, waste, e.g. Rann of KutcL

Rano (Madagascar), water; thus andrano=tfae pi
where there is water, e.g. Andranofotsi, * the pi- ^
whore the white water is/ Andranomami, *: i
place where the sweet water is.' See An.

Rantau {Malay), lit. a reach of a river or of a nan- .
strait ; district or country, e.g. Rantaa H%ji lolik
at the mouth of Perak E.

Ranu {Motu, New Guinea), water.

Ranumaria (Madagascar), rapids in a river.

Ranumasina {Madagascar), the sea.

Ranondriaka {Madagascar), a torrent.

Rao {Annam), a river.

Rape {Icelandic), a division of a co\inty (Sussex), inter-
mediate between hundred and shire. The rapes :
Sussex (there are six) answer to the tithiBjjv
lathes, &c., of other shires.

Rapide {Fr.), a rapid in a river.

Rapni {Bismarck Archipelago), bush, thicket. Ako
reduplicated pnpui, without the article ra (;.r.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 828

■

(Arab.), a cave, grotto.
Barha (Mossi, French Sudan), a market.
Barhi (Punjab), cultivated land.

Bas, pL RniiB (Arab.), head, cape, top ; chief, headman,
prince; e.g. £as el Had, 'cape of danger,' Kas
Makonen, name of an Abyssinian prince.

Kad (Swahili), head, headland ; from the above.

Basta (Hind., Urdu, Pers.), a way, road, path. Cf. Bah.

Bat (India), kingdom.

Bath (Irish and Scotch), an earthen fort or momid, e.g.
Bathboyne, Bathen, ' the fort on the river.' See'Ea,
The Bath, originally perhaps a natural hill or
hillock, as in Bathgar, Bathmore, was properly a
round rampart or breastwork enclosing a mound.

Baudal (Sp.), torrent, rapid stream, (S. America) rapids.

Bauma (Fin.), a strait.

Bavin (Fr,), a ravine. For use as a form of sub-oceanic
relief see Trench.

Bawa (Tibet), enclosure, tent.

Bawalien (Bismarck Archipelago), seashore, beach.
Walien SB beach, ra being the article. There is also
the reduplicated form wawalien, without the
article, as well as rawal.

Bawapara (New Guinea), the deep sea.

Bay, Bie (Gaelic, Beidh), smooth, e.g. Achray, ' smooth
field ' ; Airdrie, ' smooth height.* Cf. Lee. See
Ach, Aird.

Bai (Fr.), a race, a bore. A name given to a violent
tidal stream in a narrow passage; from Breton
razsa whirlpool, swift current.

Y 2

824 GLOSSARY OF GEOORAPHICAL

Baz (Pers,), a castle.

Bazralini (Buss.), ruins.

£bia (Marocco), pasturages, e,g. Um er Rbia. See 1T]iifli,E

Edir (Arab,), a gulf, whirlpool. See Redir.

Rdo (Tibet), stone ; in this and the two next words

initial r is mute. For s mute see Sde.
Rdung (Tibet), a hill. See under Sdo.
Bdzong (Tibet), fortress ; chief town of a prefecture.
Be (Beja, Nubia), a well, e.g. Tamenre, ' The Ten Wells '
Bear (Ebo7i, Polynesia), east. For other points see Eosg.
B6cif (Ft.), a reef of rocks. See Beef.
Bed Bhed (Da,, Nor.), Bedd (Sw,), a roadstead. Cf. Bee.

Beede.
Bedir, pi, Bedair (Arab,), a natural reservoir of rain-
water ; a sheet of water ; a temporary sea.
Bedoute (Fr.), a redoubt (Red*^).
Bedncto (Port,), a redoubt.

Bee (Dck.), Beede (Dch.), a roadstead. Cf, Bed, Bedd.
Beef (Eng,), as a minor form of sub-oceanic rehef, a

single elevation or submarine mountain which

comes within eleven metres of the surface, e.g.

Paracelfl Beef. Equivalent to Ger. Biff, Fr. Bed!

Another similar term is Shoal. Betf is referred to

an old Teutonic root rif =to split, as in Norse ri&=

a rift, crack, &c.
Beeks (Ireland), ridge, crests ; e.g, Hacgillicuddy Beeb;

from Old Irish crocen=back, ridge ; cognate v^ith

A,S, hxjcg=nige= Norse hryggr.
Beg (Arab,, N, Africa), firm level ground, generally

without vegetation, a barren, naked plain. Another

form is Bek, e,g, Meshra er-Bek.

(^

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 826

Kegadera (Sp.), a canal for irrigation.

Kegadio (Sp.)> irrigated land.

Begi (Aroma f New Guinea), grass. Cf. Eei, Beina.

B.egioiie (It), region (E.)

Begyahn (Ataiyal, Formosa), mountain.

B,ci (Motu, New Guinea), grass. Cf, Begi, Beina.

Beich (Ger.), kingdom, dominion ; cognate to Eng. -ric,

as in Bishopric, from A.S, rice = kingdom.
Beid, Beida (Buss,), a road, roadstead.
Beina (Kabadi, New Guinea), grass. Cf, Begi, Bei.
Bejem (Arab), similar to Jedar, a look-out place on a

road, generally made of stones.
Bejl (Arab,), an open creek of water. Cf. Bra, Bot-ho.
Bek (Sahara), See Beg.
Beka (Bohemian),]
IL,^ {Servian), } » ^ver (E.) C/. Eieka.

Bekama, pi. Bekaim (Arab,, N, African), a DaYa (q.v,)

with chalky soil.
Bekba, pi, Beknb (Arab,), large sandy undulations.
Bel (Kurdish), forest, bush.
Bemel (Arab,), an isolated dune ; sandy country.
Bendse (Fr,), coach-house (K*"*).
Bemmare (Fin.), shoal.
Ben%jo (It,), sands ; sandbank.
Bende (Da., Nor,), a channel.
maBenga (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), water.
Bepnnta (Sp,), point, headland.
Ber (Somali), a tribal prefix, e.g, Ber ITgaz Koshen, Ber

Ugaz Knr. Also means a village.
Besif (Arab,), a causeway, dam, dike.

a reef.

826 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Beii (Wadai), the name given to the portable iJi

huts, as opposed to Kahareb (g.r.)
"RBsmpL BMTun {Arab,), traces of rains.
Beiaac (Fr.), surf.
Bertinga {PorL),
Eestinga (Sp,),

Ben (Wolof), country, region.
Rev {Da,, Nor,), a reef, sandbank. The Sw, tonnisU
Bevle {Da.), a bar, sandbank.
Bevona {Kabadi, New Guinea), north-east wind.
Bezan {Nestorian Christian), a vineyard.
Bgal {Tibet), a ford.
Bhaiadr, Bhayadr (TTc/^A), a cataract, e.g. BiuLjadrlbr^

See Hawr.
Bhed. See Bed, Bee.

Bhede {Ger,), a roadstead. Cf, Bed, Bee.
Bhine {Somerset), a deep wide trench.
Bho8 {Celtic), a moor, e,g, Bhotcolyn ; Boscobudozl
Bhyd {Welsh), a ford, e.g, Bhyd y Croeeau.
Bi {Rotiima, Polynesia), house.
Bi {Tibet), a mountain.
maBi {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. For otia

forms see Hansi.
Bia {Sp.), the mouth of a river.
Biad (Marocco), a garden.
Bialto {It,), a knoll, bluff.
Biana {Madagascar), cascade.
Biba {Arab,), an abrupt turning.
Bibago, Bibawo, Bibado {Fula), a governor's coun^^

seat, the nucleus of a village.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 327

9t Siba {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge.
^tibat {Arab.)y an inn, monastery.
Sibeira {Port.), a meadow, low moist ground.
Sibeirfto {Port.), a great river.
XLibeiro {Port.), a stream.
Sibera (Sp.), the shore, the bank of a river.
Sidge (Sng^.), in sub-oceanic relief, is a relatively narrow
Elevation {q.v.), which, unlike the Rise {q.v.), rises
at a steep angle, e.g. the Atlantic equatorial Ridge.
Equivalent to the Ger. Rtlcken, Fr. Crete. In
ordinary language an elongated elevation, usually
of irregular surface; from A.S. lirycg=the back
of a man or beast. Cf. the ridge of the nose.
Riding {from Icelandic thriding), one-third, one of three
divisions. The th is supposed to have been lost
by the proximity of the th in North, South, in North
Thriding &c.
Rie {Gaelic). See Ray.
Rieka {Polish), a river. Cf. Reka.
Riet {Dch.), reeds.
Riet {Ger.), reed, a marshy piece of ground covered

with reeds, moor. Also Ried, Rieth.
Bif {Arab.), coast, Httoral, beach, lit. a well-watered

country with plantations.
Rif {Buss.), a reef.

Riff {Ger.), a reef, a ridge of rocks in water. See Reef.
Riffle {U.S.A.), shallow water at the head of a rapid, a

rapid with comparatively little fall.
Eift {Prov. Eng.) shallow place in a river, ford.
Rig {Pers.), sand.

828 GLOSSAKY OP GEOGRAPHICAL

Big {Arab,)f a shallow flat bank extending off short.
Bijia (Hausa), a well.
Bijks (DcA.), kingdom. Cf. Eeich (q.v,)
.Biko (Giryama), See Ko.
kiBima (Nika), hill, top, plateau of a mountain.

Lima.
meBima (Swahili), continent, mainland.
mBima {Swahili), coast.
muBima {Giryama), a hill, mountain. Cf. Idna.
Bimba (Malay), forest or virgin jungle.
Bi-na (Tibet), a promontory.

Binoon {Sp.)y a comer, house, small district or couE:r
„ (U.S.A.), a cove, the angular indentation :n
Mesa (q.v.) edge or escarpment in which a caL''.
heads.
Binne (Ger.), a channel, a cleft serving as a watercoui^
For use as a form of sub-oceanic relief see fluHj-
Binok (Buss.), a market.
Bio (It., Port., Sp,), a stream, river (R.)
Biole (Ger.), a deep furrow, channel.
Bipa (It), a river-bank. Cf. Biva.
kiBira (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island.
muBira (Giryama), a trench.
Birinina (Madagascar), winter.
Birion (Ataiyal, Formosa), a river.
Birowa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), country, region

district.
Bisa (Giryania), See Sa.
' Bise (Eiig.), in sub-oceanic relief, is an Eleyation (^-^
which rises gradually with an angle of only a fe\^

AND TOPOeHAPHICAL TERMS 829

minutes of arc, irrespective of whether it is wide
or narrow or of its vertical development. Such
features on dry land would be the main water-
sheds. Equivalent to the Ger. Schwelle, Fr.
Seuil. »

Siserva (It), reserve (R^*).
IHiso {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass.

Bit {Servian), marsh, bog.

Bithe {Anglo-Saxon), running water, e,g, Heldrith.

Biu {Bumania), a river (E.)

Biva {It.), the seashore. Cf The Biviera, Bive, Bipa.
caBiva {Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a gorge.

Bive {Fr.), shore, bank of a river. Cf Biva, Bipa.

Bivier {Dch.), a river. Cf Spruit.

Biviere {Fr.), a river. Cf Flenve, Bniuean.

Bivos {Vonum, Formosa), mountain.
iBiwa {Zulu, Kafir), a green rich pasture.
mnBo {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.

Bobat {Turkestan), an inn, caravansery, e.g. Tashrobat.

Bobine {Fr.) See Boubine.

Boca {Sp.), a rock.

Bocoa {It.), a rock (B^*) ; a fortress built on a rock.

Booha {Port), a rock.

Koche {Fr.), a rock.

Bochedo {Port.), rocks, a rocky place.

Eocher (Fr.), a rock (R«0-

Eoober {Port.), a rock or rocky place.
uBochi {Kossova, Eastern Uganda), a river.

Bod, Bode, Both {Ger.), land that has been ridded of
trees. Cf Boyd. See next entry.

830 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAPHICAL

Bodeland (Ger,), woodland made arable. See Sal

aiiirotten=to uproot, weed, &c.
So6 (Kabadi, New Guinea), a sacred house or pkn' j
Sogo {Mossi, French Sudan), house, hut.
oBogongo (Kossova, Uganda), a place, site.
Bohi (India), a loamy clay soil always found in low ki
Eohrioht (Ger.), a bank of reeds or rushes.
Bojo (Sp,), red, e.g. Lagona Rojo Agnado.
Boknia {Arab), a bend formed by a river.
Bomne (Celtic), See Buimne.
Bomo {Cent Africa), a lip, e.g. Chiromo, ' a big lip
B0n {Da.), detached separate rocks.
oruBondo {Herero, Bantu), a rivulet, j'^- otnBondo.
Bong*pa-si {Siam), custom-house.
Bong {Tibet), gorge, defile, valley, e.g. Nya Bong.
mnBonga {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river.
Bi^nne {Da., Nor.), a small hut.
Bopa {Kabadi, New Guinea), a garden.
islBoqoba {Zulu, Kafir), a very rough broken piect

country.
B08, B08e {Da., Nor.), Bdse {Stc), rocky ground.
Boseanz {Fr.), reeds.

Bosli {India), a kind of Bohi {q.v.) soil mixed with sJ
Boss, Bub, Bhos {Celtic), a moor, morass, marsh, i

Bossall, Busholme, Bhoscolyn.
Boss, Bos {Celtic), a promontory, headland, peninsl

e.g. Kinross, Bosdhu, ' black headland * ; Arded

(Ard-ros-iar), * high western promontory.* I

Kin, Dhu, Ard, lar.
Both {Ger.), red, e.g. Bothhans in Baden.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 831

Rotli (Ger.) See Bod.

Hoto (Maori f New Zealand), a lake.

ra (Zulu J Kafir), a deep narrow hollow made by a
stream, a ravine.

(Fr.), a canal communicating between a salt
basin and the sea (Boub'^®).
Houge (Fr,), red.
B^nte (Fr.), a road (R^).
iSova (LU'Wanga, Uganda), earth, soil.
oRove (Mpongwe, Gabun District, Bantu), a desert, pi.

flToye.
/0B.OV0 (Giryama), clay, mud.
:iB.owa (Kossova, Eastern Uganda), country, district.

Boyd (Teutonic), land that has been ridded of trees, e.g.
, Holroyd. Cf. Bod.

Btse {Tibet), summit, top (r mute), e.g. Lab-rtse (i.e. La-
b-rtae, the b being inserted for euphony), * the top
of the pass.' See La. Cf. Bdo for mutes.
Bu (Cent. Africa), an old root meaning * to flow,' e.g.

Busizi, Bnflji. See Do, Lo, Bo, EIu.
BxL (Gaelic), point, headland, e.g. Bu bni, * Yellow Point '

in Loch Alsh. Cf. Bndha. See Bui.
Bna (Hausa), water, rain, river. See Buwa.
Bua (Port.), a street.

Boadh (Gaelic), red, e.g. Buadh More, Buad Sgelr, on the
west coast of Scotland. Cf. Both. See More, Sgeir.
Kubar (Kurdish), a river.
Bubi (Kiwai, New Guinea), a village.
Rubu (Aroma, New Guinea), a sacred house or platform.
Ruchei (Euss.), a rivulet. Dim. Buche'^k.

384 GLOSSAKY OF GEOaRAPHICAL

riSa (Giryama), pasture-ground.
Saatenland (Ger.), land covered with crops.
Saba (Bambara)j three, e.g. Khosababe, lit. *dr

streams/ confluence; be=to be. Cf. Fula.

Kho.
Sabah (Arab., Egyptian Stcdan), east, lit. the daiftn.

See Said, Safel, Oharb, Shark for other pointe.
Sabil {Arab.)f a road.
Sable (Fr.), sand.

Sablonniere (Fr.), a sand-pit, a gravel-pit.
Sabrang (Malay), across or over the water.
Sa-cha (Tibet), place.
Saco (Sp.), a bay.

Saea (Motumotu, New Guinea), sea.
Sael (Caucasus), mud torrents. Cf. Selaf.
Sster (Nor.), mountain pasture ; a chalet (SM.
Safar (Arab.), stone, rock, e.g. Trik es Sa&r, ' stony ra^
Safara (Dandkil, Eritrea), camp, hamlet.
Safeid, Safld (Pers.), white, e.g. Safld Euh. See Sefid, I'J
Safel (Egyptian Sudan), north. See Said, Sabah, Obiri

Shark, Gebele, Gebli for other points.
Safra, fern, of Asfar (q.v.)
Saga (S. Cape, New Guinea), a river.
Sagar (Punjab), ocean, sea.
Saghe (Chad L. region). See Tsadhe, Sara, Isa.
Saghir (Arab.), little. Cf. Seghir, Seria.
Sagia (Arab.) See Sakia.
Sagik (Aleut.), a point or sharp edge, e.g. Sagigik islaD'
Saha (Madagascar), valley, a brook in a valley, ti J

antsaha = the place where the valley or brook j

AKD TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 885

e.g, Antsahakeli, ' at the little brook/ Antsahaondri,

' in the sheep valley.' See An, Keli, Ondri.
S&lial, Sahel (Arab.), easy, of a road without obstacles ;

of land, easily cultivated or dug ; fertile country ;

a plain; the high land along the banks of the

Nile ; coast, seaboard ; e.g. Wa-Swahili, ' the coast

people.'
Sahan (^rafe., N. Africa), a depression among dunes,

often at the junction of two valleys, especially

where vegetation abounds. Further south the

large Sahans become Wadis.
Sahara {Arab.), a desert, a plain. See Sahra.
Sahel {Arab.)y the littoral. See Sahal, another spelling.

Cf. Onban of the Somali coast.
Sahir (India, Cent. Asia), a. city, from Pers. Shahr.
Sahra (Arab.), a plain, desert. Cf. Sahara, which is a

corrupt European form of Sahra.
Sahrij (Arab.), a basin.
Sahu (Arab.), unevenness of ground. Similar to Fr.

Accidente and Ger. Schollen.
SaY (Cantonese), little, small.
Sai (E. Turk.), a valley, sometimes very broad; a

ravine.
Sal (Japan), west = Hiai == Nishi. Cf. Chi7iese Si. See

Hoku for other points.
Sai (Siam), sand, gravel.
Sai (Turkestan), a stony plain.
Said (Egyptian Sudan), south. See Sabah, Safel

Oharb, Oebele, Shark for other points.
Saiki-nosi (Madagascar), a peninsula. See Nosi.

886 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Sail (Arab.), a current, torrent.

Sailab {Punjab), land subject to inundation from rivers

Saiyal {Arab.), a current.

Saka {Marocco), an irrigation canal.
iSaka {dialect of Bantu), a sandy unproductive land.

Sakan {Burma), a halting-ground.

Sakh {Serer, Senegal), country, village.

Sakha {Sonmke). See Sakka.

Sakhalin {Manchu), black, e.g» Sakhalin Ula, ' black river.'

Saki {Japan), cape, promontory, Nagasaki See ICaakL

Sakia {Arab.), an irrigation canal ; a water-wheeL
Another spelling is Sagia.

Sakka {Soninke, West Sudan), a market. Found also
in the form Sakha.

Sakne {Arab.), a suburb.

Sal (England), a stone house, e.g. Kensal. Sometimes
spelled Sail {q.v.) Cf. Hall, Sell.
^ Sala {Siam), rest-house.

Salann, Salen {Gaelic), a salt-water bay, e.g. Salen bay,
in Mull Sound.

Salat {Malay Pen.), a channel.

Salida {Sp.), the environs of a town.

Salina {Sp.), a saltpan.

Salines {Fr.), salt-water lagoons ; salt works (Sal.)

Sail {England), a stone house, e.g. Walsall. Sometimcfc
spelled Sal. Cf. Hall, Sell; from A.S. sal, sel, ssL
sain, and other forms; originally a large one-
roomed house, a hall {A.S. heall), not from sal by
normal change of s to h, but from a different root.
Gf. Ger. saal and halle.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 887

Salo {Btiss.), the first thin ice.
Salt-lick {British East Africa), a name applied to any

brackish marsh or salt spring, where the cattle are

driven once or twice a month.
Salto de agua (Sp,), cataract, waterfall. In Spanish S.

America, Salto alone is used with this meaning.

Thus Saltos {Argentina), rapids.
Salz {Ger.), salt, e,g, Salzburg, 'salt castle,' castle on

the Salza or salt stream.
Sama {W, Africa, between the Niger and the Atlantic),

elephant, e,g. Samanke, the * people whose idol or

fetish is the elephant.' See Vke. Cf Bamba, Mali, Sa.
Samar {Mongol), road, path.
Samavi (Wadai), the round bell-shaped huts of Wadai

made of reeds. See Mahareb.
Samba {Tibet), bridge.
Sami {Samoa), sea, salt water,
Sampandrann (Madagascar), an affluent of a river.
Samt {Arab.), a way, road.
Sa-mtsam {Tibet), a frontier. See Sa.
San {China, Japan, Korea), hill, mountain, e.g, Chyeng-

Am-San, Chyeng-Oyeng-San. Cf. Shan.
San {It., Port., Sp.), saint (S.), e.g. San Bemo.
San {Min-kia, Yunnan), west, also used for * small.*

For other points see Pen.
San Chan {China). See Chan.
Sanct {Ger.), saint (S., St.)
Sande {A-Zande), earth, land.
Sandia {U.S.A.), an oblong rounded mountain mass,

lit. water-melon {Sp.)

z

838 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAPHTCAL

Sang {Tibet), a plain.

Sanga (Congo), an island.

Saagava {New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a passage ii

reef.
m Sanga {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), forest.
Sanjak {Turk.), district under a mutesarrif, a snb-i'

sion of a Vilayet, and itself divided into Xaas : Ss.
Sankt {Styria, d*c.), saint.
Sanpn, Sanpo {Tibet), a large river, lit. the 'puii&i:

generally written Tiang-po, Tsan-po, name of :i

Upper Brahmaputra flowing through Tibet.
Sansanne {Hausa), camp, encampment, a permanei

camp, town, e.g. Sansanne Manga.
Santa {Fin.), sand.
Santo {It., Port., Sp.), saint, e.g. Santo Domingo, 8a3Eti|

Rosa.
maSanza {Congo, dialect of Bantu), the season of the earl;

light rains.
Sao {Songhai), forest.
Sao-thong {Sia7n), flagstaff.
Saovi {Fin.), clay.
Sap {Siam, Cambodia), great, e.g. Tonle Sap, ' the great

lake ' (of Cambodia).
Sapala {Congo), wood, copse, bush.
Sapalayo {Mossi, Fr. Sudan), the dry season.
Sapiniere {Fr.), a fir plantation (Sap").
Sar {Punjab), a sacred tank, pond, small lake, e.g*

Amritsar, ' lake of immortality.' Cf Sara (Pali).
Sar {Pers.), summit, head ; equivalent to the Hind. Sir

{q,v.)

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 889

(Pers.)y a suffix implying a place * abounding in,' e.g,
Kohsar, ' a mountainous country.* See Koh and Zar.
{Tibet), new, e.g. La Bar, * new pass.* See La.
{Pali), a pond. C/. Bar {Punjab),
Sara, Sarah {Bagirmi form of Arab, Sari) ; the former
means water running rapidly, the latter running
freely. Shari is the local {Kotoko) pronunciation of
Sari, hence Sara B. is equivalent to Shari E. See Isa.
Sarai {Pers.), a palace, house, as in caraYansery ; from
Old Per s. 8harai= house, inn. By popular etymology
sarai has been confused with It, serraglio, which
is from 8errare=:to lock up (8erra=a bolt).
Sarar {Somali), a plateau.
Sardflir {Pers,), summer pasture grounds.
Sare perede {Gold Coast), a grassy plain.
Bare (Upper Sassandra B, region, Sudan), red, e.g, Ibo

Bare, * the Bed Ibo * or Fereduguba B.
Sari {Arab,) See Sara.
Sari, Sarith {Turk,), yellow, e.g, Bari-kol, 'the yellow

hand,' name both of the river and valley.
Sarik {E. Turkestan), grass.
Bariki, Barki {Hausa), king, prince. See Beriki.
Sarka {Tibet), a goldfield.

Sam {Welsh), causeway, paved road, e,g. Bam Helen.
Saro {Madagascar), difficult, dear, dangerous, e,g.

Sarodrivotra, ' difficult on account of the wind.*
Sarota {Hausa), a kingdom.
Sas {Botuma, Polynesia), sea.
Sasa'e {Samoa), east. For other points see Matn.
Basik {Cent, Asia), putrid, e.g, Sasik-Kul, 'putrid lake.'

z 2

840 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAFHICAX.

BaMim (Mongol), snow.
Sa-tag (Tibet), a post station.
eSan (Congo, dialect of Bantu), landing-place, ferry.::

beach, crossing.
Bang (Pers., Afghan), stone.
SanmpfiEd (Ger.), a path for pack animals.
Sanmweg (Ger.), a road for beasts of burden ; a:

track.
Savaimali (Sp.), a meadow, meadow land, a grassy, c^

less tract. The Sp, form is 8l[baiia=a sheet x^

Lat. sabanum = Greek adfiavov = a linen clox
Sawa (Japan), a ravine.
Say, Se (Songhai), a river.
Saye (Soninke, West Sudan), sand.
Sba (Arab., N. Africa), a peak.
Sbah (Darfur), south. Cf. Babar.
Sbaroatojo (It.), wharf, landing-place.
Sbocoo (It.), opening, mouth.
Sbngs (Tibet), cavity, recess ; end.
Scale (Nor. Skaale), a shepherd's hut, e.g. Portinteale.

■

Scar (from Nor. Skar), glen, gap, notch in a mountain.

e.g. Scarborough. Cf Score.
Scbaapakooi (Dch.), a sheepfold.
Scbilferei (Ger.), a sheepfold (Schaf.)
Schans (Dch.), Schanze (Ger.), a trench ; earthwork.
Scheer (Dch.), sajids, shoals, clifb.
Scheide (Ger.), a parting, waterparting ; from 8chcidcn=

to divide.
Schelf (Ger.), shelf (q.v.)
Scbere (Ger.), a clifif (in water;, rock, ridge.
Scbicht (Ger.), layer, stratum.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 841

Schiefer {Ger.), schist ; also used for shale.
Sohiena {It), a ridge, saddle ; lit. backbone.
SchiffbrfLcke (Ger.), a bridge of boats, pontoon.
SchifibitihleiL {Ger.), floating mills (erected in boats).
Sohilf {Ger.)j rashes.

Schlangpfitd (Ger,), a winding path, lit. * snake-path.'
Sohlense {Ger.), sluice, lock.
ScUippe (Ger.)f a narrow place or way.
Schloss {Ger.), a castle (Schl.)
Schluoht {Ger.)j ravine, gorge, valley.
Bchlimd {Ger.), an abyss, chasm.
Schnee {Ger.), snow, e.g. Sohneekopf, ' snow head.'
Schnelle {Ger.), rapids in a river.
BcliolleiLland {Ger.), broken accidented country.
Sohorren {Dch.), alluvium.
Sohattang {Ger.), a dike, dam.

Schwarz {Ger.), black, e.g. Schwarzes Meer, ' filack Sea.'
Sohwelle {Ger.), in sub-oceanic relief, a Sise {q.v.)
Scierie {Fr.), sawmills (Sc**).
Scirocco. See Sirocco.
Scoglio {It.), rock, stone.
Scopetino {It.), a heath.

Score i/ram Gaelic sgoir), a sharp rock, e.g. Donscore,
* the foot on the sharp rock.' See Dun. Cf. Scar.
Score {Icel. skor, an incision), a cutting, a steep, narrow
passage leading down to the sea, e.g. Lighthouse

Score, Herring Fishery Score, Mariner's Score, &c.

«

(Lowestoft).
Sde {Tibet), country, district. See De. In this and the

next word initial s is mute. For r mute see Bdo.
Sdings {Tibet), depression, col. See Ding, Sde.

342 GliOSSAtlY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Se (Japan), a shoal ; a cliff.

Se (Min-kia, Yunnan), deep.

Se (Siam), a river.

Se. See Say.

Seaon (China), little.

Seba (India), Mughal division of a coantiy under :

control of a lieutenant-governor.
Sebe (Indian, U,S.A.), a river.
Sebil (Arab,), a wayside fountain.
Sebkha (Arab,), marsh, saltpan.
Sebz (Pers.), green, e,g, Koh-i-sebs, 'green mountaii^

See Kuh.
Secadal (Sp.), dry barren ground.
Sedlo (Slavonic), a possession, e,g, Sedlitz.
See (Ger,), lake (S.) in masc, ; in fern, sea.
Seeb (Indian, U.S,A,), a river. See Seep.
Seebucht (Ger,), an estuary, a bight or bay.
Seep (U,S.A.), a small trickling stream. See Seeb.
Seff (Sudan), the dry season, summer (April-June).
Sefld (Pers.), white, a variant of Safeid (q,v,)
Sefra,/e7n. of Asfar (q,v.)
nSeghe (Fan, French Congo), sand, a sandbank.
Seghir (Arab.), little ; e.g, the Khor Seghir in Farsan

Seghir Island. See Sena, Saghir for other forms.
Segia (Arab.) See Sakia.
Segoma (Mossi, French Sudan), a defile.
Sei (China), a temple, e.g. Pal ma sei, 'white horse

temple.' See Pal. Ma = horse.
Sell (Arab.), torrent, stream.
Seipi (Motumotu, New Guinea), south. Cf, Kanritupe.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 843

e Seki (Congo, dialect of Bantu) , dry land, land.
Sekkin {Arab.y N. Africa)^ the ridge of a dune.
Sel (Adamawa), a shallow river; equivalent to the

Kanuri ITga^jam {q.v,)
Selaf (Caucasus), mud torrents. Cf, Sael.
Selat (Arab.), a dry watercourse, e.g. Selat Eataba in
S. Arabia ; the term wadi being here more used
for ' valley.' Cf. Sahan.
Selat (Malay), a strait or narrow.
Selim (Chad L. region). See Tselim.
Selka (Fin.), a bay.
Sell (Anglo- Saxon), a cottage, a little superior to Cote

(q.v.) Cf. SaU.
Selo (Buss.), a village with a church.
Selsela (Arab., N. Africa), a chain (of hills or dunes).
Selva (Port.), ]
Selva (Sp.),
Semak (Malay), low bush.
Semanterion (Greek), buoy, mark.
Semaphore (Fr.), semaphore (S^m.)
Semita (It.), a footpath.
Sempang (Malay), cross-roads.
Sen (China), town of the second order, or provincial

capital. See Hden.
Ben (Japan), equivalent to the German Vorder (q.v.) ;

fore, in front.
Sen (Tamul, Deccan), length, distance.
Senda, Sendero (Sp.), path, footpath. Cf. Sentiero, Sentiei
eSenge (Congo, dialect of Bantu), sand.
Senke (Ger.), low ground or country.

• a wood, forest.

844 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Beno {It, Sp.)y a gulf or bay.

Sentier (Fr.), footpath, track. Cf, Senda,

Bentiero {It,)j path, narrow way. Cf. 8end&, Senden

iSep (Fan, French Cofi^o), a garden made directly :--
the rainy season, and usually planted with mai:^

Sepa {Jibu, New Guinea) , river. !

Sepewe (Indian, U.S.A.) , a river.

Sequedal (Sp.), Sequeral (Sp.)» ^ ciry barren soil.

Ser (Kurdish), mountain, e.g. Ber-i-Amadia, * Ama^
mountain.'

Ser (Tibet), gold, e.g. the goldfield Ser-ka-Shyar.

Sera (Swahili), rampart.

Seraf (Arab,, N. Africa), stream, e.g. Seraf Sayid (nei'i
Gallabat). |

Serai (TwrA;.), palace, in E, Turk., commercial entrep*':
a loan word from PerSs Sarai (q.v.) I

Sere (Soninke), people.

Serekhore (Soninke), a chief. See Sere.

Serekhule (Senegal), white men. See Sere.

Serhoma (Mossi, French Sudan), a ravine.

Seria, Seghir (Arab.), small. See Seghir.

Seriki (Haiisa), another form of Serki, a chief, f.^-
Oidda-n-Seriki-n-Pawa, ' the town of the chief Pawa/
n being the sign of the possessive. See SarikL

Serir (Arab.), flat ground without vegetation ; parts of
the Sahara covered with masses of siliceous horn-
stone, in contradistinction to the sandy wastes.

Serki-gari (Hausa) , capital town, Serki meaning ^ a chief.'
Cf. Fama-Dugu. See Seriki.

Sermiakhsu (Eskimo, Smith Sound), a glacier.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 845

Serra {It.)y a cross ridge, a pass ; Zt^. = a bolt, bar.
Serra (Port.), a mountain ridge ; K^.=a saw.
SerraddOB (Brazil), * high woods,' stunted tracts on the
dry, unproductive uplands. See Carrascos, Cap9es,
Catingas.
Serrania {Sp.)y a mountainous district, a ridge of

mountains. See Sierra.
SertdoB (Brazil), ' backwoods,' suggestive of waste land,
wilderness, rather than woodlands, and applied to
both TaboleraB and Chapadas (q.v.) See also Campos.
luSese (Bantu) y sand.

Sesmo (Sp.), a division of territory in some Spanish

provinces.
Set (Angh'Saxon), a settlement, e.g. DorBet.
Seter (from Nor. Sster), a chalet, e.g, EllanBOter.
Seto (Japan), strait, channel.
Sett. See Sudd.
umSetulnka (Kafir), a sideling place on a road which is at
so acute an angle that a vehicle in passing would be
in danger of sliding down.
Senil (Fr.), sill (as of a dock). As a form of sub-oceanic

relief equivalent to Eiae (q.v.)
Sewat (Deccan), summit, top.

inSozo

I- (Gent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), forest, bush.

8gang-ka (Tibet), summit of a hill ; b is mute. See Gang.
Sgar (Tibet), camp, permanent camp ; is the same word

as Oar (q.v.) ; b is mute. See under Bdo.
Sgeir (Gaelic), a rock in the sea, e.g. Buadh Sgeir. Cf.

Sker.

346 GLOSSARY OF GEOGILVPHICAL

Bgor (Gaelic), a peak, e.g. Sgor Dearg in tbe isle of "

Sha (Chifia), sand, sandbank, e.g. Shamo, ' Ihe SanC r
i.e. Gobi.

Sha {Indian, U.S. A.) See Cha.

Shaaba {Arab., Algeria), system of sinuous ravli
another form of Shaba {q.v.)

Shab {Arab.), a rocky shoal.

Shaba {Arab., N. Africa), a ravine. See Shaaba.

Shabel {Somali), leopard, e.g. Shabele, i.e. ShabeMe. "^
place of leopards.' Many places in Soni&liland :-i
named after living creatures and trees, e.g. Li^
' the place of lions,' Warabale, ' the place
hysDnas,' Shimbirale, Hhe place of birds/ Otif^
' the place where the Gob trees grovf.' See Ic

Shabet {Arab.), a basin surromided by moimts, (
Shabet el Akhera ; a plain, e.g. Shabet el Ahir, ' tl
plain of Air.'

Shah-bandari {Turk.), a buoy.

Shahid {E. Turk.), a martyr, the tomb of a martyr.

Shahr {Pers.),8i, town, the proper form of Shehr (q.v.)

Shair. See Sher.

Shakata {Yoruba), fen, bog, morass.

Shal-ma {Tibet), schistose debris.

Shamal (^;a6.), the prevailing north-west winds of ti«^
Persian Gulf.

Shamama {W. Sahara), inundated banks; more fre-
quently written Chamama.

Shaman {Siberia, Alaska), a medicine man, e.g. ShamaB
village, island, and point.

Shamba {Nika), a plantation.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TEEMS 347

Sbian. (jChina), hill, moantain, xaaige, e,g. Tian Shan, cf,

San ; island.
Shang {China), upper, e.g. Sliang-pn, 'upper citadel/

Of. Hsia.
Shang (Korea), grotesque signposts.
Shang {Tangut), wood, forest.
Shan-ha {China), coral.
Shan-tau (China), hluS, cliff. Cf. Tsian-pi.
Shan-ting (China), a mountain chain.
Shao (China), small, e.g. Shao-ho, ' small river.'
Shar (Pers.), a whirlpool, eddy.
Shar (Tibet), east. For other points see Lho.
Shar (White Sea region), long narrow gulf, strait.
Shara- (Mongol), a prefix meaning yellow, e.g. Shara
Muren, * Yellow River,' Shara Gol, * Yellow Stream.'
Sharaki (Egypt), land unirrigated and therefore un-
taxed.
Shari (Arab.), a highway.
Shari, Sari (Kotoko, Smith Bornu, Chad L. region),

water, river. See Isa, Sara.
Shark (Arab.), the east. See Said, Safel, Oharb for other
points.
„ (Arab., Egyptian Sudan), the right bank of the
Nile, from the above.
Sharki (Arab.), the winter south-east winds of the

Persian Gulf, from Shark. Cf. Kans.
Sharki (Turk.), east, from Arab. Shark.
Sharm (Arab.), a port.
Sharon (Hebrew), a plain.
Sha-sien (China), shoal.

848 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Shat (Arab.)y fresh water, river, e.g. Shat el Arab, j

combined Tigris and Euphrates.
Bha-tan (China), sandbank, bar. See Sha, Tan.
Shaw {England), a shady place, a wood, e.g. Bag^
Shbar (Hassania), a mud wall surrounding an enclosri
She {China), a reef of rocks ; also a monastery ; siol-

a fortification.

I

She {Formosa), the headquarters of a native tribe.

Shealiog {Scotla7ul), a highland cottage.

Sheanyi {Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), an enclosure.

Sheb {Pers.), descent, declivity.

Shaba {Arab,), a ravine, watercourse.

Shebika, dim, of Shebka {q.v.)

Shebka {Arab.), a network of ravines ; a country gres'J
intersected by ravines, e.g. the Shebka of Kxab.

Shehar, Shehr {Pers.), a town, e.g. Eski Shehr, ' old town
Eflki {Turk.) =^old.

Sheikh {Arab.), chief, elder, saint, e.g. Sheikh Hasseiii.

Shejera (^lra5.), a tree.

Shelf {Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for the portioi
of the continental border which extends seaward
from tide-marks, sinking very gradually as a rule tt
the depth of about 100 fathoms, and then suddenlj
falling steeply to a great depth ; e.g. the British.
Sunda, and Newfoundland Shelves. Equivalem
to Ger. Sohelf, Fr, Socle or Plateau ContinentaL

Shemfl {Arab.), north, north wind.

Shemfil {E. Turk.), wind.

Shenyi, Mshenyi {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu]
sand, e.g. Kashenyi, a town in Kyanya.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 849

Sher (Arab., N. Africa), barley, e.g. Wad 8her, * barley

valley.' See Wad.
Sliergi {W. Sahara), east. Cf. Oebele, Gebli.
Slieria {Arab.), a small footpath.
Slierm (Arab.), a creek or small cove.
Shershaf (Arab.), a cliff.
Shershar (Arab.), a cascade.

Shet (Icelandic hjalt), high, e.g. Shetland, ' high land.'
She-tan (China), a reef of rocks. See She.
Shi (China), market-place, market, e.g. Ha-shi-tai,

' horse market terrace.' See Tai. Ma=hor6e.
Shi (China), stone, e.g. Shi-hn, * stone gorge.'
Shi (MiaO'tse, Kwei-chau, and Min-kia, Yunnan),
new, e.g. Chin-shi-min, west of Yao Ngan.
nShi (Congo, Bantu), region, state ; earth, ground.
Shib (Arab.), a mountain pass, ravine.
Shibi (Korea), house, usually built round a quadrangle.
Bhidle (Somaliland), a rocky place. See Le.
Shiiro (Lti-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), market.
Bhikoln (Lu-Wanga, Eastern Uganda), hill, moun-
tain.
Shili (Mongol), a grassy hill.
Bbima (Congo), pool, pond, well.
Shima (Japan), island, Tokyo dialect for Sima (q.v.)
SbimH (Arab.) See Shemfl.
Bhimbira (Somali), birds. See under Shabel.
Shimo (Japan), lower, e.g. Shimo-tsu-fiBa, ' lower Fusa.'
Shimo (Swahili), ditch, pit, excavation.
eShimu (Congo, dialect of Bantu). See Eahimn.
SMna (Syriac), cliff, e.g. Tura Shina. See Tura.

850 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Shinarkli (Arab,), a promontory.

Shinden (Japan), certain paddy-lands broagbt

cultivation since the last survey.
Shiiig (Tibet), a tree.

Shir (Yamboj Upper Sobat R,), the rainy season.
Shire (England), something shorn off, a division, cu: :'
Shiroi (Japan), white, e,g. Shirokubi Saki.
Shitong (Hainan), market, market town.
Shitta (Sudan), winter (October-March), autumn.
Shitn-dianxa (Mafichuria), a stony valley.
Shiu (China, Japan), province, district.
Shiu ia (Min-Tcia, Yunnan), snow.
Shivala (Punjab), a pillar-like temple of the god Sbr.

Cf. Ling.
Shiver (E. Turk.), marsh ground with vegetation.
Shivu (Congo), the cold season.
Shi wo (Japan), tide; To^o dialect for Siwo (g.r.) >>

Hiki Shiwo.
Shlieng (Cambodia), rain.

Sho (Cambodia, Cochinchina), market. See Cho.
Shoal (Eng), a single Elevation (q.v,), or submarine

mountain rising to within eleven metres of tht^

surface, e.g, Adler Shoal. Equivalent to Get, Gnfidt

Fr. Haut Fond. Similar to Reef.
Shong (Tibet), excavation, small lateral valley.
Shor (C. Asia, Punjab), salt, land impregnated with salt.
Shorrafa (Arab,), local rain, places watered by local rains.
Shott (Arab., N, Africa), bank, shore ; a large river; a

vast stretch of salt water ; a saltpan ; a muddy

depression without vegetation. This is really the

AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 851

Arab. Shat (pronounced shut) (q.v.), of which Chott
(Shott) is the Fr. speUing.
i (Cambodia), a cape.
Slixui (Annam), a pagoda.

Slinf (Arab,), a prominent or culminating point.
Sliiii {Annam)y stream, torrent.

Slrni {China), water, e,g, Eiang ahni, * waters of the Kiang.*
Shukf, Shnkif {Arab.), a cliff (cleft).
Slml {Tibet), a track, road.
Shiima {Servian), a forest.
^aShumba {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See
Washumba.
SbxLT {Arab.), low clay hills.

Shur, Shor (P^rs.), brackish ; cf Sansc. Kshara = very bitter.
Bhura {Kaffa, Abyssinia), black.
Slmrli kwie {Min-kia, Yunnan), mountain.
Shtishet {Arab.), a slight undulation.
Shusliitiia {Alaska), a great muddy river, the great

muddy river, the Shushitna. See HTa.
Bhtit {Persia), a salt-water river.
Si {China), west, western, e.g. Kwang^-si. Cf. Tung, Pe,

Van. See Kwang.
Si {Fan, French Congo), the world; a large tract of

country. Cf. Fan.
Si (Hainan), a village.
Si (Lola, China), a wood.
Si (Mashonaland), a prefix meaning * small,' e.g. Sifara,

* small Fura.' See Fura.
aSi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), water. See
Mansi, Zi.

852 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAI.

ehiSi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), island.

muSi (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), town, country.

Kofi.
Si (Bambara, Malinke), town, village, e.g, Sikon, '

village.' See Koro.
Sia (China), lower. V

Sia, Zia (Nika), a reservoir, lake.
Id Sia, -lia (Nika), a small lake.

-Sia (Tripoli), a ploral termination signifying peer

inhabitants, population, e.g, Obadamsia, 'the -

habitants of Ghadames.' Cf Senuiaia, Hhe follow-:

of Senussi.'
Siah (Pers., Afghan), black, e,g. Siah Koh. Cf Siji

See Koh.
Siao (Yunnaii), little, small, e.g. Siao Kwen-ken, near Ys

Ngan.
Siao-ho (China), a rivulet, lit. * little river.'
Siao-tao (China), an island, small island, islet. See Tao.
Sibansho (Japan), guard-house.

Side (Englaiid), a slope, declivity, or ascent, e.g. Cross-
land Sides near Hartington ; from A.S., side (toc<

aid, long, extended).
Sidzau (Lolo, China), a wood, forest.
Sierra (Sp,), a rugged mountain range with serrate

outline ; from sierra = a saw.
Sif,^Z. Siuf (Arab., N. Africa), an extended dune with

thin ridge ; winding low dunes.
Sifa (Arab.), sandy beach.

Sigaram (Tamul, Deccan), sunamit of a mountain.
Sighi (Turk.), a bank, shoal.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 853

(Fr.), signal (S**).
Biipu (Indian, U.S. A,), a creek, cove.
Sika, eSika (Congo, dialects of Bantu), a house.
X Sika (East Africa, dialect of Bantu), the rainy season
(end of March to end of May) .
Sikka (Arab., N. Africa), a road.
8il (Cent. Asia), a sadden flood or inundation.
Sil (Korea), a valley, e.g. 8il-Lyeng, Chara-SiL

, [(Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), B. load. Cf.ZHA.

LnSila)

Silanga (Philippines), a channel, strait, passage ; in the
southern islands this is used for 'a bay.* Also
used to convey the meaning ' small, low islands.'
Billa (Fin.), a bridge.

Sillon (Fr.), a furrow, ridge. For use as a form of sub-
oceanic relief see Furrow.
Sima (Japan), island; makes Jima sometimes in com-
pounds, e.g. Awa jima, * Awa island.' See Shima, Jima.
Sima (Tangut), sand.
kiSima (Swahili), a well, j>Z. ma Sima.

Simba (Zamhezia), pi. of Hnmba (q.v.)
inSimi (Zulu, Kafir), a piece of cultivated ground.
Simpang (Malay), a crossing, e.g. Simpang Lima, a

station on the new Perak railway.
Sin (Amharic), an elephant's tusk, applied to a mountain

peak.
Sin (Chifia), a walled village.

Sin (China), new, e.g. Sin-kai, *New Market,' the
Chinese name for Bhamo, properly Bhamaw^ See
Kai, Bha, Haw.

A A

{Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river.

854 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPBICAL

Sin (ArabO'Pers.) See Jin.
Sinavi (Motu, New Guinea), a river.
Sindom {Soninke, Fr. Sudan), south. See yinkheiiM
Sing (China), a spring, foantain.
Sing (Tibet), a place covered with short grass, a maif:
imSingakan (Kafir), a very powerful stream of water, s

flood.
Singha (Malay), a place of call, e.g. Singapore :t

Singhapnra, ' the city of the place of call.' Otbr:

authorities give Sinha (Sansc), lion, thus Siiig^ert

* lion city.' See Fnra.
ulnSingi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a forest.
Sinikh (Turk.), ruined, in ruins.
mSinje
muSinje

Siora (Eskimo, Smith Sound), sand.

Siper (Albania), upper.

Siphandon (Laos), ' The Four Thousand islands,' a naiLd

given to the group at Khong on the Mekong.
Sipil (Chinese Turkestan), fortification, wall of a to^t
Sir (Arab.), a fold.
Sir (Hind.), head, summit, e.g. Sir Daria, the 'Hea^

Stream ' (Jaxartes). Cf^ Sirdar ; see Sar.
Sira (Madagascar), salt, e.g. Antsirabe, ' the place wher

there is much salt.' See An, Be.
Siranga (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), a road.
Sirge (Bornu), a lake of natron. See Abge.
Sirik (Mongol), a valley.
Sirkar (India), a district or division.
Siro (Japan), palace, castle ; white.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 855

(Nandi and Ja-Luo, Uganda) ^ a market.
Sixocco, Scirooco (IL), a hot oppressive wind coining from
Northern Africa over the Mediterranean to Sicily
and Italy.
Sirt {Turk,), a ridge.

Sisifo {Samoa) y west. For other points see Matu.

Sisim (Agniy Ivory Coast), a village, place of cultivation.

Sitchy Sich (England) ^ a watercourse, a little current of

water, which is dry in summer, a gutter; from

A.S, sic, sich, a furrow, watercourse, e.g. Goldsitoh

Moss. See Moss.

Sitlal {Aztek)y a star, e.g, Sitlaltepetl, ' star mountain,'

the Orizava of the maps. See Tepetl.
Sitt {Arab,), lady, female saint.
i8itu\

mSituI (Cenif. Africa, dialects of Bantu), forest, wood,
mu Situ [ thicket. Cf Witn.
muSitu^

Siuf, pL of Sif (g.i;.)

Siwa {Mt. Kenia region), swamp, applied to the Lorian
swamp.
chiSiwa {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), isla,nd. See Ziwa.
Id Siwa {Swahili), island ; tor pi. see Kisiwa.
Biwo {Japan), tide, current. Cf. Shiwo.
Biya {Pers.), black. Cf Siah.
Sjb (Sw.), sea.

-Sk (B'tiss.), a suffix meaning ' town,' e.g. Omsk.
Skala {Hung.), rocks (Ski.)
Skam {Tibet), barren, dry.
Skandse {Da.), fort. Cf Schans.

A A 2

856 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Skttr (Sw.), a skerry, a rock at times covered by ^J

See Skjor.
Skard {IceL)y a ravine.
8ke {Tibet)y a neck or gorge.
Skip {from Da., Nor. Skib.), a ship, e.g. Skipnesi, ^J

point.' See Veis. Cf. Skipper.
Skiron (Neo^reek), north-east. For other point j

Boreas.
Skjflsr, SkflBr (Da., Nor.), a skerry, a rock at times covc.i

by water. See Skiur.
Skole {Da., Nor.), a school (S^*).
Skopelos (Greek), rock, e.g. Skopelos Islands north i

Euboea (Negropont).
SkoY (Da., Nor.), a wood, forest.
Slaak {Dch.), a channel, passage.
Sliabh, Slievh (Irish), a mountain, e.g. Slieyh Beg* SI

miih. Cf. Slieve, Slieu.
Slib (Dch.), mud, ooze, e.g. Slibbroek.
Slide (U.S.A.), the exposed surface left in the tracij]

a landslide, as a landslip is called in the States.
Slieu (Manx), a mountain. Of. Sliabh, Slieve.
Slieve (Gaelic), a mountain, e.g. Slieve Bloom. Cj

Sliabh, SUeu.
Sloboda, Slobodka (Buss.), a suburb, village (SI.)
Slot (Da., Nor.) ]

Slott (Sw.)

a palace, castle. Cf. Ger. Schlois.

Sluis (Dch.), a sluice, dam, e.g. Zwartsluis, Bnitenslm

See Zwart, Bniten. Cf. Slnss
Sltiit (Gape Dch.), a ditch, gutter, stream.
Slnse (Da., Nor.), SIusb (Sw.), a lock, sluice. Gf> Sim

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 857

Snxad {Tibet), low country. See Ma, Mad ; s is mute.
Smala, Zmala, pi, Zemul or Mezemlin {Arab,, N. Africa),

the camp of a great chief. See Zmala.
Sxneida, Smid, Smidet (Arab,), an isolated low dune.
Smid. See Smeida.
Snee (Da., Nor,), snow, e,g, SneehsBtten.
Sneeuw (Dch,), snow, Sneeuwbergen.
Sno {Sw,), snow. Cf, Snee.
Snyeg (Buss,), snow.
So (Agni, Ivory Coast, Mande), place, town, village,

e,g, Assikasflo, AboiBso. Cf. 8n, Tenga.
So {China), a guard-house ; military station of less im-
portance than a Wei {q,v,) ; a fortified military place,
camp ; town, village.
So {Fin,), the mouth of a river, estuary.
S0, Sjo {Da., Nor,), sea.
iSoa] {Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass. See
naSoa) Sua, Suwa, Swa.

Soa {Madagascar), beautiful, good, e.g, Soarano, * good
water,' Soakazo, ' beautiful tree.' Cf, Taara. See
Bano, Eazo.
Soaks {W, Australia), shallow wells in granite formation.
Soane {Kusage, Solomon Is,), a road.
Sobba {Arab,, N, Africa), a cascade.
Soberga {Mongol), a pagoda, e.g, Chagan Soberga, 'white

pagoda.' See Chagan.
Bjzrbod, Sjobod {Da,, Nor.), a warehouse abutting on the

water.
Socken {Sw,), a parish. Cf, Sogn.
Socle {Fr.), shelf {q.v,)

868 GLOSSARY OF OEOORAPHICAI.

Seder (Sw.), adv, south, e.g, SMarhamiL, ^ sonth hi'
aBogh (Fan, French Congo), a fall, rapid; fori

Aaogh.
Sogn {Da., Nor,), parish. Cf. Socken.
Sok (Marocco), district, place ; country marker

Sok el Arba, a place where a market is hz,.

Wednesdays, or the 4th day. Similar place-n ii-

are found for other days of the week. See Su
Sekaki (Smyrna Greek), a street.
Bekke (Soninhe, Seiiegat), grass.
Boko, ;>/. Maioke (Swahili), market.
Sol (Fr.), soil, ground.
Solano (Sp.), a hot, oppressive south-east winJ. i:

local Spanish name for Sirocco (q.v.)
Solo (Rotiima, Polynesia), a mountain.
luSolo (Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river; in 7

(Nyassaland) this is luSolo, pi. nSulo. See Stii
Somed (Arab.), a rocky round hill.
Sommet (Fr.), summit (Som.)
Sommo (It.), summit, top.
Son (Cambodia), mountain, e.g. Long-Son, 'Flourishii:

Mountain,* in Bao-Hue.
Son (Siam), confluence.

Bonder (Da.), south (S**). See Syd, Horre, for other poiLif
Song (A7i?iavi), a river.
Son-ni (Hainan), a path.
Bono (Cent. Africa), grass. See Bore, Bote.
Sopa (Lolo, China), a mountain.
Sopak (Mentawei I., S.W. Coast Sumatra), a stream.
So pan (Indian, U.S.A.), a valley.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 359

Sopi {Kirvmna, New Guinea), water.
Sopka (Buss.), a small separate hill ; a volcano.
Sopo {Sumatra). See under Bale.
Sore {Mossi, French Sudan), a road.
iSore {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Bote.
Sorgente {It.), a source (Sorg^®).
Soro {Songhai), a minaret.
Sosobi {Hausa), a ravine.
iSote {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Sore.
Source (Fr.), source, spring, fountain.
Speco {It.), a cave, cavern.

Spelonk {Dch.), a cave; from Lat. 8pelimca=:cave.
Spi {Kurdish), white, e.g. Av-i-spi, * white water.' See Ava.
Spiaggia {It.), the sea shore, coast.
Spiti {Neo-Greek), a house.

, [ summit; top of a mountain, crest;
' I equivalent to Beak, Pike, Spit, e.g. Spitz-
i bergen, Oertler Spitz.
Spo {Tibet), summit of a mountain ; same word as Po

{q.v.) ; 8 is mute. See under Bdo.
Sponda (J^.), the bank of a river.
Spoor {Dch.), track, trail. See next entry. Cf Spur.
Spoorweg {Dch.), railway. See Spoor, Weg.
Spruit {Dch.), a small stream. Cf. Rivier; is cognate

with Eng. Sprout.
Spni {Dch.), a sluice, lock.
Spur {Ger.), track, trail. Cf. Spoor.
Sqnero {It.), a dockyard.
Bra {Cambodia), reservoir, tank.
Srok {Cambodia), a canton.

360 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL !

Sron {Gaelic), a nose, promontory.

Sroniron (Gold Coast), summit, highest point.

Stable. See Staple.

Stack (from Icel. Stakkr), a high isolated rock, nsnally

columnar ; sometimes corrupted into Stag.
Stad (Da., Nor., Dch,, Sw.), a city, large town. Cf.

Stadt, Stede.
Stadhuis (Dch.), a townhouse, town hall.
Stadt (Ger.), a city, town, e.g. Kronstadt. Cf. Stad, Stede.
Staff (Scandinavian staphi), piUars, e.g. Stafia, properly

Staffey, * the island of pillars,' from the columnar

formation of the basalt of which it is composed.

Cognate with A.S. 8t»f=itaff. See Ey.
Stag. See Stack.
Stagno (It.), a pool, marsh.
Stah (Arab.), a plateau. Cf. Steiliat.
Staith (Anglo-Saxon s^SBdh, bank, shore, Icel. stftdk, a

harbour, roadstead), a landing-place, an elevated

railway staging from which coal-trucks discharge

their loads into cars or vessels beneath.
Stak (Da., Nor.), a heap, stack (of stones). Cf. Stack.
Stam (Dch.), a tribe, race ; cognate with Eng. stem. Cf.

Ger. stamin.
Stan (Pers.), a suffix of locative meaning, place, e.g.

Hindiutan, Kafiristan, Afghanintan.
Stan (Buss.), a station, camp.
Stanitsa (Buss.), a Cossack village.
Stanitsa (Servian), a station, railway station.
Stanovishohe (Buss.), a station, camp.
Stantdya (Buss.), a station.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 861

Staple (England), a market, e.g, BarnBtaple, Stapleprove,
Stapleford ; Low Ger. stapel = a pile of goods for
sale, a warehouse.

Stari (Buss,) ] old (Str.), e.g. Stara Zagora, the

■

Stary (Bohemian) j Turkish Esld Zagra. See EskL

Statte (Ger.), place, spot. Cf. Stead, Stede.

Stazione (It.), a station (Staz®).

Stead (England), a place, e.g. Hampstead; from A.S,

stede = a place. Cf. Stad, Stadt, Stede, St&tte.
Stede (Dch.), a towD, place, spot. Cf. Stead.

Steeg (Dch.), a lane, alley.

Steen (Dch.) stone, rock, e.g. Steenbergen. Cf Sten,
Stein.

Steep (Indian, U.S.A.), earth, land.

Steg (Dch.), ]

Steg (Ger.),

Steig (Ger.), a path.

Steiger (Dch.), a pier, quay, landing-place.

SteYhat (Arab., N. Africa), a plateau. Cf. Stah.

Steil (Dch., Ger.), steep, precipitous. See next entry.

Steilabfall (Ger.), escarpment. See Steil. Cf. Abhang.

Stein (Ger.), stone, e.g. Ehrenbreitstein, ' broad stone of
honour.' Cf. Steen, Sten.

Steinbruch (Ger.), a quarry.

Stelle (Ger.), place, site.

Sten (Da., Nor., Sw.), stone, rock. Cf Steen, Stein.

Steno (Greek), narrow, e.g. Steno Pass.

Steppe (from Buss.), a vast treeless plain, prairie ; the
Buss, form is Step (pronounced ' stepp '), and is ap-
plied generally to grassy, saline, and sandy tracts.

■ a narrow wooden bridge, path.

862 GLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAI-

BteptOM {U.S. A.), island-like areas in a sea of laTi
Bter (Icel. ftadr), a stead, seat, dwelling, e.g. Ulster
Stieng {IndO'China), savages, applied now to hil

N.-E. of Saigon, though originally the name

tribe of hillmen.
Stiert (Da.), a spit of land. Cf. Stjert.
Stift {Ger.f Da., Nor., Sw.), diocese ; religious foa

tion, monastery, &c.
Stirpeto (It.), a brake.
Sljart, S^ert {Da., Nor.), a tail or spit of land. Cf. Sikr
Stob {Scotland), stump, e.g. Stobo, properly StoboL t-

hollow of stobs or stumps,' Stobs Castle.
Stock. See Stoke.
Stoep {Cape Dutch), a masonry platform with steps :

front of a house.
Stoke, Stock {England), a stockaded place; from A.>

stocc = post, stem ; e.g. Basingstoke, Woodstod

Cf. Stow.
Stolp {Buss.), pinnacle rock.
Stong, Tong {Tibet), a desert. The s is mute.
Stoonunolen {Dch.), a steam mill.
Stor, Store {Da., Nor., Sw.), large, great (St.), e.g. Star

Aa, Store Belt.
Stora {Sw.), large, great (st.), e.g. Stora Lnlei Ell ^v.

Lille.
Stow {England), a place, a stockaded place, from A.^-

8t6w = a place ; e.g. Chepstow. Cf. Norse std

Lithuanian stowe.
Straat {Dch.), a street. See next entry.
Straatweg {Dch.), a high road. jS'^^ Straat, Weg.
Strada {It.), a road. See next entry.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 363

Stradone {It), a high road. See Strada.
Strand (DcA., Eng., Ger,), beach, shore.
Strasse (Gar.), a street.

Strath (Gaelic), a broad valley with a river flowing
through it, e,g, Stratholyde, Strafhmore. See More.
Cf. Welsh Ystrad.
Strauch (Ger.), shrub, bush, small tree.
Strecke (Ger.), a stretch or reach of a river ; region.
Strelka (Buss,), a sandspit.
Stretto {It,), a strait, defile.
Strom {Ger,), a stream. Cf, Fluss.
StrOm {Nor., Da,, Sw,), river-current, stream of the

tide.
Strombett {Ger,), the bed of a river. See Strom, Bett.
StromschneUe {Ger,), a rapid in a river. See Schnelle.
Strudel {Ger,), an eddy, whirlpool.
Btmya {Buss.), eddy water, current.
Stimg {Cambodia), a rapid over sand or pebbles, river,

e.g. Stung Treng.
Su {China), a township, e,g, Ean-su.
-Su {Ashanti), a sufl&x signifying * on a river,' e.g.

Frasu, * the town on the Pra E.' Cf. Foa.
Su {Mande, Fr. Sudan), an inhabited place of less im-
portance than a capital. Cf, So, Tonga.
Sti {Turk,), water, river; e.g, Ak-su, 'white water' (the

Oxus).
oBn {Fan, Fr. Congo) ; for meanings andpZ. see Osu.
Sua (Mandara, South Bornu), a well.
chiSna (Bantu), an island in a river.
nSna (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), an island ; for
other form see Nana.

864 OLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

u Sua (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Swi, I
Boa.

Boan {Abbadif Etbai, Upper Egypf), flint.

Saba (Arab.)y a province.

Bnbs {Pers.), green, e,g, Knbapi-Subi, 'green dome.'

Snbiolano {Sp.), south-east wind. See Solano.

Snokaniwring (Indian, U.S.A.), black stone place, e.:
Suokatnnkannk.

Bud (jPr., Sp.), Bud (Ger,), south.

Bndan (Arab.), blacks, thus Baled es Sudan, ' the land oi
the blacks,' Nigritia or Negroland. See Beled, EL

Sudar (Hung.), a peak. <^. Bo^cf.

Sudd (Upper Nile), a luxuriant growth of vegetation,
which blocks the Bahr el Ghazal and Nile as lar
as Sobat B. junction annually from September to
January, and at times for years together; was
cleared in 1900-1901, and measures are now being
taken to keep the navigation open.

Saduga (Mossi, French Sudan), a cascade, waterfall.

Sof (Arab.)y wool, e.g, Um Snf, * mother of wool/ i.e,
the plant Vossia, tall reeds with white flufl^
heads, which, with papyrus, cover an enormous
area of the Ghazal swamps.

Suf (Wolqf), cultivable land, sand.

Bu^ar.'fSfl^wgQ/trpeSLt. Cf. Sudar.

Bugnr (Moro, E. Archipelago), a bay.

Suh (Abbadi, Etbai, Upper Egypt), granite.

Sahaili (Arab.), the much-feared south-west winds of
the Persian Gulf.

Suheli (Swahili), south. See Kuflini, Kibuia.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 865

{Arab.), a market. Another form of 8'ok {q.v.)
Sukhaya yoda (Buss.), low water. See Voda.
Sukhoi (Buss,), dry.
nSuku (Congo, dialect of Bantu), inlet, bay, gulf, creek.
Bui (Fort,), south, e.g. Bio Orande do Snl, * great river

of the south.'
Sulagh (E. Turk.), a place where there is water.
Snli (Kanarese, W, coast of Hindustan), south. For
other points see 01.
kaSnlo (Upper Congo, dialect of Bantu), a source of a
stream.
nSnlu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brook, stream. Bee Solo.
Sum (Mongol), monastery.
Snma (Arah.), a minaret.
Siuna (S. Slav,), a forest, bush.

Snmale (Bamhara, Fr. Sudan), fresh, e,g, Jisumale,
'fresh water '; ji= water.
maSomba (Congo, dialect of Bantu), the kraal or village
of a chief. Cf, Boma, Zeriba.
Btunbi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a lake.
uSumbi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a river, stream.
Sam-do (Tibet), a coniSuence. See Do.
Snmpf (Ger.), a marsh, bog.
Sun (Hainan), a path, road.
Sund (Da., Sw.), a sound.

Sung (China), pine tree, e.g. Sung-Hua-Cliiang, 'Pine-
flower river,' i.e. the Sungari in Manchuria ; Lao-
Song-Ling, 'old pine pass.' See Chiang, Lao,
ling.

Song (Chinbon), a hill, small mountain.

366 GLOSSARY OF GEOGBAPHICAL

Songar (Afghanistan), a small stone erection, made

the purpose of obtaining cover.
Songi, Soxigei (Malay), a river, stream.
inSnngasi (Kafir), a path passing through a forest, otct

shadowed by trees ; a path overgrown by luxnm:

vegetation.
eSonsu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a cape or headland.
Sunt (Upper Nile), the mimosa tree.
Snong (Laos), high, lofty, upper.
Super (Latin), above, upon, on, e.g. Weston««aper-]Iiii

* Weston-on-Sea * ; mare = sea. Cf. Sur.
Supo (Gold Coast), an island.
Sur (Arab.), a rampart, wall.

Sur (Fr.), on, upon, e.g. Chtdonfl-8iir-Manie. Cf Super.
Snrkh (Pers,), red, e.g. Siurkh-ab, * red river.' See Ah.
SuBuka (Bubiana, Solomon Is.), a lagoon.
nSuvila (Congo, dialect of Bantu), inlet, an arm of the sea.
Suwa (dialect of Bantu). See Vsua.
Svaty (Bohemian), saint (Sv.) Cf. Szent, Svent.
Sveta (Bohemia), saint.
Svoboda (Buss.), a suburb (Sv.) See Sloboda.
Svyatoi (Buss.), holy, e.g. Svyato Island ; there are two

of this name in the Caspian Sea.
uSwa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass. See Sua,

Suwa.
Swade (Fula), bush, wood, underwood, grass.
Swale (U.S.A.), a slight marshy depression in land

which is generally level. This is really an Old

English term, still current in many district^ in the

sense of low ground, valley, moor, &c.

AND TOPOORAPHICAL TERMS 867

Swef {Lokub, Bvdolf L,), a hill, eminence.

Suvi {Hainan), a village.

Syd {Da,, Nor.), south. Cf. 80nder. See Horre for other

points.
Syever {Buss,), north. For other points see Polden,

Tag, Vostok, Zapad.
Syssel {Iceland), a district, a county, e.g. Strandir Syssel.
Syug-salmak {Korea), grotesque sign-posts.
SzlOUts {Hung,), a hamlet, village (SzL), lit. lodgings.
Sz^l {Hung.), breadth, end, boundary, limit.
Szent {Hung.), saint (Szt.) Also Svent
Sziget {Hung.), an island (Szig.) Also island town,

town at the confluence of rivers.
Sznksen {Tangut), a river.
Sych {Welsh), dry, e,g, Syohnant Pass.
Syem, Syom {Korea), island, e.g. Syem-Oang, y mute.

Ta {Burma), a wood, forest.

Ta- {China), a prefix signifjring * great,' e.g. Ta-kiang,
' Great River,' i.e. the Yangtse ; Wu-ta-cha-shan,
* the five great tea hills ' of the Shan tea district.
See Kiang, Shan.

Ta, Tah {China), a lofty tower, pagoda.

Ta {Japan), rice-land.

Ta {MiaO'ise, Kwei Chau, South China) t deep.

Ta {Shan States), a ferry.

Ta {Siam), a landing-place; mouth, estuary.
mTa {Swahili), a district of a town ; for ^Z. see Hta.

Taam (Da., Nor,), a tower.

868 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Taba {dialect of Bantu, Gallaiand), a moantaiiL

the Thaba of Basatoland.
nTaba {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a swamp, marsh.
Tabarit {Tuareg, Berber), a road.
Tabema {Sp., Port,), an mn ; from Lat, tabeiiia=bc>jl.

stall, inn.

Tabia {Turk.), a battery. /

Tabo {Hausa), mud.

Taboleioai {Brazil), 'platters/ very flat and dry her-
baceous plains. Cf Campos.
Tada {Hind.), an island.
Tadakt {Tuareg, Berber), a hill.
TademaYt {Berber, N. Africa), a height, summit ; a 1cm;

Oara {q.v.)
maTadi {Congo, dialect of Bantu), stones or rocks, hence

the name of the town Katadion the Congo estuary.
Tafariki {Hausa), a road, way.
Taftan {Persia), boiling, hence the name of the volcano

Kuh-i-Taftan, ' boiling mountain,' known locally bs

Chekel-Tau, ' the mountain of the forty Beings.'
Tafelberg {Dch.), tableland, a 'table mountain.'
Tag {Tibet) , rock, a rocky mountain. Cf. Tagh^ Dagh, Tan*

for other forms.
Tagama {Tuareg, Berber), a forest, wood.
Tagaye {Soninke, Fr. Sudan), a mud-wall surrounding

an enclosure.
Tagh {Turkestan), a mountain. See Tag, Dagh, Taa, for

other forms.
Tagit {Eabile), a plain.
Tahama {Arab.), lowland. Cf. Vejd.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 869

Tahi (Polynesia). See Tai.

Taho {MotUy New Guinea) y west.

Tahsil, Tehiil (India) ^ a subdivision of a district, under

a Tahsildar or sub-collector.
Tahtani (Arab.), lower, e.g. Moghar Tahtani, 'Lower

Moghar.' Cf. Asfal, Fukani.
Tahnne, pL Tawahin (Arab.), a mill.
Tai (China), a terrace, plateau, eminence, e.g. Shi-tai,

* market terrace.'
Tai (China, Amoy dialect), great. See Typhoon.
Tai (Japan), large, great ; equivalents are Dai, 0, Oki.
Tai (Siam), south ; for other points see Haa.
Tai, Kai, Tahi (Polynesia), sea.
Tai (Tibet), a fort.
Taiga (Siberia), the belt of • virgin forest ' lying to the

south of the Tnndras (q.v.)
Tak (Annam), a rapid over rocks in a river.
Taka (E. Turk., from Pers.), the ibex, e.g. Min-taka pass.
nTaka (Congo ; Brit. Cent. Africa, Bantu). In the former

region this means * ground which is always moist ;

marshy ground '; in the latter it means 'country.'
Takai (Japan), high, lofty, tall. Cf. Take.
Take (Japan), peak, ridge, hill, e.g. Yarigatake, 'the

spear peak.' Other forms are Daka, Dake (q.v.)

Cf. Takai.
Takht (Pers.), throne, seat, e.g. Takht-i-Snleiman, ' Solo-
mon's Throne,* a mountain in Afghanistan.
Taki (Japan), a waterfall. Cf. Takai.
Tako (Kamenin), a mountain.
Takribt (Kabile), a fortified position.

B B

870 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

T&l (India), lake, e.g. Naini-Tal. See Talab.

Tal {New Guinea), a house.

Tal (Welsh), front, end, e,g, Tal-y-bont, Tal-y-Uyn.

Tala, Talat {Arab,), a path up a mountain or ravine.

Tala {Kahile), source, fountain, spring.

Tala (Mongol), a plain.

Tala (Tibet), a marsh.
11 Tala (LU'Wanga, Uganda), town.

Tal&b (Pers,), a lake, pond, tank, reservoir.

Talao (Hind.), tank, reservoir, is the Hind, form of the
Pers. Tftlab (q.v.)

Talaoro (Marovo, Solomon Is.), north wind.

Ta-lat (Siam), a market.

Talat (Arab.) See Tala.

Taldik (E. Turk.), straight, e.g. the river of that name.

Tale (Siam), a lake.
ITali (Bantu), the side of a river, bank.

Ta ling (Khas Chos, Indo-China), a rice-field.

Tall (Arab.), a hill. Other forms are Tel, Tell.

Talla (Indian, U.S.A.), a town,

Talla (Pw?ya6), low-lying land on which grass grows well.
IdTalu (Swahili), an enclosure with a stone fence ; tor pi
see Kitalu.

Taluk (Madras), a subdivision of a district. Cf. Tahnl.

Tam (IndO'China), a stream, torrent.

Tam (E. Turk.), a wall.
eTaiD (Fan, French Congo), pond, small lake ; see Etam.

Tambaga (Malay), copper ; from HiTid. tanba (pro-
nounced tamba) = copper.

Tamda (Kabile), a pond, pool.

Tamozhnya, Tamojnya (Buss.), custom-house.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 871

Xampon {Fr.), buffer, e.g. £tat Tampon = buffer state.

Xamurt (Kabile), country, region.

Tam-son (Hainan), a market.

Tan (Berber), See In.

Tan (Cambodia), new, e.g. Tan-Ki, in Bao-Duk.

Tan (China), rapids in a river. In Laos Tang.

Tan (Indian, Alaska), cape, point, used especially in the

neighbourhood of Cook Inlet.
Tan (Welsh), below, under, e.g. Tan-y-bwlch, 'below the

pass.'
Tana (Madagascar), used in composition for tanana,
place, village, town ; thus antana = at the place,
at the village, e.g. Antananarivo, at the place of
thousands. See An.
Tana (Pokomo, E. Africa), a river, stream, e.g. the river

of that name.
Tanah (Malay), earth ; country, land, e.g. Tana Kaling,
' the land of the Kaling,' i.e. Hindustan ; Tana Sa-
brang, ' the land across the water,' i.e. Hindustan.
Ta-nam (Pa%, Shan States), a river.
Ta-nan (Indian, California), water.
Tanan (Alaska), mountain men, e.g. Tanana, ' the river
of the mountain men,' properly Tanan-na. See Na.
Tanao (Indo-China), lake, marsh, pond.
nTando (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a mountain.
Tang (China), lake, marsh ; sea.
Tang (Laos), a rapid in a river. Cf. Tan (China).
Tang (Pers., Afghan), a defile, e.g. Bartang, 'narrow

passage.'
Tang (Shan States), a road, path.

BB 2

\

872 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPmOAL

Tang {Tibet), a large flat valley ; steppe.

Tang, Tangi {Kurdish, Kermanji dialect), a nairow
defile or narrow place in a road.

Tanga {Mossi, Fr. Sudan), village, place of cultivation ;
mountain.

Tanganyika {Cent Africa), the shining plain or desert;
water ; hence the lake of that name. See Tyika.
nmTangala {Zulu, Kafir), a stone fence.

Tange {Da,, Nor.), a tongue or strip of land.

Tangi {Icel.), a tongue of land.

Tangik (Aleut.), island, dim. Tangidak.

Tangkuban {Java), reversed, turned upside down, e.g.
Tangknban-prahn, 'an upturned canoe,' a name
given to mountains because of their shape,
n Tango {Kafir), a fence, hedge.

Tangong, Tanjong {Malay), a point, cape ; a contraction
of tinah-ujong, lit. 'land's end'; tnnak^land;
njong= point, tip, end.

Tangnra {Kabile), a peak.

Tangwani {Gurma, Fr. Sudan), a mountain.

Tank {Indo-China), a town of the second order, or pro-
vincial capital.

Tani {Japan), a valley.

Tani {Madagascar), country, region, district.

Tanimbari (Madagascar), a rice-field.

Tanjong (Malay). See Tangong.

Tank {U.S.A.), a pool or waterhole in a wash.

Tano (Motu, New Guinea), earth.
imlTantato {Zulu, Kafir), stones placed as stepping-stones
for crossing a stretdm,

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 878

nxnTantato (Kafir), a bridge, any contrivance for crossing a
river.
Tannt (Berber), wells.

Tanya (Hung,), hamlet, halting-place, an inn (Tn.)
Tanzuna (Madagascar), a cape, promontory.
Tao (China), an island. Lit, mountain. See Tau.
Tao (Korea), the head prefecture in a circuit.
Taong-ji (Burma), a mountain. Cf, Taung.
eTapa (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), forest.
Tapera (Spanish S, America), a solitary dwelling, espe-
cially in the middle of a field and completely iso-
lated.
TaphoB (Greek), a tomb.
Tapki, Tepki (Hausa), swamp, pool, marsh. Cf Tebki,

Kuluga.
Tappa (India), an assessment circle.
Tapu (Hind,), an island, a shoal.
Tar (Indian, U,S,A,), rock, stone.
Tar (E. Turk,), narrow ; strait ; a narrow gorge.
Tara (Maori), rock, stone, e.g. Tarawera, * burnt rocks.'
Tara (Mongol), desert, e.g. Knrban Tara, 'the three

(days) desert.' Cf. Taren. See Knrban.
Taraf (India), a subdivision of a village.
Tarai (Hind.), a marsh, meadow ; an island.
Taram (E. Turk.), the dividing of a river into several

arms.
Tarasham (Sahara), a house, dwelling.
Tarbat, Tarbert (Gaelic tairbeart), an isthmus, e.g.
Tarbat in N.E. of Eoss and Cromarty, Tarbert in
Argyllshire.
Taren (Mongol), cultivation, cultivated land. Cf Tara.

1

&74 GLOSSARY OF t^EOGRAPHICAL

Tarf (Arab.), a cape, promontory, headland. \

Tari {Korea), bridge, e.g. Tari-Dong, Tari-Bahoi.
Tarik, pi, Tumk (Arab,), a road, way. See Trik.
Tarim {E. Turk,), cultivated ; probably from Taram, U

cultivated by means of irrigation.
Tarim {Cent. Asia), river, stream, the river.
Tarjam {Tibet), a ]postho\ise=^ Chinese Cha.
Tarn {England), a small mountain lake, especially one

without affluents or effluent, e.g, Blentam; from

Norse tjton = pool.
Tarn {Singalese), mouth of a river.
Tasamormeng, Taseraktedling, Tasiuza {Eskimo, Smith

Sound), lake.
T&sek {Malay), the sea, ocean ; lake. Cf, IMumu.
Taah, Tashrah {Turk.), outer, e.g. Tashlite in Bosnia.
Tash {E. Turk,), stone, e.g, Taah Kurgan, ' stone tower.'
Tashkun {E. Turk.), inundation, flood.
Tashlik {Turk.), stony, rocky, rough.
Tashrah {Turk,) See Tash.
Tasi {Songhai), sand.
Tasik {Malay), lake, marsh, pool.
Tasili {Sahara, N. Africa), plateau, applied to several

upland districts, e.g, the Tasili of the Aqer Tuaregs.
Tat {Deccan), fortification of a city; environs.
Tat {Punjab), declivity ; bank of a river.
Tata {Fula, Mande, Serer, Wolof, West Sudan), a mud

wall surrounding an enclosure.
muTatago {Giryama), a bridge.

Tatani. See Tahtani.
InTatyana {Kafir), a small mountain.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 376

Tau (Cent Asia, Caucasus), mountain, e.g. Ak-tan,

' white mountain ' ; mountain-top. Cf. Tagh, Tag,

Dagli.
Tan {China), i&land, head. Same word as Tao.
Tani {Nissan I., New Guinea), a plantation.
Taung {Burma), mountain, hill. Cf. Taong-ji.
Tau-tu {China), clay.
Tawahin, pi. of Tahnne {q.v.)
Tawan-ok {Siam), east, lit. 'rising sun, sunrise*; for

other points see Nua.
Tawan-tok {Siam), west, lit. * sunset ' ; for other points

see Nna.
Tawf {Upper Nile), an island of floating sudd {q.v.)
Tawil {Arab.), long, e.g. Wadi el Tawile, * the long vale.'
Tazirt {Kabile), a mill.
TOSH, Cluiu {Tangut), water.
Tea {Hainan), a prefecture.
Tea-gna {Hainan), mountain.
Teawent {Tuareg, Berber), a ford.
Tebbad {Turkestan), the violent hurricanes which sweep

over the Turkoman steppe, carrying with them

clouds of impalpable sand.
Tebki {Sahara), a pond. Cf, Kulugn, Tepki.
Techenie (Buss.), current, stream of tide.
Tedrag {Tuareg, Berber), a little hill.
Tefea {Sever, Senegal), shore, beach.
Teftedt {Kabile), a place in ruins.
Tegift {Tuareg, Berber), a sandhill.
iTegu {Zulu, Kafir), a bay ; estuary.
Tehsil. See Tahsil.

876 OLOSSARY OF aEOaRAPHICAL

Teich (Ger.)y a pond, ditch, i

Tei-hakn (Japan), an anchorage.
nTeka (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), grass.

Tekan, Tekra (Hind.), a height, elevation ; rising
ground.

Tekiye. See Tekke.

Tekke, Tekiye (Turk.), a Mohammedan convent.

Tel (Arab.), a hill ; another form of Tell (q.v.) ; e.g. Td
el Jlebir. See Kebir.

Telaga (Java), a lake.

Telak (Malay), a bay. See Teluk.

Tele (Samoa and Fallaofu), large, great, e.g. Vuutele I.,
S.E. of Upolu I.
nTeleka (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a cascade or water-
fall.
isiTeleti (Zulu, Kafir), a street.

Tell, jpi. Tellol (Arab.), a mound, especially one covering
ruins ; e.g. Tell-Lo in Babylonia. See Tel.

Teluk (Malay), a bay, haven, harbour, e.g. Telnk Bham;
cf. Tillo ; the misspellings Telok, Tullok are also
frequently found ; in standard Malay the word is
pronounced tluk.
kuTemba. See Kutemba for meaning.

Tembe (Bantu), a fortification built round a town,
formed of two walls about 10 ft. high, 10 ft. apart,
roofed, and divided into rooms facing inwards.
The outer wall is covered vrith clay and is loop-
holed.

Tembe (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a
dwelling. See Kutemba.

AND TOPOGRAMICAL TERMS 377

Tembladeral {Spanish S. America), bog, which presents

the appearance of a pasture.
Temborari {Swahili), coastal plain. Gf. Sahel.
Temdint {MzaJn, Berber), a town.
Temir (Turk.) See Demir.
Temnra (Tripoli, Berber), a town, pZ. Timdinin.
Ten (Wolof), spring, fountain ; wells.
Ten (Berber). See In.
Tena odli Inm me (Indian, California), town, village ;

lit. many houses.
inTendeleko (Zulu, Kafir), a fence round an enclosure.
Tendm (Madagascar), summit, top. See next entry.
Tendnunbnliitra (Madagascar), a mountain peak. See

Tendm ; Bnbitra = Vohitra (q.v.) See also Bohi.
Tenere (Tuareg, Berber), a desert plain.
Tenga (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), country ; an inhabited place

of less importance than a capital. Cf. Su, So.
Tenghi (Cent. Asia), a narrow glen-path.
Tengo (Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), bush. Cf.

T'hengo and next entry.
mTengo, nTengo {Dialects of Bantu), a tree. See Tengo.
Tengri (E. Turk.), heaven, e.g. Tengri Nor. Cf. Mongol

Ham. See Hor.
Tenia, Teniet (Arab.), a mountain path, defile ; col.
TenkaY (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), village, place of cultivation.
Tenne (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), kingdom.
Tennnsha (Arab.), a steep summit.
e Tenia (Congo, dialect of Bantu), brow, top of a hill.
Tennta (It), a holding (Ten*»).
Tepe (Fula), junction, confluence.

878 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tepe (Turk,), a hill, e.g. Ak-tepe, 'white monntaiii.

SeeAk.
Tepetl (Aztek), mountain, e.g. Fopokatepetl, 'the moim*

tain of smoke/ Sitlaltepetl, ' star mountaiii.' St

Fopoka, Bitlal.
Tepilaut {Malay), coast, seaboard ; lit. margin (tepi)

the sea (laut). Cf. Dftrat.
Tepki (Hausa). See Tapki.
Tera {Japan), a temple (Buddha).
Terbia {Arab.), a bog, marsh.

Terkn {TamuJ), south ; for other points see Vadakka.
T^rmino {Sp.), boundary, landmark ; district of a town.
Terp {Dch.)y an artificial mound.
Terra {It., Port.), earth, land.
Terrain (Fr.), ground.
Terre {Fr.), earth, land.
Terrein {Dch.), ground.
Terreinhelling {Dch.), the slope of ground.
Terrera {Sp.), a declivity, a sloping piece of ground.
Terrontera {Sp.), a break in a mountain.
Temmbe {Malay Pen.), a coral reef.
Tet, pi. Tittawen {Tuareg, Berber), source. Cf. Thit.
nTetele {Fan, French Congo) ; for meaning see Htetele.
Tethedderth {Kabile), a village. Cf. Tbemmurth, Htama-

zirt, Emizdegh, Amazagh.
Tet^ {Hung.), a peak (T.)
Teton {U.S.A.), a rocky mountain crest of rugged

aspect.
Tetsu {Japan), iron.
muTha {Nik a), a district or part of a town, a township.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 879

Thaba {Bechuana and Basuto lands) , mountain, e.g.

Thaba Hchu, Thaba Bosigo.
Thak (Annam), a rapid in a river.
Thake (Fiji), east. For other points see Vua lika.
Thaksult (Berber) j a plateau, pi. Thiksulin.
Thai (Ger.), a valley, dale^ e.g. Langenthal, ' long valley.'
Thai (Punjab), dry land, ford, mound, sandhill (Th.)
Thala (Berber), fountain, source, 2?^. Thiliwa.
Thalassa (Greek), the sea, e.g. Havri Thalassa, ' the Black

Sea.' Havri = black in Neo-Greek.
Tha-le (Siam), sea, lake.
Thalweg (Ger.), the line followed by the waters of a

valley ; the middle line of a river. See Thai, Weg.
Than (China), rapids in a river.
Than (Tangut), a plain.
Thanas (India), a subdivision of a Tahsil (q.v.), a

police circle.
Thang (Siam), a road, path.
Thanh (Cambodia), thriving, prosperous, e.g. An-Thanh

in Boa-An, an conveying the idea of tranquillity.
Thanthan (Botuma, Polynesia), sand.
Theerofen, Therofen (Ger.), a tar-pit (T.O.)
Themmnrth (Berber), a town. Cf. Tethedderth.
T'hengo (Cent. Africa), a forest. Cf. Tengo.
Theva (Mbau, Fiji), south. For other points see Vua

lika.
Thifnua (Siam), north. See Thit-tai, Thit-tawan-ok,

Thit-tawan-tok.
Thing (China), sub-prefectural city.
Thit (Berber), eye, source, ^i. Thitawin. Cf Tet.

S80 GLOSSARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL

Tlii-thort-samor (Siam), anchorage. |

Thit-tai {Siam), south. Cf, Thi&oa for other points.

Thit-tawan-ok (Siam), east. Of. Thi&oa for other points. ,

Thit-tawan-tok (Siam), west. Cf, Thi&ua for other poiots.

Thniye, Tnie (Sahara), a winding mountain pass,
a mountain top, e.g. Thniye Tweimiji. Cf. Koleb.
Keluba of other districts.

Tho- {Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifjing
language, e.g. Tho-luo, the language of the negro
tribe Ja-luo. See Ja.

Thok (Tibet), a goldfield.

Thorn (Cambodia), great, large.

Thon (Ger.), clay.

Thorpe, Thorp (England), a village, e,g. Alihorp, Wis-
thorpe. From A,-S. thorp, cognate with Goth.
thaurp, Icel. throp, Ger. Dorf. Cf. Throp. Is per-
haps cognate with Gr. a-vpfirj, rvpfirf, Lat. turba.
Cf. Nor: thyrpja = to crowd.

Thrik (Hassania), a road, path. From Arab. Trik (q.r)

Throp, Trop (Icel.), a hamlet, e.g. Ibthrop. Cf. Thorpe.

Thsuan (China), a streamlet, small river.

ThBim (China), borough, village. See Turn, Thun.

Thni (Cambodia), water, e.g, Tien-Thui-Tai, * Pure-water-
west,* in Bao-Duk. See Tien, Tai.

Thuk (Cambodia), water.

Thnn (China), borough, village. See Tson, Thnn.

Thong (Chin Hills, E. of Mon B., Burma), hill, peak.

Thorm (Ger.), tower, steeple.

Thwaite (North of England), a forest clearing, e.g.
Finsthwaite ; from Norse thveit, and cognate with
A.-S. thwitan, thweotan=to cut off, lop, prune,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 881

whittle (perhaps from same root) ; a variant is
Twaite= wooded land grabbed up for tillage,
i (China), dam, dike.
Ti (China), the ground.
Ti (Indian, U.S. A.), water.

Ti (Sahara), rock, e.g, Tibu, * rock people/ see Bu ;
Tibesti, ' rocky mountains.'
mTi (Loango, dialect of Bantu), a tree ; tor pi. see Mti.
muTi (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), a tree ; for pi. see

nTi (Swahili), country, region, district.
Tia (Gold Coast), boundary, end, limit.
Tialugel (Fula), a stream.
Tian (Chinese), heaven, e.g. Tian-shan; found also

spelled Tien, e.g. Ho-tien-ling, ' heaven-reaching

pass.' See Shau, Lmg.
Tiangol (Fula), equivalent to Marigot (q.v.)
Tiazibin (Kabile), farms.
Ti diete. See diegn.
Tie (China), iron, e.g. Liao-tie-8han, ' old iron hill.'

See lAsLO, Shan.
Tief (Ger.), in sub-oceanic relief, a Deep (q.v.)
Tien (China), fields, arable land ; village ; inn, shop.
Tien (China), small lake, swamp.
Tien (China). See Tian.
Tien (Cambodia), pure, e.g. Tien-Thui, * pure water,' in

Bao-Duk. See Thni.
nmuTienyi (Kossova, Uganda), a mountain, hill.

Tierra (Sp.), earth, land, country, e.g. Tierra del Fnego,

not Terra del Fnego.
ITifa (Cent. Africa, Bantu), island.

\

1

882 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tig (Indian, U.S.A.), a tree.

Tiggert (Kabile), a field.

Tigh, Ty (Gaelic), a house, e.g. Tighnabmaidi, ' the honse

on the edge of the bank/ Tyndrom, ' the house on

the ridge/ see Drum; cf. Lat. taguiiiim, for

tegurinm, from tego=to cover. Cognate with A.-^.

thfBO = thatch, Ger. Dach (roof), dekken (to cover),

&c.
Tighilt (Kabile), a hill, small mountain.
Tih (Arab.), a desert.
Tik (E. Turk.), steep.
Tikit (Hassania), house, cottage,
in Tile (Zulu, Kafir), a flat strip of land, a small valley,

parallel with a river and suitable for cultivation.
Tilemmas (Tainahak, N. Africa), equivalent to TsmaYd

(q.v.)
Tiliwa, pi. of Tala (q.v.)
Tilla (Punjab), a hill, mound.
TiUo (Malay Peninsula), a bay. Cf. Telnk.
Tilmas, pi. Tilmamis (Arab.), underground reservoirs in

the beds of rivers.
Tim (Gilyak, Sakhalin), cranberry, e.g. Tim K.
Tim (Yayo, China), a mountain.
Timagami (Canada), deep water.
Timbila (Mossi, French Sudan), a hamlet.
Timeri (Kabile), an observatory.
Timor (Malay), east, hence Timor island.
Timor laut (Malay), north-east, lit. ' seaward Timor,* a

smaller island lying to seaward (eastward) of

Timor, laut meaning ' sea.'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 888

Timto (Uganda). See Mto.

Tin (Berber). See In.

Tina (Bttss.), ooze.

Tindila (Mossi, French Sudan), a hill, small mountain.

Ting (China), peak, hill.

Ting (China), an independent sub-prefecture; sub-
prefecture, a provincial division subject to a pre-
fecture. Cf. Fu, Chi-li-ting.

Ting (China), a cape, promontory, headland. Cf. Ti-tau.

Tinti, Tindi (Mande). See Tnnd.

Tiobart (Gaelic), source, well, stream.

Tir (Gaelic), land, e.g. Cantyre. Cf. Lat. terra.

Tirath (Punjab), a sacred bathing-place ; a place of
pilgrimage.

Tirilt (KaUle), a hill.

Tirremt (Marocco), a small fortress, fortified village,
pi. Tirrematin.

TiA (Marocco), hill, peak; pass; e.g. Tisi Kemiri, 'the
hill of stones.'

Ti-tau (China), a promontory. Cf. Ting.

Titi (Malay), a bridge.

Tin (Botuma, Polynesia), great.

Tivotaina (Maiva, New Guinea), west. For other
points see Tototaina.
liTiwa (Ketosh, Uganda), a lake.

Tizi (Algeria), a col, saddle.
uTlanga (Kafir), a tribe, nation.

Tnie (Sahara). See Thniye.

To (Fon, Dahome), a lake, lagoon, stream, e.g. Eotonn, ' the
dead mouth of the lake,' properly Kutonu. See Nu.

884 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

To (Hung,), a pond, pool, lake.

To (Japan, Korea), an island, e,g, To-Tang, To-8an. See Do.

To (Japan), east, equivalent to Higaai. For other

points see Hoka.
To (Tibet), high, lofty.
To (Upper Kushkokwim, Indian, Alaska), water, river,

used especially in the Copper river region, e.g.

Higato, ' Niga river.* Another form is Ta (q.v.)
chiTo (Bantu), a ford in a river.
mTo (Swahili), a river, e.g. Mto wa XTmba ; for pL see

Xto.
muTo (Mavia, Mozambique), a river.

Toa (New Georgia, Solomon Is.), a mountain.

Tobar, Tober (Gaelic, Irish), source, well, stream, e.g.

Tobarcurry ; Tobermoney in co. Down. See Bobur.
Tod (Tibet), upper, e.g. Binghtod and Fo Tod in South-
west and South-east Tibet respectively.
Toft (Danelagh), an enclosure, e.g. Lowestoft, Wamfleet

Tofts; from Dan. toft = an enclosed plot near a

house.
Tog (Tibet), above, summit; gold-bearing land.
Toga (Samoa), pronounced Tonga (q.v.)
Togana (Nubia), flat land.
Togo (Japan), a mountain pass, e.g, Harinoki-toge, ' the

pass of the alder trees.'
Toghri (E. Turk.), right, direct (of a road).
Togoda (Sienre), village, place of cultivation. |

Togoro (A-Zande), a marsh, bog.
To-hi (HaiJian), a village.
Toi (Cambodia), little.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 886

Toi-lea (Hainan), a mountain.

Toka (Barotonga, Polynesia), stone, rock.

Tokai (Turkestan), bush, wood.

Tokang (Malay), small islets with few or no trees.

Tokdan (Tonga, Polynesia), north. For other points

see Potutonga, Hahake, Hikifa.
Tokilau (Niue, Polynesia), east. See Xalanga, Mahifohifo.
Tol (Dch,), toll-gate.
Tol (Ebon, Polynesia), a mountain.
Tol, Toll (Wokf, Mande), a field, garden.
Toldilla (Sp.), a round-house.
ToU (Wolqf, Mande). See Tol.
Tolkha (Mongol), head, source of a river.
Tolts (Newfoundland), hummocks of granite protruding

on the east coast of Newfoundland.
Tom (Tibet), market, bazaar.
umTombo (Kafir), a fountain, spring.
Tomboka (Congo), ascent, hill.
eTombwelo (Congo, dialect q^£an^i^), wharf, landing-place.
Tomio (Japan), lighthouse.
To-mu (China), wooded (country).
Ton (Anglo-Saxon tfin), an enclosure, hence a village,

e.g. Taunton, ' the village on the Tone E. ' ; from

A.'S. tynan, to tine, to enclose ; cognate with Celt,

dun (q.v.) and with Old High Ger. zun, a hedge ;

Mod. Ger. Zann=an enclosure; Sw. tuna, e.g.

EskilBtona ; cf. Zeriba (q.v.)
oTon (Fan, French Congo), stream, small watercourse.

Cf. Lo, Su ; for pi. see Oton.
Tondi (Songhai), rock, stone hill. See next entry.

G Q

386 GLOSSABY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tondi ber {Song hai) , a mountain (ber = ' great ') . See Tondi

Tong {Annam)y a canton.

Tong (China), openings for carrying off surplus water i

from a canal.
Tong (China, Korea), east, another spelling of Tung.
Tong (Siam), mountain.
Tong (Tibet and W. Yunnan), town, village.
Tonga (Samoa), south wind: hence Itu-i-Tong, north; ,

lit. north side. For other points see Matn.
Tonge (Jibu, New Guinea), village.
Tong-oher (Tibet), a town.
Tonle (Cambodia), river, large river, lake, e,g, Tonle Sap.

See Sap.
-Too (Indian, N. America), river (suffix), a misspelling

of Tu (q.v.)
Top (Anglo-Saxon, Da.), a tuft, crest, summit ; an

elevation, e.g. Oldhay Top, Edgetop in the Peak

district, cf. Cloud. See Edge.
Topa (Turkestan), argillaceous fertile soil.
Toprak (E. Turk.), clay.
Tor (Arab.), an isolated mountain.
Tor (Celtic), a tower-like rock, e.g. Xam Tor; Torphichen,

* Raven's hill ' ; Yes Tor (Dartmoor).
Tora (Motuniotu, New Guinea), a tree.
Torba (Arab.), fine dusty gypseous soil.
Torfboden (Ger.), turf, ground.
Torni (Fin.), a tower.
Torok (Turk.) See Dorok.
Torokai (Tibet), a path. Cf. Doroga.
Torony (Hung.), a tower.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 887

Torovo (Giryama). See Soto.

Torp {Sw.), cottage, hamlet, village. Cf, Dorp, Thorp.
Torre {It, Port, Sp.), a tower (T«).
Torrent (Fr,), a torrent (T°^).
Torrente (It.), a torrent (T.)
Torreon (Sp.), a round-tower.

ToBU (Tibet), butter, e.g. Toro For, ' butter lake.' See Hor.
Tot (Nonnandy, Norse), an enclosure, e.g. Tvetot, Totnes.
Tota {Singalese), the mouth of a river. ,

Tote (Niue, Polynesia), small.
nToto {Congo, dialect of Bantu), earth, land, ground.
Toto {Jibu, New Guinea) y a bridge.
To to an {Indian, U.S.A.), a plain.
Totolo {Marovo, Solomon Is.), tide.
Tototaina {Maiva, New Guinea), east. For other points

see Tivotaina, Ahidaina.
Tonr {Fr.), a tower (TO.
Toorbiere {Fr.), a peat bog.
Tonrelle {Fr.), a small tower, a turret.
Town {England), see Ton.
Toyam {Tamul), water.
Tra {Irish), a strand, sandy beach, e.g. Tralee. Cf»

Traigh, Trae, Traeth.
Trab {Hassania), sand, cultivated land.
Trace {Fr.), track, trail.
Trae {from Gaelic traigh), shore, e.g. Ballantrae, 'the

town on the shore.* See Bal. Cf. Traeth, Tra.
Traeth {Welsh), sandy beach or shore, e.g. Pentraeth.

See Pen. Cf. Trae, Traigh, Tra, Draeth.
Trai {Annam), a village.

c c 3

388 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Traigh (Gaelic) , a strand, sandy beach, e.g. Traagli
Bhailanoais bay, in Islay. Cf. Tra, Trae, TraeUi.

Traktir (Buss.), an inn.

Tram (Tibet), bank (of a river).

Trampal (Sp.), a quagmire, morass.

Tran (Cambodia), a plain, e.g. Tran Hinh.

Tranquera (Sp)^ a palisade.

„ (Spanish S. America), a cross-bar frame to

be laid on soft ground for the passage of men,
vehicles, or cattle.

Tranzon (Sp.), part of a forest which has been cleared.

Travesftfto (Port.), a rocky barrier.

Traws (Welsh), across, beyond, e.g. Trawsooed. See Coed.

Tre, Tref (Cymric), a village, e.g. Tredegar, Tre&aiit.

Tremedal (Port., Sp.), marsh, morass.

Trench (Eng.), used in sub-oceanic relief for an elon-
gated Depression (q,v.), narrower than a Trough (q.v.),
with steeply sloping borders, one of which (the
continental) rises higher than the other (the
oceanic), e.g. the Cayman Trench. Equivalent to
Ger. Oraben, Fr. Bavin.

Trepang (Cambodia), lake, marsh, pool.

Tri- (Greek), three, e.g. Tripoli. See Polis.

Tribu (Fr.), a tribe.

Trichter (Ger.), a crater (of a volcano) ; properly a
funnel.

Trik (Arab.), a road, e.g. Trik ed Dnesa, ' the road through
the palms ' ; Trik es Safar, ' the stony road.' See
El, Bafat, Tarik.

Trillo (Sp., Philippines), a track, trail.

AND TOPOGKAPHICAL TERMS 889

Trinchera iSp.)^ a trench.

Troli (Cambodia), a stream.

Troon {Cymric trwyn), a promontory = Hew, e,g, Troon
in Ayrshire.

Trosaachfl (Gaelic), scrubby territory.

Trottoir (Fr,), a footpath.

Tronle (Fr,), an opening, gap between heights, e.g. the
Tron^e of Belfort.

Trough (Eng.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for an
elongated and wide depression, with gently slop-
ing borders. A trough may be divided by
transverse elevations into Basins (q,v,), as in the
Atlantic. Equivalent to the Ger, Hnlde, Fr, Valine.

Tmmbn (Malay), shoal.

Tmng (Cambodia), a canton, e,g. An-nga-trung. See An.

Tmsan (Malay), channel, passage, e,g, Trusan Treacher,
Tmsan Ligitan, both in the north of Sibuko bay,
North Borneo.

Trwyn (Welsh), snout, promontory.

Tsa (Giryama), hill-top.

Tsa (Tibet), salt ; hot.

Tsa (Tibet), grass.

Tsadaka (Indian^ Alaska), moose, e.g. Tsadaka creek.

Tsadhe, Tsad (Chad L. region), water ; merely another
pronunciation of Saghe, Sara, and corrupted into
Chad. See Isa.

Tsagan, Tsahan (Mongol), white, e.g^ Tsagan-deressn,
Tsahan Ossu, * white river.* See Ossn.

Tsai (Hainan), a village.

Tsaidam (Tibet), salt swamp; a variant is Chaidam.

390 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tsaka (Giryama), a forest.

Tsakor (Mongol), flint, silica.

Tsang-po (Tibet), * the pure one,' the purifier, hence a
river, the river (the Tsang-po, i.e. the upper coarse
of the Brahmaputra). For other spellings see
Sanpu.
ka Tsano (Giryama), the hot season.
umTsantsa (Zulu, Kafir), a ravine, kloof.

Tiao (China), grass, herbage.

Tsara (Madagascar), good, beautiful, e.g. Tsaranoro,

* beautiful shore,* Saratanana, * beautiful village.'
Tsararano, ' good water.' Cf. Soa. See Ord, Bano,
Tana.

Tsaiini (Hausa), a hill. Cf. Tndn.
Tse (China), a small lake, swamp.

Tse (Tibet), a summit, top of a mountain.

Tsela (Basuto, Bantu), a road, path. Cf. Zira.

Tselim, Selim (Chad L. region), black, e.g. Vki Tselim,

* black water.'
Tsen (China), a village.
Tserkov (Buss.), a church.
Tsho (Tibet). See Tso.
Tsi (China), a borough.

Tai (Giryama), country, land.

Tsi (Japan), a plain.

Tsi (Madagascar), that which has not, without, a
negative prefix, e.g. Tsiala, * the treeless place,'
Tsiafak, ' not to be attained or approached,'

* difiicult of access,' e.g. Tsiafakantitra, TsiafEtkarivo.
See Ala.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 891

n Tri [Kamhaf Bcmtu), a river.

Tsiau-pi (China), cliff. Cf. Shan-tau.
inTsimi (Zulu, Kafir), ctiltivated land.

Tnngira (Lv^wanga, Uganda), crossways.
loTBitai (Bechuana, Bantu), a watercourse; pi. diTsitsi.
Triu (Hainan), a sub-prefecture.
-Tdn (Japan), a suffix meaning * middle/ e.g. Bitsiu.
Tskhali (Caucasus), stream, secondary river.
Tskharo (Caucasus), a spring, source.
Tsmal'd (Arab., N. Africa), holes dug in Wadis (q.v.) for

procuring water.
T80 (Tibet), a lake, e.g. Drolma-nam-tflo, 'the heavenly
lake Drolma.* Cf. Hor. See Nam. Tso is a variant
of Cho (q.v.)
Tflong kang (Tibet), a store, shop.
Tson-nea (Hainan), a village.
Tsoroha (Tso-o, Formosa), a river.
Tro (Japan), haven, harbour, port.
Tsui (China), promontory, cape.
T«ui-8ha (China), gravel. Cf. Sha.
Tsui-wei (China), rocky, stony.
kiTsolu (Giryama), a hillock.

Tsim (China), a village, hamlet ; smaller than Hdang ;
an agricultural village. Cf. Pn, Tun, Thsun, Thun,
Chwang, Cheng.
Tningwe (Zambezia), bamboo.
maTswerero (Giryama), west ; also muTswerero.
Tu (China), ford.

Tu (China), a capital, e.g. Shang-tn, 'upper capital.'
Tn (China), earth.

892 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tu {Ingalik, Alaska), water, frequently misspelled T6o,

used especially in the Copper river region, e.g.

Chititii, ' Copper water.' See To.
Tu (Kirghiz)^ a mound of stones, with a biranch fixed

in it, on which are hung religious off^erings, such

as skulls, horns, &c.
Tu {Mande, Fr. Sudan) y dense vegetation, a forest. Cf.

Turo.
mTu (Swahili), man, person; lot pi, see Ktu.
waTu {Swahili), people of the river. Cf. To. See Wa.
muTua {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu), chief; for another

form see Mutua.
Tuaija {Cent Africa, dialect of Bantu). See S^aya.
Tual {Arab). See Tuil.
Tuat, Twat {Sahara), the oases. This was originally

the name of a disease, which raged in the Sahara

in the fourteenth century, and attacked the oases

most virulently. Hence the Twat oases.
Tua vela {Marovo, Solomon Is.), south wind.
Tubber {Gaelic, Irish). See Dobur, Tobar.
Tubk {Arab.), a terrace.
Tubu oinazL {Mentawei I., S.W. coast Sumatra), a

river.
Tucuru {Spanish S. America), small clay hills of

conical or semi-conical shape on which are villages,

especially near rivers and flooded land or in

mountain dales.
Tucutuzal {Spanish S. America), ground full of surface

holes and pits, making transit difficult and

dangerous.

Tugnrio {It),
Tngnrio {Port.),
Tag^o {Sp.),

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 893

Tudu, Tnddu, Kndnma {Hattsa), hill, highland, upland,
e,g. Gober Tndn, ' Gober upland/ as opposed to Gober
Eafl, ' Gober valley.' Cf. Tsauni.
Tnfana {Hausa), flood.

Tug {Somaliland), the bed of a river dry for a portion
of the year; a sand river. Equivalent to the
Arab, Wadi (g.t?.), e.g. Tug Fa&n. Cf. Selat.
Tughai {E, Turk.), a grassy place.
Tug-sa {Tibet), a camping-place, encampment. See Sa.

/a cottage; from Lat. tugurium, from
Italo-Celtic root teg, cover, roof, cog-
nate with Teutonic dek; cf. thatch
from A.-S. thsBC. See Tigh and Ty.
Tugurmen {E. Turk.), a mill.
Tui {Chin Hills), water.

Tuil, Tual, Tuilet (^ra&.), elevations, heights, undulations.
Tmlerie {Fr.), tilekiln (T*^) ; see Ziegelei.
Tuin {Dch.), a garden.
Tuk {Cambodia), a boat.
Tukos {Amis, Formosa), a mountain.
Tuku {Polynesia). See Tuu.
Tukul {Upper Nile), a round hut, with conical roof,

made of straw.
eTukulu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), headland, cape.
Tul {Somali), a heap, mound ; cf. Ghumbur, Bur.
Tulde {Fula), a mountain, hill.

Tulik, Tulig {Indian, Alaska), crack, cleft, fissure, e.g.

Tulik volcano.

{Eskimo), region, e.g. Tubuktuligmiut, ' the
people of Tubuk region.' See Mute.

» >»

394 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tnlla (Indian, U.S.A.), high peak. I

Tula {QaUa), mountain, generally isolated, lit. a heel
e,g, Tulu Arba, ' elephant peak.'
muTnln {dialect of Bantu), a fertile plain.
Tnlwenyo (Nandi, Uganda), mountain.
Tnlwet {Nandi, Uganda), a mound, hill.
Toman {Buss.), a fog.
Tamniep {Siam), a rest-house.
Tninta {Mongol), middle, e.g. Tamta Habsere, 'middle

Habsere.' See Kurban.
Tomu {Kiwai, New Guinea), a forest.
Tumor {Mongol), iron. ,

Ton {China), an outpost ; market village. C/. Fu,

Tson, Chwang. I

Tonan (Mentawei), a cape, headland, point.
Tond, Tondo {Wolof, Mande), a small mountain, hill, !

equivalent to Tindi, Tindila {q.v.)
Tondra {Buss.), the barren northern country of Siberia.

beyond the limits of forest growth ; generally,

plains full of lakes, rivers, or bogs many parts

permanently frozen below the surface. See Taiga.
Tong {China), an alley, small street.
Tong {China), copper.
Tong {China), east, eastern, e.g. Kwang Tong, as

opposed to Xwang Si. See Si, Pe, Nan, Kwang.
Tong {Chin Hills, E. of Mon B., Burma), a hill, peak ;

the same word as Taong, pi. Chong ; e.g. Pyang

Horn Tong.
Tong {Khas Chos, Indo-China), a forest.
Tonga {Su\), Tonge {Da., Nor.), a tongue or strip of land.

AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMS 895

Tnngefli {Tangut), a stream.
Tanika, pi, of AkaniTca (g.t?.)
kiTnntu {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a peak,

hill- top ; applied to villages built on high ground.
Tape {E. Turk.), summit, top (of a mountain).
Tnpik {Indian, U.S,A,), a spring, well, source.
Tura {Syriac), mountain, e.g. Tura Khwara, 'white

mount/
Tnraa {Arab.), a stream, river.
Tnrbat {Arab., Pers.), a tomb.
Turk {Min-kia, Yunnan), east. For othei* points see

Pen.
. Turk la {Min-kia, Yunnan), a cave.
Tnro (Mande), a forest. Cf. Tu.
Tnmba {Hausa), a path. Cf Hainya.
Tusu {Marovo, Solomon Is.), an island.
Tn 8ze {Tibet), a small district under a headman.
Tntak {Turk.), the bar of a river.
Tntan {China), a ferry.
Tntn {Sara, Chad L.), water. Cf Mane.
Tun, Tnkn {Poly7iesia), a place, site.
Tuvn {Maiva, New Guinea), grass.
Tawa {Bornu), place, locality, abode, e g. Hg^m-tawa

' the place of the hippopotamus.' See Ngnm.
Tu wak {Pimo Indian, S.W. United iS^a^es), a mountain.
Tuz {Turk.), salt, e.g. Tuz Kul, * salt lake.' See Zul.
uTwa {Kafir), a deep place in a river.
Twaite {N. of England). See Thwaite.
Twat {Sahara). See Tuat.
Twistle {Northumbria), a boundary, e.g. Entwistle.

896 OLOSSAKY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Twr {Wel8h)j tower, e.g. Twroelyn.

Ty {Welsh and Scotch), a house, e.g, Ty-Gwyn. CJ.

Tigh ; see Tnguiio,
inTya {Zulu, Kafir), a small garden.
Tyap {Turkestan), a ravine.

Tyn = Ty'E = Ty yn (Welsh), house in, e.g. Tyn-y-coed.
Tyol {Turkestan), a steppe.
Typhoons {Chinese), the violent circular storms which

visit the Chinese seas ; lit. great wind, from tai,

great, and fon, wind.
Tyr = Ty'r = Ty yr {Welsh), house of the, e.g. Tyr-eicob.

See Esoob.
Tyre {Gaelic). See Tir.
nmTynba {Zulu, Kafir), brackish water.
Tie {China). See T»e.
Tierg {Armenian), mud.
TxerkoY {Buss.), a church.

u

U- {Swahili). The names of countries are formed from
the root by means of the prefix TT, e.g. ITnyika, the
country of the Wanyika. See Wa, E. The cor-
responding form in the equatorial lake region is
Bn. But Swahili influence has prevailed, and
Uganda, TJnyoro, &c. are now the accept jed forms
instead of Buganda, Bunyoro, &c.

U {New Guinea). See Gu.

Ua, pi. Hyua {Swahili), an enclosure, fence.

TTai {Polynesia). See Vai.

Uanja {Swahili). See Aiija.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 897

TJar, War {Bahanwin dialect, South Somaliland), a water

tank, an open trench, not intended for irrigation,

bat to collect drinking-water.
Vato (Swahili), See Watn, Ta, To.
Tib {Hottentot). See Ep.
Vbityi {Zulu, Kafir). See Bityi.
TTbTiilajra Voda {Buss.), low water, low tide. See Toda.
TJbnku {Kafir). See Buku.
ITch, Vwch {Welsh), higher, TJcha, Uchaf, highest, e.g.

Owimws Ucha.
TTchau {Hu-ni, China), a wood, forest, bush.
Uchma, ITjma {Chinese Turliestan), a post station.
Uda, Uddak {Aleut), bay, gulf, e.g. Alimnda, 'Alim

bay.*
TTdada {Kafir). See Dada.
TTdak {AUut), dried fish, e.g. cape TTdak.
Uddak {Aleut). See Uda.
Udgha {Berber). See Wadrar.
Udherer {Shawia, Berber), a hill.
Udflni {Fan, French Congo). See Dsni.
Uduum {S. Cape, New Guinea), a mountain.
Udvar {Hung.), courtyard, m^w aor^ hou o or castle.

L {dialects of Bantu), forest, lit. grass. See Dzu.
maUdzuj

Ue nem to koi {Indian, California), island, lit. middle

of water.

UfEdme, Ufalume, Ufanine {Swahili), kingdom.

Ufalume. See Ufalme.

Ufitnmo. See UfiEiline.

Ufer {Ger.), bank of a river, beach shore. See Over.

398 -GLOSSABY OF GEOORAPHICAL

Ugau {Zulu, Kafir), a bend, curve, or inclination in a I
range of mountains ; a crooked, rocky, and difficult
pass in a mountain.
TJgVL {IbOy Nigeria), hill, mountain, e.g. Elu Ugu, * top oi

the mountain/
XTguden (Jibali, Berber), a low hill.
TThna {laibo, New Guinea), east.
Ui (-B. Turk,), tent, house, dwelling, abode.
Uin (Serer, Senegal), people.
TJiterbnurt (Dch.), the outskirts of a town; suburb.

See Buurt.
TTj {Arab. N. Africa), talus slope, lit. a face.
Uj {Hung.), new, e.g. Uj Eigyos.
Ujar {Berber). See Wadrar.
TTjong {Malay). See Tangong.
ITketo {Swahili). See Keto.
TJkingo {Swahili). See Kingo.
TJkreplenye {Buss.), a fort. Properly Ukryeplenie.
Ukomkani {Zulu, Kafir). See Kumkani.
XTla {China), stream, river.
Ula, Ul {Mongol), a mountain, e.g. Bogdo TTl, * God's

mount.'
wXJla {Giryama), rain.
TJlad, Aulad, Awlad {Arab.), a district, tribe, tribal

district, like the territory of the old Highland clans ;

Aulad=sson ; see Gaelic Mac ; cf. Walad, Wad.
TTlak {Aleut), house or everybody's house, house for

everybody, e.g. Ulak island.
Ulalo {Ja-Luo, Uganda), bridge, especially a bridge of

ropes.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS S99

Ulan {Mo7igol, E. Turk), red, e.g, XTlan Kudnk, *red

wells.' See Kudnk.
Ule {Bambara, Malinke), red, e.g, Baule, * red river * ;

Mananle, ' red cliff.' See Ba, Hana ; cf, Fing, Khwa.
Xnikowa {Lu'WangUy Uganda), a wall.
Ulo {Ibo, Nigeria), house.
TJlo, TJloto {Bambara, Malinke), a forest.
Vlongo (Giryama), See Longo.
TJlu, Hulu {Malay), the interior or up-stream portion of

a country, source of a river, e,g. TTlu Bemam, ' the

source of Bernam B.*
Ulu {Turk.), great, e,g, Ulu Chai, ' great river,' in Asia

Minor. See Chai.
Ulugh {E. Turk.), great, high, lofty. From Turk, Ulu.
Ulnnivanua {Mbau, Fiji), a mountain.
UluB {E. Turk.), a tribe, clan.

Ulnflingi {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Singi.
Uluzi {Lusinga and Chula, Uganda). See Zi.
Ulwandle {Kafir). See Lwandle, Andle.
Um {Arab.) See Unun. '
Urn {Friesland), a home, e.g. Bysum.
Uma {Kamerun), a place, site.
Uma {Mentawei I., S,W. coast Sumatra), a house.
Uma {New Guinea), garden.
Uma {Zambezia), dry.
Umai {Pai, South China), a wood.
Umango {Kafir). See Mango.
Umbana {Cent Africa, Bantu). See Mitmana.
Umbolompo {Kafir). See Bolompo.
Umbuso {Zulu, Kafir). See Biuo«

1

400 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Umbutuo {Zulu, Kafir), a mealie ground cultiYated by
the whole tribe of a chief.

Vmda {Amaxosa, Kafir). See Da.

Umdiliya {Amaxosa, Kafir), See Diliya.

Umen (Mongol), before, in front ; soath.

Umendo (Zulu, Kafir). See Kendo.

Umfola (Zulu, Kafir). See Fnla.

XTniftingi (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Fungi.

Vmgebnngen (Ger.), environs.

Vmgegend (Ger.), environs, district surrounding any
place.

Umgzobozo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Oxoboio.

UmUaba (Kafir). See Hlaba.

TTmhlaUo (Amaxosa, Kafir). See Hlahlo.

TTmhlambo (Kafir). See Elambo.

XJmi (Japan), the sea. Cf. Hada.

TTmieihi (Lu-Wanga, Uganda), sand.

XTmitrara (Lu-Wanga, Uganda). See Ktram.

Vmlambo (Kafir). See Lambo.

TTmlopn (Kiriwina, New Guinea), a valley.

Unim (Arab.), mother; as a geographical term this
signifies producing, containing, e.g. TTm er Bbia,
' abounding in pasturage,' see El, Bbia ; used in a
similar manner to Abu (q.v.) ; it is often joined to
the following word by omitting the U and simply
prefixing H, e.g. Unun-glieir is contracted into
Hagheir. Frequently found in the form Vm.

Umnquba (Zulu, Kafir). See Nqnba.

Umqenqelezi (Zulu, Kafir). See Qenqelesi.

Umrotya (Zulu, Kafir), a ravine. See Botya.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 401

Vmsala {Lv^Wanga, Uganda), a tree.

Tlmfietaliika {Kiifir). See Setnluka.

TTmsingakazi {Kafir). See Singakan.

Vmtangala {Zulu, Kafir). See Tangala.

TTintaiLtato {Kafir), See Tantato.

ITmtombo {Kafir). See Tombo.

ITmtsantsa {Zulu, Kafir). See Tsantsa.

Umtynba {Zulu, Kafir). See Tyuba.

XTmacM, Imichi {Kossova, Eastern Uganda), See Chi.

Umusitu {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Mwitn,

Situ.
XJmntienyi {Kossova, Uganda). See Tienyi.
TTmnzi {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Hnai.
TJmwalo {Lu-Wanga, Uganda), See Alo.
XTmwamba {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), See

Mwamba.
Umwene {Cent, Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Mwene.
TJmzi {Zulu, Kafir), a village; a place of residence,

e.g. Umzinyati E. = 'the buffalo haunt/ Umzimynbu

K.=*the hippopotamus haunt.' See Zi for prefix

and root.
Umzila {Kafir). See Zila.
TTmziinandlela {Zulu, Kafir). See Zimandlela.
Unajia {Mentawei I., S. W. coast Sumatra), a marsh, bog.
TJnaktak {Aleut), broken, rugged, e.g. Uniktak bay.
Uacha {Sansc), a height, elevation, hill.
Ung {Taungtha, AraJcan), a valley.
TIngala {Mandara, South Bomu), road, path, way.
Vnganyek {Nandi, Uganda), sand.
TTngnr {E, Turk.), a cave, cavern.

D D

402 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Ungwa (Hausa), a pagan village ; e.g. XTngwa Saninit,
Ungwa-n-Bodo, ' Bodo's village.' Cf. Oimi.

Ungnraia (MekeOf New Guinea), summit.

TTsjosho {Japan), custom-house.

Unter {Ger.), under, lower (U.), e.g. Unter den Linden.
See next entry.

Unterlanf (Ger.), lower course of a river.

Unuwa (laibo, New Guinea), a forest.

Up {Hottentot). See Ep.

Upalla {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu). See
Palla.

XTpavan {Deccan), a grove.

TJprata {Deccan), the west.

TTqampu {Zulu, Kafir). See (Umpu.

TJqato {Zulu, Kafir). See Oato.

Ur {Hung.), a town, e.g. Keresztur, equivalent to Var {q.v.)

lira {Albanian), a bridge.

lira {Japan), bay.

Urdian, TIrjan {Fula), serpent, the name given to the
four bends of the Senegal E.

Urdu {Turk.), a camp, a market ; e.g. Urdu Zaban^the
* Camp Language ' {Hi7idustani).

Ureba {Nubia), a mountain, a large conspicuous moun-
tain.

Urgebirge {Ger.), primitive mountains or rocks ; from
Ur, prefix of originality, and Oebirge, extended form
of Berg = mountain.

Urgo {Mmigol), an inhabited place; 6.9. Sam Beise Vrgo,
' seat of prince Sam.* Urga, the Bussian pronuncia-
tion of this.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 408

Urir {Mzahiy Berber), a mountain. Cf, Ighil.

TTijan {Fula). See VrdiaE.

TTrma {Nestorian Christian)^ a church.

XTro {Fula), a village, a farming village, as opposed to

Bumde (q.v,) ; e.g, TJro Kanawachi.
TTrochi {Kossovaj Uganda), See Bochi.
Trroohishche {Buss.), boundary, limit.
TTrta (£?. Turk.) See TTtra.
Urtang {E, Turk,), a post station.
TTru, pi, Tniu {TelegUy Deccan), a village.
Vmizi, VBnmbi (Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu). See

Izi, Snmbi.
Usadba (Buss,), a farm, manor house.
XTagik {Aleut), willow, e.g. TTski inlet.
TTshar (Arab,), barren (land) ; a spot with saline soil.
Usk. See Wysg.
Usine {Fr,), a factory (Us®).
XTsii {Tamul, Deccan), top, summit.
TJssu (Manchuria), river ; e,g. TTssuri. There is also the

Mongol form Ossu (q.v.) Cf, XTsn.
Urtang (Turkestan), a large canal.
TJstim (E, Turk.), upper, higher, e.g, TTstim Tagh. See

Tagh.
Ustye, Urt (Buss.), entrance, mouth (of a river), e.g. TJat-

lahma.
U«u (Mongolia, Tibet), water, e.g, Tsagan-usu, otherwise

Khaidikgol. Cf. TJbsu, Ossn.
TTina (Zambezia, dialect of Bantu), See Sua.
TTBimibi, tTrnizi (Cent, Africa, dialects of Bantu), See

Smnbiy Izi.

P D 2

404 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Usoru (French Sudan), customs duty, a place at which

ctistoms duty is collected.
Uswa (Cent Africa, Bantu). See Isoa, Swa.
Ut {E. Turk.)y grass.
irta {Marocco), a plain.

Utan (Malay), forest, wood, TTtan Simba=: virgin forest.
irtango (Kafir). See Tango,
irteka (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), See Teka.
TJtes (Buss.), bluflf, cliff.
Utiu (Hu-ni, China), water.
TTtlanga (Kafir), a tribe, nation. See Tlanga.
Utra, Otra, TTrta (E. Turk.), middle. Cf. Mongol Tomta.
Utsi (Ukamba, Brit. E. Africa, Bantu). See Tsi.
Xrtswerero (Giryama), west. Another form is Muts-

werero. See Akani.
nttar (Hind.), north. For other points see DaUmi,

Junubi, Pachcham, Purab.
Xrtwa (Kafir), a deep place in a river. See Twa.
Uvi (Motumotu, New Guinea), house.
Uvra (Mandara, South Bornu), a mountain.
XTwatu (Swahili). See Tu,
Uwch (Welsh). See TJch.
Uy, Ui (Cent. Asia), tents, a collection of tents, an

encampment.
Uyasd (Cent. Asia), a district.
TIzo (Ibo, Nigeria), road, street.
Jivaji (Turk.), long, far, far off; e.g. TJnm Taki, 'the

distant Taki,'

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 405

OTaTa {Bihe, Angola^ Bantu), water.
Vaag (Nor.), an inlet, small bay.
Vaart (Dch.), way, course ; e.g. Dedenunraart. Cf. Fahrte.
Vadakku {Tamut), north, cf. Knperan. For other

points see Terka, Intiran, Mekaku.
Vadera (Sp.), a shallow part of a river. Cf. Vado.
VfiderqTam (Sw,), a windmill.

Vado (Sp.), a ford (V.) Cf Vadera. Port, form is Vio.
Vaeau (S. Cape, New Guinea), east.
V»rft (Da., Nor.)y wharf, dockyard, shipyard.
Vager (Da.) a beacon, buoy.
Vague (Fr,), waste (land).
Vahal {Punjab), long narrow depressions, probably old

river channels. Cf Nali.
Vai, Uai, Wai, Vol (Polynesia), water.
Vahau {Kerepunu, New Guinea), south-east wind.
muVaka {Nika), a boundary.
iVakavaka {Zulu, Kafir), a sandy country; damp

country ; yielding ground.
Vakuna {Kabadi, New Guinea), stone, rock.
Val {Da.), the shore.
Val {It, Sp.), vale, dale, valley. Cf Valle. Obsolete in

Fr. except in place-names, e.g. Val D*ante.
Val, Vala {India)^ town, e.g. Ifaroval.
Va-la {Hainan), a village.
Vala {Madagascar), enclosure, field, farm ; e.g. Ivalanosi,

^ the goat field.' See I, Nosi.
Valaka {Kerepunu, New Guinea), north wind.

406 GLOSSAHY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Vale (Bumanian), a valley (V.) See Val, Talea.

Vale (Polynesia). See Pae.

Valea (Buss,), valley, dale.

Vali (Turk.), governor-general, the apdministrator of a

Vilayet {q,v,)
Valla (Port.), a ditch, trench. Cf. Valle.
Valla (Sp.), a space or ground surrounded with stakes

or palisades ; barrier ; entrenchment.
Vallado (Sp.), palisade, fence.
Valle (It.), a valley (V*). See Val and next entry.
Valle (Port., Sp.) A valley, dale, vale. See Val, Vale,

Valea, Valla, Vallte, Vallei.
VaU6e (Fr.), a valley (V**). See Valle. For use as a

form of sub-oceanic relief see Trough.
Vallei (Dch.), dale, valley. See Valle.
Valiza (Sp.), beacon, buoy.
VaUon (Fr.) a small valley (V^"). See Valine.
Valu (Kiriwina, New Guinea), land, village ; Viloveaka,

' big village ' ; Vilokikita, ^ small village.' See under

Keda.
Vamaknmanelo (Lomwe, Shirwa L,), a stockade, en-
closure.
e Vambu (Congo, dialect of Bantu), junction (of roads).
Van (Sansc, Hind.), forest, wood, grove.
Van-ant (Sansc, Hind.), the skirts of a wood. See Van.
Vand (Da., Nor.), water ; a small lake ; Vandfidd =

waterfall.
Vandmplle (Da., Nor.), a watermill (V"').
e Vanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), suburb, hamlet.
InVanga (Nika), a cave.
Vank (Sansc), the bend of a river.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 407

Vanua {Kabadi, New Guinea), village. For other

forms see Fenua.
Vannga {Kerepunu, New Guinea), a village. Cf, Vanua.
Vap&vai {N. Tepehuane Indian, Mexico), stone, rock.
Tapi {Sansc.), pond, lake, pool.
Vaqueria (Spanish S. America), an enclosure for cattle ;

a cowhouse ; from vaca=cow.
Var (Gaelic). See Barr.
Y&r (Hung,), fortress, town round a fortress ; e.g.TemesvBx,

* fortress on the Temes E.' Cf. Ur, Viuros.
Var (N. Chin Hills, Burma), a stream.
Varaigne (Fr.), a tide-sluice (of salt marshes).
Varam (Tamul, Deccan), bank, shore.
Varde (Da., Nor.), a beacon, cairn, landmark.
Vareana (Kabadi, New Guinea), south-east wind.
Varenne (Fr.), waste land. Cf. Warren.
V&ri (Sansc, Hind.), water.
V&ri-prav&h (Sansc, Hind.), a cascade; a current of

water.
YiroB (Hung.), a town. See Var.
Varum (Maiva, New Guinea), north-west wind. See

Vaula, Vaura.
Vfis (Sansc, Hind.), a house, dwelling.
Vaie (Fr.), mud.
Va«r (Hung.), a market.
Vat (Cambodia), a Buddhist monastery or temple,

e.g. Ankor Vat ; the same word as Wat (q.v.)
Vat (Hebrides), a small lake, e.g. OUevat.
Vat (Hind.), a road, path ; from Sansc. vanta.
eVata (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a town, village.

1

408 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

V&U) B&ti (Sansc, Hind,), a house, building ; garden,

plantation ; villa.
Vato (Madagascar), stone, rock, e.g. Vodiyato, ' at the

foot of the rock.* See Vodi.
Vatten (Sw.), Tatn, V6tn (Iceland), a lake ; e,g. Vattenfedl

= waterfall ; Hyitanratn, * white lake ' ; Fiakivbtn,

' fish lake.'
Vatu (Mbau, Fiji), stone, rock.
Van (Kerepunu, New Guinea), stone.
Vau (Vonum, Formosa), a village.
Taula (Maiva, New Guinea), south-east wind. See

Varum, Vanra.
Vanra (Maiva, New Guinea), wind. See Vanla, Vamru.
Veochia, o (It,), old, e,g, Civita Vecehia. See Civita.
Vedu, Vendu (Fula), lake, marsh, swamp,
Veen (Dch,), bog, turf, e.g. Boerveen.
Veer (Dch.), a ferry.
Vega (Sp.), an open plain, a tract of level and fruitful

ground.
„ (S. America), a valley.
Vei (Maiva, New Guinea), water.
Vei, Vej (Da., Nor.), a road. Cf. Weg.
Veina (Kabadi, New Guinea), water.
Veld (Dch.), an open plain ; field, ground. Also moun-
tain range ; e.g. Boggeveld in Cape Colony. Cf, Fell.

Frequently, but quite erroneously, spelled Veldt.
Velho (Port), old, e.g. Villa Velha.
Velikii (Buss,), ] great (Vk.), e.g. Veliki Stala, on
Veliky (Bohemian),) the river Morava.

Venaje (Sp.), the current of a stream.

AJSD TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 409

Vendayal (Sp.), a strong south-west wind.

Vendu (Fula) . See. Vedu.

Veni (Sa/wc), confluence of rivers, junction.

Venta (Sp,), a poor inn (Vta).

Ventorillo (Sp.), a small inn (Vtto).

Vera, Wera {German East Africa), white, e.g. Vera-
nyange, the chief town of Karagwe.

Verclme, Verchnoi (Buss.) See Verkhni.

Verde {Port., Sp., It.), green, e.g. Cape Verde.

Vereda {Sp.), path, narrow way, footpath.

Verger (Fr.), an orchard.

Verkh {Buss.), a peak.

Verkhni {Buss.), upper, e.g. Verkhni Uralsk.

Verrerie {Fr.), a glass factory (V*0.

Versant {Fr.), declivity, side (of a mountain) ; a water-
shed.

Vertiefiing {Ger.), used, in sub-oceanic relief, for a
depression enclosed on all sides by elevations of
the sea bed ; from Tief = deep.

Vertiente {Sp.), cataract, waterfall, cascade.

Vesna {Buss.), spring.

Vest {Da., Nor., Sw.), west.

Vest {Dch.), fortress ; wall, rampart. See Vesting.

Vester, Vestre {Da., Nor.), west, western (VO-

Vesting {Dch.), a stronghold, fortress. See Vest. Cf.
Ger. Eestnng.

Vestra {Sw.), west, western.

Vetta {It.), peak, summit, top.

Vetn {Bubiana, Solomon Is.), house.

Ven {S. Cape, New Guinea), stone.

410 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Via {It,, Port, Sp.), road, route, street. |

e Via {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a field, plantation.

Viani {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Kiaiii, Ani

Vichaadero {Spanish 8. America), heaps of small stones,
surrounded by a wall, found on the W. borders of
Uruguay, where it is said the Indians place
sentries to give notice of the approach of an
enemy.

Vid^k {Hung,), region, district, environs.

Viejo {Sp,), old, ancient, e.g. Cabo Viejo.

Vien {Slam), a town of the fourth order or sub-dis-
trict capital.

Vienz, Vieil, Vieille, Vielle {Fr.), old, ancient, e.g. Vieux
Berquin, Vieilleville, Vielmnr, Vielle-S^gur.

Vig, Vik {Da,, Nor.), a bay, creek ; e.g. Qualyig, ' whale
bay.' Larvik. C/. Vik.

Vigfa {Sp,), Vigie {Fr.), a look-out ; doubtful shoals, the
existence of which in their exact locality is doubtful.

Vigne {Fr,), a vineyard.

Vijni {Buss.) See Vyshni.

Vijver {Dch.), a pond.

Vik {Sw.), a bay ; {Icel,), a creek, inlet, or cove ; hence
Vikingr {Eng.Yikmg) = creek-dweller, rover, corsair.

Vil {LidO'China), a village.
luVila {Congo, dialect of Bantu), family, clan.

Vil^g {Hung,), world.

Vilayet, Eyalet {Turk,), government or province under
a Vali, divided into Sanjaks ; land, country.

Villa {It.), country house (V**).

Villa {Port., Sp.), a town.

AND TOPOaEAPHICAL TERMS 411

Village (Fr.)y a village.

Yillar {Sp.), village, hamlet. In Port farmhouse.

Ville (Fr.), a town.

Villeta {Sp,)f a small town or borough.

Villiers (France), an abode, house, e.g. Hardivilliers.

ViUino (It), a small country house (V"®).

Vinayo (Pazzehe, Pei-Po, Formosa), a mountain.

Vire-vire (Fr.), a whirlpool.

Viria (Mbau, Fiji), a place.

Vives eanz (Fr.), spring tide.

Vivier (Fr.), a fishpond (V^O-

Viz (Hung.), water.

Vladi (Buss., from the same root as vladika, * a ruler '),

rule, e.g. Vladikavkaz, ' rule the Caucasus.'
Vlakte (Dch.), flats, a plain.
Vlei (Cape Dch.), a hollow filled with water, frequently

dry in the hot season, e.g. Zeekoe Vlei (lit. sea-cow

vlei), Brand Vlei, * burning vlei ' (a hot spring).
Vlek (Dch.), a borough, market town.
Vliet (Dch.), a brook, stream, e.g. Heenvliet. Gf. Fleet.
Vloed (Dch.), stream, great river ; torrent, inundation,

flood; tide.
Vlonder (Dch.), a narrow wooden bridge.
Vnam (Cambodia), mountain, hill.
Voda (Buss.), water.
Vodi (Madagascar), foot, bottom, e.g. Vodivohitra, * the

foot of the mountain.' See Vohitra, Bodi.
Vodopol (Buss.), the overflow of a river.
Voe (Shetlands), a bay, a fiord, e.g. Dury Voe. For
comparison with Geo and Wick see Geo.

412 GLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Voetpad (Dch,), a footpath.

Togelj (Albanian)^ little.

▼ohitra (Madagascar), a village ; also a mountain ; con-
tracted to Yohi in composition, e.g. Vohibahoak,
* the village of the people ' ; Vohibe, * great mountain.*

Vol (Polynesia), See Vai.

Vol© (Fr,), way, road, track.

Tokahal (Kuvarawan, Pei-Poy Formosa) ^ a river.

Toladero (Sp.), a precipice, abyss.

Volastnoi (Cent, Asia), a native district chief.

Vdlgy (Hung.), a valley (Vgy.)

Volk (Dch.), people, nation, /oZA:.

Volkaan, Tulkaan (Dch.), a volcano.

Volok (Buss.), an isthmus, a portage.

Vom (Fan, French Congo), place, spot.

Von (Ger.), from (direction of road) (v.)

Vorder (Ger.), fore, in front (V.), opp. to Hinter.

Vorgebirge (Ger.), a promontory ; foot-hills.

Vorota (Buss.), gates, a channel. Found also in the
form Varota.
kiVoaho (Giryama), ferry.

Vostok (Buss.), east, e.g. Vladivostok, 'rule the east/
SeeYlAdi; other points areZapad, Syever, Polden, Tog.

Vowisha (Makua, Ger. and Port. E. Africa), deep water.

Vowoloa (Makua, Ger. and Port. E. Africa), damp
ground fitted for the growth of rice.

Vrchol, Vrch, Vrh (Bohemian), a mountain.

Vrelo (S. Slav.), source, spring.

Vrij, Vry (Dch.), free, e.g. Oranje VriJBtaat, 'Orange
Free State,* now the Oraijige Kiver Colony;
Vryburg, * free town,* refuge, sanctuary.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 418

Vrijhafen {Dch.)j a free port.
Vrtache (Servian), valley, dale.
Vry (Dch.) See Vrij.
Vrysis (Neo-Greek), source, spring.
muVu {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a ditch or dike.

Vua likn {Mbau, Fiji), north. For other points see Ba,

Tliake, Theva.
Ynhitra {Madagascar). See Vohitra.
YiUBelok {Buss.), settlement, colony.
kiVuku {Swahili), ferry, ford, crossing-place.

Vuli {E. Africa), the lesser rains, which continue for

three or four weeks from the latter part of

September nearly through October.
Vulkaan {Dch.) See Tolkaan.
mnVumbi {Giryama), the hot season.
muYunbi {Giryama), the rainy season.
Yung {Annam), a bay.
Vuno {NeO'Greek), a mountain.
eVwangi {Congo, dialect of Bantu), thicket, brushwood,

jungle of brushwood.
Vyed {Malta), a, ravine, valley, or river; from Arabic

Wad {q.v.)
Vyetrennaya melnitBa {Buss.), a windmill.
Vyshny, Tishni {Buss.), upper, e.g. Vyshni Volochok.
Tysoki {Bohemian^ Buss.), high, great (Vsk.)

414 OLOSSAEY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

w

Wa (Bantu), a prefix meaning 'people,' e.g. Uhebe the
country, Wahehe the inhabitants; ITganda the
country, Waganda the people of Uganda (in Ki-
Stcakilif but not in Lu-Ganda) ; see XT, cf. A, Ba,
-Bu, Im, Kel, Ahel, Ske.

-Wa (Hausa), a termination signifying * of ' or * belong-
ing to,' e.g. Hawarawa is equivalent to Hassara's,
frequently found in place-names. -Awa is a com-
mon Hausa pi. termination.

Wachtposten (Ger.), a guard-post or station.

Wad, Wadde (Dch,), a ford, a shallow.

Wad {Arah.)y contracted from Walad, son, e.g. Wad
Hedani. See THad.

Wad, Wadi, pi. Widan {Arah.)^ a watercourse, dry in
summer ; a valley. E.g, Wadi Halfia, * the valley
where the Haifa grass grows.' Cf. Wed, Selat,
Tug.
„ {Marocco)y a river, not a dry river-bed.

Wadrar {Berber)^ a corruption of Adrar, a mountain ;
also written Udgha, XTjar.

Wag {Sw.), a road. Cf. Weg, Vej.

WagenfUhre {Ger.), a ferry for wagons (W.F.)

Waha {Fin.), little.

Wahaun {North Chin Hilh, Burma), a valley.

Wai {E. Archipelago, New Guinea), water, river, cf.
Aki ; the word is current throughout the whole of
Malaysia. See Vai.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 415

Wai (China), outer, beyond, e,g, Ku-Wai, * beyond the

passes.' Cf, Nei.
Wai {Maori), water, e.g, Waikato, * flowing water.'
Waia {Kiriwina, New Guinea), river.
Waian {Aroma, New Guinea), south-east wind.
Waitni {Mhau, Fiji), the sea.
Wakoba {German East Africa, dialect of Bantu), a

community = the Arabic Kabila. See Koba, Wa.
Wai (Dch,), rampart, wall, e.g. Diepswal. Cf, Wall.
Walad {Arab,), see Wad, Vlad.
Walan {Aroma, New Guinea), east. For other points

see Bagiriwa, Oabnrigo.
Wald {Ger.), woodland, forest (W.) Cf. Weald, Wold.
Waldweg {Ger.), a forest road. See Weg.
WalieiL {Bismarck Archipelago), See Bawalien.
Wall {Ger.), a wall, rampart ; dike, dam ; coast, shore ;

is cognate with A.-S. weall=wall, and perhaps

with Lat. valluB, vallum. Cf. Wai.
Walo {Senegal), a riverain strip of country subject to

annual inundation. Cf. Chamaina.
Wamerima {Swahili), the people who live on the coast.

See Rima and Wa.
Wan {China), a bay, e.g. Talien Wan.
Wan {Shan States), a village.
Wan {Chong Chia-tse, Yunnan), black, e.g. Tong Wan

Tien in Western Yunnan. See Tong, Tien,
i Wanda {Lu-Wanga, Uganda), a valley.
Wangaras {Hausa), the cities of the Hausa merchants

in the Bariba country.
Wangicheng {Ja-Luo, Uganda), east.

416 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Wankonos {Indian, U.S.A.), a waU, e.g, Sbawangunk,
' great wall.' See Sha.

Wano {KerepunUy New Guinea), earth.

Wanna {Marovo, Solomon Is.), a house. Cf. Fenna.

Wapentake {North [DanisJi] England), a name formerly
given, in some of the northern counties of England,
to a territorial division of the county, correspond-
ing to the Hundred of the southern counties, from
A.'S. wApent&c, vehich is from Norse vipnatak, lit.
* weapon taking ' (in homage of the district chief).

Wapta {Rocky Mountain region, Canada), the Stony
{Assiniboin) word for * river ' in general. This has
lately been introduced for * Kicking-horse R.' and
should not be applied specifically to one of the
minor rivers of the region.

War, El War {Arab., N. Africa), diflScult, diflScult
country.

War {Bahanwin dialect, South Somaliland). See Uar.

War {Galloppa, Abyssinia), a hill.

Wara {Hind), a quarter of a town where people of the
same caste or trade live.

WarH {Hind), situated on this side (of a river), near,
close by. Cf. Warla. From Scr. awara=near.

War& {Arab., Hind.), beyond, on the further side,
behind.

Waraba {Somali), hyeena. See under Shabel.

Waraflari {Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu). See Bafiari.

Waraya {Singalese), harbour.

Ward {England), a territorial subdivision of some
English counties as Westmoreland, Cumberland,

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 417

and Durham, equivalent to the Hundred {q.v.) of
the midland counties, from A,'S, weard ssward,
guard, watchman, &c. ; a division of a forest, e.g.
Wardley. See Ley.

Warla {Hind,), on this side (of a river). Cf. Wari.

Warmbad {Ger.), hot springs, lit. warm bath. See Bad.

Warshufti {Baluch), alluvial soil deposited by a river
when in flood.

Warttlinrm {Ger.) a watch-tower (Wth.)

Was (Slavonic), a village, e.g. Wasowetz.

Wasa (Brazil). See Oyasa.

Wash, Wath (England), a piece of ground washed by
the action of the sea or a river, or sometimes over-
flowed and sometimes left dry ; a shallow part of
a river, or of the sea ; a ford ; also marsh, bog ;
e.g. The Wash, Washbonme, Washford, Washwood,
Wath-by-Ripon.

Washnmba (German East Africa, dialect of Bantu),
shepherds, e.g. Ushnmba, a village with much
pasture land in the neighbourhood.
eWaso (Bantu). See Ewaso for meaning.

Waasermtlhle (Ger.), a watermill.

WasBerscheide (Ger.), a water-parting, divide; from
scheiden =to separate, see Watershed.

Waswanipi (Hudson Bay region), a torch, e.g. the lake
and river of that name.

Wat (Cambodia, Siam), a pagoda, monastery, temple.
Cf Vat.

Watan (Arab.), a country, region, one's native land.

Wate (Ubangi B. region), people of the river. Cf Tu.

E £

418 QLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Watermolen (Dch.), a watermill.

Watershed (English), a water - parting, divide ; is a

popular etymology from Ger. Wanencheide (g.r.) ;

shed (A.'S, eee&dan) is cognate with seheideiL.
Wath (England). See Wa«h.
Watlki (Indian, California), town, village.
Watth (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a ferry.
Wata (dialect of Bantu). See Tu.
Watn (Java), a stone or rock.
Waturiwa (Ceylon), swampy, nndrainable ground.
Wawalien (Bismarck Archipelago), See Sawalien.
Wawaning (Indian, U.S.A.), holy place, i.e. for feasts

and dances.
Waye (Sara, Chad L.), sand.
Wayen (Tibet), a corruption of the Mongol Bayan (q.v.y

rich, prosperous, e.g. Wayen Hor, See Hor.
We ah (Indian, California), earth, land.
Weald (England), woodland, e.g. The Weald of Kent,

Walden; from A.-S. weald, wald= a wood, forest.

cognate with Goth, walthus, and Gr. aXxros, grove.

Cf. Wold, Wald.
Webi, Web, Webbe (Somali), a large running river, as

distinguished from a Tug (q.v.) ; e.g. Webi Shebeli,

WebE.
Wed (Arab.), the bed of a stream, dry for the greater

part of the year ; another form of Wad, used in

Marocco for a perennial stream.
Weem (Gaelic uaimh), a cave, e.g. Weem in Perthshire.

Weg (DcAO.K^^ ^^te. C/.Vej.
Weg(Ger.)J

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 419

Weg^berftthnmg (Ger.), a bridge over a railway.
Wegfwijzer (Dch.), a sign-post, lit. * way-pointer.* See

Weg.
Wehr {Ger.)j weir, dam.
Wei (China), see Wai.

Wei {China), a military station ; also a district. See So.
Weide (Ger,, Dch.), pasture land.
Weiler (Ger.), an abode, house, village (Wlr.), e.g. Ber-

wciler. Cf, WiU.
Weinberg {Ger,), a vineyard.
Weine, Wein (Somali), big, e.g, Durie-weine, Oedwein,

* big-tree.' Cf. Yer.
Weiss (Ger.), white, e.g. Weisses Meer, the * White Sea.*
Wcl (Dch.), spring, fountain, source, cognate with Eng.

well.
Weleshi (Congo), grassy marsh, where the Welewele

grass grows. See Shi, Eshi.
Weli (Arab.), Moslem saint (used for a saint's tomb).
Well (England) . See Will.
Welle (A'Zande), river, stream, e.g. the Welle or Upper

Ubangi E.
Welt (Ger.), world, earth.
Wen (Berber). See In.
Wendu (W. Sudan), a large sheet of water, frequently

fringed with trees.
Wene kame (Songhai), west. See Jiji, Diaman.
Went (German East Africa). See Vera.
Werala (Singalese), sea-shore.
Were (Fula), village, place of cultivation.
Werit (Ger.), wharf, dock. Cf Werp.

E E 2

420 GLOSSARY OF GEOORAPHICAL

Werp (Dch.), a wharf, €,g. Antwerp. C/. Werit.

Wem (Giryama). See Eru.

Wesa (Brazil). See Oyasa.

Wm a na {Indian, California), a valley.

Wetering (Dch.), outlet, canal, e.g. Overwetering, Onde
Wetering.

Wheal (England) y a mine, e.g. Hether Wheal in the
Peak district ; the Cornish Hael, with which this
may be cognate, has special reference to a fi?i
mine ; cf. Huel-irdr, * great mine.'

Whim (England), a hoisting device to wind a rope and
draw a kibble or bucket from a mine ; used for the
mine itself, e.g. Tilly Whim in the Isle of Purbeck
= Tilly mine ; The Whim, in the Peak district.
luWi (Rua, Bantu), a river.
oluWi (Bihe, Angola, Bantu), a river, pZ. olo Ndwi.

Wick (Essex), a cheese made from the milk of sheep,
the making of which was at one time a recognised
Essex industry ; then the shed where the cheese
was made, e.g. Lee Wick, Well Wick, Cocket Wick,
Wigborough Wick, all in the parish of St. Osyth.

Wick, Wich, Vic (England), an abode, village ; e.g. Sand-
wich, Warwick, from A.-S. wic, a loan word from
Lat. vicus, village ; a brine-pit, e.g. Nantwich.

Wick (from Norse Vik), a bay, e.g. Greenwich, cf Wyke.
In the Shetlands * a broad open bay,' e.g. Hoswick,
see Geo, Vik.

Wielki (Polish), great.

Wies (Polish), village, country.

Wiese (Ger.), meadow, e.g. Wiesenthal.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 421

Wild (Slavonic) y a market.

Wilbokbok (Jibu, New Guinea), a forest.

Wilidi (A'Zande), a stream ; from will, son, and di,
water. Cf. Pai^niradi.

Will, Well (England), an abode, house, e.g. Chiswill,
Pegwell. Cf. Ger. Weiler.

Willahk (Indian, California), a valley.

Wi-mo-ti (China), an isthmus.

Win (Eiigland), white, e.g. Winchester, white fort.

Winde (Fula), a swamp. Cf. Wendu.

Windgap (U.S.A.), an elevated gap, not occupied by a
watercourse.

Windi (Sanghai), a house.

Windmolen (Dch.), a windmill.

Windmtfhle (Ger.), a windmill.

Woda, Voda (Slavonic), water, e.g. Oder, KrasnoYodBk.

Woest (Dch.), a desert, waste, e.g. Woestehoeve. Cf. Wtiste.

Wold (England), woodland, e.g. Cotswolds. Cf. Weald,
Wald.

Wo les (Indian, California), sea.

Worn (Yayo, China), water.
luWongo (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market.

Wore (Botel, Tobago Islands, Formosa), a mountain.

Worth (Anglo-Saxon; Ger.), an enclosure, e.g. Tarn-
worth, from A.'S. worth (with variants worthi,
worthig, weorthig), a field, close, farm.

Woshe (Hausa), region, country.

Woud (Dch.), forest, wood, e.g. Aartswoud, Hoogwoud.

Woude (Dch.), woodland, e.g. Emswoude.

Wu (Wakhan, Pamirs), a pass.

422 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Wud {Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain.
Wuiri (Mossi, Fr. Sudan), a village, place of cultivation.
Wuitka {Indian, U.S.A.), an island.
Wuju {Indian, U.S.A.), a mountain.
Wula {Giryama). See TTla.

Wola, Wulo {Bambara, Malinke), grass, undergrowth.
eWumba {Congo, dialect of Bantu), mine, quarry.
Wun {Ingalik, Alaska), a lake.
Wura {Gold Coast), grass ; bush, forest.
Wnrau {Jibu, New Guinea), sea.

Wuru, Wurro {Hausa), place, house of, e.g. Wnno Madi.
Wtlste {Ger.), a desert, waste. Cf. Woeit.
Wy {Cymric), water, e.g. Wye, Wey, Kinwy.
Wyke {England), a small bay, e,g. Bumboldswyke. Cf.

Wick {Norse), Wik and Vik,
Wynd {Scotland), an alley, lane.
Wysg {Celtic), running water, e.g. TTsk, Axe, Eze. Cf.

Irish uisgebeatha (usquebaugh) = * water of life.'
Wyzszy {Polish), upper, cf Vyshny.

isiXa {Zulu, Kafir), a very bushy country.

Xaimaka {Jamaica). This word, from which ' Jamaica '

is derived, signifies * island of fountains.'
Xam {Annam), a village. Another form of Kam.
iXandeka {Zulu, Kafir), the slope on either side of a
valley ; hillside.
isiXeko {Zulu, Kafir), a town or large village.

Xieng {Siajn), town of the second or third order, pro-
vincial or distribt capital =Kieng, Chieng.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 428

Y {Welsh), the, e.g, BettW8-7-Coed='Bettws (of) the
wood.' The position of the noun Coed after Bettws
indicates the genitive case. See Bettws, Coed.

la (Chinu), an ofl&cial residence.

Ya {Indo-China), water.

Ya (New Guinea), a house.
aYa (Fan, French Congo), a dam ; for plural see Aya.

Yabogot (Nandi, Uganda), an enclosure.

Yaghach (E. Turk,), tree ; wood, forest.

Yagach-nishan (Cent. Asia), a sign-post. See Hishan.

Yagak (Aleut), firewood, driftwood, e.g. Cape Yagak.

Yai (Siam), large, great, e.g. Koh Yai near Bangkok.

Yaaa (E. Turk.) See Yallak.

YaYlak (Turk.), summer pasturage ; E. Turk. Yaila.

Yak (New Guinea), water.

Yak (Pers.), ice, e.g. Kuh Yak Ab, * ice-water mountain.'
See Knh, Ab.

Yaka (E. Turk.), boundary, extremity.

Yaka- (Nilotic Kavirondo, Uganda), a prefix signifjdng
clan or tribe, e.g. Yakagemi. Cf. Ja-, Ka-.

Yakomoe Myesto (Buss.), anchorage.

Yalud (Pers.), the sea-shore.

Yama (Japan), mountain, e.g. Fusi Yama, ' great moun-
tain.'

Yam pa (N. Arakan), a river.

Yang (MiaO'tsCj Yunnan), a ford.

Yang (China), blue, e.g. Yangtse Eiang, *blue river.'
See Kiang.

424 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

Tanga {Mossi, French Sudan), east.
eTanga (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a lake.
Taugayanga (Congo), a small lake, reduplicated fonn of

Syanga.
Tangi, Yani (E. Turk,), new, e.g. Tangi GOialir, Shahr

being another form of Shehr (q.v.) ; Tangi Su. See

ShBhi, Su, Teni.
Tannekat (New Guinea), water.
Tao (China), small, e.g, Tao Chan.
Yao (Ja-Luo, Uganda), a lake.
Yapak (Wakhan, Gilgit), a river.
Tar (Turk.), bluflf, cliff ; ravine.
Yara (Yoruba), a trench behind a fortification.
Yard, Oard (England), an enclosed place, e.g. Fishgaard,

from A.'S. geardss enclosure, court; is cognate

with Lat, hortU8=garden. Of. Oarth.
Yare. See Oarw.
Yari (Brazil), See Oyari.
Yam (Tibet), upper, e.g. Yam Tsang-po, 'the upper

Taang-po' (q.v.)
Ya«a (Congo), a very rocky torrent bed.
Yashiki (Japan), palace of a Daimio.
Yashikichi (Japan), building land.
Yasi, Kiasi (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), grass. See

Asi.
Yaya (Ceylon), a tract of paddy fields.
Ydre (Da.), outer. Cf. Indre.
Ye,pL Be (Fan, French Congo), a slope or declivity.
Yeilau (Ferghana, from Turk. Yallak), a summer camp,

grazing ground ; there is also the form Yeilik.
Yellang (Kirghiz), bare (of a mountain).

AND TOPOGEAPHICAL TERMK 425

Ten {China), dam, dike; lake, marsh, pond, pool,

especially one formed by a dam.
Yen {China), a cavern.
Ten {China), salt.
Ten {Hainan), a sub-prefectnre.
Tena {Eskimo, Smith Sound), a peaked island.
eTendelo {Congo, dialect of Bantu), path, course, track,

way.
eTenga {Congo, dialect of Bantu), chasm, gorge, abyss,

precipice.
Teni {Turk.), new, e.g. Teni Bazar (in Bulgaria), Teni

Zagra or Nova Zagora. Cf. Eaki, Tang^.
Ten-tnn {China), a beacon.
Ter {Somali), small, e.g. Ban Tero, 'little plain.' See

Ban. Cf. Wein.
Ter {Turk.), land, country ; place, spot.
Terbal {Spanish S. America), wooded lands, where the

Paraguay tea (mat6) plant grows.
Teru, pi. Tellu {Telegu, Deccan), a river.
Teshil {Turk.), green, e.g. Teshil Kul, *the green lake.'

See Knl.
Tet {Eng. and Scot.), a gate, passage, e.g. Tetholm,

' the hamlet at the gate or passage,' i.e. between

England and Scotland.
Tezero (S. Slav.), a lake. Cf Ozero.
Ti {China), any centre of population ; post-town.
Tike {Mongol), large. See Iki.
Tilg^ {Ce7it. Asia), ravine, valley, e.g. Bos-Tilga, *grey

valley.'
Timbu {Hausa), clay.

426 GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL

(China), silver.

(Mongol), a genitive suffix, e.g. Vaichiyin Ool, ' the

river of Naichi.' See OoL
Ting (China), a fortified military place ; camp.
Tite (Soninke), a tree.
Tm, Tn (Welsh), in, at, e.g. Llanflhangel yn Hhowyn

(Howyn).
To (New GuUiea), water.
Tobu (Songhai), market.
Tog (Tibet), down, below, lower. Cf. Tod.
Tokara (Turk.), upper, e.g. Tokari Chauskoi.
TokL (Fin.), a river.
Tol (Turk.), channel ; road.
Tol (Welaung, Kwenam), small.

To mi (Indian, California), town, village (mi=hoiise).
eTondi (Kamerun). See Jondi.
Tort (Siam), a peak.
Ton (New Guinea), water.
Towed (Bagirmi), a hamlet.
Towi (W. Australia), water. See Tui.
Tr (Welsh), the; Tr Aran (one of the peaks of Snowdon).
Tspytty (Welsh), hospital, e.g. Tapytty Tstwyth, is a

loan word from Lat. hospitinm.
Tstrad (Welsh), a paved road, street ; a vale, dale ; a loan

word from Lat. strata = strewn, i.e. paved (way), e.g.

Tstradgonlais. Cf. Gaelic Srath, Strath.
Tttre (Sw.), outer, e.g. Enhorna Tttre.
Tn (China), a» lofty bank.
Tua (B\uina), town of the fourth order, or sub-district

capital.

AND TOPOGBAPHICAL TERMS 427

aYna {Fan, French Congo), a lodging-place where one

sleeps when on a journey ; for pL see Ayua.
Yuen {China), source ; also garden.
Yug {Buss.), south. For other points see Syever.
Yui {W. Australia), fresh water. Cf. Yurri, Yowi, other

forms of the same word.
Yuki {Japan), snow.

Yukon {Indian, Alaska), river, the river, the Yukon.
Yumdi {Mossi, French Sudan), rainy season.
Yungo {Valovale, Barotseland), a river; sometimes

misspelled Bungo.
Yur-ba {Tibet), a canal.
Yurri {W. Australia), water. Cf. Yui, Yowi, other forms

of the same word.
Yurt {Cent. Asia), tent, household, family. See Yurta.

{Kamchatka), a wooden hut covered over with

sods and grass. See Yurta.

{Mongol.), tent made of felt. See Yurta.
„ {Tibet), inhabited country. See Yurta.
Yurta {Turk.), encampment ; this and Yurt are variants

of Urdu {q.v.)
Yuyal {Spanish S. America), land covered with Yuyo

{q.v.)
Yuyo {Spanish S. America), a poisonous grass which
cattle will not touch.

z

Za {Congo, dialect of Bantu), a pool left after the fall of
a river, a hole in the bed of a river.
nZa {Congoi dialect of Bantu), the world, earth.

>>

>»

428 GLOSSARY OF OEOGRAPHICAL

nZadi (Congo, dialect of Bantu), * the great river,' i.e.

• The Congo.' From this by change of cZ to r

comes Zaire, the Port, name of the Lower Congo.
Zail (India), the jurisdiction of a laildari, who is the

representative of the headmen in several villages.
Zair (Arab.) See Jesira.
Za khon (Laos), a country, region.
Zaki (Japan). See BakL.
Zakol (Ru88,), a weir.

Zaliv (Ru88.), a bay, gulf. Sometimes Zalif.
nZam (Fail, French Congo) ; for pL and meaning see

Hiam.
Zamofka (Khiva), a mud- walled enclosure for storing

cereals.
Zam-pa (Tibet), a bridge.
Zan (Japan), a mountain ; a loan word from Chinese

San, Shan.
Zand (Dch,), sand, e,g. Hienensiand, Hoogsand. Seen&^t

entry.
Zandstniving (Dch.), sand drift. See Zand.
eZandn (Congo, dialect of Bantu), a market, market-
town.
Zang (Chad L. region), a halting-place. See Zango.
Zang, Zai^ (East Africa), black, e,g, Zangne Bar, Indian-

ised Zanzibar. See Bar.
Zango (Hausa), a camp, a station, e.g, Zango Ladan, ' the

station where ladan, tax, is taken.' Cf, Sansanne ;

for va'riants see Zongo, Zungo.
Zajqja (Spanish S, America), a channel formed by the

rains between two heights or on a plain.

AND TOPOOKAPHICAL TERMS 429

Zaiyon {Spanish S. America), a short Zanja {q.v,)
nZanza {Congo, dialect of Bantu), flat hill-tops, a table-
land.
Zapad {Eus8.)y west. See Yug, Vostok, Polden, Syever,

for other points.
-Zar {Pers.), a suffix meaning a place * abounding in,*

another form of Bar {q.v.)
Zar-ba {Tibet), steep, as of a mountain pass.
Zastyenk {Buss,) a farm.
Zat {Shahpur, Punjab), a tribe, divided into Mahi, or

clans. Cf. Xom.
Zavel {Dch.), gravel.

Zavod {Buss.), a bay ; Zavdd, a manufactory.
Zawia {Arab., N. Africa), lit, angle, comer ; a retreat,

monastery, priory.
Ze {Burma), a market.
nZe {Fan, French Congo) ; tor pi. and meaning see Hze.
iriZeba {Kafir), a reach or deep pool in a river.
Zebara {Arab., N. Africa), a sandy knoll.
Zee {Dch.), sea, e.g. Zuyder Zee.
Zeitnn {Arab), olives, e.g. Mersa Zeitirn, in Algeria. See

Meraa.
Zemilet {Arab.), the summit of dunes of moderate height.

Cf Zemnl.
Zemla,^Z. Zemul {Arab., N. Africa), a long dune.
Zemlya {Buss.), the earth, the world ; land, e.g. Novaya

Zeiiilya=*Newland ' ; cf. Newfoundland.
Zemul {Arab.), the lofty summit of a chain of dunes.

Cf. Zemilet.
Zemul {Arab., N. Africa). See Smala.

480 GLOSSARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL

nZen {Fan, French Congo) , road, path ; torpL see Hxen.
Zendeh (Pers.), man, living man, e.g. Knh-i-Zeiideli. S€€

Knh.
Zephyros (Greek), west, the west wind=La^. Payoniiu.
Zerdeb (Arab., N. Africa), a precipice.
Zerflm, Zariba (Northern Africa), lit. a fence, paling :
an enclosure ; a fortified village ; corresponds to
the Boma of the Bantu races, and the Kraal ; from
Egypt. ZerAbak= thorn fence. Cf. Samba.
Zerkhof (Siiss.), church, mosque. Properly Tserkov (q.v.)
Zeogbans (Ger.), an arsenal.
Zbang-tfimg (Korea), grotesque sign-posts.
29ielobi]ia (Buss.), the deepest part of a channel.
Zhelyeio (Buss.), iron. See Jelyeio, the difference lying
simply in the representation of the Bussian letter
by sh or j. See next entry.
Zhdyemaya Doroga (Buss.), a railway. See Doroga.
Zheng (Tibet), a plain.
Zhi (Xupe, Nigeria), See Ji.
Zhing (Tibet), cultivated ground.
IttZi] (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a river; other
ulnZiJ forms are nguZi, maZi, amaZi.

muZi (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town. See KusL
YunZi (Zulu, Kafir), a place of residence,^a village. See

Zia, Sia (Nika), a reservoir, lake ; the forms kiZiay kiSia

also occur.
Ziarat (Pers.), sacrifice, e.g. Kuh-i-Ziarat, ' Sacrifice hill.'

See Kuh.
iZibnko (Kafir), a ford.

AND TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 481

Ziegelei {Ger,)j a brick kiln (Zgl.) ; from Ziegel= brick,
tile, from Lat, tegiila=tile ; whence also A.-S.
tigel, Fr. tnile as in Tuilerie (q.v.)
Ziehbrnnnen (Ger.), a draw-well.
Ziga {Mossi, French Sudan), a place.
Ziko) (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), country; for
other dialects see Dziko.
inZila) {Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road, path.
nZila) Cf Zira, Sila, Jia, Jira.

umZila (Kafir), a cattle-track. Cf. inZila.

Zixna (Buss.), winter.
xunZmiaiidlela (Zulu, Kafir), the bomidary of cultivated
land.
jnZinda (Cent. Africa, dialect of Bantu), a town.
Zippele (Mossi, French Sudan), a plain.
Zira (Hassania), a hill.

iZira] (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), a road, path.
inZiraJ Cf Zila.

Ziro (Japan), palace, castle ; white.
Ziwa, Chisiwa (Cent. Africa, dialects of Bantu), island.

Cf Kilela.
iZiwa (L using a and Chula, Uganda), a water-hole, a

well.
Ziya (Criryavia), pool, pond, lake.
Zmala, pi. Zmnl (Arab.), a chief*s camp; a spahi's farm.

See Smala, really the same word.
Znak (Buss.), a beacon, a mark.
Zollhaiu (Ger.), a custom-house, from zoll=toll; cf, to

take toll.
Zoma (Nestorian Christian), summer pasture grounds.

482 GEOGRAPHICAL AXD TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS

Zongo (Havsa), a camping-place. Cf, Sansanne; sa
Zango, Zungo for variants.
nZonsa (Congo), a rough bridge.
Zozan (Kurdish), summer pasturage.
ZufluM (Ger.), a tributary stream.
Znid (Dch,)j south.

Zolomba {Mossi, French Sudan), a ravine.
Zmabu (Songhai), a camp.
Znngo (Hausa), a halting-place for the night ; another

form of Zongo (q.v.)
iZwa (Kafir), a nation or people. See Zwe.
iliZwa (Zulu, Kafir), a country.

Zwart (Dch.), black, e.g. Zwartkops K. See Kop. Cognate
with A.'S. »weart= swart, swarthy, black,
i si Zwe (Kafir), a nation or people. See Zwa.

PRISTKD BY
BPOITIS WOODS AND CO. LTD., XKW.8TREKT SQUARE

LOKDOX

4>

m 2 6 -39