A glossary of the mining and mineral industry

Bulletin 95

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRANKLIN K. LANE, SECRETARY

BUREAU OF MINES
VAN. H. MANNING, DIRECTO*

A GLOSSARY

OF THE MINING AND MINERAL
INDUSTRY

BY

ALBERT H./FAY

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

FOREWORD

Since 1918, Albert H. Fay's Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry has
been the authoritative dictionary of technical and local terms relating to metal
mining, coal mining, quarrying, metallurgy, and other mineral industries. Through-
out the English-speaking world, it has helped to standardize the expressions and
terms in common use by those associated with these industries.

Because the demand for this glossary has been mounting steadily to the point
where urgency is indicated, the Bureau of Mines has decided to republist the
volume, which has been out of print for many years because the plates wore out
from frequent use. In reprinting Fay's original work, it is recognized that new
terms and expressions have come into the language; new usages have been applied
to some of the old terms; and some of the old terms have become obsolete. The
Bureau, therefore, will welcome and appreciate suggestions and comments from
users of the glossary with respect to changes in definitions and explanations, as
well as the inclusion of new words and phrases. It is hoped that, with their help,
a new, revised, and improved glossary can be published at an early date.

Director.
MAY 19, 1947.

A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

TM°(

By ALBEHT H. FAY.

INTRODUCTION.

This glossary is published by the Bureau of Mines as a contribu-
tion' to the mining literature in the belief that it will fill a long-felt
oeed. It contains about 20,000 terms; these include both technical
and purely local terms related to metal mining, coal mining, quarry-
ing, petroleum, and natural gas, and metallurgical works; names
of useful, important, and common minerals and rocks; and geological
terms. It presents in one comprehensive volume the available
standard, technical terms relating to the mining and mineral in-
dustry, as well as provincialisms that have been or are now in use in
English-speaking countries.

The glossary also includes many terms relating to ceramics and
the clay industry, glass making, foundry practice, railway and build-
ing construction, electrical installation and power-plant equipment,
and chemical terms relating to metallurgical practice. Complete
lists of terms for each of these allied industries are beyond the scope
of this glossary. Paleontological terms, although closely associated
with geology, are far removed from mining and metallurgical opera-
tions, and for this reason have been omitted.

In a compilation of this magnitude, it is difficult, within a reasonable
time to verify all definitions as to the latest usage. Much verifying
was done and it is hoped that the best and latest definitions have
been used. Reference to the publications cited will enable the reader
to determine approximately the period when the definition was used.

Definitions in use by engineers of high national or international
reputation are given first preference. When definitions from different
sources are the same, credit is given to the earlier author as being
the original or nearest to the original source. Immediately following
each term the name of the locality wherein the word is presumed to
have originated or is widely used is given, where such information is
available. The name of the author or source from ,which the defini-
tion was obtained follows the definition, and serves as a key to the
publications listed. The terms selected from the -various glossaries
and publications examined have been compared with the Webster,

3

M540Q54

4 INTRODUCTORY.

the Standard, and the Century dictionaries. A large number of the
terms are of purely local usage and do not appear in the dictionaries ;
these words include many that have been originated and are used by
miners and mine inspectors, as well as many others that have been
defined by courts, based on testimony given before a jury or judge.

It is difficult to determine when a word is obsolete. It may have
been very much in vogue in a certain district, but with the exodus
of a particular class or nationality, the use of the term may die out,
hence become obsolete so far as that local usage is concerned, although
it may continue to be used elsewhere. No attempt,' therefore, has
been made to eliminate obsolete words, for the engineer doing re-
search work will find such terms, and if he can not determine their
meaning from the context he should be able to find them in a glossary
or dictionary.

The Spanish and Spanish-American terms were selected as being
the most common terms that the engineer will encounter in Latin-
American usage.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In the compilation of this glossary the Bureau of Mines gives credit
for each definition as indicated in the list of authors quoted.

The author is indebted to J. W. Thompson, law examiner,. Bureau
of Mines, for the definitions cited from court cases, compiled by him
in connection with his work on the annotation and compilation of
Federal and State mining statutes; also to former employees of the
Bureau of Mines as follows: Messrs. E* S. Boalich and B. F. Tibbey
for selecting words from the text of technical publications, and to
Messrs. J. W. Kingsbury and R. H. Seip for comparing the terms
with and selecting additional terms from the Standard Dictionary.
The Spanish terms were verified by Emilio M. Amores, chief translator
for the Pan American Union. The entire list of words defined was
compared with the Webster and Century dictionaries by the author.

The galley proof was read by James W. Paul and E. A. Holbrook,
mining engineers, Bureau of Mines, for mining terms; by O. P. Hood,
chief mechanical engineer, Bureau of Mines, for mechanical terms;
by Frank L. Hess and L. La Forge, geologists, U. S. Geological
Survey, for terms relating respectively to mineralogy and geology,
and much assistance was rendered by M. R. Campbell and E. S. Larsen,
U. S. Geological Survey, in scrutinizing terms relating respectively
to physiography and petrology; and by David White, F. L. Ransome,-
and W; C. Alden, U. S. Geological Survey, in checking up certain
definitions relating to geology. E. Baliol Scott, editor, and William
Head, subeditor, The Mining Journal, London, reviewed the galleys for
mining and metallurgical terms current in Great Britain. Many ad-
ditional definitions were thus received and incorporated, certain re-
visions made, and a large number of suggestions adopted.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 6

ATJTHOBS QUOTED.

The following is a list of authors quoted as authority for the forms
and uses of words given in this glossary:

Quoted in glossary as— Name of author and publication.

Anderson Anderson, J. W. The prospector's handbook. 1898. (Includes a glossary.)

Bacon Bacon, R. F., and Hamor, W. A. American petroleum industry. Vcl. 2.

1916. (Includes a glossary.)
Bainbridge Bainbridge, Wjlliam. The law of mines and minerals. 5th ed. 1900

(Includes a glossary.)

Barrowman Barrowman, James. Glossary of Scotch mining terms. 1886.

Bensusan Bensusan, Arthur J. The Passagem mine and works. Trans., Inst. Min.

and Met. London. 1910. Vol. 20, p. 3, et seq.
Bowles Bowles, Oliver. The technology of marble quarrying. Bull. 106, U. 8.

Bur. Mines, 1916. Sandstone quarrying in the United States. Bull. 124,

U. S. Bur. Mines, 1917. Rock quarrying for cement manufacture. Bull.

160, U. S. Bur. Mines, 1918.

Brunswig Brunswig, H. Explosives. 1912.

Buckley Buckley, E. R., and Buehler, H. A. The .quarrying industry of Missouri.

Missouri Bur. Geol. and Mines. Vol. 2, 2nd ser., 1904. (Includes a glos-
sary.)
Butler Butler, G. Montague. A pocket handbook of minerals. 1912. (Includes a

glossary.)

Century Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. 1911.

Chance Chance, H. M. Report on the mining methods and appliances used in the

anthracite coal fields. Second Geol. Survey of Pennsylvania. 1883.

(Includes a glossary.)
Chamberlin Chamberlin, T. C., and Salisbury, R. D. Geology. In three volumes.

1906.
Chester C hester, A. H. A dictionary of the names of minerals. (Includes history

and etymology.) Isted. 1896.
Clark.... Clark, H. H., and Means, C. M. Suggested safety rules for installing and

using electrical equipment in bituminous coal mines. Tech. Paper 138,

U. S. Bur. Mines. 1916.

Clennell Clennell, J. E. The cyanide handbook. 1915.

C. and M. M. P Coal and metal miners' pocket book. 9th ed. 1904. (Includes a glossary. )

C. M. P ;.., Coal miners' pocket book, llth ed. 1916. (Includes a glossary of rope

terms, p. 262, and a glossary of mining terms, p. 565 et seq.)

Comstock Comstock, J. L. Elements of geology. 1864. (Includes a glossary.)

Cox Cox, Herbert. Prospecting for minerals. 1898. (Includes a glossary.)

Crane... Crane, W. R. Ore mining methods. 1910.

Crofutt Crofujt, George A. Glossary' of terms and phrases connected with (he

mining industry. 1902.

Daddow Daddow, 8. H., and Bannon, Benjamin. Coal, iron, and ofl, or The prac-
tical American miner. 1866. (Includes a glossary.)
Dak Dale, T. Nelson. The granites of Vermont. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 404,

1909. (Includes a glossary.)

Daly Daly, R. A. Igneous rocks and their origin. 1914.

Dana Dana, E. 8. A text book of mineralogy. New ed. 1899; A system of

mineralogy. 1014.
Davies Da vies, D. C. A treatise on metalliferous minerals and mining. 1S£0.

(Includes a glossary.)
du Pont E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. High explosives, their manufacture

storage, handling and use. 1915. (Includes a glossary of terms used in

the explosives industry.)

Duryee Duryee, S. Nevada prospector's 'guide. 1906. (Includes a glossary. )

Dwight Dwight, Arthur 8. Glossary of Spanish- American mining and metallur-
gical terms. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 33, 1903.
Egleston Egleston, Thomas. The metallurgy of silver, gold, and mercury in the

United States. 1887. (Includes a glossary.)

Emmons Emmons, Ebenezer. Manual of geology. I860. (Includes a glossary.)

Farrell Farrell, J. H., and Moses, A. J. Practical field geology. 1912 (Includes a

glossary.)
.Fulton Fulton, Charles H. The Cyanide process in the Black Hills of Sooth

Dakota. Bull. 5 South Dakota School of Mines. 1903.

6 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Quoted in glossary as — Name of author and publication.

•George George, R. D. Common minerals and crocks, their occurrence and UM,

Bull. 6, Colorado Geol. Survey, 1913. (Includes a glossary.)

•Gfllette Gillette, H. P. Handbook of rock excavation. 1907.

•Goesel Goesel, J. G. . Minerals and metals. 1906.

Oreene Greene, Homer. Coal and the coal mines. 1889. (Includes a glossary.)

•Greenwell. Green well, Allan, and Flsden, J. V. Practical stone quarrying. 1913.

Greenwell, G. C Greenwell, G. C. A glossary of terms used in the coal trade of Northun>

berland and Durham. 3d ed. 1888.

Gresley Gresley, William S. A glossary of terms used in coal mining. 1883.

Halse liaise , E dward. A dictionary of Spanish, Spanish- American, Portuguese,

and Portuguese-American mining, metallurgical and allied terms. 2d
ed. -1914.

Hanks Hanks, Henry G. Second report of the State mineralogist of California

from December 1, 1880, to October 1, 1882. (Includes a glossary.)

Hargis Hargis, A. D. Seventh annual report of the Bureau of Labor, Statistics and

Mines of the State of Tennessee, 1897. (Includes a glossary.) Eighth
annual report of the Bureau of Labor, Statistics and Mines of the State
of Tennessee. 1898. (Includes a glossary.)

Harr Harr, D. M., and Spruce, M. F. Annual reports of the State inspectors of

mines f OK. the first and second districts of the State of West Virginia for
the year ended June 30, 1891. (Includes a glossary.)

Hibbard. Hibbard, Henry D. Manufacture and uses of alloy steels, Bull. 100,

U. 8. Bur. Mines, 1915.

Hitchcock Hitchcock, Edward. Report on the geology of Vermont. Vol. 2. 186L

(Includes a glossary.)

Hofman Hofman, H. O. The metallurgy of lead. 6thed. 1901.

Hooson Hooson, William. The miners' dictionary. 1747.

Hoover, H. C Hoover, Herbert C. Principles of mining. 1909.

Hoover, T. J Hoover, T. J. Concentrating ores by flotation. 3ded. 1916.

Humble Humble, William. Dictionary of geology and mineralogy. 1840.

Hunt. Hunt, Robert. British mining, a treatise on the metalliferous mines of the

. United Kingdom. 1884. (Includes a glossary.)

Iddings Iddings, J. P. Igneous Rocks. Vol. 1, 1909-13; Rock Minerals, 1911.

Ihlseng Ihlseng,M.C. A manual of mining. Sd.ed. 1904. (Includes a glossary.)

Ingalls Ingalls, Walter Renton. The Metallurgy of zinc and cadmium. 1st ed.

1903.

Jackson Jackson, Charles T. Final report of the geology and mineralogy of the

State of New Hampshire. 1844. (Includes a glossary.)

Kemp Kemp, James Furman. Handbook of rocks. 1904. (Includes a glossary.)

La Forge Definitions furnished by L. La Forge, geologist, U, S. Geol. Surv.

Lahee ...... Lahee, F. H. Field geology. 1916.

Lawver Lawver, W. P. Report of the Director of the Mint. 1883. (Includes a

glossary of mining terms.)

Leith Leith, Charles K. Structural geology. 1913.

Liddell. Liddell, Donald M. The metallurgists' and chemists' handbook. 1916.

Lindgren Lindgren, Waldemar. Mineral deposits. 1915.

Lock Lock, Alfred G. Gold, its occurrence and extraction. 1882. (Includes a

glossary.)

Lock, C. G . W Lock, C. G . Warnford. Practical gold mining. 1889.

Lowe Lowe, E. N. Mississippi, its geology, geography, soils and mineral re-
sources. Bull. 12, Miss. State Geol. Survey, 1915. (Includes a glossary.)

Lucas Lucas, Frederick. Spanish-E nglish dictionary of mining terms. 1905.

Luquer Luquer, L. M. Minerals in rock sections. 1908.

McNeil McNeil, John, State Inspector of Mines. First annual report to the Gov-
ernor of the State of Colorado for the year ending July 31, 1884. (Includes
a glossary.)

Mander Mander, James. The Derbyshire miners' glossary. 1824.

Megraw Megraw, Herbert A. The flotation process. 1916.

Meinzer Meinzer, Oscar E . Glossary of terms pertaining to ground water and re-
lated subjects. 1918.

Merrill Merrill, George P. Stones for building and decoration. 1910. (Includes a

Mllford Milford, Philip. Pocket dictionary of mining terms. 1888. (Includes a

glossary.)

Miller..... Miller, G. W. Field book of practical mineralogy. 1901.

Min. and Sci. Press Glossary of flotation. Mining and Scientific Press. February 12, 1919.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 7

Quoted In glossary as — Name of author and publication.

Min.Jour English and foreign mining glossary. 3d ed. Published by the Jftntaf

Journal, London. 1871.

Mitzakis...-. Mitzakis, Marcel. The oil encyclopedia; supplement to the Petroleum

World. 1912-1913.

Morine Morine, A. B. Mining law of Canada. 1909. (Includes a glossary.)

Morrison Morrison, Robert 8. Mining rights. 14th ed. 1910. (Includes a glossary.)

Moses Moses, A. J., and Parsons, C. L. Mineralogy, crystallography and blow-

pipe analysis. Revised ed. 1904.

Nat. Tube Co National Tube Co. Book of standards. Containing tables and useful

information pertaining to tubular goods as manufactured by the National
Tube Co. 1915-1916. (Includes a glossary.)

Nicolls Nicolls, William J. Coal catechism. 1900.

Oldham Oldham, Thomas. Geological glossary. 1879.

Ore Dep Kemp, James Furman. The ore deposits of the United States and Canada.

3rd ed. 1900.

Osborn Osborn, H. 8. Prospector's field-book and guide. 1910. (Includes a

glossary.)

Page Page, David. Handbook of geological terms, geology, and physical geog-
raphy. 1865.

Perkins Perkins, George H. Report of the State Geologist on the mineral Indus*

tries and geology of certain areas of Vermont, 1909-1910 (Includes a glossary
of scientific and quarry terms); Report of the State Geologist on the min-
eral industries and geology of Vermont, 1913-1914. (Includes a glossary
of technical terms.)

Peters Peters, Jr., E. D. Modern copper smelting, llth ed. 1901.

Pfordte Pfordte, Otto F. The Cerro de Pasco mining industry. Trans. Amer-

Inst. Min. Eng. Vol. 24. 1895.

Pike Pike Manufacturing Co. Sharpening stones, history and development.

1915. (Includes a glossary.)

Posepny Posepny, Franz. The genesis of ore deposits. 1901.

Power Power, F. Danvers. A glossary of terms used in mining geology. Austral-
asian Inst. Min. Eng., 1895; Coal fields and collieries of Australia, 1912
(Includes a glossary.)

Pryce Pryce, William. Mineralogia cornubiensis, 1778. (Includes a glossary.)

Ralston Ralston, O. C. Flotation processes for concentrating ores. Press Bull.

U. 8. Bur. Mines. 1916.

Ransome Ransome, F. L. The copper deposits of Ray and Miami, Arizona. U.S.

Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 115. (In course of publication.)

Raymond Raymond, Rossiter W. Glossary. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. Vol. 9,

1881.

Redmayne Redmayne, R. A. 8. Colliery working and management. 3rd ed. 1912.

(Includes a glossary.)

Redwood Redwood, B., and EastUke, A. W. Petroleum technologists' pocket

book. 1915.

Richards Richards, Robert H. Ore dressing. Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4. 1909.

Richardson Richardson, D. A. Manual of Mexican law. 1910. (Includes a glossary.)

Rickard Rickard,T.A. A guide to technical writing. 1910. Stamp-milling of gold

ores. 2nd ed. 1897. (Includes a glossary of stamp-milling terms.)
Rickard, T. A., and Ralstbn, O. C. Flotation. 1917. (Includes a glos-
sary.) •

Ricketts Ricketts, P. de P., and Miller, E. H. Notes on assaying. 1897.

Ries Ries, Heinrich. Building stones and clay products. 1912. (Includes a

glossary.)

Roberts Ro ber ts, George. An etymological and explanatory dictionary of terms

and language of geology. 1839.

Rockwell.., Rockwell, John A. Spanish and Mexican law. 1851. (Includes a glos-
sary.)

Rogers, A. F Rogers, A. F. Introduction to the study of minerals. 1912.

Rogers Rogers, W. B. Geology of the Virginias. Virginia Geol. Survey Report,

1840. (Includes a glossary of geological and other scientific terms.)

Roscoe Roscoe, H. E., and Schorlemmer, C. Treatise on chemistry. 1911. Vol.1.

The nonmetallic elements.

Roy Roy, Andrew. Ninth annual report of the State inspector of mines for

Ohio. 1883. (Includes a glossary.)

Boy. Com Report of the Royal commission on mineral resources of Ontario, and

measures for their development. 1890. (Includes a glossary of geological
and injniTig terms.)

8 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Quoted in glossary as — Name of author and publication.

St. John St. John, Samuel. Elements of geology. 12th ed. 1872. (Includes a

glossary.)
Sanders Sanders, Wilbur E., Parlee, N. W., and MacDonald,. Bernard. Mine

timbering. 1907.

Shamel « Shamel, Charles H. Mining, mineral and geological law. 1907.

Simms Simms, Frederick W. Practical tunnelling. 4th ed. 1896. (Includes a

glossary.)
Skinner Skinner, Walter R. The mining manual, 1912 (includes a glossary); The

mining manual and mining year book, 1916 (includes a glossary).

kinner ( with page reference). Skinner, Ernest B. The mathematical theory of investment. 1913.
Sloan Sloan, Earl. Catalogue of the mineral localities of South Carolina. South

Carolina Geol. Survey. Ser. 4, Bull. 2. 1908. (Includes a glossary.)

Standard Standard dictionary, twentieth century edition. 1910.

Steel..... Steel, A. A. Coal mining in Arkansas. Geol. Survey of Arkansas. Pt. I,

1910. (Includes a glossary of coal-mining terms.)
Stewart Stewart, John T. Fourth report of the State inspector of coal mines or

Kansas for the year ending Dec. 31, 1890. (Includes a glossary of mining^

terms.) .This glossary was reprinted in the sixth and tenth reports,.

1893 and 1897, respectively.
Thompson Thompson, Maurice. Indiana department of geology and natural history,

15th annual report. 1886. (Includes a glossary.)

Tieman Tieman, Hugh P. Iron and steel . Isted. 1910.

Tucker Tucker, H. J. Annual report of the State inspector of mines to the Gov-
ernor of the State of West Virginia for the year ending June 30, 1888.

(Includes a glossary.)
U. S. Geol. Surv United States Geological Survey. Useful minerals of the United States

Bull. 585. 1914.
U. S. Min. Stat Thompson, Joseph W. United States mining statutes annotated. Bull,

94, U. S. Bur Mines. 1915.

Ure Ure, Andrew. A dictionary of arts, manufactures, and mines. 1871.

Vel Veldzquez de la Cadena, Mariano. A new pronouncing dict^onaiy •' thfr

Spanish and English languages. 1903.
Vogt Vogt, J. H. L., Beyschlag, F. H. A., and Krusch, J. P. Ore deposits^

1914-1916.

Watson Watson, Thomas L., and Ries, Heinrich. Engineering geology. 1915,

Weatherbe Weather be, D'Arcy. Dredging for gold in California. 1st ed. 1907.

Webster Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language. 1916.

Weed Weed, Walter Harvey. The mines handbook and copper handbook.

Vol. 12, 1916, and Vol. 13, 1918. (Includes a glossary.)
White White , Charles A . Report of the geological survey of the State of Iowa,

1870. (Includes a glossary.)
Whitney Whitney, J. D., and Foster, J. W. Report on the geology and topography

of a portion of the Lake Superior land district in the State of Michigan.

1850. (Includes a glossary.)

Willcox Willcox, F. H. Occupational hazzards at blast-furnace plants and acci-
dent prevention. Bull. 140, U. S. Bur. Mines. 1917. (Includes a glos-
sary.) Blast-furnace breakouts, explosions, and slips, and methods of

prevention. Bull. 130, U. 8. Bur. Mines. 1917. (Includes a glossary.)
Winchell Winchell, N. H. The iron ores of Minnesota. Geological and natural

history survey of Minnesota. Bull. 6. 1891. (Includes a glossary of

mining and geological terms.)
Woodson Woodson, C. C. Fifth annual report of the State mine inspector of the-

State of Missouri, June 30, 1891. (Includes a glossary bf mining term*

used in Missouri.)
Worthen Worthen, A. H. Geology. Vol.1. Geological survey of Illinois. 1866.

(Includes a glossary.)
Young Young, George J. Nomenclature of mining methods. Engineering and

Mining Journal. July 22, 1910.

GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS USED.

The accompanying list of abbreviations shows the localities ITS
which certain words are in common use or whence they may have
been derived. These abbreviations are used throughout the text.

Arg..

Ark..

Aust .

B.C.

Belg

Bol.

Braz.

Brist.

Can

Cent. Am

Ches

Clev..

Colom

Corn..
Climb.

Derb

Dev

E.Ind

Eng

Forest of Dean

Fr

Ger

Gt. Brit.
Glouc . .

Hid..
Hind
111...

It....

L...

Lane.

Leic .
Mex.
Mid.,

Argentina.

Arkansas, U. S. A.

Australia.

British Columbia,Canada.

Belgium.

Bolivia.

Brazil.

Bristol coal field, Eng-
land.

Dominion of Canada.

Central America.

Cheshire, England.

Cleveland iron district,
England.

United States of Co-
lombia,

Cornwall, England.

Cumberland coal field,
England.

Derbyshire coal field,
England.

Devonshire, England.

East Indies.

England.

Forest of Dean coal field,
England.

French.

German.

Great Britain.

Gloucestershire coal field,
England.

Hidalgo, Mexico.

Hindustan.

Illinois, U. S.A.

Ireland.

Italian.

Latin.

Lancashire coal field,
England.

Leicestershire, England.

Mexico.

Midland coal field, Eng-
land.

Newc Newcastle coal field, Eng-
land.

N. S. W New South Wales, Aus-
tralia.

N. Z New Zealand.

No. of Eng North of England.

No. Staff North Staffordshire coal

field, England.

No. Wales .... North Wales, England.

Northumb Northumberland coal

field, England.

Pac Pacific Coast, U. S. A.

Pat Patagonia, South America^

Penn Pennsylvania, U. S.A.

Port Portuguese (mostly i n

Brazil).

Prov Provincial, United

States, unless other-
wise specified.

Pr Prussian.

Russ Russia.

Scot Scotland.

Shrop Shropshire, England.

So. Afr. , South Africa.

So. Am South America.

So. Staff South Staffordshire, Eng-
land.

So. Wales South Wales, England.

Som Somerset, England.

Sp Spanish origin but not ne-
cessarily used in Spain.

Sp. Am Spanish America.

Staff Staffordshire , England.

Straits Set Straits Settlement.

Sw Swedish.

Trans Transvaal, South Africa.

U. S United States of America.

Venez Venezuela.

W. Afr West Africa.

War Warwickshire, England.

Wis Wisconsin, U. S. A.

York Yorkshire, England.

A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aa. A Hawaiian word especially in-
troduced into American usage to de-
scribe jagged, scoriaceous lava flows.
It is contrasted with pahoefioe.
(Kemp)

Abaco (Mex.). A stone trough used to
wash minerals. (Dwight)

Abajador (Mex.). The workman in
charge of tools furnished to miners
underground. (Dwight). A stable
boy in mines. (Vel.)

Abajo! (Mex.). Lower! a signal for
lowering a bucket or cage. (Halse)

Abandonment. The act of abandoning ;
relinquishment. (Webster)
Abandonment of a mining claim may
be by failure to perform work;
by conveyance; by absence, and by
lapse of time. The abandonment of
a mining claim is a question of in-
tent. (Richen v. Davis, 148 Pacific,
p. 1132;— 1915.)

To constitute an abandonment of
a mining claim, there must be a
going away, and a relinquishment of
rights, with the intention never to
return, and with a voluntary and
independent purpose to surrender
the location or claim to the next
comer. (Peachy v. Frisco Gold
Mines Co., 204 Federal, p. 668, and
Harkrader v. Carroll, 76 Federal,
p. 475). (Min. Stat, pp. 259-262)
Compare Forfeiture.

Abate. In metal working, to lower
the temper of. (Standard)

Abatis; Abattis (Leic.). Walls or
ranges of rough wood, e. g., cord-
wood placed crossways to keep the
underground roads open for ventila-
tion, etc. (Gresley)

Abbe tube mill. A gear-driven tube
mill supported on a pair of riding
rings and distinguished by an Archi-
medes spiral, through which the ore
is fed and discharged. Grinding is
effected by flint pebbles fed into
mill. See Ball mill. (Liddell)

Abertura de galeria ( Sp. ) . 1. Tunnel-
ing; driving. (Lucas)
2. The reopening of a vein. (Halse)

Abigarrado (Mex.). Variegated in
color (applied to minerals).
(Dwight)

Ablation. 1. The formation of resid-
ual deposits by the washing away of
loose or soluble minerals. (Kemp)
2. The wearing away of rocks, or
the surface melting of glaciers.
(Standard)

Abnormal. Not conformable to rule
or system; irregular. (Webster)

Abra (Mex.). Open fissure or cavity
in the rocks. (Dwight)

Abradant. An abrading substance, as
emery, sand, etc., used in grinding
and polishing (Standard). See
Abrasives.

Abrade. 1. To rub or wear off; to
waste or wear away by friction, as
to abrade rocks. (Webster)
2. As used in the sharpening-stone
industry; abrading means cutting,
as the steel composing the tool is
cut away rather than worn away.
(Pike)

Abrasion. 1. The act or process of
rubbing or wearing away; as the
abrasion of rock or earth by gla-
ciers. 2. The resulting injury or
other effects of abrading; an
abraided place ; as the abrasion left
by glacial action. (Standard)

Abrasive. A ,substance used for abrad-
ing, as for grinding and polishing.
The principal substances used as
abrasives* are: Burstone, corundum,
emery, garnet, grindstone, infusorial
earth, millstone, novaculite, oilstone,
pumice, scythestone, tripoli, volcanic
ash, and whetstone. Certain furnace
products, as carborundum, etc., are
also used as abrasives.

Abrevadero (Sp. Am.). A mine, the
openings of which are filled with
water at the time of working. (Lu-
cas)

Abridura (Mex.). Enlargement of a
space, so that miners may work
freely (Dwight). A synonym for
Abertura.

11

12

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Abrigo (Mex.). 1. The width of a
vein. (Dwight)

8. A. del carbdn (Peru). An argil-
laceous rock forming the roof and
floor of coal Seams. (Halse)

Abrir (Sp.). To drive or open up,
as a drift, gallery, tunnel, or to
sink, as a shaft. (Halse)

Abronceado; Abronziado (Sp.). Yel-
low copper ore; sulphides. (Lucas)

Abronzada (Mex.). Chalcopyrite.
(Dwight)

Afecarokite. A general . name ,given by
Iddings to a group of igneous rocks
in the Absaroka Range, in the east-
ern portion of the Yellowstone Park.
They have porphyritic texture with
phenocrysts of olivine and augite
in a groundmass, that is either
glassy or contains leucite, ortho-
el ase or plagioclase, one or several.
They are chemically, SiO, 46-52;
A12O3, 9-12; MgO, 8-13; alkalies,
5-6.3, with potash in excess. The
name is of greatest significance
when taken in connection with sho-
shonite and banakite. (Kemp)

Absolute atmosphere. An absolute unit
of pressure, equal to one million
times the pressure produced on a
square centimeter by the force of one
dyne.

Absolute pressure. That measure of
pressure which includes atmospheric
pressure. Pressure expressed in
absolute measure, commonly in ab-
solute atmospheres (Century).
Pressure reckoned from a vacuum.

Absolute temperature. The tempera-
ture measured from the absolute
zero of temperature on the abso-
lute or thermodynamic scale of tem-
perature. This scale differs slightly
from that of an air thermometer,
and by the absolute temperature is
often meant the temperature on the
latter scale above the absolute zero.
(Century)

Absolute zero. That point of tempera-
ture at which a body would be
wholly deprived of heat, and at
which a perfect gas would exert no
pressure; supposed to be —273° C.,
—461° F., or —219° Reaumur ; used
only on the thermodynamic scale.
(Standard)

Absorb. To drink in, to suck up, as
a liquid by a solid like a sponge or
fuller's earth (Rickard). A term
used in the flotation process.

Absorbing well. An excavation in the
earth through which surface water
finds its way to a permeable stra-
tum and is drained away. (Stand-
ard). A cesspool.

Absorption. 1. The act or process of
absorbing, imbibing, swallowing, or
engulfing mechanically. 2. A taking
in or reception by molecular or
chemical action. (Century)
3. The phenomenon observed .when
a pleochroic mineral is rotated in
plane polarized light. In certain
positions the mineral is darker than
in others, owing1 to the absorption
of light. (Luquer, p. 26)

Absorption of gases. The action of
some solids and liquids hi '-taking-
tip or absorbing gases. (Century)

Abstract. To absorb (the waters of a
neighboring stream) by abstraction:
said of watercourses. (Standard)

Abstraction. In geology, the with-
drawal of a stream from a lower
portion of its course by an adjoin-
ing stream having more rapid cor-
rosive action. (Standard)

Abstrich (Ger.). The black or green-
ish-brown mass (black litharge)
appearing upon the bath of work-
lead early in the cupeling process^
and gradually, as the process 'ad-
vances. giving way to pure litharge.
(Raymond)

Abtheilung ( Ger. ) . A fixed part or dis-
trict of a mine assigned to the care
of a fireman or deputy. (Gresley)

Abysmal sea. That part of the sea
which occupies the ocean basins
proper. (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 311)

Abyssal rocks- Plutonic, or deep-seated
igneous rocks. The word was sug-
gested and has been especially used
by W. C. Bro'gger. (Kemp)

Abzug (Ger.). Thr first scum appear-

ing (before the abstrich) on the

surface of molten lead. (Ray-
mond)

Acadialite. A reddish variety of cha-
bazite. (Dana)

Acampanar (Sp.). To remove the
overburden down to the surface of
the auriferous alluvium. (Lucas)

Acanthite. A silver sulphide,

It contains 87 per cent silver. (IL
S. Geol. Surv.)

Acarreador (Mex.). A wood carrier,
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aearreo (Sp.). Carriage or convey-
ance of minerals. (Halse)

.Acarreos (Mex.). 1. Float rock.
(Dwight)

2. Drift composed of rounded rocks,
pebbles and gravel. (Halse)

.Accessory minerals. Those mineral
constituents of a rock that occur in
such small amounts that they are
disregarded in its classification and
definition. Opposed to essential min-
erals. (La Forge)

JLccion (Mex.). Share in a mine, or
other enterprise, usually 100 to the
barra. Right or ground of action
in a suit. ( Dwight >

JLccionista (Mex.). Shareholder.
(Dwight)

Accompt. 1. (Corn.) Account day;
the usual settling day. 2. The
place of meeting, or account house.
(Davies)

Accretion. The process by which in-
organic bodies grow larger, by the
addition of fresh particles to the
outside.

-Accretion hypothesis. Any hypothesis
of the origin of the earth which as-
sumes that it has grown from a
small nucleus by the gradual addi-
tion of solid bodies, such as meteor-
ites, asteroids, or planetesimals,
formerly revolving about the sun in
independent orbits, but eventually
drawn by- gravitation to the earth
and incorporated with it (La
Forge)

Jlceite (Sp.). Oil, whether of vege-
tal or mineral origin (Halse).
See Petr61eo.

Aceitera (Mex.). An oil cup.
(Dwight)

Acendrada (Peru). A whitish marl
used in making cupelling furnaces.
(Halse)

JLcendrar (Peru). To refine.
(Dwight)

Acequia (Mex.). Canal or ditch.
(Dwight)

Acequiero (Sp.). A man in charge of
a ditch; a pe6n who makes a ditch.
(Halse)

-Acerado (Mex.). Gray copper ore;
any gray steely ore. (Dwight)

Aceriate (Fr.). To convert into steel,
us by cementation. (Webster)

Icerillo (Peru). Finely crystalline
galena showing steely fracture.

Aoero (Mex.). Steel; A. ooiocto, ettt
steel. (Dwight)

Acetone. An inflammable liquid
(CJI«O) with a biting taste, ob-
tained by the destructive distilla-
tion of acetates and various organic
compounds. It is used in making
chloroform and as a solvent for
fats, camphor, and resins. (Stand-
ard)

Acetylene. The most brilliant illumi-
nating gas (C2H,) ; it may be pro-
duced synthetically from its ele-
ments by incomplete combustion of
coal gas, and commercially from
calcium acetylid (CaCi) (Calcium
carbide) by the action of water
(Standard). Used much for under-
ground lighting.

Achaparera (Mex.). Long-handled
adze. (Dwight)

Achicador; Achichinqne (Me'x.). Car-
rier of water. See also Achicar.
(Dwight)

Achicar (Mex.). To remove water
from a mine, generally by carrying
it out in bags or buckets. (Dwight)

Achirite. Same as Dioptase. (Stand-
ard)

Achroite. *A colorless variety of tour-
maline. (A, F. Rogers)

Acicular. Needle-shaped ; slender, like
a needle or bristle, as some leaves or
crystals. (Webster)

Acid. 1. Sour, sharp or biting to the
taste. Having acid-forming constit-
uents present in excess of the pro-
portion required to form a neutral
or normal compound. (Webster)
2. In modern chemistry an acid may
be regarded as a salt of hydrogen,
or as a compound, containing one or
more atoms of hydrogen which may
be displaced by a metal, or by a radi-
cal possessing to a certain extent
metallic functions. (Century)

Acid egg. A cylindrical cistern from
which acid is forced by compressed
air, as in the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid. (Webster)

Acidic. A descriptive term applied to
those igneous roqks that contain
more than 65 per cent SiO» as con-
trasted with intermediate and basic.
(Ln Forge)

Acido ( Sp. ) . Acid ; A. carbdnico, car-
bonic acid; A. negro (Mex.) in the
patio process, spent mother liquor
from the crystallizing vats. (Halse)

14

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Acid process. A method of making
steel or homogeneous iron in a
Bessemer converter or open-hearth
furnace having an acid, as opposed
to a basic lining. (Standard)

Acid rock. A term rather loosely used
in lithology, generally to mean one
of the following : 1. An igneous rock
containing 60 per cent or more of
silica, free or combined, in this sense
being nearly equivalent to acidic.
2. An igneous rock in which miner-
als high in silica, such as quartz,
alkaline feldspar, and muscovite, are
dominant. 3. Very loosely, an igne-
ous rock composed dominantly of
light-colored minerals. In all three
senses contrasted with basic.

The term is misleading and unde-
sirable and is going out of use. As
used in the first sense it is being re-
placed by silicic or persilicic, and as
used in the second sense it should be
replaced- by felsic or by a term de-
noting the dominant mineral. (La
Forge) See also Acidic.

Acid salt. A salt in which the re-
placeable hydrogen of the corre-
sponding acid is only partly ex-
changed for metallic atoms OF basic
radicals. (Webster)

Acid steel. Steel manufactured by a
process in which the converter or
open hearth is lined with siliceous
material (Standard). See also
Acid process.

Acidulae. Cold mineral waters, espe-
cially those impregnated with car-
bonic acid. (Webster)

Acidulous water. Mineral water
charged naturally with carbon di-
oxide ( Standard). Also applied to
waters containing sulphur com-
pounds, especially sulphates,

Acierage (Fr.). The process of elec-
troplating a metal with iron or steel.
(Standard)

Acieral. An alloy containing 92 to 97
per cent aluminum and offered as
a metal of strength and lightness
and noncorrosive, suitable for use
in the construction of automobiles,
aircraft, military equipment, rail-
road cars, valves, hardware, etc. It
was discovered by M. de Montby. It
is suitable for the manufacture of
helmets. It is silver white, and has a
specific gravity of 2.82 and a melt-
ing point of 1,382° F. Its tensile
strength in castings is given as 30,-
000 pounds per square inch, and in
rods and sheets as 28,000 to 64,000

pounds and heat-treated as upward
of 70,000 pounds per square Inch.
(Min. and Sci. Press, June 2, 1917)

Acinose. Granulated; like seeds; ap-
plied to mineral texture. (Power)

Aclarar (Sp.). To clear the tuyfcre by
passing a pointed bar through the
bustle pipe. (Halse)

Aclinic. Having no inclination or dip ;
situated where the compass needle
does not dip, as the aclinic line, or
magnetic equator. (Webster)

Acmite. A brown or green silicate of
sodium and iron belonging to the
pyroxene group. Essentially NaFe-
(SiO«)i (Dana). See also Aegi rite.

Acmite-trachyte. A trachyte whose
pyroxene is acmite or aegirite and
whose feldspar is anorthoclase. It
therefore differs from normal tra-
chyte in its prevailing soda 'instead
of potash. The acmite-trachytes are
intermediate between the true tra-
chytes and the phonolites. They
were first described from the Azores
and have also been found in the
Crazy Mountains, Mont. (Kemp)

Acomodana (Peru). Ore deposits.
(D wight)

Acopios ( Sp. ) . Waste heaps or dumps,
(Lucas)

Acquia Creek beds- An obsolete term
for Potomac Series.

Acre. 1. A measure of superficial
area, usually of land. The statute
acre of the United States and Eng-
land contains 43,560 square feet
(4,840 square yards or 160 square
rods). The so-called Scotch acre
contains about 6,150 square yards
and the Irish acre 7,840. There are
various special or local acres in Eng-
land (as in Cheshire or among the
hop-growers), varying from 440 to
more than 10,000 square yards.
(Standard)

2. (Quebec) A linear measure equal
to the square root of 43,560, being
approximately 208.7 ft.

Sour ; acrimonious.

Acre (Sp.).
(Vel.)

Acreage rent. Royalty or rent paid by
the lessee for working and disposing
of minerals at the rate of so much
per acre. (Gresley)

Acre-foot. The amount of water re-
quired to cover 1 acre to a depth of
1 foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet.
Also used in estimating coal in

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

15

place; thus a horizontal bed of coal
5 feet thick covering an area of 1
acre would contain 5 acre-feet of
coal.

A-cropping (Scot). Toward the out-
crop. (Barrowman)

Acrotomous. In mineralogy, having a
cleavage parallel with the base or
top. (Standard)

Actinolite. A light-green calcium-mag-
nesium-iron amphibole, 3Mg(Fe)O.
CaO.4SiO». (U. S. Geol. Surv.) See
also Asbestos.

Activar (Mex.). To quicken the chem-
ical reactions in the torta. (Dwight)

Actual horsepower. The horsepower
really developed, as proved by trial.
(Standard)

Actual power. See Actual horsepower.

Acueducto (Sp.). Aqueduct; conduit.
(Halse)

Acullico (Peru). Resting hour.
(Dwight)

Acunacion (Sp.). Coining, as of
money. (Min. Jour.)

Acunador (Sp.). One who coins
money. (Crofutt)

Acunar (Mex.). To coin; to wedge.

(Dwight)

Aeuoso ( Sp. ) . Watery; aqueous.
(Halse)

Acute bisectrix. The line which bi-
sects the acute angle of the optic
axes of biaxial minerals. (Dana)

Aczolling. The treatment of timber
with a mixture of metallic ammo-
niates and an antiseptic acid (de-
rivative of phenol or naphthalene).
(Liddell)

Adamant. A stone imagined by some
to be of impenetrable hardness; a
name given to the diamond and
other substances of extreme hard-
ness; but in modern mineralogy it
has no technical significance. (Web-
ster)

Adamantine. 1. Like a diamond in
hardness or luster. 2. Made of, or
having the qualities of adamant. 3.
Crystallized boron (Webster). 4. A
commercial 'term for chilled steel
shot used in well drilling.

Adamantine drill; Shot drill. A core
drill employed in rotary drilling in
very hard ground. A steel-cylinder
bit with a diagonal slot cut in the
lower edge is attached to a core
barrel and a small quantity of chilled

steel shot fed in with the water at
intervals. These find their way be-
neath the bit and wear away the
rock as the bit rotates. A core
from 4 to 30 inches in diameter is
obtained.

Adamantine spar. A variety of corun-
dum, AlsO*. (Dana)

Adamellite. A name propose^ by Cath-
rein as a substitute for tonalite, on
the ground that tonalite means a
hornblende-biotite granite, rich in
plagioclase, whereas adamellite,
which better describes the rocks at
the Tyrolese locality, means a
quartz-hornblende-mica - diorite with
granitic affinities. Adamellite em-
phasizes the dioritic characters;
tonalite, the granitic. The name is
derived from Monte Adamello, near
Meran, Tyrol, the locality of tona-
lite. (Kemp)

Adamic earth (Bng.). A kind of red
clay. (Humble)

Adamite. A honey-yellow hydrous zinc
arsenate, Zn»AsjO8Zn(OH)2, crystal-
lizing in the orthorhombic system.
(Dana)

Adamsite. A greenish-black variety of
common mica. (Standard)

Adarce. 1. A calcareous sedhnent of
some mineral springs. (Standard)
2. A soft and porous saltish concre-
tion on reeds and grass in marshy
grounds in Galatia. (Webster)

Adanne (Peru). A measure of weight
equal to 1.8 grams. (Pfordte)

Addle; Adle (No. of Eng.). To earn
by labor. (Gresley)

Addling. 1. (No. of Eng.) The act
of earning by labor. 2. In the plural
that which is earned; earnings.
Also written Adlings. (Century)

Adelgazar (Sp.). 1. To thin or rob
pillars. 2. To separate gold-bearing
concentrate from sand and small
stones in order to facilitate the final
washing. (Halse)

Adelpholite. A greasy yellow to black
iron and manganese columbate that
crystallizes in the tetragonal sys-
tem, and is closely related to tapio-
lite. ( Standard )

Adema, or Ademe. (Sp.). A piece of
timber used in supporting mine
workings; a prop, shore, or strut.
(Halse)

Ademador (Sp.) Mine carpenter, or
timberman. (Halse)

16

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ademar (Mex.). 1. To timber.
(Dwight)

2. To make the sides of an artificial
<lrnin or ditch. (Halse)

Afleme (Mex.). Timber in mines; tim-
bering in general. (Dwight). See
Adema.

Adeps petrolei. A form of petrolatum.

Ader wax. Crude ozocerite in leafy
masses. (Bacon)

Adhesion. A molecular force by which
bodies of matter are caused to stick
together, (llickard). A term used
in flotation processes.

Adhesive slate. A very absorbent
slate that adheres to the tongue if
touched by it. (Standard)

Adinole. A dense felsitic rock com-
posed chiefly of an aggregate of
excessively fine quartz and albite
crystals, such that on analysis
the percentage of soda may reach
10, Actinolite and other minerals
are subordinate. Adinoles occur as
contact rocks, associated with dia-
base intrusions and are produced by
them from schists (Compare Spilo-
site and Desmite). They also con-
stitute individual beds in metamor-
phic series (Compare Porphyroid,
Hiilleflinta). The name was first
given by Beudant but has been
especially revived by Lossen.
( Kemp )

Adipocere. A light-colored fatty sub-
stance, composed of palmitic and
other fatty acids. Not to be con-
fused with the mineral adipocire
which is a native paraffin. (Stand-
ard)

Adfyocerite; Adipocire. A synonym for
Hatchettie. (Dana)

A-dipping (Scot.). Toward the dip.
(Barrowman)

Adit. 1. A nearly horizontal passage
from the surface by which a mine
is entered and un watered. In the
United States an adit is usually
called a tunnel, though the latter,
strictly speaking, passes entirely
through a hill and is open at both
ends (Raymond). Frequently also
called Drift, or Adit level.
2. As used in the Colorado statutes
it may apply to a cut either open or
under cover, or open in part and
under cover in part, dependent on
the nature of the ground. (Electro-
Magnetic Min. & Dev. Co. v. Van
Auken, 9. Colo.,, p. 207; 11 Pacific, p.
80.)

Adit level. See Adit.

Adlings. See Addling.

Administraci6n (Sp.). Management.
(Hanks)

Administrador (Mex.). Manager of a
mine. (Dwight)

Adobe. 1. (Sp.). A sun-dried brick;
often shortened to adob and even
'dobc. 2. The mixed earth or clay of
which such bricks are made. 3. In
mining, a brick of pulverized ore
mixed with clay, as in quicksilver
metallurgy. (Standard)

4. The Mexican silver dollar. See
also Peso.

5. See Mudcap.

Adolescent river. In geology, a river
in the second stage of a new drain-
age system, having a well-cut chan-
nel that may reach base-level at
its mouth, and a graded bed, and
having largely obliterated the lakes
and waterfalls of its youthful stage.
Its small tributaries may still be in
the youthful stage. (Standard)

Adsorb. To condense and hold a gas
on th£ surface of a solid, particu-
larly metals. Also to hold a mineral
particle within a liquid interface.
From L. ad, to, and sorbeo, suck in.
(Rickard)

Adsorption. The adhesion of the mole-
cules of gases or dissolved sub-
stances to the surfaces of solid
bodies, resulting in a relatively high
concentration of the gas or solution
at the place of contact. (Webster)

Adular; adularia. A pure or nearly
pure potassium-aluminum silicate; a
variety of orthoclase, KAlSi3Os.
(Dana)

Advance workings. Mine workings
that are being advanced into the
solid, and from which no pillars are
being removed.

Advanced gallery. A small heading
driven in advance of the main tun-
nel in tunnel excavation. (Simms)

Adventive crater. A volcanic crater
opened on the flank of a great cone.
(Daly, p. 144)

Adventure (Corn.). A mining enter-
prise. (Davies)

Adventurers (Eng.). Shareholders or
partners in a mining enterprise: in
Cornwall, cost-book partners. (Ray-
mond ) —

Adverse. To oppose the granting of*
a patent to a mining claim. (U. S.
Min. Stat., pp. 370-385, 548-550,
569-570, 606.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

17

Advertised out. A term used to ex-
press the result of the action of a
joint owner of a mining Claim who
by proper notices causes the interest
of his coowner to be forfeited for
failure to perform his share of the
assessment work.

Aegirite. See Acmite; Wurtzilite.
jAlso written Aegerine.

The name nf this soda-pyroxene is
r>ften prefixed to normal rock names
because of its presence, as for in-
stance, aegirite-granite, aegirite-tra-
chyte. Microscopic study has shown
that the mineral is much more
widely distributed than was for-
merly appreciated. (Kemp)

Aeolian. An adjective applied to rocks
formed of wind-borne sands. Some
«uch aeolian sands yield large quan-
tities of oil; practically all the big
Baku spouters have been obtained
from sands of this class. (Mitz-
akis) See also Eolian.

Aeolian rocks. Fragmental rocks, com-
posed of wind -drifted materials.
The drift-sand rock, the common
building stone of Bermuda, is a good
example. ( Merrill )

Aconite. See Wurtzilite.

ASrage (Fr.). Ventilation. (Chance)

Aerate. 1. To expose to the action of
the air; supply or charge with air.
2. To charge with carbon dioxide
or other gas, as soda water. (Stand-
ard)

Aerator. 1. An apparatus ror charg-
ing water with gas under pres-
sure, especially with carbon dioxide.
2. Any contrivance for supplying a
stream of air or gas, as for fumi-
gating, destroying fungi, insects, etc.
(Standard)

Aerial. Relating to the air or atmos-
phere. " Subaerial " is applied to
phenomena occurring under the at-
mosphere ; " subaqueous " to phe-
nomena occurring under water.
(Power)

Aerial railroad. A system of cables
from which to suspend cars or
buckets, as in transporting or hoist-
ing ore. (Standard) See also
Aerial tramway.

Aerial spnd. A cable for moving and
anchoring a dredge.

Aerial tramway. A system for the
transportation of material, as ore
or rock, in buckets suspended from

744010 O—47 2

pulleys or grooved wheels that run
on a cable, usually stationary. A
moving or traction rope is attached
to the buckets and may be operated
by either gravity or other power, as
determined by topographic features
or ether conditions.

Aerify. 1. To change into a gaseous
form. (Standard)
2. To infuse or force air into; to
combine with air. (Webster)

Aerinite. A bright:blue earthy vari-
ety of fahlunite.

Aerites. A synonym for Metallites.

Aerogene gas. The gas produced by
the system of carbureting air de-
vised by Van Vriesland. This sys-
tem is installed at Breukelen, Hol-
land, for lighting both streets and
houses. (Bacon)

Aerohydrous. Inclosing a liquid in
the pores or cavities: said of some
minerals. ( Standard )

Aerolite. A mass of metallic or other
mineral substance which has fallen
to the earth through the air. The
metallic aerolite consists principally
of metallic iron, nickel, and chro-
mium; the nonmetallic aerolite con-
sists of crystalline rocks resembling
greenstones; others consist of mix-
tures of these. A meteorite. (Roy.
Com.)

Aerophore. 1. A respirator in the
form of a tank which leceives the
exhalations from the lungs and con-
taining chemicals designed to revive
the air, to render it fit for breath-
ing. (Ihlseng")

2. A portable apparatus containing
a supply of compressed air for res-
piration, as for a miner. (Webster)

Aeroplane oil. A white, straight-re-
duced viscous neutral oil having a
gravity of 32f° to 34° B., a flash-
point of 415° F., a fire test of 480° F.,
a cold test of 20° F., and a viscosity
of 185 to 200 Saybolt.

Aerosiderite. A meteorke consisting
chiefly of iron, generally nickelifer-
ous, with particles of phosphide of
iron, carbon, and hydrocarbons,
(Power)

Aerosiderolite. A meteorite that is
both metallic and stony. (Standard)

A e r o s i t e . Same as Pyrargyrite.
(Standard)

Aerosphere. The atmosphere consid-
ered as a spherical shell of gases
surrounding the earth. (Standard)

18

GLOSSARY OF MININu AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aerugo. Copper rust; verdigris; es-
pecially, green copper coating adher-
ing to old bronzes. (Standard)

Aetite. A nodule consisting of a hard
shell of hydrated oxide of iron,
within which the yellow oxide be-
comes progressively softer toward
the center, which is sometimes quite
empty. (Power)

Affluent. A stream that flows into
another; a tributary. (Standard)

Afiladera (Mex.) . Whetstone.
(Dwight)

Afilar (Mex.). To sh'arpen (tools).
(Dwight)

Aflnaci6n (Mex.). 1. Art or process of
refining. Refining works. (Dwight)
2. A. por criatalizacidn, the Pattin-
son process. (Halse)

Aflnador (Mex.). A refiner (Halse).
A synonym for Refinador.

Afinar (Sp.). To refine gold and silver
(Halse). A synonym for Reflnar.

Aftno (Sp.). In tin smelting, melting
the ingots in reverberatory furnaces
and refining by poling. A. de cobre,
fusing copper under an oxidizing at-
mosphere. ( Halse )

Aflojadero (Mex.). Soft part of a
vein. (Dwight)

Aflojar el cana!6n (Sp. Am.). To
treat the material that has accu-
mulated In the ground sluice, by
washing away the lighter and allow-
ing the heavier mineral to settle.
(Halse)

Afloramiento (Mex.). Outcrop of vein.
(Dwight)

Afrechera (Peru). Finely divided
amalgam produced with insufficient
mercury. (Dwight)

Afrentar un hilo (Colom.). To make
a perpendicular cut in a lode or vein
to ascertain its thickness, dip, and
strike. (Halse)

Afroid (Fr.). In a cold state, *. e.,
not afterward subjected to the firing
process: said of painting and other
decoration in ceramics. (Standard)

Afterdamp; Aftergases. The mixture
of gases which remain in a mine
after a mine fire or an explosion of
fire damp. It consists of carbonic
acid gas, water vapor (quickly con-
densed), nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
monoxide, and in some cases free
hydrogen, but usually consists prin-
cipally of carbonic acid gas and ni-
trogen, and is therefore irrespirable.
See also Black damp.

Aftergases. Gases produced by mine
explosions or mine fires.

Agachadero (Mex.). Place in a level
where the roof is low. (Dwight)

Against the air. In a direction oppo-
site to that in which the air current
moves. To fire shots "against the
air," is to fire shots in such an order
that the shot firer travels against
the air. (Steel)

Agalite. Fibrous talc, pseudomorph-
ous after enstatite. (A. F. Rogers)

Agaimatolite. Essentially a hydrous
silicate of aluminum and potassium,
corresponding closely to muscovite.
A secondary or alteration product.
See alto Finite (Dana). A soft
waxy mineral used for carvings by
the Chinese. Also called Lardstone.

Agamasar (Sp.). To make mortar; to
cement with mortar. (Halse)

Agaphite. A conchoidal variety of
Persian turquoise. (Standard)

Agaric mineral. 1. A soft, light, pul-
verulent hydrated silicate of magne-
sium found in Tuscany, from which
floating bricks can be made. ( Power )
2. A light, chalky deposit of calcium
carbonate, sometimes called rock
milk, formed in caverns or fissures
of limestone. (Webster)

Agate. A variegated waxy quartz fn
which the colors are in bands, in
clouds, or in distinct groups; also,
a gem or precious stone made from
this mineral. (Standard) A varie-
gated chalcedony.

Agate jasper. An agate consisting of
Jasper containing veinings of chalce-
dony. (Dana)

Agate opal. Opalized agate.

Agate ware. 1. An enameled iron or
steel ware used for household uten-
sils. Used extensively as table
equipment in miners* camps, and
boarding houses. 2. Pottery, veined
and mottled to resemble agate.
(Standard)

Agatized wood. See Wood, 2.

Age. 1. Any great period of time in
the history of the earth or the ma-
terial universe marked by special
phases of physical conditions or or-
ganic development; an eon; as the
age of mammals. Called also Era.
2. One of the minor subdivisions of
geological time, a subdivision ot the
epoch corresponding to stage or
formation ; recommended by the
International Geological Congress,
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

19

Aged. Approaching base-level. For-
merly used in topography, geology,
and physiography, and applied to the
configuration of ground. ( Standard )

Agent (Eng.). One to whom the gen-
eral laying out and supervision of
the mine is intrusted by the owner
or lessee. See also Viewer (Ores-
ley). The manager of a mining
property.

Agente (Mex.). Agent; A. de mineria,
a mining agent appointed by the gov-
ernment in each district to receive
documents, give possession, etc. ; A.
de correos, a postmaster. (Halse)

Agglomerate. 1. A -breccia composed
largely or wholly of fragments of
volcanic rocks. More specifically, a
heterogeneous mixture of fragments
of volcanic and other rocks filling
the funnel or throat of an extinct or
quiescent volcano. (La Forge)
2. To wind or collect into a ball;
hence to gather into a mass; to
cluster. (Webster)

Aggradation. 1. In geology, the nat-
ural filling up of the bed of a water-
course by deposition of sediment.

2. Specifically, the building up by
streams in arid regions of fan-like
graded plains, by reason of the shift-
ing streams and the loss of the water
in the dry soil. Contrasted with
Degradation. ( Standard )

Aggradation plain. A plain formed
by aggradation in arid districts. It
begins by the building up of the hol-
lowed bed of a stream, at the foot
of a declivity, forming a plain with
a nearly straight longitudinal profile,
that may become a very broad plain
of deposition. (Standard)

Aggregate. 1. To bring together; to
collect or unite into a mass. 2. Com-
posed of a mixture of substances,
separable by mechanical means.
(Webster)

3. The mineral material, such as
sand, gravel, shells, slag, or broken
stone, or combinations thereof, with
which cement or bituminous mate-
rial is mixed to form a mortar or
concrete. "Fine aggregate" may be
considered as the material that
will pass a i-inch screen, and
" coarse aggregate " as the material
that will not pass a i-inch screen.
(Bacon)

Aggregate polarization. The polariza-
tion displayed by extremely small
grains of doubly refracting minerals.
(Dana)

Aggregate structure. A confused mass
of separate little crystals, scales, or
grains all extinguished under the
polarizing microscope at different
times. (Luquer)

Agitation. In metallurgy, the act or
state of being shaken, stirred, or
moved with violence.

Agitation ratio. The ratio between
the maximum diameter of a gangue
particle and the diameter of the
mineral particle that travels with
it on a vanner. (Richards, p. 665)

Agitator. 1. An implement or appara-
tus for shaking or mixing. (Web-
ster)

2. A mechanical apparatus employed
in- refining petroleum to keep the
oil in constant motion when it is
treated with sulphuric acid. Agita-
tion on a large scale is now per-
formed by means of compressed air.
(Mitzakis)

3. (Pac.) See Settler.

4. A vat in which ore pulp is main-
tained in constant movement by com-
pressed air, or mechanical means.

Agnesite (Corn.). An early name for
bisinutite.

Agonic line. A line passing through
points on the earth's surface at
which the direction of the magnetic
needle is truly north and south; a
line of no magnetic declination.
(Standard)

Agricolite. An adamantine colorless
or yellow bismuth silicate, BUSUOn,
crystallizing in the monoclinic sys-
tem. ( Dana )

Agrimensor (Mex.).
(Dwight)

Surveyor.

Agna (Sp.). Water. A. arrimanda
(Colom.), water brought along the
side of a ravine to be used in min-
ing. A. de alimentacidn, feed water
for a steam engine. A. de cant era,
natural moisture in stones. A. del-
gada, water containing a small
quantity of salts in solution. A.
dulce, fresh water. A. gorda, water
containing a large quantity of salts
in solution. A. llorediza, rain water.
A. potable, drinking water. A.
fnerte, nitric acid. (Halse)

Aguador (Sp.). One in charge of the
water supply of a mill. (Halse)

Agua fnerte (Sp.). Nitric acid.
(Halse)

20

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aguas de cabeza (Peru). Water filter-
ing into the mine, due to rain.
(Halse)

Aguilarite. A sectile silver selenide,
Ag,-S.Ag2Se occurring in skeleton
dotlecahedral crystals. (Dana)

Aguja (Sp.). 1. (Colom.) A leader
or narrow vein. A branch. (Lucas)
2. A mountain peak. 3. A compass
needle. 4. A blasting needle. 5. A
switch rail. (Halse)

Aguja magnetica (Mex.). Magnetic
needle. {Dwight)

Agujero (Mex.). Drillhole. (Dwight)

Aguj6n (Mex.). Surveying instru-
. ment with compass. (Dwight)

Agulhas (Braz.). Oxides of titanium
associated with diamonds. (Halse)

Aguzar (Mex.). To sharpen (drills).
(Dwight)

Ahogarse. To pinch out, as a vein.
(Lucas)

Ahogarse el oro (Colom.). To lose
gold by its being carried off by the
water. (Lucas)

Ahondar (Sp.). To sink; to deepen.
(Min. Jour.)

Ahonde (Mex.). A shaft to establish
mining title (Dwight). A discovery

shaft.

Aich's metal. See Gun metal.

Aiguille (Fr.). 1. A very sharp peak;
used especially of certain peaks, or
clusters of needle-like rocks near
Mont Blanc. 2. An instrument for
boring holes, used in blasting.
(Webster)

Aikinite. A blackish lead-gray sul-
phide of lead, copper, and bismuth.
3(Pb,Cu2)S.Bi2S3, that crystallizes
in the orthorhombic system; needle
ore. (Dana)

Ailsyte. A name derived from Ailsa
Craig, Scotland, and suggested for a
microgranite containing consider-
able riebeckite. (Kemp)

Ainalite. A variety of cassiterite con-
taining tantalum pentoxide. ( Stand-
ard)

Air. 1. The mixture of gases that sur-
rounds the earth and forms its at-
mosphere ; cpmposed by volume of 21
parts of. oxygen and 78 of nitrogen ;
by weight of -about 23 parts of oxy-
gen and- 77 of nitrogen. It contains
filso about 0.03 per cent of carbon
dioxide, some aqueous Vapor, and

about 1 per cent argon. (Century)
2. The current of atmospheric air
circulating through and ventilating
the workings of a mine. 3. To venti-
late any portion of the workings.
(Gresley)

Air adit. An adit driven for the pur-
pose of ventilating a mine. (Mil-
ford)

Air blast. 1. A disturbance in mines
accompanied by a strong rush of air
through the workings. It is caused
by the falling of large masses of
roof in stopes, or by sudden crum-
bling of pillars under the weight of
the rock above the mine workings,
due to a stress en the rocks, which
has produced a strain, and in mining
operations this strain results in a
violent rupture. Such a disturbance
is sometimes called " quake," and
the rock, *' explosive rock." (Eng.
and Min. Jour., vol. 105, p. 957)
2. A stream or current of air under
pressure, especially that used in
forges and furnaces. (Century)

Air box. 1. A rectangular wooden
pipe or tube made in lengths of, say,
9 to 15 feet for ventilating a head-
ing or a sinking shaft. (Gresley)
2. A box for holding air. 3. A flue
for conducting air to a furnace, etc.
(Webster)

Air brick. A hollow or pierced brick
built into a wall to allow the pas-
sage of air. (Ries)

Air bridge. 1. A furnace bridge so
constructed as to admit heated air
to the gases passing over it and thus
facilitate their combustion. (Cen-
tury)
2. See Overcast.

Air cock. A cock for letting off air.
(Barrowman)

Air compartment. An air-tight portion
of any shaft, winze, raise, or level,
used for ventilation. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Air compressor. A machine for com-
pressing air to a pressure sufficient
to actuate machinery. (Weed)

Air condenser. A surface condenser
cooled by contact with air instead of
water. ' (Webster)

Air course.. A passage through which
air- is circulated. Particularly a
long passageway driven parallel to
the workings to carry the air cur-
rent. Entry air course, a passage
for air parallel to an entry. Slope
air course, an air course parallel
with a slope. (Steel)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

21

Air crossing. A bridge or overcast
where one current of air passes an-
other without coming in contact
with it. (Roy)

Air cushion. An air-tight inflatable
cushion; also a device for arresting
motion without shock, by confined
air. (Webster)

Air door. A door placed in a mine
passage to prevent the air from tak-
ing a near way to the outcast, or
return, without making a circuit of
the workings. (Tucker)

Air drain. A passage for the escape of
gases from a moTd while the molten
metal is being poured in. (Stand-
ard)

Air drift. A drift connecting a venti-
lation shaft with the fan. (Power)

Air drill. A rock drill oriven by com-
pressed air, as distinguished from a
drill driven by steam. (Century)

Air dry. Dry to such a degree that no
further moisture is given up on ex-
posure to the air. Most air-dry
substances contain moisture that
can be expelled by heating them or
placing them in a vacuum. (Web-
ster)

Air duct. See Air box, 1 and 3.

Aire (Sp.). 1. Air or wind. 2. Fire
damp, explosive or inflammable air.
3. Foul air. (Halse)

Air-end way (Eng.). Roadways or
levels in the coal seam driven paral-
lel with a main level, chiefly for re-
turn air in mine ventilation. (Ores-
ley)

Air furnace. 1. A furnace that de-
pends on natural draft and not on
blast. A furnace for heating air.
(Webster)

2. A reverberatory furnace in which
to smelt lead. Also a reverberatory
melting furnace used in the manu-
facture of malleable cast iron.

Air gas. A combustible gas made by
saturating air with the vapor of
some volatile hydrocarbon mixture,
as gasoline, and used for lighting
and heating. (Webster)

Air gate. 1. (Mid.) An underground
roadway used principally for ven-
tilation. (Gresley)
2. An air regulator. 3. In molding,
an orifice through which the dis-
placed air and gases escape from
the mold while the molten matter is
filling it. (Century)

Air hammer. A pneumatic hammer.

Air head, or Air heading. (So. Staff.)
A smaller passage, driven parallel
with the gate road and near its
roof, to carry the ventilating cur-
rent. It is connected with the gate
road at intervals by openings called
spouts (Raymond). See also Air-
way.

Air hoist. Hoisting machinery oper-
ated by compressed air. (Century)

Air hole. 1. A hole drilled in advance
to improve ventilation by communi-
cation with other workings or with
the surface. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. A flaw in a casting. (Standard)

Air jig. An apparatus for separating
ores without water, by intermittent
puffs of air. (Lawver)

Airless end. The extremity of a stall
in long- wall workings in which
there is no current of air. The air
is kept sufficiently pure by diffusion,
and by the ingress and egress of
tubs, men, etc. (Gresley)

Air level (Eng.). A level or airway
(return airway) of former work-
ings made use of in subsequent
deeper mining operations for ven-
tilation. (Gresley)

Air lift. An arrangement for raising
water or other liquid from a well or
sump, air under pressure being in-
troduced near the foot of an open-
ended pipe having a certain sub-
mergence. The column of liquid or
mixture of solid and liquid in the
pipe, because of the introduction of
the air, is made lighter than the sub-
mergence column outside and an
upward flow within the pipe results.

Air lock. 1. (Aust.) A passage,
closed at both ends by doors, be-
tween airways along which currents
of different pressures are flowing.
Persons desirous of passing from
one airway to the other can do so
without personal inconvenience or
interference with the system of ven-
tilation. (Power)

2. An air chamber between the outer
air and the working chamber of a
pneumatic caisson. (Webster)

Air machine. A machine for forcing
fresh air into and withdrawing bad
air from a mine, as a fan. (Hanks)

Air man. A synonym for Brattice
man.

Air motor. A motor driven by com-
pressed air. (Webster)

Airometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the rate of flow of air; UD
air meter. (Webster)

22

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Air oven. A heated chamber for dry-
ing samples of ore, etc. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Air pipes. Pipes for conveying air for
ventilation or for other purposes.
(Hanks)

Air pit (Eng.). A mine shaft used
expressly for ventilation. (Gresley)

Air propeller. A device, as a rotary
fan for circulating air, as for venti-
lation. (Webster)

Air pump. A pump for exhausting air
from a vessel or closed space. Also
a pump for compressing air. (Web-
ster)

Air receiver. A strong vessel, into
which air from a compressor is de-
livered. It serves as a reservoir
to equalize the pressure before the
air is used. It also cools the air,
collects moisture, which may be
drawn off, and eliminates the pul-
sating effect of the piston strokes.

Air-reduction process. See Roasting
and reaction process.

Air saddle. (Aust). A surface sad-
dle or depression produced by
erosion at the top of an anticline.

Air shaft. A shaft used for ventilating
mines ; it may either receive or dis-
charge the circulating current.
(Roy). See Upcast, also Downcast.

Air shot. A shot prepared by loading
(charging) in such a way an air
space is purposely left in contact
with the explosive for the purpose
of lessening its shattering effect.
(Du Pont)

Air shrinkage. The decrease in
volume which a clay undergoes in
drying. (Ries)

Air-slaked. Slaked by exposure to the
air; as air-slaked lime. (Webster)

Air slit (York.). A short heading
driven more or less at right angles
to and between two headings or
levels for ventilation. (Gresley)

Air sollar. A compartment or passage
way carried beneath the floor of a
heading or of an excavation in a
coal mine for ventilation. (Cen-
tury). See also Sollar.

Air split. The division of the main
current of air in a mine Into two
or more parts. (Roy)

Air stack (Penn.). A chimney used
for ventilating a coal mine. (Cen-
tury)

Air trap. A trap for shutting off* or
carrying off foul air or gas from
drains, sewers, etc. (Webster)

Air trunk. A large pipe or shaft for
conducting air, as for ventilation, or
to a furnace. (Webster)

Air tub. The cylinder on a blowing
engine that pumps the blast 6f
wind or air. (Willcox)

Air valve. A valve to regulate the
ingress or egress of air. (Web-
ster)

Air vessel. A chaihber connected with
a pump and partly filled with air
to regulate the flow of water and
lessen shocks (Barrowman). Also
an air receiver.

Air volcano. A miniature crater re-
sembling a true volcano in shape
and often provided with a cone ;
produced by explosions of gas and
the emission of mud. (Century)

Airway. Any underground gallery or
passage through which a portion of
the ventilation passes. (Gresley)

Airy's spiral. A four-rayed spiral
curve, named after the discoverer
and shown when sections of right-
handed and left-handed crystals are
placed together in a polariscopo.
(Dana)

Aitch-piece. See H-piece.

Aixtrie (Scot). An axle. (Barrow-
man)

Ajkite. A resin related to succinite,
from Ajka, Hungary. See also Suc-
cinite. (Bacon)

Ajuste (Sp.). 1. Contract. 2. Adjust-
ment (of parts of a machine).
(Dwight)'

3. A timber joint or connection made
by notching or scarfing. (Halse)

Akerite. A variety of syenite, consist-
ing of orthoclase, considerable pla-
gioclase, biotite, augite, and some
quartz. (Kemp)

Akins' classifier. A classifier consist-
ing of an interrupted-flight screw
conveyor, operating in an inclined
trough.

Alabandite. Manganblende. M a n -
ganese sulphide, MnS. (Dana)

Alabaster. Compact fine-grained gyp-
sum, white or delicately shaded.
See also Gypsum. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. )

Alabasterine. Of, pertaining to, or
like, alabaster. (Webster)

GLO89ABY Of MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY.

Alabastro (Sp.). Alabaster. (MIn.
Jour. )

AlacrAn (Mex.). A wheel or pair of
wheels sometimes used in turning
(stirring) the ore In the patio pro-
cess. (Halse)

Ala dc Mosca (Peru). Granite or very
hard rock. (Dwlght)

Alajites (Mex.). Altered rhodonite.
(Dwlght)

Alallte. A light-green variety of diop-
side from the Ala Valley, Tyrol.
(Webster)

Alambrc (Sp.) Wire of any metal.
(Vel.)

Alandier (Fr.). In ceramics, a special
fireplace at the base of a porcelain
kiln, fed from the outside. (Stand-
ard)

Alarife (StO. Mine mason. (Dwlght)

A la ski te. Any igneous rock consisting
essentially of quartz and alkalic
feldspar, without regard to texture.

Albanil (Sp.) A mason; a bricklayer.
(Halse)

Albafiileria (Sp.). Walling of masonry.

(Halse)

Albani stone (L.). The peperino of
the Italians; a well-known volcanic
rock, much used at Rome before
building with marble became com-
mon. See Peperino. (Page)

Albarium (L.). White lime used for
stucco and obtained by burning mar-
ble. (Standard)

Albarradon (Sp, ) . A dike. (Halse)

Albata (L.). A white alloy resembling
German silver, consisting of nickel,
copper, and zinc. (Standard)

Albayalde (Mex.). White lead, lead
carbonate. (VeL)

Albert coal; Albertite (Eng.) An
asphaltic mineral occurring at Hills-
boro, New Brunswick. It fills a fis-
sure that cuts the associated strata
almost vertically, and is from 1 to
16 feet thick.

Albert! furnace. A continuously work-
ing revef beratory furnace for the
roasting of quicksilver .ores, with
condensation of the mercury in 4ron
tubes and brick chambers. (Ray-
mond)

Albertite. A jet-black, pttchllke, brittle
hydrocarbon with conchoidal frac-
ture, differing from ordinary as-
phalt In being only partly (about 30
per cent) soluble in turpentine and

in very imperfect fusion when heat-
ed (U. 8. Geol. Surv.). Also called
Albert coal in Nova Scotia.

Albion metal (Eng.). A combination
made by overlaying lead with tin
and causing the two to adhere by
passing them under pressure, be-
tween rollers. (Century)

Albinipean. An obsolete geological
term for Potomac series.

Albite. An end member of the plagio-
clase series of feldspars, containing
no calcium and consisting of sodium-
aluminum .silicate ; sodium feldspar.
Less common than the intermediate
members, which may be considered
as mixtures of albite with the other
end member, anorthlte (Ransome).
Compare Anorthite.

Albite law. A mode of twinning in
which the twinning plane is the
brachypinacoid. It is common with
the mineral albite, and gives rise to
the fine striations on Its cleavage
surface. (Webster)

Albitization. The production, in a
rock, of albite as a secondary min-
eral. (Webster)

Albitophyre. A dike rock containing
large polysynthetic phenocrysts of
albite. In the groundmass are mi-
crolites .of the same mineral, to-
gether with chlorite and llmonite.
(Kemp)

Albo-carbon. A solid residuum of creo-
sote. (Century)

Albolite; Albolith. A kind of plastic
cement, Or artificial stone, consisting
chiefly of magnesia and silica.
( Webster >

Alboranite. > variety of hypersthene-
andesite, poor in soda, from the is-
land of Alboran, east of the Straits
of Gibraltar. ( Kemp )

Albrecht condenser. A condenser
used in petroleum distillation, to
separate the distillate into its vari-
ous fractions. (Mltzakis)

Albrecht viscometer. See Viscometer.

Albronz. A durable alloy of copper
and aluminum, used for telescope
bearings, etc, (Standard*

Alcalde (Sp.). 1. A Justice of the

peace. 2. A city mayor. (Halse)
Alcali (Sp.), Alkali. (Vel.)

Alcance; Saldo (Sp.). 1. Balance due.
(Dwight)

2. Extent of underground wbrfctagB.
8. (Gnile) A rich *one Of dre,
(Halse)

24

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Alcancia <Mex.). A loading chute.
(D wight)

Alcantarillado; Alcantarilla (Sp.). An
underground aqueduct, drain, or
tunnel. (Vel.)

Alcaparrosa ( M e x . ) . Efflorescence
(of sulphates, etc.) in old workings
(D wight). See also Caparrosa.

Aloarraza (Mex. ) . A water can used in
drilling. (Dwight)

Alcatruz (Port). A bucket of a
dredge. (Halse)

Alchemy. 1. The immature chemistry
of the Middle Ages, characterized by
the pursuit of the transmutation of
base metals into gold, and the search
for the alkahest and the panacea.
(Standard)

2. To coat or alloy with another
metal.

Alchymy (Scot). A white film,
usually calcium carbonate, in joints
of coal, iron-stone, and other min-
erals (Barrowman). Probably from
alchemy, to coat or alloy with an-
other metal. Now obsolete.

Alcove. A large, deep niche formed by
a stream of water in a precipitous
face of approximately horizontal
strata. (Standard)

Alcribis (Mex.). A tuyere. See also
Tobera. (Dwight)

Aleacion (Sp.). 1. The art of alloy-
ing metals. 2. An alloy. (Halse)

Alear (Sp.). To alloy. (Vel.)

Alembic. An apparatus formerly
much used in distilling. Usually
made of glass or metal. (Webster)

Aiembroth. The chloride of ammonium
and mercury. Formerly used as a
stimulant. The alchemist's "salt of
wisdom." (Webster)

Aleutite. A name proposed by J. E.
Spurr for those members of his
belugites (which see) having a por-
phyritic texture with an asphanitic
or finely crystalline groundmass.
(Kemp.)

Alexandrite. An emerald-green variety
of chrysoberyl, columbine-red by
transmitted light (Standard)

Alexjejevite. A resin from the Kaluga
province, Russia. (Bacon)

Alfenid. A nickel alloy electroplated
with silver. (Standard)

Alfileret de oro (Colom.). Gold in
needle-shaped filaments. (Lucas)

Algam. In Wales, a common term for
tin.

Algonkian; Proterozoic. In the no-
menclature of the United States
Geological Survey, the second in
order of age of the systems into
which the stratified rocks of the
earth's crust are divided ; also the
corresponding period of geologic
time. Some authorities use Protero-
zoic in the same sense. (La Forge)

Algovite. A name proposed by Wink-
ler for a group of rocks, practically
diabases or porphyritic phases of
them, in the Algauer Alps. They
also embrace gabbros, according to
Roth, and are doubtless textural
varieties of an augite-plagioclase
magma. (Kemp)

Alidade. 1. An auxiliary circle, frame,
or movable arm, carrying micro-
scopes or verniers for reading. the
divisions of a graduated circle or
arc; also a theodolite having such
an arm. 2. The straight-edge carry-
ing the telescope for plane-table ob-
servations. ( Standard )

Alien locator. A foreigner who locates
a mining claim on the public domain.
(U. S. Min. Stat, p. 101)

Alignment; Alinement. 1. The act of
laying out or regulating by line; an
adjusting to a line. 2. The line of
adjustments. 3 The ground plan of
a railway or o^aer road in distinc-
tion from profile. (Century)

Alimentador (Sp.). Ore feeder of a
stamp battery ; A. mecdnico, an auto-
matic feeder ; A. de un homo, a fur-
nace charger; A. de la caldera, a
boiler feeder. (Halse)

Alimentar (Sp.). To feed a mill, etc.;
A. un homo, to charge a furnace.
(Halse)

Alimento (Sp. Am.). An allowance as
subsistence ; a kind of ' grubstake '
to miners until their mines become
profitable. (Crofutt)

Alipite. A massive apple-green hy-
d rated magnesium-nickel silicate
similar to genthite. (Standard)

Alipus (Mex.). A gad. (Dwight)

Alive (Corn.). The productive part of
a lode. (Power)

Alizarin. A dyestuff, C,4H,O2(OH)2, for-
merly prepared from madder, and
now produced artificially from an-
thracene, and forming when pure
a reddish-yellow powder or orange-
red crystals. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

25

Alkahest. In alchemy, an imaginary
liquid, reputed to be a universal
solvent, capable of resolving all
bodies into their constituent ele-
ments. (Standard)

Alkali. In chemistry, any substance
having marked basic properties. In
its restricted and common sense
the term is applied only to hydrox-
ides of potassium, sodium, lithium,
and ammonium. They are soluble
in water, have the power of neutral-
izing acids and forming salts with
them, the property of corroding or-
ganic substances, and of turning red
litmus blue. In a more general sense
the term is applied to the hydroxides
of the so-called alkaline-earth met-
als : barium, strontium and calcium.

Alkali flat. A sterile plain, contain-
ing an excess of alkali, at the bot-
tom of an undrgined basin in an arid
region. A playa. (Wetoter)

Alkali metal. Any metal of the al-
kali group, as lithium, sodium, po-
tassium, rubidium, or caesium.
(Webster)

Alkalimeter. An instrument to ascer-
tain the strength, of alkalies, or the
quantity of an alkali in a mixture.
(Webster)

Alkaline. 1. Applied to minerals hav-
ing *he taste of soda. (Dana)
2. Of or pertaintng to the proper-
ties of an alkali. (Webster)

Alkaline earths. The oxides of ba-
rium, calcium, and strontium. Some
include also magnesium oxide. 'All
are in their properties intermediate
between the true alkalies and the
earths proper. (Webster)

Alkaline metals. Those metals whose
oxides combine with water to form
alkalies, as lithium, sodium, and
potassium, etc.. (Standard)

Alkali test. A process by which kero-
sene is treated with a solution of
caustic soda, making it purer and
more suitable for illuminating. The
kerosenes are divided into classes
according to the results given by
this alkali test and a ^ c'1 «cale
constructed. (Mitzakis)

Alkali wash. In the cyanide process,
a preliminary treatment of the pulp
with an alkaline solution, commonly
of lime, the chief object being to
secure the neutralization of free acid
before adding the strong cyanide
solution, thus avoiding the undue
consumption of cyanide.

Alkali waste. Waste material from
the manufacture of alkali; as soda
waste in the Leblanc process. (Web-
ster)

Alkinite. A compound of lead, copper,
bismuth, and sulphur, occurring in
lead-gray, needle-shaped crystals,
and also massive. (Webster)

Allagite. A heavy dull red or green
altered carbonated rhodonite.
(Dana)

Allalinite. A name derived from Al-
lalin Mountain in the Pennine Alps,
and applied by H. Rosenbusch to an
actinolite-saussurite rock derived
from gabbro without losing the char-
acteristic texture of the latter.
That is, the allalinites are not
sheared and crushed as in the flaser-
gabbros and forellensteins. (Kemp)

Allanite; Orthite. 1. A complex varia-
ble silicate of aluminum, iron, the
cerium metals, and, in smaller quan-
tity, those of the yttrium group.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

2. A comparatively rare mineral
closely related to common epidote
and occurring generally as a micro-
scopic constituent of igneous rocks.
It contains a number of the rarer
elements. (Ransome)

Allegheny formation. The second in
order of age of the formations com-
prised in the Pennsylvanian series of
strata in the bituminous coal dis-
tricts of the northern Appalachian
field. It overlies the Pottsville for-
mation, comprises all the beds from
the base of the Brookville coal to
the top of the Upper Freeport coal,
and is succeeded by the Conemaugh
formation. It was formerly called
the Lower Productive Coal Meas-
ures. (La Forge)

Allemontite. A rhombohedral or amor-
phous metallic tin-white or reddish-
gray compound of antimony and ar-
senic, SbAs (Dana). Also called
Arsenical antimony.

Allen-O'Hara furnace. A horizontal
double-hearth furnace for calcining
sulphide ores. ( Peters, p. 201 ; Hof-
man, p. 198)

Alley stone. A synonym for Websterite
(Chester). Alummite.

Alliaceous. Applied to minerals hav-
ing the odor of garlic, for example,
arsenical minerals. (Dana)

Alligator. 1. See Squeezer. 2. A rock
breaker operating by jaws. ( Ray-
mond).

3. (Aust.). A self -tipping tank, used
for raising rock or coal. (Power)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Alligator wrench. A kind of pipe-
wrench having a fixed flaring jaw
with teeth on one side. (Webster)

Allingite. A fossil resin from Switzer-
land. See also Succinite. (Bacon)

All-mine pig. Iron smelted entirely
from raw ore. (Standard)

AUpchroite. A calcium-chromium gar-
iiet. (Dana)

Alloclasite; Alloclase. A steel-gray,
cobalt-arsenic-bismuth sulphide,
usually with part of the cobalt re-
placed by iron, Co(AsBi)S, that
crystallizes in the orthorhombic
system. (Dana)

Allomorph. In mineralogy, a pseuao-
morph formed without change of
chemical composition, as calclte
after aragonite. (Standard)

Allopalladium, A nearly silver-white
palladium, found in hexagonal plates
in the Harz Mountains, Germany.
(Dana)

Allophane. A hydrous silicate of
aluminum, amorphous, translucent,
and of various colors, often in in-
crustations or stalactitic forms ;
Al2SiO6 + 5H2O, (Webster)

Allothigene. In geology, produced
from elsewhere; said of the ingred-
ients of clastic rocks, or of the clas-
tic ingredients of any rock: con-
trasted with Anthigene. (Standard)

Allotriomorphio. An adjective coined
by Rosenbusch in 1887 to describe
those minerals in an igneous rock
that do not possess their own crys-
tal faces or boundaries, but which
have their outlines impressed on
them by their neighbors. They re-
sult when a number of minerals crys-
tallize at once so as to interfere
with one another. They are espe-
cially characteristic of granitoid
textures. The word was unneces-
sary, as xenomorphic had been sug-
gested for the same thing, but it is
in more general use than xenomor-
phic. See also Anhedron. Opposed
to Idiomorphic. (Kemp)

Allotrope. One of the forms assumed
by an allotropic substance; as the
diamond is an allotrope of carbon.
(Standard)

Allotropy; Allotropism. The capacity
of existing in two or more condi-
tions, that are distinguished by dif-
ferences in properties. Thus carbon
occurs crystalline as in the diamond,
and amorphous as in charcoal.
(Webster)

All over. End of a shift; when the
breaker at a colliery shuts down for
the day it is said to be " all over."

Allowance (Eng.). 1. Refreshment of
bread, cheese, and beer supplied by
the lessees or owners of a mine to
surveyors. 2. Ale given to workmen
on having to work under unusual
conditions, for example, when they
are wet through. (Gresley)

Allowance coal (Eng.). See Colliers'
coal.

Alloy. 1. A compound of two or more
metals, usually produced by fusion.
When composed of two, three, or
four metals or elements it is called
respectively Binary alloy, Ternary
alloy and Quaternary alloy.
2. The baser metal that reduces the
commercial value of the compound
or mixture as its proportion is in-
creased ; as, the • alloy used for
hardening gold and silver coins.
(Standard)

Alloyage. The act or process of alloy-
ing: specifically, in minting, of al-
loying the precious metals with
baser ones to harden them. (Stand-
ard)

Alloy balance. An adjustable balance
that is in equilibrium when the
metals in the scale pans are in the
proper proportions for forming an
alloy. (Standard)

Alloy cast-iron. Cast-iron alloyed with
some other metal. (Webster)

Alloy steel. Steel that contains one or
more elements other than carbon in
sufficient proportion to modify or im-
prove substantially and positively
some of its useful properties. (Hib-
bard) e. ff., Manganese steel.

Alloy-treated steel. A simple steel to.
which one or more alloying elements
have been added for curative pur-
poses, but in which the excess of the
element or elements is not enough to
make it an alloy steel. (Hibbard)

All-sliming. Crushing all the ore in
a mill to so fine a state of subdivi-
sion that only a 'small percentage
will fail to pass through :•. 200-rnesh
screen.

All-ups (Leic.). A mixture of every
quality of coal, excepting fine slack,
raised from one seam, and sold as
such. ( Gresley )

Alluvial. 1. Of or pertaining to allu-
vium. Relating to deposits made by
flowing water. 2. Gold-bearing de-
posits of alluvium.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

27

Alluvial epoeh. The latter part of the
Champlain period (Quaternary),
overlying the Diluvial period, and
characterized by the more quiet
fluvial and lacustri depositions.
(Standard) Now obsolete.

Alluvial fan. The outspread sloping
deposit of bbwlders, gravel, and sand
left by a stream where it spreads
from a gorge upon a plain or open
valley bottom. (Rahsome)

Alluvial gold. Gold found in associa-
tion with water- worn material.
<Duryee)

Alluvial tin. Stream tin, or disinte-
grated cassiterite found in the gravel
along the courses of valleys and
.rivers on the bedrock. Generally
the purest tin ore.

Alluviao (Port). Alluvium. (Halse)

Alluviation. The process of building
alluvial deposits. .(Standard)

Alluvion. 1. Wash or flow of water
against a bank or shore. An over-
flowing; an inundation; a flood. 2.
Synonymous with Alluvium, which
see. (Webster).

3. A consolidated volcanic cinder-
mud. (Standard) See also Tufa.

Alluvium. 1. Lyell's name foi the de-
posit of loose gravel, sand and mud
that usually intervenes in every dis-
trict between the superficial cover-
ing of vegetal mould and the sub-
jacent rock. The name is derived
from the Latin word for an inun-
dation. It was employed by Nau-
mann as a general term for sedi-
ments in water as contrasted with
eolian rocks. It is generally used
today for the earthy deposit made
by running streams, especially dur-
ing times of flood. (Kemp)
2. See Alluvion, 3.

Allwork (Derb.). A term formerly
used for longwall, (Gresley)

A 1 m a c 6 n (Mex.). Warehouse.
(Dwight)

AJmacenista (Sp.).. A store keeper; a
person who sells goods in a ware-
house. (Halse)

Almaden ( Sp. ) . A mine or mineral de-
posit. ( Halse *

Almadeneta. 1. (Me?.), Stamp head
or shoe (Dwight)

2. (Sp.) A small hammer for
breaking stones. < Halse)

Almagra (Sp.). A deep-red ocher ori-
ginally'from Andalusia, Spain, simi-
lar to Indian red: used as a pig-
ment, and in polishing glass and
metals. ( Standard )

Almacral (Sp.). A place where red
ocher is found. < Halse)

Almagre (Mex.). Red ocher.
(Dwight)

Alman. See Almond furnace.

Almandite. An iron-aluminum garnet,
3FeQAlaO«.3SiO2. Used as a gem.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.) Also called
Almond stone.

Almartaga (Peru). Litharge.
(Dwight)

Almendrilla (Sp. Am.). 1. Pudding
stone ; banket. ( Lucas )
2. In Mexico, a quartz forming, the
matrix of a copper vein, (Halse)

Almocafre, 1. (Colom,) A kind of
hoe used in placer mining. (Lock)
2. (Port) A pick or mattock used
in working mines. (Halse)

Almond furnace. A furnace in which
the slags of litharge left in refining
silver are reduced to lead by being
heated with charcoal. (Century)

Almond rock. An amygdaloin. (Web-
ster)

Almond stone. See Almandite.

Alnoite. A very rare rock with the
composition of a melilite basalt. It
was first discovered in dikes on the
island of Alno, off the coast of east-
ern Sweden. The special name was
given it by Rosenbusch to emphasize
its occurrence in dikes and its asso-
ciation as a very basic rock, with
nepheline syenite. Alnoite also oc-
curs near Montreal, Canada, and at
Manheim Bridge, N. Y (Kemp)

Aloes rope. A special kind of rope,
sometimes used in oil-well drilling,
the breaking strain of which is 300
kg. per circular centimeter. It is
manufactured from the aloe, a plant
indigenous to Cape Colony. (Mit-
zakis)

Alpine glacier. A type of glacier oc-
curring about the peaks and in
the valleys and gorges of moun-
tains, originating above by various
branches in amphitheaters, termi-
nating below, either by melting, or
by spreading out into jftedmont gla-
ciers; an ice river. (Standard)

Alquifol (Sp.). Galena. (Min. JouM

Alquifou (Fr.). A coarse-grained ga-
lena used by potters in preparing a
green glaze. Also called Potters'
ore. (Standard)

Alqullar (Sp.). To hire; to let; to
rent (Halse)

28

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Alquitrin (Sp.). Tar or liquid pitch;
A. de hulla, coal tar; A. mineral.
See Betun. (Halse)

Alsbachite. A variety of granite-
porphyry containing large mica
crystals and rose-red garnets.
(Kemp)

Alshedite. A variety of titanite con-
taining yttrium peroxide. Found in
Sweden. ( Standard )

Alstonite. See Bromlite.

Altai (Mongolia). Gold. (Lock)

Altaite. A lead telluride, PbTe, found
in Colorado (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Originally found in the Altai moun-
tains of Asia.

Altar of a reverberatory furnace. See
Bridge, 1.

Alt-azimuth. An instrument for si-
multaneously observing the azimuth
and altitude of a celestial body.
(Webster)

Alteration. Strictly, any physical or
chemical change in a rock or mineral
subsequent to its formation. As
ordinarily used, however, the term
excludes cementation or induration
of sediments to form hard rocks and
implies change to such an extent
that new minerals or new rock tex-
tures are developed. (La Forge)

Altered mineral. A mineral that has
undergone more or less chemical
change under the processes of na-
ture. (Century)

Altered rock. A rock that has under-
gone changes in its chemical and
mineralogical structure since its
original deposition. (Weed)

Altern. A crystal form having oppo-
site parts corresponding in form,
but alternating with each other in
the position of sides and angles.
(Standard)

Alternating motion. Up and down, or
backward and forward motion. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Altitude. Vertical distance or eleva-
tion above any given point or base-
level, as the sea ; height ; hence, also,
such distance numerically expressed.
(Standard)

Alto. 1. (Sp.) A bluff, height, hill.
Used in southwestern United States.
(Standard)

2. (Mex.) A hanging wall. See
alto Respaldo. (D wight)

Altogether-coal (Eng.). Large and
small coal mixed. (Gresley)

Alto homo (Sp.). Blast furnace,
(Lucas)

Altura (Mex.). Height; altitude.
(Dwight)

Aludel. One of a series of pear-shaped
vessels of glass or earthenware
fitted one into another and used for
condensation, as in subliming mer-
cury (Standard). See also Busta-
mente furnace.

Alum. 1. Specifically, the hydrous
double sulphate of aluminum and
potassium, found in nature as the
mineral kalinite. 2. In chemistry,
any one of a group of salts which
are hydrous double sulphates of
aluminum, chromium, iron, or man-
ganese and one of the alkali metals.
3. In mineralogy, one of a group of
minerals which are hydrous sul-
phates of aluminum and potassium,
sodium, or ammonium. (La Forge)

Alumbrado (Sp.). Lighting. (Lucas)

Alumbre (Sp.). Alum; A. de roca,
rock alum ; A. de piedra, alumstone ;
alunite. (Halse)

Alum cake. A product of the action of
sulphuric acid on clay, consisting
chiefly of silica and aluminum sul-
phate. (Webster)

Alum earth. An argillaceous rock, con-
taining considerable pyrite, and
largely impregnated with bUnmen.
(Standard)

Alum feather. See Iron alum.

Alum flower. Powdered burnt alum.
(Webster)

Alum glass. Crystallized alum.

Alumina. Oxide of aluminum, Al2Os.
Pure crystalline alumina is repre-
sented by corundum, sapphire, and
ruby. The commonest form of alu-
mina is as a silicate, of which clays
are mostly composed, and as the
compound silicates of aluminum and
other metals, of which a large class
of minerals is formed. (Roy. Com.)

Aluminite. A hydrous sulphate of alu-
minum, A12O8.SOS.9H2O, usually oc-
curring in white reniform masses.
(Dana)

Aluminium. See Aluminum.
Aluminous. Of the nature .of alumina
or clay. (Hitchcock)

Aluminum. A bluish silver-white
metal, malleable, ductile, sonorous,
noted for its lightness and resist-
ance to oxidation. Symbol, Al;
atomic weight, 27.1 ; specific gravity
2.7 (Webster). Also Aluminum.

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aluminum bronze, or Aluminum gold.
An alloy of aluminum and copper
resembling pale gold : used in cheap
jewelry, etc. (Standard). As a
powder, used in gilding.

Aluminum minerals. Alunite, ambly-
gonite, andalusite, bauxite, coruti-
dum, cryolite, eyanite, dtaspore,
sjllimanite, spinel, topaz, turquois,
wavellite, and many silicates. (A,
F. Rogers)

The commercial ores of aluminum
are cryolite, a fluoride of sodium
and aluminum, found in Greenland ;
bauxite, a hydrous compound ot
almumina, ferric oxide, and silica,
found in Arkansas, Georgia, and
Tennessee.

Aluminum silver. A bright alloy of
aluminum and silver, used in in-
struments where lightness is an ob-
ject, the lightness increasing with
the proportion of al uminum. ( Stand-
ard)

Aluminum solder. An alloy or gold,
silver, and copper, with some-
times a little zinc. Used for solder-
ing aluminum bars. (Standard)

Alumocalcite. A variety of opal with
alumina and lime as impurities.
(Dana)

Alum salts. Natural salts from which
alum. can be made. See also Halloy-
site, Kaolinite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Alum schist, shale, or slate. A clayey
rock containing carbonaceous ma-
terial and marcasite that when de-
composed yields by efflorescence
common alum. (Standard) SeeaUo
Alum shale.

Alum shale. Shale charged with alum,
that in favorable localities may be
commercially leached out and
crystallized. The alum results from
the decomposition of pyrite, be-
cause the sulphuric acid, thus pro-
duced, reacts on the alumina present,
yielding a double sulphate. (Kemp)

Alum siate. See Alum schist, and
Alum shale.

Alum stone. An impure siliceous alu-
nite. (A. F. Rogers)

Alundum. An artificial abrasive used
in the manufacture of oilstones and
grinding wheels. Made by fusing
the natural mineral bauxite in elec-
tric furnaces. Alundum has the
i;nme chemical Composition ns the
natural mineral corundum. (PIko)

Alunite; Alumstone. A hydrous sul-
phate of aluminum and potassium,
K(A1O),(SO«),.3EW>, containing

11.4 per cent potash, K,O. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) Closely resembles kao-
linite and occurs in similar loca-
tions. Generally the result of the
action of water, containing sul-
phuric acid, on feldspathic rocks, as
when pyrite in granite porphyry is
oxidized. ( Ran some )

Alunogen. A hydrous aluminum sul-
phate, A1,(SO4)H-18H2O, frequent-
ly found on the walls of mines aud
quarries. Also called Feather alum
and Hair salt. (Webster)

Alurgite. A purple to red variety .of
manganese, mica from St Marcel,
Piedmont. (Dana)

Alutaci6n OSp.). A nugget, or a layer
of. gold in. grains found at or »n^ar
the surface of the ground. (Halse)

Aluvidnes (Sp.). Alluvial deposits.
(Lucas)

Alvarfc (Port). A definite title or pat-
ent for a concession. (Halse)

Alvecas (Peru). A name given to the
three tubes leading from the furnace
to the aludeles. (Halse)

Alveo (Port.). The bed of a river.
(Halse)

Alza (Bol.). Separating gold from
sand in a washer. (Halse)

Alza dor (Mex.). Workman employed
in loading wagons, etc. (Dwight)

Alzas (Peru). The upper portion at a
mine. (Halse)

Amagamiento (Sp. Am.). Rivulet; ra-
vine ; torrent. (Lucas)

Amain (Eng.). With great force or
speed. Wagons or tubs are said to
run amain, if by accident they go
over an incline, bank, or dump, with-
out the rope being attached; or
through the rope becoming detached
or broken. (G. C. Green well)

Amalgam. 1. A native compound of
silver and mercury, in which the
percentage of silver ranges from

27.5 to 95.8. Native gold am^gain
carrying 39 to 42.6 per cent gold
has also been found. (U. 3. Geol.
Surv.)

2. An alloy or union of mercury
with another metal. Amalgams are
made by bringing mercury in con-
tact with another metal, a salt of
another metal, or by placing the
metal in a salt of mercury. & In
gold metallurgy, an alloy of gold

30

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

and mercury, usually obtained by
allowing gold-bearing minerals, after
crushing, to come in contact with
mercury in stamp batteries, sluices,
or mercury-coated copper plates.
The alloy (amalgam) is collected
and the mercury is driven off by dis-
tillation, the gold remaining in the
retort

Amalgama (Sp.). Amalgam. (Dwight)

Amalgamar (Sp.). To amalgamate.
(Lucas)

Amalgam arc. An arc in a vacuum
tube having electrodes of mercury
amalgamated with zinc, cadmium,
or other metal. The spectra of such
arcs contain the bright lines of the
metals in the electrodes. (Webster)

Amalgamate. 1. To unite (a metal) in
an alloy with mercury. 2. To form
an amalgam with ; as, mercury easily
amalgamates with gold. (Stand-
ard)

8. To merge two or more corpora-
tions into a single body. (Webster)

Amalgamated claims (Eng.). Mining
claims adjoining one another that
have been grouped into one claim
for more economical working. (Dur-
yee)

Amalgamating-barrel. A short cylin-
drical vessel or barrel with solid
ends turned to fit bearings. The
barrel is used for amalgamating
battery accumulations and other
material. It is run with intermittent
charges, and contains a load *>f steel
balls or pebbles to effect comminu-
tion arid to bring the mercury into
contact with the metal to be amal-
gamated. Charging and discharging
are done through suitable doors.

Amalgamation. 1. The production of
an amalgam or alloy of mercury. 2.
The process in which gold and sil-
ver are extracted from pulverized
ores by producing an amalgam, from
which the mercury is afterward ex-
pelled. See also Retorting. (Ray-
mond)

Amalgamation-pan. A pan in which
the process of amalgamation or
combination with mercury is effect-
ed (Rickard). Used in gold and
silver metallurgy.

Amalgamator. An apparatus used in
metallurgy for bringing pulverized
ore into close contact with mercury
to extract free metal from it by
amalgamation. See Amalgamation
pan ; also Amalgamating-barrel.
(Standard)

Amalgam gilding. A process of gild-
ing in which a metallic surface is
coated with gold amalgam and the
mercury driven off by heat. (Stand-
ard)

Amalgam retort. An iron retort hav-
ing a convex lid, luted at the edges,
and held by a key or wedge pressed
between its crown and the bail.
The retort is arranged so that heat
enough to volatilize the mercury can
be applied ; and a suitable exit pipe
is connected to a condenser, or
merely cooled with circulating water
at a safe distance from the retort.

Amalgam silvering. A process of sil-
vering similar to amalgam gilding.
(Standard)

Amarantite. A monoclinic hydrous-
ferric sulphate, Fe,O,.2SO..7H,O.
(Dana)

Amarillo (Sp.). Yellow. A. de mon-
tano, yellow earth; orcherous clay.
(Halse)

Amarrar las agnas (Sp. Am.). To
clear the mine or pit of water, by
means of trenches. (Lucas)

Amas (Sumatra). Gold; A. Lichin,
nugget-gold ; A. Muda, inferior gold ;
A. Supayang, vein-gold; A. Urei,
gold dust. (Lock)

Amatista (Sp.). Amethyst. (VeU)

Amatito. A red pigment prepared
from hematite; formerly used 4n
frescoing. (Standard)

Amatrice. See Variscite.

Amansite. Same as Pctrosilex.
(Standard)

Amazonite. See Amazon stone.

Amazon stone; Amazonite. A green mi-
crocline. A variety of orthoclase.
Used as a gem. (Dana)

Ambar. The Russian najne given to
excavations dug around a derrick
forming small reservoirs, where the
sand raised- from the bore-hole is
deposited. Also used as a temporary
reservoir for oil. (Mitzakis)-

Ambar (Sp.). Amber; A. negro, Jet.
(Halse)

Amber. A hard, brittle, translucent,
fossilized vegetal resin, of a clear
yellowish - brown or li^ht - yellow
color. Called in mineralogy Succi-
nite. (Standard)

Amber forest. A fossil forest from
which amber had been formed.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

31

Amblygonite ; Hebroaite. A fluo-phos-
phate of aluminum and lithium
Li(AlF)PO<. Used in the manufac-
ture of lithium preparations in medi-
cine. (Dana)

Amblystegite. A dark brownish-green
to black magnesium-iron metasili-
cate, (Mg.Fe)SiOs, that crystallizes
in the orthorhombic system, and is
closely related to hypersthene.
(Standard)

Ambrite. A greasy, yellowish-gray
fossil resin, resembling Kauri-gum,
found in New Zealand ; sometimes
used as jewelry. (Standard)

Ambroid. A reconstructed amber,
made by heating and uniting by
pressure fragments of amber.
(Standard)

Ambrosine. A yellowish to clove-
brown resin found in the phosphate
beds near Charleston, S. C. ; it may
be a modern resin that has been
subjected to the action- of salt wa-
ter. (Bacon)

Amercement (Derb.). A fine in the
barmote court, imposed on a miner
for violation of the laws. (Mander)

American-Belgian furnace. A direct-
fired Belgian furnace employed in
the United States, conforming essen-
tially to the Li£ge design, but pre-
senting minor differences because of
local adaptation. (Ingalls, p. 433)

American forge. See Catalan forge;
Champlain forge.

American paraffin-oil. An English term
for kerosene of American origin.
(Bacon)

American pump. A special kind of
bailer, used in oil fields for clean-
ing out wells (Mitzakis). See also
Bailer.

American system of drilling. See
Cable system.

American vermilion. A basic chro-
mate of lead. (Webster)

Amethyst. A purple or bluish-violet
quartz, SiO2. Used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Amethystine quartz. A phenocrystal-
line variety of quartz colored pur-
plish or bluish-violet by manganese
(Standard). See also Amethyst.

iianthinite. Asbestos. ( Standard )
Lmiantho (Port). Same as Amianto.
Amianthus. One of the finer and more
silky varieties of asbestos. Called
also Earth-flax and Mountain-flax.
(Standard)

Amianto (Sp.). Amianthus; a fine
silky variety of asbestos. (Halse)

Amiantoid. 1. Having the appearance
of a s b e st o s . 2. An t>live-greenr
coarse, fibrous variety of asbestos.
Called also Byssolite. (Standard)

Ammite. Oolite ; roestone. (Standard)

Ammonal. An explosive consisting of
a mixture of powdered aluminum
(1 part), and nitrate of ammonium
(8 parts).

Ammonia. A colorless gaseous com-
pound of hydrogen and nitrogen
(NHs) with extremely pungent
smell and taste. Sp. Gr. as com-
pared with air, 0.589. (Webster)

Amonia gelatin. An explosive con-
sisting of blasting gelatin, ammo-
nium nitrate, and charcoal. (Web-
ster)

Ammonia oil. An oil suitable for the
lubrication of the cylinders of am-
monia compressors. Low cold-test
is essential for this purpose,
(Bacon)

Ammonite. Ammonium nitrate explo-
sives, containing from 70 to 95 per
cent ammonium nitrate, besides com-
bustile components, which are so-
called carbon carriers, as resin,
meal, naphthalene. (Brunswig, p.
305)

Amo. 1. (Sp.) An overseer. 2,
(Mex.) An owner of a mine,
(Halse)

Amojonar (Mex.). To set monuments
or landmarks. (Dwight)

Amolinar (Sp. Am.). To wash the
auriferous alluvion in a wooden
trough. (Lucas)

Amonedar (Sp.). 'To coin. (Min,
Jour.)

Amoniaco (Mex.). Ammonia,
(Dwight)

Amontonar (Sp.). To pile up; to
make into heaps. (Halse)

Amorfo (Mex.). Amorphous. (Dwight)

Amorphism. The state or quality of
being amorphous; especially, the ab-
sence of crystalline structure.
(Standard)

Amorphous. Without form ; applied "
to rocks and minerals having no
definite crystalline structure. (Roy.
Com.)

Amorphous phosphorus. A reddish-
brown, nontoxic, allotropic modifica-
tion of phosphorus obtained by heat-
ing common phosphorus to about

32

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

450° F. In air-tight vessels; largely
used for safety matches. Called also
Red phosphorus. (Standard)

Amortization. The repayment of u
debt, principal and interest, in equal
annual installments. Frequently
used in finance as the extinction of
a debt, regardless of the means em-
ployed. (E. B. Skinner, p. 114).
Important in connection with min-
ing finance.

Amortization schedule. In finance, a
table so constructed as to show
the principal remaining due or out-
standing immediately after the an-
nual payment, the interest for the
interval, and the amount of princi-
pal repaid. (E. B. Skinner, p. 121)

Amortize. To clear off, liquidate, or
otherwise extinguish, as a debt. To
extinguish by periodically charging
off a portion so as to bring the value
to par at maturity. (Webster)

Amparar (Mex.). 1. To cover (title).
(Dwight)

2. A. en la posesitin, to maintain in
possession. (Halse)

Amparo .(Sp.). .Continued possession
of a mine to secure title; keeping
the necessary number of men at
work in accordance with mining
laws. (Crofutt)

Ampelite. 1. A name, specially cur-
rent among the French, for shales,
charged with pyrite and carbonace-
ous . matter, that may yield alum-
shales. (Kemp)

2. Cannel coal; also carbonaceous
schist. (Webster)

Amperage. The strength of an elec-
tric current measured in amperes.
< Century)

Ampere. The practical unit of elec-
tric current; the current produced
by 1 volt acting through a resistance
of 1 ohm. (Webster)

Ampere foot. One ampere flowing
through 1 foot of an electric con-
ductor. A wire 20 feet long con-
ducting a current of 6 amperes is
said to have 120 ampere feet.
(Standard)

Ampere hour. The quantity of elec-
tricity delivered in 1 hour by a
current whose average strength is
1 ampere. (Webster)

Ampere meter. An instrument for
measuring in amperes the strength
of an electric current ; an ammeter.
(Standard)

Ampere turn. A unit equal to the
product of one complete convolution
of a coiled conductor into 1 am-
pere current. Thus a conductor
having 5 convolutions with $ am-
pere current is said to have 2$ am-
pere turns. (Webster)

Ampere volt. A watt. (Standard)

Amphibole. The generic name for the
group of bisilicate minerals whose
chief rock-making member is horn-
blende. It is often prefixed to those
rocks that have hornblende as a
prominent constituent, as amphibole-
andesite, amphibole-gabbro, amphi-
bole-granite, etc. (Kemp). See also
Hornblende.

Amphibolite. A metamorphic rock
consisting chiefly of hornblende, or
of some member of the amphibole
group. It is, as a rule, a synonym of
hornblende schists, but is preferable
to the latter, when the schistosity is
not marked. (Kemp)

Amphibolization. Metamorphic altera-
tion of other material into amphi-
bole. (Standard)

Amphigene. Leucite, K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2.
(Dana)

Amphigenite. Lava containing amphi-
g£ne. (Standard)

Amphimorphic. In geology, formed by
a two-fold process, as the action of
mineral-bearing thermal springs
upon sedimentary argillaceous de-
posits during deposition. (Stand-
ard)

Ampliacion (Mex.). The enlargement
of a mining claim. (Dwight)

Ampollosa (Mex.). Rock structure
containing cavities. (Dwight)

Amurang (Ceylon). Gold ore. (Lock)

Amygdaloidal. Relating to an amyg-
dule.

Amygdaloid. A vesicular or cellular
igneous rock, ordinarily basaltic, in
which the vesicles have been partly
or wholly filled with a secondary de-
posit of calcite, quartz, epidote, na-
tive copper, or zeolites. (La Fo'irge).
The term is used in the form of the
adjective, amygdaloidal, and prop-
erly should be limited to this. As a
noun it is also employed for second-
ary fillings of the cavities, which
are usually calcite, quartz, or some
member of the zeolite group. Amyg-
daloidal rocks are of chief interest
in America because certain basaltic
lava sheets on Keweenaw Point,

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

33

Lake Superior, have their amygdules
filled with native copper and are
important sources of the metal.
Amygdaloldal cavities are limited to
the upper and lower portions of lava
sheets. The name is derived from
the Greek word for almond. ( Kemp )

Amygdule. A small globular cavity in
an eruptive rock caused by steam or
vapor at the time of its eruption
and generally lined afterwards with
secondary minerals. (U. S. Geul.
Surv. Bui. 521, p. 162)

Anabranch (Aust.). An effluent of a
stream that rejoins the main stream,
forcing an island between the two
watercourses. ( Standard )

Anacllnal. Descending in a direction
opposite to the dip of the strata, as
an anaclinal river. Opposed to Cata-
clinal. (Webster)

Aflagna (Arg.). A shrub used as fuel
in high desert regions. (Halse)

Analcite. A hydrous sodium-alumi-
num silicate, NaAlSi«O.+HaO, be-
longing to the zeolite group. (Dana)

Analcite-basalt. A variety of basalt
whose feldspar IB more or less re-
placed by analcite. The analcite is
in places in such relations as to give
reason for thinking it an original
mineral and not an alteration prod-
uct from feldspar. Analcite-basalts
occur in the Highwood mountains,
Mont Analcite-diabase has been
found in California. See alto Tes-
chenite. (Kemp)

Analcite- tingnaite. Tinguaite (which
see) with considerable analcite.
(Kemp)

Analcitite. Pirsson's name for the
olivine-free analcite-basalts. (Kemp)

Analizar (Mex.). To analyze.
(Dwight)

Analysis. Spectflcially, in chemistry
and mineralogy, the determination,
by chemical methods* of the nature
and proportionate amounts, and
sometimes also of the manner of
combination, of the elementary con-
stituents of a compound substance,
as a mineral or a rock. Also,
loosely, a tabular statement of the
result of such an analysis. (La
Forge)

Analyzer. That part of a polariscope
that receives the light after pol-
arization, and exhibits its properties.
(Webster)

744010 O — J7 3

Anamesite. An old name suggested by
von Leonhard in 1832 for those finely
crystalline basalts that textur-
ally stand between the dense typical
basalt and the coarser dolerites.
The name is from the Greek for "in
the middle." (Kemp)

Anamorphic zone. A zone correspond-
ing to the zone of rock-flowage. It
Is especially characterized by sili-
catization involving decarbonation,
dehydration and deoxidation; the
processes are constructive. See also
Katamorphic zone. (Watson)

Anamorphism; Anamorphosis. Meta-
morphism at considerable depths in
the earth's crust and under great
pressure, resulting in the formation
of complex minerals from simpler
ones. (La Forge)

Anatase (Fr.). Same as Octahedrite.
(Standard)

Anatexis. A refusion of igneous rocks.
(Daly, p. 309)

Anchi eutectic. Magmas which are in-
capable of undergoing notable differ-
entiation. (Daly, p. 360)

Ancho (Sp.). Wide. See Anchura.
(Halse)

Anchor. An iron plate used In with-
drawing coke from a coke oven.
(Standard)

Anchor bolt. A foundation bolt; a
drift spike, or other device used for
holding any mechanism or structure
down. It may or may not be
threaded.

Anchor ice. See Ground ice.

Anchor oven. An oven from which
coke is removed with an anchor-
shaped rabble. (Standard)

Anchnra (Sp.). 1. Width or thickness
of a mineral deposit. 2. The widen.-
ing of a vein. 3. The width of &
gallery, etc. (Halse)

Anchnr6n (Sp.). A large room opened
in massive ore deposits. (Halse)

Ancla (Mex.) . Anchor; hook.
(Dwight)

Ancon de tierra (Mex.). A projecting
or salient corner of a raining claim.
(Dwight)

Andalusite. An aluminum silicate
Al?SiOB. Sometimes used as a semi-
precious stone. (Dana)

34

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Andalusite-hornstone. A compact con-
tact rock containing andalusite. It
is usually produced from shale or
slate by intrusions of granite.
(Kemp)

Andamio (Mex.). 1. Builders' jack.
2. A scaffold. (Dwight)

Andarivel (Sp.). An overhead cable-
way. (Lucas)

Anden (Sp.). 1. A path for horses
around the shaft, as at a horse
whim. (Dwight)

2. A railroad station platform.
(Halse)

Andendiorite. A Tertiary quartz-au-
gite-diorite that occurs In areas
like islands in the midst of the vol-
canic rocks of the Chilean Andes.
The quartz crystals are remarkable
for their inclusions of glass and of
fluids with salt crystals. (Kemp)

Andengranite. A biotite-bearing horn-
blende-granite, similar in occurrence
and microscopic features to Anden-
diorite. (Kemp)

Andesine. One of the plagioclase feld-
spars. Intermediate between albite
and anorthite (Dana). A silicate
of sodium, calcium, and aluminum,
with the sodium in excess of ' the
calcium. An important constituent
of andesite and diorite. (Ransome)

Andesita (Mex.). Andesite. (Dwight)

Andesite. A volcanic rock of por^hy-
ritic or felsitic texture, whose cr/s-
tailized minerals are plagioclase and
one or more of the following:
biotite, hornblende, and augite. The
name was suggested by L. von Buch
in 1836, for a certain rock from the
Andes resembling trachyte, but
whose feldspar was at first thought
to be albite, and later oligoclase.
(Kemp)

Andradite. The common calcium-iron
garnet, OasFe, (SiO4)«. (Dana)

Anegada (Mex.). Drowned; over-
flowed; left to fill with water.
(Dwight)

Anemometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the velocity of air currents;
specifically, in mines, a common
form consists of a small delicately
mounted disk fan connected by
means of gears with indicating
dials. Especially useful when air
current is over 100 feet per minute.

Anemometry. The process of deter-
mining the pressure or velocity of
the wind (air) by means of an
anemometer. (Century)

Aneroid barometer. An instrument for
showing the pressure of the atmos-
phere by means of the movements of
the elastic top of a metallic box
from which the air has been, partly
exhausted. The most sensitive an-
eroids show the variation of pressure
due to a difference of height of a
few feet; hence the instrument is
much used in measuring altitudes
(Standard). See aUo Barometer.

Anfbolita (Sp.) Amphibolite. (Lucas)

Angle. 1. The figure formed by two
meeting lines (plane angle), two
meeting planes (dihedral angle), or
three or more planes meeting in a
point (solid angle). 2. The differ-
ence in direction of two lines. 3. A
projecting or sharp corner. (Web-
ster)

Angle beam. A two-limbed beam used
for turning angles in shafts, etc.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Angle brace. A brace used to pre-
vent mine timbers from riding or
leaning (Sanders, p. 156). A brace
across an interior angle.

Angle of dip. A synonym for Dip.

Angle of incidence. The angle formed
by the line of incidence and a line
drawn from the point of contact
perpendicular to the plane or sur-
face on which the incident ray or
body impinges. (Century)

Angle Iron. A bent piece of Iron used
for joining two or more parts of a
composite structure at an angle.
Also a rolled shape largely used in
structural work.

Angle of nip. The angle between tan-
gents drawn to an ore particle at
the point of its contact with the
surface of the rolls. (Richards)

Angle of polarization. That angle
whose tangent is the index of re-
fraction of a reflecting substance.
(Dana)

Angle of pull. The angle between t;he
vertical and an inclined plane
bounding the area affected by the
subsidence beyond the vertical. Ap-
plied to slides of earth. (Watson)

Angle of rest or repose. The angle
with a horizontal plane at which
loose material will stand on a hori-
zontal base without sliding. It is
often between 30° and 35°. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

86

Angle of slide. The slope, measured
in degrees of deviation from the hori-
zontal on which a slide of material
will start (Watson). It is slightly
greater than the angle of rest

Anglesite. Lead sulphate, PbSO,, con-
taining 68 per cent lead. (Dana)

Angleur furnace. A furnace for the
distillation of zinc. (Ingalls, p. 448)

Angostura (Sp.). Narrowness; a nar-
row mountain pass. (Halse)

Angulo (Mex.). Angle. (D wight)

Angus Smith composition. A protec-
tive coating for valves, fittings, and
pipe used for underground work.
It is composed of coal tar, tallow,
resin, and quicklime, and must be
applied hot. (Nat Tube Co.)

AnhedraL Having a form determined
by the surrounding crystals ; allotrio-
morphic ; xenomorphic ; said of min-
erals in a granular igneous rock.
Contrasted with Euhedral and Sub-
hedral. (La Forge)

Anhedron. A name proposed by L. V.
Pirsson for the individual mineral
components of an igneous rock that
lack crystal boundaries, and that
can not therefore be properly called
crystals according to the older and
most generally accepted conception
of a crystal. Xenomorphic and allo-
triomorphic are adjectives implying
the same conception. The name
means without planes. (Kemp)

Anhydride. An oxide of a nonme-
tallic body, or an organic radical,
capable of forming an acid by unit-
Ing with water, or of being formed
from an acid by the abstraction of
the water, or of uniting with basic
oxides to form salts. (Webster)

Anhydrite. . Calcium sulphate, CaSO*,
or CaO.SOi. Contains 41.2 per cent
lime and 58.8 per cent sulphur tri-
oxide. Usually associated with gyp-
sum, to which it alters. Differs
from it in being harder and in lack-
ing water of crystallization. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Anhydrous. Destitute of water, espe-
cially water of crystallization.
(Webster)

Aftilado (Sp.). An indigo-colored cop-
per ore, (Halse)

Anillo (Mex.). Ring; collar; loop on
the end of a rope. In the plural, a
set of shaft-timbers ; shells for crush-
ing-rolls. (Dwight)

Animikean system. The middle
division of the Proterozoic era, some-
times known as the Upper Huronian
or Penokean. (Chamberlin, vol. 2,
p. 183)

Animikite, A white to gray silver
antimonide, Ag»Sb, that is found in
fine granular masses in the Lake
Superior region. (Standard)

Anisometric. Having unsymmetrical
parts. Not Isometric. (Webster)

Anisotropic. Not having the same
properties in all directions with re-
gard to light; characteristic of all
crystalline minerals except those of
the isometric system. (Power)

Ankerite. A white, red, or grayish
calcium-magnesium-iron carbonate,
CaCO,(Mg,Fe,Mn)CO« (Dana)

Ankylostomiasis. A disease due to the
presence of parasites in the small
intestines. When present in large
numbers, by sucking the blood from
the intestinal walls they produce a
severe anemia (Webster). Also
called Miner's worm; Hookworm;
Tunnel disease.

Anna. An East Indian money of ac-
count, one-sixteenth rupee, or about
two cents. (Webster)

Annabergite. A hydrous nickel arse-
nate, Ni^s,Ofc8H»O. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Anneal. ?. To heat, fire, bake, or fuse,
as glass, earthenware, ore, etc. JL
To heat, as glass, earthenware, or
metals in order to fix colors. 3. To
treat, as glass, earthenware, or met-
als, by heating and gradually coot-
ing, so as to toughen them and re-
move brittleness. (Century)

Annealed steel Steel that has been
subjected to an annealing operation.
(Hibbard)

Annealed wire rope. A wire rope made
from wires that have been softened
by anneaMng. (C. M. P.)

Annealing. 1. The process by
glass and certain metals are heatod
and then slowly cooled to make them
more tenacious an£ less brittle. Im-
portant In connection with the
manufacture of steel castings, for$-
ings, etc. 2. See Malleable castings.

Annealing-arch. The oven in which
glass is annealed. (Century)

Annealing-box. A box in which ar-
ticles to be annealed are enclosed
while in the furnace (Standard).
Also called Annealing pot.

GILOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Annealing-color. The hue taken by
steel in annealing. (Standard)

Annealing-furnace. See Annealing
oven.

Annealing-oven. An oven or furnace
for heating and gradually cooling
metals or glass to render them less
brittle (Standard). Also called An-
nealing furnace.

Annealing-pot. A closed pet in which
articles are placed to be annealed
or subjected to the heat of a fur-
nace. They are thus enclosed to
prevent the formation of oxide upon
their surfaces (Century). Also
called Annealing-box.

Annerodite. A submetallic black ura-
nium-yttrium pyroniobate, crystal-
lizing in the orthorhombic system.
(Dana)

Annual labor. Same as Assessment
work on mining claims. (U. S. Min.
Stat, D. 232-253)

Annuity. 1. An annual allowance,
payment, or income. 2. The return
from an investment of capital with
interest in a series of yearly pay-
ments. ( Standard )

Annular borer. A tool with a tubular
bit for removing a cylindrical core
as a sample. Used in prospecting
( Standard ) . Compare Diamond
drill; Adamantine drill; Shot drill.

Annular kiln. A kiln having compart-
ments. (Standard)

Anode. The positive terminal of an
electric source, or more strictly the
electrode by which the current en-
ters an -electrolyte on its way to the
other pole. Opposed to Cathode.
(Webster)

Anode copper. Crude-copper plates,
usually cast from the converter,
used as anodes in the electrolytic
process of refining copper.

Alodo (Sp.). Anode. (Halse)

Anogene. An old name for rocks that
have come up from below ; 4. e., erup-
tive rocks. .(Kemp)

Anomalies. As applied to crystals, re-
fers to lack of harmony of optical
phenomena with apparent symmetry
of external form. >(Dana)

Anomite. A variety of biotite. (Stand-
ard)

Anorthie. In crystallography, same as
triclinic. (Standard)

Anorthite. An end-member of the
plagioclase feldspar series, the one
consisting of calcium-aluminum sili-
cate and containing no sodium. The
intermediate plagioclases may be re-
garded as mixtures of anorthite with
the other end-member, albite (Ran-
some). Compare Albite.

Anorthite rock. A coarsely crystalline
granitoid igneous rock that consists
almost entirely of anorthite. It was
observed on the Minnesota shore of
Lake Superior. The rock is a felds-
pathic extreme of the gabbro group,
practically an anorthosite formed of
anorthite. (Kemp)

Anorthoclase. A triclinic feldspar
closely related to the orthoclase
group. Chiefy a soda-potash feld-
spar. (Dana)

Anorthosite. A name applied by T.
Sterry Hunt to granitoid rocks that
consist of little else than labradorite
and that are of great extent in east-
ern Canada and the Adirondacks.
The name is derived from anorthose,
the French word for plagioclase,
and is not to be confused with anor-
thite, with which it has no necessary
connection, although anorthosite is
used as a general name for rocks
composed of plagioclase. The rocks
are extremes of the gabbro group
into whose typical members they
shade by insensible gradations.
(Kemp)

Anqueria (Peru). Silver ore which
has the appearance of cubical ga-
lena. (Dwight)

Anquerita (Mex.). Ankerite. (Dwight)

Anta (Peru). Copper; A. charca, a
copper mine. (Halse)

Antecedent. 1. Pertaining to or char-
acterizing the internal movements
of the earth concerned in the ele-
vation of continental masses and
their exposure to degradation. Con-
trasted with consequent. 2. Estab-
lished previous to the displacement
of a terrane by faulting or fold-
ing; as an antecedent valley, ante-
cedent drainage. Contrasted with
consequent and superimposed. Epi-
genetic. (Standard)

Antecedent streams. Streams that
hold their early courses in spite of
changes since their courses were as-
sumed. (Chamberlin vol. 1, p. 161)

Anthraciferous. Yielding anthracite.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

37

Anthracite; Hard coal. A hard black
lustrous coal containing 85 to 95 per
cent carbon as against 70 to 85 per
cent in bituminous . or "soft" coal.
See also Coal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Characterized by its small percent-
age of volatile matter, high specific
gravity, hardness, nearly metallic
luster, rich black color, and semi-
conchoidal fracture. It ignites with
difficulty, produces an intensely hot
fire, giving off no smoke, and burns
with a very small blue flame of car-
bonic oxide (produced by incomplete
combustion), which disappears after
the coal is thoroughly ignited. Vol-
atile matter is usually less than 7
per cent. (Chance)

Anthracolite. Same as Anthraconite.
(Standard)

Anthraconite. A coal-black bitumi-
nous marble or -limestone usually
emitting a fetid smell when rubbed.
Also called Stinkstone and Swine-
stone. (Webster)

Anthracosis. Chronic inflammation of.
the lungs, produced by inhaling par-
ticles of solid matter, as coal dust;
the 'blacklung' of coal workers.
(Standard)

Anthracoxenite. A black powder ob-
tained from a resinoid material in
the coal bods of Brandeisl, near
Schlan/in Bohemia. The resin is
treated^ with ether which dissolves
the schlanite, leaving the insoluble
portion, anthracoxenite. (Bacon)

Anthrax. A gem stone of the an-
cients; probably identical with the
carbuncle. ( Standard )

Anthraxolite. A black combustible
coal-like substance of varying com-
position, occurring in Ontario and
Quebec. (Bacon)

Anticaustic. 1. Checking or prevent-
ing the corrosive action of caustics.
2. Any remedy for arresting or miti-
gating the action of caustics.
(Standard)

Anticlinal. Of. or pertaining to, an
anticline. ( Webster )„ The crest of
an anticlinal roll may be the apex
of a vein. (Tonopah Min. Co. v.
West End Cons. Min. Co. 158 Pacific,
p. 881)

Anticlinal flexure; Anticlinal fold,
See Anticlinal; Anticline.

Anticlinal line or axis. In geology,
the medial line of a folded struc-
ture from which the strata dip on
either side. (Century)

Anticline. A fold or arch of rock
strata, dipping in opposite direction
from an axis. (Webster)

Anticlinoritim. A series of anticlines
and synclines, so grouped that- taken
together they nave the general out-
line of* an arch; opposed to Syncli-
nori urn . ( Webster )

Antifriction metal. Any alloy having
a low coefficient of friction : used
for bearing surfaces. (Standard)

Antigos (Braz.). "Old men," or old
workings (Halse). Compare An-
tiguo.

Antiguo, «rna (Mex.). A mine worked
by Spaniards or Mexicans at a time
so remote (from 50 to 900 years)
that particulars have been forgotten.
(Weed)

Antimonial silver. Same as Dyscra-
site. (Standard)

Antimonide. A binary chemical com-
pound of which antimony ia one
constituent. (Webster)

Antlmonio (Mex.). Antimony; A.
bianco, valentinite; A. rojo, kerme-
site. (Dwight)

Antimonite. The native sulphide of.
antimony; stibnite. (Century)

Antimony. An element of metallic ap-
pearance and crystalline structure,
tin-white in color, hard, and brittle.
Occurs in free tate and combined
in various minerals. Symbol, Sb;
Atomic weight, 120.2. Specific grav-
ity, 6:7. (Webster)

Antimony bfende. Same as Kennesite,

Antimony bloom. A synonym for
entlnlte, which is often found as an
efflorescence (Chester). Sb»O«.

Antimony glance. Synonym for Stib-
nite, (A. F. Rogers)

Antimony ocher. A synonym for Stib-

iconite, also Cervantite.

Antimony ores. Native antimony;
stibnite (sulphide of antimony) ;
valentinite, and. senarmontite (ox-
ides). (Raymond)

Antimony regnlns. An impure product
of the smelting process: largely anti-
mony sulphide. (Standard)

Antimony star. The fern-like marking
on the upper surface of the metal
antimony when well crystallized.

38

GLOSSARY OF MTNIKG AtfD MIKKfcAfl

Antimony vermilion. 1. A fine ver-
milion pigment prepared by treat-
ing antimony chloride or tartar
emetic with a thiosulphate, in solu-
tion. (Webster)

2. A sulphide of antimony suggested
for, but never used as, a pigment.
(Century)

Antimony white. Antimony trioxide,
Sb,0». (Webster)

Antisepsii. Prevention of oepsis by
excluding or destroying micro-organ-
isms. (Webster)

Antiseptic. That which may be used
to destroy bacteria with little or no
harmful effect on the living body.
Very common antiseptics are aque-
ous solutions of carbolic acid and of
corrosive sublimate.

Antitoxic. Counteracting poison.
(Webster)

Antlerite. A light-green basic sulphate
of copper, 8CuSO«.7Cu(OH),, found
in Arizona. (Dana)

Antozonite. A dark violet-blue fluor-
ite that emit£ an odor often caus-
ing nausea among miners. For-
merly ascribed to hydrogen dioxide,*
. but now known to be free fluorine.

Antracita (Mex. ). Anthracite.
(Dwight)

Aavil. 1. A block, usually of iron,
steel-faced, and of characteristic
shape on which metal is shaped, as
by hammering and forging. (Web-
ster)

2. An iron block placed between a
stamp-mill mortar box and the foun-
dation block ; generally used in light
mortars and concrete foundations.

Anvil vise. A vise of which an anvil
forms one Jaw. (Webster)

Apachite. A name suggested by Osann,
from the Apache, or Davis moun-
tains ot western Texas, for a va-
riety of phonolite, that varies from
typical phonolites in two particulars :
It has almost as much of amphibole
and of senigmatite as of pyroxene,
whereas in normal phonolite the
former is rare. The feldspar of
the groundraass is generally ml-
croperthitic. (Kemp)

Apagar (Sp.). To quench; to ex-
tinguish; A. un homo, to blow out
a furnace. (Halse)

Apalancar. 1. (Mex.) To move with
a lever. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.) To get ore. (Halse)

Aparador (Mex.)V Re-worker • of tail-
ings from silver mills. (Dwight)

Aparato (Mex.), Apparatus. (Dwight)

Aparejo (Mex.) 1. Packsaddle. 2.
Any rough apparatus for moving
heavy timbers, etc, (Dwight) A
block and tackle.

Aparinar (Sp. Am.). To disclose in-
dications of pay ore. (Lucas)

Apartado (Mex.). 1. Ore separation
or concentration. Parting gold and
silver. 2. The place where this
work is performed.
3. Pos toffies box.

Apartador ( Mer. ). Hand-sOftef W
.ore. (Dwight)

Apartar (Sp.). 1. To pick by hind,
sort, cob, or break ore. &, In assay t
ing, to part (Halse)

Apatelite. A hydrous ferric sulphate,
found in yellow nodules in clay.
(Chester)

Apatite. A calcium phosphate con-
taining a little fluorine or chlorine,
Ca4(CaF)(PO4)8 or Oa^CaCl)
(POO*. The fluor-apatite contains
42.3 per cent PiO. and the chlor-
apatite 41 per cent P.CV (U. S,
Geol. Surv.)

Apeador. A land surveyor. (Halse)
Apeadura (Sp.). Surveying. (Halse)

Apelmazado (Mex.). Compressed
ground. (Dwight)

Apeo (Sp.). 1. Timbering; A. par
estacas, piling, spiles. 2. Surveying.
(Halse)

Aperador (Mex. ) . Storekeeper*.
(Dwight)

Aperos (Mex.). A, general term for
mining supplies. (Dwight)

Apex. 1. The tip, point, or angular
summit of anything, as the apex ot a
mountain. The end, edge, or crest
of a vein nearest the surface.* (Web-
ster)

2. The highest point of a stratum,
as a coal seam. (Standard)

3. In geology, the top of an anti-
clinal fold of strata. This term, as
used in United States Revised Stat-
utes, has been the occasion of much
litigation. It is supposed to, mea&
something nearly equivalent to out-
crop. (Century)

4. The highest point at which the
ore or rock is found in place or
between the walls of the vein, and
not a " blow-out H or part of the vein

QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtJSTRY.

39

broken down outside the walls. In
case the vein outcrops at the sur-
face, any portion of such outcrop is
the top, or apex. If the vein does
not reach the surface, then the high-
est point to which the vein, or lode,
can be traced is the apex— not neces-
sarily the nearest point to the sur-
face, but the absolute highest point.
It Is reasonable to believe that the
top or apex was used instead of the
word "outcrop," in order to cover
"blind lodes," which do not crop out
The conception of an apex, which is
properly a point, was probably taken
from the appearance of a blind lode
in a cross- section,, where the walls
appear as lines and the upper edge
as a point. The term may also have
been Intended to cover the Imagi-
nary case of an ore deposit that
terminates upward In u point. We
may, however, dismiss from consid-
eration the case of a simple point,
and safely assume that the apex is
the same as a top, and is either a
line or a surface (Raymond).

The top or apex of a vein* within
the meaning of the law, is the high-
est point of such vein where it ap-
proaches nearest to the surface of
the earth, and where it is broken on
its edge so as to appear to be the
beginning or the end of the vein.
(Stevens v. Williams, 23 Federal
Gas., p. 46.)

The top or apex of a vein or lode
is the end or edge or terminal of
such vein or lode nearest the sur-
face of the earth. It is not neces-
sary that It should be on or near or
within any given distance of the sur-
face, but if found at any depth and
the locator can define on the surface
the area that will enclose It, then
the vein or lode may be held by such
location. (Iron Silver Mtn. Co. v.
Murphy, 8 Federal, p. 37&)

The apex or top of a vein is the
point where it ceases to continue in
the direction of the surface. (Sloss-
Sheffleld Steel and Iron Co. t>. Payne,
64 Southern, 617.)

The apex of a vein or lodt in nrit
necessarily a point, but may be a
line of great length, and if a por-
tion is found within the limits of a
claim it is a sufficient discovery to
enable the locator to obtain title.
(Poplar Creek ConsoU Quartz Mine,
In re, 16 Land Decisions, p. 2 ; Lar-
kin v. Upton, 144 IT. S., p. 20; Deb-
ney v. lies, 8 Alaska, p. 451.)

An apex of a vein is that part or
portion of the terminal edge of a
vein from which the vein hat ex-

tension downward In the direction
of the dip and the definition involves
the elements of terminal edge and
downward course therefrom. (Stu-
art Min. Co. t>. Ontario Min. Co., 237
U. S., p. 860.)

(Additional cases are cited in U.
S. Min. Stat, p. 105.)

Aphanite. An old name, now prac-
tically obsolete, for dense dark
rocks, whose components are too
small to be distinguished with the
eye. It was chiefly applied to finely
crystalline diabases. An adjective,
aphanltic, Is still more or less In
current usage. (Kemp)

Aphanitic. Having a texture so fine
that the individual grains or crys-
tals can not be distinguished with
the naked eye. (Ransome)

Aphanophyric. Containing phenocrystB
in an aphanitlc groundmass ; said of
some porphyritic Igneous rocks.
(La Forge)

Aphrite. A foliated or gcaly white
pearly calcite. Called also Earth
foam and Foam spar. (Standard)

Apkrizite. A black variety of tourma-
line. (Standard)

Aphrodite. A hydrous silicate of mag-
neaiuin, in appearance much like
meerschaum. (Chester)

Aphrosidcrite. A chlorite-like mineral
of scaly structure and olive-green
color, near penninite in composition.
(Chester)

Aphthitalite. A white saline potas-
sium-sodium sulphate, (KNa)8 SO4.
crystallizing in the rhombohedral
system. (Dana)

Aphthonite. .A steel-gray argentifer-
ous variety of tetrahe4rlte. ( Stand-
ard)

Apilar (Sp.). To form a heap or pile,
(Halse)

A plqtife (Mex.). Vertical. (Dwight)

Apique (Colom.). 1. Shaft 8. Winze.
S. In alluvial mines, the point where
the pump is placed. (Halse)

Apireo (Chile). Transporting ore on
men's shoulders. See also Hapire.
(Halfie)

Apirei (Peru). Ore carriers in mines.
(Dwight)

Aplaaador (Sp.). 1. A blacksmith's
flatter. (Dwight)

8. An ingot hammer. I. A riveter.
(Halse)

40

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aplite. A term chiefly applied to finely
crystalline muscovite-granite that
occurs in dikes. Its original appli-
cation was to granites poor or lack-
ing mica. The name is from the
Greek for simple. (Kemp)

Apo. The Greek preposition meaning
'from,' suggested by F. Bnscom as
a prefix to the names of various
volcanic rocks to describe the de-
vitrified or silicified varieties, that
indicate their originals only by the
preservation of characteristic tex-
tures, us apobsidian, aporhyolite,
apobasalt, etc. Many rocks called by
the old indefinite name petrosilex
are of this character. (Kemp)

Apobsidian. Obsidian that has been
devitrified by metamorphism.
(Standard)

Apolvillado (Hex.). 1. Ore of a su-
perior grade (D wight)
2. A second-class ore from the Veta
Mflrtre, Guanajuato, Mex., yielding
about 750 ounces of silver per short
ton. (Halse)

Apophyllite. A calcium-hydrogen sili-
cate sometimes containing potassium
and 11 u o r i n e, K,O.8CaO.16SiO,.-
IGHaO. Occasionally used as a gem.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Apophysis. A branch from a vein or
dike to which it is attached; an
epiphesis is the same, but not at-
tached. (Mln. and Sci. Press, vol.
116, p. 694)

Aporhyolite. Rhyolite that has been
more or less devitrifled by meta-
morphism. ( Standard )

Aporreador (Chile). A sledge ham-
mer; a maul. (Halse)

Appalachian. Of, or pertaining to, a
system of mountains in the eastern
United States, also incorrectly called
Allegheny from its western range.
(Webster)

Appalachian coal field. The coal-pro-
ducing area extending from north-
ern Pennsylvania to Alabama in and
adjacent to the Appalachian moun-
tains.

Apparatus (No. of Eng.). 1. The
screening appliances upon the pit
bank (at or near a mine). (Gresley)
2. Any complex device or machine
designed or prepared for the accom-
plishment of a special purpose; also
a collection of tools, appliances, ma-
terials, etc., as that necessary to the
pursuit of a profession, as surgical
or chemical apparatus. (Standard)

Apparent superposition. The actual or
visible order in which strata lie in
any locality. (Standard)

Apple coal (Scot.). See Yolk coal.

Appliances of transportation. As ap-
plied to a coal mine, these include the
motor tracks, roadbed, cars, and mo-
tors used for the removal of coal
from the mine. (Jaggie v. Davis
Colliery Co., 84 Southwestern, p.
941)

Appolt oven. An oven for the manu-
facture of coke, differing from the
Belgian in that it is divided into
vertical compartments. (Raymond)

Approved. Accepted as suitable by a
competent committee, board, or or-
ganization designated by those adopt-
ing the rules. (H. H. Clark) Ap-
plies to permissible explosives, safety
lamps, motors, etc., as passed upon
by the Bureau of Mines.

Apron. 1. A canvas-covered frame set
at such an angle in the miner's rock-
er that the gravel and water in
passing over it are carried to the
head of th£ machine. 2. An amal-
gamated copper plate placed below
the stamp battery, over which the
pulp passes. The free gold con-
tained in the pulp is caught by the
quicksilver on the plate (Hanks).
See also Copper plates.

3. A hinged extension of a loading
chute. Commonly called Lip in Ar-
kansas. (Steel)

4. A broad shallow vat for evaporat-
ing. 5. A receptacle for conveying
rock by means of a cable- way and
trolley. 6. An endless belt for con-
veying material of any kind; called
also a Traveling apron. 7. A shield
of planking, brushwood, or other
material, below a dam, along a sea-
wall, etc. (Webster)

8. A sheet of sand and gravel lying
for some distance in front of the
terminal moraines of a glacier.
Called also Frontal apron and Mo-
ra inal apron. (Standard)

Apron plate. The large amalgamated
plate, of copper or silvered copper,
that receives the discharge from a
stamp mill, or other crushing or
screening apparatus, but sometimes
placed in a separate building.

Apron roll. One of the rolls that car-
ries a traveling apron. (Webster)

Apurador (Mex.). 1. One who looks
for particles of ore in waste waters.
2. Men who re wash the ore from
the fin a*, or patio process. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

41

Apuradora (Sp.). 1. Long drills used
in finishing a borehole. 2. A large
vat used in the patio process in
which the batea* are washed.
(Halse)

Apurar; Puriflcar (Sp.). 1. To purify
metals. 8. To clean up ores. & To
consume. (Halse)

Apuro (Sp.). A cast-iron settling pot
used in the patio process. (Halse)

Apyrous, Not changed by extremte
heat, as mica: distinguished from
Refractory, (Standard)

Aqua fortU. Nitric acid. ' Applied
especially to the weaker grade of the
commercial acid. (Webster)

Aquamarine. A transparent, light blu"
ish-greea beryl. Used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Aqua regia. A mixture of nitric and
hydrochloric acids. By the action
of the chlorine evolved it dissolves
gold or platinum. (Webster)

Aqueduct, An artificial elevated way
for carrying water. (C. and M.
M. P.)

AqUeo-glacitl. Of, or pertaining to, or
resulting from, the combined action
9t ice and water. (Webatet )

Aqueo-igaeons. Of, of pertaining to,
or resulting from the joint Influence
of heat and water. (Webster)

Aqueons fusion. Melting in the water
of crystallization. (Webster)

Aquttmt lava. The mud lava formed
by the mixture of volcanid ash with
condensing volcanic vapor or other
water, (Standard)

Aqueous rooki. Sedimentary rocks.
See also Sedimentary.

Aquifer. A porous rock stratum that
carries water. (Lowe)

Aquilatar (Sp.). See Quilatar,

Aragonite* Orthorhomblc calcium
carbonate, CaCOi. See also Oalcite.
(Dana)

Amgoaitt group. Aragonite, bromllte,
wltherite, strontianite, and cerusite.
(Standard)

Arag otite, A peculiar kind of bitumen
found in the Sulphur Sprfbgs district
of California, find also in the quick-
silver mines of Lake, Ydlo and Santa
Clara counties, in the same State.
Not to be confused with Aragonite.

Aralo-Caspian. In physical geography,
a term applied to the extensive basin
or depressed area occupied by the
Aral and Caspian Seas, and which
Is a true "basin of continental
streams," having no communication
with the ocean; (fage)

Arancel (Peru). A list of fees pay-
able to Government engineers, for
surveying, marking out boundaries,
etc. (Halse)

Arborescent. Applied to minerals
when assuming a tree-like form,
onore especially when fairly mas-
sive ; if so ^thin a« to resemble the
painting of a tree they are generally
termed Dendrites. (Power)

Amnit«. Samfe as AphthitAlite.

(Dana)

Arch. 1. (Corn.) A portion of a lode
left standing when the rest is ex-
tracted, to support the hanging wall
or because It is too poor for profit-
able extraction. (Raymond).
Ground unworked near a shaft
(Bainbridge)

*. One of the fire chambers of a
brick kiln ; also the fire chamber in
certain kinds of furnaces and ovens,
from the arfched roof. (Webster)
I. The roof of * rfcvefberatory fur-
nace. (Raymotid)

Arohaam; Archean. Ancient. The
term is sometimes used as the equiv-
alent of Pre-dambrian, but is re-
stricted by the U. S. Geol. Surv. and
most American geologists to the old-
est stratified rocks.

Arch brick. 1. Commonly applied to
those brick taken from the arches
of a kiln. They are usually over-
burned. (Ries)

Iv A wedge4haped brick used ID
building an arch. (Webster)

Arched (Corn.). Said of the roads In
a mine, when built with stones of
bricks. (Min. Jour.)

Arohemy. A variant of Alchemy.
(Century)

Archeozoic. 1. The era during whlcn,
or during the later part of which,
the oldest system of rocks was made.
(Chamberlln)

8. Belonging to the last of three sub-
divisions or Archean time, when the
lowest forms of life probably ex-
isted. (Standard)

Archetto (It). A wire stretched on a
forked or bent stick for smoothing
potter's clay in molding. (Stand-
ard)

42

GLOSSARY OF MItflffG AKD MlUfEftAL IKDtJSTRY.

Archimedean screw. A spiral screw,
fitting closely In a tube, for raising
water or other liquids ; often used as
a screw conveyor for grain, sand,
gravel, and fine ore.

Archimedes limestone. One of the sub-
ordinate beds 6f the lower Carbonif-
erous series. (Emmons, 1860)

Arching (Eng.). Brickwork or s.tone-
work forming the roof of any under-
ground roadway. (Gresley)

Archolithic. Of or pertaining to the
earliest sedimentary rocks, as the
Laurenthian and Silurian. (Stand-
ard). The term is not in common
usage.

Arcilla (Mex.). Clay (Dwight). Kao-
lin.

Arcilloso (Mex.). Argillaceous.
(Dwight)

Arcose. Same as Arkose. (Standard)
Arc welding. See Electric welding.

Ardennite. A yellow to yellowish-
brown vanadio-silicate of aluminum
and manganese that crystallines in
{lie orthorhombic system. (Dana)

Area (-Sp.). A square of 10 meters on
each side, equivalent to about 143
sq. varas. (Halse) r

Areal geology. That branch of geol-
ogy which pertains to the distribu-
tion, position, and form of the areas
of the earth's surface occupied by
different sorts of rock or different
geologic formations, and to the mak-
ing of geologic maps. (La Forge)

Areia (Port). Sand, gravel; A. mo-
vedica, quicksand ; A. preta, black
sand (Halse). Compare Arena.

Arena (Sp.) Sand or grit; A. de oro,
gold-bearing sand; A gorda, coarse
sand or gravel. (Halse)

Arenaceous. An adjective applied to
rocks that have been derived from
sand or that contain sand. (Kemp)
Not to be confounded with siliceous.

Arendalite. A dark-green crystalline
epldote. (Standard)

Areng (Borneo). A yellowish gravelly
earth, sometimes containing dia-
monds. (Lock)

Arenilitic. Of or pertaining to sand-
stone. (Standard)

Arenilla. 1. (Sp.) Fine sand. 2.
( Venez. ) Black, magnetic-iron sand.

3. (Colom.) Titaniferous iron ore.

4. (Chile) Copper matte mixed with
slag; also specular iron ore. (Halse)
5 (Mex.). Tailings; refuse earth.
(Dwight)

Arenisca (piedra arenisca) (Mex.).
Sandstone. (Dwight)

Arenose. Full of grit or fine sand;
gritty. (Standard)

Arenoso (Sp.). Sandy ; gravelly:; gritty.
(Vel.)

Areometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the specific gravity of liquids ;
a hydrometer. (Standard)

Arents tap. An arrangement by which
the molten lead from the crucible of
a shaft furnace is drawn through
an inverted siphon into an exterior
basin, from which it can be ladled
without disturbing the furnace.
(Raymond)

Arfvedsonite. A slightly basic meta-
silicate of sodium, calcium, and fer-
rous iron. One of the amphibole
group. (Dana)

Argal. See Argol.

Argall furnace. A reverberatory
roasting furnace of which the hearth
has a reciprocating movement
whereby the ore is caused to move
forward by the action of rabbles ex-
tending across the hearth. . (Ingalls,
p. 116.)

Argall tubular furnace. A tubular
roasting furnace consisting of 4
brick-lined steel tubes 30 feet long
nested together inside two steel
tires, which revolve upon steel-
faced carrying rolls. (Ingalls, p.
121.)

Argamasa. 1. (Sp.). Lime mortar.
(Dwight)

2. A. hidrdulica, cement mortar or
hydraulic cement. 3. (Sonora, Mex.)
A cement gravel, or conglomerate
containing mica, hematite, black
sand, and quartz cemented with cal-
cite, (Halse)

Argental mercury! A silver amalgam.
(Standard)

Argentiferous. Containing silver.

Argentina. In ceramics, unglazed por-
celain coated by a chemical process
with gold, silver, or copper. (Stand-
ard)

Argentine. 1. A lamellar variety of
calcite with a pearly white luster.
(Chester)

2. Silver-coated white metal. 3. A
finely divided tin moss or sponge
obtained from a solution of tin by
precipitation with einc. (Standard)

Argentine flowers of antimony. The
tetroxide of antimony. (Century)

GLOSSARY O*

A»D MltfEfcAL

; §!lv*r gl&iic*. A silver sul-
phide, AgiS. Contains 87 per cent
silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Argentopyrite. A silver and iron sul-
phide occurring in email hexagonal
prisms. (Chester)

Argentns! (L.). Silver, the chemical
symbol of which is Ag.

Argil. 1. Potters' clay; white clay.
2. Same as Alumlnite. (Standard)

Argile plastique (Fr.). A clay near
the base of the Tertiary system in
France; used for pottery purposes.

Argillaceous. Containing clay, either
soft or hardened, as in shale, slate,
argilllte, etc. ; applied to minerals
having the odor of moistened clay.

Argillaceous sandstone. A sandstone
containing a considerable proportion
of clay. (Bowles)

Argillite. 1. A thick-bedded argilla-
ceous sedimentary rock without dis-
tinct slaty cleavage or shaly frac-
ture; mudrock: sometimes called
Pelite. 2. A clay slate : tn this sense
* metamorphic rock With fa*u« slatj
cleavage. The term is probably
more generally used in the first
sense in the United States and in the
second sense abroad. (La Forge)

Argillomrenaeeotis. Composed Of 6*
containing cla/ and sand. (Stand-
ard)

Argillo-oalcareous. Composed of or

containing clay and lime. (Stand-

ard)
ArgiUo-otieit* A clayey cateitev

(Standard)
Argillo-ferniginous. Composed of or

containing clay and Iron. (Stand-

ard)
Argillo-magneslan. Composed of or

containing clay attd magnesia of

magnesium. (Standard)
Argirosa (Sp.). Dark ruby sliver.

(Halse)
ArgeL Unrefined or crude tartar* A

hard crust of potassium bltartrate

formed on the Sides of vessels In

which wine has been fermented;

Also written, Argal, Argoll, Argall,

Orgal (Century). Used extensively

fn assaying for Its fed^ing tww^r.
Argon. A colorless odorless gas In the

hir, of Which it constitutes alttflSt 1

per cent by volume. JSytaWli A;

atomic weight, 39.884 Specific , grav*

ity, 1.4. (Webster)
Argyrite. Same as Argentita Also

called Argyrose. (Standard)

Arfyropyrlte. A silver-iron stllpttW4
Ag.FerSii, sfmllaf to argefttopyrtte,
that crysthllizes* in the hexagonal
system (Standard). Probably ttoe
same as ArgentopyWte.

Argyrose. Same as Argentite. l[ Stand-
ard)

Argyrythrore. Same as
(Standard)

Arid. Parched with heat; without
moisture; very dry; barren; specifi-
cally* having little or no rainfall
and requiring artificial irrigation.
(Standard)

Arieglte. A name given by A. Lacrtilx
to a special family of granitoid
rocksV Consisting primarily Of mono-
cltnlc pyroxene and spinel. Bub-
Vferieties result from the presence of
amphibole and garnet. The rocks
are found in the French Pyrenees,
in the department of Ariege, from
which they take their name. They
are most closely related to the py-
roxeirttes. {Kemp)

Arista (8p.). The intersection line of
two planes. (Dwight)

Arlte, A nickel mineral intermediate

between nlccolite and breithauptite.
(Dana)

Arkansas strfne. A true novaculite
(see Novaculite) used as an oilstone
for sharpening tools or instruments.
Found in the Ozark Mountains of
Arkansas. (Pike)

Arkansite. A variety of brookite from
Magnet Cove, Arkansas (Century)

Arklte. A name based on the common
abbreviation Ark, for Arkansas, and
given by H> S. Washington to a
rock that occurs near the Diamond
Jo (iuarfy, Magnet Cote", Ark.
rock waS earlier called
phyry, by J. F. Williams. (Kemp)

Ai-kose. 1. A sandstone rich In feld-
spar" fragments, as dUtlngtHshed
from the more common richly quattz-
ose varieties. (Kemp)
9. A sedimentary rock composed of
material derived from the disinte-
gration of granite, transmitted brtif
redeposited with little sorting. (La
Forge)

Arkosio. Having, wholly or IB part
the character of arkose.

Arlequines (Mex,), Precious opal a
(Lucas)

Aries, or Etrlei (No. of Bng.) Harn-
est money formerly allowed to col-
liers at the time of hiring them.
(Qresley)

44

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Arm. 1. The inclined member or leg
of a set or frame of timber. (Ray-
mond)

2. An inlet of water from the sea
or other body of water. (Webster)

Armar (Mex.). To erect or fit up ma-
chinery, etc. (D wight)

Armature, 1. A piece of soft iron or
steel used to connect the poles of a
magnet or of adjacent magnets.
2. That part of a dynamo-electric
machine carrying the conductors
whose relative movement through
the magnetic field between the pole
pieces causes an- electric current to
be induced in the conductors (as in
a dynamo) ; or which by having a
current passed through them are
caused by electro-magnetic induction
to move through this field (as in a
motor). (Webster)

Armaz6n; Armadura (Sp.). Any
framed structure, truss, trestle, etc.
(Dwight)

Armenian stone. An old name for
azurite, alluding to a locality in
which it is found. (Chester)

Armenite (Armenia). A synonym for
Azurite; Armenian stone. (Ches-
ter)

Aromatic compounds. Compounds de-
rived from the hydrocarbon benzene
(C8H«), distinguished from those de-
rived from methane (CH«). (Stand-
ard)

Aromatite. A bituminous stone re-
sembling myrrh in color and odor.
(Standard)

Arquerite (Chile). Silver amalgam,
containing only a small proportion
of mercury. (Chester)

Arrage. A sharp edge or corner in a
drift. Called also Arris. (Standard)

Arranque (Sp.). Breaking ground,
winning, or mining; A. mecdnico,
rock drilling by machinery; A. tra-
bajo, a working place. (Halse)

Arrastrador (Mex.). Slag-poc puller.
(Dwight)

Arrastrar (Mex.). 1. To drag along
the ground; to haul or convey. 2.
To unite as veins and form one. A.
el agua. To remove the water from
a sump or working. (Halse)

Arrastre (Sp.). 1. Apparatus for
grinding and mixing ores by means
of a heavy stone dragged around
upon a circular bed. The arrastre
is chiefly used for ores containing
free gold, and amalgamation is com-
bined with the grinding. Sometimes

incorrectly written arrastef, arras-
tram, or raster (Raymond). A. de
cuchara, an arrastre driven by
rough impact waterwheel, the blades
of which are called cucharas. A.
de marca, a large arrastre. A. de
mula, mule-power arrastre. A. de
mano, a hand arrastre for sampling
purposes. 2. Haulage or conveyance.
A. interior, underground haulage.
3. A. de uncriadero, footwall or floor
of -a deposit. (Halse)

Arrastrero. One who works an ar-
rastre. (Halse)

Arreador; Arriero. 1. (Mex.) The
mule driver on a hoisting whim.
(Dwight)

2. (Bol.) A man who follows ore
carriers to see that they do not steal
ore. (Halse)

Arrebol (Mex.). The jerking of a
rope as a signal to miners under-
ground. (Dwight)

Arrested anticline. A term applied by
Orton to a gentle monocline in the
natural-gas fields of Ohio. (Ore
Dep., p. 11)

Arriero (Mex.). Muleteer. (Dwight)

Arrinonada ( Sp. ) . B o t r y o i d a 1.
(Dwight)

Arris. Same as Arrage.

Arris-cleat (Aust). A strip of wood
having a triangular cross-section
used for keeping brattices In posi-
tion. (Power)

Arroba (Mex.). Twenty-five pounds.
(Dwight)

Arroyo (Sp.). A small stream, or its
dry bed; in geology, a deep dry
gully. (Standard)

Arrugia (Sp.).- A deep gold mine.
(Halse)

Arsenic. A solid brittle element of
tin-white to steel-gray color and me-
tallic luster, occuring free and also
combined in various minerals. Sym-
bol, As; atomic weight, 74.96.
Specific gravity, 5.7. (Webster)

Arsenico (Sp.). Arsenic. (Dwight)

Arsenical nickel. A synonym for Nic-
colite.

Arsenical pyrite. A synonym for
Arsenopyrite. (A. F. Rogers)

Arsenicite. Same as Pharmacolite.
(Standard)

Arsenious. Pertaining to, or contain-
ing, arsenic; said of compounds in
which arsenic is trivalent. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Arwaite. Same as Arsenolite.

Arsenolamprite. A metallic lead-gray
variety of native arsenic containing
bismuth. (Standard*

Anenollte. A white arsenious oxide,
AsjOi, with occasional yellow or red
tinge, crystallizing in the isometric
system. ( Standard )

Arvenopyrlte; Mispickel. A sulph-ar-
senide of iron, FeAsS. Contains 46
per cent arsenic, equivalent to 57.7
pec cent white arsenic, A&O.. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Argentine plate. German silver.
(Standard)

Arshime (Riiss.). A measure of vol-
ume equal to 12.7 cu. ft

Anine. Arseniureted hydrogen, AsH(.
(Standard)

Artesian. Of, or pertaining to Artois,
anciently called Artesium, in France
(Webster). See al*o Artesian well.

Artesian casing. See Screwed casing.

Artesian well. 1. A well bored down
to a point, usually at great depth,
where the water pressure, owing to
the conformation of the strata, is so
great as to force the water to the
surface. 2. Often applied to any
deep-bored well, even where pump-
ing is necessary, as in an ordinary
driven well. (Standard)

Artificial mineral A mineral formed
artificially, as In the laboratory, and
so distinguished from one found in
nature (Standard). A synthetic
mineral.

Artificial soft porcelain. Porcelain
with a body resembling glass con-
sisting chiefly of alkaline salts and
coated with a lead glaze, as the
early tender porcelain of Sfcvres.
(Standard)

Artificial stone. A stony substance
formed from certain basic natural
materials which in the course of
manufacture undergo chemical
changes whereby an entirely new
material is created. This new sub-
stance is then crushed, graded,
molded into desired shapes and
baked under intense heat in kilns
or ovens. Often used as an abrasive.
(Pike)

Arappnkarans. A gold-washing caste
in Madras. <L«-k)

Arronian rock. A rofck consisting of
quartz-felsites, halleflintas, and brec-
cias, characteristic of the Cambrian
or an earlier period in Wales.
(Standard)

Aibestiform. Formed like or resem-
bling asbestos; fibrous: said of
stones. ( Standard *

Asbesto (Sp.). Asbestos; A. lefloso,
ligniform asbestos; A. de oorcho,
mountain cork. (Halse)

Asbestos. White, gray, or green-gray
fibrous variety of amphibole, usually
one containing but little aluminum,
as tremolite or actinollte; also, im-
properly, a fibrous serpentine or
chrysotile. Called also Earth-flax,
Mountain - cork, and Amianthus.
(Standard)

Asbolite. An earthy manganese min-
eral (wad) containing oxide of co-
balt, which sometimes amount^ to
32 per cent. (Dana)

Ascendente (Sp.). Working upward.
(Lucas)

Ascensional ventilation (Eng.). The
arrangement of the ventilating cur-
rents so that the vitiated air shall
rise continuously until reaching the
surface. Particularly applicable to
steep coal seams. (Gresley)

Ascension, infiltration by. The theory
of infiltration by ascension in solu-
tion from below considers that ore-
bearing solutions come from the
heated zones of the earth, and that
they rise through cavities, and at
diminished temperatures and pres-
sures deposit their burdens. (Ore
Dep., p. 40)

Ascension theory. The theory that the
matter filling fissure veins was intro-
duced in solution from below. (Ray-
mond)

Aschafflte. A name suggested by Gtim-
bel for a dike rock occurring near
Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. It is de-
fined by Rosenbusch as a dioritic
dike rock containing quartz and
plagioclase, with biotite as the chief
dark silicate. (Kemp)

Asehistlc. A term applied by Brogger
to dikes that are direct branches
from larger intrusive masses and
have essentially the same composi-
tion. (Daly, p. 39)

Asentador (Sp.). 1. A stonemason.
2. A settler used in ore dressing.
(Halse)

Asenter el hoyo (Sp. Am.). To wast
away the overburden. (Lucas)

Asentar planes (Col cm.). To place
dies or other resisting material be-
low the stamps preliminary to crush-
ing. (Halse)

Aserrador (Sp.). A sawyer. (Halse)

Aserrar (Sp.). To saw. (D wight)

46

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Asfalto (Sp.). Asphalt. (Dwlgbt)

Ash; Volcanic ash. Tuff that In color,
texture, and general appearance re-
sembles ashes. (La Forge)

Ash-ball (Shrop). A fixture of small
fragments of greenish day, quartz,
etc. (Gresley)

Ash-bed. A deposit. of volcanic ash.

Ash-bed diabase. A rock on Kewee-
naw Point, Lake Superior, resem-
bling a conglomerate, but which is
Interpreted by Wadsworth as a
scoriaceous amygdaloidal sheet into
which much sand was washed in its
early history. (Kemp)

Ashes. The earthy or mineral part of
combustible substances remaining
after combustion, as of wood or coal.
(Webster)

Ash furnace. A furnace or oven for
fritting materials for glass making.
(Webster)

Ashlar. 1. A block of stone, as
brought from the quarry, 9. A
squared stone. S. Mason work of
squared stones. (Standard)

4. A facing of cut Stone applied to
a backing of rubble or rough ma-
sonry or brickwork (C. and M. M.
P.) Also called Bastard ashlar.

5. A thin brick made especially for
facing walls. (Webster)

Ash oven. An ash furnace. (Stand-
ard)

Ash pit. The receptacle for ashes un
der a grate.

Ash's furnace. A furnace for refining
spelter. (Ingalls, p. 571)

Asiderite. Daubree's name for stony
meteorites that lack metallic iron.
(Kemp)

Asiento (Mex.). 1. The concentrate
in panning. 2. A. mineral, mineral
region. (Dwight)

Asin (Philippines). Salt. (Stand-
ard)

Aslope (Corn.). In a slanting posi-
tion. (Crofutt)

Asmanite. An orthorhombic variety
of silica found in meteoric iron.
(Standard)

Asombrarse (Sp.). Said of a lode
when it varies its dip so as to be-
come almost horizontal. (Lucas)

Aspa. 1. (Peru) Intersection or junc-
tion of two veins. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.). In gold milling, a tappet.
S. Two timbers in the form of a
cross to operate an endless chain
device for hoisting water. See
also Noria, 1. (Halse)

Asparagus stone. A greenish-yellow
variety of apatite. (Power)

Asperite. A collective name suggested
by O. F. Becker for the rough cellu-
lar lavas whose chief feldspar is
plagioclase, but of which it is im-
possible to speak more closely
without microscopic determination.
The name is intended for general
field use much as trachyte was em-
ployed in former years. It is coined
from the Latin word for rough.
(Kemp)

Asperolite. A variety of chrysocolla,
containing more than the usual per-
centage of water. (Chester)

Asperon (Mex.y. Sandstone; Grind-
stone. (Dwight)

Asphalt. 1. A complex compound of
various hydrocarbons, part of which
are oxygenated. Related in origin
to petroleum. Is brown or brown-
ish black in color, melts at 90° to
100° F., and is mostly or wholly
soluble in turpentine. See alto
Albertite, Elaterite, Gilsonite, Gra-
hamite, Impsonite, Nigrite, Wurtzil-
ite (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called
Mineral pitch. Same as Asphaltum.
3. To cover or treat with asphalt.

Asphalt-base petroleum. Asphalt-base
oils contain asphalt and no paraffin.
They are distilled to asphalt, and
the distillates are cut according to
gravity; such oils do not yield
steam-refined cylinder stock or par-
affin wax. See also Paraffin-asphalt
petroleum . (Bacon)

Asphalt-block pavement. A pavement
having a wearing course of previ-
ously prepared blocks of asphaltic
concrete. (Bacon)

Asphalt cement. A fluxed or .unfluxed
asphaltic material, especially pre-
pared as to quality and consistency ;
suitable for direct use in the manu-
facture of asphaltic pavements.
(Bacon)

Asphalted.- Coated with asphalt. Usu-
ally Calif ornian oil (which has an
asphaltic base), coal tar, gilsonlte
or elaterite are added to give the
right consistence to suit the average
temperature that prevails when the
coating is used. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Asphaltenes. The components of the
bitumen in petroleum, petroleum
products, malthas, asphalt cements,
and solid native bitumens, that are
soluble in carbon disulpfilde, but in-
soluble in naptha (petroleum spirit)
See also Petrolene. (Bacon)

Asphalt furnace. A portable furnace
in which asphalt is heated for use
in roofing, paving, etc. (Century.)

OF IHKUTQ A.3TD HUTHBAL INDUSTRY,

47

AspliftHio. Similar .to, or essentially
composed of, asphalt. (Ba-coo)

Asphaltlo fittx. S«e Flu*, 2. The
asphfcltie flttt is differentiated frbm
paraffin flux and Bfeart'dspha'ltlC flux
by a greater density, nearly that of
water; by the absence of bard par-
affin scale, and by the fact that the
unsaturated hydrocarbons predomi-
nate. It yielda « larger amount &
asVrree residual <coke on Ignition
than other ffuxe*. (Bacon)

Aipha Hi c sandstone. See Sandstone;
Asphalt rock

Asphaltite. A dark-colored, solid, dif-
ficultly fusible, naturally occurring
hydrocarbon complex, itfs&ldbte Ift
water, but more or less completely
soluble in carbon disulphide, bea^oi,
etc. (Bacon;

Asphalt rock, Auphalt s£one. Lime-
stone impregnated With asphalt
(Webster). Also a term applied to

asphalttc

Asphalt stone. See Asphalt rock.
Aiphaltum. See Asphalt, 1.

Aspirador (Mex.). An aspirator; a a
exhauster. (Halse)

Aipirail <Fr.). An opening for venti-
lation. (Da vies)

Aspirator. An inhaler. (Standard)

Assay. 1. tfo test ores or minerals
by chemical or blowpipe examina-
tion. To determine the proportion
erf metals in ore* by smelting in the
way appropriate to each. Gold and
silver require an additional process
called cupelling, f^r the purpose of
separating them from the' base met-
als. See Fire assay. 2. An exami-
nation of a mineral, an ore, or alloy
differing from a complete analysis
in that It determines only certain
ingredient* in the substance ex-
amined/ whereas an analysts deter-
mines everything It contains.

Assay balance. A sensitive balance
used in the assaying of gold, silver,
etc., for- weighing the beads, df
prills. (Webster)

Assayer. One who performs ftssay*

Assay fool The assay value multi-
plied by the number of feet across
which the sample is taken. (H. C.
Hoover, p. 10)

Assay inch. The assay value multi-
plied by the number of inches over
which the sample was taken.
(H. C. Hoover, p. 10)

Assay master. A chief or official as-
say er. (Standard)

Assay office (U. S.). A laboratory for
examining ores, especially gold and
silver ores, in order to determine
their economic value, ( Standard )

Amypbtnd. A small standard weight
tlsea In assaying bullion, etc., some-
times equaling a half gram, but
varying with the assay er, (Web-
ster)

Assay ton. A weight of 29.1864- grains
irted in assaying, for convenience.
Bine* it bears the same relatlob to
the milligram that a ton of 2000
pounds does to the troy ounce the
weight in milligrams of precious
metal obtained from the assay of an
ore gives directly the number of
ounces to the ton. (Webster)

Assay value. The amount of the gold
or silver, In ounces per ton of ore,
as shown by assay of any given
sample. Average assay value. The
weighted result obtained from a
number of samples, by multiplying
the assay value of each sample by
the width or thickness of the ore
face over which it is taken, and
then dividing the sum of these
products by the total width of cross
section sampled. . The result ob-
tained would represent an average
face sample.

Assessment. 1. The sum that the of-
ficers of ft mining company levy on
the stock held by shareholders.
(Hanks)
8. See Assessment work.

Assessment work. The annual work
upon an unpatented mining claim on
the public domain necessary under
the United States law for the main-
tenance of the possessory title there-
to. Same as Annual labor. (Min.
Stat., pp. 233-253)

Asta (Sp.). A shaft or spindle; A. de
6omZ>a, a pump rod ; A. de bandera,
flagstaff. (Halse)

Astatki; Ostatki. A Russian name for
a petroleum residue now nsed as
fuel. Until 1870 it was considered
a useless article, and was disposed
of by burning in open pita near the
refineries. (Mitzakis)

Astel. Overhead boarding or arching
in a mine gallery. (Raymond)

Asteriated quartz. A phenocrystalline
variety of quartz having whitish or
colored radiations within the crys-
tals: called also Star-quartz. (Stand-
ard)

Asterism. The name given to the pe-
culiar starllke rays of light ob-
served in certain directions in some
minerals. (Dana)

48

GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtTSTHY.

Astiaes (Port). The sides or walls of
an oven. (Halse)

Astlllero (Mex.). A place in a forest
where firewood is cut; an open
forest; a pasture for mules, etc.
(Halse)

Astral. 1. The stage in earth growth
when It glowed with incandescent
heat, like a star. (Lowe)
2. Pertaining to the earliest of three
subdivisions of Archean time, that
of the fluid globe surrounded by a
heavy vaporous envelope. (Stand-
ard) Now obsolete.

Astraline. A Russian petroleum prod-
uct possessing the specific gravity
0.850-0.860, a flash point not less
than 50° C. (122° F.), and of a pale
yellowish color. (Bacon)

A-stretching (Scot). In the line of the
strike of the strata; level course.
(Barrowman)

Astringent A taste that puckers the
mouth (George). Said of certain
minerals.

Astyllen. 1. (Corn.) A mine stop-
ping to prevent the flow of water;
a dam. 2. A wall to separate ore
from waste. (Pryce)

Asymmetrical. 1. Without proper pro-
portion of parts; un symmetrical.
2. Crystals not divisible into similar
halves by a plane; triclihic (Stand-
ard). Also used in geology in de-
scribing structural features.

Asymmetric class. The class of crystal
forms without any symmetry. (A.
F. Rogers)

Asymmetric dispersion. The disper-
sion that produces an interference
figure without any symmetry of
color distribution. (A. F. Rogers)

Atacadero (Sp.). A rammer; stamp-
ing bar. (Halse)

Ataoamlte. A basic chloride of cop-
per, CrbOHsOn, containing 59.4 per
cent copper (Dana). Also called
Green sand of Peru. (Chester)

Atacar (Peru). To tamp. (Mex.).
To express mercury from a canvas
bag by beating it with a stick.
(Dwight)

Atajador (Sp.). A boy who attends
the mules, horses, or burros; a
hostler. (Orofutt)

Ataje (Colom.). A natural obstruc-
tion that diverts water from its
regular channel. (Halse)

Ataquea (Mex.). Rubbish. (Dwight)

Atccas (Mex.). Men who carry water
from the bottom workings of a mine,
by use of bags or buckets, to a sump
from which it can be pumped to the
surface. (Halse)

Atelene. Lacking the essential form;
imperfect ( Standard ) . Said of crys-
tals.

Ateleatite. A sulphur-yellow adaman-
tine bismuth arsenate. H>BUAsO«,
crystallizing in the monocllnic sys-
tem. (Standard)

Atelite. A green copper hydroxychlo-
ride, HaCu«O»Cla, found near volca-
noes. (Standard)

Atcrrar (Port.). To fill with waste;
to pack. (Halse)

Atcrro (Port). Attle; waste rock.
(Halse)

Atierres (Mex.). Waste rock In a
mine. (Dwight)

Atincar (Sp.). Refined tincal; borax
of commerce. (Halse)

Atlnconar (Sp.) To secure the walls
provisionally with stulls. (Halse)

Poles .for lagging.

Atiz (Colom.).
(Halse)

Atlzador (Sp.). 1. A man who at-
tends the furnace; a stoker. 2. A
dresser of magistral. 3. (Colom.)
A battery feeder. (Halse).

Atlasite. A cupric carbonate contain-
ing chlorine. Probably a mixture of
atacamite and azurite. (Standard)

Atmosphere. 1. The whole mass of air
surrounding the earth. 2. The pres-
sure of air at the sea level used as
a unit. See also Atmospheric pres-
sure. (Webster)

Atmospheric pressure. The pressure of
air at the sea level, exerted equally
in all directions. The standard pres-
sure is that under which the mercury
barometer stands at 760 millimeters.
It is equivalent to about 14.7 pounds
to the square inch. (Webster)

Atoll. A coral island of circular form,
inclosing a lagoon.

Atom. According to the atomic theory,
the smallest particle of an element
that can exist either alone or in
combination with similar particles of
the same or of a different element;
the smallest particle of an element
that enters into the composition of
a molecule. (Webster)

Atomic weight. The weight of an
atom of a chemical element as com-
pared with that of an atom of hydro-
gen. (Standard)

GI/OBBABY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

49

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1918.

On account of the difficulties of correspondence between its mem-
bers, due to the war, the International Committee on Atomic Weights
has decided to make no full report for 1918. Although a good num-
ber of new determinations have been published during the past year,
none of them seems to demand any immediate change in the table for
1917. That table, therefore, may stand as official during the year
1918.

F. W. CLARKE, Chairman.

Atomic

Symbol. weight.

Aluminum Al 27. 1

Antimony Sb 120.2

Argon A 39.88

Arsenic As 74.96

Barium Ba 137. 37

Bismuth Bi 208.0

Boron..... B 11.0

Bromine Br 79. 92

Cadmium Cd 112. 40

Caesium Cs 132. 81

Calcium Ca 40.07

Carbon C 12.005

Cerium Ce 140. 25

Chlorine .'...Cl 35.46

Chromium Cr 52.0

Cobalt Co 58.97

Columbium Cb 93.1

Copper Cu 63.57

Dysprosium Dy 162.5

Erbium Er 167.7

Europium Eu 152.0

Fluorine F 19.0

Gadolinium Gd 157.3

Gallium Ga 69. 9

Germanium.. Ge 72.5

Glucinum Gl 9.1

Gold Au 197.2

Helium He 4.00

Holmium Ho 163. 5

Hydrogen II 1. 008

Indium In 114. 8

Iodine I 126.92

Indium Ir 193.1

Iron Fe 55.84

Krypton Kr 82.92

Lanthanum La 139. 0

Lead Pb 207.20

Lithium Li 6.94

Lutecium Lu 175.0

Magnesium Mg 24.32

Manganese Mn 54.93

Mercury Hg 200. 6

74401 oo— 47 4

Atomic

Symbol. weight.

Molybdenum Mo 96.0

Neodymium Nd 144.3

Neon Ne 20. 2

Nickel Ni 58.68

Niton (radium emanation) Nt 222. 4

Nitrogen... N 14.01

Osmium OB 190.9

Oxygen O 16.00

Palladium Pd 106.7

Phosphorus P 31.04

Platinum Pt 195.2

Potassium K 39.10

Praseodymium Pr 140.9

Radium Ra 226.0

Rhodium Rh 102.9

Rubidium Rb 85. 45

Ruthenium Ru 101.7

Samarium Sa 150.4

ScancUum Sc 44.1

Selenium Se 79.2

Silicon Si 28.3

Silver Ag 107.88

Sodium Na 23.00

Strontium Sr 87.63

Sulphur S 32.06

Tantalum Ta 181.5

Tellurium Te 127. 5

Terbium i Tb 159. 2

Thallium Tl 204.0

Thorium Th 232.4

Thulium Tm 168.5

Tin Sn 118.7

Titanium Ti 48.1

Tungsten W 184.0

Uranium..; U 238.2

Vanadium V 51.0

Xeno Xe 130.2

Ytterbium(Neoytterbium)Yb 173. 5

Yttrium Yt 88.7

Zinc Zn 65.37

Zirconium Zr 90.6

50

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL, INDUSTKY.

Atomization. 1. The method by which
a jet of steam, or compressed air, is
made to finely divide a fluid, as in
an oil-burning furnace.
2. A patent process for producing a
metallic dust, as zinc dust.

Atomizer. An apparatus for convert-
ing liquid into spray. See also Ato-
mization.

Atrancar (Mex.). To drill (for blast-
ing) at a very acute angle. (Dwight)

Attal. See Attle.

Attle ; Attal. 1. ( Corn. ) Rubbish ; rock
containing too little ore to be worth
working. (Whitney)
2. (No. of Eng.) To arrange or set-
tle, as an account. (Gresley)

Atreol. A petroleum product produced
by the action of sulphuric acid on
certain petroleum distillates. Prop-
erly refined and combined with am-
monia, it produces the active prin-
ciple of atreol, — ammonium atreo-
late. It is soluble in water and al-
cohol, and is miscible with petro-
leum and lanolin.

.Attrition. Act of rubbing together;
friction ; act of wearing, or state of.
being worn ; abrasion. (Webster)

Aturdir (Mex.). To subdivide, me-
chanically, the quicksilver in a
torta so as to quicken its action
upon the mineral treated. (Dwight)

Anerlite. A sili co-phosphate of tho-
rium containing about 70 per cent
thorium. Like zircon in form. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Aufre (Sp. Am.). A very hard yellow
stone; sulphur-like rock. (Lucas)

Augen. The German word for eyes;
used as a prefix before various rock
names, but more especially gneiss,
to describe larger minerals or aggre-
gates of minerals, that are in con-
trast with the rest of the^ rock.
In the gneisses, feldspar commonly
forms the augen. They are lenticu-
lar with the laminations forking
around them, in a way strongly sug-
gesting an eye. The term is seldom
used in any other connection than
with gneiss in America. (Kemp)

Auger. An instrument for. boring or
perforating soils or rocks. A car-
penter's tool for boring wood (Web-
ster). A tool for drilling holes in
coal for blasting.

Auger machine. A machine for the
manufacture of zinc-distillation re-
torts. Similar to machin.es used for
manufacturing drain pipes. (In-
galls, p.' 234)

Auger-nose shell (Eng.). A clearing
tool used in boring for coal, etc.,
having an auger-shaped end (Gres-
ley). See also Wimble.

Auger stem. The iron rod to which the
bit is attached in well drilling.
(Standard)

Auger-stem guides. See .Sinker-bar
guides.

Auget; Augette. A priming tube, used
•in blasting. (Raymond)

Augite. The commonest rock-making
pyroxene. As distinguished from
other pyroxenes augite refers to the
dark varieties with considerable
alumina and iron. The name is used
as a descriptive prefix to many
rocks that contain the mineral, as
for instance augite-andesite, augite-
diorite, augite-gneiss, augite-granite,
augite-syenite, etc. (Kemp)

Augitite. Non-feldspathic, porphyritlc
rocks consisting essentially of a
glassy groundmass. with dissemi-
nated augite and magnetite. Vari-
ous minor accessories also occur.
(Kemp)

Augitophyric. In petrology, contain-
ing distinct crystals of augite.
(Standard)

Augustin process. The treatment of
silver ores by chloridizing roasting,
lixiviation with hot brine, and pre-
cipitation on copper. (Raymond)

Aumento (Bol.). In the patio process,
the apparent increase in the amount
of mercury used when treating ores
containing a large percentage of sil-
ver; in reality due to loss of mer-
cury. (Halse)

Auquis (Peru). Rock drillers in
mines. (Dwight)

Auralite. Altered iolite. (Standard)

Aureola azul (Sp.). The blue cap or
halo of a candle or lamp in an at-
mosphere containing fire damp.
(Halse)

Aureole. The area that is affected by
contact metamorphism around an
igneous intrusion. (Kemp).

Auri-argentiferous. Containing both
gold and silver ; applied to minerals.
(Standard)

Auric. Of, pertaining to, or contain-
taining gold, especially when com-
bined in its highest or triad valency,
as auric chloride, AuCl». (Stand-
ard)

Aurichalcite. A basic carbonate of
zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)CO«-
8(Zn,Cu) (OH)3 (Dana)

GLoasABY or icnrara AKD MIWBBAL INDTTSTBY.

Anrlfcro (Sp.). Gold-bearing.
(BWight)

Autfftroms. Containing, gdld.

Atirif erous pyrites. Pyrite containing
gold. (Standard)

AurijreroHs. Gold-bearing; auriferous.
(Standard)

Auroral. Of, pertaining to, or desig-
nating the, second group of Paleozoic
Strata in the Lowe? SUurlah of the
original system of the Pennsylvania
Purvey (Standard). Kow obsolete.

Auui. Gold.
ia An.

Its chemical symbol

Atisschartn (Gef.). 'the junction of
lodes. (Davies)

Aultrian rtrmillon. A basic ehromate
of lead. (Webster)

Anwslmmern (Ger.). Timbering. (Da
Ties)

Authigencms. Ac adjective coined by
Kftlkowsky to describe those min-
erals which form in sediments after
their deposition, as, for instance,
during metamorphism. The name
emphasizes in its etymology the local
origin of the minerals as contrasted
with that of the other components,
the latter having been brought from
a distance. (&empj

Authigenio. Produced where found;
said of the ingredients of crystalline
rocks, or Of crystalline ingredients
of rocks. (Standard)

Autochthonous. An adjective derived
from two Greek words, meaning
indigenous. It is applied to those
rocks that have originated in situ,
such as rock salt, staiagmitic lime-
stones, peat, etc., but it is of fare
use. (Kemp)

Antoclastic. Having a clastic or f rag-
mental structure due to crushing or
to dynamic metamorphism instead of
to sedimentation: said of intrafor-
mational conglomerates. (La Forge)

Autogenetio drainage. Drainage due
to erosion caused by the waters of
the constituent streams. (Stand-
ard)

Autogenetio topography. Conforma-
tion of land due to the physical ac-
tion of rain and streams. (Stand-
ard)

Autogenio soldering. The process of
uniting pieces of metal by merely
fusing them together. (Webster)

Automatic mine-doors. Doors on a
haulage road tttfct are atrtotaat*
cally opened by an approaching trip
passing over a lever, and ittat
close automatically after the trip
has passed through, thus making the
services of a door- or trapper-boy
unnecessary.

AmtaBorphi*. The contrasted term
with xenomorphie or allotriomorphlc,
and Is used to describe those min-
erals in rocks which have their own
crystal boundaries. £he late*, sug-
gested word, idiomorphic, means the
same thing and is somewhat more
widely used. (Kemp)

Autunite. Calcium u«tnite. A hy-
drous phosphate of uranium and cal-
cium, Oa(UQ,)«P*O.+8H*O. Con-
tains 02.7 per cent UOi, equivalent
to 61.6 per cent U«O» (Dana). The
mineral is radioactive.

Antnn shate e& A name
certain kind of illuminating oil,, so
called through being extracted from
the bituminous Shale found *rt At-
tun in France. ( Miteakis )

Avalanches. 1. Masses of snow, that

being detadhed from great heights
in the mountains, acquire enormous
bulk by «fresh accumulations aS they
descend; and when they fall into
the valleys below, often cause great
destruction; (Davies)
ft, Falling masse* of rock and earth,
sometimes called avalanches, are
better designated landslides. (Stantf-
ard)

Avalite/ An Impure variety of musco-
vite1 containing chromium oxide.
(Standard)

Avanoo (Port.). Hie main level fol-
lowing the strike. /Halse)

Avasita. A black, massive, hydrated
iron silicate: probably only siliceotis
llmonlte. (Standard)

Avena (Sp.). Oats. (Dwight)

Avcatadcro. 1. (Sp. Am.) A slide
of loose ground containing alluvial
gold. (Lucas)

8. (Colom.) A placer higher than
a iabana. 9. (Pern1) An aunferots
deposit or placer. (Halse)

Aventurine. 1. A kind of glass con-
taining gold-colored spangles, f. A
variety of translucent quartz, span-
gled throughout with scales of mica
ot oihef mineral. (Webster)
8. A variety of feldspar containing
shining particles. (Standard)

52

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Aventurine feldspar. A name for sun-
stone, which may be orthoclase, al-
blte, or oligoclase (Chester). Dana
confines this term to the oligoclase
yariety.

Aventurine quartz. See Aventurine, 2.

Average clause (Eng.). A clause
that, in granting leases of miner-
als (coal, ironstone, and clay in
particular), provides that lessees
may, during every year of the term,
make up any deficiency in the quan-
tity of coal, etc., stipulated to be
worked, so as to balance the dead
or minimum rent. (Gresley)

Average igneous rock. According to
Clarke, the arithmetic mean of all
the good analyses should give a fair
chemical average for the outermost
ten-mile shell of the earth, which
represents the composition of an
average igneous rock. Authorities
differ somewhat from above man-
ner of securing result. (Daly)

Average produce (Corn.). The quan-
tity of pure or fine Copper in one
hundred parts of ore. (Raymond)

Average standard (Corn.). The price
per ton of the fine copper in the ore,
after deducting the charge for smelt-
ing. (Whitney)

Average weight (Eng.). The mean
weight of a car of coal for a certain
period, on which wages are calcu-
lated. (Bainbridge)

Avezacite. A name given by a La-
croix to a peculiar cataclastic rock
found in veins or dikes in a peridotite
at Avezac-Prat, in the French
Pyrenees. The rock is dense, black,
and brittle, but contains large
basaltic hornblendes and yellow
sphenes, in a fine-grained mass,
which, on microscopic examination
is resolved into*a cataclastic aggre-
gate of apatite, sphene, titanifer-
ous magnetite, ilmenite, hornblende,
augite, and rarely olivine and bio-
tite. It is supposed to have resulted
from the crushing of basic pegma-
titic veins or dikes. (Kemp)

Aviado (Sp.). One who works a mine
with means furnished by another.
(Standard)

Aviador (Sp.). A person who habili-
tates a mine ; that is, who furnishes
the money for working it by a con-
tract with proprietors. (Raymond)

Avio (Sp.). Operating funds fur-
nished to the proprietors of a mine
by another person, the aviador.
Contrato de avio, a contract between

two parties for working a mine by
which one of the parties, the avia-
dor, furnishes the money to the pro-
prietors for working the mine. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Avios ( Sp. ) . Tools; implements.
(Halse)

Aviso. 1. (Mex.). Announcement on
a bulletin board, at the mining
agency, of application for claims,
etc. 2. (Colom.) Notice of a de-
nouncement given before an alcade.
(Halse)

Avogadrp's law. One of the funda-
mental chemical laws that equal
volumes of all gases and vapors con-
tain the same number of ultimate
particles or molecules at the same
temperature and pressure. (Lid-
dell)

Avoirdupois. The system of weights
used in England and the United
States for the ordinary purposes of
trade, of which the fundamental unit
is the pound of 16 ounces or 7,000
grains (Standard). The avoirdu-
pois pound is equivalent to 14.583
troy ounces, 453.6 gra.ns, and lias a
fine-gold value of $301.4375 or
£61.97.

Avulsion. A sudden change in the
course of a stream by which a por-
tion of land is cut off, as where a
river cuts across, forming an "Ox
bow." (Shamel, p. 307)

Award (Forest of Dean). A grant or
lease of certain minerals. See also
Gale, 1. (Gresley)

Awaruite. A native alloy of nickel
and iron. It has the formula FeNi».
(Dana)

Axe store. A species of jade. It is a
silicate of magnesia and alumina.
(Duryee)

Axes of elasticity. Those axes in crys-
tals that represent the directions
of greatest, mean, and least indices

, of refraction. (Dana)

Axes of reference. Co-ordinate axes to
which crystal faces are referred.
(A. F. Rogers)

Axial angle. The angle between the
two optic axes of a biaxial crystal.
(Luquer, p. 5)

Axial elements. The axial ratio and
the angles between the axes of a
crystal. (A. F. Rogers)

Axial figure. Sec Interference figures.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

53

Azlal plane. 1. A crystallographic
plane that includes two of the cry-
stallographic axes,. (Dana)
2. As applied to folds, is a plane
that Intersects the crest or trough
In such a manner that the limbs or
sides of the fold are more or less
symmetrically arranged with refer-
ence to it (Leith)

Axial ratio. The ratio obtained by
comparing the length of a crystal-
lographic axis with one of the lat-
eral axes taken as unity. (Dana)

Axiaite. A boro-silicate of aluminum
and calcium with varying amounts
of iron and manganese. Exact com-
position doubtful. (Dana)

Axlolite. A term coined by Zirkel in
his report on Microscopical Petrog-
raphy, for the U. S. Geol. Survey
along the Fortieth Parallel, 1876, to
describe those sphemlltic aggregates
that are grouped around an axis
rather than around a point. The
application comes in microscopic
work rather than in ordinary de-
termination. Compare Spheral ite.
(Kemp)

Axis. 1. A straight line, real or imagi-
nary, passing through a body, on
which it revolves or may be sup-
posed to revolve; a line passing
through a body or system around
which the parts are symmetrically
arranged. (Webster)
2. In crystallography, one of the
imaginary lines in a crystal which
are used as coordinate axes of ref-
erence in determining the positions
and symbols of the crystal planes.
(La Forge)

8. See Anticlinal axis, and Synclinal
axis. Often used synonomously
with anticlinal; thus the "Brady's
bend axis" for Brady's bend anti-
clinal. (Chance)

4. In geology the central or dominat-
ing region of a mountain chain, or
the line of which follows the crest
of a range and thus indicates the
position of the most conspicuous
part of the uplift (Century)

Axis of a crystal. See Axis, 1 and 2.

Axis of deration. Line of elevation.
(Hitchcock)

Axis of rotation. The Imaginary line
about which all the parts of a ro-
tating body turn. (Century)

Axis of symmetry. An imaginary line
in a crystal, about which it may be
rotated a certain number of degrees
ao as to occupy the same position in
•pact a* before. (La Forge)

Axle. A transverse bar or shaft con-
necting the opposite wheels of a car
or carriage. (Webster)

Axletree. An axle made of wood ; th*
center shaft of a horse gin. (Bar-
rowman)

i; Axeman. In surface survey-
ing, one who clears the ground and
drives the stakes for the rodman.
(Standard)

Axotomous. In crystallography, hav-
ing cleavage perpendicular to an
axis: said of minerals. (Standard)

Ayatc (Mex.). Coarse fiber-cloth for
carrying ore, rock, etc. fDwight)

Ayr stone. A fine-grained stone used
in polishing marble and giving a fine
surface to metal work, particularly
iron and steel, also as a whetstone.
Called also Scotch stone, Water of
Ayr. (Standard)

Ayuda (Mex.). A small bonus to
tributers who fail to make expenses
(Dwight). Met ales de ayuda, ore
containing lead, used to assist in
smelting other ore. (Halse)

Ayndante (Mex.). Assistant; A. d?
fundicidn, a master smelter. (Halse)

Azabache (Mex.). Jet (Dwight)

Azad6n (Sp.). Pick, mattock, hoe:
(VeL)

Azanoa (Sp.). Subterranean spring.
(Halse)

Azaracdn (Sp.). Red lead; A. nativo,
minium. (Halse)

Azimut (Mex.). Azimuth-bearing*
(Dwight)

Azimuth. The azimuth of a body is
that arc of the horizon that is in-
cluded between the meridian circle
at the given place and a vertical
plane passing through the body. It is
measured (in surveying) from due
north around to the right (C. and
M. M. P.). In astronomy it is meas-
ured from the south to the right
i. e. clockwise.

Azimuth circle. An instrument for
measuring azimuth, having for its
chief characteristic a graduated
horizontal circle. (Standard)

Azimuth compass. A magnetic com-
pass supplied with sights, for meas-
uring the angle that a line on the
earth's surface, or the vertical circle
through a heavenly body, makes
with the magnetic meridian.
(Standard)

54

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Azogmdo (Mex.). Poisoned by mer-
cury. (Dwight)

Azogue (Sp.)> 1. Quicksilver. 9. Ore
amenable to amalgamation; free
milling ore. (Halse)
3. (Mex.). Common name for third-
class silver ore, generally carrying
86 to 150 ounces per ton, which will
pay for mining and shipping
(Dwight). A. apolvillado, good ore
suitable for amalgamation. A.
comun, common ore suitable for
amalgamation. A. en caldo, quick-
silver. A. ordlnario, ordinary ore
suitable for amalgamation. (Min.
Jour.)

Azogueria (Sp.). 1. The amalgamat-
ing works. 2. The process of amal-
gamation. (Raymond)
3. A storehouse for quicksilver.
(Dwight)

Azoguero. 1. (Mex.). The amalga-
mator, or person who superintends
the process of amalgamation. 2.
(Sp.) A dealer in quicksilver.
(Halse)

3. (Mex.). The "mud-chemist"
(also, the metallurgical foreman) in
patio-annex. (Dwight)

Azognes. (Sp.). Common or inferior
ores. (Raymond)

Azoic. Formerly, that part of geologic
time represented by the pre-Cam-
brian stratified rocks ; also the rocks
formed during that time. Later re-
stricted to the period and system
now generally called Archean. Now
practically obsolete. (La Forge)

Azoritc. A synonym for Zircon.
Azotate. A nitrate. (Standard)

Azote. A name formerly given to
nitrogen, because it is unfit for
respiration. (Century)

Azoth. Mercury: the name given by
the alchemists. (Standard)

Azotine. An explosive consisting of
sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur
and petroleum. (Webster)

Azotizc. To nitrogenize. (Webster)

Aztioar (Colom.). A soft white granu-
lar rock in which calcite predomi-
nates, forming a gangue in which
native gold occurs. (Halse)

Azucla (Mex.). Adze. (Dwight)

^Lrafrado. 1. (Colom.) A yellow
ocher found in veins. (Halse)
f. In Peru, the general term azu-
frados is used for sulphide ores.
(Dwight)

Aznfrai (Sp.). Bee Solfatafa.

Azufre (Sp.). 1, Sulphur. A. native,
native sluphut. 2. (Colom.). A
yellow stone of great hardness fre-
quently found in gold placers,
(Halse)

Azufr6n (Sp.). Pyritic mineral in a
pulverulent condition. Azufrone*
(Mex.) Sulphide ores (Halse). See
also Azufrado, 2.

Azulaqne (Sp.). 1. Bitumen. 2. (Zac-
ualpan, Mex.) Argentite. 3. A. y
cardenillo, (Guerrero, Mex.) Copper
ores of blue and green colors rich
in silver. 4. Azulaques (Zacatecas,
Mex.), ore derived from the country
rock, which for some distance from
the vein is impregnated with, pyrite,
argentite, silver, and chloride of sil-
ver (Halse). Finely disseminated
ore. An impregnation of decom-
posed sulphides staining the gangue.
(Dwight)

Azulinhas (Braz.). Small and cloudy
sapphires found with diamonds.
(Halse)

Azure spar. Lazulite. (Standard)
Azure stone. 1. A synonym for Lapis

lazuli. (Power)

2. Same as Azurite. (Century)

Asmrite. Blue copper carbonate,
CuCO,.Cu ( OH ) * Contains 46 per
cent copper (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Sometimes called Azure stone.

Aznrxnalachite. A mixture of blue and
green copper carbonates. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

B.

Baaken (So. Afr.). A boundary mark.
(Standard)

Babbitt metal. 1. A soft, white, anti-
friction metal of varying composi-
tion, as of 4 parts of copper, 8 of
antimony, and 24 or 96 of tin (the
alloy with the smaller proportion
of tin being called " hardening," that
with the greater " lining "). 2. Any
of several alloys similarly used.
(Webster)

Babel quartz (Eng.). A variety of
rock crystal, which from its fanci-
ful resemblance to the successive
tiers of the Tower of Babel, have
given rise to the name. (Page)

Baboo; Babn (India). A native clerk
who writes English. (Webster)

Baby (Eng.). A balance weight near
the end of a pit (shaft) rope.
(Bainbridge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

55

Bacharach- American gas indicator. A
pocket device for the rapid deter-
mination of the percentage of CO2 in
the atmosphere of mines, boiler
rooms, blast furnaces, etc.

Bacia (Port.). A basin, as of a river;
B.carbonifera, a coal basin. (Halse)

Bacile (It.). In ceramics, a T)asin or
deep dish of or resembling Ital-
ian enameled and lustered pottery.
(Standard)

Bacino (It). In ceramics, one of a
class of dishes of highly colored pot-
tery, built into the walls of medieval
Italian buildings. (Standard)

Back. 1. That part of a lode which is
nearest the surface in relation to
any portion of the workings of the
mine; thus the back of the level or
stope is that part of the unstoped
lode which is above. (Whitney)
2. A joint, usually a strike Joint,
perpendicular to the direction of
working. 3. The upper surface of a
beam. (Webster)

4. (Eng.) A plane of cleavage in
coal, having frequently a smooth
parting and some sooty coal included
in it. 5. (Eng.) The inner end of
a heading. 6. (Leic.) To throw
back into the gob, or waste, the
slack, dirt, etc., made in holing.

7. (Leic.) To roll large coal out of
waste for loading into trams.
( Gresley ) . Also called Backen.

8. To drive, force, or cause to move
or act backward ; to cause to retreat,
or recede. (Webster-). Also called
Backen.

Back and underhand sloping milling
system. See Combined and under-
hand stoping.

Back balance. 1. A kind of self-acting
incline in a mine. A balance car is
attached to one end of the rope, and
a carriage for the mine car is at-
tached to the other. A loaded car is
run on the carriage and is lowered
to the foot of the- incline raising the
balance car. The balance car in its
descent raises the carriage when the
carriage is loaded only with an
empty car. 2. The means of main-
taining tension on a rope transmis-
sion or haulage system, consisting of
the tension carriage, attached
weight, and supporting structure.

Backboard (York). Work, performed
underground by the deputies, which
consists of draVing timbers in
abandoned or worked-out places, re-
pairing brattices, doors, and keeping
the roadways in order (Gresley).
899 alto Backbye work.

Backbye work. Work done between
the shaft and the working face, In
contradistinction to face work, or
work done at the face. (C. and M.
M. P.) See also Back work.

Back casing (Eng.). A temporary
shaft lining of bricks laid dry, and
supported at intervals upon curbs.
When the stonehead has been
reached, the permanent masonry lin-
ing is built upon it inside of the
back casing (Raymond). In the
North of England the use of timber
cribs and planking serves the same
purpose.

Back coal (Scot.). Coal which miners
are allowed to carry home. (Bar-
rowman)

Back coming (Scot.). Working away
the pillars which are left when min-
ing coal inbye (Gresley). Robbing
pillars ; back working.

Backen ( So. Staff. ) . See Back, 7 and 8.

Back end (Newc.). The part of a judd
remaining after the sump (See
Sump, 2.) has been removed. (Ray-
mond)

Back entry. The air course parallel
to and below an entry. See also En-
try. (Steel)

Back fill. In engineering, to nil a
depression wliS matetit* *-*en from
a cutting. (Century)

Backfilling. 1. Btagh material form-
ing the back of * masonry wall.
2. The filling IB again of a place
from which the earth has been re-
moved; the earth so filled in.
(Century)

Back-filling system. See Overhand
stoping; also Square-set stoping.

Back holes. In shaft sinking, raising
or drifting, the round of holes which
is shot last (Du Pont)

Back howe (So. Staff.). The horse
that draws the loaded skip from
the loaders to the place (wagon
hole) where the tramway ends.
(Min. Jour.)

Backing. The timbers fixed across the
top of a level, supported in notches
cut in the rock. (Davies)

Backing deals (Eng.). Planks driven
vertically behind the timbering in a
shaft. (Chance)

Backjoint. 1. A joint plane more or
less parallel to the strike of the
cleavage, and frequently vertical.
(0. and M. M. P.)
2. In masonry, a rabbet or chase
left to receive a permanent slab or
other filling. (Webster)

56

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Backlash (Eng.) 1. The return or
counterblast, as the recoil or back-
ward suction of the air current pro-
duced after a mine explosion.
(Gresley)

2. The reentry of air into a fan.
(Steel)

3. The lost motion in gearing due to
poorly fitting parts.

Back leads. A term applied to black
sand "leads" on coast lines which
are above high-water mark. (Dur-
yee)

Back lye (Scot). A siding or shunt
on an underground tramway. (Gres-
ley)

Back of a lode. The portion of a lode
lying between a level driven in a
lode and the surface (Davies). See
also Back, 1.

Back of ore. The ore between two
levels which has to be worked from
the lower level (C. and M. M. P.).
See also Back, 1.

Back overman (No. of Eng.). A man
whose duty it is to look after the
condition of underground workings
and the safety of the men. (Gres-
ley)

Back plate. The amalgamated plate
inside and at the back of the mortar
box of a stamp mill.

Back pressure. The loss, expressed in
pounds per square inch, due to fail-
ure of getting the steam <ut of the
cylinder after it has done its work.
(Ihlseng)

Back-pressure valve. A valve similar
to a low-pressure safety valve but
capable of being opened independ-
ently of the pressure, thereby giving
free exhaust. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Backs. The ore above any horizontal
opening, such as a tunnel or drift
(Duryee). See Back, 1.

Backs and cutters. Jointed rock struc-
tures, the backs (joints) of which
run in lines parallel to the strike of
the stratum, the cutters (cross
Joints) crossing them about at right
angles. (Standard)

Backshift (No. of Eng.). A second
shift or relay of miners who begin
cutting coal after another set has
begun to load it, at the same place.
(Century)

Back shot. A shot used for widening
an entry, placed at some distance
from the head of an entry. (Steel)

Back sight. 1. The reading of a level-
ing staff in its unchanged posi-
tion when the leveling instrument
has been taken to a new position.

2. Any sight or bearing taken in a
backward direction. (Webster)

3. An observation made for verifica-
tion from one station to the one be-
hind it; the converse of foresight.
(Standard)

4. The rodman who indicates, by
means of a range rod, leveling staff,
or plumb line, the exact location of
the backsight station. 5. Also the
station sighted, and in plane-table
triangulation, the line of the plane-
table sheet by means of which the
table is orientated by sighting back
to the station from which the line
was drawn as a foresight.

Back skin (Newc.). A leather cover-
ing worn by men in wet workings.
(Raymond)

Back-slope. In geology, the less slop-
ing side of a ridge. Contrasted with
Escarpment, the steeper slope.
Called also Structural plain.
( Standard )

Back splinting (Scot.). A system of

working a seam of coal over the

goaf and across the packs of a lower

seam taken out in advance by the

' long- wall method. (Gresley)

Backstay. A wrought-iron forked bar
attached to the back of cars when
ascending an inclined plane, which
throws them off the rails if the rope
or coupling breaks (C. and M. M.
P.). See also Dragbar; Drag, 1.

Back stope. To mine a stope from
working below. (Century)

Back sloping. See Overhand stuping;
Shrinkage stoping.

Back switching. A zigzag arrange-
ment of railway tracks by means
of which it is possible for a train
to reach a higher or lower level
by a succession of easy grades
(Bowles) See also Switchback.

Back-vent (Scot.). An aircourse
alongside the pillar in wide rooms.
(Barrowman)

Back work. 1. (Ark.) Loading coal,
laying track, and other work of
driving an entry and not done at the
extreme face. (Steel) See also
Backbye work.

2. (Scot.) See Back -coming, and
Back splinting.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

57

Backworking (Scot.). Working a
coal bed back or toward a shaft.
(Century)

Bacon stone. An old name for a va-
riety of steatite, alluding to its
greasy appearance. (Chester)

Bad air. Air vitiated by powder
fumes, noxious gases or insufficient
ventilation. (Weed)

Baddeleyite. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO».

Badlands. A region nearly devoid of
vegetation where erosion, instead of
carving hills and valleys of the or-
dinary type, has cut the land into
an intricate maze of narrow ravines
and sharp crests and pinnacles.
Travel across such a region is al-
most impossible, hence the name.
(U. S. GeoL Surv., Bull. 613, p. 182).
Specifically, the Badlands of the Da-
kotas.

Bad place. Within the meaning of a
contract between the United Mine
Workers and an Employers' Associa-
tion, a place in which the roof can
not be made reasonably safe by the
ordinary propping usually done by
the miner. (Duncan Coal Co. v.
Thompson, 162 Southwestern, p.
1140)

Baff ends (Eng.). Long wooden
wedges for adjusting linings in sink-
Ing shafts. (C. and M. M. P.)

1. That which defeats or frus-
trates, hence in the flotation process,
the projections or wings that divert
or interrupt the flow of pulp in a
vessel. (Rickard)

2. (Mid.) To brush out or mix
fire damp with air. (Gresley)

3. See Baffle plate.

Baffle plate. A metal plate used to
direct the flames and gas of a fur-
nace to different parts so that all
portions of it will be heated; a de-

flector. (Century)

Baffler. 1. (No. Staff.) The lever by
which the throttle-valve of 'a wind-
ing engine' is worked. ('Gresley)
2. A partition in a furnace so
placed as to aid the convection of
heat; a baffle plate. (Century)

Baff week (No. of Eng.). The week
next after the pay week, when wage*
are paid fortnightly.

Bag. 1. A paper container 1 to 2
inches in diameter and 8 to 18
inches long, used for placing in
inert material such as sand, clay,
etc., into a bore hole for stemming

or tamping. Also called a Tamping
bag. (Du Pont)

2. (So. Staff.) A quantity of fire
damp suddenly given off by. the coal
seam. (Gresley)

3. A cavity in a mine containing
gas or water. (Standard)

4. (or Baggit) (Scot). To swell
or bulge. (Barrowman)

Bagazo (Mex.). Waste from hand-jig-
ging. Mud from drill hole.
(Dwight)

Bag coal (Eng.). Coal put into coarse
canvas bags and sold in small quan-
tities. (Gresley)

Bag house. A large room or chamber,
or series of **ooms at metallurgical
blast-furnace plants in which 3,000
to 4,500 bags are suspended for
filtering furnace gases. Also used
for the recovery of oxides, as arse-
nic, zinc, etc.

Bag of foulness (No. of Eng.). A
cavity in a coal seam filled with
fire damp under a high pressure,
which, when cut into, is given off
with much force. See also Bag. 2.
(Gresley)

Bag of gas (Eng.). A gas-filled cavity
found in seams of coal. Bee also
Bag, 2. (G. C. Greenw«in

Bag process. A method of * covering
fluedust and also sublimed lead
whereby furnace gases and fumes
are passed through bags suspended
in a bag-house. The furnace gases
are thus filtered and the particles in
suspension collected. CHofman, p.
131)

Bag room. A dost chamber in which
bags are suspended for filtering. the
furnace gases in the bag process.
See also Bag house.

Bagshot sands (Eng.). A series of
Lower Tertiary beds consisting
chiefly of siliceous sand, and oc-
cupying extensive tracts round Bag-
shot in Surrey, and in the New
Forest, Hampshire. (Page)

Bahar (Malay). A nnit of weight
equal to 4 cwt. (Lock)

Balkerinlte. A thick tar-like fluid at
15* C., which constitutes 82.61 per
cent of baikerite. (Bacon)

Baikerite. A wax-like mineral from

the vicinity of Lake Baikal ; it is

apparently about 60 pet cent
ozocerite. (Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MlffftfGi AITO MTHEfeAL

Bail. 1 To dip or tfcrpw out; as,, to
bajl water. 2. To clear of water
by dipping or '^hro^rlng It put ; as
to bail a boat. XStan,dard)
3. The handle <tf a bucket usjed<for
hoisting ore, rock, water, etc., from
a mine.

Bailer. 1. A long cylindrical sheet-
iron vessel fitted .with a valve at its
lp\*er extremity, used for raisiffg
the oil from the bottom of the ^ell
to the surface. See also American
pump^ (Mitzakis)
2. A person who removes water
from a mine by dipping it up with
a bucket. (Steel)

8. A 'metal tank, or skip, with a
valve in the bottom, used for un-
watering a mine.

Bailer shop. A term used in all Rus-
sian oil fields, for a shop, .in which
bailers are made and kept in repair
for use at oil wells. (Mitzakis)

Bailiff (Eng.). A name formerly used
for manager of a mine. (Gresley)

Bailing. 1. One of the most common
ways by which the petroleum that
has collected at the bottom of a well
is brought to the surface. See
Baiter, 1. (Mitzakis)
2. Unwatering a mine. See Bailer,
2 and 3.

Bailing: drum. A light winding drum
from 10 to 18 feet in circumference,
fixed In the derrick, usually driven
by belting from a motor, around
which the bailer rope is coiled.
(Mitzakis)

Bailing tub. A wooden tank about 6
feet in diameter by 6 feet in height
placed on trestles over the mouth of
an oil well, and into which the bailer
is emptied. (Mitzakis)

Bain (Scot.) Old form of Ben, 1,
which see. (Barrowman)

Bait (No. of Eng.). Food taken by
a miner during his shift. (Gresley)

Bait-poke (No. of Eng.). A bag foi
carrying a miner's lunch. (Gresley)

Bait time (Eng.). Meal time under-
ground. A term in use In Northum-
berland and Durham; in other dis-
tricts "snap" or "whiff." (Red-
may ne)

Baixada (Braz.). Low country, as
the valley of a river. (Halse)

Ba jada ( Sp. ) . A ladder-way. ( Lucas )

Baja de me tales (Peru.). Lowering of
ores from mine to mill. (Dwight)

Bajo. I. (Mex.j. Foot-wall. Seetto-
spaldo. 2; (dolom.). Low-tying
alluvial mines which have to be un-
watered by artificial means' gen-
erally deposits in present river betf
(Halse)

Bake. To dry, harden, or vitrify by
exposure to heat, as In a furnace
or kiln; as, to bake pottery or
bricks. (Standard)

Batte (Scot). A sled, sllpe, sleigh
or sledge. (Barrowman)

fiakuin. A Russian machine Oil, pre-
pared from Baku petroleum; it has
high viscosity and great power of
resisting cold. (Bacon)

Bal. A Cornish name for a mine ; a
cluster of mines. < Century)

Bate limestone. In Wales, a Mmestone
belonging to the Cambrian system
and equivalent to the Trenton in
New York, or at least in part
(Emmons, 1880)

Balance. 1. (Eng.), The counter-
poise or weight attached by cable to
the drum of a winding engine to
balance the weight of the cage and
hoisting cable and thus assist the
engine in lifting the load out of the
shaft.

fc An instrument for weighing. See
Assay balance. 3. To weigh; to
counterbalance or counterpoise. To
settle as an account (Webster)
4. (jfova Scotia). See Balance pit

Balance bob. A heavy lever ballasted
at one end, and attached at the
other to the pump rod, the weight
of which it thus helps to carry.
When the shaft is deep, and the
pump rods are consequently very
heavy, balance bobs are put in at
intervals of 200 or 300 feet, thus
relieving the strain on the rods
themselves and on the engine (Ray-
mond). (See also Bob.

Balance box. A large box placed on
end of a balance bob and filled with
old iron, rock, etc., to counterbal-
ance the weight of pump rods. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Balance brow. (No. Staff.). A self-
acting inclined plane down which
the cars of coal are lowered and
the empties elevated upon a carriage
or platform (Gresley). Also call-
ed Balance plane ; Back balance.

Balance car. 1. In quarrying, a car
loaded with iron or stone and con-
nected by means of a steel cable
with a channeling machine operat-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

59

tag on an inclined track. Its par-
pose is to counteract the force of
gravity and thns enable the chan-
neling machine to operate with equal
ease up and down hill. (Bowles)
2. A small weighted truck mounted
upon a short inclined track, and
carrying a sheave around which the
rope of an endless haulage system
passes as it winds off the drum.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Balanced shot. In coal mining, a shot
for which the drill hole is parallel
to the face of the coal that is to
be broken by it (Steel)

Balance gate. A gate hung in -the
middle on a horizontal or vertical
axis, as a flood gate, to facilitate
turning in a current.

Balance pit (Eng.). The pit or shaft
in which a balance (counter weight)
rises and falls. (Gresley)

Balance plane. An inclined plane up
which empty cars are hoisted by
the weight of descending loaded
cars. Also called Balance brow.

Balance rope (Scot). A. rope hung
under the cage in a shaft to coun-
terbalance the winding rope. (Bar-
rowman)

Balatfza (Mex.). A balance; small
scales. (Halse)

Balanz6n (Mex.). Main beam or bal-
ance bob of a Cornish pumping en-
gine. (Dwight)

Bal&s; Balas-ruby. A rose-red variety
of spinel. Corruption of Badakh-
shan, a locality in Afghanistan,
where it is found. (Power)

Bald. Without framing. Said of a
mine timber which has a flat end.
(Sanders, p. 142)

Balde (Chile). A kibble. (Halse)

Balistite. See Ballistite.

Balk. 1. (Eng.) A more or less sud-
den thinning out, for a certain dis-
tance, of a bed of coal; a nip or
want. Also spelled Baulk (Cen-
tury). Also failure of coal in a
coal stratum. (Tennessee Copper
Co. v. Gadley, 207 Federal, p. 297)
2. A timber for supporting the roof
of a mine, or for carrying any heavy
load. (Gresley)

Balk - ground foreman. A foreman
whose duties are to inspect and to
see that the coal is properly mined
where there are balks in the mine
(Tennessee Copper Co. v. Gadley,
207 Federal, p. 297). See Balk, i

Balkstone (Eng.). A provincial name
given to an impure stratified lime-
stone. (Humble)

BalL A pasty mass of puddled iron ;
a loup. (Standard)

Balland (No. of Eng.). Pulverized
lead ore after separation from the
gangue (Century). Lead concen-
trates.

Ballast Broken stone, gravel, sand,
etc., used for keeping railroad ties
in place. (C. and M, M. P.)

Ballast car. A car used for carrying
ballast, which may be unloaded
'from the side or bottom. (Webster)

Ballast engine. A steam engine used
in excavating and for digging and
raising stones and gravel for bal-
last (Webster)

Ballast hammer. A hammer with a
long handle and two faces, used to
break stone ballast (Webster)

Ballasting. 1. The act of furnishing
with ballast 2. Material for bal-
last (Standard). See also Ballast

Ballast-shovel A spoon-pointed shovel
having a thick body. (Standard)

BaU breaker. A steel or iron ball
that is hoisted by a derrick and
allowed to fall on blocks of waste
stone for the purpose of breaking
them. (Bowles)

Ball vlay. A plastic white-burning
clay used as a bond in china ware
(Ries). Called also Pipe clay.

Ball grinder. A pulverizer or disinte-
grator formed by balls of metal in-
closed in a rotating cylinder. The
material to be crushed is broken by
the attrition of the rolling balls
(Century).

Balling. The aggregation of iron, in
the puddling or the bloomery
process, into balls or loup s. (Ray-
mond)

Balling furnace. 1. A kind of rever-
beratory furnace used in alkali
works. 2. A furnace in which piles
or fagots of wrought iron are placed
to be heated preparatory to rolling.
(Century)

Balling head. An attachment at the
end of a carding machine for re-
ceiving and balling the wool silver.
(Webster)

Balling tool. A tool used in collecting
into a mass the iron in a puddling
furnace preparatory to taking it to
the hammer or squeezer; a rabble.
(Century)

60

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ball Ironstone. 1. (So. Staff.) Strata
containing large argillaceous no-
dules of ironstone. (Gresley)
2. Nodular iron ore. (Webster)

Ballistite; Baligtite. A smokeless pow-
der consisting essentially of soluble
cellulose nitrates and nitroglycerin.
It is dark colored and rubbery.
(Webster)

Ball Joint. A flexible pipe joint made
in the shape of a ball or sphere.
(Nat. Tube Co.)

Ball miU. A short tube mill (which
see) of relatively large diameter in
which grinding is done by steel
balls instead of pebbles. The dis-
charge is usually through a screen.

Ball mine. Same as Ball ironstone, 1.
(Century)

Ball-Norton magnetic separator. An
apparatus consisting of two revolv-
ing drums within each of which is a
series of stationary electromagnets
extending the working length of
the drum, but corresponding only
to a portion of the periphery. The
ore is fed on the top of the first
drum, and as the drum revolves,
the magnetic particles adhere to it,
while the nonmagnetic fall into a
tailings bin below. The magnetic
particles, beyond the magnet?, are
thrown off by centrifugal force
against the second drum. This
either rotates faster or has a weaker
magnetic field than the first drum,
so that those particles least sfrongly
attracted by the first drum fall
from the second, making a middling
product. (Liddell)

Ballon (Fr.). 1. A form of geological
upheaval resulting in mountains, and
characterized by rounded domes.
(Standard)

2. The metal prolong fixed to a zinc
condenser.

Ball porphyry. A variety of quartz
prophyry in which balls, of felsite
are developed. (Power)

Ball soda. Crude soda. (Century)

Ball stamp (Lake Sup.). A stamp for
crushing rock, operated directly by
steam power, the stem of the stamp
being at the same time the piston
rod of a steam cylinder. (Ray-
mond)

Ballstone. (Eng.). 1. A concretion-
ary mass of crystalline limestone
occurring in the form of balls, vary-
ing greatly in size, in the Wenlock
limestone. Called also Woolpack.
(Standard)

S. (No. Staff.) An ancient term
for ironstone. (Gresley)

Ball-tiff. See Tiff, 2.

Ball vein. A vein in which nodular
iron ore occurs; also, the ore itself
(Standard). See also "Ball iron-
stone, 1.

Balmaiden (Corn.). A girl employed
in the mines. (Standard)

Balnstone (No. of Eng.). Stone or
rock forming the roof. (Gresley)

Balsa (Mex.). 1. A movable plat-
form suspended from a cable, used
in timbering shafts. 2. A pool of
stagnant water in a mine. (Dwight)

Baltimorite. A grayish-green, silky,
fibrous, splintery serpentine: pos-
sibly an altered asbestos. (Stand-
ard)

Bamboo. In ceramics, caiie-colored
porcelain biscuit (unglazed porce-
lain) used in making domestic
utensils. (Standard)

Bamboo ware. In ceramics, a yellow
variety of Wedgwood ware named
from its color. (Standard)

Banakite. A general name given by
Iddings to a group of igneous rocks
in the eastern portion of the Yellow-
stone Park, and chiefly in dikes.
They are porphyritic and richly
feldspathic. The phenocrysts are
labradorite and the groundmass
consists of alkali-feldspars. A little
biotite and subordinate augite may
be present. The group should be
considered in connection with ab-
sarokite and shoshonite. (Kemp)

Banatite. A name coined by B. v.
Cotta in 1865 to describe the diori-
tic rocks that are connected with a
series of ore deposits in the
Austrian province of the Banat.
Accurate microscopical study has
shown them to be of such varying
mineralogy that the name has now
slight definite significance. The
rocks are largely quartz-diorites.
(Kemp)

Banco (Sp.). 1. A carpenter's bench.
2. A solid bed of mineral having
two faces exposed. 3. B. de piedra,
any one bed or stratum of stone in
a quarry. 4. B. de tierra, a ground
sill, a mud sill. 5. (Mex.) Hard
rock which narrows a vein, or
makes it change its course. A
horse. (Halse)

6. (Mex.). The crucible of a blast-
furnace. 7. B. de herrar, a horse
shoeing shop. (Dwight)

Banco de avios (Sp.). A bank which
advances funds for the working of
mines. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

61

Band. 1. Slate or other rock inter-
stratified with coaL Commonly
called Middle band In Arkansas;
also Dirt band, Sulphur band, or
other band, as the case may be.
(Steel)

2. (Corn.) A bed or seam of coal.

3. (So. Staff.) A winding rope or
chain. (Gresley)

Banda (Mex.). 1. Bolt (D wight)
2. Bank* of a river. (Halse)

Band brake. A hand or power-actu-
ated brake of a hoisting engine, con-
sisting of a broad steel band lined
with blocks of wood or other ma-
terial, and which operates against
the surface of the winding drum.

Bandeada (Mex.). Banded structure
of veins. (D wight)

Banded structure. A term applied to
veins having distinct layers or
bands. This may be due to succes-
sive periods of deposition, or replace-
ment of some earlier rock. (Far-
reil)

Banded vein. A vein made up of lay-
ers of different minerals parallel
with the walls (Power). Also
tailed Ribbon vein.

Bandera (Mex.). A flag used in sur-
veying to mark points. (Dwight)

Banderilla (Sp.). A paper cone kept
in position by a piece of clay, used
to mark the position of drill holes.
(Halse)

Bandfnl (So. Staff.). A cage or, strict-
ly speaking, a rope load; e. g., a
handful of men (Gresley). Compare
Bant

Bandsman (Eng.). 1. A miner who
operates the hoisting rope or band
( Webster ) . A hoistman.
2. A loader or filler of coal, etc., un-
derground. ( Gresley )

Sandstone (White Cliff, N. S. W.).
Flat bands of a usually harder na-
ture than the adjoining strata, con-
taining more or less opal, but found
either just above or below the work-
able seams of opal. (Power)

Band wheel. The belt wheel on the
axis of the drum which drives the
walking beam of a well drill.
(Mitzakis)

Bangerts. (Eng.). A coarse stopping
for holding earth in place. (Hunt)

Banging-pieces ( Eng. ) . See Catches, 1.

Banjo (Scot.). An iron frame for
carrying a false clack, or valve.
(Barrowman)

Bank. 1. (Derb.) The face of the
coal at which miners are working.

2. An ore deposit or coal bed worked
by surface excavations or drifts
above water-level. (Raymond)

3. In English districts the area im-
mediately surrounding the mouth of
a shaft; the landing at the top.
(Chance)

4. (Cumb.) A large heap or stack
of mineral on the surface of the
ground. 5. To manipulate coal, etc.,
on the bank. (Gresley)

Bank boss. Inside foreman of a mine ;
a mine boss ; a mine captain. (Roy)

Bank claim. A mining claim on the
bank of a stream. (Skinner)

Bank-engine (Eng.). An engine at
the mouth of a mine shaft. (Stand-
ard)

Banker-off (Aust.). The man who at-
tends to taking skips off the cage.
(Power)

Banket (Trans.). 1. A conglomerate
containing sufficient gold, or any
other valuable metal, to be exploited
as an ore deposit.
2. (Eng.) A stone-masons' or
bricklayers' bench, on which to trim
stone or brick. (Standard)

Bank head. The nearly level upper
end of an inclined plane, next to
the engine or drum. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Bank-head machinery (Eng.). The
hoisting, dumping and screening
equipment at a coal-mining shaft
(Gresley)

Bank hook (Mid.). An iron hook
with which the banksman pulls the
full cars off the cage. (Gresley)

Banking. 1. (Mid.) Sorting and
loading coal at the bank. 2. (Cumb.)
Heaping up minerals on the surface
for future sale. (Gresley)

Bank-level (York.). The level head-
ing from which the bank is worked
(Century). See alto Bank, 1.

Bank of ovens. A row of ovens for
converting coal into coke. (Power)

Bank-ont (No. of Eng.). To store coal
at the surface when short of wagons,
or cars. (Gresley)

Bank plates (Eng.). Cast-iron sheets
with which a landing is floored for
the more expeditious manipulation
of cars (Gresley). A turn-sheet

Bank right (Aust). The right to
divert water . to a bank claim.
(Da vies)

62

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Banksman. 1. (Eng.). The man in
attendance at the mouth of a shaft
who superintends the work of sort-
ing and loading the coal (Gresley).
Sometimes called Lander.
2. (Aust.). 'See Banker-off.

Banks woman (Eng.). A woman em-
ployed at the mine, to pick rock
from, and clean the coal for the
market. (Gresley)

Bank to Bank. A shift The period
included between the time a miner
arrives at the working face and the
time he leaves it.

Bank-work (York.). A system of
working coal in South Yorkshire.
(Gresley)

Bannock. 1. (So. Staff.) To hole on
the top of a seam. 2. (Shrop.).
Brownish-gray clay suitable for
making into fire brick. (Gresley)

Bano (Mex.). Excess of mercury
added to the torta to collect amal-
gam. (D wight)

Bafios (Mex.). Water collected in
old mine workings. (Halse)

Banque (Sp.). Underhand stoping.
(Halse)

Banquear (Colom.). To level ground;
to grade for building purposes, or
for depositing ore. (Halse)

Banqueo (Colom.). Ground leveled
for building purposes, or for deposit-
ing ore. (Halse)

Banqueria (Bol.). In alluvial mining,
a thick bed of blocks of granite,
schists, and quartz. (Halse)

Banquillos (Sp.). Stools on which
the marquetas are placed. (Min.
Jour. )

Bant (Derb.). A certain number of
men, usually three or four, who,
prior to the introduction of cages,
used to ride up and down a shaft
sitting in short loose pieces of chain
attached to a hemp rope, with their
knees pointing inward toward the
center of the shaft. There were
usually two bants, the lower or
bottom bant which was composed
of men, and the upper or foaley
bant which was made up of lads a
few feet above the heads of the men
(Gresley). Compare Bont, 1; also
Tacklers.

Bar. 1. A drilling or tamping rod.

2. a vein or dike crossing a lode.
(Hanks)

3. A bank of sand, gravel, or other
material, especially at the mouth of
a river or harbor. 4. A placer de-

posit, generally submerged, in the
slack portion of a stream (Web-
ster). Accumulations of gravel
along the banks of a stream, and,
which, when worked by the miners
for gold, are called Bar diggings
(Hanks)

5. A length of timber placed hori-
zontally for supporting the roof.
(Gresley). Synonym for Cap-piece
in Australia. 6. See Sinker bar.

Baraboo. A Monadnock which has
been buried by a series of strata
and subsequently reexposed by the
partial erosion of these younger
strata. (Lahee, p. 322)

Barba (Mex.). Fire-bridge. (Dwight)

Barbados earth. A deposit consisting
of fossil radiolarians. See Tripoli.
(Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 630)

Barbados tar. The dark green or black
petroleum of Barbados, which was
formerly widely used in medicine.
(Bacon)

Barbotine. A thin clay paste used in
low relief ornamentation of pottery.
(Standard)

Bar diggings (Pac.). Gold- washing
claims located on the bars (shallows)
of a stream, and worked when the
water is low. or otherwise, with the
aid of cofferdams (Raymond).
See also Bar, 4, and Diggings.

Bardiglio marble. An Italian stone
obtained on Montalto, on the south-
ern borders of Tuscany. (Merrill)

Bar drill. A drill similar to the tripod
drill, but mounted on a bar sup-
ported by four legs. (Bowles)

Bare (Eng.). To strip or cut by the
side of a fault, boundary, etc-
(Gresley). To make bare.

Barequ ear ( Colom. ) . In placer mining,
to extract as much of the pay gravel
as possible, without method, .leaving
the overburden untouchecl. (Halse)

Barequeo (Colom.). Extracting the
rich ore by crude means. (Halse)

Barequero (Colom.). A placer miner
who uses crude methods of alluvial
washing (Halse). A spoiler. (Lu-
cas)

Barfe Saturday (N«. of Eng.). The
Saturday upon which wages are
not paid. (Gresley)

Barff's process. A method of protect
ing iron from rusting by oxidizing
it with superheated steam. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

63

Bargain. Portion of mine worked by

a gang on contract. (G. and M. M.

P.)
Bargain-men (Newc.). Men who work

by the bargain or contract. (Min.

Jour.)

Bargain-work (No. of Eng.). Under-
ground work done by contract, e.g.
driving headings, road laying, etc.
(Gresley)

Barges (Scot). Sheets of iron, zinc,
or wood, used in wet shafts or work-
ings for diverting the water to one
side. ( Barrowman )

Barilla. An impure sodium carbonate
and sulphate obtained by burning
various species of land or marine
plants; soda-ash. Used in making
glass, soap, etc. (Standard)

Baring. 1. A making bare ; an uncov-
ering (Webster). See Stripping, 2.

2. The surface soil and useless
strata overlying a seam of coal,
clay, iron-stone, etc., which has to
be removed preparatory to working
the mineral. (Gresley)

3. The small coal made in under-
cutting a coal seam. (Webster)

Barite. Sulphate of barium, BaSO4;
also called Heavy-spar, from its high
specific gravity. When finely ground
it is used as an ingredient in certain
paints, especially in place of white
lead. Also called Parytes.

Bario (Mex.). Barium. (Dwight)

Baritina (Sp.). Heavy spar; barite
(Lucas)

Barium. A chemical element belong-
ing to the group of metals whose
oxides are the alkaline earths. It
is yellowish white, somewhat mal-
leable, fusible at high temperature,
burning easily when heated in air.
Sp. gr. 3.6 ; atomic weight, 137.37 ;
symbol, Ba. (Century). The com-
mercial minerals are barite and
witherite.

Barium sulphate. Barite, BaSO*.

Barkevikite. A variety of amphibole
close to arfvedsonite in composition.
(Dana)

Barley; Barley coal. A steam size of
anthracite known also as buckwheat
No. 3, sized on a round punched
plate. It passes through £-inch
holes. At some mines it has to pass
over ^-inch holes and at others over
A-inch holes. The American Soci-
ety of Mechanical Engineers has rec-
ommended that with a screen with
circular holes, barley shall pass
through tVincB holes and pass over
A -inch holes.

Bannaster (Derb.). A mining official
who collects the dues or royalties,
presides over the barmote, etc.
(From Germ. Bergmeizter) . (Ray-
mond)

Bar mining. The mining of river bars,
usually between low and high
waters, although the stream is
sometimes deflected and the bar
worked below water level (C. and
M. M. P.). See also Bar diggings.

Barmote (Derb.). A hall or court in
which trials relative to lead mines
are held. (Min. Jour.)

Barney. A small car, or truck, at-
tached to a rope and used to push
cars up a slope or inclined plane
(Raymond). Also called Bullfrog,
Donkey, Ground hog, Larry, Ram,
Mule, and Truck.

Barney-pit. A pit at the bottom of a
slope or plane, into which the barney
is lowered to allow the mine car to
run over it to the foot of the plane.
(Chance)

Barnhardtite. A massive orange-yel-
low copper and iron sulphide.
(Standard)

Bar of ground (Eng.). An intersecting
vein of different mineral substances
(Bainbridge). A horse.

Barolite. Wadsworth's name for rocks
composed of barite or celestite.
(Kemp)

Barometer. An Instrument f9r deter-
mining the weight or pressure of the
atmosphere, and hence for judging
of probable changes of weather, or
for ascertaining the height of any
ascent, etc. (Webster)

Barometer holiday (Derb.). .Any day
on which no work is carried on
underground, owing to the very low
state of the barometer (for instance,
when it drops below say 29 inches),
as much fire damp may be expected
ta be given off in the mine. (Gres-
ley)

Bar6metro (Mex. ) . Barometer.
(Dwight)

Barquin (Sp.). A large bellows used
in iron works. (Halse)

Barquina ( Sp. Am. ) . A large furnace.
(Halse)

Barra (Mex.). 1. Bar or ingot. 2. A
share in a mine. (The ancient
Spanish laws considered a mine as
divided into- 24 parts, each of which
was called a barra.) B. viudas or
are non-assessable shares,

64

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

which participate In the profits, but
not in the expenses of mining.
8. B. azuela, a bar with a chisel bit.
4. B. de plata, silver in bars. 5. B.
pica, or B. de punta, a bar with a
diamond-shaped point. 6. B. de
una, a claw bar for drawing spikes.
(Dwight)

Barracks shale. One of the principal
oil-shale seams of Scotland. (Ba-
con)

Barradnra (Sp. Am.).
the sluice; scraping.

Raking into
(Lucas)

Barranca (Sp.). A ravine; a washout
made by a heavy fall of rain.
(Hanks)

Barrandite. A bluish, reddish, green-
ish, or yellowish-gray hydrous fer-
ric aluminum phosphate, (Al Fe)-
PO*+2H2O, found in spheroidal con-
centration. ( Standard )

Barrel. 1. The water-cylinder of a
pump. 2. A piece of small pipe in-
serted in the end of a cartridge to
carry the squib to the powder. 3. A
vessel used in amalgamation. (Ray-
mond)

4. The body of a windlass or a cap-
stan about which the cable winds.
(Webster)

Barrel amalgamation. See Barrel
process.

Barrel chlorination. See Barrel proc-
ess.

Barrel copper. Native copper occur-
ring in small masses, separated
easily from the matrix and shipped
in barrels to the smelter (Webster).
See also Barrel work; Barrilla, 1
and 2.

Barrel process. A process of extract-
ing gold or silver by treating the
ore in a revolving barrel, or drum,
with mercury, chlorine, cyanide so-
lution or other reagent. (Webster)

Barrel quartz. A term applied to cer-
tain corrugated veinlets of gold-
bearing quartz found in Nova. Sco-
tia. (Ore Dep., p. 399)

Barrel-work (Lake Sup.). Native cop-
per occurring in pieces of a size to
be sorted out by hand in sufficient
purity for smelting without me-
chanical concentration (Raymond).
Also called Barrel copper.

Barren. Not containing mineral of
value (Duryee). Not productive.

Barrena (Mex.). A Hand drill, for
blasting. B. viva, a sharp drilt; B.
muerta, a dull drill. (Dwight)

Barrenar (Mex.). To drill; to fire a
round of holes. (Dwight)

Barrenarse (Mex.). To connect with
each other (as two mines or work-
ings). (Dwight)

Barren contact. A contact vein, or
a place in the contact vein, which
has no mineral. (Crofutt)

Barrenero (Sp.). 1. A driller. 2. A
boy who attends the boring tools.
(Halse)

Barren ground. Strata containing
seams of coal that are not of a
workable thickness. In metal min-
ing, ground that does not contain
ore. <

Barren measures. Coal measures with-
out workable seams. (Standard)

Barreno (Mex.). 1. A drill hole. 2.
A communication between two mine
workings. 3. B. en agua, a down-
ward hole. 4. B. en seco, an up-
ward hole. (Dwight)
5. B. d techo, a drill hole in the
roof. 6. B. tenido, a drill hole in
the floor. 7. B. de viento, a jumper
or churn drill. (JEalse)

Barren solution. A working cyanide
solution that contains little or no
precious metal. The term refers to
solution after precipitation of gold
or silver, as distinct from pregnant
solution.

Barrer (Sp.). To sweep. B. por
pena (Colom.). To rake the gold-
bearing gravel from bed rock with
hoes. B. un hoyo, a similar opera-
tion applied to more limited areas.
B. el canaldn, an analogous opera-
tion in a ground sluice. B. por
planes, to work in the upper part of
the gold-bearing gravel, when it is
not possible to clean up the bed
rock. (Halse)

Barreta. J. (Mex.). A crowbar. 2.
B. perdida (Peru). Dead work in
unprofitable prospecting. (Dwight)

Barretero. 1. (Sp.). A borer; a
driller. 2. (Peru). A miner who
works with pick, crowbar, and
wedges. (Halse)

3. (Mex.). A first-class miner, able
to locate, direct, drill, and blast
holes. (Dwight)

Barricade. An artificial mound of
earth, usually as high as the eaves
of a magazine roof, erected to de-
flect the force of an explosion up-
ward and to protect the inclosed
building from flying objects. (Du
Pont)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

65

Barrier. 1. A solid block or rib of
coal, left unworked between two col-
lieries or mines for security against
accidents (Gresley). See also Bar-
rier pillar.

2. A low ridge built by wave action
near shore. (Chamberlin)

Barrier pillar. A large pillar of coal
4eft at intervals to localize the dam-
age resulting from a crush or
squeeze, inrush of water, or a mine
explosion.

Barrier system (No. of Eng.). An ap-
proved method of working a colliery
by pillar and stall, where solid
ribs or barriers of coal are left in
between working places. (Gresley)

Barril (Sp.). 1. A cask or barrel.
2. B. de amalgamation, amalgama-
tion barrel. (Halse)

Barrilla (Bol.). 1. Native copper dis-
seminated in copper ore. 2. Copper-
ore concentrate. 3. Tin-ore concen-
trate containing 60 to 70 per cent
metallic tin. 4. (Colom.) In gold
mining, wooden divisions in blanket
strakes, copper plates, etc. (Halse)

Barring. 1. (Eug.). The timbers in
the workings for keeping up the
roof. 2. (Scot). The timber wall-
ing or casing of shafts. 3. (York).
Using an iron bar to remove loose
rocks after blasting. (Gresley)

Barring-down. 1. Removing loose
rocks in the roof of a mine by
means of a bar. 2. Loosening ore
in a bin by means of a bar, so it
will flow through the chute.

Barring scrap. Prying adhering scrap
metal from runners, ladles, or
skimmers. (Willcox)

Barrio (Mex.). A settlement (Luqas)

Barro (Sp.). 1. Clay, loam, mud,
earth. 2. B. de olleros, potters' clay.
3. Argillaceous marl. 4. (Colom.)
Overburden of auriferous alluvial
deposits. 5. (Braz.) A layer of
fine sand mixed with clay. (Halse)

Barrow. 1. A vehicle in which ore,
coal, etc., is wheeled. 2. (Corn.)
A heap of attle or rubbish ; a dump.
(Raymond) 3. A wicker basket in
which salt is put to drain. 4.
(Eng.) A mountain or hill. (Web-
ster)

Barrow man (Eng.). One who con-
veys coal underground in a wheel-
barrow from the working places to
the haulage ways (Gresley). Also
called Putter. I

744010 0—47 5

Barrow tram. A shaft or handle of a
wheelbarrow. (Webster)

Bars (Eng.). Strong timbers placed
horizontally for supporting boards
by which the faces of the excava-
tion for a tunnel are supported.
The "crown-bars" support the up-
per part of the excavation; the
" side bars " the lateral portions.
(Simms)

Barrow-way (Newc.). A level through
which coal or ore is wheeled.
(Raymond)

Bar screen. A device for separating
different sizes of coal. It consists
of a number of parallel inclined
bars at regular distances apart
along which the coal slides by grav-
ity. See also Grizzly. (Steel)

Bar- timbering. A system of support-
ing a tunnel roof by long top bars
while the entire lower tunnel-core
is taken out, leaving an open space
for the masons to run up the arch-
ing. Under certain conditions the
bars are withdrawn after the ma-
sonry is completed, otherwise they
are bricked in and not drawn.
(Ihlseng)

Bartlett table. A three-shelf table
driven by an eccentric that gives it
a vanning motion. Ore and water
are fed on the upper shelf giving
two products, heads and tailings.
The latter are retreated on the sec-
ond shelf, and the tailings go to the
third or lower shelf for retreatment.

Bartolina (Mex.). A watchman's
house at the mine-entrance.
(Dwight)

Barybiotite. A variety of biotite con-
taining barium oxide. (Standard)

Barysphere. The central or deep in-
terior portions of the earth, pre-
sumably composed of heavy metals
or minerals. It is contrasted with
Lithosphere, the outer stony shell
(Kemp). Also called Pyrosphere.

Baryta. Barium oxide.

Baryta green. A pigment, essentially
barium manganate. (Webster) •

Baryta white. A pigment made of
barite, BaSO«.

Barytes. See Barite.

Baryto. A combining form denoting
the presence of barium, as in
&an/foealcite, and ftan/focelestite,
(Standard)

66

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Barytocalcite. A carbonate of barium
and calcium, BaCOs.CaCOg. (Dana)

Basal cleavage. Same as pinacoidal;
cleavage parallel to the basal pina-
coid, i. e., perpendicular to the direc-
tion of elongation. (Butler)

Basal conglomerate. A conglomerate
or coarse sandstone forming the
lowest member of a series of re-
lated strata which lie unconform-
ably on older rocks. It records
the progressive encroachment of the
seabeach on the former dry land.
(Standard)

Basal plane. A plane parallel to the
lateral or horizontal axes of a crys-
tal. (Webster)

Basalt. A word of ancient but un-
certain etymology. It is employed
as a rock name in its restricted
sense for porphyritic and felsitic
rocks consisting of augite, olivine
and plagioclase with varying
amounts of a glassy base which may
entirely disappear. In a broader
sense the basalt or basaltic group
is used to include all the dark, basic,
volcanic rocks, such as the true
basalts ; the nepheline-, leucite-, and
melilite-basalts ; the augitites and
limburgites; the diabases, and me-
laphyres. (Kemp)

Basalt glass. A black glassy form of
basalt. (Webster)

Basaltic. Pertaining to, formed of, or
containing basalt; as basaltic lava.
(Webster)

Basaltic hornblende. A variety of
hornblende found in volcanic rocks.
(A. F. Rogers)

Basaltiform. In the form of basalt;
columnar. ( Webster )

Basaltine. 1. Same as Basaltic. 2.
Same as Augite. (Standard)

Basalting. 1. A pavement made of
blast furnace slag. 2. The process
or operation of covering, as a road,
with slag. (Standard)

Basalto (Sp.). Basalt. (Min. Jour.)

Basalt ware. In ceramics, a variety
of wedgwood ware with a black
body. (Standard)

Basanite. A very old term, first used
as a synonym for Basalt; also
formerly applied to the black, finely
crystalline quartzite, used by old-
time workers in the precious metals
as a touchstone or test-stone by
which to distinguish gold from brass
by the streak. This variety was
often called Lydian stone or Lydite.

Basanite is now universally em-
polyed for those volcanic rocks that
possess a porphyritic of felsitic tex-
ture and that contain plagioclase,
augite, olivine and nepheline or leu-
cite, one or both, each variety being
distinguished by the prefix of one or
the other, or of both of the last
named minerals. (Kemp)

Basanitoid. A term suggested by
Bucking for basaltic rocks, without
definite nepheline, but with a glassy
base. (Kemp)

B&scula (Mex.). A scale for weighing
ore charges. (Dwight)

Base. 1. A compound capable of re-
acting with acids to form salts.
2. The basal plane of a crystal. 3.
The ground mass of a> fused magma,
especially if glassy or not visibly
crystalline. See also Basis. 4. A line
in a survey which, being accurately
determined, in length and position
serves as the origin for computing
the distances and relative positions
of remote points and objects by tri-
angulation. 5. The point or line
from which a start is made in any
action or operation ; as, a price used
as a unit from which to calculate
other prices is often called Base
price. 6. Of little comparative
value, as metals inferior to silver
and gold, which are precious metals.
Alloyed with an inferior metal.
(Webster)

7. The artificial foundation of a
pavement. (Bacon)

Base bullion. The commercial name
for argentiferous lead, as distin-
guished from silver or gold bullion.
Compare Bullion, 1. (Hofinan, p.
347)

Base course. The first or lowest
course of a wall, as of a foundation.
Also called Foundation course.
(Webster)

Base goods. A term generally used to
denote a material made by treating
phosphate rock and some nitroge-
nous substance with sulphuric acid.
Hair, leather, scrap fur, wool waste,
feathers, shoddy, etc., are the ni-
trogenous materials most often used.
Base is made with the same ma-
chinery that is used for making acid
phosphate, and methods of oper-
ation are about the same. (Amer.
Fert. Hand Book, 1917, « p. 41)

Base level. 1. The level below which
a land surface can not be reduced
by running water. (Webster)
2. To reduce by erosion to or to-
ward a base level. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

67

Base line. A line taken as the founda-
tion of operations in trigonometrical
and geological surveys (Emmons).
See also Base, 4.

Basement complex. A series of rocks
of great obscurity and complexity
beneath the dominantly sediment-
ary rocks. They are at the bottom
of the known series, but since they
are not the true base or foundation,
they are properly termed the Ar-
chean complex (Chamberlin). The
rocks of the Archean system.

Base metal. Any metal as iron, lead,
etc., which is altered by exposure to
the air, etc., in contrast with the
noble or precious metals. (Web-
ster)

Baseness. 1. Liability to rust. 2.
Inferiority due to alloy. (Stand-
ard)

Bash (So. Wales). To fill with rub-
bish the spaces from which the
coal has been mined. (Gresley)

Basic. 1. In chemistry, performing
the office of a base in a salt; hav-
ing the base in excess. 2. Having
more than one equivalent of the
base for each equivalent of acid.
(Century)

2. In geology, a general descriptive
term for those igneous rocks that
are comparatively low in silica.
About 55 or 50 per cent is the su-
perior limit. Compare Acidic.
(Kemp)

3. In furnace practice, a slag in
which the earthy bases are in excess
of the amount required to form a
neutral slag with the silica present.
(Raymond)

Basic lining. A lining for furnaces,
converters, etc., formed of non-
siliceous material, usually limestone,
dolomite, lime, magnesia, or iron
oxide. ( Ra y mond )

Basic-lining process. An improvement
of the Bessemer process, in which,
by the use of a basic lining in the
converter and by the addition of
basic materials during the blow, it
is possible to eliminate phosphorus
from the pig iron, and keep it out
of the steel. (Raymond)

Basic price. As applied to the price
of metals, it is that figure at which
the price is a minimum. See Nor-
mal price. (H. C. Hoover, p. 36)

Basic process. See Bn sic-lining process.

Basic rock. A term rather loosely
used in lithotomy generally to mean
one of the following: (a) An igneous

rock containing less than 55 per cent
of silica, free or combined, (b) An
igneous reck in which minerals com-
paratively low In silica and rich in
the metallic bases, such as the amphi-
boles. the pyroxenes, biotite, and
olivine, are dominant. (c) Very
loosely, an igneous rock composed
dominantly of dark-colored minerals.
In all three senses contrasted with
acid.

The term is misleading and unde-
sirable and is going out of use. As
used in the first sense above it is be-
ing replaced by subsilicic and as
used in the second sense it should be
replaced by mafic or by some term
denoting the dominant mineral or
minerals. (La Forge) See Basic, 2.

Basic salt. A salt In which the acid
part of the compound is not suffi-
cient to satisfy all the bonds of the
base. (Dana)

Basic slag. The slag produced in steel
making in the Thomas furnace, in
which a basic calcareous or mag-
nesian lining is used in the con-
verter, and lime, either alone or
with oxide of iron, is added to the
charge of metal. Phosphorus is re-
tained In the slag and carried off.
(Standard)

Basic steel Steel made by the basic
process. (Standard)

Basin. 1. A large or small depression
in the surface of the land, the low-
est part of which may be occupied
by a lake or pond. 2. An area or
tract having certain common feat-
ures throughout, particularly a
tract where the strata dip from all
sides toward a. center. (Webster)
3. A natural depression of strata
containing a coal bed or other
stratified deposit. 4. The deposit
itself. (Raymond)

Basining. In geology, a settlement of
the ground in the form of basins,
in many cases, at least, due to the
solution and transportation of un-
derground deposits of salt and
gypsum. Such basining produces
numerous depressions, from those of
a few square yards to those 50
square miles in area, in the high-
plains region east of the Rocky
Mountains. (Standard)

Basis; Base. A term employed to de-
scribe that part of a fused rock mag-
ma that in cooling fails to crystallize
as recognizable minerals, but chills
as a glass, or related amorphous
aggregate. It differs thus from
groundmass, which is the relatively

68

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

fine portion of a porphyritic rock as
distinguished from the phenocrysts.
(Kemp)

Basker (Eng.). Old cloth use to cover
wet holes to prevent splashing while
drilling. (Bainbridge)

Basket (So. Staff.). 1. A shallow pan
Into which small coal is raked for
loading into cars. 2. (Leic.) A
measure of weight (2 cwt]^ occa-
sionally used in East Lancashire.
(Gresley)

3. A group of several wooden stakes
placed in the form of a small circle
to mark and protect a point used in
surveying.

Basonomelan. A variety of hematite
containing titanium oxide. (Stand-
ard)

Basque. A lining for crucibles or fur-
naces; generally a mixture of clay,
etc., with charcoal dust (Ray-
mond)

Bass; Batt. Same as Bind. See also
Bat, 3.

Basset. (Derb.) 1. An outcrop; the
edge of a stratum. (Raymond)

2. The shallow or rise side of a work-
ing. (Gresley)

3. To incline upward so as to ap-
pear at the surface; to crop out.
(Webster)

Basset edge (Eng.). The actual out-
crop of a seam or bed, where it ap-
pears at the surface. (Gresley)

Basseting. 1. Outcropping. 2. The
cropping out or appearance of rock
on the surface of a stratum, or
series of strata. (Century)

Bastard. 1. Of unusual make or pro-
portion; of abnormal shape. (Web-
ster)
2. A hard massive bowlder or rock.

Bastard granite. A quarry term for
gneissic granites. (Ries)

Bastard quartz. A miner's term for a
white, glassy quartz without other
mineralization.

Bastard whin (Eng.). Very hard
rock, but not so flinty as to be called
whin. (G. C. Greenwell)

Bastimehto (Mex.). Miner's lunch-
eon. (D wight)

Bastite. Schiller spar. An altered
enstatite or bronzite having approxi-
mately the composition of serpen-
tine. (Dana)

Bastnasite. A greasy, wax-yellow, fluo-
carbonate of cerium melals, crystal-
lizing in the monoclinic system.
(Dana)

Bast o nit e. A greenish-brown mica that
is closely related to phlogopite.
(Standard)

Basura de plomo (Mex.). Lead dross.
(D wight)

Bat. 1. A plate of gelatin used in
printing on pottery or porcelain
over the glaze. (Webster)

2. (Leic., So. Staff.) See Baffle, 2.
Batting out gas was formerly a
regular though unsafe thing to do.
(Gresley, 1883)

3. (Eng.) A compact black bitumi-
nous shale which splits into fine
laminae. Is often interstratified in
layers with coal. Also spelled Batt,
or Bass. (Redmayne)

Batan de piedra (Peru). A stone
plate on which ore samples are
ground. (Pfordte)

Batch. 1. A quantity of material des-
tined for one operation. 2. A quan-
tity of material produced at one
operation. 3, The mixture of raw
materials which by fusion is con-
verted into glass. (Webster)

4. (Corn.) The quantity of ore sent
to the surface by a pair of men
(Raymond). Also called Batch of
ore.

Bate. 1. (So. Staff.) To excavate or
lower the floor of a mine (Gresley).
Compare Brush, 8.

Batea (Mex.). A wide and shallow
vessel, usually of wood, used for
panning ore. {D wight)

Bate barrel (Leic.). After drawing a
number of barrels of water out of
a sump, the first barrel for which
there is not sufficient water to fill it.
(Gresley)

Bateque (Lower Cal.)- Deposits
formed by spring water, as in a
ravine or at the foot of a hill.

Bateria (Mex.). Battery. (D wight)

Batework ( Newc. ) . Short work. ( Mln.
Jour. )

Bath. 1. A medium as sand, oil, wa-
ter, or air for regulating the tem-
perature of anything placed in or
upon it; also the vessel containing
such a medium. (Webster)
2. A mass of molten material in a
furnace, or of solution in a tank.
(Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

69

Bath brick (Eng.). A fine calcareous
and siliceous material used for
polishing and cleansing metal ob-
jects: originally found near Bath,
and usually pressed into brick.
(Standard)

Bath metal. Any one of several varie-
ties of brass. (Webster)

Batholite. See Batholith.

Batholith. A name suggested by Suess
for the huge irregular masses of
plutonic rocks that have crystallized
in depth and that have only been
exposed by erosion. The word is
also spelled batholite, bathylite, and
batholith. The last named is now
generally preferred. (Kemp)

Batholithic. Pertaining to, originating
In, or derived from a batholith.
(Standard)

Bath oolite. A subgroup of the Low
Oolite (Jurassic) of England
(Standard). See also Bath stone.

Bath stone. A creamy limestone from
the Bath oolite, soft and easily
worked. It was used for building
in England as early as the 12th
century. ( Standard )

Bathvillite. An amorphous, fawn-
brown, opaque, very friable oxygen-
ated hydrocarbon from Torbane Hill,
Scotland; it is insoluble in benzol
and is related to Torbane Hill
mineral. See also Torbanite. (Ba-
con)

Bathylite. See Batholith.

Bathymetric. Relating- to mea^ure-
ment of depths; usually applied to
the ocean. (Sloan)

Batlbolto (Mex.). A company of
miners working a stope of high-grade
ore. (Dwight)

Batice. An inclination or bevel given
to the upper timbers of a shaft; as
the shaft has a downward and out-
ward batice of 1 inch to the foot
(Standard). See also Batter, 1.

Bating (Eng.). Lowering a drift or
road (Bainbridge). See also Bate.

Batir (Colom.). 1. To break up and
carry away auriferous gravels by
water. 2. B. el monte, to explore
the mountains. (Halse)

Bat-printing. The act or process of
decorating glazed porcelain by
means of a gelatin pad. The lines
of the pattern are transferred in
linseed oil from an incised plate to
the pad, and thence to the porcelain,

and this oil impression is then
dusted with metallic pigment, which
is fixed by firing. (Standard)

Batt (Eng.). Shale; hardened clay,
but not fire clay. Same as Bend
and Bind (Chance). See also Bat, 3.

Battage (Fr.) The operation of pul-
verizing or incorporating the in-
gredients of gunpowder by the old
'method of stamping with pestles.
(Century)

Batten. A strip of wood used for
nailing across two other pieces to
hold them together or for covering a
crack. (Webster)

Batter. 1. The inclination of a face
of masonry or of an inclined por-
tion of a frame or metal structure.
C. and M. M. P.) Also called Bat-
tice.

2. A paste of clay or loam. 3. A
mallet for flattening wet clay on the
batting block. (Webster)

Battered set. A set of mine timbers
in which the posts are inclined.
(Sanders, p. 164.)

Battery. 1. A set of stamps in a
stamp mill. See also Machine, 4. 2.
A bulkhead of timber. 3. The plank
closing the bottom of a coal chute,
(Raymond)

4. A platform on which the miners
stand in thin steep-pitching beds of
coal. (Chance)

5. See Blasting machine. 6. See
Storage battery.

Battery - amalgamation. Amalgama-
tion by means of mercury placed in
the mortar of a stamp battery.
(Raymond)

Battery assay. See Pulp assay.

Battery of holes. A number of
charges, in drill holes, fired simul-
taneously with an electric current
(Bowles). Also called Multiple
shot.

Battery of ovens. See Bank »f ovens.

Battery solution. A cyanide, or plain
alkaline solution added to the ore
when being crushed in a stamp mill.
(Fulton, p. 34)

Batting block. In ceramics, a plaster
slab on which plastic clay is beaten
before going to the whirling table.
(Standard)

Battu-uji (Malay). Touchstone.
(Lock)

Batn Zawi (Sumatra). A red stone
supposed to be an infallible sign of
gold. (Lock)

70

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bauleao (Sp. Am.). Pyrite with cubic
crystallization. (Lucas)

Baulite. See Krablite.
Baulk. See Balk, 1.

Baum-pots (York.). Calcareous no-
dules found in the shale forming the
roof of the " Halifax hard " coal
seam. (Gresley)

Bauxite. Hydrated alumina. Essen-
tially A12OS.2H2O (Dana). The
principal ore of aluminum.

Baveno twin. A twin crystal of a
kind shown by orthoclase, in which
the twining plane is the clinodome,
resulting in a nearly square form.
(Webster)

Bavin (Eng.). Impure limestone.
(Standard)

Bawke (Eng.). A bucket fos raising
coal (Standard). See also Bowk, 1
and 2.

Bay. 1. An open space for waste be-
tween two packs in a longwall work-
Ing. See also Bord. (C. and M. M.
P.)

2.. An inlet of the sea usually
smaller than a gulf, but of the
same general character. (Webster)

Bayou. 1. A sluggish or stagnant in-
let or outlet from a lake or bay, or
one connecting two bodies of water.
(Standard)
2. See Oxbow.

Bay salt. The large crystalline salt
of commerce, especially that ob-
tained from sea water by evapora-
tion in shallow pits or basins by
the heat of the sun. (Webster)

Bayshon (Som.). An air stopping.
(Gresley)

.Bazofia (Peru). Waste rock. (Dwight)

Beach. The washed shore of a sea or
lake. (Hitchcock)

Beach combing. Working the sands on
a beach for gold, tin, or platinum.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Beach placers. Placer deposits either
on a present or ancient sea beach.
There are a series of these at Nome,
Alaska, known there as first, sec-
ond, or third beach, etc., due to
change of shore line.

Bead. 1. The globule of precious
metal obtained by the cupellation
process. 2. A glassy drop of flux,
as borax, used as a solvent for a
color test for several mineral earths
and oxides before the blowpipe.
'Webster)

Bead furnace. A furnace In which
small cylinders of glass are rounded
into beads. The cylinders are heated
to softening and revolved in a drum.
(Webster)

Beam compass. An instrument consist-
ing of a wooden or brass beam hav-
ing sliding sockets that carry steel
or pencil points, used for describing
large circles and for laying off dis-
tances. (Century)

Bean ore. A name for limonite, when
found in lenticular aggregations.
Called also Pea ore, when found in
small, rounded masses (Chester)
A coarse-grained pisolitic iron ore.
(Power)

Beans (No. of Eng.). All coal which
will pass through a half -inch screen
or mesh. (Gresley)

Bean-shot. Copper granulated by pour-
ing into hot water. (Raymond)

Bear. 1. See Salamander; also Sow.
2. To bear in. Underholing or un-
dermining; driving in at the top or
at the side of a working. (Chance)

Bearer bar. One of the bars which
support the gratebars in a furnace.
(Century)

Bearers. 1. (So. Staff.) Women for-
merly employed to carry coal out
of the mines. (Gresley)
2. Heavy timbers placed in a shaft
at intervals of 30 to 100 ft. to sup-
port the shaft sets. They are
usually put beneath the end plates
and dividers, fcand rest in hitches
cut in the wan. Also used to sup-
port pumping gear.

Bearers' way (Scot). An underground
road or passage along which the
bearers carry coal. (Barrowman)

Bearing. 1. The course or direction in-
dicated by a compass. 2. The strike
or course of a vein. 3. The points of
support of a beam, shaft, or axle.
(Steel)

Bearing door. A door placed for the
purpose of directing and regulating
the amount of ventilation passing
through a portion of the mine.
(Gresley)

Bearing-in. The depth of an under-
cut, or holing, from the face of the
coal to the end of the under-cut.
(Steel)

Bearing pit (Scot.)- A shaft up which
coal was (in former 3'ears) carried
by bearers. (Barrowman)

Bearing road (Scot.). See Bearer's
way.

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

71

Bearing system (Eng.). The employ-
ment of women to carry coal out of
the mine. (Gresley)

Bearing-iip pulley. A pulley wheel
fixed in a frame and arranged to
tighten or take up the slack rope
in endless haulage. (Gresley)

Bearing-up stop. A partition or brat-
tice of plank that serves to conduct
air to a face. (Ihlseng)

Bears (Derb.). Calcareous nodules of
clay-ironstone. (Gresley)

Beat (Eng.). 1. The surface outcrop
of a load or bed. (Da vies)
2. (Corn.) To stope. (Pryce)

Beat away. A process of working
hard ground by wedges and sledge
hammers. ( Skinner )

Beater. 1. (No. of Eng.) An Iron
rod for packing the stemming on a
charge of powder in a drill hole.
(Webster)

2. (Mid.) A wooden mallet for con-
solidating, or packing, the clay In
building a wall or dam to make it
air-tight. (Gresley)

Beat-hand (Eng.). A hand which,
from being vesicated or blistered
with hard work, has festered. (G.
C. Greenwell)

Beaumontite. A variety of heulandite.
(Dana)

Beauxite. Sec Bauxite.

Beaverite. A hydrous sulphate of
copper, lead, and ferric iron CuO.-
PbO.Fe»O».2SO».4HaO. (U. S. GeoL
Surv.)

B«che; Biche (Eng.). A deep conical
instrument about 25 inches long, and
weighing 6 pounds. The hollow part
extends 16 inches up Into the tool,
and is 1} inches in diameter at the
lower end, and tapers to f inch -at
the upper end. It is used for ex-
tracting the bottom portion of .a
broken set of rods from a bore hole.
(G. C. Greenwell)

Bechilite. An incrustation of hydrous
calcium borate, H»CaB«Ou, found as
a deposit at the boric acid lagoons
of Tuscany. (Standard)

Becke test. In optical mineralogy, a
test for relative indices of refrac-
tion. (A. F. Rogers)

Bccquerel rays. Radiations from ura-
nium compounds. (Webster)

Bed. 1. The smallest division of a
stratified series, 'and marked by a
more or less well defined divisional

plane from its neighbors above and
below. (Kemp)

2. A seam or deposit of mineral,
later in origin than the rock below,
and older than the rock above; that
is to say, a regular member of the*
series of formations, and not an in-
trusion (Raymond). A deposit, as
of ore (or coal), parallel to the
stratification. (Standard)
8. That portion of an outcrop or
face of a quarry which occurs be-
tween two bedding planes. (Buck-
ley)

4. The level surface of rock upon
which a curb or crib is laid, (Gres-
ley)

5. The bottom of a water course, or
of any body of water. 8. A mass
or heap of anything (as ore), ar-
ranged in the form of a bed. (Web-
ster)

Bed claim (Aust). A mining claim
lying on the bed of a stream. (Da-
vies)

Bedded. Applied to rocks resulting
from consolidated sediments, and
accordingly exhibiting planes of
separation designated bedding
planes. (Sloan)

Bedded deposit. See Bedded forma-
tion.

Bedded formation. A formation which
shows successive beds, layers, or
strata, due to the manner in which
it was formed (Farrell). A bedded
deposit.

Bedded vein. Properly "bed vein"
(Lager gang of the Germans) ; a
lode occupying the position of a bed,
that is, parallel with the stratifica-
tion of the inclosing rocks. (Ray-
morid) See also Bed, 2.

Bedded volcano. A volcano whose
crater consists of layers of tuffs
and lava sheets. (Century)

Bedding. 1. The exact equivalent of
stratification, or occurrence In
strata or beds (Century). See
also Bed, 1 and 2.

2. The arrangement of coke, ore,
flux, etc., in layers for storage or
treatment.

Bedding fault. In geology, a disloca-
tion which follows planes of strati-
fication. (Standard)

Bedding planes. The planes or sur-
faces separating the individual la-
minae or beds of a sedimentary rock.
(La Forge) See also Stratification
planes.

Bede. A miner's pickaxe. ( Raymond )

72

GLOSSABY OF MIKING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Bedford limestone. A light-colored
ofllitic limestone from Bedford, Indi-
ana (Webster). Much used as a
building stone.

Bed joint. A horizontal joint (Web-
ster). See also Bedding p*lane.
Originally horizontal, but may be
found inclined due to later upliftiLg.

Bedplate. 1. An iron plate forming
the bottom for a furnace. 2. A
heavy plate for supporting an engine
or other heavy machinery. (Web-
ster)

Bedrock. The solid rock underlying
auriferous gravel, sand, clay, etc.,
and upon which the alluvial gold
rests (Roy. Com.). Any solid rock
underlying soil, sand, clay, etc.

Beds of passage. Beds in which the
fossils or rocks, from their resem-
blance to those contained either in
the bed above or the bed below, in-
dicate the transition . character of
the deposit. (Standard)

Bedstone. In milling, tLc lower or sta-
tionary millstone. (Century)

Bed vein. See Bedded vein.

Bedway. An appearance of stratifica-
cation, or parallel marking, in
granite. (Raymond)

Beech coal. Charcoal made from beech
wood. (Century)

Beeches (Scot). Strips of hardwood
fastened to pump rods to save them
xtfrom wear at the collars. (Barrow-
man)

Beehive coke. Coke made in a beehive
oven. (Webster)

Beehive oven. An oven for the manu-
facture of coke, shaped like the old-
fashioned beehive (Raymond).
The volatile products as tar, gas,
and ammonia are not saved.

Beekite. A crytocrystalline variety
of quartz, resembling chalcedony,
formed by the replacement of lime-
stone, as coral, or shells, with silica.
(Standard)

Beele (Prov. Eng.). A mining pickax
with both ends sharp. (Standard)

Beerbachite. A name given by Chelius
to certain small dikes, asociated
with and penetrating large, gabbro
masses, and having themselves the
composition and texture of gabbro.
The name was coined in the attempt
to carry out the questionable sepa-
ration of the dike rocks from large,
Plutonic or volcanic masses of the
same mineralogy and structure.
(Kemp)

Beer stone (Eng.). An argillaceous
and siliceous freestone dug from
quarries at Beer, ten miles west of
Lyme Regis, at the passing of the
chalk into the greensand. (Roberts)

Beetle (Eng.). A small compressed-
air locomotive employed on the
haulage-ways at Newbottle Collier-
ies. (G. C. Greenwell)

Beetle-stone. A nodule of coprolitic
ironstone, so named from the re-
semblance of the inclosed coprolite
to the body and limbs of a beetle.
(Century)

Before breast. Rock or vein material,
which still lies ahead. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Behead. In geology, to cut off and
capture by erosion the upper portion
of a watercourse: said of the en-
croachment of a stronger stream
upon a weaker one. (Standard)

Bekko ware. A yellow-brown splashed
pottery made in Japan. It resem-
bles tortoise shell. (Century)

Belgian oven. A rectangular oven
with end doors and side flues for
the manufacture of coke. (Ray-
mond)

Belgian process. A process most com
monly employed in the smelting of
zinc. Roasted zince ore, mixed with
a reducing material, as coal or coke,
is placed in retorts which consist
of cylindrical' pipes of refractory
material closed at one end, of a
length and diameter convenient for
charging and cleaning them. A
number of these retorts are placed
slightly inclined in a properly con-
structed furnace. The open ends of
the retorts are covered with a sheet-
iron hood to which are connected
short conical sheet-iron pipes dis-
charging the molten zinc downward.
(Goesel)

Belgian zinc-furnace. A furnace in
which zinc is reduced and distilled
from calcined ores in tubular re-
torts (Raymond). These furnaces
may be classified as direct-fired and
gas-fired, but there is no sharp
division between these systems,
which merge into one another by dif-
ficulty definable gradations. Each
class of furnace may be subdivided
into recuperative and nonrecupera-
tive, but heat recuperation in con-
nection with direct firing is rare.
(Ingalls, p. 428).

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

73

BelL 1. Overhanging rock of bell-like
form, not securely attached to the
mine roof. " Pot " is the common
Arkansas term. (Steel)
2. A gong used as a signal at mine
shafts. 3. To signal by ringing a
Nik

Belland. 1. (Eng.) Dusty lead ore.
(Bainbridge)

2. A form of lead poisoning to
which lead miners are subject (G.
and M. M. P.)

Bell-and-hopper. See Cup-and-cone.

Bcll-and-spigot Joint. The usual term
for the Joint in cast iron pipe. Each
piece is made with an enlarged di-
ameter or bell at one end into which
the plain or spigot end of another
piece is inserted when laying. The
Joint is then made tight by cemeot,
oakum, lead, rubber, ' or other suit-
able substance which is driven in
or calked into the bell and around
the spigot (Nat. Tube Co.)

Bell crank (Scot), A triangular iron
frame used to change the direction
of .reciprocating motion. (Barrow-
man)

Belled (Eng.) Widened. Said of the
enlarged portion of a shaft at the
landing for running the cars past
the shaft, and for caging. (Gres-
ley)

Belleek porcelain. An extremely thin
ware, decorated with a nacreous
luster suggesting the interior of
shells, made originally in Belleek,
Ireland, and since successfully imi-
tated in Trenton, N. J., and else-
where. (Standard)

Bell holes. 1. Holes dug or excava-
tions made at the section Joints of
a pipe line for the purpose of re-
pairs. (Moore v. Hole Natural Gas
Co., 66 Southeastern, p. 565)
2. A conical cavity in a coal-mine
roof caused by the falling of a large
concretion ; or, as of a bell-mold.

Bellies. Widenings in a vein (Power).
See also Belly.

Bellite. An explosive consisting of
five parts of ammonium nitrate to
one of metadinitrobenzene, usually
with some potassium nitrate. (Web-
ster)

Bell metal. A hard bronze, contain-
ing sometimes small proportions of
iron, zinc, or lead, but ordinarily
consisting of 78 parts Copper to 22
tin, (Raymond)

Bell-metal ore. (Corn.) An early
name for tin pyrites, so called on
account of its bronze color. (Ches-
ter)

Bell-mold; Bell-mould; Bellmouth
(Som.). A conical shaped patch of
a mine roof, probably originating
with the fossils called siffittaria, or
the roots -of trees (Gresley). See
also Bell, 1.

Bellows. An instrument or machine
for blowing fires or for ventilating
purposes. (Webster)

Bell-pit (Derb.). A mine working
argillaceous ironstone by a system
called Bell- work (Gresley). See
also Bell-work.

Bell process. S4e Bell's dephosphoriz-
ing process.

Bells. Signals for lowering and hoist-
ing the bucket, skip, or cage in a
shaft Usually given by bells, the
number of strokes indicating the
nature of. the load, the place for
stopping, etc. (Weed)

Bell screw; Screw bell. An internally
threaded bell-shaped iron bar, for
recovering broken or lost rods in a
deep bore hole. See also Biche.
(Gresley)

Bell's dephosphorizing process. The
removal of phosphorus from molten
pig iron in a puddling furnace, lined
with iron oxide and fitted with a
mechanical rabble to agitate the
bath. Red-hot Iron ore is added.
See also Krupp's washing process.
(Raymond)

Beil-sneave (Aust). A sheave in the
shape of a truncated cone, used in
connection with the main-and-tail
system of rope haulage at curves,
so as to keep the rope close to the
ground. (Power)

Bell-work. L (Derb.). A system of
working an iron-stone measure by
upward underground excavations,
around the shafts (raises) in the
form of a bell or cone (Gresley).
Compare Milling.

2. A method also used in working
salt deposits. (Standard)

Belly. A bulge, or mass of ore in a
lode. (Skinner)

Belly-helve (Eng.). A forge hammer,
lifted by a cam which acts about
midway between the fulcrum and
the head. (Raymond)

Belly-pipe. A flaring mouthed blast
pipe in an iron furnace. (Stand-
ard)

74

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.-

Be lone site. A white transparent mag-
nesium molybdate, MgMoO*, crystal-
lizing in the tetragonal system.
(Dana)

Belonite. A rod-shaped or club-shaped
microscopic embryonic crystal in a
glassy rock. (Kemp)

Belt. 1. A zone or band of a particu-
lar kind of rock strata exposed on
the surface (Roy. Com.). Compare
Zone.

2. A continuous strap or band for
transmitting power from one wheel
to another, or (rarely) to a shaft,
by friction. (Standard)

Belugite. A name based upon the
Beluga River, Alaska, and suggested
by J. E. Spurr for a transition
group of plagioclase rocks between
his diorites and diabases. Spurr re-
stricts the name diorite to those
plagioclase rocks (without regard
to the dark silicate) whose plagio-
clase belongs in the andesine-oligo-
clase series. The diabase group, on
the other hand, contains those whose
plagioclase belongs in the labrado-
rite-anorthite series. Belugites with
a porphyritic texture and a fine-
grained or aphanitic groundmass
are called Aleutites. (Kemp)

Ben. 1. (Scot). Inward ; toward the
workings; the workman's right to
enter the, pit. 2. The day's work of a
youth, indicating the proportion of a
man's task which he is able or al-
lowed to put out, is termed quarter-
ben, half-ben, three-quarter-ben.
(Barrowman)

3. A mountain peak: a word occur-
ring chiefly in the names of many
of the highest summits of thj moun-
tains of Scotland, as Ben Nevis.
(Century)

Bench. 1. One of two or more divi-
sions of a coal seam, separated by
slate, etc., or simply separated by
the process of cutting the coal, one
bench or layer being cut before the
adjacent one. 2. To cut the coal
in benches. ( Raymond )

3. A terrace on the side of a river
or lake, having at one time formed
Its bank. (Power) See also
Benches.

4. A small tram or car of about 7
cubic feet capacity used for carry-
ing coal from the face to the chute
down which it is dumped to the
gangway platform for reloading
Into larger cars. S. (Leic.). To
wedge the bottoms up below the
holing. (Gresley)

•. A level layer worked separately
'•» a mine. 7. A group of retorts in

an oven or furnace; also the com-
plete oven or furnace containing a
set or group of retorts for generat-
ing illuminating gas. (Webster)

8. (Eng.). A ledge left, in tunnel
construction work, on the edge of a
cutting in earth or in rock.
(Simms)

9. (Scot). A landing place. (Bar-
rowman)

"Bench-and-bench (Ark.). .That plan
of mining coal in a room, which re-
quires the blasting of the two
benches of coal alternately, each a
little beyond the other (Steel).
Also called Bench working.

Bench diggings. River placers n^t
subject to overflows (C.and M. MuE;)
See also Bench placers.

Benchers (Eng.), Men employed; fa
the mine at the bottom of inclined
planes. (Gresley)

Benches. A name applied to ledges of
all kinds of rock that are shaped
like steps or terraces. They may be
developed either naturally in the
ordinary processes of land degrada-
tion, faulting, and the like; or by
artificial excavation in mines and
quarries. (Kemp)

Bench gravel (Yukon and Alaska).
Gravel beds which occur on the sides
of the valleys above the present
stream bottoms, representing parts
of the bed of the stream when it was
at a higher level. Regarded by Ty-
rell as the terminal moraines of
small glaciers. (Ore Dep., p. 393)

Benching. 1. (Eng.) See holing. To
break the bottom coal with wedges
when the holing is done in the
middle of the seam. 2. (Ches.).
The lower portion of the rock-salt^
bed worked in one operation. (Gres-
ley)

3. See Bench, 8. (Simms)

4. (Eng.). Benches collectively as
in a mine (Webster). See also
Bench, 6.

Benching shot (Scot.) A shot placed
in a hole bored vertically downward
in an open face of work. (Barrow-
man)

Benching-up (Newc.). Working on
the top of coal. (Raymond)

Bench mark. A mark, the elevation of
which is known or assumed and used
as a reference point by a surveyor.

Bench placers. Placers in ancient
stream deposits from 50 to 300 feet
above present streams. (U. S. Geol.
Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33)

GWtSSABI OF MliJIHG AND MISBRAL INDUSTRY.

76

Beneh stone. A rectangular stone
measuring from 4 to 8 or 9 inches
.long by approximately 2 Inches wide
and varying in thicknesses. In use
it generally rests on the artisan's
bench, whence " its name. Some
bench stones are made circular for
those who .prefer the rotary motion
in sharpening chisels and similar in-
struments. (Pike)

Bench working. The system of work-
ing one or more seams or beds of
mineral by open, working or strip-
ping, in stages or steps (C. and
M. M. P.). Also called Bench-and-
bench.

Benchy. Forming frequent benches:
said of a lode. 'Standard)

Bend (Corn.). Indurated clay ; a term
applied by the miner 'to any hard-
ened argillaceous substance. See
also Bind, 1. (Whitney)

Bend away; or, Away (No. of Eng.).
An exclamation meaning to. raise the
cage in the shaft (Gresley)

Bender (Eng.) An iron loop on pump
cylinders for attaching a hoisting
rope. (Bainbridge)

Bending stress. The stress produced
in the outer fibers of a rope by bend-
ing over a sheave or drum. (C.
M. P.)

Bends. See Caisson disease.

Bend up; Bend up a bit (Eng.) An
order to raise the cage 'slowly, so
that it may be instantly stopped
on the order "Hold" beinp given.
(Q. O. Greenwell)

Beneficiacidn (Sp.). As used in, English
usually means the reduction of ores.
(Raymond)

Beneficiar (Sp.). 1. To work or im-
prove a mine. 2. To derive profit
from working a mine. (Halse)
3: (Mex.) To treat ores for ex-
traction of metallic contents; to
beneficiate. (D wight)

Beneficiate. 1. To work or improve,
as a mine. 2. To reduce, as ores.
(Standard)

Beneficiation. The reduction of ores.
(Webster)

Beneficio (Sp.). 1. The working of
mines. 2. Profit derived from work-
ing a mine. 3. Metallurgical proc-
esses. B. de casfo, the caldron or
hot amalgamation process. B. de
hierro, amalgamation reduction with
the addition of fragments of iron.

B. de 4olpa> the patio process with
colpa in lieu of mopialral. B. de
pella de plata, amalgamation reduc-
tion with the addition of silver amal-
gam. B. de . patio, '. the patio or cold
amalgamation process. B. de tone'
les, the IVeiberg or barrel amalga-1
mation process; B. por danuracion,
the cyanide process. B. por ctorb-
raeion, the chlorination process. B.
por fneyo, reduction by smelting.

4. B. de metale*, mechanical prepa-
ration of ores ; ore dressing. (Halse)

Ben-Heyl (Corn.). A stream, where
tin ore is found. (Da vies)

Benltolte. A blue barium-titanium
silicate, BaTiSi.O,, so far found only
in California. Used as a gem. (U.

5. Geol. Sunr,)

Bank (Bng.). The working face of ft
coal bed (Bainbridge). A variation
of Bench.

Bent. 1. ( Scot ) . The robsidence of
roof near- working face, e. g. a bent
roof. (Gresley) - «,?-

2. A framed section placed together
on the ground, and afterwards
raised to a vertical position. (Web-
ster)

3. (Derb.). An offshoot from a vein.
(Hooson)

Bentonite. A bedded plastic clay
which, swells very greatly upon wet-
ting. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Benzine. A colorless, inflammable and
volatile liquid obtained from petro-
leum by fractional distillation and
consisting of various hydrocarbons.
CaUed also Petroleum spirit (Stand-
ard)

Benzinnm. A distillate from American
petroleum consisting of hydrocar-
bons chiefly of the marsh-gas series.
(Bacon)

Benzoline. 1. The more volatile por-
tion obtained on redistilling Ben-
zine; boiling point about 70°-S5° O.
Often used as synonymous with Ben-
zine. (Bacon)

2. A mixture containing hexane,
heptane, octane, and other paraffins,
petroleum spirit or legroin. (Stand-
ard)

BcnzoyL Th«* commercial name ap-
plied to a mixture of substances,
including benzene and its homo-
lognes. (Mitzakis)

Berannite. A foliated and columnar
red to reddish-brown hydrous ferric
phosphate. (Dana)

76

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Berdan pan. Essentially a revolving
circular trough, set at an inclination
of about 45 deg. carrying a large
ball or drag, and used to amalga-
mate the gold or silver.

Berea sandstone. Berea grit. A rock
formation consisting of fine-grained
sandstone and grit, generally con-
sidered as the base of the Carbonif-
erous system In Ohio. It is much
used as a building stone and for
grindstones, and Is one of the prin-
cipal oil-bearing formations of the
State. (La Forge)

Berengelite. A dark brown, resinous,
asphalt-like mineral, soluble in cold
alcohol but nearly insoluble in po-
tassium hydroxide. Found near
Arica, Peru. (Bacon)

Bereslte. A name coined by Rose for
a muscovite-granite that forms dikes
In the gold district of Beresovsk
In the Urals. It is, therefore, prac-
tically a synonym for aplite, as
earlier defined, but some of the bere-
sites have since been shown to be
practically without feldspar and to
form a very exceptional aggregate
of quartz and muscovlte. (Kemp)

Bergmehl; Bergmeal. 1. An Infusorial
earth, sometimes eaten mixed with
meal or bark. Called air - Mountain-
meal. 2. A white efflorescence of
calcfte, resembling cotton. -Called
also Rock-meal and Fossil-farina.
(Standard)

Bergmelstpr (Pr.) An inspector of
mines. (Gresley)

BBJrtfschmnd (Ger.). In geology, a
rifting and faulting in a solid mass
of rock or glacial ice. (Standard)

Betf-tffl. 84e Till.

Berllo (Sp.). Beryl; B. verdwnar,
aquamarine. (Halse)

Berlin blue. In optical mineralogy,
an anomalous interference color of
the first order. (A. F. Rogers)

Berlin iron. A soft iron, containing
phosphorous, making very fine
smooth castings, and used for orna-
ments and jewelry. (Standard)

Beraelloa (Sp.). Vermilion; an
earthy variety of cinnabar. (Halse)

Bernardo's process. A method for the
electric welding of Iron. (Goesel)

BertWerlte. A sulphide of antimony
and iron, of a dark steel-gray color,
FeS.Sb*S* (Dana)

Bertrandite. A brilliant, transparent,
colorless, hydrous glucinum silicate,
HiGUSiiO., crystallizing in the
orthorhombic system. (Standard)

Bertrand lens. In optical mineralogy,
a small lens inserted in the micro-
scope tube to magnify the inter-
ference figure. (A. F. Rogers)

Beryl. A glucinum-aluminum silicate,
3GlO.AlsO..6SiO2. Used as a gem
when clear and well colored. The
grass-green variety is known as
emerald; light-green, beryl; blue-
green, aquamarine. Contains 14 per
cent glucina (glucinum oxide).
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Beryllium. See Glucinum.

Berylloid. In crystallography, a
solid included under twenty-four
similar scalene triangular faces.
(Standard)

Berzelianite. A copper selenide,
Cu2Se, having a silver white color
when freshly broken. (Webster)

Berzeliite. A massive bright, yellow,
brittle calcium-magnesium-manga-
nese arsenate, (Ca^l&MnJiAsaO..
(Dana)

Bessemer. A product of the Bessemer
.process, as Bessemer steel: named
from Henry Bessemer, who patented
the process in 1855 : used also attrib-
utively; as, Bessemer converter,
flame or process. (Standard)

Bessemer ir,on. Pig Iron suitable for
the Bessemer process. (Raymond)

Bessemer ore. Iron ore containing
little or no phosphorus hence espe-
cially suited for use in the Bessemer
process. (Standard)

Bessemer process. The process of de-
carburizing a bath of molten cast
Iron by blowing air through it, in
a vessel called a converter (Ray-
mond). Other impurities, in small
amounts, are also eliminated. Also,
by analogy, the enrichment of cop-
per matte by blowing air through
it when molten, thus oxidizing the
sulphur which escapes as SO* The
iron combines with silica, forming
a slag. See also Converting.

Bessemer steel. Steel made by the
Bessemer process. (C. and M. M.
P.)

Beta-Jaulingite. A brownish yellow
resin, obtained from the residue of
Jaulingite, by the action of ethyl
ether, after treatment with carbon
disulphide. ( Bacon )

GLOSSARY OF MINING ANT) MINERAL INDUSTRY.

77

Bethen process. A process of timber
preservation tn which a heavy coal-
tar oil is used. See also Gallatln.

Betiif (Malay) A quartzose-gold
matrix. (Lock)

Beton (Fr.). Concrete made after the
French faahlon by mixing gravel or
other material with a mortar of
cement and sand. (Webster)

Betriebsfuhrcr (Pr.). The mining
engineer or manager of a coal mine,
who is personally responsible for
the safety of the workings. (Gres-
ley)

Betriebsplan (Pr.). A sketcn or rough
plan of underground workings, to be
developed during the next 12 months.
(Gresley)

Bctmnked. Deprived of its trunk or
main body; .said of certain river
systems, whose tributaries in the
dry season, for lack of sufficient
water, fail to unite in a main trunk,
but are dissipated in the arid
ground. ( Standard )

Betterness. Fineness of gold and sil-
ver above the standard. ( Standard )

Betts lead-refining proces* An elec-
trolytic process using PbSiF. acidu-
lated with hydrofluoric acid as the
electrolyte. (Llddell)

Betfcn (Sp.) Bitumen; asphaltum.
B. marga, bituminous marL ( Halse )

Bcudantite, A ferric lead sulphate or
araenate occurring in green to black
rhombohedral crystals. (Shaller,
Wash. Ac. Sci., voL 1, p. 112 ; 1911)

Beuheyl (Cora.) A live stream (vein),
that is, one rich in tin (Pryce).
Also spelled Ben-Heyl.

BeveL 1. The angle which one sur-
face or line makes with another
when they are not at right angles.
2. An instrument consisting of two
arms joined together and opening to
any angle, for drawing angles or ad-
justing the surfaces of work to a
given angle. 8. To slope or slant
(Webster)

Bevel gear. A gear wheel whose
teeth are Inclined to the axis of the
wheel. (Steel)

Berelment The replacement of an
edge of a crystal by two planes
equally inclined to the adjacent
faces. (Standard)

Bevel wheel. See Bevel gear.

Bewfcarplaatsen (South Afr.). A site
for depositing ore. ( Skinner)

Betel. A facet of a gem. (Standard)

Biard. See Bearers, 2.

Biat; Byat (Eng.). A timber stay or
beam in a shaft (Gresley). See alto
Bearers, 2.

Biaxial. Having two optic axes or
lines of no double refraction. (Web-
ster)

Bibbles (Derb.). A soft water-bear-
ing stratum encountered during
shaft sinking. (Hooson)

Bibbley rock (So. Staff.). A conglom-
erate or pebbly rock (Gresley)

Bibliolite. A laminated schistose
rock; a bookstone. (Standard)

Biea (Br&z.). An inclined portion of
a sluice. (Halse)

Bicarbonate. A salt of carbonic acid
in which but one of the hydrogen
atoms is replaced by a base; as bi-
carbonate of soda NaHCO», called
also Monocarbonate, Primary car-
bonate, Supercarbonate. ( Standard )

Bicharra (Peru). A small furnace
with an inclined stack. (Dwight)

Biche (No. of Eng.). A hollow coni-
cal-headed tool for extricating
broken rods from bore holes (Gres-
ley). See also Beche.

Bichloride. A salt in which there are
two atoms of chlorine, as bichlo-
ride of mercury, HgCl2. (Standard)

Bichromate. Same as dicromate.
(Standard)

Bichromate cell. A zinc-carbon cell
having as the exciting fluid an acid
bichromate solution and provided
with the means of raising the zinc,
or both zinc and carbon, from the
fluid when not in use. E. M. F.
about 2 volts. (Webster)

Biddix (Corn.). A double pick, with
spoonbill points, used for excavating
alluvial or. surface earth. (Stand-
ard)

Bidri. 1. (Anglo-Ind.) A process of
damaskeening with silver on a
ground consisting of an alloy of
copper, lead, and tin, blackened by
the application of a solution of sal
ammoniac, saltpeter, salt, and cop-
per sulphate. 2. Articles made by
the foregoing process; bidriware.
Called also Biddery; Biddery-ware ;
Bidery ; Bidri-work ; Bidry. ( Stand-
ard)

Bieberite. A vitreous, flesh-red to
rose-red hydrous cobalt sulphate,
HuCoSOu, crystallizing in the mono-
clinic system. (Dana)

78

GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bielzlte. A brittle, resinous, brownish
black hydrocarbon mineral from
Transylvania; it has a specific grav-
ity of 1.249, and dissolves In consid-
erable part in carbon disulphide and
chloroform. ( Bacon )

Bifurcaci6n (Sp.). 1. The branching
of a vein. 2. A branch road.
(Halse)

Bifurcate. To divide into two branches
(Webster). Said of an ore vein.

(No. of Eng.). A built-up
pillar of stone or other debris In a
working place or heading to sup-
port the roof, e. g. "Digging the
gob" means, building a pack in a
worked-out place. (Gresley)

Bigorneta (Sp.). A small anvil. (Min.
Jour. )

Bigornia (Mex.). Anvil. See also
Yunque. <DwIght)

Bigote (Sp.). A semicircular taphole
in a furnace. (Halse)

Bilca (Peru). A rawhide receptacle
In which filtered mercury collects.
(Pfordte)

Biji timah (Malay). Small nodules in
clay deposits.

Bildar (Hind.). A digger; an exca-
vator. (Webster)

Bildas (or Buildhouse) (So. Staff.).
The shift working from 6 A. M. till
0, and sometimes 10 o'clock, is
termed a bildas. This was originally
denominated Buildhouse, from the
fact of the butty (contract miner)
making so much money that he was
able to build many houses from the
exactions thus made upon the poor
men, who received inadequate re-
muneration. (Min. Jour., 1871)

Bildstein (Ger.). A soft stone; agal-
matolite. (Standard)

BiHtrones (Sp. Am.). *A communica-
tion between washing troughs. (Lu-
cas)

Bill day (No. of Eng.). That day
on which colliery accounts are ex-
amined. (Gresley)

Billet. 1. Iron or steel, drawn from
a pile, bloom, or ingot Into a small
bar for further manufacture. 2.
A small bloom. (Raymond)
8. (Som.). A short timber prop.
(Gresley)

Billeting roll. A set of rollers having
flattening and edging grooves, used
in rolling iron into merchantable
bars. (Century)

Billon (Fr.). 1. In coinage, in attoy
Of gold or silver with soine baser
metal, generally copper or tin; spe-
cifically, a low alloy of jrilver wjta a
large proportion of copper, usefl In
making token and medals, and, in
some countrie^, especially Austria,
coins. 2. Coin struck from such an
alloy. (Standard)

Billot (Fr.). Gold or silver In the
mass or Ingot 'ntended for coinage.
(Standard)

Billy. 1. (Forest of Dean). A box
for holding ironstone, carried by a
boy in the mine. 2. See Billy play-
fair. (Gresley)

8. (Aust.) A name used in the Cler-
mont district of Queensland for a
bed of quartzite that caps the coal
measures. ( Power )

Billy boy. A boy who attends a Billy
playfair. (C. and M. M. P.)

playfair; Pair-play (Wales).
A mechanical contrivance for weigh-
ing small coal which passes through
the screen. (Gresley)

Bimbalete (Peru). A crude ore-mill
operated^ by two men. The grinder
is a large stone with a transverse
bar by which a rocking motion is
given. Also called Quimbalete.
fDwight)

Bimetalism. The concurrent use Of
both gold and silver as money at a
fixed relative value, established by
law; also, the doctrine advocating
such use. (Standard)

Bin' A box, frame, crib, or inclosed
place used as a receptacle f 01 any
commodity as coal, ore, etc.
(Webster)

Bina (Eng.): Hard clayey substance
(Balnbridge). A variety of bind.

Binary granite. A term more or less
used in older geological writings for
those varieties of granite that are
chiefly quartz and feldspar. It has
recently been applied to granites
containing two micas. (Kemp)

Binches (Arg.). Crystals. of pyrite
occurring in a gold-bearing con-
glomerate. (Halse)

Binching. 1. (Som.). The stone upon
which a bed of coal rests. (Gres-
ley)

Bind; Binds; Bend (Derb.)* 1. Indu-
rated argillaceous shale or clay,
very commonly iprming the xoof .«f
a coal seam and frequently contain-
ing clay ironstone. S. (No. 6t Kng.)
To hire. (Gresley)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

79

Binder. 1. (Corn.). Beds of grit In
shale, slate, or clay. See also Bind,
1 (Power). A streak of impurity
in a coal seam, usually difficult to
remove.

2. (Corn.). An underground carpen-
ter. (Da vies)

3. Anything which causes cohesion
in loosely assembled substances, as
cement in a wall, crushed stone In
a macadam road, fire 'clay in a
graphite crucible, etc. (Webster)

4. The course, in a sheet-asphalt
pavement, frequently used between
the concrete foundation and the
sheet-asphalt mixture of graded
sand and asphalt cement. (Bacon)

Bindheimite. A hydrous antimonate
of lead; an oxidation product of
jamesonite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Binding. 1. (No. of Eng.). Hiring of
men for pit work. (Gresley)

2. A band of masonry so laid as to
fasten together or strengthen ad-
joining parts. (Webster)

Binding bolts (Scot). Bolts used to
secure machinery to the foundations.
(Barrowman)

Binding coal. Coal which cakes on

burning. (Bacon)
Bin feeder. A man who rods or bars

ore that sticks as it passes through

the bin door. (Willcox)

Bing. 1. (No. of Eng.). A pile or
heap of anything. Specifically: A
heap of nfetallic ore, etc. 2. The
kiln of a furnace for making char-
coal used in metal smelting (obso-
lete). (Standard)

3. Eight hundred weight of ore.
(Raymond)

4. (Eng.). The best quality of lead
ore. (Webster)

5. (Scot.). A place where coal is
stocked, or debris is piled at the sur-
face. 6. To put coal in wagons or
in stacks at the surface. (Gresley)

Sing-hole (Defb.). A hole or chute
through which ore is thrown. (Ray-
mond)

Bing ore (Derb.). The largest and
best kind of lead ore. (Hunt)

Bingplace (Derb.). The place where
ore is stored for smelting. (Min.
Jour.)

Bingstead (Eng.). 1. The place where
lead ore is dressed. (Hunt)
2. A place for storing ore, coal, etc.
Compare Bing, 1 and 5.

Bing-tale (No. of Eng.). A synonym
for Tribute.

Bin man. One who pokes down ore
in bins to keep it feeding through
the chutes. (Willcox)

Binnite. A dark steel-gray metallic
copper sulpharsenite, ChieAstS*, that
crystallizes in the isometric-tetrahe-
dral system. (Dana)

Biotite. A magnesium-iron mica. The
common black mica. Often used as
a prefix to many names of rocks that
contain this mica; such as biotite-
andesite, biotite-gneiss, biotite-gran-
ite, etc. (Kemp)

Bipyramid. In crystallography, a
double-ended pyramid. (A. P.
Rogers)

BIqnartz. A quartz plate of two sec-
tions which turn the plane of polar-
ization in opposite directions. It is
used with a polariscope. (Webster)

Bird's eye marble. A local name
given to several varieties of marble
in which the markings assume the
appearance of a bird's eye. (Mer-
rill)

Bi-ref ringence. The property possessed
by crystals belonging to other than
the isometric system of splitting a
beam of ordinary light into two
beams which traverse the crystal at
different speeds, and as they pass
oiit of it produce characteristic op-
tical effects that are recognizable
with the proper instruments or, in
some cases, by the eye alone. Bi-
refringence is also known as Double
'•efraction. ( Ransome )

Birmite. See Burmite.

Bischofite. A crystalline-granular and
foliated, colorless to white hydrous
magnesium chloride, HuMgChO*
(Dana)

Biscuit. In ceramics, ware baked
once, but not glazed; bisque.
(Standard)

Bisectrix. A line bisecting the angle
between the optic axes of a biaxial
crystal. See Acute bisectrix; also
Obtuse bisectrix. ( Webster )

Bismlte. Bismuth trioxide, Bi,O». oc-
curring as a straw-yellow earth,
and as pearly white scales. (Dana)

Bismuth. One of the elements. A
brittle, redd! white metal. Sym-
bol, Bi, atomic weight, 208.0. Spe-
cific gravity, 9.8 (Webster). The
reddish-color is possibly due to ox-
idation.

Bismuth blende. Same as Eulytite.
(Standard)

80

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bismuth bronze. An alloy of bismuth
with tin. (Standard)

Bismuth flux. A mixture of one part
potassium iodide, one part acid po-
tassium sulphate, and two parts of
sulphur. Also made by mixing
equal parts of potassium iodide and
sulphur.

Bismuth glance. See Bismuthinite.

Bismuthinite. Bismuth trisulphide,
BI2Ss. Contains 81.2 per cent bis-
muth. (Dana)

Bismuthite. See Bismutite.
Bismuth ocher. See Bismite.

Bismuth silver. 1. Same as Chilenite.
2. Same as Schapbachite. (Stand-
ard)

Bismutite. A basic bismuth carbonate
of doubtful composition. Perhaps
BiaOg-COsHaO. Contains 80 per cent
Bismuth. (Dana)

Bismuto (Mex.). Bismuth. (Dwight)

Bismutospharite. A yellow, spherical,
fibrous bismuth carbonate, Bi2COs,
usually found as an alteration prod-
uct of bismuthinite. (Dana)

Bisphenoid. In crystallography, a
forfli apparently consisting of two
sphenoids placed together symmetri-
cally. (A. F. Rogers)

Bisque. In ceramics, biscuit; biscuit-
ware, as in statuettes, dolls, etc.
(Standard)

Bit. 1. A drilling .chisel. Compare
Auger-stem. (Chance)

2. The cutting end of a boring im-
plement. (Raymond)

3. A pointed hammer for dressing
hard stone, as granite. 4. The blade
of an ax. 5. The copper head of a
soldering iron. (Webster)

Bitches (Scot). A set of three chains
for slinging pipes in a mine shaft.
(Barowman")

Bites (Colom.). Slime produced by
grinding or stamping ore. (Halse)

Bitter. Applied to minerals having
the taste of Epsom salts. (Dana)
Bitter earth. Magnesia.

Bittern. The bitter mother liquor
that remains in salt works after the
salt has crystallized out. ( Webster )

Bitter spar. A pure, crystalline dolo-
mite. It consists of one part or
equivalent of calcium carbonate and
one part of magnesium carbonate.
Also called Pearl spar. (Roy. Com.)

Bitulithic. A kind of paving consist-
ing of broken stone cemented with
bitumen or asphalt (Webster)

Bitumastic. A kind of bituminous
paint or cement (Webster)

Bitumen. See Asphalt A general
name for various solid and semisolid
hydrocarbons. In 1912 the term
was used by the American Society
for Testing Materials to include all
those hydrocarbons which are solu-
ble in carbon bisulphide, whether
gases, easily mobile liquids, viscous
liquids, or solids. (U. S. Oeol.
Surv.)

Bitumenized. Converted into bitumen.
(Hitchcock)

Bituminate. 1. To cement or cover
with bitumen. 2. To charge or mix
with- bitumen. ( Standard )

Bituminiferous. Yielding or contain-
ing bitumen. ( Standard )

Bituminoso (Mex.). Bituminous.
(Dwight)

Bituminous. 1. Containing much or-
ganic, or at least carbonaceous mat-
ter, mostly in the form of the tarry
hydrocarbons which are usually de-
scribed as bitumen. (Kemp)
2. Having the odor of bitumen.
Often applied to minerals. (Dana)

Bituminous cement. A bituminous
material suitable for use as a binder,
having cementing qualities which
are dependent mainly on its bitumi-
nous character. (Bacon)

Bituminous coal. Ordinary soft coal.
See Coal.

Bituminous limestone. A limestone
impregnated with bituminous mat-
ter and emitting a fetid odor when
rubbed. Called also Stinkstone and
Swinestone. (Standard)

Bituminous pavement. A pavement
composed of stone, gravel, sand,
shell or slag, or combinations there-
of, and bituminous, materials, thor-
oughly incorporated. (Bacon)

Bituminous sandstone. See Sandstone.

Bituminous shale. A shale contain-
ing hydrocarbons or bituminous ma-
terial : when rich in such substances
it yields oil or gas on distillation.
Called also Pyroschist or Oil shale.
(Standard)

Bituminous surface. In paving, a
superficial coat of bituminous mate-
rial, with or without the addition
of stone or slag chips; gravel, sand,
or material of similar character.
(Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

81

Bituminous Wood. A variety of brown
coal much resembling wood. (Ches-
ter)

BitusoL Trinidad asphalt It is said

to be a .true bitusol— that is to say,
dispersed . solid colloids in solution
in bitumen. (Bacon)

Bivalent Having a valence of two.
See also Valence. (Webster)

Bizen ware. Fine, hard, unglazed
pottery, usually grayish* white;
made in Bizen, Japan. (Webster)

Bizet. In gem cutting, the part of a
brilliant (diamond) between the
table and the girdle, occupying one-
third of its depth and having 32
facets. (Standard)

alta. An argillaceous schist,
found in the New Almaden quick-
silver mine, Santa Clara County,
California. (Hanks)

Black amber. A name given by amber-
diggers to jet which is founa with
amber. It becomes faintly electric
when rubbed. (Oldham)

Black and gold marble, See Porto
marble.

Black ash. A solid black mixture of
sodium carbonate and calcium sul-
phide produced by fusing sodium
sulphate, limestone, and coal to-
gether in soda-ash manufacture.
Called also Soda-ball and British
barilla. (Standard)

Blackband. An earthy carbonate of
iron, accompanying coal beds. Ex-
tensively worked as ari iron ore in
Great Britain, and somewhat in
Ohio. (Raymond)

Black bat A piece of bituminous
shale embedded in the rock imme-
diately over the coal measure and
liable to fall of its own weight
when the coal beneath it has been
removed (Cinkovitch v. Thistle
Coal Co., 143 Iowa, p. 597, 121
Northwestern, 1036). Compare Ket-
tle bottom ; Bell-mold.

Black butts. Discolored and imperfect
coke, usually found at the bottom or
side of the oven because of excessive
moisture existing there; may also
result from improper manipulation
of the oven. Also called Black ends.

Black chalk. 1. A variety of bluelsh-
black olay containing carbon. ( Skin-
ner)

8. A slate sufficiently colored by car-
bonaceous particles to answer the
purpose of black lead in pencils for

744010 O— 47 - 6

coarse work, such as marking stone.
(Century >

Black coal (Scot). Coal slightly
burned by igneous rock (Barrow-
man). See Natural coke; Blind
coal, 1.

Black copper. A name given to the
more or less impure metallic copper
produced in blast-furnaces when
running on oxide ores or roasted
sulphide material. It is always an
alloy of copper with one or mere
other metals generally containing
several per cent of iron, often lead,
and many other Impurities. It also
contains from 1 to 3 per cent sul-
phur. (Peters, p. 227)

Black copper ore. See Melaconite;
Tenorite.

Black coring. The development of
black or bluish-black cores in bricks,
due to improper burning. (Rles>

Black cotton (India). Soil from 6 to
10 feet in thickness overlying the
coal measures, which in dry weather
shrinks and produces mud cracks.
(Gresley)

Black damp. A term generally applied
to carbpn dioxide. Strictly speak-
ing, a mixture of nitrogen, and car-
bon dioxide. The average black
damp contains 10 .to 15 per cent car-
bon dioxide, and 85 to 90 per cent
nitrogen. It is formed by mine
fires and the explosion of .fire damp
in mines, and hence forms a part of
the afterdamp. An atmosphere de^
pleted of oxygen rather than con-
taining an excess of carbon dioxide.

Black diamond. 1. A variety of dia-
mond, opaque, dark colored, and
without cleavage. (Moses)
2. A term frequently applied to coal.
(Gresley)

Black earth. A kind of coal which is
pounded fine and used by painters
in fresco. (Century)

Black-ends (Eng.). See Black butts.

Blackening. In founding, the process
of coating the faces of a mold with
charcoal or similar fine powder, or
with a mixture thereof with water ;
facing. (Standard)

Black flux. A flux obtained as a dark
colored mass (consisting of potas-
sium carbonate and finely divided
carbon) by the deflegration of tar-
tar with about half its weight of
saltpetre. (Webster)

82

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Black heat. A heat just below a dull
red heat, at which iron or steel
turns black (Webster). Compare
Black-red heat.

Black hematite. A synonym for Psil-
omelane. (Chester)

Black horse. A term used by quarry-
men in Rhode Island to denote a
dark biotite-gnelss in contact with
the granite. (Dale)

Blacking. Finely powdered charcoal,
graphite, or a mixture thereof with
water, or other form of powdered
carbon, used in coating a mold, as
In iron casting; blackwash; facing.
(Standard)

Black iron. Malleable iron untinned:
distinguished from Tinned or White
iron. (Standard)

Black iron ore. A synonym for Mag-
netite. (Chester)

Blackjack. 1. A dark variety of zinc-
blende or sulphide of zinc. It has
a resinous luster and yields a light
colored streak or powder. See also
Blende; Sphalerite. (Dana)
2. Crude black oil used to lubricate
mine-car wheels. 8. (Ark.) Soft
black, carbonaceous clay or earth
associated with coal. (Steel)

4. (Derb.) A kind of cannel coal.
(Gresley)

5. (111.) A thin stratum of coal
interbeflded with layers of slate. A
poor, bony coal.

Black latten. Milled sheet brass as
used by braziers and wiredrawers.
(Standard)

Blacklead. The common name for
graphite, because it gives a mark
on wood or paper like that of me-
tallic lead. Also called Plumbago.
(Roy. Com.)

Blacklead ore. An early name for the
black variety of cerussite. (Chester)

Blackleg. 1. A strike breaker. 2. A,
swindler; a dishonest gambler.
(Webster)

Black lignite. A coal Intermediate
between lignite and bituminous coal
and not always distinguishable from
one or the other on sight. Called
also Subbituminous coal. (Wat-
son)

Black list. Any list of persons who
are for any reason deemed ob-
jectionable by the makers or users
of the list, as for political or social
misconduct, for joining in or assist-
ing a strike, etc. (Century)

Black litharge. See Abstrich.

Blacklnng. See Anthracosts.

Black-mob (Eng.). Slang "for work-
men who refuse to join a trades
union. (Standard)

Black muck; Black mould (Lane.). A
dark-brown powdery substance, con-
sisting of silica, alumina, and iron;
found in iron mines. (Gresley)

Black ocher. Wad; bog manganese
ore.

Black oil. A residue from petroleum
or from its distillates. It varies
widely in character and is used as
a cheap lubricant. (Bacon)

Black ore (Eng.). Partly decomposed
pyrite containing copper. (C. and
M. M. P.) .

Black oxide of manganese. See Pyro-
lusite.

Black pigment. Lampblack obtained
by burning common coal tar. (Cen-
tury)

Black plate. Sheet iron before tin-
ning. (Raymond)

Blaokpot (Eng.). A variety of coarse
unglazed pottery. (Standard)

Black powder. A granular explosive
containing approximately 74 per
cent potassium nitrate, 16 per cent
wood charcoal, and 10 per cent sul-
phur. For sporting powders the per
cent of potassium nitrate is usually
a little higher. Compare Blasting
powder. (Brunswig, p. 238)

Black-red heat. The temperature of
a metal at which it begins to be
luminous by daylight (Standard).
Compare Black heat

Black-ring (So. Staff.). A thin bed
of coal as seen in the shaft sides,
having the appearance of a black
circle or ring. (Gresley)

Blacks (Som.). Soft dark-colored
shale. (Gresley)

Black sand. Heavy grains of various
minerals which have a dark color,
and are usually found accompany-
ing gold in alluvial deposits, e. ff.t
magnetite, chromite, ilmeflite. cas-
siterite, tourmaline, etc.. (Power)

Black-sand beach. A beach where
black sand occurs.

Black silver; Brittle silver ore. Same
as Stephanite. (Standard)

Black solder. An alloy of copper, zinc,
and a little tin. (Webster)

Blackstone (No. of Eng.). Highly
carbonaceous shale. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MIKUTG ABT) MTNBBAL INDUSTRY,

Blackstrap. A dark, heavy oU used
for lubricating mine-car wheels.
See alto Black Jack, 2.

Black taggers. Thin sheet iron on-
coated with tin. Black iron. (Stand-
ard)

Black telluride. See Nagyagite.

Black tin (Corn.). Dressed tin ore
ready to be smelted. ( Standard )

Black track (Aust). A box-shaped
truck or car with end door, so called
because it is made black with tar.
(Power)

TitrloL An impure copper, sul-
phate. (Standard)

Black wad. An early name 'for sev-
eral minerals, including graphite
and the softer manganese oxides.
(Chester)

Blackwork. 1. Iron wrought by black-
smiths. 2. Forgings, rolled work,
etc., which have not undergone a
process that gives a bright finish.
(Webster)

Bladed. Decidedly elongated and flat-
tened (Butler). Said of some min-
erals.

Bladed structure. Consisting of parts
resembling knife blades. (George)

Blae. 1. (Scot.) A hard sandstone,
free from joints; also an underclay
with balls of ironstone. See Bind.
Called Blaes or Blaize (Gresley).
2. A soft shale or slate of bluish
color (Webster). See Kingle.

Blagden's law. The law (of limited
application) that the lowering of
the freezing point is proportional- to
the amount of the dissolved sub-
stance. (Webster)

Blair process. An improved form of
the Chenot process. (Raymond)

Blaisdell reclaiming apparatus. An
apparatus for automatically dis-
charging a sand tank having a cen-
tral bottom opening. It consists of
a central vertical shaft carrying
four arms fitted with round plow
disks. Sand is plowed toward a
central opening and discharged on a
conveyor belt (Liddell). Also called
Blaisdell vat excavator.

Blaisdell sand distributer. An appara-
tus for loading sand tanks. It con-
sists of a rapidly revolving disk
with curved radial vanes. The disk
is hung on a shaft in the center of
the tank, and as sand is dropped on
the disk it is distributed over the
entire area. (Liddell)

(Scot,). Bee Blae.

Blake eruthe*. The original
of jaw type. A crusher with one
fixed jaw plate and one pivoted at
the top so ai to give the greatest
movement on the smallest lump
(Richards, p. 1200). Motion is im-
parted to the lower end of the
crushing jaw by toggle joint op-
erated by eccentric.

Blake furnace. A furnace, the hearth
of which consists of terraces rising
from the outer edge to the centef.
The hearth is circular and revolves
when in operation. ( Ingalls, p. 116)

Blanc. In ceramics, an ujodecorated
piece of pottery. (Standard)

Blanc fixe. A barium sulphate formed
artificially as a heavy, ' white, in-
soluble precipitate. Used a a a pig-
ment Also called Baryta white;
Permanent white. (Webster)

Blanch. 1. (Bng.) Lead ore, mixed
with other minerals. (Raymond)
2. To cover sheet iron with a coat-
ing of tin. (Webster)

Blanched copper.' An alloy of copper
and arsenic. (Raymond)

Blandura ( Sp, ). Soft, crumbly ground.
(Halse.)

Blanket 1. A piece of cloth used In
blanket sluices. (Webster)
2. See Blanket deposit; Blanket
vein.

8. A bituminous surface of apprecia-
ble thickness generally formed on
top of a roadway by. the applica-
tion of one or more coats of bitumi-
nous material and sand (Bacon).
Also called Carpet

Blanket deposit A flat deposit of pr*
of which the length and breadth are
relatively great as compared with
the thickness. The term is current
among miners* but it has no very
exact scientific meaning, More or
less synonymous terms ace fiat
sheets, bedded veins, beds or flat
masses. Such deposits are, fre-
quently intercalated between rocks
of different llthological character and
origin, and may have been .deposited
in a regular sedimentary series, or
subsequently introduced between the
beds or impregnating them (Cen-
tury) See also Blanket vein.

Blanketing. 1. Material caught upon
the blankets used in concentrating
gold-bearing sands or slimes. (Web-
ster)

2. The process involved in defini-
tion 1.

84

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Blanket shooting. Also termed Buffer
•hooting or Shooting against the
bank. A term applied to a method
of blasting on a face not exceeding
30 or 35 feet in height It involves
leaving at the quarry face a mass
of shattered rock several feet in
thickness that serves as a buffer,
preventing the rock from being
thrown far from its source, and also
rendering the shot more effective.
(Bowles)

Blanket sluice. A sluice in which
coarse blankets are laid, to catch
the fine but heavy particles of gold,
amalgam, etc., in the slime passing
over them. The blankets are re-
moved and washed from time to
time, to obtain the precious metal.
(Raymond)

Blanket table, or strake (Aust). A
sloping board or table covered with
baize for catching gold. (Da vies)

Blanket vein. A horizontal vein or
deposit Sheet ground. A sheet de-
posit "A vein in which the ore
body covers the entire area within
the limits of the surface lines of a
mining location. The apex of a
blanket vein is coextensive with the
space between the side lines of a
mining location." (Homestake Min.
Co., In re, 2& Land Decisions, p. 689 ;
Belligerent, etc., Mining Claims, In
re, 35 Land Decision, p. 22.) (U.

5. Min. Stat, p. 106). See also
Blanket deposit

Blanton cam. A device used for lock-
ing the cam on the camshaft in a
stamp-mill. A wedging action is in-
sured by means of a brass taper
bushing.

Blaal 1. The operation of blasting,
Or rending rock or earth by means
of explosives. 2. The air forced
into a furnace to accelerate com-
bustion 3. The period during which
a blast furnace is in blast, that is,
in operation. (Raymond)
4. An explosion of gas (or dust) in
a mine. (Webster)

6. (Scot). A fall of water in the
down-cast shaft to produce or
quicken ventilation. (Barrowman )
6. To give (a kiln) a specially hot
firing at the last (Standard)

Blast box. A chamber Into or through
which the air of a blowing engine
passes; ( Century \

Blast 4raft The draft produced by
a" blower, as by blowing in air be-
neath a fire, or drawing out the
gases from above "'IK' A, forced
draft. (Webster)

Blasted. 1. A term applied to a miner
who has been injured by an ex-
plosion of dynamite or gunpowder.
(Weed)
2. Rent by an explosive. (Webster)

Blast furnace. A furnace in which
.combustion is forced by a current
of air under pressure, especially for
smelting ores. A blast furnace is
designated as hot-blast or cold-blast
according to the temperature of the
air used for the blast. The furnace
is usually vertical, 'but varies greatly
In size and shape (Webster)

Blast hearth. A hearth in connection
with which a blast is used, as in re-
ducing lead ore. (Webster)

Blast-hole (Eng.). 1. The holes
through which the water enters the
bottom of a pump (Ure). See also
Snore hole.

2. A hole for a blasting-charge.
(Standard)

Blast-hole machine. A drilling ma-
chine of the Keystone type, used to
drill holes 6 in. diameter and 35 to
40 ft. deep for the purpose of blast-
ing down a large amount of ore or
waste in advance of the steam-
shovels. It is used in all of the
great excavations of the dissemi-
nated copper deposits. (Min. and
Sci. Press, vol. 113, p. 946.)

Blasting. 1. The operation of splitting
rocks by gunpowder or other ex-
plosives (Century) : as in mining
and quarrying operations,
2. A method of loosening or shat-
tering masses of solid matter, en-
countered during boring, by means
of explosive compounds. Where
petroleum occurs in a dense hard
rock, recourse must sometimes be
had to the use of explosives, the
effect of these being to set up a sub-
terranean disturbance, which may
thus be the means of giving freer
movement to the oil. (M'tzakis)

Blasting barrel. A piece of iron pipe,
usually about i inch in diameter,
used to provide a smooth passage-
way through the stemming for the
miner's squib. It is recovered after
each blast and used until destroyed.
(Du Pont)

Blasting cap. A copper shell closed at
one end and containing a charge of
detonating compound, which is ig-
nited from the spark of the fuse.
Used for detonating nigh explosives.
(Du Pont)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

85

Blasting cartridge. A cartridge con-
taining an explosive to be used in
blasting. (Webster)

Blasting circuit. The leading wires,
connecting wires and connected elec-
tric blasting caps, when prepared
for the firing of a blast (Du Pont)

Blasting compounds. Explosive sub-
stances used ?n blasting. (Century)

Blasting fuse. A slow burning fuse
used for igniting blasting charges.
(Webster)

Blasting gelatin. A high explosive,
consisting of nitroglycerin and nitro-
cotton. It is a strong explosive, and
is a rubber-like, elastic substance,
unaffected by water. (Du Pont)

Blasting machine. A portable dynamo,
in which the armature is rotated by
the downward thrust of the rack-
bar or handle, used for firing blasts
electrically (Du Pont). Also called
Battery.

Blasting mat A tightly woven cover-
ing of heavy manila rope or wire
rope, or chain, made in various
sizes, for covering the material to
be blasted and preventing the flying
of small fragments of rock. (Du
Pont)

Blasting r.eedle. A needle-like instru-
ment for making an opening for a
fuse (or squib). (Webster)

Blasting oil. Same as Nitroglycerin.
(Century)

Blasting powder. A powder contain-
ing less nitrate, and in its place
more charcoal than black powder.
Its composition is 65 to 75 per cent
potassium nitrate, 10 to 15 per cent
sulphur and 15 to 20 per cent char-
coal. In the United States sodium
nitrate is largely used in place of
the potassium salt Compare Black
powder. (Brunswig, p. 302)

Blasting stick. A simple form of fuse.
(Raymond)

Blasting supplies. A term used to in-
clude electric blasting caps, ordi-
nary blasting caps, fuse, blasting
machines, galvanometers, rheostats,
etc., in fact, everything used in
blasting, except explosives. (Du
Pont)

Blasting tube. An India rubber tubing
used for holding nitroglycerin, (Web-
ster)

Blast liquor. A liquid for bleaching,
as a solution of chloride of lime.
(Webster)

Blast meter. An anemometer for
measuring the force of a blast
(Webster)

Blast nozzle. A fixed or variable out-
let of a blast pipe. (Webster)

Blast pipe. A pipe for supplying air
to furnaces. (C. and M. M. P.)

Blast-roasting. A generic term given
by A. S. Dwight to a process of
forcing air through finely divided
metallic sulphides with the object
of roasting and agglomerating in
a single operation. The process
which originated with Huntington
and Heberlein in 1889 was confined
to a galena concentrate, limestone
being added to serve both as a di-
luent to keep separate the particles
of galena that they might be thor-
oughly oxidized, and as a flux that
the partly roasted ore might be ag-
glomerated by the formation of a
sinter. In the original Huntington
and Heberlein process the galena
concentrate, mixed with limestone,
is given a preliminary rough-roast,
in order to oxidize some of the sul-
phide and thus reduce its calorific
power, before it is moistened and
charged into the converting pot.
In the later Savelsberg process
the moistened galena-limestone mix-
ture is blown direct without having
been subjected to a rough-roast
In the third modification, the Car-
michael-Bradford process, the mode
of operating is the same as with the
Savelsberg, only limestone is re-
placed by dehydrated gypsum. These
three established processes, as well
as some other modifications, are
characterized as the up-draft opera-
tions and are usually intermittent;
the Dwight-Lloyd process is the lead-
ing representative of the down-draft
operation which is usually continu-
ous. (Hofman, General Metallurgy,
pp. 411-112)

Blatt (Ger.). A flaw or fault

Bleacher. A settling tub used in re-
fining petroleum. (Standard)

Bleaching clay (Corn.). Kaolin, used
with size, to whiten and give weight
and susbtance to cotton goods.
(Raymond)

Bleaching powder. A powder for
bleaching, as chloride of lime, or
calcium oxy chloride CaOClj. (Web-
ster)

Bleb. A vesicle or bulla containing
a serous fluid ; a bubble as in water,
glass, etc. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Bleek. 1. (No. of Bug.) Pitch or tar
upon ropes. (Gresley)
2. A black, fluid or semifluid sub-
stance, as blacking for leather,
grease on an axle, etc. (Standard)

Bleed (Eng.) To give off water, or
gas, as from coal or other stratum.
(Gresley)

Bleeder. 1. An escape valve .for gas
at the top pf a furnace or along
the gas line, to relieve excess pres-
sure or flow of gas. (Willcox)
2. A small cock or valve to draw
off water of condensation from a
range of piping. (Nat Tube Co.)

Bleeding. The exudation of bitumi-
nous material on the roadway sur-
face after construction. (Bacon)

Bleeding valve. A cock, as in an air
brake mechanism, the opening of
which releases air (Standard).
See also Bleeder.

Bleiberg furnace. Bee Carinthian fur-
nace.

Blenda (Mex.). Zincblende. (Dwight)

Blende. Without any qualification
means zincblende or the sulphide of
zinc, which has the luster and often
the color of common resin, and'
yields a white streak and powder.
The darker varieties are ^Ued
blackjack by the English miners.
Other minerals' having this luster
are also called blendes, as antimony
blende, ruby blende, pitchblende,
hornblende (Hoy. Com.). It is
often found in brown shining crys-
tals, hence its name among the Ger-
man miners, from the word btenden
to dazzle.

Bliok (Ger.). The brightening or iri-
descence appearing on silver or gold
at the end of the cupelling or refin-
ing process. (Raymond)

Blikhuls (So. Afr.). A small house of
galvanized iron - erected on a gold
field or* in a diamond compound.
(Standard)

Blind, i. Not appearing in an out-
crop at the surface ; applied to min-
eral veins. (Webster)
S. (Forest of Dean.) See After-
damp. 8. (Scot). To erect a stop-
ping in a crosscut or other under-
ground roadway. (Gresley)

Blind coal (Bng.). 1. Goal altered by
the heat of a trap dike so as to re-
semble anthracite. (Gresley)
ft. Anthracite and other kinds of
coal that burn without flame.
(Power)

Blind creek (Aust). A creek that te
dry, except Ur wet .weather. (Da-
vies)

Blind drift A horizontal passage, in
a mine* not yet ; connected witfe the
other workings (Ihlseng). Bee oko
Blind level.

Bli*4e. Same as Blende. (Standard)

Blinded (Scot ) . Not opposite. Two
ends (drifts or entries) driven. from
opposite sides of a plane and not
opposite each 'other, but nearly so,
are said to be blinded. (Barrow-
man)

Blind flange. A flange used to close
the end of a' pipe, Y it .produces a
blind end wljich is also called a dead
end7 TNat/Tube Co.)

Blind joint An obscure bedding
plane. (C. and H. **.#..)

BUa* lead; Blind lode. A vein hairing
no outcrop. (Ihlseng)

Blind level 1. A level not yet con-
nected with other working, fc A
level for drainage, having a shaft
at either end, and acting as an in-
verted siphon. (Raymond)

Blind led*. A lode showing no sur-
face outcrop, and one that can not
be found by any surface indications.
See also Blind lead. ( Skinner ^

Blind-pit (Lane.). See Drop-staple.

Blind road; Blind way (Mid.). Any
underground roadway not in use,
having stoppings placed across it
(Gresley)

Blind roaster. A muffle furnace,
(Webster)

Blind seams. Incipient joints, (R!e»)

Blind ijurft A ahaft which does not
open to daylight A. winze., See, gbo
Underground -shaft

Blind shearing (Scot). A side cot-
ting without under cutting. (.Bar-
rowman)

Blind stope (Local, U. $.). A secret
working to remove pre, (Standard)

Blind vein. A vein that does not
continue to the surface (Power).
See 0,1*0 Blind, 1; Blind lode, Blind
lead.

Blister. See Blister copper.

Blister copper. A high-grade crude,
copper in which nearly all the
oxidizable impurities have been re-
moved by slagging and volatiliza-
tion. It contains from 97 to 99 per
cent copper and only .25 to .75 per
cent sulphur (Peters, p. 226).

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

87

Blistered copper ore. A reniform
variety of chalcopyrite. (Power)

Blistering. See Secondary blasting.;

also Mudcap.

Blister steel. Crude steel formed from
wrought iron by cementation. So
called from its blistered surfaces
(Webster). See also Cement steel.

Bloat. A hammer swelled at the eye.
(Raymond)

Block. 1. A division of a mine, usu-
ally bounded by workings but some-
times by survey lines or other arbi-
trary limits. (Webster)

Block-bond. A style of bricklaying in
which the bricks are laid crosswise
and lengthwise alternately. (Stand-
ard)

Block caving. A method of mining ore
from the top down in successive lay-
ers of much greater thickness than
characteristic of top slicing. Each
block is undercut over the greater
part of its bottom area and the sup-
porting pillars blasted out. As the
block caves and settles, the cover
follows. The method might be con-
sidered as involving many of the
features of top slicing combined with
ore caving, but applied on u larger
scale (Young). Also called " Caving
system " and " Cumberland method
of mining."

Block caving into chutes. See Chute
caving.

Block claim (Aust). A square mining
claim whose boundaries are marked
out by posts. (Skinner)

Block coal. A peculiar kind of coal
that breaks into large cubical
blocks. It is used raw, or without
coking, in the smelting of iron.
Found in the Indiana coal field.
(Century)

Block furnace. Same as Bloomery.
(Century)

Block hole. 1. A small hole drilled in
a block of rock either by hand drill
or a portable air drill, to contain
a small charge of explosive. 2. A
relief hole, designed to remove part
of the burden from a subsequent
shot, used in coal mining. (Du
Pont)

8. A quarryman's term for a method
of breaking undesirably large blocks
of stone by the discharge of dyna-
mite in shallow holes. (Bowles)

Blockholer. A person whose duty it
la to break up and reduce to safe
convenient size, by blasting or

otherwise, any large blocks or pieces
of rock that have been blown down
by the miners. (Mesich v. Tama-
rack Mining Co., 184 Michigan, p.
366; 151 Northwestern, p. 563)

Blocking-out. 1. (Aust). Laying or
staking out gold-bearing gravel de-
posits in square blocks in order to
facilitate systematic washing. 2. Ex-
posing an ore body on three sides.
(Skinner)

Block ore. A local term in Wisconsin
for large cubical crystals of galena.
(Power)

Block-reef (Aust.). A reef that shows
frequent contractions and bulges.
A wavy vein. (Power)

Block system of stoping and filling.
See Overhand stoping.

Block tin. Commercial tin, cast into
blocks, and partly refined. Solid
tin as distinguished from tin plate.
Also called Bar tin. (Webster)

Blocky. Breaking down in thick
blocks. Applied to the roof of a
mine working. (Steel)

Blond-metal (Staff.). A variety of
clay ironstone of the coal-measures
occurring near Wednesbury. (Cen-
tury)

Blood poisoning. A morbid state of
the blood caused by the introduction
of poisonous or infective matter
from without, or the absorption or
retention of such as is produced in
the body itself. (Webster)

Bloodstone. A variety of chalcedony
or jaspar, dark green in color, inter-
spersed with small red spots. Used
as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Blood wipe (Derb.). To draw blood*
at a mine, by any act of violence
that one man can inflict upon an-
other. (Hooson)

Bloom. 1. A large steel bar, drawn
from an ingot for further manufac-
ture. 2. A rough bar of iron, drawn
from a Catalan or bloomery ball,
for further manufacture. See also
Billet. (Raymond)
3. A mass of iron or steel formed
by consolidating scrap at a high
temperature by hammering or roll-
ing. 4. A lump or mass of molten
glass. 5. An earthy mineral that is
frequently found as an efflorescence,
as cobalt bloom. Also called Blos-
som. 6. To form an efflorescence, as
salts with which alkali soils are im-
pregnated bloom out on the surface
of the earth in dry weather, after a
rain or irrigation. 7. The fluores-
cence of petroleum. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bloomery; Bloomary. 1. A forge for
making wrought-tron, usually direct
from the ore. The sides are iron
plates; the hair plate at the 'back,
the cinder plate at the frent, the
tuyere plate (through which the
tuyere passes) at one side (its
tipper part being called in some
bloomeries the merrit plate) the
fdre-spar plate opposite the tuyfcre
plate (its upper part being the
skew plate) and the bottom plate
at the bottom. (Raymond)
2. A machine for making blooms
out of puddle-balls; an establish-
ment containing such machines.
(Standard)

Bloom hook. A tool for handling metal
blooms. Also called bloom tongs.
(Oentury)

Blooming. The process of manufac-
turing blooms of iron from the ore
or from puddle balls. (Standard)

Blooming mill. 1. The first set of
rolls in a rolling mill. 2. A bloom-
cry. (Standard)

Blossom. The oxidized or decomposed
outcrop of a vein or coal bed, more
frequently the latter. Also called
Bloom, Smut, and Tailing. See also
Gossan. (Raymond)

Blossom of coal. See Goal smut, 1.

Blossom rook. The rock detached from
a vein but which has not been trans-
ported. (Ihlseng)

Blont. A mass of quartz, often miner-
alized, that is frequently isolated
and not connected with a vien. A
contraction of Blow-out, 2.

Blow. 1. A single heat or operation
of the Bessemer converter, also the
quantity of metal operated upon.

2. (Aust.). A large mass of quartz
or other gangue, isolated or forming
a sudden enlargement on a lode.
(Webster)

3. (Eng.). To blast with powder.

4. The escape of gas through a dam
or stopping. 5. (York.). The break-
ing or falling of a mine roof. (Ores-
ley)

«. (Aust). The outcrop of the
top of a vein (Standard). See
Ironstone blow.

Slowdown (Eng.). To bring down
coal or stone with explosives. (G.
C. Green well)

Slowdown fan. A force fan. (C. and
M. M. P.>

Blower. 1. A fan or other apparatus
for forcing air into ar furnace or
mine. See Blowing engine. (Hanks)

2. A blowing out or forcible dis-
charge of gas from a hole or fissure
in a mine. (Webster)

3. (Eng.). A man who blasts or
fires shots in a mine, or who drills
the holes and charges them, ready
for firing. (Gresley)

4. A foreman in charge of the opera-
tion of a blast furnace and stoves.
At small plants in charge of trestle,
stock house, and pig machine as welt.
(Willcox)

Blow- George (Eng.). A small cen-
trifugal fan worked by hand, for
mine ventilation. (Gresler)

Blowholes. 1. Minute craters formed
on the surface of thick lava flows.
(Daly)

2. A hole for the escape of gas or
air. 3. A spot in a casting weak-
ened by a bubble1 of air ; an air hole.
(Webster)

Blow-in. To put a blast furnace In
operation. (Raymond) See alto
Blowing-ln. ,

Blowing (Eng.). Blasting. (Bain-
bridge)

Blowing engine. An engine for forc-

, ing air into blast furnaces under

pressure, often about one pound

avoirdupois per square inch. ( Weed )

Blowing fan. A rotary fan used to
produce a blast. (Webster)

Blowing furnace. A furnace in which
glassware is held to soften it when
it becomes stiff in working. (Web-
ster)

Blowing house (Eng.). An establish-
ment in which blast furnaces are
operated ( tire ); Specifically for
smelting tin ore.

Blowtng-in. -The starting of a furnace-
which consists of warming the cru-
cible, filling the furnace and heating
the charge to the smelting point.
(Hofman, p. 319)

Blowing on tap hole. Blowing air
through the hole at casting, to clean
the hearth of iron and cinder.
(Willcox)

Blowing on the monkey. A flame
blowing from the cinder notch of a
blast furnace. (Willcox)

Blowing-out. See Blow-out, 1.

Blowing pipe. A glass-blower's pipe.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

89

Blowing-pot In pottery works, an. ap-
paratus for distributing color over
the ware before burning. (Cen-
tury)

Blowing road (So. Staff.). An intake,
or fresh-air road in a mine. (Ores-
ley)

Blowing tools. A small set of blast-
ing implements (Standard). Com-
pare Blasting supplies.

Blowing-up furnace. A furnace' used
for sintering ore and the volatiliza-
tion of lead and zinc. (Herman, p.
139)

Blown-out shot. A shot that has blown
out the stemming without breaking
any of the coal except that around
the auger hole (Steel). See also
Blow-out, 3.

Blow-off. 1. To let off excess of steam
from a boiler. (C. and M. M. P.) '
2. To blow out, by means of a special
valve, the suspended and precipi-
tated impurities collected in a steam
boiler.

Blow-out 1. To put a blast furnace
out of blast, by ceasing to charge
fresh materials, and continuing the
blast until the contents of the fur-
nace have been smelted. 2. A large
outcrop, beneath which the vein, is
smaller, is called a blow-out 3. A
shot or blast is said to blow out
when it goes off like a gun and does
not shatter the rock (Raymond). A
blown-out or windy shot
4. A sudden or violent escape of gas,
or air. 5. The cleaning of boiler
flues, by a blast of steam. (Web-
ster)

6. The rupture of a boiler tube,
steam pipe, pneumatic tire or other
container through faulty construc-
tion, excessive pressure or other
cause.

Blow-over. The excess of glass in
making blown objects, projecting be-
yond the mold and afterward broken
off. (Standard)

Blowpipe. A tube through which air.
is forced into a flame, to direct it
and increase its intensity. •' In the
compound blowpipe, two jets of gas
(one of which may be ait) are
united at the point of combustion.
(Raymond)

Blowpipe reaction. A 'decomposition
of a compound when heated before
the blowpipe, resulting in some
characteristic reaction, as a color-
ing of the flame pr a colored crust
on a piece of charcoal (Standard).
A useful method of analysis in min-
eralogy.

Blows (Leic.). Frequent, and sudden
risings of quicksand in sinking
through water-bearing ground.
(Gresley)

Blowtorch. A small autqmatic , blast
lamp, or torch. (Webster)

Blowtube. A long wrought-irori tube,
on the end bf! which the workman
gathers a quantity of molten glass,
and through which he blows to ex-
pand or shape it ' (Webster)

Blowup. 1. (Eng.) An explosion of
.fire damp, ; in a. mine.' 3, To allots
atmospheric air access to cer-
tain places in coal mines, so as to
generate heat, and -^ultimately w
cause gob fires.

Blow wells (EBg-.). A local term for
Artesian wells, in the eastern coast
of Lincolnshire, so called be^a,us$
the water often rushes up violently."

Blue. An<assayer's term for a solu-
tion of copper sulphate. (Ricketts)

Blue asbestos. See Crocldolite.

Blue .band. A bluish band of ' slate
from one to four inches thick occur-
ring 18 to 24 Indies from the bottom
of the No. 6 coal seam in Illinois.

Blnc-'billy (Eng.). The residuum" otf
cupreous pyrites after roasting with
salt (Raymond)

Bhie bind; Saifce as Bind, 1.

Bluecap, The characteristic blue halo
or tip, of the flame of a safety lamp
when flre damp is present in the
air (Barrowman). See also Cap. 2.

Blue carbonate of copper. Samp as
Azurite.

Blue earth; Blue ground. See KimN»r-
lite.

Blue elvan (Corn.). A synonym $&
Greenstone.

BJuje ground. 1. ( So. Af*. ) . = A, -
name for the decomposed peridotite
or kimberlite that carries the dia-
monds in the South African mines.
fKetrio.)

2. (So; Staff.) Stratfc of the coal
measures, consisting principally 1 6f
beds of hard clay or shale. 'See
Bind; also Bluestone, '2 Presley)

Blue iron earth. See Yivianite.

Blue ironstone. A synonym for Groci-
dolite (Chester). Blue asbestos.

Blue jack. Blue vitriol; copper sql-
. phate (Webster). See alto Chal-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL

Blue- join. A beautiful fibrous or eol-
umnar variety of fluorspar found in
Derbyshire, England. Used for
making ornaments. (Webster)

lead. (Pronounced like the vert)
to lead.) The bluish auriferous
gr#vej and cement deposit found .ijk
the ancient river-channels of Cali-
fornia, (Raymond)

Blue lead- ore. An old name for a
compact variety of galenlte of a
bliii«h-gray, color. ( Chester )

Blue malachite. Same as Azurlte.
( Standard >

Blue metal; I. & copper matte con-
taining about 60 per cent copper.
(Webster)

2. (No. of Eng.). See Bind. 1; also
Bluestone, 2.

Blue ocher. Same as Vlvianite.

Blue oil. 1. A mixture of heavy oils
and paraffin, obtained in the distil*
lation of ozocerite. (Webster)
2. The oil produced from the heavy
oil and paraffin of the Sedtlsh shales
by cooling and pressing for .sepa-
ration of hard paraffin scale; it is
refined and fractionated into lubri-
cating oils. (Bacon)

Blue opal A synonym for Lazulite,
(Chester)

Blue peach (Corn.). A slate-bine,
very fine grained tpurmaline. (Ray-
mond)

Blue powder. That portion of vapo-
rized zinc which does not condense as
a liquid, but passes directly to the
solid state in finely divided bluish
powder. (Ingalls, ]). 205; Hofman,
p. 500)

Blue flrint. A blue photograph. See
also Cyanotype. (Webster)

Blue room. The first room In a bag
house. (Hofman, p. 131)

Blue schorl. 1. The earliest name for
octahedriter (Chester)
2. Blue tourmaline.

Blue-sky law. A law enacted, to pro-
vide for the regulation and super-
vision of investment companies, in
order to protect the public against
companies that do not intend to do
a fair and honest business.

Blue spar. Lazulite ; azure-spar. (Cen-
tury)

Bluestone. 1. The commercial name
for a dark bluish-gray feldspathlc
sandstone or arkose. The color is
due to the presence of fine black

dark-green minerals, »chlefly
hornblende and chlorite. The rock
Is extensively quarried in New
York. Its toughness, due to slight
metamorphism, and the ease with;
which it may be spUt iato thin slabs
especially adapt it for use as flag-
stone. the term has been locally
applied to other rocks, among which
ate' dark4>lue slate and blue lime-
stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

2. (So. Wales). Hard day or abate,
See also Bind. (GresJey)

3. Copper r vitrol ; copper - sulphate.
(Raymond)

Blue talc. A synonym for Cyanite.

Blue verditer. See Verditer, 2 and 3.

Blue vitro! Copper sulphate; chal-
canthite. Also called Copper vitriol.

Bluff. 1. A high bank, presenting a
precipitous front to the sea or a
river. 2. Blunt. 3. A fictitious
show of strength. (Webster)
4. Altered country .rock filling a
lode. Analogous to mullock of
Australia. (Halse)

Bluft (Leic.). To extinguish, or put
out of sight, a candle or other light.
(Gresley)

Bluing, or Blueing. The act or opera-
tion of giving a blue tint to iron or
steel, as by heating, by the use of
solutions, or by a. combination of
both processes; also, the tint so
given. (Standard)

Blunge. In ceramics, to mix (clay)
with water by means of a blunger
or in a pug mill. (Standard)

Blunger. A wooden implement shaped
like a. spatula, but larger than a
shovel, used in mixing clay with
water. (Standard)

Bluntin (Derb.). A dark tough vein
filling which dulls the drills readily.
(Hooson)

Boam (Scot). See Boom, 1
Board. See Bord.

Board-and-pillar. Same as Pillar-and-
breast.

Board-and-wali. Same as Bord-and-
pillar, and Fillar-and-^breast

Board coal (Eng.). Coal having a
fibrous or woody appearance. (Ores-
ley)

Board run; The amount of undercut-
ting that can be done at one setting
of a coal-mining machine, usually
about 5 feet, without moving for-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

91

ward the board upon which the ma-
chine works. (Consolidated Goal
Co. v. Gruber, 188 Illinois, p. 589)

Boart. Same as bort. (Century)

Boasting. The rough dressing of stone
with a boasting chisel. (Standard)

Boasting-chisel. A flat chisel with an
edge 2 inches wide, used in dress-
ing stone. (Standard)

Boat. A gold dredge.

Boat coal (Penn.). Coal which is
loaded into boats on canals, rivers,
etc. (Gresley)

Boat level (Wales). A navigable adit.
(Raymond)

Bob; Balance bob; Pump bob; Rocking
bob. 1. A triangular or four-sided
frame of heavy timber or of iron
by which the horizontal motion com-
municated by the engine (connect-
ing rod) is altered to the inclined
or vertical motion of pump rods or
of a man-engine (Chance). Used
in connection with a Cornish pump.

Bobbin. 1. (Aust) A catch placed
between the rails of the up-line of
an incline to stop any runaway
trucks. It consists of a bent iron
bar, pivoted in such a manner so
that the down-hill end is slightly
heavier than the up-hill end, which
is capable of being depressed by an
up-coming truck, but rises above the
level of the truck axle as soon as
the truck is past (Power). Also
called Monkey-chock.
2. A spool or reel. (Webster)

Bobbing John (Scot). An appliance
formerly used in pumping, the mo-
tive power being water run into a
box at the end of a beam working
on a center, the pump rods being
attached to the other end. (Bar-
rowman)

Bob-pit. An excavation in which the
balance box, attached to the pump-
rods, works. (Duryee)

Boca (Mex.). Mouth of mine or tun-
nel, especially the place generally
used as an entrance; head of a
stull or post; heavy horizontal
brace; B. de barrena, the bit of a
drill. (D wight)

Bocarte (Mex.). A stamp battery.
(D wight)

Bocartear (Sp.). To crush, stamp or
grind ore. (Halse)

Bocazo (Sp.). A blown-out shot
(Halse)

Bocca. 1. The round hole in a glass
furnace by which the fused glass is
taken out (Duryee)
2. A volcanic crater or vent.
(Standard)

Boccarella (It). A small mouth in a
glass furnace on either side of the
bocca; a nose hole. (Standard)

Bochorno (Mex.). Excessive heat
with lack of ventilation. (Dwight)

Bodies seven. In alchemy, the metals
corresponding to the planets, being
gold, silver, iron, quicksilver, lead,
tin, and copper, answering respec-
tively to the sun, the moon, Mars.
Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter, and
Venus. (Standard)

Body. 1. A kind or form of matter; a
material substance: (Webster) 2.
An orebody, or pocket of mineral de-
posit 3. The thickness of a lubri-
cating oil or other liquid; also the
measure of that thickness expressed
in the number of seconds in which a
given quantity of the oil at a given
temperature flows through an aper-
ture. (C. and M. M. P.)

Body of coal. A term frequently used
to indicate the "fatty," inflammable
property in coal, which is the basis
of the phenomenon called combus-
tion. (Nicolls)

Boetins furnace. An early gas-fired
Belgian furnace with Boetius re-
generators. (Ingalls, p. 448)

Boetius producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 304.)

Bog (Celtic for soft). A wet spongy
morass, chiefly composed of decayed
vegetal matter. (Power)

Bogar (Chile). In metallurgy, to skim.
(Halse)

Bog butter. A fatty substance simi-
lar to adipocire found in the peat
bogs of Ireland (Webster). £«« also
Butyrellite.

Bog earth. A soil composed for the
most part of the fine siliceous mat-
ter and partially decomposed vege-
tal fiber. (Webster)

Boghead cannel. See Torbanite.

Boghead coal (Scot). A dark brown
variety of cannel coal valuable as a
source of paraffin oils and gas
(Webster). See also Torbanite.

Boghead mineral. See Bftghead coal;
Torbanite.

92

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bogie; Bogey; Bogy. 1. (York.) A
small truck or trolley upon which
a bucket is carried from the shaft
to the spoil bank. 2. A weighted
truck run foremost or next to the
rope in a train or trip. (Gresley)

Bogie engine. A switching engine, the
running gear and driving gear of
which are on a bogie or truck.
(Webster)

Bog iron ore. A spongy variety of
hydrated oxide of iron or limonite.
Found in layerfe and lumps on level
sandy soils which have been covered
with swamp or bog (Roy. Com.).
See also Brown iron ore.

Bog lime. A white powdery, cal-
careous deposit, precipitated through
plant action on the bottom of many
ponds and used in Portland cement
manufacture. It is often errone-
ously called marl, a term which prop-
erly belongs to a calcareous clay.
(Watson)

Bog manganese. A synonym for Wad.

Bog ore. 1. An iron hydroxide ore,
as limonite, from marshy places.
2. Bog manganese. (Standard)

Bogwood (Eng.). The trunks and
larger branches of trees dug up from
peat bogs. (Page)

Bohemian garnet. See Pyrope.

Bohemian glass. An ornamental glass
from Bohemia, noted for its rich
colors and incised or engraved
patterns. (Webster)

Bohemian ruby. A jeweler's name for
rose quartz when cut as a gem.
(Chester)

Bohemian topaz. A jeweler's name for
yellow quartz when cut as a gem.
(Chester)

Boil. The sudden generation of steam
when molten iron runs over a cold or
damp spot or object in runner. It
often causes an explosion, whereby
molten : iron is scattered about.
(Willcox)

Boiler. A closed vessel, usually cylin-
drical, used in generating steam,
as for motive power: ordinarily
made of riveted iron or steel plates,
arranged to give an enlarged heat-
ing surface, with a space below for
the fire, and often with internal
flues for the smoke, etc. (Stand-
ard) •

Boiler iron. Rolled sheet iron, such as
is used in making steam boilers,
varying in thickness from a quarter
to half an inch, and in tensile
strength from 40,000 pounds per
square inch upward. (Standard)

Boiler sealer. A man who cleans
scales from boiler tubing. (Willcox)

Boiler tube. One of the tubes by
which heat from the furnace is dif-
fused through the water in a steam
boiler. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Boilery; Boilary. In law, water pro-
ceeding from a salt well belonging to
one not the owner of the land,
(Standard)

Boiling. 1. Heated to the point of
bubbling; heaving with bubbles. 2.
In metallurgy, See Puddling. (Web-
ster)

Boiling furnace. A water-jacket re-
verberatory furnace for decarboniz-
ing iron by a process in which the
carbonic oxide escapes with an ap-
pearance of boiling. (Standard)

Boiling heat. See Boiling point

Boiling point. 1. The temperature at
which a liquid begins to boil, or to
be converted into vapor by bubbles
forming within its mass. It varies
with the pressure. In water, under
ordinary conditions, it is 212° F. or
100° C., but it becomes less with
lessened atmospheric pressure, as in
ascending a mountain being lowered
about 1° F. for every 550 feet of
ascent (Standard)
2. The temperature at which crude
oil on being heated begins to give
forth its different distillates. The
boiling point of crude oils and the
amounts of distillates obtained at
specified temperatures differ con.sid-
erably. (Mitzakis)

Boiling spring. A spring or fountain
which gives out water at the boiling
point, or at a high temperature.
(Century)

Boina (Mex.). A miner's cap. (Dwight)

Bojite. A name given by B. Wein-
schenk to a variety of gabbro, which
occurs in association with the graph-
ite of northern Bavaria. It differs
from normal gabbro in containing
hornblende, in addition to augite,
and the name is intended to indi-
cate a group of hornblendic gabbros
just as norite implies those with
hypersthene. The original . bojite
contained brown hornblende, color-
less pyroxene, and reddish brown
biotite. (Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MUSING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

93

Boke. 1. (Derb.)- A small stringer
.of ore which soon dwindles out

8- Derb.). A break or split in a
vein. Mander)

loin (Sp.). A ball; B. de grata, a
slag-ball. (Halse)

Bojas. 1. (M^x.). More or less
rounded masses of silver-gold ore.
8. (Sp.). Fine mercury ore- molded
into bricks. 3. Spherulites. 4. Balls
of day used in tamping, (Halse)

Bolderberg beds (Belg.). The sands
and gravels of the Bolderberg hill,
representatives of the Middle or
Eocene Tertiaries, and often re-
ferred to by geologists. (Page)

Bole. 1. (Derb.). An old lead works.
A place on high ground and ex-
posed to the wind, where smelting
has been carried on. (Hunt)

2. A friable earthy clay highly
colored by iron oxide. 3. An old
Scotch measure of about 4 bushels.
See aUo Boll. (Webster)

Boleite. A deep blue pseudo-Isometric
hydrous oxy chloride of lead, copper,
and silver from Boleo, Lower Cali-
fornia. A tetragonal form of nercy-
lite. (Dana)

Boleo (Mex.). 1. A dump for waste
rock. 2. Float-miner: L 3. A kid-
ney of ore. (D wight)

Boleta (Sp.). 1. A schedule. 1 A
ticket for, the sale of ore. 3. A
voucher. 4. A tax receipt (Halse)

Bolicaar (Mex.). To treat ore in a
bimbalete. (Halse)

Boliche. 1. (Peru). A dolly-tub. 2.
(Mex,). A small ore mill like a

bimbalete. (D wight)

3. In Spain, a small reveiberatory
furnace for smelting lead ores.
(Halse)

Bolivar (Venezuela). A silver coin
equal to 1 franc, did., or 19.3 cents.
(Lock)

BolL 1. (No. of Eng.). An ancient
measure for coal, containing 9676.8
cubic inches. (Gresley)
S. See Bole, 3.

Bollito (It). The frit or calcined in-
gredients from which glass is made.
(Standard)

Bollo (Peru). 1. A pocket or ore. 2. A
triangular block of amalgam.
(Dwight)

Bologna spar. See Bolognian stone.

BolognUn stone. A sulphate of barium
occurring in roundish masses and
which is phosphorescent after cal-
cination (Ure.) Also called
Bologna stone, Bologna spar.

Bolsa (Peru). A rich body of ore;
literally a purse. (Pfordte)

Bolsada (Sp.). A rich pocket of ore.
In a general sense, an irregular de-
posit (Halse)

Bolsilla (Sp.). A small pocket of ore.
(Halse)

Bok6a. 1. (Sp.). A flat-floored desert
valley that drains to a central
evaporation pan or play a. (Ban-
some)

2. (Mex.). A pocket of ore.
(Dwight)

Bolsonada (Peru). A pockety vein.
(Dwight)

Bolt 1, A nearly horizontal cylinder
or prismoidal frame, usually, rotat-
ing, covered with silk or other
fabric with very regular meshes,
for sifting and separating flour of
wheat from the hull or . bran.
Usually different sections of its
length are covered with gradually
decreasing sizes of mesh. Used in
the talc and fuller's earth industries,
etc. 2. To sift or separate by pass-
ing through a bolt (Standard)

3. (So. Staff.). A short, narrow
heading, connecting two others.
Also called Bolt hole. (Gresley)

4. In glass-blowing, a cylindrical
mass; as a bolt of melted glass.
(Standard)

Bolt hole (So. Staff.). A short nar-
row opening made to connect the
main workings with the air head or
ventilating drift of a coal mine
(Century). Also called Bolt

Bolt oil A viscous neutral oil hav-
ing a gravity of 30° Be", and a Say-
bolt viscosity of ,220. Used in cut-
ting nut and bolt threads. (Bacon)

Boltonite. A colored variety of for-
sterite, MgsSiO* crystallizing in the
orthorhombic system. (Dana)

Bomb. l. In geology, a more or less
rounded mass of lava, anywhere
from a few inches to several feet in
diameter, generally vesicular, at
least inside, thrown from the throat
of a volcano during an explosive
eruption. (La Forge)
2. The combustion chamber of a
calorimeter fitted for use in making
explosive 'combustions. 3. A missile
containing an explosive, as dyna-
mite. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTET.

Bomba (Sp.). 1. A pump. 8. (Yenez.).
A patch or pocket .of ore. 3. A vol-
canic bomb. (Halse)

Bombear. 1. (Colom.) To bring a
large volume of water to the chan-
jftel or ground sluice, 2. To dis-
charge a miner or pe6n. (Halse)

Bombiccite. A transparent, colorless
mineral, found in lignite in Tus-
cany; it fuses at 75° O., volatilizes
at a higher temperature, and is solu-
ble in carbon dl sulphide, alcohol ant?
ether. (Bacon)

BombiUo (Mex.). Cartridge (as of
dynamite). (Dwight)

Bonanza ( Sp. ) . Literally; fair weather .
In miners' phrase, good luck, of a
body of rich ore. A mine is in bo-
nanza when it is .profitably pro-
ducing ore (Raymond). Compare
Borrasca.

Bond. 1. (No. of Eng.) Agreement
for hiring workmen. 2. (Forest Of
Dean.) A turn made by a winding
engine. 3. (No. Staff.). A bed,
band, or seam of ironstone. (Gres-
ley)

4. The arrangement of blocks of
stone or brickwork to form a firm
structure by a judicious overlapping
of each other so as to break joint.
(0. and M. M. P.)

5. Ah electrical connection between
any two consecutive rails of an elec-
iHc railway using the rails as a part
of the return circuit 6. A tmit of
chemical attraction. See Valence.

7. To give or secure an option upon
'a mine or other property by a bond
tying up the property until the op:
tion has expired. (Webster)

8. The material which holds or
binds together the crystals which
make up a sharpening stone or
grinding wheel, more commonly
spoken of in connection with artifi-
cial abrasives. (Pike)

9. A certificate of ownership in a
definite portion of a debt due from
a government, a city, a business cor-
poration, or an individual. In its
simplest form it is a. promise to pay
a stipulated sum on or after a given
date, and to pay interest or divi-
dends at a specified rate and. at
definite intervals. (E. B. Skinner,
P. 127)

Bonder. In masonry, a stone or brick
extending through a wall and bind-
ing it together; a binding-stone.
Also called Bondstone. (Standard)

Bondminder; Bolleyman; Roadman
(Eng.). A man in charge of the
rolley way, or main gangway.
(Redmayne)

Bondstone. Same as Bonder*

Bone; Bone coal; Bony. Slaty or ar-

gillaceous coal, or carbonaceous

shale occurring in coal seams
(Chance)

Bone aih. The white* porous residue
from . calcined bones, composed
chiefly of calcium phosphate, used
for making cupels and for cleaning
jewelry (Webster) . Galled also Bone
earth.

Bone bed (Eng.). A term applied to
several thin strata or layers, from
their containing innumerable frag-
ments of fossil bones, scales, teeth,
coprolites, and other organic remains
(Page). Bee also Fish bed,

Bone black. The black, carbonace-
ous substance, into which bones are
converted by calcination in closed
vessels ; also called Animal black or
Charcoal. (Webster)

Bone breccia. A deposit of bones,
earth, sand, etc. (Webster)

Bone coal. See Bone.

Bone earth (Eng.). The earthy 01
mineral part of bones, which con-
sists chiefly of calcium phosphate.

Bone phosphate. The calcium phos-
phate obtained from bones; also, IP
commerce, applied to calcium phos-
phate obtained from phosphatic
rocks, as of North .Carolina. (Stantf-

Bone tforcelftlnt A ceramic ware hav-
ing bone dust as one of Its constitu-
ents. (Standard)

Bonete (Mex.). A hat used to catch
very rich ore as* it is picked down
with a sharp bar. (Dwight)

Bomgkal (Straits Set). A gold weight
equals 832.84 gr. ; 20 bongkals eqnals
1 catty. (Lock)

Bongo (Colom.). A wooden bor in
which the sand from the mill is
deposited for subsequent treatment.
(Halse)

Doninite. A glassy. phase of andeslte
with broneite, augite, and a little oli-
vine, from the Bonin Islands, Japan.
(Kemp)

Bonito (Mex.), First-class silver ore,
t. e.t assaying over 1,000 oz. per, ton.
(Dwight)

Bonnet. 1. A covering over a mine
cage to shield it from objects fall-
ing down the shaft. (Raymond)
9w A cover for ti*» gauze of a safety
lamp. (Steel)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

95

9. A cap-piece for an upright tim-
ber. (C. and M. M. P.)
4. (Corn.). The cover of the steam
chest of an engine. (Crofutt)

1. See Bell mold. (Gresley )

& (Scot). Gas coal or shale over-
lying and worked along with a coal
seam. 7. (Scot). A portion of a
coal seam left for a roof. (Barrow-
man)

Bonnet roller; Bonnet pulley; Bonnet
sheaf (Eng.). See Hat roller.

Bonney (Corn.). An isolated body of
ore (Raymond). See also Bonny.

Bonny; Bonney; Bunny (Corn.). A
mass of ore adjacent to a vein, but
not distinctly connected with it; a
great collection of ore without any
vein coming into or going from it
(Century)

Bont (Eng.). 1. The cage and wind-
ing rope with attachments. (Gres-
ley)

2. (DerbO. A narrowing of a min-
eral vein. (Hooson)

Bontle (Mid.). A hoisting cage full of
men. (Gresley)

Bony coal. See Bone.

Boobey (Som.). A box holding 6 to
8 cwt. of coal in which waste rock
Is sent to the surface. (Gresley)

Book clay; Leaf clay. Clay deposited
in thin leaf -like laminae. (Power)

Bookstone. See Bibliolite.

Book structure. A peculiar rock struc-
ture resulting from numerous paral-
lel sheets of slate alternating with
quartz. (Lindgren, p. 154 *

Book tiles. Flat, hollow shapes, hav-
ing two segmental edges and re-
sembling a book in section. (Ries)

Boolies (No. of Eng.). A collier's
term for brothers. (Gresley)

Boom. 1. A long spar or beam pro-
jecting from the lower end of the
mast of a derrick, to support or
guide the body to be lifted or swung.
2. To develop rapidly in resource and
population. 3. To cause a rapid in-
crease in favor or price, as to boom
a stock. (Webster)

Boom ditch. 1. The ditch from the
dam used in booming. 2. A slight
channel cut down a declivity into
which is let a sudden head of water
to cut to bed-rock and prospect from
the apex of any underlying lode.
(Miller)

Boomer. See Flop gate.

Booming. The accumulation and sud-
den discharge of a quantity of wa-
ter (in placer mining, where water
is scarce). See Hushing (Ray-
mond). In California the contri-
vances for collecting and discharg-
ing water are termed "self -shoot-
ers," an idea suggested by the sud-
den and violent manner in which
the water makes its escape.
(Hanks)

Boose (Derb.). Gangue rock mixed
with ore. See also Bouse.

Booster. A small amount of high ex-
plosive attached to a detonator for
the purpose of increasing the rate
of detonation of a charge. ( Bowles )

Booster-fan. An additional fan placed
at some point in a mine to assist in
the ventilation.

Boot. 1. A leather or tin joint con-
necting the blast-main with the
tuyfcre or nozzle in a bloomery.
(Raymond)

2. (Eng.) A short pipe of leather
through which the water is drawn
from a sump into a sinking pump.
(Gresley)

8. The casing at the lower end of a
bucket elevator into which the ma-
terial to be elevated is fed.

Bootlt (Derb.). A term used by
miners for loss, ap "last reckoning
I bootit it thirty." (Hunt)

Boot-leg. See Gun.

Boracite. A borate and chloride of
magnesium, MgiCl*Bi«O», occurring
in hard glassy crystals, and in softer
white masses. It is strongly pyro-
electric. (Webster)

Boratera (Chile). A borax deposit
(Halse)

Borax. A crystalline sodium biborate.
NajB4O7.10H,O. See also TincaL
(Dana)

Borax bead. A drop of borax, in
blowpipe analysis, which, fused
with a small quantity of a metallic
oxide, will show the characteristic
color of the element; as, a blue
borax bead indicates the presence of
cobalt. (Standard)

Borcher's process. An electrolytic
method for refining silver. The
anode consists <5f granulated alloys
containing about 60 per cent pure
silver. The cathode of sheet silver
is suspended in a cell with perfo-
rated double walls on each side.
The electrolyte is dilute nitric acid
or a solution of nitrates, preferably
copper nitrate. (Goesel)

96

OLOSBARt OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

(Newc.). 1. A passage or breast,
driven up the slope of the coal from
the gangway, and hence across the
grain of the coal (Raymond). A
bord four or more yards wide is
called a wide bord, and one less than
four yards in width is called a nar-
row bord. Also spelled Board. 2.
A lateral passage at the place where
a shaft intersects a coal seam.
(Standard)

Bord and pillar method. A system of
mining in which the distinguishing
feature is the winning of less than
50 per cent, of coal on the first
working. It is more an extension
of the development work than min-
ing. The second working is similar
in principle to top slicing. The re-
mainder of the coal is won by a
retreating system, the cover being
caved after each unit has been
worked. The term "bord and pil-
lar " is not used to any great extent
in American mining literature, but
has a place in English literature
(Young). Various names have been
applied to this method as: Checker-
board system ; Brown panel system ;
Following up the whole with the
broken; Lancashire bord and pil-
lar system ; Modified room and pil-
lar working; Narrow working;
North Staffordshire method ; Rearer
method of working inclined seams;
Rock-chute mining; Room system;
Room system with caving; War-
wickshire method of working con-
tiguous seams; Wide or square
work; and Pillar and breast.

Bord course (Aust). A direction at
right angles to the main cleat or
facing, i. e., the length of a bord.
(Power)

Bordeta (Sp.). A small pillar in a
mine. (Crofutt)

Bord gate (York.). A heading driven
generally to the rise, out of which
stalls are opened and worked.
(Gresley) <

Bordo (Mex.). 1. A pillar left to sup-
port vein -matter. 2. A block of
ground ready for stoping. ( Dwight )

Bord room. 1. A heading driven par-
allel to the natural joints. (Ores-
ley)

t. The space excavated in driving a
bord. The term is used in connec-
tion with the "ridding" of the fallen
stone in old bords when driving
roads across them in pillar work-
Ing; thus, "riding across the old
bord room." (C. and M. M. P.)
8. (Bng.). The width across an
old bord. (Bainbridge)

Bords and longwork (York.). A sys-
tem of working coal. First, the
main levels are started on both
sides of the shaft and carried to-
ward the boundary. Second, the
bord gates are worked in pairs to
the rise and continued as far as
the boundary, or to within a short
distance of a range of upper levels
and other bord gates. Lastly, the
whole of the pillars and remaining
coal are worked out downhill to
within a few yards of the levels,
and ultimately, all the coal between
the levels is removed. (Gresley)

Bord ways course. The direction at
right angles to the main cleavage
planes. In some mining districts it
is termed "on face." (C. and M.
M. P.)

Bore. 1. To make a hole or perfora-
tion with a boring instrument; to
cut a circular hole by the rotary
motion of a tool, as to bore for wa-
ter, oil, etc. 2. A hole made by bor-
ing. See Borehole. 3. A tidal flood
which regularly or occasionally
rushes with a roaring noise into
certain rivers of peculiar configura-
tion or location, in one or more
waves which present a very abrupt
front of considerable height, danger-
ous to shipping. Also a very high
and rapid tidal flow. (Webster)
4. A borehole; also, a tunnel, es-
pecially during its construction.
(Standard)

Borebit A rock boring chisel. (Stand-
ard)

Borehole. A hole made with a drill,
auger or other tools, for exploring
strata in search of minerals, for
water supply, for blasting purposes,
for proving the position of old work-
ings, faults, and letting off accumu-
lations of gas or of water (Gres-
ley). See also Oil well.

Bore-hole pump. A pump for use in a
bored well. (Standard)

Bore meal (Eng.). Mud or fine cut-
tings from a borehole. (Gresley)

Borer. 1. An instrument for boring.
(Webster)

2. (Eng.). A piece of round iron
with a steel point which is driven
into the rock to make holes for the
purpose of blasting (Hunt). See
also Drill.

Bore-rod (Newc.). See Boring rod.

Borgnet furnace. A Belgian zinc dis-
tillation furnace with a single com-
bustion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 432)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

97

Boring. 1.. The act or process of mak-
ing a hole with a boring tool. 2. A
hole so made. 3. Material removed
by boring. (Standard)

Boring bar. A revolving or stationary
bar carrying one or more cutters or
drills for boring.

Boring bit (Derb.). A sharp piece of
steel at the end of an auger stem or
drill for cutting rock or other ma-
terial ( Min. Jour. ) . See Bit, 1 and 2.

Boring contract. An agreement entered
into between a producer and a con-
tractor for the sinking of oil or gas
wells on a property. (Mitzakis)

Boring head. The cutting end of a
boring tool, especially the cutter
head of a diamond drill. (Webster)

Boring journal. A book which con-
tains an accurate record of the prog-
ress of the boring work, day by
day. It Is usually kept by the drill-
Ing master (Mitzakis). See also
Log, 3.

Boring master. A man in charge of a
well-boring outfit.-

Boring rod. A rod made up of seg-
ments, carrying at Its lower end a
tool for earth boring or rock drill-
ing. (Webster)

Borneador (Sp.). A man who turns
a drill. (Halse)

Bornear. (Sp.). To turn a drill.
(Halse)

Bornita (Mex.). Bornite. (Dwight)

Bornite; Erubescite; Peacock copper
ore. A sulphide of copper and Iron,
CuiFeSs. Contains 62 per cent cop-
per (U. S. Geol. Surv,). Called also
Horseflesh ore.

Borolanite. A rare rock related to the
nephelite-syenites from Borolan,
Sutherlandshire. Scotland. It has a
granitoid texture, and consists prin-
cipally of orthoclase and the variety
of garnet called melanite. Biotite,
pyroxene, sodallte, titanite, apatite
and magnetite are accessory min-
erals. (Kemp)

Boron, A nonmetalllc element occur-
ring only In combination. May be
obtained with difficulty as an olive-
green, brown or reddish amorphous
mass from its oxide, or as octa-
hedral crystals resembling the dia-
mond in hardness and other prop-
erties by heating the amorphous
boron with aluminum. Symbol, B;
atomic weight, 11.0; Specific gravity,
2.45.

7440100 — 17 7

Boronatrocalcita, See Ulexite.

Borra (Mex.). I. Vein-matter. 2.
Lead-dross. 3. Barren vein-matter
or rock; B. de veta, soft rotten
rock; B. en borra, unproductive
ground. (Dwight)

Borrasca (Sp.). In mining, barren
rock or non-paying ore : opposed to
bonanza. Also spelled Borasco;
Boutasque (Standard). An unpro-
ductive mine.

Borrow pit. An excavation made by
the removal of earth, rock, etc., for
use in filling, as in railroad con-
struction.

Borsella. An instrument for stretch-
ing or contracting glass in its
manufacture. (Standard)

Bort. 1. An impure variety of dia-
mond (also chips and dust), used
only for cutting and polishing. 2.
Carbonado or black diamonds.
(Standard)

Bosado (Colom.). Alluvial gold.
(Halse)

Bosh. 1. A trough in which bloomery
tools (or, in copper smelting, hot
ingots) are cooled. 2. The portion
of a shaft furnace in which it
widens from above the hearth up to
its maximum diameter. (Raymond)
3. (Wales). A tank or tub out of
which horses drink. (Gresley)

Bosh breakouts. Breakouts of the
blast, gas, or coke through the bosh
brickwork of an iron blast furnace,
(Willcox)

Bosh jacket. A water jacket used tor
cooling the walls of a shaft furnace.

Bcsh plates. A flat water-cooled cast-
ing extending from inside to out-
side face of furnace walls to keep
them from being softened by heat.
(Willcox)

Bosque (Mex.). A forest; a grove.
(Dwight)

Boss. 1. A person in immediate
charge of a piece of work, as mine
foreman. 2. (Ark.). A coal mine
employee not under the jurisdiction
of the miner's union. (Steel)
3. A master workman or superin-
tendent, a director or manajror ; a
political dictator. 4. A domelike
mass of igneous rock congealed be-
neath the surface and laid bare by
erosion. 5. The enlarged part of n
shaft on which n wheel is keyed,
or nt the end where it Is coupled
to another. 6. A cast-Iron plate

98

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

secured to the back of a traveling
forge hearth. 7. A swage or die for
shaping metals. (Webster)

8. A heavy cylindrical piece of iron
(usually cast or steel) into the top
of which the stamp stem fits and
into the bottom of which the shoe
is inserted. It is the body of the
hammer into which the handle tits
and which also gives heft to the
blow. Also called Top head. (Rick-
ard)

9. (Scot). Hollow. The waste or
exhausted workings of any mineral.
To hole or undercut. (Barrowman)

10. A cushion or pad, as of soft
leather or silk, used for smoothing
or making uniform the colors ap-
plied with oil in porcelain and glass
making. (Webster)

Boss driver. One in charge of men or
boys who are driving horses or mules
for hauling coal, rock, or ore at
mines.

Bossing. 1. (Scot.). The holing or
undercutting of a thick seam, as of
limestone, the height of the under-
cutting being sufficient for a man to
work in. (Barrowman)
2. In ceramics, the process of mak-
ing a coat of color uniform, by dust-
ing the color on boiled oil, or apply-
ing it plentifully mixed with oil, and
tapping to smoothness with a boss
or pad; ground-laying. See Boss,
10. 3. A coating of oil to be em-
ployed as above. (Standard)

Boss miner. 1. A contract miner.
2. In Ohio, 1883, a mine boss. (Roy)

Boss process. A continuous pan-amal-
gamation process for silver extrac-
tion. (Liddell)

Bostonite. A rock occurring in dikes,
and having the mineralogical and
chemical composition of trachyte or
porphyry, except that anorthoclase
(and therefore soda) is abnormally
abundant, and dark silicates are
few or lacking. The name was sug-
gested by its supposed presence near
Boston, Mass., but Marblehead, 20
miles or more distant, is its nearest
locality. It has been found around
Lake Champlain and in the neigh-
boring parts of Canada. (Kemp)

Bota (Mex.). 1. A bucket made of
one or more ox skins, to take out
water.. (D wight)

2. B. chica, a small leather bag;
B. ffrande, a large leather bag,
worked by horse whims, for hoisting
water. (Min Jour.)

Botch. A worthless opal. (Power)

Botc (Mex.). 1. A boat 2. A can.

3. An ore bucket (Dwight)

Botryogen. A vitreous hyacinth-red,
translucent, hydrous magnesium fer-
ro-ferric sulphate, crystallizing in
the monoclinic system. (Dana)

Botryoidal. Having the form of a
bunch of grapes (Webster). Said
usually of minerals.

Botryolite. A radiated, columnar da-
tolite with a botryoidal surface.
(Standard)

Bott. 1. A plug of clay at the end of
a bar, to stop the flow of melted
metal from a cupola. (Standard)
2. A cast-iron or forged-steel plug
mounted on long steel rod that fits
inside of the cinder tap (Willcox).
A blast furnace term.

Botting. Thrusting a bot into the
tap hole to stop a run of slag or
metal. (Willcox)

Bottle coal (Scot). Gas coal. (Bar-
rowman)

Bottle jack (Eng.). An appliance^for
raising heavy weights in a mine.
(Gresley)

Bottle stone. An old name for
chrysolite, or any other mineral,
which can be melted directly into
glass (Chester). See also Bouteil-
lenstein.

Bottom. 1. The landing at the bottom
of the shaft or slope. 2. The lowest
point of mining operations. 3. The
floor, bottom rock, or stratum un-
derlying a coal bed. (McNeil)

4. Low land formed by alluvial de-
posits along a river. 5. (Aust).
The dry bed of a river of Tertiary
age, containing alluvial gold, often
covered to a great depth by vol-
canic matter or detritus. Also
called Gutter. 6. To underrun
with a level for drainage, etc., as a
gold deposit which is to be worked
by the hydraulic method. (Web-
ster)

7. To break the material and throw
it clear from the bottom or toe of
the bore hole. (Du Pont)

8. A mass of impure copper formed
below the matte, In matting copper
ores (Weed). See also Bottoms, 2.

Bottom board (Eng.). The bottom of
a wagon or trucl v^hich is un-
fastened by knocking off a catch
when the wagon Is required to be
discharged. (G. C. Green well)

Bottom break. Same as Floor break.
(Bowles)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

99

Bottom eager. A man at the bottom
of a shaft in a mine to superintend
the operation of the raising and
lowering of the cage. (Illinois
Third Vein Coal Co. v. Cloni, 215
Illinois, p. 583.) See also Cager.

Bottom canch. See Canch, 2.

Bottom coal. Coal below the undercut
It may or may not be removed.

Bottom digger. A workman who
digs out the bottom in an entry in
thin coal, to give sufficient height for
the haulage way.

Bottomer (Eng.). The man stationed
at the bottom of a shaft in charge
of the proper loading of cages, sig-
nals for hoisting of cages, etc. A
cage or skip tender (Raymond).
Also called Bottom eager.

Bottom filler. A man who fills a nar-
row with ore, coke, or stone, weighs
it and places it on the cage, or
elevator to be hoisted to top of the
furnace. (Willcox)

Bottom ice. Ground ice; anchor ice.
(Century)

Bottoming. 1. The ballasting material
for making a roadbed; ballast. 2.
The act of fitting with a bottom or
performing some basal operation.
(Standard)

Bottoming hole. The opening at the
mouth of a furnace, before which a
flint glass article, In process of
manufacture, is exposed for soften-
ing. (Standard)

Bottom Joint A joint or bedding plane,
horizontal or nearly so. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Bottom lift. The deepest lift of a
mining pump, or the lowest pump.
(Raymond)

Bottom lifter. One who digs up the
bottom of a drift, entry, or other
haulage way to gain head room;
also called Br usher; Dirt scratcher;
Groundman; Ripper, and Stoneman.

Bottom pillars. Large blocks of solid
coal left unworked around the shaft
See also Shaft pillar. (Gresley)

Bottom plate. A plate supporting a
mold. (Webster)

Bottoms. 1. (Corn.) The deepest
mine workings. 2. In copper smelt-
Ing, the impure metallic copper, or
cupriferous alloy, which separates
from the matte, and is found below
it when there is not enough sulphur
present to retain in combination all
the copper. (Raymond)

Bottom-set beds. The layers of finer
material carried out and deposited
on the bottom of the sea or a lake in
front of a delta. As the delta grows
forward they are covered by the
fore-set beds (La Forge). See
Fore-set beds and Top-set beds.

Bottom settlings. Earthy matter, In-
ert organic matter, or, in the case
of Pennsylvania petroleum, an emul-
sion of amorphous paraffin wax and
water, which accompanies crude oil.
(Bacon)

Bottom stewards (York). Under-
ground mine officials. (Gresley)

Bottom stone. See Fire clay.

Bottom water. In oil wells, water that
lies below the productive sand, and
is separated from it Compare Top
water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44.)

Boucharde (Fr.). A marble- workers
tool with which the surface of mar
ble may be roughened or furrowed.
(Standard)

Bongard marble. A dark-gray and

white mottled stone with streaks

and clouds of yellow, brown, and

pink; from Nassau, Germany.
(Merrill)

Bonking ( Scot. ) . 1. Segments of wood
or other material used for increas-
ing the diameter of a drum. 2. To
coil unevenly on a drum, as the rope
or cable is not bouking well. (Bar-
rowman)

Boulangerite. A massive metallic, blu-
ish-gray lead-sulphur-antimony min-
eral, PbsSbiSu. (Dana)

Boulder. See Bowlder.
Bonlet (Fr.). A briquet.

Bouleur (Belg.). A small girl who col-
lects coal into heaps in the working
places underground. (Gresley)

Bounce. 1. A sudden spalling off of
the sides of ribs and pillars due to
excessiye pressure; a bump. (C.
M. P.)

2. An explosion, or the noise of one.
(Webster)

Bound (Corn.). An area taken up for
tin mining; a tin-bound. (Stand-
ard)

Boundary. 1. A line between areas of
the earth's surface occupied by rocks
or formations of different type and
age; especially used in connection
with geologic mapping, hence, also, a
line between two formations or car-

100

GLOSSAHV OP MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

togiaphic «n**« on *» geologic map.
(La Forge)

2. That which Indicates or fixes a
limit or extent or marks a hound, as
of territory. (Webster)
Boundary pillar. A pillar left between
adjoining properties in mines. (Roy)

Bounder, l. (Corn.) The owner of a
small patch of ground called a
"bound." (Davies)

2. One who, in early times, yearly
fixed or marked the bounds of tin
mines in Cornwall. (Standard)

Bournonite. A sulphide of lead, anti-
mony, and copper. Approximately
PbCuSbSs. Sometimes called Wheel
ore* (Dana)

Bourse. The Stock Exchange of Paris
or other cities of Continental
Europe. (Webster)

Bouse (No. of Eng.). Ore mixed with
veinstone; second-class ore, which
must undergo further preparation
before going to the smelter. Also
spelled Boose. (Century)

Bouse-team (No. of Eng.). The place
where bouse is deposited outside of
a mine, ready to be dressed or pre-
pared for the smelter. (Century)

Bout. 1. (Mid.) A coil of rope upon
a drum. 2. (Leic.) A dinner or
other jollification given by the
owners or lessees of a colliery to
their workmen in honor of some
special event (Gresley). Also
called Do.

3. (Derb.) A measure of lead ore;
twenty-four dishes. (Raymond)

Bouteillenstein; Bottlestone. A pecu-
liar green and very pure glass, found
as rolled pebbles near Moldau, Bo-
hemia. It is also called Moldavite
and Pseudochrysolite, the latter
from its resemblance to olivine. It
is not certainly a rock, as it may
be prehistoric slag or glass. (Kemp)

'Boutgate. 1. (Scot). A road by
which the miners can reach the sur-
face. 2. A passage around a shaft
at a landing. 3. A traveling road
from one seam to another. (Bar-
rowman )

Bouton (Scot). 1. A mass of roof con-
sisting of stone or shale. (Gresley)

2. (Scot). A projecting stone in a
shaft or underground road. (Bar-
rowman)

Bdveda (Sp.) 1. A flue leading to
stack. 2. An arch of a furnace.
(Dwight)

3. A cave or cavern. 4. A chamber
deposit. (Halse)

Boredones (Peru). Large vaulted
stopes or caves. (Dwight)

Bovey coal.' A kind of brown coal (of
the Miocene period) burning with a
weak flame and generally a dis-
agreeable odor. Found at Bovey,
England. (Webster)

Bow. 1. A short, stout, bowed piece
of wood with a cutting wire
stretched between its ends : used in
working clay in brick making.
(Standard)

2. (Eng.). The bent iron bar or
handle of a mine bucket (Gresley)

Bowenite. An unusually hard mas-
sive, apple green or greenish-white
variety of serpentine. (Dana)

Bower-Barff process. A process for
producing, upon articles of iron or
steel, .an adherent coating of the
magnetic oxide of iron, which is not
liable to corrosion. (\Vebster)

Bowk (So. Staff.) 1. A small wooden
box in which iron ore is hauled un-
derground. (Raymond)

2. (Aust.) An iron bucket used for
raising rock, etc., while sinking.
(Power)

3. A report made by the cracking of
the strata owing to the extraction

. of the coal beneath. See also Thud.

4. The noise made by the escape
of gas under pressure. (G. C.
Green wall)

Bowlder, or Boulder. A fragment of
rock brought by natural means from
a distance (though this notion of
transportation from a distance is
not always, in later usage, involved)
and usually large and rounded in
shape. Cobble stones taken from
river-beds are, in some American
localities, called bowlders. (Ray-
mond)

Bowlder-belt. A belt of glacial bowl-
ders of many kinds, derived from
distant sources and lying transverse
to the direction of glacial movement.
(Standard)

Bowlder-clay. The stiff, hard, and
usually unstratified clay of the drift
or glacial period, which contains
bowlders scattered through it; also
called Till, Hardpan, Drift-clay, or
simply Drift (Roy. Com.). See also
Till.

Bowlder-cracker. A heavy iron rod to
be dropped upon a rock encountered
by the drill in a deep well boring.
(Standard)

Bowlder-fan. A series of bowlder-
trains whose lines of direction are
divergent. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OT MESmrO JOCD HTffERAL INDUSTRY.

101

Iderfng-stone. Smooth translu-
cent flint pebbles, found IB gravel -
pits and used to smooth the faces
<xf emery wheels and glazerg by
abrading any large grains of emery
or other powder on their surfaces.
{Century)

Bowlder motiom (Local, U. S.). A
•arfaee quarry worked only in de-
tached masses of rock overlying the
solid rock : sometimes contracted to
Motion. (Standard)

Bowlder-pavement A zone of bowl-
ders, naturally arranged along a
beach, and derived from contiguous
beds of bowlder-clay. (Standard)

Bowlder pop. An alarm given when
a bowlder is to be broken up by a
pop shot (Batesell v. American,
Zinc, Lead, etc. Go., 190 Missouri
App., p. 236)

Bowlder quarry. A quarry in which
the joints are numerou^ and irregu-
lar, so that the stone is naturally
broken up into comparatively small
blocks (Ries). In Tennessee a local
term applied to certain marble quar-
ries in the region of Knoxville,
where erosion has formed many
large cavities and cracks, between
which the rock stands up as pin-
nacles. The cavities are now filled
with clay. (Bowles)

Bowlder-train. A train or line of gla-
cial bowlders of the same sort of
rock, extending from the source or
parent ledge, perhaps for many
miles, in the direction of the ice
movement (La Forge)

Bowl metal. The impure antimony ob-
tained from doubling. See Doubling,
I. (C. and M. M. P.)

Bowse; Bouse; Bouze (Derb.). Lead
ore as cut from the lode. (Ray-
mond)

Box. 1. The part of a wheel which
fits the axle. 2. The threaded nut
for the screw of a mounted auger
drill. More commonly called box-
ing. (Steel)

3. A flash or frame for sand mold-
ing. (Webster)

4. (Eng.). A vehicle in which
coal is conveyed from the workifag
places along the underground road-
ways and up the shaft A hutch.
(Gresley)

Box barrow. A large wheelbarrow
with upright sides. (Webster)

Box-bill. A tool used in deep boring
for slipping over and recovering
broken rods. (Raymond)

Box bottoms (Leic.). The small coal
or slack produced by breakage In
transit underground, and by sorting
at the surface. (Gresley)

Box canyon. A canyon, from the bot-
tom of which four almost vertical
walls appear on all four sides, as
a result of the canyon's zigzag
course.

Boxed-off. Inclosed or protected by ft
wooden pipe or partition. (Gres-
ley)

Boxes (Penn.). Wooden partitions
for conducting the ventilation front
place to place. (Gresley)

Box-groove. A closed groove between
two rolls, formed by a collar on one
roll, fitting between collars on an-
other. (Raymond)

Box hardening. A process of case
hardening by cementation in an Iron-
box. (Webster)

Boxing. A method of securing shafts
solely by slabs and wooden pegs.
(C, and M. M. P.)

Box metal. A brass, bronze, or anti-
friction alloy used for the journal
boxes of axles or shafting. (Cen-
tury)

Box timbering. Same as Plank tim-
bering. (Raymond)

Boya (Peru). A rich vein or pocket
of ore. (D wight)

Brace. 1. (Corn.) The mouth of a
shaft. (Webster)

2. The platform, collar, or landing
at the mouth of a shaft (Roy.
Com.)

3. A rigid piece, as of timber, to
hold something, as parts of a frame,
firmly in place. Especially, a
framed diagonal piece in an angle ;
a strut (Standard)

4. (Scot). An old measure of
weight. The Hurlet brace was
equal to 4 cwt (Barrowman)

Brace head. A cross-attachment at the
top of the column of rods in deep
boring, by means of which the rods
and bit are turned after each drop.
(Raymond). Same as Topit

Brace key. Same as Brace head.

Brachy axis. The shorter lateral axis
in the crystals of the orthorhomblc
and triclinic systems. (Webster)

Brachydiagonal. In crystallography,
1. Of or pertaining to the shorter
lateral axis. 2. The shorter lateral
axis. See Brachy axis. (Standard^

102

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND 1ONBBAL TBTDUSTBYi

Bracaydome. In crystallography, a
dome parallel to the brachydiagonal.
(Standard)

Brachypinacoid. A plnacold parallel
to the vertical and brachydiagonal
axes. (Standard)

Braehypyramid. A pyramid whose in-
tercept on the brachydiagonal is
less than unity. (Standard)

Brachytypous. In crystallography,
comparatively short. (Standard)

Bracket. A platform over a shaft en-
trance. (Standard)

Bradenhead. In oil-well drilling, an
iron or steel head screwed into the
top of the casing. The inner, pipe
projects up through it and is packed
with some pliable substance, prefer-
ably rubber. The bradenhead is
used to confine gas between the tub-
ingv and casing, or between two
strings of casing, and has an outlet
through which gas may : be. piped
away. More commonly called Stuf-
fing-box casirig'head.

Bradenhead gas. In oil wells, natural
gas inclosed or confined by a braden-
head. It applies to all this gas thai
lies above the oil and through
which the drill must go 'to Teach
the lower -and more profitable oil
sands.

Bradford preferential separation proc-
ess.. A flotation process for the
treatment of mixed sulphides, it)
which is added certain mineral
salts, such as thiosulphates, to the
water used in the flotation cells.
The addition of the salt causes the
zinc sulphide to be "wetted " while
the lead sulphide and pyrlte float
The separation of the zinc mineral
from the gangue is effected later.
(Megraw)

Brae (Scot). 1. A hillside, a slope,
a bank, a hill.

2. An inclined roadway, more com-
monly used in the compound form,
e. g., pulley-brne, cuddy-brae.
(Barrpwmatt)

3. Wood imperfectly bnrned in a
charcoal pit. (Webster)

BragnetiUa (Peru). A smelting fur-
nace ; the simplest being merely a
hole in the ground. (Dwlght)

Braird (Scot). To increase the
height of the holing or undercutting.
(Barrowman)

Brairding (Scot). The height of
holing or undercutting at front.
(Barrowman)

Brait. A rough, diamond. (Standard)

Braise. A variant of
dust of charcoal which accumulates
around the furnaces of charcoal
works ; coal dust ; coke dost (Cen-
tury)

Brake. 1. (Bng.) A stout, tfooden
lever tc which boring; rods are at-
tached. It is worked by one or more
men. «. (No. Staff:). Td lower
trams on dips by means of a wheel
and rope. (Gresley)
S. Any device for retarding or Jrtop-
ping by, fxictton, as .* block, lev**
or,, ba.nd^ .applied to , the rim of a
head prxfruwocjthe axfeof a wh*eL

beam. The beam t$at eonnaete
tbe, brake blocks, of opposite wheels.

Brake bldcfcf. That Itort a brake
holding the brake shoe, or the shoe
itself. (Webster)

BraJte hanger. A bar or link suspend-
ing brake beams. (Webster) ;

?¥»** horse power* , The actual power
given out by «a < engine or other
motor calculated i frotn (1) the
force -exerted on a frictic brake,
(2) tii<? effective radius of thia force,
and (3> the speed of the flywheel
pi! brake wheel. < Webster-) .

Brakeman. 1. A man in cnarge of a
brake or brakes, as oa a railroafl
car or in a mine. ( Standard }.
2. (Eng.) The man in charge of
a winding (hoisting) engine for a
mine. Brakeninn is usually used in
the United States;* buakesman is
British usage (Webster). T^e, man
in Charge of hoisting engines, 'e^e-
cially in the .United Stages,, is usu-
ally called a hoisting engineer.

Brake power. See Brake horse power.

Brake shoe. That part of a brake
which rubs against some part of- the
machine, .or some object outside of
the machine having a relative mo-
tion to the shoe,, a^ dwbeel or the
ground.

Brake sieve; A Jigger, 'Operated by a
hand lever. (Raymond)

Brake s^nan (Eng,), See Brakemah.

Brake rtafE (Bng.). fiee Brake, 1;
also Breakstaff.

Brake wheel. 1. A hand wheel for
operating a brake/ as on a vehicla.
2. A wheel or pulley on. which a
friction brake acts. 3. A heavy
wheel provided with cams for con-
trolling the movement of a trip ham-
mer. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

103

Ivamoes. See Brasses, 1.

Branch. 1. (Som.) An underground
road or heading driven ip coal
measures. 2. An underground road-
way turned from a level, etc.
(Gresley)

8. (Corn.). A. small vein deporting
from the main lode, and in some
cases returning. (Raymond)

Braachite. A hydrocarbon mineral
from the brown coal of Mt Vaso in
Tuscany. (Bacon)

Breach tope ( Aust) . See- District rope.
Brandcrs (Scot). Furnace oars.

Brandric (Derb.>. An iron guide at
the foot of a pump to make the
chain enter and prevent wearing.
(Hooson)

Bcan&erite. A. complex- black opaque
titanate of uranium and other ele-
ments in which the weight of uran-
ium exceeds that of titanium. Ex-
cepting pitchblende, it is the most
radioactive opaque mineral* known.
It contains Approximately 43.8 per
cent uranium oxides^ 39 per cent
titanium oxide, 3.9. p^r cent yttri^
earths, 4.1 per cent tbpria, and small
quantities, of several other oxides.
From the placers of Stanley Basin,
Idaho.
Named for Dr, Jf. C, Branner.

Brard's .process. A method adopted by
M. Brard to discover in a short time
the. relative resistance ,offere4 by
different kinds of rock to the action
of moisture and. frosk and therefore
to determine their durability with
reference to exposure* (Page)

Bra sea (Sp.). Brasque; a mixture, of
powdered charcoal and refractory
earth, used as a furnace-bottom lin-
ing. (Halse)

Brash. 1. A mass of loose or broken
fragments of rocks resulting from
weathering* or disintegration 6ft tire
spot. 2. Brittle, (Century)

Brashy. Resemblipg,' or the nature of
brash or broken fragments ; crumbly.
(Webster)

Brasque. <Fr.)» . A paste made, by mix-
ing powdered charcoal, coal, o* coke
with clay, molasses, tar, x>r other
suitable substance. It is used for
lining hearths, crucibles, etc, Also
called Steep. (Webster)

Brasqned crucible. 'A crucible lined
with charcoal or lampblack, and
used for the reduction of oxides of
metals to the metallic state. The
crucible is prepared by ramming it
fall of lampblack or charcoal, and
then excavating a portion of its con-

tents and polishing the lining witbr
a burnisher. (Jackson)

Brass. 1. An alloy of copper and zinc.
(Raymond)
«. See Brasses, 1.

Brass balls. Nodular py rite. (Power)

Bras* binder (Corn.). A thin pyrUout
grit (Power)

Brasses. 1. (Eng. and Wales). Pyrite
(sulphide of iron) in coal. (Ray*
jnond)

2. Fittings of brass in bearing
blocks, etc.,, for diminishing the fric-
tion of revolving journals that rest
upon them. (C. and M. M. P.)

Bxassf ounder's ague, A form of chills
;an<a fever common among brass
founders and others exposed to the
fumes of &inc. (Standard)

Brass furnace. One of tw6 kinds of
furnaces 'for the making and found-
ing of brasw. (a) A .reverberafcory
furnace for large quantities of the
alloy, (b) A crucible furnace for
.small quantities. (Century)

Brassil; Brazil, 1.. Iron pyrlte.
(Power)

2. Coal containing pyrite. (Stand?
ard).

Brass toe. An early name for aurt-
chalcite (Chester). A basic car-
bonate of zinc and copper.

Brass powder. 1. A pulverized mix-
ture of copper filings and ocher.
2. Pulverized brass filings. (Stand-
ard)

Brassy top (Augt.). The top part of
the Greta coal seam, in which them
are large quantities of sulphide .of
(rcto. (Power)

Brat (Eng.; and Wales) . A thin bed
of coal mi±ed with pyrite, or with
calcium carbbnatei. ! ( Raymond )

Brattice. 1. A board or plank lining,
or other partition, in any mine- pa*-
sage to confine the air and force it
into the working places. Its object
isvto keep the Intake air from finding
its way by a short route into the
return airway (Chance) . Also writ-
ten Brettice, Brettis, Brattish. Tem-
porary brattices are often made 'of
cloth. See Brattice cloth.

2. ( Mid. ) . A built-up pillar ot cord-
wood sometimes like a large chock
(which see), and serving a similar
purpose. (Gresley >

3. Planking to support a wan or roof.

4. To provide with a brattice, far
separation or support. Frequently
called Brattice, up. (Webster)

104

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY;

Brattice cloth. A heavy canvas, often
covered with some water proofing
material, for temporarily forcing
the air into the face of a breast or
heading; also used in place of doors
on gangways ; then known as
•** sheets." (Chance)

Brattice man. A person who assists
the fire boss in constructing brat-
tices. (Steel)

Brattice road. A road through the
goaf supported by chocks or timber
packs. (Gresley)

Brattice trick (Aust). A trick played
on inspectors when measuring the
air in a mine, the quantity of air
being reduced in some districts be-
low its normal amount, in order to
increase it in the district being
tested. Usually effected by placing
a piece of brattice cloth across one
of the return airways. (Power)

Brattice wall. The bratticed side of
an aircourse or roadway. (Ores-
ley).

Bratticing; Brattishing. A partition in
a mine to form an 'air passage.
(Century)

Brattish. A variation of Brattice.

Braunite. A somewhat variable man-
ganese silicate, approximately 3Mnr-
O».MnSiO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Braze. To solder with hard solder
which usually is copper and zinc —
half and half. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Braze-jointed. United by a brazed
joint or joints. (Webster)

Brazen dish (Eng.). The brass gage,
or standard, used in the Low Peak
district, Derbyshire, about 1,500.
The miners formerly measured lead
ore in this dish. It had a capacity
of 8 quarts, and was chained at a
certain public place. (Hunt)

Brazier* 1. An artificer who works
in brass. 2. A pan for holding burn-
ing coals. (Webster)

Brazil; Brazzil. Pyrlte. (Raymond)

Brazilian chrysolite. A jeweler's
name for yellowish-green tourmaline,
cut as a gem. (Chester)

Brazilian emerald. A green variety of
tourmaline. (Power)

Brazilian pebble. A colorless trans-
parent quartz, such as is used for
optical purposes. (Chester)

Brazilian ruby. A light rose -red
spinel ; or a topaz approaching a
red color. (Power)

Brazilian sapphire. A blue variety of
tourmaline. (Power)

Brea. 1. Sand or soil impregnated with
petroleum from seepages, the vola-
tile constituents having evaporated.
(Bacon)

2. Maltha or mineral tar. (Web-
ster)

Breach. 1. An opening made by break-
ing down a portion of a solid body,
as a wall, a dike, or a river bank;
a break; a gap. (Century)
2, The face of a level or drift
(Skinner)

Break. 1. A fault; rupture, fracture.
(Webster)

2. A crack or small natural cavity
or fracture in a coal seam. 8. A
crack, often several inches in wiilth,
proceeding from old workings or
hollows, (Gresley)

4. To come apart or divide into
two or niore pieces, usually with
suddenness and violence ; to part,
to buKst asunder. (Webster)

5. (Scot.). A reduction of the day's
wage. ( Barrowman )

Break line. 1. The line in which the
roof of a coal mine is expected to
break. 2. The line of complete ex-
traction of coal. 8. A line roughly
following the rear edges of the pil-
lars that are being drawn or mined.

Breakage clause (Eng.). A clause in-
serted in some mining leases pro-
viding for an abatement of. royalty
or allowance on weight for a cer-
tain weight of small coal or break-
age sent out in every ton of large
coal, e. g., 120 Ib. in every collier's
ton of 2,640 Ib. ( Gresl ey )

Breakback. The fractures caused by
the shattering of a solid rock ledge
back of the drill holes in which the
charge is placed. (Bowles)

Breaker. 1. In anthracite mining, the
structure in which the coal is
broken, sized, and cleaned for mar-
ket. Known also as Coal breaker.
(Chance)

2. A machine for breaking rocks or
for breaking coal. (Webster)
8. (No. of Eng.) A large crack
formed in the roof next to the goaf.
See Break, 1. 4. (Som.) A coal
miner or hewer. 5. (Italy) A col-
lier who wedges down coal and fills
it into cars. (Gresley)
8. A wave breaking into foam
against the shore, or against a sand
bank, or a rock or reef near the
surface. 7. A transverse ridge in a
road to facilitate drainage. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING ASD MINERAL INDUSTR*.

10*

Breaker boy. A boy who works in a
coal breaker. See Breaker, 1.
(Steel)

Breakes (Eng.). Fissures in old coal
workings (Bainbridge). See also
Break, 3.

Break-in (Som.). To commence to
hole. (Gresley)

Breaking. 1. (Eng.) The breaking
of poor or dradgy ore by hand with
flat irons, called breaking hammers.
(Hunt)

8. (Can.) The poor part of ore
ready for crushing. (Morine)

Breaking band (Scot.). A method of
setting or fixing props in the work-
ings, in lines running diagonally to
the line of the face or wall (Ores-
ley). Compare Breaking prop.

Breaking-down machine (Eng.). A
mechanical appliance, worked by
compressed air, or by hydraulic
power, for bringing down the coal
after holing. (Gresley)

Breaking-down rolls. The first set of
rolls through which hot iron is
passed in a rolling mill (Standard).
Called also Roughing rolls; Rough-
ing-down rolls.

Breaking-iii shot The first bore hole
fired in "blasting off the solid" to
provide a space into which mate-
rial from subsequent shots may be
thrown (Du Pqnt). Also called
Opening shot; Buster shot

Breaking load. The steady and gradu-
ally applied load under which a
material of construction will break
asunder or collapse. (Webster)

Breaking prop (Ark.). One of a row
of props of sufficient strength to
cause the rock above the coal to
break and so limit the area of top
brought down by a brushing shot
(Steel). Compare Breaking band.

Breaking strain; Breaking strength;
Breaking stress. Thfc least load that
will break a rope. These terms are
used1 indiscriminately to mean the
load that wilt break a rope. Th*
stress on a rope at the moment of
breaking is the breaking stress, and
the strain or deformation produced
in the material by this stress is the
breaking strain. (C. M. P.)

Breaking-lip (Clev.). A system of em-
ployment under which a skilled
miner engages an unsMUjd man, the
former paying the latter a mere la-
borer's wage until he becomes an ex-
perienced miner. (Gresley)

Break in lode. A fault (Duryee)

Breakoff. 1. (Eng.). A short narrow
heading driven from one road to
another ; a breakthrough. (Gresley)
2. (Derb.). An alteration in the
rein due to an intrusion of barren
rock, or to a fault (Hooson)

Breakout Escape of gas, coke, slag,,
or iron from the bosh, tuyere, breast,,
or hearth of a blast furnace. (Will-
cox)

Breakstaff. The lever for blowing a
blacksmith's bellows, or for working:
bore rods up and down (C. and
M. M. P.)

Break-through. 1. A narrov,- passage.
cut through the pillar to allow the-
ventilating current to pass from one-
room to another. Also called a
Crosscut, or Room crosscut Larger
than a dog hole. (Steel)
2. Ah opening accidentally made be-
tween two workings.

Break-up. 1. (Eng.). An excavation*
commenced from the bottom of a
tunnel heading and carried upward,.
so as to form two interior working:
faces. (Simms)

2. (Mid.). To cut away and remove-
the floor of an entry or other open-
ing. (Gresley)

3. The thawing and. breaking of ice-
on a river or other body of water
with the advent of spring.

Breakwater. A structure or contriv-
ance, aa a mole, mound, or wall*
serving to break the force of wave*
and protect a harbor or anything:
exposed to the force of the waves-
(Century)

Breast. 1. The face of a working.
i. In coal mines, a. chamber driven
in the seam from the gangway, lor
the extraction of coal. 3. That side
of the hearth of a shaft furnace-
which contains the . metal notch.
(Raymond)

4. (Italy). A stall in a steep. seam
from 12 to 18 yards wide. The stall*
are carried one above another front
the lowest level to the rise. 5.
(Leic.). To take down or get a
buttock (face) of coal end-on. (Gres-
ley)

6. That part of the *>edplate whlclv
is back of the crossheads in engines
of the Corliss type. (Crofutt)
Breast- and-pillar (Penn.). A system
of working anthracite coal by bord»
10 yards in width, with narrow pil-
lars 5 yards wide between thenv
holed through nt certain intervals.
See Bord-and-pillar. The breasts
are worked from the dip to the rise.
(Gregley)

106

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Breast auger. An auger supported by
a breast plate against the miner's
"body. Used for drilling holes in
soft coal. (Steel)

Breast boards. Planking placed be-
tween the last set of timbers and
the face of a gangway or heading
which is in quicksand or loose
ground. (Raymond)

Breast-bore (Scot). A borehole put
in parallel with the seam, made and
kept in advance of a working-place,
for the purpose of ascertaining the
position of old works, tapping wa-
ter, letting off gas, etc. (Gresley)

Breast-eyes (Lane.). See Day, 1; Day
eyes, also Day-hole.

Breast-heads. Natural Joints in rock,
coal, etc. (Gresley)

Breast holes, Relief holes used in tun-
neling, and which are fired after the
bottom cut. (Du Pont)

Breasting. 1. (No. Staff.) A short
leading stall, worked at right angles
to and forming the face of the main
levels. 2. A wide heading or level.
(Gresley) A,

3. ( Eng. ) Taking ore from the face
or head of a drift. (Skinner)

Breastplate. A slightly curved iron
plate fastened to the end of a coal
auger to enable the miner to press
the auger forward with his body.
(Steel)

Breast sloping. A method of stop-
ing employed on veins where the dip
is not sufficient for the broken ore
to be removed by gravity. The ore
remains close to the working-face
and mujt be loaded into cars at that
point (Crane). See also Over-
hand stnping.

Breast wall (feng.). A wall built to
prevent the falling ot a vertical face
cut nto the natural soil. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Breast wheel. A tyfce o£ water wheel
on which the water Is led at about
half the height of f&e .wheel. The
water acts partly by Impulse and
partly by weight as it descends in
the buckets. (Webster)

Breather (Eng.). An apparatus en-
abling a man to enter and explore
underground workings filled with
noxious gases. (Gresley* 1883)

Breccia. A fragraental rock whose
components are angular and there-
fore, as distinguished from conglom-
erates, are not water-worn. There
are friction or fault breccias, talus-
breccias and eruptive breccias. The
word is of Italian origin. (Kemp)

Breccia marble. Any marble made up
of angular fragments. (Merrill)

Brecciated. Converted into, or resem-
bling, a breccia. (Webster)

Brecciated vein. A fissure filled with
fragments of rock in the interstices
of which vein matter is deposited.
(Shamel, p. 146)

Brecha. 1. (Mex.) Breccia. 2.
(Colom.) An open trench or cut
leading to the mouth of an adit; or
a channel by .which pay gravel is
led to the ground sluice. 3. (Port.)
A prospecting cut. (Halse)

Breeching. 1. (Mid.) Drawing loaded
trams down hill underground.
(Gresley)

2. That part of a harness which
passes round the breech of a horse,
enabling him to hold back a vehicle.

3. The sheet-iron casing at. the end
of boilers to convey the smoke from
the flues to the smokestack. (Web-
ster)

Breeding-fire (So. Staff.). Sponta-
neous combustion in a mine. See
also Gob fire. (Gresley)

Breese. See Breeze.

Breeze. 1. (Eng.) Small coke. Prob-
ably connected, perhaps interchange-
able, with Braize, and both with the
Fr. Braise, to cook over live coals.
(Raymond)

2. (Scot.) Fine or slack coal.
(Gresley)

Breeze oven. 1. An oven for the
manufacture of small coke. 2. A
furnace designed to consume breeze
or coal dust. (Century)

Breithanptite. Nickel antimonide
NiSb). See also Niccolite. (Dana)

Brelho (Port.). A pebble; a small
stone. (Halse)

Bremen blue. See Verditer, 3.

Brenner (Eng). A smelter (Bain-
bridge). An old variant derived
from the word burn. A burner.

Brenston. See Brimstone.
Brettice; Brettis. See Brattice.
Brettice cloth. See Brattice cloth.

Brettis (Derb.). A crib of timber
filled up with slack or waste (Ray-
mond). See also Brattice, 3.

Brettis-way (Derb.). A road in a coal
mine, supported by brattices built
on each side after the coal has been
worked out (Raymond). See also
Brattice, 3.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

107

Breunnerite. A variety of magnesite
containing several per cent of FeO.
(Dana)

Brick. A building and paving mate-
rial made from clay by molding into
blocks while moist, and hardening
It in the sun or by fire. (Webster)

Brick ax. A two-edged ax used for
cutting off bricks. (Webster)

Brick clamp. A stack of bricks for
burning, in layers alternating with
layers of breeze, or fine coal and
cinders. (Standard)

Brick clay. Any clay that can be
used for brick manufacture. (Ries)

Brick coal (Eng.). Small, dirty coal
suitable for brick kilns and similar
purposes. ( Gresley )

Brick earth. Clay or earth for making
bricks. (Webster)

Brickfield; Brickyard. A field or yard
where bricks are made. (Century)

Brick fuel (Wales). Patent fuel; a
synonym for Briquet.

Bricking. The walling or casing of a
shaft. (Gresley)

Brick kiln. 1. A structure of unburned
brick built into flues and chambers
through which heat passes from a
fire below, burning the brick. 2. A
permanent structure, having stacks
or chimneys, in which unburned
bricks are burned by heat from a
central source. (Standard)
3. A pile of green bricks arched un-
derneath to receive the fuel for
burning them. (Webster)

Brick layer's itch. An itching
eczema of the hands occurring
among bricklayers, caused by con-
tact with lime. (Webster)

Brick machine. An apparatus for
molding bricks. (Century)

Brick red. A dark orange-red like that
of common bricks. (Webster)

Brickstone (Prov. Eng.). A brick.
(Century)

Brickyard. A place where bricks are
made. (Standard)

Bridge. 1. A low separating wall,
usually of fire brick, in a reverbera-
tory furnace betweeh the hearth and
the grate (fire bridge) or some-
times between the hearth and the
flue (flue bridge). Often called
bridge wall. 2. A plank way or
platform to convey fuel or ore to
the mouth of a furnace. 3. A de-
vice to measure the resistance of a

wire or other conductor forming a
part of an electric circuit (Web-
ster)

4. A piece of timber held above the
cap of a set by blocks and used to
facilitate the driving of spiling In
soft or running ground. (Sanders)

5. See Air crossing.

6. (Eng.). A platform mounted on
wheels, for covering the mouth of a
shaft when landing coal, rock, or
men at surface. (Gresley)

Bridge operator. One who operates an
ore bridge of the Gantry crane
type. (Willcox)

Bridge rails (Aust.). Rails made in
the form of an inverted U, generally
in short lengths, which are light
to handle, and .can be brought
within 'easy shoveling distance of
the face. (Power)

Bridge wire. The fine platinum wire
which is heated by the passage of
an electric current to ignite the
priming charge of an electric blast-
ing cap, an electric squib or simi-
lar devices. (Du Pont)

Bridgman sampler. A mechanical de-
vice which automatically selects 2
samples as the ore passes through.
(Hofman, p. 59)

Bridle bar. The transverse bar con-
necting the points of e tramway
switch (C. M. P.). See also Bridle
rod.

Bridle chains. Safety chains to sup-
port the cage if the shackle should
break, or to protect a train of cars
on a slope should the shackle or
drawbar fail.

Bridle iron. A strong flat iron bar so
bent as to support, as in a stirrup,
one end of a floor timber, where no
sufficient bearing can be had; (Web-
ster)

Bridle rod. An iron tiebar used to
join the ends of two switch rails to
hold them to gage (Webster). A
bridle bar.

Brier (No. of Eng.). A beam or girder
fixed across a shaft top. (Gresley)

Briggs' standard. A list of pipe sizes,
thickness, threads, etc., compiled by
Robert Briggs about 1862 and sub-
sequently adopted as a standard.
(Nat Tube Co.)

Brightening. See Blick.

Bright-head (York). A smooth part-
ing or Joint in coal. A plan* of
cleavage. (Gresley)

108

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bright rope. Rope of any construc-
tion, whose wires have not been gal-
vanized, tinned, or otherwise coated.
(C. M. P.)

Brilliant. A diamond of the finest cut,
rellecting and refracting light by
means of the faces and facets
formed upon it. (Standard)

Brillo (Mex.). Luster. (Dwight)

Brimstone. A common name for sul-
phur.

Brine. Water strongly impregnated
with salt (Webster)

Brine pit. A salt spring or well from
which water is taken to be boiled
or evaporated for making salt.
(Century)

Brine spring. A spring of salt water.
(Century)

Bring-back (Eng.). To work away
the pillars of coal from the boundary
toward the shaft bottom. (Gresley)

Brin's process. A process for manufac-
turing oxygen, in which barium
monoxide is converted into dioxide
by heating in air, and the dioxide
by further heating is decomposed
into the monoxide and .oxygen.
(Webster)

Briolette (Fr.). An oval or pear-
shaped diamond having its entire
surface cut in triangular facets.
(Webster)

Briquet. 1. Fuel consisting of slack,
or coke breeze, with usually some
binding material, and pressed into
lump form; also called Coalette,
Egette. Boulet, and Oarbonet.
(Steel)

2. An artificially compressed block,
as of ore, coal dust, etc. (Stand-
ard)

Briquettes (Fr.). See Brick fuel;
also Briquet.

Brlscale (It.). A gypsiferous deposit
occurring at the outcrop of the sul-
phur deposits of Sicily. (W. C.
Phalen, mineral technologist, U. S.
Bur. Mines.)

Bristol diamond. A fine transparent
variety of crystallized quartz. Also
called Irish diamond. (Power)

Bristol stone. 1. Brick-like blocks of
very fine sand used for polishing
and scouring. 2. Bristol diamonds,
or small well-defined crystals of
quartz from Bristol. (Standard)

Britannia. An alloy, made of tin with
varying proportions of copper and
antimony (Standard). Called also
Britannia metal, and Tutania.

Britching ( Scot. ) See Breeching. 2.

British; Brettys (Scot). A variation
of Brattice.

British barilla. Same as Black ash.
(Standard)

British plate. Albata, an alloy of
nickel, copper, and zinc. (Stand-
ard)

British thermal unit. The y^ quan-
tity of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water
from 32° to 212° F. ; substantially
equal to that required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water
from 63° to 64° F. (G. A. Good-
enough, Mech. Eng. Handbook, 1916,
p. 295) Abbreviated as B. t u.

Brittle. Easily broken; not tough or
tenacious. ( Da na *

Brittle mica. A synonym for Marga-
rite.

Brittle silver ore. A synonym for
Stephanite.

Broach. 1. A sharp-pointed chisel for
rough r dressing of stones. 2. A
reamer, 3. To shape roughly, as a
block of stone, by chiseling with a
coarse tool. (Webster)

Broaching. Trimming or straightening
a mine working. (Morrison)

Broaching-bit. A tool used to restore
the dimensions of a bore hole which
which has been contracted by the
swelling of the marl or clay walls;
also used to break down the inter-
vening rock between two contiguous
drill holes. A reamer.

Broadgate (Eng.). A main working.
(Bainbridge)

Broadstone bind (Eng.). Shale or
clay which breaks up into large
blocks or slabs. (Gresley)

Broadwall (No. of Eng.). See Long-
wall.

Brob. 1. A heavy spike, driven
alongside the end of an abutting
timber to prevent its slipping.
(Raymond)

2. (Mid.). A short thick timber
prop or sprag for supporting the coal
while it is being holed. (Gresley)

Broca (Mex.). A drill bit (Dwight)
Brocal (Sp.). The first set of shaft
timbers; the collar; B. del tiro, the
mouth of a shaft; B. del pozo, a
well curb, or mouth of a well.
(Halse)

Brocar (Port). To bore or drill.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MTSTIXG AKD MTSTHRAt

109

Brocatelit marble. A variety of mar-
ble from the French Pyrenees.
The body of the stone is fine, com-
pact and of light-yellow color
traversed by veins and dull-red
blotches. The name signifies a
coarse kind of tapestry, which it
•otnewhat resembles (Merrill ) . See
alto BroccatelLo, the Italian term.

BroecAtello. An Italian word for a
brecciated and variegated marble
(Kemp). See also Brocatelle, the
French tera>.

Brochantit«. A basic sulphate of cop-
per, CuSO«3Cu(OH),. (U. S. Geol
Surv.)

Brdnrorlte. A radioactive mineral
provisionally classified as a variety
of uraninite. It occurs in octahedral
crystals. Sp. gr., 9.08. (Webster)

Broil (Corn.), A collection of loose
rock fragments usually discolored by
oxidation, and indicating the pres-
ence of a mineral vein beneath ; out-
crop; gossan (Century). Also
spelled Bryle, Broyl.

Broken. 1. (Eng.). That part of a
mine where the mineral has already
been partly worked away, and where
the remainder is in course of being
extracted. (Gresley)
2. The dislocation of a vein OK
faulting. (Weed)

Broken ashlar. Ashlar in which the
stones are rectangular, but of dif-
ferent sizes and shapes. (Webster)

Brokem charge. A charge of explosive
in a drill hole divided into two or
more parts that are separated toy
stemming. (Bowles) .

Broken coal In anthracite only;
coal that is small enough to pass
through a 8| to 4-inch (square)
aperture, but too large to pass
through a 2| or 2}-inch mesh.
Smaller than steamboat, and larger
than egg coal. (Chance)

Broken groud. 1. Rock strata where
the walls are poorly defined and
the general formation shattered.
(Weed)

». (Eng.). Faulty or unproductive
measures. (Gresley)

Broken-range wors. Masonry - work
made of squared stones in courses
of uneven heights. (Standard)

Broken skip (Aust). A skip (car)
from which some of the coal has
fallen off in transit leaving only a
part of a skip load. (Power)

See Bromyrtte.

Bromine. One of the elements, which
Is at ordinary temperature, a deep
reddish-brown caustic liquid of ' a
very disagreeable odor. Symbol,
Br: atomic weight 79.92; specific
gravity, 8.2. (Webster)
It does' not occur native but is de-
rived in large quantities from brines,
Tts form of occurrence in the bribes
is unknown. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Bromite. Same as Bromyrite.

Bromlite. A barium-calcium carbo-
nate (Ba,Ca)CO, from Bromley Hill.
Eng. Also called Alstonlte. (Wetf
ster)

Bromyrite. A silver bromide, AgBr,
containing 57 per cent, silver. (TJ.
S. Geol Surv.)

Bronee (Sp.). Iron or copper pyritee.
Bronze.. Any mineral like bronze or
brass in appearance. (Halse)

Bronco (Mex.). Wild, loose. Roof-
rock, liable to fall (Dwight) *

BrongniardlU. A lead-silver sul-
phantimonide, PbAgiSbjS*. Contains
26.2 per cent, silver. (U. S. G«oL
Surv.)

Bronquear (Mex.). To hammer or pry
with hammer or gad in rock which
is loose and liable to fall. (Dwight)

Brontolith. A meteoric stone; a thun-
der-stone. (Standard)

Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin.
(Raymond)

Bronze-gold. Any bronze resembling
gold in color. (Standard)

Bronze mica. A synonym for Phlogo-
pite.

Bronze steel. An alloy, of copper, tin,
and iron: used as gun metaL
(Standard)

Bronzite. 1. A ferriferous variety ojf
enstatlte often having a bronze-like
luster. (Webster)
2. Is often used as a prefix to the
names of rocks containing the min-
eral. Rocks of the gabbro family
are the commonest ones that haw
the prefix. (Kemp)

Bronzitite. An igneous rock composed
wholly of bronzite. (Standard)

Bronzndos (Mex.). £yriUc ores.
(Halse)

Brooch (Corn). A' mixture of various
ores. (Power)

Broaching. See Broaching.

no

QLOSSAEY OJT MIMTWG

MINBfiAL IXTDU8TBY}

Brood (Corn.). The heavier kind* of
waste Jn tin, and copper ores (Ray-
mond ) . A mixture of tin and cop-
per ore. {'Pryce)

Brookite. Tifenium dioxide, TiO,.
Identical in composition with rutlle,
hut occurs in brown translucent or-
thorhombie crystals. (Dana)

Broqueiro (Braz.). A miner, borer, or
driller. (Halse)

Brora (Eng.). In Sutherland, the imr
perfect Coal in the lower part of the
Oo'Jite'lotmation. (Roberts)

Broiling; Brosiag time (Scot). Keal

time. (Barrowman)
Brotaz6n de veta (Mex.). Apex of

vein.; crpppings. (DWight)

Brouse (Derb.). A sort of-coarae stop-
ping, made of small boughs of trees,
and, placed back of shaft timbers to
prevent rock from failing. (Hoo-
son)

Brqwr 1. (Lane.) Ah undergrbuiiti
roadway leading to a working place,
-driven either 'to the rise or to the
dip. 2. A low place in the roof of
a mine, giving insufficient head-
room. (Gresley)

3, .The edge or projecting upper part
ot a steep place, as the brow ot ft
precipice or hJUl. (Webster)

Brow bar (Mid,), A massive curb or
beam of timber fixed fn the wall df
the shaft across the top of ah Inset
or statloa (Gresley ) . Also called
Brow piece.

Breton clay-ironstone. Compact* .often
nodular masses of limonite with
clay impurities. (Moses)

Brown coal. Lignite. A fuel , inter-
mediate .between peat and bitumi-
nous coal. (Steel)

Brown-face. Gossan of the tin lodes
of Tasmania. (Vogt)

Brown hematite. Limonite. See also
Brown iron ore.

Brown hen (Derb.). A hard, brown
clay which sticks to the ore,. making
the ore look poor, to the disadvan-
tage of the miner. (Hooson)

Brown horseshoe furnace. A furnace
of .the annular turret type for cal-
cining sulphide ores. (Peters, p.
218; Hofroan, p. 182; Ingalls, p. 85)

Brown iron ore; Limonite; Brown
hematite; Bog iron ore. Its ap-
proximate formula is 2Fe2OȣHiO,
equivalent to about 59.3 per cent
iron. Probably a mixture of hy-
drous iron oxides. (U. 8. Geol.
Surv.)

Brown le&d ore. An early name for
brown pyromorphite. (Chester)

Brown muffle furnace. A merchanicaUy-
raked roasting furnace of the
straight-line type with a series of
longitudinal combustion flues placed
under the hearth, (Ingalls, p. 139)

Brown-OHara furnace. A long/ hori-
zontal, double-hearth furnace for
the treatment, of lead ores. (Hof-
man, p. 190)

Brown panel system. Samfc as Pfllar-
and-breast in coal mining*

Brown petroleum. A natural solid, or
semi-solid product produced by the
action of air upon fluid- ttitunenfi
(Bacon)

Browa spar.. Any light carbonate, ^ col-
ored brown by the presence of iroi)
oxide, as ankerlte, doloniite, nmg4
neslte. or sideiite. (Standard)

Brown atone (Aust.). Dedomposed
iron pyrtte. (Power)

Brownstonc. A dark-brown sandstone
from quarries in the ' Trjasdlc, e8f-
pecially from the Connecticut River
valley. Used as a buOdfng stone
(Century). See also Sandstone.

Brown tank. A cylindrical tank or
vat, tall in proportion to .its diame-
ter, with the. bottom ending, in., a 00?
cone. Within the tank is a hollow
column extending from the bottom
to within about 8 inches from the
top. The apparatus works on tht
air-lift principle, the aerated pulp in
the tube flowing upward, and dis-
charging at the top while more pulp
flows in at the bottom to take, its
place. It is in reality a pulp agi-
tator. Also called Pachuca tank.

Brown umber. A brown earthy variety
of limonite. (Power)

Brow piece. A heavy timber used
for underpinning in the opening of
a station for & new level iu a mine.
(Webster). #ee Brow bar.

Browse. Ore imperfectly smelted,
mixed with cinder and clay. : (Ray-
mond)

Brow-up (Lane.). An inclined road-
way driven to the- r|se. Also called
Brow or Up-brow. (Gresley)

Frox burn oil shafe. 4. Scottish shale
which yields 23 to 35 gals, of crude
oil and 35 to 40 Ibs. of ammonium
sulphate per ton, (Bacoo)

Broyl (Corn.). See Broil.

GLOSSARY OF" MINING AND MINERAL INDU8TRT.

Ill

Broza (Batopilas, Mex.). 1 Ore con-
taining two-thirds native silver and
one-third calcite. 2. (Chile) Waste,
rubbish. (Halse)

3. (Peru) Very poor ores wmch
generally do not repay extraction.
(D wight)

Brozires (Bol.). Men who break large
stones in the mines. (Halse)

Bmcite. Hydrated magnesium oxide,
MgO.EWX (Dana)

Bruckner cylinder (Pac.). A form of
revolving roasting furnace (Ray-
mond). See Brttckner furnace,

Bruckner furnace. A horizontal De-
volving, cylindrical furnace for roast-
ing pulverized sulphide ores. (Pe-
ters, p. 196; Hofman, p. 198; In-
gafls, p. 121)

Brujula (Mex.). Magnetic compass.
(Dwight)

Brnnnerite, A blue to violet variety
of calcite that is found both as cu-
boid crystals and massive. (Stand-
ard)

Brunoing (Ark. .and Mo,).. Pulling
fine ore down from the. working
place, especially with the hands.
From its similarity to the action of
a bear. (J. J. Rutledge)

Bruno man (Ark., and Mo.). One who
removes fine ore from a working
place, especially when the work is
done with the hands. See also
Bfunoing.

Brunstone. A scotch form of brim-
stone; (Century)

Bronton. A small pocket compass with
Bights and a reflector attached, used
in sketching mine workings, as in
mihe examinations, or in preliminary
surveys.

Brunton's sampler. A mechanical
sampling device which automatically
selects 1/625 part of the ore pass-
ing through the sampler. (Hofman,
P. 57)

Brush. 1. (Mid,) To mix gas with
air In the mine by buffetting it with
a jacket. 2. (Forest of Dean.) A
rich brown hematite. (Gresley)
8. To shoot or wedge down some of
the rock over a roadway to increase
the height of head-room. Less of-
ten, to take up bottom for the same
purpose. (Steel)

Brut* hook. A short heavy hook with
an axe handle, used, by surveyors for
cutting brush*

Bruthers (Scot, Som.). Men who
brush the roof, build packs and
stoppings (Gresley). See also Brush
3. Also called Stonemen.

Brushing. 1. (Scot). That part of
the roof or floor of a seart removed
to form roadways. (Barrewman)
2- Digging up the bottom or the tak-
ing down the top of an entry / or
room for the purpose of admitting
cars where the seam of coal is too
thin or shallow for the admission of
cars. See Brush, 3... (Williams,!?.
Craig Dawson Coal Co., 146 North-
western, p. 736)

Brushing bed (Scot). The stratum
brushed or ripped (Gresley). See
also Brush, 3.

Brushing shot 1. A charge fired ID
the air of a mine to blow out ob-
noxious gases, or to start an air
current (Du Pont)
& A shot so placed as to remove
a portion of the roof to increase
height of a haulage way. See
also Brush, 8.

Brushite. A nearly colorless acid
phosphate of calcium, HOaPOi-j-
2H3O, in slender crystals or massivg.
(Webster)

Brush ore. An iron ore in brushllke
or stalactitic forms (Webster).
See also Brush, 2

Bmskins (Mid.), Lumps of coal
weighing about one pound each.
(Gresley)

Bryan mill. A three-roll (edge-roller)
mill of the Chilean type.

3ryle ( Corn. ) . See . Broil.

B. S. oil. A term applied to -crude-oil
tank residues. See also Bottom set-
tlings. (Badoh)

B. t. u. An abbreviation for British
thermal unit.

Bubble. A globule of ait or other gam
in a liquid ; also a vesicle tff water
or other liquid inflated with air or
other gas (Rlckard). A term used
In flotation.

Bucaramangite. A resin resembling
amber but insoluble in alcohol and
yielding no succinie acid. (Bacon)

Bnche (Port.). A pocket or bunch of
ore. (Halscl)

Bnchnerite. A name proposed by
Wadsworth for those peridotites,
terrestrial and meteoric, which 'con-
sist of oliviiMi, enstatite (bronzite)
and augite. The name was given in
honor -of Dr. Otto Buchner, an au-
thority on meteorites. (Kemp)

112

GLOSSARY QF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Buohonite. A special name given by
Sandberger to a nephelite-tephrite
that contains hornblende. (Kemp)

Buck. 1. To break up or pulverize/as
ores. 2. To carry, as to buck wa-
ter. (Webster)

Bucket 1. (Derb.). A flat piece of
iron with a wooden handle, used for
breaking ore. (Raymond)

2. One who bucks or breaks ore.

3. (Washington). A laborer who
pushes coal down a chute in pitching
or inclined coal seams.

Bucket. 1. A vessel for hoisting and
conveying water, coal, ore, or grain.
A tub or scoop of which there are
several types. 2. One of the recep-
tacles on the rim of a water wheel
into which the water rushes caus-
ing the wheel to revolve, (Web-
ster)

3. The piston of a well pump. It
always contains a valve. It is con-
nected to and operated by the
sucker rods. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Bucket door (Scot.). The cover of an
opening in pipes for access to the
pump bucket. (Barrowman)

Bucket-door piece (Eng.). The portion
of a set of pumps immediately above
the working barrel, having a re-
movable door through which the
bucket is changed ; the bucket door
is secured to the bucket-door piece
by bolts. (G. C. Green well)

Bucket dredge. A dredge in which the
material excavated is lifted by an
endless chain of buckets. (Weather-
be)

Bucketing (Eng.). The operation of
removing a worn-out pump bucket
or clack, and replacing it with a
new one. (Gresley)

Bucket lid (Scot.). The flap of a
bucket valve. (Barrowman)

Bucket lift (Eng.). The iron pipes of
a mine pump. (Bainbridge)

Bucket line. The series of joined
buckets forming part of the digging
apparatus of a dredge. (Weatherbe)

Bucket machine. See Elevator pump.

Bucket mounting (Scot). Leather or
gutta-percha packing of a pump
bucket. (Barrowman)

Bucket piece (Scot.). The pipe carry-
ing the bucket door of a pump.
(Barrowman)

Bucket pump. 1. A lifting pump. 2.
An iron or wooden receptacle for
hoisting ore, or for raising rock in
shaft sinking. ( Chance Y

Bucket rods (Eng.). Wooden rods to
which a pump piston is attached.
(Bainbridge)

Bucket shell (Scot.). The cast-iron
or brass frame of a pump bucket.
(Barrowman)

Bucket sword (Eng.). A wrought-iron
rod to which a pump bucket is at-
tached, having at its upper end a
knocking-off joint. (Gresley)

Bucket tree (Eng.). The pipe between
the working barrel and the windbore
of a pump. (Gresley)

Bucking (Derb.). The act of break-
ing or pulverizing ore. The buck-
ing hammer or bucking iron is a
broad headed hammer used for this
purpose; and the ore is broken on a,
flat piece of iron (bucking plate).
(I.aymond)

Buckinb hammer. See Bucking.

Bucking iron. See Bucking; Bucking
plate.

Bucking ore. A hand process of
crushing ore. (Woodson)

Bucking plate. An iron plate on which
ore is ground by hand by means of
a muller. Extensively used for the
final reduction of ore samples for
assaying. Also called Bucking iron.

Bucklandite. 1. A black variety of
epidote having a tinge of green, and
differing from ordinary epidote in
having the crystals nearly symmet-
rical and not, like other epidote,
lengthened in the direction .of the
orthodiagonal. 2. Anhyodrus allan-
ite in small black crystal1. (Dana)

Bucklers; Tacklers (Derb.). Small
chains put around the coal when
loaded in corves, to prevent it* fall-
ing off. (Min. Jour.)

Buckling. The act of bending; ten-
dency to bend or become wavy.
(Century)

Buck quartz (Aust.). Non-auriferous
quartz. (Power)

Buckshot (Aust.). Graunlated lava
imbedded in a sandy alluvium.
(Standard)

Buckshot cinder. Cinder from the
iron blast furnace, containing grains
of iron. (Winchell) •

Buckshot land; Buckshot soil. Land
or soil containing many limonitic
nodules. (Standard)

Buck staff. See Buckstay.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

113

Buckstay. . An upright iron or steel
brace resting upon or built Into a
boiler setting or furnace wall to
support the brickwork. (C. M.. P.)

Buckstone. Rock not producing gold
'Duryee). Compare Buck quartz.

Buck-up (Eng.). A contribution by
shareholders. (Bainbridge)

Buckwheat; Buckwheat coal. In an-
thracite only. Buckwheat is di-
vided into four sizes : No. 1, or buck-
wheat; No. 2, or rice; No. 3, or
barley; No. 4, or barley No. 2,
or silt (sometimes also called culm
or slush). Buckwheat No. 1 passes
through a }-inch woven wire screen
and over a tV-inch woven wire
screen, through a A-inch round
punched plate and over a f-inch
round punched plate. The American
Institute of Mechanical Engineers
has recommended that buckwheat
No. 1 shall pass through A -inch
holes and over A-inch holes, a
screen with circular holes being
used.

Buckwheat slate. A friable slate
(shale) that requires careful timber-
ing in headings driven through it.
It crumbles badly at or near the sur-
face of the ground.

Bnddagh (Leinster, Ireland). A
highly carbonaceous, soft, muddy-
looking fire clay. (Power)

Buddie. 1. (Corn.). An inclined vat,
or stationary or revolving platform,
upon which ore is concentrated by
means of running water. Strictly
the huddle is a shallow vat, not a
platform or table, at least not in
some localities. . But general usage,
makes no distinction. (Raymond)
2. To separate (ore) from slime or
stamp work by means of a buddle.
(Standard)

Buddler (Derb.). One who searches
old workings for ore. Compare
Caver, 1. (Mander)

Buddie work (Eng.). Dressed and
partly-dressed ore obtained from the
buddle. (Hunt)

Buddy. A partner. Each of two men
who work in the same working place
of a coal mine. Sometimes spelled
Butty. (Steel)

Bufa (Mex.). 1. Cliff or precipice.
2. At Mazapil, brown iron ore and
malachite. (Halse)

Bufador (Sp.). A blower or sudden
outburst of gas. (Halse)

744010 O— 47-

Buffer. 1. An elastic apparatus or fen-
der for deadening the jar caused by
the collision of bodies. Anything
serving to deaden a shock. (Web-
ster)

2. A rotating head covered with felt
or other soft material. It is sup-
plied with a fine polishing powder
and is employed to polish the sur-
face of stone. (Bowles)

Buffer bar. The heavy iron bar in a
railroad car which receives the im-
pact of the other cars. (Webster)

Buffer beam (Scot). Beams fixed in
a shaft to prevent pump rods from
traveling too far. (Barrowman)

Buffer block. A block serving as a
buffer. (Webster)

Buffer rope (Aust). A rope suspended
between the cages in a shaft where
rope guides are employed, so as to
prevent the cages from colliding.
(Power)

Buffer shooting. Same as Blanket
shooting. (Bowles)

Buffer-thimble. A cast-iron bushing on
the end-timber of the platform of a
car. < Standard)

Buffing machine. A machine used for
bufllng or polishing. (Century)

Buff stick. A piece of stick covered
with leather or velvet and charged
with emery or other powder, used in
polishing. (Century)

Buff ware (Staff.). A stoneware made
from clay and other ingredients; it
is^not decorated. (Century)

Buff wheel. An emery wheel. (Web-
ster)

Bug dust. The fine coal or other ma-
terial resulting from a boring or cut-
ting of a drill, mining machine, or
even a pick. This is sometimes
wrongly used as a tamping or uem-
ming material in coal mining (Du
Pont). See also Makings.

Buggy. A small wagon or truck used
for short transportation of heavy
material as coal in a mine, lumber,
steel Ingots, etc. (Webster)/ A
four-wheeled steel car used for haul-
ing coal to and from chutes. ( Sabela
v. Newport Min. Co., 184 Michigan,
p. 677)

Bug hole. A small cavity, in a rock,
usually lined with crystals (C. and
M. M. P.). See also Vug.

114

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bugre (Braz.). Pockets of yellow
clay, rich in gold, found especially
in contact with the itabirites and
quartzites. (Halse)

Buhrstone. A silicified fossiliferous
limestone, with abundant cavities
which were formerly occupied by
fossil shells. Its cellular character
and toughness occasioned its exten-
sive use as a millstone in former
years (Kemp). Also spelled Burr-
stone, and Burstone.

Buildhouse. See Bildas.

Builders-tip (Eng.). Men who make
packs and set timber, in ironstone
mines. (Gresley)

Building (Som.). A built-up block, or
pillar of stone or cx>al to carry the
roof (Gresley). See also Cog.

Building stone. 1. (Som.) Sandstone
or other rock suitable for pack
building (Gresley). See also Sand-
stone. 2. Stone suitable for use in
masonry construction.

Built-up. See Chunked-up.

Buitr6n. 1. (Sp.) A low blast fur-
nace for smelting silver ore. 2.
(Mex.) Fire box. 3. (Peru) A ma-
sonry sump for settling pulp after
grinding and before taking it to the
patio. (Dwight)

Bujia (Mex.). A candle; candle
power. (Dwight)

Bule. 1. (Eng.) A bit of iron put
round pistons. (Bainbridge)

2. (Derb.) The handle or bail of
an ore bucket. (Hooson)

Bulk (Brist.). Run-of-mine coal in
large quantities. (Gresley) *

Bulkhead. 1. A tight partition or
stopping in a mine for protection
against water, fire, or gas. 2. The
end of a flume, whence water is car-
ried in iron pipes to hydraulic work-
ings. (Raymond)

3. A solid crib used to support a
very heavy roof. See also Cog;
Chock.

Bulk-oil flotation. A flotation process
in which large amounts of oil are
used. (Ralston)

Bull. 1. (No. of Eng.) An iron rod
for preparing a shot-hole in watery
ground when the hole has to be
lined with clay (Gresley). See also
Clay iron.

8. (Aust.). See Drag, 1 and 2;
also Backstay.

Bull bit. A flat drill bit. (Gillette)

Bulldog. 1. A refractory material
used as furnace-lining, got by cal-
cining mill-cinder, and containing
silica and ferrip oxide. 2. (Pefin.)
/See also Buckshot-cinder. (Ray-
mond)

Bulldoze (U. S.) To reduce broken
rock by the use of explosives to a
size handy for raising to the surface
(Skinner). See also Mud cap; Sec-
ondary blasting.

Bull engine. A single-acting pumping
engine constructed upon the direct-
acting principle (Gresley). See also
Bull pump.

Buller shot. 1. ( Som. ) A second shot
put in close to and to do the work
not done by a blown-out shot, loose
powder being used. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) A blown-out shot (Bar-
rowman). Also called Buller.

Bulletin. 1. A large tabulation sheet
on which the weight of each car loau
of coal each miner sends out is en-
tered. Also called Coal bulletin.
(Steel)

2. A brief or condensed statement of
news to the public, as issued by an
acknowledged authority. A periodi-
cal. (Webster)

3. A class of publications issued by
the U. S. Bureau of Mines; U. S.
Geological Survey etc.

Bulletin board. A board on which bul-
letins are posted (Webster). See
also Bulletin, 1.

Bullfrog. See Barney.

Bulling. 1. The dislodging of rock by
exploding blasting charges in fis-
sures. (Webster)

2. Lining « shot hole with clay.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Bulling bar. An iron bar used to
pound clay into the crevices cross-
ing a bore hole, which is thus .ren-
dered gas-tight (Ihlseng). Compare
Bull, 1.

Bulling shovel. A triangular, sharp-
pointed shovel used in ore dressing.
Also called Vanning shovel. (Cen-
tury)

Bullion. 1. Uncoined gold and silver.
Base bullion is usually pig lead con-
taining but little gold or silver.
( Lawver )

2. Gold and silver coined but con-
sidered simply with reference to
its commercial value as raw mate-
rial. 3. Figuratively, s*olid gold and
silver, as distinguished from mere
imitations; hence solid worth.
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

115

Bullion balance. A sensitive beam bal-
ance of heavy construction used for
weighing bullion and specie. (Web-
ster)

Bullion bar. 1. Unrefined gold or
silver melted and cast into a bar.
(Weed)

*. A bar upon which the molten
glass at the end of a blowing tube
is rested to assist in bringing it into
special shape. (Webster)

Bullions (Lane.). Nodules of clay
ironstone, pyrite, shale, etc., which
generally inclose a fossil. (Gresley)

Bull point. A large steel point driven
with a sledge. (Bowles)

Bull pump (Corn.). A direct single-
acting pump, the steam cylinder of
which is placed over the top of a
shaft or slope, and the piston rod
attached to the pump rods. The
steam lifts piston and pump rods
and the weight of these produces
the down stroke. (Raymond)

Bull pmp. A worthless mining claim.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Bun rope. In well boring, the rope
from which the boring tools are sus-
pended and by which they are
worked. (Webster)

Bull's eyes. Nodules of pyrlte in roof-
ing slate. (Power)

Bull's-eye tuyere. A tuyere discharg-
ing in the center of a hemispherical
plate. (Standard)

Bull wheel 1. In well drilling, a
wheel on which the bull rope is
wound. 2. An underground sheave
wheel. Particularly the wheel
around Which the tail rope is passed
beyond each terminal of a tail-rope
haulage system. (Steel)

Bully. A pattern of miners' hammer,
varying from "broad-bully" to "nar-
row-bully." (Raymond)

Bullying. See Springing.

Bumicky. A combination of powdered
stone and cement used to fill crev-
ices made by the accidental chip-
ping, as of building stones : a stone-
mason's term. (Standard)

Bumming. 1. (Scot). Heaving or
rising of the pavement or floor
8. Emitting a hollow sound when
•truck. ( B a r ro win an )

B*mp (Eng.). L A sudden breaking
sometimes accompanied by a settling
or upheaval of the strata in the mine,
accompanied by a loud report Also

called Crump (Gresley). Bee
Bounce, 1. The term is not in com-
mon use among the miners in this
country, and has been interpreted by
many to indicate a sudden squeeze,
or buckling of the floor or walls of
the mine passage-ways. This is not
the case, as the word is practicably
synonymous with "jar." It has its
origin in the shocks accompanying
earth movements. (Geo. S. Rice,
chief mining engineer, U. S. Bur.
Mines)

Bumper. See Buffer, 2; Catches, 3.

Bumping and jerking tablet. These
machines use mechanical agitation
to bring the light and heavy grains
into their respective layers on a
washing surface, and they use a
bumping or jerking action to con-
vey the heavy grains to one side or
the other of the machine, while
the current of surface water conveys
the light grains to another side or
end. They may be either side-bump,
having the bump or jerk at right
angles to the flow of water, or end-
bump, having the bump or Jerk in
the opposite direction from the flow
of the water. See aUo Rittinger,
Bilharz, Wilfley, Bartlett, and Over-
strom. (Liddell)

Bumping post A post placed as a
buffer at the end of a spur of rail-
road track. (Webster)

Bumping trough. A sheet Iron trough
hung from plugs so that it may be
swung backward and forward and
used for handling ore in stopes
where the dip is such that the ore
will not "• run." (H. 0. Hoover, p.
136)

Bump knocker. Local term at Spadra
(Arkansas) for a person who picks
<Iown portions of machine-mined coal
which have not been shot down by
blasting. (Steel)

Bunch. 1. A small quantity of ore in
a compact mass in the vein. (Whit-
ney)

2. A portion of a pipe vein of greater
thickness than the rest ( Standard)

Bunch of ore (Corn.). An ore body,
usually a small one. (Raymond)

Bunchy. An ore body containing small
scattered masses or bunches of ore.
(Weed)

Bunchy reef (So. Afr.). A succession
of blows, or outcrops, following •
certain course (Power). See *Uo
Blow, 2 and 6.

116

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTKY.

Bunding. .A staging of boards on
stulls or stemples, to carry deads.
See also Stull-covering. (Raymond)

Bunk. A frame attached to a wall or
partition, which serves as a bed or
Bleeping place (Webster). Common
in mining and lumber camps.

Banker coal. A term applied to coal
consumed by ocean steamers, tugs*
ferry-boats, or other steam water
craft (Nicolls). Also called Bunkers.

Bunker Hill screen. A rotating screen
shaped like a funnel. Material is
delivered inside the funnel, the un-
dersize passing through the screen,
while the oversize is discharged
through the funnel neck. (Llddell)

Bunker plate. An iron plate covering
a hole in a ship's deck leading to
the coal bunker. (Century)

Bunkers (Wales). See Bunker coal.

Bunky (111. and Wis.). In metal
mines, a partner; called Buddy in
coal mines.

Bunney. See Bonny.

Bunnlng (Eng.). In lead mining, a
floor or staging of wood built across
the lode over the miners' heads, and
on which the refuse was thrown, BO
that the mine, originally begun as
an open work, became covered over
for its whole length except the wind-
lass opening ( Century ) . Also spelled
Bunding.

Bunter sandstone (Eng.). A sandstone
at the base of the Triassic system
in western Europe. (Cox)

Bun tons. Timbers placed horizontally
across a shaft. They serve to brace
the wall-plates of the shaft-lining,
and also, by means of plank nailed
to them, to form separate compart-
ments for hoisting or ladder-ways.
(Ihlseng)

Buoy. To keep from sinking; to keep
afloat in a liquid. A term used in
flotation. (Rickard)

Buque (Mex.). A boy employed in &
mine. (D wight)

Bur; Burr. 1. A mass of flint rock in
a softer rock. 2. A burrstone or
buhr. (Standard)

Burbuja (Sp.). A bubble, bleb or blis-
ter. (Halse)

Burbusco (Panama). Extracting the
rich ore; spoiling. (Lucas)

Burbutero (Panama). A spoiler (Lu-
cas). See also Barequero.

Burden (Corn.). 1. The tops or head,
of stream-work, which lie over the
stream of tin. 2. The proportion
of ore and flux to fuel in the charge
of a blast-furnace. (Raymond)

3. Valueless material overlying the
ore, especially such as is removed by
stripping. Frequently called Over-
burden. (Webster)

4. The distance between the charge
and the free face of the material
to be blasted. (Du Pont)

Bure (Fr.( Belg.). A coalpit. (Gres-
ley)

Bureau. A department or office of the
Government for the transaction of
public business (Webster). As the
Bureau of Mines.

Burette. An apparatus used in chemi-
cal laboratories for delivering meas-
ured quantities of liquid or gas.
(Webster)

Burgy (Lane.). Slack, or small coal.
(Gresley)

Burled placers. Old placer deposit*
which have become buried beneath
lava flows or other strata. (Shamel,
p. 279)

Burled rivers. River-beds which have
been buried below streams of basalt
or alluvial drifts. (Duryee)

Burilada (Sp.). A sample chipped
from silver bullion, to be assayed.
(Halse)

Burk. A hard knot or lump in a vein.
(Power). Possibly a corruption of
burl which means a knot, lump or
an excrescence.

Burleigh. See Rock drill.

Burmite. A fossil resin, resembling
amber, but harder and tougher; it
occurs in Upper Burma. (Bacon)

Burned. Said of slate or other im-
purity that adheres tightly to the
coal. Similarly, coal is said to be
"burned to the roof" when it is
hard to separate the roof rock from
the coal.

Burner: Burner man. A man who
takes care of kilns for roasting ore,
largely confined to plants roasting
sulphur from Cornwall ores. (Will-
cox)

Burning. 1. Same as Calcining. See
also Calcine. 2. (Derb.) An old
method of working veins by soften-
ing them with fire. See also Firing,
3. (Mander)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

117

Burning house. The furnace in which
sulphide ores are calcined to sub-
lime the sulphur; a kiln. (Century)

Burning mountain. A volcano. (Web-
ster)

Burning oiL A common name for
kerosene.

Burning point. The temperature at
which a volatile oil in an open ves-
sel will ignite from a match held
close to its surface: formerly used
to determine the safety of kerosene
and "other illuminants. (Standard)

Burnt alum. A white porous sub-
stance obtained by heating ordinary
alum to dull redness, thus expelling
the water of crystallization and
some of the sulphuric acid. (Web-
ster)

Burnt brass. Blue ?..riol. (Webster)

Burnt coal (Scot). Coal altered by
an igneous rock intrusion (Barrow-
man). See also Natural coke.

Burirt copper. Copper oxide. (Web-
ster)

Burnt-iii. In ceramics, said of colors
that have been applied under the
glaze, and are fired with it (Cen-
tury)

Burnt iron. 1. Iron which by long
exposure to heat has suffered a
change of structure and become
brittle. It can be restored by careful
forging at welding-heat 2. In the
Bessemer and open-hearth processes,
iron which has been exposed to oxi-
dation until all its carbon is gone,
and oxide of iron has been formed
In the mass. (Raymond)

Burnt ore. Roasted ore.

Burnt stone. An antique earn el i an
such as is sometimes found in an-
cient ruins and has apparently been
acted on by fire. (Century)

Burnt stuff. 1. (Mid.). Waste or
refuse coal that has been thoroughly
burned by spontaneous combustion.
(Gresley)

2. (Aust). An Intensely hard,
rocky stratum underlying the sur-
face-soil. (Standard)

Burnt umber. See Umber.

Burr (Derb.). A hard knot or lump
in a vein. A lump of ore that is
harder than the vein itself (Hoo-
son). Also spelled Bur; Burk.

Bun-ell gas detector. A device to ob-
tain a safe, rapid and accurate de-
termination for low percentages of
methane Inside the mine. Complete

combustion of the methane takes
place within the apparatus, and the
percentage is measured volumetrl-
cally.

Burrero (Mex.). A donkey boy.
(Dwight)

Burro (Mex.). A windlass; a donkey;
a carpenter's horse. (Dwight)

Burrow (Corn.). A heap of refuse.
(Raymond)

Bun-stone. A cellular but very com-
pact siliceous rock from which the
best - millstones are ma^e (Stand-
ard). Also called Bur; Burr, and
Buhrstone.

Burster; Bursting shot 1. (Scot). A
shot in a coal seam which has not
been sheared or undercut. (Barrow-
man). Equivalent to "shot off the
solid."
2. See Buster.

Bursting charge. A small charge of
fine powder, placed in contact with
a charge of coarse powder to insure
the ignition of the latter. (Cen-
tury)

Burst of whinstone (Scot). A bed or
mass of igneous rock at the surface
of the ground. (Barrowman)

Burt filter. A stationary, intermittent
filter in which the. leaves are sus-
pended vertically In a cylindrical
vessel set on a considerable incline.
The leaves are therefore ellipses.
The slime cake is discharged by in-
troducing air and water into the in-
terior of the leaf. There is also a
newer Burt filter of the continuous
rota ting-drum type. (Liddell)

Burthen (Scot). The load of coal
which the bearers carry on their
backs. (Barrowman)

Burton. Any of several kinds of
tackle, usually one with a single
and double block. See also Tackle,
2. (Webster)

Bury (Ireland). Soft shale or clay]
flucan. (Century)

Bui bar. A copper or aluminum con-
ductor used in electric lighting or
power stations to receive the cur-
rent from all the dynamos, or dis-
tribute it to the motors, etc. (Cen-
tury)

Busca. 1. (Mex.). A quantity of ore
extracted by a campero or butcon.
(Dwight)
2. (Sp.). A search.

Buscador. A searcher; an investiga-
tor (VeL). (Min. Jonr.),

118

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Buscar (Sp.). To search for mines;
to prospect. (Halse)

Busc6n (Mex.). 1. A miner working in
abandoned mines either to get and
sell ore, or to obtain a reward for
some valuable discovery. Prospect-
or. See also Campero. (Dwight)
2. A petty robber. JVel.)

Bushel. A measure of capacity, the
imperial bushel, of 2218.192 cubic
inches, and the Winchester bushel,
of 2150.42 cubic inches, being di-
vided into 4 pecks'. The bushel used
in measuring charcoal and coal con-
tains 5 pecks, or 2688 cubic inches,
being 20 pounds or less of charcoal,
and, in various localities, 80, 76, or
72 pounds of coal (Raymond). The
Winchester bushel is the standard
for the United States.

Bush hammer. A hammer having a
serrated face, as of rows of pyram-
idal points, for dressing stone.

Bushing. A pipe fitting for the pur-
pose of connecting a pipe with a fit-
ting of larger size, being a hollow
plug with internal and external
threads to suit the different di-
ameters. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Bush metal. An alloy used for jour-
nals, bearings of shafts, etc. (Cen-
tury)

Bustamente furnace. A cylindrical
shaft furnace for roasting quick-
silver ores; divided by perforated
arches into two compartments, of
which the upper receives the ore and
the lower the fuel. The mercury-
vapors are condensed in aludels.
(Raymond)

Bustamite. A grayish-red variety of
rhodonite containing lime. (Dana)

Buster (really Burster) (Eng.). A

machine for breaking down coal,

without the use of explosives.
(Gresley)

Buster snot. Same as Breaking-in
shot.

Bustle. 1. (York.) Hurry in mining
or working coal, or in performing
other colliery work. (Gresley)
2. A board put on the end of a car
to keep coal on the car when going
up or down a steep slope.

Bustle pipe. A large pipe surrounding
a blast furnace, which receives the
blast from the stoves and delivers it
to the tuyeres. (Tieman)

But (Scot.). Outwards; toward the
shaft (Barrowman). Outbye.

Butracos (Sp.). Inclined shafts fol-
lowing the dip of lead and zinc lodes.
(Halse)

Butt. 1. (Eng.). Of coal, a surface
exposed at right angles to^the face.
See also End, 1. (Raymond)
2. The butt of a slate quarry is
where the overlying rock comes in
contact with an inclined stratum of
slate rock. (Merrill)

Butt cleat. A short, poorly defined
cleavage plane in a coal seam usu-
ally at right angles with the face
cleat. Compare Face cleat.

Butte. A conspicuous isolated hill or
small mountain, especially one with
steep or precipitous sides. (Web-
ster)

Butt-entry. The gallery driven at
right-angles with the butt cleat. An
end-on entry.

Butterfly. 1. The name applied to cer-
tain valves made after the design
of a damper in a stove pipe. 2. In
pumps this term signifies a double
clack-valve whose flaps work on a
diametral hinge, like the wings of a
butterfly. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Butterfly valve. See Butterfly.

Butter of tin. Stannic chloride.
(Standard)

Butters' filter. A stationary, intermit-
tent vacuum filter. The leaves are
arranged in a box having a pyram-
idal bottom. When the pulp is in-
troduced a vacuum is applied until
a cake from 1 to 2 in. in thickness
is formed. The surplus pulp is then
removed from the box and wash
solution or water introduced and the
cake washed. After removing the
wash solution, either the box is
filled with water, or the cake dropped
and sluiced out. (Liddell)

Butt heading. See Butt entry.
Butt-joint. See Butt cleat

Buttock (Eng.). That portion of a
working face of coal, next to be
taken down. (Gresley)

Buttocker (Eng.). One who breaks
down the coal that has been under-
cut by the holers. A getter. (Red-
mayne)

Button. The globule of metal remain-
ing on an assay-cupel or in a cruci-
ble, at the end of the fusion. (Ray-
mond)

Button balance. A small, very delicate
balance used for weighing assay but-
tons. (0. and M. M. P.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

119

Button metal. A variety of brass com-
posed of one part copper and four
parts zinc. (Webster)

Button solder. A white solder com-
posed of tin, brass and copper, used
as a substitute for silver solder in
making buttons. (Century)

Butt shot. In coal mining, a charge
placed so that the face or burden is
nearly parallel with the bore hole.
(Du Pont)

Button strike. A strike to compel
every employee to join the union and
to pay the dues regularly. On pay-
ment of dues, each man is given a
button to wear on his hat.

Buttweld. Welded along a seam that
is not scarfed or lapped. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Butty. 1. A comrade; a chum or
partner. 2. (Eng.) In coal mining,
one who takes a contract, or is a
partner in a contract for working
out a certain area of coal (Cen-
tury). Also spelled Buddy.
3. (Mid.) A man who sorts and
loads the coal, for which he is paid
by the ton. Known as a Butty
banksman. (Gresley)

Butty collier (Eng.). A foreman of a
butty gang. (Standard)

Butty gang (Eng.). A company of
men who ^undertake work by con-
tract and divide the profits among
themselves. ( Standard )

Butty man (York). A contractor who
mines coal. See also Butty. (Gres-
ley)

Buttyship (So. Staff.). The prevail-
ing mode of working the " Ten-yard "
coal seam. The contractor mtnes,
loads, and delivers coal to place of
sale, finding all tools, horses, skips,
corn, candles, powder, pit beer, etc.
The masters find timber, engine-
power, and loaders at the boats.
(Gresley)

Butty system (So. Staf., No. Staff.,

Mid.). The working of a pit or

mine by contract. See also Butty-
ship. (Gresley)

Butyrellite. A white or yellow waxy
substance found in certain of the
Irish and Scotch bogs. (Bacon)

Buzamiento (Sp.). Hade, dip, inclina-
tion, slope. (Lucas)

Buzo (Colom.). Divers who get al-
luvial gold from the bottom of
rivers with batea*. (Halse)

Buz6n (Sp). 1. A funnel-shaped hop-
per. 2. A winze. 3. A subsidence
of upper workings produced by a
funnel-shaped cave of ground below.
(Halse)

Byard. A leather breast strap used
by miners in drawing carloads of
ore or coal. (Standard)

Byat. See Biat.

Bye chains (Wales). Hauling ropes,
or chains for dip inclined planes.
(Gresley)

Byerite. A caking bituminous coal
from Middle Park, Colo. It resem-
bles albertite in the large amount
of gas and oil which it yields upon
.distillation. (Bacon)

Byerlite. An artificial asphalt made
from petroleum by driving off the
volatile products. (Webster)

Bywork (Mid.). Odd work, or that
which is paid for by the day, in con-
nection with the underground roads.
The men who perform it are called
By- workmen. (Gresley)

By-lead. See By-wash.

By-level. A side level driven for some
unusual but necessary purpose. (C.
and M. M. P.)

By-pass; Bye-pass. 1. A short passage
used to get by or around a place
't is not advisable to cross, e. g.,
a mine shaft. (Power)
2. A small passage to permit equal-
ization of the pressure on the two
sides of a large valve so that it may
be readily opened or closed (Nat.
Tube Co.). An extra gas pipe pass-
ing around a valve OF gas chamber
used to prevent a complete stoppage
of the flow of gas when the valve or
chamber is closed. (Century)

By-pit. (Scot.). A pit nearer the out-
crop than the engine pit ; an air pit
(Barrowman)

By-product. A secondary or additional
product (Webster), e. g. The more
common by-products of coke ovens
are gas, tar, benzol and ammonium
sulphate.

By-product oven. A coke oven consist-
ing of a series of long narrow cham-
bers arranged in rows, and heated
by flues in which are burned a por-
tion of the combustible gases gener-
ated by the coking of the coal. All
of the volatile products are saved
and collected as ammonia, tar and
gas, etc.

120

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

By-road (Scot.). A subsidiary road.
(Barrowman)

Bysmalith. A name suggested by J.
P. Iddings for an igneous intrusion
that forms a huge cylindrical mass
or plug, with length and width ap-
proximately the same, but of rela-
tively great height (Kemp)

Bysolite. An olive-green fibrous va-
riety of amphibole. (Webster)

Bytownite. A plagioclase feldspar
having a composition between labra-
dorite and anorthite. (Dana)

By-wash. A channel cut to convey
the surplus water from a reservoir
or an aqueduct, and prevent over-
flow. Also called By-lead. (Cen-
tury)

C.

Cab (Eng.). A hard ferruginous gouge
or casing between the unaltered
country rock and the ore. See also
Casing, 2.

Caballeriza (Hex.). Stable. (Dwight)

Caballero (Sp.). A spoil bank.
(Lucas)

Caballete (Mex.). Ridge-beam, trestle,
etc. C. de tension, tension station of
a cable tram. (Dwight)

Caballo (Sp.). 1. A miner's candle-
stick. 2. A rope sling for lowering
men in a shaft. (Dwight)
3. A horse. 4. Barren rock in a
lode or vein. 5. A grinding stone
In an arrastre. 6. A cofferdam.
(Halse)

Cabbie. To break up into pieces (as
charcoal iron) preparatory to the
processes of faggoting, fusing and
rolling into bars. (Century)

Cabecedo (Mex.). The end-line of a
claim. (Dwight)

Oa^tceira (Braz.). 1, A horizontal
portion of a sluice. 2. A level head-
ing. (Halse)

Cabecera (Mex.). "Heads" obtained
in ore concentration. (Dwight)

Cabecilla. 1. (Sp. Am.). Slimes or
sand in the washing trough. (Lu-
cas)

2. Coarse ore which is reground.

3. In the patio process the residue
after washing the torta. (Halse)

Cabeza. 1. (Mex.). Head or end.
2. C. de ingenio (Peru), the shaft
of a vertical water-wheel. ( Dwight )
8. (Colom.) The upper extremity
of a placer mine. 4. (Mex.) An
outcrop. (Halse)

Cabezada (Mex.). The end piece in
shaft-timberfng. (Dwight)

Cabezal (Mex.). A cap used In mine
timbering. (Dwight)

Cabez6n (Colom.). The point at
which a current of water loses its
velocity, and deposits the suspended
material. (Halse)

Cabezuela (Mex.). Rich concentrates,
usually containing both gold and
silver. Mineral crushed to less than
i in. in diameter. (Dwight)

Cabin- A small room, either on the
surface or underground, e. g~, a lamp
cabin, or a deputy's cabin. (Power)

Cable. 1. Snme as cable-laid rope; a
fiber cable consists of three hawsera
laid up left-handed. (C. M. P.)

2. A bundle of insulated wires, insu-
lated by an outside wrapping, form-
ing a water-proof electrical conduc-
tor, as a submarine cable. (Web-
ster)

3. A steel rope for hoisting or for
aerial trams.

Cable (Mex.). Cable or hoisting-rope ;
C. de porte, carrying rope; C. de
traccidn, de motor, de m6vil, trac-
tion-rope; traveling-rope. ( Dwight}
C. de cola, tail rope; C. rastrero,
haulage rope; C. electrico, electric
cable or wires. (Halse)

Cable drill. See Churn drill.

Cable-laid rope. Wire cables made of
several ropes twisted together, each
rope being composed of strands
twisted together without limitation
as to the number of /strands or di-
rection of twist. A fiber cable-laid
rope is composed of strands of haw-
ser-laid rope, twisted right-handed.
(C. M. P.)

Cable's length. The length of a ship's
cable, usually about 600 feet, or
one- tenth of a nautical mile. (Web-
ster)

Cable system. One of the well-known
drilling systems, sometimes desig-
nated as the American or Rope sys-
tem. The drilling is performed by a
heavy string of tools suspended from
a flexible manila or steel cable to
which a reciprocating motion is im-
parted by its suspension from an
oscillating "walking beam." One
end of the walking beam is above
the mouth of the well when hori-
zontal, and the other end is directly
above a crank attached to the band-
wheel shaft (Mitzakis)

GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

121

Cable tools. The apparatus used in
drilling deep holes, such as artesian
wells, with a rope, Instead of rods,
to connect the drill with the machine
on the surface. (Raymond)

Cable-via a6reo (Mex.). Aerial cable
tramway. (D wight)

Cabo (Mex.). 1. Handle. 2. Stump
of candle. 3. Sub-foreman, or boss.
(D wight)

Cabocle. A compact rolled pebble re-
sembling red jasper, supposed to be
hydrous aluminum-calcium phos-
phate: found in the diamond-pro-
ducing sands of Bahia, Brazil.
(Standard) ,

Cabrerite. A hydrous arsenate of
nickel, cobalt and magnesium, found
In green crystals and in masses.
(Dana)

Cabrestante (Mex.). Capstan; winch.
(D wight)

Cagamba (Braz.). The bucket of a
gold dredge. (Halse)

Cache (Fr.). The place where pro-
visions, ammunition, «tc. are cached
or hidden by trappers or prospec-
tors in unsettled regions. (Ray-
mond)

Cachetear (Mex.). To loosen a gad
by striking it alternately on each
side. (Dwight)

Cachi (Peru). A "Quechua" word,
meaning salt; also applied to all
kinds of white gangue-rocks.
(Dwight)

Cacho (Colom.). A piece of horn used
in gold washing (Halse). A horn
spoon.

Cacholong. An opaque bluish-white or
pale-yellow opal, containing a little
alumina. (Dana)

Cachucha (Mex.). A miner's cap.
(Dwight)

Caco (Braz.). A sugary quartz found
in gold veins. (Century)

Cacoxenite. A hydrous phosphate of
iron, FePo4Fe(Oh),-f-4iH3O, occur-
ring in yellow or brownish radiated
tufts. (Dana)

Cadena (Sp.). 1. Chain. A unit of
linear measurement. (Dwight)
2. Cf de rocas, a ledge or ridge of
rocks. (Halse)

Cadge (Derb.). To attach the hoist-
ing rope to an ore bucket; also to
fasten tools in the bucket with a
rope to prevent them falling out
(Hooson)

Cadger. A little, pocket oil can for
miners. (Min. and Scl. Press, Aug.
%, 1915)

Cadmium. A tin-white, malleable, duc-
tile metal, capable of a high polish
and emitting a crackling sound
when bent. Symbol, Cd; atomic
weight, 112.40. Specific gravity, 8.6.
(Webster)

Cadmium ochre. The mineral green-
ocklte. (Standard)

Caducar (Mex.). To forfeit a title
through noncompliance with the
stipulations contained therein.
(Dwight)

Caducidad (Mex.). The act of for-
feiting a title, etc. (Dwight). See
also Caducar.

Caen stone. A light cream-colored
Jurassic limestone, chiefly from
Caen, Normandy, largely used in
carved architectural work. (Stand-
ard)

Caer de cruz (Mex.). The beginning
of the action of the quicksilver In
the process of amalgamation.
(Dwight)

Caesium. A soft, silvery metal, closely
resembling rubidium and potassium.
Symbol, Cs ; atomic weight, 132.81.
Specific gravity 1.84 (Webster)

Cage. 1. A frame with one or more
platforms for cars, used in hoisting
in a vertical shaft It Is steadied
by guides on the sides of the shaft
2. A structure of elastic iron rods
slipped into the bore-hole in rod-
boring to prevent vibration of the
rods. 3. The barrel or drum of a
whim on which the rope is wound.
(Raymond)

Cage cover (Scot). The iron sheets
fixed above a cage to protect Its
occupants (Barrowman). A hood.
See also Bonnet, 1.

Cage guides, 1. Vertical pieces of
wood, iron, or steel, fixed in a shaft,
between which cages run, and
whereby they are prevented from
striking one another, or against any
portion of the shaft (Steel)
2. (Scot.) Shoes, usually cast iron,
clasping the guides (see Cage
guides, 1) in a shaft and guiding
the cage in its movements in the
shaft ( Barrowman )

Cage iron. In foundry practice a coro
iron resembling a cage. (Webster)

122

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cage of a whim (Corn.). . The barrel
on which the rope is wound (Min.
Jour.). A drum.

Cager. 1. The person who puts the
cars on the cages at the bottom of
the mine shaft, or at intermediate
landings. (Steel) See also Top
eager.

2. One who supervises weighing,
and the sequence of sending up
components of a furnace charge,
keeps tally of the number of
charges and signals to top filler
when it is time to hoist. (Willcox)

Cage seat. Scaffolding, sometimes
fitted with strong springs, to take
the shock, and on which the cage
rests when reaching the pit bottom,
or other landing (Steel). See Cage
shuts.

Cage shuts. (Som.). Short props or
catches upon which cages stand
during caging (Gresley). Called
Falters in Lancashire. See also
Chairs; Dogs; Cage seat.

Cage tail-chain (Scot). A chain
fastened to the bottom of the shaft
cage to haul a car out of a short
dip road. (Barrowman)

Cage-tender. See Cager, 1.

Cageway. A cage guide, or the part
of a shaft containing the guides.
(Standard)

Caging (No. Staff.). The operation
of changing the tubs or cars on a
cage. (Gresley)

Caida (Mex.). A fall of ground.
(Dwight)

Caiman (Mex). 1. An oreshoot. 2.
A Stillson wrench. (Dwight)

Cainozoic; Cenozoic. Containing recent
forms of life: applied to the latest
three divisions into which strata
have been arranged with reference
to the age of the fossils they include.
It includes the Tertiary and Post-
tertiary of the British geologists.
(Century)

Cairn; Cam (Gaelic). A mound or
heap of stones erected for a me-
morial or mark, as a sepulchral
monument, or a landmark, or to indi-
cate the site of a cache. (Standard)

Cairngorm. A yellow or smoky brown
variety of quartz found at Cairn-
gorm, Scotland. (Webster)

Caisson. A water-tight box or cham-
ber within which submarine con-
struction is carried on under great
air pressure to keep the water out
(Webster). Used also in excavating
for foundations in the presence of
great quantities of water.

Caisson disease. A disease frequently
induced by remaining for some time
in an atmosphere of high pressure,
as in caissons, diving bells, etc..
Characterized by neuralgic pains
and paralytic symptoms (Webster).
Also called Bends.

Caja (Mex.). 1. Case; box; water-
jacket of furnace; housing of
crustier; C. chica, furnace -tap
jacket; C. fundida, C. quemada, a
burnt-out furnace- jacket. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.). Wall of a vein. 3. The
inclosure of a deposit between walls,
or between the roof and floor.
(Halse)

Cajete (Mex.) A masonry basin to
receive the pulp from an arrastre.
(Dwight)

Oaj6n (Peru). 1. Box; caisson. 2. Load
of about 3 tons (variable in differ-
ent localities). 3. Shoot. 4. Drain.

5. C. del tiro, shaft - compartment.
(Dwight)

6. C. de granzas (Mex.), the pit to
receive the crushed ore. 7. C. incli-
nado (Sp.)« A buddle; an inclined
table. (Halse)

8. ( Sp. ) In the southwestern United
States, a canon or narrow gorge
with steep sides; a box gorge.
(Standard)

Cajonero. (Sp.). The man who re-
ceives, registers and distributes the
mine cars at the shaft mouth.
(Dwight)

Cake. 1. The solid residue left in a
filter press after the solution has
been drawn off. (Clennell)
2. See Cake of gold. 3. To form in
a mass as when ore sinters together
in roasting, or coal cakes together
in coking. (Duryee)

Cake copper. See Tough cake.

Cake of gold. Gold formed into a
compact mass (though not melted)
by distillation of the mercury from
amalgam. Also called Sponge gold.

Cakes of ore. Flat masses of ore.
(Morine)

Caking coal. See Coking coal.

Cal (Mex.). Lime; C. apagadd, slaked
lime; C. viva, quick or unslacked
lime; C. en piedra, limestone or
chalk. (Halse)

Cal (Corn.). Wolframite; tungstate
of iron and manganese (Whitney).
Frequently associated with tin ore.

Cala (Sp.). Prospecting-pit (Dwight).
See also Cata.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

128

Calabashlng (Nigeria). Panning met-
alliferous gravel with a calabash, or
gourd. (Skinner)

Calabrote (Mex.). A rope of large
diameter. (D wight)

Calaite. The mineral turquois. (Hum-
ble)

Calamaco (Mex.). Large piece of
rock, difficult to break up. (Dwight)

Calamin. To apply to (pottery) a
wash made from the pigment cala-
mine. (Standard)

Calamina (Sp.). Dry bone; smlthson-
ite (Lucas). See also Calamine.

Calamine. 1. A commercial, mining
and metallurgical term comprising
the oxidized ores of zinc, as distin-
guished from the sulphide ores
(blendes). Used also by mineralog-
ists as the name of mineral species,
American mineralogists commonly
calling the hydrous silicate of zinc,
HaO.2ZnO.SiOa, by this name, but in-
asmuch as British mineralogists call
the anhydrous carbonate, ' ZnCOs, by
the same name, some authorities ad-
vocate discontinuance of the use of
the name for distinct mineral species
and the confinement of its use to a
class of ores, which was the original
use and still is the commercial and
technical use. (W. R. Ingalls,
Trans. A. I. M. EM vol. 25, p. 17.)
2. A special kind of so-called gal-
vanized iron. Spelled also Kalamin.
(Standard)

Calamine stone (Eng.). A carbonate
of zinc (Roberts). More properly,
Smithsonite.

Calamita (Sp.). 1. Loadstone. 2. A
compass needle. 3. Siderite or
spathic iron ore. (Halse)

Calami te. 1. An asparagus-green
variety of tremolite. (Standard)

Calaverite. A telluride of gold and
silver, (Au. Ag) Tea. Variable in
composition, but contains about 39.5
per cent gold and 3.1 per cent silver.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Oalcaire (Fr.). Limestone. (Stand-
ard)

Calcaire grossier (Fr.). An extensive
coarse limestone stratum, or rather
series of strata, found in the Paris
Basin, belonging to the Eocene se-
ries. (Comstock)

Calcaphanite. A variety of diabase,
with small kernels of calcium car-
bonate embedded in the green
ground mass. (Webster)

Calcar. 1. Kind of oven, or reverbera-
tory furnace used in the manufac-
ture of glass for calcination of the
batch into a frit. 2. An annealing
arch or oven. (Webster)

Calcar (Mex.). To make a tracing of
a drawing. (Dwight)

Calcarenite. A name suggested by A.
W. Grabau for a "limestone or dolo-
nite composed of coral or shell-sand
or of calcic sand derived from the
erosion of older limestones." The
name is from Latin for lime and
sand. • (Kemp)

Calcareo (Mex.). Calcareous.
(Dwight) .

Calcareous. Consisting of or contain-
ing carbonate of calcium. (Web-
ster)

Calcareous grits. Sandy beds, Inter-
mixed with calcareous matter.
(Hitchcock)

Calcareous sandstone. A sandstone
containing a considerable propor-
tion of calcium carbonate. ( Bowles)

Calcareous spar. Crystallized carbon-
ate of calcium. See also Calclte.

Calcareous tufa. A spongy, porous or
vesicular deposit of calcium car-
bonate. When the carbonate of cal-
cium is deposited in a solid form it
te called travertine or calc-sinter.
Stalactites and stalagmites are of
this nature. (Roy. Com.)

Calcarone (Italy). A kiln used in
Sicily in which sulphur is separated
from the crude ore by heat (Stand-
ard)

Calcedonia (Mex.). Chalcedony.
(Dwight)

Calcedony. See Chalcedony.

Calcio. Of, pertaining to, or contain-
ing calcium. Said especially of min-
erals, particularly feldspars, of
which calcium Is an important con-
stituent, and of igneous rocks which
are characterized by the presence
of Rich minerals, (La Forge)

Calciferous. Bearing, producing, or
containing, calcite, or carbonate of
calcium. (Webster)

Calcify. To make or become hard or
stony by the deposit of calcium salts.
(Standard)

Calcigenous. Forming a calx: said of
certain metals. (Standard)

124

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Calcilutite. A name suggested by A.
W. Grabau for a limestone or dolom-
ite made up of calcareous rock flour,
the composition of which Is typi-
cally nonslliceous,. though many cal-
cllutites have an intermixture of
clayey material. The word is from
the Latin for lime and mud.
(Kemp)

Calcin (Mex.). A r casting-furnace.
(D wight)

Calcin a (Sp.). Concrete. (Halse)

Calcinable. Capable of being calcined
or reduced to a friable state by the
action of fire. (Century)

Oalcinar (Mex.). To calcine or roast.
(Dwight)

Calcination. The reduction of ore or
other material to a calx or friable
condition by the action of fire
(Hitchcock). See also Calcine.

Calclnatory. See Calciner.

Calcine. To expose to heat, with or
without oxidation; to roast. Ap-
plied to ores for the removal of wa-
ter and sulphur, and the disinte-
gration of the mass; to limestone
for the expulsion of its carbon
dioxide; etc. (Raymond)

Calciner. A furnace or kiln for roast-
ing. (Raymond)

Calcining furnace. A furnace used 'for
roasting ore in order to drive off
certain impurities. (C. and M. M.
P.) Also called Calciner.

Calcic (Sp.). Calcium. (Dwight)

Calciocelestite. A variety of celestite
containing calcium. (Standard)

Calclovolborthite. .A vanadate of cop-
per and calcium. Contains about 38
per cent VaO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Calclrudite. A name suggested by A.
W. Grabau for a "limestone or
dolomite composed of broken or
worn fragments of coral or shells or
of limestone fragments, the inter-
stices filled with calclte, sand, or
mud, and with a calcareous cement."
The word is derived from the Latin
for lime and rubble. (Kemp)

Calcite. Hexagonal (rhombohedral)
calcium carbonate, the more com-
mon form of CaCOk Contains 56
per cent lime, CaO. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Calcitrant. Refractory (Webster).
Said of certain ores.

Calcium. A silver-white, rather soft
metal of the alkaline earth group.
Symbol, Ca; atomic weight, 40.07.
Specific gravity, 1.56. (Webster)

Calcium carbide. A crystalline solid,
CaCa, colorless when pure, but often
resembling gray limestone. It is
made by heating lime and carbon
together in the electric furnace, and
is used for the generation of acety-
lene (Webster). Used in miners'
lamps.

Calcium carbonate. A solid, CaCOs,
occurring In nature, as calcite, etc.
(Dana)

Calcium chloride. A compound, CaCl*
crystallizing usually with six mole-
cules of water. (Webster)

Calcium fluoride. The compound, GaFa,
occurring in nature as fiuorite.
(Webster)

Calcium hydroxide. Slaked lime,
Ca(OH)a. (Webster)

Calcium phosphate. See Apatite.

Calcium sulphate. See Anhydrite;
Gypsum.

Calco (Mex.). A tracing on cloth or
paper. ( Dwight)

Calcomalachite. A form of malachite
containing calclte and gypsum ; used
as an ornamental stone. (Webster)

Calc-schist. A schistose rock, rich in
calclte or dolomite, forming Inter-
mediate or transitional rock between
the mica-schists and crystalline
limestones. (Kemp)

Calc-sinter. Limestone deposited from
springs and waters containing it;
travertine (Hitchcock). Also called
Calcareous tufa.

Calc-spar. A synonym for Calcite. (A.
F. Rogers)

Calc-tufa (Corn.). A spongy or porous
deposit of carbonate of calcium. Bee
also Calcareous tufa.

Calculifonn. Pebble-shaped. (Web-
ster)

Caldear. 1. (Mex.). To glow with
heat. (Dwight)

2. (Sp.). To heat a furnace; to
weld. (Halse)

Caldera. 1. A very large crater pro-
duced by a gigantic explosion. 2. A
crater produced by the fusion of the
core of a volcano and the falling
in of its summit. (Webster)
8. (Sp.). A kettle or caldron. 0.
de vapor, a steam boiler. 4. A
winze. 5. The bottom of a shaft;
a sump. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

125

Caiderista; Calderero (Mex.). 1. A
boiler-maker. (Dwight)
2. A blacksmith. (Halse)

Calderitc. A variety of garnet
(Standard)

Caldron bottom (Eng.). The fossil
root of a f tree or fern lying on the
roof of a seam of coal. It derives
its name from the resemblance to
the bottom 6f a caldron or pot.
See Bell-mold; also Cauldron.

Cale (Mid.). A specified number of
tubs taken into a working place dur-
ing the shift (Gresley)

Calecero (Mex.). A man who rides on
hoisting-cage and gives the signals.
(Dwight)

Caledonite. A green basic sulphate of
lead and copper of uncertain com-
position. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Calentadura (Mex.). 1. The first bar
of lead treated by a lead-refining
furnace. (Dwight)
2. Putting a furnace into blast,
or the first heating of a furnace
(Halse). "Blowing-in" a furnace.

Calentar los cuerpos. 1. (Peru) The
turning yellow of mercury in patio-
amalgamation. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.) C. un homo, to blow in a
furnace, or to put a furnace into
blast (Halse)

Calera (Mex.). Limekiln; calcining
furnace. (Dwight)

Calero (Mex.). Lime burner; roaster-
man. (Dwight)

Calesa (Mex.). Buckets for ore or wa-
ter. (Dwight)

Caliber. The inner diameter or bore
of a tube or pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Calibrate. 1. To determine the caliber
of, as the interior of a thermometer-
tube, 2. To determine the relative
value of cs different parts of an or-
dinary scale. (Century)

Calicanto. 1. 'Mex.) Masonry work.
2. Aurlferouw conglomerate in Chu-
quibamba, Peru. (Dwight)

Calicata (Sp.). A digging or trial pit.
(Raymond)

Calicbal (Mex.). Second-class silver-
:--e (carrying from 150 to 1000 oz.
per ton) (Dwight). At Pachuca,
Hidalgo, the best or first-class ore
separated in the mine, the second-
class being known as azogues.
(Halse)

Caliche. 1. (Chile and Peru). Impure
native nitrate of soda. 2. (Uco,
Peru) A thin layer of clayey soil
capping auriferous veins. 3. (Chile)
Whitish clay in the selvage of veins.

4. (Mex.) Feldspar; a white clay.

5. (Mex.) A compact transition
limestone. 6. (Colom.) A mineral
vein recently discovered. 7. (Colom.)
In placer mining, a bank composed
of clay, sand and gravel. (Halse)
8. (Mex. and Southwest U. S.)
Gravel, sand, or desert debris ce-
mented by porous calcium carbonate ;
also the calcium carbonate Itself.

Calichera (Chile). A deposit of cali-
che. (Halse)

Calicheros (Sp.). Lime burners. (Mln.
Jour.)

Calico marble. A local name for a
Triasslc conglomerate used in the
columns of the old Chamber of Rep-
resentatives in the Capitol at Wash-
ington. The source is Frederick
County, Md. (Merrill)

Calicntc (Mex.). Hot. The condition
when mercury flours in amalgama-
tion. (Dwight)

Calientes (Mex.). Silver ores, gen-
erally colorados, 1, with some sul-
phate of iron, the result of decom-
position. (Halse)

Californian onyx. A dark amber-col-
ored and brown aragonite, used in
ornamentation. (Standard)

California pump. A rude pump made
of a wooden box through which an
endless belt with floats is operated;
used for pumping water from shal-
low ground. (C. and M. M. P.)

Californite. A compact, massive ve-
suvianite. Used as an ornamental
stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Caling (Mid.). Conveying tubs into
the stalls out of turn — irregularly —
so that each miner is not supplied
with an equal number during the
day. (Gresley)

Caliper; Calliper, ^.n instrument with
two legs, usually bent, fastened to-
gether with a hinge or spring, used
for determining the thickness or di-
ameter of objects, distance between
surfaces, etc. (Webster)

Caliza; Piedra caliza (Mex.). Lime-
stone. (Dwight)

Calk. l..To drive tarred oakum into
the seams between planks and fill
with pitch. 2. A sharp-pointed piece
of iron or steel projecting from the
bottom of a horseshoe (Webster)

126

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

3. In metal working, to strike a
chisel,, or calking tool with a ham-
mer, making a slight indentation
along the seam. The effect of this is
to force the edge of one plate hard
against the other, and thus fill up
any slight crevice between the plates
which the rivets failed to close.

Calking tool; Calking iron. A blunt-
ended chisel used in calking. See
also Calk, 1 and 3.

Callainite. An apple- to emerald-green
massive wax-like aluminum phos-
phate, A1PO4+2$H2O. (Dana)

Callais. A precious stone of green-
ish-blue color, probably turquoise,
referred to by Pliny, 77 A. D. (Pliny
History, Bk. 37, 151). .Dana uses
this is a synonym of callainite, an
emerald-green, hydrated aluminum
phosphate.

Csllapos (Peru). Rude wooden steps
at the mouth of a mine. (D wight)

Callen; Kallen. Irony; especially
used when a lode is rich in soft
Iron ocher. (Power)

Caller (No. of Eng.). A miner who
goes round the villages about two
hours before work commences, to
call the men who examine the mine
In the morning before the miners
enter. (Gresley)

Callcy -stone (York.). In coal mining,
a kind of hard sandstone, more or
less argillaceous (Century). See
alto Canister, 8.

CaUiard; Qalliard (No. of Eng.). A
hard, smooth, flinty grit-stone.
(Gresley)

Callimns. Loose, stony matter found
In the cavitiea of eaglestone.
(Standard)

Calling course (Eng.). The time for
the men to go to work (Bain-
bridge). See also Caller.

Callow. 1. The baring or cover of
open workings. (Gresley)
8. The stratum of soil over the sub-
foil; the top or rubble bed of a
quarry. 3. Low-lying marshy land.
(Webster)

Callow oone. A conical settling tank
with vertical central feed, peripheral
overflow, annular launder to collect
and convey away the overflow, and a
•pigot in the form of a gooseneck to
discharge the tailings. (Liddell)

Callow process. A flotation process
embodying the usual principles but
in which agitation is secured by air
forced into the pulp through the
canvas-covered bottom of the cell.
(Megraw, p. 18) •

Callow screen. A classifying screen
using the traveling-belt principle,
the screen cloth forming the belt
member. It passes, over two drums,
or pulleys, oversize being discharged
while the belt travels under the
drums. (Liddell)

Callys (Corn.). See Killas.

Calm; Caulm (Scot). White or light
colored blaes. (Barrowman). See
also Blaes.

Calomel. Horn quicksilver. Mercu-
rous chloride, Hg3Cla, containing 85
per cent mercury. (Dana)

Calor de frio (Mex.). In the patio
process, steam issuing from the ore
mixture, especially in cold weather.

Calorie. The amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of one
gram of water one degree centigrade
at or near the temperature of maxi-
mum density. Called Small calorie.
(Webster)

Calorifics. The science of heat The
technics of artificial heating. (Web-
ster)

Calorimeter. 1. Any apparatus for
measuring the quantity of heat gen-
erated in a body or emitted by it,
as by - observing the .quantity of a
solid liquified, or of a liquid vapor-
ized, or the amount of heat absorbed
by a certain quantity of water, under
given conditions. 2. The combined
area of cross-section of smoke flues
or passages, as in a locomotive boiler.

Calp (Ir.). A bluish-black to grayish-
blue limestone found in Ireland.
(Standard)

Cal viva (Sp.). Quicklime. (Miru
Jour.)

Calx, 1. Lime. 2. The friable resi-
due left when a metal or mineral
has been subjected to calcination.
Metallic calxes are now called
oxides. 3. Broken and refuse glass
returned to the p<*ts. (Webster)

Calyx. A long cylindrical vessel of the
same diameter as the core-barrel,
which guides the bit, and receives
the debris resulting from the action
of the cutter. Its action is not un-
like that of the diamond drill and
necessitates the use of a powerful
water flush. The cutter, which

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

127

takes the place of the diamond
crown, has a number of long teeth
which produce a chipping action
when rotated by hollow flushing rods
in the presence of a constant flow
of water. Used in a system of oil-
well drilling, originating in Aus-
tralia. The great advantage of this*
system is that a core is extracted
and preserved in a core-barrel and
brought to the surface. (Mitzakis)

Calza. 1. (Mex.). A shim; liner.
(Dwight)

2. A stone for scotching a wheel.
8. (Chile). A converter lining. 4.
(Arg.) Lagging. (Halse)

Calzar (Mex.). To sheath or face
with metal. To shim; to tamp.
(Dwight)

Cam. A rotating piece, either noncir-
cular or eccentric: used to convert
rotary into reciprocating motion:
often of irregular outline, and giv-
ing motion that is irregular in di-
rection, rate, or time. (Standard)
In stamp mills the cam projects
from a revolving horizontal shaft
and raises the stamp by catching the
lower surface of the tappet or collar
surrounding the rod on which the
stamp-head is hung. The upper side
of the cam has an easy curve, such
as a parabola, so that when it strikes
the tappet it may not jar it when the
lifting movement begins. (Roy.
Com.) Sometimes called Lifter or
Wiper.

Cambay stone. A variety of carnelian
from Cambay, India.

Cambiar (Mex.). To switch. (Dwight)

Gambia via (Mex.). A turntable; a
man who operates switch. (Dwight)

Cambio. 1. (Mex.). Switch. (Dwight)
2. (Sp.). Alteration, change. 3. C.
de naturaleza, variation m the
quantity and class of material form-
ing a sedimentary deposit. C. de
potencia, change in the thickness of
a deposit (Halse)

Cambrian. The oldest of the systems
into which the Paleozoic stratified
rocks are divided; also the corre-
sponding geologic period. (La Forge J

Cameo. A gem carved in relief, from
onyx, sardonyx, a shell or other ma-
terial usually having layers of dif-
ferent colors. (Webster)

Cameo ware. Fine pottery with figures
In relief of a different color from
the ground, as jasper ware (Stand-
ard. See also Wedgewood ware.

Camino. 1. (Mex.) A road; a gallery
or shaft in a mine used for general
traffic. 2. C. de hierro, a railway;
a railroad. (Halse)

Cammett table. See Wilfley table,

Camoien (Fr.). See Cameo.

Camon. 1. (Mex.) The iron tire of
mill-wheel. (Dwight)

2. (Mex.) A section or segment of
a crown wheel of a Chilean mill.

3. Pine boards forming the side of
an arrastre. (Halse)

Camp. A mining town. (Weed)

Campaign. The period during which
a furnace is continuously in Oper-
ation. (Raymond)

Campan marble. A beautiful pale, yel-
lowish - green stone mottled with
white. A dark-green variety con-
taining red blotches is known as
Campan rouge. (Merrill)

Campana. 1. (Mex.) A bell. See Ca-
pellina; also Campanula. (Dwight)
2. (Sp. Am.) Nonproductive ground.
(Lucas)

Campanela (Mex.). An upper drill

hole. (Dwight)
Campanero (Mex.). A bellman, or

station tender. (Dwight)

Campanil (Sp.). Compact red hema-
tite. (Halse)

Campanilla (Sp.). A bell-signaling ap-
paratus. (Halse)

Camper (ScotJ. Coal slightly altered
by whin; dirty coal. (Barrowman)

Campero (Mex.). The foreman in
charge of Campos. A miner work-
ing on tribute. (Dwight)

Campistas (Sp.). Tributers. (Min.
Jour. )

Campo. 1. (Mex.) A limited lease of
a small section of ground in a mine,

2. A mining camp. See also Real, 1.
(Dwight)

3. (Braz.) Undulating table-land.

4. (Mex.) A mine-working in pos-
session of buscones. (Halse)

Camptonite. A name given by Rosen-
busch to certain dike rocks at Camp-
ton, N. H., having in typical cases
the mineralogical composition of
diorites, i. e.t with dark-brown horn-
blende, plagioclase, magnetite, and
more or less augite. They are often
porphyritic in texture, and may even
have a glassy groundmass. Without
the microscope camptonites usually
appear as dark basaltic rocks with
a few shining crystals of hornblende
or augite; their determination is es-
sentially miscroscopic. (Kemp)

128

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Campylite. A yellowish to brown va-
riety of mimetite crystallizing in
barrel-shaped forms. (Dana)

Cam shaft. In stamp milling, a strong
horizontal revolving shaft to which
a number of cams are attached in
such a manner that no two of them
shall strike the tappets at the same
instant, distributing the weight to
be lifted. (Wmchell)

Camstone. 1. A compact, whitish lime-
stone. 2. A bluish-white clay used
for whitening purposes. (Stand-
ard)

Cafiada (Sp.). A ravine, or small
cafion. ( Raymond )

Canadian pole system, A system of
oil-well drilling differing from the
American cable system, in that
wooden rods screwed together are
used instead of a rope. The Cana-
dian pole 1s a useful all-round pros-
pecting rig, and It Is particularly
suitable for regions where excessive
caving makes it necessary to have
some positive method of rotating the
bit (Mitzakis)

Canadol. A light petroleum ether of
the specific gravity (X650-0.700,
which has been used for the pro-
duction of local anesthesia by spray-
Ing, and as a solvent. (Bacon)

Canal. 1. (Mex.) Channel. Spout;
C. de humo, a flue. 2. O. del oro,
a gold-bearing channel. (Halse)

Canales (Sp.). Deposits of manganif-
erous oxide of iron, formed by fill-
ing crevices in limestone, and con-
formable to its stratification.
(Halse)

Canalistas (Braz.). Gold dredging
men who work in the channel.
(Halse)

Canal6n (Colom.). A ground sluice
used in placer mining; a channel;
a sluice. (Halse)

Canary ore. A yellow earthy argentif-
erous lead ore, generally pyromor-
phite, bindheimite, or massicot, more
or less impure. (Power)

Canary stone. A somewhat rare yel-
low variety of carnelian. (Power)

Canasta ( Mex. ) . A basket. ( Dwight )

Canastlllo (Mex.). A tramway-bucket.
(Dwight)

Canch. 1. A part of a bed of stone
worked by quarrying. (Raymond)
2. (No. of Bng.). That part of the
roof of an underground roadway

which has to be taken down, or of
the floor to be broken up, in order
to equalize the grade of the road.
If above a seam, it is termed a Top
canch; if below, a Bottom canch.
Also spelled Caunche, Caunch.
(Redmayne)

Oancha. 1. (Sp.) . A place for drying
slimes or sorting ore. (Dwight)
2. ( Peru ) . A mine dump. ( Pf orte )

Canch ero (Peru). A person in charge
of dumping and sorting of ores.
(Dwight)

Cancrinite. A silicate and carbonate
of sodium, calcium and aluminum
H8Na«Ca(NaCOs),Al8(Si04).. (Dana)
The name of the mineral is some-
timps prefixed to the names of rocks
containing it, as cancrinite syenite.
(Kemp)

Cand (Corn.). Fluorspar, or fluorite
occurring as a vein stone ; called by
the Derbyshire miners, Blue-John
(Century). Also spelled Cann,
Kann.

Candeias (Braz.). A miner's lamp.
fBensusan)

Candelero. 1. (Sp.). A candlestick. 2.
(Peru). That part of drill hole re-
maining after blasting. 3. (Mex.).
A piece of clay on which retort sil-
ver is laid for final heating.
(Dwight)

Candil (Mex.). An oil lamp.
(Dwight)

Candle coal. See Cannel coal.

Candle-power. Illuminating power, as
of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned In
terms of the standard light of a
candle (Webster). The British
standard candle is defined as a
sperm candle, that burns at the rate
of 120 grains of sperm per hour.
(Century)

Cafieria (Sp.). A water pipe; an
aqueduct C. de descarga, water
discharge. (Lucas)

Canfleldite. A metallic black-blue
silver-tln-germanlum sulphide (Ag»
(Sn,GeS«) that crystallizes in the
isometric system. (Standard)

Canga (Braz.). A kind of auriferous
glacial rock; in reality an iron
breccia. Also applied to a brown
porous conglomerate. (Halse)

C an galla (Chile). Stolen ore. (Halse)

Cangalli (Bol.). A ferruginous quartz
conglomerate. (Halse)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

129

Cangaua (Sp.). A South American
term for the volcanic mud of the
Quiteiiian Andes. (Page)

Cangrejeros (Colom.). Bunches or
small pockets of gold occurring in
veins. •( Halse)

Canister. 1. (Aust). A tin for hold-
ing blasting powder. 2. A hopper-
shaped truck, from which coal is dis-
charged into coke ovens. (Power)

Cank; Cankstone (Derb., Leic.). See
Burr; Whin; Whinstone.

Canker. 1. (Eng.). The ocherous
sediment in mine waters, being bi-
. carbonate of iron precipitated by the
action of the air. (Gresley)

2. Rust; verdigris or copper rust.

3. To rust, to corrode, to oxidize.
(Webster)

Cann (Corn.). See Cand.
Cannel. See Cannel coal.

Cannel coal. A massive, noncaking,
tough, clean, block coal of fine, even,
compact grain, dull luster, com-
monly conchoidal cross fracture,
having a typical low-fuel ratio, a
high • percentage of hydrogen, easy
ignition, long yellow flame, black
to brown greasy streak, and mod-
erate ash, pulverulent in burning.
It is essentially a rock derived by
solidification and partial distillation
or oxidation of water-laid deposits
consisting of or containing large
quantities of plant spores and pollen
grains and more or less comminuted
remains of low orders of water
plants and animals. There may be
admixed greater or less quantities of
mud, woody or peaty material.
(U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 659, p. 8)
This word is derived from Canicyl,
meaning a candle, from the readi-
ness with which the coal ignites and
gives off a steady flame. (Gresley)

Cannes marble. See Griotte marble.

Cannon-ball mill. A mill for grinding
tough materials ?-? attrition with
cannon balls in a rotating drum or
chamber (Standard). See also
Ball mill.

Cannonier (Fr.) See Fireman.
Cannon shot. See Blown-out shot.

Canny (Corn.). Applied to lodes con-
taining calcium carbonate and fluor-
spar (Power). See Cand.

Canoa (Braz.). A platform used in
gold- wishing. (Lock)

744010 O— 47 9

Canon. 1. (Sp.) A valley, usually
precipitous; a gorge (Raymond).
Also spelled Canyon.

2. (Mex.). A mine-level drift or
gallery. C. de guia, a drift along
the vein. (Dwight)

3. (Sp.). An Inclined flue; C. de
chimenea, a flue or smokestack.
(Halse)

Cant. 1. To slip or turn over to one
side. (Gresley)

2. An Inclination from a horizontal,
vertical, or other given line ; a slope
or bevel; a tilt. (Webster)

Cant dog (Eng.). A handspike with
a hook. A cant hook. (Century)

Canteen. A metal, wooden or leather
vessel or flask of small capacity,
used by soldiers, travelers, or work-
men for carryiiig water or other
liquid. (Webster)

Cantera. 1. (Sp.). A stone quarry.
2. (Mex.). An unstratified stone
of volcanic origin, as an andesitic
tuff, andesitic breccia; also a meta-
morphosed quartz-porphyry ; a white-
banded porphyry. 3. (Chile). A
light, sandy tuff. 4. (Venez.) Small
quartz veins which are detached
from the principal veins. (Halse)

Cantero (Sp.). Stone mason; quarry-
man. (Min. Jour.)

Cantharid luster. A ceramic luster
having green and blue irridescence
like that of a Spanish fly. (Stand-
ard)

Cant hook. A wooden lever with a
movable iron hook at the end used
for canting or turning over logs.
(Webster)

Cantle piece. A side piece in a cask
head. See Cants. (Webster)

Canto (Mex.). The narrowest face of
a timber. (Dwight)

Cantonite. A variety of covellite that
occurs in cubes. (Standard)

Cants (Eng.). The pieces forming the
ends of buckets of a water wheel (C.
and M. M. P.). See also Cantle
piece.

Canturron (Colom.). Oxide of manga-
nese. (Halse)

Canuela (Mex.). A fuse. (Dwight)

Canvas. Any strong cloth of cotton,
hemp, or flax. A miner's name for
brattice cloth.

130

GLOSSARY OF MINING- AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Canvas tables. Iriclined rectangular
tables covered with canvag. The
pulp, to which cleai* water is added
If necessary, is evenly distributed
across the upper margin. As it flows
down, the concentrates settle in the
corrugations of the canvas. After
the meshes are filled, the pulp feed
is stopped, the remaining quartz is
washed off ' with clear water, and
finally the concentrates removed (by
hose or brooms). (Liddell)

Canyon. See Cafion.

Cap. 1. A piece of plank placed on
top of a prop or stull. 2. The blue
halo of ignited fire damp which
shows above the yellow flame of a
safety lamp when in air containing
small quantities of fire damp. The
percentage of fire damp can be
roughly measured by the height of
the cap. (Steel)

3. ( So. Af r. ) A mine when the vein
matter is barren or when the vein
is pinched, or contracted, is said to
be "in cap." (Skinner)

4. Rock above coal or ore. See also
Cap roc1 5. An attachment riveted
on the Cn1 of a rope to which a
chain nay be fastened. (Gresley)

6. A fitting that goes over the end
of a pipe, to close it, producing a
dead end. (Nat. Tube Co.)

7. See Blasting cap.

Capa (Mex.). A flat deposit of ore or
capping of lava, clay, etc. ; stratum.
(Dwight)

Cap acho( Peru). A large leather bag
having a capacity of 75 to 150
pounds of ore. (Pfordte^

Capacity of air compressor. The actual
amount of air compressed and de-
livered, expressed in terms of free
air at intake temperature and at
the pressure of dry air at the suc-
tion. The capacity of an air -com-
pressor should be expressed in cubic
feet per minute. (A. I. M. E., Bull.
140, p. Ivii)

Caparrosa (Sp.). Copperas, the result
of decomposition of pyrite, marcas-
Ite, or pyrrhotite (Halse). See also
Alcaparrosa.

Capataz (Sp.). Foreman; overseer;
captain. (Lucas)

Cap board. Same as C.ip, 1. (Steel)
Cap crimper. See Crimper.

Cape diamond. A diamond of yellow-
ish tinge. (Webster)

Capel; Kapel. 1. (Corn.). A com-
posite stone of quartz, schorl, and
hornblende v Raymond), ofec Caple.
2. A wall of a lode: so called by
Cornish miners, and chiefly when
the country closely adjacent to the
lode itself has been more or less al-
tered by those chemical agencies
under the influence of which the
latter was formed. Also called Cab.
In the United States, Casing is some-
times used synonomously. (Cen-
tury)

Capela (Mex.). A strap passing over
a man's shoulders from handles of a
wheelbarrow. (Dwight)

A cupelling furnace.

Capella (Sp.).
(Raymond)

Capellina (Mex.). In the patio proc-
ess, the bell-shaped vessel, campana,
of copper or iron beneath which the
amalgam is distilled (Halse). See
Pifia, 1.

Capel lode (Corn.). A lode composed
of hard unpromising felspathic min-
erals containing minute particles of
chlorite (Power). See also Capel.

Cape ruby. A ruby.-red garnet found
associated with diamonds in the
South African diamond mines. (Cen-
tury)

Caperuza (Peru). An iron or earthen
cylinder, placed over amalgam in
distilling, so that the open lower end
is in water, into which the condens-
ing mercury drops. (Dwight)

Capes (Scot). Movable sides and
ends put on a hutch, wagon, or car
to increase its capacity (Barrow-
man). Compare Bustle, 2.

Cap head (Eng.). A top for an air-
box used in shaft sinking. (Bain-
bridge)

Capillarity. The peculiar action bj
which the surface of a liquid, wher *
it is in contact with a solid (as in a
capillary tube) is elevated or de-
pressed. Capillarity depends on the
relative attraction of the molecules
of the liquid for each other and for
those of the solid. See also Surface
tension. ( Webster )

Capillary. Resembling a hair; fine,
minute; having a very small bore.
(Webster)

Capillary pyrites. Same as Millerite.
(Standard)

Capitacao (Braz.). A poll tax, or a
tax fixed according to the number
of men employed in mines. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING ANJ) MINERAL INDUSTRY.

131

Capltan; Capataz (Mex.). A mine cap-
tain- C. de patio, a surface boss.
(Dwight)

Capitana (Peru). A hemispherical
stone vessel, 2 feet In diameter, for
washing pulp. (Halse)

Caple. (Cora.). A hard rock lining
tin lodes (Duryee) See also Capel.

Capouazo (Mex.). A hlow on me hand
of the man holding a drill, due -to
fault of striker. (Dwight)

Caporal (Sp. Am.). One who super-
vises laborers; a boss. (Standard)

Capote. 1. (Mex.). The bell-shaped
iron cover fitting over the capellina,
in retorting to confine the heat.
(Dwight)

2. (Colom.) A superficial layer of
vegetal earth. (Halse)

Capotera (Colom.). A shallow placer.
(Halse)

Cappean furnace. A modification of
the Ropp furnace for calcining sul-
phide ore. (Ingalls, p. 96)

Capped quartz. A variety of quartz
containing thin layers of clay.

Capper. In brickmaking, the man who
receives the filled molds as they
come from a brick machine; a
molder. (Standard)

Cappice (Aust). A horizontal stick
of timber or bar of steel used for
supporting a weak roof (Power).
A variation of Cap or Cap piece.

Cap piece. Same as Cap, 1. In Ar-
kansas, usually a piece of wood
split from a log. (Steel)

Capping. 1. The name given to a
method by which the flow of a
spouting oil well is stopped or re-
stricted. When a very strong dis-
charge of petroleum is expected,
strong valves are attached to the
casing, which permit the flow to be
controlled, and in order to prevent
these valves from being blown
away, they are firmly anchored to
the ground by means of long, heavy
bolts. (MitzakisJ

2. The separation of a block of
stone along the plane of the bedding
(Bowles)

3. Sometimes used as a synonym
for Over-burden. 4. See Cap, 1.

Cap pot. In glass making, a crucible
having a lid or cap. (Century)

Cap rock. 1. Barren vein matter, or
a pinch in a vein, supposed to over-
lie ore. (Raymond)
2. (Ark.) A hard layer of rock,
usually sandstone, a short distance
above a coal seam. (Steel)

3. The layer of rock next overlying
ore, generally of barren vein mate-
rial (Webster)

CapsaL A capstan. (Standard)

Cap silt The upper horizontal beam
in the timber framing of a bridge,
viaduct, etc. (Century)

Capstan. A vertical axle usea for
heavy hoisting, and worked by hori-
zontal arms or bars. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Capstan bar. One of the levers by
which a capstan is worked. (Web-
ster)

Capstone. In masonry, the uppermost
or finishing stone of a structure.
(Century)

Capsnia (Mex.). A blasting cap.
(Dwight)

Captain (Corn, and Wales). The offi-
cial in immediate charge of the work
in a mine (Raymond). See Mine
captain.

Captain dresser (Eng.). A manager of
ore-dressing plant (Bainbridge)

Capnli (Peru). A kind of wood for
mine timbering. (Halse)

Car. 1. «A vehicle adapted to the rails
of a railroad. A vehicle moved on
wheels. X Webster)
2. A vehicle used for the convey-
ance of coal or ore along the gang-
ways or haulage roads of a mine
(C. and M. M. P.). Also called Mine
car, Tram ear, Tub, Wagon, and
Mine wagon.

Cara (Sp.). The facet of a crystal.
(Dwight)

Caracas (Colom.). Thin, hard layer
of gray or reddish clay, between the
bed rock and pay gravel. (Halse)

Caracol (Mex.). A curved, spiral, or
shell-like structure exhibited by cer-
tain silver ores of San Dimas, Du-
rango. (Halse)

Caracolite. A colorless, 1 ydrous, lead-
sodium chlorosulphate, perhaps Pb-
(OH)Cl.Na2SO4. Occurs as crystal-
talline Incrustations. (Dana)

Caracoly. An alloy of gold, silver, and
copper used first by the Caribs in
making ornaments. (Standard)

Carat. 1. A unit employed in weigh-
ing diamonds, and equal to 3$ troy
grains (205 mg.). A carat-grain is
one-fourth of a carat. The inter-
national metric carat (abbr. C. M.)
of 200 mg. has (1913) been made the

132

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

standard in Great Britain, France,
Germany, Holland, and the United
States (Webster). 2. A term em-
ployed to distinguish the fineness
of a gold alloy, and me.aning one-
twenty-fourth. Fine gold is 24-carat
gold. Goldsmiths' standard is 22
carats fine, i. e., contains 22 parts
gold, 1 copper, and 1 silver. (Ray-
mond)

Carat-goods. Parcels of diamonds
which are of an average weight of
about one carat each. (Century)

Carbenes. The components of the
bitumen in petroleum, petroleum
products, malthas, asphalt cements,
and solid native bitumens, which are
soluble in carbon disulphide, but
insoluble in carbon tetrachloride.
See also Asphaltene and Petrolene.
(Bacon)

Carbide. 1. A binary compound of car-
bon with some other element (Web-
ster). 2. A commercial term for cal-
cium carbide used in miner's lamps.

Carbide of silicon. An artificial abra-
sive made by fusing coke, sand, salt
and sawdust in electric furnaces.
Discovered in an attempt to make
artificial diamonds (Pike). See
Carborundum .

Carbocoal. A pulverulent product ob-
tained by distilling coal at a moder-
ate temperature. It hag* but little
resemblance to coke, but it ignites
more readily, supposedly because of
the occlusion of an extraordinary
amount of oxygen. (Min. and Sci.
Press, vol. 117, pp. 471 and 491.)

Carbodynamite. A form of dynamite
in which fine charcoal is used as the
absorbent. (Webster)

Carbohydrate. Any of a group of com-
pounds* composed of carbon, hydro-
gen and oxygen and characterized
by containing .six or a multiple of six
carbon atoms combined with hydro-
gen and oxygen in the proper pro-
portion to form water. (Webster)

Carbolate. A salt of carbolic acid.
(Webster)

Carbolic. Of, pertaining to, or derived
from carbon and oil ; of or pertain-
ing to coal-tar oil. (Standard)

Carbolic acid. A white crystalline
deliquescent compound, C«H«.OH,
with a burning taste and odor re-
sembling that of creosote. It is a
caustic poison. (Standard)

Carbolite. A by-product in iron
smelting, consisting of calcium-
aluminum-silicon carbide, and used
as a substitute for calcium carbide.
(Standard)

Carb6n (Mex.). 1. Charcoal. Afco
called Carbon de lena. 2. C. de
piedra, mineral coal; C. craso, cok-
ing coal; C. de gas, gas coal; 0.
pardo, lignite or brown coal ; C. .seco,
noncoking coal. 3. Graphite. (Raise)

Carbon. An elementary substance oc-
curring native as the diamond and
also as graphite or black lead and
forming a constituent of coal, pe-
troleum, asphalt, limestone and other
carbonates, and all organic com-
pounds. Symbol, C, atomic weight,
12.0. Specific gravity, 1.7 to 3.6.
(Webster)

Carbona (Corn.). An irregular de-
posit or impregnation of tin ore,
found in connection with a tin lode.
(Raymond)

Carbonaceous. Coaly, containing car-
bon or coal. Especially shale or
rock containing small particles of
carbon distributed throughout the
whole mass. (Steel)

Carbonado (Braz.). A black or dark-
colored diamond, occurring in small
irregular rounded nodules. (Halse)

Carbonate. 1. A salt formed by the
•union of carbonic acid with a base.
2. Any ore containing a large pro-
portion of lead cartonate. See also
Carbonates, 1.

Carbonated springs. Springs of water,
containing carbon dioxide gas. They
are very common, especially, in vol-
canic countries; and sometimes con-
tain so much gas, that if a little
sugar be thrown into the water it
effervesces like soda water. (Corn-
stock)

Carbonated stone. An artificial stone
in the manufacture of which steam
and carbon dioxide are used to has-
ten hardening. (Standard)

Carbonate of barium. See Witherite.

Carbonate of calcium. See Calcium
carbonate; also Calcite.

Carbonate of strontium. See Strontian-
ite.

Carbonates. 1. The common term in the
West for ores containing a consider-
able proportion of carbonate of lead.
They are sometimes earthy or ocher-
ons (soft carbonates), sometimes
granular and comparatively free
from iron (sand carbonates), and
sometimes compact (hard carbon-
ates). Often they are rich in silver
(Raymond). Salts of H2CO«.
2. (Bng.) Black, imperfectly crys-
tallized form of diamond used for
rock boring. The diamond is set *n

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

133

a bit which, as it turns, cuts the
rock in an annular form, producing
cores (Gresley). Bee also Carbon-
ado.

Carbonato (Sp.). Carbonate; O. de
hierro, spathic Iron. (Halse)

Carbon black. A name for lampblack.

Carbon dioxide. A heavy colorless ir-
respirable gas, CO*, which extin-
guishes a flame. It is formed in
mine explosions and mine fires and
forms part of the afterdamp.

Carbon disulphide. A clear liquid, CS*
of very disagreeable odor.

Carboncria (Sp.). 1. A coal yard. 2.
A coal shed. 3. A coal mine. See
also Hullera. (Halse)

Carbonero. 1. (Mex.). A coke or coal
wheeler. (D wight)
2. (Sp.). A coal miner. 3. A coal
merchant 4. A colliery or coal
mine. See also Hullera. (Halse)

Carbonet. See Briquet.

Carbon flame. The characteristic white
flame caused by burning carbon. It
issues from the converter only when
•all the silicon has been removed
from the molten iron. (Webster)

Carbonic acid gas. See Carbon di-
oxide.

Carbonic oxide gas. See Carbon mo
noxide.

Carboniferous. In the nomenclature of
the U. S. Geological Survey, and in
general usage as well, the youngest
of the systems into which the Paleo-
zoic stratified rocks are divided j'also
the corresponding period of geologic
time. (La Forge)

Carbonite. 1. A native coke, occur-
ring at the Edgehill mines, near
Richmond, Va. ; it -is more compact
than artificial coke and some va-
rieties afford bitumen. (Bacon)
2. A permissible explosive.

Carbonization, The process of con-
verting to carbon, by removing other
ingredients, a substance containing
carbon, as in the charring of wood
or the natural formation of anthra-
cite. (Raymond)

Carbonized. Converted into carbon.
(Hitchcock)

Carbon monoxide. A colorless, odor-
less gas, CO. It is the product of
incomplete combustion of carbon. It
burns with a pale-blue flame form-
ing CO*, It is very poisonous to
animals, since it combines with the

haemoglobin of the blood, expelllag
oxygen (Webster), Also known as
White damp.

Carbono (Sp.). The element carbon.
(Dwight)

Carbon oil. A trade name for kero-
sene. (Bacon)

Carbonolite. Wadsworth's name for
carbonaceous rocks. (Kemp)

Carbon spar. A name given to several
mineral carbonates, as carbonate of
magnesium, zinc, etc. (Century)

Carbon spot. A black spot in'the body
of a diamond. (Webster)

Carbon steel. Steel deriving its quali-
ties from carbon chiefly, without the
presence of other alloying elements
(Webster). Ordinary steel, as dis-
tinguished from chrome steel, man-
ganese steel, etc. (Standard) See
also Simple steel. Compare Alloy
steel.

Carbon tube. A cylindrical glass
vessel used in the calorimetric de-
termination of carbon in steel (Web-
ster. See also Combustion tube.

Carborundum. A crystalline com-
pound, SIC, consisting of silicon and
carbon. It is produced in an elec-
tric furnace and used as an abrasive
(Webster). Silicon carbide.

Carborundum machine. A machine
provided with carborundum wheels
designed to cut moldings, cornices,
balusters, etc., from stone. (Bowles)

Carboy. A large globular glass bottle
enclosed in a box or in wickerwork ;
used mainly for the transportation
of corrosive acids and the like.
(Standard)

Carbuncle. A gem of a deep-red color,
inclining to scarlet, found chiefly in
East Indies. When held up to the
sun it looses its deep tinge and be-
comes the color of burning coal.
Formerly believed to be capable of

'shining in darkness. A variety of
garnet, though the name includes'
also the ruby and the spinel. (Cen-
tury)

Carburet. A combination of carbon
with a metal or other substance. A
carbide. (Webster)

Carbureted hydrogen. Any of several
gaseous compounds of carbon and
hydrogen, some of which are the
constituents of illuminating gas.
(Webster) Light carbureted hydro-
gen is methane or marsh gas, GEL
It is the chief constituent of fire
damp.

134

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Carburization. The process of impart-
ing carbon, as in making cement
steel. (Raymond)

Carburo (Mex.). Carbide. (Dwight)

Carcamo (Sp.). 1. A drain or conduit
for carrying slimes. 2. A drain in
a mine. 3. (Mex.) A slime pit. 4.
A penstock. (Halse)

Carcao (Port.). A matrix in which
gold occurs. (Halse)

Carcel. 1. (Sp.) The timber frame
of a shaft. 2. (Mex.) Hitches or
steps for timbers. (Halse)

Card concentrator. A table made of
two planes having a flexible joint
between them dividing the table into
two nearly equal triangles, forming
a diagonal line along which concen-
trates separate from the tailings.
(Liddell)

Cardenilla (Mex.). Proustite; ruby
silver. (Halse)

Cardenillo (Mex.). Verdigris.
(Dwight)

Cardiglio marble (It). A gray, cloud-
ed variety of marble obtained for
ornamental purposes from the Island
of Corsica. (Page)

Cardinal points." The four principal
points of the compass, as North,
South, East, and West. (Webster)

Car dumper. A mechanical device for
tilting a railroad hopper or gondola
car over sidewise and emptying its
contents. (Wlllcox)

Carena (Sp.). An upright stanchion
for supporting machinery. (Min.
Jour.)

Carga. 1. (Mex.) A charge, as for a
furnace. A mule load, generally of
300 Ibs. Avoir., but variable in dif-
ferent places. C. de arrastre, a
charge for an arrastre; usually
about 200 Ibs. Avoir. (Dwight)
2. C. real, a land tax. 3. (Colom.)
Stones, pebbles, and gravel occur-
ring in placers. 4. (Peru) Ovef-
burden Of a placer mine. (Halse)

Cargada (Colom.). A placer contain-
ing many large stones. (Halse)

Cargador (Mex.). One who feeds a
furnace; an ore carrier; a porter.
(Dwight)

Cargadora (Sp. Am.). 1. The first
washing trough (Lucas).
2. A charging vat (Halse). See
also Tina.

Cargar (Mex.). To charge a furnace
(Dwight). To feed a mill.

Cargo (Peru). The first portion of
mercury added to an amalgamation
charge. (Dwight)

Carguero. 1. (Mex.) A charger for
a furnace. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) Stones, pebbles, etc.,
taken from placer workings in or-
der to extract the gold. (Halse)

Car haul. An endless chain or cable
arranged to haul the cars automati-
cally up a slope, from the top of
which the cars may travel by grav-
ity. (Steel)

Carinate fold. In geology, an iso-
clinal fold (Standard). See also
Isoclinal.

Carinthian furnace. 1. A small rever-
beratory furnace with inclined
hearth, in which lead ore is treated
by roasting and reaction, wood be-
ing the usual fuel. (Raymond)
2. A zinc-distillation furnace with
small vertical retorts. (Ingalls, p.
393.)

Carinthian process (sometimes spelled
Corinthian ) . A metallurgical method
for treating lead ore, the character-
istics of which are: The smallness.of
the charge, the slow roasting, so
that for every part of lead sulphide
one part of sulphate and at least
two of oxide are formed, the low
temperature at which all of the
operations are . carried, on, and the
aim to extract all the lead in the
reverberatory. The hearth is in-
clined toward the flue and the lead
is collected outside of the furnace.
(Hofman, p. 88)

Carlsbad twin; Karlsbad. A twin oc-
curring in the monoclinic system
with the vertical axis as the twin-
ning axis. (Dana)

Carmeloite. A name given by A. C.
Lawson to a group of eruptive rocks
at Carmelo Bay, Calif., which are
intermediate between the basalts
and andesites. They range in silica
from 52 to 60 per cent, have augite
and plagioclase for phenocrysts;
and a peculiar, orthorhomoic, hy-
drated silicate of viron, lime, mag-
nesia, and soda, which is a second-
ary mineral after some original,
probably ollvine. The secondary
mineral has been called Iddingsite.
(Kemp)

Carmichel-Bradford process. See Blast-
roasting.

Carmin (Sp. Am.). Ore containing a
large amount of oxide or carbonate
of iron (Lucas). Colorados ; gossan.

JBI/)S6ARY OF MINING AJTD MINERAL nSPDUSTETi,

136

Caraintte. A carmine to tile-red
lead-iron-arsenate, perhaps PbsAsaOs.-
10FeAsO«. Found In clusters of fine
needles; also In spheroidal forms.
(Dana)

Carnallite. A massive, granular,
greasy, milk-white, soluble, hydrous,
magnesium-potassium chloride,
KMgCb.6H,O, crystalizing in the
orthorhombic system. (Dana)

Came de vaca (Peru). Coarse-grained
galena, generally mixed with gray
copper-ore. (Dwight)

Carnelian. One of the varieties of
chalcedony originally only the red,
but now (1890) of any color (Roy.
Com.). Also called Cambay stone,
from that locality in India.

Carnotite. A canary-yellow mineral,
somewhat variable In composition,
containing uranium and vanadium,
with either or both lime and potash.
Is ordinarily a mixture of true
carnotite 2UOt.V8Oi.K»O+xH,O, and
tyuyamunite, 2UO«.V,Oi.CaO+xH3O.
Is radioactive and is used as a
source of radium. (U. S Geol.
Surv.)

Carnot's cycle. An ideal heat-engine
cycle in which the working fluid
goes through the four following suc-
cessive operations, (a) Isothermal
expansion to a desired point; (b)
adiabatic expansion to a desired
point; (c) isothermal compression
to such a point that (d) adiabatic
compression brings it back to its
initial state. (Webster)

Carnot's function. A relation between
the amount of heat given off by a
source of heat, and the work which
can be done by it. (Webster)

Caromb6 (ISraz.). In placer mining,
a shallow* wooden box for carrying
gravel, and also for use in draining
levels. (Halse)

Carpet. A bituminous surface of ap-
preciable thickness, generally formed
on top of a roadway by the aplica-
tion of one or more coats of bitumi-
nous material with gravel, sand, or
stone chips added (Bacon). Also
called Blanket

Carpintero (Sp.). A carpenter. (Min.
Jour. )

Carqnaise. An annealing arch for
plate glass. (Standard)

C arrack (Eng.). See Capel.

Carrana (Peru). Light rawhide shovel
lor throwing taquia into a furnace.
(Dwight)

Carrancho (Colom.). 1. Decomposed
country rock; generally granite,
carrying auriferous pyrite. 2. Soft,
shaly or schistose country rock In
which the veins are unproductive.
(Halse)

Carrara marble. A general name given
to all the marbles quarried near Car-
rara, Italy. The prevailing colors
are white to bluish, or white with
blue veins; a fine grade of statuary
marble is here included. (Merrill)

Carrascal ( Mex. ) . Honey - combed
quartz, generally barren. (Dwight)

Carreira (Sp.). A quarry. (Standard)

Carrera (Mex.). A stroke, as of a
piston. (Dwight)

Carrero (Mex.). A charge-wheeler; a
trammer. (Dwight)

Carreta (Sp.) A wagon, cart, or

wheelbarrow. (Halse) ? »-)

Carretero ( Sp. ) . A trammer. ( Lucas)'

Carretilla; Carrillo de mano (Sp.). A
wheelbarrow. (Min. Jour.)

Carriage (Eng.). See Slope cage;
also Carrigal.

Car rider. A brakeman or laborer em-
ployed to ride on car to the dumper,
or. on cars pushed from cradle, to
apply brake and prevent hard
bumping (Willcox). A blast fur-
nace term.

Carrier. A catalytic by whose agency
a transfer of some element or group
is effected from one compound to
another. (Webster)

Carrigal (Scot). A wheeled bogie or
platform for the conveyance of coal
cars or tubs, in a level position, on a
highly-inclined roadway. (Barrow-
man)

Carrileros (Sp.). Ore carriers. (Min.
Jour.)

Carrillo (Sp.). 1. A small cart 2.
C. de mano, a wheefbarrow. 3. A
pulley block. (Halse)

Carrizo (Mex.). A small hole in rock
for a wooden plug. - See also Cho-
co!6n. (Dwight)

Cairo (Mex.). A charging buggy;
mine car. (Dwight)

Carrot (Eng.). A solid cylindrical
specimen or core cut in a borehole.
(Gresley)

Carry. 1. (Scot.) The thickness of
roof rock taken down in working a
seam. 2. The thickness of seam
which can be conveniently taken
down at one working. (Barrowman)

136

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Carrying gate (Derb.). The main
haulage road in a mine. (Hooson)

Carse. A Scottish term applied to the
flat lands in valleys. (St. John)

Cart. 1. (Scot.) A measure of 12
cwt. of screened coal (but in prac-
tice varying from 12 to 15 ewts.),
by which miners were formerly
paid. (Barrowman)
2. (Som., S. Wales) A tram with
or without wheels for conveying
coal underground in thin seams.
(Gresley)

Carting (Som.). Hauling coal under-
ground in thin seams. (Gresley)

Cartographic. Pertaining to a map.
In geology a cartographic unit is a
rock or group of rocks that is shown
on a geologic* map by a single color
or pattern. (Ransome)

Carton. A pasteboard box containing
high explosives, blasting-caps, or elec-
tric blasting caps, a number of which
are packed in a wooden case for
shipment. (Du Pont)

Cartridge 1. A cylindrical, waterproof,
paper shell, filled with high explo-
sive and closed at both ends (Du
Pont). Used in blasting.
2. Short cylinders (about 4 inches
long and 2$ inches in diameter) of
highly compressed caustic lime made
with a groove along the side, used
In breaking down coal. See also
Lime cartridge. (Gresley)

Cartridge pin. A round stick of
wood on which the paper tube for
the blasting cartridge Js formed.
(Greene)

Car trimmer. A person who adjusts
the load in a railroad or mine car.
(Steel)

Cart trade (Som.). See Land sale.

Cartucho (Mex.). Explosive cartridge.
(D wight)

Carving (Leic.). 1. A wedge-shaped
vertical cut or cutting at the side of
a stall. 2. An airway between the
solid and a pack wall. (Gresley)

Casa (Sp.). House; C. de fundicidn,
a smeltery ; C. de moneda, a mint.
(Halse)

Casar metales (Peru). To mix ores
for amalgamation or smelting.
(D wight)

Cascajal (Sp.). A gravel pit. (Cro-
futt)

Cascajero (Colom.). An alluvial mine
already worked but which still con-
tains gold. (Halse)

Cascajo. 1. (Mex.) Gravel; waste
rock ; oxidized free - milling ore.
(D wight)

2. (Peru) A large pocket of ore
containing native silver in quartz
mixed with yellow ocherous clay.
(Halse)

Cascalho (Braz.). 1. Coarse, gold-
bearing gravel and sand and sub-
angular rocks embedded in a fer-
ruginous clay. 2. A mixture of clay
and quartzose gravel found in river
beds, and containing diamonds.
(Halse)

Cascara (Spain). Copper precipitate
obtained from mine water; cement
copper. (Lucas)

Case. 1. A small fissure, admitting
water into the mine workings.
(Raymond)

2. One of the frames, of four pieces
of plank each, placed side by side
to form a continuous lining in gal-
leries run on loose earth. (Webster)

3. A wooden box in which dynamite,
cartons of electric blasting caps,
boxes of blasting caps or coils
of fuse are shipped. (Du Pont)

Case book (No. of Eng.). A book kept
at a colliery in which the name and
description of every horse or pony
which is off work for 24 hours, or
longer, and the driver's name, is
entered'. (Gresley)

Cased tin (Eng.). Fine tin ore that is
retreated by a gentle current of wa-
ter flowing over the frame or table.
(Hunt)

Case harden. To convert iron super-
ficially into steel by partial cementa-
tion; as case-hardened steel. (Ray-
mond)

Case hardening. A process of hnrclen-
ing (iron or steel) by carbonizing
the surface ,thus converting soft iron
into steel or mild steel into hard
steel to a depth depending on the
length of treatment. This is com-
monly effected by cementation with
charcoal or other carbonaceous ma-
terial, but for a mere skin of steel a
short treatment with fused potas-
sium cyanide suffices. (Webster)

Case markings. The letters or figures
stenciled or printed on the front of
a case containing explosives indicat-
ing the size, weight, kind, strength,
date, and place of manufacture
(Du Pont)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTKY.

137

Cases of spar (Eng.). Intersecting
veins of quartz. (Bainbridge)

Cash (Som.). Soft shale or bind in
coal mines. (Gresley)

Cashy blaes (Scot). Soft coaly blaes
with little coherence. ( Barrowman )

Casing. 1. (Corn.) A partition or
brattice, made of casing plank, in a
shaft. 2. (Pac.) Zones of material
altered by vein action, and lying be-
tween the unaltered country rock
and the vein (Raymond). See also
Capel, Gouge, and Selvage.

3. Steel or iron tubing used to case
an oil or gas well. (Nat. Tube Co.)

4. (Ohio) A local term applied to
thin slabs of sandstone that split
out between closely spaced joints.
(Bowles)

Casing clamps. Instruments generally
manufactured from' wrought iron,
and used for raising or 16wering
casing. They are made in two
pieces held by heavy bolts, which fit
into corresponding holes, on the
sides of the clamps. In Canada,
heavy wooden clamps are used in-
stead of iron ones. (Mitzakis)

Casing cutters. Instruments used in
oil fields for cutting casing prior to
raising it to the surface, after the
completion of a well. (Mitzakis)

Casing dog. In well baring, a fishing
instrument provided with serrated
pieces or dogs sliding on a wedge,
to grip severed casing; also called
Bull dog ; Casing spear. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Casing elevators. In well-boring, a de-
vice consisting of two semi-circular
clamps, with a chain link on either,
that are hinged together at one end
and secured by a latch at the other.
Used for raising and lowering cas-
ing. See also Casing dog. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Casing fitting. A fitting threaded
with a casing thread. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Casing head. 1. A fitting attached to
the top of the casing of a well to
separate oil and gas, to allow pump-
ing, and cleaning out well, etc. It
may have several lateral outlets,
through which the flow of the oil
can be controlled and led away to
reservoirs by mean of pipes 2. In
well boring, a heavy mass of iron
screwed into the top of a string of
casing to take the blows produced
when driving the pipe. Also called
Drive head. (Nat Tube Co.)

Casing-head gas. Natural gas ri?h in
oil vapors. So named as it Is usu-
ally collected, or separated from the
oil, at the casing head. Frequently
called Combination gas or Wet gas.

Casing of a reef (Aust). The abnor-
mal vein stuff abutting on the solid
reef (Duryee). See also Casing, 2.

Casing shoe. A circular steel instru-
ment having a cutting edge, fixed to-
the bottom of each column of casing,.
to strengthen the casing, when
driven into the ground. (Mitzakis)

Casing spear. An instrument used
for recovering casing which has ac-
cidently fallen into the well. The-
"bull dog," which is the most simple-
form of casing spear, consists of a
steel body tapered at the top, on
which slide two steel segments with:
serrated edges. When lowered in-
side the casing to be recovered the-
steel segments are pushed upward,,
along the narrow part of the body,
but when raised, the segments re-
main stationary, and the weight of

. the casing forces the thicker part to
exercise a pressure on the segments
forcing them outward. The greater
the pull, the greater is the corre-
sponding lateral pressure (Mit-
zak'is). Also called Casing dog.

Casiterita (Mex.). The tin oxide, cas-
siterite. (Dwight)

Casquillo (Mex.).
(Dwight)

A blasting cap.

Cassel brown; Cassel earth. A brown;
pigment of varying permanence, con-
sisting of impure lignite. (Web-
ster)

Casserole. A small round dish with-
a handle ; usually of porcelain. Usedl
in chemical laboratories. (Webster)

Cassinite. A feldspar from Delaware-
county, Penn., containing geveral
per cent of baryta. (Century)

Cassiterite. Tin oxide, SnOs. Con-
tains 79 per cent tin. The mineral
from which practically all tin Is-
obtained. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Cast. 1. The form of a fossil preserved
in some substance which has filled
the space left by the fossil. (Lowe)
2. To form in a particular shape-
by pouring molten metal into a mold
and letting it harden. 3. To form,
by throwing up earth; to emit or
give out (Webster)

Cast-after-cast (Corn.). The throwing:
up of ore from one platform to an-
other successively. See also Sham-
bles. ( Raymond >

138

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Castanite. A chestnut-brown hydrous
ferric sulphate, Fe2Oa2SO8.lOH2O.
(Dana)

Castaways. Sterile veinstone.
(Power)

Castellano (Mex.). 1. A small furnace
about 48 inches high, 10 inches
square, used for lead smelting. Prob-
ably introduced by the Spaniards.
(Dwight)
2. An ancient Spanish coin. (Halse)

Castellanos powder. A kind of blast-
ing powder containing nitroglycerin
and either nitrobenzene or a picrate,
mixed with other materials. (Web-
ster)

Casteth (Derb.). Said of a shaft when
air issuing from it on a cool or
frosty morning contains visible
vapor. (Hooson)

€ast gate. In founding, the channel
through which the metal is poured
into a mold. (Century)

Casthole (Derb.). A prospect hole not
exceeding about nine feet deep, the
depth from which waste material
may be thrown by hand. (Hooson)

Oast house. The buildin0 in which
pigs or ingots are cast. (Raymond)

Castigar (Mex.). To smooth or plane

surfaces of rocks or • boards.

(Dwight)
Castillite. An impure variety of bor-

nite, containing zinc, lead, and silver

sulphides. (Dana)

Castillo (Mex.). 1. The frame of a
stamp mill. 2. A hoist; a pulley
frame. (Halse)

Casting. Pouring or drawing fused
metal from a blast furnace, cupola,
crucible, converter, or ladle into
molds. (Raymond)

Casting copper. Impure copper better
suited for casting into various forms
than for drawing into wires or roll-
ing into sheets. (Weed)

Casting ladle. An iron ladle with
handles, used to pour molten metal
into a mold. (Century)

Casting over. A quarryman's term for
an operation consisting 'of making a
cut with a steam shovel, which, in-
stead of loading the material on
cars, moves it to one side, forming
a long ridge. (Bowles)

Casting pit. The space in a foundry
in which the molds are placed and
the castings made. In the Bessemer
and open-hearth steel works it is the
space utilized for casting the molten

steel into the cast-iron ingot-molds.
(Century)

Casting plate. A casting table used In
glass making. (Webster)

Cast-iron. Iron which has been cast,
that is melted and run into a mold
in which it assumes the desired
form. Most cast-iron is pig iron
which has been remelted in a cu-
pola furnace. Iron made from ore
by smelting in the blast furnace is,
in fact, cast-iron and its properties
are not altered by remelting, but it
is commonly known as pig iron, or
pig. (Century)

Castor. Same as Castorite.

Cast, or fusible porcelain. Same as
Cryolite glass. Called also Hot-cast
porcelain. (Standard)

Castorite. A transparent variety of
pelalite that crystallizes in the
monoclinic system. (Dana)

Cast scrap. Cast-iron scrap.

Cast steel. 1. Steel which has been
rendered homogeneous by remelting
in crucibles or pots. (Century)
2. Any malleable compound of iron
produced by fusion, including both
Bessemer and open-hearth steel, as
well as crucible steel. (Standard)

Cast-weld. To weld by heating as if
for casting, as to cast-weld rails.
(Webster) •

Caswellite. A bronze, copper-red, al-
tered mica that is closely related to
phlogopite. ( Standard )

Cat; Catch earth (So. Staff.). A hard
fire clay. (Gresley)

Cata. 1. (Sp.) A mine denounced,
but unWorked. (Raymond)

2. (Mex.) A prospect-hole, or pit
(Dwight)

3. (Braz.) A placer. (Halse)

Cataclasm. A breaking or rending
asunder ; a violent disruption.
(Standard)

Cataclastic. Having a fragmental tex-
ture due to crushing during dynamic
metamorphism : said of certain
metamorphic rocks (La Forge).
Compare Autoclastic.

Cataclinal. Extending in the direction
of the dip : said of a valley. ( Stand-
ard)

Cataclysm. 1. Any overwhelming flood
of water ; especially, the Noachian
deluge. 2. Any violent and exten-
sive subversion of the ordinary phe-
nomena of nature; an extensive
stratigraphic catastrophe. (Stand-
ard)

SLOSSABf 0* MIKING AUD MINERAL, IKDUSTBY.

Cataelysmal. See Cataclysmic.

Cataclysmic. J. Accompanied with
violet disruption. (Lowe)
2. Pertaining to or of the nature of
a cataclysm ; characterized by a
cataclysm or cataclysms. (Stand-
ard)

Cataeorte (Colom.). A prospecting
trench ; a ditch. ( Halse )

Catalan forge. A forge, with a tuyere,
for reducing iron ore, with char-
coal, to a loup of wrought iron; a
bloomery. See also Champlain
forge. (Raymond)

Catalysis. Berzelius describes it as a
decomposition and new combination
produced among the proximate and
elementary principles of one or more
compounds by virtue of the mere
presence of a substance or sub-
stances which do i^ot of themselves
enter into the reaction. (Ingalls,
p. 194)

Catalytic. An agent employed in catal-
ysis, as platinum black, -aluminum
chloride, etc. (Webster)

Cat and clay (Eng.). Straw and clay
worked together, laid between laths
in building mud walls. (Webster)

Catapleite. A light-yellow to yel-
lowish-brown, hydrous silicate,
H4(NazCa)ZFSi,On, crystallizing in
thin tabular hexagonal prisms.
(Dana)

Catar; Catear. 1. (Sp.). To search
for minerals. 2. (Colom.). To pan;
to dolly. (Halse)

Catarinite, A native alloy of iron and
nickel, Fe*Ni. (Standard)

Catastrophe. 1. In geology, a sudden,
violent change in the physical con-
ditions of the earth's surface; a
cataclysm. ( Standard )
2. In mining, a disaster in which
many lives are lost or much property
damaged, as by a mine fire, explo-
sion, inrush of water, etc.

Catawbrite. A name given by O.
Lieber to a rock in South Caro-
lina that is an intimate mixture of
talc and magnetite. (Kemp)

Cat bank (Eng.). An iron loop placed
on the* underside of the center of a
flat corf bow (bucket handle), in
which to insert the hook. (G. C.
Green well)

Cat block. A pulley block.

Catchall. A tool for extracting broken
implements from drilled wells.
(Webster)

Catch basin. A reservoir to catch and
retain surface drainage. (Webster)

Catch earth. See Cat

Catcher. .1. (Eng.). A safety or dis-
engaging hook for prevention of
overwinding. 2. (Leic.). See Cage
shut 3. Strong beams In mine
shafts to catch the rods of pumps In
case of a breakdown, (Gresley)

Catches. 1. Catches or rests placed on
shaft timbers, to hold the cage when
It is brought to rest at the top, bot-
tom, or any intermediate landing.
Also called Latches, Chairs, Keeps
or Dogs. 2. Stops fitted on a cage
to prevent cars from running off.
(Woodson)

3. (Mid.) Projecting blocks of wood
attached to pump spears to prevent
damage in case of a breakdown.
(Gresley)

Catchment area. An Intake area and
all parts of the drainage basin which
drain into it (Meinzer)

Catchment basin. The entire area
from which drainage Js received by
a reservoir, river, or the like. (Web-
ster)

Catch pin ( Eng. ) . A strong oak or Iron
pin fixed over and to the ends of
the beam of a pumping engine,
which, in the event of a broken
spear, prevents damage to the top
or bottom of the cylinder. See
also Spring beams. (G. C. Green-
well)

Catch pit A reservoir for saving tail-
ings from reduction works (C. and
M. M. P.). A catch basin.

Catch scaffold (Eng.). A platform In
a shaft a few feet beneath a work-
Ing scaffold to be used In case of
accident. (Gresley)

Cat dirt (Derb.). 1. A hard fire clay.
2. Coal mixed with pyrite. 3. A
kind of earthy scoria not unlike
lava. (Min. Jour.)

Cateador (Mex.). Prospector (Dwight)

Catear (Sp.). To search for new
mines. (Min. Jour.)

Cateo (Sp. Am.). Prospecting. (Halse)
Catero (Sp.). A prospector (Halse)

Cat face. A miner's term for glisten-
ing balls or nodules of pyrite in the
face of coal.

Cat-faced block (N. Y. and Penn.). A
bluestone quarryman's term for a
mass of waste situated between two
closely spaced open joints. (Bowles)

140

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cat gold. An early name for gold-
colored mica. ( Chester j

Cathead. 1. A small capstan. 2. A
broad-bully hammer. See also Bully.
(Raymond)

3. (Prov. Eng.) A nodule of iron-
stone containing fossils. (Stand-
ard)

Cathode. The negative terminal of an
electric source, or more strictly, the
electrode by which the current
leaves the electrolyte on its way
back to the source. (Webster)

Cat hole. A small hole dug in rock for
the point of a tripod leg of a ma-
chine drill. (Gillette, p. 99)

Catlinite; Indian pipestone. A red clay
found in southwestern Minnesota
and formerly used by the Indians
for making pipes. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Catoctin. A monadnock or residual
mountain or ridge which preserves
on its summit a remnant of an. old
peneplain. (La Forge)

Catogene. A "general term for sedi-
mentary rocks, since they were
formed by deposition from above, as
of suspended material. Compare
Anogene; Hypogene.

Catrake. An hydraulic brake or con-
troller of a Cornish pumping engine,
first introduced by Boulton and
Watt. (Gresley)

Catrines (Mex.). A general name
given by Indians to foreigners, and
includes Spaniards (gachupines),
French (gavachos) and Germans,
English, and North Americans
(gringos). (Halse>

Cats (-Scot.)* Burnt clay used for
tamping in wet strata. (Barrow-
man)

Cat salt. A granulated salt formed
from the bittern or leach brine used
for making hard soap. (Century)

Cat's brain. Sandstones traversed in
every direction by little branching
veins of calcite. (Power)

Cat's-eye. A greenish, chatoyant, va-
riety of chrysoberyl. (Dana)

Cat's-head (Ireland). A nodule of
hard gritstone in shale (Century).
Compare Cathead, 3.

Cat silver. A name sometimes given
to a variety of silvery mica. (Cen-
tury)

Cat's quartz. 1. Same as Cat's-eye.
8. A variety of quartz containing
fibers of asbestos. (Standard)

Cat-stane. 1. (Scot). A conical cairn
or monolith supposed to mark the
locality of a battle. ' 2. One of the
upright stones which supports the
grate in a fireplace. (Century)

Cattermole process. A flotation proc-
ess in which a quantity of oil, vary-
ing from 4 to 6 per cent and 2 per
cent soap was added to a flowing
pulp, to oil the sulphides and make
them stick together, forming large
and heavy granules. These gran-
ules are heavy enough to fall to
the bottom and remain in a pulp cur-
rent while the gangue is washed
away. ( Megraw, p. 15 ; T. J. Hoover,.
P. 10)

Catty. 1. An East Indian and Chi-
nese weight of about 1$ pound*
Avoir., or 604.8 grams. (Webster)
2. (Straits Set). A gold weight
which equals 2.9818 Ibs. troy.
(Lock)

Cauce (Mex.). A river channel; bed
of a stream or river. (Dwight)

Cauf (No. of Eng). A coal bucket or
basket. (C. and M. M. P.). See-
also Corf.

Cauk. 1. (Eng. Scot). Chalk; lime
stone. 2. An English miner's term
for barite, or heavy spar (Century).
See Cawk, 1 and 2.

Cauld (Scot). A dam in a river; a
weir. (Century)

Cauldron; Cauldron bottoms (So.
Wales). The fossil remains of the
"casts" of the trunks of sigillaria
that have remained vertical above
or below the coal seam (C. and M.
M. P.). See Bell-mold.

Caulk. A variation of Calk.
Crunch. See Canch.

Caunter-lode (Corn.). A vein cours-
ing at a considerable angle to
neighboring veins. (Raymond)

Caustic. Capable of destroying the
texture of anything or eating away
its substance by chemical action;
burning; corrosive. (Webster)

Caustic ammonia. Ammonia as a gas
or in solution.

Caustic lime. Calcium hydroxide, Ca-
(OH)2, or slaked lime.

Caustic potash. Potassium hydroxide..
KOH.

Caustic silver. Silver nitrate, AgNO«_
Caustic soda. .Sodium hyroxide, NaOH.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

141

Care. 1. A natural cavity, recess,
chamber, or series of chambers and
galleries beneath the surface of the
earth, within a mountain, a ledge of
rocks, etc.; sometimes a similar
cavity artificially excavated. 2. Any
hollow cavity. 3. A cellar or under-
ground ^oom. 4. The ash pit in a
glass furnace. (Standard)
5. The partial or complete falling in
of a mine. Called also Cave-in.
(Weed)

Cave deposits. Irregular deposits of
material in the caves generally
found in limestone. (Duryee)

Cave earth. A deposit of sand, soil,
etc., washed into caves. v( Webster)

Cave hole. A depression at the sur-
face, caused by a fall of roof in the
mine. (Greene)

Cave-in. See Cave, 5.
Cavel. A stone mason's ax.

Cave man. One of a race of men of
the early Stone Age, who dwelt
largely in caves. (La Forge)

Cave pearl. A pearly Concretion, in
composition like true pearl, formed
in limestone caves by the agincy of
water. (Webster)

Caver. (Derb.). 1. One who steals
ore or coal at a mine.. 2. An officer
who guards a mine. (Standard)

Cavern. A large natural underground
cavity or cave; a den; any cavity.
(Standard)

Cavern limestone*. Any limestone
abounding in caverns, especially the
Carboniferous limestone of Ken-
tucky. (Webster)

Cavernous. Containing cavities or
caverns, sometimes quite large.
Most frequent in limestones and
dolomites. (Roy. Com.)

Cavil. 1. (No. of Eng.). A lot, drawn
quarterly by a miner for his work-
ing place in the mine. (Gresley)
2. To draw lots at stated periods,
by miners to determine the places in
which they will work for the follow-
ing period. (Power)

Cavilling rules (No. of Eng.). Rules
or by-laws in reference to cavils
and wages. (Gresley)

Caving. 1. The falling in of the sides
or top excavations. (Raymond)
2. A system of mining developed in
the Lake Superior district. See
Caving system.

Caving by raising. See Chute Caving.

Caving system. A method of mining
in which the ore, the support of a
great block being removed, is
allowed to cave or fall, and in fall-
ing is broken sufficiently to be
handled; the overlying strata sub-
sides as the ore is withdrawn. There
are several varieties of the system.
See Block caving; Top slicing and
cover caving; Top slicing combined
with ore caving.

Cawk. 1. (Eng.) Sulphate of barium
heavy spar. (Raymond)
2. (Scot.). Chalk; limestone (Stand-
ard). Also spelled Cauk.

Cayuse. An Indian pony. A common
term in Western United States.
(Webster)

Cazar (Mex.). To ram with a piece
of timber. (Dwight)

Cazeador ( Sp. ). Amalgamator.
(Dwight)

Cazo (Sp.). A caldron in which
amalgamation is effected by heating ;
used in Mexico and South America
(Raymond). Any large copper or
iron vessel. (Dwight)

Cebar. 1. (Sp.). To melt rich ores,
or lead bullion, etc., in the smelting
furnace. To. add small quantities
of material, from time to time, to
the bath in a furnace. Generally,
to feed any kind of metallurgical
machinery or process. (Dwight)
2. C. el barreno, to prime a drill
hole. 3. C. la bomba, to prime a
pump. (Halse)

Cebo (Sp.). 1. The second addition of
mercury, to the torta in the patio
process. 2. A charge for a smelt-
ing furnace. 3. Priming, as of gun-
powder. 4. (Colom.) Calcium Car-
bonate deposited in veins. 5.
(Mex.) Metal de cebo, very rich
silver ore smelted in a refining fur-
nace. (Halse)

Cedarite. A fossil resin resembling
amber, somewhat widely distributed
in the alluvium c-f the Saskatche-
wan River in Cam da. See also Suc-
cinite. (Bacon)

Cedazo (Mex.). Screen or sieve. See
also Criba. (Dwight)

Ceja (Mex.). In vanning with horn
spoon or miner's pan, the heaviest
streak or concentrate that appears
at the edge. (Dwight)

Celasa (Mex.). A cage. (Dwight)

Celestite. Strontium sulphate, SrSO«.
(Dana)

142

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY*

CelL A single jar or element of a
voltaic battery. There are many
types, and varieties.

Cellar stone. Small, irregular, rock
fragments. (Bowles)

Cellular pyrite. Marcasite. (Power)

Cement. 1. The material that binds
togetluer the particles of a frag-
mental rock. It is usually calcare-
ous, siliceous, or ferruginous. 2. The
word is also used in gold-mining
regions to describe various consoli-
dated, fragmental aggregates, such
as breccia, conglomerate, and the
like, that' are auriferous. (Kemp)

3. A substance used in a soft pasty
etate to join stones or brick In a
building, to cover floors, etc., which
afterwards becomes hard like stone ;
especially a strong mortar made
with lime or a calcined mixture of
clay and limestone. See also Port-
land cement. (Webster)

4. A finely divided metal obtained
by precipitation. 5. The substance
in which iron is packed in the proc-
ess of cementation. (Standard)

Cementation. 1. A process of causing
a chemical change in a substance by
heating it while embedded in a pow-
dered mass of another substance, as
. In making steel by heating wrought
iron in charcoal until it is carbu-
rized, or in making so-called malle-
able iron by heating cast iron in a
bed of red hematite until it is partly
decarburized. (Standard)

2. The process of obtaining a metal
by precipitation from a solution, as
copper from a solution of blue vit-
riol by means of metallic iron.
(Webster)

3. The process by which sediments,
or sands, are consolidated into hard
rock. Used in oil-well practice.

Cementation-box. The box of wrought
iron in which case hardening is ef-
fected. (Century)

Cement copper. Copper precipitated
from solution. (Raymond)

Cement deposits. The Cambrian con-
glomerates occupying supposed old
beaches or channels. Gold bearing
in the Black Hills. (Ore Dep., p.

Cement gold. Gold precipitated in fine
particles from solution. (Raymond)

Cement gun. A mechanical apparatus
for the application of cement to
the walls or roof of a mine, or for
the application of stucco to the
walls of buildings.

Cementing furnace. A furnace used
in the process of cementation. (Cen-
tury)

Cementing material. See Cement, 1,
3 and 5.

Cementing oven. An oven used for the
same purpose as a cementing fur-
nace. (Century)

Cementite. Iron combined with car-
bon as it exists in steel before
hardening. ( Standard )

Cement mill. A mill for crushing and
grinding cement stone; also a mill
for grinding the cinder after if
comes from the kiln.

Cemento ( Sp. ) . 1. Hydraulic lime 01
cement. 2. In geology, the cement-
ing material of a conglomerate or
breccia. 3. A brown deposit ob-
tained in the precipitation tank by
the addition of iron sulphate in the
chlorination process. (Halse)

Cement rock. An argillaceous lime-
stone used in the manufacture of
natural hydraulic cement. Contains
lime, silica, and alumina in varying
proportions, and usually more or
less magnesia. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Cement silver. Silver precipitated
from solution, usually by copper.
(Raymond)

Cement steel. Steel made by cementa-
tion; blister steel. (Standard)

Cement stone; Cement rock. Any rock
which is capable .of furnishing .ce-
ment when properly treated. (Cen-
tury)

Cendrada. 1. (Mex.) The cupel-
hearth of a furnace in which silver
is refined or rich lead eupellefl.
Made of finely-pulverized clay or
other absorbent earth, mixed with
ashes of bone or wood. (D wight)

2. (Sp.) Ashes or cinders at the
bottom of a furnace, and valuable
for use in other smelting operations.
(Raymond)

3. (Chile) The crucible of a cop-
per smelting furnace. (Halse)

Cendradilla (Mex.). A small reverba-
tory furnace for smelting rich silver
ores in a rough way. Also called
Galcme. (C. and M. M*. P.)

Cenicero (Sp.). Ashpit; ash hole.
(Halse)

Cenido (Mex.). Narrowed. (Dwlght)

Cenizas (Sp.). Ash; c-ader; (7. de
hueso, bone ash. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY*

143

Cenozoic. The latest of the five eras
into which geologic time, as re-
corded by the stratified rocks of the
earth's crust, is divided; it extends
from the close of the Mesozoic era
to and including the present. Also
the whole group of stratified rocks
deposited during the Cenozoic era.
The Cenozoic era includes the
periods called Tertiary and Quatern-
ary in the nomenclature of the
U. S. Geological Survey ; some Euro-
pean authorities divide it, on a dif-
ferent basis, into the Paleogene and
Neogene periods, and still others ex-
tend the Tertiary period to include
the whole. (La Forge)

Center country (Aust). The rock be-
tween the limbs of a saddle reef.
(Power)

Center cut. The bore holes, drilled to
include a wedge-shaped piece of
rock, and which are fired first in a
heading, tunnel, drift, or other
working place. -(Du Pont). See
also Center shot.

Centering; Centreing. A substructure,
usually of timber or planks, on
which a masonry arch or vault is
built, and on which it rests until
complete and therefore self support-
ing, (Webster)

Center of gravity. That point in a
body or system of bodies through
which the resultant attraction of
gravity acts when the body or sys-
tem of bodies is in any position ; that
point from which the body can be
suspended or poised in equilibrium
in any position. (Webster)

Center of mass. A point in a body, or
system of bodies, such that the sum
of the moments of the component
particles about any plane through
the point equals zero. (Webster)

Center of symmetry. In crystallog-
raphy, in general, the point in which
the axes or planes of symmetry in-
tersect; in the normal group of the
triclinic system, which has neither
planes nor axes of symmetry, the
point with respect to which equiva-
lent opposite faces are symmentrical.
(La Forge)

Center shot. A shot in the center of
of the face of a room or entry
(Steel). Also called Center cut.

Centigrade. Consisting of a hundred
divisions. The centigrade thermom-
eter has zero, 0°, as the freezing
point of water and 100° as the boil-
ing point. To convert centigrade
thermometer readings to Fahrenheit
readings multiply the former by 1.8
and add 32°. (Goesel)

Centigram. A weight equal to one
hundredth part of a gram, or 0.15432
of a grain. See also Gram. (Web-

' ster)

Centner (Ger.). A commercial hun-
dred weight in several continental
countries, now generally fixed at 50
kg. or 110.23 IDS. (Webster)

Centric. In geology, having the mate-
rial more or less arranged either
radially or concentrically around
centers, a crystal often forming the
center: said of rock texture.
(Standard)

Centrifugal force. A force directed
outward when any body is con-
strained to move in a curved path;
flying away from the center. (Web-
ster)

Centrifugal pump. A form of pump
which displaces fluid by whirling it
around and outwardly by vanes ro-
tating rapidly in a closed case.
(Webster)

Centripetal pump. A pump with a
rotating mechanism that gathers a
fluid at or near the circumference
of radial tubes and discharges it at
the axis. (Standard)

Cen-tro (Mex.). Center. (Dwight)

CentroclinaL In geology, an uplift of
strata which gives them a partial
quaquaversal dip. (Standard)

Centrosphere. In geology, the central
portion of the terrestrial globe.
(Standard)

CentrosymmetricaL In mineralogy,
having symmetry around a center,
but without plane or axis of sym-
metry. (Standard)

Cepillo (Mex.). A brush; C. chico, a
shaper; C. grande, a planer.
(Dwight)

Cepo (Mex.). 1. A notch in which
timber is fixed. (Dwight)
2. The cylindrical post in the bot-
tom of an arrastre upon which the
vertical post revolves. (Halse)

Ceramic. Of or pertaining to pottery
(including porcelain and terra-
cotta) or its manufacture, fictile
art, or ceramics in general. (Stand-
ard)

Ceramics. 1. That department of
plastic art which includes the pro-
duction of all objects formed by
molding, modeling, and baking clay,
such as terrn-cotta, and pottery in
general; fictile art. 2. The objects
so made. (Standard)

144

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ceramist. A person devoted to the
ceramic art, whether as a manu-
facturer, a designer and decorator,
or as a student or connoisseur.
(Century)

Ceramites. A term used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include all fictile
ceramic minerals. (Power)

Cerargyrite ; Horn silver. Silver
chloride, AgCl. Contains 75 per
cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Ceratophyre. See Keratophyre.

Cerca (Chile). Bed r^ck. Sometimes
spelled Circa. (Halse)

Ceresine. A trade name for refined
ozocerite. (Mitzakis)

Cerite. A hydrous silicate of cerium
and allied metals occurring generally
in brown masses. Hardness, 5.5;
specific gravity, 4.86. See also Air
lanite. (Dana)

Cerium. A rare metallic element re-
sembling iron in color and luster,
but is soft, malleable and ductile.
Symbol, Ce; atomic weight, 140.25.
Specific gravity, 6.7. (Webster)

Cerium metals. A group of related
rare earth metals including cerium,
lanthanum, praseodymium, and neo-
dy mium. ( Webster )

Cermak-Spirek furnace. ' An automatic
reverberatory furnace ,of rectangular
form divided into two sections by
a longitudinal wall. Used for roast-
ing zinc and quicksilver ores. (In-
galls, p. 125)

Cernidero (Colom.) The place where
the screening and washing operation
takes place in placer mines. (Halse)

Cernidor. 1. (Mex.). Moving screen;
trommel. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.). A buddler. (Halse)

Cernidos (Peru). Small ore remain-
ing on a $ to £ in. screen. (Pfordte)

Cernir (Sp.) To screen or separate.

(Lucas)
Ceroid. Waxlike. (Hitchcock)

Cerracho (Peru). Mercury that col-
lects on the top of the furnace
charge. (Halse)

Cerraz6n (Colom.). A portion of a
placer deposit abounding in large
stones. (Halse)

Cerro. 1. (Sp.). A hill or mountain.
(Raymond)

2. (Colom.). Mina de cerro, a placer
mine near mountain tops or on high
table-lands where water is scarce.
(Halse)

Certain rent. Same as Dead rent.

Ceruleum. A blue pigment, consisting
of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with
stannic acid and sulphate of cal-
cium.

Ceruse. A name sometimes applied to
white lead. (Ure)

Cerusita (Mex.). Cerussite (Dwight)

Cerussite. Lead carbonate, PbCOs.
Contains 77.5 per cent lead. (Dana)

Cervantite. An orthorhombic anti-
mony oxide, SbzO*. Infusible before
the blowpipe. (U. S. Geol. Surv..)

Cesio (Mex.). Caesium. (Dwight)
Cesta. (Sp.). A basket ; C. de minero
a miner's baske/. (Halse)

Ceylonite; Ceylanite. A dark variety
of spinel in wliich iron is present.
From Ceylon. (Dana)

Chabazite. A hydrous silicate, essen-
tially of calcium and aluminum.
(Dana)

Chacra. 1. (Bol.;. AU inheritance of
gold (Lock)

2. (Peru). A small tract of land
owned by an Indian miner. 3. An
Indian village. (Halse)

Chacuaco (Mex.) A cupel furnace
with absorbent hearth. (Dwight)

Chacurruscar (Peru). To mix several
kinds of ore. (Dwight)

Chad (Eng.). Gravel; small stones
which form the bed of a river.
(Century)

Chadacryst. An inclosed crystal; the
smaller crystal of a poikilitic fabric.
See also Oikocryst (Iddings, p.
202)

Chadger (Derb.). Anything made fast
to a hoisting rope by a noose, as a
large rock or piece of ore that can-
not be placed in a bucket. (Hooson)

Chafery. A forge fire for reheating.
(From the Fr. Chaufferie.) (Ray-
mond )

Chaffee work. A local term used in
Colorado for annual labor on a min-
ing claim. (Duryee)

Chaflan (Mex.). An inclined winze;
bevel. (Dwight)

Chain. 1. A unit of measurement used
in surveying principally and equal
to 66 feet. Called Gunter's chain.
Usually divided into 100 links, each
link being 7.92 in. long. 2. 'A series
of links or rings, usually of metal,
connected or fitted into one another.

3. A mechanical combination con-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

145

sistlng of two or more links. 4. A
circuit as of a galvanic battery.

5. In chemistry, a number of atoms
united serially. (Webster)

6. (or saw) The portion of the ma-
chine that does the cutting in the
work of undercutting coal at the
face of an entry. (Morris v. O'Gara
Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 312)

Chain-breast machine. A coal-cutting
machine, so constructed that a se-
ries of cutting points attached to a
circulating chain work their way
for a certain distance under a seam ;
when the limit is reached, the ma-
chine is withdrawn and shifted to
one side, where another cut is put
in. (Power)

Chain-brow way. An underground in-
clined plane worked by an endless
chain. (Gresley)

Chain grate. A feeding device for fur-
naces.

Chainman. 1. Either of the two men
necessary to use a chain or tape in
surveying. (Webster)
2. See Chain runner.

Chain pillar. A pillar left to protect
the gangway and airway, and ex-
tending parallel to these passages.
(Chance)

Chain road. An underground haulage
way operated by an endless chain
system . ( Gresley )

Chain runner; Chain boy; Chain man
( Scot. ) . A person in charge of, and
who accompanies, cars, trips, or
trains in mechanical haulage. (Bar-
rowman)

Chain tongs. A pipe-fitter's tool; a
lever with a serrated end provided
with a chain to embrace the pipe.
(Nat. Tube Co.)

Chainwall (Scott). 1. A system of
working by means of wide rooms
and long narrow pillars, sometimes
called Room and ranee. 2. A long
narrow strip of mineral left un-
worked, e. g., along the low side of
a level. (Barrowman)

Chairs. Movable supports for the cage
arranged to hold it at the landing
when desired. Also called Catches,
Dogs, Keeps. (Steel)

Chalcanthite. A hydrous copper sul-
phate, CuSO4-h5H2O. Blue vitriol.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Chalcedony. A transparent or more
generally translucent cryptocrystal-
line quartz. It often lines or fills
cavities in rocks. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Chalchihuitl (Mex.). Any green pre-
cious stone (D wight). According to
G. F. Kunz, the precious Chalchihuitl
is jadgite. Also spelled chalcMff&iie
and chalchuhuite*.

Chalphuite. A bluish-greeu turquoise
found in New Mexico, and, according
to W. P. Blake, the same as Chal-
chihuitl. (Dana)

Chalcitcs. 1. A term used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include lime, mortar,
cement, etc., used as building ma-
terials. (Powe-)

2. A decomposition product of either
iron or copper pyrites, hence de-
scribed as iron sulphate (green vit-
riol), copper sulphate (blue vitriol),
or iron oxide (colcother). (Stand-
ard)

Chalcocite. A copper sulphide,
Contains 79.8 per cent copper. Cop-
per glance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The
mineral is the characteristic and
most important product of the down-
ward enrichment of copper ores and
the chief source of copper in the Ray
and Miami (Ariz.) districts. (Ran-
some)

Chalcodite. A scaly mica-like bronze
colored variety of stilpnomelane.
(Dana)

Chalcomenite. A hydrous cupric sele-
nlte, CuSeO»-h2H2O. Occurs in
small blue monoclinic crystals.
(Dana)

Chalcomorphite. A vitreous hydrous
calcium-aluminum silicate. (Stand-
ard)

Chalcophanite; Hydrofranklinite. A
hydrous manganese-zinc oxide (Mn,-
Zn)O.2MnO2.2H,O. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Chalcophyllite. A highly basic arse-
nate of copper, 7CuO.AsaOB.14HaO, of
various shades of green, occurring in
tabular crystals or foliated masses.
(Dana)

Chalcopirita (Mex.). Chalcopyrite.
(Dwight)

Chalcopyrite. A sulphide of copper
and iron, CuFeS». Contains 34.5
per cent copper. Copper pyrites,
yellow copper ore. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Chalcopyrrhotite. A brownish, brass-
yellow iron-copper sulphide, Fe<CuS«.
(Standard)

Chalcosiderite. A light siskin -green
hydrous copper-iron, phosphate,
CuO.SFeaOt^PzOeSHjO. Occurs in
sheaf-like crystalline groups as in
crustations. (Dana)

744010 O— 47-

-10

146

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Chalcosina (Mex.). Sulphide of cop-
per; chalcocite. (Dwlght)

Chalcostibite. A lead-gray copper-an-
timony sulphide, Cu,S.SbaSt. GaUed
also Wolfsbergite. (Dana) *

Chalcotrichite. A variety of cuprite
in which the crystals are slender
and hair-like, (Kansome)

Chalder (Scot). A measure of weight
The Perth chalder was 5 tons, the
River Forth chalder 80 cwts., the
Hurlet chalder 2 tons (Barrowman).

Chalder wagon (No. of Eng.). See
Chaldron/

Chaldron. Thirty -six bushels. In
Newcastle 53 hundredweight avoir-
dupois. Chaldron wagons, contain-
ing this quantity, copvey the coal
from the mine to the place of ship-
ment. ( Ray mond )

Chalk. 1. A fine-grained, soft, white,
friable variety of limestone com-
posed of the shells of various ma-
rine animals. (La Forge)
2. To mark with chalk. (Webster)

Chalking deal (Eng.). A flat board
upon which Is kept an account of
the work done by the miners in a
certain district (G. C. Green well).
A bulletin board.

Chalking on (No. of Eng.). Keeping
an account of the number of tubs
(cars) sent out of a stall or room.
(Gresley)

Chalupa (Mex.). A hoist; a skip,
(Halse)

Chalybeate. Impregnated with salts
of iron. (Webster)

Chalybite. See Siderite.

Chamba (Colom.). A pit or trench,
(Halse)

Chamber. 1. See Breast ; Room ; Stall.
2. See Springing. 3. A body of ore
with definite boundaries apparently
filling a preexisting cavern. 4. A
powder room in mine. (Webster)

Chamber and pillar (Penn.). See
Breast and pillar.

Chamber-and-pillar system. See Sub-
level stoping.

Chamber deposit. A cave filled with
mineral (Power). See also Cham-
ber, 3.

Chamber dust. See Fluedust.

Chambered lode. So called when a
portion of the wall of a lode is fis-
sured and filled with ore (Power).
See also Chamber, 3.

Chambered vein. A mineral vein fill-
ing large areas of space in ruptured
rocks. (Standard). A synonym for
Stockwork and applied to mercury
deposits at New Almaden (Ore Dep.,
p. 425). See also Chambered lode.

Chambering. See Springing.

Chamber kiln. A brick or tile kiln
having chambers or compartments,
sometimes so arranged that they can
be heated successively. (Century)

Chamburgo (Colom.). A dyke or dam
for retaining water at placer mines.
(Halse)

Chamfer. 1. A small groove or fur-
row. 2. To cut at an angle or bevel.
(Webster)

Chamois. A soft, pliant leather pre-
pared originally from the skin of
the chamois, but now also from the
skin of a goat or sheep (Webster).
Used for separating excess mercury
from gold amalgam.

Chamosite; Chamois! te. A compact or
oolitic greenish-gray to blnck hy-
drous aluminum silicate. Contains
iron (FeO) with but little MgO.
(Dana)

Chamotte. 1. (Fr.). Burned clay used
by zinc smelters. (Ingalls, p. 228)
2. The refractory portion of a mix-
ture used in the manufacture of fire-
brick, composed of calcined clay or
of reground bricks. (Standard)

Champa (Peru). Turf. (Halse)

Champion lode. The main vein as dis-
tinguished from branches (Ray-
mond). The term is of Cornish ori-
gin, and is little used in the United
States. Also called Mother lode;
Master lode. (Century)

Champlain forge; American forge. A
forge for the direct production of
wrought iron, generally used IK the
United States instead of the Catalan
forge, from which it differs in using
only finely-crushed ore and In work-
ing continuously. (Raymond)

Chamuscar (Peru). A superficial
roasting or calcination, to facilitate
the grinding of ore. (DwighO

Chanca (Peru and Chile). Ore sorting
and spalling. (Halse)

Chancadora (Sp.). Ore breaker.
(Lucas)

Chancados (Peru). Ores spalled to a
uniform size. (Pfordte)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

147

Cnancadura (Chile). Crushing with a
rock breaker. (Halse)

Chancar (Peru and Chile). To cob
ores. (Halse)

Chance. 1. In coal mining: The op-
portunity a shot has to break the
coal. 2. The opportunity to put In
a shot in a good position. (Steel)

Chance-Clan* process. An industrial
process for recovering sulphur from
waste containing sulphides. It com-
prises two steps: (a) Treatment of
sulphide with carbon dioxide, form-
ing HiS, and (b) oxidation of BUS to
water and sulphur by air In the
presence of n catalytic, as ferric
oxide. (Webster)

Chance measure (Eng.). Any seam or
bed of coal or other rock occupying
an unusual or foreign position in
the strata. (Gresley)

Change day. The day when a gang of
miners is transferred from day
shift to night shift, or the reverse.
(Weed)

Change house. A special building at
mines or other works where laborers
may wash, or change their clothes.
Also called Dry house, Changing
house, Moorhouse.

Changer and grather (No. of Eng.).
A man whose duty it is to keep the
pump buckets and clacks In working
order about a colliery. (Gresley)

Changing bronze. The process of
changing tuyeres, plates, monkey,
etc., at blast furnaces. (Willcox)

Changing house (Corn.). See Change
house.

Chafigkul (Sumatra). A miner's ham-
mer. (Lock)

Channel. 1. The deeper part of a
river, harbor or strait where the
current flows. 2. A closed course or
conduit through which anything
flows, as a tube, or duct; a gutter
or trough. 3. Gravel — from being
the material of which the river bed
is composed. 4. In metallurgy, a sow
or runner. 5. A cut along the line
where rock or stone is to be split
(Webster).

Channel bed (Scot). -A bed of gravel.
(Barrowman)

Channeler. A machine for cutting
stone in rock excavation where
smooth sides are desired (Gillette, p.
661). A channeling machine.

Channeling machine. See Channeler.

Chanos (Chile). Pieces of metallic
iron or copper, reduced in blast fur-
naces, and which solldfy in the fore-
hearth. (Halse)

Chanquires (Peru). Ore sorters.
(Halse)

Chap. 1. (Scot) A customary and
rough mode of judging, by sound, of
the thickness of coal between two
working places, by knocking with a
hammer on the solid coal. 2. To-
examine the face of the coal, etc.,.
for the sake of safety, by knocking:
on it lightly. (Gresley)
3. A blow, rap, or knock. (Web-
ster)

Chapa (Mex.). 1. A metal plate. 2. A
lock. 3. Foliated structure.
(Dwight)

Chapapate (Cuba). A kind of asphalt
or bitumen. Also called Mexican
asphalt (Century)

Chapapote (Mex.). Mineral pitch;
asphaltum. (Halse)

Chaparral (Sp,). A thicket of dwarf
evergreen oaks; any dense impene-
trable , thicket composed of stiff,
thorny shrubs, or dwarf trees.
Characteristic of Mexico and South-
western United States. (Webster)

Chapeau de fer. A 'French term for an
oxidized iron outcrop; gossan or
iron hat (Weed)

Chapelet. 1. A machine for raising
water, or for dredging, by buckets
on an endless chain passing between,
two rotating sprocket wheels. 2. A
chain pump having buttons or disks
at intervals along its chain ; pater-
noster pump. 3. A device for hold*
ing the end of heavy work, as a
cannon, in a turning lathe. (Stand-
ard)

Chapeo (Port). Gossan. See oUo
Colorados. (Halse)

Chapman shield. A pair of vertical
plates of sheet iron or steel arranged
with a ladle between them, which
can be moved longitudinally along
the front of the furnace. Its main
purpose is to protect the laborer
from the furnace heat (Ingalls,
p. 494)

Chaqueta (Mex.). A furnace jacket
(Dwight)

Chaquires (Peru). Ore carriers in
mines. (Dwight)

148

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Char. 1. To reduce to charcoal or
carbon by exposure to heat. (Web-
ster)

2. (Corn.). To work by the day.
(Crofutt). See also Chare.

3. (Scot). Coke; more usually,
calcined ironstone. (Barrowman)

Charbon roux (Fr.) Brown charcoal,
produced by an incomplete carbon-
ization of wood. (Raymond)

Charco (Mex.). A pool of water.
(Dwight)

Charcoal. 1. Amorphous carbon pre-
pared from vegetal or animal sub-
stances ; coal made by charring wood
in a kiln or retort from which air is
excluded. 2. To asphyxiate with
charcoal fumes. (Webster)

Charcoal furnace, or oven. A furnace
in which charcoal is made by the dry
distillation of wood or other sub-
stance. (Webster)

Charcoal iron. Iron made in a furnace
in which charcoal is used as a fuel.
(Webster)

Charcoal pit. A charcoal furnace in
the form of a pit, usually conical in
shape. It is made by piling up wood
and covering it with earth* and sod.
(Century)

Charcoal plate. Charcoal iron coated
with tin (Standard). The best
grade of tin plate. See also Tin
plate.

Charcdn (Colom.). A large pond or
tank of water. (Halse)

Chare; Char. To work by the day
without being hired regularly ; to do
odd jobs or chores. (Webster)

Charge. 1. The explosive loaded into
a bore hole -for blasting; also any
unit of an explosive, as a charge of
nitroglycerin or a charge of deto-
nating composition in the blasting
cap. (Du Pont)

2. To put the explosive into the hole,
to arrange the fuse, or squib, and
to tamp it (Steel)
8. The materials introduced1 at one
time or one round into a furnace.
(Raymond)

Chargeman (Mid.). A man specially
appointed by the manager to fire
shots and to look after the men who
drill the holes. (Gresley.) A shot-
firer.

Charger (Corn.). An augerlike im-
plement for charging horizontal
bore holes for blasting. (Raymond)

Chargeur (Belg.). A woman or girl
who loads coal into cars in the
mine. (Gresley)

Charging. 1. The loading of a bore
hole with explosives. (Du Pont)
2. The feeding 'of a blast furnace.

Charging box. A box in which ore,
scrap, pig-iron, fluxes, etc., are con-
veyed to the furnace by means of
a charging machine. (Century)

Charging machine. A machine for de-
livering coal, ore, or metals to a fur-
nace, gas retort, or coke oven. (Cen-
tury)

Charging scale. A scale for weighing
the various materials used in a blast
furnace. (Century)

Chark. 1. To burn to charcoal; to
char; to coke, as coal. 2. As a
noun, charcoal, coke, cinder. (Web-
ster)

Charnockite. A name given by T. H.
Holland to an ancient series of hy-
persthenic gneisses in India and
only intended for local use. (Kemp)

Char-oven. A furnace fo** charring
turf. (Century)

Charque (Bol.). Native copper in
large wavy plates. (Halse)

Charqueador (Mex.). 1. The striker
in two-handed drilling. 2. The
helper who, under the old system,
sorted the material from ground
worked down by the miner. See
also Achicador. (Dwight)

Charquear (Mex.). To dip out water
from pools within a mine/ throwing
it into gutters or pipes which will
conduct it to the shaft. See also
Achicar. (Dwight)

Charqueo (Sp.). Filling the baskets
by hand. ' (Min. Jour.)

Charring. The expulsion by heat of
the volatile constituents of wood,
etc., leaving more or less pure vege-
tal carbon. (Raymond)

Charter (Mid.). The tonnage price
paid to contract miners. (Gresley)

Charter master (Staff.). A contractor
who engages to work a seam, or
sometimes a small colliery, at a ton-
na'ge price for the owner, or owners,
the charter master finding and pay-
ing the underground labor (Red-
mayne). See also Butty, 2.

Chase; Chess the ropes (Eng.). To
run the cages up and down the shaft
after the winding engine has been
standing for some time, to see that
all is right before men are allowed
to get into the cage. (G. C. Green-
well)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

149

Chaser. An edge wheel revolving in
a trough to crush asbestos mineral
without destroying the fiber (Web-
ster). Also called Edge runner, and
used in the pottery industry, and for
fine crushing of ore.

Chasha (Russ.). A disintegrator for
gold-bearing gravelly clays; similar
to an arrastre except that it disin-
tegrates instead of crushes.

Chasing. 1. Following a vein by its
range or direction (Duryee).
2. Act or art of ornamenting metals
by means of chasing tools. 3. The
process of finishing up the surface
of castings by polishing and remov-
ing small imperfections. (Webster)

Chasing the vein (Derb.). Following
the vein along the surface by means
of cast holes or prospect pits. (Hoo-
son)

Chasm. 1. A yawning hollow or rent,
as in the earth's surface; any wide
and deep gap; a cleft; fissure.
(Standard)

Chatfn <Sp.). A kind of coarse dia-
mond. (Halse)

Chatoyant. Having a luster resem-
bling the changing luster of the eye
of the cat at night. (George). See
also Cat's-eye.

Chat-roller. An ore-crushing machine,
consisting of a pair of cast-iron
rollers, for grinding roasted ore.
(Century)

Chats. 1. (Northumb.) Small pieces
of stone with ore (Raymond).
(Eng.) A low grade of lead ore.
Also middlings which are to be
crushed and subjected to further
treatment (Ure). The mineral and
rocks mixed together which must be
crushed and cleaned before sold as
mineral. Chats are not the same as
tailings, as the latter are not thrown
aside to keep for future milling.
(Cleveland & Aurora Mineral Land
Co. v. Ross, 135 Missouri, p. -110)
2. Loosely used in Missouri for tail-
ings or waste product from the con-
centration of lead and zinc ore.

Chatter mark. One of a series of short
curved cracks on a glaciated rock
surface. The individual cracks are
transverse roughly to the striae, but
the course of a series of chatter
marks is parallel to the striae.
(Webster)

Chaya (Chile). A wooden dish used
in alluvial raining; a batea. (Halse)

Cheek. 1. A piece of tin bearing a
stamped number. This is placed
upon the mine cars to indicate which
miner loaded the car. (Steel)
2. A ticket by which a person or
thing may be identified. 3. An im-
perceptible crack in 'steel caused by
uneven quenching and cooling.
(Webster)

4. (Eng.). A fault. (Gresley)
9. A wall. A variation of cheek.

Check battery. A battery to close the
lower part of a chute acting as a
check to the flow of coal, and as a
stopping to keep the air in the
breasts. (Chance)

Check brakes (Aust). An arrange-
ment for automatically checking
the speed of skip running down an
incline when unattached to a roue.
(Power)

Check clack (Scot). A fixed valve in
a rising main other than a delivery
valve. (Barrowman) See also
Check valve.

Checker arches. Fire brick supports
built of archbrick or keys to support
the checker work on the second,
third, or fourth pass of hot-blast
stoves. (Willcox)

Checkerboard system. See Bord-and-
pillar method.

Checker coal. Anthracite coal that
occurs as rectangular grains. . (O.
and M. M. P.)

Checkerwork. In a regenerative fur-
nace, a structure of firebrick so built
up that the bricks alternate with
open spaces, permitting the passage
of heated gases. (Webster)

Check grieve (Scot). A person who
checks the weight of mineral on be-
half of the landlord (Barrowman).
Compare Check weigher.

Checking. Temporarily reducing the
temperature or the volume of the
air blast on -a blast furnace. (Will-
cox)

Check number. A number assigned to
each miner by which his coal is
identified, and under which its
weight is entered on the coal bulle-
tin (Steel). See also Check, 1.

Check-off. A method of collecting
union dues, fees, and fines by with-
holding them from the miner's
wages. (Steel)

150

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY.

Check-out (Scot). The meeting of the
roof and floor, the coal seam being
thereby cut off (Barrowman). To
pinch out.

Check puller. A person who takes the
miner's checks from the cars and
calls the number on them to the
weighman. (Steel)

Check valve. An automatic nonre-
turn valve; or a valve which per-
mits a fluid to pass in one direction,
but automatically closes when the
fluid attempts to pass in the oppo-
site direction. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Check viewer (Eng.). A man em-
ployed by the lessor to see that the
provisions of the lease are duly ob-
served. (G. C. Green well)

Checkweigher (Scot). One who takes
account of mineral raised on behalf
of the miners; a justiceman (Bar-
rowman). A checkweighman. Com-
pare Check grieve.

Checkweighman (Aust). See Check-
weigher.

Cheeks. 1. The sides or walls of a
vein. 2. Extensions of the sides of
the eye of a- hammer or pick. (Ray-
mond)

3. (Eng.). Projecting masses of
coal. (Gr.esley)

Cheese box. A name given to a cylin-
drical still, used in the distillation
of kerosene in the United States.
(Mitzakis)

Cheese clack (Scot). A temporary
clack (valve) inserted between two
pipes. (Barrowman)

Cheeses (Derb.). Clay ironstone in
cheese-shaped nodules. (Gresley)

Cheese weights (Aust). The circular
cheese-shaped weights used to keep
guide ropes taut (Power)

Cheestone (Derb.). A stone that by
reason of a joint breaks further into
the wall than usual. (Hooson)

Chemawinite. A resin related to succi-
nite, occurring on a beach on Cedar
Laket near the mouth of the North
Saskatchewan ; it has a specific
gravity of 1.055, its color varies
from pale yellow to dark brown, and
it is soluble to the extent of 21 per
cent in absolute alcohol. (Bacon)

Chemical mineralogy. The investiga-
tion of the chemical composition of
minerals, their method of formation,
and the changes they undergo when
acted upon chemically. (Century)

Chemical regeneration. A system of
regenerative gas firing invented by
Friedrich Siemens. (Ingalls, p.
364)

Chemist. A person versed in chemis-
try; one whose business is to make
chemical examinations or investiga-
tions, or who is engaged in the op-
erations of applied chemistry. (Cen-
tury)

Chemistry. The science that treats of
the composition of substances and
of the transformations which they
undergo. There are two main
groups. (a) Organic chemistry,
which treats of the hydrocarbons
and their derivatives, and (b) in-
organic chemistry treats of all other
compounds, and of the elements.
(Webster). See numerous text-
books and dictionaries which have
been published on this subject for
details and definitions of chemical
terms.

Chemist's coal (Scot.). An ancient
term given to a particular kind of
hard splint coal. (Gresley)

Chemites. A word employed by M. B.
Wadsworth to embrace all mineral
chemical materials. (Power)

Chenevixite. A massive to compact
dark -green to greenish-yellow
hydrous arsenatc, perhaps Cur
( FeO ) aAsiO.4- 3HiO. ( Dana )

Chenhall furnace. A gas-flred furnace
for the distillation of zinc from
zinc-lead ores. (Ingalls, p. 395)

Chenot process. The process of mak-
ing iron sponge from ore mixed with
coal dust and heated in vertical
cylindrical retorts. (Raymond)

Cherkers (Forest of. Dean). See Cat-
head, 3.

Cherry coal. A soft noncaking coal
which burns readily. (Webster). A
deep black, dull, or lustrous bitu-
minous coal, with a somewhat
conchoidal fracture, readily break-
ing up into cuboidal fragments. It
ignites easily with a yellowish flame,
making a hot, quick fire, and re-
tains its shape until thoroughly con-
sumed. Its specie gravity is much
less than anthracite, about 1.30.
(Chance)

Chert. A compact, siliceous rock
formed of chalcedonlc or opaline
silica, one or both, and of organic
or precipitated origin. Chert occurs
distributed through limestone, af-
fording cherty limestones. Flint is

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

151

a variety of <&ert. Chert is espe-
cially common in the Carboniferous
rocks of southwest Missouri (Kemp).
See also Hornstone.

Chesty copper. Same as Chessylite;
azurite. (Century).

Chessylite. A synonym for Azurite.
(A. F. Rogers)

Chest 1. A tight receptacle or box
for holding gas, liquids, steam, as
steam chest of an engine. (Webster)
2. (Scot.). A tank or barrel in
which water is drawn from the
sump. (Gresley)

Chesting (Scot.). Drawing water by
means of a chest ,(Barrowman).
See also Chest, 2.

Chestnut coal. 1. In anthracite only —
Coal small enough to pass through
a square mesh of one inch to one
and one-eighth inch, but too large to
pass through a mesh of five-eighths
or one-half an inch. Known as No.
5 coal. (Chance)

2. (Ark.). Coal that passes through
a 2-in. round hole and over a 1-in.
round hole. (Steel*

Chews; Chows (Scot.). Coal loaded
with a screening shovel; middling-
sized pieces of coal. (Barrowman)

Chiastolite; Made. A variety of anda-
lusite, aluminum silicate, AlaO».SiOa,
in which carbonaceous impurities
are arranged in a regular manner
along the longer axis of the crystal,
in some varieties like the X (Greek
"chi"), whence the name (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Chicadero (Sp. Am.). A dyke, a dam
(Lucas). See also Chamburgo.

Chicar (Colom.). To bale water out
of mines (Halse). A synonym for
Achicar.

Chicken ladder. See Muesca.

Chicuite (Sp.). See Chiquichuite.

Chidder. (Aust). Slate and pyrite
mixed. (Power)

Chifladero (Mex.). An ore hopper.

Chiflarse (Mex.). To waste itself (as
the force of an explbsion, through a
fissure in the rock). (Dwight)

Chlfl6n (Mex.). 1. A narrow drift di-
rected obliquely downward. 2. Any
pipe from which issues water or air
under pressure, or at high velocity.

3. A strong draft of air. (Dwight)
Chile. 1. (Peru) The greatest depth

of a mine. (Dwight)
2. A descending gallery following
the dip of a vein. 3. (Mex.) A re-
fractory clay. (Halse)

Chilean mill; Edge runner. A mill
having vertical rollers running in a
circular enclosure with a stone or
iron base or die. There are two
classes: (a) those in which the
rollers gyrate around a central axis,
rolling upon the die as they go (the
true Chilian mill) ; (b) those in
which the enclosure or pan revolves,
and the rollers, placed on a fixed
axis, are in turn revolved by the
pan. It was formerly used as a
coarse grinder, but is now used for
fine grinding. (Liddell)

Chile bars. Bars of impure copper,
weighing about 200 Ibs., imported
from Chile, corresponding to the
Welsh blister copper, containing 98
per cent copper. (C. and M. M. P.)

Chilenite. A soft silver-white amor-
phous silver bismuth, AgJBi (Stand-
ard). Bismuth silver.

Chlleno (Mex.). A Chilian mill.

(Dwight)
Chile saltpeter. Sodium nitrate.

Chill. 1. An iron mold or portion of
a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and
go to harden, the surface of molten
Iron which comes in contact with It.
Iron which can be thus hardened
to a considerable depth is chilling
iron, and is specially used for cast-
iron railway car wheels requiring
hardness at the rim without loss of
strength in the wheel. (Raymond)

2. The hardened part of a casting,
as the tread of a car wheel. (Web-
ster)

3. (Derb.) To test the roof with a
tool or bar to determine its safety.
(Hooson)

Chilled casting. A casting which has
been chilled, either by casting in
contact with something which will
rapidly conduct the heat from it, as
a cool iron mold, or by sudden cool-
ing by exposure to air or water.
(Century)

Chilled dynamite. The condition of
the dynamite when subjected to a
low temperature not sufficient to con-
geal it, but which seriously affects
the strength of the dynamite. (Du
Pont)

Chill hardening. See Chill.

Chiluca (Mex.). A variety of por-
phyry. (Dwight)

Chlmenea (Sp.). 1. A chimney;
smokestack. 2. A hearth; a fire-
place. 3. A vertical shaft; a winze.

4. (Peru). An ascending gallery fol-
lowing the inclination of the vein.
(Halse)

152

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Chimming (Corn.). See Tossing.

Chimney. 1. An ore shoot. Compare
Chute, 2 (Raymond). 2. A steep
and very narrow cleft or gully in the
face of a cliff or mountain. 3. A
smokestack. 4. A natural vent or
opening in the earth as a volcano.
(Webster)

5. (Eng.). A spout or pit in the
goaf of vertical coal seams. (Ores-
ley)

6. A term used in Virginia for lime-
stone pinnacles bounding zinc ore
deposits.

Chimney rock. A chimney-shaped body
of rock rising above its surround-
ings, or partly isolated on the face
of a steep slope. (Webster). See
also Chimney, 6.

Chimney shot (N. Y.). A local term
applied to the effect of an over-
charge of explosive in a line of drill
holes, the effect being to throw the
rock to some distance, forming a
deep trench. (Bowles)

Chimney work (Mid.). A system of
working beds of clay ironstone, in
patches 10 to 30 yards square, and
18 or 20 feet in thickness. The bot-
tom beds are first worked out, and
then the higher ones, by the miners
standing upon the fallen debris ; and
so on upward in lifts. See also
Rake (Gresley). Compare Over-
hand stoping.

China clay. Clay derived from decom-
position of feldspar and suitable for
the manufacture of china ware or
porcelain. See Kaolin.

China metal. Porcelain. (Webster)

China stone. A semi-decomposed gran-
ite, which has nearly the same com-
position as china clay. (Ure)

Chinese pump. Like a California
pump, but made entirely of wood.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Chingr^e. 1. (Scot). A gravel free
fro. dirt. See also Shingle. 2.
That portion of the coal seam stowed
away in the goaves to help support
the mine roof. (Century)

Chink. 1. A small rent, cleft or fis-
sure of greater length than breadth.
(Webster)

2. (Scot). A sharp, clear, metallic
sound. (Century)

Chinley coal (Eng.). Lump coal which
passes over a screen; usually the
best coal. (Q. C. Green well)

Chino (Sp.). Iron or copper pyrites.
(Min. Jour.)

Chiolite. A snow-white fluoride of so-
dium and aluminum, 5NaF.3AlP»,
crystallizing in the tetragonal sys-
tem and also occurring in massive
gra~ alar form. (Dana'

Chipper (Derb.). One who chips the
gangue from the ore. An ore
dresser. (Hooson)

Chippy. See Rock drill.

Chiquichuite (Sp.). A willow basket,
.without a handle, used for carrying
ore, etc., out of mines. Sometimes
spelled Chicuite.

Chiquero (Sp.*). Cribbing or chocks
used in timbering wide seams or
lodes. (Halse)

Chirls; Churrels (Scot). Coal which
passes through a screening shovel;
small coal free from dross or dirt.
(Barrowman)

Chirt; Chirtt (Derb.). See Chert.
Chisel. See Bit.

Chisel draft. The dressed edge of a
stone, which serves as a guide in
cutting the rest. (Century)

Chispa (Mex.). 1. A spark. 2. Ore

containing visible gold. A nugget.

3. Native silver in thin leaves.
(Halse)

Chispeada (Batopilas, Mex. ) . Ore con-
taining about 33 per cent native
silver. (D wight)

Chispiador (Peru). A gold washer in
river placers. (Dwight)

Chitter. 1. (Lane.) A seam of coal
overlying another one at a short dis-
tance. 2. (Derb.). A thin band of
clay ironstone. (Gresley)

Chiva (Mex.). A bar with a claw for
drawing spikes (Dwight)

Chiviar (Mex.). To hunt for broken
ore in waste. (Dwight)

Chiviatite. A foliated, massive, me-
tallic, lead-gray sulphide of lead and
bismuth, 2PbS.3Bi2S3. (Dana)

Chloanthite. A nickel diarsenide,
NiAs2. (Dana)

Chloralluminite. A hydrous aluminum
chloride, A1C18+H2O, that occurs as
a volcanic product. (Standard)

Chloralum. An impure aqueous solu-
tion of aluminum chloride used as
an antiseptic.- (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

153

Chlorapatite. See Apatite.

Chlorastrolite. Not a definite mineral
but probably a mixture of zeolites.
Found as small, light bluish-green
pebbles, with finely radiated struc-
ture, on Isle Royale, Lake Superior.
Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Chlorate powder. A substitute for
black powder in which potassium
chlorate is used in place of potas-
sium nitrate. This class of explo-
sive has received little attention on
account of greater sensitiveness to
shock and friction. (Brunswig, p.
302)

Chloride. 1. A compound of chlorine
with another element or radical. A
salt of hydrochloric acid. (Web-
ster)

2. To follow a thin vein or discon-
tinuous ore deposit by irregular
workings, intent only on extracting
the profitable parts and with no re-
gard for development; usually said
of a lessee, sometimes of one who
works another's mine without permis-
sion. The term is said to have
originated at Silver Reef in south-
western Utah when the rich silver-
chloride ores were being worked.
The thin seams were followed by
lessees with the least possible han-
dling of barren rock, hence the
miner became a chlorider, and his
operations chloriding. The words
were later extended to similar
workers and their operations in
other fields. <F. L. Hess)

Chlorider. See Chloride, 2.

Chlorides (Pac.). A common term for
ores containing chloride of silver.
(Raymond)

Chloridize. To convert into chloride.
Applied to the roasting of silver
ores with salt, preparatory to amal-
gamation. ( Raymond )

Chlorination process. The process first
introduced by Plattner, in which
auriferous ores are first roasted to
oxidize the base metals, then sat-
urated with chlorine gas, and finally
treated with water, which removes
the soluble chloride of gold, to
be subsequently precipitated and
melted into bars. (Raymond)

Chlorine. An element, commonly iso-
lated as a greenish-yellow gas, of an
intensely disagreeable suffocating
odor and exceedingly poisonous.
Symbol, 01; atomic weight, 35.46.
Specific gravity, 2.6. (Webster)

Chlorine minerals. Minerals contain-
ing chlorine, such as atacamite, bora-
cite, apatite, carnallite, cerargyrlte,
halite, mimetite, pyromorphite, sal-
ammoniac, sylvite, sodalite, vanadi-
nite, wernerite, etc. (A. F. Rogers)

Chlorite. 1. A silicate of aluminum
with ferrous iron and magnesium
and chemically combined water,
characterized by the green color
common with silicates in which fer-
rous iron is prominent. (Dana)

2. A general name for the green,
secondary, hydrated silicates, which
contain aluminum and iron, and
which are especially derived from
augite, hornblende, and biotite.
Chlorite is used as a prefix for vari-
ous names of rocks that contain the
mineral, such as chlorite schist.
The name is coined from the Greek
word for green. (Kemp)

3. In chemistry, a salt of chlorous
acid. (Webster)

Chlorite slate. A schistose or slaty
rock consisting largely of chlorite.
(Webster)

Chloritic sand. Sand colored green by
chlorite as a constituent (Com-
stock)

Chloritic schist. Schist containing
chlorite. (Hitchcock)

Chloritiaation. Metamorphic altera-
tion of other material into chlorite.
(Standard)

Chlorocyanie. Consisting of chlorine
and cyanogen combined. (Century)

'Thloromelanite. A dark green, nearly
black variety of jadeite. (Century)

Chloropal. A green, opal-like hydrous
silicate of iron, Fe2O..3SiO2.5H,O.
(Dana)

Chlorophane. A variety of fluorspar
which exhibits a bright green phos-
phorescent light when heated. (Cen-
tury)

Chlorophyr. A name given by A,
Dumont v to certain porphyritic
quartz diorites near Quenast, Bel-
gium.

Chlorospinel. A variety of spinel,
grass-green in color, due to the pres-
sence of copper. Contains iron re-
placing the aluminum ; MgO(Al,Fe)«-
O3. Also called Magnesium - iron
spinel. (Dana)

Chlorotile. A green, hydrated copper
arsenate, Cu«(AsO4)a.6H2O, that crys-
tallizes in the orthorhomblc system.
(Standard)

154

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cfhocar (Colom.). To break up the
auriferous gravels, cement rock,
etc., with water, using bars and
other tools, in order that the loosened
material may be conducted to the
ground sluice. (Halse)

Chock. 1. A square pillar for sup-
porting the roof, constructed of prop
timber laid up in alternate cross-
layers, in log-cabin style, the center
being filled with waste. Commonly
called Crib in Arkansas (Steel).
See Cogs, also Nog.

2. A square pillar constructed of
short rectangular blocks of hard-
wood, for supporting the roof.
(Gresley)

3. Two blocks of hardwood placed
across the rail or between rails to
prevent tubs, cars, or wagons from
running down incline. (Greenwell)

Chock and block (Newc.). Tightly
filled up. (Min. Jour.)

Choclo de oro (Peru). A mass of
native gold (say 1 oz. or more) in
Its matrix. (D wight)

Chocolate. A very fine-grained mica
schist found in New Hampshire and
used extensively in the manufacture
of scythe stones, axe stones and
knife stones. (Pike)

Chocoldn (Mex.). 1. The part of the
hole remaining in the rock after a
blast. 2. A hitch cut in the rock.
(Dwight)

Chocu (Peru). A disease caused by
inhaling fine uineral dust, as in a
stamp mill. (Dwight)

Chogs (York.). Blocks of wood for
keeping pump-trees or other vertical
pipes plumb (Gresley). See Col-
lar, 6, and Collaring, 1.

Choke crushing. A recrushing of fine
ore due to the fact that the broken
material cannot find its way from
the machine before it is again
crushed. See also Free crushing.
(Richards, p. 98)

Choke damp. 1. A mine atmosphere
that causes choking, or suffocation,
due to insufficient oxygen. As ap-
plied to "air" that causes choking,
does not mean any single gas or
combination of gases. 2. A name
sometimes given in England to car-
bon dioxide.

Cholla (Mex.). An opening or hollow
space; a small space filled with soft
ore. (Dwight)

Chondrite. A meteoric stone charac-
terized by the presence of chon-
drules. (Webster)

Chondrodite. One of the humite
group. A basic fluosilicate of mag-
nesium. (Dana)

Chondmle. A peculiar rounded gran-
ule of cosmic origin, usually con-
sisting of enstatite or chrysotile.
Occurs in meteorites. (Webster)

Chonkole. A Malayan spade. (Lock)

Chonolith. An injected igneous mass,
so irregular in form and obscure as
to relation to the invaded forma-
tions, that it can not be properly
designated as a dike, sill, or lacco-
lithic form. (Daly, p. 84)

Chop (Som.). A local term for fault
(Gresley)

Chorlo (Mex.). Tourmaline crystals.
(Lucas)

Chorometry. Land surveying. ( Stand-
ard)

Chorrera (Mex.). An ore shcot; a run
of loose rock. (Dwight)

Chorro (Mex.). A spring of water
found in mines. Jet or spout of
liquid. (Dwight)

Chorroeadero (Mex.). 1. A chute for
ore. 2. Loose or running ground.
(Dwight)

Ohrlstmatite. A. butyraceous, green-
ish-yellow to wax-yellow hydrocar-
bon from Wettin, Saxony; it has a
specific gravity of less than 1 and is
soft at 55° to 60° C. (Bacon)

Christobalite. A dull white silicon di-
oxide (SiO2), that crystallizes in the
orthorhombic system, and is closely
related to tridymite. (Standard)

Chromatites. A term used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include mineral color-
ing matter, paints, pigments, etc.
(Power)

Chrome. Chromium; also, in dyeing,
potassium dichromate.

Chrome steel. See Chromium steel.

Chrome garnet. A synonym for Uvaro-
vite. (A. F. Rogers)

Chrome iron ore. A synonym for Chro-
mite. (A. F. Rogers)

Chrome oeher. A clayey ocher colored
green with chromium oxide. ( Stand-
ard)

Chromite. A chromate of iron, FeO.-
CraO8. Contains 68 per cent chromic
oxide. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Chromium. A brilliant tin- white, com-
paratively rare metal, hard, brittle,
and refractory. Symbol, Cr; atomic
weight, 52.0. Specific gravity, 6.8.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

155

Chromium steel. An iron-chromium al-
loy that hardens intensely on sadden
cooling, and is used for the manufac-
ture of armor-piercing projectiles,
safe-plates, and crushing machinery-
It contains about 16 per cent chro-
mium ; does not rust under ordinary
conditions and is also called Stain-
less steel.

Chromometer. An instrument for de-
termining the color of petroleum and
other oils. (Standard)

Chromowulfenite. A red variety of
wulfenite, containing some chromi-
um. (Chester)

Chrysoberyl. A glucinum-aluminum
oxide, G1O.A13O«, known as cat's-eye
when it has a chatoyant luster. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Chrysocolla. A hydrous copper silicate.
Contains theoretically about 36 per
cent of copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Generally green or blue-green.

Chrysolite. An iron-magnesium sili-
cate of a yellowish-green, sometimes
brownish or reddish. A common
mineral in basalt and diorite. Com-
monly called Olivine. When used as
a gem it is -called Peridot

Chrysoprase. An apple-green chalce-
dony, the color of which is due to
nickel. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Chrysotile. Fibrous serpentine. See
'also Asbestos. (U. S. Geol. Surv.,

Chua (Bol. and Chile) A testing sau-
cer. (Lucas)

Chuck. 1. That part of a machine
drill which grips or holds the drill.
(Gillete, p. 99)

2. A device for holding an object
so that it can be rotated, as upon
the mandrel of a lathe or for fixing
it in a drill-press, planer, etc.
(Standard)

Chuck block; Chock block. The wooden
block or board which is attached to
the bottom of the screen so as to
raise the depth of the issue and act
as a false lip to the mortar, in
stamp milling. (Rickard)

Chuga (Mex.). See Perufia.

Chulano (Mex.). An upper drill hole.
(Dwight)

Chulanista (Braz.). One who drills
uppers. (Bensusan)

Chumacera ( Mex. ) . A bearing for the
shaft of a machine. (Dwight)

Chumbe. 1. (Mex. and Bol.) Zinc-
blende. 2. (Colom.) A strap of col-
ored wool for carrying a sachel or
purse. (Halse)

(Thumb o. 1. (Port.) Lead. 2. (Braz.)
Pyrite. (Halse)

Chump (Eng.). To drill a shot hole
by hand. (Gresley)

Chumpe (Peru). See Chumbe.

Chun (Derb.). A clay or soft gouge
between two hard walls. (Hooson)

Chunked-up. Built up with large
lumps of coal to increase the capac-
ity of a car. Also called Bnilt-up.
(Steel)

Chunk mineral In Wisconsin, applied
to masses of galena as broken out
of the mine. (Power)

Churchite. A hydrous phosphate of
cerium. (Chester)

Churn drill. 1. Also called Cable drill
or Well drill. A portable drilling
equipment usually mounted on four
wheels and driven by gasoline, elec-
tricity, or steam. Also applied to a
stationary drill operated from* a
derrick as in oil-well drilling. The
drill head is raised by means of a
rope or cable and allowed to drop,
thus striking successive blows by
means of which the rock is pulver-
ized and the hole deepened.
(Bowles)

2. A long iron bar with a cutting
end of steel, used in quarrying, and
worked by raising and letting it fall.
When worked by blows of a hammer
or sledge, it is called a "Jumper."
(Steel)

Churns (Forest of Dean). Ironstone
workings in cavern-shaped excava-
tions. A rough chamber-and-pillar
system of working. (Gresley)

Churumbela (Colom.). A micaceous
and talcose schist. (Halse)

Churusca (Bol.). Copper pyrites,
(Halse)

Chute. (Sometimes written shoot)
1. A channel or shaft underground,
or an inclined trough above ground,
through which ore falls or is "shot"
by gravity from a higher to a lower
level. (Raymond.) 2. (Penn.) A
crosscut connecting a gangway with
a heading. (Gresley.) 3. An in-
clined water course, natural or arti-
ficial, especially one through which
boats or timber are carried, as In a
dam. 4. A narrow channel with a

156

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

free current, especially on the lower
Mississippi Elver. (Standard) 5.
A body of ore, usually of elongated
form, extending downward within
a vein (ore shoot). The two
forms of orthography of this
word are of French and English
origin respectively. Under chute,
the original idea is that of falling;
under shoot, that of shooting or
branching. Both are appropriate to
the technical significations of the
word. An ore shoot, for instance,
may be considered as a branch of
the general mass of the ore In a de-
posit, or as a pitch or fall of ore
(German, Erzfall). In England the
orthography "shoot" is, I believe,
exclusively employed, and this is
perhaps the best as applied t# ore
deposits, the other being unneces-
sarily foreign. (Raymond)

Chute caving. The method involves
both overhand stoping and ore cav-
ing. The chamber is started as an
overhand stope from the head of a
chute and is extended up until the
back weakens sufficiently to cave.
The orebody is worked from the top
down in thick slices, each slice be-
ing, however, attacked from the bot-
tom and the working extending from
the floor of the slice up to an Inter-
mediate point. The cover follows
down upon the caved ore (Young).
Also called "Caving by raising" and
"Block caving into chutes."

Chute system. See Glory hole system.
(Young)

Chuza (Mex.). A catch basin for mer-
cury. (Dwight)

Chuzo (Chile). A pointed tool used
in. washing gold in sluices, In ex-
tracting borax in large pieces, etc.
(Halse)

Clan6geno (Mex.). Cyanogen.
(Dwight)

Cianuro (Mex.). Cyanide. (Dwiglit)

qielo (Mex.). 1. Roof; ceiling. 2.
Trabajar de cielo, overhand stoping.
(Dwight)

C. I. F. A commercial transportation
term meaning "Cost, Insurance, and
Freight." It is intended to cover
the cost of certain goods at point of
destination. (Nat. Tube Co.) Usu-
ally applied only to maritime freight

Clffuairo; Civairo (Peru). Peacock
colored. (Dwight)

Cigiiena (Mex.). A windlass; a crank.
(Dwight)

Cllindros (Mex.). Rolls. (Dwight)
Cizna (Mex.). Summit. (Dwight)

Cimbra. 1. (Mex.). A center for an
arch. (Dwight)

2. (Colom.). Primitive stamps
worked by manual labor. (Halse)

Ciminite. A name derived from the
Monti Cimini in Italy, and given by
H. S. Washington to a group of
lavas, intermediate between tra-
chytes and basalts. They are por-
pyritic in texture and are character-
ized by the presence of alkali feld-
spar and basic plagioclase, augite
and olivine, with accessory magne-
tite and apatite. Biotite and horn-
blende are either absent or are in-
significant They range from 54 to
57 SiO2, 5-9 CaO, and 3-6 MgO.
Compare Latite. (Kemp)

Cimolite. A white, grayish or reddish
hydrosilicate of aluminum, soft and
claylike or chalklike in appearance.
(Dana)

Cinabrio (Mex.). Cinnabar. (Dwight)

Cincel. 1. (Peru) Native silver in
large masses. (Dwight)
2. (Colum.) A stone chisel used by
the Indians. (Halse)

Cincho (Mex.). 1. A belt or girdle.
2. A horizontal timber used for
wedging a stemple against a plank
on the hanging wall. (Halse)

Cincinnatian. In the usage of the U.
S. Geological Survey, the third and
youngest of the series of strata com-
prised in the Ordovician system.
Also the corresponding epoch. (La
Forge)

Cinder. 1. Slag, particularly from
iron blast furnaces. (Raymond)
2. A scale thrown off in forging
metal. 3. Scoriaceous la'va from a
volcano; volcanic scoria. (Webster)

Cinder bank. Same as cinder dump.
Also indicates an old dump as clis-
tiguishecl from one in use. (Will-
cox)

Cinder bed (Eng.) A stratum of the
Upper Purbeck series, almost wholly
composed of oyster-shells; and so
named by the quarryrnen from its
loose incoherent composition. ( Page )

Cinder block. A block closing the
front of a blast furnace and con-
taining the cinder notch. (Web-
ster)

OLOSSAEY OP MIKfENG AHD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

157

Cinder breakout. The stag within the
furnace escaping through Hie brick-
work. Caused by erosion, corrosion,
or softening of brick by neat.
(Willcox)

Cinder coaL 1. (Eng-.) Coal altered
by heat from an intrusion of lava.
(Gresley)

2. (Aust) A very inferior natural
coke, little better than ash. ( Power )

Cinder oone. A volcanic cone com-
posed of scoria.

Cinder dock. A bed containing molds
into which, in former practice,
cinder was run, chilled, and then
thrown into cars with forks, (Will-
cox)

Cindef dump. A place where cinder
ladles are emptied. (Willcox)

Cinder fall The dam over which the
slag from the cinder notch of a fur-
nace flows. (Century)

Cinder notch. The hole, about 5 or
6 feet above the iron notch, and 3
feet below the tuyeres, through
which slag is flushed two to three
timesr hetween casts (Willcox).
See aUo Cinder tap.

Cinder pig. Iron made from ores with
admixture of some forge or mill-
cinder (Raymond). See also Pig
iron.

Cinder pit. Large pit filled with water
into which molten cinder is run and
granulated at cast or flush. (Will-
cox)

Cinder plate. See- Bloomery.

Cinder runner. A trough carrying
slag from skimmer, or cinder notch,
to pit or ladle. See also Cinder
notch. (Willcox)

Cinder snapper. A man who removes
cinder skulls from cinder runners.
(Willcox)

Cinder tap; Cinder notch. The hole
through which cinder is tapped from
a furnace. Also called Lurmann
front (Raymond)

Cinder tub. A shallow iron truck
with movable sides into which the
slag of a furnace flows from the
cinder runner. (Century)

Cinder wool. A fibrous glass obtained
by the action of a jet of air or steam
upon molten slag as it flows from
a blast .furnace. Commonly called
Mineral\wooL (Century)

Cinnabar. A vermilion-colored mer-
cury sulphide, HgS, 86 per cent mer-
cury. It is the common ore of mer-
cury and occura as hexagonal crys-
tals. See also Metacinnabarite.
(U. S. GeoL Surv:)

Cinnamite. Same as Cinnamon stone.

(Century)
Cinnamon stone. Esson4te; a variety

of garnet. (Power)

Cinta. 1. (Sp.), A surveyor's tape.
2. (Mex.). A layer or band of min-
eral in a vein. 3. (Colom.). Pay
dirt in placers. (Halse)

Cintarrfin (Sp. Am.). A bed of
auriferous gravel of unusual thick-
ness. (Lucas)

Cinteada (Mex.). A banded or rib-
boned structure of veins. (Halse)

Cipolino marble. A white crystalline
limestone traversed by veins of
greenish mica; a favorite Italian
marble. (Merrill)

Circa (Latin). About; around; often
used in English with numerals to
denote approximate accuracy. ( Web-
ster)

Circle cutting drill. Same as Ditcher.
(Bowles)

Circles '(Ches.). Wavy, undulating
streaks of various colors frequently
seen In the sides of shafts, on the
pillars, faces, and roof of rock-salt
mines. (Gresley)

Circle sponts (Eng.). See Garland, 1.

Circuit breaker. An automatic device
for breaking an electric circuit at
the highest current which it may be
called upon to carry (Webster).
See also Cut-out, 3.

Circular cutting drill. Bee Ditcher.

Circular nail. A anit of area used in
measuring cross-sections of wires;
0.7854 square mil (Standard). 'See
also Mil.

Circular polarization. A phenomena
observed in a polariscope when two
plane polarized rays, propogated in
the same direction, have their vibra-
tion direction* .at right angles to
each other and differ by one-quarter
of a wave-length in phase. (Dana)

Circulation. 1, Phe movement of the
air currents of a mine. (Roy)
2. The act of moving in any course
which brings the moving body to the
place where its motion began.
(Webster)

158

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cire-Perdue process. A process used
in bronze casting; the lost-wax
process. (Standard)

Cirque. A steep-walled, amphltheatral
recess in a mountain side, generally
ascribed to glacial erosion. (Web-
ster)

Cisco (Sp.). 1. Coal broken into small
bits. 2. Coal dust. (Halse)

Cispeado (Hex.). Ore of one-third
silver and two-thirds calc spar.
(Lucas)

Cistern. 1. An artificial reservoir or
tank for holding or storing water
or other liquids. (Webster)

2. The receptacle into which glass
is ladled from the pots to be poured
over the table in making plate glass
or in casting glass ; a cuvette. (Cen-
tury)

3. In metallurgy, a settling tank for
liquid slag, pulp, etc.

Citrate. A salt or ester of citric acid.
(Webster)

Citrine; Citrine quartz. A yellow pel-
lucid variety of quartz ; false topaz.
(Dana)

Civa (Mex.). A stump of a candle.
(Dwigrit)

Civairo (Peru). A peacock color. See
also Giguario. (Dwight)

Clack (Corn.). A pump valve. (Ray-
mond)

Clack door (Eng.). The opening Into
the valve chamber to facilitate re-
pairs and renewals without unseat-
ing the pump or breaking the con-
nections. (Chance). Also, an iron
plate bolted to the pipe to close the
opening. (Gresley)

Clack-door piece (Eng.). A cast-iron
pipe having an opening in the side
for access to the clack or valve.

Clack guard (Scot). A ring to, pre-
vent undue opening of the clack.
(Barrowman)

Clack lid (Scot). The flap of a clack
or stationary valve. (Barrowman)

Clack piece. The casting forming the
valve chamber. (Chance)

Clack seat. The receptacle for a valve
to rest on. (C. and M. M. P.)

Claco (Mex.). An old coin equal to
i of a Mexican real. See also Tlaco.
(Dwight)

Cladgy. A variation of claggy.

Claggy (Newc.). Adhesive. When
the coal is tightly joined to the roof,
the mine is said to have a claggy top
(Raymond)* Also spelled Cladgy.

Claggy top (Newc.). A mine roof to
which coal adheres. (Min. Jour.)

Claim. 1. The portion of mining
ground held under the Federal and
local laws by one claimant or asso-
ciation, by virtue of one location and
record (Raymond). Lode claims,
maximum size 600 by 1,500 feet
Placer claims 660 by 1320 feet A
claim is sometimes called a "loca-
tion." See Mining claims. 2. (So.
Afr.) The portion of land upon a
goldfield to. which a miner is legally
entitled. A Transvaal claim has an
area equal to 64,025 English square
feet, and is about 155 feet along the
strike of the reef, and 413 feet
across the line of reef. (Skinner)

Clam (Eng.). A bracket or support
for a pump (Bainbridge). A clamp.

Clamp. 1. A device for compressing
and holding in position a piece or
part, or holding or binding together
two or more parts; usually with
Jaws or cheeks, at least one of them
movable, that may be set together
or closed by some device for obtain-
ing leverage. 2. (Eng.) A pile of
cut and dried peat (Standard)

3. A number of bricks piled up in a
particular form for burning. (Web-
ster)

4. A pile of ore for roasting, or of
coal for coking. (Century)

Clamping. The process of burning
bricks in clamp. See also Clamp, .8.
(Century)

Clamp kiln. A kiln built of sods for
burning lime. (Century)

Clamshea A hinged, two leaved self-
loading scoop used in dredges, coal-
ore-, and ash-loaders, and hoisting
machinery. (Century) .

Clanger (Eng.). See Clauncher, 1.

Clanny (Eng.). A safety lamp. in-
vented by Dr. W. R. Clanny in 1813.
(Gresley)

Clapete. (Mex.). A clack valve,
(Dwight)

Clap sill. In hydraulic ^engineering,
a miter sill; the bottom part of the
frame on which lock gates shut; a
lock sill (Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

159

Clarifying tank. A tank for clarify-
ing cyanide or other solutions and
frequently provided with a filtering
layer of sand, cotton waste, matting,
etc. (Clennell, p. 280)

Clark process. A process for softening
water by the addition of slaked lime,
which precipitates calcium bicar-
bonate by forming with it the insolu-
ble normal carbonate. (Webster)

Claro (Sp.). An open space on the
lode, from which ore has been taken.
(Crofutt)

Claroline. A mineral oil used as a
solvent for natural gases. (Bacon)

Clasolite. A rock composed of other
rock fragments. See Clastic.

Clasp. 1. A snugly fitting ferrule for
connecting pump rods. (Gresley)
2, Any of the various forms of
catch, for holding together two ob-
jects or parts of anything. (Web-
ster)

Classifier. 1. A machine for separat-
ing ore from gangue or for cleaning
coal from slack. (Webster)
2. A machine for grading the feed
to concentrators so that each indi-
vidual concentrator will receive its
proper feed. Classifiers may be
hydraulic (Richards) or surface-
current box classifiers (spitzkasten).
Classifiers are also used to separate
sand from slime, water from sand,
and water from slime. (Richards)

Clastic. ' A descriptive term applied
to rock formed from the fragments
of other rocks ; f ragmen taL (Kemp)

Clat. See Claut, 1.

Clauncher. 1. (Eng.)rf A tool for
cleaning blast holes (Bainbridge).
Also called Clanger.
2. (Derb.). A piece of stone, that
has a joint back of it, which becomes
loose and falls when the heading
has been driven past it (Hooson)

Clausthalite. Lead selenide, PbSe.
(Dana)

Claut. 1. (Scot.). A scraper with a
long handle. (Barrowman)
2. Mud or rubbish heaped together.
(Standard)

Clavar (Mex.). To nail; to drive a
stake, (D wight)

Clavo (Mex.). 1. Nail. 2. C. bueno,
or rico, a rich pocket of ore. 3. C.
de metal, an ore-shoot; pay-streak.
(Dwight)

Clavos. 1. (Sp.) Masses of ore, and
of native metals. .(Davies)

2. Iron ore; in Mexican mines, a
mass of rich ore. (Standard)

3. (Sp.) Inclusions of igneous rock
in a sedimentary deposit (Halse)

Clay. A natural substance or soft rock
which, when finely ground and
mixed with water, forms a pasty,
moldable mass that preserves its
shape when air dried; the particles
soften and coalesce upon being
highly heated and form a stony mass
upon cooling. Clays differ greatly
mineralogically and chemically and
consequently in their physical prop-
erties. Most of them contain many
impurities, but ordinarily the/r base
is hydrous aluminum silicate. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Clay band (Wales). Argillaceous iron-
stone in thin beds. (Gresley)

Clay bank. 1. A bank of clay. 2. A
dun yellowish color. (Webster)

Clay course. A clay seam or gouge
found at the sides of some veins.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Clay dam. 1. (Mid.) A stopping
made of puddled and well-beaten
clay, from I!2 in. to 36 in. thick, and
rammed into the roof, floor, and
sides of the excavation made to re-
ceive it. 2. A stopping consisting of
two walls of stout planks placed 18
to 24 inches apart, and supported on
the outside by upright props, the in-
tervening space being filled with
clay. (Gresley)

Clayer (Scot). 'A rod for forcin& clay
into joints of strata in wet shot
holes (Barrowman). See also Clay
iron.

Clay gall. A dry, curled "clay-shav-
ing " resulting from the drying and
cracking of mud which is later em-
bedded and flattened hi a sand stra-
tum. (Lahee, p. 86)

Clay gouge. A thin seam of clay sepa-
rating ore, or ore and rock. (Weed)

Clay gun. See Mud gun.

Clay hog <Mid.). See Wash fault

Clay hole. A cavity, in a stone, filled
with clayey or sandy material.
(Gillette, p. 6)

Claying. Lining a bore hole with clay,
to keep the powder dry. (Gresley)

Claying bar. A rod used for making
a blast hole water-tight by driving
clay into its crevices, in order to
protect the charge. (Cept«rv\

160

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Clay iron. An Iron rod used for ram-
ming clay into wet drill holes
(Webster). See Bull, 1; also Clay-
ing bar.

Clay-ironstone. Clayey carbonate of
iron. A heavy compact or fine
grained clayey looking stone, occur-
ring in nodules and uneven beds
among carboniferous and other
rocks. It contains only 20 to 30 per
cent of iron, and yet much of the
iron produced by Great Britain is
made from it. (Roy. Com.)

Clay kiln. A kiln or stove for burn-
ing clay. (Century)

Clay marl. A whitish, smooth, chalky
clay ; '4 marl in which clay predomi-
nates. (Webster)

Clay mill. A mill for mixing and
tempering clay ; a pug mill. (Cen-
tury)

Clay pan (Aust.). A shallow depres-
sion covered with a clayey deposit
which prevents the water from sink-
ing quickly into the ground. (Web-
ster)

Clay parting. Clayey material bound
between a vein and its wall. Also
called Casing and Parting. (Dur-
yee)

Clay pit. A pit where clay is dug.
(Century)

Clay pocket. A clay-filled erosion cav-
ity in a rock ledge. (Bowles)

.Clay rock. A rock made up of fine
argillaceous detrital material and
chiefly that derived from the decom-
position of the feldspars; indurated
clay, sufficiently hardened to be in-
capable of using as a clay without
grinding, but not chemically altered
or metamorphosed. (Century) Also
called Clay stone.

Clay shale. Shale composed wholly or
chiefly of argillaceous material,
which again becomes clay on
weathering. (La Forge)

Clay slate. An argillaceous rock hav-
ing a slaty or fissile structure. It
differs from clay shale in that it
has been altered by metamorphism.
(Century)

Clay stone.- 1. (Aust.) A soft, earthy,
feldspathic rock occurring in veins,
and having the appearance of in-
durated clay. (Power)
2. One of the concretionary masses
of clay frequently found in alluvial
deposits, in the form of flat rounded
disks either simple or variously

united so as to give rise to curious
shapes. They are sometimes almost
as regular as if turned in a lathe.
(Century)

Clay-stone porphyry. An old and
somewhat indefinite name for those
porphyries whose naturally fine
groundmass is more or less kaolin-
ized, so as to be soft and earthy,
suggesting hardened clay. (Kemp)

dead (Eng.). To cover with planks.
(G. C. Green well)

Cleading. A lining or covering of
board planks, as the lagging on a
winding-engine drum. (Webster)

Clean. 1. (No. of Eng.) Free from
fire damp or other noxious gases.

2. A coal seam free from dirt part-
ings. (Gresley)

3. To undergo or perform the proc-
ess of cleaning; to clean up; to
make a clean-up. (Webster)

Cleaner (Scot.). A scraper for clean-
ing out a shot hole. (Barrowman)

Cleaner cell. A flotation cell in which
the concentrates from the rougher
cells are again treated for a further
reduction in the amount of gangue
present.

Cleanser; Clanser (Eng.). An iron
tube or shell, with which a bore
hole is cleaned. (Gresley)

Cleansing (So. Staff.). Clearing and
making fit for traversing old gate
roads; carrying out cuttings from
the mine; clearing the sumps at
bottom of shafts. (Min. Jour.)

Clean toe. A sufficient shattering of
the material that constitutes the
toe, to make its entire removal pos-
sible without excessive secondary
blasting. Compare Toe, 1 and 2.
(Bowles)

Clean-up. 1. The operation of collect-
ing all the valuable product of a
given period or operation in a stamp
mill, or in a hydraulic or placer
mine. (Raymond)

2. The valuable material resulting
from a clean-up. (Webster)

3. To load out all the coal a miner
has broken. 4. An opportunity to
clean up. (Steel)

Clean-up man. 1. Usually a pensioner
who keeps yard cleaned up, pulls
weeds, and does odd jobs at blast
furnaces. (Willcox)
2. The man who performs the oper-
ation described under Clean-up, 1.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

161

Cleap. A cleaving crosswise of. the
bedding in a coal seam; a cleat.
(Standard)

Clear. See Clean, 1 and 2.

Clearance. 1. The space between the
piston at tiie end of its stroke and
the valve face, or the end of the
cylinder. ( Ihlseng )
2. The space between the top or
side of a car and the roof or wall.

Clearer. 1. (Eng.) Miners who un-
dercut the coal, working at distances
of say three or four yards apart
along the face. (Gresley)
2. A reservoir (in salt making) into
which brine is conveyed.

Clear-melting. The process of keep-
ing the glass in a molten condition
for a time sufficient to permit the
impurities or uncombined substances
to settle. (Century)

Cleat. 1. The main set of joints along
which coal breaks when mined.
(Webster)

2. A small piece of wood nailed to
two planks to keep them together, or
nailed to any structure to make a
support for something else. (Steel)
3.- (Mid.) A wooden wedge four or
five inches square placed between
the top of a post and the underside
of a bar or cap. (Gresley)
4. (Eng.) A piece (or pieces) of
wood fastened to pump spears for
the purpose of steadying them, and
preventing them from wearing where
they pass through the collaring, and
to prevent the edges of the spear
plates and bolts from injuring the
pumps. (G. C. Green well)

Cleavage. 1. In petrology, a tendency
to cleave or split along definite,
parallel, closely spaced planes, which
may be highly inclined to the bed-
ding planes. It is a secondary struc-
ture, commonly confined to bedded
rocks, is developed by pressure, and
ordinarily is accompanied by at least
some recrystallization of the rock.
2. In crystallography, the property
possessed by many crystalline sub-
stances, of being rather easily split
parallel to one or more of the cry-
stallographic planes p3culiar to the
substance (La Forge). Cleavage
should not be applied to the fractur-
ing of rocks, which is jointing. Sec
Jointing.

dleavage plane. The planes along
which the cleavage takes place.
Compare Joint plane.

744010 O— 47 11

Cleave (Scot). One of two or more
divisions of a seam, usually Iron-
stone. (Barrowman)

Cleavings (Eng.). Divisions of beds
of coal, in the direction of the lam-
inae, either horizontal or inclined.

Cleaving way (Corn.). A direction
parallel to the bedding planes of a
rock. Compare Quartering way.
(Green well, p. 80)

Cleavlandite. A white lamallar variety
of albite. (Dana)

Cledge (Eng.). Clay; stiff loam; also
the upper stratum of certain beds of
fuller's earth. (Webster)

Cleek. 1. (Scot.) To load cages at
the shaft bottom or at mid-workings.
2. (Scot.) A haulage clip. (Gres-
ley)

Cleek coal (Scot.). Coal as it comes
from the mine (Barrowman). See
also Run-of-mine.

Cleeksman; Cleekie (Scot). An early
term for the person who unhooked
the baskets of coal at the shaft
mouth. (Barrowman)

Cleet (Derb.). See Cleat, 3.

Cleugh; Clench. A cleft or gorge in a
hill ; a ravine ; also a cliff or the
side of a ravine. (Century)

Cleve. (Eng.). A steep hillside; a
cliff. (Standard)

Cleveite. -A variety of urananite con-
taining a large percentage of UOt,
and also rich in helium. Contains
about 10 per cent of the yttrium
earths. (Dana)

Cliff. 1. (Wales) Shale which is
laminated, splitting easily along the
planes of deposition. See also Bind,
1 (Gresley), Also called Clift

2. A steep slope; a precipice. (Web-
ster)

3. The strata of rocks above or be-
, tween coal seams. (Standard)

Cliff glacier. A glacier which occupies
a relatively small depression in the
side of a mountain or in the escarp-
ment of a plateau. (Century)

Clift. 1. (Eng.)' Local term for shale
(Redmayne). See also Cliff, 1.
2. A cliff (Standard). See also
Cliff, 2.

Cliftonite. Carbon in minute cubic
crystals (Dana). A form of graph-
itic carbon occurring in cubic or
cubo-octahedral crystals in the mete-
oric iron of Youngdegin, West Aus-
tralia. (Century)

162

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Clinch, or Clink bolts (Eng.). Cross
bolts under spear bolts to prevent
the pump rods from stripping. (G.
C. Greenwell)

Clinker. 1. The product of the fusion
of the earthy impurities (ash) of
coal during its combustion. (Ray-
mond)

2. See Cinder coal, 1.

3. A partially vitrified brick or mass
of bricks. 4. Vitrified or burnt mat-
ter thrown up by a volcano. 5. A
scale of black oxide of iron formed
when iron is heated to redness in
open air. (Century)

Clinker bar. A bar fixed across the
top of an ash pit for supporting the
rods used for clearing the fire bars.
(Century)

Clinker brick. A very hard-burned
brick. (Ries)

Clinkstone. See Phonolite.

Clinoaxis. The diagonal or lateral
axis in the monoclinic system which
makes an oblique angle with the
vertical axis. (Webster)

Clinochlore. A silicate of aluminum
and magnesium usually containing
iron. Normally, H8Mg6Al2Si8Oi».
(Dana)

Clinoclase. 1. Oblique cleavage. 2. A
basic copper arsenate. See Clino-
clasite.

Clinoclasite. A hydrous copper arse-
nate Cu3 As2O8.3Cu ( OH ) i or 6CuO.-
AS2O83H2O. Color, internally, dark
verdigris-green; externally blackish
blue-green, and crystallizes in the
monoclinic system. (Dana)

Clinometer. A simple apparatus for
measuring by means of a pendulum
or spirit level and circular scale,
vertical angles, particularly dips.
(Raymond)

Clinozoisite. An epidote without iron,
having the composition of zoisite.
(Dana)

Clinton ore. A red, fossil if erous, iron
ore of the Clinton formation of
the United States, with lenticular
grains. Called also Dyestone, Fossil,
or Flaxseed ore. (Standard)

Clip. A device similar to a clamp but
smaller and for the same purpose
(C. M. P.). See olio Haulage clip.

Clipper (Eng.). A hook for attaching
the bucket to the cable. Used in
shaft sinking. (Bainbridge)

Clipper-off (Aust.). A boy who un-
fastens the clip connecting a skip
to a haulage rope. (Power)

Clipper-on (Aust). A boy who fastens
skips to a haulage rope with a clip.
(Power)

Clip pulley (Eng.). A wlieel contain-
ing clips in the groove for gripping
a wire rope. (Gresley)

Cllvage (Peru). Cleavage. (D wight)
Clive (Derb.). See Cliviss.

Cliviss (Eng.). A bit of turned Iron,
with a spring, for fastening a
bucket to a rope (Bainbridge). Also
called Clive; Clivvy. A variation
of Clevis.

Clivvy (Eng.). See Cliviss. A varia-
tion of Clevis.

Clod; Clot. 1, Soft shale or slate, in
coal mines, usually applied to a
layer forming a bad roof. (Ray-
mond)

2. See Kettle bottom. A " clod of
dirt " of greater or less diameter ;
thin at the edges and increasing ir
thickness to the middle. (Missouri
& Illinois Coal Co. v. Schwalb, 74
Illinois, App., p. 569).

Clod coal (Scot.). Strong homogene-
ous coal. (Barrowman)

Clod tops (Forest of Dean). Clay or
shale beds overlying seams of coal.
(Gresley)

Clog (Mid.). A short piece of timber
about 3 by 6 by 24 inches fixed be-
tween -the roof and a prop. (Gres-
ley)

Clog pack (York.). See Chock, 1, and
Nog, 1.

. ). To chloridize.

Clorurar
(Dwight)

Close connected. 'Applied to dredges in
which the buckets are each connect-
ed to the one in front without any
intermediate link. (Weatherbe)

Closed basin. A districf draining to
some depression or lake within Its
area, from which water escapes only
by evaporation. (Webster)

Closed fault. See Fault.

Closed fold. A fold in which the
limbs (sides of the arch) have been
compressed until they are parallel.
(Farrell)

Closed form. A crystal form In which
all the faces havtng a like position
relative to the planes, or axes, of
symmetry yield an enclosed solid.
(Dana)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND. MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Closed front. An arrangement of the
blast furnace without a forehearth.
(Raymond)

Closed season. That portion of the
year when placers cannot be worked
by reason of shortage of water, due
to drought or cold.

Closed top. See Gup-and-cone.

Close-grained. Having fine and closely
arranged fibers, crystals, or texture.
(Webster)

Close-jointed. A term applied to Joints
that are very near together. (Dale)

Close mold. A two-part flask filled by
pouring through ingates. (Stand-
ard)

Close place (Scot). A narrow drift
without a separate air return.
(Barrowman)

^Close-poling. The placing of poles or
plank close together. See also Pol-
Ing, 2.

Close work. 1. Driving a tunnel or

drifting between two coal seams. 2.

(Scot). See Narrow work, 3.
f Gresley)

Closing apparatus (Eng.). Sliding-
doors or other mechanical arrange-
ment at the top of an upcast shaft
for allowing the cages to pass up
and down without disturbing the
ventilation of the mine. (Gresley)

Clot. Same as Clod.

Clothing (Eng.). Brattice constructed
of a coarse, specially prepared can-
vas. (Gresley)

Cloth oiL A name given to one of the
distillates of crude petroleum
(specific gravity, 0.875) which is
used for oiling wood. (Mitzakis)

Clotting. The sintering or semi-fusion
of ores during roasting. (Raymond)

Clour (Eng.). A small depression of
roof extending into the coal. (G.
O. Green well)

Cloustonite. A mineral related to
asphalt, occurring in patches in blue
limestone and in blue flags at
Inganess, Orkney. It is soluble in
benzol and at a red heat, gives off a
large amount of illuminating gas.
(Bacon)

Cloy. A plattic cement mixture: ap-
plied to any clay not a natural clay.
(Standard)

Clucking. The breaking of a rock by
curved fractures that pass beyond
the limit of the desired plane of
separation. (Bowles)

Clumper (Forest of Dean). A large
mass of fallen stone. (Gresley)

Chinch (Staff.). An English provin-
cial term for any tough coarse clay.
(Power)

Clutch. A coupling for connecting two
working parts, as shafts, shaft and
pulley, permitting either to be
thrown in or out at will, as by mov-
ing a lever. (Webster)

Clutch room (Aust). A chamber, gen-
erally underground, in which there
are friction clutches that control the
different haulage ropes of the vari-
ous districts. (Power)

Coagulation. The state of a solute in
a solvent, or of a colloidal gel, re-
sulting from clotting or curdling ; the
act of changing to a curd-like condi-
tion. (Rickard)

Coak. 1. Same as Coke. 2. Same as
Calk. (Standard)

Coal. A carbonaceous substance
formed from the remains of vegeta-
tion by partial decomposition (U.
S. Geol. Surv.) A solid and more or
less distinctly stratified carbona-
ceous substance varying in color
from dark-brown to black, brittle,
combustible, and used, as a fuel ; not
fusible without decomposition and
very insoluble. In its formation the
vegetal matter appears to have
first taken the form of peat,
then lignite, and finally bituminous
coal. The latter by the loss of its
bitumen has in some places been
converted into anthracite or hard
coal. Lignite gives a brown pow-
der, coal a black. Lignites contain a
large percentage of water and ash.

Coal apple (Aust). A spheroidal form
of coal occasionally found in certain
seams. (Power)

Coal backer (Eng.). A man who is
engaged in carrying coal on his back
from a ship to wagons. (Century)

Coal balls (Lane.). Calcareo-carbon-
aceous nodules, formed by the infil-
tration of water carrying calcium
carbonate from the shells of an over-
lying shale, down into the bed of
woody fragments where it segre-
gates. (Power)

Coal barge. A barge or lighter used
in the transportation of coal by
water. (Century)

164

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Coal basin. Depressions in the older
rock formations, in which coal-bear-
ing strata have been deposited.
(Thompson)

Coal bearer (Scot.). See Bearers, 1.

Coal bearing (Scot.). The ancient
custom of employing women to carry
coal out of the mine. (Gresley)

Coal bed. A bed or stratum of coal.
Coal seam is more commonly used in
the United States and Canada.
(Century)

Coal blacking. Iron founders' blacking
made from powdered coal. (Web-
ster)

Coal box (Aust.). Large bins for stor-
ing coal. (Power)

Coal brass. Iron pyrite in coal seams
(Gresley). Commonly used in the
plural.

Coal breaker. 1. A building containing
the machinery for breaking coal
with toothed rolls, sizing it with
sieves, and cleaning it for market.
( Raymond )

2. A machine for breaking coal.

3. A person employed to break coal.
(Standard)

Coal bunker. A place for storing coal,
especially in steamships for furnace
use.

Coal car. A freight, car designed
especially for carrying coal, usually
made of iron, with a drop bottom.

Coal carrier. One who or that which
is employed carrying coal (Cen-
tury). A railroad is a coal carrier.

Coal chute. A trough or spout down
which coal slides from a bin or
pocket to a locomotive tender, or to
vessels, carts, or cars. (Century)

Coal clay. See Fire clay.

Coal-cutting, machine. A machine
worked by compressed air or elec-
tricity, for undercutting or channel-
ing a bed of coal.

Coal digger. See Coal miner.

Coal drawing (Eng.). The operation
of raising coal at a colliery. Hoist-
ing. (Gresley)

Coal drop. A broad, shallow inclined
trough down which coal is dis-
charged from a wharf into the hold
of a vessel. (Century). A coal
chute.

Coal duns (Forest of Dean). Coal-
measure shales. (Gresley)

Coal dust. A finely divided coal.
There is a diversity of opinion as
to what the term " coal dust "
means ; that is, how finely must coal
be divided to be termed dust. Borne
writers base the distinction on the
point whether it can be carried to
considerable distances by air cur-
rents. Coal that will pass through
100-mesh screens (100 wires to the
linear inch) is frequently accepted
as representing mine dust. For
testing explosives at the Pittsburgh
station coal passed through 100-
mesh is taken as standard. In the
foreign galleries the practice varies
between this size and coal that
passes through 200-mesh.

For the consideration of coal dust
as it affects mining, the writer pro-
poses tentatively a definition based
on the capacity of the dust to propa-
gate flame in the incipient stages of
an explosion, as determined at the
Pittsburgh station under certain
specific conditions. By this defini-
tion, coal particles passing through
a 20-mesh wire sieve (20 wires to
the linear inch) will be termed dust.
In the Pittsburgh gallery-tests, only
partial flame propagation was ob-
tained under the prescribed condi-
tions with coal that passed through
the 20-mesh and remained on a 40-
mesh sieve, but the partial propaga-
tion was sufficient to indicate that
under slightly more severe condi-
tions, namely, a larger initiating
charge of black powder, the propaga-
tion might be complete. (Geo. S.
Rice, Bull. 20, U. S. Bur. Mines,
p. 33.) This view was strengthened
by subsequent large-scale tests in
the Experimental mine, operated by
the U. S. Bureau of Mines, near
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Coaler. 1. Anything wholly or chiefly
employed in transporting or supply-
ing coal, as a railway from coal-
mining regions; also a person em-
ployed in coaling vessels. (Web-
ster)
2. See Coalers.

Coalers (Colloq., U. S.). A financial
term for the stocks of the anthracite
coal-carrying railroads. (Standard)

Coalescent. Joined together; running
together. (Emmons)

Coalette. A synonym for Briquet.

Coal exchange. A market for the sale
of coal ; especially a place for trans-
actions in coal on a large scale.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

165

Coal face. The working face of a stall
or room, composed wholly of coal.
(Gresley)

Coal factor. See Factor.

Coal fauld (Scot). A storage place
for coaL (Century).

Coal field. A region in which deposits
of coal occur. Also called Coal basin
when of basin-like structure. (Web-
ster)

Coal fitter (Eng.). A coal factor
(Standard). See also Factor.

Coal formation. A term generally un-
derstood to mean the same as the
coal measures. (Da vies)

<Joal gat. Gas made from coal by dis-
tilling bituminous coal in retorts,
and used for lighting and heating.
(Webster)

Coal getter (Eng.). One who cuts,
holes, hews, or mines coal ' in the
mine (Gresley). A coal miner.

Coal fcaggor (No. of Eng.).' One who
is employed in cutting or hewing
coal in the mine (Gresley). A coal
miner.

Coal heaver. One employed in moving
or shoveling of coal, in loading or
discharging coal ships, in shoveling
coal from ships' bunkers to the fur-
naces; a coal passer. (Century)

Coalhengh. 1. {Scot.) A mound of
refuse about old mines. (Gresley)
3. (Scot.) A place where coal is
dug; a coal mine. (Barrowman)

Coal hewer (Eng.). A person who
digs coal; a collier; a miner. .(Bar-
rowman)

Coal hill ( Scot. ) . Ground occupied at
& pithead or mine mouth for colliery
. purposes. (Barrowniau)

Coal hole. A hole for coal as a trap
or opening in a sidewalk; a com-
partment for storing coal. (Web-
ster)

Coal hulk. A vesel kept, usually at
foreign stations for supplying steam-
.. ers with coal. (Century)

Coaling. 1. The process of supplying
or taking coal for use as in coaling
a steamer, etc. (Century)
t. (Mid.). Engaged in mining coal.
(Gresley)

Coalition. 1. A voluntary joining of
persons or parties, for the purpose
of combining their resources, as in
the support of some plan or policy
relating to mining operations; a
combination.

Coal land. Land of the public domain
which contains coal beds. (U. S.
Min. Stat, pp. 724-750)

Coal master (Eng.). The owner or
lessee of a coalfield or colliery.
(Gresley)

Coal measures. Those strata t>f the
Carboniferous system which contain
coal.

Coal metals (Scot.). Strata in which,
coal seams occur. (Barrowman)

Coal meter (Eng.). One appointed to
superintend the measuring of coat
(Century)

Coal mine. Any and all parts of the
property of a mining plant, on the
surface or underground, which con-
tributes, directly or indirectly under
one management to the mining or
handling of coal. (Spring Valley
Coal Co. v. Greig, 226 Illinois, p.
516; Hakason v. La Salle County
Carbon Coal Co., 265 Illinois p. 167.)
A colliery. See also Mine.a

Coal miner. One who digs coal. (Roy.
Com.)

Coal oil. 1. The crude oil obtained by
the destructive distillation of bi-
tuminous coal. 2. That distillate ob-
tained from such a crude oil which is
used for illuminating purposes —
kerosene. 3. Crude petroleum.
(Bacon)

Coal passer. One whos-> duty it is to
pass coal to the furnace of a steam
engine. (Century)

Coal pipe (Eng.). 1. The carbonized
annular coating or bark of a fossil
plant. 2. A very thin seam of coal.
See also Coal shed. (Gresley)

Coal. pit. 1. (U. S.) A place where
charcoal is made. 2. (Eng.). A
place where coal is dug. A coal
mine.

Coal plant. A fossil plant found in
association with or contributing by
its substance to the formation of
coal beds. Strictly speaking, any
plant species, the residue of whose
individuals has entered under nat-
ural geological conditions, into the
composition of coal. (Century)

Coal pocket. A structure for the
storage >f coal. (Century)

Coal prints (No. of Eng.). Thin films,
or patches, of coal-like matter inter-
bedded with shale. (Gresley)

166

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Coal puncher; Pick machine. A coal
cutter of the reciprocating type,
used for undercutting and nicking
coal. (Power)

Coal rake (Derb.). A seam or bed of
coal. (Gresley)

Coal ree (Scot.). Same as Coal rith.

Coalrith; Coal ree; Coal f auld (Scot.)
A sale place for coal other than at
a colliery. (Barrowman)

Coal road. 1. An underground roadway
or heading in coal. (G. and M. M.

P.)

2. A railroad whose principal busi-
ness is the haulage of coal, as from
mine to industrial centers.

Coal room (Scot). A working face in
stoop-and-room workings. (Bar-
rowman)

Coal salad (Wales). A mixture of
various sorts of coal. (Gresley)

Coal seam. See Coal bed.
Coal seat. Same as Fire clay.

Coal shed (Eng.). A coal bed of only
a few inches in thickness, and there-
fore unworkable. - (Gresley)

Coal-sheugh. See Sheugh, 2.

Coal smits (York). Worthless, earthy
coal. See also Coal smut. (Gres-
ley)

Coal smut (Eng.). An earthy coal
stratum at or near the surface.
The outcrop of a coal seam (Gres-
ley). Also called Blossom of coal.

Coal stone (Eng.). A kind of cannel
coal. ( Gresley )

Coal tar. A tar obtained by the de-
structive distillation of soft or bitu-
minous coal, as in the manufacture
of coal gas. It i§ a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons and other sub-
stances. It is the source of many
dyestuffs. (Webster)

Coal-tar naphtha. The light oil pro-
duced in the distillation of coal tar.
(Bacon)

Coal-tar pitch. The residuum from
the distillation of coal tar. Most
of the tar is run to soft pitch with
a melting point between 60° and 80°
O. (Bacon)

Coal trimmer. One who is employed
to stow and trim or shift coal on
board vessels, either as cargo or
supply for furnaces. (Century)

Coal vend. 1. (Eng.). The general
sale of coal. 2. The limited quan-
tity of coal to which each colliery
was restricted by a former com-
bination of coal operators on the
Tyne. (Century)

Coal wall (Scot). The coal face.
(Barrowman)

Coal warrant (Wales). A kind of fire-
clay forming the floor of a coal bed.
(Gresley)

Coal washery. See Washery.

Coal washing. See Washing appa-
ratus.

Coal whipper. A laborer or a machine
that raises coal out of the hold of a
ship. (Webster)

Coal work. 1. (No. of Eng.). Head-
ings driven in coal. (Gresley)
2. (Scot). A colliery. (Barrow-
man)

Coal workings. A coal mine with Ita
appurtenances; a colliery (Stand-
ard). Coal works.

Coaly rashings. Soft dark shale, in
small pieces, containing much car-
bonaceous matter. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Coarse; Coose. A name given to a vein
or the material from it when it is
not rich, the mineral being only
thinly disseminated through it
(Power). Inferior, faulty.

Coarse jigs. The jigs used to handle
the larger sizes and heavier grades
of ore or metal. (Weed)

Coarse lode. One not rich. See also
Coarse. (Skinner)

Coarse metal. The regulus or copper
matte obtained when smelting cop-
per ore, containing 20 to 40 per cent
copper. ( Webster )

Coarse roll. A large roll for the pre-
liminary crushing of large pieces of
ore, rock, or coal. Used in stage
crushing.

Coast and Geodetic Survey. A bureau
of the United States Government
charged with the topographic and
hydrographic survey of the coast
and the execution of belts of pri-
mary triangulation, and lines of pre-
cise leveling in the interior.

Coaster (Corn.). One who picks ore
from the dump or abandoned mines.
(Crofutt)

Coave. A sled for transporting coal
In mines. (Daddow)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

167

Cob. 1. (Corn.) To break ore with
hammers, so as to sort out the valu-
able portion. (Whitney)
2. (Derb.) A small, solid pillar of
coal left as a support for the roof.
(Gresley)

Cobalt. A tough, lustrous, nickel-
white metal, related to and occur-
ring with iron and nickel. Symbol,
Co; atomic weight, 58.97. Specific
gravity, 8.6.

Cobalt bloom. See Erythrite.
Cobalt glance. See Cobaltite.

Cobaltina (Mex.). Oobaltlte.
(D wight)

Cobaltite. A sulpharsenide of cobalt,

1 CoAsS. Contains 35.5 per cent of

cobalt. Cobalt glance. (U. S. Oeol.
Surv.)

Cobalt minerals. Minerals containing
cobalt as hnnaeite, cobaltite';
erythrite; smaltite.

Cobalt ocher. The mineral erythrite.
(Standard)

Cobalt pyrites. See Linnaeite.
Cobalt vitriol. See Red or Rose vitriol.

Cobbed ore (Eng.). Ore broken from
veinstone by means of a small ham-
mer. (Hunt)

Cobbing. 1. (Corn.) Breaking ore to
sort out its better portions. See
also Spall. (Raymond)
2. Rubble, as from furnace bottoms,
impregnated with copper. (Stand-
ard)

Cobbing board. A flat piece of wood
used in cobbing. (Century)

Cobbing hammer. A short double-
ended hammer for breaking min-
erals to sizes. (C. and M. M. P.)

Cobble. 1. (Penn.) In metallurgy of
iron, an imperfectly puddled ball
which goes to pieces in the squeezer.
(Raymond)

2. (Eng.)' Small lump coal (Gres-
ley). See also Cob coal.

3. See Cobblestones.

Cobblestone. A smoothly rounded
stone, larger than a pebble and
smaller than a bowlder. (La Forge)

Cobbling (Eng.). Cleaning the haul-
age road of coal which has fallen
off the trams. (Gresley)

Cobcoal. A large round piece of coal.
(Century)

Cobre (Sp.). Copper; C. abigarrado,
bornite; C. amarillo, chalcopyrite ;
C. azul, azurite; C. ffris, gray copper,
tetrahedrite ; C. negro, black or blis-
ter-copper ; C. roseta, rose-copper,
Ingot-copper; C. rojo, red oxide of
copper; C. verfie, malachite; C. vir-
gen, native copper. (Halse)

Cobrizo (Sp.). Coppery; cupreous;
copper-bearing. (Halse)

Cob wall. A wall built of unburned
clay, sometimes mixed with straw,
or of straw, lime, and earth. (Cen-
tury)

Cocarde ore. See Sphere-ore.

Coccolith. A minute calcareous body
found in chalk and deep-sea ooze%
It is supposed to be the secretion of
a unicellular plant. (Webster)

Cocer (Sp.). To burn lime; to roast
ore. (Halse).

Cocha (Peru). A settling tank
(Pfordte). Also a lenticular ore de-
posit. (Halse)

Cochano ( Venez. ) . A nugget. ( Halse )

Coche; Coehina (Mex.). A rock-
crusher; a large anvil. (Dwight)

Cochizo (Peru). Gray copper -ore
(Dwight)

Cockade ore. Cockscomb pyrite; a
form of marcasite. (Power)

Cockermegs (Eng.). Timber props to
support the coal while undercut-
ting (Gresley). Also called
Cockers.

Ctckerpole. A piece of timber placed
horizontally between two inclined
pieces which abut against the roof
and floor. (Gresley)

Cockers. See Cockermegs.
Cockerspraggs. Same as Cockermegs

Cockhead (Derb.). A pack to support
the roof. It consists of slack or
waste and is about 12 ft. in width,
surmounted by a few lumps of coal.
(Gresley)

Cockle. 1. (Corn.) Schorl or black
tourmaline. ( Whitney )
2. Any mineral occurring in dark,
long crystals, especially black tour-
maline or schorl. (Webster)

Cock metal. A soft alloy composed of
two parts copper and one part lead.
Used for making taps and cocks.
(Century)

168

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cocksohute (Welsh). Hard siliceous

beds passing into conglomerates In

the Coal Measures of South Wales,

(Power)
Cockscomb pyrites. A variety of mar-

casite occurring in crestlike forms.

(Webster)
Coco (Colom.). A cocoanut vessel in

which to deposit auriferous sands.

(Halse)
Cod (Newc.). The bearing of an axle.

(Raymond)

Code. 1. A unified and coordinated
body of law; especially, reenact-
ment, in improved and systematic
form, of previously existing law,
whether derived from statute, pre-
scription, or judicial decisions. 2.
A system of signals or of characters
used to represent letters or words,
or in any way to communicate in-
telligence, as a cipher code, naval
code, telegraphic code. See Tele-
graph. 3. A system of rules and
regulations generally approved and
formally applied for conduct in par-
ticular cases; as, the social code;
the code of honor; the mining code.
(Standard)

C6dlgo (Sp). Code of laws; C. de
minas, mining code; law of mines.
(Halse)

Cod piece (Aust.). A wooden fish-
plate used for connecting the seg-
ments of a curb in shafts. (Power)

Coe (Eng.). A small cabin built over
the shaft. (Hunt)

Coefficient. In physics, a number com-
monly used in computation as a fac-
tor, expressing the amount of some
change or effect -under certain con-
ditions as to temperature, length,
time, volume, etc., as the coefficient
of contraction, depression, discharge,
displacement, efficiency, efflux, elas-
ticity, expansion, fineness, friction,
hysteresis, inertia, leakage, mobility,
reduction, refraction, resistance,
rigidity, safety, and velocity. (Web-
ster)

Coestead (Eng.). \A small building.
See Coe. (Bainbridge)

Coffee-pot lamp (Aust.). An ordinary
coal miner's open oil lamp, similar
in shape to a coffee pot.

Coffer; Cofer. 1. (Derb.). To secure
a shaft from leaking by ramming in
clay behind the masonry or timber-
Ing. 2. (Corn.). See Mortar, 2. 3.
A rectangular plank frame, used in
timbering levels. (Raymond)
4. A floating dock; a caisson.
(Standard)

Cofferdam. 1. A water-tight inclosure,
as of piles packed with clay, from
which the water is pumped to ex-
pose the bottom (of a river, etc.)
and permit the laying of founda-
tions, building of piers, dams, etc.
(Webster)

2. A double bulkhead, provided in
tank steamers for the purpose of iso-
lating the oil cargo from the engine
an.d boiler space or from holds used
for other cargo, and to prevent leak-
age into the adjacent compartments.
(Mitzakis)

Coffering. The operation of securing
the shaft of a mine from the ingress
of water by ramming clay in be-
tween the casing and the rock.
(Qentury)

Coffin (Corn.). An old open-mine
wojrking, in which the ore is cast up
from platform to platform. (Stand-
ard)

Cog. 1. A rock intrusion. 2. To con-
solidate as by hammering or rolling ;
also to shape by rolling and re-roll-
ing, as in the manufacture of iron.
(Webster)

3. See Cogs,; Chock; Nog.

Cog-and-mng gin. One of the earliest
appliances for hoisting the coal and
water from the mine. It was a
windlass fitted with a cogwheel and
pinion arrangement, and worked by
a horse in much the same way as
horse-gins are worked. (Gresley)

Cogedor (Sp.). A collector; a sampler.
(Halse)

Cogger (Eng.). One who builds cogs
(Gresley). See Cogs.

Cogging; Coggin (So. Staff.). The
propping of the roof in longwall
stalls. (Gresley). See also Cogs;
Nogs.

Cogollos (Colom.). The superficial
part of an ore deposit; C. de las
vetas, an outcrop. (Halse)

Cogs. See Nogs; only cogs are not
squared, but simply notched where
they cross each other. The interior
of a structure of this kind and the
spaces between the timber are usually
filled with gob. They are called also
Cobs, Corncobs, etc. (Raymond)

Cohesion. That force by which mole-
cules of the same kind or of the
same body are held together, so that
the body resists being pulled to
pieces. (Rickard)

Cohetazo (Mex.). A shot with a
match, squib or detonator inserted.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

169

Cohete (Mex. ). A blasting cartridge,
a rocket; applied to a blast within
a mine or outside. (O. and M.
M. P.)

Coil drag. A tool to pick up pebbles,
bits of iron, etc., from the bottom of
a drill hole. (Raymond)

Coin silver (U. S.). The alloy of
silver and copper which in the
United States is accepted as the legal
standard of fineness for the silver
coinage, counting 90 per cent of the
former metal to 10 per cent of the
latter. (Standard)

Coir. Cocoanut-husk fiber (C. and
M. M. P.) Used in certain metal-
lurgical processes.

Cok (Mex.) Coke. (Dwight)

Coke. Bituminous coal from which the
volatile constituents have been
driven off by heat, so that the fixed
carbon and the ash are fused to-
gether. Commonly artificial, but
natural coke is also known. (U. S.
Geol. Gurv.)

Coke coal (No. of Bng.). Carbonized
or partially burnt coal found on the
sides of dikes (Gresley). See
also Natural coke.

Coke drawer. A mechanical device for
drawing coke from an oven. (Ful-
ton, p. 187) ,

Coke iron. Iron made in a furnace
using coke as a fuel. (Webster)

Coke oven. An oven used in the
manufacture of coke. See Beehive
oven; also By-product oven. Web-
ster)

Coke-oven tar. Coal tar produced in
by-product coke ovens in the manu-
facture of coke from bituminous
coal. (Bacon)

Coke plate. Coke-smelted or puddled-
iron coated with tin (Standard).
See also Tin plate.

Coke scrubber. An apparatus filled
with coke moistened with oil, used
to purify street gas, which is forced
through it. (Century)

Coke tower.. A high tower or con-
denser filled with coke, used in the
manufacture of hydrochloric acid to
give a large surface for the union
of a falling spray of water with the
rising hydrochloric acid gas. (Cen-
tury)

Coke wharf (Aust). A platform onto
which coke is pushed when dis-
charged from an oven. (Power)

Cokey (Joplin, Mo.). A shoveler; a
mucker.

Cokey herder (Joplin, Mo.). A fore-
man of a shovel gang.

Coking coal. The most important of
the bituminous coals, which burns
with a long yellow flame, giving off
more or less smoke, and creates an
intense heat when properly attended.
It is usually quite soft, and does
not bear handling well. In the fire
it swells, fuses, and finally runs to-
gether in large masses, which are
rendered more or less porous by the
evolution of the contained gaseous
hydrocarbons. (Chance)

Coking plate. A plate at the door of a
furnace which uses bituminous coal,
on which fresh coal is placed and
allowed to coke before being spread
on the fire. (Century)

Coking stoker. A mechanical stoker
or device for firing a furnace which
permits the coal to coke before feed-
ing it to the grate, thus burning
the fuel with little or r\r> smoke.
(Century)

Col ( Fr.). A saddle or gap across a
ridge or between two peaks ; also, in
a valley in which streams flow both
ways from a divide, that part of the
valley at the divide, especially if the
valley slopes rather steeply away
from the divide. (La Forge)

Cola. 1. (Mex.) That part of a vein
which terminates in depth; tail-end
of a vein. 2. (Colom.) The lower
end of a placer mine. The lower
end of a gjround sluice. 3. (Sp.)
The bottom layer of slag below
the charge in a smelting furnace.
(Halse)

Coladera (Mex.). A coarse screen.
(Dwight)

Coladero. 1. (Sp.) A winze. 2.
(Colom.) Any chute or pass for ore".
(Halse)

Colander shovel. An. open wirework
shovel used for taking salt crystals
from an evaporating brine. (Cen-
tury)

Colas (Sp.). Tailings from a stamp
mill or any wet process. (C. and
M. M. P..)

Cold bed. A platform in a rolling
mill on which cold bars are stored.
(Raymond)

Cold blast. Air forced into a furnace
without being previously heated
(Raymond). See Gayley process.

170

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cold chisel. A chisel of tempered steel,
used in cutting cold metal. (Stand-
ard)

Cold-drawn. Drawn while cold or
without the application of heat, as
cold-drawn steel tubing. (Webster)

Cold furnace (No. of Eng.). A drift
driven into an upcast shaft to con-
vey the return air into it instead
of passing it over the furnace fire.
This is done to prevent the ignition
of the gas in the return air. (Gres-
ley)

Cold nose. (Western U. S.). A mining
expert who underrates the value of
mineral properties. ( Standard )

Cold pit (Leic.). A downcast shaft.
Called cold because the fresh or
cold air comes down it. (Gresley)

Cold-roll. To roll while cold or with-
out the application of heat. (Web-
ster)

Cold-short. Brittle when cold; ap-
plied chiefly to iron and steel (Ray-
mond). Compare Red-short.

Cold-shot. 1. Small round particles of
iron sometimes found in the chilled
part of an iron casting. (Standard)
2. Chilled by the mold in casting,
or imperfect through such chilling.
(Webster)

Cold-stoking. In glass making, the
operation of lowering the tempera-
ture of the oven until the glass at-
tains the proper consistency for
blowing. This operation follows
that of clearing. (Century)

Cold test. A name given to a test ap-
plied to lubricating oils in order to
ascertain their power of withstand-
ing low temperatures without solidi-
fying or depositing paraffin. (Mitza-
kis)

Colemanite. A hydrous borate of cal-
cium, 2CaO . 3B2O8 . 5H2O. The com-
monest source of borax in the United
States. (U. S. Geol, Surv.)

Colero (Mex.). A boss in charge of
peones. (Dwight)

Colgantes (Mex.). Hangers for sus-
pending sets in shafts. (Halse)

Colgar el cana!6n (Sp. Am.). To pre-
pare the sluice for washing; C. el
mineral, to open a vein by driving
levels; metal colgado, ore in sight;
ore reserves. (Halse)

Colina (Mex.). A small hill. (Dwight)

Colindantes (Mex.). Neighboring min-
ing properties, not more than 100
meters apart. (Dwight)

Collado (Sp.). A hill. (Min. Jour.)

Collar. 1. See Cap. 2. The collar of
a shaft is the horizontal timbering
around the mouth. (Raymond)

3. (No. of Eng.) The mouth of a
mine-shaft. (Gresley)

4. The mouth or opening of a bore
hole. (Du Pont)

5. A flat ring surrounding anything
closely. (Steel)

6. (Scot.) A frame to guide pump
rods; the fastening of pipes in a
shaft. (Barrowman)

Collar crib (No. of Eng.). A strong
polygonal wooden frame fixed in a
shaft, upon which the crib or wood
tubbing is bedded. (Gresley)

Collared. Designating a drill hole in
rock when the hole has gained suffi-
cient depth to hold the drill from
slipping. (Gillette, p. 120)

Collaring (Eng.). Timber framing for
supporting pump trees in a shaft.
See also Chogs. (Gresley)

Collar launder (Eng.). The pipe at
the top of a lift of pumps for carry-
ing water to a cistern. (Bain-
bridge)

Collar of shaft (Aust.)v The first
wooden frame round the top of a
shaft (Power). See Collar, 2 and 3.

Collecting rope (Aust.). An endless
rope used for bringing skips from
where they are left by the main
haulage system to the bottom of the
shaft. (Power)

Collier (Eng.). 1. Strictly speaking a
man who mines coal with a pick
though commonly applied to anyone
who works in or about a colliery.

2. A steam or sailing vessel carry-
ing a cargo of coal. (Gresley)

3. A coal merchant or dealer in coal.
(Century)

Collier's coal. A certain weight of
coal allowed periodically (once in a
month or six weeks) by the owners
to the men employ on the works.
(Gresley)

Collier's lung. See Anthracosis.

Collier's ton (Eng.). A weight of
often several cwt. in addition to the
standard ton of 2,240 Ibs. In former
times as much as 28 c ,vt. was reck-
oned as one ion. (Gresley)

Colliery (Eng.). 1. A place where coal
is mined, including its machinery
and plant (Gresley). See also Coal
mine.
2. The coal trade. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

171

Colliery bailiff (Derb). The superin-
tendent of the colliery. (Min.
Jour. )

Colliery consumption. The amount of
fuel consumed In generating steam
and for other purposes in and about
a colliery. (Gresley)

Colliery warnings (Eng.). Tele-
graphic messages sent from signal-
service stations to the principal
colliery centers to warn managers
of mines when sudden falls of the
barometer occur. (C. and M. M. P.)

Collimate. 1. To bring into line, as
the axes of two lenses or of two
telescopes ; also to make parallel, as
refracted or reflected rays. 2. To
determine or correct the direction
of the line of sight (of a telescope)
by use of a colHmator, or by vertical
reflection from the surface of a basin
of mercury. (Standard)

Collimation axis. The straight line
passing through the optical center of
the object glass (of a transit) and
the horizontal rotation axis perpen-
dicular to the latter. (Webster)

Collimation plane. The plane described
by the Collimation axis during the
revolution of a transit. (Webster)

Collimator. A fixed telescope with
spider-lines in its focus, used to ad-
just a second telescope by looking
through it in a reverse direction
with the latter, so that images of
the spider-lines are formed in the
focus of the second telescope, as if
they originated in a distant point.
(Standard)

Collision waves. Two waves that are
propagated in opposite directions
through the burned gases, and orig-
inating ut the point where two ex-
plosion waves meet. (Mellor, Chemi-
cal Statistics and Dynamics, p. 491.
1909)

Collodion. A solution of gun-cotton in
ether and alcohol. It is deposited
as a film on the evaporation of the
ether, and Is used as a coating for
wounds and for photographic plates.
(Standard)

Colloid. A state of matter , supposed
to represent a degree of subdivision
into almost molecular dimensions,
dispersed in a solvent. Colloidal
particles possess the property of
carrying electric charges, and also of
failing to diffuse through a mem-
brane, this being the original dis-
tinction between colloids and crys-
talloids. (Rickard)

Collom washer (Lake Sap.). / 'va-
riety of jig. (Raymond)

Collophanite. A dull, colorless or snow-
white hydrous calcium phosphate,
Ca.PaO.+HaO. (Dana)

Colluvial. Consisting of alluvium in
part and also containing angular
fragments of the original rocks.
Contrasted with Alluvial and Di-
luvial. (Century). Also, talus and
cliff debris; material of avalanches.
(Watson, p. 241)

Cologne earth. An earthy, peaty mass
of lignite, ^OT partly fossilized
wood, of a deep brown color, occtus
ring in an irregular bed of from 80
to 50 feet thick, near Cologne.
(Page)

Cololite. In geology, a substance ap-
pearing to be the petrified intestines
of fishes or their contents, but more
probably formed of worm casts.
Frequently found in the lithographic
slates of the OSlite. (Century)

Colophonite. A coarse garnet of the
variety andradite. So called by rea-
son of its resinous luster and color,
(Dana)

Color (Sp.). 1. Color. The shade or
tint of the earth or rock which indi-
cates ore. 2. A particle of metallic
gold found in the prospector's pan
after a sample of earth or crushed
rock has been "panned out." Pros-
pectors say, e. g., "The dirt gave
me so many colors to the panful."
(Raymond)

Coloradoite. A native telluride of mer-
cury, found in Colorado. (Century)

Colorados. 1. (Sp.). Ores impreg-
nated with oxide of iron, and in a
state of decomposition. See also
Gossan. (Raymond)

2. (Mex.). The region of a mineral
vein which includes the oxidized
portion. (Dwight)

3. (Peru and Chile). Oxidized sil-
ver ores colored by copper or in
which malachite or azurite predomi-
nates. (Halse)

Colors (Interference). In optical min-
eralogy, the colors of doubly refract-
ing substances as seen in polarized
light (A. F. Rogers)

Colote (Mex.). A special basket used
for handling earth, etc., by cargo-
dor es ; is slung on the back, and
usually provided with a short tail-
rope for quick dumping. (Dwight)

172

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Colpa. 1. (Peru) Iron sulphate. 2.
(Mex.) A natural mixture of sul-
phate and peroxide of iron (Col-
cothar) in the patio process, and
sometimes used in lieu of magistral.
(Halse)

3. (Peru) An ore containing ga-
lena, tethrahedrite and native sil-
ver (Dwigbt). Any mixture of ores
for smelting purposes.

Colpas (Chile). Lump-ore. (Dwight)

Colrake. A shovel used to stir lead
ores during washing. (Raymond)

Columbia group. A series of fluviogla-
cial marine and estuarial deposits
of sand and gravel,- overlying the
Lafayette formation along the At-
lantic coast of the United States
south of New York, formed in the
Pleistocene during the final glacial
retreat.

Columbite. A variable columbate and
tantalate of iron and manganese
containing preponderant columbium
and grading into tantalite, in which
tantalum preponderates. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Columbium. A metallic element of
steel-gray color and brilliant luster.
Tantalum, which it closely resem-
bles chemically, is usually asso-
ciated with it. Symbol, Cb; atomic
weight, 93.1. Specific gravity, 7.06
to 8,4. (Webster)

Column. 1. The rising main or length
of pipe conveying the water from
the mine to the surface. 2. See Mo-
tive column: 3. A solid core cut
from a bore-hole. (Gresley)

4. A kind of ' supporting pillar.
(Webster)

5. The water above the valve. In a
set of pumps. (Green well)

Columna (Mex.). A standard for a
cable-tramway ; column ; vertical
damper. (Dwight)

Columnar structure. 1. A mineralogi-
cal structure made up of slender
columns, as in some amphibole.
2. A structure common in dikes,
sills, and lava sheet?, consisting of
parallel, more or less regular, pris-
matic columns, generally transverse
to the rock 5. (La Forge)

Column pipe. The large cast-iron (or
wooden) pipe through which the
water is conveyed from the mine
pumps to the surface (Chance). A
mounting pipe ; a rising main.

Columns-of-ore. Deposits of ore in
lodes having a small lateral, but
considerable vertical extent (Dur-
yee). An ore-shoot

Comagmatic. Having certain chemical
or mineral characters in common
and hence regarded as derived from
a common parent magma ; consangu-
ineous; said of igneous rocks in a
district or region, but not necessarily
including all igneous rocks of the
district. (La Forge)

Comagmatic region. An area in which
the igneous rocks of the same gen-
eral geologic age hav certain dis-
tinguishing characters in common
and are regarded as comagmatic; a
petrographic province. (La Forge)

Comalillo. 1. (Mc^.). A damper in a
furnace-flue. (Dwight)
2. A double-hearthed reverberatory
furnace for making maffistral.
(Halse)

Comanche series. The Lower Cretace-
ous series of limestones covering
nearly all Mexico, and most of Tex-
as. (Standard)

Comb. The place, in a fissure which
has been filled by successive deposi-
tions of mineral on the walls, where
the two sets of layers thus deposited
approach most nearly or meet, clos-
ing the fissure and exhibiting either
a drusy central cavity, or an inter-
locking of crystals. (Raymond)

Combed veins. See Banded veins;
also Comb.

Combination gas. Natural gas rich in
oil vapors. Wet gas. Also called
Casing-head gas.

Combination longwall. See Longwall
method.

Combination of subslicing and stoping.
See Sublevel stoping.

Combination shot. A blast made by
dynamite and permissibles or per-
missible explosives and blasting
powde.r in the same hole. It is bad
practice and in many States is pro-
hibited by law. (Du Pont)

Combination stoping. See Combined
and underhand stoping.

Combined carbon. That portion of the
carbon in iron or steel which is not
visible as graphite, and is supposed
to be alloyed or chemically combined
with the iron. (Raymond)

Combined overhand and underhand
stoping. This term signifies the
workings of a block simultaneously
from the bottom to its top and from
the top to the bottom. The modifi-
cations are distinguished by the sup-
port used — open stopes, stull-sup-
ported stopes or pillar-supported

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

173

slopes (Young). Also known as
Combined stopes, Combination stop-
ing, Overhand stoping and milling
system, and Back and underhand
stoping milling system.

Combined shrinkage stoping and block
caving. Also called Overhand stop-
ing with sh/inkage and simultaneous
caving. In this method the ore-
body is worked from the top down
In successive layers of much greater
thickness than in top slicing. The
mass of ore is weakened by a series
of shrinkage stopes, which are ex-
tended up between the ribs, pillars,
or blocks, which are subsequently
caved. The intervening blocks are.
undercut and caved as in block cav-
ing. The cover follows the caved
ore, (Young)

Combined side • and longwall stoping.
See Overhand stoping.

Combined stopes. See Combined and
underhand stoping.

Combined top slicing and shrinkage
•toping:. In this method the orebody
in worked from the top down In suc-
cessive slices. In the working of
each slice the unit is worked as a
shrinkage stope. The broken ore
serves to give lateral support to the
sides of the unit and also serves as a
working platform from which the
back is reached. After working a
unit the cover is caved. No timber
mat is used. (Young.) Also known
as the Kimberly method.

Combining weight That proportional
weight, referred to some standard*
and for each element fixed and
exact, by which an element unites
with another to form a distinct
compound. The combining weights
are either identical with, or are some
multiples or submultiples of, the
atomic weight. (Webster)

Combo (Peru). A sledge for breaking
ore. (Halse)

Combustible. Capable of undergoing
combustion; inflammable. (Web-
ster)

Combustible shale. A synonym for

Tasmanite.

Combustion. The action of fire on in-
flammable materials; the act or
process of burning. Chemically con-
sidered, it is a process of rapid oxi-
dation caused by the union of the
oxygen of the air, which is the sup-
porter of combustion, with any ma-
terial that is capable of oxidation.
(Century)

Combustion chamber. A space over or
in front of furnace where the gases
from the fire .become more thor-
oughly mixed and burnt. (Web-
ster)

Combustion furnace. A long, narrow,
portable furnace used .in the combus-
tion method. (Webster)

Combustion method. A method for the
quantitative determination of car-
bon, hydrogen, etc., by combustion
of the substance with air, oxygen, or
some solid oxidizing material as
copper oxide, and absorption or col-
lection of gaseous products. It is
extensively used for the analysis of
organic compounds, and also for the
determination of carbon in iron and
steel. (Webster)

Combustion tube. A tube capable of
standing considerable heat, used in
the combustion method. (Webster)

Come-along. A gripping device as for
stretching wire, consisting of two
Jaws so attached to a ring that they
are closed by putting on the ring.
(Webster)

Comendite. A variety of rhyolite, con-
taining phenocrysts of sanidine,
quartz, and aegirite, in a granophy-
ric and spherulitic groundinass con-
taining hornblende and some blue
soda-amphibole, together with zir-
con, magnetite, titanite, tridymite,
and plagioclase. The name was
given by Bertolis, an Italian geolo-
gist, from a locality on the island of
San Pietro, Sardinia. Compare Pai-
sonite. (Kemp)

Comer (Mex.). To eat; C. Alevantc,
to break or stope ore; Comer los
pilares, to take out the last vestiges
of mineral from sides and pillars
of a mine ; to rob pillars. (Dwight)

Comerse los pilares (Sp.). The same
as comer los pilares, figuratively, to
abandon a mine. (Min. Jour.)

Comet (Wales). A hand lamp with
a long, torchlike flame. (Gresley)

Come water. The constant or regular
flow of water in a mine proceeding
from old workings or from water-
bearing rocks. (Gresley)

Comlllo (Sp.). A reverberatory fur-
nace. (Min. Jour.)

Coming up to grass;.* Coming up to day.
(Eng.). A common term used by
miners for the word basset, or out-
crop. (Gresley)

174

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Comminute. To reduce to minute par-
ticles, or to a fine powder; to pul-
verize; triturate. (Webster)

Common iron. Thp poorest quality of
commercial iron. (Standard)

Communication road (Scot). An
underground road between two coal
mine shafts. (Barrowman)

Commutator. 1. A device for reversing
the direction of an electric current,
as through the primary circuit of an
induction coil. 2. An attachment
for the armature of a dynamo tor
commutating or rectifying the in-
duced currents in the armature con-
ductors. (Webster)

Commuting transformer. A trans-
former resembling a dynamo but
with a revolving Commutator, the
other parts being stationary (Web-
ster)

Como beds. In geology, a thin series
of beds extending from Wyoming
along the east base of the Rocky
Mountains into Colorado, containing
a rich land fauna of mammals and
reptiles. They are referred either
to the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cre-
taceous. ( Standard )

Compact. Closely or firmly united or
packed; solid; dense; as a compact
texture in rocks. (Webster)

Company. 1. (Eng.) A number of
butty colliers, or partners who work
in a stall or room. (Gresley)
2. An association of persons for a
joint purpose, especially for carry-
ing on a commercial or industrial
enterprise. (Webster)

Company man. A man who works for
the company by the hour or by the
day, such as track layers, timber-
men, drivers, and cagers, as distin-
guished from miners who work un-
der contract, as by the ton, yard,
etc. He also brushes down the
walls and roof when apparently dan-
gerous; loads the loose rock and
debris into cars and pushes them out
to the haulage way. ( Spring Valley
Coal Co. v. Chiaventone, 214 Illinois,
p. 314; Tygett v. Sunnyside Coal Co.,
140 Illinois App., p. 79; Hammett v.
Victoria American Fuel Co., 236 Fed-
eral, p. 527; Paietta v. Illinois Zinc
Co., 257 Illinois, p. 14)

Company store. A store, selling grocer-
ies and general merchandise, owned
and run by an industrial company
(Webster). This type of store Is
common in mining and lumber
camps.

Compartimiento (Sp.). Compartment
of a shaft; C. de aire, a brattice
(Halse). An air passage.

Compartment. A separate division or
section of anything (Webster).
Mining shafts usually are divided
into two or more compartments or
sections, separated by framed tim-
bers nnd planking.

Compass. 1. An instrument for de-
termining directions, usually by the
pointing of a magnetic needle free
to turn in a horizontal plane, as, for
example, the ordinary surveyors
compass though sometimes having
a clinometer attached. Also, a dip-
compass, for tracing magnetic iron
ore, having a needle hung to move
in a vertical plane. (Raymond)
2. An instrument for describing cir-
cles, transferring measurements, etc.
(Webster)

Competent. In geology; 1. Combining
sufficient firmness and flexibility to
transmit pressure, and by flexure
under thrust, to lift a superincum-
bent load : said of strata or of rock
structure. 2. Able to transport de-
bris of a given size: said of water
streams. ( Standard )

Complementary forms. In crystallog-
raphy, two forms which, combined
geometrically, produce a form with
higher symmetry. (A. F. Rogers)

Complementary rocks. A term sug-
gested by W. C. BrSgger for the
basic rocks, which, usually in the
form of dikes, accompany larger in-
trusions of more acidic types, and
"complement" them in a chemical
sense. Compare Lamprophyre, Oxy-
phyre, and Radial dikes. (Kemp)
The diverse differentiation prod-
ucts of one common magma. ( Stand-
ard)

Complex. In mineralogy, containing
many ingredients ; compound or com-
posite. Some geologists use the
word as a noun to indicate a com-
plex set of rocks folded together, or
intricately mixed, involved, compli-
cated, or enlarged. (Roy. Com.)

Complex fold. A fold which is cross
folded, that is, one of which the
axial line is folded. {Leith, p. 105\

Complex steel. An alloy steel con-
taining more than two alloying ele-
ments, such as high-speed tool steel
(Hibbard). It contains more ele-
ments than quaternary steel.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

175

Componer con madera (Mex.). To
timber a mine. (Dwight)

Composite. Made up of separate parts
or elements; combined or com-
pounded; not simple. (Standard)

Composite dike. A dike formed by two
intrusions of different ages into the
same fissure. (Kemp)

Composition. 1. An aggregate, mix-
ture, mass, or body formed by com-
bining two or more substances; a
composite substance. (Webster)
2. The chemical constitution of a
rock or mineral. (Power)

Composition face. In contact twin
crystals, the face of actual contact.
It may or may not be the twinning
plane. (Standard)

Composition metal. A yellow alloy of
copper, zinc, etc., used for sheathing
vessels. ( Standard )

Composition plane. The plane by
which the two individuals of a con-
tact twin crystal are united in their
reverse positions (Dana). Also
called Composition face.

Compound. 1. A distinct substance
formed by the union of two or more
ingredients in definite proportions by
weight (Webster)

2. A lubricant applied to the inside
and outside of ropes, preventing oor-
rosion and lessening abrasion of the
rope when in contact with hard sur-
faces. (C. M. P.)

3. The walled or fenced inclosure
of a European residence or factory
in India, China, or the Malayan set-
tlements; also, a similar inclosure
containing a group of native houses
(Standard). A term also used in
Transvaal for the living quarters of
the Kaffir miners.

Compound cradle. An apparatus com-
posed of three tiers of blanket
tables, a shaking table and a quick-
silver riffle for catching gold.
(Duryee)

Compound twins. In crystallography,
individuals of one group united ac-
cording to two or more different
laws. (Standard)

Compound vein. 1. A vein or lode con-
sisting of a number of parallel fis-
sures united by cross fissures,
usually diagonally. (Shamel, p.
139)

2. A vein composed of several
minerals. (Power)

Compound ventilation (No. of Eng.).
The system of dividing or splitting
the air, and of ventilating the work-
ings of a coal mine by giving to each
district or panel a separate quan-
tity of fresh air, and conveying the
return air to a main air course
direct from each panel. (Gresley)

Compresora de aire (sp.). An air com-
pressor. (Lucas)

Compressed. Pressed together; com-
pact; reduced in volume by pres-
sure. (Webster)

Compression. 1. In steam practice,
the action of the piston in compress-
ing the steam remaining in the
cylinder, after the closure of ex-
haust valves, into the clearance-
space. (Ihlseng)

2. Also the point in the cycle of
operations, at which compression
occurs; the period during which
compression occurs. (Webster)

Compression efficiency. The ratio of
the work required to compress iso-
thermally all the air delivered by
an air compressor to the work ac-
tually done within the compressor
cylinder, as shown by indicator
cards, and may be expressed as the
product of the volumetric efficiency
(the intake pressure and the hy-
perbolic logarithm of the ratio of
compression), all divided by the in-
dicated mean effective pressure with-
in the air cylinder or cylinders.
(A. I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. Ivii)

Compressor. See Air compressor.

Compromiso (Sp.). A private engage-
ment or undertaking; also a joint-
stock undertaking. (Min. Jour.)

Compuerta (Mex.). A sluice gate.
(Dwight)

Comun (Peru). Average ore. (Halse)

Concert trader; Concert tr ado ra (Sp.). A
buddle; an ore concentrator.
(Lucas)

Concentrados (Mex.). Concentrates.
(Dwight)

Concentrar metal (Mex.) To con-
centrate ore. (Dwight)

Concentrate. 1. To increase the
strength by diminishing the bulk as
of a liquid or an ore; to intensify
or purify by getting rid of useless
material (Webster). To separate
metal or ore from the gangue or as-
sociated rock. (Murray's Diet.)

176

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

2. That which has been reduced to
a state of purity or concentration by
the removal of foreign, nonessential,
or diluting matter (Century). A
product of a process of concentra-
tion, as in chemistry or metallurgy
(Standard). The product of con-
centration (in mining). Used In
plural form as "arrangements for
treating the concentrates were com-
plete" -(Murray). Concentrates are
called "ore" at Joplin, Mo.;
"mineral" at Michigan copper mines,
and "tailings" at Black Hawk,
Colorado.

Concentrating plant. See Concen-
trator.

Concentration. 1. The removal by me-
chanical means of the lighter and
less valuable portions of ore. (Ray-
mond). See Ore dressing.
2- The act of increasing the strength
of solutions by evaporating part of
their water.

Concentration table. A table on which
a stream of finely crushed ore and
water flows downward and the
heavier metallic minerals lag behind
and flow off in a separate compart-
ment. (Weed)

Concentrator. An apparatus in which,
by the aid of water or air and spe-
cific gravity, mechanical concentra-
tion of ores is performed (Ray-
mond). Also applied to the entire
plant containing the various con-
centrating devices, or machinery. A
concentration plant.

Concentric. That which has a common
center with something else. (Web-
ster)

Conchoidal. Shell-shaped. The more
compact rocks such as flint, argil-
lite, felsite, etc., break with concave
and convex surfaces and are there-
fore said to have a conchoidal frac-
ture. (Roy. Com.)

Concordant injection. An igneous
mass injected along bedding planes.
(Daly, p. 63)

Concreci6n (Mex. ). Concretion.
(Dwight)

Concrete. A mixture of sand, gravel,
pebbles, or stone chippings, with ce-
ment or with tar, etc., used for side-
walks, roadways, floors, foundations,
etc. (Webster)

Concretion. A spheroidal or discoidal
aggregate formed by the segregation
and precipitation of some soluble
mineral like quartz or calcite around
a nucleus, which is often a £ '\
(Kemp)

Concretionary. Tending to grow to-
gether. Particles of like chemical
composition, when free to move,
come together and form nodules of
various sizes and shapes which are
called concretions. Clay and iron-
stone nodules, balls of iron pyrite,
turtle-stones, etc., are good exam-
ples. Some greenstones exhibit con-
cretionary structure. (Roy. Com.)

Concussion table. See Percussion table.

Condenser. A vessel or chamber in
which volatile products of roasting
or smelting (e. g., mercury or zinc
vapors) are reduced to solid form by
cooling, or in which the fumes of
furnaces, containing mechanically
suspended as well as volatile me-
tallic matters, are arrested. (Ray-
mond). The function of the con-
denser is often performed by the
introduction of cold water, or as in
distillation, by placing the condenser
in another vessel through which a
current of cold water passes. Con-
densers of special form are largely
used in those oil fields where salt
water is employed for the genera-
tion of steam. (Mitzakis)

Condensing lens. A lens for producing
convergent light. (Luquer, p. 9)

Conduct (Aust). See Cundy, 2.

Conductor. 1. A substance capable of
readily transmitting electricity, heat
or the like. 2. A person who con-
ducts or leads; a guide. (Webster)

3. See Guides, 1.

4. A wooden cylinder 12 to 18 ft.
long used in America when sinking
a new oil well. The conductor,
which has a slightly greater diame-
ter than that of the first string of
casing, is inserted in the drill hole,
and extends from the bottom of the
first casing to the floor of the der-
rick. The object of the conductor is
to guide the casing, great care being
taken to secure its absolute ver-
tically in the first place. (Mitzakis)

Conducta. 1. (Sp.) A convoy for the
safe transportation of bullion or
coin overland. (Hanks)
2. (Mex.) A bullion train. The
bullion carried. (Dwight)

Conduction. Transmission through, or
by means of a conductor. Distin-
guished, in the case of heat, from
convection and radiation. (Webster)

Conductivity. Quality or power of
conducting or of receiving and trans-
mitting, as of heat, electricity.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

177

Conduit. 1. An artificial channel, as
a canal, aqueduct or pipe for con-
veying water or fluid. 2. A tube or
trough for receiving, and protecting
electric wires, as telephones, etc.
(Wetfster)

Conduit hole, A flat or nearly hori-
zontal hole drilled for blasting up
a thin piece in the bottom of a level.
(G. and M. M. P.)

•

Conduit pipe. Wrought-iron pipe used
as armor for electric wires (Nat.
Tube Go.). A tubular conduit.

Conc-in-cone. 1. A curious structure,
occasionally found in clay rocks,
whereby two opposing and interlock-
ing sets of cones or pyramids are
developed, with their axes parallel
and their bases in approximately
parallel surfaces. (Kemp)
2. Coal exhibiting a peculiar fibrous
structure passing into- a singular
toothed arrangement of the particles
is called Cone-in-cone coal, or cry-
stallized coal. (Gresley)

Confining bed. A water-tight bed
above or below a stratum containing
artesian water. (Lowe)

Confluence. A Junction or flowing to-
gether of streams; the place where
streams meet. (Standard)

Confluent. 1. A stream that unites
with another; a fork or branch of
a river : especially applied to streams
nearly equal in size, and distin-
guished from affluent. 2. Flowing
together so as to form one stream.
(Standard)

Conformability; Conformity. The mu-
tual relation of conformable beds.
(La Forge)

Conformable. When beds or strata lie
upon one another in unbroken and
parallel order, and this arrangement
shows that no disturbance or denu-
dation has taken place at the local-
ity while their deposition was going
on, they are said to be conformable.
But if one set of beds rests upon
the eroded or the upturned edges
of another, showing a change of con-
ditions or a break between the for-
mations of the two sets of rocks,
they are said to be unconformable
(Roy. Com.)

Congenial. A term applied to rocks in
which lodes become ore bearing.
(Duryee)

Conglomerado (Mex.). Conglomerate.
(Dwight)

744010 O— 47 12

Conglomerate. An aggregate of round-
ed and water-worn pebbles and bowl-
ders cemented together into a co-
herent rock (Kemp, p. 88). De-
posited by streams or waves, gen-
erally with some sorting and strati-
fication. Compare Breccia.

Congo. 1. (Colom.) Fragments of
iron-ore, which accompany gold in
placers; a coarse black sand. ft.
Iron oxide in ore veins. (Halse)

Congruent forms. In crystallography
two forms which may each be de-
rived from the other by rotation
about an axis of symmetry. (A. P.
Rogers)

Coniagas. The name of a mine in the
Cobalt district, Ontario. It is de-
rived from the respective chemical
symbols, Co, Ni, Ag, and As.

Conical drum. The drum of a wind-
ing engine, constructed in the form
of two truncated cones placed base
to base, the outer ends being usually
the smaller in diameter. It may
also be a single cone.

Conical refraction. The refraction of
a ray of light at certain points of
double-refracting crystals, so that on
emerging from the crystal it widens
from an apex into a hollow cone
(external conical refraction), or on
entering diverges Into a cone and Is-
sues as a hollow cylinder (internal
conical refraction). (Standard)

Conichalcite. A pistachio-green to
emerald-green hydrous calcium-cop-
per a r sen ate, perhaps (Cu,Ca)«As»-
CMCu.Ca) (OH),+iHaO, occurring
reniform and massive, resembling
malachite. (Dana)

Conkling magnetic separator. A con-
veying , belt which passes under
magnets, below which belts run at
right angles to the line -of travel
of the main belt The magnetic
particles are lifted up against these
cross belts and are thus remove
(Liddell)

Connarite. .A hydrous nickel silicate
perhaps, H4Nl«Si«Oio ; found In fragile
grains- having a yellowish or greeu
color. (Dana)

Connate water. Water which was de-
posited simultaneously with the
deposition of solid sediments, and
which has not since Its deposition
existed as surface water or atmos-
pheric moisture, (Meinzer)

178

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Connecting. The operation of joining
adjacent electric blasting cap wires
to each other, to connecting and
leading wires, in such a way that
an electric current will flow through
with the least possible resistance.
(Du Pont)

Connecting rod (Eng.). A rod con-
necting a crank pin with a beam,
erosshead, piston rod, or piston as
in a steam engine. .(Webster)

Connecting wire. A wire of smaller
gauge than the leading wire used
for connecting the electric blasting-
cap wires from one bore hole to
those of an adjoining one. (Du
Pont)

Conoscope. A form of polariscope used
for examining crystals in convergent
polarized light. (Webster)

Consanguinity. The genetic relation-
ship of those igneous rocks which
are presumably derived from a com-
mon parent magma. (Kemp)

Consequent. 1. Pertaining to or char-
acterizing the earth movements
which result from the external
transfer of material in the process
of gradation; contrast with Ante-
cedent. ( Standard )

2. Having a course or direction de-
pendent on, or controlled by, the
geologic structure or by the form
and slope of the surface: said
chiefly of streams and drainage.
(La Forge)

Consertal. An arrangement in which
irregularly shaped crystals in juxta-
position are closely fitted together,
or conserted. (Iddings, p. 223)

Conservation. A conserving, preserv-
ing, guarding, or protecting; a keep-
ing in a safe or entire state; pre-
servation, as of mineral resources.

Conservation of energy. One of the
fundamental laws that whenever a
change in mode of manifestation of
energy takes place, the total amount
of energy remains a constant.
(Liddell)

Consey (Scot). An underground
branch road in stoop-and-room
workings. (Gresley)

Consideration. 1. A recompense as for
service; a fee or compensation. 2.
An act or process of considering;
continuous and careful thought;
examination; deliberation. (Web-
ster)

3. (Aust.). An extra payment given
to men working under unfavorable
conditions, e. g., in a wet place.
(Povs..)

Consistency. 1. The degree c-t solidity
or fluidity of bituminous materials.
(Bacon)

2. Condition of standing or adher-
ing together; existence, firmness,
solidity. (Webster)

Constantan. An alloy of equal parts
of nickel and copper: used chiefly
in electrical instruments on account
of its constant resistance. (Stand-
ard)

Construction account. An account in
mining finance to which all con-
struction expenses are charged.
Many of the Lake Superior copper
mines summarize their finances so
that the cost of operation is divided
into two classes, one being for gen-
eral working expenses and the other
for construction, sometimes classed
as capital account. It includes new
buildings and machinery on surface
and frequently new mine openings.
(Weed)

Constructional. In geology, owing its
form, position, direction, or gen-
eral character to building-up proc-
esses, such as accumulation by
deposition or by volcanic extrusion.
(La Forge)

Construction way. A temporary way
or road employed for the transporta-
tion of the materials used in the
construction of a railroad. (Cen-
tury)

Consume. To use up ; expend ; waste ;
as in the chemical and mechanical
loss of mercury in amalgamation.

Consumido (Mex.). The mercury con-
sumed and lost in an amalgama-
tion process. '(Dwight)

Contact. 1. The place or surface
where two different kinds of rocks
come together. Although used for
sedimentary rocks, as the contact
between a limestone and sandstone,
it is yet more especially employed
as between ingeous intrusions and
their walls. The word is of wide use
in western mining regions on ac-
count of the frequent occurrence of
ore bodies along contacts. (Kemp)
2. (So. Afr.) A lode of great
length and between two kinds of
rocks, ope of which is generally an
igneous intrusive. (Skinner)

Contact bed. In geology, a bed lying
next to (in contact with) a forma-
tion of different character. (Cen-
tury)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

179

Contact deposit A mineral deposit
found between two unlike rocks,
usually applied to an ore body at the
contact between a sedimentary rock
and an igneous rock (Weed). A
contact lode or vein.

Contact goniometer. A cardboard or
metal protractor for the measuring
of crystal angles.

Contact lode. See Contact, 2; Con-
tact deposit ; Contact vein.

Contact metamorphism. A general
term applied to the changes which
take place along a contact (of an in-
truded igneous rock and the enclos-
ing rocks into which it has been
thrust) such as recrystallization of
limestone, or the formatton of the
typical silicate minerals (Farrell).
Metamorphism produced by the heat
of an igneous intrusion. Also called
Thermometamorphism, or Local
metamorphism.

Contact minerals. Minerals formed by
contact metamorphism. (A. F.
Rogers)

Contacto (Mex.). Contact (Dwight)

Contact process. A process for the
manufacture of sulphuric acid, based
on the catalytic action of finely di-
vided platinum. It is conducted by
passing the well-dried and purified
burner gases through the contact ap-
paratus, at a temperature of 350° C.
and absorbing the sulphur trioxide,
formed by the direct union of sul-
phur dioxide and oxygen, in water.
(Webster)

Contact twin. The simplest type of
twin, in which two portions of a crys-
tal appear to have been united along
a common plane after one portion
hns been rotated 180° relative to
the other. The plane of contact
(plane of union or the composition
face) may or may not be the twin-
ning plane (Butler). See also Jux-
taposition twin.

Contact vein. A variety of fissure
vein, between different kinds of rock
occupying a typical fracture from
faulting, or it may be a replace-
ment vein formed .by mineralized
solutions percolating along the sur-
face of the contact where the rock is
usually more permeable and there
replacing one or both of the walls
by metasomatic process (Shamel,
p. 143). Also called Contact de-
posit

Contador. 1. (Sp.) An accountant;
auditor; clerk. 2. A mechanical
counter or indicator; a meter for
measuring water, gas, or electricity.
(Halse)

Contaminate. To make impure by
contact or admixture, as by a sub-
stance that performs the function, in
an ore-pulp, along with oil, of pro-
moting the emnlsification or the de-
emulsification of the oil, and there-
by exerts an influence upon the
making of froth for the flotation of
minerals. (Rickard)

Contemporaneous. Existing together
or at the same time. (Webster)

Content. That which is contained;
the thing or things held by a re-
ceptacle or included within speci-
fied limits (Webster). Often used
in mining, as ore-content mineral-
content, copper-content, etc.

Contiguous. In actual contact; also
near, though not in actual contact
(Webster)

Continental basin. A region in the in-
terior of a continent comprising one
or several closed basins. (Webster)

Continental deposits. Sedimentary
deposits laid down within a general
land area and deposited in lakes or
streams or by the wind, as con-
trasted with marine deposits, laid
down in the sea. (Ransome)

Continental glacier. A type of glacier
covering an entire continent, or a
large portion of it; an ice sheet, as
the ice cap of Greenland. (Stand-
ard)

Continental plateau. A broad pro-
tuberance of the surface of the litho-
sphere, coinciding approximately
with a continent, but including also
a continental shelf. Contrasted
with Ocean basin. (Webster)

Continental process. Same as the
German process.

Continental shelf. A submarine plain
of variable width forming a border
to nearly every continent, as the sub-
marine part of a continental plateau.

Continuous charge. A charge of ex-
plosive that occupies the entire
drill hole except for the space at
the top required for stemming.
(Bowles)

Continuous coal cutter. A coal min-
ing machine of the type that cuts
the face of the coal without being
withdrawn from the cut (Steel)

180

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Continuous kiln. 1. See Running kiln.
Also called Draw kiln. 2. A kiln
in which the waste heat from the
hot brick chambers is used to heat
the wares in other compartments
still to be burned. (Ries)

Continuous process of distillation. A
petroleum distillation process in
which the crude oil flows slowly by
gravitation through a series of stills
or retorts each placed slightly lower
than the preceding one. Each still
has a carefully maintained tempera-
ture, and yields, therefore, continu-
ously a product of given volatility.
(Mitzakis)

Contorted. Bent or twisted together.
Used where strata are very much
folded or crumpled on a consider-
able scale. If on a small scale they
are said to be corrugated. (Roy.
Com.)

Contortion. The folding, and bending
to which rock strata have been sub-
jected. (Oldham)

Contour. 1. The outline of a figure
or body; periphery. 2. The outline
of the surface of the ground with
respect to its undulation (Webster).
3. An imaginary line on the surface
of the ground, every point of which
is at the same altitude. (La Forge)

Contour interval. The difference in
elevation between consecutive con-
tour lines. (Webster)

Contour line. See Contour, 3.

Contour map. A map showing the
configuration of the surface by
means of contour lines drawn at
regular intervals of elevation as one
for every twenty feet, a crowding
of the contour lines indicating steep-
ness. (Webster)

Contour race. A water-course follow-
ing the contour of the country.
(Lock)

Contra (Sp.). The person who car-
ries away the material dumped at
the mouth of a sbaft; C. canon,
drift in country rock, parallel with
drift on vein ; C. cielo, top of a drift ;
a raise; C. mina, countermine; a
communication between mines, or a
tunnel communicating with a shaft ;
C. pozo, a raise; C. sena, bell-signal.
(Dwight). C. tiro, an auxiliary
shaft contiguous, to a main shaft,
to serve as a footway, or for ven-
tilation. (Mln. Jour.)

Contraction. Shrinking. Rocks in
'passing from a vitreous to a crys-
talline texture shrink considerably,

which may account for the sub-
sidence of certain areas. The whole
globe of the earth has shrunk by
cooling. (Roy. Com.)

Contraction vein. A vein formed by
the filling of a space caused by con-
traction' due to the drying or cool-
ing of the surrounding rock.
(Power)

Contrafuerte (Sp. Am.) Part of a
lode left intact. (Lucas)

Contraguia (Mex.). A movable guide
pulley over shaft. (Dwight)

Contra-lode. See Cross course.

Contranatural (Mex.). A vein having
a contrary dip to other veins of the
same system. (Halse)

Contrata (Sp.). A deed, contract, or
agreement. (Halse)

Contratanque (Mex.). A second set-
tling tank. (Halse)

Contratiro (Mex.). An auxiliary
shaft to serve as a footway, or for
ventilation. (Halse)

Contratista (Mex.). A contractor.
(Dwight)

Contrato (Mex.). A pact or agreement
between 'parties to perform some
act; a contract. (Dwight)

Control assay. An assay made by an
umpire to determine the basis on
which a purchaser shall pay the
seller for ore. See also Umpire. 2.

Convection. A process of transmis-
sion, as of heat, by means of cur-
rents in liquids or gases, resulting
from changes of temperature or
other causes. (Webster)

Convenio (Sp.). A legal agreement.
(Min. Jour.)

Convergent light. Light tending to
one point or focus. (Webster)

Converse lock joint. A joint, for
wrought pipe, that is made up with
a cast-iron hub. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Converter. 1. An electric transformer
(Standard). 2. A vessel in which
metals or other materials are
changed or converted from one
shape or condition to another.
Specifically an oval-shaped vessel or
retort, hung. on an axis, made of
iron and lined with some refractory
material, in which molten pig-iron
is converted by the Bessemer process
into steel (Century). Also used
in converting copper matte.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

181

Converting. See Bessemer process.
The process was applied to the
metallurgy of copper by Pierre Man-
lies. Air is blown through molten
copper matte in the presence of
free silica. The iron is oxidized to
FeO which forms a slag with the
silica; the sulphur is oxidized and
goes off as SO* (Liddell)

Converting coal (Mid.). A local name
given to coal suitable for steel-mak-
ing purposes at Sheffield. (Gresley)

Conveyer; Conveyor. 1. One who or
that which conveys, transports, or
transfers; specifically, any mechan-
ical contrivance for conveying ma-
terial in the working of mills, ele-
vators, etc., such as endless chains,
etc. (Standard)

Convoy (Eng.). A wooden brake for-
merly aplied to one of the wheels of
a coal wagon. (G. C. Green well)

Convulsion. A sudden and violent dis-
turbance of the order of the rocks;
a terrestrial catastrophe ; cataclysm.
(Standard)

Cooler arch. An opening of truncated-
cone shape in tuyere .breast of fur-
nace. The tuyere cooler is placed in
it (Willcox)

Cooling. Applied to minerals having
the taste of saltpeter. (Dana)

Cooling floor. A floor upon which hot
ore is placed for the purpose of cool-
ing. (Rickard)

Cooling tower. A device for cooling
the water used in a steam condenser
or refrigerating plant. (Century)

Coom (Scot.). 1. Wooden centering
for an arch; hence the roof of a
mine or roadway is said to be
coomed when it is arch-shaped.
*. Soot; the dust of coal. (Barrow-
man)

Coor (Eng.). A period of six or eight
hours' work by miners, making four
or three periods to the day of
twenty-four hours. See Core, 1.
(Bainbridge). A Shift.

Coorongite. A South Australian
elaterite, or mineral caoutchouc.
(Bacon)

Goose. See Coarse lode.

Copador (Mex.). Blacksmith's fuller.
(Dwight)

Copajira (Bol.). Acid water in mines.
(Halse)

Copal. An oxygenated hydrocarbon;
a fossil resin. (Dana)

Cop a 1111 o (Mex.). Zincblende,
(Dwight)

Copaline. Same as Copalite.

Copalite. An oxygenated hydrocarbon
resembling copal, from the blue clay
of Highgate, near London, England.
(Dana)

Cope. 1. (Derb.) To contract to mine
lead ore by the dish, load, or other
measure. 2. The upper part of a
flask, separable from the lower part.
See also Drag, 3. (Raymond)

3. An exchange of working* places
between miners, sometimes spelled
Coup. (C. and M. M. P.)

4. (Derb.). A duty or royalty paid
to the lord or owner of a mine.
(Hooson)

Copela. (Sp.) 1. A cupel. 2. The test
of a cupelling furnace. (Halse)

Copelar (Sp.). To assay by cupella-
tion. (Halse)

Copelilla (Mex.). Lead carbonate.
(Dwight)

Copella (Sp.). Dry amalgam remain-
ing in the bag after draining.
(Egleston)

Coper (Derb.). One who contracts to
mine lead ore at a fixed rate (Ray-
mond). A Derbyshire miner.

Copi. Gypsum, general!^ weathered.
(Power)

Copiapite. A basic ferric sulphate,
perhaps 2FeaOs.5SO».18HJO (Dana).
Also called Yellow copperas, and
Misy.

Coping.. 1. The top or cover of a wall
usually made sloping to shed water.
(Century)

2. In marble works the process of
trimming the edges of slabs of
stone (Bowles). See also Coping
machine.

Coping machine. A machine, consist-
ing of a gearing and a carborundum
wheel for cutting and trimming
marble slabs, as for base boards,
tile, etc. (Bowles)

Copos (or Pasillas) (Sp.). In amal-
gamation, little globules into which
the quicksilver forms, when the
process is too quick. (Min. Jour.)

Coppel. Same as cupel. (Standard)

Copper. A common metal of reddish
color, ductile, malleable, and very
tenacious. One of the best conduc-
tors of heat and electricity. Sym-
bol, Cu; atomic weight 63.57. Spe-
cific gravity, 8.93. (Webster)

182

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Copperas. Ferrous sulphate. Also
called Green vitriol.

Copperasine. A sulphate of iron and
copper resulting from the decompo-
sition of chalcopyrite. (Standard)

Copperas stone. A synonym for Pyrite,
from which copperas Is often made.
(Chester)

Copper barfilla (Bol.). Native copper
in granular form mixed with sand.
See Coro-Coro, also Barrilla.

Copper bath. A solution of copper salt,
as the sulphate used in electroplat-
ing. (Standard)

Copper bottoms. A metallic product
of very indefinite composition, made
(usually) in reverberatory furnaces
by smelting rich cupriferous sub-
stances without sufficient sulphur to
quite satisfy the copper present.
(Peters, p. 227)

Copper glance. See Chalcocite.

Copperization. Impregnation with
copper, or some preparation contain-
ing copper. (Century)

Copper loss. Electric energy wasted in
the copper conductors of a dynamo,
motor or conducting system. (Web-
ster)

Copper minerals. Minerals containing
copper, as atacamite, azurite, bornite,
bournonite, brochantite, chalcanthite,
Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla,
copper, covellite, cuprite, enargite,
malachite, melaconite, olivenite,
stannite, tetraheclrite, and others.

Copper nickel. See Niccolite.

Copper pickers (Mich.). Laborers
who sort vein material in which
there is more or less native copper.
(Sanders, p. 89)

Copper plates (Aust. and Pac.). The
plates of amalgamated copper over
which the auriferous ore is allowed
to flow from the stamp battery, and
upoji which the gold is caught as
amalgam. (Raymond)

Copper powder. A bronzing powder
made by saturating nitrous acid
with copper, and precipitating the
latter by the addition of iron. The
preciptate is then thoroughly
washed. (Century)

Copper pyrite. Same as Chalcopyrite.
(Standard)

Copper rain. Minute globules thrown
up from the surface of molten
copper, when it contains but little
suboxide. (Raymond)

Copper slate. Slate impregnated with
copper minerals. (Duryee)

Copper smoke. The gases from the
calcination of sulphide copper ore
(Raymond). Sulphur dioxide Is an
important constituent.

Copper sulphate. See Chalcanthite.

Copper uranite. See Uranite; Torber-
riite.

Copper vitriol. See Chalcanthite.

#•

Coprolite. A piece of petrified dung;
a fossil excrement. Such remains
are found in many geological forma-
tions. (Webster)

Copt (Aust). A capsized or broken
skip. (Power)

Coquimbite. A granular, massive, hy-
drous ferric sulphate, Fe^SCMi-H
9HO. (Dana)

Coquina (Sp.). A coarse-grained, po-
rous, friable variety of limestone,
made up chiefly of fragments of
shells of living or recently extinct
species of mollusks and of coral, ce-
mented together as rock. (La
Forge)

Coracite. An alteration product of
uraninite partly changed to gum-
mite. (Standard)

Corahuari (Peru). A green copper
ore. (Halse)

Coral. The solid secretion of coral
polyps, composed almost wholly of
calcium carbonate, which forms
reefs and treelike and globular
masses. (La Forge)

Coral limestone. A limestone composed
of coral fragments. Such a rock is
much used in the Bermuda Islands.
(Ries)

Coralline. Pertaining to, composed of,
or having the structure of corals ; as
coralline limestone.

Coralloidal. Like coral, or consisting
of interlaced flexuous branchings.
(Dana)

Coral mud. The sediment or mud
formed by the disintegration of
coral. (Century)

Coral ore, A curved, lamellar variety
of liver-colored cinnabar from Idria,
Austria. (Standard)

Coral rag (Eng.). The upper mem-
ber of the Middle Oolite, so called
because it consists, in part, of con-
tinuous beds of corals, for the most
part retaining the position in whick
they grew, and sometimes forming
masses 15 feet thick. (Page)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

183

Coral zone. The depth of the sea at
which corals abound. (Century)

Corbond. An irregular mass or "drop-
per" from a lode. (Raymond)

Cord. A cubic measure used especially
for wood cut for fuel. It is, now
legally in the United States, a pile
8 ft. long, 4 ft wide and 4 ft. high,
or 128 cu. ft. (Webster)

Cordeau. A trade name for a type of
detonating fuse consisting of tri-
nitrotoluene inclosed in a lead tube.
(Bowles)

Corder (Eng.). The man who makes
and repairs corves (small cars).
(Bainbridge)

Cordierite. A magnesium-iron-alumi-
num silicate. Sometimes used as a
gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) A syno-
nym of lolite or dichroite, employed
as a prefix to those rocks that con-
tain the mineral, as cordierite-
gneiss. (Kemp)

Cordillera. Strictly, a continuous
chain or range of mountains. Gen-
erally, a whole mountain province,
including all the subordinate moun-
tain ranges and groups and the inte-
rior plateaus and basins. Specifi-
cally, (capitalized), the great moun-
tainous region of western North
America, lying between the Central
Lowland and the Pacific Ocean, and
extending from central Mexico into
Alaska ; also called Cordilleran
Province. (La Forge)

Cordirie process. The refining of lead
by conducting steam through it,
while molten, to oxidize certain me-
tallic impurities. (Raymond)

Cordite. An explosive of nitroglycerin
and a dope, used chiefly as a pro-
pellant. (Standard)

Cord of ore. About seven tons, but
measured by wagon loads, and not
by weight. The expression "cord"
is a term used in some parts of
Colorado, U. S., and applied only
to low-grade ore; the smelting ore
is reckoned by the ton. (Milford)

Cordon (Mex.). A rib or band of ore
in a vein (Halse). Feeder.

Core. 1. (Corn.) A miner's under-
ground working-time or shift (Ray-
mond). Also spelled Coor.

2. A cylinder-shaped piece of rock
produced by a core-drill. (Steel)

3. The central part of a rope form-
Ing a "cushion for the strands. In
wire ropes it is sometimes made of
wire, but usually it is of hemp, jute,

or some like material. (O. M. P.)

4. The portion of a mold which
shapes the interior of a hollow cast-
ing, or which makes a hole through
a casting. (Webster)

5. A cone or V-shaped mass of rock
that is first blasted out in driving
a tunnel. (Bowles)

Core bit. A hollow cylindrical boring
bit for cutting out a core in earth
boring or rock drilling (Webster).
In operation it is attached to and
forms part of the core drill.

Core box. The box in which the core,
or mass of sand producing any hol-
low part of a casting is made.
(Century)

Core drill. A diamond or other hollow
drill for securing cores (C. M. P.) ;
(Bowles v. Virginia Soapstone Co.,
115 Virginia, p. 699). See also
Diamond drill; Adamantine drill;
Shot drill, and Calyx.

Core iron. A strengthening iron
grate in a core. See Core, 4 (Web-
ster). A term used in foundry prac-
tice.

Core lifter. An instrument used to
bring up the core left by an annular
bit in- a boring. (Standard)

Core sand. A sand suitable for mak-
ing cores: composed of sand, clay
and horse-dung. (Standard)

Core snatcher. A company man who
collects and takes care of drill cores
when the drilling is being done by
contract.

Corf bater; Corf bitter (No. of Eng.).
A boy who cleans the dirt or mud
off corves. See Corf, 1. (Gresley)

Corf; Corfe; Corve; Cauf (the last
incorrect). 1. (Newc.) A large
basket used In hoisting coal; from
the Germ. Korb. 2. A wooden frame-
to carry coal. 3. A sled or low
wagon for the same purpose. (Ray-
mond)

When used for bringing up the
rock from a sinking shaft the
corves are made without wheels,
and are more like a basket. In
early days corves were wicker
baskets, having wooden bows or
handles: they held about 4| cwt. of
coal (Gresley). See Hutch, 1.

Corf bow (Eng.). The handle of a
corf. (Bainbridge)

Coribronce (Mex. and Bol.). Chalcopy-
rite. (Dwight)

Corindon; Corundo (Mex.). Corun-
dum. (Dwight)

184

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Corinthian process. See Carinthian
process.

Cork fossil. A variety of amphibole
or hornblende, resembling cork. It
is the lightest of all minerals.
(Century)

Cormano (Mex.) A loading chute.
(Dwight)

Cornamusa(Peru). An earthen retort
with a movable cover. (Dwight)

Cornbrash (Eng.). A local name for
certain beds in the Oolite forma-
tion. It signifies a coarse frag-
mentary rock which breaks up
easily, and yields a soil useful for
growing corn (Oldham). Also called
Cornstone.

Cornea (Peru). Horn silver. (Dwight)

Cornean (Eng.). An igneous rock, so
called from its tough, compact, and
horn-like texture; known also as
Aphanite. (Page)

Corner break. The separation of a
block of stone from a solid ledge
by breaking it simultaneously along
two faces meeting at a corner.
(Bowles)

Corner rackings (Scot.). Triangular
pieces of wood inserted in the cor-
ners of rectangular shafts to fix the
barring. (Barrowman)

Corners (Wales). Bands of clay Iron-
stone. (Gresley)

Cornet; Cornett (Fr.). In assaying,
a metallic bead flattened out and
made into a roll for treatment with
acid. (Webster)

Corning (Scot.). Mealtime. (Barrow-
man)

Corning table. See Bilharz table.

Cornish diamond. A quartz crystal
from Cornwall. (Webster)

Cornish engine. A single-cylinder,
single-acting beam engine using
steam expansively and regulated by
an hydraulic control (Webster).
See Cornish pump.

Cornish mining ton. A ton of 21
hundred weight of 112 pounds each,
or 2,352 avoirdupois pounds. (Web-
ster)

Cornish pump. A pump operated by
rods attached to the beam of a
single-acting, condensing beam-en-
gine. The steam, pressing down the
piston in the vertical steam cylinder,
lifts the -pump rods, and these subse-
quently descend by their own weight.
(Raymond)

Cornish stone. China-stone or kaolin
(Standard)

Cornstone. A reddish or bluish-red
concretionary limestone. Its decom-
position is said to produce a good
soil for the cultivation of corn, be-
ing so different from the cold, stiff,
clayey soils formed over the marls
(Oldham). Also called Cornbrash.

Cornubianite. A name coined by
Boase from the classic name for
Cornwall, England, to describe a
contact hornfels, consisting of an-
dalusite, mica and quartz. It was
proposed as a substitute for the
earlier but indefinite term proteo-
lite. Bonney suggests restricting
cornublanite to tourmaline horn-
fels. (Kemp)

Cornwallite. An emerald-green, mas-
sive, hydrous copper arsenate, Cvu-
As2O8.2Cu(OH),+H2O. (Dana)

Coro-coro. A dressed product of
copper-works in South America, con-
sisting of grains of native copper
mixed with pyrite, chalcopyrtfe,
mispickel, and earthy minerals
( Raymond ) . See Copper barrilla ;
also Rarrilla.

Corona. 1. (Sp.) The boring bit or
crown of a diamond drill. 8. C.
cortante, a cutting ring used in shaft
sinking through watery strata. 3.
The crown wheel of a Chilean mill.
4. (Colom.). A wooden bevel wheel
used in a native mill. (Halse)

Coronadite. A manganate of lead and
manganese. (Mn,Pb),MnsOT. Re-
sembles psilomelane in general as-
pect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Corpa (Peru). 1. An ore containing
galena, gray copper and native sil-
ver. 2. Sulphate of iron. (Dwight)

Corporal (Mid.). A district foreman
in charge of the underground haul-
age ways. (Gresley).

Corpnscle. See Electron.

Corral. 1. (Mex.) A stableyard or an
inclosure. (Dwight)
2. A complete set of props; crib-
timbering. (Halse)

Corrasion. The wearing away of the
surface of the earth through the
friction of solid material trans-
ported by water or air. It is one
form of erosion. (La Forge)

Correa. 1. (Mex.) A leather strap.
(Dwight)

2. Metal de correa, nearly pure cas-
siterite. 3. Horizontal timbers which
tie the rafters of a roof together.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

185

Oorredero (Colom.). The bed of an
ancient river ; a former channel of a
•tream. (Halse)

Corrego (Port.). 1. A ravine. 2. An
alluvial channel. 3. (Braz.) A
stream where auriferous gravel is
washed. (Halse)

Correlate. To put in relation with
each other; to connect as by the
disclosure of a mutual relation.
(Webster)

Correlation. The determination of the
equivalence in geologic age and strat-
igraphic position of two formations
or other stratigraphic units in sepa-
rated areas; or, more broadly, the
determination of the contempora-
neity of events in the geologic his-
tory a of two areas (La Forge). Fos-
sils constitute the chief evidence in
problems of correlation.

Correo (Sp.). 1. A post man. 2. Post
office. 3. Mail. (Halse)

Corrido. 1. (Sp.) The strike of a
vein. (Dwight)

2. Metal C., alluvial ore; Oro C.,
alluvial gold. (Halse)

Corriente. 1. (Peru) All the opera-
tions required for extracting metal
on a large scale from one class of
ore. (Dwight)

2. (Sp.) Current, as of a stream;
C. de aire. an air current (Halse)

Corrode. To eat away by degrees as
by acids, caustics or other chemicals.
To act corrosively; to undergo cor-
rosion. (Webster)

Corroded crystals. Phenocrysts that
after crystalization are more or less
reabsorbed or fused again into the
magma. (Kemp)

Corroding-lead. Refined lead suffi-
ciently pure for the corroding pro-
cess, by which white lead is manu-
factured. (Raymond)

Corrois (Fr.). Clay walls built to
isolate a gob-fire. (Gresley)

Corrosion. The process of wearing
away, disintegrating or destroying
by the gradual separation of small
parts or particles, especially by the
action of chemical agents, as an
acid ( Century ) . Compare Corrasion.

Corrosive. Anything that corrodes
especially a chemical agent, as an
acid; anything that wears away or
disintegrates. (Century)

Corrosive sublimate. Mercuric chlor-
ide, HgCl2. Called also Bichloride
of mercury. It is a virulent poison.
(Webster)

Corrugated. When beds on a small
scale are much wrinkled, folded or
crumpled, they are said to be cor-
rugated. On a larger scale they are
said to be contorted. (Roy. Com.)

Corsite. A name applied by Zirkel
to the orbicular or spheroidal diorite
from Corsica; synonym for Napo-
leonite. (Kemp)

Cortada. 1. (Colom.) A straight cut
made to connect two bends of a river
in order to work the bed of the
river as a placer at the intermediate
bend. 2. (Chile) A cut or drift
on a vein. 3. Any working driven
to cut a vein; a crosscut (Halse)

Cortador de lefia (Sp.). A wood chop-
per (Halse). A synonym for
Lefiador.

Cortadores (Sp.). Woodcutters. (Min.
Jour. )

Ccrtafrio (Mex.). Cold chisel.
(Dwight)

Cortar (Sp.). 1. To cut 2. C.alturas,
to cut a trench at the outcrop of a
deposit, and then deepen it by under-
hand stoping. 3. C. pilar (Mex.)
To form a -rock support or pillar
in a mine. (Halse)

4. C. sogas (Mex.) Literally, to
cut the ropes. To abandon a mine,
taking everything useful or movable.
(Dwight)

5. C. el oro, to separate gold from
the foreign matter. (Lucas)

Corte (Sp.). 1. Edge of any cutting
instrument. 2. Cut or opening in a
mountain. 3. (Colom.) The work-
ing portion of a placer, or vein at
the surface; a stope. (Halse)
4. (Peru) Opening to ^an .ore-de-
posit, either a shaft or drift 5.
(Peru) Pay-streak left clear so that

• ore can be knocked down with-
out becoming mixed with waste.

6. C. de caja (Mex.) Balance sheet
of accounts. (Dwight)

Corteza (Mex.). Crust (Dwight)

Cortlandtite. A special name given by
G. H. Williams to a peridotite that
consists chiefly of hornblende and
olivine and that occurs in the so-
called Cortlandt series of igneous
rocks in the township of Cortlandt,
Just south of Peekskill, on the Hud-
son River. This rock had been pre-
viously called hudsonite by B.
Cohen, a name rejected by Williams
because already used for a variety
of pyroxeiie. (Kemp)

Comndolite. Wadsworth's name for
rocks composed of corundum or
emery. (Kemp)

186

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Corundum. 1. Aluminum oxide,

The colored and the clear varieties
form the gems, — sapphire, ruby,
oriental emerald, and oriental topaz ;
the granular impure variety is
known as emery. (U. S. Gcol. Surv.)
2. The name of the mineral is some-
times prefixed to the names of rocks
containing it; as corundum-syenite.
(Kemp)

Ctrve. See Corf.

Corvers (No. of Eng.). Carpenters who
make corves (baskets). Also for-
merly one who brought corves out
of the mine, and kept them in repair.
(Gresley)

Cosalite. A sulphide of lead and bis-
muth, PbaBi2Sf. Contains 42 per cent
bismuth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Cosecha (Chile). A clean-up at placer
mines. (Halse)

Cosmic. Of or pertaining to the celes-
tial universe, especially to that part
of it outside the solar system. (La
Forge)

Cosmites. A term used by M. B.
Wads worth to designate mineral
decorative materials, ornamental
stones, and gems. (Power)

Costado (Sp.). The side of a pit, gal-
lery, or shaft (Halse)

Costal (Mex.). An ore sack or bag
made of the thread of the aloe.
(Halse)

Costalera (Mex.). Ore-sacks (collec-
. tively). (Dwight)

Cost book (Corn.). A book used to
keep accounts of mining enterprises
carried on under the cost-book sys-
tem, peculiar to Cornwall and
Devon, and differing from both
partnership and incorporation. It
resembles the mining partnership
system of the Pacific States. (Ray-
mond)

Cost-book system (Eng.). The method
of working a mine according to cer-
tain regulations, by which the ad-
venturers may at any time " sign
off", and cease to be liable for any
further expenditures in proving
the mine. The plan is to insert in
the "cost book" the name of each
shareholder, and all expenses at-
tached to the undertaking; a meet-
ing of the proprietors Is held every
two months, at which the purser
presents his accounts, and the share-
holders are thus enabled to judge
of the state of the undertaking be-
fore incurring any further liabili-
ties. (Whitney)

Costeable (Mex.). Sufficiently rich to
pay expenses at least (said of ore,
ground, stopes, etc.). (Dwight)

Costean (Corn.). 1. To dig trenches
or small pits through the surface
soil or debris to the underlying rock
in places for the purpose of expos-
ing the outcrop of a mineral deposit
and determining its course. (Web-
ster)

2. Fallen or dropped tin. From the
Cornish, Cothas, dropped, and
Stean, tin. (Hunt)

Costean-pit (Corn.). A pit sunk to
bedrock in prospecting. (Stand-
ard)

Costearse (Mex.) To pay for itself.
(Dwight)

Costo; Costa; Coste (Sp.). 1. Cost
or price. C. neto, net cost. 2. Ex-
pense, working cost. C. del beneficio,
cost of reduction. (Halse)

3. C. de los journales, the labor
working cost (Dwight)

Costra (Chile). 1. A conglomerate of
clay, gravel, and feldspar immedi-
ately overlying caliche. 2. Scale,
or portion of a lode or rock which
breaks off in scales or flakes.
(Halse)

Coteau (Fr.) A hill or ridge, v:hich
may be morainic; also, a high
plateau. (Standard)

Cotense (Mex.). Miner's sash cloth,
or breechclout. Coarse hempen cloth
similar to burlap. (Dwight)

Coto (Sp.). 1. In . surveying, n land-
mark of rough stone. 2. C. minero,
a group of mines. (Halse)

Cotter (Eng.). To mat together; to
entangle. Frequently applied to a
hard^ cross-grained, tough stone or
coal, as cottered coal. (G. C. Green-
well)

Cotterite. A variety of quartz having
a peculiar metallic pearly luster.
(Standard)

Cotton ball. See Ulexite.

Cotton miner (Quebec). A miner em-
ployed in an asbestos mine.-

Cotton rock. 1. (Missouri). A local
name for a soft, fine-grained sili-
ceous magnesian limestone of the
Lower Silurian. (Century)

Cotton stone. 1. A variety of mesolite
(Power). 2. See Cotton rock.

Cotunnite. A soft white to yellowish
lead chloride, PbCl2. Occurs in aci-
cular crystals of the orthorhombic
system and in se aicrystalline
masses. (Dana)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

187

Congas (Mex. ). A black mineral wax
or oil. (Halse)

Coulch (Derb.). A piece of earth
falling from the roof or side in soft
workings. (Hooson)

Coulee. 1. A solidified stream or sheet
of laya extending down a volcano,
ofteu forming a ridge or spur. 2.
A deep gulch or water channel ;
usually dry. (C. and M. M. P.)

Coulomb. The practical unit of quan-
tity in electrical measurements;
namely, the quantity of elc *ricity
conveyed in one second by the cur-
rent produced by an electro-motive
force of one volt acting in a circuit
having a resistance of one ohm.
(Webster)

Counter. 1. A cross -vein. 2. (Or
counter - gangway.) A gangway
driven obliquely upwards on a coal
seam from the main gangway until
it cuts off the faces of the workings,
and then continues parallel with the
main gangway. The oblique portion
is called Run. (Raymond)
3. An apparatus for recording the
number of strokes made by a pump,
engine, or other machinery.

Counterbalance ; Counterpoise. A weight
used to balance another weight or
the vibrating parts of machinery.
(Ihlseng)

Counter chute. A chute through which
the coal from counter-gangway
workings is lowered to the gang-
way below. (Chance)

Counter coal. Coal worked from
breasts or bords to the rise of a
counter gangway. (Gresley)

Counter gangway. A gangway driven
obliquely across the workings to a
higher level, or a gangway driven
between two lifts and sending its
coal down to the gangway below
through a chute. (Chance)

Counterhead (Mid.). An underground
heading driven parallel to another,
and used as the return air course.
(Gresley)

Counterlode. A smaller vein running
across the main lode. (Skinner)

Counterpoise. See Counter-balance.

Countervein. A cross vein running
at approximately right angles to the
main ore body (Weed). See also
Counterlode.

Country (Corn.). The rock traversed
by or adjacent to an ore deposit.
See also Country rock. (Raymond)

Country bank (Ark.). A small mine
supplying coal for local use only.
(Steel)

Country rock. The general mass of
adjacent rock as distinguished from
that of a dike, vein or lode, (Ste-
vens v. Williams, 23 Federal Cas»,
P. 44)

Country sale (Scot.). Sale of coal
at the mine; sale by cart, as dis-
tinguished from disposal by rail or
sea. (Barrowman)

County of Durham system. A combina-
tion of the panel and room-and-pillar
method of mining. See also Room-
and-pillar method.

Coup. 1. (No, of Eng.). To exchange
cavils (lots) with the consent of
the foreman. (Gresley)
2. (Scot) A bank, or face of a
heap where d6bris is dumped. 3.
To overturn. (Barrowman)

Couple. 1. A pair of equal forces, act-
ing in opposite directions but not
on the same point. They can not be
balanced by any single force, and
their tendency is to produce motion,
(Webster)

2. (Mid.). To conduct water down
the sides of shafts into water curbs
or garlands. (Gresley)

Coupler (Eng.). A boy who couples
or connects the cars of coal, ore or
rock in order to form a trip or train.

Coupling. 1. A threaded sleeve used
to connect two pipes (Nat. Tube
Co.)

2. A device for joining two rope
ends without splicing. (C. M. P.)

3. (York) An attachment for join-
ing a chain to the end of a rope.
(Gresley)

4. A link or chain for connecting
mine cars.

Coupling chains (Scot). .Short chains
conecting the cage with the wind-
ing rope (Barrowman). See Bridle
chains.

Coupling tongs (Scot)« A tool used
in joining flanged pipes. (Barrow-
man)

Coup-over (Aust). Coup-up (Scot).
A small chamber, into which an
empty skip can be upset so as to
allow a full skip to pass when there
is only a single line. (Power)

Course. 1. To conduct the ventilation
backward and forward through the
workings, by means of properly ar-
ranged stoppings and regulators.

188

GLOSSAEY 07 MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ft. (Som.) A seam of coal. (Ores-
ley)

3. The horizontal direction or strike
of a lode, vein, etc. 4. Progress
from point to point without change
of direction. 5. A continuous layer
of brick masonry, cement or con-
crete. ^Webster)

8. An influx of water from one di-
rection. (Standard)

Coursed rubble. Rubble in courses of
differing breadths. (Standard)

Course of ore. See Chute, 2 ; also
Course, 8.

Course of vein. Its strike. The hori-
zontal line on which it cuts the coun-
try rock. (Duryee)

Coursing. Ventilation in mines, as by
doors, brattices and stoppings.
(Standard)

Coursing the air. See Course, 1.
Coursing the waste. See Course, 1.

Courtzilitc. A form of asphaltum
allied to gilsonite. (Bacon)

Con sic (pronounced Cowssie) (Scot).
A self-acting plane. (Barrr»wman)

Cousie wheel (Scot). The drum or
pulley on a self-acting plane. (Bar-
rowman)

Cousin Jack. A Common nickname for
a Cornishman^ (Raymond)

Covacha (Mex.). A cave or crevice.
(Dwight)

Covellite. An indigo-blue copper sul-
phide, CuS. Contains 66.4 per
tent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Cover. 1. (No. of Eng.) The total
thickness of strata overlying the
mine workings (Gresley). Over-
burden.

Cover binding (Corn.). See nlso
Plank timbering.

Covering bords (York). A series of
bords (rooms) formed on the side
of a shaft pillar, from which long-
wall working is commenced. (Gres-
ley)

Cover work. Lumps of copper too
large to pass the screen and which
accumulate in the bottom of the
mortar of a stamp. (Richards, p.
121).

Covite. A name derived from Magnet
Cove, Ark., and suggested by H. S,
Washington for a leucocratic, hole-
crystalline combination of ortho

clase (alkali -feldspar) and less
nephelite, with hornblende and
aegirite-augite, and of granitic
structure. The rock was previously
described as a " fine-grained syen-
ite," by J. F. Williams. (Kemp)

Cow. A kind of self-acting brake for
inclined planes; a trailer. (Ray-
mond). Compare Cousie.

Cowl (No. of Eng.). A wrought-iron
water barrel, or tank for hoisting
water. (Gresley)

Cowp (Newc.). 1. To overturn. To
exchange working places. See also
Coup. (Min. Jour.)

Cowper-Siemens stove. A hot-blast
stove of firebrick on the regenera-
tive principle. (Raymond)

Cow stone (Eng.). A local term for
green-sand bowlders. (Roberts)

Cow sucker. A heavy piece of iron
attached to the end of the drilling
cable in order to facilitate the de-
scent of the latter when the tools
are disconnected. (Mitzakis)

Coyote (Mex.). A man who buys and
sells mining shares. (Dwight)

Coyote hole. Same as gopher hole. A
small tunnel driven horizontally
into the rock at right angles to the
face of the quarry. It has two or
more cross-cuts driven from it
parallel to the face. It is in the
ends of these cross-cuts that the ex-
plosive charge is generally placed,
and the remaining space in the
tunnel is filled up with rock, sand,
timbers, or concrete, to act as stem-
mine or tamping. (Du Pont)

Coyoting (Pac.). Mining in Irregular
openings or burrows, comparable to
the holes of coyotes or prairie
foxes (Raymond). Gophering.

Coz. 1. (Mex.). A hitch for a stulU
(Dwight)

2. (Colom.) The pointed end of a
leg piece or post. (Halse)

Crab. 1. A machine for moving heavy
weights. Especially the engines
employed for lowering into place
the pumps, rods, pipes, etc., of
Cornish pit-work. See also Crab-
winch. ( Raymond )

2. An iron rod forked at one end,
attached to loadc 1 coal cars com-
ing up out of a slope. (Roy)

3. A hoisting winch used to pull
ladles, cars, or iron plate in boiler
shop; also called Mule or Car
dumper. (Willcox)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL DTJSTRY.

189

Crab bole (Aust). 1. Holes, appar-
ently water-worn, found In the bed-
rock under the drift. (Da vies)
JL The hole burrowed by the Aus-
tralian land crab, or crawfish; also
the hollow form by caving in of one
of these burrows. (Webster)

Crab wincH An iron machine consist-
ing of two triangular uprights be-
tween which are two axles, one
above the other. These machines
are frequently used in connection
with pumping gear where mine
shafts are not deep. See also Crab,
1. (Duryee)

Cracker. A coal breaker. (Daddow)

Cracker boss. The officer in charge
of the screen room in a breaker.
(Greene)

Bracket (No. of Eng.). A tool used
by miners in mining coal. (Gres-
ley)

Cracking of oil. A name given to the
method by which hydrocarbons of
one composition are reduced to
lower members of the same series,
or converted into other hydrocar-
bons during distillation (Mitzakis).
It originated about 50 years ago
by the still men in the old Pennsyl-
vania refineries and means just
what its connotation conveys,
namely a part alteration, as dis-
tinguished from the more complete
decomposition which would disrupt
the molecule largely into carbon and
permanent gas. Cracking simply
alters the molecules to an extent
that produces an amount of low-
toiling fractions that can not be ob-
tained by simple distillation. It
may not be accomplished by any
considerable production of perma-
nent gas, the product being largely
a. liquid condensate, but of different
character from that obtained by
simple distillation. (Min. and Sci.
Press, May 1, 1915)

Crackle ware. Pottery or porcelain
covered with a delicate network of
cracks produced in the glaze.
(Standard)

Cracks (Scot.). Vertical planes of
cleavage in coal. Planes at right
angles to the bedding. (Gresley)

Cracks of gas. Puffs or explosions of
gas in blast furnaces. (Willcox)

Cradle. 1. (Eng.) »A movable plat-
form or scaffold suspended by a
rope from the surface, upon which
repairs or other work is performed
in a shaft 2. (Mid.). A loop made

of a chain in which a man is low-
ered and raised in a shaft not fitted
with a cage. (Gresley)

3. A wooden bo* longer than 'wide,
provided with a v tovable slide and
hopper, and mounted on two
rockers. It is used for washing
gold-bearing earths (Roy. Com.).
See also Rocker,

4. To wash gold-bearing material in
a cradle. (Webster)

5. The part of a car dumper in
which the car rests when It is
dumped. (Willcox)

Cradle dump. A tipple which dumps
cars with a rocking motion. (Harr)

Cradling ( Scot. ) . * Stone walling In a
mine shaft. (Barrowman)

Crag. 1. A fossiliferous sandy marl
of marine origin; generally used,
capitalized, as part of the names of
several formations of Pliocene age
in eastern England. (La Forge)
2. A steep, rugged rock; a rough
^broken cliff or projecting point of
rock. 3. A detached fragment of
rock. (Webster)

Crampet (Eng.). A bracket (Bain-
bridge). See also Cramp, 3.

Cramp. 1. A short bar of metal hav-
ing its two ends bent downwards at
right angles for insertion into two
adjoining pieces of stone, wood, etc.,
to hold them together. (Duryee)

2. A pillar of rock or mineral left
for support. (Weed)

3. (Derb.). A fastening used to
keep pumps in place (Hooson).
See also Clamp, 1.

Crampon. A form of hooked clutch
or dog for raising stones, lumber,
ice, etc. ; grappling irons. ( Webster)

Cranch (Derb.). A pillar of ore left
to support the roof or hanging wall
(Hooson). See also Cramp, 2.

Crandall. A mason's tool for dressing
stone. (Century)

Crane. A kind of machine for raising
and lowering heavy weights, and
while holding them suspended, trans-
porting them through a limited
lateral distance. (Webster)

Crane board (No. of Eng.). A return
air course connected directly with
the furnace. (Gresiey)

Crane brae (Scot). A short incline
in steep workings. (Barrowman)

Crane ladle. A pot or ladle, supported
by a chain from a crane, used for
pouring molten metals into molds.
(Century)

190

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Crane man. 1. (Eng.) One whose
business it is to hoist coal with the
crane. (G. C. Greenwell)
2. A man who operates any type of
a crane.

Crane post. The upright post on which
the arm or jib of a crane works.
(Century)

Crank (Wales). Small coal. (Gres-

ley)
Cranny. Any small opening, fissure,

or crevice, as in a wall or rock.

(Duryee)

Crate dam. A clam built of crates
filled with stone. (Duryee)

Crater. The basta-like or funnel-
shaped opening which marks the
vent of a volcano ; also the mouth of
a geyser. (Webster)

Craw-coal. See Crow-coal.

Craw picker (Scot). One who picks
stones 'from coal or shale. (Bar-
rowman)

Craza (Mex.). A vessel to receive
molten metal. (Dwight)

Craze; Creaze (Corn.). The tin ore
which collects in the middle part of
the buddle ; middlings. (Raymond)

Cream. A rusty impure meerschaum.
(Power)

Crease. 1. (Forest of Dean) Moun-
ta .- limestone workings. (Gres-
ley)

2. Ar «. stream channel. (Lahee,
p. 282;

Middlings. See

Creaze (Corn.).
Craze.

Creek. 1. In maritime districts, a
small tidal inlet. 2. In inland dis-
tricts, a small stream or branch of
a river; a brook. (La Forge)

Creek claim. A claim which includes
the bed of a creek (Duryee). Un-
der the statute of Oregon, a tract of
land one hundred yards square, one
side of which abuts on a creek or
rather extends to the middle of the
stream. (Chapman v. Toy Long, 4
Sawyer, p. 32; 5 Federal Cas., p.
497)

Creek placers. Placers in, adjacent to,
and at the level of small streams.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33)

Creek right. The privilege of divert-
ing water for the purpose of work-
ing a creek claim. (Duryee)

Creel (Scot). A kind of basket in
which coal and rock are conveyed
from the mine. (Gresley)

Creep. 1. (Eng.) A squeeze or crush
forcing the pillars down into the
floor which often gives the miner
the impression that the floor is ris-
ing, due to its being softer than the
roof. Any slow movement of mining
ground. Also called Squeeze; Pull.
Compare Thrust.

2. A gradual movement of loose
rock material such as clay, due to
alternate freezing and thawing, wet-
ting and drying, or other causes.

3. To rise above the surface of a
solution upon the walls of a vessel
in which the solution is contained
as salt crystals in a voltaic cell.
(Webster)

4. A very slow movement of a wind-
ing engine, when the brake is not
sufficiently applied to hold it
(Gresley)

Creeper chain (Aust). A strong end-
less chain, in which every few feet
a horn is inserted, which catches the
axle of a skip and draws it up an
incline. (Power)

Creeping. (Eng.). The settling, or
natural subsidence, of the surface,
caused by extensive underground
workings. (Gresley)

Creeshy bleas. (Scot). Nodules of
bituminous shale in the soft roof of
some of the Scotch collieries. -So
called from the sort of unctuous
smoothness, which causes them to
fall out when the coal is removed.
Also called Greasy bleas. (Gresley)

Creminel (Brit. Guiana). A shovel
used by the natives for removing the
overburden of placer mines. (Halse)

Crenitic. A word derived from the
Greek for spring, and especially
used by T. S. Hunt for those rocks,
which were thought by him to have
come to the surface in solution and
to have been precipitated. He used
the so-called ' crenitic hypothesis'
to explain certain schists whose
feldspars were supposed to have been
originally zeolites, but his views
have received slight, if any, sup-
port. Crenitic is also used by W. O.
Crosby to describe those mineral
veins which have been deposited by
uprising springs. (Kemp)

Creosote. 1: An oily antfseptic liquid
obtained by the distillation of wood
tar. Also a similar substance ob-
tained from coal tar. 2. To satu-
rate or impregnate with creosote, as
timber to prevent decay. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

191

Crept bord (Eng.). A bord or room
more or less filled up from the ef-
fects of creep. (Gresley)

Crept pillars (Eng.). Pillars of coal
which have passed through the vari-
ous stages of creep. (G. C. Green-
well)

Cressed. Reduced about i inch in
diameter for a short distance at
ends. A foreign term, used on ar"
tesian well casing. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Cresset. (Eng.). A sort of lamp or
torch; an iron basket or vessel for
holding burning oil or other illumi-
nant and mounted as a torch. (Web-
ster)

Cresting. Trimming used on the ridge
of tiled roofs. Same as Hip roll.
(Ries.)

Crest6n (Sp.). The outcrop or apex
of a vein. (Dwight)

Creta. 1. (Sp.). Fuller's earth. See
Greda, 1. 2. (Mex.). Impure lith-
arge formed in a reverberatory
furnace. (Halse)

Cretaceons. 1. Of the nature of chalk ;
relating to chalk. (Hitchcock)
2. The third and latest of the periods
included in the Mesozoic era; also
the system of strata deposited in 'the
Cretaceous period. (La Forge)

Cretacio (Sp.). Cretaceous. (Dwight)

Crevasse. 1. A fissure in the mass of
a glacier. 2. A breach in the levee
or embankment of a river. (Web-
ster)

Crevet. A crucible. (Raymond)

Crevice (Pac.). 1. A shallow fissure
in the bedrock under a gold placer,
in which small but highly concen-
trated deposits of gold are found.
2. The fissure containing a vein,
( Raymond ) . As employed in the
Colorado statute relative to a dis-
covery shaft, a crevice is a mineral-
bearing vein. (Bryan v. McCaig, 10
Colorado, 309; 15 Pacific, p. 413;
Beals v. Cone, 27 Colorado, 500; 15
Pacific, p. 948; Terrible Mining Co.
v. Argentine Mining Co., 89 Fed-
eral, 583)

Crevicing. Collecting gold that is in
the crevices of a rock. (Skinner)

Criadero (Sp.). 1. An ore or min-
eral deposit. C. detritico, alluvium ;
C. en arbol, ramification ; C. en fil6n,
a vein deposit of considerable ex-
tension ; C. en veta, a vein deposit
of variable but not great dimen-
sions; C. en capo, a stratified de-

posit; C. en rinones, small irregu-
lar deposits. (Halse)
2. (Mex.) Any mineral deposit
This is the more modern sense, and
the word is so used in the mining
laws at present (1902) in force in
Mexico. (Dwight) •

Crib. 1. See "Curb, 1, Nog, Chock,
Pack. 2. A structure composed of
frames of timber laid horizontally
upon one another, or of timbers
built up as in the walls of a log
cabin. 3. A miner's • luncheon.
(Raymond)

4. (Eng.) A cast-iron ring in a
shaft upon which tubbing is built
up. See Wedging curb. 5. (Eng.)
A wooden foundation upon which
the brick lining or walling of a
shaft is built. (Gresley)

Criba (Mex.). 1. Screen or sieve; C.
ffiratoria, revolving screen or trom-
mel. See also Cedazo. 2. A hand-
jig. See also Harnero. (Dwight)

Cribado (Sp.). Jigging or screening
ore. (Lucas)

Criba dor (Mex.). An ore screener.
(Dwight)

Cribar (Sp.). To screen, jig, or sift.
(Halse)

Cribbing. 1. Close timbering, as the
lining of a shaft. (Rowden v.
Daniel, 151 Missouri App., p. 22)
2. The construction of cribs of tim-
ber, or of timber and earth or rock
to support the roof. (Steel)

Cribble. A sieve. (Raymond)

Cribwork. A construction of timber-
ing jnade by piling logs or beams
horizontally one above another, and
spiking or chaining them together,
each layer being at right angles to
those above and below it (Cen-
tury). See also Crib, 2.

Crichtonite. A variety of ilmenite in
which the proportion of titanic
oxide is less than normal. (Stand-
ard)

Crilley and Everson process. A flota-
tion process in which the ore is
crushed to 50 mesh, and mixed with
a thick black oil. Boiling water
containing enough acid to give it a
tart taste is then added. This
process was tried at Baker City,
Oreg., and at Denver, Colo., in 1889.
(Liddell)

Crimp. The flattening made by a
crimper near the mouth of a blast-
ing cap for holding the fuse in place.
(Du Pont)

192

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Crimper. A device used for crimping
a cap about a piece of fuse. (Gil-
lette, p. 443)

Cripple. 1. Swampy or low wet
ground; bog. 2. A rocky, shallow
place in a stream. (Webster)

Cris6cola (Sp.). 1. Chrysocolla. 2.
Gold solder. 3. Borax. (Halse)

Crisol (Mex.). An assay crucible;
melting pot; slag pot (Dwight)

Crisolada (Sp.). 1. A crucible full of
molten metal. 2. A crucible charge.
(Halse)

Crisolero (Mex.). A slag-pot puller.
(Dwight)

Cristal (Sp.). A crystal; C. de roca,
rock crystal. (Halse)

Cristalino (Sp.). Crystalline.
(Dwight)

Cristo-grahamite. Grahamite from
the Cristo mine, Huasteca, Mexico.
(Bacon)

Critical angle. The least angle of in-
cidence at which total reflection
takes place. (Webster)

Critical density. The density of a sub-
stance at its critical point. (Web-
ster)

Critical pressure. The pressure neces-
sary to raise the boiling point of
a substance, in the liquid state, to
the critical temperature; the pres-
sure that will just liquefy gas at its
critical temperature. (Webster)

Critical temperature. Any tempera-
ture marked by a transition ; the
temperature above which a sub-
stance can exist only in the gtlseous
state, no matter what the pressure.
(Webster)

Crocidolite. Blue asbestos. One of
the monoclinic amphiboles. (Dana)

Crocoite. .Lead chromate, PbO.CrOs.
Contains 68.9 per cent PbO and 31.1
per cent .CrOs. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Crocus. A term used in the Milford,
N. H., quarries to denote gneiss or
any other rock in contact with gran-
ite. (Perkins)

Cromo (Sp.,). Chromium. (Dwight)

Cronstedite. A coal-black to brownish-
black hydrous iron silicate, 4FeO.-
2Fe,O..3SiOa4H,0. ( Dana )

Crookesite. A massive, compact me-
tallic, lead-gray selenide of copper,
thallium «nd silver, (Cu,Tl,Ag)8Se.
(Dana)

Crop. 1. See Outcrop; also Bassett.

2. The roof coal or stone which has
to be take"n down in order to secure
a safe roof in the workings. (Gres-
ley)

3. (Corn.) See Crop-tin. 4. To
leave coal at the bottom of a bed.
(Raymond). See Cropping coal.

5. (Eng.) To dock or line by de-
ducting a certain portion of the
weight of coal in the car when there
is an excess of refuse, or the like.
(Webster)

Crop coal. Coal of inferior quality
near the surface. (Roy. Com.)

Crop fall. A caving in of the surface
at the outcrop of the bed caused by
mining operations. Applied also to
falls occurring at points not on the
outcrop of the bed. Synonomous
with Day. fall. (Chance)

Crop ore (Local Eng.). First-quality
tin ore, cleaned for smelting.
(Standard)

Crop out. To be exposed at the sur-
face; referring to strata (Whitney).
See also Outcrop.

Cropper (Eng.). A shot placed at the
highest side or edge of a shaft bot-
tom. (Gresley)

Cropping. An outcrop. (Standard)

Cropping coal. The leaving of a small
thickness of coal at the bottom of
the seam in a working place, usu-
ally in back water. The coal so left
is termed " Cropper coal." (C.- and
M. M. P.)

Cropping out. The natural exposure of
bedrock at the surface. That part
of a vein which appears at the sur-
face is called the cropping or out-
crop. ( Raymond )

Croppings. Portions of a vein as seen
exposed at the surface. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Crop tin. The chief portion of tin ore
separated from waste in the princi-
pal dressing operation. (Raymond)

Crop upwards (Eng.). In miners' par-
lance, to rise. (Roberts)

Croquis (Sp.). A sketch; a rough
draft. (Halse)

Cross (Wales). See Crosscut.

Crossbar. A horizontal timber held
against the roof to support it, usu-
ally over a roadway; a collar.
(Steel)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

193

Cross-bedded. Characterized by minor
beds or laminae oblique to the
main stratification; cross-stratified.
(Webster)

Cross-bedding. Lamination, in sedi-
mentary rocks, confined to single
beds anQ inclined to the general
stratification (La Forge). Caused
by swift, local currents, deltas, or
swirling wind-gusts, and especially
characteristic of sandstones, both
aqueous and eolian. (Kemp)

Cross course. A seam, bar or belt of
rock, not necessarily a lode, crossing
a lode (Webster). A contra-lode.

Cross-course spar (Corn.). Radiated
quartz. (Whitney)

Crosscut. 1. A small passageway
driven at right angles to the
main entry to connect it with a
parallel entry or air course. Also
used in Arkansas instead of "break-
through." (Steel)
2. A level, driven across the course
of a vein or in general across the
direction of the main workings or
across the "grain of coal." (Ray-
mond)

Crosscut method (combined with re-
moval of pillars). See Top slicing
and cover caving.

Crosscut method of working. See
Overhand stoping.

Crosscut tunnel. A tunnel driven at
approximately right angles to a main
tunnel, or from the bottom of a shaft
or other opening, across the forma-
tion to an objective point (Duryee).
The term " crosscut " would seem
more appropriate as the term tunnel
implies being open to the surface at
both ends, as a railroad tunnel.

Crossed dispersion. In optical miner-
alogy, the dispersion that produces
an interference figure with color dis-
tribution symmetrical to the center
of the figure. (A. F. Rogers)

Crossed nicols. Two nicol prisms
placed so that their vibration planes
are mutually at right angles. (Lu-
quer, p. 26)

Crossed twinning. Repeated twin-
ning after two laws. Shown in mi-
crocline. (Luquer, p. 37)

Cross entry. An entry running at an
angle with the main entry. (Roy)

Crosses and holes (Derb.). In Derby-
shire the discoverer of a lode se-
cures it temporarily by making
"crosses and holes" in the ground.
(Da vies)

Cross fault. An oblique or dip fault.
(Webster)

Cross flucan. A name given by Cor-
nish miners to clay veins of ancient
formation (Ure). See also Flucan.

Cross frog. A frog adapted for rail-
road tracks that cross at right
angles. (Webster)

Cross gates (York). Short headings
driven on the strike and at right
angles to the main gates or roads.
(Gresley)

Cross gateway (Aust). A road,
through the goaf, that branches
irom the main gateway. (Power)

Cross-grained rock (Ohio). A local
term for certain sandstone beds that
exhibit cross bedding. (Bowles)

Crosshead. 1. A runner or framework
that runs on guides, placed a few
feet above the sinking bucket in or-
der to prevent it from swinging too
violently. ( Power )
2. A beam or rod stretching across
the top of something ; specifically,
the bar at the end of a piston rod
of a steam engine, which slides on
the ways or guides fixed to the en-
gine frame and connects the piston
rod with the connecting rod, (Cen-
tury)

Cross-head guide. A guide for making
the crosshead of an engine move in
a line parallel with the cylinder
axis. (Standard)

Cross heading. A passage driven for
ventilation from the airway to the
gangway, or from one breast
through the pillar to the adjoining
working (Chance). Also called
Cross hole, Cross gateway, and
Headway. •

Cross hole (Wales). A short cut-
through communicating with two
headings, for ventilation purposes.
(Gresley)

Crossing. 1. The place where two or
more lines of rails extending in dif-
ferent directions cross each other.
(Power)

2. (Eng.) See Air crossing. 3.
(Wales) A crosscut (Gresley)

Crossite. A blue amphibole found In
the crystalline schists of California.*
(Standard) -

Cross latches. See Latches, 1.

. 7440100—47-

-13

194

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cross lode. A vein Intersecting the
true or principal lode (Webster).
See Cross-vein.

Cross-measure. A heading driven hori-
zontally or nearly so, through or'
across inclined strata. (Gresley)

Cross-off (Clev.). See Stack out.

Crossover. A short connecting track
with a switch and frog at each end,
by which trains, (or cars) may be
switched from either of two tracks
to the other. (Webster)

Crosspiece. The short pieces of tim-
ber in a wooden pillar or crib. See
Edgers. (Sanders, p. 115)

Crossroad (Scot.). A main road
driven at a more moderate inclina-
tion than directly to the rise of the
strata. (Barrowman)

Cross section. A cutting or section
across; a section at right angles to
an axis, especially the longer axis
of anything ; also a piece of some-
thing cut off in a direction at right
angles to an axis. (Webster)

Cross-spur. A vein of quartz that
crosses a lode. (C. and M. M. P.)

Cross-stone. A synonym for Andalu-
site. (Chester)

Cross sloping. See Overhand stoping.

Cross-stratification. Tn geology, the
condition of having the minor lami-
nations ojblique to the plane of the
main stratum which they help to
compose. (Standard). See also
Cross-bedding.

Crosstie. A timber or metal sill
placed transversely under the rails
of a railroad, tramway or mine-car
track.

Cross vein. 1. An intersecting vein
(Raymond). See Cross lode.
2. A vein which crosses the bedding
planes of the strata. This usage
appears unnecessary, and conflicts
with the same name applied to cases
wher* two veins actually cross each
other. (Shamel, p. 165)

Crouan (Corn.). Granite. (C. and
M. M. P.) See also Grouan.

Crouch clay (Eng.). An old name for
the white Derbyshire clay. (Cen-
tury)

Crouch ware. 1. (Staff.) A kind of
fine pottery made in the seventeenth
century. 2. A salt-glazed stoneware
made at Burslem, England. (Cen-
tury;

Crow-coal. Certain earthy coal which
contains very little bitumen and a
large percentage of ash (Power).
Also called Craw-coal, and Craws.

Crowfoot; Crow. 1. A tool with a side-
claw, for grasping and recovering
broken rods in deep bore-holes.
(Raymond)

2. An iron claw or fork, to which
a rope is attached, and by which
the rods are lowered and raised
when changing the tools in deep
bore holes. (Gresley)

3. (Tenn.) Zigzag, wavy or irregu-
lar, dark lines characteristic of Ten-
nessee marble. (Bowles)

Crown arch. The arched plate which
supports the crown-she t of the fire
box of a boiler. (Century)

Crown bar. One of the bars on which
the crown-sheet of a locomotive
rests. (Century)

Crown formation (Aust.). A term
used in Bendigo for the outcrop of
saddle reefs crowning the hills, from
which points the reefs dip in oppo-
site directions. (Power)

Crown-gate. The head gate of a canal
lock. (Century)

Crown gold. Gold eleven-twelfths
(.917) fine, the standard for English
gold coins since Charles II. (Web-
ster)

Crown-in (Ches.). The caving of the
surface or cover of a rock-salt mine.
(Gresley)

Crownings-in (So. Staff.). The strata
forming the roof or cover. (Gres-
ley)

Crown sheet. The flat plate which
forms the top of the furnace or fire
box in an internally fired steam
boiler. (Webster)

Crownstone. 1. No. of Eng.) The top
stone of the gable-emd of a house.
2. A hard, smooth, flinty gritstone
(Century). See also Ganister, 3.

Crown tree; Crown. A piece of "timber
set on props to support the mine
roof. (C. and M. M. P.)

Crown wheel. A cog-wheel having the
teeth on the plane of the wheel's
circle instead of upon its circumfer-
ence. (Duryee)

Croylstone. A variety of. finely crys-
tallizetl barite. (Standard)

Crozle; Crozzle. To cake or harden
with heat; to burn to a cinder. A
cinder (Webster). Said of coal.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

195

Cmcero (Sp.). 1. Crosscut 2. A
cross coarse; a cross-vein. 3. End
pieces of a set of shaft timbers.
(Halse)

Crmceros. 1. (Chile) Minute veins,
oblique to the lode, in both direction
and dip, being the largest and richest
at the junction. 2. (Spain) The
two cross beams of the pulley frame
of a vnalac,at(>.. (Halse)

Cruces (Sp.) The crosspieces of an
arrastre or grinding milL (Mln.
Jour.)

Crucible. 1, A melting pot 2. The
lower part of a shaft furnace, in
which fusion is effected and the
molten bath is contained. (Ray-
mond)

Crucible steel. Also crucible cast
steeL A superior but expensive
kind of cast steel made by either
melting blister steel in crucibles, or
by fusing together wrought iron,
carbon and flux in crucibles. (Web-
ster)

rrucite. Same as Andalusite. (Stand-
ard)

Crude. 1. In a natural state; not al-
tered, refined or prepared for use by
any process, as crude ore. (Web-
ster)

2. A name tot crude petroleum.
(Bacon) .

Crude oil. A name for crude petro-
leum. (Bacon)

Crude mineral-oil. A name for crude
petroleum. (Bacon)

Crude naphtha. Unrefined petroleum-
naphtha. (Standard)

Crude ore-bin. An ore bin of crude
construction. ( Rickard )

Crude-ore bin. A bin in which ore is
dumped it comes from the mine.
(Rickard)

Crup. A gradual settling of the meas-
ures overlying a mine caused by the
weight crushing the pillars, or forc-
ing them down into the floor
(Harr). A variation of creep.

Crusader. A wooden sailing ship of 643
tons register. One Of the first sail-
ing vessels to be converted into oil
carriers in 1885. The Crusader was
fitted with 47 independent tanks,
arranged in three superimposed
tiers, an arrangement which was
found to work satisfactorily. (Mit-
zakis)

Crush. 1. A general settlement of tilt
strata above a coal mine due to fail-
ure of pillars; generally accompa-
nied by numerous local falls of roof
in mine workings. 2. A species of
fault in coal. (Century)

Crush-border. A microscopic granular
structure sometimes characterizing
adjacent feldspar particles in conse-
quence of their having been crushed
together during or subsequent to
their crystallization. (Dale)

Crush breccia. A breccia produced by
the shattering of rocks along a fault.
(Century)

Crushed steel. Angular fragments of
hard steel employed as an abrasive
in sawing stone. (Bowles)

Crushed vein. A mineralized zone or
belt of crushed material. The crush-
ing is due to folding, faulting, or
shearing.

Crusher. A machine for crushing rock
or other materials (Webster). As
a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher,
stamg mill, etc.

Crusher rolls. See Rolls.

Crush-conglomerate. A conglomerate
produced by the crushing of certain
rocks in the shearing movements
following folding. (Standard)

Crushing. 1. Reducing ore or quartz
by stamps, crushers, or rolls. (Roy.
Com.)

2. The quantity of ore so pulverized
or crushed at a single operation.
(Hanks)

J. (Aust.) The equivalent of "mill-
run." (Power)

Crushing machine. A machine con-
structed to pulverize or crush stone
and other hard and brittle materi-
als; a stone crusher. (Century)

Crushing mill. The same as Stamp
mill (Winchell). See Crusher.

Crushing rolls. A machine consisting
of two heavy rolls between which
ore, coal or other mineral is crushed.
Sometimes the rolls are toothed or
ribbed, but for ore their surface is
generally smooth. (Century)

Crushing strength. The resistance
which a rock offers to vertical pres-
sure placed upon it It is measured
by applying graduated pressure to»
a cube, one inch square, of the rock
tested. A crushing strength of 4,00ft
pounds means that a cubic inch of
the rock withstands pressure to
4.000 pounds before crushing
(Lowe). The crushing strength is
greater with shorter prisms,
with longer prisms.

196

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Crush line. In geology, a line along
which rooks, under great compres-
sion, yield, usually with the produc-
tion of schistosity. (Century)

Crush movement. In geology, compres-
sion, thrust, or lateral movement
tending to develop shattered zones.
(Century)

Crush plane. In geology, a plane de-
fining zones of shattering which re-
sult from lateral thrust (Century)

Crush zone. In geology, a zone of
faulting and breccia tion in rocks.
(Century)

Crust. 1. The hard external covering
of anything. An incrustation. (Web-
ster)

2. The lithosphere, or solid ex*,
terior portion of the earth, whose
nature is partly known from geologic
examination, or highly probable de-
duction; contrasted with the envel-
oping hydrosphere and atmosphere
and with the unknown centrosphere
or barysphere, whose nature is con-
jectural. (La Forge)

3. (Shrop.) A fine-grained white
sandstone. (Gresley*

Crust fracture. An extended fracture
in the earth's crust (Century)

Crustificatlon. The English equivalent
of a term suggested by Posepny f6r
those deposits of minerals and ores
that are in layers or crusts and that,
therefore, have been distinctively de-
posited from 'solution. (Kemp)

Crust movement. An extensive move-
ment of the earth's " crust. (Cen-
tury)

Crust-stress. Local strains and pres-
sure within the rocks of the earth's
crust. (Century)

Crust-torsion. A twisting stress in the
earth's crust. (Century)

Crutt (No. Staff.). See Branch, 1
and 2.

Cruz (Sp.). 1. Cross. 2. Intersection
of two ways. 3. Arms of a scale.
(Dwight)

4. A wall which divides the bed of
Spanish reverberatory furnaces.
(Halse)

Cruzada (Colom.). A crosscut.

(Halse)
Cruzado (Sp.). A lode or vein which

is crossed by another. See jalso

Cruzador. (Halse)
Cruzador (Colom.). 1. A cross vein or

lode. 2. A vein crossed by another.

(Halse)

Cruzamiento (Sp.). LA crossing of
underground roads. 2. A crossing
of air currents ; an overcast. 3. The
crossing of two veins. (Halse)

Cry of tin. The peculiar crackling
noise produced in bending a piece
of metallic tin. (Raymond)

Cryolite. A fluoride of sodium and
alpminum, 3NaF. A1F,. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Cifyolite glass. A semi-transparent or
milky-white glass, made of silica
and cryolite with oxide of zinc,
melted together. Also called Milk
glass and Fusible porcelain. (Cen-
tury)

Cryptoclastic. Compact. Made of ex-
tremely minute fragmental par-
ticles. (Webster)

Cryptocrystalline. Formed of crystals
of unresolvable fineness, but not
glassy. (Kemp)

Cryptographic. In petrology, having a
graphic structure of intergrowths
so minute that It can not be resolved
by a microscope. ( Standard )

Cryptohalite. A gray ammonium flu-
osilicate (NH^SiF., that crystal-
lizes in the isometric system.
(Standard)

Cryptoperthite. A variety of perthite
with structure so fine that it can not
be discerned by the microscope.
(Standard)

Crys ground (Forest of Dean). 'Car-
boniferous limestone strata contain-
ing beds of iron ore. (Gresley)

Crystal. A regular polyhedral form,
bounded by planes, which is assumed
by a chemical element or compound,
tinder the action of its intermolecu-
lar forces, when passing, under suit-
able conditions, from the state of a
liquid or gas to that of a solid. A
crystal Is characterized, first, by its
definite internal molecular struc-
ture, and, second, by its external
form. (Dana)

Crystallized tin plate. Tin plate hav-
ing crystals formed by the action of
diluted nitric and hydrochloric acids
(Standard). A rather low grade of
tin plate. See Tin plate.

Crystalliform. Having a crystalline
form. (Standard)

Crystalline. Of or pertaining to the
nature of a crystal, having regular
molecular structure. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

197

Crystalline aggregate. An aggregate
of crystalline grains or fragments,
as granite not showing well-defined
crystal forms. (Webster)

Crystalline limestone. Limestone com-
posed largely or wholly of crystal-
lized material, commonly as the re-
sult of metamorphism. (La Forge)

Crystalline rock. A rock composed of
closely fitting mineral crystals that
have formed in the rock substance,
as contrasted with one made up of
cemented grains of sand or other
material or with a volcanic glass.
( Standard )

Crystalline schists. Rocks that have
been entirely or partly recrystal-
lized by metamorphism. They are
named after their predominating
mineral, as chlorite- schist, horn-
blende-schist, mica-schist, etc.
(Standard)

Crystallinic metamorphism. A molecu-
lar change which renders an amor-
phous mineral body crystalline; as
limestone to marble. (Sloan)

Crystallites. Small, rudimentary or
embryonic crystals, not referable to
a definite species. (Kemp)

Crystallitic. In petrology, of the na-.
ture of or belonging to the class of
crystallites. (Standard)

Crystallization. The act or process of
crystallizing. A form or body re-
sulting from this act or process.
See Crystallization systems. (Web-
ster)

Crystallization systems. The thirty-
two possible crystalline groups, dis-
tinguished from one another by their
symmetry, are classified under six
systems, each characterized by the
relative lengths and inclinations
of the assumed crystallographic
axes. These are: (1) Isometric;
(2) Tetragonal; (3) Hexagonal;
(4) Orthorhombic ; (5) Moi Clinic;
(6) Triclinic. (Dana)

Crystallize. To convert into a crystal ;
to deposit crystals (Webster).
To solidify, from a liquid or gaseous
state, in a crystalline form, with a
regular molecular structure. (La
Forge)

Crystalloblastic. A structure in schists
due to relative perfection of crystal
forms and arrangement. (Leith, p.
77)

Crystallogeny. The science and the-
ory of tiie production of crystals,
(Standard)

Crystallography. The science of crys-
tals treating of the system of forms
among crystals, their structure, and
their forms of aggregation. A dis-
course or treatise on crystallization.
(Webster)

Crystalloid. A substance which, in so-
lution, diffuses readily through ani-
mal membranes, lowers the freezing
point of the solvent, and generally
is capable of being crystallized. Op-
posed to colloid (Webster). Metal-
lic salts, sugar, oxalic acid are crys-
talloids.

Crystallology. The science of the
structure of crystals. It embraces
crystallography and crystallogeny.
(Standard)

Crystallnrgy. The process of crystal-
lization. (Century)

Crystal optics. The science which
treats of the transmission of light
In crystals^ ^A. F. Rogers)

Crystolon. A trade name for carbide
of silicon. (Pike)

Cuadrilla (Mex.). 1. A settlement.
Compare Pueblo. (Lucas)
2. A gang or crew of laborers.
(Halse)

Cnadro (Sp.). 1. A,, square set for
stopes. 2. A bloc£ of ground ready
for stoping. 3. (Colom.) A bunton,
also a timber 5 to 20 in. square.
(Halse)

Cuajado (Mex.). 1. Argentiferous car-
bonate of lead. 2. Coarse galena.
(Halse)

Cuarcita (Mex.). Quartzite. (Dwight)

Cuarteador (Colom.). The miner who
works cuarteo, 3. (Halse)

Cuarteadura (Mex.). A fissure in
rocks. (Halse)

Cuartear (Sp.). To break large stones
with a sledge hammer. - (Halse)

Cuartel (Colom.). 1. Barracks for
miners. 2. An underground section,
district or group of workings.
(Halse)

Cuarteo (Colom.). 1. A transitory
suspension of the rains in winter.
2. A night shift of peons. 3. A sys-
tem of working mines by which the
ore is bought of the miners by the
company, the miners providing the
supplies. (Halse)
4. (Mex.) Work on drill holes,
paid for by the foot, yard, meter,
etc, (Dwight)

198

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Cuarto. 1. (Mex.) A shift; C. pri-
mero, day-shift; C. segundo, after-
noon-shift; C. tercero, night-shift.
(Dwight)

2. (Sp.) A room in a mine for
keeping tools, lights, etc. 3. (Mex.)
Miner o de C.t an underground mine
captain. 4. (Colom.) Overtime.
(Halse)

Cuartdn (Mex.). A large bowlder.
(Dwight)

Cuarzo (Sp.). Quartz; C. ahumado,
smoky quartz ; C. furuginoso, ferru-
ginous quartz; C. lechoso, milky
quartz; C. porfldico, (Peru) horn-
stone; C. Rosado, rose quartz.
<Halse)

Cuaternario ( S p . ) . Quaternary.
(Dwight)

Cuba (Sp.) 1. A keeve, vat 2. A
kibble. 3. An amalgamation bar-
rel. 4. Shaft, fire room, or tunnel
of a blast or shaft furnace. 5. The
fire room of a coke oven. (Halse)

Cubanite (Cuba). A bronze-yellow
sulphide of copper and iron mineral,
perhaps CuFeaS* or CuS.FezSs.
<Dana)

Cubbling. Breaking up pieces of -flat
Iron to be piled or fagoted, heated
and rolled. (Raymond)

Cube. 1. In crystallography, a form, in
the isometric system, inclosed by six
similar faces each of which is per-
pendicular to an axis. (La Forge)
2. (Scot.) A ventilating furnace In
a mine. (Barrowman)

Cube coal. 1. A layer of hard green-
ish clay found at the top of a coal
seam in parts of Pennsylvania and
West Virginia. It breaks readily
into cubes of nearly perfect shape.
Sometimes called Rooster coal. 2.
(Eng.) Coal broken into cubes, of
about one foot on each side, to suit
certain trade. (Gresley)

Cube ore (Eng.). An arsenate of iron,
6FeAs<X2Fe(OH).+12H,0, of an
olive-green to yellowish brown color,
and occurring commonly in cubes
with the copper ores of Cornwall
and other localities. Pharmacosid-
erlte. (Dana)

Cube powder. Gunpowder made in
large cubical grains and burning
more *lowly than the small or Ir-
regular grains. (Century)

Ombt i par . Same as Anhydrite.
(Standard)

Cnbeta • (Mex.). Bucket (Dwight).
A amall barrel or cask.

Cubical cleavage. Equally good cleav-
age in three mutually perpendicular
directions. (Butler)

Cubicite; Cubizite. Cubic zeolite, or
analcime. (Century)

Cubico (Sp.). Cubic. (Dwight)

Cubic stock. Blocks of stone approxi-
mately cubical in form as contrasted
with thin stock or slabs. (Bowles)

Cublerto (Sp.). 1. The bonnet of a
safety cage. 2. The overburden of a
placer mine. 3. The outer jacket of
a furnace. (Halse)

Cubilete (Sp.). A kind of shallow
bucket for hoisting ore. (Halse)

Cubilote (Sp.)- A cupola smelting
furnace; a smelting pot (Halse)

Cubo (Mex.). 1. Bucket; kibble. 2.
The third power of a number.
(Dwight)

Cuchara (Peru). 1. A spoon; ladle;
scraper. 2. A utensil made of horn,
in which minerals are washed as a
rough test of value. C. (Mex.)
Blade of water wheel. (Dwight)

Cucharilla (Mex.). An iron rod, used
in drilling, to remove drill cuttings
from a dry hole. (Dwight)

Cucurucho (Mex.). A leather cover to
protect miners at work from failing
water or rocks. .(Dwight)

Cuddy. 1. (Scot.) A donkey. 2. A
lever mounted on a tripod for lift-
ing stones, leveling up railroad ties,
etc. (Webster)

3. A weight mounted on wheels; a
loaded bogie, used to counter bal-
ance the tub or car on an In-
clined roadway (Barrowman). Also
spelled Cuddle.

Cuddy brae (Scot.). An inclined road-
way, worked in the same manner as
a self-acting incline. (Barrowman)

Cuele (Mex.). 1. The distance a tun-
nel or other work is extended dur-
ing a certain time. (Dwight)
2. The bottom of a shaft (Halse)

Cuenca (Mex.). I. Broad valley. 2.
Geological basin (Dwight). C. car-
bonifera, a coal measure or basin.
(Halse)

Cuenta (Sp.). A lenticular mass of
ore. (Halse)

Cuerda (Sp.). 1. A cord or small
rope. 2. (Mex.) Limits of a mining
property. 3. (Mex.) A row of men
who pass blocks of ore from hand
to hand. 4. A cord of firewood.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

199

Cuero (Sp.)- 1. A hide, generally of
oxen, cows, etc. (Halse)

2. (Mex.) A leather bucket.
(Dwight)

Cuerpo. 1. (Peru and Mex.) An ore
body. 2. A mass of pulp in process
of amalgamation (Dwight)

3. (Mex.) A globule of mercury.

4. C. del alto, the hanging-wall
branch of a vein; C. del mcdio, the
center branch of a vein ; C. del bajo,
the foot-wall branch of a vein. 5.
C. de mineros, the personnel of a
mine. (Halse)

Cuesco (Mex.). Coarse ore; a re-
cemented, fragmentary rock.
(Dwight) '

Cuesta (Sp.). A sloping plain, espe-
cially one with the upper end at the
crest of a cliff ; a hill or ridge with
one face -steep and the opposite face
gently sloping. Common in South-
western United States. (Webster)

Cueva (Sp.). 1- A cave or grotto. 2.
(Spain) Old Roman shafts and
headings, sometimes full of water
and running sand or mud. 3.
(Colom.) Placer gravel covered by
large blocks of granite making its
extraction very laborious. (Halse)

Cuffat (Fr.). A vessel consisting of
a shallow tub fitted with 4 wheels
and attached to chains at the sides
for hoisting coal. The coal is piled
in a conical form and kept from fall-
ing off by iron rings placed one
above another. (Gresley)

Cui (Fr. Guiana). A hemispherical
vessel made of tin plate, used in
draining placers. (Halse)

Cuillcr '(Fr.). A long, wrought-iron,
cylindrical bucket in which waste
from shaft sinking is brought to
the surface. (Gresley)

Cuinage (Eng.). The official stamp-
ing of pigs of tin for market
(Standard). A corruption of coin-
age.

Culbuteur (Belg.). A dumping appa-
ratus vrhich turns completely over,
or around, when emptying cars.
(Gresley)

Culet. The small, lower terminus, of
a brilliant-cut gem, parallel to the
table. (Standard)

Culm. 1. (Eng.) Anthracite. (Welsh)
A kind of coal, of indifferent quality,
burning with a .small flame,
and emitting a disagreeable odor.
(Humble)

2. (Penn.) The waste or slack of the
Pennsylvania anthracite mines, con-

sisting of fine coal, more or less pure,
and coal dust and dirt (Raymond)
3. In the usage of many European
authors, the Lower Carboniferous or
Dinantian series of the Carbonifer-
ous system of rocks in western
Europe, especially where consisting
largely of siliceous beds with little
limestone (La Forge). Called in
Ireland, Calp.

Culm bank; Culm dump. A heap or
pile of waste kept separate from the
rock and slate dumps. See Culm, 2.
(Chance)

Culm bar. A peculiar bar used in
grates designed for burning culm
or slack coal. (Century)

Culmiferous. Containing culm, as
coal. (Standard) „

Culmophyre. A rock in which the
phenocrysts are arranged in clus-
ters or irregular groups. (Iddings,
p. 224)

Culo (Sp.). The lower or inner part
of a drill hole. (Halse)

Cumberlandite. A name derived from
Cumberland Hill, R. I., proposed by
Wadsworth for the ultra-basic, ig-
neous rocks, forming the hill. It is
an aggregate of titaniferous magne-
tite, plagioclase, olivine and sec-
ondary minerals, but contains from
40-45 per cent iron oxides and
about 10 per cent TiOa. (Kemp)

Cumberland method of mining. See
Top slicing and cover caving. Also
Top slicing combined with ore cav-
ing.

Cumbre (Sp.). Top or summit of a
mountain or hill. (Halse)

Cumene. A hydrocarbon, G»H12, first
found by De la Rue and Muller in
Rangoon oil. (Mitzakis)

Cumulates. Vogelsang's name for
spherulitic aggregates of globules.
(Kemp)

Cumulose deposits. Peat, muck and
swamp soils in part. (Watson)

Cuna (Sp.). A cradle used in gold
washing. (Halse)

Cuna. 1. (Sp.) A wedge or gad. 2.
(Sp.) A "horse" of ground. 3.
(Colom.) Pillars left in stopes for
supporting the main levels. (Halse)

Cundy; Cundie. 1. (Scot) The spaces
from which coal has been worked
out, partly filled with dirt and rub-
bish between the packs (Gresley).
See Goaf.

2. (Aust. ) The passage under a
roadway into which an endless rope

200

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

passes out of the way at the end
of its track. Also called Conduct
(Power). A variation o f Conduit.

Cuneta (Sp.). 1. A small trench. 2.
The drain or gutter of an adit level
or gangway. (Halse)

Cup-and-cone. A machine for charg-
ing a shaft furnace, consisting of an
iron hopper with a large central
opening, which is closed by a cone
or bell, pulled up into it from below.
In the annular space around this
cone, the ore, fuel, etc., are placed ;
then the cone is lowered to drop the
materials into the furnace; after
which it is again raised to close the
hole. ( Raymond )

Cupel. A small, shallow, porous cup,
especially of bone ash: used in as-
saying to separate precious metals
from lead, etc. ; also a larger form
for commercial refining. (Webster)

Cupel dust. A powder used in purify-
ing metals ; also called Coppel dust.
(Century)

Cupellation. 1. The treatment on a
hearth or cupel (usually formed of
bone ash) of an alloy of lead, gold,
and silver, by means of fusion and
an air blast, which oxidizes the
lead to litharge, and removes it in
liquid form, or absorbs it in the
cupel. (Raymond)
2. As applied to lead smelting, it is
the final separation of lead and
.silver, and consists in melting and
heating in a reverberatory furnace
argentiferous lead with access of
air to the temperature at which
litharge forms on its surface. (Hof-
man, p. 506)

Cupola (Sp.). A cupelling furnace.
(Halse)

Cupola. 1. A shaft furnace with a
blast, for remelting metals, prepara-
tory to casting. Sometimes incor-
rectly pronounced and written Cu-
pelo. (Raymond)

2. The offtake for smoke and return
air erected at or near to the top of
the upcast shaft. (Gresley)

3. A domical-shaped projection of
igneous material from a batholith.
Many stocks are cupolas on batno-
liths. (Daly, p. 102)

4. A circular kiln, with a domed
roof, used for burning brick. (Web-
ster)

Cupola furnace. A shaft furnace built
more slightly than the ordinary
blast furnace, and usually of fire
brick, hooped or cased with iron.

It is chiefly used for remelting cast-
iron 16r foundry purposes. (Cen-
tury). See Cupola, 1.

Cupriferous. Copper-bearing. The
Nipigon or Keweenawan formation.
(Winchell)

Cuprita (Sp.). The mineral cuprite.
(Dwight)

Cuprite. Native red copper oxide,
Cu2O. Contains 88.8 per cent cop-
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Cuproapatite. A variety of apatite
from Chile containing copper.
(Standard)

Cuprotungstite. A tungsten-bearing
mineral, CuWO4+2H2O, also (CaCu)
WO,+2HaO. Its composition is vari-
able, and it may easily be mistaken
for some mineral of the epidote
group.

Cuprous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining copper. (Webster)

Cuprum. Copper ; the chemical symbol

is Cu.
Cupula, cupola (Sp.). The cap or

dome of a reverberatory furnace;

steam- dome of a boiler, etc. ( Halse )

Curador (Mex.) A guardian of prop-
erty; trustee. (Dwight)

Curb. 1. A timber frame, circular or
square, wedged in a shaft to make
a foundation for walling or tubbing,
or to support, with or without other
timbering, the walls of the shaft.
(Raymond)

2. The heavy frame or sill at the
top of a shaft. (Steel)

3. In tunnel construction a ring of
brickwork or of cast iron, at the
base of a shaft, surmounting a cir-
cular orifice in the roof of the tun-
nel. A Drum-curb, is a flat ring of
cast iron for supporting the brick-
work, having the same diameter ex-
ternally as the shaft of brickwork.
Temporary curbs of oak are also
used. (Simms)

4. An iron border to the incorporat-
ing bed of a gunpowder mill. 5. An

. iron casing in which to ram loam
molds for casting. 6. The walls of
a chamber in which sulphuric acid
is made. (Webster)

Curbing. See Curb, 1; Crib, Cribbing
and Back-casing.

Curb tubbing (Eng.). Solid wood tub-
bing. (Gresley)

Curf (Som.). The floor of an under-
ground road wl ich is being taken
up. See also Canch. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

201

Curl (Ecuador). Gold, hence theX3u-
raray river. (Halse)

Curie point. The temperature lying
above the red heat, at which cer-
tain bodies, such as, iron, nickel,
magnetite, etc., lose the property of
ferronmgnetism and become para-
magnetic. (Webster)

Curie's law. The law, established by
Pierre Curie, that magnetic suscep-
tibility is inversely proportional to
the absolute temperature. (Web-
ster)

Curley cannel (Eng.). Cannel coal
which breaks with a conchoidal or
curly fracture. (Gresley)

Curlstone (Shrop). Ironstone exhibit-
ing cone-in-cone formation. (Gres-
ley)

Curly shale. 1. (Scot.) A Pumpher-
ston oil shale. Its thickness is about
6 ft., and it yields 20 gal. of crude
oil and from 60 to 70 Ib. of ammo-
nium sulphate per ton. (Bacon)
2. (U. S.) Any folded and distorted
oil shale.

Current. 1. A body of fluid moving
continuously in a certain direction,
as a current of water or air. 2. A
movement of electricity analogous
to the motion of a stream of water
or other liquid. (Webster)

Current bedding. See False bedding.

Current density. The amount of elec-
tric current per unit of cross-section
area of the conductor, at any part
of the circuit. (Webster)

Current meter. 1. An instrument, as
a galvanometer, for measuring the
strength of an electric current.
(Standard)

2. Any instrument for measuring
the velocity force, etc., of currents.
(Webster)

Curry pit (Leic.). A hole sunk from
an upper to a lower portion of a
thick seam of coal through which
the return air passes from the stalls
to the airway. (Gresley)

Curtain. A sheet of brattice cloth
hung across an entry .in such a way
that it prevents the passage of the
air current but does not hinder the
passage of mules or mine cars.
(Steel)

Curtain of coal (West Penn.). A thin
pillar left in lieu of timbers for
support. It also has the advantage
of being a permanent wall and thus
assists in directing ventilation.

Curtir (Sp.). The operation of add-
ing lime to warm ores, or magistral
to cold ores in amalgamation. (Min.
Jour. ) ,

Curva (Mex.) Curve. (Dwight)

Cuselite. Rosenbusch's name for a
peculiar variety of augite-porphy-
rite from Cusel, in the Saar basin.
Germany. (Kemp)

Cushioned hammer. A power-hammer
striking a cushioned blow. (Stand-
ard)

Cut. 1. To intersect a vein or work-
ing. 2. To excavate coal. (Ray-
mond)

3. To shear one side of an entry or
crosscut by digging out the coal
from floor to roof with a pick
( Steel ) . See also Undercut, 1.

4 (Som.). A staple or drop-pit,
whijch see. 5. ( Scot. ) . See Buttock.

6. (Eng.). The depth to which a
drill hole is put in for blasting.
(Gresley)

7. A term applied where the cutting
machine has cut under the coal to
a depth of five feet and for a width
of fifteen feet. (Stratton v. North-
east Coal Co., 164 Kentucky, p. 302)

Cut chain (Scot.). A system of work-
ing underground self-acting inclined
planes from several different levels,
by means of chains of various
lengths which are regulated accord-
ing to the level from which coal is
lowered. (Gresley)

Cut-chain brae (Scot). An incline on
which cut chains are used. (Bar-
rowman )

Cut coal (Scot). In stoop-and-room
working, coal cut on two sides
where two rooms at right angles to
each other just meet (Barrow-
man)

Cut holes. The first round of holes
"fired in a tunnel or shaft (Du
Pont). They are so placed as to
force out a cone-shaped core in the
center of a heading, and relieve the
burden on the second round of shots.

Cut-off. 1. A quarryman's term for the
direction along which the granite
must be channeled, because it will
not split. Same as Hard way. (Per-
kins)

2. The new and relatively short
channel formed when a stream cuts
through the neck of an oxbow. 3.
The act of shutting off the admis-
sion of steam to an engine ; also the
mechanism for effecting this cut-off
at the proper point in the cycle.
(Webster)

4. See Cut-off entry.

202

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Cut-off entry. An entry driven to in-
tersect another and furnish a more
convenient outlet for the coal. Also
called Cut-off. See Entry^ (Steel)

Cut-out. 1. (Forest of Dean). See
Crutt or Branch, 1. 2. (Eng.) A
fault which dislocates a seam of
.coal more than its entire thickness.
.(Gresley)

8. A device for cutting out a por-
tion of an electric circuit, generally
including a fuse designed to melt
when the current exceeds a certain
strength. A circuit breaker. (Web-
ster)

Cut-over (Mid.). To cut a seam of
coal in a long-wall working, over or
beyond the first joint or cleat.
(Gresley)

Cuts (Scot). Strips of coal worked
off the sides of pillars (Gresley).
Also called Slices, or Skips.

Cut shot. A shot designed to bring
down coal which has been sheared
or opened on one side. (Barrow-
man)

Cutter. 1. A term employed in speak-
ing of any coal-cutting or rock-cut-
ting machine; the men operating
them, or the men engaged in under-
holing by pick or drill. (Steel)

2. (Scot.) A fissure or natural
crack in strata. (Gresley)

3. A joint, usually a dip joint, run-
ning in the direction of working
(Webster). Usually in the plural.

4. (Mt. Pleasant, Tenn.) An open-
ing in limestone, enlarged from
cracks as fissures, by solution, which
is filled by clay and usually con-
tains valuable quantities of brown
phosphate rock. (W. G. Phalen,
mineral technologist, U. S. Bur.
Mines)

5. A crack in a crystal which de-
stroys or lessens its value as a lapi-
dary's stone. (Century)

Cutter bar. That part of a chain min-
ing machine that supports the cut-
ting chain and extends under the
coal. (Harr)

Cuttery (Scot.). Much intersected
with joints or fissures, e. g., cuttery
sandstone. ( Bar rowman )

Cut-through. 1. (No. Staff.). An
opening between headings every 18
to 20 yards in mines having a steep
inclination. See also Dip, 3 and 4.
Presley)

t. (Aust). A connection between
bords, used for ventilation and trav-
eling purposes. (Power)

Cutting. 1. (Eng.) The end or side
of a stall next to the solid coal
where the coal is cut with a pick in
a vertical line to facilitate breaking
down. Channeling. (Gresley)

2. The opening made by shearing or
cutting. (Steel)

3. Low-grade ore or refuse obtained
from dressing ore. 4- The opera-
tion of making openings across a
coal seam as by channeling, or be-
neath a coal seam as by undercut-
ting.

Cutting box. A box into which dia-
mond dust falls when the diamonds
which are cemented into the cutter
and setter are rubbed against each
other. (Century)

Cutting chain. The sprocket chain
which carries the steel points used
for undermining the coal with chain
mining-machines. ( Steel )

Cutting down. The trimming of shaft
walls to increase its sectional area.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Cutting shot (Ark.). A shot put in
beside a cutting so as to blast some
coal into it and to shatter the coal
beyond for aid in making the next
cutting. See also Shot. (Steel)

Cut-up (Scot.). An excessive roof
fall leaving a large open space
above. (Gresley)

Cuvelage (Fr.). Same as Tubbing.

Cuvette. 1. (Fr.) A bowl or basin of
pottery or china; a flat-bottomed
piece containing a water pot. 2.
The vessel in which molten glass is
received from the refining-pot and
borne to the table for casting and
rolling. (Standard)

Cuyuna. The name of an iron range
in Minnesota. It is composed of the
syllables, "Cuy" and "Una", the
former being a contraction of the
given name of Cuyler Adams who
was active in the early development
of that territory, and the last syl-
lable is the name of his dog "Una"

Cwt. An abbreviation for a hundred-
weight, or J.12 pounds avoirdupois.

Cyanamid. A trade name for a mate-
rial containing about 50 per cent
true cyanamide (CH2N2), and 25 per
cent calcium hydroxide. Commer-
cial cyanamld is made by passing
nitrogen over a heated mass of cal-
cium carbide (CaCa) and contains
35.0 per cent nitrogen.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

203

Cyanamide. A white crystalline com-
pound (CHaNa) formed by the action
of cyanogen chloride on ammonia.
(Standard)

Cyanidation. 1. Conversion of gold
Into a double cyanide of potassium
and gold by the action of cyanide
of potassium (Duryee). See Cya-
nide process. 2. The act or proc-
ess of cyaniding. (Webster)

Cyanide. 1. A compound of cyanogen
with an element or radical. 2. To
treat with cyanide (Webster). Po-
tassium and sodium cyanides are
used in the extraction of gold.

Cyanide mill. A mill in which the
cyanide process is carried on.
(Webster)

Cyanide process. A process for the
extraction of gold from finely
crushed ores, concentrates and tail-
ings by means of cyanide of potas-
ium used in dilute solutions. The
gold is dissolved by the solution and
subsequently deposited upon metal-
lic zinc or by other means. (Skin-
ner). See also McArthur and Forest
process.

Cyanite; DUthene. A mineral indenti-
cal in chemical composition with an-
daluslte afcd sillimanite, AlaO,.SiO,,
but di,«tertng in crystal form. Gen-
erally in flat-bladed pieces. Some-
times used as a gem. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) Also spelled Kyanite.

Cyanogen. 1. A univalent radical, CN,
composed of carbon and nitrogen,
present in hydrocyanic acid and the
cyanides. 2. A colorless, poisonous
gas, (CN)2, with an odor like that
of peach leaves. (Webster)

Cyanotype. A simple method of pro-
ducing photographs, usually blue in
color, by the use of paper, linen or
the like, coated with certain com-
pounds of cyanogen and iron. Also
a print so obtained. It is used for
copying maps and charts. (Web-
ster)

Cyanuret. A former name for cyanide.
(Standard)

Cyclic. Applied to any action or pro-
cess that after going through a cer-
tain course, or accomplishing a defi-
nite order of .changes, begins again
the same course or order, and so on
indefinitely until some new influence
stops or changes the action. (Ran-
jsome)

Cyclic twin. Composed of parts whlcli
appear to have been alternately re-
volved 180° upon non-parallel twin-
ning planes. The varieties with
names are trillings, fourlings, §ix-
lings and eightlings. (Butler)

Cylinder metal. Cast iron alloyed
with two or more per cent of man-
ganese and possessing a low coeffi-
cient of friction when highly pol-
ished. Used for engine cylinders.
(Webster)

Cymogene. A product obtained by the
redistillation of American petro-
leum (Mitzakis). Usually nearly
pure butane.

Cymophane. A synonym for Cat's-eye.

Cyprine. A variety of vesuvianite or
idocrase, of a blue tint, which is
supposed to be due to copper. (Cen-
tury)

Cyrtolite. A yellowish to brownish
mineral containing zirconia, yttria,
ceria, and other rare earths.
Found in pegmatites. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

D.

Dacite. A vitrophyric or felsophyric,
generally volcanic, igneous rock,
containing essential plagioelase and
quartz, with or without hornblende
and biotite or both ; quartz andesite.
(La Forge)

Backer (Eng.). Insufficient ventila-
tion of a mine (Bainbridge). Dead
air.

Dacker of wind (Derb.). Poor venti-
lation in a mine. (Hooson)

Dad (No. of Eng.). In coal mining, to
mix (fire damp) with atmospheric
air to such an extent that the mix-
ture is incapable of exploding
(Century). Also called Dash.

Dado (Sp.). 1. Die of a stamp mill.
2. A stone on which a horse whim
(malacate) works. (Halse)

Dag (Aust). A system whereby the
earnings of members of the Coal-
miners' Federation are practically-
equalized. (Power). Compare
Darg.

Dagger (Ark.). A T-shaped iron-
about 4 feet long, used to force an"
auger into hard coal. The point is
placed in a hole dug in the floor
while the miner drilling the hole
presses his breast against the cross-
bar. The end of the auger fits into
any one of a number of recesses in
the stem of the dagger. (Steel)

204

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dagh (Turkey). Hill; mountain.
(Crofutt)

Dagner condenser. A series of muffle-
shaped pipes through which dis-
tilled zinc is passed for condensa-
tion. (Ingalls, p. 551)

Dahamite. A name derived from Da-
hamis, a place on the island of So-
cotra, and given by A. Pelikan to a
dike rock of brown color, compact
texture with red phenocrysts of
tabular albite or albite-oligoclase.
The mineralogical composition as
shown by recasting an analysis is
albite, 43.8; anorthite, 2.8; ortho-
clase, 12.2; quartz, 31.5; riebeckite,
6.8. The rock appears to be a va-
-riety of paisanite. (Kemp)

Daily feport. See Boring Journal.
Dalama (Zambesi). Qold. (Lock)

Dale. 1. (Scot.) A measure by which
coal was formerly sold in the east
of Scotland. (Barrowman)
•2. A low place between hills; a val-
ley. (Webster)

Dalton's law (multiple proportions).
If two elements A and B form sev-
eral compounds with each other, and
we consider any fixed mass of A,
then the different masses of B which
combine with the fixed mass A bear
a simple ratio to one another (Lid-
dell). Thus, iron and oxygen unite
in the proportion FeO, FezO* and
FesO*. in which compounds (consider-
ing the oxygen) 3 and 4 are simple
multiples of one.

Dam. 1. A barrier to keep foul air,
or water, from mine workings
(Davies). See Stopping; also Bulk-
head.

2. The wall of refractory material,
forming the front of the fore-hearth
of a blast furnace. It is built on
the inside of a supporting iron plate
( dam plate ) . Iron is tapped through
a hole in the dam, and cinder
through a notch in the top of the
dam. See also Lurmann front.
(Raymond)

Dama (Sp.). A dam or stone at the
end of a fire hearth of a furnace.
(Halse)

Damaged-ground rent (Eng.). Usually
double agricultural rent for land oc-
cupied by engines, heapstead, shops,
houses, railways, etc. (G. C. Green-
well)

Damask. The etched or "watered"
surface produced on polished
(welded) steel, by corrosion. (Ray-
mond)

Damourite. A hydrous Muscovite.
(Dana)

Damourite-schist. A schistose meta-
morphic rock composed largely or
wholly of damourite. It comprises
much of what was formerly called
hydromica schist. (La Forge)

Damp. A general term for gaseous
products formed in coal mines, etc.,
as distinguished from pure air. See
also Afterdamp ; Black damp; Choke
damp; Fire damp; Stink damp;
White damp.

Damped (Eng,). Suffocated by gas
or foul air in a mine. (Gresley)

Damper. A valve in a flue or at the
top of chimney to regulate the draft.
(Raymond)

Dam plate. In a blast furnace, the
cast-iron plate which supports the
dam or dam stone in front (Cen-
tury). See Dam, 2.

Damposcope (Scot). An instrument
invented by Professor Forbes, Glas-
gow, for detecting fire damp. (De-
scribed in Trans. Min. Inst. Scot-
land, vol. 1, p. 278.) (Barrow-
man)

Damp sheet (So. Staff.). A large -sheet
placed as a curtain or partition
across a gate road to stop and turn
an air current. (Raymond)

Dampy (Mid.). Mine air mixed with
so much carbonic acid gas as to,
cause the lights to .burn badly or
to go out. (Gresley)

Dam shale. A Scottish oil shale.
(Bacon)

Dam stone. The wall of fire brick or
stone Inclosing the front of the
hearth in a blast furnace. See also
Dam, 2. (Century)

Dan. 1. (Mid.). A tub or barrel,
sometimes with and sometimes with-
out wheels, in which mine water is
conveyed along underground road-
ways to the sump or raised to the
surface. 2. A small box or sledge
for carrying coal or waste in a mine.
(Gresley)

Danalite. A flesh-red to gray translu-
cent sulpho-sillcate, (Be, Fe, Zn,-
Mn)iSi«O»S, mineral, usually mas-
sive but sometimes crystallizing in
the isometric system. (Standard)

Danbnrite. A pale-yellow to colorless,
vitreous, translucent to transparent,
calcium boro-silicate mineral, CaBj-
(SiO«)t, crystallizing in the ortho-
rhombic system. (Dana)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

205

Dander (Scot). A piece of slag, vit-
rified refuse, or calcined cinder.
(Webster)

Pandered coal (Scot.). Coal burned
by, and generally mixed with trap
rock (Barrowman). See also Nat-
ural coke.

•

Danforth's oil. See Naptha.

Danger board (Scot.). A board on
which notice is given, warning
against entering a dangerous part of
the mine workings (Barrowman).
See also Fire board.

Danger signal. A signal consisting of
a board, shovel, or other material
with appropriate markings thereon,
placed in the front of a room or
entry containing an explosive mix-
ture of fire damp.. (Roy). Also, a
placard to indicate the location of
dangerous machinery, electric wires,
explosives, mine openings, etc.

Danks. Black shale mingled with fine
coal. (Standard)

Danks' puddler. A revolving mechani-
cal puddler. See also Puddling.
(Raymond)

Dant. 1. (Newc.) Soft, inferior coal ;
mineral charcoal. (Raymond)
2. To reduce, as a metal, to a lower
temperature. (Standard)

Danty (No. of Eng.). Disintegrated
coal. (Gresley)

Dap. A notch cut in a timber to re-
ceive another timber. (C. M. P.)

Daiapskite. A hydrous sodium nitrate
and sulphate mineral, NaNOa.NazSOh-
+H,O. (Dana)

Dar cuele (Mex.). To drive a level.
(Dwight)

Darg. 1. (No. of Eng.) A specified
quantity or weight of mineral
agreed by the managers and men to
be produced during a shift for a
certain sum of money. (Gresley)

2. (Scot.) To work by the day.

3. A days' labor; toil. 4. See Dag.

Darger (Scot). One who works by
the day. (Standard)

Dark rnby silver. See Pyrargyrite.

Darrlinge (Ger.). Residue of copper
resulting from the process of sepa-
rating silver froip copper by liqua-
tion. (Whitney)

Dash (No. of Eng.). See Dad:

Dashing (Eng.). Increasing the
amount of air in mines to prevent
explosions of mine gases. (Bain-
bridge). See also Dad,

Dash pot. 1. A device for cushioning
or damping a movement to avoid
shock, consisting essentially of a
cylinder containing air or a liquid
and a piston moving in it. 2. A de-
vice for closing the valves on a Cor-
liss engine, actuated by atmospheric
pressure or a spring. (Webster)

Dass. 1. (Scot). A slice or cut taken
off a pillar in stoping. (Barrow-
man)

2. A stratum. 3. To work in or cut
out layers from the face of a cliff.
A variation of Dess. (Webster)

Datalling (Eng.). Blowing (blasting)
down roof in a mine. (Gresley)

Datlers (Lane.). Men who work un-
derground, and are paid by the day;
not contractors. (Gresley)

Datolite. A hydrous silicate of boron
and calcium, H2O.2CaO.B2O3.2SiO2.
The mineral is used as a gem. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Datolite group. A group of minerals,
the species of which are usually re-
garded as orthosilicates, HR'R"SiO6,
or R'sR'VSiO.)*; R'= Ca, Be, Fe,
chiefly; R"— Boron, the yttrium
(and cerium) metals, etc. All of the
minerals of this group crystallize in
the monoclynic system. (Dana)

Datum. 1. Any position or element in
relation to which others are deter-
mined, as datum point ; datum line ;
datum plane. 2. The mean low-
water mark of all tides, assumed as
a base of reckoning. (Webster)

Datum level. The level (usually sea
level or mean level of nearest con-
siderable body of water) from which
altitudes are measured in surveys.
(Weed)

Datum water Uvei. The level at which
water is first struck in a shaft. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Daugh (Scot). Soft fire clay asso-
ciated with a seam of coal, and in
which the holing is usually made.
(Barrowman)

Dauk; Dawk; Douk (Eng.). Tough;
compact; sandy cTay. (Power)

Davis furnace. A long, one-hearth re-
verberatory furnace, heated by lat-
eral fireplaces for roasting sulphide
ore. (Ingalls, p. 97)

Davy; Davy lamp. A safety lamp In-
vented by Sir Humphrey Davy in
1815 for "the protection of coal
miners. Its safety feature consisted
of a fine-wire gauze inclosing the
flame to keep it from coming in con-
tact with mine gas.

206

QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MI.TBRAL INDUSTRY.

Davy man (Newc.). The man who
trims and repairs the Davy lamps.
(Min. Jour.)

Bawling (Derb.). A failing ore body,
both in quality and quantity. (Hoo-
•on)

Dawsonite. A basic carbonate of alu-
minium and sodium, Na«Al(CO*)s.
2Al(OII)s, mineral occurring in thin
incrustations of white radiating
bladed crystals. (Dana)

Dawson producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 305)

Day. 1. A term used to signify the
surface; thus, "driven to day,"
meaning to daylight, therefore to
the surface. (Chance)
8. (Wales) The surface of the
ground over a mine. Day level, —
An adit. Day water — Water from
the surface. ( Raymond )
3. (Derb.) Ore that is found near
the surface. (Mander)

Day-coal. The upper stratum of coal ;
as nearest the light or surface.
(Webster)

Day drift. A drift with one end at
the surface (Webster). An adit.

Day eyes (Wales). Inclined planes
driven from the surface to the coal
bed. (Gresley)

Day fall. See also Crop fall.

Day hole. Any heading or level in a
mine communicating with the sur-
face. (Century)

Day level (Scot). A level driven
from the surface (Barrowman).
An adit.

Daylight mine (Scot.). A mine or
drift extending to the surface.
(Barrowman)

Day man. A coal mine employee paid
by the day as distinguished from
those paid by the piece, or by con-
tract. Also called Company man.
(Steel)

Day pair (Corn.).* Miners who work
underground during the day
(Pryce). The day shift.

Day shift. A group of miners, or other
laborers, who work during the day.

Bay itone (Eng.). A rock lying ex-
posed in its natural state. (Web-
ster)

Day water. Surface water. < Web-
ster)

Daywork. All work other than that
done by the piece or contract, such
as repairing roads, handling can,
etc. Also called Company work and
does not include work for which the
men are paid by the month (Steel).
Work performed by day men.

Dead. 1. (Corn.) Unventilated. 2.
As to a vein or piece of ground, un-
productive. (Raymond)
3. (Eng.). The creep, after sub-
sidence or upheaval has taken place
to the full extent. (Oresley)

Dead air. The air of a mine when it
contains carbonic-acid gas (black
damp), or when ventilation is slug-
gish. (Stewart)

Dead coal (Kansas). A noncoking
coal mined from strip pits and used,
for zinc smelting. (Stewart)

Dead-dipping. The act or process of
imparting a dead, or dull, surface
to brass or other metal by dipping
It in an acid. (Webster)

Dead end. An entry, gangway, level,
or other mine passage extending be-
yond the mine workings into solid
coal or ore ; a stub. See Stub entry.

Dead end (of a pipe). The closed end
of a pipe or system of pipes. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Deadened mercury. See Floured.

Deadfall. A dumping platform at the
mouth of a mine. (Standard)

Dead glacier. A stagnant glacier; a
fossil glacier. (Century)

Dead ground. 1. Rock in a mine,
which, although producing no ore,
requires to be removed in order to-
get at productive ground. (Roy,
Com.)

2. A faulty or barren area of coal
strata. (Gresley)

Deadhead. 1. An extra length given
to a cast object, as a cannon, to put
pressure on the molten metal below
so that dross and gases may rise
into it; a sullage piece; a sinking-
head. 2. That part of a casting fill-
ing up the ingate; a sprue. (Stand-
ard)

Dead hole. A shallow hole in an iro»
casting. (Standard)

Beading (Glouc., Som.). Same as
Deadwork.

Dead-line. A row of marked empty
powder kegs or other danger signal
placed by the fire boss to warn
miners not to enter workings con-
taining gas. (Steel)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

207

Dead lode. A lode not containing valu-
able minerals in paying quantity.

Deadman. 1. A buried log, or the like,
serving as an anchor, as for a guy
rope. (Webster)

2. A wooden block used to guard the
mputh of a mine against runaway
cars. ( Connors- Weyman Steel Co.
v. Kilgore, 66 Southern, p. 612)

Dead mens' graves (Aust.). Grave-
like mounds in the basalt underly-
ing auriferous gravels. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Dead oil. A name given to those prod-
ucts of distillation consisting of
carbolic acid, naphthalin, etc., ob-
tained in the distillation of coal tar,
which are heavier than water and
which come off at about 340° F., or
over. (Century)

Dead-plate. A nearly horizontal iron
plate, at -the mouth of the furnace,
under a steam boiler, on which the
bituminous coal charges are laid to
be partly coked before they are
pushed upon the grate where their
solid carbon is consumed. The gases
evolved on the dead-plate pass over
the grate and are burned. (Ray«
mond)

Dead quartz. Quartz carrying no valu-
able mineral. (Ihlseng)

Dead rent. A 'certain, fixed, or mini-
mum rent paid at specified times by
a lessee, whether the mine is worked
or not. (Vandalia Coal Co. v. Un-
derwood, 111 N. B. Kept, p. 330;
New York Coal Co. v. New Pitts-
burgh Coal Co., 99 N. E. Kept, 198)

Dead riches. Base bullion. (Miller)

Dead roast. Roasting carried to the
farthest practicable degree in the
expulsion of sulphur. (Raymond)

Dead rock. The material removed in
the opening of a mine, that is of no
value for milling purposes. Waste
rock. (Duryee)

Dead rope (Aust.). Same as Buffer
rope.

Deads. 1. (Corn.) The waste rock,
packed in excavations from which
ore or coal has been extracted.
(Raymond)

2. The barren rock which incloses
the ore on every side. The wall
rock.

Dead small (No. of Eng.). The small-
est coal which passes through the
screening or separating apparatus.
(Gresley)

Dead-stroke hammer. A power ham-
mer striking an uncushioned or in-
elastic blow. (Standard)

Dead water. Standing or still water,
(Webster)

Dead weight. The unrelieved weight
of anything inert A heavy or op-
pressive burden. (Webster)

Deadwork. Work that is not directly
productive, though it may be neces-
sary for -exploration and future
production (Raymond). Unfinished
work.

Deaf ore. (Derb.). Gouge containing
small grains of valuable mineral.
Considered as indicating that the
main orebody is not far away,
(Hooson)

Deal. 1. Plank used in shaft and gal'
lery construction. (Raymond)
2. A board or plank of varying di-
mensions. In Canada it is a board
12 feet long, 11 inches wide and 2$
inches thick; in England, a board
not exceeding 3 inches thick and 9
inches wide. (Standard)

Deal-end (Eng.). A plank less than*
6 feet long, (Standard)

Dean (Corn.). The end of a leveL
(Raymond)

Debacle. 1. A great rush of waters,.
which, breaking down all opposing
barriers, carries forward the broken
fragments of rocks, and spreads
them in its course. (Comstock)
2. The breaking up of ice in a
stream. A violent dispersion or dis-
ruption. (Webster)

De Bavay process. A flotation process
invented by Auguste J. F. De Bavay
in 1904, in which a freely flowing
pulp is brought to the surface of a
vessel of water, where advantage is
taken of the surface tension of the
liquid, and the sulphide floated. A
film of carbonate on the sulphide,
from weathering, is detrimental,
and is removed by soaking the ore
in a weak solution of carbonate of
ammonia, or by passing carbon di-
oxide through the pulverized wet
ore, or by friction. In the original
process no oil or acid was jused.
Later these were also used. (Lid-
dell)

D6bil (Mex.). Weak; a term applied
to amalgam when very fluid. (Eg-
leston)

Debris. Rock fragments, sand, earth,
and sometimes organic matter, in
a heterogeneous mass, as at the foot

208

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

of a cliff. 2. The silt, sand; and
gravel that flow from hydraulic
mines; called in miner's parlance,
tailings, slums, and sometimes
slickens. See also Tailings. (Hanks.
Also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 940)

D6bris deposits. Refuse from hydrau-
lic mining operations. (U. S. Min.
Stat, p. 933-945)

Decantation. The act of pouring off
a liquid so as not to disturb a sedi-
ment or precipitate. (Webster)

Decanter. 1. A vessel used to decant
liquors or for receiving decanted
liquors, as in a laboratory. (Web-
ster)

2. An apparatus for sorting and
classifying tailings from gold-wash-
ing operations.

Deck. The platform of a cage upon
which the cars and men ride. Cages
are occasionally made with two,
three, or four decks. (Gresley)

Decken structure. A series of great
overthrust folds with nearly parallel
and horizontal axial planes. (Lieth,
P. 117)

Decking. The operation of changing
the tubs on a cage at top and bot-
tom of a shaft. Caging. (Gresley)

Deck molding. Trimming made to
match cresting or ridging, on clay-
tiled roofs, and used for the purpose
of covering the planes of a roof
which has a flat deck. (Hies)

Declaratory statement. In practical
mining operations, a term applied
to the statutory certificate of loca-
tion and is a notice or statement of
the location, containing a descrip-
tion of the mining claim, verified
by the oath of the locator, perform-
ing, when recorded, a permanent
function, and is the beginning of the
locator's paper title, is the first
muniment of such title and is con-
structive notice to all the world of
its contents. (Gird v. California
Oil Co., 60 Fed. Kept., p. 536; Pe-
ters v. Tonopah Min. Co., 120 Fed.
Kept., p. 589; Magruder v. Oregon,
etc., R. Co., 28 Land Decisions, p.
IT'*; Pollard v. Shively, 5 Colorado,
p. 312 ; Metcalf v. Prescott, 10 Mon-
tana, p. 284)

Declared selling price (Aust). The
nominal selling price of coal de-
clared by the mine owners -in the
Newcastle district, N. S. W., every
September, on which the payment
to miners is based. (Power)

Declination. The angle which the
magnetic needle makes with the geo-
graphical meridian. It is said to be
east or west, according as the north
end of the needle points to the east
or west of the geographical me-
ridian.

Declinometer. An instrument, often
self-registering, for measuring or re-
cording the declination of the mag-
netic needle. (Standard)

Decompose. To separate .the constitu-
ent parts of; to resolve into the
original elements; to rot or decay.
(Webster)

Decomposing furnace. A furnace used
in the conversion of common salt
into sulphate of soda, aided by the
action of sulphuric acid. (Century)

Decomposition. The breaking up or
decay of compounds into simpler
chemical forms. (Roy, Com.)

Decrepitate. To roast or calcine so
as to cause crackling; to crackle, as
salt, from the presence of moisture,
when heated. (Webster)

Decrepitation. The breaking up with
a crackling noise of mineral sub-
stances when exposed to heat, as
when common salt is thrown upon
the fire. (Roy. Com.)

Deeds (No. of Eng.). Debris or
waste thrown upon the spoil bank
(dump). (Gresley). A variation of
Deads.

Deep. 1. (Corn.) The lower portion
of a vein ; used in the phrase "to
the deep," i. e., downward upon
the vein. (Raymond)
2. Workings below the level of the
pit bottom or main levels extending
therefrom. 3. (Forest of Dean;
Lane.) A vein, seam, mine, or bed
of coal or ironstone. (Gresley)

Deep coal (Eng.). Coal seams lying
at a depth of 1,800 feet or more be-
low the surface. (Gresley)

Deep leads. Alluvial deposits of gold
or tinstone buried below a consider-
able thickness of soil or rock.
(Duryee)

Deep-level (Trans.). In South Africa,
the first mining properties de-
veloped from the surface were
estopped from trespassing beyond
their side lines projected down-
ward. The next mine on the dip
of the lode became known as the
"deep-level" mine or "deep." Jour.,
Chem., Met. and Min. Soc., So.
Africa, vol. 14, 1914, p. 361)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY

209

Beep pit (Bng.). A shaft exceeding
400 or 500 yards in depth. (Ores-
ley)

Deep-sinker (Aust). A tall drinking
glass ; also the drink it contains, so
called in* fanciful allusion to the
shaft of a mine. (Webster)

Deep- well pump. A pump for oil wells,
etc. (Standard)

Deficient coal (Ark.) Coal more dif-
ficult to mine than the standard,
and for which the miners are paid
an extra price. (Steel)

Deficient place (Aust.). A working
place in which men cannot make fair
average wages, and for which they
are given extra pay. (Power)

Definite proportions law. One of the
fundamental chemical laws that a
chemical compound always contains
the same elements in the same pro*
portions by weight (Liddell). Com-
pare Dalton's law.

Deflagrate. To burn; burst into
flame; specifically to burn rapidly,
with a sudden evolution of flame
and vapor, as a mixture of char-
coal and niter thrown into a red-
hot crucible. (Century)

Deflagrating mixture. Combustible
mixtures generally made with niter,
the oxygen of which is the active
ingredient in promoting their com-
bustion. (Century)

Deflagration globe. A large glass globe
for deflagration experiments, as
burning phosphorous in oxygen.
(Webster)

Deflagration spoon. A spoon with a
long vertical handle, used in defla-
gration experiments. (Webster)

Deflation. The removal of loose ma-
terial by the wind, leaving the rocks
bare to the continuous attack of the
weather. (Webster)

Deflection angle. In railroad survey-
ing, the angle formed at any point of
a curve between the tangent and a
chord of 100 feet, and is, therefore,
one half the degree of curve.

Deflocculating agent. An agent which
produces deflocculation, as for ex-
ample the alkalis in certain concen-
tration, and which therefore hin-
ders settling. (Eng. and Min. Jour.,
vol. 101, p. 431)

Deflocculation. A relative term op-
posed to floceulation, which gee.

7440100—47 14

Deformation of rocks. 1. Restricted!?,
distortion of rock masses by pres-
sure, evidenced by foliation, mutual
indentation of pebbles in conglom-
erate, distortion of fossils, stylo-
lites, etc. (Standard)
2. Any change in the original .shape
of rock masses. Folding and fault-
ing are common modes of deforma-
tion. (Ransome)

Degradation. The general lowering of
the surface of the land by erosive
processes, especially by the removal
of material through erosion and
transportation by flowing water.
(La Forge)

Degrade. To wear down by erosion.
(Webster)

Degree. A division, space, or interval
marked on a mathematical or other
instrument, as on a thermometer.
(Webster)

Degree of curve. In railroad survey-
ing, that angle subtended, at the cen-
ter of curvature, by a chord of 100
feet It is twice the deflection angle.

Dehne filter press. A standard plate-
and-frame filter press. (Liddell)

Dehydrate. To render free from wa-
ter. (Webster)

Deil (Scot). A tool for unscrewing
broken rods in a bore hole. (Bar-
rowman)

Deister table. A riffled table used in
ore. dressing in which the angle be-
tween the line of termination of the
riffles and the direction of motion
is not so acute as in the Wilfley.
It is also wider and shorter. The
top is rhomboidal. (Liddell)

Dejar respaldado (Peru). To leave
valuable ore in the wall -rock.
(D wight)

Delay electric blasting-cap. A detonat-
ing device with a delay element be-
tween the priming and detonating
composition. It detonates about one
or two seconds after the electric cur-
rent has passed through the bridge.
They are made in two kinds — first
and second delay — and are used in
connection with regular, waterproof
or submarine electric blasting-caps
for blasting in tunnels, shafts, ete.,
where it is desirable to have charges
fired in succession without the neces-
sity of the blaster returning between
shots. (Du Pont)

210

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Delay electric-igniter. An electrical
device using fuse as the delay ele-
ment by which it is possible with the
use of a blasting cap on each fuse
to detonate a number of charges in
succession. (Du Pont)

Delessite. A chloritic mineral of scaly
or short fibrous appearance filling
cavities or seams in basic igneous
rocks. (Dana)

Delf. 1. (Forest of Dean, Lane.) A
vein, seam, or bed of coal or iron-
stone. (Gresley)

2. (Eng. and Scot) A thing which
has been dug ; a mine ; a quarry ; a
pit. (Webster)

Delf man (Eng.). A miner or work-
man in a stone quarry. (Webster)

Deliquescent. Capable of becoming
liquid by the absorption of water
from the air. (Standard)

Delivery drift (Eng.). A drift or adit
driven from' low ground into the
shaft to receive water pumped from
a lower level. Also called Off-take
drift. (G. C. Green well)

Dellenite. A name proposed by Brflg-
ger for an intermediate group of ef-
fusive rocks, between the dacites
and the liparites (rhyolites). The
name is derived from Dellen, Hel-
eingland, Sweden. Compare Tosca-
nite. (Kemp)

Delprat method. See Overhand stop-
ing.

Delprat process. See Potter-Delprat
process.

Delta. An alluvial deposit at the
mouth of a river (Webster). Usu-
ally more or less triangular in form.

Deltafication. The process of forming
a delta at the mouth of a river.
(Century)

Deltaic. 1. Pertaining to or like a
delta. 2. Having or forming a delta.
(Century)

Deltaic deposits. Sedimentary deposits
laid down in a river delta. (Ran-
Bome)

Delta-metal. A non-rusting, copper,
zinc, and iron alloy resembling
Aich's - metal and sterro - metal.
(Standard)

Deltoid dodecahedron. An isometric
form of 12 faces, each a quadri-
lateral, distributed as determined by
the tetrahedral type of symmetry
(Dana). Sometimes called Delto-
hedron*

Dema (Sp.). 1. Timbers; lagging. 9.
A dry-stone wall. 3. (Colom.). The
side of a ground sluice. (Halse)

Demagnetize. To deprive of magnetic
polarity. (Century)

Demar (Sp. Am.). To timber; to con-
struct the sides of channels and
sluices. (Lucas)

Dema si a (Mex.). Unoccupied ground
between two mining concessions, less
than one pertenencia in extent.
(Dwight)

Demenge process. A process of hard-
ening the face of a steel ingot by
carburizing one side in the casting
mold. (Standard)

Demurrage. A charge for the deten-
tion of railway cars over a certain
period allowed for loading or un-
loading.

Dendriform. Resembling a tree; ar-
borescent; dentritic (Century).
Said of certain minerals.

Dendrite. 1. A branching figure re-
sembling a shrub or tree, produced
on or in a mineral or rock by the
crystallization of a foreign mineral,
usually an oxide of manganese, as in
the moss agate; also the mineral or
rock so marked.

2. A crystallized arborescent form,
as of gold or silver; an arboriza-
tion. (Webster)

Dendritic. Branching like a tree ; said
of minerals, as crystallized gold.

Dendroid. Dentritic; arborescent

Denounce (Mex.). To offer for rec-
ord, legal notice of a claim for a
mining concession, covering a de-
scribed area, the mining rights of
which are held by the government
(Webster). See also Denuncia.

Densimeter. An apparatus for deter-
mining the specific gravity or rela-
tive density of a substance. ( Stand-
ard)

Density. 1. The ratio of the mass of
any volume of a substance to the
mass of an equal volume of some
standard substance. For liquids and
solids the standard substance is wa-
ter. (Webster)

2. The quality of being dense, close,
or compact. 3. The quantity of elec-
tricity per unit of volume at a point
in space, or the quantity of elec-
tricity per unit of area at a point
on a surface. (Century)

Denndaci6n (Sp.). Denudation or ero-
sion. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

211

Denudation. 1. The washing down of
surface deposits so as to lay bare
underlying formations. This wash-
ing away in one place is associated
with the idea of deposition in an-
other. (Roy. Com.)
8. In geology, the same as erosion,
although there has been an effort
by some to restrict the term to the
stripping away of overlying material
from some particular rock ojr sur-
face. (Ransome)

Denude. To wear away or remove
overlying matter from and so ex-
pose to view, as underlying rocks.
(Standard)

Denuded. In geology, recks exposed
by the action of denudation. (Cen-
tury)

Denuncia (Sp.). 1. In Mexico and
Spanish America, the Judicial pro-
ceedings by which a person claims
and secures the right to a mine
which he has discovered, or one the
title to which has been lost or for-
feited by the neglect of the owner
to work it, or by his having violated
the mining ordinances. 2. A simi-
lar judicial proceeding by which
waste or abandoned lands may be
preempted. (Century)

Denunciador (Mex.). The denouncer
of a mine. (Halse)

Denunclamiento (Sp.). In mining, the
act of giving formal notice of a
claim ; also, the claim itself. (Stand-
ard)

Denunciante (Colom.). The denouncer
of a mine or claim; a claimant.
(Halse)

Denunciar (Sp.). To denounce. To
give information that a mine is
forfeited for being insufficiently
worked, or for a violation of some
condition which imposes that pen-
alty. This term is also applied to
the giving notice of a discovery, for
the purpose of registry. ( Raymond )

Denuncio (Mex.). Denouncement; the
act of applying for a mining conces-
sion under the old mining laws.
(Dwight)

Departamento (Sp.). Department; a
province, district or subdivision of
a country- (Halse)

Dependiente (Mex.). An inferior of-
ficer or clerk. (Halse)

Dephlegmator, or separator. An instru-
ment used in the refining of petro-
leum to arrest the oil mechanically
carried over by the vapor. (Mit-
Eakis)

Depletion. The act of emptying, re-
ducing or exhausting, as the deple-
tion of natural resources (Cen-
tury). In mining, specifically said
of ore reserves.

Deposit 1. Anything laid down. For-
merly applied to (suspended) matter
left by the agency of water, but now
made to include also mineral matter
in any form, and precipitated by
chemical or other agencies, as the
ores, etc.. in veins. (Winchell)
2. The term mineral deposit or ore
deposit, is arbitrarily used to desig-
nate a natural occurrence of a use-
ful mineral or ore in sufficient extent
and degree of concentration to invite
exploitation. (Raymond)

Deposition. 1. The process of natural
accumulation of rock material, as
when thrown down or collected in
strata by water, wind, or volcanic
action : also material thus deposited.
Opposed to denudation. ( Standard)
2. The precipitation of mineral mat-
ter from solution, as the deposition
of gate, vein quartz, etc.

Depdsito (Sp.). I A deposit, generally
sedimentary; a synonym of yad-
miento; D. de metal, an ore deposit;
D. de mincrales, a mineral deposit.
2. Cistern or tank. 3. (Mex.) An
ore bin. 4. Depositos (Mex.).
water collected in old workings.
(Halse)

Depp (Derb.). The continuance of
ore with depth. (Mander)

Depreciation. The loss in the value of
physical property due to use. or
otherwise, which cannot be made
good by current repairs. (E. B.
Skinner, p. 149)

Depreciation fund. A fund set aside
to replace a piece of depreciable
property when It is worn out. (E.
B. Skinner, p. 150)

Depression. 1. A lowering, sinking or
diminution. 2. The angular dis-
tance of an object beneath the hori-
zontal plane that passes through the
observer. Used in surveying.
(Webster)

Deputy. 1. (No. of Eng.) A man who
fixes and withdraws the timber sup-
porting the roof of a mine, and who
attends to the safety of the roof and
sides, builds stopping, puts up bract-
ticing, and looks after the safety of
the miners. 2. (Mid.) An under-
ground official who looks after gen-
eral safety of a certain number of
stalls (rooms) or of a district, but
who does not set the timber himself

212

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

although he has to see that it is
properly done. (Gresley)
3. A mine boss. (Roy)

Deputy overman (Newc.). The man
who lays the plates and sets the tim-
ber for the miners, and has charge
of a portion of the mine. (Min.
Jour.)

Deputy surveyor; Mineral surveyor.
A person appointed by the Surveyor
General of the United States to
make proper surveys of lode or
placer mining claims, prior to the
issuing of a patent. (U. S. Min.
Stat, p. 577-581)

Deputy system (No. of Eng.). The
plan of having all the timbering in
working places performed by spe-
cially appointed deputies (Gresley).
See also Deputy.

Derbylite. A mineral, composed of
antimonate and titanate of Iron, oc-
curring in black orthorhombic cry-
stals. (Dana)

Derbyshire spar; Derby spar. Fluo-
rite, found abundantly in Derby-
shire, Eng. (Chester). Fluorspar.

Derecho (Sp.). 1. Law; equity. 2.%
Derechos; taxes; dues; customs.
(Halse)

Derivative rocks. Rocks derived by
erosion or comminution from exist-
ent rocks or rock material, as a sedi-
mentary rock and volcanic tufa.
(Standard)

Derrame de veta (Sp.). Fragments of
ore scattered over the surface of
the country near the lode. (Lucas)

Derribar Sp.). To break ground.
(Halse)

Derrick. 1. The framework or tower
over a deep drill hole, such as that
of an oil well, for supporting the
tackle for boring, hoisting or low-
ering. 2. Any of various hoisting
apparatus employing a tackle rigged
at the end of a spar or beam. (Web-
ster)

3. (Corn.) A digger; a miner.
(Pryce)

Derrick car. A wrecking car fitted
with a derrick or crane, (Webster)

Derrick crane. A crane in which the
top of the post is supported by fixed
stays in the rear and the jib is piv-
oted like the boom of a derrick.
(Century)

Derricking. Operating like a derrick,
as regards the raising and lowering
of the jib. (Webster)

Derrocado (Mex.). A mine in which
the workings have caved. (Halse)

Derrumbe. 1. (Colom.) A land slip.
2. (Peru) A small and narrow
mountain pass. (Halse)

Desaguador (Sp.). A water pipe;
drain. (Dwight)

Desaguar (Sp..). To drain; to pump;
to unwater. (Lucas)

Desague (Mex.). Unwatering ; mine
drainage. (Dwight)

Desamparar (Sp.). To abandon, as a
mine. (Halse)

Desanchar. 1. (Sp.). To undercut. 2.
P. la veta (Mex.), to take down the
soft wall of a vein and leave the
lode for subsequent extraction. To
gouge. (Halse)

Desaplomar (Peru), In the patio proc-
ess, to restore mercury. (Halse)

Desarenar (Colom.). To clear away
the poor sand, as in placer mining.
(Lucas)

Desativar (Sp.). To free a mine from
rubbish or waste. (Vel.)

Desazogadera (Sp. Am.). A receptacle
for the condensed quicksilver result-
ing from the roasting operation.
(Halse)

Desbocarse el barreno (Peru). To re-
main (as a drill hole) practically
intact after firing. (Dwight)

Desbordar (Mex.). 1. To stope under-
hand. 2. To rob mine pillars.
(Dwight)

Desborde ( Mex. ) . An underhand stope.
(Dwight)

Descapotar (Sp. Am.). To clear away
a capping. (Lucas)

Descargadora (Mex.). A discharging
tank, from which the slimes are run
off last. (Egleston)

Descargar (Sp.). 1. Literally, to un-
load; D. un homo, to tear down a
furnace. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) To take away stones
in order to facilitate the washing
of gold-bearing sands. (Halse)

Deseargue (Mex.). The last ingot re-
duced in a smelting furnace.
(Rrockwell)

Descension-theory. The theory that
the material in veins entered from
above. (Raymond)

Descloizite. A vanadate of lead and
zinc, found only in the oxidized
parts of veins. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AUD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

213

Descogollar (Colom.). To take away
the upper part of a vein. (Halse)

Descostradores (Sp.). Men employed
In taking down any fragment which
may remain after blasting. (Min.
Jour.)

Descriptive mineralogy. That branch
of mineralogy devoted to the de-
scription of the physical and chemi-
cal properties of minerals. (Cen-
tury)

Descubxidova ( Mex. ) . Discovery-mine ;
first mine in a district, or on a
mineral deposit. ( D wight)-

Descubrir (Sp.). To discover, as
mines. (Halse)

Desecho (Mex.). 1. The loss of mer-
cury through chemical reactions
during amalgamation. 2. Lead-
dross. 3. Assay waste. (Dwight)
4. Very low-grade or poor ores. 5.
Rubbish from mines; waste rock.
(Halse)

Desencielar (Colom.). To work the
lode between two adits. (Lucas)

Desengranar (Mex.-). To throw out
of gear. (Dwight)

Desenlodar (Sp.). To separate clay
from any mineral or ore. (Halse)

Desert rat (West u; S.). A prospec-
tor, especially one who works and
lives in the desert, or who has spent
much time in arid regions. The
name is derived from a small rodent
common throughout much of the
Great Basin and Southwestern
United States.

Desgnachar (Sp. Am.). To get out
the fine gravel or dirt. (Lucas)

Desiccate. To dry up; to deprive or
exhaust of moisture; to preserve by
drying. (Webster)

Desiccator. A short glass jar fitted
with an air-tight cover and contain-
ing some desiccating substance as
calcium chloride, above which is
placed the material to be dried, or
preserved from moisture. (Web-
ster)

Desierto (Mex.). Desert. (Dwight)

Desiliconize. To free from silicon or
any of its compounds. (Century)

Desilverizatton. The process of sepa-
rating silver from its alloys. (Ray-
mond)

Desilverizing kettle. A circular kettle
8 to 4 feet deep used .for the desil-
verization of base bullion. (Hof-
man, p. 451)

Desistimtento (Mex.). The abandon-
ment of a mining claim. (Dwight)

Deslave ( Sp. Am. ) . Tailings. ( Lucas )

Deslizarse el azoqne (Peru). The
flouring of mercury. (Dwight)

Desmenuzable
(Halse)

(Sp.). Friable ore.

Desmine. See Stilbite.

Desmontar (Colom.). To remove over-
burden; to strip. (Halse)

Desmonte (Colom.). The superficial
layer above the auriferous gravel.
(Halse)

Desmontes (Mex.). Poor ores.
(Dwight)

Desmoronos (Colom.). Surface dam-
. age caused by mine workings, for
which the operator has to pay dam-
ages. (Halse)

Desmorro (Mex.). Furnace barrings.
(Dwight)

Desmosite. A banded contact rock de-
veloped from shales and slates by
intrusions of diabase. Compare
Spilosite and Adinole. (Kemp)

Desnivel (Mex.). Difference in a level.
(Dwight)

D« spachar dores ( Mex. ) . Men employed
in filling manias with ore. (Halse)

Despacho (Mex.). 1. An office. 2. A
commission, warrant, or patent.
(Halse)

De spa jar (Mex.). To remove waste
rock by concentration. (Dwight)

Despaje (Mex.). Waste from a concen-
tration plant (Dwight)

Despensa (Mex.). 1. A storeroom for
provisions. 2. A well-secured room
for keeping rich ore. (Halse)

Desperdicios (Sp.). Tailings. (Lucas)

Despilado (Sp.). 1. The removing of
pillars. (Halse)

Despilar; Despilarar (Mex.). To rob
a mine; to remove pillars. (Halse)

Desplatar (Sp.). To desilverize. (Lu-
cas)

Despoblado (Mex.). Ore with much
gangue. (Dwight)

Despoblar (Mex.). To suspend mining
work. (Dwight)

Despueble (Sp.). Abandoning the
mine, or failure to keep the proper
number of men .at work. (Min.
Jour.)

214

GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Desquinchar (Peru). To take down
the walls of a lode .(Halse). See
Ensanchar, 2.

Destajero (Mex.K A contractor for
piecework. (D wight)

Destajo. 1. (Mex.) A contract ; piece-
work as distinguished from time-
work. (Dwight)
2. (Peru) An open cut (Halse)

Dcstrancar (Colom.). To remove ob-
stacles which prevent the unwater-
ing of mines. (Halse)

Destructional. Pertaining to destruc-
tion or shaped by destructive forces,
as in geology, a plain which has
been formed by erosion. (Stand-
ard)

Destructive distillation. The process
of heating an organic compound in
a closed vessel, without access of
air, and collecting the products
(Nicholls). A process of distillation
In which hydrocarbon molecules are
broken down. Thus illuminating
gas is a product of the destructive
distillation of coal. Also called Dry
distillation, and Cracking.

Desuing (Corn.). See Dissuing.

Desulphurization. The removal of sul-
phur from sulphide ores. 4 (Ray-
mond)

Desulphurize. To free from sulphur,;
to remove the sulphur from an ore
or mineral by some suitable process,
as by roasting. (Century)

Desvolcanarse (Colom.). To be cov-
ered by a landslide ; to be destroyed
or demolished. (Halse)

Detaching hook. A self-acting me-
chanical contrivance for setting
free a winding rope from a cage
when the latter is raised beyond a
certain point in the headgear; the
rope being released, the cage
remains suspended in the frame.
(Steel)

Determinative mineralogy. That
branch of mineralogy which com-
prises the determination of the na-
ture, composition, and classification
of minerals, by means of physical
tests, blowpipe or wet analyses, and
the examination of the crystallog-
raphic and the optic properties.
(La Forge)

Detonador (Sp.). Fulminating cap;
detonator. (Lucas)

Detonate. 1. To cause to explode with
a sudden loud report. 2. To explode
suddenly with a loud report (Stand-
ard)

Detonating fuse. A fuse consisting of
high explosive that fires the charge
without the assistance of any other
detonator. (Bowles)

Detonating gas. A mixture of two
volumes of hydrogen and one vol-
ume of oxygen which explodes with
a loud report upon ignition. (Wet>
ster)

Detonating powder. Any powder or
solid substance, which -when heated
or struck explodes with violence
and a loud report (Webster)

Detonating primer. A primer exploded
by a fuse, used to fire high explo-
sives. (Webster)

Detonation. The very sudden change
of unstable substances from a solid
or liquid to the gaseous state with
the evolution of great heat anfl ac-
companied by a sudden report.

Detonator. A term used to include
blasting caps, or any device used for
detonating a high explosive (Du
Font). An exploder, percussion cap,
or primer.

Detonator tube. A eudiometer fitted
for making explosions. (Webster)

Detrital rock. A rock made up of the
debris of other, rock. (Century)

Detritus. A general name for inco-
herent sediments, produced by the
wear and tear of rocks through the
various geological agencies. The
name is from- the Latin for "Worn."
Rock waste. (Kemp)

Deuterogenic. Formed from proto-
genic rocks. (Standard)

Development 1. A geological term,
applied to those progressive changes
in fossil genera, and species, which
have followed one another during
the deposition of the strata of the
earth. (Roberts)

2. Work done in a mine to open up
ore bodies, as sinking shafts and
driving levels, etc. (Skinner).
Sometimes used synonomously with
"annual assessment" work.

Devil (Aust). An automatic ar-
rangement for detaching. a set of
skips from the main-and-tail rope
haulage system, x (Power)

Devil's dice. Cubes of limonite, pseudo-
morph after pyrite. (Power)

Devitrification. The process by which
glassy rocks break up into definite
minerals. The latter are usually
excessively minute but are chiefly
quartz and feldspar (Kemp). The
change .from a glassy to a crysta-
llne state after solidification.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

215

Devonian. In the ordinarily accepted
classification, the fourth in order of
age of the periods comprised in the
Paleozoic era, following the Silurian
and succeeded by the Carboniferous.
Also the system of strata deposited
at that time (La Forge). Some-
times called the Age of fishes.

Dewar-Redwood process. A method for
cracking petroleum (1899) by the
use of a suitable still and a con-
denser in free communication with
each other, i. e., without any valve
between them, the space in the still
and condenser not occupied with
liquid being charged with air, car-
bonic acid gas, or other gas, under
the required pressure and the con-
denser being provided with a regu-
lated outlet, for the condensed
liquid. A full description of the
process is contained in Sir Bover-
ton Redwood's standard work on pe-
troleum. (Mitzakis)

Deweylite. An amorphous, resinous,
whitish to brown, hydrous magne-
sian silicate mineral, near serpen-
tine, but with more water; formula
perhaps, 4MgO.3SiO».6HaO. (Dana)

Dezuing. See Zur, also Dissuing.

Diabantite. A chloritic mineral found
filling cavities .in basic eruptive
rocks, like basalt and diabase. (Cen-
tury)

Diabasa (Me*.). Diabase. (Dwight)

Diabase. A basic igneous rock usually
occurring in dikes or intrusive
sheets, and composed essentially of
plagioclase feldspar and augite with
small quantities of magnetite and
apatite. The plagioclase forms lath-
shaped crystals lying in all direc-
tions among the dark irregular
augite grains, giving rise to the pe-
culiar -diabasic or ophitic texture,
which is a distinctive feature in the
coarser-grained occurrences (U. S.
GeoL Surv.)

Diabase is often used as a prefix for
double names, as diabase-aphanite,
diabase-gabbro, etc. (Kemp)

Diabase-porphyrite. A porphyrite
whose groundmass is finely crys-
talline diabase, and whose pheno-
crysts are prevailingly plagioclase.
It is contrasted with augite-porphy-
rite, whose phenocrysts are prevail-
ingly augite. (Kemp)

Diablo (Mex.). 1. Rail-bender. 2.
Kind of barrow used for moving
heavy weights. (Dwight)
8. (Colom.) A lifting jack or screw.
(Halse)

Diaclase. In geology, a line of
tangular fracture; a term applied
by Daubree to explain the fact that
the lines of weakness in the earth's
surface are perpendicular to one an-
other. (Standard)

DiacliaaL Crossing a fold, as a dia-
clinal river. (Webster)

Diadochite. A hydrated ferric phos-
phate and sulphate mineral, brown
or yellowish in color. (Dana)

Diagenesis. Recombination or rear-
rangement, resulting in a new prod-
uct, as in the formation of larger
crystalline grains from smaller ones.
(Webster)

Diagonal joints. Joints diagonal to
the direction of cleavage. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Diagonal staple (No. of Eng.). A shal-
low pit sunk in a sloping or diagonal
direction at the back of the main
beam of a pumping engine and in
which the lever beam works. (Ores-
ley)

Diagonal stratification. Same as False
bedding. Current bedding, and also
Crossrbedding.

Diagram factor. A numerical coeffi-
cient by which the area of a theo-
retical indicator diagram must be
multiplied to approximate the dia-
gram obtained from the indicator.
(Webster)

Dial. 1. A compass fitted with sights,
spirit levels, and vernier, for mak-
ing underground surveys. 2. To sur-
vey with a dial and chain. See Dial-
Ing. (Gresley)

Dialing; Dialling. The operation of
making a survey with the dial.
(Gresley)

Diallage. The variety of monoclinic
pyroxene which, in addition to the
prismatic cleavages, has others par-
allel to the vertical pinacoids. Used
also as a prefix to many rocks con-
taining the mineral. (Kemp)

Dialysis. The separation of crystal-
loids and colloids in solution, by
means of their unequal diffusion
through certain natural or artificial
membranes. (Webster)

Diamagnetio. Possessing or pertaining
to the property of being repelled by
a magnet and of tending to take a
position at right angles to the mag-
netic force. (Webster)

Diamant A Middle English form of
spelling diamond.

216

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY.

Diamante (Sp.). Diamond; D. en
bruto, a rough diamond; D. negro,
a bort (Halse)

Diamond. 1. «A very hard, native crys-
tallized form of carbon, C. When
pure and clear it is used as a gem
(U. S. Oeol. Surv.). Although com-
monly colorless, is sometimes green,
yellow, brown, blue, or black. See
also Bort.

2. (Aust). A pointed wooden or
iron arrangement placed between
rails, Just before a curve, where
skips are liable to be derailed, so as
to enable them to mount the rails
again. If the skips are traveling in
one direction only, the diamond is
pointed at one end, if traveling back-
wards and forwards on the same
rails both ends are pointed. (Power)

Diamond chisel. A cutting chisel hav-
ing a diamond or Y-shaped point.
(Gresley)

Diamond cutting. One of the three
processes by which diamonds are
prepared for use as ornaments or in
the arts, the others being diamond
cleaving and diamond polishing.
(Century)

Diamond drill. A form of rotary rock
. drill in which the work is done by
abrasion instead of percussion, black
diamonds (borts) being set in the
head of the boring tool (Raymond).
Used in prospecting and develop-
ment work where a core is desired.

Diamond dust; Diamond powder. A fine
dust produced in diamond cutting
by the abrasion of two stones against
each other. (Century)

Diamond groove. A groove of V-sec-
tion in a roll. (Raymond)

Diamond hitch. An interlacing of
ropes forming a diamond on top of
the pack. Used in tying a pack on
an animal. (Webster)

Diamond saw. A circular disc having
' diamonds (or diamond dust) set in

its cutting edge. It is employed for

sawing stone.

Diamond spar. Corundum. (Power)

Diamond system (Eng.). Boring or
prospecting for coal or ore with dia-
mond drills.

Diamond tin. Large bright crystals
of cassiterlte. (Power)

Diamond wheel. A wheel made of
metal, as copper or iron, and
charged with diamond powder and
oil, used in grinding gems.

Diaphaneity. The state or quality of
allowing light to pass through.
Used in describing mineral. Com-
pare Transparent, Semi-transparent,
Translucent, and Opaque. (Dana)

Diaphanous. Allowing light to show
or shine through. (Webster)

Diaphorite. A mineral like freieslebe-
nite in composition, (Pb.Ag2)0Sb4Su,
or 5(Pb,Ag2)S.2Sb»S8, but ortho-
rhombic in form. (Dana)

Diario (Colom.). 1. The daily quan-
tity of amalgam produced by a mill.
2. The mill diary or record of hours,
tonnage, etc. (Halse)

Diaschistic. Derived from a larger,
parent igneous mass, but differing
therefrom in , composition ; said of
certain dikes associated with igne-
ous intrusions. Contrasted with
Aschistic. (La Forge)

Diaspore. An aluminum hydroxide
mineral, AlaO».H2O. (Dana)

Diastatic. Pertaining or due to the
movements of the forces which pro-
duce deformation of the earth's sur-
face. (Standard)

Diastrophe. In geology, an event char-
acterized by a deformation of the
earth's crust. (Standard)

Diastrophism. The process or processes
by which the crust of the earth is
deformed, producing continents and
ocean basins, plateaus and moun-
tains, flexures and folds of strata,
and faults. Also, the results of
these processes. (Webster)

Diathermic. Allowing a free passage
of heat (Webster)

Diatom. A minute plant which is pro-
vided with a siliceous envelope.
(Duryee)

Diatomaceous earth. A friable earthy
deposit composed of nearly pure sil-
ica and consisting essentially of the
frustules of the microscopic plants
called diatoms; diatomite. Some-
times wrongly called infusorial
earth, which see. (La Forge)

Diatomic. Consisting of two atoms to
the molecule. Bivalent Having
two replaceable atoms or radicals.
(Webster)

Diatomite (Eng.). The silica of di-
atoms dried to a fine powder and
Used in the manufacture of dyna
mite, pottery glaze, etc. (Stand-
ard.) See al9Q Infusorial earth.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL

217

Biatomons. Having a single, distinct
diagonal cleavage, aV in certain
crystals. (Webster)

Diatom prism. A prism attached to a
microscope to give the oblique illu-
mination for observing very fine
markings. (Standard)

Diatreme. A vent occurring in a sur-
face fissure in volcanic regions.
(Daly, p. 252)

Dibhole (Eng.). The lowest part of
a mine, into which the water drains
(Standard). A sump.

Dibujo (Sp.). A drawing; design ort
draft. (Halse)

Dice coal (Leic.). Layers in a coal
seam which naturally break or split
into small pieces resembling dice.
(Gresley)

Dice mineral. A Wisconsin term for
small cubic galena. (Power)

Dicey lode (Corn.). A lode possess-
ing many horizontal joints. (Power)

Dichroism; Pleochroism. The property
of exhibiting different colors in
different directions by transmitted
light. (Dana)

Dichroite. A hydrated, aluminum-mag-
nesium-iron silicate mineral, Ha(Mg,
Fe)4Al8SiioOsr. Synonymous with
lolite and Cordietrite.

Dichromic. Containing two atoms or
equivalents of chromium. (Web-
ster)

Dichroscope. An instrument for ob-
serving pleochroism in minerals.
(A. F. Rogers)

Dickinsonite. A green, hydrous phos-
phate mineral, chiefly of manganese,
iron and sodium. (Dana)

Di clinic. A crystal having two of the
three axes inclined to the third and
perpendicular to each other. ( Stand-
ard)

Didymium. A supposed element an-
nounced by Mosander in 1841. The
most recent investigations have
showr that it is a mixture of two
elements, neodymium and praseo-
dymium. (Century)

Die. 1. A piece of hard iron, placed
in a mortar to receive the blow of
a stamp, or in a pan to receive the
friction of the muller. Between the
die and the stamp or muller the ore
is crushed (Raymond). At Clunes,

Victoria, it is called the Stamp bed,
2. A tool used for cutting threads,
usually at one passage. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Die-earth (Eng.). A local term at
Coalbrook Dale for the Wenlock
shale, because this stratum lies be-
neath all the mining ground of the
district— the minerals "dying out,"
as it were, at this stratum. (Page)

Diehl process. A modification of the
cyanide process in which cyanogen
bromide is added to the leaching so-
lution. (Liddell)

Dlente. 1. (Sp.). A tooth or cog; D.
de murcielago, stibnite in cavities in
veins; D. de perro (Colom.), a
crystallized and opaque quartz oc-
curring in geodes. (Halse)
2. (Mex.) Binding stone in Mexi-
can masonry. SeeTlz6n. (Dwight)

Diesel engine. An internal combustion
engine in which only air is drawn
in by the suction stroke, and the air
is so highly compressed that the
heat generated ignites the fuel
which is automatically sprayed into
the cylinder under high pressure*
(Webster)

Die-stock. A contrivance for holding
dies used in screw cutting (Cen-
tury). See Die, 2.

Difference of potential. The difference
in electrical pressure existing be-
tween any two points in an electri-
cal system or between any point of
such a system and the earth, as de-
termined by a voltmeter. ( Clark )

Differential flotation. The floating of
one flotative mineral only, whea
there are others present which are
ordinarily flotative. See Selective
flotation and Preferential flotation.
(O. C. Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines)

Differential pumping engine. A com-
pound direct-acting pumping en-
gine, generally of the horizontal
class. (Gresley)

Differentiation. The process or proc-
esses whereby cooling magma sepa-
rates into rocks of different kinds,,
usually connected by gradations.
(Ransome)

Diffraction. A mollification which light
undergoes in passing by the edges of
opaque bodies or through narrow
slits or in being reflected- from
ruled surfaces, in which the rays
appear to be deflected producing
fringes of parallel light and dark
or colored bands. (Webster)

218

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Diffusate. In chemistry, material
which, in the process of dialysis,
has diffused or passed through the
separating membrane. (Webster)

Dig. 1. To mine coal; applied to
bituminous workings (Chance). See
also Gouge, 3.

8. To excavate; make a passage
into or through, or remove by tak-
ing away material. (Century)

Digger. 1. One who digs, as a miner ;
a seeker of gold. A tool for digging.
(Webster)

2. A man who is paid by the ton,
for coal produced. A miner in the
stricter sense. Originally the digger
mined or undermined the coal. The
term is now applied to the man who
merely shoots out the coal. (Steel)

3. A machine for removing coal
from the bed of streams, the coal
liaving washed down from collieries
of culm banks above. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Digging. 1. Mining operations in
coal or other minerals. (Hargis)

2. Region; locality; quarters; lodg-
ing (Webster). See also Diggings.

Diggings. Applicable to all mineral
deposits and mining camps, but in
usage in the United States applied
to placer mining only (Raymond).
See also Bar-Diggings.

Dihedral. Having two sides, as a
figure; having two faces, as a crys-
tal. (Century)

Dihydrite. A dark emerald-green,
hydrous copper phosphate, CusPjOs.-
2Cu(OH)2. mineral, crystallizing in
the monoclinic system. (Dana)

Dike. 1. A long and relatively thin
body of igneous rock, which, while
in a state of fusion, has entered a
fissure in older rocks and has there
-chilled and solidified (Century).
JNot to be confounded with vein.
Also spelled Dyke. 2. A channel or
ditch made for water by digging.

3. A bank of earth or stone : a levee.
(Webster)

Dikelet. A small offshoot or apophysis
from a dike. (Standard)

Dillue (Corn.). To sort (tin ore) by
washing in a hand sieve. (Web-
ster)

Dilluer (Corn.). A fine hair sieve for
tin ore. (Century)

Dilluing; Dilleughing (Corn.). An
operation performed in tin dress-
ing upon the slimes of a certain part
of the process. It is like the opera-

tion of panning, only performed
with a sie>re having a close haircloth
bottom, and in a kieve of water
which receives the tailings of the
process. ( Raymond )

Dilly. 1. (No. of Eng.) A counte*-
balance mounted upon two pairs of
tram wheels by means of which the
empty tubs are carried up an under-
ground incline of a greater inclina-
tion than 1 in 3. (Gresley). A
short self-acting incline where one
or two tubs are run at a time. (C.
and M. M. P.)

2. Any of various vehicles, as a
light wagon, truck, water cart, etc.
(Webster)

Dilly boy. One who rides a dilly or
attends it.

Dilsh (Wales). Inferior coal in a
thin stratum; culm. (Gresley)

Diluent. That which dilutes, or makes
more fluid; a fluid that weakens
the strength or consistence of an-
other fluid upon mixture. (Cen-
tury)

Diluir (Sp.). To dilute. (Dwight)

Diluvial. 1. Pertaining to floods. 2.
Related to or consisting of diluvium.
(Century)

Diluvium. 1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc.,
in superficial deposits. See Drift, 6.
According to some authors, alluvium
is the effect of the ordinary, and
diluvium of the extraordinary ac-
tion of water. The latter term is
now passing out of use as not pre-
cise, and more specific names for
the different kinds of material are
substituted. (Raymond)
2. A name formerly applied to the
unsorted and sorted deposits of the
Glacial period, as contrasted with
the iater water -sorted alluvium.
Compare Alluvium. (Kemp)

Dimension stone. Stone that is quar-
ried or cut in accordance with re-
quired dimensions. (Ries)

Dimension work. Masonry consisting
of stones whose dimensions are
fixed by specification. (Century)

Dimetian rock. A granitoid and
schistose rock, found in Wales lower
than the Arvonian. (Standard)

Dimorfo (Sp.). Dimorphous. (Dwight)

Dimorphism. Crystallization in two
independent forms of the same
chemical compound, as of calcium
carbonate occurring as calcite and
aragonite. (Webster)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.,

219

Dimorphite. An orange-yellow arsenic
sulphide mineral that is obtained as
a volcanic product, and is closely
related to orpiment. (Standard)

Dinamita (Sp.)« Dynamite. (D wight)
Dinamo (Sp.). Dynamo. (Dwight)

Diriantian. In the usage of many Eu-
ropean authorities, the oldest of the
three series of strata comprised in
the Carboniferous system in Europe ;
Lower Carboniferous. Equivalent to
the Mississippian of North America.
Also the corresponding epoch of geo-
logic time. (La Forge)

Dinas brick. A refractory brick, al-
most entirely composed of silica
from the Dinas clay in the Vale of
Neath, England. (Raymond)

Dineral (Sp.). A standard of weight
equal to 288 grains, used in assay-
ing. (Halse)

Dinero (Sp.). 1. Money. S. A stand-
ard weight of silver, the twelfth
part of a dineral, and equal to 24
grains. (Halse)

Dingle (Eng.). A narrow valley be-
tween hills. (Humble)

Ding's magnetic separator. An ore
separator on which the material is
fed upward by a vibrating conveyor
and passes through successive zones
of magnetic separation. These zones
are covered by the rims of rotating
wheels which carry secondary mag-
nets. These carry the magnetic par-
ticles out of the fields, are demag-
netized, and drop the concentrate.
(Liddell)

Dinite. An inodorous, tasteless, frag-
ile mineral having the appearance
of ice, but with a. yellow tinge, and
very soluble in ether and carbon di-
sulphide; it was found in a lignite
deposit at Lunigiana, Tuscany.
(Bacon)

Dinky. A small locomotive used to
move cars in and about mines and
quarries. (Bowles) *

Dint (Mid.). See Bate, 1.

Diopside. A natural calcium-magne-
sium silicate, CaMg(SiO«)a. A va-
riety of pyroxene. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Dioptase. A hydrous silicate mineral
of copper, HiCuSiO*. (Dana)

Diorita (Sp.). Diorite. (Dwight)

Dlorite. A granitoid rock composed
essentially of hornblende and feld-
spar which is mostly or wholly pia-
gioclase, with accessory biotite and

(or) augite. Minute grains of mag*
netite and tttanite may be visible.
Quartz may be present in consider-
able amount, in which case the rock
is called quartz dlorite. Quartz di-
orites grade into tonalites and gran-
odiorites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Diorite - porphyrite. A porphyrite
whose groundmass is a finely crys-
talline diorite, and whose pheno-
crysts are prevailingly plagioclase.
It is contrasted with hornblende-
porphyrite, whose phenocrysts are
prevailingly hornblende. (Kemp)

Dip. 1. The angle at which beds or
strata are inclined from the hori-
zontal, while underlie is the angle
formed between a vein and a verti-
cal line. The first is a geologist's
term, the second a miner's. (Roy.
Com.)

2. To slope downward from the sur-
face. 3. (Eng.) A heading or
other underground way driven to
the deep. 4. A dip entry, dip room,
etc. A heading driven to the full
rise in steep mines. (Gresley)

Dip compass. See Dipping Compass.

Dip cut. In cutting out blocks of
stone, the cut which follows a line
at right angles to the strike.
(Bowles)

Dip entry. An entry driven down htll
so that water will stand at the face.
If it is driven directly down a steep
dip it becomes a slope (Steel). See
also Entry ; also Slope.

Dip fault. See Fault

Dip-head. A heading driven down-
ward on the dip of a coal seam.
(Webster)

Dip-head level? A mine level connect-
ing an engine-shaft (hoisting shaft)
with th"e rooms or chambers (Stand-
ard). The main level, drift, or
slope.

Dip joint. A vertical Joint about par-
allel with the direction of the cleav-
age dip (C. and M. M. P.). See
also Dip slip.

Dip needle. See Dipping compass.

Dippa (Corn.). A small pit sunk on
a lode to catch water; a pit sunk
on a bunch ore. (Duryee)

Dipper (No. of Eng.). A downthrow,
or a fault. (Gresley)

Dipper dredge. A dredge in which the
material excavated is lifted by a
single bucket on the end of an arm,
in the same manner as in the ordi-
nary steam shoveL (Weatherbe)

220

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dipping. 1. (Wales). Same as Dip,

2. In Scotland it is called a dook.

3. In ceramics, the process of coat-
ing a coarse clay body with enamel
or slip of a fine quality by plunging
the vessel into the liquid material
for <*oating. (Century)

Dipping compass. A compass having
the needle fixed to swing in a ver-
tical plane, so it can be readily de-
flected by magnetic rocks. (Weed)

Dipping needle. See Dipping compass.
Dipple (Eng.). Same as Dip, 3.

Dfp shift. The component of the shift
(or slip) parallel with the fault
dip. (Lindgren, p. 122)

Dip side; Laigh side (Scot.). The low-
est side of a room or wall. (Bar-
rowman)

Dip slip. The component of the slip
parallel, with the fault dip, or its
projection on a line in the fault
surface perpendicular ;to the fault
strike. (Lindgren, p. 121)

Dip-slip fault. See Fault.
Dip slope. See Escarpment. .

Dip split. A- current of intake air di-
rected into or down a dip. (Gres-
ley)

Dip switch (Ark.). A slant or piece
of track connecting the back entry
or air course of a dipping coal seam
with the main entry or gangway.
(Steel)

Dip throw. The component of the slip
measured parallel with the dip of
the strata. (Lindgren, p. 124)

Diputac!6n de mineria (Mex.). A lo-
cal board, formerly elected in each
district for the administration of
all matters relating to the mining
industry,, abolished by the. Law of
1892 and substituted by agent es.
(Halse)

Dipyr. A, variety of scapolite, often
.used as a prefix to the names of
rocks that contain the mineral.
(Kemp)

Diqne (Sp.). 1. A mineral dike. 2.
Dam. (D wight)

Direcci6n (Sp.). Course; direction;
strike. (Halse)

Direct draft Having a single direct
flue; applied to steam boilers. (Cen-
tury)

Direct firing. .The combustion of coal
effected by burning directly on a
grate. (Ingalls, p. 268)

Direction of strata. The strike, or line
of bearing. (Hitchcock)

Direct process. A process which yields
metal fit for use by a single proc-
ess from the ore. The direct proc-
ess for malleable iron is an ancient
method, which has been to a con-
siderable extent replaced by the in-
direct process in which cast iron Is
first made. (Webster)

Dirt (Eng.). 1. Clay, bind, dr other
useless waste produced in mining.

2. (No. of Eng.) Foul air or fire
damp. (Gresley)

3. (Wisconsin zinc district.) Ore
and waste as broken in the mines.

4. Auriferous gravel, wash, or pay
dirt (Skinner)

5. (Joplin, Mo.) Crude lead-zinc
ore. The concentrate is called ore.

Dirt band. 1. A band of debris-filled
ice alternating with clearer ice in a
glacier. 2. See also Dirt bed, J..
(Oldham)

Dirt bed (or band). 1. (Eng.). A thin
stratum of soft, earthy material in-
terbedded with coal se^ms. (Gres-
ley)

2. Old soil in which trees, frag-
ments of timber, and numerous
plants are found. (Oldham)

Dirt bing (Scot). A debris heap
(Barrowman). A waste heap.

Dirt fault. An area of crushed coal,
or a partial or total replacement of
the coal by a soft carbonaceous
shale or slate with more or less coal
running through the mass in thin
stringers (Chance). Not a true
fault.

Dirt ' scraper. A road scraper or a
grading shovel, used in leveling or
grading ground. (Century)

Dirt scratcher. A person whose duty
it is to take down loose rock, clear
away dirt, and perform such other
like work as requires no special
skill or experience. ( Kelly ville
Coal Co. v. Humble, 87 Illinois App.,
p. 438)

Dirty coal (Scot). A coal seam with
thick partings of blaes or fire clay ;
a very ashy coal. (Barrowman)

Disc. See Tappet.

Discharge clack (Scot). The delivery
valve of a pump. (Barrowman)

Discharge, or issue. The expulsion of
the pulp from a stamp-mill mortar.
It is also used to designate the dis-
tance from the bottom of the screen
to the top of the die, because this
figure determines, more than any
any other factor, the rapidity of the
expulsion of the pulp. (Rickard)

GLQSSABY OF MINING AND MINBKAL, INDUSTBY.

221

Discussion, space of. According to
Posepny, a space or opening in or
between rocks, formed by deforma-
tion of the* rocks. Contrasted with
Space of dissolution. ( La Forge)

Piscoidal. Having the form of a disk,
quoit, or ordinary biscuit. (Sloan)

Discolith. A4 disco idal coccolith.
(Webster)

Discordance. In geology, a lack of par-
allelism between contiguous strata.
(Standard). An unconformity.

Discordant injection. An igneous mass
injected across bedding planes.
(Daly, p. 63)

Discordant; stratification. Unconf orm-
able stratification (Hitchcock). See
also Discordance.

Discovery (Pac.). The first finding
of the mineral deposit in place upon
a mining claim. A discovery is
necessary before the location can
be held by a valid title. The open-
ing in which it is made is called
Discovery - shaft, Discovery - tunnel,
etc (Raymond). See Mine, 6, for
" Discovery of a mine."

The finding of mineral in place as
distinguished from float rock con-
stitutes a discovery. (Book v. Jus-
tice Mining Co., 58 Fed. Kept, p.
120 ; Nevada Sierra Oil Co. v. Home
Oil Co., 98 Fed. Kept, p. 676; Sho-
shone Mining Co. v. Rutter, 87 Fed.
Rept., p. 807; Migeon v. Montana,
etc., R. Co., 77 Fed Rept., p. 249 ; Mc-
Shane v. Kenkle, 18 Montana, p.
208; 44 Pacific, p. 979; U. S. Min.
Stat, p. 23; pp. 66-70)

Discovery claim. The first claim in
which a mineral deposit is found, and
when this is within a gulch or on a
stream the claims are simply marked
or numbered from the discovery
claim either by letters or figures up
or down the gulch or stream. Smith.
v. Cascaden, 148 Fed. Rept., p. 793)

Disfrute (Sp.). Exploitation of a
mine; Obras de D., stopes, etc.

Dish. 1. (Derb.) A rectangular box
about 28 inches long, 4 inches- deep,
and 6 inches wide in which" ore is
measured. 2. (Corn.) A measure
holding one gallon, used for tin ore
dressed ready for the smelter. (Cen-
tury)

8. (Corn.) The landowner's or land-
lord's part of the ore. (Raymond)
4. (No. of Eng.) The length or por-
tion of an underground engine plane
nearest to the pit bottom, upon
which the empty tubs (cars) stand
before being drawn inbye. (Ores-
ley)

Dish plate (Eng.). A plate or rail
concaved to receive the front wheels
of a tub to secure it while empty-
ing. (Webster)

Disintegration. The breaking asunder
and crumbling away of a rock, due
to the action of moisture, heat, frost,
air, and the internal chemical re-
action of the component parts of
rocks when acted upon by these sur-
face influences. (Roy. Com.)

Disintegrator. A machine for breaking
coal into powder.

Disk. 1. A flat circular plate as of
metal or paper (Webster)
2. The protecting plate or collar on
a stamp shaft by which the cam lifts
the shaft (Da vies). See also Tap-
pet.

Dislocaci6n (Sp.). A fault as, in a
vein. (Dwight)

Dislocar (Sp.). To displace; to fault
(Halse)

Dislocation. A shifting of the relative
position of the rock on either side
of a crack, or break. It may be up,
down, or to one side. Equivalent to
slip, slide, fault, throw, heave, up-
throw, downthrow, trouble. (Roy.
Com.)

Dispersion. In optical mineralogy, the
optical constants for different parts
of the spectrum. (A. F. Rogers)

Dispersoid. A body that has been dis-
persed In a liquid. (Rickard)

Disphenoid, In crystallography, a
solid figure contained by eight
isosceles triangles. (Standard)

Displacement. 1. The word "displace-
ment" should receive no technical
meaning, but is reserved for general
use; it may be applied to a relative
movement of the two sides of the
fault, measured in any direction,
when that direction Is specified ; for
instance, the displacement of a
stratum along a drift in a mine
would be the distance between the
two sections of the stratum meas-
ured along the drift. The word
"dislocation" will also be most use-
ful in a general sense. (Lindgren,
p. 119)

2. The displacement of an air com-
pressor Is the volume displaced by
the net area of the compressor pis-
ton. (A. I. M. E.» Bull. 140, p. 57)

Displacement, horizontal. A term used
by Tollman to designate Strike slip,
which tee. (Lindgren, p. 121)

222

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Displacement, normal. A term used
by Tolman to designate Dip slip,
which see. (Llndgren, p. 121)

Displacement, .total A term used by
Spurr and Tolman to designate Slip,
which see. (Lindgren, p. 121)

Disposal (Scot). The quantity of
mineral sold. (Barrowman)

Disruptive. A term applied to that
kind of force exerted by an explo-
sive that tends to shatter the rock
Into fragments. (Bowles)

Dissected. Cut by erosion into hills
and valleys or into flat upland areas
separated by valleys. Applicable
especially to plains or peneplains
in process of erosion after an up-
lift. (Ransome)

Dissection. In geology, the work of
erosion in destroying the continuity
of a relatively even -surf ace by cut-
ting ravines or valleys into it (Ran-
some)

Disseminated. To be scattered or dif-
fused through; "to be permeated
with. (Roy. Com.)

Disseminated deposit. See Dissemi-
nated ore.

Disseminated ore. Ore carrying tine
particles of metallic minerals, usu-
ally sulphides, scattered through
rock or gangue matter, and without
genetic significance. (Lindgren, p.
68)

Dissociate. In chemistry, to resolve,
through variation of some .physical
condition, into simpler substances
that are capable of reuniting to form
an original one. (Century)

Dissociation. The act or process con-
sisting in the reversible re-solution
or decomposition of substances, with
complex molecules, into those with
simpler ones, when produced by a
variation in physical conditions;
also the state resulting from such
process. (Century)

Dissolution. The act or process of
dissolving or breaking up. A sepa-
ration into component parts. (Web-
ster)

Dissolution, space of. According to
Posepny, a space or cavity in or be-
tween rocks, formed by the dissolv-
ing away of rock material. Con-
trasted with Space of discission.
(La Forge)

Dissolving tank. A small tank used
for dissolving solid cyanide and pre-
paring a concentrated solution.
(Clennell, p. 280)

Dissuing (Corn.). Cutting out the
selvage or gouge of a lode to facili-
tate the extraction of ore. (Ray-
mond). See also Zur. *

Distance blocks. Wooden blocks
placed in between the main spears
and the side pump rods by which the
proper distance between them is ad-
justed. (Gresley)

Disthene. Synonym for Kyanite;
sometimes used as a prefix in rock
names. (Kemp)

Distillate. The product of distillation,
as petroleum distillate.

Distillation. Volatilization, followed
by condensation to the liquid state.
(Raymond)

Distillation furnace. A reverberatory
heating furnace in which the charge
is contained In a closed vessel and
does not come in contact with the
flame. It has a combustion cham-
ber in which the gases are burned
around the retorts containing zine
ore, the retorts resting on shelves
inside the chamber. (Ingalls, p.
881)

Distillation, of petroleum. The proc-
ess by which heat is applied to the
crude oil in order that its constit-
uents may pass off in vapor, and
by suitable arrangements subse-
quently collected in the form of *
liquid. (Mitzakls)

Distortion. The act of distorting or
twisting out of place, or out of
shape. (Hitchcock)

Distributive fault See Fault

Distributor. 1. A de>lce for distribut-
ing the charge when dumped into-
blast furnace; (Wlllcox)
2. An apparatus for distributing an
electric current, either to various
points In rotation, as In some mo-
tors, or along two or more lines la
parallel, as in a distributing sys-
fern. (Webster)

District. 1. In the States and Terri-
tories west of the Missouri (prior to»
1880), a vaguely bounded and tem-
porary division and organization
made by the inhabitants of a min-
ing region. A district has one code
of . mining laws, and one recorder
(Raymond). Counties and county
oflicers have practically taken the
place of these cruder arangements.
2. A limited area of underground
workings. '. ( Gresley )

District rope (Aust). A rope used
for hauling skips in a district or
section of a colliery. (Power)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

223

Disturbance. The bending or faulting
of a rock or stratum from its origi-
nal position. (Roy. Com.)

Disturbed. Said of an orebody when
lacking defined walls and settled
character. (Weed)

Ditch. 1. An artificial watercourse,
flume, or canal, to convey water for
mining. A flume is usually of
wood; a ditch, of earth. (Ray-
mond)

2. (Leic.) To clog; to impede.
(Gresley)

Ditch drain. A gutter excavated in
the floor of a gangway or airway
to carry the water to the sump, or
out to the surface. (Chance)

Ditched top (Leic.). A coal seam
which has a hard unyielding top,
and is with difficulty separated from
the roof, is said to have a ditched
top. (Gresley)

Ditcher; Circle cutting drill. A drill
mounted on a frame that rotates
about a central axis. It is used to
cut circular trenches for the pro-
duction of large grindstones.
(Bowles)

Ditching. 1. Making of ditches.
(Standard)

2. The digging or making of a ditch
by the use of explosives. See also
Propagated blast. (Du Pont)

Ditching car. A car provided with
derricks and scoops to excavate
ditches, as in a railway cut.
(Standard)

Ditching machine. An excavating ma-
chine for digging trenches. (Stand-
ard)

Ditch water. The stale or stagnant
water collected in a ditch. (Cen-
tury)

Ditch wiring. The method of connect-
ing electric blasting caps in such
a way that the two free ends can
be connected at one end of the line
of holes. (Du Pont)

Ditroite. A nephelite - syenite from
Ditro in Hungary, especially rich in
blue sodalite. (Kemp)

Divide; Dividing range. The water-
shed or height-of-land from which
the heads of streams flow in oppo-
site directions. (Roy. Com.)

Dividing slate. A stratum of slate
separating two benches of a coal
bed (Chance). A parting.

Divinatoria. A divining rod. (Hoo-
son)

Divining rod; Dowsing rod (Corn.).
A rod (most frequently of witch-
hazel, and forked in shape) used,.
according to an old but still extant
superstition, for discovering mineral
veins and springs of water, andt
even for locating oil wells.
mond)

Divisional planes. Planes which di-
vide rocks into separate masses,,
large or small, in the same way as-
joints, fissures, and backs. (Roy~
Com.)

Division rope (Aust). See Buffer
rope.

Dizzue (Corn.). See Dissuing.

D-link. A flat iron bar. attached to
chains, and suspended by a rope-
from a windlass. It forms a loop in
which a man sits when lowered or
raised in a shaft or winze. (Ores-
ley)

Do (doo) (Leic., Derb.). See Bout, 2.

Doab. 1. A dark sandy clay found to
the vicinity of many Irish bogs.
(Power)

2. The tract of land between two
streams immediately above their
confluence. 3. The confluence of
two streams. (Standard)

Doak; Donk (Derb:). Flucao.
(Power)

Doar (Corn.). The earth ; whence ore^
the earth of metals. (Pryce)

Dobby wagon (York). A cart for con-
veying waste material (rock, etc.>
from a mine. (Gresley)

'Dobie. A term applied to the mud cap>
or adobe method of secondary blast-
ing. See also Mud cap.

Dobla (Peru). Night shift ( Dwight K
In Chile, a double shift (Halse)

Doblar (Sp.). To bend; to work two
shifts in succession. (Dwight)

D6cil (Sp.). Docile; malleable; free-
milling. (Dwight)

Dock. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A local
term among bluestone quarrymett
and dealers for yards where tim
bluestone is unloaded as hauled?
from the quarries, and reloaded for
transportation by rail or water to-
fts destination. (Bowles)
2. A crib for holding loose or run-
ning rock from obstructing a track
or passageway. (Sander, p. 115)

224

(JLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dodd buddle. A round table resembling
In operation, a Wilfley table, and
also like the Finder concentrator
(which see) except that it is convex
instead of concave. The table does
not revolve but has a peripheral
jerking motion imparted to it cir-
cumferentially by means of a toggle
movement. (Liddell)

Dodecahedral cleavage. In crystallog-
raphy, cleavage parallel to the faces
of the rhombic dodecahedron. (La
Forge)

Dodecahedral mercury. Native amal-
gam containing 75 per cent mercury
and 25 per cent silver. (Humble)

Dodecahedron. 1. In crystallography,
an isometric form composed of twelve
faces, each parallel to one axis and
intersecting the other two axes at
equal distances: specifically named
the rhombic dodecahedron. 2. An
isometric form composed of twelve
faces, each parallel to one axis and
Intersecting the other two axes at un-
equal distances: Specifically named
the pentagonal dodecahedron; also
called Pyritohedron. (La Forge)

Dodecant. In crystallography, in the
hexagonal system, one of the twelve
parts into which the space about the
center of symmetry is divided by the
axial planes of symmetry. (La
Forge)

Dodge crusher; Similar to Blake
crusher, except the movable jaw is
hinged at the bottom. Therefore the
discharge opening Is fixed, giving a
more uniform product than the
Blake with its discharge opening
varying every stroke. (Liddell).
This type of crusher gives the great-
est movement on the largest lump.

Dodge pulverizer. A hexagonal barrel
revolving on a horizontal axis, con-
taining perforated die plates and
screens. Pulverizing is done by
steel balls inside the barrel. (Lid-
dell)

Dog. 1. Any of various devices for
holding, gripping or fastening some-
thing. 2. A drag for the wheel of
a vehicle. (Webster)

3. (Scot.) A hook-headed spike for
fastening down flat-bottomed rails.

4. (Scot.) A spring hook, most
commonly in use for attaching a
sinking bucket to the winding rope.
(Barrowman) ^

5. An iron bar, spiked at the ends,
with which timbers are held to-
gether or steadied. (Gresley) .

6. A short heavy iron bar, used as
a drag behind a car or trip of cars

when ascending a slope to prevent
them running back down the slope
in case of accident. A drag. (Steel)
7. See Casing dog; also Pipe dog.

Dog-and-chain. 1. An iron lever with
a chain attached by which props
are withdrawn. (Gresley)
2. See Dog belt.

Dog belt (Mid.). A strong broad
piece of leather buckled round the
waist, to which a short piece of
chain is attached, passing between
the legs of the man drawing a dan
(tub) in a mine. (Gresley)

Dog clip (Aust). Same as Clip.

Dogger. 1. (Clev.). A bed of inferior
ironstone overlying the main seam.
(Gresley)

2. (Scot.). An irregular piece ot
stony coal in a seam. (Barrow-
man)

Doggy (So. Staff.). An underground
superintendent, employed by the
butty. ( Raymond )

Doghole. A small opening from one

place in a coal mine to another;

smaller than a breakthrough.
(Steel)

Dog hook. 1. (Eng.) A long hook
for drawing an empty wagon.
(Bainbridge)

2. A strong hook or wrench for sepa-
rating iron boring rods. 3. An iron
bar with a bent prong, used in han-
dling logs. (Century)

Dog house. 1. (Joplin, Mo.) A wash-
room; dry house; change house. 2.
(Joplin) A box or platform on
which a can or bucket rests at the
bottom of a shaft. 3. In furnace
practice, See Forechamber.

Dog iron. A short bar of iron with
both ends pointed and bent down so
as to hold together two pieces of
wood into which the points are
driven, or one end may be bent
down and pointed, while the othel
is formed into an eye, so that if the
point be driven into a log, the other
end may be used to attach a chain
for hauling. (C. and M. M. P.)

Dog-on; Dug-on (Scot.). To put the
hutches on the cage. This term
probably had its origin in the hook-
ing of the bucket to the rope by
means of a dog hook. (Barrowman)

Dogs. 1. (Eng.) In the plural: Bits
of wood at the bottom of an air
door (Bainbridge). 2. See also
Cage shuts. 3. See Dog, for vari-
ous other meanings.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

225

Dogstone. A rough or shap<}d stone
used for a millstone. (Century)

Dogtooth spar. A variety of calcite
with sharp-pointed crystals. ( Stand-
ard)

Dogwatch (Aust). The night shift in
a colliery (Power). See also Grave-
yard shift.

Doit (Eng.). Foulness, or damp air.
(Bainbridge)

Dol (Corn.). Pronounced doll. A val-
ley or dale. (Pryce)

D61 (Corn.). Any part or share of
the adventure or tin ore, as one-
eighth, one-sixteenth, one-thirty-sec-
ond, or the like. (Pryce)

Dol-coth. An old field or meadow; an
old valley or dale. The name of a
great mine in Camborne, Cornwall.
(Pryce)

Dole. A division of a parcel of ore.
(Raymond). Also spelled Dffl.-

Dolerita (Mex.'). Dolerite. (Dwight)

Dolerite. Coarsely crystalline basalt
The word has had a somewhat vari-
able meaning during its history and
among different peoples. The Eng-
lish use it in place of diabase; in-
deed the definition given here jus-
tifies this usage, except that the
characteristic texture of diabase is
not essential to this definition of
dolerite. But the diabasic texture is
more of a microscopic feature than
a megascopic. (Kemp)

Dolina. In geology, one of the natural
funnel-form water tubes worn down
vertically through limestone strata
to their underground drainage.
(Standard)

Dolly. 1. (Aust.) An instrument used
for breaking and mixing clay in the
puddling tub. 2. A heavy timber
shod with iron, and hung from a
tree or other support and formerly
used for crushing quartz. (Dairies)
8. To break up quartz with a piece
of wood shod with iron, in order
to be able to wash out the gold.
(Skinner)

4. A device consisting, of a small
platform and a single wide roller,
used as a truck for timber, etc., or
when inverted as a stationary roller.
(Webster)

5. (So. Staff.). A cast-iron weight
used when men ride in the shaft, to
act as a counter-balance to the wind-
Ing engine. (Gresley)

6. A tool for sharpening machine-
drill bits. (Gillette, p. 53)

7. To concentrate (ore) by use of
a dolly tub. 8. A wooden disk for
stirring the ore in a dolly-tub, in ore-
concentration by the tossing and
packing process (Standard). See
also Dolly-tub.

Dolly tub (Corn.). A tub in which ore
is washed, being agitated by a dolly,
or perforated board (Raymond).
See also Dolly, 7 and 8.

Dolomla (Mex.). Dolomite. (Dwight)

Dolomite. 1. A carbonate of calcium
and magnesium, (Ca, Mg) CO«. (U.
S. Gjeol. Surv.)

2. A term .applied to those rocks
that approximate the mineral dolo-
mite in composition. Named by
Saussure, after Dolomieu, an early
French geologist (Kemp). Also
called Magnesian limestone. It oc-
curs in a great many crystalline
and noncrystalline forms, the same
as pure limestone, and among rocks
of all geological ages, When the
carbonate of magnesia is not pres-
ent in the above proportion the rock
may still be called a magnesian
limestone, but not a dolomite, strict-
ly speaking. (Roy. Com.)

Dolomite limestone. See Dolomite, 2.

Dolomitic. Composed of or similar to
dolomite. ( Century )

Dolomitization; Dolomization. The
process whereby limestone becomes
dolomite by the substitution of mag-
nesium carbonate for a portion of
the original calcium carbonate. If
the MgCOa approximates the 45.65
pet cent, of the mineral dolomite,
there is great shrinkage in bulk,
leading to the development of po-
rosity and* cavities up to 11 per
cent, of the original rock. (Kemp)

Dome. 1. To swell upward like a
dome. 2. The upper part of a fur-
nace. 8. The vertical steam cham-
ber on top of a boiler. 4. A crystal
form composed of planes parallel to
a lateral axis which meets in a hori-
zontal edge like the roof of a house.
5. In geology, an uplift in which
the beds dip outward in all direc-
tions from a center (Webster). Oil
and gas pools are frequently found
beneath domes.

Domeykite. A reniform and botry-
oidal, tin-white to steel-gray copper
arsenide, CusAs ; also found massive
and disseminated. (Dana)

744010 O— 47-

-15

226

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Domite. A more or less decomposed
trachyte from the Pi^y de Dome in
the French volcanic district of the
Auvergne. The typical domite con-
tains oligoclase and is impregnated
with hematite. (Kemp)

Bonk (No. of Eng.). Clay or soft
earth, found in cross veins and flats
(Davies). See also Doak.

Donkey. See Barney. Also used
synonymously for Donkey engine,
Donkey pump, Donkey hoist.

Donkey engine. A small auxiliary
engine. (Webster)

Donkey hoist. An auxiliary hoisting
engine operated by steam or com-
pressed air.

Donkey pump. Any of several kinds
of combined pump and steam engine.
It may be operated independently
of the engine : Used to supply water
to a boiler, drain sumps, etc.

Donnick; Donock; Donnock. A varia-
tion of Dornick.

Dook. 1. ( Scot. ) A mine or roadway
driven to the dip, usually the main
road (Barrowman). See also Slope.
2. (Som.) An underground inclined
plane. (Gresley)

Dook workings (Scot). Workings be-
low the level of the shaft bottom.
(Barrowman)

Door. A movable frame or barrier
of boards, or other material, usually
turning on hinges or pivots, by
means of which a passage way may
be opened or closed (Webster).
Doors are placed in air passages of
mines to prevent the ventilating cur-
rent from taking a short cut to the
upcast shaft, and to direct the cur-
rent to the working face.

Door chain (Scot.*). A chain with ad-
justing screw by which the bucket
and clack door of a pump are sus-
pended. (Barrowman)

Door heads (Scot). The roof or top
of the workings at a shaft. (Bar-
rowman)

Doorpiece. That portion of a lift of
pumps which contains the clack or
valve. (Duryee)

Doorstead. 1. (Eng.). Upright tim-
bers in the sides of levels for sup-
ports. (Bainbridge)
2. The entrance or place of a door.
(Webster)

Door stoop (Scot). A pillar or block
of mineral left around a shaft for
its protection, (Barrowman)

Door tender. A boy whose duty it is
to open and close a mine door be-
fore and after the passage of a train
of mine cars. Also called Trapper.
(Steel)

Door trapper. See Door tender.

Dope. An absorbent material; es-
pecially in high explosives, the saw-
dust, infusorial earth, mica, etc.,
mixed with nitroglycerin as in dyna-
mite. (Webster)

Dopplerite. An asphalt found in New
Zealand and some parts of Siberia.
It resembles elaterite. (Mitzakis)

Dor6. Gold and silver bullion which
remains in a cupelling furnace after
the lead has been oxidized and
skimmed off. (Bull, 98, U. S. Bur.
Mines, p. 70)

Dor6 bullion. Same as Base bullion.
Compare Dor4.

Dor furnace. A regenerative zinc-dis-
tillation furnace with heat-recuper-
ating chambers at the ends of the
furnace instead of beneath the com-
bustion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 4G3)

Dornick; Dornock (U. S.). A small
rock or bowlder ; specifically a bowl-
der of iron ore found in limonite
mines (Webster).

Dorongee (pronounced duruni) (As-
sam, India). A gold-washing trough.
(Lock)

Dorr agitator. An agitating machine
based on the thickener principle.
It is essentially a Dorr classifier
equipped with a central air lift
(Liddell)

Dorr classifier. A machine to dimin-
ish the amount of water required
for classification by raking the
heavier grains up an inclined plane
against a light current of water,
which washes away the lighter ma-
terial. It is of the intermittent
type. (Liddell)

Dose. A special charge used in a blast
furnace, designed to cure furnace
troubles. (Willcox)

Dott; Dott-hole. A small opening in
the vein. (Raymond)

Double-acting pump. ( Scot ). A pump
which discharges at both forward
and backward stroke. (Barrow-
man)

Double bank. 1. To takq up a claim
parallel with and adjoining another
claim containing an auriferous vein
or lead. 2. Working with double
sets or relays of men. (Duryee)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

227

Double-bank cages (Wales). Cages
having two decks, or a multiple of
two, so that decking (caging) may.
be performed at two levels or banks.
(Gresley)

Double core-barrel drill A core drill
having an inner tube that is sus-
pended on ball bearings and thus
may remain still while the outer
tube revolves. It is designed to
bring out a core from a delicate ma-
terial with a minimum of breaking
or other damage. (Bowles)

Double crib (Eng.). Two wedging
cribs placed one on the top of an-
other. (Gresley)

Double-diamond bottom (Ark.). An
arrangement of track at the shaft
bottom consisting of two parallel
tracks (one to each compartment of
the shaft) with a double crossover
track between them and repeated on
each side of the shaft. (Steel)

Double-entry. 1. A pair of entries in
flat or .gently dipping coal so laid
out that rooms can be driven from
both entries; twin entries (Steel).
See also Entry.

2. A system of ventilation by which
the air current is brought into the
rooms through one entry and out
through a parallel entry or air
course. (Steel)

Double-entry room-and-pillar mining,
See Room-and-pillar method.

Double-handed gear (Newc.). Heavy
drilling tools which require two men
to use them. (Min. Jour.)

Double header. A term applied to
quarry equipment consisting of two
independent channeling machines on
a single truck, operated by one man.
(Bowles)

Double-image prism. A prism made of
Iceland spar, giving two images of
equal intensity, but polarized at
right angles to each other. (Stand-
ard)

Double load. A charge in a bore hole
separated by a quantity of inert
material for the purpose of dis-
tributing the effect, or for prevent-
ing part of the charge blowing out
at a seam or fissure, in which case
the inert material is placed so as to
include the seam. (Du Pont)

Double-men. See Doublefllck.

Double, or Duplex hammer. A forg-
ing device striking on opposite sides,
as of a bloom. (Standard)

Double-pick; Double-men (Corn.). Two
men who use one pick, one during
the day, and one at night, so that
the pick is kept constantly at work.
(Pryce)

Double-refracting spar. Same as Ice-
land-spar.

Double refraction. Refraction shown
by certain crystals that split the in-
cident ray into two refracted rays,
polarized in perpendicular planes.
(Standard)

Double-room system. See Room-and-
pillar method.

Doubles (Som.). The repeated folds
or overlaps of the coal strata in
the Radstock district. (Gresley)

Double-shear steel. Converted steel
that has been twice fagoted and
drawn out. (Standard)

Double shift. 1. Two sets of men at
work, one set relieving the other.
2. To employ two shifts of men, or
to work double shift (Steel)

Double stall (Wales). A system of
working coal in which the roof falls
within chambers of a limited
width. (Gresley)

Double-tape fuse. Fuse of superior
qualtity, or having a heavy and
strong covering. (C. and M. M. P.)

Double timber (Wales). Two props
and a bar placed across the tops of
them to support the roof and sides
of a heading. (Gresley)

Double working (No. of Eng.). Two
hewers (miners) working together
in the same heading. (Gresley)

Doubling. 1. A process for the treat-
ment of antimony sulphide by fus-
ing it with iron or other antimony
containing iron, so as to form an
iron sulphide, the removal of which
eliminates both iron and sulphur.
(Webster)

2. (Scot.) Thickening of a seam,
sometimes due to its being folded
over or doubled (Barrowman). See
also Doubles.

Douce. See Douse.

Douglas furnace. A horizontal, revolv-
ing cylindrical furnace having a cen-
tral flue. (Ingalls, p. 160)

Douglas process. See Hunt and Doug-
las process. (Raymond)

Douk; Douke; Dowk (Eng.). A soft
clay found in veins. Probably de-
rived from the Saxon deagan, to
knead or mix with water. (Hunt)

228

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Doup out (Scot). To connect a drift
with one formerly driven in stoop-
and-room workings. (Barrowman)

Dour holing (Scot). Difficult under-
cutting in hard coal or stone. (Bar-
rowman)

Douse; Dowse. 1. To beat out or ex-
tinguish an ignited jet of fire damp
(Gresley). Also spelled Douce.
2. To search for deposits of ore, for
lodes, or water, by aid of the dous-
ing or divining rod. (Century)

Dowk (No. of Eng.). A dark-colored
clayey material forming part of a
vein (Standard). See also Douk.

Down (Eng.). Underground ; in the
pit (Gresley)

Down brow (Lane.). A dip incline
underground. (Gresley)

Downcast. 1. The shaft through
which the fresh air is drawn or
forced into the mine ; the • intake
(Steel,; Coal Run Coal Co. v. Jones,
127 Illinois, p. 381)
2. (Eng.) A fault which throws
a coal seam downwards. See also
Downleap. (Gresley)

Downcomer. A pipe to conduct some-
thing downward, as a pipe for
leading hot gases from the top of
a Wast furnace 'downward to the
regenerators, boilers, ' etc. (Web-
ster). Sometimes called Downcome.

Downdraft. A downward draft as in
a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine,
etc. (Webster)

Down-draft kiln. A kiln in which the
heat enters the chamber from the
top and passes down through the
ware. (Ries)

Downer (Som.). A rest or cessation
from work, say half an hour, taken
during a shift or turn. (Gresley)

Downfall (So. Staff.). A downthrow.
(Min. Jour.)

Down holes. Drill holes that incline
downward. (H. C. Hoover, p. 100)

Down-leap (Mid.). A dislocation of
strata which has caused a coal seam
to be aburptly cut off and brought
below its original level. See also
Downthrow. (Gresley)

Downs (Eng.). The rounded, dry, and
unwooded chalk hills of Kent, Sur-
rey, Sussex, and adjacent counties.
(Page)

Downset (Scot). A short drift to the
dip. (Barrowman)

Down spouts (Lane.). Pipes fixed
down the sides of a shaft for con-
ducting water from one level or
sump to another. (Gresley)

Downthrow, t&fenerally applied as
meaning that side of a fault which
has moved downward. This use is
objectionable, since determinations
of throw are always relative and it
can rarely be told which side of the
fault has moved. The term should
be used with the definite under-
standing that it refers merely to a
relative and not an absolute dis-
placement. (Lindgren, p. 118)

Downward enrichment. A term which
is synonymous with "secondary en-
richment" as the latter has applied
to enrichment of ore bodies by the
downward percolation of waters.

Dowse. To use the dipping or divin-
ing rod, as in search of water, ore,
etc. (Webster). See Douse.

Dowser. A divining rod for dowsing;
also one who uses a divining rod
(Webster). See Divining rod.

Dowsing rod; Dowzing rod (Som.).
See Divining rod; also Dowser.

Dowson producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 305)

Dradge (Corn.). The inferior portions
of ore, separated from the best ore
by cobbing. (Raymond)

Dradgy lode (Eng.). A lode through
which the mineral is so thinly dis-
seminated as to be scarcely worth
the expense of dressing. Such lode,
ore-stuff, or stone is called dradgy.
(Hunt)

Draft. 1. ( Wales 1 Allowance coal.
About 360 Ibs. per week to every
householder. (Gresley)
2. Act of drawing. 3. A load; the
quantity drawn forward, up or out.
4. A current of any sort, as of air
in a room or chimney. 5. The area
of an opening or group of openings
for the discharge of water, as the
draft of a turbine wheel. (Web-
ster)

Draftage. A deduction made from the
gross weight of ore to allow for loss
in transportation. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Draft engine (Corn.). An engine used
for pumpjng. (Min. Jour.)

Draft hole. An opening through which
air is supplied to a furnace. (Cen-
tury)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

229

Drag. 1. A wooden or iron bar placed
between the spokes of the wheels of
trams to check their speed upon an
inclined way. See Back stay (Ores-
ley). A brake, or sprag.
2. An appliance to be attached to
the rear of a loaded train of cars to
prevent the cars from running down
the incline or grade in case the cable
should break. (Brookside Coal Min.
Co. v. Hajnal, 101, Illinois App., p.
177; Brookside Coal Min. Co. v.
Dolph, 101, Illinois App., p. 169)
8. The frictional resistance offered
to a . current of air in a mine.
(Steel)

4. The lower part of a flask. The
mold baying been prepared in the
two parts of the flask, the cope is
put upon the drag before casting.
After casting, the flask is opened by
removing the cope. (Raymond)
0. Fragments of ore torn from a
lode by a fault Such fragments are
scattered along the line of the fault
and are usually inclosed within
crushed or bracciated pieces of the
rock traversed by that fault. Sec-
ondary mineralization along the
fault may obscure the true char-
acter of the "drag" in which case
the difference in associated minerals
may prove suggestive. (Min. and
Set Press, May 29, 1915.)
6. An iron blast-hole cleaner; drag-
twist. 7. A runnerless sled for
drawing rough heavy stone, etc.; a
stone-boat (Standard)

Draga (Sp.). 1. Dredge; dredger. 2.
A miner's shovel. (Halse)

Dragagem; Draga je (Port). Dredg-
ing. (Halse)

Dragbar; Back stay (Aust). An iron
bar fastened to the back of a skip
to prevent the latter running down
hill in case the hauling rope breaks
(Power). See also Drag, 2.

Drag bolt. A coupling pin. (Web-
ster)

Drag chain. A chain to make fast a
wheel of a vehicle so that the wheel
will act as a drag.

Dragline scraper. A type of apparatus
for the removal of soil. It consists
of one or more buckets or scrapers
attached to an endless cable or belt
operated by a drum or sprocket
wheel.

Dragon (So. Staff.) A barrel in which
water is raised from a shallow
shaft (Gresley)

Dragonera (Peru). Passage of the
flame into the furnace at the fire
bridge. (D wight)

Dragonite. A fabulous stone said to be
obtained from the head of the flying
dragon. Quartz crystals, found in
gravel, which have lost their bril-
liancy and angular form, and conse-
quently their identity, were for-
merly thought to have had the origin
indicated above. (Pliny Hist., Bk.
37, p. 57)

Dragons' skin (Eng.). A familiar
term among miners and quarrymen
for the stems of Lepitfodendron,
whose rhomboklal leaf scars some-
what resemble the scales of reptiles.
(Page)

Dragsman (No. of Eng.). A man em-
ployed as a pusher of tubs (cars)
in underground working places.
(Gresley)

Dragstaff. A pole projecting back-
ward and downward from a vehicle^
to prevent it from running back-
ward. See Backstay; also Drag. 2.

Drag-stone mill. A mill in which oresr
etc., are ground b*y means of a heavy
stone dragged around on a circular
or annular stone bed (Webster).
See Arrastre.

Drag twist. A spiral hook at the end
of a rod, for cleaning bore holes.
(Raymond)

Drain. A ditch cut in a mine floor or
bottom. (Roy)

Drainage basin. See Basin, 1.

Draught (So. Staff.) The quantity
of coal hoisted in a given time (Ray-
mond. See Draft, 3.

Draw. 1. (So. Staff.) Strictly
speaking, the distance on the sur-
face to which the subsidence or
creep extends beyond the workings.
(Gresley)

2. The effect of creep upon the pil-
lars of a mine. 3. To draw the
pillars; to mine out the pillars, or
to pull or rob them after the rooms
are worked out. Called Pull in Ar-
kansas. (Steel)

4. (Scot) The distance that min-
eral is hauled by trammers. (Bar-
rowman)

5. In geology, a valley or basin,
(Standard)

6. To raise ore, coal, rock, etc., to
the surface; to hoist

Draw a charge. To take a charge
from a furnace. (C. and M. M. P.)

230

GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTBY.

Draw bar. 1. A bar used to connect
rolling stock, ns a bar with a single
eye at each end for coupling together
a locomotive and its tender. (Web-
ster)

2. A heavy beam under the body of
a railway -car and projecting at the
end for coupling cars. Some ar-
rangement for coupling is placed at
the outer end, and springs at the
inner end to lessen recoil In start-
ing, coupling, etc. (Standard)

Drawer. 1. (Scot.) A man or boy
who takes ore or rock from the
working face to the shaft, or termi-
nus of the horse or haulage road
(Barrowman). One who pushes
trams or drives a horse under-
ground.

2. (Derb.) A man who hoists ore
or rock by means of a windlass, or
otherwise, from a shaft. (Hooson)

Drawhead. The head of a draw bar.
(Webster)

Draw hole. An aperture in a battery
through which the coal is drawn.
(Chance)

Drawing. 1. Recovering the timbers,
chocks, etc., from the goaves. This
work is commonly performed with
the use of the Dog-and-chain, which
see. 2. Knocking away the sprags
from beneath the coal after holing.

3. Raising coal, through a shaft or
slope. (Gresley)

4. In hydraulic mining, throwing
the water beyond the dirt to be re-
moved and causing it to flow to-
ward the giant (Hanks). Compare
Goosing.

Drawing a jud. 1. (No. of Eng.)
Bringing down the face of coal, by
withdrawing the sprags. (Gresley)
2. See Jud, 4.

Drawing an entry. Removing the last
of the coal from an entry. (Hargis)

Drawing engine (Eng.). A winding
or hoisting engine. (Gresley)

Drawing lift. The lowest lift of a
cornish pump, or that lift in which
the water rises by suction (atmos-
pheric pressure) to the point where
it is forced upward by the plunger.
(Century)

Drawing road (Scot.). An under-
ground passage along which ore or
coal is conveyed. (Barrowman)

Drawing small. When a winding rope,
from the effects of wear and tear,
has become less in diameter or in
thickness from that cause, it is said
to be "drawing smalL" (Gresley)

Draw kiln (Scot). A lime-kiln in
which the process of calcination is
carried on continuously, the raw
limestone and fuel being put in at
the top and the lime withdrawn at
the bottom. (Barrowman)

Drawlift. Same as Drawing lift.

Drawn. The condition in which an
entry or room is left after all the
coal has been removed. (Hargis)

Drawn clay. Clay that is shrunk or
decreased in volume by burning.
(Century)

Draw slate. A soft slateu shale or
rock from two inches to two feet
in thickness, above the coal, and
which falls with the coal or soon
after the coal is removed (Harr).
(Lumaghi Coal Co. v. Grenard, 133
Illinois App., p. 30; Interstate Coal
Co. v. Trivett, 155 Kentucky, p. 828)

Draw wood; Draw trees (Scot.). To
extract and recover mine timbers.
(Barrowman)

Dredge. 1. A scoop or suction ap-
paratus, operated by power, and
usually mounted on a flat-bottomed
boat, for clearing out or deepening
channels, harbors, etc., by taking up
and removing mud or gravel from
their bottoms. Extensively used in
mining gold-bearing sand and gravel.
For this purpose it is equipped with
screening apparatus and gold-saving
devices. Also called Dredging ma-
chine.

2. Inferior ore separated from .the
better ore by cobbing (Webster).
Sometimes written Dradge.

3. Very fine mineral matter held in
suspension in water. (Raymond)

Dredge boat. A boat bearing a dredg-
ing machine, especially one used in
dredging river channels and in min-
ing gold-bearing sand and gravel.

Dredger. 1. One who uses a dredge.
2. A boat employed in dredging. 3.
A dredging machine. (Webster)

Dredge sump (No. of Eng.). A small
reservoir at the bottom of a shaft,
in which the water collects and de-
posits any sediments or dfibris.
(Gresley)

Dredging. 1. The act of using a
dredge. 2. The material brought up
by a dredge. (Century)

Dredging m? chine. See Dredge, 1.

Dredging pump. A pump for drawing
up silt, loose sand, etc., as in dredg-
ing (Standard).

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

231

Dredging tube. The large tube of a
dredging machine that operates by
suction for the removal of mud,
sand, etc. (Standard)

Dredgy ore (Corn.). A rock Impreg-
nated with or traversed by minute
veins of mineral (Min. Jour.). Also
called Dradgy ore, or Drady trade.

Dreelite. A variety of barite. ( Dana )

Dress* 1. To clean ore by breaking off
fragments of the gangue from the
valuable mineral (Whitney). See
Ore dressing.

2. The furrowing on a millstone
face. (Webster)

Dressants (Fr.). Very steep lying
seams of coal, etc. (Gresley)

Dressed rocks. Same as Roches mou-
tanne"es. ( Standard )

Dresser. 1. (Mid.). A tool used by
colliers and banksmen for splitting
large lumps of coal, and for clean-
ing coal for the market A nooper.
(Gresley)

2. A tool or apparatus for cutting
and dressing the furrows on the face
of a millstone. (Century)

3. The superintendent of persons
employed In picking, washing, and
dressing ore. 4. In the plural, those
persons engaged In ore dressing.

Dressing. 1. (Mid.) Trimming and
cleaning up a stall face after the
loaders have left off work. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Corn.). The picking and sorting
of ores, and washing, preparatory to
reduction. (Raymond)

Dressing floor. The floor, place, or
yard where ores are rough dressed
or sorted.

Dressing works. See Concentrator;
also Ore dressing.

Driblet-cone. A small fantastic cone,
formed by the adhesion of congeal-
ing driblets of liquid lava from a
volcanic blowhole: contrasted with
cinder cone. (Standard)

Dries, or Dry. Seams in the rock,
which are usually invisible in the
freshly quarried material, but which
may open up in cutting or on ex-
posure to the weather. See also
Dry, 1 and 2. (Ries)

Drift. 1. A horizontal passage under-
ground. A drift follows the vein, as
distinguished from a crosscut, which
intersects it, or a level or gallery,
which may do either. (Raymond)
2. In coal mining, a gangway or en-
try above wsfter level, driven from
the surface in the seam. (Steel)

3. (No. of Eng.) A heading driven
on the strike of the coal seam. 4.
(Forest of Dean) A hard shale.
(Gresley)

5. To make a drift ; to drive. (Web-
ster)

6. Any rock material, such as
bowlders, till, gravel, sand, or clay,
transported by a glacier and de-
posited by or from the ice or by
or in water derived from the melt-
ing of the ice. Generally used of
the glacial deposits of the Pleisto-
cene epoch. Detrital deposits. (La
Forge)

Drift and pillar (No* Staff.). A sys-
tem of working coal similar to the
room and pillar system.

Drift-band (111.). A thin band or
layer of soft earthy material occur-
ring in a coal seam.

Drift-bed. In geology, a layer of drift
of sufficient uniformity to be dis-
tinguished from associated ones of
similar origin; a drift stratum.
(Century)

Driftbolt. A bolt for securing together
successive layers, as of stones in a
foundation or of timbers in a gril-
lage. (Webster)

Drift copper. Native copper found In
gravel and clay, far from the origi-
nal orebody, from which it has been
carried by glaciers. (Weed)

Drift deposit. Any accumulation of
glacial origin; glacial or fluvio-gla-
cial deposit. (Century)

Drift epoch. Same as Glacial epoch.

Drifting. Opening a drift; driving a
drift See also Drift, 1, 2, and 3.

Drifting back (No. Staff.). The oper-
ation of mining the pillars toward
the pit bottom as soon as the cross
headings are driven. (Gresley)

Drifting curb. A wooden frame forced
downward through quicksand, hav-
ing planks driven at the back of it
to keep out the sand and water.
(Gresley)

Drift map. A map showing the dis-
tribution of various glacial and flu-
vlo-glacial deposits, generally called
drift. (Century)

Drift mine. A mine opened by a drift

Drift mining. A method of mining
gold-bearing gravel, or cement, by
means of drifts and shafts, as dis-
tinguished from the process of hy-
draulic mining (Webster). Sef
Placer mining.

232

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Drift peat, A peat deposit associated
with or embedded in glacial drift.
(Century)

Drift scratches. Marks on the surface
of solid ledges of rocks, supposed to
have been produced by the grinding
action of masses of soil, gravel
and rocks, during glacial movement.
(Jackson)

Drift slabs. Slabs of more than ordi-
nary length, used especially for hold-
ing back dirt, sand and water from
a shaft. (Duryee)

Drift stoping. See Sublevel stoping.
Driftway. See Drift, 1.

Driggoe (Corn.). The lower pump in
a set or tier; the working piece.
Also called Drigger. (Pryce)

Drill. 1. A metallic tool for boring in
hard material. The ordinary miner's
drill is a bar of steel with a chisel-
shaped end, and is struck with a
hammer. See Rock drill, Diamond
drill. (Raymond)
2. To make a hole with a drill or
similar tool. 3. See Drilling, as ap-
plied to oil and gas wells.

Drill core. A solid, cylindrical core of
rock cut out by a diamond or shot
drill. It forms a record of the
strata through which the drill has
passed. (Weed)

Driller. 1. One who or tha.t which
drills. 2. A drilling machine.
(Standard)

Drill extractor. A device for with-
drawing the drill bit from wells;
drill tongs. (Standard)

Drilling. A term employed In a gen-
eral way to denote the different
processes employed for the dis-
covery and extraction of petroleum
or natural gas. Two general meth-
ods of drilling have come to be
recognized: (a) Percussion systems,
which consist of breaking up the
ground by means of a sharp pointed
instrument of a particular form,
which is made to strike the ground
in a series of blows; and (&) Ro-
tary systems, which aim at the ex-
traction of a core or permit all the
disintegrated material to be washed
away. (Mitzakis). Also commonly
used in prospecting for, and in the
development of ore or coal lands.

Drilling jig. A portable drilling ma-
chine worked by hand. (Century)

Drilling-up. Preliminary digging out
the clay in the tap hole of a furnace.
This is done usually by hand, air,
or electric drill. (Willcox)

Drill- Jars. See Jars.

Drill rod. A vertical rod bearing a
drilling tool for boring wells.
(Standard)

Drink time (Eng.) Meal time. (Bain-
bridge)

Drip. 1. A name given to an appara-
tus attached to natural-gas wells to
exclude from the mains any liquid,
such as oil or water, that may ac-
company the gas. It usually con-
sists of four iron tubes placed ver-
tically, the inner two being con-
nected by a cross tube. During the
passage of the gas through this ap-
paratus, the liquid becomes sepa-
rated and accumulates in a tube
called a tail piece, from which it is
blown out from time to time. (Mit-
zakis) Any opening arranged to
take a liquid from a line carrying
gas, as condensation from a steam
line.

2. (Eng.) The dip of a stratum.
(Webster)

Drip stone. 1. A porous stone, either
artificial or natural, for filtering
water. 2. Calcium carbonate in the
form of stalactites and stalagmites.
(Webster)

Drive. 1. To • excavate horizontally,
or at an inclination, as in a drift,
adit or entry (Gresley). Distin-
guished from sinking and raising.
2. (Aust.) A level, drift, or tun-
nel in a mine. (Hanks)

Driven well. A well which is sunk by
driving a casing, at the end of which
there is a drive-point, without the
aid of any drilling, boring, or jetting
device. (Meinzer)

Drive pipe. 1. A pipe which is driven
or forced into a bored hole, to shut
off water, or prevent caving. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

2. A thick type of casing fitted at
its lower end with a sharp steel
shoe, which is employed when heavy
driving has to be resorted to for in-
serting the casing. (Mitzakis)

Drive-pipe ring. A device for holding
the drive pipe while being pulled
from well. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Driver. 1. A person who drives a
horse or mule in a mine. (Roy)

2. One who controls the movements
of a locomotive, motor car, or the
like. (Webster)

3. (Eng.) A bit of iron for forcing
the wood into a blasting hole (Bain-
bridge). A tamping iron.

4. (Eng.) A man who breaks down
the coal in the stalls with hammers
and wedges, after the holing is
finished. A miner. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

233

Driver boss. A person in charge of the
drivers in a mine. (Steel) See
Driver, 1.

Drive shoe. A protecting end attached
to the bottom of drive pipe and
casing. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Driving. 1. Extending excavations
horizontally. Distinguished from
sinking and raising. (Raymond)
2. A long narrow underground ex-
cavation or heading. 3. (Brist.)
A heading driven through rock.
(Gresley.)

Driving cap. A cap of iron, fitted
to the top of a pipe, as in an oil
well, to receive the blow when
driven and thus protect the pipe.
(Century)

Driving on line. The keeping of a
heading or breast accurately on a
given course by means of a compass
or transit. In Arkansas, called
Driving on sights. (Steel)

Drop. 1. To lower the cage to receive
or discharge the car when a cage of
more than one deck is used.

2. (No. of Eng.). A chute down
which coal is run into keels or boats.

3. To allow the upper lift of a seam
of coal, to fall or drop down. (Gres-
ley)

4. (Eng.) The quantity of coal
brought down at one cutting. (Bain-
bridge)

5. (Scot.) The apparatus by which
mineral is let down a blind shaft to
a lower level. 6. (Scot.) To work
the upper portion of a thick seam
after the lower portion has been
worked. 7. (Scot.) To stop work.
(Barrowman)

Drop forge. To forge between dies by
a drop hammer or drop press.
(Webster)

Drop hammer. A hammer for forging,
the weight being raised and then
released to drop on the metal rest-
ing on the die or anvil. (Webster)

Dropper (Corn.). A branch vein leav-
ifag the main vein on the footwall
side. (Raymond)

Dropping pillars and top coal (Aust.).
The second working, consisting of
drawing the pillars, and in thick
seams breaking down the upper por-
tion of the seam that was left tem-
porarily in position. (Power)

Drop pit. A shaft in a mine, in which
coal 13 lowered by a brake wheel.
(Gresley)

Drop sheet (No. of Eng.). A door
made of canvas, by which the venti-
lating current is regulated and di-
rected through the workings (Gres-
ley). See also Curtain.

Drop shot. Shot made by dropping or
pouring melted lead as opposed to
such as are cast, as buckshot and
bullets. (Century)

Drop staple (Eng.). An interior shaft,
connecting an upper and lower seam,
through which coal is raised or low-
ered. (G. C. Greenwell)

Dropstone. A stalactitic variety of cal-
cite. (Century)

Drop sulphur. Sulphur granulated by
pouring it molten into water.
(Webster)

Drop tin. Tin granulated by pouring
it molten into water. (Webster)

Drop zinc. Zinc in the form of small
globules. ( Webster )

Dross. 1. Refuse or impurity in melted
metal; slag. A zinc-and-iron alloy
forming in a bath of molten zinc, in
galvanizing iron. (Standard)

2. The material skimmed from the
surface of freshly melted, not per-
fectly pure metal. (Raymond)

3. (Scot) Small coal which passes
through a riddle or screen. (Bar-
rowman)

Dross coal. 1. (Scot) In cannel coal
districts, common or free coal. See
also Free coal, 2 (Barrowman). 2.
See Dross, 3.

Drossy coal (Derb.). Coal containing
pyrite. (Gresley)

Drowned; Drowned out. Flooded: said
of mines under water. (Gresley)

Drowned level. See Blind level, 2.

Drowned waste. Old workings full Of
water. (Gresley)

Druggon (So. Staff.). A square iron
or wooden box, used for conveying
fresh water for horses, etc., in a
mine. (Raymond)

Drum. 1. That part of the winding
machinery on which the rope or
chain is coiled. (Raymond)
2. (Lane.) A brick, iron, or wooden
cylinder, used when sinking a shaft
through sand. 3. See Running-the-
drum. (Gresley)

4. A metal cask for shipment of oil,
gasoline, etc.

234

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Drum head (No. of Eng.). A short
heading formed to the rise of a level,
or bank head, in which the drum
of a self-acting inclined plane is
fixed. (Gresley)

Dmm horns. Wrought-iron arms or
spokes projecting beyond the surface
or periphery of flat-rope drums, be-
tween which the ropes coil or lap.
(Gresley)

Drumlin. An elongated or oval hill of
glacial drift normally compact and
unstratified, usually with its longer
axis parallel to the direction of the
movement of the transporting ice.
(Webster)

Drumming. The process of sounding
the roof of a mine to discover
whether rock is loose. (Deep Vein
Coal Co. v. Reney, 112 N. B. Kept.,
p. 397)

Drummy. Loose coal or rock that pro-
duces a hollow sound when tapped
with any hard substance (Dodd v.
Pocahontas Consol. Collieries Co.,
244 Fed. Rept., p. 151). Said es-
pecially of a mine roof.

Drum pulley. A pulley wheel used in
place of a drum (Gresley). See
also Koepe system.

Drum rings. Cast-iron wheels, with
projections, to which are bolted the
staves or laggings forming the sur-
face for the hoisting cable to wind
upon. The outside rings are flanged,
to prevent the cable from slipping
off the drum. (Gresley)

Drum sheave (Aust). A cylindrical
drum placed vertically on the inside
of a curve, against which the main
rope of a main-and-tail-rope system
moves when rounding the curve.
(Power)

Drusa (Sp.). Druse; geode. (Lucas)

Druse. A crystallized crust lining the
sides of a cavity (Raymond). See
Geode, 1; also Vug.

Drusy. Covered with minute crystals.

Dry. 1. (Scot.) A joint in the roof
of a coal seam, which can not usu-
ally be discovered until the roof
falls. (Gresley)

2. (Scot.) An incipient crack, as in
building stone. (Barrowman)

3. (Corn.) See Change house. 4.
To free from water. 5. A drying
house. 6. That which is dry, as dry
land. (Webster)

7. A metal containing too large a
proportion of oxygen; not suffi-
ciently poled: said of copper In
process of refining. (Standard)

Dry amalgamation. Treating ores with
hot dry mercury. (C. and M. M. P.)

Dry blowing (Aust.). A method of
winnowing alluvial ore by allowing
it to fall from a height while the
wind is blowing. (Standard)

Dry-bone. A miner's term for an
earthy, friable carbonate of zinc,
smithsonite. Often frequently ap-
plied to the hydrated silicate, so-
called calamine. Usually found as-
sociated in veins or beds in strati-
fied calcareous rocks acc6mpanying
sulphides of zinc, iron, and lead.
(Dana)

Dry casting. A method of casting in
which the molds are made of sand
and afterwards dried. (Century)

Dry coal. Coal containing but little
hydrogen. ( Gresley )

Dry diggings. 1. Placers not subject
to overflow (C. and M. M. P.)
2. Placer mines or other mining
districts where water is not avail-
able. (Standard)

Dry distillation. See Destructive dis-
tillation.

Dryer white. A white scum which
forms on brick during drying.
(Ries)

Dryer. An apparatus for drying ores,
preliminary to smelting. Dryers
are of various types as: revolving,
cylindrical, zigzag, tower, and cast-
iron plates. (Ingails, p. 617)

Dry gas. Natural gas obtained from
sands that produce gas only. It
does not contain oil vapors.

Dry hole. A drill hole in which no
water is used, as a hole driven up-
ward (Standard). A well in which
no oil or gas is found.

Dry hone. An artificial razor hone in
which the sharpening crystals or
grains are so blended with the bond
that good results can be obtain,ed
without the use of lubricants.
(Pike)

Drying-off. The process by which an
amalgam of gold is evaporated, as
in gilding. (Century)

Drying oven; Porcelain oven. An
oven for firing porcelain. (Stand-
ard)

Dry man. A man in charge of the
building In which workmen change
their clothes.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

235

Dry method. 1. The method of mixing
the raw materials of Portland ce-
ment in a dry state. (Bowles)
2. In chemical analysis, the treat-
ment of the compound with dry re-
agents, as blow-piping in qualita-
tive analysis and assaying *in quan-
tative analysis. (Standard)

Dry ore. An argentif erou .> ore that
does not contain enough lead for
smelting purposes. (C. and M. M.
P.)

Dry pan. A circular revolving pan
with perforated bottom, in which
two large rollers revolve by friction
against the pan floor. It is used
for grinding dry clays. (Ries)

Dry-press process. A method of form-
ing clay wares by using slightly
moistened clay in pulverized form
and pressing it into steel dies.
(Ries)

Dry process. A method of treating
ores by heat as in smelting ; used in
opposition to wet process where the
ore is brought into solution before
extraction of the metal. See also
Wet process.

Dry puddling. A process of decarboni-
zation on a siliceous hearth in which
the conversion is effected rather by
the flame than by the reaction of
solid or fused materials. As the
amount of carbon diminishes the
mass becomes fusible and begins to
coagulate (come to nature), after
which it is worked together into
lumps (puddle-balls, loups) and re-
moved from the furnace to be ham-
mered (shingled) or squeezed in the
squeezer, which presses out the cin-
der, etc., and compacts the mass at
welding heat, preparatory to rolling.
Silicon, and phosphorus are also
largely removed by puddling, pass-
ing into the cinder (Raymond).
See also Puddling.

Dry rods (Scot). Pump rods outside
the delivery pipes or rising main.
(Barrowman)

Drys. See Dry, 1 and 2.

Dry sand. 1. Sand prepared for molds
by thorough flrying and baking.
When special cohesion is required
(as for cores) other substances, such
as flour, molasses, etc., are mixed
with it. (Raymond)
2. .A stratum of dry sand or sand-
stone encountered in well drilling.
A nonproductive sandstone In oil
fields.

Dry separation. The elimination of
the small pieces of shale, pyrite,
etc., from coal by a blast of air di-
rected upon the screened coal. See
also Wind method. (Oresley)

Dry sharpening stone. A stone so con-
stituted that its crystals break away
from its binding material so rapidly
that the particles of steel have no
chance to fill the pores of the stone.
Sandstone and coarse gritted scythe-
stones are good examples. (Plte)

Drystone. Composed of stones, not ce-
mented with mortar, as a drystone
wall. (Century)

Dry sweating. A process by which
impure blister-copper is exposed to a
long, oxidizing heat below fusion
point (Standard)

Dry wall. A rock wall set up without
cementing material. See Drystone,

Dry-wall method. See Overhand stop-
ing.

Dry wash. See Wash, 4.

D- tmck (Aust). A low side-opening
truck, used for conveying coal for
home consumption, and from which
the coal has to be shoveled. ( Power )

Dualin. A variety of dynamite con-
sisting of 4 to 5 parts nitroglycerin,
3 parts sawdust, and 2 parts salt-
peter. (Webster)

Dual rope (York.). A hemp capstan-
rope upon which men ride in a mine
shaft (Gresley)

Duck machine. An arrangement of
two boxes, one working within the
other, for forcing air into mines.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Duck's nest. See Springing. (Du
Pont)

Duck's-nest Tuyere. A tuyfcre having
a cupped outlet (Standard)

Ducktownite (Tenn.). An intimate
mixture of the minerals pyrite and
chalcocite. (Chester)

Ductile. Capable of being permanently
drawn out or hammered thin. (Web-
ster)

Dudgeonite. The mineral annabergite
with about one-third of the nickel
replaced by calcium. (Min. Re&,
U. S. GeoL Surv., 1915, pt 2, p.
744)

Dudley rock. A fossiliferous limestone
of the English Wenlock (Upper Si-
lurian). (Standard)

236

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Due. The amount of royalty or ore
payable to the lord of the manor
or owner of the soil. (Davies)

Due bill. Same as Pay bill.

(Sp.) 1. The stave of a barrel
or cask, etc. 2. Stone of a floor, etc.
3. Flooring board. <D wight)

Duefto (Mex.). Owner; shipper of
ore. (Dwlght)

Dues (Corn.). See Due, Also called
Disfc. (Pryce)

Duff (Aust). The fine coal left after
separating the lumps (Power).
Very fine screenings ; dust.

DUffer (Aust). See Shicer.

Duff furnace. A furnace used for the
manufacture of producer gas. (In-
galls, p. 305)

Duffy (Scot). Soft; inferior. (Bar-
rowman)

Dufrenite. A hydrous iron phosphate
mineral. Contains approximately
27.5 per cent, PaO., 62 per cent FeaO.,
and 10.5 per cent HaO. Exact com-
position doubtful.. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Dufrenoysite. A native sulpharseni'de
of lead, PbaAsaSB. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Duggle (Corn.), See Troil

Duin. A gold-washing dish used in
Jashpur, India. (Lock)

Dukeway (Sora.). A method of hoist-
ing coal on an incline from the
working face to the pit-bottom by
a rope attached to the winding-en-
gine at surface in such a way that
while the cage is going up, the
empty trams are running down the
incline, and a* the cage descends the
loaded cars are brought up to the
shaft. (Gresley)

Dukey. 1. ($om.) A large carriage
or platform mounted upon wheels
and used on an. inclined track under-
ground, for carrying a number of
small cars of coal. 2. (So/Wales)
An iaelined plane worked by engine
power- (Gresley). See Dukeway.

Dukey rider (Wales). A boy who ac-
companies. the trams upon an in-
cline plane. (Gresley)

Duten (Borneo). A circular concave
tray for washing gold. (Lock)

Dull. I. (Brist). Slack ventilation;
InsuflJcfen^ air in a mine. (Gresley)

2. Not keen in edge or point ; blunt.

3. Sluggish; slow in action. (Web-
ster)

3. As applied to the degree of
luster of minerals, means those
minerals in which there is a total
absence of luster, as chalk, kaolin.

Dumb bolts (Scot). Bolts at Joints
of single-plated pump rods, at right
angles to those through the plates,
to prevent the latter from tearing
the wood. (Barrowman)

Dumb'd. Choked or clogged, as a grate
or sieve in which the ore is dressed.
(Davies)

Dumb drift. An airway constructed to
convey the ventilating current
around the ventilating furnace to
the upcast, instead of passing it di-
rectly through or over the fire.
(Chance)

Dumb fault. A break in strata caused
by a current of water eroding a
portion of it during the general
period of its deposition. (Power)

Dumb furnace. A ventilating furnace,
designed so that the foul, inflam-
mable air from the more remote
parts of the mine enters the upcast
above the hot gases from the fire.
(Webster)

Dumb screw (Scot). A screw jack.
(Barrowman)

Dummy. 1. (No. Staff.) A low truck
on four wheels running upon rails,
and loaded with pig iron or some
other heavy material; employed in
steep coal beds as a. balance-weight
to bring up an empty tub or car.
(Gresley)

.2. A paper bag filled with sand,
clay, etc., for tamping or for sepa-
rating two charges in a double-
loaded bore hole. (Du Pont)

Dumortierite. A bright smalt-blue to
greenish-blue, lavender or reddish,
transparent to translucent, alumi-
num silicate, perhaps 4Al2Oa.3SiOa,
occurs as a mineral, usually in
fibrous to columnar aggregates.
(Dana)

Dumoulin process. A method whereby
copper is deposited on a rotating
mandrel and later stripped off as a
long strip, which -is then drawn into
wire without recasting. (Liddell)

Dump. 1. A pile or heap of ore, coal,
culm, slate, or rock. 2. The tipple
by which the cars are dumped. See
Tipple. 3. To unload a caj by
tipping it up. (Chance)

4. (Oal.) The fall immediately
below a hydraulic mine. (Hanks)

5. The fan available for disposal

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

237

of refuse at the mouth of a mine.
(C. G. W. Lock)

6. (Eng.) A deep hole in the bed
of a stream or pond. (Webster)

Dump cart. A cart or car having a
body that can be tilted, or a bottom
opening downward, for emptying.
(Webster)

Bumper. 1. A tilting-car used on
dumps. (Raymond)

2. One that dumps or operates a
dump cart. (Webster)

3. (Scot.) A tool for keeping a bore
hole circular. (Barrowman)

Pump hook. A chain grab hook hav-
ing a lever attachment for releasing
it from the object to which it is
connected. (Webster)

Dump house. The building where the
loaded mine cars are emptied into
the chutes. (Roy)

Dump moraine. A kind of terminal
moraine consisting of material
dropped either from the surface or
from the interior of the glacier.
(Standard)

Dump-skip. A skip with an attach-
ment that dumps the load automati-
cally. (Standard)

Dumpy level. A surveyor's level hav-
ing a short telescope rigidly fixed to
a table capable only of rotary move-
ment in a horizontal plane. (Web-
ster)

Dune. A heap of blown sand (Roy.
Com.). See aUo Sand dune.

Dunlte. A variety of peridotite con-
sisting essentially of olivine and
chromite. It was named from the
Dun mountains in New Zealand, the
original locality, but it also occurs
in North Carolina. (Kemp)

Dunn bass (Lane.). An argillaceous
shale in coal mines. See alto Bind.
(Gresley)

Dunnet shale. An oil shale, from 4 to
12 feet in thickness, found in Scot-
land ; it yields from 24 to 33 gallons
of crude oil per ton. (Bacon)

Duns (Glouc.). Argillaceous shale.
See Cliff, 1, and Bind, 1. (Gresley)

Dunstone. 1. (Derb.) Ironstone in
beds or seams. 2. (Wales) Hard
kind of fire clay, or under-day.
(Gresley)

3. A local term for certain magne-
sian limestones of a yellowish dun
or cream color, occurring near Mat-
lock, Derbyshire. (Page)

Dun whin (No. of Eng.). Any dun-
colored, hard rock found in coal
measures (Gresley). See also Whin.

Duplex breaker. A breaker having
more than one crushing chamber.
(Richards, p. 21)

Duplex channeler. A type of channel-
ing machine which cuts two chan-
nels simultaneously. (Bowles)

Duplex hammer. See Double hammer.

Duplex wire. Two insulated-copper
leading-wires wrapped together with
paraffined cotton covering. (Du
Pont)

Durangite. An orange-red fluo-arse-
nate of sodium and aluminium,
Na(AlF)AsO4, occurring in mono-
clinic crystals. (Dana)

Durbachite. A name given to a basic
development at the outer border of
a granite intrusion in Baden. It has
the general composition of mica sye-
nite. (Kemp)

Durdenite. A greenish-yellow hydrous
ferric tellurite, Fe2(TeOs)s+4H,O«.
(Dana)

Dureza (Sp.). Hardness; solidity.
(Halse)

Durgy (Corn.). Anything low or
short. (Davies.) A variation of
durgan, a dwarf.

Duriron. An acid-resisting alloy used
in chemical works and laboratories.
It consists of 14 to 14.5 per cent
silicon, 0.25 to 0.35 per cent man-
ganese, 0.2 to 0.6 per cent carbon,
0.16 to 0.2 per cent phosphorus, and
under 0.05 per cent sulphur, the re-
mainder being iron. Its melting
point is from 2,500° to 2.5506 P.
The specific gravity is 7. (Min. and
Sci. Press, vol. 114, 1917, p. 59.)

Durmiente (Mex.). A railroad-sleeper.
The sill of a set of timbers. (Dwight)

Durn (Corn.). A frame of timber-
ing, like a doorframe. (Raymond.)
Also spelled Durns ; Durnz; Durnze.

Duro (Sp.). Hard; Duros (Mex.) 1.
Hard copper ores in which quartz
predominates in the matrix. 2.
Badly calcined ores. (Halse)

Durr (Ger.). The barren part of a
lode. (Davies)

Dust. Earth or other matter in very
fine particles, so attenuated that
they can be raised and carried by
the wind; finely comminuted or
powdered matter (Century). See
Coal dust

238

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Dust bell. The seal at the bottom of
the dust catcher, dust leg, or water-
seal valve, which Is opened periodi-
cally to drain flue dust from the
system. (Willcox)

Dust chamber. An inclosed flue or
chamber filled with deflectors, in
which the products of combustion
from an ore-roasting furnace are
allowed to settle, the heavier and
more valuable portion being left in
the dust chamber and the volatile
portions passing out through the
chimney or other escape. (Cen-
tury)

Dust-devil (India and Western U. S.).
A moving column of sand; a sand
spout (Webster). See Dust storm.

Duster. 1. (Wales.) A man employed
in cleaning tramways of dust and
dirt in and about mines. (Gresley)
2- An unproductive boring for oil or
gas.

Dust explosion. An explosion of car-
bonaceous material as coal dust,
flour, etc.

Dust firing. The burning of coal dust
in the laboratory of the furnace.
(Ingalls, p. 269)

Dust gold. Pieces of gold under 2 to
3 dwt (C. and M. M. P.) Very
fine gold.

Dust-laying oils. Crude oils, heavy as-
phalt oils, tars, solutions of petro-
leum asphalt in gas oils, liquid as-
phalt, and emulsions of oils and
water, used for laying dust on roads.
(Bacon)

Dustman. One who dumps the dust
catcher or loads the dust at blast
furnaces. ( Willcox )

Dustplate. A vertical iron plate, sup-
porting the slag runner of an iron
blast furnace. (Raymond)

Dust storm. A violent, spiral convec-
tional dust-laden whirlwind moving
across an arid region (Webster).
See Dust-devil.

Dutch drop. A haulage term used at
Anaconda, Mont., for flying switch.

Dutch metal. An alloy of copper, 84.7,
and zinc, 15.3 per cent. (Ure)

Dutch ocher. Chrome yellow and whit-
ing. (Standard)

Dutch oven. See Forechamber.

Dutch tile. A flat enameled earthen-
ware tile painted In colors (usu-
ally in blue) with inscriptions

and designs: often used for deco-
rating chimneypieces and fireplaces.
(Standard)

Dutch white. A pigment consisting ot
one part of white lead and three
parts of permanent white. (Web-
ster)

Duty. 1. A measure of the effective-
ness of a steam engine, usually ex-
pressed in the number of foot-pounds
(or kilogr ammeters) of useful work
obtained from a given quantity of
fuel. (Raymond)

2. (of a Cornish pumping engine)
The number of pounds of water
raised one foot high with a consump-
tion of 112 Ibs. of coal. (Gresley)

3. (Derb.) That part of the ore
which belongs to the lord or owner
of the mine, usually every thirteenth
dish. See also Due (Hooson)

Duty-ore ( Corn. ) . The landlord's share
of the ore. (Raymond)

Dnxite. A resin from the lignite of
Dux, Bohemia; It fuses at 246* C.,
has a specific gravity of 1.133, and
is near walchowite. (Bacon)

Dyas. The permian series of strata in
part of western Europe, where it
comprises two well-marked subdivi-
sions. (La Forge)

Dyestone. See Clinton ore.

Dyestone f ossiL Same as Dyestone ;
Fossil ore.

Dyestone ranges. A term applied to
the outcrop of Clinton iron ores ex-
tending through Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, and into Tennessee.
(Ore Dep., p. 117)

Dying out. Applied to veins that grad-
ually get narrower and narrower un-
til they cease entirely (Power).
Also called Tailing out.

Dying shift (Scot). The third or ten
o'clock shift (Barrowman). See
also Graveyard shift

Dyke. See Dike.

Dynamic geology. See Geology.

Dynamic head. That head of fluid
which would produce statically the
pressure of a moving fluid. (Stand-
ard)

Dynamic metamorphism. Metamor-
phism produced by earth movements
in regions of great dislocation, shear
or crushing of rocks. Distinguished
from chemical processes, but the
former are seldom unattended by
the latter.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

239

Dynamite. 1. Originally, an explosive
made of 75 per cent nitroglycerin
absorbed in 25 per cent kieselguhr;
now any high explosive containing
.explosive ingredients and used for
blasting purposes (Du Pont). A
composition of detonating character
containing nitroglycerin. "Detonat-
ing character" is used with inten-
tion, because nitroglycerin enters
into the composition of mixtures
which are propellants, and which
are not dynamite. There are other
compositions of matter containing
nitroglycerin which are not dyna-
mite, but we cannot have a dyna-
mite which does not contain nitro-
glycerin. (C. E. Munroe, U. S.
Bur. Mines.) The strength varies
according to the percentage of
nitroglycerin contained. Frequently
called. Giant powder.
2. To charge with dynamite. 8. To
blow up or shatter with dynamite.
(Webster)

Dynamiter. One who uses, or is In

favor of using, dynamite or similar

explosives for unlawful purposes.
(Century)

Dynamo. A machine used for con-
verting mechanical energy into elec-
trical energy by magneto-electric
induction. (Webster)

Dynamo metamorphism. Same as Dy-
namic metamorphism.

Dyne. In physics, the unit of force
in the centimeter-gram-second sys-
tem, being that force which acting
on one gram for one second gen-
erates a velocity of one centimeter
per second. (Century)

Dyscrasite. A variable silver anti-
monide mineral, including AgaSb.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Dysodile. An inflammable, flexible,
slightly elastic, yellow or greenish
gray hydrocarbon from Melili,
Sicily, and from certain German
lignite deposits; it has a specific
gravity of 1.14 to 1.25 (Bacon).
When burned it yields an odor like
asafoetida. (Chester)

Dysprosium. An element of the rare-
earth group. Symbol, Dy; atomic
weight, 162.5. (Webster)

Dystome spar. A synonym for Datolite.
(Chester)

Dystomio. Having an Imperfect frac-
ture or cleavage. (Century)

Dysyntribite. A name given by C. U.
Shepard, to a mineral or rock in St
Lawrence Co., N. Y., in which is

a hydrated silicate of aluminium
and potassium, and is related to pi-
nite ; the name means hard to crush,
Compare Parophite. (Kemp)

Dzhu (Corn.). To cut ahead on one
side of a face, so as to increase the
efficiency of blasting on the re-
mainder. (Doubtless the same word
as Dissue.) See Dissuing. Also
Hulk. (Raymond)

B.

Eaglestone. A concretionary nodule of
ironstone of the size of a walnut or
larger; aetites. The ancients be-
lieved that the eagle transported
these stones to- her nest to facilitate
the laying of her eggs. (Webster)

Ear. 1. The inlet or intake of a fan.
(Chance)
2. (Derb.) A small iron loop or

. ring fixed on the sides of tubs, etc.,
to which side-chains are attached.
(Gresley)

Earth. 1. The solid matter of the
globe in distinction from water and
air. The ground. The firm land of
the earth's surface. 2. Loose mate-
rial of the earth's surface; the dis-
integrated particles of solid matter
in distinction from rock; soil. 8.
In chemistry, a name formerly
given to certain inodorous, dry; and
uninflammable substances which are
metallic oxides, but were formerly
regarded as elementary bodies.
(Century)

4. A term used for soft shaly or
clayey ground when sinking through
the coal measures. (Gresley)

Earth anger. An earth borer. (Stand-
ard)

Earth borer. An auger for boring into
the ground. It works in a cylindri-
cal box which retains the cut earth
until the tool is withdrawn. ( Stand-
ard)

Earth coal. 1. A name sometimes
given to lignite. An earthy brown
coal. (Gresley)

2. Mineral coal as distinguished
from charcoal. (Webster)

Earth current. A current flowing
through a wire the extremities of
which are grounded at points on the
earth differing in electrical poten-
tial. The earth current is due to
this difference, which is generally
temporary and often very large.
(Century)

Earth din. An earth quake. (Web-
ster)

Earth fall. A landslide. (Webster)

240

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Earth flax. An early name for as-
bestos (Chester). See also Amian-
thus.

Earth foam. The mineral aphrite
(Chester). A foliated pearly va-
riety of calcite near argentine. The
softer varieties approach chalk.

Earth metal. Any metal whose oxide
is classed as an earth. (Webster)

Earth movement. Differential move-
ment of the earth's crust; local ele-
vation or subsidence of the land.
(Webster)

Earth of bone (Eng.). A phosphate
of lime, sometimes termed "bone
phosphate," derived from bones by
calcination. ( Page )

Earth oil. Petroleum. (Webster)

Earth pitch. Mineral tar; a kind of
asphalt. (Webster)

Earth-pulsation. A slow undulation
of the earth's crust so gradual and
slight as to escape ordinary obser-
vation. (Standard)

Earthquake. A local trembling, shak-
ing, undulating, or sudden shock of
the surface of the earth, sometimes
accompanied by fissuring or by per-
manent change of level. Earth-
quakes are most common in volcanic
regions, but pften occur elsewhere.
(Roy. Com.)

Earth's crust. The external part of
the earth, accessible to geological
investigation. The use of this term
does not necessarily imply that the
rest of the earth is not also solid.
(Roy. Com.)

Earth-tilting. A slight movement or
displacement of the surface of the
ground as in some forms of earth-
quakes. (Century)

Earth tremor. A slight earthquake.
(Standard)

Earth wax. See Ozocerite.

Earthy brown-coal. A brown, friable
mineral, sometimes forming layers
in beds of lignite. In general, it is
not a true coal, for a considerable
part of it is soluble in ether and
benzol, and often in alcohol. See
Leucopetrite and Bathvillite. (Ba-
con)

Earthy calamine. An early name for
hydrozincite. (Chester)

Earthy coal. See Earth coal, 1.

Earthy fracture. A fracture resem-
bling that of a lump of hard clay.
(George)

Earthy lead-ore. A variety of cenish
site. (Power)

Easement. An incorporeal right ex-
isting distinct from the ownership
of the soil, consisting of a liberty,
privilege, or use of another's land
without profit or compensation; a
right of way. (Standard; U. S.
Min. Stat, p. 608)

Eat out (No. of Eng.). To turn a
heading or holing to one side in
order to mine the coal on the other
side of a fault without altering the
level course of the heading. (Gres-
ley)

Eave tile; Starters. Roofing tile,
closed underneath at the lower end
and placed at the eave line. (Ries)

Ebano. A trade name for a residual
pitch from Mexican petroleum.
(Bacon)

Ebb (Scot). Shallow, not deep (Web-
ster). A coal seam is ebb when near
the surface; the shaft is ebb which
is sunk to it.

Ebb-and-flow structure. A stratifica-
tion consisting of horizontally lami-
nated layers, with others obliquely
laminated, indicative of alternations
of tidal currents during deposition.
(Standard)

Ebonite. A black variety of hard rub-
ber capable of being cut and pol-
ished; vulcanite. (Webster)

Eboulement (Fr.). A term adapted
from the French for sudden rock
falls and earth-slips in mountainous
regions. (Page)

Ebullition. Act, or process of boiling
or bubbling up; effervescence.
(Webster)

Eccentric. A device for converting
•continuous circular into reciprocat-
ing rectilinear motion, consisting of
a disk mounted out of center on a
driving shaft, and surrounded by a
collar or strap connected with a rod.
Rotation of the driving shaft gives
the rod a back-and-forth motion.
(Standard)

Eccentric bit. A modified form of
chisel used in drilling, in which one
end of the cutting edge is extended
further from the center of the bit
than the other. The eccentric bit
renders under-reaming unnecessary.
It is . very useful in hard rock.
(Mitzakis)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

241

Ecdemite; Heliophyllite. A bright yel-
low to green lead chlorarsenlte, per-
haps Pb*As»OT.2PbCla, occurring as
a mineral in crystal or massive
form and as a incrustation. (Dana)

Echadero (Mex.). Level place near a
mine, where ore is cleaned, piled,
weighed? and loaded. Also called
patio of the mine. (Dwight)

Echado (Sp.). Inclination or dip of
a vein. (Halse)

Echar planilla (Mex.). Gobbing;
packing; filling with waste mate-
rial. (Dwight)

Eclogite. A more or less schistose
metamorphic rock, consisting of a
light-green pyroxene (omphacite),
actinolite (var. smaragdite) and gar-
net. Scarcely known in America.
The name is from the Greek "to
select," in reference to its attractive
appearance. (Kemp)

Economic geology. See Geology.

Economic mineral. Any mineral hav-
ing a commercial value (Roy. Com.).
See also Ore.

Economizer. An apparatus for utiliz-
ing the heat that would otherwise
be wasted, as in a system of water
tubes in the uptake of a boiler to
heat the feed water. (Webster)

Edenite. A light*cotored_ aluminous
magnesium-calcium amphibole. A
variety of the mineral hornblende.
(Dana)

Edge coal; Edge seam (Eng. and
Scot.). Highly inclined seams of
coal, or those having a dip greater
than 30°. (C. and M. M. P.)

Edge mill. A crushing or grinding
mill for ore in which a pair of
stones or metal rollers are rolled
around at the ends of a horizontal
shaft turning about a central verti-
cal axis. (Webster) Also called
Edge runner, and Chaser.

Edger. The long pieces of timber in
a wooden pillar or crib. See also
Crosspieces. (Sanders, p. 115)

Edge rails (Scot). Rails of rolled
iron or steel on the upper edge of
which the wheels run. (Barrow-
man)

Edge runner. See Chilean mill; Edge
mill ; Chaser.

Edge stone (N. Y. and Pa.). A com-
mercial term applied to bluestone
that splits out in slabs thicker than
flagging and suitable for curbing,
gills, door caps, etc. (Bowles)

744010 O— 47 16

Edge water. In oil and gas wells,
water that holds the oil and gas in
the higher structural positions.
Edge water usually encroaches on a
field after much of the oil and gas
has been recovered and the pressure
has become greatly reduced. Com-
pare Top water; Bottom water. (U.
S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44)

Edge wheel. See Edge mill.

Edingtonite. A white, a grayish white
or pink hydrous barium and alumi-
num silicate mineral, perhaps BaAU-
Si,Oxo+3H,O. (Dana)

Edisonite. Titanic acid, rutile, occur-
ring in golden-brown, orthorohmbic
crystals, named in honor of Thos. A,
Edison. (Chester)

Eduction pipe. The exhaust pipe from
the low pressure cylinder to the
condenser. (Nat. Tube Go.)

Ee^iie coal. (Scot). Coal slightly
altered through nearness to whin,
the broken edges of which show
bright circular spots more or less
distinct, like- eyes. (Barrowman)

Effective rate. See Nominal rate.

Effervesce, To bubble and hiss, as
limestone on which acid is poured.
(Webster)

Efficiency miner. A term frequently
applied to a boss miner, or a con-
tract miner.

Effloresce. To change on the surface,
or throughout to a whitish, mealy
or crystalline powder from the loss
of water of crystallization on ex-
posure to the air. (Webster)

Efflorescent. In mineralogy, forming
an incrustation or deposit of grains
or powder that resembles lichens or
dried leaves; not uncommonly due
to loss of water of crystallization.
{La Forge)

Effluent. Applied by Dana to those
igneous magmas which discharge
from a volcano by way of a lateral
fissure. See Superflu^nt and Inter-
fluent (Daly, p. 131)

Effluent stream. 1. A stream whose
upper surface stands lower than the
water table in the locality through
which it flows, and which Is not
separated from the water table by
any impervious bed.' (Meinzer)
f . A stream that flows out of another
stream or out of a lake. (Century)

Effosion (L.). The digging out from
the earth, as of fossils, etc. (Hum-
ble)

242

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Effusive. In peteatogy, poured out or
erupted on the surface of the earth
in a molten state, before solidifica-
tion; .extrusive: said of a certain
class of volcanic igneous rocks. (La
Forge)

Effusive period. The second and final
stage of the solidification of por-
phyritlc rocks from fusion, when at
the outpouring on the earth's sur-
face the " groundmass " is supposed
to be formed. Compare Intra tel-
luric period. (Standard)

Eflorescencia (Peru). An outcrop.
(D wight)

Efydd (Wales). Copper. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Egg coaL In anthracite only— known
as No. 2 coal. Coal that is small
enough to pass • through a square
mesh of 2$ or 2f inches, but too
large to pass through a mesh of 2,
inches. (Chance)

Eggette. See Briquet.

Egg-hole. (Derb.) A notch cut in
the wall of a lode to hold the end
of a stempel (Raymond). A hitch.

stone. OOlite. (Webster)

Eglestonite. A native mercury oxy-
chloride, Hg4ClaO. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Egyptian Jasper. A brown jasper,
found in pebbles and small bowlders
in Egypt. (Chester)

Egyptian pebble. A synonym for
Egyptian jasper. (Chester)

Ehrhardt powder. Any of a series of
explosive mixtures containing potas-
sium chlorate, together with tannin,
powdered nutgalls, or cream of tar-
tar, and used for blasting, shells,
etc./ (Webster)

Eichhorn - Liebig furnace: A hand-
worked muffle furnace. (Ingalls, p.
130)

Elsener hut, The German for iron
hat, or gossan. (Weed)

EJe (Sp.). 1. Axle of a wheel. 2.
Axis of a fold. 3. Ejes de cotre
(Chile), copper matte containing 40
to 60 per cent copper. (Halse)

Elaeolite; Eleolite. A name formerly
current for the nephelite of Pre-Ter-
tiary rocks. It is best known in the
rock-name eleolite-syenite, a syn-
onym of nephelite-syenite, but the
latter is preferable. See Nephelite-
syenite. (Kemp)

Elastic bitumen. See Elaterite.

Elastic limit. That point at which the
deformation in the material ceases
to be proportional to the stresses.
(C. M. P.)

Elastic mineral-pitch. Elaterite.

Elaterite. A massive amorphous dark-
brown hydrocarbon ranging from
soft and elastic to hard and brittle.
It melts in a candle flame without
decrepitation, has a conchoidal frac-
ture and gives a brown streak. See
also Wurtzilite (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Elastic bitumen.

Elbow. 1. A fitting that makes an
angle between adjacent pipes. The
angle is always 90 degrees, unless
other angle is stated. Also called
Ell. (Nat. Tube Co.)
2. An acute bend in a lode. (Skin-
ner)

Electric air-drill. A type of tripod
drill operated by compressed air
supplied by a portable motor-driven
compressor that accompanies the
drill. (Bowles)

Electrical calamine. Zinc silicate or
calamine, so called, on account of its
strong pyro-efectric properties and
to distinguish it from Smithsonite.
See also Calamine. (Webster)

Electrical precipitation. The removal
of suspended particles from gases by
the aid of electrical discharges. The
electrical current used may be al-
ternating or direct. The alternating
current agglomerates the suspended
particles into larger aggregates caus-
ing rapid settling, especially if the
gases are quiescent. The direct cur-
rent is used when large volumes of
rapidly moving gas, such as occur in
smelter flues, are treated. The sus-
pended particles within a strong
electric field of constant polarity be-
come charged and are then attracted
to a plate (electrode) of opposite
charge. (Fulton, p. 59, Bull. 84,
Bur. Mines)

Electric blasting. The firing of one or
more charges electrically, whether
electric blasting caps, electric squibs,
or other electric igniting or explod-
ing devices are used. (Du Pont)

Electric blasting cap. A device for
detonating charges of explosives
electrically. It consists essentially
of a blasting cap, into the charge
of which a fine platinum wire is
stretched across two protruding
copper wires, the whole fastened in

GLOSSARY OP MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

243

place by a composition sulphur plug.
The heating of the platinum wire
bridge by the electric current ig-
nites the explosive charge in the
cap, which in turn detonates the
high explosive. (Du Pont)

Electric detonator. An electric blast-
Ing cap. (Du Pont)

Electric drill. A mechanically oper-
ated drill employing neither com-
pressed air nor steam, but driven
by electric motor. It is used chiefly
in mining operations. (Bowles)

Electric exploder. A former designa-
tion for Electric blasting cap. (Du
Pont)

Electric locomotive. A locomotive
driven by electricity and carrying
no passengers (Standard). Called
also a Motor and used in mine
haulage.

Electric squib. A device similar to an
electric blasting cap, but containing
a gunpowder composition which sim-
ply ignites but does not detonate
an explosive charge; used for elec-
tric firing of blasting powder. (Du
Pont)

Electric system. All electric apparatus
pertaining to the operation of the
mine, and under the control of the
mine officials, that is connected elec-
trically to a common source of po-
tential or that is installed so that
it can be thus connected. (Clark)

Electric welding. A process of weld-
ing in which the parts to be joined
are heated to fusion by an electric
arc (arc welding) or by the passage
of a large current through the junc-
tion ; used in uniting steel rails, tub-
ing, etc. See also Thermite. (Web-
ster)

Electrobronze. Electroplated with
bronze. ( Standard )

Electrochemistry. The branch of
chemistry that treats of electricity
as active in effecting chemical
changes. (Standard)

Electrocopper. To plate or cover with
copper by means of electricity.
(Century)

Electrode. Either terminal of an elec-
tric source ; either of the conductors
by which the current enters and
leaves an electrolyte. See Anode ;
also Cathode. (Webster)

Electrolysis. Act or process of chemi-
cal decomposition by the action of
an electric current; subjection to
this process, as the electrolysis of
salts of silica or nickel. (Webster)

Electrolyte. 1. The solution in which
electrolytic separation of metals is
carried on. (Weed)
2. A chemical compound which can
be decomposed by an electric cur-
rent (Standard)

Electrolytic. Pertaining to electroly-
sis or an electrolyte; deposited by
electrolysis (Webster). As applied
to copper, means copper made from
impure metal by electrical decom-
position and redeposition ; the bar
of impure copper is gradually dis-
solved and the pure metal rede-
posited at the opposite pole of the
battery, while other metals fall as,
black slime to the bottom of the
tank in which the solution (electro-
lyte) is held. (Weed)

Electrolytic copper. The purest grade
of refined copper, produced by the
electrolytic process, and possessing
the highest electric conductivity,
(Skinner)

Electrolytic process. A process em-
ploying the electric current, either
for separating and depositing met-
als from solution, or ,as a source of
heat in smelting, refining, etc.
(Standard). The process has many
modifications and is used for re-
covering metals, as tin from scrap,
or refining as of copper for electro-
plating, recovering metal from ore
as by a combination of leaching, and
electrolytic deposition.

Electrolyze. To subject to electrolysis.
(Webster)

Electrometallurgy. That department
of metallurgy employing the elec-
tric current, either for the electro-
lytic separation and deposition of
metals from solutions, or as a source
of heat in smelting, refining, etc,
(Webster)

Electromotive force. The force, which
by reason of differences of potential,
causes electricity to move along a
conductor.

Electron. One of those particles, hav-
ing about one-thousandth the mass
of a hydrogen atom, which are pro-
jected from the cathode of a vacuum
tube as the cathode rays, and from
the radioactive substances as the
beta rays; also called Corpuscle.
(Webster)

Electroplate. To plate or cover with
an adherent coating of metal, com-
monly silver, nickel, or gold, by
electrolysis. (Webster)

244

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY.

Electrum. 1. A natural alloy of gold
and silver containing approximately
40 per cent of silver. (U. S, Geol.
Surv.)

2. An alloy of copper, zinc, and
nickel (Raymond). See also Ger-
man silver.

3. See Succinite ; also Amber.

Element. One of a limited number of
distinct varieties of matter which,
singly or in combination, compose
every material substance ; a sub-
stance which can not be separated
into substances different from . it-
self, at least by ordinary chemical
processes. (Webster)

Elevante (Mex.). An overhand stope.
<Dwight)

Elevator. 1. A device for raising or
lowering tubing, casing, or drive
pipe, from or into well. See Cas-
ing elevator. (Nat Tube Co.)
B. A mechanical contrivance usually
an endless belt or. chain with a
series of scoops or buckets for
transferring material, as grain,
to an upper loft or bin for storage.
S. A cage or platform and its hoist-
ing machinery in a warehouse, mine,
etc., for conveying persons or goods
from one level or floor to another.
Called a Lift in England. (Web-
ster)

Elevator pump. An endless band with
buckets attached, running over two
drums for draining shallow ground.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Elevator rope. A rope used to operate
an elevator. (C. M. P.)

Elie ruby (Eng.). A variety of py-
rope found in small garnet-like
grains in the trap-tuff of Kincraig
Point, near Elie, in Fifeshire.
(Page)

Elihu Thomson process. A. method of
electric welding of iron* (Goesel,
p. 110)

^liquate. 1. To liquate; smelt. 2.
Tp part by liquation. (Webster)

Eliquation. See Liquation.
Ellis vanner. A gyratory vanner.

Elmore process. 1. (Old Process) A
flotation process wherein the ore is
mixed with several times its weight
of water, and an equal, or greater
weight of oil. The oil carries the
sulphides to the surface, and the
gangue and water are removed from
the bottom. This process was in-
vented in 1898. 2. (Vacuum Proc-
ess) A flotation process invented

by Francis E. Elmore in 1904 in
which flotation is secured by the
addition of a small quantity of oil,
and by the liberation of air in the
pulp in a finely divided condition,
this being accomplished by subject-
ing the freely flowing pulp to &
vacuum and simultaneous heating.
(Liddell)

Elpasolite. A variety of cryolite, in
which the sodium is partly re-
placed by potassium. (Standard)

Elutriate. To cleanse or Wash, or
purify by washing and straining or
decanting. (Webster)

Elutriation. Purification by washing
and pouring off the 'lighter matter
suspended in water, leaving the
heavier portions behind. (Ray-
mond)

Ehivial. Formed by the rotting of
rock in place to a greater or less
depth. (tJ. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 263,
P. 26)

Eluvium. Atmospheric accumulations
in situ, or at least only shifted by
wind, in distinction to alluvium,
which requires the action of wa-
ter. (Power)

Elvan. The Cornish name for a dike
of quartz-porphyry or of granite-
porphyry. (Kemp)

Elvam course. A plutonic dike (Dur-
yee). An Elvan dike.

Elvanite (Corn.). A variety of rock
of which elvans are made up, nearly
equivalent to quartz-porphyry and
granite-porphyry. (Century)

Elve. The handle of a miner's, pick
(Milford). A variation of Helve.

Embanques "(Mex.). The wall accre-
tions of a water-jacket furnace.
(Halse)

Embarcarse la veta (Peru). To t>e lost
(as a vein) by reason of a fault or
intersecting dike. ( Dwight )

Embayment. A deep depression in a
shore line forming a large open
bay. m <Lowe)

Embije (Mex.). Thinly laminated
mineral structure. (Dwight)

Embolite. A ehlorobromide silver
mineral, Ag(Cl,Br). (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Emborrascarse (Mex.). To become
barren by pinching out, etc.
(Dwight)

Embouchure (Fr.). The mouta of a
river. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

245

Xmbozado (Mex.). Rich mineral en-
tirely embedded and concealed in
barren rock. (D wight)

Embudo (Mex.). A funnel; hopper.
(Dwight)

Emerald. A bright, emerald-green, va-
riety of beryl. Used as a gem.
Called Canutillos in South America.
(Dana)

Emerald copper. Same as Dioptase.
Emerald nickel. See Zaratite.

Emerged bog. In geology, a bog
which grows high above the water-
level, drawing up the water by its
sppnginess, and becoming much
thicker than an immersed bog
(Standard). Compare Immersed
bog.

Emery. An impure form of the min-
eral corundum (A 1,0,) used as an
abrasive. See Corundum. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Emery stone. A mixture of gum
shellac and emery, or emery and
clay used for emery wheels. (Cen-
tury)

Emery wheel. A wheel coated with
emery or made of emery stone: for
grinding or polishing. (Standard)

Emmonite. A variety of strontlanite
in which the strontium is partially
replaced by calcium. (Standard)

Emmoasite. Probably a hydrated
ferric tellurite. In thin yellow
green scales. (Dana)

Empalado (Sp. Am.). Timbering;
propping. (Lucas)

Empalmar (Sp.). To splice; to join.
(Dwight)

Empalme (Sp.). 1. Splice in a rope.
2. Timber joint. 3. Junction of
roads. (Dwight)

Emparejar (Sp.). To level or square
up. (Halse)

Empellar (Mex.). To add silver or
copper amalgam in the patio process.
(Halse)

Empirical. Pertaining to or derived
from experience or experiments, as
an empirical formula.

Empleo (Sp.). The quantity of quick-
silver mixed with the ore on any
given occasion for effecting the
amalgamation. (Min. Jour.)

Emplomada (Sp.). Lead poisoning.
(Halse)

Empties. Empty mine or railroad cars.
Empty railroad cars are called
"flats" in Arkansas. (Steel)

Empty rope. Any winding or haul-
ing rope from which the load upon
it has been removed. (Gresley)

Empty track. A track for storing
empty mine cars. (Steel)

Empty trip. Empty coal cars return-
ing for another load. (Hargis)

Empyrical. (Rare) 1. Of or pertain-
ing to combustion. 2. Having a
combustible principle, aS coal.
(Standard)

Ems method. The condensation of
dust and fumes from calcining fur-
naces by use of large flues filled
with parallel rows of sheet iron.
(Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol.
11, p. 879)

Emulsion. Milkification. A liquid
mixture in which a fatty or resin-
cus substance is suspended in mi-
nute particles almost equivalent to
molecular dispersion. From L. emul-
geo, to drain out, in turn from e.
out, and mulgeo, milk. (Rickard)
A combination of water and. oily
material made misc'ble with water
through the action of a saponi-
• fying or other agent (Bacon)

Enajenada (Mex.). A change of own-
ership. (Dwight)

Enameled brick. Bricks which are
coated on one or more surfaces with
a white or colored enamel. (Ries)

Enamel kiln. A kiln for enameling
porcelain. (Standard)

Enantiomorphous. Similar in form
but not superposable. Said of cer-
tain hemihedral crystals. (Web-
ster)

Enargite. A copper sulpharsenide min-
eral, CiuAsS*. Contains 48.4 per
cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

En bonanza (Sp. Am.). Said of a
mine when it is being worked at a
profit. (Halse)

Encampanado (Mex.). A shaft which
does not reach the lower level of
the mine. (Dwight)

Encampane (Peru). The difference of
level between any gallery and the
surface. (Halse)

Encapillar (Mex.). To start work in
8 new gallery. (Dwight)

Encargado (Mex.). A superintendent.
(Dwight)

246

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Encaustic tile. Floor tile having a
surface pattern of one type of clay
and backing of a different one.
(Hies)

Enchada (Braz.). A kind of hoe used
by gold washers. (Halse)

Eiicierro (Sp. Am.). Configuration of
country which has arrested the flow
of water and caused it to deposit
auriferous alluvion. (Lucas)

Encina (Sp.). Oak; E. blanca, white
oak ; E. negro,, black oak. (D wight)

Encosta (Braz.). Hillsides on which
alluvial benches are found. (Halse)

Encroachment (Scot.). Trespass; the
area beyond the boundary from
which mineral has been abstracted.
(Barrowman)

Encubado (Sp.). Tubbing. (Halse)

Encuentro (Sp.). 1. Meeting of two
galleries. 2. Meeting another vein
that intersects the one on which
work is being done. (Halse)

End. 1. (Scot.) A room or working
place fa'cing the ends or secondary
Joints of a seam, i. e., in the line
of the main joints (Barrowman).
Also called Butt.

2. (Eng.) The inner extrem^y of a
heading or stall. (Gresley)

End bands. Half tile, made by cutting
whole tile longitudinally, and used
where the roof butts against a ver-
tical surface. (Ries)

End-bump table. A mechanically oper-
ated, sloping table by which heavy
and light minerals are separated.
The end motion imparted to the ta-
ble tends to drive all minerals up
the slope of the table, but a flow
of water carries the quartz and
other light minerals down faster
than the mechanical motion carries
them up. The heavy minerals set-
tle to the bottom and finally reach
the upper end and are delivered into
a proper receptacle. The Gilpin
County^ Imlay and Golden Gate con-
centrators are the chief types.

End course; On-end (Scot). At right
angles to, or facing, the end joints.
(Barrowman)

Ending (Eng.). An adit driven in a
direction with the grain of the coal.
(Bainbridge)

End joint; End cleat; Butt cleat. A
joint or cleat in a seam about at
right angles to the principal or face
cleats. (C. and M. M. P.)

Endless-chain haulage. See Endless-
rope haulage.

Endless-rope haulage. A haulage sys-
tem using an endless traction rope
or chain for transporting cars, either
on surface or underground tram-
ways.

Endlichite. A variety of the mineral
vanadinite in which the vanadium is
partly replaced by arsenic. (Dana)

End lines. The boundary lines of a
mining claim which cross the gen-
eral course of the vein at the sur-
face. If the side lines cross the
course of the vein instead of run-
ning parallel with it, they then con-
stitute end lines. (King v. Amy,
etc., Co., 152 United States, p. 228;
Last Chance Mining Co. v. Tyler-
Mining Co., 157 United States, p.

When a mining claim crosses the
course of the lode or vein instead
of .being along such lode or vein, the
end lines are those which measure
the width of the claim as it crosses
the lode. (Argentine Mining Co. v.
Terrible Mining Co., 122 United
States, p. 485; U. S. Min. Stat, pp.
145-150)

End of coal. The direction, or section,
at right angles to the face; some-
times called the butt. (Raymond)

Endomorph. A crystal of one species
inclosed within one of another, as
one of rutile in quartz. (Webster)

Endomorphic. Pertaining to, or char-
acteristic of contact metamorphism
that takes place within the cooling
eruptive rock ; resulting from the re-
action of the wall rock upon the pe-
ripheral portion of an eruptive rock
mass. (La Forge)

End-on. Working a seam of coal, etc.,
at right angles to the cleat, or nat-
ural planes of cleavage. (Gresley)

Endosmosis. The transmission of a
fluid inward through a porous sep-
tum or partition which separates it
from another fluid of different
density. Opposed to Exosmosls.
(Century) ^ ^

Endosmotic. Of, or pertaining to the
flow or diffusion of water or solu-
tions through the invisible pores of
a rock inward to fissures. (Power)

Endothermic. Pertaining to a chemi-
cal reaction which occurs with ab-
sorption of heat. (Webster)

End piece (Corn.). See Wall plates.

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

247

End plate. See Side plates. ID tim-
bering, where both a cap and a sill
are used, and posts act as dividers,
the posts become the end plates.
(Sanders, p. 10)

Ends (York). Headings which are
driven on the end or end-on. (Gres-
ley)

Enfriar (Mex.). To add to the torta
substances which reduce cupric to
cuprous salts. (Dwight)

En fmtos (Sp.). Producing ore.
(Halse) x

Enganchador. 1. (Sp.) An on-setter.
A hooker-on, bottomer. 2. (Peru)
An agent who furnishes mine labor
on contract. (Halse)

Enganchar. 1. (Sp.) To fasten or

hook on the bucket, kibble, etc.

2. (Peru) To engage .miners.
(Halse)

Enganche (Sp.). Attaching cars,
wagons, etc. to haulage or hoisting
ropes or chains. (Halse)

Engine. 1. Any of numerous ma-
chines by which physical power is
applied to produce a desired physi-
cal effect, especially one for convert-
ing a physical force, as heat, into
mechanical power. (Webster)
2. (Eng.). A collier's term for en-
gine-house or building, arching, etc.,
within which a steam engine is fixed.
(Gresley)

Engine barrel (Scot.). A large water
barrel used in sinking shafts. (Bar-
rowman)

Engineer. 1. One versed in any
branch of engineering, as a civil,
mining or electrical engineer, and
who applies creative effort to the
solution of problems, 2. One who
carries through an enterprise by
skillful or artful contrivances ; an
efficient manager. 3. Any one who
manages or runs any stationary,
engine or locomotive; an engine
driver. The term engineman is used
by the IT. S. Department of Labor in
preference to engineer, the latter be-
ing denned as under 1, above.

Engine keeper (Scot). A brakeman.
(Gresley)

Engineman (Eng.). One who works a
winding, hauling, fan, pumping or
other engine. (Gresley). See En-
gineer, 3.

Engine pit (Eng. and Scot). A shaft
used entirely for pumping purposes.
(Gresley)

Engine plane. 1. (Eng.) An under-
ground way, either level or dipping
inbye or outbye, or both (undulat-
ing), along which the cars are con-
veyed to and from the workings by
engine power. See Endless chain;
Endless rope ; Main rope ; Tail rope.
(Gresley)

2. A passageway having a steep
grade along which cars are raised
and lowered by a rope attached to
an engine; a plane. In Arkansas,
limited to planes down which coal
is lowered. When the coal is hoist-
ed, the plane is known as a slope.
(Steel)

Engine road (Scot). A haulage road
worked by engine power. (Barrow-
man)

Engine seat (Scot). The platform or
foundation to which an engine is
f a stened. ( Barrowman )

Engine shaft. Usually the principal
shaft in a mine, and the one at
which the* hoisting and pumping are
done. (Roy. Com.)

Engine tenter (No. Staff.). A brake-
man. (Gresley)

Enginewright (Mid.). A practical
man,, whose duty Lbout a colliery is
to inspect the machinery, ropes, and
other appliances. (Gresley)

Englacial. Embedded in a glacier, as
englacial drift; also traversing the
body of a glacier, as an englacial
stream. (Webster) >

Englacial-till. See Till.

English cupellation. A method of re-
fining silver in which the character-
istics are: A small reverberatory
furnace with a movable bed and
a fixed roof, and the fact that the
bullion to be cupelled V3 charged
gradually and the silver refined in
the same furnace where the cupel-
lation is carried on. (Hofman,
p. 518)

English furnace. A small furnace for
the distillation of zinc. The Eng-
lish furnaces differ from other types
by distilling the zinc per descensum
instead of per ascensum. (Ingalls,
p. 390)

English method. A method of smelt-
ing lead ore in which the char-
acteristics are: A large charge of
lead ore, a quick roasting, a high
temperature throughout and the aim
to extract all the lead in the rever-
beratory. The hearth inclines to-
ward the middle of one of the sides,
the lead collects in the furnace and
is tapped at intervals into an out-
side kettle. (Hofman, p. 95)

248

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

English process.. In copper smelting,
the process of reduction in a rever-
beratory furnace, after roasting, if
necessary. (Raymond)

English salts. Epsom salts. (Web-
ster)

English zinc-furnace. ,A furnace in
which zinc is reduced and distilled
from calcined ores in crucibles.
(Raymond)

Engorgement. The clogging of a fur-
nace. See also Scaffold, 2. (Ray-
mond)

Engranar (Sp.). To throw into gear.
(D wight)

Engrasadura (Mex.). A grease-cup.
(D wight)

Enhydrite. A mineral (as nodules of
chalcedony) having cavities con-
taining water. (Standard)

Enhydrous. Containing water; hav-
ing drops of included fluid; as, en-
hydrous chalcedony. ( Standard )

En j alma (Sp.). A kind of pack 'sad-
dle. (Halse)

Enmaderado (Sp.). Timbering; cas-
ing. (Lucas)

Enrichment. The action of natural
agencies which increases the metal-
lic content of an ore. Secondary
sulphide enrichment refers to the
formation of new sulphide minerals
which contain a larger percentage
of the metals. (Farrell)

Enriquecimiento (Sp.). Enrichment
of veins. (Halse)

Enrockment. A mass of large stones
thrown into water to form a base,
as for piers, breakwaters, etc.
(Webster)

Ensalmorar (Mex.). To add salt.
(Halse)

Ensalmoro (Mex.). The addition of
salt to the torta. (Dwight)

Ensanchar (Sp.). 1. To enlarge a
bore hole. 2. (Colom.) E. el hilo,
to cut down the soft wall of a lode
for the purpose of widening a drift.
(Halse)

Ensancharse (Mex.). The widening of
a vein. (Dwight)

Ensayador (Sp.). An assayer.
(Dwight)

£nsayar (Sp.). To assay. (Dwight)

Znsaye (Sp.). , 1. Assay. 2. Assay
office (Dwight)

3. In gold washing, a trial made by
a pan. In the patio process a test
of the torta. (Halse)

Enstatite. 1. A magnesium silicate
mineral, MgSiOs. (Dana) 2. The va-
riety of orthorhombic pyroxene with
less than 5 per cent FeO. It is
largely used as a prefix to the names
of rocks that contain the mineral.
(Kemp)

Entblossen (Ger.). Uncovering a lode.
(Da vies)

Entibacion (Sp.). Timbering of mines ;
walling. (Lucas)

Entibador (Sp.). A timberman.
(Halse)

Entibar (Sp.). To timber a mine or
any part thereof. (C. and M. M.
P.)

Eiitibo (Sp.). A prop or stay.
(Halse)

Entoolitic. Oolitic structure formed
by filling small globular spaces after
the manner of a secretion. Opposed
to Extoolitic. (Power)

Entrada (Sp.). Entrance to a mine.
(Halse)

Entresuelo (Mex.). Gallery between
two levels (Dwight). An interme-
diate level.

Entromparse (Mex.). To form a
" nose " of slag in the blast fur-
nace. (Halse)

Entry. 1. In coal mining a haulage
road, gangway, or airway to the sur-
face. 2. An underground passage
used for haulage or ventilation, or as
a manway. Back entry, the air
course parallel to and below an en-
try. Distinguished from straight en-
try, front entry, or main entry. Dip
entry, an entry driven down hill so
that water will stand at the face,
If it is driven directly down a steep
dip It becomes a slope. Gob entry,
a wide entry with a heap of refuse
or gob along one side. Slab entry,
an entry which is widened or
slabbed to provide a working place
for a second miner. Double-entry,
a system of opening a mine by two
parallel entries; the air current is
brought into the rooms through one
entry and out through the parallel
entry or air course. Cut-off-entry,
an entry driven to intersect another
and furnish a more convenient outlet
for the coal. Single entry, a system
of opening a mine by driving a single
entry only, in place of a pair of en-
tries. The air current returns along
the face of the rooms, which must
be kept open. Triple-entry, a sys-
tem of opening a mine by driving
three parallel entries for the main

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

249

entries. Twin-entry, a pair of en-
tries close together and carrying the
air current in and out, so laid out
that rooms can be worked from both
entries. Also called Double entry.
(Steel)

3. (Scot.) The beginning of a
lease. (Barrowman)

Entryman. 1. A miner who works in
an entry. (Steel)
2. One who enters upon public land
with intent to secure an allotment
under homestead, mining, or other
laws. (Webster)

Entry stumps. Pillars of coal left in
the mouths of abandoned rooms to
support the road, entry, or gangway
until the entry pillars are drawn.
In Arkansas these pillars are called
Entry stumps even when the rooms
are first driven, before any pillars
are pulled or the rooms abandoned.
(Steel)

Entncar (Colom.). To overfeed a
stamp mill. (Halse)

Envainado (Mex.). Lost or left to
one side (as a vein). (Dwight)

Eo. Ip geology, indicating the dawn
or earliest phase of an epoch, as
Eocene. ( Standard )

Eocene. In the usage of the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey, the earliest of- the
epochs into which the Tertiary pe-
riod is divided; also the series of
strata deposited at that time. (La
Forge)

Eolation. The process by which wind
modifies land surfaces, both directly
by transportation of dust and sand,
and by the work of sand blasts, and
indirectly by wave action on shores ;
eolic gradation. (Standard)

Eolian. (Formerly spelled aeolian.)
Of, relating to, formed by, or depos-
ited from the wind or currents of
air. (La Forge)

Eolian marble. A name given by
Hitchcock to the crystalline granu-
lar limestones of Mount Eolus, in
Vermont. (Merrill)

Eon; Aeon. A period of existence; an
age; an infinite space of time. The
term is used by some geologists to
denote any one of the grand divi-
sions of geological time. (Webster)

Eopaleozoic. The earlier portion of
Paleozoic time, including the Cam-
bric and the siluric. (Standard)

Eorhyolite; Eobasalt; etc. A series of
names proposed by O. Nordenskjoeld
for the older equivalents of the

rhyolites, basalts, etc. The terms
are practically equivalent to apo-
rhyolite, apobasalt, etc., but the lat-
ter have priority. (Kemp)

Eozoic. Pre-Cambrian ; pre-Paleozoic.
Formerly applied to the rocks now
included in the Archean and Algon-
kian systems and the correspond-
ing geologic periods, being intended
to supplant Azoic when it was
learned that the Azoic rocks con-
tain some fossil remains. (La
Forge)

Epeiro genie. Of, or pertaining to,
causing, or designating the rising
or sinking of extensive tracts of the
earth's crust (Webster)

Epeirogeny. The deformation of the
crust of the earth by which the
broader features of relief, such as
continents, ocean basins, and the
greater plateaus, are formed. See
Diastrophism. (Webster)

Ephemeral stream. A stream which
flows in direct response to precipi-
tation. (Meinzer)

Ephemeris. A publication giving the
computed places of the heavenly
bodies for each day of the year,
with other numerical data (Web-
ster). An astronomical almanac.

Epicenter. That part of the earth's
surface directly above the origin of
an earthquake. (La Forge)

Epiclastic. Consisting of the consoli-
dated detritus of pregxistent rocks.
(Standard)

Epicontinental. Situated upon a con-
tinental plateau or platform, as an
epicontinental sea. (La Forge)

Epicrystalline. Both sedimentary and
crystalline in character: said of
strata. (Standard)

Epidiabase. A name proposed by Issel
as a substitute for epidiorite because
believed to be more appropriate.
(Kemp)

Epidiorite. A name applied to dikes
of diabase, whose augite is in part
altered to green hornblende. The
name was coined before it was un-
derstood that the hornblende was
secondary in this way. It was first
applied by Giimbel in 1879 to a se-
ries of narrow dikes that cut Cam-
brian and Ordovician strata in the
Fichtelgebirge. The name empha-
sizes their age as later than the
typical pre-Cambrian diorites, but
its significance has been expanded
in later years. (Kemp)

250

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Epidosite. Rocks largely formed of
epidote. The epidote seems gen-
erally to be produced by the reac-
tions of feldspar and bisilicates
upon each other during alteration.
(Kemp)

Epidote. A basic orthosilicate of cal-
cium, aluminum, and iron, HSO.-
4CaO.3(Al,Fe)2O«.6SiO, (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). The name of this min-
eral is often prefixed to the names
of rocks containing it. As a rule,
the presence of epidote indicates the
advance of alteration. (Kemp)

Epidotization. The production of
epidote in a rock by metamorphism.
(Webster)

Epigene. 1. Formed, originating, or
taking place on the surface of the
earth. 2. Foreign. Said of forms
of crystals not natural to the sub-
stances in which they are found.
Compare Pseudomorph. (Webster)

Epigenesis. Change of the mineral
character of a rock due to outside
influences. Compare Metamorphism
(Webster). As applied to ore de-
posits, epiffenetic deposits are
younger than the country rock con-
taining them. (Vogt)

Epiphesis. See Apophysis.

Epoch. Generally, that part of geo-
logic time during which a formation
or group of strata was deposited:
used by the U. S. Geological Survey
indifferently as the time equivalent
of a series or a group, but restricted
by the International Congress to a
division of a period, hence the time
equivalent of a series. (La Forge)

Epsomite. A mineral composed of
hydrous magnesium sulphate, Mg-
SO4+7HaO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Epsom salt. Same as Epsomite.

Equivalent. 1. In geology correspond-
ing in geologic age or stratigraphic
position; said of formations, etc.
(La Forge)

2. A term applied to grains of ore
or vein-stuff of varying diameters
and density, which fall ^rough
water at an equal velocity (Hunt).
Usually used in the plural.

Era. In geology, in general a large
division of geologic time; specifi-
cally, a division of geologic time of
the highest order, comprising one or
more periods. The eras now gen-
erally recognized are the Archeo-
zoic, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Meso-
zoic, and Cenozoic. (La Forge)

Erbhefste (Ger.) The deepest part
of a mine. (Da vies)

Erbium. A metallic element of the
rare earth group. Symbol, Er;
atomic weight 167.7. (Webster)

Erg. The amount of work done by
one dyne working through a dis-
tance of one centimeter. One foot-
pound is equal to 13,560,000 ergs.
(Webster)

Erlan; Erlanfels. A name proposed
by Breithaupt for metamorphic
rocks, which consist essentially of
augite, i. e., augite schists. The
name is derived from the iron fur-
nace at Erla, near Crandorf, Sax-
ony. (Kemp)

Erles ( Eng. ) . Earnest money. ( Bain-
bridge)

Erodible. Yielding more or less easily
to erosive action; as, underlying
easily erodible limestones. (Stand-
ard)

Erosion. The group of processes
whereby earthy or rock material is
loosened or dissolved and removed
from any part of the earth's sur-
face. It includes the processes of
weathering, solution, corrasio'n, and
transportation. The mechanical
wear and transportation are effected
by running water, waves, moving
ice, or winds, "which use rock frag-
ments to pound or grind other rocks
to powder or sand. (Ransome)

Erosion surface. A land surface
shaped by the disintegrating, dis-
solving, and wearing action of
streams, ice, rain, winds, and other
land and atmospheric agencies.
(Ransome)

Erosive. 1. Having the property of
eating away or corroding; corrosive.
2. Wearing away ; acting by erosion.
(Century)

Erratic. A name often given to trans-
ported bowlders (Roy. Com.). Loose
gravel and stones on the earth's sur-
face, including what is called drift.
(Webster)

Erratic blocks ( Eng. ). See Erratic.
Rounded erratic blocks are called
bowlders.

Erubescite. A synonym for Bornite.
(A. F. Rogers)

Eruption. In geology, the emission or
ejection, at the earth's surface,
through a crater, pipe, or fissure, of
such material as lava, heated water,
gases, mud. stones, and dust; char-
acteristic of volcanoes and geysers
and usually more or less sudden,
violent, and explosive. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

251

Eruptive. The name given to rocks
that have burst through other rocks
in a molten state, or that have been
thrust up bodily (Davies). The
name ought properly to be only ap-
plied to effusive or volcanic rocks,
but it is often used as a synonym for
Igneous. (Kemp)

Eruptive vein. A vein filled by erup-
tion of igneous matter from below.
(Standard)

Erythrite; Cobalt bloom. A hydrous
cobalt arsenate, CosAsiO8.8HiO.
Found in the oxidized parts of co-
balt and arsenic-bearing veins. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Escala (Sp.). 1. Ladder. 2. E. movil,
& man engine. 3. In drafting, a
scale. (Halse)

Escalera (Mex.). A ladder, generally
made of notched poles; E. de bar-
rotes, mine ladder with rounds; E.
de muescas, mine ladder or notched
timber. (D wight)

Escal6n (Sp.). LA step, round, or
rung. 2. A stope; E. de' banco, an
underhand stope; E. de cielo, an
overhand stope. 3. Scale. (Halse)

Escantill6n (Mex.). A wooden ruler
used by timbermen; pattern; gage.
(D wight)

Escape (Eng.). A second or addi-
tional shaft by which the men may
get out of the mine in case of acci-
dent to the other shafts. Also
an Upcast ; Escape pit ; Escape way.
(Gresley)

Escape way. An opening through
which the miners may leave the
mine if the ordinary exit is ob-
structed. (Steel)

Escar. See Esker.

Escarcha (Peru). Native silver in
thin plates. (Dwight)

Escarpment. A cliff or relatively steep
slope separating level or gently
sloping tracts. (La Forge)

Eschka's mixture. Magnesium oxide
and sodium carbonate. (Liddeli)

Escogedor (Braz. and Colom.). An
ore picker or sorter. (Halse)

Escoger (Sp.). To pick or sort ore.

(Halse)
Escombrera (Sp.). A place where

waste from the mine is thrown; a

dump. (Halse)
Escombros. 1. (Fr. Guiana). In placer

mining, an overburden of red and

yellow variegated clays containing

pebbles. (Halse)

2. (Mex.). Waste rock. (Dwight)

Escoria (Sp.). 1. Slag or cinders. 8.
A spongy lava. (Halse)

EscoriaL 1. (Sp.-Am.). A pile or
dump of slag, or a yard containing
such dumps. (Webster)
2. An exhausted mine. (Standard)

Escorificador (Mex.). Scorifier, in as-
saying. (Dwight)

Escritura (Sp.). A deed, instrument,
bond, or contract (Halse)

Escrow. A deed, bond, or other writ-
ten engagement, delivered to a third
person to be delivered by him to the
grantee only upon the performance
or fulfillment of some condition.
(Webster)

Escuadra (Mex.). A change of direc-
tion of 90° ; square. (Dwight)

Escuela de minas (Sp.). A school of
mines. (Halse)

Escurrir (Sp.). To leak; to drip; to
drain off. (Dwight)

Esker; Escar; Eskar. A narrow ridge
of gravelly or sandy drift, deposited
by a stream in association with gla-
cier ice. Eskers were formerly
called Serpentine kames. (Webster)

E slab on (Mex.). A link of a chain.
(Dwight)

Esmanil (Sp.). Blende. (Halse)
Esmeralda (Sp.). Emerald. (Dwight)
Esmeril (Sp.) Emery. (Dwight)

Espato (Sp.). Spar; E. fluor, fluor-
spar, bluejohn; E. calizo, calcite;
E. de hierro, siderite ; E. de I»-
landia, Iceland spar; E. de manga-
neso, rhodocrositp ; E. pesado, heavy
spar; barite. (Halse)

Espatula (Sp.)- Spajtula. (Dwight)
Espejado (Peru). Galena. (Dwight)
Espejo (Colom.). A slickenside.

(Halse)

Espejuelo (Sp.). 1. A transparent
piece of talc. 2. Mica. 3. Selenite.
4. (Mex. and Chile) Calcite. 5.
(Hid., Mex.) Galena in large crys-
tals, also blende in large crystals.
6. (Mex.) A slickenside. 7. (Peru)
Barite. (Halse)

8. (Peru) Lead carbonate mixed
with galena and gray copper.
(Dwight)

9. (Mex.) A mineral gangue, with a
faintly reflecting surface. (C. and
M M. P.)

E speque ( Mex. ) . A handspike ; wooden
lever; the long arm or lever in
machinery moved by animal power.
(Dwight)

252

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Esperanza classifier. A classifier of
the free-settling type in which the
settled material is removed by drag-
ging it up an inclined plane by
means of a continuous belt of flat
blades or paddles. It is continu-
ous in its operation. (Liddell)

Espesor (Sp.). Thickness of a vein
or bed. (Halse)

Espet6n (Mex.). The tapping bar of
n smelting furnace. (D wight)

Espinguetta (Sp.). A blasting needle.
(Halse)

Espoleta (Mex.). The blasting charge
for a small blast; primer or blast-
ing fuse. (Dwight)

Esponja. 1. (Mex.) Spongy bullion,
after retorting aad before melting.
( Dwight)

2. (Sp.) A network of narrow fer-
ruginous veins. (Halse)

Esporton (Sp.). A large basket
(Halse). See also Espuerta.

Espuela (Mex.). Additional quantity
of copper sulphate required in the
torta, when not enough was added
at first. (Dwight)

Espnerta (Spain). A large basket at-
tached to an endless wire rope for
removing sulphur from th mines.
The baskets are 10 to 12 feet apart.
(Halse)

Espnma (Sp.). 1. Scum, froth, foam.
2. Gossan. 3. Magnesia. 4, Dross of
metals. 5. (Colom.) Oro de E.,
float gold. (Halse)

Esquisto (Sp.). Shale; schist or slate.
(Halse)

Essential. In petrology, necessarily
present in any variety of rock, being
required by the*definition of the va-
riety: said of some minerals in a

-Hock. (La Forge)

A name derived from Essex
, Mass^ and applied to a gran-
ular Igoopus rock intermediate be-
tween the nephelite-syenites, the dio-
titee/.a'nd 'the gabbros, which con-
tain labradorite, orthoclase, and
more or less nephelite or sodalite,
together with augite, biotite, barke-
yicite, olivine, and apatite. (Kemp)

Essonite. A cinnamon-colored variety
of garnet; called hyacinth when
used as a gem, though the term
more properly belongs to zircon.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Estaca (Sp.). 1. A stake. E. flja,
a post driven into the ground from
which the mining claim was origi-

nally measured. 2. Estacas, divi-
sions or partitions made in mines.
3. (Colom.) A person who works a
mine solely to retain title ; the owner
of a mine who pays the tax but does
not work it. 4. Lagging. (Halse)

Estacada (Mex.). The lagging of the
sides of a shaft in open-crib tim-
bering. (Halse)

Estacar (Sp.). To stake out a claim,
road, etc. (Halse)

Estacion. 1. (Sp.) A surveyor's
station or point. 2. (Colom.) A
length of 100 feet in lining out a
railroad. 3. Season (of the year).
(Halse)

Estadia (Mex.). A leveling rod,
(Dwight)

Estado (Peru). A measure of length
(2§ yams). Approximately a
fathom. (Dwight)

Estalactita (Sp.). A stalactite.
(Dwight)

Estalagmita (Sp.). A stalagmite.
(Dwight)

Estampillas (Mex.). Stamps with
which the Government taxes are
paid; postage stamps. (Dwight)

Esthanho (Port.). Tin. (Halse)

Estano (Sp.) 1. Tin. 2. Tin ore as
cassiterite; E. de grano, E. de
placeres, stream tin. 3. Tin concen-
trate. . See Barrilla, 3. 4. E. de
escoria, slag tin. (Halse)

Estanque (Mex.). A tank; reservoir.
(Dwight)

Este; Oriente (Sp.). East. (Dwight)

Esteatita (Sp.). Steatite or soap-
stone. (Halse)

Esteos (Mex.). Vertical beams sup-
porting the pulley of a hoist.
(Dwight)

Eatereis (Braz.). 1. Veinstone;
mattrix. 2. Barren rock. (Halse)

Esterellite. A name given by A.
Michel-Levy to a variety of diorite-
porphyry from Esterel, France. The
rock shows some peculiarities of
chemical composition which have
given it special interest in discus-
sions relating to differentiation.
(Kemp)

Esteril (Sp.). 1. veinstone. 2. Bar-
ren rock. Often used in plural.
(Halse)

Estibnita (Sp.). Stibnite. (Dwight)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

253

•rtopa (Mex.). Cotton waste.
(Dwight)

Es t ora que ( Mex. ) . Resin ; yellow zinc-
blende. (Dwight)

Estovers (Eng.) Necessary supplies,
especially wood which a tenant is
allowed to take from the landlord's
premises, for the necessary fuel, re-
pairs, etc., for himself. (Webster)

Estrada (Port.). A road; E. de ferro,
a railroad. (Halse)

Estratificacidn (Sp.). Stratification.
<Dwight)

Estrato (Sp.). Stratum; layer; bed.
(Halse)

Estrechamiento del fi!6n (Sp.). Pinch-
ing; pinching out. (Lucas) fc:

Estrcllarsc la rcta (Peru). To "peter
out," or become lean, especially by
scattering. (Dwight)

Estriada (Sp.). Striated. (Dwight)

Estribo. 1. (Sp.). Stirrup. 2. (Mex.)
Hogback in a mountain; a spur.
(Dwight) v^

Estmjar (Sp.). To press or squeeze
amalgam. (Halse)

Estrujon (Mex.) A second collection
of amalgam, generally very pasty.
(Dwight)

Eituarine. Of, pertaining to, or
formed in an estuary. (Webster)

Estuary. A bay, as the mouth of a
river, where the tide meets the river
current. A frith. (Webster)

Estufa. 1. A stove or tubular appa-
ratus for heating air for hot blast.
2. (Mex.) In the patio process, a
chamber with flues under the floor
for heating the torta. (Halse)

Estnfa amalgamacitfn (Sp.). A modifi-
cation of the patio process, using
heat (Raymond). See Estufa, 2.

Etch figure. A marking, usually mi-
nute pits, produced by a solvent on
a crystal surface; the form varies
with the species and solvent but con-
forms to the symmetry of the crys-
tal, hence revealing its molecular
structure. ( Webster )

Etching. A process of engraving in
which the lines are produced by the
action of an acid or mordant (Cen-
tury)'. Used also in studying the
composition and structure of metals
and crystals.

jfcter (Sp.). Ether. (Dwight)

Ethane. A colorless, gaseous com-
pound (CaH«), of the paraftln series
contained in the gases given off by
petroleum and in illuminating gas.
(Standard)

Ether. 1. A hypothetical medium of
extreme elasticity and supposed to
be diffused throughout all space as
well as among the molecules of
which solid bodies are composed and
to be the medium of the transmis-
sion of light and heat. 2. A highly
volatile inflammable, light, mobile,
colorless liquid used as an anes-
thetic and solvent. (Century)

Ether axes. See Axes of elasticity.

Ethmolith. A plutonic mass of rock
which narrows downwardly. (Daly,
p. 88)

Ettle (No. of Eng.). 1. Waste (Ores-
ley). See Attle, 1.
2. To intend, appoint, arrange (G.
C. Greenwell). See Attle, 2.

Ettlings (No. of Eng.). Earnings;
wages. (Century)

Euchroite. A vitreous, bright emer-
ald— or leek-green, transparent to
translucent hydrous copper arsenate,
Cu*AsaOs.Cu ( OH ) ,+6HaO, mineral
crystallizing in the orthorhombic
system. (Dana)

Enclase. A vitreous, colorless to pale
green or blue glucinum-aluminum sil-
icate mineral, 2BeO.Al,O»2SiO2HjO,
crystallizing in the monoclinic sys-
tem. (Dana)

Encrite. A name given by G. Rose
to rocks and meteorites that consist
essentially of anorthite and augite.
The term is practically obsolete.
(Kemp)

Eudiometer. An instrument for the
volumetric measurement and analy-
sis of gases. (Webster)

Eudyalite. Essentially a metasilicate
of Zr, Fe (Mn), Ca, Na, etc., in red
to brown tabular or rhombohedral
crystals; also massive (Dana).
The name of the mineral Is some-
times prefixed to the rare nephelite-
syenites that contain it. (Kemp)

Eugranitic. Same as Granitoid.
(Standard)

Euhedral. In petrology, bounded by
its 'own crystal faces ; automorphic :
said of some minerals in a crystal-
line rock and contrasted with sub-
hedral and anhedral. (La Forge)

254

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Euktolite. A name derived from the
Greek words for "desired rock" and
given by H. Rosenbusch to one
which filled a gap ,in his classifica-
tion of rocks. The same rock had
been previously named Venanzite.
(Kemp)

Enlysite. A name given by Erdmann
to rocks interlamlnated with the
gneisses of Sweden, and consisting
of olivine, green pyroxene, and gar-
net. (Kemp)

Eulytite. A silicate of bismuth, Bi4-
SisOu, occurring usually in minute
dark brown or grayish tetrahedral
crystals. (Dana)

Euosmite. An amorphous, 'brownish
yellow, brittle, oxygenated hydro-
carbon from clefts in brown coal
at Baiershof, near Thumsenreuth,
in the Fichtelgebirge ; it has a spe-
cific gravity of 1.2 to 1.5, and dis-
solves easily in alcohol and ether.
(Bacon)

Euphotide. The name chiefly used
among the French for gabbro. It
was given by Hauy, and is derived
from the Greek words for well and
light, in allusion to its pleasing
combination of white and green.
(Kemp)

Euphyllite. A white sodium-potassium
mica that is intermediate between
paragonite and muscovite. (Stand-
ard)

Enrite. Used among the French as a
synonym for felsite, but also applied
to compact rocks chiefly feldspar
and quarts, such as some granu-
lites. The name was first given by
Daubisson to the groundmass of
porphyries, because of their easy
fusibility compared with hornstone
or flint. (Kemp)

Ecu opium. A metallic element of the
rare-earth group, discovered in 1896.
Symbol Eu; atomic weight, 152.0.
(Webster) *

Enstatio. Pertaining to or designat-
ing a land area which undergoes
neither elevation nor depression.
(Webster)

Eutazitic. A general name for banded
volcanic rocks. The banding is due
to the parallel arrangement of por-
tions of the rock that are con-
trasted either in mineralogy or tex-
ture (Kemp). Contrasted with
Ataxitic.

Entectic. Of maximum fusibility ; said
of an alloy or solution having the
lowest melting point possible with
the given components. (Webster)

Eutomous. In mineralogy, having dis-
tinct cleavage; cleaving readily.
(Century)

Euxenite. In mineralogy, a niobate
and titanate of yttrium, erbium,
cerium and uranium. (Dana)

Evansite. In mineralogy, a massive,
colorless to milk white, hydrous
aluminum phosphate, 2AlPo4.4Al-
(OH),+12H,0. (Dana)

Evaporar (Colom.). To retort amal-
gam. (Halse)

Evaporate. To convert into vapor, usu-
ally by means of heat; vaporize;
also, to remove and dissipate by this
process. (Standard)

Evaporating dish, or pan. A shallow
dish, of glass, porcelain, or metal
used in processes requiring evapo-
ration.

Evaporation gage. A graduated vessel
of glass for determining the rate of
evaporation of a liquid placed in it,
in a given time and exposure. (Cen-
tury)

Everlasting lamps (No. of Eng.) Nat-
ural jets of fire damp or small
blowers which continue to burn as
long as gas is given off. (Gresley)

Everson process. An oil flotation proc-
ess involving the use of from 6 to 20
per cent oil and usually less than
1 per cent acid. (Megraw, p. 8)

Excambion (Scot.). An exchange of
land or minerals. (Barrowman)

Excavar (Sp.). To excavate; to
dredge. (Halse)

Excavation. 1. In engineering, an
open cutting, as in a railway in dis-
tinction from a tunnel. 2. The act
of digging out of material (earth,
rock, etc.) by any means so as to
form a cavity. (Century)

Excavator. A steam or electric
power-machine for removing earth,
rock, etc., as a steam shovel, dredge,
etc.

Excessive location. A mining claim in
excess -of the width allowed by law.
(U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 90, 538-539)

Exempted claim. A claim which, by
the mining laws has been»allowed to-
remain idle, and for which an ex-
emption certificate has been ob-
tained (Morlne). Common, espe-
cially in Canada and Australia.

Exfoliate. 1. To peel off in concentric
layers, as some rocks do by weather*
ing. In this way the concretionary

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

255

structure of some kinds of green-
stones Is well brought out, the
weathered surface showing rounded
masses with the successive spherical
layers falling ojf. (Roy. Com.)
2. To swell up and open into leaves
or plates like a partly opened book.
(George)

Exhalation. 1. Any vapor or gaseous
matter arising from substances or
surfaces exposed ,to the atmosphere.
(Power)

2. In geology, any gas or vapor
formed beneath the surface of the
earth and escaping either through
a conduit or fissure or from molten
lava or a hot spring; an emanation.
(La Forge)

Exhaust fan. A fan used for creating
a draft by the formation of a par-
tial vacuum in contradistinction to
a blower. (Century)

Exhaustion. 1. In chemistry, the proc-
ess of completely extracting from a
substance whatever is removable by
a given solvent. (Century)
2- In mining, the complete removal
of ore reserves.

Exhibici6n (Mex.). Exhibition; as-
sessment. ( D wight )

Exomorphic. A descriptive term for
those changes which are produced
by contact-metamorphism in the
wall rock of the intrusion; the an-
tithesis of endomorphic. (Kemp)

Exosmosis. See Endosmosis.

Exothermic. Pertaining to a chemical
reaction which occurs with the evo-
lution of heat. (Webster)

Exotic. That which has been intro-
duced from other regions. (Power)

Expander. A device for expanding the
end of a tube, in a tube-plate or as
a casing in a well.

Expansion bit. A drill bit that may
be adjusted for holes of various
sizes.

Expansion joint. A device used in
connecting up long lines of pipe,
etc., to permit linear expansion or
contraction as the temperature rises
or falls. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Expansion loop. Either a bend like
the letter U or a coil in a line of
pipe to provide for expansion or
contraction. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Expansion ring. A hoop or ring of
U-section used to join lengths of
pipe so as to permit of expansion.
(Nat. Tube Co.)

Expansion tamping. A term used in
quarrying when the drill hole above
the powder charge is filled for sev-
eral inches with hay, tow, or the
like, followed by several inches of
clay lightly tamped and finally by
well-packed stemming. (Gillette, p.
442)

Expert. One who has special skill or
knowledge in a particular subject,
as a science or art, whether ac-
quired by experience or study; a
specialist (Webster). Often ap-
plied to a mining engineer, as a min-
ing expert.

Explode. To burst or expand violently
and noisily, as gunpowder explodes,
or as a boiler explodes (Webster),
or as an explosion of gas, or coal
dust

Exploder. A cap or fulminating car-
tridge, placed in a charge of gun-
powder or other explosive, and ex-
ploded by electricity or by a fuse.
Also called Detonator. (Raymond)

Exploit. 1. To make complete use of;
to utilize. 2. To make research or
experiment; to explore. 3. To em-
ploy or utilize selfishly, without re-
gard to right or justice. (Century)

Exploitation. The extraction and uti-
lization of ore. Often confused with
"exploration." (Rlckard)

Exploracion (Sp.). 1. Exploration;
prospecting. 2. A prospect
(Dwight)

Explorar (Sp.). To prospect; to ex-
plore. (Halse)

Exploration. 1. The work involved in
looking for ore. Often confused
with " exploitation." (Rickard)
2. A mode of acquiring rights to min-
ing claims. (Collins v. Bubb. 73
Fed. Rept, p. 739)

Exploring mine (Scot). A working
place driven ahead of the others to
explore the field (Barrowman). A
prospect.

Explosion. 1. A sudden ignition of a
body of fire damp, coal dust, or ex-
plosives, as powder, dynamite, etc,
(Steel)

2. The act of exploding; rapid com-
bustion, decomposition, or other
similar process resulting in a great
and sudden development of gases,
and consequent violent increase of
pressure, usually accompanied by a
loud report. 3. A sudden breaking
apart, shattering or bursting in
pieces by internal pressure, as that
of gas or steam. (Standard)

256

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Explosion proof. The term "explosion-
proof casing or inclosure" means
an inclosure that is so constructed
and maintained as to prevent the
ignition of gas surrounding it by any
sparks, flashes, or explosions of gas
that may occur within such inclo-
sure. (H. H. Clark, U. S. Bur.
Mines)

Explosion-proof motors. The Bureau
of Mines has applied the term "ex-
plosion proof" to motors constructed
so as to prevent the ignition of gas
surrounding the motor by any
sparks, flashes, or explosions of gas
or of gas and coal dust that may
occur within the motor casing.

Explosions from molten iron. An ex-
plosion caused by molten iron escap-
ing and coming in contact with
water or wet material. (Wilcox)

Explosion wave. From the French
Onde Explosive, and coined by
Bertholet, signifying that wave or
"flame" which passes through a
uniform gaseous mixture with a per-
manent maximum velocity. The
rate of the explosion wave is a
definite physical constant for each
mixture; the explosion wave travels
with the velocity of sound in the
burning gas which itself is moving
rapidly forward en masse in the
same direction, so that the explosion
wave is propagated far more quickly
than sound travels In the unburned
gas. (H. B. Dixon, First Series, Brit.
Coal-Dust Experiments, 1908-09, p.
150)

Explosive. Any mixture or chemical
compound by whose decomposition
or combustion gas is generated with
such rapidity that it can be used
for blasting or in firearms, for ex-
ample, gunpowder, dynamite, etc.

Explosive oil. Nitroglycerin. (Bruns-
wig, p. 295)

Explosive, permissible. See Permis-
sible explosive.

Explosive volcano. A volcano charac-
terized by periodic eruptions of
great violence and explosive force.
(Standard)

Explotaci6n de minas (Sp.). Mining;
winning; working. (Lucas)

Explotar (Sp.). To exploit, work, or
win ; E. una mina, to work a mine.
(Halse)

Exposure, In geology, the condition
or fact of being exposed to view,
either naturally or artificially;
hence, also, that part of a rock, bed,
or formation which is so exposed;
an outcrop. (La Forge)

Expropiar (Sp.). To expropriate.
(Dwight)

Extencteur (Fr.). An apparatus
which discharges onto a burning
mass of coal, water charged with
carbonic acid under a very high
pressure. (Gresley)

Extinction. In optical mineralogy, the
arresting of a beam of light by
polarization, by the imperfect trans-
parency of the medium, or other-
wise. (Century)

Extinction angle. The angle through
which a section of an anisotropic
crystal must be revolved from the
direction of a known crystallo-
graphic plane to that of maximum
darkness under the polariscope.
(Dana)

Extinction direction. In optical min-
eralogy, the position of extinction.
(A. F. Rogers)

Extoolitic. An oolitic structure built
up around a core from within out-
ward; a small concretion. Op-
posed to entoolitic. (Power)

Extraccidn (Sp.). 1. Extraction;
winding, or hoisting. 2. Output, or
production, as of a mine. (Halse)

Extraction. A designation for that
part of the metallic content of the
ore which is obtained by a final met-
allurgical process, as the extraction
was 85 per cent. Compare Recovery.

Extracto (Sp.). Extract; extractos
(Mex.), a summary of an applica-
tion for a mining concession, pub-
lished on the bulletin board ; ex-
cerpts. (Halse)

Extractor. One who or that which ex-
tracts; as a drill-extractor. (Stand-
ard)

Extractor box. See Zinc-box.

Extra dynamite. The present desig-
nation of those explosives consisting
of nitroglycerin, other explosive in-
gredients and an active base absorb-
ent. They are more easily affected
by water than straight dynamite,
but give off less noxious fumes, are
less sensitive to blows, and they ig-
nite less easily from sparks. (Du
Pont)

Extraer. 1. (Sp.) To extract, wind
or hoist. 2. To pump. (Halse)

Extrahazardous. Unusually danger-
ous : specifically used in insurance in
classifying occupational risks, as
mining is extrahazardous.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

257

Extralateral. Situated or extending
beyond the sides; specifically not-
ing the right of a mine owner to
the extension of a lode or vein from
his claim beyond the side lines, but
within the vertical planes through
the end lines. (Century)

Extralateral right. In the United
States Mining law, said of the right
which one who locates on the pub-
lic domain, a claim in which a vein
comes to an apex, has to parts of
the vein beyond the planes passed
through the side lines of his claim,
but lying within vertical cross planes
passed through the end lines. (Web-
ster ; also, U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 133-
159)

Extralite. An explosive mixture of
ammonium nitrate, potassum chlo-
rate; and naphthalene. (Webster)

Extramorainic. Situated outside of or
beyond the terminal moraine of a
glacier. (Century)

Extraordinary ray. That ray of polar-
ized light which, in doubly refract-
ing crystals, has a variable value
and therefore does not obey the sine
law. (Dana)1

Extraviado (Mex.). Astray in a mine.
(Dwight)

Extrio (Sp.). Hand picking. (Lucas)

Extrusive. A term applied to those
igneous rocks which have cooled
after reaching the surface (Ries).
A synonym for Effusive, and much
used in America. (Kemp)

Exudation-vein. See Segregation-vein.

Exude. 1. To discharge gradually
through pores or small openings, as
liquid, gum (oil or gas) ; give off or
out by slow percolation ; as the pines
exude pitch. 2. To ooze or flow
slowly forth through pores, cracks,
or gashes; as gums exude from
wounded trees, or gas (and oil) ex-
udes from the underlying formation.
(Standard)

Eye. 1. The top of a shaft. 2. The
opening at the end of a tuyere of
a blast furnace, opposite the nozzle.

3. The hole in a pick or hammer
head which receives the handle.
(Raymond)

4. The central or Intake opening of
a fan.

Eye of a shaft. See Eye, 1.
744010 O— 47 17

Eyestone (Eng.). A variety of agate
which shows in the center, a spot
or spots more highly colored than
the concentric layers. (Page)

Ezterl (Sp. Am.). A green jasper with
reddish veins; a kind of blood-
stone. (Halse)

F.

Faber du Faur furnace. A cubical cru-
cible furnace built into cast-iron
framework, mounted on trunnions
\TL order that the furnace may be
turned over and the contents emp-
tied. Used in the desilverization
of zinc crusts. (Hofnian, p. 485.)

Fabian system. See Freefall. May be
described as the father of freefall
drilling systems, all others having
originated from it, although it is not
now used in its original form.
(Mitzakis)

Fabric. In petrology, that factor of
the texture of a crystalline rock
which depends on the relative sizes,
the shapes, and the arrangement of
the component crystals. (Iddings)

Face. 1. In any adit, tunnel, or stope,
the end at which work is progress-
ing or was last done. 2. The face of
coal is the principal cleavage-plane
at right angles to the stratification.
Driving on the face is driving
against or at right angles- with the
face. (Raymond)

3. A point at which coal Is being
worked away, in a breast or head-
ing; also working face. (Gliebas
v. Spring Valley Coal Co., 159 Illi-
nois App., p. 90)

4. The surface exposed by excava-
tion. The working face, front, or
forehead, is the face at the end of
the tunnel heading; or at the end
of the full-size excavation. (Simms)

5. A cleat or back. 6. (Lane.) To
place a full tub in position for be-
ing lowered on an incline. (Gres-
ley)

7. One of the flat, more or less
smooth, surfaces of a crystal. (A. F.
Rogers)

Face airing (No. of Eng.) That sys-
tem of ventilation in which all of
the air sweeping through the mine,
ventilates the working faces and
main roads only. (Gresley)

Face cleat. A well-defined joint or
cleavage plane in a coal seam.
Compare Butt cleat. See Face, 2.

258

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Face entry. The gallery of a mine
driven at right angles with the
face cleat of the coal. (Roy) See
also Face, 2.

Face-on. When the face of the breast
or entry is parallel to the face cleats
of the seam. (Steel). See Face, 2.

Face slip. The front slip ot a coal
seam. (Roy)

Facet. The polished surface of a cut-
stone. (A*. F. Rogers)

Face wall. A wall built to sustain a
face cut into the earth in. distinction
to a retaining wall, which supports
earth deposited behind it. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Facies. Variety; especially Applied to
an igneous rock that In some re-
spects is a departure from the nor-
mal or typical rock of tfae mass to
which it belongs. Thus a mass of
granite may grade Into porphyritic
fades near its borders. (Ransome)

Facing. 1. (Aust.) The main vertical
joints often seen in coal seams ; they
may be confined to the coal, or con-
tinue into the adjoining rocks
(Power). See also Cleat.
2. Powdered coal or charcoal, ap-
plied to the face of a mold or mixed
with sand that forms it, to give a
fine smooth surface to the casting.
(Webster)

Factor. 1. One who makes it his busi-
ness to sell merchandise or property
intrusted to him for that purpose,
receiving a commission on the
amount of sales ; a commission mer-
chant; often in combination with
the name of the merchandise; as,
coal-factor. Factors and brokers are
both and equally agents, but with
this difference: the factor is in-
trusted with the property which is
the subject-matter of the agency;
the broker is only employed to make
a bargain in relation to it. (Stand-
ard)

2. One of the several elements, cir-
cumstances, or influences which tend
to the production of a given result.
(Century)

Faddcm (Eng.). A fathom, 6 feet,
commonly used as a measure by
miners. (Hunt)

Faenas. 1. (Sp.) Work; labor; task.
2. (Mex.) Dead work, as putting
up an air shaft, or unwatering a
mine. (Halse)

Faenero (Braz.). A common laborer.
(Halse)

Faenza white. In ceramics, a fine
enamel of stannic oxide character-
istic of some varieties of majolica-
ware. (Standard)

Fagot. See Pile, 1 and 2.

Fahlband. A term originally used by
German miners to indicate certain
bands of schistose rocks impreg-
nated with finely divided sulphides
but not always rich enough to work.
(Watson, p. 606)

Fahlerz (Ger.). A gray copper ore.
Sometimes called Fahl ore.

Fahlite. A variant of Fahlerz. (Ches-
ter)

Fahl ore. Same as Fahlerz.

Fahlunite. An altered form of iolite.
(Dana)

Fahrenheit. Designating a thermome-
ter scale, on which the freezing point
of water is 32° and the boiling point
is 212°. .To convert Fahrenheit
readings to centigrade readings, sub-
tract 32° from the former and then
divide by 1.8. (C. and M. M. P.)

Fahrkunst (Ger.). An apparatus for
lowering and raising men in a shaft.
See also Man machine. (Gresley)

Faikes; Faiks; Fakes (Scot). Fissile
•sandy shales. (Power)

Failed hple. A drill hole in which
dynamite has been loaded and fails
to explode. (Cook v. Cranberry
Furnace, 76 S. E. Rept., p. 473)

Fair-lead. A block, ring, or strip of
plank with holes, serving as a
guide for the running rigging or for
any other rope, to keep it from chaf-
ing or fouling (Webster). Origi-
nally a nautical term but now also
used in dredging.

Fairy stone. 1. (Scot.) A fantasti-
cally-shaped calcareous or ferrugi-
nous concretion formed in alluvial
clays. (Power)

2. A stone arrowhead. (Webster)

3. A fossil sea-urchin or echinite.
(Standard)

Faiscador (Mex. and Braz.). A placer
miner; gold washer. (Halse)

Faisqueira (Braz.). A place where
gold is found; a placer. (Halse)

Faixa (Port). 1. A band of ore. 2.
A belt of rock. (Halse)

Faja (Sp.). IT A band of mineral in
a vein. 2. A band or belt of rock.
3. A horizontal cut in a vein.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

259

Fake. 1. (Scot, and Eng.) See Faikes.
2. A soft soldering fluid used by jew-
elers. (Century)

Falda (Sp.). Slope; flank of hill.
(D wight)

Faldeos (Bol.). Ancient gold-bearing
alluvial deposits. (Halse)

Falding fnrnace. A mechanically
raked muffle furnace having three
hearths with combustion flues under
the lowest hearth. (Ingalls, p. 141)

Fall. 1. A mass of roof or side which
has fallen in any subterranean
working or gallery, resulting from
any cause whatever. 2. A length
of face undergoing holing or break-
ing down for loading. 3. (Eng.)
To blast or wedge down coal,, etc.,
in the process of working it 4.
To crumble or break up from ex-
posure to the weather ; clays, shales,
etc., fall. (Gresley)
5. To break down; to collapse.
6; A vertical or sloping descent of
flowing water; a waterfall. 7. De-
scent from a higher to a lower level.
(Webster)

Falla. 1. (Mex.). A vein of soft rock
at right-angles to drift («Dwight)
2. (Sp.) A fault; F. Falsa, an in-
terruption in a bed or seam; a
horse. (Halse)

Fallers (Lane.). A synonym for Cage
shuts.

Falling (Scot and No. of Eng.). An
overlying stratum which falls or
comes down as the mineral is ex-
tracted from under it. Sometimes
called Following. (Barrowman)

Falling stone. A meteorite. (Web-
ster)

Fall line. A line characterized by nu-
merous waterfalls, as the edge of a
plateau in passing which the streams
make a sudden descent (Webster)

Fall of ground. Rock falling from the
roof into a mine opening (Weed).
See also Fall, 1.

Falls. Working by falls. A system of
working a thick seam of coal by
falling or breaking down the upper
part after the lower portion has
been mined. (Gresley). Compare
Caving system.

False amethyst. An early name for
violet-colored fluorite when cut as a
gem. Other colors of the same min-
eral were called false emerald, ruby,
sapphire, or topaz. (Chester)

False bedding. Current bedding. Lami-
nations in sandstone parallel to each
other for a short distance, but
oblique to the general stratification ;
caused by frequent changes in the
currents by which the sediment was
carried along and deposited (Power).
See also Cross-bedding.

False bottom. 1. A floor of iron placed
in a puddling machine. (Davies)

2. (Aust and Amer.) A bed of
drift lying on the top of other allu-
vial deposits, beneath which there
may be a true bottom, or a lower
bed of wash resting directly upon
the bed rock. (Skinner)

3. A flat hexagonal or cylindrical
piece of iron upon which the ore is
crushed in a stamp mill. , The* die.
At Clunes, Victoria, Australia, it is
called Stamper bed.

False cleavage. A secondary cleavage
superinduced on slaty cleavage. (C.
and M. M. P.)

False Galena. Sphalerite. (Webster)

False part. A part of a flask used
temporarily in forming a mold.
(Standard)

False set. A temporary set of mine
timber used until work is far enough
advanced to put in a permanent set.
(Steel)

False stull. A stull so placed as to
offer support or reinforcement for
a stull, prop or other timber. (San-
ders, p. 44)

False superposition. The actual or vis-
ible order in which strata lie in any
locality in case of overturn, as the
older rocks have been thrust over
the newer ones. (Standard)

False topaz. A yellow variety of
quartz resembling topaz. (Dana)

Faljo. 1. (Sp.) False; counterfeit
2. (Mex.) Treacherous ground. See
also Flojo. (Halse)

Faulta de explosi6n (Sp.). Spent shot;
misfire. (Lucas)

Faluns. A French term applied to
some Tertiary strata, resembling the
English crag. (St. John)

Famatinite. A copper-antimony sul-
phide, 3CuaS.Sb2S», mineral contain-
ing 43.3 per cent copper. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

260

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Famp. 1. (Cumb.) Decomposed lime-
stone, but in some other districts
a very fine-grained siliceous bed.
(Hunt)

2. (Newc.) Soft, tough, thin shale
beds. (Raymond)

Vamtilia (Peru). A wedge; a gad.
(Dwight)

Fan. A revolving machine, to blow

air into a mine (pressure fan,

blower), or to draw it out (suc-
tion fan). (Raymond)

Fancy lump coal. 1. Soft coal from
which all slack and nut coal has
been removed. 2. (Ark.) Semi-an-
thracite coal of larger size than
grate coal. (Steel)

Fan drift. A short tunnel or conduit
leading from the top of the air
shaft to the fan. (Steel)

Fanega (Mex.). A variable unit of dry
measure, usually 90.815 liters; of
superficial measure usually 3.5663
hecta res. ( Dwight )

Fang. 1. (Scot.) . The power of a
pump bucket to form a vacuum.
Hence a pump has " lost the fang "
when so much air passes the bucket
that a vacuum can not be made until
water is poured on the top of the
bucket. (Barrowman)

2. (Derb.) An air course, cut in the
side of the shaft or level, $r, con-
structed of wood. (Raymond)

3. (Wales) In the plural, cage
shuts. (Century)

Fanging; Fanging-pipes (Eng. ).
Wooden air-pipes used in mine ven-
tilation (Century). See Fang, 2.

Fanner (Scot). A small portable
hand fan (Barrowman). See Blow-
george.

Fan shaft. 1. A shallow shaft sunk
beneath a fan connecting it with
the fan drift. 2. The upcast shaft
where a fan is in use. (Gresley)

Fan structure. An arrangement of
closely folded strata such that the
axis planes of the folds dip on each
side of a mountain pass or range
toward the central-axis plane of the
range itself, so that the whole has
a structure, as exhibited in cross
section, resembling that shown by
an open fan held upright. (Cen-
tury)

Farad. The practical unit of electrical
capacity; the capacity of a con-
denser which, charged with one Cou-
lomb, gives a difference of potential
of one volt. (Webster)

Faraday's law. 1. The quantity of
substance liberated at the cathode
or anode is proportional to the
quantity of current passed. 2. The
quantities of different substances
liberated by the same quantity of
current are proportioned to their
chemical equivalents. (Webster)

Farrallon (Peru). An outcrop project-
ing above country-rock. (Dwight)

Fare (Wales). Standing coal, or coal
unholed or uncut. (Gresley)

Farewell rock (Eng.). The Millstone
grit, so called because no coal is
found, worth working, below it. It
is used for furnace hearths, being
highly refractory. (Webster)

Farm (Eng.). 1. To let at a fixed
rental : said of mineral lands.
2. (Corn.) That part of the lord's
fee, generally one-fifteenth, which is
taken for liberty to work in tin
mines. (Min. Jour.)

Farrisite. A name derived from Lake
Farris in Norway, and applied by
Brogger to a very peculiar rock,
which is as yet known only in one
small ^dike. The rock is finely granu-
lar in* texture and consists of some
soda-bearing, but not sharply identi-
fied, tetragonal mineral related to
melilite, together with barkevicite,
colorless pyroxene, biotite, serpen-
tinous pseudomorphs after olivine,
magnetite, and apatite. (Kemp)

Far set (Mid.). To timber and sprag
the far end of a stall, preparatory
to holing. (Gresley)

Fascine (Fr.). A fagot; a bunch of
twigs and small branches used for
forming foundations on soft ground.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Fast. 1. (Lane.) The first hard bed
of rock found after sinking through
sand or quick ground, upon which
a wedging crib is generally laid.

2. When a heading or bord end is
not in communication with another
one by a break through, but has only
one open end, it is said to be fast
or called a fast place. (Gresley)

Fast-end. 1. The part of the coal bed
next the rock. 2. A gangway with
rock on both sides. See Loose-end.
(Raymond)

3. The limit of a stall in one direc-
tion, or where the face line of the
adjoining stall is not up or level
with, nor in advance of, it. (Gres-
ley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

261

Fast-in-the-foot (Scot). When the
suction holes of a pump are filled
up, the pump is said to be fast-in-
the-foot. (Barrowman)

Fast Jenkin (Eng.). See Jenkin.
Sometimes spelled Jenklng.

Fast place (Scot). A drift or work-
ing place in advance of the others.
(Barrowman)

Fast shot (Newc.). A charge of pow-
der exploding without the desired
effect (Raymond)

Fast side (Scot). The side not
sheared in a room where shearing
is done on one side only. (Barrow-
man)

Fast waU (Eng.). The wall in which
bearing doors are placed. (G. C.
Green well)

Fat A white or yellowish substance
forming the chief part of adipose
tissue. It may be solid or liquid;
it is insoluble in water ; when treat-
ed with an alkali, the fatty acid
unites with the alkaline base to
make soap (Rickard). A term used
in flotation.

Fat coal; Gas coal. Coals containing
much volatile oily matter. (Power)

Fathom (Corn.). Six feet A fathom
of mining ground is six feet square
by the whole thickness of the vein,
or in Cornish phrase, a fathom for-
ward by a fathom vertical. (Ray-
mond)

Fathomage (Scot). Payment made
to miners per fathom driven or cut
(Barrowman)

Fathom-tale (Corn.). See Tutwork, 2.
This name probably arises from the
payment for such work (tutwork)
by the space excavated, and not by
the ore produced. (Raymond)

Fatigue. 1. To weary with labor or
any bodily or mental exertion. 2.
The weakening of a metal bar by the
repeated application and removal of
a load considerably less than the
breaking weight of the bar. (Cen-
tury)

Fat-lute. A mixture of pipe clay and
linseed oil, used for filling Joints,
apertures, etc. (Century)

Faucet 1. A device to control the
flow of liquid. Commonly called a
top and used in house plumbing to
draw water. 2. Enlarged end of a
pipe to receive the spigot end of an-
other pipe, i e., a bell end. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Fanld. 1. The tymp-arch or working-
arch of a furnace. (Raymond)
2. (Scot) Same as fold. (Stand-
ard)

Faulding or folding-boards (Scot).
Cage-catches or shuts in mid-work--
ings. (Gresley)

Fault. 1. In geology, a break in the
continuity of a body of rock, at-
tended by a movement on one side
or the other of the break so that
what were once parts of one con-
tinuous rock stratum or vein are
now separated. The amouht of dis-
placement of the parts may be a
few inches or thousands of feet.
Various descriptive nam"es have been
given to different kinds of faults as
follows :

Closed fault. A fault in which
the two walls are in contact (Llnd-
gren, p. 117). Dip. A fault whose
strike is approximately at right
angles to the strike of the strata
(Lindgren, p. 120). Dip Slip. A
fault in which the net slip is prac-
tically in the line of the fault dip
(Lindgren, p. 126). Distributive.
See Slip fault Flaw. A rare type
of fault, described by Luess, in
which the strike is transverse to the
strike of the rocks, the dip high and
varying from one side to the other
in the course of the .fault, and the
relative movement practically hori-
zontal and parallel with the strike
of the fault (Lindgren, p. 128).
Gravity. See Normal fault Hinge.
A faulting about an axis normal to
the plane of faulting, which may
produce a fault that on one side of
the pivotal axis would be called
normal and on the other side re-
verse, yet there may not be any dif-
ferential movement in the center of
the mass of the two parts of the
faulted body ( Leith, p. 32 ) . Horizon-
tal. A fault with no vertical displace-
ment (Webster). Longitudinal. A
fault whose strike is parallel with
the general structure (Lindgren,
p. 121). Normal. A fault in which
the hanging wall has been depressed
relatively to the foot wall (Lind-
gren, p. 126). Oblique. A fault
whose strike is oblique to the strike
of the strata (Lindgren, p. 120).
Oblique slip. A fault in which the
net slip is between the direction of
dip and the direction of strike
(Lindgren, p. 126). Open. A fault
in which the two walls are separated
(Lindgren, p. 117). Overlap. A
thrust fault in which the shifted
strata double back over themselves
(C. and M. M. P,). Parallel dis-
placement. A fault in which all

262

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

straight lines on opposite sides of a
fault and outside of the dislocated
zone, that were parallel before
the displacement, are parallel after-
ward (Lindgren, p. 118). Pivotal
See Hinge fault. Reverse. A fault
in which the hanging wall has been
raised relatively to the foot wall
(Lindgren, p. 126). Rotary. A
fault in which some straight lines
on opposite sides of the fault and
outside of the dislocated zone,
parallel before the displacement, are
no longer parallel, that is, where one
side has suffered a rotation relative
to the other (Lindgren, p. 118).
Step. A series of closely associated
parallel faults (Webster). Strike.
A fault whose strike is parallel to
the strike of the strata (Lindgren,
p. 120). Strike slip. A fault in
which the net slip is practically in
the direction of the fault strike.
J. Geike calls such faults "transcur-
rent faults." Jukes-Brown desig-
nates them "heaves" (Lindgren, p.
126). Thrust. A reverse fault
(Leith, p. 32). Transcurrent. See
Strike slip fault. Translatory. See
Rotary fault. Vertical. A fault in
which the dip is 90 degrees (Lind-
gren, p. 126).

2. In coal seams, sometimes applied
to the coal rendered worthless by its
condition in the seam (slate-fault,
dirt-fault, etc.). (Raymond)

Fault block.' A body of rock bounded
by faults. (Webster),

Fault breccia. The breccia which is
frequently found in a shear zone,
more especially in the case of thrust
faults. (Lindgren, p. 118)

Fault bundle. In geology, a group of
faults. (Century)

Fault coal (Aust). A name used for
inferior . coal in the Clermont dis-
trict, Queensland, which occurs not
only near faults, but also away from
them. (Power)

Fault dip. The inclination of the fault
plane, or shear zone, measured
from a horizontal plane. (Lind-
gren, p. 118)

Fault escarpment; Scarp. An escarp-
ment or cliff resulting from a fault,
or a dislocation of the rocks adja-
cent (Century). Also called Fault
scarp.

Fault fissure. The fissure produced by
a fault, even though Jt is afterward
filled by a deposit of minerals.
(Century)

Faulting. In geology, the movement
which produces relative displace-
ment, along a fracture, of adjacent
rock masses. .(La Forge)

Fault line. The intersection of a fault
surface or plane with the surface
of the earth or with any artificial
surface of reference. (Lindgren, p.
117). Compare Trend.

Fault plane. A surface along which
dislocation or faulting has taken
place.

Fault rock. The crushed rock due to
the friction of the two walls of a
fault rubbing against each other.
(Power)

Fault space. The space between the
walls of an open fault. (Lindgren,
P. 117)

Fault strike. The direction of the in-
tersection of the fault surface, or
the shear zone, with a horizontal
surface. (Lindgren, p. 118)

Fault surface. The surface along
which dislocation has taken place.
May be called a fault plane if it is
without notable curvature. (Lind-
gren, p. 117)

Fault terrace. A terrace formed by
two parallel fault-scarps on the
same declivity, " thrown " in the
same direction. (Standard)

Fault trace. The line of intersection
of a fault plane with the surface.
(Leith, p. 32). Compare Trend.

Fault vein. A mineral vein deposited
in a fault fissure. (Century)

Fault vent. A volcanic vent located
on a fault. (Century)

Fauna. The animals collectively of
any given age or region. The plants
are similarly called its Flora.
(Roy. Com.)

Fausted ore (Eng.). Refuse lead ore,
which undergoes a second dressing.
(Bainbridge)

Fausteds (Eng.). The waste left in
the sieve as separated from the ore.
(Hunt)

Fauvelle. A system of drilling, that
was invented In 1846 by an P^nglish-
man, Beart, and a French engineer,
Fauvelle, providing for the continu-
ous removal of the detritus from the
well by means of a water flush or
current of water. All the water-
flush systems now in use are
modifications of the Fauvelle sys-
tem, which has long ceased to be
employed in its original form. (Mit-
zakis)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

263

Favas (Braz.). In the diamond fields,
brown pebbles, consisting of a hy-
drated phosphate, ot of titanium and
zirconium oxides, and regarded as
good indications. (Halse)

Fayalite. A silicate of iron,
belonging to the chrysolite group.
(Dana)

feasible ground. Ground that can be
easily worked, and yet will stand
without the support of timber and
boards. (Pryce)

Feather. See Plug and feather.

Feather alum. See Alunogen; Halo-
trichite.

Feather edge. The thin end of a
wedge-shaped piece of rock or coaL
(Steel)

Feathered tin. Pure tin in a granu-
lated condition ; granulated tin : pre-
pared by pouring the molten metal
into cold water. (Standard)

Feathering. See Plug and feather.

Feather ore. An early German name
under which were included fibrous
stibnite and jamesonite, but now
used only for the latter. (Chester)

Feathers. Two long wedge - shaped
pieces of steel or iron which are in-
serted at the back of a drill hole in
coal, between which a long wedge is
driven up, forcing the feathers apart,
and thereby breaking down or loos-
ening the coal (Gresley). See Plug
and feather.

Feather shot. Copper granulated by
being poured molten into cold wa>
ter. (Webster)

Feathers of litharge. Crystals of
litharge. (Ricketts, p. 102)

Feather zeolite. An erroneous trans-
lation of Faserzeolith, an early
name for a variety of natrolite.
(Chester)

Fee. 1. (Mid.) To load the coal, from
a heading into cars. (Gresley)
2. Reward or compensation for serv-
ices rendered, or to be rendered;
especially payment for professional
services. 3. Property, as mineral
land. (Webster)

Feed. 1. Forward motion imparted to
the cutters or drills of rock-drilling
or coal-cutting machinery, either
hand or automatic. (Gresley)
2. The material, as ore, upon which
a crusher or grinding mill operates.
The material supplied to a furnace
or other metallurgical process. 3.

In stone cutting, sand and water
employed to assist the saw blade in
cutting.

Feeder. 1. Small vein joining a larger
vein. 2. A spring or stream. 3. A
blower of gas, as in a coal mine.
(Raymond)

4. A device for feeding ore uni-
formly to a rock crusher. It usu-
ally has a motion imparted to it to
aid in feeding the material. (Rich-
ards, p. 71)

Feed-water heater. An apparatus for
heating water before it is fed to a
boiler. (Standard)

Fee engineer. One who (usually a
mining engineer) looks after the in-
terests o* the owner of mineral
rights. His specific duties are to
check up the amount of ore mined
by the lessor (operator) ; see that
no undue waste is permitted, and
that royalties are paid according to
contract.

Feel (So. Staff.). To examine the roof
of a seam of coal with a stick or
rod by poking and knocking it.
(Gresley)

Feign (Newc., Derb.). Refuse washed
from lead ore or coal. (Raymond)

Feitor (Braz.). An overseer. (Halse)

Fekes (Scot). Shale and slate.

(Power) See also Faikes.
Feldespato (Sp.) Feldspar. (Halse)
Feldspar. A general name for a group
of abundant rock-forming minerals,
the names and compositions of
which are as follows : Orthoctose,
a mohoclinic potassium - aluminum
silicate, K,O.Al»Og.6SiO2 ; varieties
are known as adul aria and sanidlne.
Microcline, a triclinic variety of the
same composition as orthoclase.
Anorthoclase, a triclinic feldspar
containing both sodium and potas-
sium.

Plagioclase feldspars are a subgroup
of triclinic minerals at one
end of which is albite, a so-
dium-aluminum silicate, Na»O.Alip».-
6SiOa ; and at the other end an-
orthite, a calcium-aluminum siMcate,
CaO.Al,O».2SiO,. Mixtures of these
two molecules, which may be rep-
resented by Ab and An, respec-
tively, form:

Oligoclise, Ab«Ani to Ab«Ant.

Andesine, Ab»Ani to AbiAni.

Labradorite, AbiAni to AbiAn*.

Bytownite, AbiAni to AbiAn6.
Celsian is similar to anorthite, but
contains barium in place of calcium,

264

QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

BaO.AlaO8.2SiOa. Hyaldphane is a
monoclinic form containing barium
and calcium. Feldspar is found in
practically all igneous rocks. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

The name of the mineral is often
prefixed to the names of those rocks
that contain it, such as feldspar-
porphyry, feldspar - basalt, etc.
(Kemp)

Peldspathization. Metamorphic alter-
ation of other material into feld-
spar.

Feldspathic. Containing feldspar as a
principal ingredient. (Raymond)

Feldspathize. To change to feldspar:
a term used in geology to describe
this metamorphic process. (Cen-
tury)

Feldspathoids. Silicates of aluminum
and an alkali or alkaline earth, that
are practically equivalent to feld-
spar in their relations in rocks.
The principal ones are nephelite,
leucite and melilite, but sodallte,
noselite, hauynite, and analcite
could perhaps be also considered
such, although their composition va-
ries from the above. (Kemp)

Fell. 1. One of the many names for
lead ore, formerly current in Derby-
shire, England. See also Riddle.
(Duryea)

2. The finer pieces of ore which will
pass through the sieve or riddle in
sorting. (Standard)

Fell heap (Derb.). A pile of ore and
rock as it comes from the mine,
placed in a convenient place for
dressing. (Mander)

Fells shale. A Scottish oil shale,
which yields from 26 to 40 gal. of
crude oil and from 20 to 35 Ib. of
ammonium sulphate per ton. (Ba-
con)

Felsic. A short term applicable to the
group of feldspathic minerals and
quartz and to the rocks composed
predominantly of these minerals.
Compare Mafic. (Ransome)

Felsita (Sp.). Felsite. (Halse)

Felsite. The word was first applied
in 1814 by Gerhard, an early geolo-
gist, to the fine ground-mass of
porphyries. These were recognized
to be fusible as distinguished from
hornstone, which they resembled
(Compare Eurite). Felsite is now
especially used for those finely crys-
talline varieties of quartz-por-
phyries, porphyries or porphyrites

that have few or no phenocrysts,
and that, therefore, give but slight
indications to the unaided eye of
their actual mineralogical composi-
tion. The microscope has shown
them to be made up of microscopic
feldspar, quartz and glass. Petro-
silex has been used as a synonym.
(Kemp)

Felsitic. 1. In petrology, pertaining
to, characteristic of, or composed
of felsite. 2. Almost or wholly crys-
talline, but made up of crystals too
small to be readily distinguished by
the unaided eye: said of the tex-
ture of some igneous rocks and
practically synonymous with Apha-
nitic and Lithoidal. (La Forge)

Felsitoid. Having a felsitic appear-
ance, with an exceedingly compact
aphanitic texture: applied to meta-
morphic rocks. (Century) •

Felsobanyite. A massive snow-white
hydrous aluminum sulphate min-
eral, 2A12O8.SO8.10H2O. (Dana)

Felsophyre. A contraction for felsite-
porphyry (Kemp). A porphyritic
rock having a felsitic ground mass.
(Webster)

Felsophyric. Of porphyritic texture
with a felsitic groundmass. (La
Forge)

Felspar. See Feldspar.

Felstone. A very compact and uni-
form kind of feldspar (Davies).
See also Felsite.

Felsyte. See Felsite.

Femic. In the Quantitative system
of classification of igneous rocks,
pertaining to or composed of the
standard minerals of the second
group, comprising minerals com-
paratively low in silica and high
in iron, magnesium, or calcium:
often but incorrectly used in place
of Mafic or Subsilicic. (La Forge)

Fence (Aust). 1. An obstruction, such
as a bar or cross-sticks, placed
across an underground passage past
which men have no right to travel.
(Power)

2. To make a drive (trench) around
the boundaries of an alluvial claim,
to prevent wash dirt from being
worked out by adjoining claim hold-
ers. (C. and M. M. P.)

Fence guards (So. Staff.). Rails fixed
around the mouth of a shaft, or
across the shaft at a landing to keep
people and objects from falling in.
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY;

265

Pcnda (Port). A fissure. (Halse)

Pend-off; Fend-off bob (Eng.). Abeam
hinged at one end (the other end
having a free reciprocating motion)
fixed at a bend in a shaft or upon
an inclined plane, to regulate the
motion of and to guide the pump
rods passing round the bend. (Gres-
ley)

Ferberite. An iron tungstate mineral,
FeWO*. Applied to the wolframites
which carry little or no manganese.
Ferberite contains 76.3 per cent
tungsten trioxirle, WOt. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Fergusonite. A metacolumbate and
tantalate of yttrium, with erbium,
cerium, uranium, etc. Found in peg-
matites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Ferraris furnace. 1. An inclined re-
verberatory furnace for calcining
sulphide ore. (Ingalls, p. 21)
2. A gas-fired, heat-recuperative fur-
nace for the distillation of zinc ore.
(Ingalls, p. 466)

Ferraris table. An ore-concentration
table consisting of a plane rubber
belt traveling between rollers fur-
nished with broad flanges to keep
the belt in line. It has a slope from
side to side. The feed is at the up-
per corner, and washing is by jets
directed across the table. (Liddell)

Ferric furnace. A high, iron blast
furnace,, in the upper »part of which
crude bituminous coal is converted
into coke. (Raymond)

Ferriferous. Containing iron, as rocks.

(Standard)
Fenilite. A variety of common trap ;

ragstone. (Standard)

Ferrtte. 1. An indeterminable red-
dish decomposition product, in al-
tered igneous rocks, usually consist-
ing of hydrous iron oxide. (Stan-
dard)

2. In iron and steel, pure metallic
iron. 3. Any of several compounds
which may be regarded as metallic
derivations of the ferric hydroxide,
FeaOs(OH),, analogous to alumi-
nates. (Webster)

4. Microscopic crystals of iron oxide.
(Kemp)

Ferritization. Metamorphic alteration
of other material into ferrite.
(Standard)

Ferroalloy, An alloy of iron with
some other metaL It ordinarily re-
fers to alloys that are used in mak-
ing steels. The principal ferroalloys
and the approximate percentage of

the alloying metal ordinarily i.dded
are:

Ferroaluminum: Contains about
10 per cent aluminum. Ferrocerium:
Contains from 50 to 94 per cent
cerium. It is usually made from
monazite residues after the extrac-
tion of thoria and, besides cerium,
contains didymiuui, lanthanum, and
other rare earth metals in smaller
quantity. Ferrochromium or /erro-
chrome: Contains 56 to 70 per cent
chromium. Ferrocobalt: Contains
about 50 per cent cobalt. Ferro-
manganese: Only iron-manganese
alloys carrying 45 per cent or more
of manganese are known as ferro-
manganese. The iron alloys con-
taining 7 to 45 per cent manganese
are known as " spiegel " or " spie-
geleisen," also as " mirror iron " or
" specular pig iron-." " Standard fer-
romanganese " contains 80 per cent
manganese. Alloys containing as
much as 70 per cent manganese are
made in the blast furnace. The
electric-furnace product contains 70
to 83 per cent manganese. " Silico-
spiegel" is a blast-furnace spiegel-
eisen carrying 17 to 22 per cent man-
ganese and 6 to 12 per cent silicon.
In European practice an alloy is
made that contains 20 to 25 per cent
silicon and 50 to 55 per cent man-
ganese. Ferromolybdenum: Con-
tains from 45 to 80 per cent molyb-
denum. Ferronickel: Contains 25 to
75 per cent nickel according to order.
Ferronickel has seldom been used as
nickel is readily soluble in molten
steel, and is easily added without
loss. Ferrophosphorus: Although not
strictly an alloy is generally con-
sidered as one of the ferroalloys.
It contains 10 to 25 per cent phos-
phorus. Ferrotungsten: Contains
from 70 to 92 per cent tungsten.
Most ferrotungsten is made in the
electric furnace and ordinarily con-
tains 70 to 82 per cent tungsten and
0.3 per cent or more carbon. The
sulphur and phosphorus must be
kept down to the percentage allow-
able in steels, i. e. about 0.05 per cent
sulphur and about 0.05 per cent
phosphorus. Ferrotungsten is also
made by chemical processes, being
precipitated as a powder and con-
taining 87 to 92 'per cent tungsten.
Ferrotitanium: Contains 10 to 50
per cent titanium. " Ferrocarbon-tl-
tanium " is the trade name for the
electric furnace product. That
made by the alumino-thermic proc-
ess is free from carbon but contains
aluminum. Ferrosilicon: Contains 7
to 92 per cent silicon. Grades carry-

266

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ing 7 to 16 per cent silicon are made
in blast furnaces but higher silicon
content is obtained only in the elec-
tric furnace. Ferrosilicon contain-
ing 85 to 92 per cent or more of
silicon is used for making hydrogen
gas. Ferrovanadium: Contains 20 to
50 per cent vanadium. Under pres-
ent practice the tendency is toward
35 to 40 per cent vanadium. Fer-
rouranium: Contains between 20 and
40 per cent uranium. Ferrozircon-
ium: Contains 20 to 50 per cent
zirconium.

Numerous experimental alloys
have been made, such as ferroboron,
ferroboron-silicon ferrocobalt-chro-
mium, ferromagnesium, ferrocal-
cium, ferronickel-silicon, ferrosodi-
um and ferrotantalum, but their use
has not been standardized.

There are three principal proc-
esses of making ferroalloys, viz : The
blast furnace, the electric furnace,
and by alumino-thermic smelting.
Ferroalloys can be made in the blast
furnace only when the alloy has a
comparatively low melting point.
The alumino-thermic process gives
an alloy free from carbon but leaves
some aluminum in the alloy. Either
of the other processes gives alloys
containing a certain percentage of
carbon, though under good practice
the carbon can be kept compara-
tively low in most ferroalloys.
(Frank L. Hess.)

Ferrocalcite. A variety of calcite con-
taining ferrous carbonate. (Dana)

Ferrocarril ( Sp. ) . Railway, railroad ;
F. a£ro, a rope way. (Halse)

Ferrogoslarite. A variety of goslarite
containing ferrous sulphate. (Stand-
ard)

Ferr elite. Wads worth's name for
rocks composed of iron ores. (Kemp)

Ferromagnesian. In petrology, con-
taining iron and magnesium. Ap-
plied to certain dark silicate min-
erals, especially amphibole, pyrox-
ene, biotite, and olivine, and to
ingenous rocks containing them as
dominant constituents. (La Forge)

Ferromagnetic. Magnetic in a high
degree, as iron, nickel and cobalt.
(Webster)

Ferruginous. Containing iron. (Ray-
mond)

Ferruginous sandstone. A sandstone
rich in iron as the cementing ma-
terial, or as grains, or both.
(Bowles)

.Ferrule. 1. A metal ring or cap on
the end of a cane, handle of a tool,
post, or the like, to strengthen or
protect it. 2. A bushing or thimble
inserted in the end of a boiler tube
or the like, to spread it and make a
tight joint. 3. A short pipe-coupling.
(Standard)

Ferrum (L.). Iron, for which the
chemical symbol is Fe.

Fetid. Having the odor of sulphur-
eted hydrogen or rotten eggs. The
odor is elicited by friction from
some varieties of quartz and lime-
stone. (Dana)

Fetid sandstone. Sec Stinkstone.

Fettle. To cover or line with a mix-
ture of ore, cinders, etc., as the
hearth of a puddling furnace. (Web-
ster)

Fettling. 1. Material used to line the
hearth of a puddling furnace, as
sand, or a mixture of ore, cinder,
calcined magnesite, etc. (Webster)
2. (No. of Eng.). Cleaning up any
underground roadway, etc. (Gres-
ley)

Fiador (Sp.). 1. A bondsman, surety.

2. A safety catch. 3. A supplemen-
tary rope used in a shaft for men
to hold on to when ascending and
descending. (Halse)

Fiasco. An ignominious failure of any
kind ; a complete breakdown. Said
of a mining venture which has re-
sulted in failure.'

Fibra (Sp.). 1. A filament. 2. A
small vein of ore. (Halse)

Fibrolite. A mineral of the same
composition as andalusite which it
closely resembles in crystal form,
although generally in more slender
crystals (Ransome). Sometimes
used as a prefix to rock names.
(Kemp)

Fichtelite. A white, translucent,
brittle, odorless hydrocarbon from
peat beds near Redwitz, North Ba-
varia ; it is easily soluble in ether,
is soluble in cold nitric acid, and dis-
tils without decomposition. (Bacon)

Fictile. 1. Molded, or capable of be-
ing molded. 2. A piece of fictile
ware. (Webster)

3. Made of earth or clay ; of or per-
taining to pottery. (Standard)

Fiddle blocks (Scot). Pulley blocks
used for raising pump pipes, in
which the pulleys are placed one
above another. (Barrowman)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

267

Fieg (Wales.)- A crack In the roof,
often letting in water. (Gresley)

Field. 1. A large tract or area of
many square miles containing valu-
able minerals. See Coal field; also
Mineral field. 2. A colliery, or firm
of colliery proprietors. 3. The im-
mediate locality and surroundings
of a mine explosion. (Gresley)
4. A region or space traversed by
lines of force; as gravitational,
magnetic, or electric. (Webster)

Field-book. A book used in surveying,
engineering, geology, etc., in which
are set down the angles, stations,
distances, observations, etc. (Cen-
tury)

Field club (Eng.). A. sick or accident
benefit club or society supported and
managed by the owners or lessees of
a colliery. (Gresley)

Fieldwork. Work done, observations
taken, or other operations, as tri-
angulation, leveling, making geologi-
cal observations, etc., in the field or
upon the ground. (Century)

Fields. (So. Afr.) A synonym for
Goldfields.

Fierro (Sp.). 1. Metallic iron. 8.
Matte. 3. Speiss. 4. See Hierro. F.
bianco, arsenical pyrite; F. viejo
(Peru), silver ores consisting mainly
of iron oxide; F. espejado, specular
iron ore. (D wight)

Fierros (Mex.). 1. Low-grade silver
ores (from 20 to 35 oz. per ton). 2.
Abzug and abstrich from refining
lead. (Dwight)

Fiery. Containing an explosive gas
(Steel). Said of a gaseous mine,

Kery drake; Burning drake (Derb.).
A meteor much talked of by miners
(1747), and said to be a sure sign
of an abundance of ore at the place
where it ."fell ( Hooson )

Fiery heap (Eng.); The deposit of
rubbish and waste or unsalable coal
which ignites spontaneously. (G.
C. Oreenwell)

Fiery mine. A mine in which the
seam or seams of coal being -worked
give off a large amount of methane.

Fighting (Eng.). Said of a ventilat-
ing current when the motion of the
air, is first in one. direction and then
In another, due to the weight or
pressure of the ventilating current
of air Ih a mine Becoming equal or
nearly so in both the 'downcast and
upcast shafts. (Gresley)

Figure stone. Same as Agalmatolite.
(Webster) >,

Fijian soapstone. A soapstone of a
Post-Tertiary age found in the Fiji
Islands. ( Standard )

Filite. A smokeless powder used in
Italy. (Webster)

Fill (Eng.). To load trams in the
mine. (Gresley)

Filled stope. A stope in which the
waste rock of the vein is left on the
floor of the stope, thus raising the
stope as the work proceeds. (Creede
United Mines Co. v. Hawman, 127
Pac. Kept, 924; 23 Colorado App.,
p. 130)

Filler (Eng.). A man who nils trams
or cars at a working place or in a
stall. (Gresley)

Fillet. The rounded corner of a groove
in a roll used in shaping structural
steel. (Raymond)

Filling. 1. (Eng.) The places where
trams are loaded in the workings.
(Gresley)

2. The waste material used to fill up
old stopes or chambers. 3. Allowing
a mine to fill with water. (Weed)

Filling deposits. A general term for
deposits filling pre-existing cavities,
replacing the term "crustified depos-
its" proposed by Posepny. (Eng.
and Min. Jour., vol. 75, p. 257)

Filling-out (Aust.). Shoveling into
skips and taking to the surface, as
filling-out burning material when a
small fire occurs in a mine. (Power)

Filling pieces. Rocks of such size as
to fill the open spaces between crib
timbers, etc. (Sanders, p. 116)

Filling system. See Sublevel stoplng.

Filling -up method. §ee Overhand
sloping.

Film. A coating or layer; a
membrane ; a term used in flotation.
(Rickai-d)

Film-sizing tables. A table used in ore
dressing for sorting fine material by
means of a film of flowing water*
These tables may be considered as
surface tables, from which. the prod-
ucts are removed before they have
found a bed, so that the washing is
always done on the same 'surface;
and building tables t>r buddies, on
whichr the products are femovfed after
they have formed a bed. These nse
the relative transporting power of a
film of water flowing on a quiet stir-
face, which may be either rough or

268

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

smooth, to act upon the particles of
a water-sorted product. The smaller
grains, of high specific gravity, are
moved down the slope slowly or not
at all by the slow undercurrent ; the
larger grains, of lower specific grav-
ity, are moved rapidly down the
slope by the quick upper current.
(Liddell)

P116n (Sp.). 1. A vein or lode. The
Spanish use of this word is for the
large veins, while Vena and Veto,
and their diminutives apply to the
smaller veins; F. de capo, a bedded
vein; F. compuesto, a compound
vein ; F. de contacto, a contact vein ;
F. doble, two veins which meet and
run alongside of each other, the fill-
Ing of each remaining distinct; F.
mineral, a metalliferous vein or
lode. (Raise)

2. (Mex.) A small stringer; an in-
tersecting vein. (Dwight)

3. F. de roca, a dike ; F. de carbdn, a
coal measure. (Halse)

Filter. 1. Any porous article, as a
cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal
through which water or other liquid
is passed to separate from it matter
held in suspension. 2. To pass
through; to percolate. (Webster)

Filter bed. A pond or tank having a
false bottom covered with sand, and
serving to filter river or pond water.
(Century)

Filtering-stone. Any porous stone,
such as sandstone through which
water is filtered. (Century)

Filter press. 1. A machine for remov-
ing a liquid from crushed ore (or
pulp), usually by forcing the liquid
under pressure through canvas or
cloth, leaving the muddy ore mass
behind. (Weed)

2. An apparatus employed in the
separation and refining of ozokerite
and paraffin wax. (Mitzakis)

Filter pump. A pump to aid filtration
by producing a partial vacuum by
means of a stream of water. (Web-
ster)

Flltrar (Sp.). To filter; to sink in.
(Dwight)

Filtrate. 1. To filter by straining or
percolation. 2. The liquid which
has passed through a filter. (Cen-
tury)

Filtration. The act or process of filter-
ing; the process of mechanically
removing the undissolved particles
in a liquid by passing the liquid
through filtering paper, charcoal,
sand, etc. (Century)

Filty (Som.). A local term for fire
damp. (Gresley)

Fin. The thin sheet of metal squeezed
out between the collars of the rolls
in a roll train. (Raymond)

Find. 1. (Eng.) A sinking or driving
for coal, etc., attended with success.
(Gresley)

2. A thing found or discovered;
especially, a valuable discovery ; as,
a find of minerals. (Standard)

Fine gold. Almost pure gold. The
value of bullion gold depends on its
percentage of fineness (Skinner).
See Fineness ; also Float gold.

Fine metal. 1. See Metal, 8. 2. The
iron or plate metal produced in the
refinery. ( Raymond )

Fineness. The proportion of pure
silver or gold in jewelry, bullion or
coin, often expressed in parts per
thousand. The fineness of United
States coin is nine-tenths, or 900
fine; that of English gold coin is
eleven-twelfths or 917 fine, and
English silver coin is 925 fine.
(Webster)

Fine raggings (Eng.). Pieces of ore
deposited at the bottom of a sieve.
(Hunt)

Finery. A charcoal hearth for the
conversion of cast-iron into malle-
able iron. (Raymond)

Fines. 1. Very small material pro-
duced in breaking up large lumps,
as of ore or coal. (C. and M. M. P.)

2. The product passing through the
screen when the material from the
zinc boxes of a cyanide mill is
rubbed over a sieve. See Shorts.
(Clennell, p. 41)

3. Small pieces of rock and dirt that
fall from the mine roof, and gener-
ally, though not always, precede a
falling of heavy material and conse-
quently signify danger. (Tennessee
Copper Co. v. Gaddey, 207 Fed.
Rept., p. 299)

4. Ores in too fine or pulverulent a
condition to be smelted in the same
way as ordinary coarse ores. ( Stand-
ard)

Finger bar. 1. (Aust) An iron rod
attached to a cage with the end bent
in such a way as to keep the skips
from running off the cage while be-
ing raised or lowered. (Power)
2. A prop for hanging up a stamp.
(Richards, p. 199)

OLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

269

Finger grip. 1. (Eng.) A tool used

in boring for gripping the upper end

of the rods. (Gresley)

2. An instrument (tool) for recover-
'' ing from a bore, as of a well, a

broken rod, or dropped (lost) tool.

(Standard)

Finial. Ornamental pieces of burned
clay used for finishing off the Join-
Ing of the ridge line with the hips,
ridge line at gables, or top of a
tower. (Ries)

Pining. 1. See Refining. 2. The con-
version of cast into malleable iron
in a hearth or charcoal fire. (Ray-
mond)

Finishing jig. The jig used to save
the smaller particles of ore in a con-
centrator or stampmill. (Weed)

Finishing rolls. 1. The rolls of a train
which receive the bar from the
roughing rolls and reduce it to its
finished shape. (Raymond)

2. The last roil, or the one that does
the finest crushing In ore dressing,
especially in stage crushing.

Finos (Mex.). Fine ore; fines.
(Dwight)

Fintas (Braz.). A fixed annual tax
on mines. (Halse)

Fiord; Fjord. A narrow, deep, steep-
walled inlet of the sea, formed by
the submergence of a mountainous
coast (La Forge)

Fior di persicor. A white marble with
veins and clouds of purple or red,
from Albania. (Merrill)

Fiorite. Siliceous sinter, named from
Mt Santa x Flora, in Tuscany
(Kemp). An opal occurring near
hot springs. (Dana)

Fire. 1. To blast with gunpowder or
other explosives. 2. A word shouted
by miners to warn one another when
a shot is fired. (Steel)

3. (Eng.). A collier's term for the
explosive gas in mines. 4. To ex-
plode or blow up. The expression
"the pit has fired" signifies that
an explosion of fire damp has taken
place. (Gresley)

5. Fuel in a state of combustion, as
on a hearth, in a grate, furnace,
etc. 6. In precious stones the qual-
ity of refracting and dispersing
light, and the brilliancy of effect
that comes from this quality. (Cen-
tury)

Fire assay. The assaying of metallic
ores, usually gold and silver, by
methods requiring a furnace heat

It commonly involves the processes
of scorification, cupellation, etc.
(Standard)

Fireback. The back wall of a furnace
or fireplace. (Century)

Fire bank (Mid.). A spoil bank which
ignites spontaneously. (Gresley)

Fire bars. Grate bars in a fireplace.
(Raymond)

Fire blende. Pyrostilpnite. (Power)

Fire board. A blackboard on which
the fire boss indicates every morn-
ing, by chalk marks, the amount of
gas in different parts of the mine.
(Chance)

Fire boss. An underground official
who examines the mine for fire
damp, and has charge of its removal
(Steel). See Fireman; also Fire
viewer.

Fire box. The chamber of a furnace,
steam boiler, etc. (Webster)

Fire breeding (So. Staff.). Said of
any place underground showing in-
dications of a gob fire. (Gresley)

Fire bricfc A refractory brick of fire
clay or of siliceous material used to
line furnaces. (Raymond)

Fire bridge. The separating low wall
between the fireplace and the
hearth of a reverberatory furnace.
(Raymond)

Fire chamber. The part of a furnace
which contains the fuel, as in pud-
dling furnace. (Standard)

Fire clay. A clay comparatively free
from iron and alkalies, not easily
fusible, and hence used for fire
bricks. It is often found beneath
coal beds (Raymond). Also called
Bottom stone.

Firt coal (Scot). Coal supplied to
workmen connected with a colliery.
(Barrowman)

Fire coat. A film of oxide on metal
due to the action of fire or heat
(Webster)

Fire crack. A crack which forms in
a metal while it is being reheated
or annealed. (Webster)

Fire cure (Scot). A rude kind of
ventilation furnace, about 2 feet by
3 feet. (Gresley)

Fired. 1. (Eng.) Said of a mine
when an explosion, of fire damp has
taken place. (G. C. Greenwell)
2. Said of one who has been dis-
charged from work.

270

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fire damp. A combustible gas or
" damp " formed by decomposition
of coal or other carbonaceous mat-
ter, and consisting chiefly of me-
thane, CH4; also the explosive mix-
ture formed by this gas (5.5 to 13
per cent) and air (Webster). The
gas is contained in the coal and
often given off in large quantities,
and explodes upon Ignition when
mixed with atmospheric air.

Fire door. 1. The door or opening
through which fuel is supplied to a
furnace or stove. 2. A fireproof
door in a building or in a mine, as
a door to enclose an area in which
there is a mine fire.

Fire engine- 1. (Scot.) A name for-
merly given to the steam engine.
(Barrowman)

2. (Eng.) A pump worked by hand
for throwing water upon gob fires.
(Gresley)

Fire feeder. An apparatus for feed-
ing the fire of a furnace. (Century)

Fire grate. The grate which holds the
fuel in many forms of heaters and
furnaces. ( Century )

Fire-heavy (Eng.). Words marked
upon the scale of a mercurial ba-
rometer to indicate when much fire
damp may be expected to be given
off in the mine, and to show that
extra vigilance is required to keep
the ventilation up to its full strength.
(Gresley)

Fire hole (Scot.). A space in front
of boiler furnaces to hold fuel
(Barrowman). .A fire box.

Fire kiln. An oven or place for heat-
ing anything. (Century)

Fire lamp (Eng.). 1. An iron basket
on three legs, or hung by chains
from posts, in which coal is burnt
to give light to miners where gas
is not used. 2. An iron bucket or
basket of fire suspended in a pit-
shaft (shallow mine) -to create a
draught or ventilation through the
workings. (Gresley)

Fireman (Eng.). A man whose duty
it is to examine with a safety lamp
the underground workings, to ascer-
tain if gas is present, to see that
doors, bratticing, stoppings, etc., are
in good order, and generally to see
that the ventilation is efficient
(Gresley). See also Fire boss.

Fire marble. See Lumachelle.

Fire opal. A hyacinth-red opal which
gives out firelike reflections. (Dana)

Fire pan (York.). See Fire lamp, 2.

Fire plug. A plug or hydrant for
drawing water for extinguishing
fires. (Webster)

Fire point. See Flashing point.

Fire pot. 1. The vessel which holds
the fire in a furnace. 2. A crucible.
(Webster)

Fireproofing. 1. Act or process of ren-
dering anything fireproof; also the
material used in the process. (Web-
ster)

2. A general name applied to those
forms used in the construction of
floor arches, partitions, etc., for fire-
proof buildings. (Ries)

Fire rib (So. Staff.). A solid rib or
wall of coal left between workings
to confine gob fires. (Gresley)

Fire setting. The softening or crack-
ing of the working face of a lode, to
facilitate excavation, by exposing it
to the action of a wood fire built
against it. Now nearly obsolete, but
much used in hard rock before the
introduction of explosives (Ray-
mond). See also Firing, 4.

Fire stink. 1. (So. Staff.) The odor
from decomposing iron pyrite. caused
by the formation of sulphureted
hydrogen. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) Smell, indicating sponta-
neous combustion in a coal mine
(Gresley). Also cabled Fire styth.

Firestone. 1. (Som.) Synonymous
with Fire clay. (Gresley)
2. Iron pyrite formerly used for
striking fire ; also, a flint. 3. A
stone which will endure high heat.
4. In a slag hearth, a plate of iron
covering the front of the furnace
except for a few inches of space be-
tween it and the bed plate. (Web-
ster)

Fire styth. See Fire stink, 2.

Fire tile. Same as Dutch tile. (Stand-
ard)

Fire trier (Mid.). See Fireman; also
Fire boss.

Fire viewer. A person whose duty it
is to examine the workings of a
mine with a safety lamp (Roy). A
Fire boss.

Fire wall. A fireproof wall used as a
fire stop. (Webster)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

271

Firing. 1. The act of discharging a
firearm, a mine, blast, etc. 2. Act
or mode of introducing fuel into the
furnace and working it. 3. Expos-
ing to intense heat in a kiln. (Web-
ster)

4. (Derb.) The application of heat
by building fires upon hard strata
in order to soften them, preliminary
to the use of the pick. See also Fire
setting. (Mander)

Firing a mine (Eng.). .Maliciously
setting fire to a coal mine. (Ores-
ley)

Firing line (Scot). An appliance
used in former times for clearing a
room of fire damp. A prop being set
up near the face, a ring was fixed in
it near the roof, and a cord or wire
passed through the ring. Attaching
his lamp to one end of the cord, the
miner withdrew to a distance, and
pulling the cord raised the lamp to
the height necessary to explode the
accumulated fire damp. (Barrow-
man)

Firing machine. 1. A designation for
the electric blasting machine. (Du
Pont)

2. An apparatus for feeding a boiler
furnace with coal. A mechanical
stoker.

Firing pin. A wooden cylinder upon
which the blasting paper is formed
in a case for the cartridge or
dummy. (Steel)

Firing point (Eng.). That point at
which fire damp mixed with atmos-
pheric air explodes (Gresley). The
percentages of gas vary from 6 to 13
per cent, with the maximum explo-
sibility at about 11 per cent.

Firm (Corn.). A solid shelf of rock;
bedrock (Pryce). See also Shelf.

Firn. A Swiss name for the granular,
loose or consolidated snow of the
high altitudes before it forms gla-
cial ice below (Kemp). See N6v6.

First aid. The assistance or treatment
which should be given an injured
person immediately upon injury or
as soon, thereafter as possible. (C.
and M. M. P.)

First man (Leic.). The head butty
or coal getter in a stall. (Gresley)

First-of-the-air. 1. (Ark.) That part
of the air current which has just
entered a mine, or working place;
the intake air. 2. (Ark.) The
working place of a mine, or the
split, which is nearest the intake,
or receives the first of the air.
(Steel)

Firsts. The best ore picked from a
mine (C. and M. M. P.). Heads;
concentrates.

First water. The purest variety or
finest quality; said of certain pre-
cious stones, especially the diamond.
(Standard)

First weight (Eng.). The first move-
ment of the roof which takes place
after commencing to excavate any
large area of coal, without leaving
pillars. (Gresley)

First working (Eng.). Proving a seam
of coal, etc., by driving headings,
etc. Development work. (Gresley),

Firth. A narrow arm of the sea; a
frith. (Webster)

Fish. 1. (Eng.). To .catch up a
drowned clack by means of a fish
head. See Fish head. (G. G. Green-

' well)

2. To join two beams, rails, etc., to-
gether by long pieces at their sides.
(C. and M. M. P.)

3. To pull up or out from or as
from some deep place, as if by fish-
ing (Century). Said of recover-
ing lost or broken well-boring tools.

Fish backs (Vt). A local term ap-
plied to groups of closely spaced
fractures in marble deposits.
(Bowles)

Fish-bed. In geology, a deposit con-
taining the fossil remains of fishes
in predominant quantity among
those of other marine animals. Also
called Bone-bed. (Century)

Fish-bellied (Eng.). An early form of
railway rail which had its greatest
depth halfway between the support-
ing chairs (sleepers or ties), the
lower edge being elliptically curved
between chair and chair. Cast-iron
rails were made of this form. (G.
C. Green well)

Fish-eye stone. A synonym for Apo-
phyllite (Chester). A hydrated cal-
cium silicate in which pa*rt of the
calcium may be replaced by potai-
sium.

Fish head (Scot.). A tool for extract-
ing clacks (valves) from mine
pumps. (Barrowman)

Fishing. In oil-well drilling, the oper-
ation by which lost or damaged tools
are secured and brought to the sur-
face from the bottom of a well.
(Mitzakis)

Fish plates. The bars used to join the
ends of adjacent rails in a car track.
(C. and M. M. P.)

272

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fish-tail bit. A bit usually employed
in the rotary system of drilling. It
is used for drilling in soft strata,
such as sand and clay. (Mitzakis)

Fissile. Capable of being split, as
schist, slate, and shale. (Roy.
Com.)

Fissility. 1. Quality of being fissile.
2. A rock structure characterized by
separation into parallel laminae, as
slate, schist, etc. (Webster)

Fissle; Fistle (No. of Eng.). A faint
crackling noise, which takes place
when creep begins in the workings.
(Gresley)

Fisura (Sp.). Fissure. (Dwight)

Fissure. An extensive crack, break,
or fracture in the rocks. A mere
joint or crack persisting only for a
few inches or a few feet is not usu-
ally termed a fissure by geologists
or miners, although in a strict physi-
cal sense it is one. (Ransome)
Where there are well-defined
boundaries, very slight evidence of
ore within such boundaries is suffi-
cient to prove the existence of a
lode. Such boundaries constitute
the sides of a fissure (Iron Silver
Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116, U.
S. Sup. Ct. Rept., p. 536; Hyman
v. Wheeler, 29 Fed. Rept., p. 355;
Cheeseman v. Shreve, 40 Fed. Rept.,
p. 794). See Vein; Lode; and Fis-
sure vein.

Fissure vein. A cleft or crack in the
rock material of the earth's crust,
filled with mineral matter different
from the walls and precipitated
therein from aqueous solution, or
Introduced by sublimation or pneu-
matolysis. (Shamel, p. 136)

A mineral mass, tabular in form, as
a whole, although frequently irregu-
lar in detail, occupying or accom-
panying a fracture or set of frac-
tures in the inclosing rock; this
mineral mass has been formed later
than the country rock, either
through the filling of open spaces
along the latter or through chemi-
cal alteration of the adjoining rock.
(Lindgren, Genesis of Ore Deposits,
p. 500)

A fissure in the earth's crust filled
with mineral (Raymond). See Fis-
sure; Lode; and Vein. A fissure
vein or lode may have in addition to
the clear fissure filling of mineral a
considerable amount of decomposed
wall tfock, clay, etc. (Consol. Wy-
oming Gold Mining Co. v. Champion
Mining Co., 63 Fed. Rept, p. 544)

Fistle. See Fissle.

Fitcher (Corn.). To stick fast, as a
drill. (Gillette, p. 175)

Fittage (Newc.). Expenses incurred
in selling the coal. (Min. Jour.)

Fitter (Eng.). The person who sells
coal at the shipping port (Bain-
bridge). A coal factor. See also
Factor.

Fitting (Scot). 1. The whole ma-
chinery, plant, and works of a col-
liery. (Barrowman)
2. Selling coal, as the business of a
fitter. (Bainbridge)

Fitting office (Newc.). The office for
the transaction of business relating
to coal sales, at the shipping port.
(Min. Jour.)

Fittings. A term used to denote all
those pieces that may be attached
to pipes in order to connect them or
provide outlets, etc., except that
couplings and valves are not so des-
ignated. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Fix. To fettle or line with a fix or
fettling, consisting of ores, scrap and
cinder, or other suitable substances,
the hearth of a puddling furnace.
(Raymond)

Fixation. 1. The act or process by
which a fluid or a gas becomes or is
rendered firm or stable in consist-
ency, and evaporation or volatiliza-
tion prevented ; specifically in chem-
istry that process by which a gas-
eous body becomes fixed or solid on
uniting with a solid body, as fixa-
tion of oxygen, fixation of nitrogen
(C ntury). A state of non- volatil-
ity, or the process of entering such
a state ; as the fixation of a metal ;
the fixation of nitrogen in a nitrate
by bacteria. 2. The process by
which dye colors are made perma-
nent (Standard)

Fixed carbon. That part of the car-
bon which remains behind when coal
is heated in a closed vessel until the
volatile matter is driven off (Steel).
It is the nonvolatile matter minus
ash. (Webster)

Fixed rent (Scot). The minimum
yearly rent for use of a mineral
field. (Barrowman)

Flag. 1. (Ches.) A bed of hard marl
overlying the top stratum of a salt
bed. (Gresley)

2. A thin slab of stone (Bowles).
See also Flagstone.

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

273

Flagging. See Flag, 2.

Flagging a squib. Uncoiling the end
of the paper which is impregnated
with sulphur or some other combus-
tible substance. Flagging the squib
permits more time tp elapse from the
ignition of the unrolled paper and
the firing of the charge of powder.
(Du Pont)

Flaggy. Capable of being split into
parallel-faced slabs thicker than
slates. (Roy. Com.)

Flags. Thin, even beds of rocks which
readily separate along the plane of
deposition. They may be arena-
ceous, argillaceous, or calcareous.
(Emmons)

Flagstone. A rock that splits readily
into slabs suitable for flagging.
(Bowles)

Flaikes (Scot.). Shaly or fissile sand-
stone (Gresley). A variation of
flake. ^

Flake copper. Very thin scales of na-
tive copper. (Weed)

Flake white. A name sometimes given
to pure white lead. (Ure)

Flame coloration. Sec Flame reaction.

Flame engine. A gas engine. (Cen-
tury)

Flame kiln. A lime kiln that burns
wood. (Standard)

Flame reaction. The characteristic
coloration which certain elements
or their compounds impart to a
flame, thus affording a test (flame
test) for their presence. (Webster)

Flame safety lamp. See Safety lamp.

Flame spectrum. The spectrum ob-
tained by volatilizing substances in a
nonluminous flame. (Webster)

Flamper (Derb.). Clay ironstone in
beds or seams. (Gresley)

Flanch. 1. (No. of Eng.) The flange
or broad ends of iron pipes where
Joined to one another (Gresley).
See also Flange, 1.
2. To slant outward; to flare.
(Webster)

Flang (Corn.). A two-pointed pick
used by miners. (Raymond)

Flange. 1. A projecting rim, edge, lip
or rib (Nat Tube Co.). See Flanch.

2. (Derb.) A place where the vein
turns out of its course. (Hooson)

3. Applied to a vein widening (Ray-
mond)

7440100—47 18

4. A molder's tool for forming
flanges. (Webster)

5. A plate to close a pipe opening
or other orifice; a blank flange.
(Standard)

Flange bolts (Newc.). Bolts for fas-
tening pumps, or pipe flanges, to-
gether. (Min. Jour.)

Flank bore. See Flank hole.

Flank hole (Eng.) ; Flank bore (Scot.).
A hole bored into the side of a
heading or other underground work-
ing, to test the thickness of a rib
or barrier, or the position of old
workings likely, or known, to con-
tain water or gas, or both. (Gres-
ley)

Flannels (Eng.). Suits of stont white
flannel clothes provided by the mas-
ters for the enginewright and his
assistant for wearing in a shaft or
other wet place when on repair
work. (Gresley)

Flap-door (Newc.). A manhole door.
(Raymond)

Flapper-topped air crossing (Eng.). An
air crossing fitted with a double
door or valve giving direct commu-
nication between the two air cur-
rents when forced open by the blast
of an explosion. (Gresley)

Flapping. A term used in copper re-
fining to explain the process of strik-
ing the surface of the molten metal
with the edge of the head of a rabble
in order to uncover the surface of
the copper. . (Eng. and Min. Jour.,
vol. 102, p. 875)

Flaps (Eng.). Rectangular wooden
valves about 24 inches by 18 inches
by 1$ inches thick, hung vertically
to the framework of the air cham-
bers of a ventilator (Gresley). A
flap valve.

Flap valve. A* valve which opens and
shuts on one hinged side; a clack
valve. ( Webster)

Flaqueza (Peru). Leanness; shaly
structure; the overhanging section
of a precipice. (Dwight)

Flaser-structure. A structure devel-
oped in granitoid rocks and espe-
cially in gabbros by dynamic
metamorphism. Small lenses of
granular texture are set in a scaly
aggregate that fills the interstice*
between them. It appears to have
been caused by shearing that has
crushed some portions more than
others, and that has developed a
kind of rude flow-structure. (Kemp)

274

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plash (Ches.). A subsidence of the
surface due to the working of rock
salt and pumping of brine. (Gres-
ley)

Flashed brick. Brick that have had
their edges darkened by special
treatment in firing. (Ries)

Flashing. In glass making: The re-
heating of partially formed glass-
ware in a flashing furnace, to re-
store the plastic condition and to
smooth rough edges. (Century)

Flashing furnace. A furnace for re-
heating glass. (Century)

Flashing point; Flash point. The
temperature at which petroleum,
being heated, begins to evolve vapor
in such quantity that on the appli-
cation of a small flame a momentary
flash due to the ignition of the
vapor occurs. (Mitzakis)

Flash test. A test to determine the
flashing point of an oil. (Webster)

Flask. 1. The wooden or iron frame
which holds • the sandmold used in
a foundry. 2. An iron bottle in
which quicksilver is sent to market.
It contains 76i pounds. (Raymond)
3. A small bottle-shaped vessel for
holding fluids, especially one with a
broad, flat body (Webster). A
tinned vessel in which. a miner car-
ries oil for his lamp, or beverage for
his lunch. (Barrowman)

Flat. 1. (Derb. and No. Wales) A
horizontal vein or ore-deposit aux-
iliary to a main vein ; also any
horizontal portion of a vein else-
where not horizontal. (Raymond)

2. (Derb.) A district or set of
workings separated by faults, old
workings, or barriers of solid coal.

3. (No. of Eng.) A siding or sta-
tion underground ; a parting. 4.
(Ark.) A railroad car of the gon-
dola type for shipping coal. (Steel)
5. A level surface, without eleva-
tion, relief, or prominences ; a plain ;
a level tract along the banks of a
river. (Webster)

Flat-back stope. An overhand stoping
method in which the ore is broken
in slices parallel with the levels.
Also called Longwall stope. (H. C.
Hoover, p. 98)

Flat coals (Scot). Seams of coal ly-
ing horizontal or at a low angle
of inclination.

Flat cut. A manner of placing the
bore holes, for the first shot In a
tunnel, in which they are started
about 2 or 3 feet above the floor and

pointed downward so that the bot-
tom of the hole shall be about
level with the floor. (Du Pont)

Flat-joint pointing. A pointing in
which the mortar is flush with the
surface and is. lined with the point
of the trowel. (Standard)

Flat lad (Eng.). Same as Crane-
man, 1.

Flat lode. A lode which varies in
inclination from the horizontal to
about 15°. See also Flat, 1.

Flatman (No. of Eng.). One who
links (couples) the cars together at
the flats, or levels. See Flat, 3.
(Gresley)

Flat-nose shell. A cylindrical tool
with a valve at the bottom, for bor-
ing through soft clay. (Raymond)

Flat of ore. A horizontal ore deposit
occupying a bedding plane in the
rock. See also Flat, 1. (Duryee)

Flat rails (Scot). Tram rails. (Bar-
rowman )

Flat-rods. A series of horizontal or
inclined connecting rods, running
upon rollers, or supported at thp4r
joints by rocking-arms, to convey
motion from a steam engine or wa-
ter wheel to pump rods at a dis-
tance. (Raymond)

Flat rope. A rope in which the
strands are woven or sewed to-
gether to form a flat, braid-like
rope. (0. M. P.)

Flats. 1. (Eng.) Subterraneous beds
or sheets of trap rock or whin. 2.
(No. Staff.) Tracts of coal seams
which lie at a moderate inclination
in districts containing highly in-
clined beds (Gresley). Sec Flat, 1.
3. Narrow decomposed parts of
limestones that are mineralized.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Flat sheet (Eng. and Aust). A floor-
ing of boiler plate at crossings, and
at the top and bottom of a shaft,
to facilitate the handling of skip, or
cars (Power). Also caTled Flat
shut ; Flat sheet ; Turn sheet.

Flattened-strand rope. A wire rope
whose strands are flattened or oval,
and therefore presents an increased
wearing surface over that of the or-
dinary round-strand rope. (C. M. P.)

Flattened-strand triangular rope. A
wire rope of the flattened-strand
construction in which the strands
are triangular in shape. (C. M. P.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

275

Flattening - furnace. A furnace in
which split cylinder glass is flat-
tened out into sheets. (Standard)

Flatter (Aust). See Flatman.

Flatting (Derb.). Hauling coal un-
derground with horses and boys.
(Gresley)

Flatting mill. 1. A rolling mill for
producing sheet metal. 2. A mill
in which grains of metal are flat-
tened by steel rolls, and reduced to
metallic dust (Webster)

Flat trimmer. A workman who stands
in a car in which coal is being load-
ed from a chute, whose duty it is to
pick out slate, sulphur and other
impurities found in the coal (Bow-
den v. Kewanee Coal & Min. Co. 157,
Illinois App., p. 483)

Flat vein. Same as Vein, 2, and
Flat, 1.

Flat-wall (Corn.). A local term (in
St. Just) for footwall. (Raymond)

Flatware. In ceramics, plates, dishes,
saucers, etc., as distinguished from
hollow ware. (Century)

Flat workiiig (Scot). A working of
moderate inclination (Barrowman).
See Flat, 1 ; also Flat lode.

Flaw. See Fault

Flaxseed coal. A fine size of anthra-
cite coal. (Webster)

Flaxseed ore, See Clinton ore.

Fleak (Derb.). A thatched cover to
protect the miners while breaking
and washing ore. (Mander)

Fleaking (Eng.). Thinning the pillars
of coal before abandonment (Bain-
bridge). A variation of flake. See
Flitching.

Flecha (Mex.). Machinery shafting
(D wight)

Fleek (Mid.). Coal or other rock is
said to "fleek off" when humps or
masses of it fall from a slip or
fault in the workings without giv
ing warning, or witho* t much laboi
in cutting (Gresley). A variation
of flake.

Fleet. The movement of a rope side-
wise when winding on a drum. (C
M. P.)

Fleet angle (Aust). The angle be-
tween the two ends of a winding
drum as a base, and the head frame
pulley or sheave as the apex
(Power)

Fleet wheel. A grooved wheel o
sheave that serves as a drum and

about which one or more coils of a
hauling rope pass. (C. M. P.)

Fleitman's test. A test for arsenic.
It is performed in a small tube, and
if arsenic is present, arsine is
evolved which makes a brown stain
on a paper moistened with silver
nitrate. (Webster)

Flemish brick. A hard, yellow paving
brick. (Standard)

Flenu coal (Belg.). A long-flame
smoky variety of bituminous coal oc-
curring abundantly in the Belgian
coal fielda Similar coal is found
in Wales. (Page)

Flerry. To split, as slate. (Standard)

Flete (Sp.). 1. Carriage of freight
usually freight by mules or horses,
2. Freight charges. (Halse)

Flete (Ger. Flotz). A bed or stratum.
As employed by Werner, a layer or
bed inclosed conformably in a strati-
fied series, but differing in charac-
ter from the rocks in which it oc-
curs. (Century)

Flexible. As applied to the charac-
teristic of tenacity in minerals,
means that the mineral will bend
without breaking, and remain bent,
as talc. (Dana)

Flexible joint. Any joint between two
pipes that permits one of them to be
deflected without disturbing the
other pipe. (NafTube Co.)

Flexible sandstone. A fine-grained va-
riety of itacolumite. (Standard)

Flexible silver ore. Same as Stern*
bergite.

Flexnre. The bending or folding of
strata under lateral pressure.
(Standard)

Flinders diamonds (Tasmania). A va-
riety of topaz. (Power)

Flint. 1. A dense fine-grained form
of silica which is very tough and
breaks with a conchoidal fracture
and cutting edges. Of various colors,
white, yellow, gray, and black. See
also Chert. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. (Shrop.) Fine-grained sandstone
suitable for building purposes. ( Gres-
ley)

Flint milL 1. In pottery works, a
mill in -which flints are ground. 2.
A device in which flints on a re-
volving wheel produce a shower of
sparks incapable of igniting fire-
damp, and once used to light miners
at work. (Webster) . See Steel mill, 2.

276

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Flintshire furnace. A reverberator^
furnace with a depression, well, or
crucible in the middle of the side of
the hearth used for the roasting and
reaction process on lead ores. (Ray-
mond)

Flinty slate. A common slate contain-
ing more than the normal percentage
of silica. (Humble)

Flitching (No. Staff,). Widening the
sides of a heading. (Gresley)

Flitting (Aust.). Conveying a coal-
cutting machine from one place to
another. (Power)

Float. 1. The floating part of an ap-
paratus for indicating the height of
water in a steam boiler or other
vessel. 2. (Scot.) Intrusive trap
rock either at the surface or be-
tween strata. (Barrowman)

3. (Eng.) A clean rent or fissure
in strata unaccompanied by disloca-
tion. (Gresley)

4. A term much used among miners
and geologists for pieces of ore or
rock which have fallen from veins
or strata, or have been separated
from the parent vein or strata by
weathering agencies. Not usually
applied to stream gravels. Used
also as ah adjective.

Float-copper. 1. (Lake Sup.) Fine
scales of metallic copper (especially
produced by abrasion in stamping)
which do not readily settle in water.
( Raymond )

2. Native copper found away from
its original rock. .Compare Float
ore. (Webster)

Floater; Float mineral; Float ore. Tne
• British term for float, 4, which see.

Float-gold; Flonr gold. Particles of
gold so small and thin that they
float on and are liable to be carried
off by the water. (Hanks)

Floating reef. Masses of displaced bed
rock lying among alluvial detritus.
(Lock). See Float, 4.

Floating spurs (Aust.). Short-lived
flat quartz veins. (Pcwer)

Float mineral. See Floater ; Float ore.

Ploat ore. Water- worn particles of
ore; fragments of vein material
found on the surface, away from
the vein outcrop (Raymond). See
Float, 4.

Floatstone. 1. A cellular quartz rock.
The honeycomb quartz detached
from a lode is often called floatstoue
by miners. (Skinner)

2. A variety of opal that floats on
water; found in light spongy con-
cretionary or tuberous masses. 3.
A bricklayer's rubbing - stone for
working out the defects in a brick
that has been cut. (Standard)

Flocculate. To aggregate in small
lumps; said of soils and sediments
(Webster). A term also used in the
flotation process.

Flocculating a^ent. A substance which
produces flocculation, as for exam-
ple, the inorganic acids, and which
thereby promotes settling. (Eng.
Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 431)

Flocculation. The technical term for
the gathering of suspended particles
into aggregations. A relative term
as opposed to deflocculation: (Eng.
and Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 430)

Flocculent. Resembling wool, there-
fore, wooly. Coalescing and adher-
ing in flocks. A cloud-like mass of
precipitate in a solution. From L.
floccus, a lock of wool. (Rickard)

Flock. Any small tufted or flake-like
mass of matter floating in a solution,
especially if produced by precipita-
tion. (Standard)

Floe rock. A deposit of fragments of
ganister situated on a steep hillside.
A quartzite talus. See Ganister, 1.
(Bowles)

Floe-till. See Till.
Floetz (Ger.). See Fletz.

Flojo (Sp.). 1. Weak, as applied, to
explosives. 2. Terreno flojo, loose
or treacherous ground. (Halse)

Flood gate. 1. (Eng.) A gate to let
off excess of water in flood or other
times. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. A gate to regulate the flow of
water as in a race way. (Stand-
ard)

Flood plain. Flat grouud along a
stream, covered by water at the
flood stage. (Webster)

Flookan; Flocking r Fluckan; Flukan
(Corn.). See Flucan.

Floor. 1. The rock-- underlying a
stratified or nearly horizontal de-
posit, corresponding to the foot wall
of more steeply-dipping deposits. 2.
A horizontal, flat «re-body. 3. A
floor, in the ordinary sense, or a
plank platform underground. ("Ray-
mond)

4. That part of any subterraneous
gallery upon which you walk or
upon which a tramway is laid.
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

277

Floor break. The break or crack
which separates a block of stone
from the quarry floor. (Bowles)

Floor cut. A cut by means of which
a block of stone is separated from
the quarry floor. See Floor break.
(Bowles)

Flop gate. An automatic gate used in
placer mining when there is a short-
age of water. This gate closes a
reservoir until it is filled with wa-
ter, when it automatically opens and
allows the water to flow into the
sluices. When the reservoir is
empty, the gate closes, and the oper-
ation is repeated. (Min. Sci. Press,
vol. 114, p. 369)

Flor (Mex.). The richest scrapings
from the bed of an arrastre.
(Raise)

Flora. The plants collectively of a
given formation, age, or region.
Compare Fauna. (Roy. Com.)

Floran-tin (Corn.). Tin mineral
scarcely visible in the rock; also tin
ore stamped very small. ( Raymond )

Floridin. Fullers' earth from Quiiicy
and Jamieson, Florida, used in de-
colorizing petroleum products. (Ba-
con )

Flos ferri. A coral fold variety of ar-
agonite. (Power)

Flosh (Corn.). A rude mortar, with a
shutter instead of a screen, used
under stamps. (Raymond)

Floss. 1. Fluid, vitreous cinder, float-
ing in a puddling furnace. (Ray-
mond i

2. A floss hole. 3. White cast-iron
for converting into steel. (Web-
ster)

Floss hole. A tap hole. (Raymond)

Flotation. The act or state of float-
ing, from the French flottaison,
water-line, and flatter, to float, to
waft. (Rickard)

Flotation process. A concentration
process that takes advantage of the
principles of surface tension and
colloid chemistry, with whatever
allied principles may be involved, to
separate mineral from gangue by
means of floating it upon the sur-
face df water or other solutions,
while the gangue is induced to sink
through the surface and settle sepa-
rately (Megraw, p. 3). The process
or processes by which the valuable
minerals in a mass of' finely ground

ore can be caused to float on a
liquid into which the finely ground
ore is fed. Classified as Film flota-
tion and Froth flotation (Ralston,
U. S. Bur. Mines). Among the
processes are the following: Catter-
mole, Crilley and Everson, De
Bavay, Elmore (Old Process), El-
more (Vacuum Process), Froment,
Goyder and Laughtqn, Horwood,
Hyde, Macquisten, Minerals Separa-
tion, Ltd., Murex, Potter-Delprat,
Robson and Crowder, Sanders and
Wolf processes.

Flb'tz (Ger.). See Fletz; Floetz.

Flour copper. Very fine scaly native
copper that floats on water and is
very difficult to save in milling
( Weed ) . See Float copper.

Floured. The finely granulated condi-
tion of quicksilver, produced to a
greater or less extent by its agita-
tion during the amalgamation proc-
ess (Raymond). The coating of
quicksilver with what appears to
be a thin film of some sulphide, so
that when it is separated into glob-
ules these refuse to reunite. Also
called Sickening and Flouring. (Roy.
Com.)

Floured mercury. See Floured.

Flour gold. The finest gold dust, much
of which will float on water. See
Float gold. (Skinner)

Flow. 1. That which flows or results
from flowing ; a mass of matter mov-
ing or that has moved in a stream,
as a lava-flow. 2. In ceramics, the
flux used to cause color to run and
blend in firing. 3. A marshy moor;
a morass ; low-lying watery land.
(Century)

Flowage structure. A rock-texture
whose appearance indicates that the
material was in a state of flow Im-
mediately previous to consolidation.
.Called also Fluidal structure.
(Standard)

Flow-and-plunge structure. A variety
of false bedding, consisting of short
obliquely laminated beds deposited
irregularly, at various angles of
slope, the result of tidal action,
accompanied by plunging waves.
(Standard)

Flow-bog. A pent bog of which the
surface is likely .to rise and fall
with every increase or diminution
of water, as from rains or springs.
(Century)

278

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Plow cleavage. That cleavage depend-
ent on the parallel arrangement of
the mineral constituents of the rock,
developed during rock flowage. Com-
pare Fracture cleavage. (C. K.
Leith, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 239,
P- 23)

Flower of iron. See Flos ferri.

Flowers of sulphur. A light-yellow
pulverulent" sulphur formed when
vapor of sulphur is condensed.
(Standard)

Flowers of zinc. See Zinc oxide.

Flowing furnace. A reverberatory
with inclined hearth, used in Corn-
wall for treating roasted lead ores
by the precipitation process. (Ray-
mond)

Flowing well. An oil well in which
pumping is not necessary to bring
the oil to the surface. (Redwood,
p. 244)

Flow lines. Lines of structure in ig-
neous rocks indicating a flowing
movement of the material immedi-
ately preceding final consolidation
(Standard). See Flow-structure.

Flow-structure. A structure due to
the alignment of the minerals or in-
clusions of an igneous rock so as
to suggest the swirling curves, ed-
dies and wavy motions of a flowfng
stream. Fluxion-structure is synon-
ymous. (Kemp)

Flucan; Fluccan (Corn.). Soft clayey
matter in the vein ; a vein or course
of clay. (Raymond)

Flucany lode. A lode having flucan
on one or both walls, and sometimes
in the center. (Power)

Flue. 1. A passage for air, gas, or
smoke. ( Raymond )

2. A British term used in the same
sense as the term Tube is used in
America. (Nat. Tube Co.)

3. (So. Wales). A furnace, as a
large coal fire at or near the bot-
tom of an upcast shaft for produc-
ing a current of air for ventilating
the mine. (Gresley)

Flue bridge. The separating low wall
between the flues and the laboratory
of a reverberatory furnace. (Ray-
mond )

Flue brush. A brush made of pieces
of wire or steel used to cleanse the
interior of a flue from scales and
soot. (Century)

Flue cinder. Iron cinder from the re-
heating furnace, so called because
it runs out from the low r part of
the flue. (Raymond)

Fluedust. Dust composed of particles
of unchanged or oxidized ore, vola-
tiaed lead that has been converted
into oxide, carbonate and sulphate,
and of fuel (Hofman, p. 85). It
may also include other volatilized
products, as of arsenic, zinc, etc.

Flue linings. Low-grade fire-clay pipe
of cylindrical or rectangular cross
section used for lining flues. (Ries)

Flue plate; Flue sheet. A tube plate
in a boiler for supporting the ends
of the flue pipes. (Webster)

Flue sheet. See Flue plate.

Flue tops. A form of burned clay
ware, often of ornamental charac-
ter, placed on the top of chimney
flues. (Ries)

Fluid. Having particles which easily
move and change their relative po-
sition without separation of the
mass, and which easily yield to
pressure ; capable of flowing ; liq-
uid or gaseous. (Webster)

Fluidal structure. The arrangement
of mineral particles in an igneous
rock caused by a movement or flow
in the mass when it was but par-
tially crystallized (Century). Also
called Fluxion-structure, and Flow-
structure.

Fluidimeter. An instrument devised
by H. Joshua Phillips for determin-
ing the fluidity of oils at various
temperatures. (Mitzakis)

Fluid inclusion. A liquid inclosed in
a cavity, usually very minute, in a
mineral. (Century)

Fluid ton. Thirty-two cubic feet. A
unit to correspond with the short ton
of 2,000 Ibs., and of sufficient accu-
racy for many hydro-metallurgical,
hydraulic and other Industrial pur-
poses, it being assumed that the
water or other liquid under con-
sideration weighs 62.5 Ib. per cubic
foot. (Eng. and Min. Jour., Jan.
4, 1919)

Flu jo (Sp.). Flux. (Halse)
Flukan. Same as Flucan.

Fluke. A rod used for cleaning drill
holes before they are charged with
powder. (Da vies) '

Flume. 1. An inclined channel usually
of wood and often supported on a
trestle, for conveying water from a
distance to be utilized for power,
transportation, etc., as in placer
mining, logging, etc. 2. A mill tall.
3. A ravine or gorge with a stream
running through it. 4. To trans-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

279

port in a flume, as logs. 5. To divert
by a flume, as the waters of a
stream, in order to lay bare the
auriferous sand and gravel forming
the hod.

Pluming. See Flume, 4 and 5.

Fluor. A synonym for Florite. See
Fluorspar.

Fluorapatite. Common apatite, con-
tnining fluorine with but little or no
chlorine. ( Webster )

Fluorescence. The emission of light
from within a substance while it is
being exposed to direct radiation,
or, in certain cases, to an electrical
discharge in a vacuum tube.
(Dana)

Fluorine. An element of the chlorine
family, isolated as a pungent, cor-
rosive gas, pale greenish-yellow in
color. Symbol, F; atomic weight,
19.0; specific gravity, 1.31. (Web-
ster)

Fluorine minerals. Minerals contain-
ing fluorine, such as apatite, amblygo-
nite, chondrodite, cryolite, fluorite,
lepidolite, topaz, and others. (A, F.
Rogers)

Fluorite. See Fluorspar.

Fluorspar; Fluorite. The mineral cal-
cium fluoride, CaF«. Color com-
monly purple, green, or white (U. S.
Geol. Surv.). It is the fourth in the
scale of hardness, or next higher
than calcite, and may be scratched
by a steel point.

Fluran. See Floran-tin.

Flush. 1. To operate a placer mine,
where the continuous supply of wa-
ter is insufficient, by holding back
the water and releasing it periodi-
cally in a flood. 2. To fill under-
ground spaces, as in coal mines,
with material carried by water,
which after drainage forms a com-
pact mass. (Webster)
3. To clean out a line of pipes, gut-
ters, etc., by letting in a sudden
rush of water. 4. The splitting of
the edges of stone under pressure.-

5. Forming an even continuous line
or surface. (C. and M. M. P.)

6. (Mid.) A small flash due to ig-
nited "fire damp. (Gresley)

7. See Hydraulic mine-filling.

Flush production. The yield of an oil
well during the early period of pro-
duction. (Redwood, p. 243)

Fluthwerk (Ger.). Searching for ore
in streams and river beds. (Da vies)

Fluting. A smooth, gutter-like chan-
nel or deep smooth furrow worn
in the surface of rocks by glacial
action. (Roy. Com.)

Fluvial. Of, or pertaining to rivers;
growing or living in streams or
ponds; produced by river action, as
a fluvial plain. (Webster)

Fluviatile. Growing near or belonging
to rivers or fresh water; caused or
produced by the action of a river ;
fluvial. (Standard)

Fluviatile deposits. Sedimentary de-
posits laid down by a river or
stream. (Ransome)

FluvioglaciaL Produced by streams
which have their source in glacial
ice. (Webster)

Fluvio-marine. Formed by the Joint
action of a river and the sea, as in
the deposits at the mouths of rivers.
(Thompson)

Fluvioterrestrial. Of or pertaining to
the land and fresh waters of the
earth; not marine. (Standard)

Flux. 1. A salt or other mineral,
added In smelting to assist fusion,
by forming more fusible compounds.
( Raymond )

*. Bitumens, generally liquid, used
in combination with harder bitu-
mens for the purpose of softening
the latter. See Asphaltic fluxes;
Paraffin fluxes. (Bacon)

Fluxing ore. An ore containing an ap-
preciable amount of valuable metal,
but smelted mainly because contain-
ing fluxing agents required in the re-
duction of richer ores. (Weed)

Fluxion structure. Same as flowage
structure. A structure that includes
such phenomena as flow-lines, paral-
lel orientation of phenocrysts, band-
ing, elongation of vesicles, etc.
(Standard). See Fluidal structure.

Flux-spoon. A small ladle for dipping
up a sample of molten metal for
testing. (Century)

Fly. 1. (Mont) A gate or door in
a hopper for diverting ore, rock, or
coal from one bin or conveyor to an-
other. 2. A piece of canvas drawn
over the ridge-pole of a tent, dou-
bling the thickness of the roof, but
not in contact with it except at the
ridge-pole. 3. The flap or door of a
tent. (Century)

Fly doors (No. of Eng.). Doors in
working roadways, opening either
way. (Gresley)

280

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Flying cradle (Eng.). See Cradle, 1
and 2.

Flying reef (Aust.). A broken, dis-
continuous, irregular vein. (Power)

Foach (Eng.). Nearly synonymous
with the old Cornish word, "Pock,"
"Pokkin," to push. A narrow level
is called a " Foching little level."
When a miner has not obtained what
he considers a full price for his con-
tract he would be likely to say,
" 'Twill do 'pon a foach," viz. it will
do on a push. (Hunt)

Foal (Newc.). A young boy employed
in putting coal. (Raymond)

Foaley bant (Derb.). A group of
three or four boys sitting in chain
loops attached to a hemp rope a few
feet above the heads of a group of
men (also riding in chains attached
to the same rope) in which position
they formerly rode up and down a
mine shaft. (Gresley)

Foam. A collection of minute bubbles
resulting from strong agitation of
a liquid (Standard). A term used
in the flotation process, meaning to
froth; to foam.

Foaming earth. A synonym for
Aphrite (Chester). See Earth
foam.

Foam-spar. Same as Aphrite.

Foco (Mex.). Electric arc or incan-
descent lamp. (Dwight)

Fodder. 1. (No. of Eng.) A unit em-
ployed in expressing weights of me-
tallic lead, and equal to 21 hundred-
weight of 112 pounds avoirdupois.
(Raymond)

2. Eight pigs of cast iron. (Web-
ster)

Foddom; Faddum (Scot). Fathom.

Fogana de homo (Peru). The fire pit
of a furnace. (Dwight)

Fogata (Mex.). Fumes from blasting.
(Dwight)

Foge (Corn.). A forge for smelting
tin. (Raymond)

Fogon (Sp.). A hearth; fire box.
(Dwight)

Fogonero (Mex.). A boiler-fireman.
(Dwight)

Foil. Metal, in very thin pliable
sheets or leaves ; as, tin foil ; gold
foil. (Standard)

Foil-stone. An imitation jewel. (Cen-
tury)

Fold. Rocks or strata which have been
bent into domes and basins or rolls.
This structure is observed mainly in
mountainous regions, and is charac-
teristic of both the altered and un-
altered sedimentary rocks (Buck-
ley). Strictly, a strong flexure of
a stratum, with steeply inclined
sides. Loosely and more commonly
any flexure of a stratum. (Stand-
ard)

Folding boards ( Scot. ) . Shuts ; a shift-
ing frame on which the cage rests, in
or at the top of a shaft (Barrow-
man). Chairs; dogs; keeps; keps.

Foliated. Leaf -like. The meaning is
similar to that of laminated, but
the latter generally indicates a finer
or more parallel division into layers,
foliated being applied rather to the
approximate parallelism of the
layers in such rocks as gneiss and
schist. (Roy. Com.)

Foliated coal. Coal occurring in thin
plates or layers.

Foliates. A term suggested by Bastin
as a convenient and comprehensive
one to include all rocks showing
foliated structure other than bed-
ding planes. (Watson)

Foliation. 1. The banding or lamina-
tion of metamorphic rocks as dis-
tinguished from the stratification of
sediments. (Kemp)
2. A crystalline segregation of cer-
tain minerals in a rock, in dominant
planes, which may be those of strati-
fication (stratification-foliation) of
joints (joint-foliation), of shearing
(cleavage- foliation), or of fracture
under the strain of flexure (fault-
ing-foliation). (Standard)

Folkstone marl (Eng.). A stiff marl,
varying in color from light gray to
a dark blue; also known as gault.
It abounds in fossils. (Humble)

Follower. A drill used for making all
but the first part of a hole, the
latter being made with a drill of
larger gauge, known as a starter.
(Bowles)

Following (Scot.). An overlying stra-
tum which falls or comes down as
the mineral is extracted from under
it. (Barrowman)

Following dirt (Lane.). A thin bed
of loose shale, etc., forming the roof
of a coal seam, which has to be
taken down in the workings in or-
der to prevent it falling. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

281

Following-in (Eng.). Said of a shift
arriving at a working place before
the previous shift lias finished work.
(Gresley)

Following stone. Roof stone that falls
on the removal of the seam (C. aiid
M. M. P.). Sec Following.

Following-up bank (York.). A breadth
of about 0 yards of coal taken off
the working face. (Gresley)

Following-up-the-whole with the
broken. See Bord-and-pillar method.

Follow-up tag. The cardboard tag
placed in the cartons, boxes, or cases
of blasting supplies, used for iden-
tifying the date and place of manu-
facture. (Du Pont).

Fomento (Sp.). Protection, support,
encouragement; Junta de F. y ad-
ininitstracMn. board of encourage-
ment and administration of mining.
(Halse)

Fondeo (Mex.). Temporary staging
in a shaft. (Dwight)

Fondo. 1. (Mex.) Bottom, as of a
mine. (Dwight)

2. (Sp.) Underground workings. 3.
(Bol.) An amalgamating pan. (Lu-
cas)

Fondon (Sp.) A wooden or stone tub
or kettle with a copper bottom, used
for grinding and amalgamating sil-
ver ores (Standard). A large cop-
per vessel, in which hot amalgama-
tion is practiced. (Raymond)

Fonolita (Sp.). Phonolite. (Dwight)

Fontaine powder. A variety of pic-
rate powder containing potassium
chlorate. (Webster)

Fool's gold. Pyrite, a sulphide of iron,

FeS2.

Foot. 1. A measure of 12 inches ; one-
third of a yard. (Webster)

2. (Corn.) An ancient measure con-
taining 2 gallons or 60 Ibs. of black
tin. (Da vies)

3. The foot wall.

4. A " foot " is twelve inches in
length on the vein, including its
entire width, whether six inches or
sixty feet, and its whole depth down
toward the earth's center. (Stand-
ard)

Foot-acre. See Acre-foot.

Footage. The payment of miners by
the running foot of work (Stand-
ard). Compare Yardage, and Cord-
age.

Foot ale (Pern.). Ale bought with
the first day's wages after a man
begins work. All the miners join
in a jollification. (Hooson)

Foot blocks (Eng.). Flat pieces of
wood placed under props, in tun-
neling, to .give a broad base, and
thus prevent the superincumbent
weight from pressing the props
down. (Sininis)

Foot-hill. A distinct lower part of a
mountain ; one of the hills or minor
elevations of a mountain range
which lie next the adjacent lower
land and form a transition between
that and the higher portions. Com-
monly used in the plural. (Century)

Foot hole. Holes cut in the sides of
shafts or winzes to enable miners
to ascend and descend. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Foot -hook (So. Staff.). The large
hoisting-rope hook that is attached
to the skip. (Min. Jour.)

Foot-hook chain ( So. Staff. ) . A strong
chain at the end of the rope, and
connected with the foot-hook. (Min.
Jour. )

Footing. A spreading course or courses
forming the foot or foundation of a
wall. (Standard)

Foot-piece. See Sill, 2.

Foot-pound. A unit of energy, or work,
being equal to the work done in rais-
ing one pound avoirdupois against
the force of gravity the height of
one foot. (Webster)

Footrill; Futteril; Footrail. 1. (Eng.)
The entrance to a mine by means
of a levfel driven into a hillside.
An adit./ 2. A dip road, up which
coal is brought. (Gresley)

Foot rod (Scot.). An iron rod at the
foot of pump rods to which the
bucket is attached. (Barrowman)

Footwall (Corn.). The wall under the
vein (Raymond). Sometimes called
Underlying wall.

Footway. The series of ladders and
platforms by which men enter or
leave a mine (Raymond). Also a
footpath along a haulage way.

Foralite. A marking formed in sand-
stone and other formations, possibly
due to the burrowing of a worm ; a
boring in a stone. (Standard)

282

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Porbesite. A dull grayish-white, hy-
drous nickel-cobalt arsenate, H2(Ni,-
CohAs2O8+8H2O, having a fibro-
crystalline structure. From Ata-
cama. (Dana)

Forced production. To work a mine so
as to make it produce a greater out-
put than can be maintained. (Mil-
ford)

Force fan. A blowing fan.

Force piece. Timber placed diagonally
across a shaft or drift for securing
the ground. (Da vies)

Force pump. A pump that forces wa-
ter above its valves. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Forcer. 1. A small hand-pump used
in Cornish mining. 2. The solid pis-
ton of a force-pump. (Standard)

Forcherite. An orange-yellow opal col-
ored with orpiment (Standard)

Forcing lift; Forcing set (Scot.). A
set of pumps raising water by a
plunger; a ram pump. (Barrow-
man)

Forcing set (Eng.). A force pump.
See Forcing lift.

Fore bay. A reservoir or canal from
which water is immediately taken to
run a water wheel, a turbine, or the
like. The discharging end of a pond
or millrace. (Webster)

Forebreast (Scot). The working face
of a mine. (Barrowman)

Forechamber. An auxiliary combina-
tion for gas-fired boilers, that pro-
vides incandescent surface for
lighting gas instantly when turned
on after being shut off for any
reason. Also called Dutch oven and
Doghouse. (Willcox)

Forefield (Newc.) The face of the
workings. The forefield-end is the
end of the workings farthest ad-
vanced. (Raymond)

Forefield end (Derb). The farthest
extremity of mine workings. (Min.
Jour. )

Forehammer (Scot.). A sledge ham-
mer; commonly applied to the ham-
mer used by a blacksmith's assistant.
(Barrowman)

Forehead (Scot.). The face of a mine
or level. (Barrowman)

Foreheadway (Eng.). Sec Headway, 1.

Forehearth. A projecting bay in the
front of a blast-furnace hearth,
under the tymp. In open-front fur-

naces it is from the forehearth that
cinder is tapped. See Dam, 3, and
Tymp, 1 (Raymond). An inde-
pendent settling reservoir into which
is discarded the molten material
from the furnace, and which is
heated from an independent source.
The heavy metal settles to the bot-
tom and the light slag rises to the
surface. (Peters, p. 298)

Foreland. A promontory or cape; a
headland. (Century)

Forellenstein. A variety of olivine-
gabbro, consisting of plagioclase,
oli vine and more or less pyroxene.
The dark silicates are so arranged
in the lighter feldspar as to sug-
gest the markings of a trout (from
the German, Forelle.) (Kemp)

Foreman. A leader ; the chief of a set
of workmen who superintends the
rest; an overseer. (Webster) See
also Bank boss.

Fore mine; Fore-set mine (Scot). A
mine (entry or room) driven toward
the rise of the strata. (Barrowman)

Forepale; Forepole. TQ drive tim-
bers or planks horizontally ahead at
the working face, to prevent the
caving of the roof in subsequent driv-
ing (Raymond). See Forepoling.

Forepole. See Forepale.

Forepoling. A method of securing
drifts in progress through quicksand
by driving ahead poles, laths, boards,
slabs, etc., to prevent the inflow
of the quicksand on the side and top.
the face being protected by breast-
boards (Raymond). See also Fore-
pale.

Fore-set beds. The series of inclined
layers accumulated as sediment rolls
down the steep frontal slope of a
delta. See Bottom-set beds, and
Top-set beds. (Watson, p. 274)

Fore shift (Eng.). The first shift of
hewers (miners) who go into the
mine from 2 to 3 hours before the
drivers and loaders. (G. C. Green-
well)

Foresight. 1. Any reading taken to
determine the elevation of a point
on which a leveling rod is held ; -bet-
ter called minus sight, since it must
be subtracted from the elevation of
the line of sight to give the eleva-
tion of the point 2. Any sight or
bearing taken in a forward direc-
tion by a compass or transit. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

283

Poresite. A zeolitic mineral from the
Island of Elba. It resembles stil-
bite. (Century)

Fore-spar plate. Sec Bloomery.

Forest marble. An argillaceous lime-
stone which when cut along certain
planes shows the dark coloring mat-
ter so distributed as to be imitative
of woodlands and forests ; also called
Landscape marble. (Merrill)

Forestop. (Derb.). To forepole.

Fore winning (Newc.). The first work-
ing of a seam in distinction from
pillar drawing (C. and M. M. P.).
Advance workings.

Forfeiture. Loss of some right, privi-
lege, estate, etc., in consequence of
some breach of condition, or other
act. The act of forfeiting. (Web-
ster)

Forfeiture of a mining claim takes
place by operation of the law with-
out regard to the intention of the
locator whenever he fails or neglects
to preserve his right by complying
with the conditions imposed by law,
and is made effectual by one who
enters upon the ground after the
expiration of the time within which
the annual labor may be done, and
completes a location before resump-
tion of work by the original locator
(Street v. Delta Min. Co., 42 Mon-
tana, p. 386). A forfeiture of a min-
ing claim consists in the consequence
attached by law to certain facts, and
the intention of the claimant as to
whether or not a forfeiture in fact
exists is wholly immaterial, and in
this respect a forfeiture differs from
abandonment (Navajo Indian Res.
In re, 30 L. D., p. 515; U. S. Min.
Stat, pp. 254-258). Compare Aban-
donment.

Forge. 1. An open fireplace or hearth
with forced draft, for heating iron,
steel, etc. ; as, a blacksmith's forge.

2. A hearth or furnace for making
wrought iron directly from the ore;
a bloomery. (Standard)

3. (Eng.) That part of an iron-
works where balls are squeezed and
hammered and then drawn out into
puddle-bars by grooved rolls. (Ray-
mond)

4. To form by heating in a forge
and hammering; to beat into some
particular shape, as a mass of metal.
(Century)

Forge cinder. The dross or slag from
a forge or bloomery. (Webster)

Forgemaster. The owner or superin-
tendent of a forge or iron-works.
(Century)

Forge roll. One of the train of rolls
by which a slab or bloom of metal
Is converted into puddled bars.
(Century)

Forge scale. A loose coating of oxide
which forms on heated iron during
the process of forging; hammer
scale. (Standard)

Forge train. In iron-puddling, the
series of two pairs of rolls by means
of which the slab or bloom is con-
verted into bars. (Century)

Forging. A piece of forged-metal
work; a general name for pieces of
hammered steel. (Century)

Forging-press. A press for forging
small metal articles. (Century)

Fork. 1. (Corn.) The bottom of the
sump. 2. (Derb.) A piece of wood
supporting the side of an excavation
in soft ground. (Raymond)

3. A tool with many tines or prongs
used for separating lump coal from
slack. (Steel)

4. (Scot.) A tool used for changing
buckets. (Barrowman)

5. A prop with a Y-shaped end.
(Skinner)

6. An appliance used in f reef all sys-
tems of drilling which serves to hold
up the string of tools during con-
nection and disconnection of the
rods. (Mitzakis)

7. (Eng.) To pump water out of a
mine. A mine is said to be " in
fork," or a pump "to have the
water in fork," when all the water
is drawn out of the mine. (Web-
ster)

Fork-filled (Aust). Coal filled into
skips with a fork, having the prongs
about li inches apart. This sepa-
rates the bulk of the slack from the
round coal, which should not con-
tain more than 10 per cent of fine
coal. (Power)

Form. 1. All the faces of a crystal
which have a like position relative
to the planes, or axes, of symmetry
(Dana). The sum of those planes
whose presence is required by the
symmetry of crystal when one of
them is present. (Standard)
2. A mold, pattern, or model; some-
thing to give shape, or on or after
.which things are fashioned. 3. A
blank or schedule to be filled out by
the insertion of details. (.Century)

284

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Formaci6n. 1. (Sp.) Formation. 2.
( Colom. ) Altered country rock form-
ing the filling of a lode. Analogous
to "mullock" of Australia. (Halse)

Formal (Mex.). Regular; undis-
turbed. (Dwight)

Formalizar (Mex.). To formalize a
contract or other legal paper.
(Dwight)

Formation. As defined and used by
the U S. Geological Survey, the
ordinary unit of geologic mapping
consisting of a large and persistent
stratum of some one kind of rock.
It is also loosely employed for any
local and more or less related group
of rocks. In Dana's Geology it is
applied to the groups of related
strata that were formed in a geolog-
ical period (Kemp). Any assem-
blage of rocks which have some
character in common, whether of
origin, age or composition (Lyell).
In chronological geology formations
constitute as it were the units, and
several formations may go to make
up a system. The word is often
loosely used to indicate anything
which has been formed or brought
into its present shape. (Roy Com.)

Formene. Methane. (Standard)

Formosa marble. A high grade of
marble of a dark-gray and white
color variously mottled and blotched
with yellow and red; from Nassau,
Germany ( Merrill )

Formula weight. The sum of the
atomic weights of the elements of a
compound.

Forno (Port.) ; Homo (Sp.). 1. An
oven or kiln. 2. A furnace; F. alto,
a blast furnace. (Halse)

Forro (Mex.). Lagging. (Dwight)

Forsterite. A magnesium silicate min-
eral, Mg2SiO4, occurring in white
crystals at Vesuvius; in greenish or
yellowish embedded grains at Bol-
ton, Mass., as boltonite. (Dana)

F6sforo (Sp.). Phosphorus. (Dwight)

Fosil (Sp.) 1. Fossil. 2. Any min-
eral or rock. (Halse)

Fosilif ero ( fc>p. ) . F o s s i 1 i f e r o u s.
(Dwight)

Fosse (Fr. and Belg.). Literally, a
ditch, moat, or trench. Frequently
applied to a colliery or coal mine.
(Gresley)

Fossick. 1. (Aust.). To work out the
pillars of abandoned claims, or work
over waste heaps in hope of finding
gold. (Standard)

2. (Eng.) In gold mining to under-
mine another's digging. 3. A
troublesome person. (Century)

Fossicker (Aust.). A sort of mining
gleaner who overhauls old workings
and refuse heaps for gold that may
be contained therein. (Davies)

Fossil. 1. Originally, any rock, min-
eral, or other object dug out of the
earth. 2. Now, any remains, impres-
sion, or trace of an animal or plant
of past geological ages which have
been preserved in a stratified deposit
or in a cave. (Webster)

3. (Mid.) A local term formerly
used for a particular kind of rock
bed found in sinking. Cank, lig-
nite, etc., were called by this name.
(Gresley)

Fossil copal. See Copalite
Fossil farina. See Bergmehl, 2.

Fossil flour. Infusorial earth. (Cen-
tury)

Fossil glacier. A remnant of the Pleis-
tocene ice-sheet on the coastal plains
of northern Siberia. It is covered
by soil and vegetation, interbedded
with clays, and in the ice are
found the carcasses of the mam-
moth and the hairy rhinocerous, re-
taining flesh, skin and hair. (Cen-
tury)

Fossiliferous. Containing organic re-
mains. (Comstock)

Fossilize. ' 1. To reduce to a fossil;
convert into a fossil. 2. To become
antiquated or obsolete. (Century)

Fossil ore. Fossiliferous red hematite.
(Raymond)

Fossil paper. See Mountain paper.

Fossil resin. A resin found in a geo-
logical deposit, as amber and co-
palin. (Standard)

Fossil salt. Same as rock salt. (Cen-
tury)

Fossil wax- See Ozocerite.

Fother (No. of Eng.). 1. A measure
of coal (17j cwt), being an ordi-
nary cartload for one horse. (Gres-
ley)

2. A weight by which lead and some
other metals were formerly sold, in
England, varying from 19 to 24 cwt.,
and divided in 30 fotmals. (Web-
ster )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

285

Yotmal (Eng.). An old weight for
lead, etc., usually about 70 pounds.
See Pother, 2. (Webster)

Foucault current In electricity, an
eddy current (Webster)

Foul. A condition of the atmosphere
of a mine, so contaminated by gases
as to be unfit for respiration (Ores-
ley). Impure.

Foul coal (Eng.). Faulty, or other-
wise unmarketable coal. (Gresley)

Foulness. 1. (Scot) An impurity in a
seam; an irregularity in the physi-
cal character of a seam, caused, e.
g., by numerous lypes or small
hitches. (Barrowman)
2. (Eng.) Fire damp.

Fouls (Eng.). A condition in which
seams of coal disappear for a cer-
tain space and are replaced by some
foreign matter ( Gresley )f See Fault,
2.

Found. 1. (Eng.) When sinking or
driving to find or prove a coal seam,
as soon as it is encountered it is
said to have been found. (Gresley)
2. To form in a mold, as articles of
cast iron, by melting the metal and
pouring; to cast. (Standard)

Foundation. 1. A structure upon which
a building or machine is erected,
usually wholly or principally of ma$
sonry ; that pa rt of the building be-
low the surface of the ground, or the
portion that constitutes the base;
sometimes a platform on which the
upper portions rest. (Standard)
2. (Mid.) The shafts, machinery,
building, railways, workshop, etc.,
of a colliery, commonly called a
plant. (Gresley)

Founder. 1. (Eng.). The first shaft
sunk upon a vein. From this the
miner possesses, and lays out, his
ground. (Hunt)

2. One who practises the business
of founding; one who makes cast-
ings; as, an iron-founder. (Stand-
ard)

Foundermere (Derb.). The first 32
yards of ground worked. (Min.
Jour. )

Foundershaft. The first shaft sunk
(Raymond). See also Founder, 1.

Founders shares. The few shares is-
sued to the individuals organizing
a stock compai^y. In companies
owned outright by other companies,
founders shares are issued to as

many individuals as are required to
incorporate and hold the offices re-
quired for corporate management, as
the laws do not permit a corpora-
tion* which is an artificial person,
to form another corporation, or to
serve as a director of another cor-
poration. (Weed)

Founding. The act or process of cast-
ing metals. (Century)

Foundry. A manufacturing establish-
ment in which articles are cast from
metal: as, an iron foundry; brass
foundry. (Standard)

Foundry iron. A dark grade of pig
iron, rich in carbon, used for mak-
ing castings. (Webster)

Fountain. A spring of water issuing
from the earth. The source or
head, as of a river (Webster). See
also Gusher.

Fourchite. In petrology, an aphano-
phyric, basalt-like igneous rock con-
taining phenocrysts of augite in a
groundmass composed of hornblende,
augite, and analcite, but no olivine.
(La Forge)

Fourling. A twin crystal consisting of
four individuals. (Starftferd)

Four-wheel jimmie (Penn.). A four-
wheel railroad car made of wood.
It was the first type of car made for
the transportation of anthracite.
(Nicolls)

Fowlerite. A zinc-bearing variety of
rhodonite. (A. F. Rogers)

Fox mold (Eng.) A provincial name
for the reddish greensand colored by
an oxide of iron. (Roberts)

Foxtail. 1. (So Wales). The last cin-
der obtained in the Welsh process of
refining iron in a charcoal forge.
(Standard)

2. A grass, with sharp barbed seed,
common in mining regions of Cali-
fornia and other western States.

Fox wedge (Eng.). A long wedge
driven between two other wedges
with their thick ends placed in the
opposite directions. It is also called
stob-and-feather, or plug-and-feather.
(G. C. Green well)

Foyaite. A variety of nephelite. syen-
ite, containing hornblende, from Mt.
Foya in the Monchique range of
Portugal. (Kemp)

Fractile. Pertaining to cleavage or
breakage, as in stone. (Standard)

286

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fractional distillation. An operation
for separating a mixture of two or
more liquids which have different
boiling points (Century). Used ex-
tensively in petroleum distillation.

Fractionate. To separate (a mixture,
as a liquid by distillation) into frac-
tions having more or less fixed prop-
erties but not necessarily definite
compounds ; applied also to mixtures
of rare earths. (Standard)

Fractionation. Chemical or physical
separation by successive operations,
each removing from a liquid some
proportion of one of the substances.
The operation may be one of pre-
cipitation, or of crystallization, or of
distillation. (Century)

Fractura (Sp.). Fracture. (Dwight)

Fracture. The character or appear-
ance of a freshly broken surface of
a rock or mineral. Peculiarities of
fracture afford, one of the means of
distinguishing minerals and rocks
from one another. (Roy. Com.)

Fracture cleavage. The capacity to
part along parallel planes, usually in
intersecting sets, along which there
has been either incipient fracturing
or actual fracturing followed by ce-
mentation or welding. This struc-
ture is developed in shearing planes.
It may or may not be accompanied
by a parallel arrangement of min-
eral. Compare Flow cleavage. (C.
K. Leith, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 239,
p. 139) ^

Fragmental. Formed from fragments
of preexisting rocks, such as sand-
stones and breccias. Clastic is syn-
onymous. (Kemp)

Fragua (Sp.). Forge; blacksmith's
shop. (Dwight)

Fraidronite. A name used by early
French geologists for a variety of
minette. (Kemp)

Frame; Rack (Eng.). A table com-
posed of boards slightly inclined,
over which runs a small stream of
water to wash off waste from slime
tin (Hunt). A buddle. See Tin
frame.

Frame dam (Eng.). A solid, water-
tight stopping or dam in *a mine to
keep back and resist the pressure
of a heavy head of water. (Gres-
ley)

Frame set. The legs and cap or
cross-bar arranged so as to support
the roof of an underground passage.
Also called Framin p- nr Set. ( Steel 1 '

Frame table. An inclined table, used

• in separating ore slimes by running

water ; a miner's frame. ( Standard )

Frame tubbing (Eng.).. Solid wood
tubbing, entirely composed of rings or
curbs of wood about 6 by 8 inches
square built up in segments, and
wedged to keep it watertight.
(Gresley)

France scr.een. A traveling-belt screen
in which the screencloth is mounted
on a series of separate pallets, thus
avoiding bending > the screen :>s it
goes over the pulleys. (Liddell)

Francisci furnace. A furnace for the
treatment of roasted blende and
other fine ore. It consists of a se-
ries of superimposed muffles formed
by arches of magnesia brick and
built into the walls of the furnace
and communicating with a common
condensation chamber. (Ingalls, p.
485)

Frangibility. The degree of facility
with which a rock can be broken, or
yields to the hammer. (Oldham)

Franja (Port). Paystreak. (Halse)

Fran jilla (Peru). Argentiferous ga-
lena. (Halse)

Frahklinite. An iron-manganese-zinc
oxide mineral, ( Fe, Zn. Mn ) O. ( Fe,
Mn)2Os. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Frasch process. 1. A desulphurizing
process which consists of distilling
oil over lead oxide, followed by re-
fining with sulphuric acid. (Mit-
zakis)

2. A process for mining sulphur in
which superheated water is forced
into the sulphur deposits, for the
purpose of melting the sulphur.
The molten sulphur is then pumped
to the surface. Used extensively in
Louisiana and Texas.

Free. 1. Native, uncombined with
other substances, as free gold or sil-
ver. (Raymond)

2. Coal is said to be "fi ?e" when it
is loose and easily mined, or
when it will "run" without mining.
(Chance)

Free air. Ordinary air at sea level
and at a temperature of 60° F.
(Gillette, p. 213)

Free-burning coal. Coal which does
not cake when burning. (Bacon)

Free deck (Scot). The right of a
miner to get hutches (cars) without
waiting his turn. (Barrowman)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Free coal. 1. (Scot) Coal on which
lordship or royalty is not paid. 2.
(Scot) Coal easily broken or which
burns freely (Barrowman). See
also Free-burning coal.

Free crushing. Crushing under con-
ditions of speed and feed such that
there is plenty of room for the fine
ore to drop away from the coarser
part and thereby escape further
fine crushing. See also Choke crush-
ing. (Richards, p. 98)

Free-drainage level. An adit. A level
which drains through an adit.
(Gresley)

Free fall. 1. An arrangement by
which, in deep boring, the bit is al-
lowed to fall freely to the bottom at
each drop or down-stroke. (Ray-
mond)

2. The process of operating the drill.
Often called Russian, Canadian, and
Galiclan free fall.

Free-flowing volcano. One in which
the flow is moderately constant with
a minimum of violence. (Standard)

Free gold. Gold uncombined with
other substances (Skinner). Placer
gold.

Freeing a mear (Eng.). The giving of
the first dish of ore to the lord
(owner) of the mine. (Hunt)

Freeing of ore (Derb.). Cutting out
soft material from one side of the
vein in order to make it easier to
mine the ore. (Hooson)

Free level (Eng.). An adit. (C. G.
Green well )

Free-milling. Applied to ores which
contain free gold or silver, and can
be reduced by crushing and amalga-
mation, without roasting or other
chemical treatment. (Raymond)

Free miner. 1. (Can.) A person or
association holding a license and
thereby authorized to prospect on
unoccupied lands and to carry on
mining operations subject to any
other conditions imposed by the law.
A licensed miner. (Webster)
2. (Forest of Dean) A man born
within the Hundred of St. Briavels,
in the county of Gloucester, who has
worked a year and a day in a mine.
(Gresley)

Free share (Som.). A certain propor-
tion of a royalty on coal, paid to
lessor by lessee. (Gresley)

Freestone. Any stone, -especially . a~
sandstone, that may lie cut freely in
.'any .direction; without a tendency
to split.

Free way. A direction 01 easy split-
ting in a rock. (Bowles) '

Freeze. To solidify, as .of a molten
charge in a furnace. (Weed)

Freiberg amalgamation. See Barrel
process.

Freibergite. A silver-rich tetrahe-
drite. See Tetrahedrite. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Freieslebenite. A lead-silver sulphantl-
monide mineral, approximately
5(Pb,Ag3)S.2Sb,S^ Contains 24.5
per oent silver (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

French bine. See Ultramarine, 2.

French chalk. A kind of talc used by
tailors. (A. F. Rogers)

Freno (Sp.). 1. A bridle. 2. A brake
on a hoist ; F. de seguridad, a safety
brake. (Halse)

Frente (Mex.). Breast of working or
face of drift; F. de guia, main on
haulage level in a mine. (Dwight)

Frenzied (So. Staff.). Said of coal

crushed* by the creep or subsidence

of the cover. (Gresley)
Fresh air. Air free from the presence

of deleterious gases (Roy). Pure

air.

Freshet. A sudden rise in a stream or
river, caused by heavy rains or melt-
ing snow In the mountains or high-
lands, and which does great damage
to the works connected with hydrau-
lic mining unless guarded against In
time. (Milford)

Freudenberg plates. Iron plates sus-
pended in dust chambers for the
purpose of settling dust and condens-
ing fumes that escape from the fur-
nace with the gases. (Hofman, p.
390)

tfreyalite. A rare radio-active silicate
of thorium, the cerium metals and
other elements, found in Norway.
(Webster)

Friable. Easy to break, or crumbling
naturally (Roy. Com.). Said of cer-
tain minerals.

Friction breccia. Angular material de-
rived from earth-movements which
crush and break the rock on the two
sides of a fault (Watson, p. 100)

288

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Friedelite. A massive, cleavable to
closely compact, hydrated manganese
silicate, HT ( MnCl ) MmSLOu. ( Dana )

Frijol. 1. (Sp.) A kidney bean. 2.
(Mex.) A miner's term for a red
conglomerate. (Halse)

JTrijolillo (Guanajuato). Round frag-
ments of limestone with calcareous
cement. ( Dwight )

Fringe. A thin sprinkling of isolated
or grouped erratics (bowlders) in
front of the extreme terminal mo-
raine of a glacier. (Standard)

Frio (Mex.). 1. Cold. 2. In amalga-
mation, the condition of "sickened"
mercury. ( Dwight )

Frios (Bol.). Ores containing but
little or no iron. (Halse)

Frisol (Colom.); Any stone, polished
by water, and imitating the form of
a kidney bean. (Halse)

Frit. 1. The material of which glass
is made after having been calcined
or partly fused in a furnace before
vitrification. 2. To prepare by heat ;
to fuse partially. (Webster)

Frit brick. A lump of calcined glass
materials brought to a pasty condi-
tion in a reverberatory furnace pre-
liminary to the perfect vitrification
in the melting pot. (Webster)

Fritting. The formation of a slag by
heat with but incipient fusion.
(Raymond)

Fritting furnace. The reverberatory
furnace in which the materials for
ranking glass are fritted. (Stand-
ard>

Frog. 1. A device made of rails se-
cured to a plate, or bolted together
through distance pieces, forming a
connection of one track with an-
other branching from or crossing it.
(Webster)

Froment process. A flotation process
in which a sulphide ore is agitated
in water with a little oil and sul-
phuric acid, the sulphide particles
become oiled and attach them-
selves to and are floated by gas bub-
bles. Calcite is added to the ores
when needed. Minerals Separation
Ltd., bought this patent In 1903.
(Liddell)

Front. 1. A designation for the mouth
or collar of a bore hole. fDu Pont)
2. See Face, 4.

Frontal apron. Same as Apron, 8.

Frontal hammer; Frontal helve (Eng.).
A forge-hammer lifted by a cam,
acting upon a " tongue" imme-
diately in front of the hammer-head.
( Raymond )

Front-and-back shift (Aust). A sys-
tem in which one of a pair of miners
comes to work two hours before the
other, while the latter remains two
hours after the first has gone home ;
the object being to keep the tram-
mers going, who work 10 hours,
against the miners' eight hours.
(Power)

Front entry. See Entry.

Fronton (Mex.). Face of a drift, etc.
Any working-face. (Dwight)

Frost pin. A short heavy iron pin
used by surveyors to make a hole
in frozen ground so that a wooden
peg may be driven without breaking.
(B.'F. Tibby)

Froth. A collection of bubbles result-
ing from fermentation, efferves-
cence, or agitation (Rickard). A
term used in' flotation.

Frother. An oil which makes a foam
or froth. (Megraw, p. 37)

Froth notation. A flotation process in
which the minerals floated gather in
and on the surface of bubbles of air
or gas driven into or generated in
the liquid in some convenient man-
ner. See Film flotation. (O. C.
Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines)

Frozen. 1. Congealed with cold, as
the hard surface over cooling molten
metal. (Webster)

2. Immovable by reason of expan-
sion consequent upon imperfect lu-
brication; said of a journal and its
bearing. ( Standard )

3. Said of vein material which ad-
heres closely to the inclosing walls.
(Shamel, p. 150)

Frozen ore. See Frozen, 3.

Frozen coal (Ark.). Coal which
strongly adheres to the rock above
or below it (Steel). See Frozen, 3.

Fruchtschiefer. A German name for
a variety of spotted, contact schists
in the outer zone of the aureole.
(Kemp)

Frne vanner. An ore-dressing ap-
paratus consisting essentially of a
rubber belt traveling up a slight
inclination. The material to be
treated is washed by a constant
flow of water while the entire belt

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

289

Is meanwhile shaken from side to
side. Other vanners of the side-
shake type are the Tulloch, Johns-
ton, and Norbom. (Liddell)

Frush ( Scot. ) . Brittle ; having unusu-
ally little tenacity; soft and easily
broken up. (Barrowman)

Frutos (Sp.). Product, ore, mineral;
Veto, en frutos (Mex.), a vein carry-
ing pay ore. (Halse)

Fuel economizer. A feed-water heater
consisting of pipes around which the
gases of combustion from a furnace
pass. (Standard)

Fuel feeder. .A contrivance for supply-
ing a furnace with fuel in graduated
quantities (Century). A mechani-
cal stoker.

Fuel gas. Gas used for heating or
• cooking, as distinguished from illu-
minating-gas. (Standard)

Fuelle (Mex.). Bellows. See Barquin.
(Dwight)

Fuel ratio. The amount of heating-
capacity in a fuel as compared with
another fuel taken as a standard.
(Century)

Fuente (Sp.). A spring of water.
(Halse)

Fuerte (Sp.). Strong; applied to
amalgam needing more mercury.
Also applied -to powerful explosives.
4Halse)

Fuga (Sp.). An excess blast in a fur-
nace whereby the charge is cooled.
(Halse)

Fulgnratlon. A sudden glistening of
molten gold or silver at the close
of cupellation (Standard). £ee
Blick.

Fulgurite. Little tubes of glassy rock
that have been fused from a.11 sorts
of other rocks by lightning strokes.
They are especially frequent in ex-
posed crags on mountain tops. The
name is derived from the Latin for
thunderbolt. (Kemp)

Fuller. A blacksmith's tool with a
round edge, used in grooving or
spreading hot iron; a swage or
creaser. ( Standard )

Fuller's earth. A fine earth resem-
bling clay, but lacking plasticity. It
is much the same chemically as clay,
but has a decidedly higher percent-
age of water (Kemp). It is high
in magnesia and possesses the prop-
erty of decolorizing oils and fats by
retaining the coloring matter.

744010 O — 47 19

Fuhninante (Sp.). A blasting cap or
detonator. (Halse)

Fulminate. 1. J n explosive compound
of mercury, HgCjN2Oj, which is em-
ployed for the caps or exploders, by
means of which charges of gun-
powder, dynamite, etc., are fired.
(Raymond)

2. To make * loud sudden noise;
to detonate; to explode with a vio-
lent report. (Webster)

Fumarole. A hole or spot in a volcanic
or other region, from which fumes
issue (Webster). The exhalation
consists of -water-vapor^ with such
gases as nitrogen, hydrogen, free hy-
drochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid,
and silicon fluoride (Vogt). See
Solfataras, Mofette, and Soflioni.

Fumarolic, Pertaining to or issuing
from a fumarole. (Standard)

Fume. 1. The gas and smoke, more es-
pecially the noxious or poisonous
gases given off by the explosion or
detonation of blasting powder or
dynamite. The character of the
fume is influenced largely by the
completeness of detonation. The de-
gree of confinement of the charge
and the size of the detonator has a
great influence on the character of
the fumes produced. (Du Pont)
2. Consists of metals or metallic
compounds that have been volatil-
ized at the high temperatures of the
furnaces, condensed at lower tem-
peratures, and carried by furnace
gases into the flues. Sulphur trioX'
ide and elemental sulphur, "driven off
from furnaces and condensed, are
also classed as fume. (Bull. 98,.tl. S.
Bur. Mines, p. 63)

. In general, all the volatile con-
stituents of the ore charge are rep-
resented. The fume frequently con-
tains appreciable amounts of silver,
which is decidedly volatile under
certain conditions. The particles
of fume are very fine and are under
the stress of certain physical forces,
so they do not settle easily, as
most of the flue dust does, but in
large proportion pass through the
stack with the gases and spread
over the surrounding country, un-
less special preventive methods are
used, as is now generally done. ( Ful-
ton, Bull. 84, U. S. Bur. Mines, p.
12). See Metallurgical fume.

Fuming sulphuric acid. An acid made
by dissolving sulphur trioxide In
concentrated sulphuric acid. Nord-
hausen acid. (Webster)

290

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Fundamental complex. See Basement
complex.

Fundamental rocks. Those rocks form-
ing the foundation, substratum,
basis, or support of others, (Roy.
Com.)

Fundente (Sp.). In metallurgy, a fus-
ing ore; a flux. (Halse)

Fundici6n (Mex.). 1. The process of
melting silver into bars. 2. Sistema
de F., smelting process ; F. en crudo,
smelting direct without roasting.
$. A smelting works, foundry or as
say office. 4. Casting. (Halse)

Fundidor (Sp.). Smelter; founder;
melter. (Halse)

Fundir (Sp.). To smelt, melt, or cast
metals. (Halse)

Fundo minero (Mex.). All the perte-
nencias embraced under one title.
(Dwight)

Funnel. The gate or pouring hole of
a mold. (Standard)

Funnel box. A square funnel forming
one of a series of gradually increas-
ing size, for separating metal-bear-
ing slimes according to fineness
(Standard). See Spitzkasten.

Fuque (Mex.). The deepest point of
excavation. (Dwight)

Fur; Furring (Eng.). A deposit of
chemical salts and other material
(sediment) upon the inner sides of
pumps, boilers, etc. (Gresley)

Furar (Port). To bore or drill for
a blast.' (Halse)

Furgen. A round rod used for sound-
Ing a bloomery fire. (Raymond)

Furg6n (Mex.). Box or closed freight
car. (Dwight) '

Furlong. One eighth of a mile; that
is, 40 rods; 10 chains, or 660 feet.
(Webster)

Furnace. 1. A structure in -which,
with the aid of heat so produced, the
operation of roasting, reduction, fu-
sion, steam-generation, desiccation,
etc., are carried on, or, as in some
mines, the upcast air current is
heated, to facilitate its ascent and
thus aid ventilation. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) A large coal fire at or
near the bottom of an upcast shaft,
for producing a current of air for
ventilating a mine. (Gresley)

Furnace bridge. A barrier of fire
bricks or an iron-plate chamber
filled with water, thrown across the
furnace at the extreme end of the

fire bars to prevent fuel from being
carried into the flues and to quicken
the draft by contracting the sec-
tion of the current of hot gas. (Cen-
tury)

Furnace cadmium, or cadmia. The
zinc-cadmium oxide which accumu-
lates in the chimneys of furnaces
smelting zinciferous ores.

Furnace charger. A weighing appa-
ratus for feeding into a furnace
mouth the proper proportions of ore,
fuel, etc. (Standard)

Furnace holding-the-iron. A condition
of the furnace by reason of which
it gives much less than normal
amount of iron at casting, although
the feeding may have been regular.
The tap hole runs iron slowly, and
amount of cinder is somewhat
scanty. Compare Furnace losing-
the-iron. (Willcox)

Furnace losing-the-iron. Escape of
iron from the heart!} of a blast fur-
nace into the foundation beneath,
indicated by decreased quantity of
iron at casting, and appearance of
slag at tapping hole. (Willcox)

Furnaceman. One whose sole occupa-
tion is to attend a furnace.

Furnace shaft. An upcast shaft used
in mine ventilation where a furnace
is employed. (C. and M. M. P.)

Furnace stack. A chimney built o*er
a furnace for increasing the
draught. (Harr)

Furnisher. A man who furnishes
money or machinery to a party of
miners, and so becomes entitled to
a share of the profits. (Davies)

Furring brick. Hollow brick for lin-
ing or furring the inside of a wall.
Usually of common brick size, with
surface grooved to take plaster.
(Ries)

Furrow. Set Fault trace.

Furtherance (Newc.). An extra price
paid to miners when they also haul
the coal. (Raymond)

Fuse. 1. A core of black powder
wrapped with hemp or cotton
threads or tape, with various wa-
terproofing compounds between
each, or on the outside, to provide
a uniform burning speed of the pow-
der core for the firing of explosives,
either with or without a blasting
cap. (Du Pont)

2. Any of various devices, as a tube,
casing, cord, or the like filled or
impregnated with combustible mat:-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

291

ter, or a kind of detonator, by means
of which an explosive charge is ig-
nited. 3. To liquefy by heat; to
render fluid. 4. To unite or blend
as if melted together. (Webster)
5. A safety piece in an electric cir-
cuit, that fuses when the 'current is
too strong, called often Safety strip
or Safety plug (Standard). See
Fuse plug, 2.

Fuse auger. An instrument for remov-
ing part of the filling of a fuse, to
regulate its time of burning, the
depth of the bore being indicated by
a scale. (Webster)

Fuse gage. An instrument for cutting
time fuses to length. ^Standard)

Fuse lighter. A device for facilitat-
ing the ignition of the powder core
of a fuse. One form is in the shape
of a carpet tack covered with a
powder composition ; another form
is in the shape of a cord, which
when ignited burns and maintains
a " coal of fire " in contact with the
exposed powder in the fuse. (Du
Pont)

Fuse lock. A friction lock by which
a miner may fire the free end of a
blasting fuse by a lanyard. (Stand-
ard)

Fuse plug. 1. A plug fitted to the fuse
hole of a shell to hold the fuse! 2.
A fusible plug that screws into a
receptacle, used as a fuse in elec-
trical wiring. (Webster)
3. A plug of fusible metal Inserted in
a steam boiler so as to prevent any
danger that might arise from over-
heating due to low water. (Stand-
ard)

Fusibility scale. A list of minerals ar-
ranged in the order of their fusi-
bility, as follows: 1. Stibnite; 2.
Natrolite ; 3. Almandite garnet ; 4.
Actinolite; 5. Orthociase; 6. Bronz-
ite. ( Dana )

Fusible. Capable of being melted or
liquefied. (Webster)

Fusible metal. Any alloy, usually one
containing bismuth, which melts at
a comparatively low temperature.
(Standard)

Fusible quartz (Bng.). A term oc-
casionally applied by the older min-
eralogists to obsidian. (Page)

Fusion. 1. Act or operation of melt-
ing or rendering liquid by heat. 2.
State of being melted or dissolved
by heat. 3. Union or blending of
things as if melted together. (Web-
ster)

Fuze. Pronounced as though spelled
"fuzee." Originally the device used
for exploding the charge in a pro-
jectile and later used as a designa-
tion for an electric blasting cap.
Now known as an electric blasting
cap (Du Pont). A variation of Fuse.

Fuzze (Eng.). Straws, reeds, or hol-
low vegetal substances filled with
powder (Bainbridge). See also
Fuse, 1 and 2.

G.

Gab. A hook; specifically, in steam
engines, the hook on an eccetitric-
rod, catching on the rock-shaft pin,
in a valve motion. (Standard)

Gabarro (Mex.). Ore in large pieces,
from egg size up. (Dwight)

Gabble (Scot.). A hook on the end of
a chain or rope; a coupling. (Bar-
rowman)

Gabbro. A finely to coarsely crystal-
line Igneous rock composed uiainly
of lime-soda feldspar (labradorite
or anorthite), pyroxene, and fre-
quently olivine. Magnetite or il-
menite, or both, anc apatite are ac-
cessory minerals. It is generally
dark colored. Gabbros composed
largely or wholly of feldspar are
called anorthosites, and those con-
taining orthorhombic pyroxene are
often called norites. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) A full review of the mean-
ing and history of gabbro, by W. S.
Bayley, will be found in Jour, of
Geology, August, 1893. p. 435.

Gabronite. A bluish-gray variety of
altered wernerite. (Standard)

Gabian. A variety of petroleum ob-
tained at Gabian. department of He-
rault, France. ( Standard )

Gabion. A bottomless wicker cylinder
or basket, from 20 to 70 inches in
diameter and from 33 to 72 inches
high; used in engineering, when
filled with stones, to form the foun-
dation of a jetty. (Standard)

Gablack (Derb.). See Gavelock.

Gable-rake tile. The full-flanged tile
used at the verge of open gables.
(Ries)

Gab-lever. A device for disengaging
the gab*, on the eccentric rod -of a
steam engine, from the rockshaft.
(Standard)

Gad. 1. A steel wedge. 2. A small
iron punch with a wooden handle
used to break up ore. (Raymond)
3. A metal spike. 4. A chisel or

292

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

pointed or wedge-shaped bar of iron
or steel about 6 inches long for
breaking or loosening ore. 5. A
bar, billet or ingot of metal. 6. To
break or loosen with a gad, as rock.
(Webster)

7. A percussion drill; a jumper.
(Standard) „

Gadder. A device for supporting a ma-
chine drill and permitting a number
of parallel holes being driven from
one mounting. Distinctly a quarry
device. ( Gillette, p. 97. ) Called also
Gadding car, Gadding machine.
(Standard)

Gadding machine. See Gadder.

Gadolinite. A mineral whose formula
is Be2Fe(YO)2(Si04)2. Crystals
often prismatic, rough and coarse;
fracture conchoidal or splintery.
Brittle. Luster vitreous to greasy.
Color black, greenish black, also
brown (Dana). A complex silicate
of glucinum, iron, and the yttrium
and cerium rare-earth metals. Oc-
curs in pegmatites. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. )

Gadolinium. A metallic element of
the rare earth group. Symbol Gd;
atomic weight, 157.3. (Webster)

Gad steel. Flemish steel ; so called be-
cause wrought in gads or wedges.
(Standard)

Gae (Scot.). A fault, slip, or dike.
See also Gaw, 1. (Barrowman)

Gaffer (Scot.). A foreman. (Barrow-
man)

Gag. 1. (Eng.). An obstruction in
the valve of a pump which prevents
it from working. (G. C. Green well)

2. A fuller or set hammer, used to
straighten railways rails. (Web-
ster)

3. (Derb.). Any piece of timber
used temporarily to reinforce other
timber until proper timbc~'ng can
be done. (Hooson)

4. (Eng.). Chips of wood in a shaft
bottom, or sump. (Gresley)

Gage; Gauge. An instrument for meas-
uring, indicating, or regulating the
capacity, quantity, dimensions, power,
amount, proportions, etc., of any-
thing ; hence, a standard of compari-
son. (Standard)

Gage cock. A small cock \n a boiler
at" the water line, to determine the
water level. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Gage door. A wooden door fixed in an
airway for regulating the supply of
ventilation necessary for n certain
district or number of men. Also
called Regulator. (Steel)

Gage glass. A strong vertical or nearly
vertical glass tube connected at its
ends with the inside of a steam
boiler, showing the water level.
(Standard)

Gage-pressure. The pressure shown by
an ordinary steam-gage. It is tho
absoltue pressure less that of the
atmosphere. (Ihlseng)

Gage ring (Scot). A standard ring
for measuring buckets of coal or ore.
(Barrowman)

Gagger. A piece of Iron used in a
mold to keep the sand or core in
place. (Webster)

Gaging (So. Staff.). A small embank-
ment of slack or rubbish, at the en-
trance to a heading, to fence it off.
(Gresley)

Gahnite. A zinc-bearing spinel, ZnAl2O4.
(Dana)

Gailletins (Belg.). Round coal. (Gres-
ley)

Gain. 1. (Mid.) A transverse chan-
nel or cutting made in the sides of
a roadway underground for the in-
sertion of a dam or permanent stop-
ping. (Gresley)

2. A notch, mortise, or groove in a
timber to receive and support the
end of a girder. 3. A cross cut in
coal mining. (Webster)

Gain gear (Scot.). The movable ma-
chinery of a mill; going gear.
(Standard)

Gaiola (Port.). A hoisting cage.
(Raise)

Gaist (Scot). See Ghaist ; Ghost-coal.

Gait. I. (Eng.) A journey or trip.
(Bainbridge)

2, Two buckets of water carried by
a yoke on the shoulders. (Webster)

Gaite (Eng.). Variation of Gate, a
road. (Webster)

Gal. (Corn). A hard rusty gossan.
(Power)

Galaclite. A variety of white natrolite
occurring irt* Scotland in colorless
acicular crystals. (Century)

Gale. 1. (Forest of Dean) A speci-
fied tract of mineral property
granted by the Crown to a colliery
proprietor or company for working
the mines. (Gresley)
2. The Royalty paid by a free miner
for a plot of land with the right to
dig for coal, iron, or stone. 3. The
license for the plot of land. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

293

Galeage (Eng.). Royalty from min-
eral land. (Bainbridge)

Galee. A coal miner having (or own-
ing) a gale in the forest of Dean,
England. (Standard)

Galemador. 1. (Mex.) A silver-
smelting furnace. 2. (Peru) A
small furnace for roasting silver
ores. (Dwight)

Galemar (Mex.). To reduce ore in a
Mexican furnace. (Dwight)

Galeme (Mex.). 1. A cupelling fur-
nace with an absorbent hearth. 2.
A reverberatory furnace. (Halse)

Galena; Galenite. Lead sulphide, PbS.
Contains 86.6 per cent lead (IT. S.
Geol. Surv.). The commonest lead
mineral. When freshly broken it
has a bright silvery appearance,
from which it has been called lead-
glance.

Galena limestone. A Silurian forma-
tion in Illinois and adjoining states.
Named from Galena, Illinois. (Web-
ster)

Galenite. See Galena, for which it is a
synonym.

Galera (Mex.). 1. A long shed on
each side of the patio. 2. A store-
room for ordinary ore. 3. A grind-
ing mill, or mill house. 4. An ir-
regular ore deposit. 5. A furnace
for distilling sulphur. 8. A row of
reyerberatory furnaces. (Halse)

Galeria. 1. (Sp.) A gallery, level.
«. At Bilboa, Spain, a variety of
hematite. (Halse)

Galer6n (Sp.). A large irregular ore
deposit. (Halse)

Galiage. Royalty (Raymond). A vari-
ation of Galeage.

Qallatin. The heavy oil of coal tar
used in the Bethell process for the
preservation of timber. Called also
Dead oil. (Standard)

Qallein. A coal tar color (purple and
violet) used in dyeing. (Century)

Gallery. In mining, a level or drift.
(Raymond)

Gallery-furnace. A retort-furnace
used in the distillation of mercury.
(Raymond)

Gallery of efflux (Eng.). A drainage
tunnel or adit. (Ure)

Gallery work. Pottery, especially of
a coarse kind. (Standard)

Galliard (Eng.). A hard flinty rock
used for road metal. Called also
Calliard. (Standard)

Gallium. A rare metallic element,
found combined in certain zinc
ores. It is white, hard, and malle-
able, resembling aluminum and re-
markable for its low melting point,
86° F., 30° C. Symbol, Ga ; atomic
weight, 69.9. (Webster)

Gall of glass. A neutral salt skimmed
off the surface of melted crown
glass. Also called Sandiver. (Ure)

Gallon. The standard gallon of the
United States contains 231 cubic
inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdu-
pois of distilled water at its maxi-
mum density and with a barometer
of 30 inches. The English imperial
gallon contains almost exactly 1.2
U. S. gallons. (Webster)

Gallows (No. of Eng.). A frame
consisting of two uprights and a
cross-piece for supporting a mine
roof. (Standard )

Gallows frame (Eng.). The frame
supporting a pulley, over which the
hoisting rope passes to the engine
(Ihlseng). See also Head frame.

Gait; Gault; Golt (Eng.). See Folk-
stone marl.

Galvanism. Current electricity, especi-
ally that arising from chemical
action, as distinguished from that
generated by heat or induction: a
term no longer in scientific use.
(Standard)

Galvanize. To coat with zinc. (Ray-
mond)

Galvanized rope. Rope made of wires
that have been galvanized or coated
with zinc to protect them from cor-
rosion. (C. M. P.)

Galvanized sheets. Iron coated with
zinc; the name is derived from the
process used in their manufacture,
being formerly an electric method.
(Skinner) *

Galvanizing. The process by which
the surface of iron and steel is
covered with a layer of zinc. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Galvanometer. An instrument for de-
termining the presence of an elec-
tric current, measuring its intensity
and direction. (Webster)

Galvanoscope. An instrument for de-
tecting an electric current and show-
ing its direction, differing from a
galvanometer in being only quali-
tative. (Standard)

294

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Galvano-thermometer. An instrument
for measuring the heat generated by
an electric current, or for measuring
the current by the heat it generates.
(Standard)

Gambusino (Sp.). 1. A prospector, or
searcher of gold. A synonym for
Cateador. 2. A tributer. (Halse)

Gamella (Braz.). A wooden bowl,
about two feet wide at the mouth,
and five or six inches deep, used for
washing gold out of the auriferous
material collected in sluices and in
river sand. (Lock*

Qamma rays. Very penetrating rays
not appreciably detected by a mag-
netic or electric field, emitted by ra-
dium and other radioactive sub-
stances. (Webster)

Gancho (Mex.). Hook of any kind.
Dog used for exti acting tapping bars
from furnace. (Dwight)

Gang. 1. (Mid.) To go; to move
along. 2. A train or set of mine
<?ars or trams. (Gresley)
3. A mine. 4. A set of miners.
(Raymond)
5. Gangue. (Standard)

Ganga (Sp.). Gangue or matrix.
(Halse)

Gang-art (Eng.). The side of a mine.
(Bainbridge)

Gang car. A car which may be loaded
with a block of stone and placed be-
neath the blades of a gang saw. It
is a modern substitute for the sta-
tionary saw bed. (Bowles)

Gang drill. A set of drills in the same
machine operated together. ' ( Stand-
ard)

Ganger. 1. (Mid.) One who is em-
ployed at conveying minerals along
the gangways in or about a mine,
which employment is known as gang-
Ing. ( Gresley )

2. A foreman over a" gang of work-
men. (Webster)

Ganggesteine. German for dike rocks.
(Kemp)

Gang-rider (Eng.). A lad who rides
with or upon the trams of an under-
ground engine plane, to give signals
when necessary, and to operate any
levers, clevises, couplings, etc.
(Gresley). A Trip rider.

Gangsman. See Ganger.

Gasman. See Fireman ; also Fire DOBS.

Gangue. The non-metalliferous or non-
valuable metalliferous minerals in
the ore; veinstone or lode-filling
(Rickard). The mineral associated
with the ore in a vein. (Raymond)

Gangway. 1. The main haulage road
or level (Gresley). Frequently
called Entry.

2. (Newc.) A wooden bridge. (Ray-
mond )

3. A passageway or avenue into or
out of any enclosed place, as in a
mine. (Sangamon Coal Min. Co. v.
Wigg-rhaus, 122, Illinois, p. 283)

Ganil (Eng.). A sort of brittle lime-
stone. (Standard)

Ganister. 1. A highly refractory sili-
ceous sedimentary rock used for fur-
nace linings. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

2. A mixture of ground quartz and
fire clay, used in lining Bessemer
converters (Raymond)

3. A local name for a fine close-
grained siliceous clay that occurs
under certain coal beds in Derby-
shire, Yorkshire, and North of Eng-
land. (Power)

Ganister beds. Coal-bearing beds of
the lower coal measures of England
(Standard). Compare Ganister, 3.

Gank (Derb.). A red or yellow vein
filling extending through joints or
fissures. Considered as a sign of ore
nearby. (Hooson)

Gannen (No. of Eng.). A road (head-
ing) down which coal is conveyed in
cars running upon rails (Gresley).
An inclined gangway in a coal mine;
(Standard)

Gantry; Gauntry; Gauntree. 1. A
frame erected on a gold dredge for
supporting different parts of the ma-
chinery. ( Weatherbe )
2. A bridge or platform carrying a
traveling crane or winch and sup-
ported by a pair of towers, trestles,
or side frames running on parallel
tracks. 3. A structure supporting a
number of railroad signals for sev-
eral tracks. (Webster)

Garabato (Mex.). 1. Curved iron bar
used in copper-smelting. (Dwight)
2. The suspension hook of a mine
lamp. (Halse)

Gard (Eng.). Gravelly sand; a varia-
tion of Garde.

Garde (Corn.). Tailings, composed of
clay and sand, from tin dressing
works. (Hunt)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

295

Gardner crusher. A swing -hammer
crusher, the hammers being flat U-
shaped pieces hung from trunnions
between two disks keyed to a shaft.
When revolved, centrifugal force
throws the hammers out against the
feed and a heavy anvil inside the
crusher housing. (Liddell)

Oarganite. A name suggested by Viola
and de Stefani for a dike rock in the
Italian province of Foggia, which in
the middle, with prevailing alkali-
feldspar, contains both augite and
emphibole, i. e., is a vogesite; on
the edges it contains biotite, horn-
blende, olivine, and resembles ker-
santite. (Kemp)

'Garimpeiro (Brazil). A gold-seeker;
also a smuggler. (Lock)

XJarkupfer (Ger.). Refined copper.
/Whitney)

Garland. 1. (So. Staff.) A trough or
gutter round the inside of a shaft
*o catch the water running down the
sides. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.). A wooden, rectangular
frame, strengthened with iron cor-
ner-plates, for keeping the coal upon
the top of a car. . (Gresley)

Garnet. A group of "silicate minerals
including several species with re-
lated chemical structure commonly
Crystallized in dodecahedrons or
£rapezohedrons of the isometric (cu-
jbic) system. Garnets are not al-
ways pure but may contain the mole-
cules of two species giving rise to
intermediate types, as the gem
rhodolite. Common varieties are:
Almandite, iron - aluminum garnet
/abrasive and gem ; precious garnet).
Andfadite, lime-iron garnet. E-tso-
nite, gem variety of grossularite.
Grossularitc, lime-aluminum garnet.
Pyrope, magnesia-aluminum garnet;
gems — Arizona ruby, Cape ruby,
/etc. Rhodolite, isomorphous mix-
ture of two molecules of pyrope and
one molecule of almandite. Spessar-
tite, manganese - aluminum, garnet ;
used as a gem, sometimes called
Hyacinth (U. S. Geol. Surv.). A
vitreous to resinous, transparent to
subtranslucent, red brown, yellow,
white, apple green, or black,, brittle
non-cleavable silicate, crystallizing
in the isometric system. (Standard)

Garnet blende. A synonym for Sphale-
rite, commonly called blende
(Chester)

Garnet rock. A rock composed essen-
tially of garnets. (Kemp)

Garnierite. A hydrous nickel-mag-
nesium silicate ; a variety of genthite,
H2(Ni,Mg)SiO+Aq. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Garrapata (Mex.). A clamp for
stretching wires. (Dwight)

Garrote (Mex.). A hoisting brake.
See Freno. (Halse)

Garrotero (Mex.). Railway brake-
man. (Dwight)

Gas. 1. An aeriform fluid, having
neither independent shape nor vol-
ume, but tending to expand indefi-
nitely. (WTebster)

2. In mining, a mixture of atmos-
pheric air with fire damp (Stand-
ard). The common name for me-
thane. See Fire damp.

3. Gas is considered as a mineral,
and while tn situ is a part of the
land. (Westmoreland etc. Gas Co.
v. De Witt, 130 Pennsylvania State,
p. 235)

Gas alarm. An alarm for noting the
presence of fire damp or choke damp
in a mine. (Standard)

Gas black. A superior kind of lamp
black, collected by introducing a
cold iron surface into the luminous
gas flame. (Webster)

Gas carbon. A compact variety of car-
bon obtained as an incrustation on
the interior of gas retorts, and used
for the manufacture of carbon rods
or pencils for the electric arc, and
for the plates of voltaic batteries.
(Webster)

Gas coal. Any coal that yields a large
quantity of illuminating gas on dis-
tillation ( Gresley ) . It should be free
from sulphur and other impurities.

Gas coke. The coke formed in gas
retorts, as distinguished from that
made in coke ovens. (Webster)

Gas conductor. A pipe for leading
combustion gases from the mouth of
a blast furnace to a hot-blast stove.
(Standard)

Gas detector. A device to show the
presence of fire damp, etc., in a
mine (Standard). See also Safety
lamp; Burrell gas detector, Metha-
nometer, and' Eudiometer.

las drain (Eng.). A heading driven
in a mine for the special purpose of
carrying off fire damp from any
working. (Gresley)

296

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gas engine. A kind of internal-com-
bustion engine using fixed gas ; also,
broadly any internal-combustion en-
gine. (Webster)

Gaseous. 1. In the form, or of the
nature, of gas; pertaining to gases.
2. Lacking substance or solidity.
(Webster)

Gaseous place. A place that is likely
to be dangerous from the presence
of inflammable gas. (Clark)

Gas field. A tract or district yielding
natural gas. (Webster)

Gas firing. The combustion of coal
effected by burning in such a way as
to produce a combustible gas, which
is then burned secondarily in the
laboratory of the furnace. (Ingalls,
p. 268)

Gas furnace. A furnace using gas for
fuel, or one for making gas. (Web-
ster)

Gas gage: An instrument for ascer-
taining the pressure of gas, gen-
erally consisting of a bent gradu-
ated tube containing water or mer-
cury, open at one end with the other
end screwed into the vessel contain-
ing the gas. (Century)

Gas generator. 1. An apparatus for
generating gas, as a retort in which
hydrocarbons are evolved by heat.
2. A carburetor. 3. A machine for
the production of carbonic acid gas,
for aerating water. (Webster)

Gash. 1. (Scot.) A break or opening
in the strata, usually filled with
sand, gravel, or other loose rocks.
(Barrowman)

2. Applied to a vein wide above, nar-
row below, and terminating in depth
within the formation it traverses
(Raymond). See also Gash vein.

Gas-house coal tar. Coal tar produced
in gas-house retorts in the manufac-
ture of illuminating gas from bitu-
minous coal. (Bacon)

Gas-house tankage. Material that has
been used to remove sulphur com-
pounds from illuminating gas. It
contains substances which are poi-
sonous to plants and must be used
with great care. It is often rich
in nitrogen, containing 5 to 10 per
cent. (Amer. Fert. Hand Book,
1917, p. 44)

Gash vein. A mineralized fissure that
extends only a short distance ver-
tically. It may be confined to a sin-
gle stratum of rock, but is a com-
paratively shallow vein (Ihlseng)'.
See also Gash, 2.

Gasket. A thin sheet of composition
or metal used in making a joint
water, gas, or steam tight. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Gas, natural. See Natural gas.

Gasoscope. An apparatus for detecting
the presence of dangerous gas escap-
ing into a coal mine or a dwelling
house. (Webster)

Gas oil. One of the first products of
distillation in the manufacture of
lubricating oils. (Mitzakis)

Gasol. A product condensed from
casing-head gas by applying a pres-
sure of 850-900 pounds per square
inch at ordinary temperature. It
has a specific gravity of 0.5, and
one pound of the liquid produces
seven cubic feet of gas. (Bacon)

Gasoline. A name applied broadly to
the lighter products derived from
the distillation of crude petroleum
having a specific gravity of 0.629 to
0.6673 (95° to 80° B.). It is volatile,
inflammable, and used as a fuel in
vapor stoves and engines; also as a
solvent for fats and oils.

Gas pipe (Mid.). A short wooden pipe
about four inches by four inches in-
side, having its upper end open to
the roof, and the lower end open-
ing into the bratticing so that any
gas given off in the roof may be
carried away as formed (Gresley).
Any pipe for conveying gas.

Gas pore. A gas bubble in a mineral.
(Standard)

Gas producer. A furnace in which
coal is burned for the manufacture
of producer gas. There are two
types, namely : 1. The step-grate,
natural-draught generator, which is
but a development of the ordinary
fire box. 2. The shaft furnace, with
or without a grate and worker! by a
natural draft or forced draft. The
latter type is identical in many re-
spects with a blast-smelting fur-
nace.

The principal producers are : Boe-
tius, Dawson, Dowson, Duff, Hejre-
ler, Mond, Siemens. Smythe, Swin-
dell, Talbott, Taylor, Wellman, and
Wilson. (Ingalls, p. 298)

Gas sand. A sandstone containing nat-
ural gas. (Webster)

Gassed. See Gassing, 2.

Gas separator. Sec Gas trap.

Gasser. A well that yields gas, es-
pecially an oil well producing much
gas. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

297

Gassing. 1. Act or process of subject-
ing to the artion of gas, as lime to
chlorine gas in making bleaching
powder. 2. The poisoning of per-
sons exposed to noxious fumes or
gases. 3. The bubbling of the acid
in a storage battery. (Webster)

Gas spectrum. 1. The spectrum, con-
sisting of bright lines or bands, ob-
tained by dispersing the light from
a glowing gas or vapor. 2. An ab-
sorption spectrum obtained by pass-
ing light through a gas or vapor.
(Webster)

Gas spurts. Little heaps observed on
the surface of certain geological
strata containing organic matter ; so
called because believed to be due to
the escape of gas. (Webster)

Gassy. Characteristic of or impreg-
nated with gas, especially coal gas
(Standard). Applied to any mine
which generates methane, or any
other gas.

Gas tank. See Gas trap.

Gas tar. Coal tar obtained as a by-
product in the manufacture of illu-
minating gas. (Webster)

Gas trap. One of many devices for
separating and saving the gas from
the flow and lead lines of producing
oil wells. The mixture of oil and
gas is allowed to flow through a
chamber large enough to reduce the
velocity of the mixture to the point
at which the oil and gas tend to
separate. The gas seeking the top
of the chamber, is drawn off free of
oil, while the oil is discharged at
the bottom. (Tech. Paper No. 209,
Bu. Mines) Also called Gas sepa-
rator ; Gas tank.

Gas-water. Water through which coal
gas has been passed, and which has
absorbed the impurities of the gas.
(Century)

Gas well. 1. A deep boring, from
which natural gas is discharged.
(Raymond)

2. As used, in oil and gas leases, a
well having such a pressure and vol-
ume of gas, and, taking into ac-
count its proximity to market, as
can be utilized commercially.
(Prichard v. Freeland Oil Co., 84
S. E. Kept., p. 946)

Gas works. A manufactory of gas,
with all of its machinery and ap-
purtenances; a gas plant. (Web-
ster)

Gas zone. A formation which contains
capillary or supercapillary voids, or
both, that are full of natural gas

under pressure considerably exceed-
ing the atmospheric pressure.
(Melnzer)

Gatch. Plaster as used in Persian
architecture. ( Webster )

Catchers (Corn.). The final sludge
or leavings from a tin-ore concentra-
tion plant. (Davies)

Gate. 1. (Eng.) Gateway, or gate
road. A road or way underground
for air, water, or general passage;
a gangway. 2. The aperture in a
.founder's mold, through which the
molten iron enters. (Raymond)

3. The closing piece in a stop valve.

4. A valve controlling the admission
of water to a water wheel or to a
conduit. (Standard)

Gate end. The inby end 'of a gate.
Sec Gate. 1. (Gresley)

Gate-end plate (Mid.). A large sheet-
iron plate about four feet six inches
square and one-half inch thick, upon
which trams (mine cars) are turned
round upon coming from the working
face to be taken along the gate or
roadway (Gresley). A kind of turn-
table; a turn sheet.

Gate road (Eng.). A roaxl connecting
a stall with a main road (Stand-
ard). See Gate, 1.

Gates canvas table. A large form of
inclined canvas table in which the
pulp is first classified, then dis-
tributed along the upper edge of the
table. The concentrates are caught
in the warp of the canvas and after
this is full, treatment must be
stopped while the concentrates are
swept or sluiced off. (Liddell)

Gate shutter. A paddle-like imple-
ment used to shut off the flow of
metal from a mold, and to divert
it to other molds. (Standard)

Gate valve. A valve with a sliding
gate; stop valve (Standard). See
also Gate, 3.

Gateway (Mid.). See Gate. 1.

Gather. 1. (Derb.) To drive a head-
ing through disturbed or faulty
ground in such a way as to meet
the seam of coal, at a convenient
level or point on the opposite side.
See also Eat, out. (Gresley)
2. To collect (molten glass) from a
pot on the end of an iron tube. 3.
To collect the loaded mfhe cars from
the rooms or chambers in a train
or trip on a main haulage road.
(Standard)

298

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gathering coal (Scot.). See Gather-
ing peat.

Gathering iron. The iron used in tak-
ing viscid glass from the melting
pot. (Standard)

Gathering motor. A light weight type
of electric locomotive used to haul
loaded cars from the working places
to the main haulage road, and to re-
place them with empties.

Gathering mule. The mule used to col-
lect the loaded cars from the sepa-
rate working places, and to return
empties. (Steel)

Gathering peat (Scot). A peat used
to maintain a fire all night, hot
embers being gathered about it.
(Standard)

Gathering rod. See Gathering iron.

Gathering zone. A term suggested by
J. W. Finch for the space above
the ground-water level. See also
Zone of discharge and Static zone.
(Lindgren, p. 31)

Gato (Mex.). Jackscrew; railbender.
(Dwight)

Gatton (Scot.). See Gauton.
Gauge. See Gage.
Gauge-door. See Gage-door.

.Gault. 1. (Eng.). See Folkstone marl.
2. To cover with clay obtained from
the subsoil. (Webster)

, Gauntlet. A narrowing of two single
railway tracks almost into the space
of one, as on a bridge or in a tunnel,
without breaking the continuity of
either track by a switch, the two
tracks overlapping each other.
(Standard)

Gauntree; ^Janntry. See Gantry.

Gauteite. A .name derived from the
Gaute Valley, central Bohemia, and
given by J. E. Hibsch to a leuco-
cratic dike rock of porphyritic tex-
ture and trachytic habit. The phe-
nocrysts are hornblende, augite, and
abundant lime-soda feldspar. The
groundmass is about 80 per cent
feldspar rods, with the remainder,
magnetite grains, small hornblendes,
augites, biotites, and a little color-
less glass. The gauteite is regarded
as a complementary dike-rock to
neighboring caraptonites and is be-
lieved to correspond to the deep-
seated monzonites. (Kemp)

Gauton (Scot). A water course cut
in the floor of a mine or working.
(Barrowman)

Gauze lamp (Scot). A (so-called)
safety lamp, formerly used in the
Scotch coal mines. It is a kind of
Da~Vy lamp, with a gauze top about
three inches in diameter, and has no
brass frame to strengthen it and no
glass. (Gresley)

Gavel. A mason's setting - maul.
(Standard)

Gavelock (Eng.). An iron poker or
lever; a crowbar (Bainbridge).
Also spelled Gablack.

Gavelor; Gaveler (Derb.). An officer
who gives the miner possession of
the mine, and who also collects the
taxes. (Mander)

Gavia (Spain). A primitive method
of carrying ore in baskets on men's
shoulders up inclined shafts in
which steps were cut. (Halse)

Gaw. 1. (Scot) A narrow vein of
igneous rock intersecting the strata.
(Barrowman)
2. A drain or trench, (Webster)

Gawl (Lane.). An unevenness in a
coal wall. (Gresley)

Gayeterie (Belg.). Second quality coal
remaining after the large pieces
have been removed. See Gayette.

Gayette (Belg.). Large picked coal.
A variation of French Gaillette.

Gayley process. The process of remov-
ing moisture, from the blast of a
blast-iurnace by reducing the tem-
perature so that the moisture will
be deposited as snow or ice. The
use of the dehydrated blast effects
great fuel economy, and promotes
regularity in iron-smelting opera-
tions. (Webster)

Gay-Lussac's tower. In sulphuric-acid
making, a tower filled with pieces
of coke over which concentrated sul-
phuric acid trickles down and, meet-
ing the gas issuing from the lead
chambers, absorbs its nitrous anhy-
dride, which otherwise would be
lost (Standard). Compare Glover's
tower.

Gaylussite. A hydrous carbonate of
sodium and calcium mineral, CaCos.-
NazCos.StiW). ( Dana )

Gazogene. See Gasogen.

Geanticline. A .great upward flexure
of the earth's crust; opposed to
Geosyncline. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gears; Pair of gears. 1. Two props
and a plank, the plank being sup-
ported by the props at either end.

2. The teeth of a gear wheel or pin-
Jon. (C. and M. M. P.)

3. (No. of Eng.) See Double tim-
ber. Also staging and rails erected
at quays over coal chutes. (Ores-
ley)

Geat. The hole in a mold through
which the metal is poured in cast-
ing. See Gate, 2. (Standard)

Gedanite. A resin resembling amber,
but not containing succinic acid and
less rich in oxygen ; it is found on
the shores of the Baltic. See also
Succinite. (Bacon)

Gee. 1. To cause (a draft animal)
to turn to the right. 2. To turn to
the right, away from the driver:
opposed to Haw; In the imperative,
addressed to oxen, mules, or horses
as a command. (Standard)

Geest. 1. A name proposed by J. A.
DeLuc in 1816 for "the immediate
products of rock decay in situ." It
is a provincial word for earth in
Holland and northern Germany.
Compare Laterite, Saprolite. (Kemp)
2. High, gravelly land; gravel or
drift. (Standard)

Gefarht (Ger.). The course or direc-
tion of a lode. ( DP vies)

Geg; Gag (Scot). A piece of stone
or other obstruction preventing the
proper closing of a pump valve. The
valve is said to be gegged when so
obstructed. ( Barrowman )

Ge isothermal. Same as Isogeothermal
( Standard ) . S e> e Isogeothermal
lines.

Geissler's tub*. A sealed glass tube
containing some highly rarified gas
and having electrodes at either end
which can be connected with an in-
duction coil. When an electric dis-
charge is passed through it the gas
becomes luminous. (Standard)

Gel. A form of matter in a colloidal
state that does not dissolve but
nevertheless remains suspended in a
solvent from which it fails to pre-
cipitate without the intervention of
heat or of an electrolyte. (Rickard)

Gelatin dynamite. An explosive, the
composition of which varies between
wide limits, depending upon its use.
A typical composition is: 62.5 per
cent nitroglycerin ; 2.5 collodion cot-
ton; 25.5 sodium nitrate; 8.7 meal,

and 0.8 soda (Brunswig, p. 300).
It Is a plastic, water-proof high ex-
plosive, of high density, used prin-
cipally for close^work and where it
is exposed to water. (Du Pont)

Qelatinization. Solubility with the

formation of jelly-like silica. (A. F.

Rogers)
Gelation. Solidification, especially by

cooling. ( Standard )
Gelignite. The term by which gelatin

dynamite is known abroad. (Du

Pont)

Gem. 1. A general term for any pre-
cious or semi-precious stone, as dia-
mond, ruby, topaz, etc., especially
when cut or polished for ornamental
purposes. 2. Archaeologically, the
term is restricted to engraved stone,
e. g., intaglios and cameos. S. In
the mineralogical sense, one of the
orders of minerals used by Mobs,
distinguished by their hardness —
enough to scratch quartz — trans-
parency, nonmetallic luster, but
generally brilliant and beautiful.
(Power)

Gemmary. 1. The science of gems. 2.
A house or receptacle for gems or
jewels; also gems collectively, 8.
An engraver of gems.- (Standard)

Gem stone. A precious stope; a min-
eral suitable for cutting as a gem,
(Standard)

Generating station. A station in which
electric generators are operated by
prime movers. (Clark)

Generation. In petrology, all those
crystals, of one or several species,
that form at the same period of the
cooling and solidification of an ig-
neous rock (La Forge). The^ame
species may have one, two, or \ery
rarely three generations.

Generator. 1. A source of electricity,
especially one that transforms heat
or mechanical work directly into
electric energy, as opposed to a vol-
taic battery. See Dynamo. 2. A
vessel, chamber or machine in which
the generation of a gas is effected,
as by chemical action. (Standard)

Generator gas. Producer gas. (Web-
ster) .

Geneva rnby. An artificial ruby.
(Power)

Genthite. A hydrous nickel-magne-
sium silicate mineral, theoretically
2NiO.2Mg0.3SiO^H,0, but the nickel
content is variable. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

300

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Geo. 1. (Iceland) A narrow inlet
walled in by steep cliffs. 2. An ele-
ment in many compound words of
Greek origin, meaning the earth.
(Ontury)

Geocerain. See Geocerite.

Geocerellitc. A white, brittle, alcohol-
soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon
which melts at 82° C. (Bacon)

Geocerite. A wax-like, white oxyge-
nated hydrocarbon which melts at
about 80° C. It is. soluble in alco-
hol and is unacted upon by a hot
pota'ssium hydroxide. Geocerite oc-
curs in the brown coal of Gester-

. witx. See Geomyricite. (Bacon)

Geocronic. Of or pertaining to geo-
logical time (Standard). Now ob-
solete.

Geochrony. Geologic chronology; the
system of time divisions used in
geology (Webster). Now obsolete.

Geocronite. An alchemist's name for
lead. A lead gray sulphide mineral
of antimony and lead, 5PbS.S6sS*.
(Webster)

Geode. 1. A hollow nodule or concre-
tion, the cavity of which is lined
with crystals. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

2. The cavity of such a nodule.
(Webster)

3. (Leic.) Large nodules of iron-
stone, hollow in the center. (Gres-
ley)

Geodesy. The science and art of meas-
uring portions of the earth's sur-
face by triangulation and astronomi-
cal observation; the determination
of the magnitude and figure of the
earth: distinguished from survey-
ing, which is concerned only with
limited tracts, as farms or counties.
(Standard)

Geodetics. See Geodesy.

Geogeny. The study of the genesis or
formation of the earth (Standard).
An obsolete term.

Geognosy. That part of geology which
treats- of the materials of the earth
and its general interior and exte-
rior constitution ; sometimes . nearly
synonymous with geology. 'Web-
ster)

Geography. The science that treats of
the surface of the earth, including
Its form and development, the phe-
nomena that take place thereon, and
the plants, animals, and peoples that

inhabit it, considered in relation to
the earth's surface; also a book or
treatise on the above subject. (La
Forge )

Geologian. An old term for Geologist.

Geological formations. Groups of
rocks of similar character and age.
(Lawver)

Geological horizon. Rocks of one geo-
logical age. (Weed)

Geologic high. Sometimes used in oil
fields to indicate a later geological
formation regardless of elevation;
opposed to Geologic low, which re-
fers to earlier formations. Compare
Topographic high.

Geologic low. See Geologic high.

Geologist. One versed in geology, or
engaged in geological study or in-
vestigation. (Standard)

Geology. The science which treats of
the history of the earth and its life,
especially as recorded in the rocks.
Three principal branches or phases
are usually distinguished : 1. Struc-
tural, or geotectonic geology, treat-
ing of the form, arrangement, and
internal structure of the rocks. 2.
Dynamic geology, dealing with the
causes and processes of geological
change. 3. Historical geology,
which, aided by other branches,
aims to give a chronological account
of the events in the earth's history.
(Webster)

Other subdivisions are : Economic
geology, that branch of geology
which deals with the applications
of the science in industrial relations
and operations. Legal geology, the
application in litigation of the facts
and principles of geology v particu-
larly its subdivisions, mineralogy,
economic geology, and mining ge-
ology. Mining geology, a subdivi-
sion of economic geology concerned
with the application of geologic
facts and principles to mining.
Stratigraphic . geology, a study of
the succession of the beds of rock
laid down during the progress of
geologic ages. (Shamel, p. 11)

Geomorphic. Of, or pertaining to, the
figure of the earth or the form of
its surface; resembling the earth.
(Webster)

Geomorphogeny. That part of geom-
orphology which treats of the origin
and development of the earth's sur-
face features. (La Forge* >

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Principal dii'isions of geologic time.
[17. S. Geological Survey.]

301

Era.

Period.

Epoch.

Characteristic life.

Duration, accord-
inp to various
estimates.

Cenozoic (rc-

Quaternary.

Recent.

Pleistocene
( (5 r e a t
Ice Ape).

"Ape of man." Animals and plants of
modern types.

Millions of yean.
Ito5.

Tertiary.

Pliocene.
Miocene.
Olipocene.
Eocene.

"Ape of mammals." Possible first appear-
ance of mnn. Rise and development of
highest orders of plants.

Cretaceous.

(*J

"Ape of reptiles." Rise.and culmination
of huge land reptiles (dinosaurs), of shell-
fish with complexly partitioned coiled

Mosoznic ' in-
termediate
life).

Jurassic.

W

shells (ammonites), and of preat flying
reptiles. First appearance (in Jurassic)
of birds and mammals; of cvcads, an
order of palmlike plants (in Triassic);

4 to 10.

Triable.

(*>)

which arc palms and hardwood trees
(in Cretaceous).

Carbonifer-
ous.

Permian.

Pennsylva-
nian.

"Ape of amphibians." Dominance of club
mosses (Ivcopods) and plants of horsetail
and fern types. Primitive flowering
plants and earliest cone-bearinp trees.
Bepinn.-ips of backboned land animals
(land vertebrates). Insects. Animals

Mississip-
pian.

with nautilus-like coiled shells (ammon-
ites) and sharks abundant.

Pevonian.

(b)

" Aee of fishes." Shellfish (mollusks) also
abundant. Rise of amphibians and land
plants.

Paleozoic
(old life).

Silurian.

W

Shell-forming sea animals dominant, espe-
cially those related to the nautilus (ceph-
alopbds). Rise and culmination of the
marine animals sometimes known as sea
lilies (crinoids) and of piant scorpion-
like crustaceans (eurypterids). Rise of
fishes and of reef-building corals.

17 to 25.

Ordovician.

(&) -

Shell-formine sea animals, especially ceph-
alopods and mollusk-like brachiopods,
abundant. Culmination of the buplikc
marine crustaceans known as trilobites.
First trace of insect life.

Cambrian.

(*)

Trilobites and brachiopods most charac-
teristic animals. Seaweeds (alif.T) abun-
dant. No trace of land animals found.

Proterozoic

Algonkian.

(")

First life that has left distinct record.
Crustaceans, brachiopods, and seaweeds.

rn i

life).

Archean.

Crystalline
rocks.

'ossils found.

302

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Geomorphology. 1. That branch of
physical geography which deals with
the form of the earth, the gen-
eral configuration of its surface, the
distribution of the land, water, etc.
2. The investigation of the' history
of geolgic changes through the in-
terpretation of topographic forms.
(Webster)

Geomyricin. See Geomyricite.

Geomyricite. A wax-like, white min-
eral, melting at about 80° C., and
soluble in hot absolute alcohol and
ether; its composition (CsJIesOa) is
near that of certain vegetal waxes.
(Bacon)

Geonomy. The science of the physical
laws of the earth. It includes ge-
ology and physical geography. ( Web-
ster)

Geophone. A device to determine be-
neath the surface the exact location
of sounds transmitted through the
ground. It is a recent invention
and may prove useful in finding men
imprisoned by mine disasters.

Geophysical. Relating to the physics
of the earth. (Century)

Geordie. 1. (Scot.) A coal worker.
2. A miner's name for a safety lamp
invented by George Stephenson.
(Webster)

Geordie turn-out (Aust.). A turn-out
(switch), from a heading to a bord,
made of iron bars of square cross
section instead of ordinary T-rails,
so that the same turn-outs can be
used to the right or left by simply
reversing them. (Power)

Geostatic. Capable of sustaining the
pressure of superincumbent earth.
(Century)

Geosyncline. A great downward flex-
ure of the earth's crust ; opposed to
Geanticline. (Webster)

Geotectonic. Pertaining to the form,
arrangement, and structure of the
rock masses composing the earth's
crust. Structural. ( Webster )

Geothermic; Geothermal. Of, or per-
taining to, the heat of the earth's
interior. (Webster)

Geothermic degree. The average depth
within the earth's crust correspond-
ing to an increase of one degree in
temperature. (Webster)

Gerente (Mex.). Business manager.
(D wight)

Gerhardtite. Basic cupric nitrate,
Cu(NO3)2. ^Cu(OH)fc In pyramidal
orthorhomlnc crystals. Color, em-
erald green. From the copper mines
at Jerome, Ariz. (Dana)

German. A straw filled with gunpow-
der to act as a fuse in blasting oper-
ations. (Gresley)

German cupellation. The character-
istics of this method are : a large
reverberatory furnace with a fixed
bed and a movable roof, that the
bullion to be cupelled is all charged
at once and that rhe silver is not
refined in the same furnace where
the cupellation is carried on. (Hof-
inan, p. 508)

Germanium. A grayish white rare me-
tallic element, resembling silicon
and carbon in some respects, and
tin in others. Symbol, Ge; atomic
weight, 72.5; specific gravity 5.46.
(Webster)

German process. In copper smelting,
the process of reduction in a shaft-
furnace, after roasting, if necessary
(Raymond). See German reduction
process. Also called Swedish proc-
ess.

German reduction process. This proc-
ess consists in: (a) Roasting the
ore; (b) Melting and obtaining a
matte with 30 to 40 per cent of cop-
per called coarse metal; (c) Roast-
ing the coarse metal; (d) Melting
and obtaining a matte with 60 to
70 per cent copper called fine metal ;

(e) Roasting the fine metal ; and

(f) Melting and obtaining black
copper. ( Goesel )

German silver. A white alloy of
nickel, copper, and zinc. (Ray-
mond)

German steel. A metal made from
charcoal iron obtained from bog
iron or from sparry carbonate of
iron. (Standard)

Gersdorffite. A mineral, sulpharsenide
of nickel, NiAsS or NiS2.NiAs2. Iron
and sometimes cobalt replace more
or less of the nickel. Is usually mas-
sive #nd has a silver-white to steel-
gray color. (Dana)

Gerstenhofer furnace. A shaft furnace
filled with terraces or shelves,
through which crushed ore is caused
to fall, for roasting. (Raymond)

Get. 1. (Eng.) To work away or
excavate by mining either under or
above ground. 2. The produce or
output, in tons, of a colliery or mine
during a certain period. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

303

Get a clean-up (Ark.). To have an
opportunity to load out all the coal
a miner has loosened. (Steel)

Getter (Eng.). A miner who gets out
coal or ore. (Standard)

Getting (Eng.). Cutting, mining, and
loading coal, etc., in a mine. (Ores-
ley)

Getting-inrthe-top (Eng.). Cutting
out and timbering the crown of the
excavation for the tunnel. (Simrns)

Getting rock (So. Staff.). Clay iron-
stone in the roof of a coal seam,
which is worked in conjunction with
the coal. (Gresley)

Geyser. A spring from which hot
water and steam, and in some cases
mud, are intermittently, periodically,
and explosively thrown vertically,
like a fountain, to a considerable
height. (La Forge)

Geyser basin. An area in which
geysers are grouped. (Standard)

Geyserite. A hydrated form of silica,
a variety of opal, deposited around
some hot springs or geysers. (Dana)

Gh^ist (Scot.). The white ash or
cinder of shale of shaly coal. (Bar-
rowman)

Ghat; Ghant (India). Literally, a
pass often difficult and narrow,
through a mountain ridge, or from
the lower plains to the higher
plateaux (Oldham). A range or
chain of mountains or hills, or the
scarped wall of a table-land. (Stand-
ard)

Ghost. 1. (So. Staff.) A blue cap on
a candle or lamp. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) See Veal.

Ghost-coal (Scot.). A coal which
yields a fixed white Incandescent
light, as of a specter, in a burning
fire (Standard). Called also Gaist.

Ghurr; Thurr; or "The mother of
metals." A term used by alchemists
for the mineral substance which
in time is supposed to ripen, and
become real ore. Glauber the
alchemist (from whom we get
"Glauber's salts." sulphate of soda)
tolls us "that in Germany the miners
know when the ores are not grown
to perfection, and usually say they
are come too soon; and shut up the
mine again for some years till it is
ripened and grown to perfection."
(Hunt)

Giallo antico marble. A yellow marble
used by the ancient Greeks and
Romans; hence the name Giallo
anlico or antique yellow. The
source is Algeria. (Merrill)

Giant. A large nozzle used in hy-
draulic mining. (Webster)

Giant granite. Sec Pegmatite.

Giant kettle. One of the numerous
very large potholes (moulins) on
the coast of Norway, probably
formed by englacial waterfalls.
(Standard)

Giant powder. A form of dynamite
consisting of a mixture of nitro-
glycerin and kieselguhr. (Webster)

Giant's Causeway. A sheet of columnar
basalt covering large areas where
the structure is finely displayed in
the close-fitting hexagonal pillars
distinctly marked, and varying in
diameter from 15 to 20 inches, with
a height of 20 feet in some places.
It forms a prominent cliff on the
north coast of Ireland.

Gib. 1. (Scot.) A sprag; a prop put
in the holing of a seam while being
under-cut. (Barrowman)
2. A piece of metal often used In the
same hole with a wedge-shaped key
for holding pieces together. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Gib and key ( Scot. ) . A two-part tight-
ening wedge, one part, the gib, be-
ing fixed while the other part, the
key or cotter, is adjustable length-
wise. (Standard)

Gibber. In geology, a facetted pebble
or glyptolith; a dreikanter. (La
Forge)

Gibbsite. A monoclinic hydroxide of
aluminum mineral, AlaOi3HsO.
(Dana)

Gieseckite-porphyry. A nephelite por-
phyry from Greenland, whose nephe-
lite phenocrysts are altered to the
aggregate of muscovite scales, which
was called gieseckite under the Im-
pression that it was a new mineral.
Liebenerite porphyry is the same
thing from Predazzo, in the Tyrol.
(Kemp)

Gig. 1. (Scot) A winding engine.
(Barrowman)

2. (Eng.) A small sump. See
Sump, 1. (Bainbridge)

3. (Eng.) A two-storied box or
cage for use in a mine shaft; also
a kibble. (Webster)

304

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gig house (Scot.). A winding-engine
house. (Barrowman)

Gild. To wash overtor overlny thinly
with gold; to coat with gold, either
in leaf or po^vdeI^ 2. To overlay
with any other substance for the
purpose of giving the appearance of
gold. (Standard)

Gillie's process. A flotation process
based upon the principles of the Pot-
ter-Delpeat process but embodying
some unique apparatus. The proc-
ess never had any commercial suc-
cess. (T. J. Hoover, p. 15)

Gilpin county table. See End-bump
table.

Gilsonite; TTintaite. 1. A brilliant
black, very brittle variety of asphalt
having a marked conchoidal frac-
ture and a brown streak. Upon ex-
posure to air readily breaks down
into a brown powder. Decrepitates
but fuses easily in a candle flame,
and is soluble in carbon disulphide
(CS2), alcohol, and turpentine. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

2. A solid asphaltum found in place,
in a vein, lode, or rock. (Webb v.
American Asphaltum Min. Co., 157
Fed. Kept, p. 205)

Gime (Eng.). A hole washed in an
embankment by a rush of water
through a leak. (Standard)

Gin. 1. (Eng.) A drum and frame-
work Carrying pulleys, by which the
ore and waste are raised from a
shallow pit (Gresley). A whim.
Also called Horse gin. Gin is a con-
traction of engine.

2. A pump worked by a windlass.

3. A pile-driving machine. (Stand-
ard)

Gin beam (So. Staff.). A timber cross-
bar carrying the pulley wheels over
the top of a head frame. 'Gresley)

Gin block. A simple form of tackle-
block attached to a gin. (Standard)

Ginging (Derb.). The lining of a
shaft with masonry. (Raymond)

Ging-oni (Derb.). Walling up a shaft,
instead of timbering, to keep the
loose earth from falling. (Min.
Jour.) <

Gin horse. A horse working a gin, or
mill (Standard). 'See Gin, 1.

Ginney (Nova Scotia). A prop.

Ginny carriage (Eng.). A small strong
carriage for materials. (Webster)

Ginny rails (Erig.). Track rails for
ginny carriages. (Webster)

Gin pit. A shallow mine, the hoisting
from which is done by a gin.
( Webster )

Gin pole. Any of the three poles of a
hoisting gin. A single pole held in
position by guys. (Webster)

Gin race. 1. (Eng.) A wide excava-
tion no.-ir the top of an underground
inclined plane in which a gin is
fixed. (Gresley)

2. The track or path of a horse
turning a gin. Also called Gin
ring. (Webster)

Gin ring. The circle round which a
horse moves in working a gin or
horse- whip. (Century)

Gin tackle. A tackle arranged for use
/ with a gin ; especially, a combina-
tion of a double with a triple pulley
block which multiplies by five the
power exerted. (Standard)

Gin wheel. The cylinder of a gin or
winch. (Standard)

Gipsy winch. A small winrh that may
be attached to a post, working either
by a rotary motion or by the recip-
rocating action of a handle having
a pair of pawls and a ratchet.
(Standard)

Giraffe. 1. A cage-like mine car espe-
cially adapted for inclines, having

. the frame higher at one end than at
the other. (Standard)

2. A mechanical appliance for re-
ceiving and tripping a car of ore,
etc., when it arrives at the surface.
(Duryee)

3. A multiple-deck skip. (Halse)

Girasol. Opal. Bluish white, translu-
cent, with reddish reflections in a
bright light. (Dana)

Girdle. 1. (No. of Eng.) A thin bed
of stone exposed in a shaft or bore
hole. (Gresley)

2. (Newc.) A thin stratum of coal.
(Power)

3. A thin sandstone stratum. 4. The
peripheral line of a cut gem, at
which it is held by the setting.
(Standard)

Girth; Girt. 1. In square-set timber-
ing, a horizontal brace in the direc-
tion of the drift. (Raymond)
2. A small girder. (Standard)

Gis (Mex.). Chalk; crayon; pencil.
(D wight)

Gismondite. A mineral, CaAl2Si4Oi2-f
4H2O. In pyramidal crystals,
pseudo- tetragonal. Colorless or
white, bluish white, grayish, reddish.
(Dana)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

305

Gizzen (Scot). To shrink from dry-
ness so as to leak ; as a pail gizzens ;
leaky. (Standard)

Gjer's S9aking--pit. A cavity lined with
refractory material used in metal
working to inclose large ingots, in
order to preserve them at a high
temperature, and thus avoid the ne-
cessity of reheating. (Century)

Glacial. In geology, pertaining to,
characteristic *of, produced or de-
posited by, or derived from a glacier.
(La Forge)

Glacial boundary. The boundary line
of the utmost extension ' of the
lower margin of glacier land-ice in
any region, often extending beyond
the outer terminal moraine. ( Stand-
ard)

Glacial drift. See Drift, 6.

Glacial epoch. The Pleistocene epoch,
the earlier of the two epochs com-
prised in the Quarternary period:
characterized by the extensive
glaciation of regions now free from
ice. (La Forge)

Glacial erosion. The erosion of earth
and rocks produced by glacier ice
charged with detritus, and assisted
by glacial streams (Standard). See
Glaciation, 1.

Glacialism. The glacier theory.
(Standard)

Glacialized. Subjected to the action of
ice. (Standard)

Glacial planing and polishing. The
leveling and smoothing of rock sur-
faces by ice erosion. (Standard)

Glacial scoring. The scratching and
grooving of a rock surface by gla-
cial erosion. (Century)

Glacial scratches. See Glacial striae.

Glacial striae. 1. Usually straight,
more or less regular scratches, com-
monly parallel in sets, on smoothed
surfaces of rocks, due to glacial-
abrasion; glacial scratches. 2.
Curved, crooked, and intermittent
gouges, of irregular depth and
width, and rough definition, on cer-
tain rock-surfaces, sometimes due
to abrasion by icebergs. ( Standard )

Glacial terrace. A glacial deposit re-
arranged in terrace form. (Stand-
ard)

Glaciate. To overspread with glacial
ice, or to produce the phenomena of
rock planation, rock-scoring, drift,
etc. (Standard)

744010 O — 17 20

Glaciated. Covered by and subjected
to the action of a glacier. (La
Forge)

Glaciation. 1.' The effect produced
upon an area -through being covered
by a glacier and through the ero-
sion, transportation, and deposition
of material by the glacier. (La

• Forge)

2. The act of or result of freezing,
or the state of being frozen. ( Stand-
ard)

Glacic. Same as glacial. (Standard).

Glacier. A stream or sheet of ice,
formed by the compacting and re-
crystallization of unmelted snow ac-
cumulated to a great thickness,
flowing down a mountain valley or
outward across country in all di-
rections from a center of accumula-
tion (La Forge). When a glacier
reaches the sea it often breaks off
and forms ice bergs.

Glacier burst. The sudden release of
a reservoir of water which has been
impounded within or by a glacier.
(Century)

Glaciere (Fr.). An artificial or natu-
ral cavity, in a temperate climate,
in which a mass of ice remains un-
thawed throughout the year ; an ice
glen; ice cave. (Standard)

Glacier grain. 1. The granular tex-
ture of glacier ice. 2. One of the
grains of ice in a glacier. (Cen-
tury)

Glacier meal. See Rock flour.

Glacier milk. Water issuing from be-
neath a glacier and exhibiting a
characteristic white color due to
suspended triturated rock. (Web-
ster)

Glacier mnd, or silt'. The pulverulent
material, produced by glacial ero-
sion, that is washed out from be-
neath a glacier and deposited at
lower levels by . glacial streams.
(Standard)

Glacier snow. The compacted moun-
tain snow that is in the intermediate
stage between ordinary snow and
glacier ice. (Standard)

Glacier table. A block of stone left
and supported above the surface of
a glacier on a column of ice formed
by the melting away of the sur-
rounding glacier ice. (Webster)

306

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Glacier theory. The theory that large
elevated portions of the temperate
and frigid zones were covered dur-
ing the early Quaternary, and per-
haps during some earlier epochs, by
slowly moving ice -sheets and gla-
ciers, that tra. sported vast masses of
drift to lower latitudes, assisted by
icebergs drifting along the coast.
(Standard) No longer a theory, but.
accepted as fact.

Glacioaqueous. Pertaining to or re-
sulting from the combined action of
ice and 'water. (Standard)

Glaciofluvial. • Of, pertaining to, pro-
duced by, or resulting from com-
bined glacier action and river ac-
tion. (Standard)

Glaciolacustrine. Pertaining to or
characterized by glacial and lacus-
trine conditions. Deposits made in
lakes whose borders were affected
by glacier ice, or by water flowing
directly from glaciers. (Webster)

Glaciology. That branch of geology
which treats of glaciers, of the de-
posits formed by them, and of the
results of their action in modifying
topography. (La Forge)

Glaciomarine. Of, or relating to proc-
esses or deposits which involve the
action of glaciers and the sea, or
the action of glaciers in the sea.
(Century)

Glacure (Fr.). A thin glazing on fine
pottery. (Standard)

Glance. A term used to designate va-
rious minerals having a splendent
luster, as silver glance, lead glance,
etc. (Roy. Com.)

Glance coal. A term /or Anthracite.
(Gresley)

Glance cobalt. Same as Cobaltite.
(Standard)

Glance copper. Same as Chalcocite.
(Standard)

Glance pitch. A pure quality of as-
phalt; manjak. (Webster)

Gland. 1. (Scot.) A malleable iron
band surrounding a pipe or log and
tightened by means of bolts. (Bar-
rowman )

2. The outer portion of a stuffing
box, having a tubular projection
embracing the rod, extending into
the bore of the box, and bearing
against the packing. 3. The fixed
engaging part of a positive-driven
clutch. 4. A bar hooked at both
ends for clamping the parts of a
molder's flask. (Standard)

Gland bridge (Scot). A bar or strip
of iron to which a gland is some-
times bolted. See also Gland, 1.
(Barrowman)

Glass. 1. The amorphous result of the
quick chill of a fused lava. See
Obsidian; also Volcanic glass.
(Kemp)

2. (Eng.) A collier's word for a
dial. (Gresley)

3. A compound of silica with at
least two metallic oxides, usually
those of sodium, potassium, or lead.
It is generally transparent or trans-
lucent, is brittle and sonorous at
ordinary temperatures, and when
heated becomes soft and ductile,
finally melting. The .point of fusion
differs with its composition. It
breaks with a conchoidal (commonly
called vitreous) fracture, and is
acted on by hydrofluoric acid, but
not by ordinary solvents. (Stand-
ard)

Glassen (Local, Eng.). To coat with
or as with a glaze. (Standard)

Glass furnace. A furnace for fusing
together the materials of which glass
is made, or one for remelting glass
frit and making it ready for work-
ing. ( Standard )

Glass gall. A whitish scum cast up
from the materials of glass in fu-
sion, and removed by the aid of
shovels. ( Webster )

Glass inclusion. In crystals of igneous
rocks, an inclusion of glass or some
lithoid substance. (Standard)

Glass metal. The fused and refined
material of which glass is made.
(Century)

Glass rock. A pure cryptocrystalline
Trenton limestone in northern Illi-
nois and southern Wisconsin. (Ore
dep., p. 234)

Glass sand. An extremely pure silica
sand useful for making glass and
pottery. (Bowles)

Glass seam. A joint plane in a rock
that has been re-cemented by deposi-
tion of calcite or silica in the crack.
(Bowles)

Glass tiff. Calcite. (Power)

Glass wool. A fibrous wool-like ma-
terial, composed of fine filaments of
glass intermingled like mineral wool
(Standard). See Mineral wool.

Glauberite. A mineral, sodium-calcium
sulphate, NaaSO^CaSO*. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

307

Glauber salt. See Mirabilite.

Glancodot. Sulpharsenide of cobalt
and iron, (Co, Fe)AsS. In ortho-
rhombic crystals. Also ^nassive.
Luster metallic. A grayish tin-white
mineral. (Dana)

Glancolite. A variety of wernerite
having a blue or green tint. (Stand-
ard)

Glauconite; Greensand. Essentially a
hydrous silicate of iron and potas-
sium, but the material is usually a
mixture and consequently varies
much in composition. The potash
ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 per cent.
See also Marl. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Glaucophane. One of the . monoclinic
amphiboles. A silicate of sodium,
aluminum, iron, and magnesium. Es-
sentially NaAl(SiO.)a.(FeMg)SiO^
( Dana )

Glaucopyrite. 2. variety of lollingite
containing cobalt. (Standard)

Glazed. Containing considerable sil-
ica : said of pig iron, which is thus
made brittle and difficult to puddle.
(Standard)

Glaze kiln. A kiln for firing glazed
biscuit ware. (Standard)

Glazier. One who applies glaze to pot-
tery. (Standard)

Glazing barrel. A rotating barrel in
which gunpowder is glazed with
graphite. ( Standard )

Glazy. Vitreous; glassy; dulL Hav-
ing a glazed appearance as the frac-
tured surface of some kinds of pig
iron. (Webster)

Glebe (Gt. Brit.). A. tract of land
containing mineral (ore). (Stand-
ard)

Gleg parting. 1. (Scot.) The easy
parting of one stratum from an-
other. (Barrowman)
2. Sharp; smooth or slippery.
(Webster)

Glen. A small valley; ' a secluded
hollow among hills. (Standard)

Glessite. A resin occurring, with suc-
cinite on the shores of the Baltic;
it has a brown color and a specific
gravity of 1.015 to 1.027. (Bacon)

Gliding. A change of form by dif-
ferential movements along definite
planes in crystals without fracture.
(C. K. Leith, Bull. 239, U. S. Geol.
Surv., p. 138)

Gliding planes. Directions parallel to
which a slipping of the molecules

may take place under the applica-
tion of mechanical force, as by pres-
sure (Dana). Also called Glide
planes.

Glimmer. Mica (Standard). See
Glist, 1.

Glimmering. As applied to the degree
of lustre of minerals, means those
which afford an imperfect reflection,
and apparently from points over the
surface, as flint, chalcedony (Dana).
Compare Glistening.

Glist. 1. (Corn.) Mica. (Raymond)

2. A gleam; sparkle. (Webster)

3. (Eng.) A dark, shining mineral
resembling black tourmaline. (Stand-
ard)

Glistening. As applied to the degree
of lustre of a mineral means those
minerals affording a general reflec-
tion from the surface, but no image,
as talc, chalcopyrite (Dana). Com-
pare Glimmering.

Glister (Va.). To increase the heat
of (a brick-kiln) by stirring the fire
and supplying fuel. (Standard)

Glit (Scot). The slime of a river
bed. (Standard)

Globe valve. 1. A valve with approxi-
mately a spherical chamber. 2. A
valve in which a ball is pressed
against a seat to close it (Stand-
ard)

Globulite: 1. A very minute droplike
body, the simplest kind of a crystal-
lite. (Webster)

2. A tiny, rounded, incipient crystal
form visible in some volcanic glasses
when they are examined in thin
sections under a microscope. (Ran-
some)

Glockerite. A mineral, 2Fe»O..SO«.-
6H2O. Massive, sparry, earthy, or
stalactitic. Color, brown to ocher-
yellow to pitch black; dull green.
(Dana)

Glpmeroporphyritic. A textural term
proposed by Tate for those porphy-
ritic rocks whose feldspar pheno-
crysts are made up of an aggregate
of individuals instead of one large
crystal. Compare Ocellar. (Kemp)

Gloom. A stove for drying gunpowder ;
drying oven. (Standard)

Glory hole. 1. A Inrpre open pit from
which ore is or has been extracted
(Weed). Sec also Milling.
2. An opening through which to ob-
serve- the interior of a furnace.
(Standard)

308

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Glory-hole system. A method of min-
ing using a system of haulageways
beneath the block of ore, which has
had its top surface exposed by the
removal of the overburden. Con-
necting with the haulageways are
chutes that extend up to the sur-
face, and are spaced at intervals of
50 ft., or at any other convenient
distance. The excavation of the ore
begins at the top of the chute, and
the broken ore is removed by load-
ing it out from the chutes into carg
on the haulage level. The ore block
is worked from the top down. The
method is similar in principle to
underhand stoping (Young). Also
called Milling system and Chute
system.

Glossary. A collection of notes or ex-
planations of words and passages of
a work or author; a partial diction-
ary of a work, an author, a dialect,
aft, or science, explaining archaic,
technical, or other uncommon words.
( Webster ) In addition, this glossary
contains provincialisms and local
terms used by miners, as well as
many words originating in other in-
dustries but adapted to the mining
and mineral industry.

Gloss coal. A variety of brown coal,
compact, deep black, with conchoidal
fracture well developed, possessing
a resinous to glossy and metallic
luster. It is the hardest and most
compact of the lignites; its specific
gravity varies from 1.2 to 1.5. (Ba-
con)

Glost, In ceramics, lead glaze used in
the manufacture of pottery. ( Stand-
ard)

Glost oven. In ceramics, a glazing-
kiln. (Standard)

Glover's tower. In sulphuric-acid
works, a tower through which the
acid from the Gay-Lussac tower
trickles and yields nitrous anhy-
dride to the gases entering the lead-
chambers, at the same time cooling
them. (Standard)

Glow. The incandescence of a heated
substance, or the light from such a
substance; white or red heat; as,
the glow of melted iron ; the glow of
embers. ( Standard )

Olucinum. An element occurring only
in combination in a few compara-
tively rare minerals, as beryl, chry-
soberyl. A silver-white malleable
metal. Symbol, Gl; atomic weight,
9.1. Specific gravity, 1.8 (Webster).
Called Beryllium by German chem-
ists.

Gluing rock. A ferruginous clay ly-
ing above a coal stratum, and which
may be mined at the same time as
the coal. (Standard)

Glut. 1. (Newc.) A piece of wood,
used to fill up behind cribbing or
tubbing. (Raymond)
2. A wooden wedge. 3. A small
brick or block to fill up a course;
also an unburned pressed brick.
(Standard)

Glyptic. In mineralogy, exhibiting fig-
ures. (Standard)

Glyptography. 1. The art, process, or
operation of engraving on precious
stones or the like. 2. A description
of or treatise on gem-engraving ; the
knowledge or study of engraved
gems. (Standard)

Glyptolith. A faceted pebble polished
by wind action. (Lahee, p. 44)

G. M. B. (Eng.). " Good merchantable
brand," as applied to copper by the
Metal Exchange. (Skinner)

Gmelins blue. See Ultramarine, 2.

Gneiss. A layered crystalline rock
with a more or less well-developed
cleavage, but without the fissility of
schist. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The
commonest varieties are micargireiss,
consisting of feldspar, quartz, and
mica ; and hornblende-gneiss, con-
sisting of feldspar, quartz, and horn-
blende. (Roy. Com.)

Gneissic; Gneissoid. Having the ap-
pearance or character of gneiss.
(Ransome) .

Gnomonic projection. A projection
made on a plane tangent to a sphere.
(A, F. Rogers)

Goaf; Gob. 1. That part of a mine
from which the coal has been
worked away and the space more or
less filled up. 2. The refuse or
waste left in the mine. (Woodson)

Goafing. Same as Goaf, 2.
Goaves. Old wordings. (Raymond)

Geb. 1. The common American term
for goaf. 2. Any pile of loose waste
in a mine. 3. To leave coal and
other minerals that are not market-
able in the mine. 4. To stow or
pack any useless underground road-
way with rubbish. (Steel)
5. To choke, as a furnace gobs up.
(Webster)

Gobbet. A block of stone. (Standard)

Gobbin (Leic.). A contraction of gob-
bing. See Goaf, also Gob.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

309

Gobbing. See Gob, 3, 4 and 5. The
term Gobbing-up is also used
synonymously.

Gobbing slate. A thick layer of slate
between two seams of coal. The
lower seam is mined and the upper
seam and the slate shot down, the
coal loaded out and then the slate
gobbed. (Thacker v. Shelby Coal
Min. Co., 197 S. W. Kept. p. 633)

Gob entry. A wide entry with a heap
of refuse or gob along one side.
(Steel)

Gob-fire. Fire originating spontane-
ously from the heat of decomposing
gob (Chance). Also called Breed-
ing-fire.

Gob road (Eng.). A gallery or road
extended through goaf or gob.
(Gresley) •

Gob-road system (Eng.). A form of
the longwall system of working coal,
in which all the main and branch
roadways are made and maintained
in the goaves. (Century)

Gob room. Space left for stowing gob.
(Steel)

Gob stink (Aust). The odor from the
burning coal given off by an under-
ground fire. (Power)

Gob-np (Eng.). See Gob, 4 and 5.

Gob wall. A rough wall of flat stones
built to prevent the piles of gob from
obstructing the passage of air.

rsteen

Go-devil. 1. A scraper with self-ad-
justing spring blades, inserted in a
pipe line and carried forward by the
fluid pressure, clearing away ac-
cumulations from the walls of the
pipe. 2. In the oil country this term
is also applied to device for explod-
ing the nitro-glycerin used to shoot
an oil well. (Redwood)
3. A rude sledge upon which one end
of a log is borne, the other end trail-
ing on the ground; tieboy; also a
rough, strong wagon used in the
woods and about quarries. (Stand-
ard)

Godfrey furnace. A furnace with an
annular hearth for roasting sulphide
ores. Used in Wales. (Ingalls, p.
118)

Godong (Malay). A warehouse; also
called Godown.

Oodown. A corruption of the Malay
ffodong, meaning a warehouse. (Web-
ster)

Goffan; Goffen (Corn.). A long nar-
• row surface - working (Raymond).
See also Coffin.

Gog (Eng.). A bog. (Standard)

Gogo (Philippines). A plant whose
juice is said to catch fine gold.
(Lock)

Going (Scot). Working, e. g., a going
place. A room in course of being
worked. (Barrowman)

Going bord (No. of Eng.). A bord
( room ) down which coal is trammed,
or one along which the coal from
several working places is conveyed
into the main haulage. (Gresley)

Going headway. A headway or bord
laid with rails, and used for con-
veying the coal cars to and from the
face. (C. and M. M. P.)

Gold. A metallic element of charac-
teristic yellow color. The most mal-
leable and ductile of all metals and
one of the heaviest - substances
known. Symbol, Au ; atomic weight,
197.2. Specific gravity, 19.2 to 10.4.

Gold amalgam. 1. A variety of native
gold containing mercury. (Stand-
ard)
2. See Amalgam, 3.

Gold beater. One who makes gold leaf.
( Standard ^

Goldbeaters' mold. A pack composed of
several .hundred goldbeaters' skins,
having between them partly beaten
gold foil to be hammered out into
gold leaf. (Standard)

Goldbeaters' skin. The outer coat of.
the caecum of the ox, prepared for
the use of the goldbeater. (Stand-
ard)

Gold brick. A pretended or real brick
or bar of gold, sold by a swindler to
his victim, to whom is delivered the
spurious brick or some substitute
for the genuine one ; hence, anything
purchased as valuable which proves
to be almost or quite valueless.
(Webster)

Gold digger. One who digs for or
mines gold. This word is almost
exclusively used to designate placer
miners. Those engaged in mining In
solid rock are called quartz miners.
(Century)

310

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gom diggings. A region where gold is
found mixed with sand or gravel
(Standard). See Diggings.

Gold dust. Fine particles of gold, such
as are obtained in placer mining. An
impure dust is sometimes called com-
mercial dust. (Webster)

Golden gate
table.

table. See End-bump

Golden ocher. 1. A native ocher. 2.
A mixture of -light-yellow ocher,
chrome yellow and whiting. ( Stand-
ard)

Gold fever. A mania for seeking gold :
applied specifically to the excitement
caused by the discovery of gold in
California in 1848-49. (Standard)

Goldfiedite. A sulphantimonide of cop-
per in which part of the antimony is
replaced by arsenic and bismuth and
part of the sulphur by tellurium.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Gold field. A region where gold is
found. (Standard)

Gold-filled. Denoting an extra heavy
or thick plate of gold on a base
metal, as in watch-making. Com-
pare Rolled plate. (Standard)

Gold foil. Gold beaten or rolled very
thin. (Webster)

Gold latten. 1. Very thin sheet gold.
2. Any thin sheet brass or other
metal gilded. (Standard)

Gold mine. 1. A mine containing or
yielding gold. It may be either in
solid rock (quartz mine) or in allu-
vial deposits (placer mine). 2. Any
investment yielding or furnishing
great profit.

Gold purple. Purple of Cassius. (Web-
ster)

Goldschmidt's process. 1. The thermite
process of welding. See Thermite.
2. The reduction of a metal" by mix-
ing its oxide with powdered alumi-
num and igniting. (Webster)

Goldsmith's window (Aust.). A slang
term for a rich mining claim.
(Standard)

Gold solder. A kind of solder contain-
ing twelve parts gold, two of silver
and four of copper. (Webster)

Goldstone. Aventurine in which the
gold spangles are very close and
fine, giving it the appearance of a
natural jewel. See Aventurine.
(Webster)

Gold telluride. See Sylvanite; Calav-
erite ; Krennerite.

Gold wash. A place where gold is
washed : used chiefly in the plural.
(Standard)

Gold washer. 1. A sweater of gold
coin. 2. One who recovers gold by
washing away the dirt from aurif-
erous gravel, in a pan, cradle or the
like. Also a mechanical device for
this purpose. (Webster)

Gold washing. Act or process of wash-
ing auriferous soil for gold ; also a
place where this is carried on (Web-
ster). See also Diggings.

Gold work. 1. Act or art of working
gold. 2. A place where gold is
mined, washed, or worked. (Web-
ster)

Gole. 1. A sluice or floodgate. 2. A
small stream ; ditch. 3. A hollow
betweeii hills; vale. (Standard)

Golpeador (Mex.). The striker, in
hand drilling. (Dwight)

Gompholite. See Nagelfluh.

Gondola. 1. (U. S.) A long platform
railroad car, either having no sides
or very low sides. (Webster)
2. A large flat-bottomed river-boat
of light build. (Standard)

Gong metal. An alloy from which Ori-
ental gongs are made, as one of 78
parts copper, and 22 parts tin.
(Webster)

G6ngora (Colom.). A cavity or vug in
a lode. (Halse)

Goniometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the angles of crystals. (Web-
ster)

Goodletite (Aust.). The matrix rock
in which rubies are found embedded.
(Standard)

Good levels (Corn.). Levels nearly
horizontal. ( Raymond )

Good roasting. Complete roasting.
( Raymond )

Good-shooting coal (Ark.). Coal that
can be shot "off the solid" with a
large proportion of lump coal and
little slack. (Steel)

Goose. 1. (Forest of Dean) A water
barrel or tub. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) A platform carrier for
handling coal tubs or cars on steeply
inclined roads. (Webster)

Gooseberry stone. A pale yellowish va-
riety of garnet included under the
term jrrossuhirite. (Webster)

Goose brae (Scot.). Sec Cuddy-brae.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

311

Goose-dung ore. An inferior grade of
iron sinter containing silver. Called
also Goose silver ore.

Gooseneck. A bent pipe or tube hav-
ing a swivel joint, so that its outer
end may be revolved. (Standard)

Goose silver ore. See Goose-dung ore.

Goosing (Cal.). In hydraulic mining,
driving the gravel forward with' the
stream from the giant. The reverse
of drawing. (Hanks)

Gopher; Gopher-drift. An irregular
prospecting drift following or seek-
ing the ore without regard to main-
tenance of a regular grade or sec-
tion. (Raymond)

Gopher hole. 1. Same as a coyote
hole. It is sometimes used as a des-
ignation for any horizontally drilled
hole, usually on a level with the
mine or quarry floor (Du Pont).
(Bartnes v. Pittsburgh Iron Ore Co.,
143 Northwestern, p. 117; Spino v.
Butler, 113 Minnesota, p. 326; 129
N. W. Kept., p. 590)
2. A small irregular prospect hole
in mining (Standard). See Gopher.

Gopher-hole blasting. A term applied
in the Middle West and West to a
method of blasting rock by means of
charges placed in small tunnels
driven into the quarry face at floor
level. It is knpwn as "tunnel blast-
ing" in the East. (Bowles)

Gophering. Prospecting work confined
to digging shallow pits or starting
adits. Term used from similarity of
this work to the crooked little holes
dug in the soil by gophers. (Weed)

Gorge. 1. A narrow passage between
hills ; a ravine. 2. A jam ; as, an
ice-gorge. (Standard)

Gorra. (Mex.). A miner's hat of felt,
stiffened with pitch. (Dwight)

Gorr6n. 1. (Peru) The lower pivot of
the vertical shaft in an ore-grinding
mill. (Dwight)

2. (Sp.) A round smooth pebble.
(Halse)

Goshenite. A colorless beryl. (Dana)

Goslarite. Native white vitriol or
zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O. (Dana)

Gossan. A ferruginous deposit filling
the upper parts of mineral veins or
forming a superficial cover on masses
of pyrite. It consists principally
of hydrated oxide of iron, and has
resulted from the oxidation and re-
moval of the sulphur as well as the

copper, etc. (Roy. Com.). Also
spelled Gozzan. Iron-hat is also a
synonym.

Gossaniferous. Containing or produc-
ing gossan. (Century)

Gossany lode. A lode filled with gos-
san. (Power)

Gotear (Mex.). To drip gently; to
leak. (Dwight)

Gothic groove. A groove of Gothic-
arch section in a roll. (Raymond)

Gothite; Goethite. A hydrous oxide
mineral of iron, Fe2O3.H2O. (Dana)

Goths (Staff.). Sudden burstings of
coal from the face,' owing to tension
caused by unequal pressure (C. and
M. M. P.) The term " air blast " is
sometimes used in metal mines,
especially in South Africa.

Got-on-knobs (So. Staff.). A system
of working thick coal, being a kind
of bord-and-pillar plan, the main
roadways being first driven to the
boundary. (Gresley)

Gotten (Mid.). Said of a worked out
or exhausted mine. (Gresley)

Gouge. 1. A layer of soft material
along the wall of a vein, favoring
the miner, by enabling him after
"gouging" it out with a pick, to at-
tack the solid vein fro^n the side
(Raymond). See Selvage, also Flu-
can.

2. (Nova Scotia) A narrow band
of gold-bearing slate next the vein,
which can be extracted by a thin,
long-pointed stick. (Lock)

3. To work a mine without plan or
system. 4. To contract the face of
(a mine working) by neglecting to

keep the sides cut away. ( Standard )

Gouge slip. An oilstone or hone for
sharpening gouges or chisels (Cen-
tury). See also Slip stone.

Gouging. In placer mining, an oper-
ation similar to ground sluicing.
Also called Booming. (Weatherbe)

Gouging shot. A gripping shot or
opening shot used to make the first
opening in a straight-room face, or
to start a break through. See Shot
(Steel)

Gonnce (Corn.). A frame made of

boards in which small tin ore is

washed in a stream of water. A
strake. (Pryce)

Gcutwatei (Forest of Dean). Mine
water containing hydrogen sulphide,
H,S. (Gresley)

812

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Governor. 1. A device for regulating
the speed of an engine or motor
under varying conditions of load
and pressure. 2. A device for regu-
lating the flow or pressure of a fluid,
as gas or water. (Standard)

Gow (Scot). A blacksmith. (Stand-
ard)

Gowan. Decomposed granite. (Stand-
ard)

Gowl (Derb.). To break down, as the
roof and sides are said to gowl or
gowl out when they fall. (Gresley)

Goyazite. Perhaps
In small rounded grains. A yellow-
ish white mineral. From Brazil
(Dana)

Goyder and Laughton process. A flo-
tation process (1905) that was a
variation of the Potter-Delprat proc-
ess. It was used at Broken Hill,
N. S. W. (Liddell)

Gozzan (Eng.). See Gossan.

Grab. An instrument for extricating
broken boring tools from a bore
hole. (Gresley)

Grabau process. A method of obtain-
ing aluminum from cryolite. (Goesel,
P. 91.)

Graben. A depressed tract -of land
caused by faults. (Webster)

Grabhooks. Hooks used in lifting
blocks of stone. They are used in
pairs connected with a chain, and
are so constructed that the tension
of the chain causes them to adhere
firmly to the rock. (Bowles)

Grab iron. See Grab.

Grab sample. A sample of ore or coal
taken at random, such as may be ob-
tained by taking small amounts at
different places on a car or pile of
ore or coal.

Grace o' God (Eng.). An accidental
discovery of a vein of ore. (Bain-
bridge)

Grada (Sp.). A single stope; O. in-
vertida, an overhand stope ; O. de-
recha, an underhand stope. (Halse)

Gradation. .In geology, the bringing of
a surface or a stream bed to grade,
through erosion, transportation, and
deposition by running water. (La
Forge). See Aggradation and Deg-
radation.

Grade. 1. The amount of fall or in-
clination in ditches, flumes, roads,
etc. 2. To prepare a roadway of
more uniform slope. 3. A filling

made in improving a roadway.
(Steel)

4. An ore which carries a great or
comparatively small amount of valu-
able metal is called respectively a
high- or low-grade ore. 5. The de-
gree of strength of a high explosive.
Those above 40 per cent nitroglyc-
erin are arbitrarily designated as
high-grade and those below 40 tjer
cent strength as low-grade dyna-
mites. (Du Pont)
6. In geology, that slope of the bed of
a stream, or of a surface over which
water flows, upon which the current
can just transport its load, without
either eroding or depositing. (La
Forge)

Graded. In geology, brought to or
established at grade, through the ac-
tion of running water carrying a
load of sediment, by eroding or de-
grading at some places and deposit-
ing or aggrading in other places.
(La Forge)

Grader. One who or that which
grades ; a person, implement, or ap-
paratus employed in grading streets,
etc., as, a road-grader. (Standard)

Gradient. 1. Rising or descending by
regular degrees of inclination. 2. A
part of a road which slopes upward
or downward ; a grade. 3. The rate
of increase or decrease of a variable
magnitude, or the curve that repre-
sents it. (Webster)

Gradienter. A surveyor's instrument,
consisting of a small telescope
mounted on a tripod and fitted with
a spirit level and a graduated verti-
cal arc, used for determining grades,
etc. Called also Grading instru-
ment. Sometimes spelled Gradi-
entor. (Standard)

Gradient post. A post or stnke indi-
cating by its height or by marks on
it the grade of a railroad, highway,
or embankment, etc., at that spot
(Webster). A grade stake.

Grading test. See Screen analysis.
Grado (Mex.). Degree. (Dwight)

Graduador (Mex.). A manometer, or
blast gage. (Dwight)

Graduated tile. Roofing tile for cover-
ing curved surfaces, such as a round
tower, circular bays, and other cir-
cular roofs. (Ries)

Graduation. The method or system of
dividing a graduated scale; also,
one of the equal divisions or one of
the dividing lines in such a scale.
(Standard) •

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

313

Graduator. 1. An apparatus for evapo-
rating a liquid by causing it to flow
over large surfaces wliile exposed to
a current of air. 2. A dividing en-
gine. (Standard)

Graffito (Italy). In ceramics, pottery
decorated with scratches or scorings.
Also called Graffito ware. (Stand-
ard)

Grafito (Sp.). Graphite; plumbago.
(Halse)

Grafting spade (Eng.). A long nar-
row spade for digging clay. (Gres-
ley)

Grafting tool. A very strong curved
spade used in ditch digging. ( Stand-
ard)

Grahamite. A hydrocarbon resem-
bling albertite in its jet-black lus-
ter. Is soluble in carbon disulphide
and chloroform but not in alcohol,
and is fusible. Occurs in veinlike
masses. Specific gravity 1.145. Has
conchoidal fracture and is brittle.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Grail. Gravel or sand; anything in
fine particles. (Standard)

Grain. 1. A second direction of split-
ting, less pronounced ' than the rift
and usually at right angles to it.
(Bowles)

2. ( Eug. ) Of coal, the lines of struc-
ture or parting parallel with the
main gangways and hence crossing
the breasts. (Raymond)

3. A unit of weight equal to 0.0648
part of a gram, 0.000143 part of an
avoirdupois pound, and 0.04167 part
of a pennyweight. A grain of fine
gold has a value of 4.306 cents or
2.125 pence. (Lindgren, p. 20)

4. In petrology, that factor of the
texture of a rock composed of dis-
tinct particles or crystals which de-
pends upon their absolute size. (La
Forge)

Grain gold. Gold that has become
granular in the process of heating.
(Standard)

Grain tin. 1. (Corn.) Crystalline tin
ore (Raymond). Oxide of tin in
the form • of grains or pebbles.
(Hunt)

2. The purest and finest white tin,
smelted with charcoal. (Century)

Graith; Grathe.. 1. (No. of Eng.) To
replace, repair, dress, or put in or-
der (Gresley). Probably a varia-
tion of grade.

2. (Scot) A miner's tools; horse
harness. (Barrowman).
Gram; Gramme. A unit of weight in
the metric system equal to 15.432
grains, 0.643 pennyweight, 0.03215
troy ounce, 0.035274 avoirdupois
ounce, and has a fine gold value of
66.45 cents or 2.73275 shillings.
(Lindgren, p. 20)

Gram-centimeter. A unit of work ; the
work done in raising the weight of
one gram vertically one centimeter;
981 ergs. (Standard)

Gram-degree. Same as Calory (Stand-
ard). See Calorie.

Grammatite. Same as Tremolite.
(Standard)

Grampus (U. S.). The tongs with
which bloomery loups and billets
are handled. (Raymond)

Granada (Sp.). Garnet. (Halse)

Granalla (Sp.). Grains of metal; fil-
ings; grains of melted gold found
in Indian graves. * (Halse)

Granate. 1. (Sp.) Garnet; a syno-
nym for Granada. 2. (Mex.) Crys-
tallized cinnabar. (Halse)

Granceo (Sp.). The operation of
crushing ore. (Halse)

Granif orm. Formed like a grain ; com-
posed of grains or granules. (Stand-
ard)

Granite. 1. A granular igneous rock
composed essentially of quartz, or-
thoclase or microcline, and mica.
Commonly a part of the feldspar is
plagioclase. The mica may be either
biotite or muscovite or both. Horn-
blende is a common, and augite
an uncommon, component. Apatite,
zircon, and magnetite are always
present, generally as very small in-
dividuals. Commercially, almost all
compact igneous rocks are called
granite as distinguished from slate,
sandstone, and marble. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. )

Granite family. The group of crystal-
line, homogeneous or non-foliated
rocks resembling granite, such as
syenite, quartz - syenite, granitite,
and all varieties of granite itself.
(Roy. Com.)

Granitelle. A granite with compara-
tively little mica, so that it consists
almost entirely of quartz and feld-
spar; binary granite. It has been
also used by R. D. Irving for augite-
granite. (Kemp)

314

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Granite-porphyry. Practically a
quartz - porphyry with a coarsely
crystalline groundmass and prepon-
derating phenocrysts. The chief
phenocrysts are, however, feldspar.
(Kemp)

Granite ware. 1. A fine, very hard pot-
tery resembling ironstone china. 2.
Pottery having a variegated surface
resembling or suggesting the mark-
ings of granite. (Standard)
3. A kind of ironware, coated with
an enamel suggesting granite. (Web-
ster)

Granitic. Characteristic of, composed
of, pertaining' to, or resembling
granite. (La Forge)

Graniticoline. Growing upon or at-
tached to granite, as lichens. (Cen-
tury)

Granitification. The act of forming
into granite, or the state or process
of being formed into granite. (Cen-
tury)

Granitite. Biotitic granite. It is much
the commonest of the granites.
(Kemp)

Granito (Sp.). Granite. (Halse)

Granitoid. A textural term to de-
scribe those igneous rocks which are
entirely composed of recognizable
minerals of approximately the same
size. It was suggested by granite,
the most familiar of the rocks which
show this characteristic. In the
granitoid texture each kind of min-
eral appears in but one generation,
and the individuals seldom have
crystal boundaries (Kemp). See
also Granular.-

Grano (Sp.). A grain; G. de oro, a
grain of gold. (Halse)

Granodiorite. A term which has been
given special currency by the usage
of the U. S. Geological Survey, and
which is employed for the interme-
dite rocks between granites and
quartz-diorites. It is a contraction
for granite-diorite and is a very use-
ful rock name. Compare Adamellite.
(Kemp)

Granolith. An artificial stone of
crushed granite and cement used for
paving. (Webster)

Granophyre. A descriptive term used
in connection with microscopic
study to describe those groundmasses
in quartz-porphyries and microgran-
ites in which the quartz and feld-
spar crystals have simultaneously

crystallized so as to mutually pene-
trate each other. Micropegmatitic
is synonymous (Kemp). The term
is but little used.

Granophyric. In petrology, porphyritlc
with a granular groundmass. (La
Forge)

Grant (Eng.). A tract of land leased
or ceded for mining purposes.
(Pryce)

Granular. Composed of approximately
equal grains, either crystalline in
outline or rounded by attrition ; spe-
cifically, in igneous rocks, composed
of grains of constituent minerals,
each of which has been formed in
but one definite stage of the crystal-
lization. (Standard)

Granular quartz. Same as Quartzite.
(Dana)

Granulate. To form into grains or
small particles, as gunpowder, zinc,
etc. (Standard)

Granulated. In ceramics, stippled
with a brush in imitation of gran-
ules; spotted ; mottled. (Standard)

Granulated steel. Steel made from pig
iron by a process in which the first
step is the granulation of the iron.
(Standard)

Granulating machine. 1. A device for
reducing metal in a liquid form to
fine grain. In a common method the
hot metal is dropped on the face of
a rapidly revolving disk, which scat-
ters it centrifugally in minute par-
ticles. 2. An apparatus for reducing
a powder cake to gunpowder.
(Standard)

Granulation. 1. The state or process
of being formed into grains or small
particles. From Latin granum, a
grain (Rickard). A term used in
metallurgy.

2. The process of separating into
various sizes the particles of blast-
ing powder. (Du Pont)

Granule. A little grain; a small par-
ticle. (Webster)

Granulite. Properly speaking, a moder-
ately fine-grained metamorphic rock
composed chiefly of quautz and feld-
spar, but commonly containing some
garnet (La Forge). Sometimes the
name is less correctly used for mus-
covite granite, or for granites con-
taining little else than quartz and
feldspar (Kemp). Compare White-
stone, 2.

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

315

Grannlltic. In petrology, character-
istic of, composed of, pertaining to,
or resembling granulite. ( La Forge )

Granza. 1. (Sp.) In California
quicksilver mining, second-grade ore
obtained in small lumps. (Stand-
ard)

2. (Mex.) Any metallic mineral
from the size of rice to that of hen's
eggs (Dwight). Used in the plu-
ral.

Granzear (Mex.). To crush ore into a
flue powder by two large stones.
(Raise)

Graphic. In petrology, characterized
by the mutual interpenetration, com-
monly in parallel orientation, of the
crystals of two minerals, especially
quartz and feldspar; said of the
texture of some igneous rocks. (La
Forge)

Graphic gold. Crystals of sylvanite
arranged regularly so as to simulate
symbols (Standard). Called also
Graphic tellurium.

Graphic granite. A variety of binary
granite in which the quartz is dis-
posed in the feldspar in such a way
that in cross section it has some re-
semblance to Hebrew and cuneiform
writing, and from this circumstance
derives its name. (Roy. Com.)

Graphic ore. Same as Sylvanite.

(Standard)
Graphic tellurium. See Graphic gold.

Graphite. 1. A soft, steel-gray to
black, more or less impure, native
form of carbon (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
The name of the mineral is often
prefixed to the names of rocks con-
taining it, as graphite-gneiss, graph-
ite-schist, etc. (Kemp)
2. Called also black lead and plum-
bago, because it is used for marking,
although lead does not enter into its
composition.

Graphitic carbon. That portion of the
carbon in iron or steel which is
present as graphite. (Raymond)

Grapholite. Any species of slate suit-
able to be written on. (Webster)

Graplin. See Grapnel, 2.

Grapnel. 1. An implement for remov-
ing the core left by an annular drill
in a bore hole, or for recovering
tools, fragments, etc., fallen into the
hole. (Raymond)
2. A small anchor with four or five
flukes or claws: a grappling iron.
(Webster)

8. A heavy tongs used in handling
large logs, stones, etc. (Standard)

Grappel. Sec Grapnel, 1.

Grappling iron. An instrument con-
sisting of several iron or steel claws
for grappling and holding fast to
something. (Century). Sec also
Grapnel, 1.

Grasa (Mex.). Slag from smelting
operations. (Dwight)

Grasero (Mex.). Slag pile. (Dwight)

Grass (Corn.). The surface over a
mine. Bringing ores to grass is tak-
ing them out of the mine. (Ray-
mond)

Grass captain (Eng.). An overseer of
the workmen above ground (1'ryce).
A surface foreman.

Grass crop (Scot). The outcrop of a
vein. ( Barrowman )

Grasshopper engine (Scot). A beam
engine having one end of the beam
supported on a rocking fulcrum.
(Barrowman)

Grass roots. A miner's terra equiva-
lent to the surface (Roy. Com.)
'From grass roots down' is from
the grass roots to the bed rock.
(Martin v. Eagle Dev. Co., 41 Ore-
gon, p. 456; 69 Pacific, p. 216)

Grate. 1. (Corn.) See Screen, 1, "as
applied to stamps. (Raymond)
2. A frame, bed, or a kind of basket
of iron bars for holding fuel while
burning. (Wrebster)

Grate bar. 1. A bar forming part of
a fire grate. (Standard)
2. One of the bars forming a coarse
screen or grizzley.

Grate coal. Coal which will pass
through bars 3J to 4i inches apart
and over 2^-inch round holes; also
called Broken coal. In Arkansas the
bars are 7 inches apart and the holes
3 inches to 3i inches in diameter.
(Steel)

Grate room. A compartment of a glass
furnace, with grated bottom for
holding the fire. (Standard)

Grate surface. The area of the sur-
face of the grate of a steam boiler,
or any part of it. (Standard)

Grating. 1. The plate of perforated
metal, or a wire sieve, fixed in the
openings in mortar of stamp mills
(Roy. Com.). A heavy screen,
2. The act of sorting ores by passing
them through grates. (Standard)

Gravel. Small stones and pebbles or a
mixture of sand and small stones;
more specifically, fragments of rock
worn by the action of air and water,
larger and coarser than sand. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

316

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Gravel mine. A placer mine; a body
of sand or gravel containing par-
ticles of gold. (Skinner) See also
Gravel pit.

Gravel pit. A pit from which gravel
is obtained. (Standard)

Gravel plain (tundra) placers. Placers
along the coastal plain of Seward
Peninsula, Alaska. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33)

Gravel powder. Very coarse gunpow-
der. (Standard)

Gravel stone. A pebble; a calculus.
(Webster)

Gravel wall (War.;. The junction of
a coal seam with overlapping, or
unconformable, rocks.' (Gresley)

Grave-wax. See Hatchettite.

Graveyard shift. A term used in the
Western States for the night shift,
usually beginning at 11 o'clock p. m.
See Dying shift ; also Dog-watch.

Gravimeter. 1. An instrument for
measuring the force or acceleration
of gravity. Called also Gravity
meter. 2. An instrument of deter-
mining specific gravities, particu-
larly of liquids. See Hydrometer.
(Standard)

Gravimetric analysis. The quantita-
tive determination of the constitu-
ents of a compound by weight ; con-
trasted with Volumetric analysis.
(Standard)

Gravitation. See Law of gravitation.

Gravity battery. In electricity, a two-
fluid battery in which the fluids are
separated by their different specific
gravities. (Standard)

Gravity fault. See Fault.

Gravity plane. A tramline laid at
such an angle that full skips run-
ning down hill will pull up the emp-
ties. (Power)

Gravity railroad. A railroad in which
the cars descend by their own
weight; an inclined railroad.
(Standard)

Gravity solution. A solution used to
separate the different mineral con-
stituents of rocks by their specific
gravities, as the solution of mer-
curic iodide in potassium iodide hav-
ing a maximum specific gravity of
3.19. (Standard)

Gravity stamp. A stamp, usually set
in batteries of five, in which the
piston is raised by a cam, the stamp

crushing the charge in the mortar
by its weight, when allowed to fall.
(Weed)

Gray antimony. See Stibnite.

Grayback (Aust.). A local name for
minor cleats that cross the main
cleat. (Power)

Grayband. A variety of sandstone for
sidewalks; flagstone. (Standard)

Gray beds (No. of Eng.). A stratum
formed by a mixture of shale and
sand. (Power)

Gray cobalt. Smaltite.

Gray copper. See Tetrahedrite.

Grayheads (Aust.). Joints in the
rolling country of the Southern
Coalfield of N. S. W., which run
parallel with the longer axis of a
roll ; these joints are generally
coated with a whitish substance.
(Power)

Gray hematite. See Specularite.

Gray iron. A cast iron containing
much graphitic carbon. (Standard)

Gray manganese. See Manganite.

Gray metal. Shale of a grayish color.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Gray ore (Corn.). Copper glance.
See Tetrahedrite. (Raymond)

Gray post (Eng.). Sandstone of a
gray color. (G. C. Green well)

Grays (Som.). Hard siliceous sand-
stone. (Gresley)

Gray slag. The slag from the Flint-
shire lead furnace. It is rich in
lead. \( Raymond)

Gray's tester. An instrument used for
determining the flashing point of
heavy oils. (Mitzakis)

Graystone. A grayish, or greenish,
compact rock, composed of feldspar
and augite and allied to basalt.
(Webster)

Graywacke; Grauwacke. 1. An old
name of loose signification, applied
to metamorphosed, shaly sandstones
that yield a tough, irregularly
breaking rock, different from slate
on the one hand and from quartzite
on the other. The components of
graywacke may be largely bits of
rocks, rntlier than fragments of min-
erals. (Kemp)

2. A variety of sandstone containing
abundant grains of biotite, horn-
blende, magnetite, etc. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

317

Oraywacke slate. Micaceous and
sandy, fine-grained, slaty, or shaly
rocks: formerly so-called. (Stand-
ard)

Graywether. Qne of numerous frag-
ments or blocks of sandstone and
conglomerate, covering large tracts
in Dorsetshire and Wiltshire, Eng-
land, supposed to be remnants of
eroded Tertiary strata. Called
also Druidical, Sarsen, and Saracen
stones. ( Standard )

Grazon. 1. (Sp.) A fragment of ore
which does not pass through a
screen. 2. (Venez.) Pisolitic brown
hematite. (Halse)

Grease. 1. Properly speaking, this
term should only be applied to fatty
or oily matter of animal origin ; but
mixtures of mineral oil with lime-
and soda-soaps constitute well-
known lubricating greases. (Bacon)
2. Animal fat when soft. Also any-
thing oily or unctuous. From the
French graisse. A term used in the
flotation process. (Rickard)

Grease box. A box containing fat or
grease to lubricate a bearing. (Web-
ster)

Grease pet. The third of a series of
vats used in tinning sheet-iron or
steel. (Standard)

Greaser. 1. A person who oils or
greases the mine cars. (Steel)

2. An automatic apparatus which
greases the axles of skips as they
pass. (Power)

3. A slang name for a Mexican or
Spanish-American. (Webster)

Greasy. Applied to the luster of min-
erals. Having the luster of oily
glass, as elaeolite. (Dana)

Greasy bleas (Scot). See Creeshy
bleas.

Greasy gold. Fine gold. (Megraw,

P. 2)
Greasy quartz. Milk quartz. (Power)

Great coal (Scot). Large pieces of
selected coal. In the East of Scot-
land, the coal was formerly divided
into four grades, great coal, chews,
lime coal, and panwood. (Barrow-
man)

Greave. A ditch. (Standard)

Greda. 1. (Sp.) Fuller's earth ; a soft
friable earth which absorbs grease.
2. Marl, chalk. 3. (Venez.) I'ay

• gravel; alluvial gold. 4. (Colpm.)
A carboniferous schist containing
nodular pieces of iron ore. (Halse)

Grede (Venez.) A yellow iron-stained
clay. (Duryee)

Greek (Scot). Grit; the texture of a
hard rock; coarse sandstone. (Bar-
rowman )

Greek masonry. A style of masonry
in which each alternate stone is of
the full thickness of the wall.
(Standard)

Green carbonate of copper. See Mala-
chite.

Green charge. A mixture of ingredi-
ents for gunpowder before the inti-
mate mixing in the Incorporating
mill. (Webster)

Green cinnabar. A green pigment con-
sisting of the fired oxides of cobalt
and zinc. (Webster)

Green coal (Aust). Freshly mined
coal. (Power)

Green copperas; Green vitrioL The
mineral melanterite, a hydrous fer-
rous sulphate, FeSO4H-7H,O.

Green earth. 1. Glauconite, found in
cavities of amygdaloids and other
eruptive rocks, and used as a pig-
ment by artists. (Webster)
2. Chlorite; a variety of talc.
(Humble)

Green feldspar. A synonym for Ama-
zon stone; microcline. (Chester)

Green hole. A furnace tap hole in
which clay is not properly set, and
through which the drill may break
and let iron out unexpectedly. (Will-
cox)

Greenhouse. In ceramics, a moder-
ately warmed building for partly
drying green pottery. (Standard)

Green iron ore. The mineral dufren-
ite; aproximately, FePO4.Fe(OH)«.
(Dana)

Green lead ore. See Pyromorphite.

Green marble. A commercial term for
serpentine.

Green mineral. Green carbonate of
copper; malachite. (Standard)

Green ocher. A yellow ocher mixed
with potassium f errocyanide. ( Stand-
ard)

Greenockite. Cadmium sulphide, CdS.
Contains 77.7 per cent cadmium.
Greenockite occurs as a secondary
mineral in zinc deposits in various
parts of the United States, but not
as a commercial deposit at any
place. The majority of sphalerite
deposits are cadmiferous, and cad-

318

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

mium in commercial quantity is ob-
tained as a by-product in smelting
these ores at. certain plants. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) ' See Furnace cadmium.

Green oil. In the Scottish shale-oil in-
dustry, the once-run crude oil after
chemical treatment. It is distilled
in the first-stage oil stills and is
fractioned into naphtha, light oil,
heavy oil, and heavy oil and wax.
(Bacon)

Green roof. A miner's term for a roof
which has not broken down or shows
no sign of takirg weight. (Ores-
ley)

Greenroom. A chamber for the recep-
tion of unburned and undried pot-
tery. (Standard)

Green sand. Sedimentary deposit con-
sisting, when pure, of grains of glau-
conite, which have a dark greenish
color. (Webster)

Green sand. A highly siliceous sand
containing a little magnesia and
alumina, mixed with about one-
twelfth its bulk of powdered coal or
charcoal, used when dampened for
making molds; distinguished from
dry sand (Webster). An unburned
molding sand.

Greensand beds. In general, any Cre-
taceous or Tertiary bed contain-
ing a green iron-potassium silicate;
specifically, the Lower Cretaceous of
England, whether containing the
green silicate or not. (Standard)

Greensand marl. Sand or marl con-
taining glauconite (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). See Greensand; Marl.

Greensand of Peru. An early synonym
for Atacamite, because found there
in the form of sand. (Chester)

Greenstone. An old field name for
those compact, igneous rocks that
have developed enough chlorite in
alteration to give them a green cast.
They are mostly diabases and dio-
rites. Greenstone is partially syn-
orlymous with trap. It is often used
as a prefix to other rock names
(Kemp). The term is used fre-
quently when no accurate determi-
nation is possible.

Green tar. Barbados petroleum. (Ba-
con)
Green verditer. See Verditer, 2 and 3.

Green vitriol. Ferrous sulphate; cop-
peras, melanterite. Called also
Martial vitriol. (Standard)

Green ware. Damp, recently made,
unburned pottery, requiring to be
dried before burning or baking.
(Standard)

Greillade (Fr.). Iron ore in coarse
powder, mixed with charcoal dust
for reduction by the Catalan proc-
ess. (Webster)

Greisen. A granitoid but often some-
what cellular rock, composed of
quartz and muscovite or some re-
lated mica, rich in fluorine. It is
the characteristic mother rock of tire
ore of tin, cassiterite, and is in
most cases a result of the contact
action of granite and its evolved
mineralizers. (Kemp)

Greiia (Mex.). Undressed ore.
(D wight)

Grenate. Garnet (Standard). Also
spelled Grenat.

Gres (Fr.). 1. Grit. 2. Sandstone.
3. Stoneware. (Standard)

Gres clrame; Gres de Flandres (Fr.).
A fine German stoneware, usually
with a salt glaze, not made specially
in Flanders, but in Coblentz and
Cologne. (Standard)

Greve. A ditch or trench. (Stand-
ard)

Grewt. An earth of different color
from that of the main deposit, found
in searching for mines on the banks
of rivers (Standard). Also spelled
Greut. A variation of groot, mean-
ing soil.

Grey wethers ( Eng. ) . See Gray wether.

Grid. 1. A grated opening. 2. A sec-
tion of electrical resistance, usually
made of cast iron. (C. and M.
M. P.)

3. A wire-bottomed mining sieve.

4. A battery plate somewhat like a
grating; specifically, a zinc plate in
a primary battery, or a lead plate,
either perforated or furnished with
depressions, for retaining the ac-
tive material in a storage battery.
(Standard)

Gridaw (So. Wales). Pulley frames or
head gear. (Gresley)

Griddle; Kiddle. i. (Corn.) A
miner's sieve to separate ore from
halvaus. (Raymond)
2. To screen ore with a griddle.
(Webster)

Gridiron twinning. See Crossed twin-
ning.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

319

Gridiron valve. A slide valve having
many ports corresponding to ports
In the seat. (Standard)

Grieta (Mex.). A crevice; fissure.
(Dwight)

Grieve. 1. (Scot.) A weigher; a pit-
headman; a hill salesman. (Bar-
rowman)

2. A manager; an overseer. (Web-
ster)

Griff (Eng.). A steep, rocky glen.
(Standard)

Griffin roller mill. A centrifugal mill,
like the Huntington, except there is
one roller only. See -Huntington
mill. (Liddell)

Grilio furnace. A mechanically - fed
muffle furnace. (Ingalls, p. 130)

Grimes (So. Wales). See Bell mold.

Grind. 1. To reduce to a powder by
friction as in a mill. 2. To polish
or sharpen by friction. (Webster)

Grinder. One who or that which
grinds, as an emery wheel for grind-
ing tools, a machine for crushing
ore, etc. (Webster)

Grinders' asthma, rot, or phthisis. Dis-
ease of the lungs consequent upon
inhaling the metallic dust produced
in grinding metals. (Standard)

Grinding bed. A machine for grind-
ing stone slabs, consisting of a later-
ally moving table on which the slab
is placed, and a heavy rotating iron
disk, whose lower surface abrades
or polishes the upper surface of the
stone. (Standard)

Grinding bench. A stone slab on which
to fasten by plaster of Paris, in a
level position, a plate of glass the
upper surface of which is to be
ground or polished. (Standard)

Grinding lathe. A lathe of special
construction in which the work re-
volves on dead centers while acted
on by an emery wheel. (Standard)

Grinding i>late. 1. A piece of steel or
iron by the medium of which ore is
ground against another hard sur-
face. (Rickard)

2. A heavy cast iron disk rotating
on a vertical axis, used to grind or
polish plate glass. (Standard)

Grinding slip. A free-cutting oilstone
or whetstone; a hone. (Standard)

Grinding vat. A mill for grinding
flints or clay used in making porce-
lain. It is a form of the arrastre.
(Century)

Grindlet. A little ditch , or drain.
(Standard)

Grindstone. 1. A tough sandstone of
fine and even grain, composed almost
entirely of quartz, mostly in angular
grains. It must have sufficient ce-
menting material to hold the grains
together but not enough to fill the
pores and cause the surface to wear
smooth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A large circular stone made
from sandstone and used quite ex-
tensively for the sharpening of many
different tools .and instruments.
(Pike)

Grindstone grit. A kind of grittty rock
from which grindstones are made.
(Standard)

Gringo. In Spanish America, any one
of English blood or speech: a con-
temptuous epithet. (Standard)

Griotte marble. A French marble of
a beautiful red color and often vari-
gated with small dashes of purple
and spots or streaks of white, as
in the variety locally known as
griotte oeil de perdrix from the
French Pyrenees. (Merrill)

Grip. 1. A small, narrow cavity.
(Raymond)

2. To turn into the side of a work-
ing place. (Steel)

3. A notch cut into the side of a
mass of stone, into which a wedge
may be driven to separate the mass
(Bowles). Also called Side shear.

. 4. (Scot.) A pick. (Barrowman)
5. An apparatus attached to a car
for clutching a traction cable. 8.
A gripsack or valise. (Webster)
7. (Eng.). To dig trenches or
drains in. 8. A grappling tool for
drawing up well-boring rods.
(Standard)

Gripe. A strap brake or ribbon brake
on hoisting apparatus. (Standard)

Griper (Eng.). A Thames coal-barge
or collier. (Standard)

Gripper. A claw of a submarine
dredger. ( Standard )

Gripping shot. A shot so placed that
the point or inner end of the hole
is considerably farther from the face
of the coal to be broken than is the
heel or outer end of the hole. See
also Shot.

Grip wheel. A wheel, the periphery of
which is fitted with a series of tog-
gle-jointed, cast-steel jaws that grip
the rope automatically. (C. M. P.)

320

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Orison stone. A gray freestone.
(Webster)

Grisou (Fr.). Fire damp.

Grist (So. Wales). A black, coaly
stratum, indicating a probable bed
of coal not far off. (Gresley)

Grisu (Sp.). Fire damp. (Lucas)

Grit. 1. In petrology, a sandstone
composed of coarse, angular grains
and very small pebbles. (La Forge)

2. An artificial stone for sharpening
tools. Standard grades are -coarse,
medium, and fine. Coarse stones
cut very rapidly, but leave a rough
edge. Medium stones do not cut
as fast as coarse stones but leave a
smoother edge. Fine stones are still
slower cutting, but are useful where
extremely fine edges are desired.
(Pike)

3. Rough, hard particles; sand or
gravel. 4. Degree of hardness with
openness of texture or composition;
allied to buhrstone and the like.
(Standard)

Grizzle. 1. (Eng.) Inferior coal with
an admixture of iron pyrite. (Gres-
ley)

2. A second-rate brick, underburnt,
gray in color, and deficient in
strength. (Webster)

Grizzly. 1. (Cal.) An iron grating
that catches the larger stones pass-
ing through the sluices and throws
them aside. (Hanks)

2. A grating of iron or steel bara
for screening ore, etc. (Webster)

3. Guard rails or covering to pro-
tect chutes, manways, winzes, etc.,
in mines. (Montana Stat., Laws,
1911, Sec. 3)

Grog. Ground up pieces of burned
clay or brick, added to the raw clay
mixture for the purpose of decreas-
ing the shrinkage and density of
the burned ware. (Ries)

Groin (Eng.). A structure of piling,
sometimes with a stone apron at
the end, to accumulate sand and
shingle on a beach, and to act as a
breakwater. (Standard)

Grondal magnetic separator. A device
utilizing a magnetic field for the
concentration of certain magnetic
ores. It consists of a vertical re-
volving cylinder made up of rings
of cast iron with the spaces be-
tween containing the wires for the
electric current. Each ring is so
magnetized as to be a little stronger

than the one above. There is an-
other cylinder of wood studded with
soft wrought-iron pegs, a ring of
pegs being opposite each cast-iron
ring. The magnetic portion of the
ore (usually crushed below 12
mesh) is carried around on the cast-
iron rings until it gets near the
pegs, to which it jumps because of
their induced magnetism. It is then
carried on these pegs out of the
magnetic field and thrown off.
(Liddell)

Groove. 1. (Derb.). The place where
a miner is working. Miners are
(1747) called groovers. (Hooson)
2. A mine, from the German Grube.
(Raymond)

Groove fellow (No. of JUng.j. A mate
or fellow workman in a mine.
(Standard)

Groover (No. of Eng.). A miner.
(Standard)

Groroilite. A nearly black earthy
manganese or wad, streaked with
dark-red markings, occurring in
parts of Europe. (Standard)

Grorudite. Brogger's name for a por-
phyritic, dike rock from Grorud,
near Christiania, Norway. The
phenocrysts are microcline and aegi-
rite; the groundmass consists of
rectangular orthoclase, quartz and
aegirite. It is a variety of granite
porphyry. (Kemp)

Gros morceaux (Belg.). Coal in very
large lumps. (Gresley)

Gross ton. The long ton of 2240
pounds avoirdupois.

Grossularite. Calcium-aluminium gar-
net, 3CaO . A12O».3 SiOa ; cinnamon
stone. (Dana)

Grotto. A small cavern or a cavern-
like apartment or retreat, natural
or artificial ; especially, a cavern
having some attractive features, as
beautiful stalactite formations, or
rockwork. ( Standard )

Grouan (Corn.). Gravel, rough sand.
Also called Gowan. Hard grouan
is granite or moorstone. Soft grouan
is the same material in a lax and
sandy state. Grouan lode, any tin
lode which abounds with this gravel.
(Pryce)

Grouder (Corn.). A mixture of grouan
and clay, used for scouring wood
work. (Pryce)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

321

Ground. 1. (Corn.) The rock In
which a vein is found; also, any
given portion of the mineral deposit
itself. (Raymond)
2. In electricity, a connection with
the earth. A ground plate. (Stand-
ard)

Ground air. Air inclosed in porous
surface soil, like surface moisture
or ground water. (Century)

Ground bailiff (Eng.). An inspector
or superintendent of a mine. ( Stand-
ard)

Ground block; Ground crab (Eng.).
A species of capstan used for lower-
ing the sinking pumps. (Gresley)

Ground circuit. An electric circuit
completed by the ground; an earth
circuit. (Standard)

Ground coal; Grounds (Scot.). The
bottom of a coal seam. (Barrow-
man)

Ground crab. See Ground block.

Ground defector. A device, as in a cen-
tral power station, to indicate where
a ground connection, entailing loss
of electricity, has taken place.
(Standard)

Grounded circuit. A circuit that is
permanently grounded at one or
more points. (H. H. Clark)

Ground hog. See Barney.

Ground ice. Ice which sometimes
forms on the bottom of either run-
ning or still waters. It often has
stone and mud attached to its bot-
tom (Webster). Also called Anchor
ice.

Grounding. 1. See Ground, 2.

2. In marble-working, the act or
process of polishing marble with
emery. 3. See Ground-laying.
(Standard)

Ground laying. In ceramics, the
process of applying a coat of boiled
oil to porcelain ware, to receive the
colored enamel ; bossing ; grounding.
(Standard)

Groundman. A man employed to work
on the ground, as in digging or ex-
cavating. (Webster)

Groundmass. The relatively finely
crystalline, or glassy, portion of a
porphyritic rock as contrasted with
its phenocrysts. Not to be con-
founded with basis, as will be seen
by referring to the latter. (Kemp)

744010 O— 47 21

Ground moraine. In geology, the ir-
regular sheet of till deposited partly
beneath the advancing glacier and
partly directly from the ice when it
melts away. (La Forge)

Ground plate. 1. A groundsill. 2. A
bedplate supporting railroad sleep-
ers or ties. 3. In electricity, a metal
plate in the ground forming the
earth connection of a metallic cir-
cuit (Standard)

Ground rent (Eng.). Rent paid for
the surface occupied by a colliery
plant. (Gresley)

Ground return. That part of an elec-
tric circuit as the earth, or metal-
lic conductors intimately associated
with the earth, and which is practi-
cally at earth potential at all points.
(H. H. Clark)

Ground rope (Scot). The rope con-
necting hanging pumps to a ground
crab. (Barrowman)

Groundsel. See Groundsill.

Groundsill A bed piece or foundation
timber supporting a timber super-
structure as a set of mine timbers.
A ground plate. (Webster)

Ground sluice. 1. A channel or trough
in the ground through which aurif-
erous earth is sluiced for placer
mining. 2, To wash down a bank of
earth with a stream of water.
(Webster)

Ground spears. Wooden rods (one on
each side of the pump) by which
a sinking pump is suspended.
(Gresley)

Groundstone. A foundation; ground-
work. (Webster)

Ground water. The water which per-
meates, in an unbroken sheet, the
rock masses of the earth, filling
their pores and fissures.

Ground-water discharge. The return
of ground water to the surface.
(Meinzer)

Ground-water divide. The crest line
of a water table. On the opposite
sides of this line the water table
slopes in opposite directions (Mein-
zer). Compare Watershed.

Ground-water level. The level below
which the rock and subsoil, down to
unknown depths, are full of water.
(Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 67)

Groundwork. The foundation work of
a structure, (Standard)

322

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Group. 1. In geology, commonly and
loosely, the unit of stratigraphic
classification. 2. Specifically, (a) in
the usage of the U. S. Geological
Survey, two or more associated for-
mations formerly regarded as one
but now separated in some areas;
(&) according to the International
Geologic Congress, the stratigraphic
division of highest rank, coordinate
with era. (La Forge)

Grouser. A temporary pile or heavy
iron-shod pole driven into the
bottom of a stream to hold a drill-
ing or dredging boat or other float-
Ing object in position. (Century)

Grout. 1. A term applied to the waste
material of all sizes obtained in
quarrying stone. ' (Perkins)

2. (Eng.) Thin mortar poured into
the interstices between stones and
bricks. (C. and M. M. P.)

3. A coarse* kind of plaster or ce-
ment, usually studded with small
stones after application, sometimes
used for coating walls of a build-
ing. (Webster)

4. A thin cement mixture forced
into the crevices of a stratum or
strata to prevent ground water from
seeping or flowing into an excava-
tion. Frequently employed in shaft
sinking and bore-hole drilling.

Grouting. 1. The process of filling in
or finishing with grout. 2. The
grout thus filled in. (Century)

Grove; Groove (Eng.). A drift or adit
driven into a hillside from which
coal is worked (G. C. Greenwell).
See also Groove, 1 and 2.

Growan; Grouan (Corn.). A name ap-
plied by miners to granite and
similar rocks. (lire) See also
Grouan.

Growl (Mid.). Coal pillars are said
to growl when they are undergoing
a crushing weight. (Gresley)

Grow-on. Quarrymen's term to desig-
nate the place where the sheet struc-
ture dies out, or the place where
two sheets appear to grow onto one
another. (Perkins)

Growth (Scot.). The rate of entrance
of water into a pit or mine working.
(Barrowman)

Groze (Scot.). To turn a chisel in the
bottom of a bore hole, by which
means the borer, from a sense of
feeling and hearing, knows when a
change of strata occurs. (Barrow-
man)

Grozing iron. 1. A steel tool formerly
used for cutting glass. 2. A bulbous
tool for smoothing the soldered
joints of lead pipe. (Webster)

Grubbin. See Gubbin.

Grube (Ger.). A mine. (Davies)

Grub saw. A saw made from a
coarsely notched blade of soft iron,
provided with a wooden back ; used,
with sand, for sawing stone by hand
power. ( Standard )

Grubstake (West. U. S.). Supplies
furnished to a prospector on promise
of a share in his discoveries. So
called because the lender stakes or
risks the grub (food), etc., so fur-
nished. (Webster)

Grubstake contract. An agreement be-
tween two or more persons to locate
mines upon the public domain by
their joint aid, effort, labor, or ex-
pense, and each is to acquire by vir-
tue of the act of location such an
interest in the mine as agreed upon
in the contract. (Marks v. Gates,
2 Alaska, p. 524; Cascaden v. Dun-
bar, 2 Alaska, p. 412; Berry v.
Woodburn, 107 California, p. 504;
Meylette v. Brennon, 20 Colorado, p.
242; Hartney v. Gosling, 10 Wyo-
ming, p. 346; 68 Pacific, 1123; Ell-
iott v. Elliott, 3 Alaska, p. 365)

Gruell (Irish). Coal. (Standard)

Gr^eso (Sp.). Lump ore. The term
is in use at the quicksilver mines of
California. (Raymond)

Gruff (Eng.). A name given to an old
mine on the Mendip Hills (Hunt).
A pit or shaft.

Grunching (Aust). Shooting-fast, i. e.,
shooting in the solid. (Power)

Grundy. Granulated pig iron used in
making granulated steel. (Webster)

Grunstane (Scot). A grindstone.
(Standard)

Grunter. A hooked rod to aid in sup-
porting a crucible (Standard). A
founder's term.

Grupiaras (Braz.). Bench placers on
the slopes of hills. (Halse)

Guaca. 1. (Sp. Am.) A narrow tun-
nel or drift in a hill. 2. (Peru) An
ancient Indian grave. (Halse)

Guadalcazarite (Sp.). A variety of
cinnabar containing zinc. (Stand-
ard)

Guag (Corn.). A place from which
the ore has been extracted (Davies).
A variation of gwag.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

323

Guaira (Peru). A wind furnace made
of clay, used by the Indians for
smelting ores. (Halse)

Guairona (Peru). Guard rails at
mouth of a shaft. (Dwight)

Guajfc (Mex.). A gourd for dipping
water. (Dwight)

Gualda (Peru). Chalcopyrite. (Halse)

Gualdra ( Mex. ) . Long and stout beam,
generally sustaining other beams, or
a heavy weight. (Dwight)

Guano. A substance found in great
abundance on some coasts or islands
frequented by sea fowls and com-
posed chiefly of their excrement It
is rich in phosphates and nitrogen-
ous matter. (Webster)

Guaquero (Colom.). One who searches
for treasure in Indian graves, or
guacas. (Halse)

Guarache (Peru). 1. Overtime work,
generally at night' 2. A sandal.
(Dwight)

Guaracu (Sp. Am.). Basalt; dlorite.
(Lucas)

Guard. 1. A support in front of a roll-
train to guide the bar into the
groove, sometimes called a side-
guide. (Raymond)
2. Any fixture or attachment de-
signed to protect against injury. 3.
To protect from danger; to keep in
safety; to defend. (Webster)

Guarda. 1. (Sp.) A thin parting be-
tween a lode and the wall rock.
(Da vies)

2. (Mex.) Immediately adjacent
country rock. 3. A guard. (Dwight)

Guardafierros (Mex.). A tooolman.
(Dwight)

Guardaraya (Mex.). 1. Landmark;
monument 2. The end and side
lines of a mining claim (Dwight).

3. A surveyor's mark used under-
ground for measuring work.
(Halse)

Guardatiro (Mex.). Person issuing
mining supplies to the miners.
(Dwight)

Guard plate. A plate in front of an
iron furnace, covering the tap hole
through which the slag is drawn
out. (Standard)

Guard rail. An additional rail placed
beside the rail in service, to compel
the flange of the wheels to run close
to the latter in crossing over frog
points or entering switches. (Cen-
tury)

Guayaquillite. A pale yellow, amorph-
ous, nonresinous, oxygenated hydro-
carbon, from near Guayaquil, South
America ; it has the specific gravity
1.092. begins to fuse at 70° C., and
is soluble in alcohol. (Bacon)

Gubbin (Eng.). An argillaceous iron
ore, found in Staffordshire, England
(Standard). Sometimes spelled
Grubbin.

Gudgeon. 1. An iron pin to fasten to-
gether blocks of stone. (Webster)

2. (Eng.) A bit of wood used for
roofing a mine. (Bainbridge)

3. The bearing of a shaft, especially
when made of a separate piece. 4.
A metallic journal set into the end
of a wooden shaft. (Standard)

Giiedales (Mex.). Irregular contact
veins of copper ore occurring in
porphyry. (Halse)

Guenlette (Fr.). In glass making, the
back door of an annealing oven.
(Standard)

Gug (Som.). A self-acting inclined
plane underground ; sometimes
called a Dip incline. (Gresley)

Guhr. See Keiselguhr.

Guhr dynamite. An explosive pre-
pared by usually mixing three parts
nitroglycerin and one part kiesel-
guhr. Other proportions may be
used. (Brunswig, p. 296)

Guia (Sp.). 1. Indications (of a vein
or pay streak, or of metal in a
panning test). 2. Guide for cage in
shaft. (Dwight)

3. A short drill used for starting a
drill hole. 4. (Colom.). A main
level or gallery. 5. (Peru) A
blasting fuse. 6. O. de fttdn, a
leader in a lode; guide; feeder, or
pay streak. 7. (Peru) -The final
sample of ore used as a test.
(Pfordte)

Guide plate (Scot.). A cast-iron plate
containing grooves or ridges to
guide hutches or cars onto rails.
(Barrowman)

Guide pulley. See Guides, 7.

Guide rope. A cage guide,
ard)

(Stand-

Guides. 1. The timbers at the side of
a shaft to steady and guide the
cage. 2. The holes in a crossbeam
through which the stems of the
stamps in -a stamp mill rise and fall.
3. In a rolling mill, a wedge-shaped
piece held in the groove of a roll to
prevent the sticking of the bar by
peeling it out of the groove. When

324

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

the guide is held by a hanger or
counterweight against the underside
of the roll, it is called a hanging
guide. (Raymond)
4. (Corn.) Cross veins in the St
Just district 5. A boring rod hav-
ing an enlargement or wings fitted
to it to suit the size of the bore hole
for steadying the rods when a con-
siderable depth has been attained.
(Gresley)

6. In a steam engine, a cross-head
guide. 7. A pulley to lead a driv-
ing belt or rope in a new direction,
or to keep it from leaving its de-
sired direction. 8. A curved plate
directing a sheet of water against
the buckets of a water wheel.
(Standard)

Guide tube. A tube for grinding a bit
or drill. (Standard)

Guiding bed (Eng.). A thin band of
coal leading to the regular seam.
(Gresley)

Gnija (Mex.). Gangue. Sometimes ap-
plied to quartz; a pebble. (Dwight)

Guijarro (Sp.). 1. A pebble; bowlder.
2. Any siliceous stone. (Halse)

Guijo (Mex.). A pointed pivot, upon
which turns the upright centerpiece
of an arrastre. (Dwight)

Guijola (Mex.). A, double bellows
used for supplying blast to copper-
smelting furnaces. (Halse)

Guijoles ( Mex. ) . Kidney-shaped pieces
of cassiterite found in rhyolite.
(Halse)

Guijoso. i: (Sp.) Gravelly; full of
pebbles. 2. ( Mex. ) Quartzose.
(Halse)

Guillotine. A machine for breaking
iron with a falling w.eight (Ray-
mond)

Guimet bine. An artificially prepared
ultramarine. (Webster)

Gulncho (Port). A winch or drum.
(Halse)

Guinea gold. Twenty-two carat gold,
-of which guineas were coined.
(Standard)

Guingaro (Mex.). Pickaxe. See
Huingaro. (Dwight)

Guixa (Sp.). Quartz. (Hanks)

Gulch (Cal.). A narrow mountain
ravine; a small canon. (Hanks)

Gulohing (No. Staff.). The moving
and cracking noise underground due
to the settling of the mine roof.
(Gresley)

Gulf; A large deposit of ore in a lode.
(Century)

Gullet. 1. An opening in the strata.
(Raymond)

C. A narrow working cutting used
for a dirt-car track. (Standard)

Guillies (Corn.). Worked-out cavities
in a mine. (Duryee)

Gully. 1. A small watercourse with
steep sides, usually cut out of clay
or earth. (Roy. Com.)
2. A metal tram rail or tram plate.
(Century)

Gulph of ore. A very large deposit of
ore in the lode (Whitney). 'A varia-
tion of gulf.

Gum. 1. (Scot) Very small coal,
for example, that which will pass
through a screen having a mesh of
one-fourth inch or less (Barrow-
man). Slack; screenings.
2. (N. Z.) See Kauri resin.

Gumbo. 1. A name current in West-
ern and Southern States for those
soils that yield a sticky mud when
wet (Kemp). (Southwest Mo.) A
putty-like clay associated with lead
and zinc deposits. (Tex.) A clay
encountered in drilling for oil and
sulphur.

2. The stratified portion of the
lower till of the Mississippi Valley.
(Standard)

Gum digger (N. Z.). One whose occu-
pation is to dig the fossil resin of
the Kauri pine, which is used in
the manufacture of varnish. (Web-
ster)

Gum dynamite. Explosive gelatin.
(Standard)

Gummite. An alteration product of
uraninite of doubtful composition.
(Dana)

Gun. A bore hole in which the charge
of explosive has been fired with no
other effect than to blast off a small
amount of material at the mouth of
the bore hole; also called a Boot-
leg or "John 'Odges " (Du Pont).
See Blown-out shot.

Gunboat A self-dumping box on
wheels, used for raising (or lower-
ing) coal in slopes; a monitor, a
skip. (Chance)

Guncotton. A nitrocotton of the
highest nitration or containing the
greatest possible percentage of nitro-
gen. Sometimes called Insoluble
cotton. It is used as a bursting
charge for submarine mines and for
demolishing bridges and other struc-
tures in warfare. (Du Pont)

GLOSSARY OP MINING AH1> imnERAL

325

Gunite. 1. A cement applied, by a
cement gun, to the roof and sides of
a- coal mine. 2. To cement with a
cement gun.

Gun mctaL An alloy of copper with
tin, or zinc, and sometimes a little
iron. The common formula is nine
parts copper to one tin ; Aich's metal
and some other gun metals contain
zinc and iron hut no tin. (Ray-
mond)

Gunned shot (Scot). See Blown-out
shot

Gunner (Kans.). A blown-out shot

Gunnies. 1. (Corn.) In mining,
breadth or width. A single gunnies
is a breadth of 3 feet (Standard)
2. (Corn.) The vacant space left
where the lode has been removed
(Raymond). A crevice. Also spelled
Qunniss.

Gnnniss (Corn.). See Gunnies.

Gun of wood (Derb.). A hollow plug.
(Hooson)

Gunpowder. A black or brown explo-
sive substance, consisting of an inti-
mate mechanical mixture of salt-
peter, charcoal, and sulphur, used
in gunnery and blasting. It con-
sists of 70 to 80 per cent saltpeter,
and 10 to 15 per cent of each of
the other Ingredients. (Webster)

Gunpowder paper. Paper spread with
an explosive compound. It is
rolled up for use in loading.
(Standard)

Gunpowder press. A press for com-
pacting meal powder before granu-
lating into gunpowder. (Standard)

Gunter's chain. The chain commonly
used in surveying, having 100 links,
each 7.92 Inches long. (Standard)

Gurdy (Scot). An arrangement of
three pulleys with brake for self-
acting inclines. (Barrowman)

Gurgulho (Braz.). A horizontal,
bedded plateau deposit It is made
up of coarse rocks with more or
less red clayey earth and frequently
contains diamonds ; a pudding stone.
(Halse)

Gurgusco (Panama). Extracting the
rich ore. (Lucas)

Gurgusero (Panama). A spoiler.
(Lucas)

Gurhofite. A snow-white variety of
dolomite, containing a large per-
centage of calcium. (Standard)

Qurlet. A mason's pickax having one
cutting edge and a point (Stand-
ard)

Gunny; A mine level; working.
(Standard)

Guzt (Corn.). A channel to carry wa-
ter from an ore-dressing floor.
(Davles)

Gusher. An oil well with a large
natural flow. (Webster)

Guss (Bristol, Eng.). A shprt piece
of rope by which a boy draws a
tram or sled in a mine. (Gresley)

Out To rob, or extract, only the rich
ore of v mine. (Weed)

Gutter. I. (Forest of Dean). An air-
way through a goaf. 2. Candles or
dips, when subjected to the warm
air of a mine, waste away very rap-
idly, and. are said to gutter. (Gres-
ley)

3. The dry bed of a river of Ter-
tiary age, containing alluvial gold,
often covered to a great depth by
volcanic matter or debris; also
called Bottom. 4. A channel for
running water. (Webster)
5. (Aust) The lowest portion of an
alluvial gold deposit (Skinner)

Guttering. 1. A channel cut along the
side of a mine shaft to conduct the
water back into a lodge or sump.
(Gresley)

2. A process of quarrying stone in
which channels, several inches wide,
are cut by hand tools, and the stone
block detached from the bed by pinch
bars. (Green well, p. 151)

Gutter-up (Mid,). A roof fall which
extends to an excessive height See
aUo Cut-up. (Gresley)

Qntzkow's process. A modification of
the sulphuric-acid parting process
for bullion containing large amounts
of copper. A large excess of acid
is used; the silver sulphate is then
reduced with charcoal, or, in the
original process, ferrous sulphate.
(Liddell)

Guy. A guide; a rope, chain, or rod
attached to anything to steady it; a
rope which holds in place the end
of a boom, or spar; a rod or rope
attached to the top of a derrick and
extending obliquely to the ground
where it is fastened. (Webster)

Guy anchor. The support to which
derrick guys are attached. (Bowles)

Guy rope. See Guy.

326

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Guy rings. Rings on the head block
of a derrick mast, to which the guy
ropes are attached. (Standard)

Gwag (Corn.). Rubbish; an old mine
working. (Webster)

Oweeon (Aust.). An aboriginal stone
hatchet. (Webster)

Gwythyen (So. Wales). A mineral
vein or seam. (Gresley)

tJymnite. A synonym for Deweylite.
(Chester)

Gypseous; Gypsiferious. Resembling,
containing, or consisting of gypsum.
(Webster)

Gypsite. . See Gypsum.

Gypsum. Hydrous calcium sulphate,
CaSO«+2H,O. Contains 32.5 per
cent lime, 46.6 per cent sulphur tri-
oxide, and 20.9 per cent water. Ala-
baster is a fine-grained compact va-
riety, white, shaded, or tinted. Qyp-
site is an incoherent mass of very
small gypsum crystals or particles,
and has a soft, earthy appearance;
contains various impurities, gener-
ally silica and clay. Satin spar is
a fine fibrous variety which has a
pearly, opalescent appearance. Sel-
enite is a variety which occurs in
distinct crystals or in broad folia.
Some crystals, are 8 or 4 feet long
and clear throughout. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Gypsum wedge. A thin wedge-shaped
piece of selenite. (A. F. Rogers)

Gyratory breaker; Gyratory crusher.
A rock crusher built on the principle
of the old fashioned coffee mill. It
consists of a vertical spindle the foot
of which is mounted in an eccen-
tric bearing within a conical shell.
The top carries a conical crushing
head revolving eccentrically in a
conical maw. There are three types
of gyratory; those which have the
greatest movement on the smallest
lump; those that have equal move-
ment for all lumps ; those that have
greatest movement on the largest
lump. (Liddell)

Haas furnace. A muffle furnace of the
McDougall type, the hearths being
separated by suitable flues through
which the products of combustion
from the fireplace are made to pass.
(Ingalls, p. 142)

Haas tester. An Instrument for ob-
taining the flashing point of pe-
troleum. (Mitzakis)

Haba (Sp.). A piece of ore more or
less rounded and encased in gangue.
(Halse)

Habilitador (Sp.). One who supplies
money for working a mine. (Min.
Jour.)

Habilitador (Peru). A money lender.
(Lucas)

Habilitar (Peru). To furnish working
funds for a mine or mill. (Dwight)

Habit. In crystallography, the char-
acteristic form, as determined by the
faces developed and their shapes
and relative proportions, of the crys-
tals of a given mineral from the
same general region or geologic as-
sociation (La Forge). In the crys-
tals of a given species there is con-
stancy of angle between like faces,
but the forms of the crystals may be
many. As the relative size of a
crystal changes, the habit may vary
indefinitely. See Form. (Dana)

Hacer (Sp.). H. adelantos, to ad-
vance money; H. mina, to make a
mine. (Halse)

Hacha ( Sp. ) . Ax or hatchet ( Halse )
Hachazuela (Mex.). Adze. (Dwight)

Hachero (Sp.). A wood cutter.
(Halse)

Hachita (Mex.). Hatchet. (Dwight)

Hachure. A short line used in draw-
ing and engraving, especially in
shading and denoting different sur-
faces as in map drawing to represent
slopes of the ground. (Webster)

Hacienda (Sp.). 1. Exchequer; treas-
ury ; public revenue ; capital ; funds ;
wealth; landed estate; establish-
ment 2. In mining it is usually
applied to the offices, principal
buildings, and work for. reducing
the ores (Raymond) ; H. de bene-
flcio, metallurgical works; H. de
fundici6n, smelting works; H. de
maquila, a custom mill. (Dwight)

Haciendero (Sp.). The superintend-
ent of the hacienda. (Min. Jour.)

Hack. 1. (No. of Eng.) A pick or tool
with which colliers cut or mine the
coal. (Gresley)

2. A sharp blade on a long handle
used for cutting billets in two.
(Raymond)

3. To pile up edgewise for the pur-
pose of drying, as green molded
bricks. 4. A set of bars in a tail
race. 5. A place where bricks are
set to dry; also, a pile of green
bricks. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

327

Hackbarrow. A barrow for taking
bricks from the molders to the
hacks. (Webster)

Hack hammer. A hammer resembling
an adz, used in dressing stone.
(Webster)

Hacking. 1. The operation of picking
a grindstone or an abrading wheel
to remove the glaze. 2. The use of
two thin masonry courses instead
of one as thick as both of them.
3. In gem cutting, a series of cuts
in a metal lap to serve as recepta-
cles for the abrasive powder. 4.
The stacking of bricks for drying.
(Standard)

Hacking board. A board on which to
pile unburned dried bricks. (Stand-
ard)

Hack iron. A miner's pick ax or hack.
A chisel or similar tool for cutting
metal, as wire, into nails. (Web-
ster)

Hackly. Showing jagged points in
fracture (Standard). A term ap-
plied to the fracture of metals.

Hacksaw. A fine toothed saw having
a narrow blade stretched in a
frame, for cutting metal. (Web-
ster)

Hade. 1. The angle of inclination of
a vein measured from the vertical;
dip is measured from the horizontal.
See Underlay, 2. (Skinner)

2. To deviate from the vertical ; said
of a vein, fault, or lode. (Webster)

Haenisch and Schroeder process. A
method for the recovery of sulphur
as liquid sulphurous anhydride from
furnace gases. (Ingalls, p. 166)

Hag. 1. (Scot.) A cut; a notch. 2.
To cut as with an ax; to cut down
the coal with the pick. (Barrow-
man)

3. (No. of Eng.) A quagmire or pit
in mossy ground; any broken
ground in a bog. (Century)

Hahner furnace. A continuously-
working shaft furnace for roasting
quicksilver ores. The fuel is char-
coal, charged in alternate layers
with the ore. The Vail' Alta fur-
nace is a modification, having the
iron tubes of the Albert!. (Ray-
mond)

Haiarn (Wales). Iron. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Haimanta. One of a series of beds
of great thickness and varying litho-
logical character, overlying the crys-

talline schists, and underlying the
Lower Silurian, in the Himalaya
mountains ( Standard )

Hair plate. See Bloomery.

Hair pyrites. Same as Millerite.
(Standard)

Hair salt. Epsomite when in silky
fibers. A form of alunogen. (Web-
ster)

Hair stone. Quartz thickly penetrated
with hairlike crystals of rutile, ac-
tinolite, or some other mineral.
(Webster)

Hair zeolite. A synonym for fibrous
zeolite, which may be natrolite,
scolecite, or mesolite. (Chester)

Hake. A shed where tiles are dried,
(Standard) See Hack, 5.

Half-and-half. Solder made of equal
parts of tin and lead. (Webster)

Half-and-half plane, or Half-end half-
plane (Scot.). In a direction mid-
way between plane course and end
course (Barrowman). See als*
Half-course.

Half balk (Eng.). A mine prop cut
into halves. See also Balk, 2. (G.
C. Green well)

Half blinded (Scot). Two ends driven
off a plane, one on each side and not
opposite each other by half their
width. (Barrowman)

Half -bloom. A round mass Of puddled
iron before squeezing; a half -made
bloom. (Standard)

Half-brilliant. A single-cut brilliant
(Standard)

Half -course. A drift or opening driven
at an angle of about 45° to the strike
and in the plane of the seam.

Half -edge seams (Scot). Highly in-
clined seams; seams lying at an in-
clination of 1 in 1. (Barrowman)

Half -end (York.). See Horn coal, L

Half facet. In gem cutting, a skill-
facet or cross-facet on * brilliant
(Standard)

Half-marrow (Newc.). Young boys, of
whom two do the work of one
loader. (Raymond)

Half mask. The part of a mine res-
cue, or oxygen-breathing apparatus
which covers the nose and mouth
only, and .through which the wearer
breathes the oxygen furnished by the
apparatus.

328

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Half -moon (Eng.). A scaffold nearly
filling up one-half the sectional area
of a shaft. (Gresley)

Half-pitch. Dipping or rising 18
inches to the yard. (Roy)

Half set. In mine timbering one leg
piece and a collar. (Steel)

Half-turn socket. In oil-well drilling,
a fishing tool having jaws bent
around in an incomplete circle, to
engage lost tools that lean to one
side of the well. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Half work; Half wark (Eng.). When
the day's work is half over, or when
by reason of poor trade conditions,
half-time is worked. (G. C. Green-
well)

Halite; Rock salt. Natural sodium
chloride, NaCl. See Salt, 1. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Hallazgo (Sp.). Discovery of an ore
deposit. (Halse)

Halleflinta (Sweden). A dense, com-
pact, metamorphic rock, consisting
of microscopic quartz and feldspar
crystals, with occasional phenocrysts
and sometimes hornblende, chlorite,
magnetite and hematite. It is as-
sociated with gneisses, but is of ob-
scure origin. (Kemp)

Hallenflintoid. Of or resembling hiil-
leflinte. (Century)

Hallett table. A table of the Wilfley
type, except that the tops of the
riffles are in the same plane as the
cleaning planes and the riffles are
sloped toward the wash-water side.
(Liddell)

Hall furnace. A modification of the
Wethey furnace for roasting sul-
phide ore. (In galls, p. 07)

Hallite. A yellow to green variety of
mica, HMMgu(Al.Fe)«Si,O4«, that
crystallizes in the monoclinic sys-
tem. (Standard)

Halloysite. A claylike, aluminum sili-
cate, resembling kaolinite but amor-
phous and containing a larger but
uncertain quantity of water, 2H2O.-
Al,0,.2SiOa+Aq. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Hologen. In chemistry, any one of
the elements bromine, chlorine,
fluorine, and iodine (The radical
cyanogen is also included by some
chemists), which with the metals
form compounds analogous in some
respects to common salt (La
Forge)

Haloid. 1. In chemistry, of, pertain-
ing to, containing, or resembling sea
salt, sodium chloride. 2. Pertaining
to, containing, or derived from one
of the halogens. 3. A compound of
one of the halogens with a metal : in
this sense more properly spelled
Halid or Halide. (La Forge)

Haloidite. Wadsworth's name for
rock salt. (Kemp)

Halotrichite. Hydrous sulphate of
iron and aluminum, FeSO*Al2(SO4)t
+24HaO, occurring in yellowish,
silky fibrous forms. (Dana)

Haloxylin. A mixture of yellow prus-
siate of potash, niter, and charcoal,
used as an explosive. (Century)

Halter (New Zealand). A miner work-
ing on his own account. (Ander-
son)

Halvanner (Corn.). A dresser of im-
pure or inferior ore. (Davies)

Halvan ore.. See Halvans.

Halvans; Halvings; Hanaways
(Corn.). Ores much mixed with
impurities. (Raymond)

Hambergite. A beryllium borate,
Bea(OH)BO8, occuring in grayish-
white, prismatic crystals. From
Langesund fiord, southern Norway.
(Dana)

Hamlinite. A basic phosphate of
aluminum and strontium. In color-
less rhombohedral crystals. Occurs
with herderite, bertrandite, etc., at
Stoneham, Me. (Standard)

Hammer. To make a noise as of
blows in a pipe, the result of sud-
den stoppage of the flow, or of
turning on steam; said of water.
(Standard)

Hammer-and-plate. A signaling appa-
ratus (Chance). A gong.

Hammer beam. A short beam project-
ing laterally from the inside of a
wall, and serving as a tie beam.
(Standard)

Hammer-dress. To dress or face stone
with a hammer. (Webster)

Hammer-harden. To harden, as a
metal, by hammering it while cold.
(Webster)

Hammerman. 1. One who uses, a
hammer constantly in .any metal-
working trade. (Standard)
2. One who strikes with a hammer
in hand drilling of holes for blast-
ing.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

829

Hammer-pick. See Pollpick.

Hammer-refined. Designating steel the
grain of which has* been made
finer and closer by heavy hammer-
ing followed by lighter and quicker
blows at the finish. (Webster)

Hammer scale. Scale formed on ham-
mering heated metal. (Webster)

Hammer slag. Anvil dross. (Web-
ster)

Hammersmith. One who shapes or
works metal with a hammer.
(Standard)

Hammer tongs. Blacksmith's tongs
having projecting lugs for engaging
the holes of hammer heads or the
like during forging. (Webster)

Hammer-wrought. Wrought with a
hammer; said of ornamental iron-
work. (Standard)

Hammochrysos. A mineral known to
the ancients and characterized by
gold-like spots. t Probably a sand
from yellowish mica schist. (Web-
ster)

Hancock jig. A jig with movable sieve
having both an up-and-down and a
reciprocating motion. (Liddell)

Hand, or Handle (Eng.). To work a
winding, pumping, hauling, or other
engine. (Gresley)

Hand barrow. 1. A frame or flat bar-
row, without a wheel, carried by
handles. 2. A kind of hand cart
(Webster)
3. A wheelbarrow. (Standard)

Handbrace. A tool used In boring by
hand. (Standard)

Hand dog (Eng.). A kind of spanner
or wrench for screwing up, or dis-
connecting, the Joints of boring rods
at the surface. (Gresley)

Hand-dug wells. The earliest known
method of extracting petroleum was
by mer.ns of pits dug by hand labor.
The usual method was to dig a few
feet and then allow the oil to collect
at the bottom, whence it was subse-
quently collected by means of a suit-
able vessel. The deepest of these
wells rarely exceeded 50 feet. (Mit-
zakis)

Handfarht (Ger.). The descent into
a mine by ladders. (Davies)

Hand-fill (Eng.). To separate the
small from the large coal in the
mine, the latter being filled by the
hand into the car, and the former
thrown to the side of the working
place, or filled separately as re-
quired. (G. C. Green well)

Hand-filled coal (Scot.). Lump coal
- which the miner loads by hand.
(Barrowman)

Hand frame. An iron barrow used in
a foundry. (Standard)

Handful (Brist. and Som.). A length
of 4 inches. (Gresley)

Hand gear. 1. (Eng.) A small hand-
cylinder for winding or hoisting
from shallow work (Bainbridge).
A windlass.

2. The mechanism for opening the
valves of a steam engine by hand
in starting. (Standard)

Hand hammer. Any hammer wielded
by hand. A blacksmith's (or m in-
ner's) hammer used with one hand
as distinguished from a heavier
hammer or sledge. (Webster)

Handhole. A hole, as in a boiler, into
which the hand may be inserted.
(Standard)

Hand hook. An Implement for twist-
ing iron bars, (Standard)

Hand level. A small instrument con-
sisting of a telescope with a bubble
tube so attached that the position of
the bubble can be seen when look-
ing through the telescope. (Web-
ster)

Handling (Mid.). Reloading coal un-
derground from one car to another.
(Gresley)

Hand-picked coal. Coal from which
all stones and Inferior coal have
been picked out by hand: large
lumps. (Barrowman)

Hand screw. A jackscrew. (Stand-
ard)

Hand specimen. A piece of rock
trimmed to a size, usually 1 by 3
by 4 Inches, for megascopic study
and for preservation in a working
collection. (La Forge)

Handspike. 1. A wooden lever for
working a capstan or windlass. (O.
and M. M. P.)

2. A bar used as a lever in lifting
weights or overcoming resistance ; a
heaver. ( Standard >

Hand whip. A counterpoised sweep
for raising water from shallow pits.
A shadoof. (Webster)

Handyman. At small plants, a Jack-
of-all-trades, as a rigger, milwrlght,
and machinist combined (Willcox).
A man employed to do various kinds
of work.

330

GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hang. 1. (Brist.) The hade of a
fault. (Gresley)

2. To have its charge choked up or
arched in one part, while the part
underneath falls away so as to
leave a gap; said of a blast fur-
nace. ( Webster )

Hang-bench (Eng.). A support for a
windlass. (Bainb ridge)

Hanger. 1. (Scot.) The hook of a
miner's lamp. (Barrowman)

2. (Corn.) The hanging wall. (Dur-
yee)

3. That which hangs, overhangs, or
is suspended. -(Webster)

4. See Hanging bolts.

5. A frame containing a bearing for
u shafting. (Standard)

Hanger-on (Eng.). The man who
runs the full trams upon the cages
and gives the signals to hoist (Gres-
ley). See also Cager, 1.

Hangfire. Said of a charge that ex-
plodes later than expected. A hang-
fire rarely occurs with electric firing,
but it is not infrequent with blasting
cap and fuse. (Du Pont)

Hanging. 1. The hanging wall; the
rock on the upper side of a min-
eral vein or deposit (Weed). See
Hanger, 2.

2. Sticking or wedging of part of
the charge In a blast furnace
(Willcox). See Hang, 2.

Hanging bolts. Rods made of 1J or 1}
inch .round iron, by which the wall
plates are suspended while being
placed in position in the shaft.
Sometimes called Hangers.

Hanging coal. A portion of the coal
seam which, by under cutting, has
had its natural support removed.
(Raymond)

Hanging deal (Aust). Planks used
to suspend a lower curb from the
one above it, in cases where back-
ing deals are necessary. (Power)

Hanging glacier. A glacier of small
size on so steep a slope that the ice
breaks off and falls from its lower
end. (Century)

Hanging guide. See Guides, 3.

Hanging its water ( Scot. ) . The bucket
failing to pump on account of a
faulty valve, or air between the
bucket and the valve, the column of
water above the bucket being suf-
ficient to prevent the opening of the
bucket lids, is said to hang its water.
(Burrownmn)

Hanging-on (Eng.). The pit bottom,
level, or inset, at which the cages
are loaded. (Gresley)

Hanging scaffold (Scot). A movable
platform in a shaft attached to a
winding rope. (Barrowman)

Hanging sets (Scot.). Timbers from
which cribs are suspended in work-
ing through soft strata. (Barrow-
man)

Hanging side; Hanging wall; Hanger.
The wall or side above the ore body.
(Winchell)

Hanging spear-rods (Eng.). Adjust-
able wooden pump rods, by which a
pinking pump is suspended in a
shaft. (Gresley)

Hanging tie. A tie, as in a floor, the
end of which is upheld by a strap,
connecting it with a beam above.
(Standard)

Hanging valley. A valley the floor of
which is notably higher than the
level of the valley or shore to which
it leads.

Hanging valve. 1. A rotary - engine
valve which is hinged and falls by
gravity so as to form an abutment,
but is lifted by the passing pis-
ton. 2. A clack valve or flap valve.
(Standard)

Hanging wall. The upper wall of an
inclined vein, or that which hangs
over the miner at work. (Webster)

«

Hangklip (So. Afr.). An overhanging
cliff. (Standard)

Hanksite. A mineral having the fol-
lowing composition, 9Na2SO4,2Naj-
COS,KC1, occurring in hexagonal
prisms, short prismatic to tabular;
also in quartzoids. Color, white to
yellow. From California. (Dana)

Hapire (Peru). A trammer; a laborer
who assists a miner, and who car-
ries ore on his back or shoulders.
In Peru the load is 50 to 75 pounds,
while in Chile as much as 200
pounds are carried in a leather bag
at one time. (Halse)

Haplite. A name proposed by L.
Fletcher for that variety of granite
which consists of quartz and potash
feldspar. The name is derived from
the Greek for simple. Compare
Binary granite. (Kemp)

Harbor. In glass making, a large
chest for holding materials before
fusion. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

331

Hard. 1. Containing certain mineral
salts in solution, especially calcium
carbonate; said of water having
more than eight . or ten grains of
such matter to the gallon. 2. In
ceramics, requiring great heat : said
of muffle-colors in porcelain decora-
tion. (Standard)

Hard coal. Same as Anthracite.

Hard drawn. Drawn while cold; said
of wire. (Standard)

Hardened steel. Steel that has been
hardened by quenching from or
above the hardening temperature.
(Hibbard)

Kardening-kiln. A kiln in which, in
the transfer printing process, un-
finished pottery is exposed to a
low heat to drive away superfluous
oil. (Century)

Hard head. 1. A residual alloy, con-
taining much iron, arsenic and tin,
produced in the refining of tin.
(Raymond) .

2. A hard knob or Knot formed by
extreme cementation of sandstone
in certain spots. (Bowles)

3. A large, smooth, rounded stone
found especially in coarse gravel
(Century). A nigger head.

Hard heading (Eng.). A heading,
tunnel, or drift driven in stone.
(Gresley)

Hardinge mill. A tube mill made with
two conical sections connected by a
central very short cylinder. The
cone at the feed end is very short
so that the large pebbles settle and
grind at the large end where the feed
is coarse. (Liddell)

Hard lead. Lead containing certain
impurities, principally antimony.
(Raymond)

Hard metal. An alloy of about two
parts copper with one of tin, pre-
pared in the process of making gun
metal. ( Century )

Hardness. The cohesion of the par-
ticles on the surface of a body (as
a mineral) as determined by its ca-
pacity to scratch another, or be it-
self scratched. (Webster) The
hardness of a mineral is relatively
constant For convenience, all min-
erals are referred to a scale of hard-
ness of ten units composed of com-
mon or well known minerals (see
Hardness scale). The degree of
hardness is expressed by the num-
ber of the mineral in the scale, and
minerals of intermediate hardness
are expressed by fractions. (Buckley)

Hardness scale. The scale by which
the hardness of a mineral is de-
termined as compared with a stand-
ard. The Mohs scale is us follows:
1. Talc; 2. Gypsum; 3. Calcite;
4. Fluorite; 5. Apatite; 6. Ortho-
clase; 7. Quartz; 8. Topaz; 9.
Sapphire; 10. Diamond. (Dana)

Hard pale solder. An alloy of tin 2
parts, lead 1 part: for pewterers'
use. ( Standard )

Hardpan. A name specially developed
in the digging of auriferous placers,
and applied to the layers of gravel
which are usually present a few
feet below the surface and which
are cemented by Hmonite or some
similar bond. They are therefore
resistant It is also used to de-
scribe bowlder clay, which is like-
wise difficult to excavate. (Kemp)

Hard porcelain. Porcelain character-
ized by a body of kaolin and feld-
spar with a feldspathic glaze, as
Chinese, Sevres, Berlin, etc., porce-
lain. (Standard)

Hard pottery. Pottery which can not
be scratched by a sharp-pointed
piece of iron. (Standard)

Hard-rock phosphate. A term used in
Florida to designate a hard, massive,
close-textured, homogenous, light-
gray phosphate, showing larger or
smaller irregular cavities, that are
usually lined with secondal^ mam-
milliary incrustations of phosphate
of lime. (Power)

Hards (Mid.). A hard and close-
grained coal. (Gresley)

Hard solder. Any solder that melts
only at a red heat: used in solder-
ing silver, etc. (Standard)

Hard spar. A name applied both to
corundum and andalusite. (Ches-
ter)

Hard steel. Steel containing more
than 0.30 per cent of carbon. Em-
ployed for rubbing surfaces and
where great ultimate strength is re-
quired (Webster). See also Steel.

Hard way, or Head grain. A plane at
right angles to both rift and run,
along which the rock splits with
greater difficulty than in directions
of either rift or run (Bowles).
Sometimes called Cut-off.

Hard white ore. Georgia bauxite con-
taining less than 1 per ceat ferric
oxide. (Ore Dep., p. 406)

332

GLOSSARY OF MlttttTO ASTV MltfERAL

Hardy. A square-shanked chisel or
fuller for Insertion in a hardy hole.
(Standard)

Hardy hole. A hole in a blacksmith's
anvil for the insertion of a calking
tool or other piece. (Standard)

Haricot. Red copper oxide (CuO)
used as a back ground in ceramic
decoration (Standard). Also spelled
Harrico.

Harina (Sp.). 1. Flour; H. fdsil, in-
fusorial earth. 2. Fine powder of
metals; H. del bocarte, pulp at gold-
extraction mills. (Halse)

Harlequin. The Oriental opal. (Stand-
ard)

Hameado (Chile). Screening, as of
ore; Harneadoras de car&dn, a coal-
screening apparatus. (Halse)

Harnear (Sp.). To screen, as in ore
dressing. (Halse)

Harnerero (Mex.). The operator of a
hand-jig. (Dwight)

Harnero (Mex.). Hand- jig (Dwight)
A* sieve; a screen. (Halse)

Harp. 1. (Scot.). A sparred shovel
used in the east of Scotland for
filling coal. (Barrowman)
2. (Scot.) To fill a hutch with coal
at the face. (Gresley)

Harrie; Herrie (Scot.). To rob; to
take all the coal that can conven-
iently be mined without attempting
to systematically remove the whole
(Barrowman). A variation of
Harry, to strip; despoil; to rob.

Harrisite. A variety of chalcocite that
is pseudomorphous after galena.
(Standard)

Harrow (Aust). An apparatus used
for mixing gold-bearing clays. ( Skin-
ner)

Harstigite. An acid orthosilicate of
manganese and calcium. The min-
eral occurs in small, colorless, pris-
matic crystals. From Sweden.
(Dana)

Hartine. A white resin separated by
ethyl ether from a resin from the
brown coal of Oberhart. See also
Xyloretinite. (Bacon)

Hartite. A mineral closely resembling
fictellte; It melts at 75° <X and oc-
curs near Gloggnitz, Austria, and in
Styria and Carinthia. (Bacon)

Harvard brick. A term originally ap-
plied to clear, red, common brick,
which were overturned, and espe-

cially so on one end or side, so that
these harder burned parts were blu-
ish black. The name is more loosely
used nowadays. (Ries)

Harveyize. To subject the face of a
steel plate to a process of cementa-
tion which increases the carbon in
that portion of the plate, producing
a plate with a comparatively soft
body and a very hard face. (Gen
tury)

Harvey process. A process for car-
burizing the face of a piece of low-
carbon steel by subjecting it to the
action of carbon at a very high heat,
and then a sudden chilling, as by a
spray of cold water. (Webster)

Harz, or plain eccentric jig. A jig in
which pulsion is given intermit-
tently with suction. The periods de-
voted to them are about equal.
(Liddell)

Harzburgite. A variety of peridotite
that consists, essentially of olivine
and enstatite or bronzite. Saxonite
was earlier proposed by Wadsworth
(1884) for the same rock, and has
priority. (Kemp)

Hasenclever furnace. 1. A vertical
shaft furnace for calcining sulphide
ore. (Peters, p. 172)
2. A simple, efficient muffle furnace
for roasting zinc ores in Upper Si-
lesia. (Ingalls, p. 131)

Hasenclever-Helblg furnace. A roast-
ing furnace having a hearth inclined
at an angle of 43°. The ore de-
scends over the hearth by gravity.
(Ingalls, p. 136)

Hasp el (Sp. Am.). A hand winch.
(Lucas)

Hassing. See Hasson.

Hasson; Hassing (Scot.). A ver-
tical gutter between water rings in
a shaft (Barrowman). See also
Gauton.

Hasson deal (Scot.). A cover for a
hasson. (Barrowman)

Hastial (Sp.). 1. The surface of
either wall, or roof, or floor of a
deposit; side of a deposit 2. The
side of a gallery, shaft, or any exca-
vation. (Halse)

Hatajo (Mex.). A drove of pack-
mules. (Dwight)

Hatch. 1. (Brist.) A door, or gate.
2. A stroke or line used in engraving
or drawing to give the effect of shad-
ing. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

833

Hatchet stake. A small anvil on which
to bend sheet metal. (Standard)

Hatchettine. A synonym for Hatchet-
tite. (Bacon)

Hatohettite. A yellowish-white, wax-
yellow or greenish-yellow hydro-
carbon which darkens on exposure;
it melts at 46° C.t is sparingly solu-
ble in boiling alcohol and cold ether,
and is decomposed by concentrated
sulphuric acid. Its specific gravity
varies from 0.892 to 0.983. (Bacon)

Hatchettolite. A tantalo-niobate of
uranium, near pyrochlore. In octa-
hedrons. Color yellowish brown.
Occurs with samarskite, at the mica
mines of Mitchell County, North
Carolina. (Dana)

Hatching (Brist.). An underground
way or self-acting inclined plane,
in a thin seam of coal, extending
from 60 to 80 yards to the rise.
(Gresley)

Eatherlite. A name proposed by A.
Henderson for a syenite from South
Africa which has for its feldspar
anorthoclase instead of orthoclase.
Pilandite is a porphyritic phase of
the same. (Kemp)

Hat rollers (Eng.). Cast iron or steel
rollers, shaped like a hat, revolving
upon a vertical pin, for guiding haul-
age ropes around curves. (Gresley)

Hatter (Aust.). A miner or other
worker who works alone, and there-
fore whose "hat covers his family."
(Webster)

Hatting (Aust). The labor of a
miner who works alone. (Stand-
ard)

Hand off; Hold off (Scot.). Keep back.
Called by a laborer pushing a full
car to another meeting him with an
empty one, the latter being obliged
tp get out of the way. (G. C. Green-
well)

Hauerite. Manganese d i s u 1 p h i d e ,
MnSj. In octahedral of pyrito-
hedral crystals; also massive.
Color reddish-brown or brownish-
black. (Dana)

Haul. 1. To transport by pulling or
drawing, as cars. 2. The distance
over which anything is hauled as. a
long or a short haul. (Standard)

Haulage. The act or labor of hauling
or drawing. In mining, the draw-
ing or conveying, in cars or other-
wise, of the produce of the mine
from the place where it is mined to
the place where it is to be hoisted,
treated, used, or stored.

Haulage clip (Eng.). Levers, jaws,
wedges, etc., by which trams, singly
or in trains, are connected to the
haulage ropes. (Gresley)

Haulage plant. A mechanical installa-
tion for the tramming of rock (ore
or coal), operated by ropes, com-
pressed air, or electricity. (Weed)

Haulageway. The gangway, entry, or
tunnel through which loaded or
empty mine cars are hauled by ani-
mal or mechanical power.

Hauler. Same as Driver.

Haulier (Fr.). A boy .or man who
goes with a pony or horse in the
mine, or who attends the trips upon
engine planes, etc. (Gresley). A
driver.

Haunch. The part of an arch from
the keystone to the skew back. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Haupt furnace. A gas-fired Silesian
furnace with recuperative chambers
for preheating the air for secondary
combustion. (Ingalls, p. 409)

Haurl (Scot). A claut; a scraper.
(Barrowman)

Hansmannite. A mineral, Mn*O4 or
MnO.MnjO«. In tetragonal octahe-
drons and twins ; also granular mas-
sive, particles strongly coherent.
Luster submetallic. Color brownish
black. (Dana)

Haiiynite; Zaiiyne. A silicate and
sulphate of sodium, calcium, and
aluminum. Na*Ca ( NaSO*. Al ) AU-
(SiO«)* (Dana)

The name of the mineral is often
prefixed to the names of those rocks
that contain it (Kemp)

Hauzeur furnace. A double furnace
for the distillation of zinc wherein
waste heat from one set of retorts
is utilized for heating the second
set. (Ingalls, p. 443)

Hawk's eye. A blue variety of crocid-
olite from South Africa (Power).
See also Tiger-eye, 1.

Hawser. 1. Any wire rope used for
towing on lake or sea. A fiber haw-
ser consists of three strands laid up
right-handed. (C. M. P.)
2. A large rope, 5 to 10 inches in
circumference, generally of 9 strands
and left-handed twist. (Standard)

Hawser-laid rope. A pope having three
strands of yarn twisted left-handed,
the yarns being laid up right-handed.
Synonymous with cable-laid rope as
applied to wire ropes. (C. M, P.)

334

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hawser wire rope. Galvanized rope of
iron or steel, usually composed of 6
strands, 12 wire's each, principally
used in marine work for towing pur-
poses. (C. M. P.)

Hayden process. An electrolytic proc-
ess for copper refining. There is
but one true cathode and one anode
in the tank, a large number of plates
of unrefined copper being placed be-
tween and parallel to them. The
side of each plate toward the cathode
then acts as an anode, while .copper
is deposited on the side of each
plate toward the anode, until the
entire plate .has moved over by the
amount of its own thickness. This
is the so-called series method of re-
fining. (Liddell)

Hazle (No. of Eng.). In coal mining,
a tough mixture of sandstone and
shale (Gresley). Also spelled Hazel.

Head. 1. Any road, level, or other sub-
terraneous passage driven or formed
in the solid coal, etc., for the pur-
pose of proving and working the
mine. 2. That part of a face near-
est .to the roof. 3. (Som.) Any
length of working faces. 4. (So.
Staff.) A shift or day's work by
the stint in heading-out, or driving
of dead work. 5. The top end of the
boring rods above the surface. 6.
Pressure of water in pounds per
square inch, or, of so many feet.
7. To cut or otherwise form a nar-
row passage or head. 8. A lift. 9.
See Motive column. (Gresley)

10. In the plural, the purest ore ob-
tained by washing; distinguished
from middling, tailing, and slime,
that are also used in the plural form.

11. The circular plate that forms
the end of a cylinder of a steam en-
gine. (Crofutt)

12. See Sluice head. 13. The atti-
tude or direction of tlie set of paral-
lel planes in a massive crystalline
rock along which fracture is most
difficult. It is normal to the direc-
tion of the strongest cohesion. 14.
A rammer for crushing gold quartz.

15. (Eng.) An earthy deposit from
rock decay. (Webster)

16. A layer of angular debris of ad-
jacent strata, which generally over-
lies the raised beaches of England.
(Standard)

Head-bay. The water space immedi-
ately above the lock in a canal.
(Century)

Headblock. 1. A stop at the head of
a slope or shaft to stop cars from
going down the shaft or slope. 2.
A cap piece. (Steel)

Headboard. A wedge of wood placed
against the hanging wall, and
against which one end of the stull
is jammed. (C. and M. M. P.)

Head coal (Scot.). Formerly, the
stratum of a coal next the roof.
More usually now, the top portion of
a coal seam when left unworked,
either permanently or to be after-
wards taken down; the top coal on
a loaded wagon. (Barrowman)

Header. 1. A rock that heads off or
delays progress. 2. A blast hole at
or above the head. 3. A stone or
brick laid lengthwise at right angles
to the face of the masonry. 4. An
entry-boring machine that bores the
entire section of the entry in one
operation. (Reis)

5. (Mid.). A collier or coal cutter
who drives a heading. (Gresley)

6. A plank or timber, longer than a
cap, supported by two props, one a.t
each end. (Big Branch Coal Co. v.
Wrenchie, 170 S. W. Kept., p. 16)

Headframe. A structure erected over
a shaft to carry the sheaves over
which the cable runs for hoisting the
cage. Called in England, Gallows
frame. (Chance)

Head gate. A water gate or flood-
gate of any race or sluice. (Stand-
ard)

Headgear. 1. That portion of the
winding machinery attached to the
headframe, or the headframe and
its auxiliary machinery. (Chance)
2. That part of deep-boring appa-
ratus which remains at the Surface.
(Raymond)

Head grain. Same as Hard way.
(Bowles)

Head house. The house or building
that encloses the headframe. See
also Gallows frame. (Chance)

Heading. 1. The vein above a drift.
See Back, 1. 2. An interior level
or airway driven in a mine. 3. In
longwall workings, a narrow pas-
sage driven upward from a gang-
way in starting a working in order
to give a loose end. (Raymond)
4. A continuous passage between
two rooms, breasts, or other working
places. 5. (Ark.). Tlie narrow
part of an entry near the workinc
face. (Steel)

6. The operation of driving a head.

7. (Scot.). The top portion of the
load above the tub (car) sides.
(Gresley)

8. A collection of close joints.
(Perkins)

9. A term sometimes applied to the
preliminary drift or pioneer bench
in tunnel driving. (Bowles)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

335

Heading-and-stall. See Room-and-
pillar method.

Heading driver; Entry man. A miner
who drives a heading, entry, drift,
or adit

Headings. 1. In ore dressing, the
heavier portions collecting at the
upper end of a huddle or sluice, as
opposed to the tailings, which
escape at the other end, and the mid-
dlings, which receive further treat-
ment (Raymond). Also called Con-
centrates. See Head, 10.
2. Coarse gravel or drift overlying
placer deposits. 3. That portion of
a vein which is above a level.
(Power)

Heading seam. See Joint. 3.

Heading side. The underside of a lode
(Da vies). See Heading wall.

Heading tool. A tool for swaging bolt
heads. (Standard)

Heading wall. The foot wall or lower
wall of a lode along which the head-
ing is run. (Skinner)

Headline. A line extending from the
front of a dredge to an anchorage
and used to hold the dredge in place
during operations. See also Side
line, 1. (Weatherbe)

Headpiece. A cap ; a collar. (Chance)

Headrace. The channel by which wa-
ter is led to a water wheel, or to
any machinery. (Standard)

Headroom. f Height as between the
floor and the roof, as in a mine.
(Gresley)

Heads. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.). A local
term applied by bluestone quarry-
men to the open joints that run
north and south. (Bowles)

2. (Eng.). See Headings, 1. Also
Head, 10.

3. (Scot.). Large top-coal on a
loaded hutch. (Barrowman*

4. (Aust). Small faults. (Power)

Head side (No. Staff.). The rise side
of a heading driven on the strike.
(Gresley.)

Headsman (No. of Eng.). In a col-
liery, one who brings coal from the
workings to the tramway. (Web-
ster)

Head stocks. Gallows frame; head-
frame. (Chance) •

Headsword (Corn.). Water dis-
charged through the adit level.
(Da vies)

Head tin (Corn.). See Headings, 1.

Headtree (Newc.). A piece of wood,
on top of a prop, to support the roof.
(Min. Jour.)

Headwater erosion. The extension of
a stream valley by erosion oi the
upland at its head. (Webster)

Headway (Newc.). 1. See Crosshead-
ing. The headways are the second
set of excavations in post-and-stall
work. (Raymond)
2. (No. of Eng.). The direction of
the cleat or a place driven parallel
with the cleat, that is, end-on.
< Gresley)

Headwork. 1. The headframe with
the head gear. (Webster)
2. (Ark.) The cutting and other
work done at the face of an entry.
(Steel)

Healing stone. A slate or tile for roof-
ing. (Standard)

Heap. 1. (Newc.) The refuse -at the
pit's mouth. (Raymond)

2. (Scot.) To load up a tub (car)
above the top of the sides. (Gres-
ley)

Heap keeper (No. of Eng.). A man
who looks after the sorting and
cleaning of the coal at the surface,
and keeps things in order about the
shaft

Heap matte. Matte produced by heap
roasting.

Heap roasting. Burning the sulphur
out of ores piled in heaps, with a
small amount of wood or other fuel.
(Weed)

Heapstead (Eng.). The entire surface
works about a colliery shaft (Gres-
ley)

Hearth. 1. The floor or sole of a re-
verberatory- 2. The crucible of a
blast furnace. (Raymond)

3. A bloomery. 4. A plate or table
upon which cylinder glass is flat-
tened. (Standard)

Hearth accretions. See Sow, 4.

Hearth bottom. A furnace bottom
soaked to some depth with metal.
(Hofman, p. 85)

Hearth cinder. Slag produced in re-
fining metals. (Webster)

Hearth ends. Particles of unreduced
lead ore expelled by the blast from
a furnace. (Raymond)

Hearth plate. A cast-iron plate serv-
ing as a sole for a refiner's furnace.
(Standard)

336

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Heart joint (Scot). A particular
form of attachment Joint between
the bucket-rod and the foot-rod of
a pump. (Barrowman)

Heart shake. A defective condition of
timber shown by cracks extending
from the heart outward. ( Standard )

Heart wall. A wall hearted with rub-
ble, concrete, or other filling, (Web-
ster)

Heat. 1. A physical agent or form of
energy generated by the transforma-
tion of some other form of energy,
as by combustion, chemical action,
or the stoppage of mass-motion by
friction, possessing the power of ex-
panding, melting, vaporizing, and de-
composing bodies, of raising their
temperature, and of passing through
space with the velocity of light.

2. The material heated, melted, etc.,
at one time; as, the foundry runs
three heats a day. (Standard)

3. Otfe operation in a heating fur-
nace, Bessemer converter, puddling
furnace, or other furnace not oper
ating continuously. (Raymond)

4. (Eng.) The elevated tempera-
ture produced by spontaneous com-
bustion in a mine. (Gresley)

Heat economizer. A device by which
the steam in a steam engine or the
hot air of an engine is cooled, caus-
ing it to impart its heat to a metal-
lic body which stores up the heat
and imparts it in turn to the next
charge of steam or air, thus reduc-
ing the waste of heat ; a regenerator.
(Century)

Heat energy. That form of energy
which manifests itself through ther-
mal effects. (Webster)

Heat engine. An engine which trans-
forms heat into mechanical work.
(Century)

Heater. One of the workmen who as-
sists in the operation of rolling large
steel armor plates. (Standard)

Heathen (Eng.). Applied to a bed of
coal immediately below the 10-yard
coal, Staffordshire. (Bainbridge)

Heath peat. Peat derived chiefly from
decomposed heather. (Standard)

Heating back. A chamber back of a
forge, in which the air intended for
the blast is heated. (Standard)

Heating furnace. The furnace in
which blooms or piles are heated
before hammering or rolling. (Ray-
mond)

Heating surface. That surface In a
steam boiler or similar apparatus
from which the heat passes to -the
liquid to be evaporated or heated;
the fire surface. (Standard)

Heat of combustion. The heat evolved
when a substance is completely
burned in oxygen.

Heating tube. A water tube exposed
to the fire in a steam boiler.
(Standard)

Heat recuperation. The recovery of
heat from waste gases. (Ingalls, p.
355)

Heat unit. A unit of quantity of
heat ; the heat required to raise the
unit mass of water through one de-
gree of temperature (Standard).
Compare Calorie; also British ther-
mal unit.

Heave. 1. The horizontal component
of the slip, measured at right an-
gles to the strike of the fault.
Used by J. E. Spurr and A. Geikie for
" offset." Used by Jukes Brown
for " strike slip." (Lindgren, p. 123)
2. A rising of the floor of a mine
caused by its being too soft to re-
sist the weight on the pillars.
(Steel)

Heavily watered (Scot). Said of a
colliery when the escape of water
from the strata into the shaft or
workings is abundant, requiring
powerful pumping machinery. (Bar-
rowman)

Heavy. The hollow sound produced
when knocking on a mine roof,
which is loose. (Gresley)

Heavy fire (No. of Eng.). An exten-
sive and severe explosion. (Gres-
ley)

Heavy gold (Aust). Particles of gold
the size of gunshots. (Davies)

Heavy spar. Synonym for Barite.

Heavy tiff. See Tiff, 2.

Hebilla (Sp.). A buckle. (Halse)

Hebrew granite (Eng.). A graphic
granite in which the crystals of
quartz imbedded in the body of the
feldspar resemble Hebrew charac-
ters. (Roberts)

Hechado (Sp.). The dip of a lode.
(Lucas)

Hectare. A measure of area equal to
2.4711 acres.

Hedenbergite. A calcium-iron variety
of pyroxene, CaFe(SiO.),. (Dana)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

337

Hedgehog. 1. (Scot.) A broken
strand or single wire of a rope torn
out while the rope is in motion, and
drawn up into a knot or bundle on
the rope. (Barrowman)
2. A dred&er consisting of a roller
with protruding spikes or spades
which is dragged over the bottom of
a river, etc., to remove silt, mud, or
the like. (Webster)

Hedgehog stone. Quartz crystals con-
taining needles of gothite or some
other iron oxide (Chester). Com-
pare Hair stone.

Bedrumite. A name proposed by
Brogger for certain syenitic rocks
that are poor or lacking in nephelite,
but that have a trachytic texture,
(Kemp)

Heel. The mouth or collar of a bore
hole. (Du Pont)

Heel of a shot. In blasting, the front
of a shot, or the face of the shot
farthest from the charge (C. and
M. M. P.). Same as Heel.

Heel of coal. A small body of coal
left under a larger body as a support.
(Steel)
Heep stead (Eng.). See Heapstead.

Hegeler ' furnace. A muffle furnace 7
hearths high. The lower hearths
are heated by gas burned in the
flues beneath them. The first me-
chanical furnace to be employed suc-
cessfully for blende roasting in the
United States, at La Salle, 111.
(Ingalls, pp. 145 and 450)

Hegeler producer. A furnace for the
manufacture of producer gas. (In-
galls, p. 307.)

Height-of-land. See Watershed.

Heintzite; Hintzeite; Kaliborite. A
hydrous borate of magnesium and
potassium. The mineral occurs in
small crystals sometimes aggregated.
Colorless to white. From Stassfurt.
(Dana)

Helenite. A wax near ozocerite but
elastic like caoutchouc; it is yellov,*
and has a specific gravity of 0.915.
It occurs at Ropa in Galicia.
(Bacon)

Hclictite. A distorted twig-like lat-
eral projection of calcium carbon-
ate, found in caves, etc. (Stand-
ard). Compare Stalactite; Stalag-
mite.

Heliotrope. A subspecies of quartz, of
a deep-green color, peculiarly pleas-
ant to the eye. Also called Blood-
stone. (Century)

744010 O— 47 22

Helium. An inert, monatomic, gas-
eous element occurring in the at-
mosphere of the sun and stars, and
in small quantities in the earth's
atmosphere, in several minerals and
in certain mineral waters. Symbol,
He; atomic weight, 4.0; specific
gravity, 0.12. (Webster)

Helper. A miner's assistant, who
works under the direction of the
miner. (Hargis)

Helper-tip (Aust). An assistant to a
trammer when the roads are bad.
(Power)

Helve. 1. (Eng.) The handle of a
pick or maundrill (Gresley). Some-
times called Helver.
2. A lift-hammer for forging blooms.
(Raymond)

Helvite. A mineral occurring com-
monly in tetrahedral crystals; also
In spherical masses. Brittle; lus-
ter vitreous, inclining to resinous.
Color honey-yellow, inclining to yel-
lowish brown, and siskin green, red-
dish brown. Composition, (Be, Mo,
Fe)TSi,OuS. (Dana)

Hemachate. A light - colored agate
spotted with red jasper. Also called
Blood-agate. (Standard)

Hematita (Sp.). Hematite. (Dwlght)

Hematite. One of the commonest ores
of iron, FejO8, which when pure con-
tains about 70 per cent of metallic
iron and 30 of oxygen. It may be
readily distinguished from magnetic
and titaniferous iron ore by its red
streak and powder, the others giv-
ing a black streak. Hematite is
sometimes mixed with sufficient
magnetite to cause it to adhere to
the magnet. The hydrated variety
of this ore Is called limonlte or
brown hematite. (Roy. Com.)

Hematitic. Pertaining to, containing,
or resembling hematite. (Century)

Hembra (Mex.). A post (timbering).
(D wight)

Hemidome. That form in-n crystal
composed of two parallel domatic
planes in. the triclinic, or of two
parallel orthodomatic planes in the
monoclinic system of crystallization.
(Standard!

Hemihedral. In crystallography, hav-
ing a lower grade of symmetry than,
and only half as many faces as, the
corresponding form of full or nor-
mal symmetry .for the system. (La
Forge)

338

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hemiholohedral. Noting hemihedrous
in which all the octants contain half
the whole number Of similar planes.
(Standard)

Hemimorphic. In crystallography, hav-
ing no transverse plane of symmetry
and no center of symmetry, and
composed of forms belonging to only
one end of the axis of symmetry.
(La Forge)

Hemimorphite. A hydrous zinc sili-
cate, HsZnSiO* (Dana). Compare
Calamine.

Hemiprism. A form produced by two
parallel planes cutting the two lat-
eral axes in the triclinic system of
crystallization. ( S tandard )

Hemipyramid. A form consisting of
two pairs of similar parallel planes
cutting all three axes in the mono-
clinic system of crystallization.
(Standard)

Hemithrene. Brogniart's name, cur-
rent among the French, for certain
dioritic rocks that contain a large
amount of calcite, presumably an
alteration product. (Kemp)

Hemitropic. Crystals that appear as
if composed of two halves of a
crystal turned partly round and
united. Examples of this structure
may be often foi nd in feldspar and
cassiterite crystals. (Jackson)

Henderson process. The treatment of
copper sulphide ores by roasting
with salt, to form chlorides, which
are then leached out and precipi-
tated. Henderson originally pro-
posed to volatilize the chlorides, and
the leaching and precipitation are
not original with him. Longmaid
and many other metallurgists have
proposed them in various modifica-
tions. (Raymond)

Hepatic cinnabar. A variety of cin-
nabar of a liver-brown color. (Web-
ster)

Hepatic gas. An old chemical term for
hydrogen sulphide. (Webster)

Hepatic mercurial ore. See Hepatic
cinnabar.

Hepatic pyrite. Marcasite. (Power)

Hepatin. An amorphous limonite, of a
liver-brown color, and containing a
small percentage of copper. (Ches-
ter)

Hepatite. A variety of barite: so
called from the fetid odor it exhales
when heated. (Standard)

Hercules powder. An explosive that
resembles dynamite No. 2, and con-
sists of nitroglycerin with a more
or less explosive dope. (Raymond)

Hercules stone. The lodestone. Called
also Heraclean stone; Heraklean
stone. (Standard)

Hercynite. Iron spinel, FeAlaCh. Iso-
metric; a massive, fine granular
black mineral. (Dana)

Hermetic casing. See Screw casing.

Heronite. A name proposed by A. P.
Coleman, for a dike rock, consist-
ing essentially of analcite, ortho-
clase, plagioclase and aegirite, the
analcite having the character of a
base, in which the other minerals
form radiating groups of crystals.
The name is derived from the local-
ity, Heron Bay, on the north shore
of Lake Superior. (Kemp)

Herramienta (Mex.). Tools; equip-
ment. In Guanajuato used instead
of Parada. (Dwight)

Herrar (Sp.). To shoe horses.
(Halse)

Herreria (Sp.). 1. A blacksmith's
shop. 2. Ironworks. 3. A forge.
(Halse)

Hexrero (Sp.). Blacksmith. (Dwight)

Herreshoff furnace. 1. A rectangular-
shaft blast furnace for smelting cop-
per ore. (Peters, p. 287)
2. A mechanical, cylindrical, multi-
ple-deck, muffle furnace of the Mc-
Dougall type. (Ingalls, p. 152)

Herringbone. 1. Resembling the spine
of a herring, characterized by the
arrangement of materials in rows of
parallel lines, which in any two suc-
cessive rows slope in reverse direc-
tions. 2. A gear with double-screw
teeth. (Webster)

Herringbone work. 1. Masonry in
which the stones are laid slanting m
opposite directions in alternate
courses. 2. An arrangement of di-
agonal struts in X forms between
joists to communicate strength from
one joist to its neighbors. (Stand-
ard)

Hervez6n (Colom.). Alluvium mixed
with poor sands or superficial earth.
(Halse)

Hervidero (Sp.). 1. A "boiling spring.
2. A mud volcano. (Halse)

Hervir (Sp.). To boil. (Dwight)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

339

Hess (So. Staff.)- Clinker from fur-
nace boilers. (Gresley)

Eessite. A silver telluride mineral,
Ag2Te. Contains 63.3 per cent
silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Hessonite. A variety of garnet; Cin-
namon stone. (Century)

Heterogeneous. Differing in kind;
having unlike qualities; possessed
of different characteristics; opposed
to homogeneous. (Webster)

Heterotactous. Irregular ; lacking uni-
formity in stratification or arrange-
ment of parts; heterogeneously ar-
ranged. ( Standard )

Heterotomous. Having a cleavage un-
like that which is characteristic of
the mineral in its ordinary form, as
a variety of feldspar. (Standard)

Heugh (Scot.). 1. A place where coal
or other mineral is worked; a pit
or shaft. (Barrowman)
2. A gem with rugged sides ; a crag
(Standard). Also spelled Heuch.

Heulandite. A mineral of the zeolite
family. A hydrous silicate of cal-
cium and aluminum, 5H2O.CaO.-
(Dana)

Henmite. A name proposed by W. C.
Brogger for a dike rock, composed
of minerals, too small to be recog-
nized with the eye alone, but which
under the microscope prove to be
natron-orthoclase, natron-microcline,
barkevicite, biotite, and in small
amount, nephelite, sodalite, and
diopside. The accessories are apa-
tite, magnetite, pyrite, and titanite.
The silica in two dikes was found to
be respectively 47.10 and 48.46.
The name was derived from Heum,
a small town on Lake Farris.
(Kemp)

Hewer (Newc.). One who undercuts
the coal with a pick. A coal miner.

Hewing (Newc.). Undercutting or
mining the coal. (Min. Jour.)

Hewing double (Eng.). See Double-
working. (G. C. Green well)

Hewing rate (Aust). The rate of pay
given miners for mining coal.
(Power)

Hewns (Eng.). The sides of a cal-
ciner or roasting furnace, from their
being formerly built with hewn
stone. (Pryce)

Hexagonal system. In crystallography,
that system of crystals In which
the faces are referred to four axes,
a principal or vertical axis and

three lateral axes perpendicular to
the vertical axis and intersecting
at mutual angles of 60°. (La
Forge)

Hexahedron. In crystallography, a
form, in the isometric system, en-
closed by six faces each perpendicu-
lar to an axis; a cube. (La Forge)

Hexoctahedron. In crystallography, a
form, in the isometric system, en-
closed by 48 similar faces with un-
equal intercepts on all three axes.
(La Forge)

Hex tetrahedron; He xa tetrahedron, la
crystallography, a form, in the iso-
metric system, of tetrahedral sym-
metry, enclosed by 24 similar faces
with unequal intercepts on all three
axes. (La Force)

Hiatal. A rock fabric in which the
variation in the size of the crystals
is not in continuous series, but in a
broken series with hiatuses. (Id-
dings, Igneous Rocks, p. 198)

Hiatus. A chasm; a gap; a space
where something is wanting. (Web-
ster)

Hichu (Peru). A species of long grass
used as fuel or fodder. (D wight)

Hick-joint. A system of masonry-
pointing in which the mortar be-
tween the courses is flush with the
face of the wall. (Standard)

Hiddenite. An emerald-green spodu-
mene. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Hidr&ulica (Sp.). Hydraulic. (Dwight)

Hidrograf ia ( Mex. ) . Hydrography.
(Dwight)

Hielmite. A stanno-tantalate (and
niobate) of yttrium, iron, manga-
nese, calcium. Crystals (ortho-
rhombic), usually rough; massive.
Color pure black. From Sweden.
(Dana)

Hierro (Sp.). 1. Iron; H. aflnado, re-
fined iron; H. cochino, pig iron;
H. colado, cast iron. 2. Iron ore;
H. arcilloso, clay ironstone; H.
arsenical, arsenopyrite ; H. especu-
lar, specular iron ore; H. cromado,
chrome iron ore (Lucas). H.
labrado, wrought iron (Min. Jour.) ;
H. liinoso, bog ore; limonite; IT.
magnetico, magnetite; H. pardo*
brown iron ore; H. rojo, hematite;
H. vie jo. (Peru) Silver ores con-
sisting mainly of iron oxide.
(Halse)

340

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Higado (Peru). 1. An oxide of iron,
occurring in small isolated masses,
containing minute particles of gold.
2. A lenticular deposit of gold ore.
(Halse)

High. A miner's name for the coal of
a thick seam. (Steel)

High doors (Scot). An upper landing
in a shaft. (Barrowman)

High explosives. Explosives which
detonate or are composed of ingredi-
ents which detonate. In the United
States the designation covers explo-
sives like gelatin, dynamite, blasting
gelatin, etc., which are stronger and
more sudden in their action than
gunpowder. (Du Pont)

High furnace. The ordinary blast fur-
nace. (Century)

High-grade. 1. An arbitrary designa-
tion for dynamite of 40 per cent
strength or over. See Grade, 5.
(Du Pont)

2. Rich ore. 3. To steal or pilfer
ore or gold, as from a mine by a
miner. See High-grading.

High-grade mill. A plant for treat-
ing high-grade ores.

High-grade ore. Rich ore. Compare
Low-grade ore.

High-grader. One ivho steals and
sells, or otherwise disposes of high-
grade or specimen ores. A com-
mon practice in the early days of
gold mining.

High-grading. Larceny of small par-
ticles of ore or gold- by employees in
a mine. (Goldfield Cons. Mines Co.
v. Richardson, 194 Fed. Rept., p.
200)

High pillar. See Shaft pillar.

High-reef. A bedrock which fre-
quently rises more abruptly on one
side of a channel or water course
than on the other. (C. and M.
M. P.)

High-reef wash. A term usually
applied to deposits of wash dirt
upon the high-reef. (Duryee)

High side. A deep coal-mine car, i. e.
one with high sides. Compare Gon-
dola, 1.

High steel. Steel containing a large
proportion of carbon. (Standard)

High values (Transvaal). Ore having
a high assay value. (Rickard, Jour-
nal Chem. Met. and Min. Soc. of S.
Africa, Jan. 1914, p. 361)

Hijuela (Sp.). 1. A small thread of
ore or mineral. 2. A small drain.
(Dwight)

Hijuelas (Mex.). A small-size torta,
made up as a sort of assay on a
large scale, with from 1 to 5 kilo-
grammes of argentiferous mud.
(Dwight)

Hilera (Peru). A parting in a coal
seam. (Halse)

Hilera costeable (Sp.). Pay streak.
(Lucas)

Hill. 1. An arch or high place in a
mine. (Roy)

2. (Scot.). The surface at a mine.
(Barrowman)

3. (No. of Eng., Mid.) An under-
ground inclined plane. (Gresley)

4. A natural elevation of land of
local area and well defined outline.
(Webster)

Hill clerk (Scot.). The person who
weighs mineral, whether at the mine
or depot connected therewith. (Bar-
rowman)

Hill diggings. Placers on hills. (O.
and M. M. P.)

Hiller. In pottery, a vessel used in
making the glaze. (Standard)

Hillman; Hillsman. 1. (Scot.). A
pit headman; a hill clerk. 2. A
coal salesman. (Barrowman)

Hillock (Eng.). A heap of sterile
vein-stuff or stone. (Hunt)

Hill sale (Scot). Sale of coal at the
mine in carts, as distinguished
from shipment in railway cars.
(Barrowman)

Hillside placers (Alaska). Placers on
slopes, intermediate between creek
and bench claims. ( Purington, C.
W., Bull. 259, U. S. Geol. Surv., p.
33)

Hilo. 1. (Mex.) Thread; pay streak;
small stringer of ore. 2. (Peru)
Strike of a vein. (Dwight)
3. H. altos (Sp.) Threads or small
veins of ore extending into the up-
per or hanging wall. 4. H. bajos,
Threads or small veins of ore ex-
tending into the lower or foot wall.
(Min. Jour.)

Hindostan. A fine-grained sandstone
used extensively in the manufacture
of very cheap sharpening stones, es-
pecially axe stones." Found in Indi-
ana. (Pike)

Hinged - hammer crusher. See Wil-
liams Hinged-hammer crusher.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

341

Hinge fault. See Fault

Hinging coal (Scot). Coal lying at:
a moderately high inclination. (Bar-
rowman)

Hinsdalite. A mineral related to alu-
nite, but with replacements as indi-
cated in the following formula:
2Pb0.3Al,O.2SO,.P,0*6EWX (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Hintzeitc. Sec Heintzite.

Hip-and-ridge angle. A piece of roof-
ing tile required where a hip starts
from a ridge. (Ries)

Hip roll. A tile used for covering the
hips on roofs, and which in cross
section may show either roll or an
angle. (Ries)

Hip roll starter. A closed hip piece of
roofing tile used at the lower end
of a hip roll. (Ries)

Hip tile. A tile made to fit the hip of
a roof. (Standard)

Hircine. A fossil amorphous resin,
the composition of which has not
been determined. (Century)

Hirst. A bank of sand in or along a
river. ( Standard )

Hislopite. A grass-green variety of
calcite in which the color is due to
admixed glauconite. (Standard)

Historical geology. See Geology.

Hit (Eng. ) . To find, prove, or cut into
a coal seam or fault (Gresley)

Hitch. 1. (Scot and Newc.) A minor
dislocation of a vein or stratum not
exceeding in extent the thickness of
the vein or stratum. 2. A hole cut
In the side rock, when* this is solid
enough, to hold the cap of a set of
timbers, permitting the leg to be dis-
pensed with. (Raymond)

3. To attach trams to hauling ropes
by short chains. (Gresley)

4. A sudden stoppage of pumping
machinery. ( Standard )

Hitch-and-step (So. Wales). A system
of regulating the distance between
the faces of stalls in longwall work.
(Gresley)

Hitch cutter. A miner who cuts places
in the coal, ore, or wall in which
to rest or place timbers to prevent
rock from falling. (Andrews v.
Tamarack Min. Co., 114 Michigan,
p. 375; 72 N. W. Rept, p. 242; Da-
nula v. Quincy Min. Co., 166 Michi-
gan, p. 351 ; 130 N. W. Rept, p. 604 ;
Andrews v. Tamarack Min Co., 180,
Michigan, p. 73)

Hitcher. The man who runs trams
into or out of the cages, gives the
signals, and attends at the shaft
when men are riding in the cage.
(Gresley). See also Cager.

Hitcher-on. The person employed at
the bottom of a shaft or slope to
put loaded cars on, and take empty
cars off the cage. (Roy)

Hitch wheels (So. Staff.). Drums
upon which winding bands (chains)
coil. (Gresley)

Hoarding (Eng.). A temporary closed
fence of boards placed around a
work in progress. (C. and M. M. P.)

Hoarstone. A stone designating the
bounds of an estate; a landmark.
(Webster)

Hoastman (Local, Eng.). A member
of the principal civic corporation of
Newcastle - on - Tyne ; formerly, a
member of a merchant gild of that
plaq» which received strangers that
came to buy coal and certain other
commodities, conducted the pur-
chases, and levied upon them a cer-
tain duty. In later times the gild
controlled the selling and exporta-
tion of coaL ( Standard )

Hobo connection. Same as Parallel
connection, as used in blasting. (Du
Pont)

Hod. 1. (Forest .of Dean) A cart or
sled for conveying coal in the stalls
of thin seams. (Gresley)
2. A wooden tray or trough with a
handle, borne on the shoulder, for
carrying bricks, mortar, etc. (Web-
ster)

Hock. A corner or angle, as be-
tween mountains ; a secluded valley.
(Standard)

Hofmannite. A crystalline, colorless,
tasteless, and odorless mineral, pos-
sessing a specific gravity of 1.0565 ;
it melts at 71° C. and lias the com-
position C»H»O. It forms a white
crystalline efflorescence on lignite in
the vicinity of Sienna. (Bacon)

Hogar (Mex.). Hearth of a furnace.
(D wight)

Hogback. 1. (Eng.) A sharp rise in
the floor of a coal seam. (Gresley)
2. A ridge formed by the outcrop-
ping edge of tilted strata; hence
any ridge with a sharp summit and
steeply sloping sides, as an esker
(Webster). Called also Horseback.

Hoggan (Corn.). The food carried by
the miner to the mine. (Da vies)

342

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hogger. 1. (Scot.) A leather or can-
vas delivery pipe at the top of a
sinking set of pumps. (Bam>wman)
2. (No. of Eng.) Stockings without
feet, worn by coal miners. (Ores-
ley)

Hogger pipe (No. of Bng.). The up-
per terminal pipe with delivery hose
from the mining pump. (Century)

Hogger pump. The topmost pump in
a shaft. (Raymond)

Hoggin. A material composed of
screenings or siftings of gravel or
a mixture of loam, sand, and gravel,
used in making filter beds, as a
binding material for metal roads, or
the lik§: (Webster)

Hog-tooth spar. Like a dog-tooth spar,
a name for calcite, occurring in
acute sealenohedrons. (Chester)

Hohenlohehiitte furnace. A retort fur-
nace for the distillation of zinc.
(Ingalls, p. 408)

Hoist. 1. An engine for raising ore,
rock, coal, etc., from .a mine and
for lowering and raising men and
material. Also called Holster. 2.
The amount of ore, .coal, etc., hoisted
during a -shift.

Hoisting block. The lower block of
a block-and-fall, bearing the hoist-
ing hook. (Standard)

Hoisting crab. A crab, winch, or wind-
lass for hoisting. (Standard)

Hoisting engineer; Hoist man. One
who operates a hoisting engine, espe-
cially at a mine or quarry. Also
called Engineman.

Hoisting jack. A device for applying
hand power to lift an object by
means of a screw or lever, or by
hydraulic power. (Century)

Hoisting rope. A rope composed of a
sufficient number of wires and
strands to insure strength and flexi-
bility. Such ropes are used in shafts,
elevatort, quarries, etc. (C. M. P.)
See Cable, 1 and 3.

Hoja (Sp.). Leaf; sheet; II. de pi-
zarra, a slab of slate; H. de libro,
(Mex.) a black schistose rock; H. de
papcl, finely laminated clay, slate
or talc. (Halse)

Hojalata (Sp.). Tin plate. (Halse)

Hojalatero (Mex.). Tinsmith.
(Dwight)

Holding iron. See Furnace holding
iron.

Hold out! (Derb.). An exclamation
by the banksman, down a shaft to
the bottomer, when men are about
to descend the shaft, to let him
know that he is not to send up a
load of coal, but merely the empty
rope or chain. (Gresley) •

Hole. 1. To undercut a seam of coal
by hand or machine. 2. A bore
hole. 3. To make a communication
from one part of a mine to another.
(Steel)

4. (Joplin, Mo.) A local term for a
mine shaft.

Hole man (Penn.). One who loads
holes with explosives; a charger.
(De Nardo v. Stephens- Jackson Co.,
Penn. 104 Atlantic, p. 585)

Holes (No. of Eng.). The different
stages or floors from which the
cages are loaded at the shaft bot-
tom. (Gresley)

Hole system. A system of contract
work underground by which the
pointing of the holes and blasting
are done by company men and the
rest of the work by the miner. (H.
C. Hoover, p. 165)

Holing. 1. The working of a lower
part of a bed of coal for bringing
down the upper mass. 2. The final
act of connecting two workings un-
derground. ( Raymond )

Holing about (Eng.). The operation
of establishing an air current be-
tween the down-cast and up-cast
shafts. (G. C. Green well)

Holing-pick. A pick used in holing
coal. (Standard)

Holing-shovel (So. Staff.). A short-
handled, round-bladed shovel. (Min.
Jour.)

Holing-through. Driving a passage
through to make connection with an-
other part of the same workings, or
with those in an adjacent mine
(Chance). See also Holing, 2.

Hollin (Mex.). Fumej condensed fur-
nace-smoke; soot (Dwight)

Hollow blocks. Hollow tiles, larger
than common brick, usually of
rectangular form, and having some
cross webs. Used in exterior walls
and also partitions. (Ries)

Hollow brick. Brick molded with hol-
low spaces in them. They are usu-
ally strengthened by cross webs.
(Rles)

GLOSSARY OF MUSING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

343

Hollow-fire (Eng.). A kind of hearth
with blast, used for reheating the
blooms produced in the South Welsh
process of fining, or the bars of
blister-steel in the manufacture of
shear-steel. (Raymond)

Hollow lode (Aust). A lode filled
with vugs. (Power)

Hollow-plunger pump. A pump used in
mining and quarrying, as in muddy
and gritty water. (Standard)

Hollow reamer. A tool for straighten-
ing a crooked borehole. (Qresley)

Hollows (Eng.). Old abandoned work-
ings. (Gresley)

Hollow spar. Andalnsite.

Hollway process. A process for the
removal of sulphur from iron and
copper sulphides by fusion and pneu-
matic treatment, analogous to the
manner in which carbon, etc., are
removed in the Bessemer process.
(Raymond)

Holmium. A chemical element of the
rare-earth group, not yet definitely
isolated. Symbol, Ho; atomic
weight, 163.5.

Holocrystalline. A textural term ap-
plied to those rocks that consist en-
tirely of crystallized minerals as dis-
tinguished from those with more or
less glass. (Kemp)

Holohedral. In crystallography, pos-
sessing all the faces that have
equivalent intercepts required by
the symmetry of the group to which
the form belongs. (La Forge)

Holohedron. A form having the full
number of symmetrically arranged
planes crystallographically possible.
(Standard)

Holohemihedral. Denoting hemihe-
drons in which all the sectants have
half instead of the whole number
of similar planes. (Standard)

Holohyaline. Completely glassy. (Id-
dings, Igneous Rocks, p. 187)

Holomorphic. Uniformly or completely
sy mmetrical. ( Standard )

Holosiderite. Meteoric iron ; a meteor-
ite consisting of metallic iron with-
out stony matter. (Webster)

Holystone. A soft sandstone used to
scrub decks. To scrub with holy-
stone. (Webster)

Home (No. of Eng.). In the direction
of, or toward the shaft, as in an un-
derground mine. (Gresley) Outby.

Homestead act (U. S.). An act of Con-
gress authorizing the sale of public
lands in parcels of 160 acres each,
to settlers.

Homestead entry. An entry under the

statute enacted to secure homesteads

to actual settlers on the public lands.

(Hartman v. Warren, 76 Fed. Rept.,

p. 160)

Homichlin. A variety of chalcopyrite
that is partly altered to bornite.
(Standard)

Homilite. (Norway). A black, black-
ish brown mineral, (Ca,Fe)«B2SijO».
Crystals often tabular. (Dana)

Homocline. In geology, a group of in-
clined beds of the same dip, which
may be either monoclinal, one limb
of a fold, or isoclinal, but whose
actual relations are not determinate
(La Forge). Used in a more re-
stricted sense than a monocline in
that it applies to small or fragmen-
tary areas.

Homoeomoiphism. A near similarity
of crystalline forms between unlike
chemical compounds. (Power)

Homogeneous. Of the same kind or
nature; consisting of similar parts,
or of elements of a like nature;
opposed to heterogeneous. (Web-
ster)

Homogeneous metal. A variety of in-
got metal produced by the open-
hearth process, for example, steel.
(Raymond)

Homogeneous steel. Cast steel without
blowholes. ( Standard )

Honda (Mex.). A rope chair for de-
scending a shaft. A sling. (Dwight)

Hondonada (Sp. Am.). An excava-
tion. (Lucas)

Hondura (Colom.). A sudden depres-
sion in the surface of the bed rock
of placer mines. (Halse)

Hone. An extremely fine-grained
sandstone suitable for sharpening
razors or other fine-edged instru-
ments or tools. (Bowles)

Honestone. A stone suitable for mak-
ing hones for sharpening; also, a
hone ready for use. (Webster)

Honeycomb. Any substance, as cast-
iron, worm-eaten wood, etc., having
cells suggesting a honeycomb (Web-
ster). Also applied to certain rock
structures.

344

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY.

Honeycomb dun (Eng,). A Devon-
shire name for a vesicular, schistose,
trappean rock. (Roberts)

Honey-stone. A mellate of aluminum,
Al,Ci2Ou-fl8H2O, of yellowish or
reddish color, and a resinous aspect,
crystalizing In octahedrons with a
square base. The mineral is harder
than gypsum, but not so hard as
calcite. (Dana)

Hoo cannel (Eng.). Impure earthy
cannel coaL (Gresley)

Hood. 1. See Bonnet, 1. 2. The top
of a pump. (Standard)

Hook block. The lower sheave or
block, on a crane hoist, to which a
swivel hook is attached. (Willcox)

Hooker-on. Same as Hook-on; also
Hanger-on.

Hook handles (Corn.). The handles
by which a windlass is worked.
(Min. Jour.)

Hook-on, The man who adjusts cables
or chains, about objects to be lifted ;
places hook of crane-block in bucket
bails, and hooks of winches to ob-
jects to be moved, etc, (Willcox)

Hookworm. See Ankylostomiasis.

Hopes (No. of Eng.). Valleys formed
by denudation of the coal me'asures
of the County of Durham. (Gres-

Hbpfner process. A process for the
recovery of copper in which a solu-
tion of cuprous chloride In sodium
or' calcium chloride is used to
dissolve copper sulphides. The solu-
tion is then electrolyzed in tanks
with diaphragms. The anodes are
impure copper, the cathodes pure
copper. Copper is deposited from
the cuprous chloride solution, and
cupric chloride regenerated. (Lid-
dell)

Hopper. 1. A trap at the foot of a
chute for regulating the contents of
a wagon. 2. A place of deposit for
coal or ore. (Raymond)

3. A funnel-shaped feeding trough.

4. (Derb.) A dish used by miners
to measure orei It varies from 14
to 16 pints in different localities.
(Mander)

Hopper car. A car for coal, gravel,
etc., shaped like a hopper, with an
opening at the bottom to discharge
the contents. (Standard)

Hoppering*. In gold washing, gravel
retained in the hopper of a cradle.

Hopper-truck ( Aust. ) . See Hopper car.

Hoppet 1. (Eng.) A hoisting bucket.
(Webster)

2. A vessel for measuring ore.
(Standard)

Horbachite. A metallic, dark-yellow,,
iron-nickel sulphide that is closely
related to pyrrhotite, and is found
as a massive mineral. (Standard)

Horca (Sp.). Hoist; gallows frame;
headgear. (Halse)

Horizon. 1. In geology, any given def-
inite position or interval in the
stratigraphic column or the scheme
of stratigraphic classification: gen-
erally used in a relative sense. 2.
As used by some British geologists,
one or several consecutive beds char-
acterized by a certain fossil or fos-
sils; a zone. (La Forge)

Horizontal-cut underhand. See Under-
hand stoping. •

Horizontal fanlt. See Fault.

Horizontal slicing (ascending). See
Overhand stoping.

Horizontal slicing (descending). See
Top-slicing and cover-caving.

Horizontal throw. See Heave.

Horley-Sedgley water finder. An in-
strument used for ascertaining the
amount of water in a tank contain-
ing oil (Mitzakis)

Hormig6n (Sp.). Concrete (Lucas)

Hormiraillar (Peru). To add salt and
some water to the amalgamating
charge. (Dwight)

Hormignillo (Peru). 1. A line of la-
borers who pass material from hand
to hand. 2. The second treading in
the patio process before mercury is
added. (Halse)

Horn. 1. (Derb.) A line at an angle
of 45° with the face of the coaU
(Min. Jour.)
2. See Spoon, 1.

Hornacho (Sp.). 1. A mine shaft.
See Pozo. 2. An excavation made
in the hillside in search of ore.
(Halse)

Hornada (Sp.). One complete smelt-
ing operation in any furnace.
(Halse)

Hornblende. A variety of the mineral
amphibole. Color between black
and white, through various shades
of green, inclining to blackish green ;
also dark brown; rarely yellow

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

345

pink, rose-red. In part a normal
metasilicate of calcium and mag-
nesium, RSiO», usually with iron,
also manganese, and thus in general
analogous to the pyroxenes. The
alkali metals, sodium and potassium,
also present, and more commonly so
than with pyroxene. (Dana). The
name of the mineral is prefixed to
many rock namea

Hornblende schist. In petrology, a
schistose rock, generally meta-
morphic, composed essentially or
chiefly of hornblende. (La Forge)

Hornblendite. A granitoid, igneous
rock, consisting essentially of horn-
blende and analogous to pyroxenite.
(Kemp)

Horn coaL 1. (Eng.) Coal worked
partly end-on and partly face-on.
(Gresley)

8. A variety of cannel coat from
South Wales. (Bacon)
3. A coal that emits, when burn-
ing, an odor like that of burnt horn.
(Power)

Hornf els. A dense, compact rock pro-
duced from slate by the contact
action of some igneous intrusion, es-
pecially granite. Various micro-
scopic minerals are developed in it.
(Kemp)

Eornillo (Sp.). 1. A small oven or
furnace. 2. A portable assay fur-
nace. 3. A mud volcano. (Halse)

Hornlto: A gas-emitting vent on, and
originating in a lava flow (Daly,
p. 135). A low, oven-shaped mound
common in the volcanic districts of
South America, usually emitting
from its sides and summit hot smoke
and other vapors. (Century)

Horn lead. Lead chloride. (Century)

Homo (Sp.). 1. A kiln; H. de cat,
a. lime kiln. 2. A furnace ; H. alto,
a blast furnace ; H. acoplado, a dou-
ble-hearth furnace ; H. castellano,
a low, shaft furnace; H. cubierto,
a jacket furnace; H. de afinacidn,
a refining furnace; H. de cuba, a
shaft furnace, generally a blast fur-
nace; H. de funditidn, a smelting
furnace (Lucas) ; H. de magistral,
roasting stove, for copper pyrites
(Min. Jour.) ; H. de reverbero, a re-
verberatory furnace; H. de tostar,
a roasting furnace. (Halse)

Horn quicksilver. Mercurous chloride,
HgaCl,. Calomel. (Dana)

Horns (Eng.). Guides on the winding
drum to keep the rope in place.
(Balnbridge)

Horn silver. Chloride of silver. See-
Cerargyrite. (Dana)

Horn socket. In well boring, an im-
plement to recover lost tools, espe-
cially broken drill poles, etc. It
consists of a conical socket, the larger
end downward, which slides over
the broken part, a spring latch grip-
ping it when entered. Frequently
a flaring mouthpiece is riveted to
the horn socket, making it a bell-
mouth socket. (Nat Tube Co.)

Horn spoon. A longitudinal section,
cut from the under side of an ox
horn and scraped thin; used for
washing auriferous gravel and pulp.
where delicate tests are required
(Hanks). See also Spoon, 1.

Hornstone; Chert. An impure flint or
chalcedony with splintery fracture.
More brittle than flint (U. S. GeoL
Surv.)

Horny (Scot). An inferior kind or
gas coal, the pieces of which rattle
with a sound suggestive of horns.
(Barrowman)

Horn tiff (Mo.). Calcite stained witb
carbonaceous material ; sometimes
dark enough to be mistaken for
sphalerite.

Horquilla (Mex.). A coke-fork.
(Dwight)

Horse. 1. A mass of country rock
lying within a vein. (Book v. Jus-
tice Mining Co., 58 Fed. Kept, p.

2. Any irregularity cutting out *
portion of the vein. (Consol.
Wyoming Gold Mining Co. v. Cham-
pion Mining Co., 63 Fed. Kept, p.
544 ; Barrett v. Dessy, 78 Kansas, p.
644; 97 Pacific, p. 786.) See Dirt-
fault and Rock-fault. To take horse-
To split into branches as a vein of
ore in a mine. (Standard)

3. (Scot). A seat suspended from a,
crane rope in a shaft (Barrow-
man). See also D. Link.

4. (Eng.). In saltmaking, to set the
lumps of salt upon .the top of each,
other in the hothouse. (Webster) •

Horse arm (Eng.). The part of a
whim to which the horfees are at-
tached. ( Bainbridge )

Horseback. 1. Natural channels cut or
washed away by water in a coal
seam, and filled up with shale and
sandstone. Sometimes a bank or
ridge of foreign matter in a coal
seam. 2. A portion of the roof or
floor which bulges or intrudes into

346

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

the coal. 3. A mass of country rock
lying within a vein or bed (Steel).
See also Horse, 1.
4. A piece of slate, flat underneath,
thick in the middle, and running
out to a thin edge upon each side
(Stratton v. Northeast Coal Co., 164
Kentucky, p. BOS). See also Kettle
bottom.

6. (Maine) A low and somewhat
sharp ridge of sand or gravel ; also,
but not generally, a ridge of rock
which rises for a short distance with
a sharp edge. A hogback. (Cen-
tury)

Horse beans (Ches.). A stratum of a
granular rock immediately overly-
ing salt beds, in which brine occurs
(Gresley). Also called Shaggy
metal.

Horse block; Horsing block. A frame
of timber on which to rest the raised
end of an excavator's wheeling
plank. (Webster)

Horse engine; Horse gin (Scot.). A
winding drum driven by horse power
for raising mineral. (Barrowman.)

Horse fettler (So. Staff.). A man who
looks after the underground horses
and ponies. (Gresley)

Horseflesh ore ( Corn.). Bornite. (Ray-
mond)

Horse gin. Gearing for hoisting by
horse power. (Hanks)

Horsehead (Eng.). A wooden box
used for mine ventilation. (Bain-
bridge)

Horse height (Mid.). Sufficient dis-
tance between the floor and the roof,
for a horse to travel without knock-
ing his head. (Gresley)

Horse-in-the-lode (Eng.). A dead or
worthless part in the lode; gener-
ally composed of fragments of the
strata through which the lode
passes, which invariably divides the
lode (Hunt). See also Horse, 1.

Horse load (Eng.). A measure of
weight used in some parts of East
Lancashire. 1 horse load=4 cwt. ;
5 horst loads equal one ton. (Gres-
ley)

Horse platform (Scot). The switch
and crossing used on (including the
rails) a horse-haulage road. (Bar-
rowman).

Horseplay. Rude or boisterous play
(Webster). Often results in serious
accidents at mines and industrial
plants.

Horsepower. A unit of power numeri-
cally equal to a rate of 33,000 foot
pounds of work per minute (=550
foot pounds per second) used in
stating the power of a steam engine
or other prime mover. (Webster)

Horsepower hour. The work performed,
or energy consumed, by working at
the rate of one horsepower for one
hour. It is equal to 1,980,000 foot
pounds. ( Webster )

Horse pump. An ordinary lifting
pump worked by horse power.
(Duryee)

Horse road. An underground way for
horse haulage. (Gresley)

Horse run. A device by means of
which horses draw loaded vehicles
up an incline from excavations.
(Standard)

Horse shovel. A road scraper. (Cen-
tury)

Horses' teeth (Corn.). A quarryman's
term for white elongated crystals of
feldspar, which gives the granite its
porphyritic character. (Power)

Horse tree (Eng.). A strong timber
beam for supporting pumps. (Gres-
ley)

Horseway. A road fit for travel with
a horse. (Webster)

Horse whim. A horse-powfcf .winding
drum for raising ore from a mine.
A horse gin.

Horsfordite. A silver- white,, massive
copper antimonide, probably Cu6Sb,
occurring in Asia Minor. (Dana)

Horsing (Eng.). Drawing trams un-
derground by horses and ponies.
(Gresley)

Horst. A tract of the earth's crust
separated by faults from the sur-
rounding tracts which have been
relatively depressed (Webster).
Also spelled Horste.

Horwood process. A flotation process
in which if a mixture of iron, cop-
per, lead, and zinc sulphides is
roasted, the three former can be
changed to oxide and sulphide at a
comparatively 1 o w temperature,
whereas the blende is practically un-
altered. The partly roasted material
is then subjected to a heated-acid
oil-flotation process, by which the
zinc is floated, the other metals stay-
Ing behind. (Liddell)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

347

Hose. 1. A strong flexible pipe made
of leather, canvas, rubber, etc., and
used for the conveyance of water,
or air under pressure, to any par-
ticular point. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. (Scot.) A rope shackle; an iron
clasp at the end of a rope. (Bar-
rowman)

Host. A mineral that contains an-
other (Standard). Compare Hair
stone.

Hot. A term applied to a mine or part
of a mine that generates methane
in considerable quantities.

Hotbed. A platform In a rolling mill
on which rolled bars lie to cool.
(Raymond)

Hot-blast. Air forced into a furnace
after having been heated. (Ray-
mond)

Hot-blast man. A stove tender at blast
furnaces. (Willcox)

Hot-blast system. In ventilation, the
plenum system. (Webster)

Hot-cast porcelain. See Opaline.

notching (Eng.). Jigging, as of lead
ore. (Ure)

Hot chisel. A chisel for cutting hot
metal: distinguished from a Cold
chisel. (Standard)

Hot-drawn. A term used to signify
the product of drawing, when the
operation is performed on material
that is hot — usually red hot (Nat.
Tube Co.)

Hothouse. A heated building or cham-
ber for drying pottery or other
wares ; drying room. ( Standard )

Hot roll. To roll while hot, as a
metal. (Webster)

Hot saw. A circular saw for cutting
hot bar-iron in small pieces. ( Stand-
ard)

Hot-short. Brittle when heated, es-
pecially beyond a red heat, as hot-
shdrt iron. (Webster)

Hot spot. A small portion of the fur-
nace shell that is warmer than the
rest. It indicates a thin lining.
(Willcox)

Houiller. The French equivalent for
coal measures. (Roberts)

Hour-glass structure. A structure re-
sembling the shape of an hour-glass
seen in thin sections of certain min-
erals and due to differences of mo-
lecular attractions in different direc-
tions in a crystal. (Iddings, Rock
minerals, p. 72)

House ( Eng. ) . See Gunnies and Turn-
house.

House of water (Corn.). A cavity or
space filled with water. (Raymond)

Housing. The casing for a machine
or part thereof.

Hove ( Scot. ) . Past participle of heave.
The floor of a mine working is said
to heave or rise. (Barrowman)

Hovel. A large conical or conoidal
brick structure, around, or within
which the ovens or firing kilns are
grouped in the manufacture of por-
celain. (Webster)

Howdie horse (No. of Eng.). A pit
horse kept on the surface for use in
cases of emergency. (Gresley)

Howell. The upper stage in a porce-
lain furnace. (Standard)

Howell furnace. A form of revolving
roasting furnace. (Raymond)

Howk (Scot). To dig; scoop; make
a hollow; to burrow. (Century)

How way! (No. of Eng.). A signal
to lower the cage. (Gresley)

Hoya. 1. (Sp.) A hollow or excava-
tion; H. de carbdn, a coal basin.
2. (Peru) The bed of a river.
(Halse)

Hoyo (Sp.). A pit ; an excavation. A
portion of ore worked with a few
laborers. (Halse)

H-piece. That part of a plnnger-lift
in which the valves or clacks are
fixed. (Raymond)

Huacal (Mex.). Crate; bowl; drink-
ing-dipper made of a gourd.
(D wight)

Huachaca (Peru). The portion of ore
belonging to the laborer who oper-
ated on shares. (Dwight)

Huaillaripa (Peru). Thief of gold ore.
(Dwight)

Huaillaripear (Peru). 1. To steal
gold ore. 2. To extract gold from
tailings by means of sheepskins in
a gentle current of water. (Dwight)

Huaira. 1. (Peru). Ancient Indian
smelting furnace (still used in Po-
tosi, Bolivia). (Dwight)
2. A ventilating brattice. (Halse)

Huairacanon (Peru). A brattice, gen-
erally of wood. (Dwight)

Huairuna (Peru). Small earthen re-
tort, used for retorting amalgam,
extracting from 5 pounds to 15
pounds silver from each charge.
(Dwight)

348

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Huantajayite. An argentiferous va-
riety of halite, 20 NaCl+AgCl, oc-
curring in cubic crystals and as an
incrustation. (Dana)

Huaquero (Peru). An earthenware
pitcher found in Indian burial
grounds. (Halse)

Huascolite. A, variety of galena in
which part of the lead is replaced
by zinc. (Standard)

Hftbnerite. Nearly pure manganese
tungstate, MnWCV When pure it
contains 76.6 per cent tungsten tri-
ozide WO*. (-U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Hncica (Panama). High-lying al-
luvial deposits. (Lucas)

Buckle (Stan*, and Derb.). The sum-
mit or apex of an anticline or
saddle-back. (Page)

Hndge. 1. (Som.) See Bowk, 1. Also
a small box or tram without wheels,
running on timber slides, drawn by
a boy, in thin and steep seams,
(Gresley)

2. An iron bucket for hoisting ore or
coal. (Raymond). See Bowk, 2.

Hud^onite. A variety of Cortlandtite.
(Kemp)

Hueja (Mex.). A bowl made from a
gourd. See also Jicara. (Dwight)

Huel (Corn.). A mine; a variant of
wheal.

Huella (Mex.). A trace of gold or
silver In assaying. (Dwight)

Hneso. 1. (Sp.) Limestone remain-
ing unburnt in a kiln. 2. (Mex.)
Wood tin. 3. (Chile) Yellowish
compact caliche. 4. (Peru) Bone
or argillaceous seams in coal beds.
(Halse)

Huevo (Colom.). 1. A name applied
to enlargements in ore bodies. 2.
A large bowlder of granite or other
hard rock in soft country rock.
(Halse)

Huff separator. An electrostatic ma-
chine depending on the repelling and
attracting action of .electrically
charged particles. The feed is
passed over a roller, and the con-
stituents take various electrical
charges according to conductivity
and are repelled accordingly. (Lid-
dell)

Hugger (No. of Eng.). In coal min-
ing, a back or cleat. (Gresley)

Hulngaro (Mex.). Pick, or pick ax.
(Halse)

Hulc (Sp.). Oil cloth; oil skin.
(Halse)

Hulk. 1. (Corn.) To take down an<J
remove the softer part of a loder
before removing the harder parti
See Gouge, 1, and Dzhu. 2. The re-
moval of the • soft gpuge. 3. The*
excavation made by this operation^
(Century)

Hulla (Sp.). 1. Pit coal. Black bitu-
minous coal. 2. A generic term for
all fossil coal; H. apizarrada, slate*
coal ; H. brillante, anthracite ; H. de
llama, bituminous coal ; H. grasa, a
coking coal; H. magna, noncoking:
coal; H. para gas, gas coal. (Halse)

Hullera (Sp.). 1. A coal mine; a col-
liery. 2. A coal formation. (Halse)

Humboldtilite. A silicate of aluminun*
and iron belonging to the melllite
group. (Dana)

Humedad (Mex.). Moisture*
(Dwight)

Humidity. The condition of being hu-
mid; dampness; moisture; as, the-
humidity of the. atmosphere. ( Stand-
ard)

Humidostat. A device to regulate at-
mospheric humidity. (Webster)

Huminite. A hydrocarbon from Ost-
mark, Sweden, having the composi-
tion (ash-free): carbon, 67.15; oxy-
gen, 29.83 ; hydrogen, 2.55 ; nitrogen,.
0.47; and sulphur, 040 per cent.
(Bacon)

Humite. A basic fluo-silicate of mag-
nesium. Orthorhombic. Fracture
subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle.
Luster vitreous to resinous. Color
white, light-yellow, honey-yellow to-
chestnut-brown and garnet, or hya-
cinth-red. (Dana)

Hummock. 1. A small elevation; hil-
lock. 2. A pile or ridge of ice on
an ice-field. (Standard).

Hummocky. Lumpy, or in small un-
even knolls. (Roy. Com.)

Humo (Sp.). Fume; sraokedamp, or
damps in a mine. (Halse)

Hump (Aust.). A long tramp with a
bundle on one's back, as a*/mwp of
50 miles. (Webster)

Humpe (Peru). Carbon dioxide gas in
mines; choke damp. (Halse)

Humphed coal (Scot). Coal altered
by contact with an Igneous rock ;
inferior coal. (Barrowman)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINBKAL INDUSTRY,

349

Humus. A dark brown substance,
formed usually In the soil, due to the
partial decomposition of vegetal
matter; the organic portion of the
soil. (Webster)

2und (Pr.). A dog. A rectangular
iron trad or wagon on four small
wheels. (Gresley)

Hun dido (Sp.). Cave or run. See
Derrumbe. (Halse)

JHundimiento (Sp.). 1. A cave or run
of ground; fall of roof. 2. Letting
down the roof, as in long wall work-
ing. Subsidence. (Halse)

Hundred-weight. A weight commonly
reckoned in the United States, and
for many articles in England, at 100
pounds avoirdupois; but commonly
in England, and formerly in the
United States, at 112. There is also
an older hundredweight, called the
long hundredweight, of 120 or six-
score pounds. (Standard)

Hungarian mill. A rotating, grinding
mill used in Hungary for removing
small portions of gold from quartz
by mixing with mercury : one of the
many forms of pan-amalgamators.
(Standard)

Hungaro (Peru). A roasting furnace
with two beds, one above the other.
(Halse)

Hungry. Hard, bar.ren vein matter,
as white quartz. Compare Likely.
(Hanks)

Hung shot. A shot which does not
explode immediately upon detona-
tion or ignition (C. and M. M. P.).
See also Hangfire.

Hunker. 1. (India) Yellowish clay
containing concretionary nodules.
(Gresley)

2. Eng.) To sit with the balls of
the feet upon the ground and the
knees bent, so that the thighs rest
on the calves of the legs. This posi-
tion no doubt became habitual with
miners from the nature of their
underground work. (G. C. Green-
well)

Hunt continuous filter. A horizontally-
revolving continuous-vacuum filter.
It consists of an annular filter bed,
usually of triangular wooden slats
filled with coarse sands. The vac-
uum withdraws part of the pulp
moisture as soon as the bed is
formed. A spray then washes it
after which the vacuum dries it and
the material is then scraped off.
<Liddell)

Hunt and Douglas process. Consists In
roasting matte carrying copper, lead,
gold, and silver at a very low tem-
perature, forming copper sulphate
and oxide but not silver sulphate.
This product is leached with dilute
sulphuric acid for copper. The re-
sulting solution is treated with cal-
cium chloride and the copper pre-
cipitated as subchloride by passing
SOi through the solution. The cup-
rous chloride is then reduced to
cuprous oxide by milk of lime, re-
generating calcium chloride, and the
cuprous oxide is smelted. (Liddell)

Huntilite. A silver arsenide occurring
with native silver at Silver Islet,
Lake Superior, Michigan. (Century)

Hunting coal (York.). Ribs and posts
of coal left for second working.
(Gresley)

Huntington and Heberlein process.
See Blast-roasting.

Huntington mill A mill of the Chile-
an type operating by the centrifugal
force of steel rollers revolving
against the inner surface of a heavy
horizontal steel ring or die. The
rollers are suspended upon rods
from horizontal arms by short trun-
nions allowing a swing of the rod
and roller in a direction radial from
the central vertical shaft (Lid-
dell)

Hunt's process. Originated by Ber-
tram Hunt for treating precious
metal ores containing copper or zinc,
using an ammoniacal cyanide solu-
tion and recovering ammonia by
boiling. The process may more truly
be said to have been devised and
perfected by Mosher. (Liddell)

Hurdled ore. Ore passed through a
coarse screen, like a mortar screen.
(Da vies)

Hurdle screen (Scot). A temporary
screen or curtain for clearing gas
out of a pit (Gresley). Used espe-
cially where gas has collected in pot
holes or caves in the roof.

Hurdy - gurdy. 1. See Hurdy - guray
wheel. 2. A dance house in a min-
ing camp. (Standard)

Hurdy-gurdy drill (Aust). A hand
auger used for boring holes In coal.
(Power)

Hurdy-gurdy wkeel. A water wheel
operated by the direct impact of
a stream upon its radially-placed
paddles. (Raymond)

350

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hnrg6n ( Sp. ) . A poker ; H. de punta
curva, a rabble. (Raise)

Hurlbarrow (Scot). A wheelbarrow.
(Standard)

Hurler (Scot.). One who wheels
bricks or heavy material on a wheel-
barrow. ( Standard )

Hurley (Scot.). A box on wheels; a
hutch. ( Barrowman )

Huronian. In geology, in the usage of
the U. S. Geological Survey, the
lower of the two series comprised
in the Algonkian system. Also the
corresponding geologic epoch. By
some geologists the Huronian is di-
vided into Lower Huronian, Middle
Huronian, and Upper Huronian or
Animikean. (La Forge)

Hurrier. See Haulier. Generally a
small boy who trams coal. (Gres-
ley)

Hurry. 1. To haul, pull, or push
cars of coal, in a mine. (Gresley)

2. (Scot.) A screen or sieve. 3.
A chute, slide or pass as for ore in
a mine, Or for coal discharged from
cars into vessels. (Webster)

4. (Gt. Brit.) A wooden staging on
a navigable river, to which the rail-
ways are conducted from coal pits:
used in loading vessels with coal.
(Standard)

Hurry fpim ( Scot. ) . The fine material
that passes through a screen or sieve.
(Barrowman)

Hush (Gt Brit.). To clear away
(soil) from bedrock in prospecting.
(Standard)

Hushing. The discovery of veins by
the accumulation and sudden dis-
charge of water, which washes away
the surface soil and lays bare the
rock. See also Booming. (Ray-
mond)

• Husky. An Eskimo dog (Webster).
Used extensively in traveling and
freighting in the far north.

Hutch. 1. (Scot) A low car, suited
both to run in a level and to be
hoisted on a cage. 2. (Corn.) A
cistern or box for washing ore. See
also Jig, 1. (Raymond)

3. To wash ore in a box or jig.
(Webster)

4. (Scot.) A basket for coal. 5.
(Scot) Two hundredweight of py-
rite. (Standard)

6. The fine concentrates which pass
through a jig screen.

Hutch cleading (Scot). The wood
compris) ig the bottom, side, and end
boards t a hutch. (Barrowman)

Hutch mounting (Scot.). The iron-
work on the frame and box of a
wooden hutch. (Barrowman)

Hutch road (Scot.). A hutch tram-
way. (Barrowman)

Hutch runner (Scot). A boy who
draws hutches. (Gresley)

Hiittenwerk (Ger.). A furnace or
smelting house. (Davies)

Huttrill. A hard place in a vein or
pipe. (Hooson)

Hyacinth. A transparent red, or
brownish, variety of zircon, some-
times used as a gem. (Dana)

Hyaline. A synonym for glassy, which
is often prefixed to the name of vol-
canic rocks to signify a glassy de-
velopment, as hyalo-rhyolites.
(Kemp)

Hyaline quartz. Quartz with a bluish,
opalescent, cast due to presence of
chalcedony. Used as a gem.
(Standard)

Hyalite. A variety of opal (hydrous
silica) which occurs in clear globu-
lar or botryoidal forms resembling:
drops of melted glass. (U. S. GeoL
Surv.)

Hyalithe. An opaque variety of glass,,
frequently black, green, brown, red,
etc., resembling porcelain, and valu-
able owing to jts strength. (Stand-
ard)

Hyalography. The art of engraving on
glass, either with a diamond, emery,
or hydrofluoric acid. (Standard)

Hyalomelane. Basaltic glass. The
word is derived from the Greek for
black glass. (Kemp)

Hyalophane. A barium feldspar, (K«,-
Ba)Al2(SiO3)4. In crystals; also
massive. Monoclinic. Switzerland
and Sweden. (Dana)

Hyalopilitic. Composed of, or char-
acterized by, innumerable slender
microlites embedded in glass; a
structure frequently found in ba-
saltic lavas. (Webster)

Hyalosiderite. A highly ferruginous
variety of common olivine. (Dana)

Hybrid porcelain. A waje originally
made in imitation of oriental porce-
lain, containing some kaolin ; essen-
tially an artificial, soft porcelain,
represented by the early Italian and
French porcelains. (Standard)

Hydato. A prefix to Hthological terms
to indicate an origin through
aqueous processes. (Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

351

Hydatogenic. In geology, derived
from or modified by substances in
a liquid condition : said of the gene-
sis of ores and other minerals : con-
trasted with Pneumatogenic. (Stand-
ard)

Hydatopneumatic. Pertaining to, or
formed by, the combined action of
gas and water. (Webster)

Hydatopneumatolytic. A term used
in the discussion of certain ore de-
posits to describe their origin
through the agency of water and
vapors. (Kemp).

Hyde process. A flotation process pat-
ented in 1911, by James M. Hyde,
in which a small amount of sul-
phuric acid, with or without the use
of copperas, is used to give the
slimy portion of the ore a prelimi-
nary coagulation before flotation.
The sulphides, after agitation, are
floated off rapidly and as completely
as possible with a considerable over-
flow of freely flowing water, thereby
producing an impure concentrate
which is re-treated in a second ma-
chine. (Liddell)

Hydrargillite. A synonym for Gibbsite.

Hydrargyriasis. Chronic mercurial
poisoning. (Webster)

Hydrargyrum. Mercury. (Webster)

Hydrate. • 1. A compound formed by
the union of water with some other
substance and represented as actu-
ally containing water. 2. Less prop-
erly, a hydroxide, as calcium hy-
drate. (Webster)

Hydrated. Containing water in chemi-
cal combination, and hence in a defi-
nite proportion in each case, as gyp-
sum which contains 'water of crys-
tallization,' calcium hydrate, or lime
which has absorbed water on slak-
ing, hydrated oxide of iron, or yel-
low ocher, which can be readily
converted into the anhydrous or red
oxide by driving off the water by
heat (Roy. Com.)

Hydraulic., 1. Of or pertaining to
fluids in motion; conveying, or act-
ing, by water ; operated or moved by
means of water, as hydraulic min-
ing. 2. Hardening or setting under
water, as hydraulic cement. (Web-
ster)

Hydraulic cartridge. A device used in
mining to split coal, rock, etc., hav-
ing 8 to 12 small hydraulic rams- in
the sides of a steel cylinder. (Web-
ster)

Hydraulic cement. Cement which set»
under water. The rocks, which oa
being calcined and ground very fine-
yield this cement, must contain ia
addition to lime certain proportions-
of alumina, silica and magnesia. A,
little iron is also usually present*
(Roy. Com.)

Hydraulic dredge. A dredge in whicto
the material to be excavated is
mixed with water and pumped
through a pipe line to the place of
deposit. (Webster)

Hydraulic elevator. An elevator oper-
ated by the weight or pressure of
water, especially an apparatus used
in dredging and hydraulic mining
which raises mud and gravel by
means of a jet of water under heavy-
pressure inducing a strong upward
current through the pipe. (Web-
ster)

Hydraulic gradient. A line showing-
the fall in pressure of water or
other liquid in passing through a,
pipe discharging at one end. (Web-
ster)

Hydraulic hose. The flexible hose-
used to direct a stream of water
against a wall or face of drift (JDa-
vies)

Hydraulic jack. A jack for lifting,,
pressing, etc., in which pressure on
the moving part is transmitted by
a liquid, as water or oil.

Hydraulicity. The property of hard-
ening under water ; said of materi-
als for hydraulic cement (Stand-
ard)

Hydraulicking (Pac.). Washing down.
a bank of earth or gravel by the-
use of pipes, conveying water under
high pressure. (Raymond)

Hydraulic lime. A variety of calcined
limestone which, when pulverized,,
absorbs water without swelling or
heating, and affords a paste or ce-
ment that hardens under water..
(Standard)

Hydraulic limestone. A limestone
which contains some silica and 'alu-
mina, and which yields a quicklime
that will set or form a firm, strong
mass under water, as in hydraulic
cements. (Dana)

Hydraulic mine-filling. Filling a mine
with material transported by water.
(Charles Enzian, Bull. 60, U. S. Bur.
Mines)

352

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Hydraulic mining. A method of min-
ing in which a bank of gold-bearing
earth or gravel is washed away by
a powerful jet of water and carried
into sluices, where the gold sepa-
rates from the earth by its specific
gravity (Standard). (Woodruff v.
North Bloomfield Grand Mining Co.,
18 Fed. Kept., p. 756.) Also used
lor other ores, earth, anthracite
•culm, etc. Hydraulic mining is
made unlawful and prohibited in
certain river systems where it ob-
structs navigation and injures ad-
joining landowners. (United States
u. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining
Co., 81 Fed. Kept., p. 249.) (U. S.
Min. Stat, p. 934, 941-943)

Hydraulic mortar. Mortar that will
harden under water (Standard).
Compare Hydraulic cement.

Hydraulic ram. A machine for raising
water by the energy of the moving
water of which a portion is to be
raised. (Webster)

Hydraulics. That branch of science
or of engineering which treats of
water or other fluid in motion, its
action in rivers and canals, the
works and machinery for conduct-
ing or raising it, its use in driving
machinery, etc. (Webster)

Hydroapatitc. x A milk-white hydrous
variety of apatite. (Standard)

Hydrocarbon. A compound containing
only hydrogen and carbon. The
simplest hydrocarbons are gases at
ordinary temperatures ; with . in-
crease in molecular weight they
change to the liquid, and finally to
the solid state. (Webster)

Hydrocarbon black. A synonym for
Lampblack. (Bacon)

Hydroceramic. Describing porous pot-
tery through which water exudes
and causes coolness by evaporation.
(Standard)

Hydroclastic. Clastic through the
agency of water ; said of fragmental
rocks deposited by water. (Web-
ster)

Hydrocyanic acid. An unstable, vola-
tile, colorless, and extremely poison-
ous liquid compound, HCN, formed
by decomposing metallic cyanides
with hydrochloric acid. It had a
characteristic odor resembling that
of bitter almonds. Called also Prus-
«ic acid. (Standard)

Hydrodynamic. Of or pertaining to
hydrodynamics ; relating to the force
or pressure of water or other fluids.
(Standard)

Hydrodynamometer. An instrument
for determining the velocity of a
fluid in motion by its pressure.
(Standard)

Hydrofluoric acid. A volatile, colorless,
hygroscopic corrosive liquid com-
pound, HF, formed by decomposing
metallic fluorides. It readily attacks
silica, and is largely used for etch-
ing on glass. (Standard)

Hydrofranklinite. See Chalcophanite.

Hydrogen. A gaseous element, color-
less, odorless, tasteless, inflammable,
and lighter than any other known
substance. Symbol, H ; atomic
weight, 1.01; specific gravity, 0.07.
(Webster)

Hydrogenous. Formed or produced by
water; applied to rocks formed by
the action of water, in contradis-
tinction to pyrogenous rocks, or
those formed by the action of heat.
(Century)

Hydrogenous coal (Aust.*). Coals con-
taining a large quantity of mois-
ture, e. g., brown coal. (Power)

Hydrohematite. See Turgite.

Hydrology. That part of geological
science which has to do with the
relations of water standing or flow-
ing beneath the surface of the earth.

Hydrolysis. A chemical decomposition
by which a compound is broken up
and resolved into other compounds
by talcing up the elements of water.
(Century)

Hydromagnesite. A white, hydrous,
magnesium carbonate that is earthy
and chalklike. (Century)

Hydromechanics. The mechanics of
fluids, including hydrostatics, hydro-
dynamics, hydrokinetics, and pneu-
matics. ( Standard )

Hydrometallurgy. The reduction of
ores by wet processes, as by leaching
and precipitation.

Hydrometamorphisxn. Metamorphism,
as of rocks, produced by water and .
heat: contrasted with Pyrometa-
morphism. ( Standard )

Hydrometer. A floating instrument
for determining the specific gravity
of liquids. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

353

Hydrophane. A variety of common
opal which becomes more translu-
cent or transparent in water.
(Dana)

Hydrophillc. A property possessed by
colloids whereby they take up wa-
ter In conjunction with the mole-
cules of the colloid in a manner
analogous to a closed hydrated
molecule. Hydrophilic colloids are
valuable dispersing mediums for the
making of emulsions. (Rickard)
A term used in flotation processes.

Hydrophilite. Chlorocalcite. Calcium
chloride, CaClj. In white cubic
crystals or as an incrustation at
Vesuvius. (Dana)

Hydroplutonic. Relating to or pro-
duced by the joint action of heat
and water, resulting in fusion at a
lower temperature than . by heat
alone ; aqueo-igneous. ( Standard )

Hydropnenmatic. Relating to, or pro-
duced, or worked by the combined
action of water and air, or gas.
(Standard)

Hydroscope. An instrument for de-
tecting moisture, especially in the
air. ( Standard )

Hydrosphere. 1. The aqueous vapor
of the entire atmosphere. 2. The
aqueous envelope of the earth, in-
cluding the ocean, all lakes, streams,
and underground waters and the
aqueous vapor in the atmosphere.
(Webster)

Hydrostat. A contrivance or

ratus to prevent the explosion of
«team boilers. (Webster)

Hydrostatic balance. A balance for
weighing substances in water to as-
certain their specific gravity. (Web-
ster)

Hydrostatic pressure. The pressure
exerted by a liquid,, as water, at
rest. (Standard)

Hydrostatics. That branch of physics
which relates to the pressure and
equilibrium of liquids, as water,
mercury, etc. ; the principles of
statics applied to water and other
liquids. (Webster)

Hydrotasimeter. An electrically oper-
ated apparatus showing at a dis-
tance the exact level of water, as
in a reservoir; an electric high- and
low- water indicator. (Standard)

Hydrothermal. Pertaining to hot wa-
ter, especially with respect to its
action in dissolving, re-depositing,

7440100—47 23

and otherwise producing mineral
/changes within the crust of the
globe. (Power)

Hydrous. Containing water chemi-
cally combined, as in hydrates and
hydroxides. (Webster)

Hydrous salts. Salts containing the
so-called water of crystallization.

Hydroxide. A compound of an ele-
ment with the radical or ion, OH, as
sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

Hydrozincite. A basic zinc carbonate,
perhaps ZnCO«.2Zn(OH),. Massive,
fibrous, earthy or compact, as in-
crustations. Color white, grayish
or yellowish. Occurs at mines of
zinc, as a result of alteration
(Dana). Also called Zinc bloom. .

Hygrometer. An instrument or appa-
ratus for measuring the degree of
moisture of the atmosphere. (Web-
ster)

Hygroscopic. Having the property of
readily absorbing moisture from the
a tmosphere. ( Power )

Hypabyssal. Having become consoli-
dated from fusion, underground,
under conditions intermediate be-
tween deep-seated and superficial
conditions, and therefore differen-
tiated by special structural features ;
said of certain igneous rocks, some-
times called dike-rocks. (Standard)

Hypautomorphic. In petrology, same
as Hypidiomorphic and Subhedral.
(La Forge)

Hyperite. Used in Sweden loosely for
the rocks of the gabbro family, and
in a restricted sense for olivine-
norite. (Kemp)

Hyperphoric. Change in a rock by the
introduction of a new mineral into,
or the removal wholly or in part of
an old mineral from the original
rock mass, for example, dolomitiza-
tion of limestone. (Power)

Hypersthene. An orthorhombic py-
roxene, (Fe,Mg)SiO,. (Dana)

Hypersthenite. An obsolete name for
Norite. (Kemp)

Hypidiomorphic. In petrology, same
us Subhedral, which see. (La Forge)

Hypocrystalline. In petrology, partly
crystalline; said of the texture of
some igneous rocks which consist
partly of crystallized minerals and
partly of amorphous glass; hypohy-
aline. (La Forge)

854

GLOSSARY OE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Hypogeic. Pertaining to or derived
from crustal and interior move-
ments in the earth ; as, the hypogeic
work of mountain making. (Stand-
ard)

Hypogene. 1. A term proposed by
Lyell for all nether-formed rocks,
4. e. rocks that have assumed their
present form at great depths be-
neath the surface, whether origi-
nally stratified or unstratified. The
former belong to the metamorphic
and the latter to the plutonic group.
(Roy. Com.)

2. Applied to ores or ore minerals
that have been formed by generally
ascending waters as contrasted with
supergene ores or minerals (Ran-
some). Compare Supergene.

Hypohyaline. Partly glassy. See Hy-
pocrystalline. (Iddings, Igneous
rocks, p. 187)

Hypsometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the height above the sea level
by determining the atmospheric
pressure through observation of the
boiling point of water. (Standard)

Hysteresis. 1. In physics, a lagging or
retardation of the effect, when the
forces acting upon a body are
changed as if from viscosity or in-
ternal friction. 2. In a magnetic
material, as iron, a lagging in the
values of resulting magnetization
due to a changing magnetizing force.
(Webster)

Hysterobase. A name given by K. A.
Lassen to the rock of a series of
dikes, related to the diabases, but
differing from them, in often having
quartz, brown biotite, and brown
hornblende, the last sometimes re-
placing the augite. There may be
also some glass basis. (Kemp)

Hysterogenite. Posepny's term for
mineral deposits derived from the
debris of other rocks. The word
means of secondary or later forma-
tion. Compare Idiogenite, Xenogen-
ite. (Kemp)

Hysteroinorphous. Applied to second-
ary deposits due to surface agen-
cies. (Power)

Ice age. The glacial period. (Web-
ster)

Iceberg. A large floating mass of ice,
detached from a glacier. (Web-
ster)

Ice blink (Greenland). A cliff of ice
on a coast (Webster). See Ice cliff.

Ice bowlder. A bowlder transported
and .deposited through glacial ac-
tion. (Standard)

Ice cap. A perennial mantle of ice
and snow covering a tract and mov-
ing in all directions from the center.
A very large ice cap is an ice sheet,
or continental glacier. (Webster)

Ice cliff. An abrupt shore of arctic
ice, more or less interstratified and
covered by earth and vegetation
(Standard). See Ice blink.

Ice creeper. A creeper, used for walk-
ing on ice. (Webster)

Ice drift. Loose floating ice. (Stand-
ard)

Ice fall. 1. A frozen waterfall, or a
similar mass of ice. 2. A falling of
ice as from an iceberg. (Webster)

Ice field. A large field of floating ice
(Standard). See also Ice float.

Ice float; Ice floe. A sheet, or flat free
mass, of floating ice (Webster). See
also Ice field.

Ice foot. A wall of ice formed by
sea water and snow frozen at the
seashore in polar regions. Also
called Ice ledge. (Standard)

Iceland agate. A name for obsidian
from Iceland. (Chester)

Iceland spar. Transparent calcite,
which, owing to its strong double
refraction, is largely used for op-
tical purposes. Also called Iceland
crystal. (Standard)

Ice ledge. See Ice foot

•

Ice mark. Any mark or indication
left by moving ice or glacial action.
(Standard)

Ice mill. The place where a glacier
abrades underlying rock through the
action of rubble. (Standard)

Ice mountain. An iceberg. (Standard)

Ice pack. A large area of floating
pieces of ice driven together more
or less closely. (Webster)

Ice pillar. A pedestal of ice on a
glacier, supporting a broader block
of stone, which has protected the ice
beneath it from solar heat. (Stand-
ard)

Ice pyramid. A mound of ice on a
glacier, having a stone or earthy
debris lying against its root. ( Stand-
ard)

Ice quake. The crash, or concussion,
attending the breaking up of masses
of ice, often due to contraction from
extreme cold. (Webster)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

355

Ice river. A glacier (Standard). See
also Ice stream.

Ice spar. Sanidine; a white trans-
parent variety of orthoclase.
(Power)

Ice stream. A glacier; also a collec-
tion of floes moving in a certain
course (Webster). An ice river.

Ice system. A system of glaciers di-
verging from a common center.
(Standard)

Ice table. A mass of level ice. (Stand-
ard)

Ice ton. The theoretical number of
heat units required to melt one ton
of ice at 32° F. It is 284,000 B. T.
XL, taking the ton at 2,000 pounds,
or 318,080 B. T. U. for a ton of
2,240 pounds. (Webster)

Ice tongue. A steep, narrow cliff of
ice, rising high above glacial n6v6,
and extending upward toward the
higher mountain peaks. (Standard)

Ice wall, gee Ice foot.

Ice worn. Abraded by ice ; specifically,
rubbed, scratched, or channeled by
glacial action. (Standard)

Ichnite. A fossil footprint (Webster)

Ichnolite. A fossil footprint or the
stone containing it. (Standard)

Ichnology. The science which treats
of the footprints of extinct animals.
(Emmons)

Icosinene. A liquid hydrocarbon
(CaoHw) contained in ozocerite.
(Standard)

L D. B. (Africa) Illicit diamond
buyer. (Morrison)

Ideal form. A crystal form in which
like faces are of the same size and
shape. (A. F. Rogers)

Idiogenitcs. A term suggested by
Posepny to describe those ore de-
posits which, are contemporaneous in
origin with the wall rock. The
word means of the same origin.
Compare Xenogenite, Hystorogenite.
(Kemp)

Idiogenous. Said of deposits contem-
poraneous in origin with the rocks in
which they occur, i. c., primary de-
posits which are constituents of the
rocks in which they occur. (Power)

Idiomorphic. In petrology, bounded
by the crystal faces proper to itself ;
euhedral; automorphic: said of
some crystals* in an igneous rock
and opposed to Allotriomorphic.
(La Forge)

Idiophanous. Exhibiting interference
figures in crystals without the aid
of the polariscope. (Webster)

Idler. A sheave or pulley running
loose on a shaft to guide or support
a rope. (C. M. P.)

Idle wheel. A pulley to guide a driv-
ing belt, to increase its tension, or to
increase its arc of contact on one of
the working pulleys. (Standard)

Idocrase. See Vesuvianite.

Idria furnace. See Leopold! furnace.

Idrialite. A dark earthy mineral, con-
sisting of hydrocarbons, mixed with
cinnabar, clay, etc., It occurs in
Idria, Austria. (Webster)

IdryL A black material obtained
from the mercury condensation-
chambers at Idria, which Bodeker
considered as the radical of idria-
lite. (Bacon,)

igneo (Sp.). Igneous. (Dwight)

Igneo-aqueous. Formed by the joint
action of fire and water. Thus ashes
thrown from a volcano into water
nnd there deposited in a stratified
form might properly be said to be of
igneo-aqueous origin. (Century)

Igneous. f In petrology, formed by
solidification from a molten state:
said of the rocks of one of the two
great classes into which all rocks
are divided, and contrasted with
Sedimentary (La Forge). Rocks
formed in this manner have also been
called plutonic rocks, and are often
divided for convenience into plutonic
and volcanic rocks, but there is ho
clear line between the two. (Web-
ster)

Igneous fusion. Fusion unassisted by
the solution in the water of crystal-
lization as in the case of anhydrous
substances. Opposed to aqueous fu-
sion. (Webster)

Ignescent. A stone or mineral that
gives out sparks when struck with
steel or iron. (Standard)

Igniter. 1. A metal case containipg
an ordinary fuse at one end with a
number of instantaneous fuses
branching out from the other end
and leading to as many holes to ig-
nite blasting charges. (V7ebster)
2. A device to relight safety lamps
Internally by friction. One type
uses a waxed strip with igniting
matches at intervals, while another
type has a small burred wheel oper-
ating against a piece of cerium or
something of a similar nature.
Electrical devices are sometimes em-
ployed.

356

GLOSSARY OF MINING. AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ignito*. A word used by M. E. Wads-
worth to include all pyrotechnic
minerals. (Power)

Ignition. 1. The act of igniting, or
the state of being ignited. 2. Per-
cussion material or detonating pow-
der. (Standard)

Ignition charge. A small charge of
black or other easily ignited pow-
der, used -with the main charge ,of
smokeless or other slow-igniting
powder to receive ignition from the
primer, thus expediting the main
charge. (Webster)

Ignition tube. A small, hard glass
tube for examining the behavior of
substa nees when heated. ( Webster )

Ijadas (Mex.). 1. An assay; samples
of two to five pounds. 2. An early
term (1565') for jade. (Halse)

Ijolite. A granitoid, -jiephelite rock,
occurring in Finland and corre-
sponding in mineralogy to tbe nephe-
linites. It contains chiefly nephelite
and pyroxene. The name is derived
from the Iljoki river, Finland, and
was given by Ramsay and Berghell.
(Kemp)

Ilesite. A hydrous sulphate of man-
ganese, zinc, and iron found in fri-
able crystalline aggregate in Park
County, Colorado. ^Century)

111 air (Scot). Noxious gas, as from
underground fires or choke damp ; a
stagnant state of the atmosphere un-
derground. ( Bnrrowman )

Illinition. A thin crust of extraneous
matter formed on minerals. (Stand-
ard)

Illiquation. The melting of one sub-
stance into another. (Standard)

Ilmenite; Menaccanite. Iron-titanium
oxide, FeTiOj. Contains 36.8 per
cent iron and 31.6 per cent titanium
(52.7 per cent TiO3) (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Is sometimes prefixed to
those rocks which contain enough of
the mineral to receive attention as
ores; thus ilmenite-gabbro, ilmenite-
norite, etc. (Kemp)

Ilvaite; Lievrite; Yenite. A mineral,
CaFMFeOHMSiO*),, occurring in
prisms, with prismatic faces ver-
tically striated. Columnar or com-
pact massive. Fracture uneven.
Brittle. Luster submetallic. Color
iron-black or dark grayish black.
Streak black, inclining to green or
brown. Opaque. (Dana)

Iman (Sp.). Magnet; Piedra imdn,
lodestone. (Dwight)

Imbibici6n (Sp.). Desilverizing rich
ores, lead matte, etc., in a bath of
molten lead. (Halse)

Imbrex. 1. A curved tile; a pantile.
2. One of the scales or partitions
of overlapping tilework or of other
imbrication. ( Standard )

Imbricate structure. See Distributive
fault

Imlay table. -See End-bump table.

Immersed bog. In geology, a bog
which increases by various plant-
accumulations and growths under
water (Standard). Compare
Emerged .bog.

Impact screen. A type in which the
screen moves with ,the load of ma-
terial, bringing up against a stop so
as to throw the material forward on
it. The Imperial screen is a common
type. (Liddell)

Impalpable. Extremely fine, so that
no grit can be perceived by touch.
(Webster)

Impastation. 1. In ceramics, the act
or process of converting into paste.
2. A combination of different mate-
rials baked together or united by a
cement: said of porcelain, etc.
< Standard)

Imperial screen. An oscillating or vi-
brating screen on which the ore is
thrown upward, as well as moved
forward on the screen. (Liddell)

Imperial yellow porcelain. A Chinese
hard porcelain having a Uniterm yel-
low glaze, originally made exclu-
sively for the imperial family and
others connected with the court.
(Standard)

Impervious. Impassable; applied to
strata such as clays, shales, etc.,
which will not permit of the pene-
tration of water, petroleum or
natural gas. (Roy. Com.)

Impervious bed. A bed or stratum
through which water will not move
under ordinary hydrostatic pressure.
(Meinzer)

Implosion. A bursting inward ; sudden
collapse; opposed to explosion.
( Standard )

Impound. 1. To collect (water) as
by damming a stream for irrigation
purposes, or the like. 2. A reser-
voir for water, as one made by
damming a stream (Webster).
Used in connection with the storage
of tailings from or3-dressing plants
and hydraulic mines.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

357

Impregnated. Containing m e.t a 1 1 i c
minerals, scattered or diffused
through the mass. Properly used in
referring to country rock containing
mineral similar to that in the vein.
(Weed)

Impregnation. An ore deposit con-
sisting of the country-rock impreg-
nated with ore, usually without defi-
nite boundaries. (Raymond)

Improvement. As used in the mining
statutes, is an artificial change of
the physical condition of the earth
upon or reasonably near a mining
claim as to evidence a design to
discover mineral therein, or to fa-
cilitate its extraction. It must be
reasonably permanent in character
(Frederick v. Klauser, 52 Oregon, p.
116). See also Labor and ftnprove-
ruent.

Impsonite. An asphalt found in Okla-
homa much like albertite but almost
insoluble in turpentine. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Impuesto minero (Mex.). The tax
paid on mining claims. (Dwight)

Impulse. A force communicated sud-
denly; the effect of an impelling
force; a thrust; a push. (Century)

In (Eng.). When a stall or other
working place In a mine is blocked
up with fallen roof, etc., It is said
to be tn, or to have come in. (Ores-
ley)

Inalterable. Unaffected by the action
of light or air: applied to painted
porcelain, faience, or enamel, the
colors of which have been fired.
(Standard)

Inaurate. Having a golden luster.
(Standard)

Inbond. Laid with its length across
the thickness of a wall: said of a
brick or of a long stone. (Standard)

Inby; Inbye; Inbyeside (Newc.). To-
ward the working face, or interior,
of the mine. Away from the shaft
or entrance. Also called In-over.

Incandescent. Made luminous by
heat; white or glowing with heat.
(Standard)

Inches of pressure. The height in
inches of a column (1) of water,
or (2) of mercury, as a measure of
hydrostatic pressure. (Standard)

Inch-pound. A unit of work, being the
work done by raising one pound
through an inch. (Century)

Incinerate. To burn to ashes ; to con-
sume by fire; to cremate. (Web-
ster)

Incinerator. A furnace or oven for in-
cinerating substances, as refuse.
(Webster)

Incised ware. Pottery decorated with
scratches; graffito. (Standard)

Inclinaci6n (Sp.). Hade; dip; in-
clination; slope. (Lucas)

Inclination. The dip of a^vein meas-
ured from the horizontal? (Skinner)

Incline. 1. A shaft not vertical;
usually on the dip of a vein. See
also Slope. (Raymond)
2. Any inclined plane, whether
above or beneath the surface. Usu-
ally applied to self-acting planes
above ground, as in the bituminous
coal fields. (Steel)

Incline bogie (Scot). A wheeled car-
riage for inclines, constructed with
a horizontal platform so that cars
can be run on it and be conveyed
up and down the incline or slope.
(Barrowman)

Inclined cut-and-filling. See Rill stop-
ing.

Inclined plane. A natural or artificial
slope used for facilitating the as-
cent, descent or transfer from one
level to another of vehicles or other
objects (Standard). See also In-
cline, 2.

Inclined shaft. See Incline, 1.

Inclinometer. 1. A dipping compass.
2. An instrument for measuring in-
clination or slope, as of the ground
or of an embankment; clinometer.
(Standard)

Inclusion. 1. In petrology, a crystal
or fragment of another substance;
or a minute cavity, filled with gas
or liquid, inclosed in a crystal. 2.
A fragment, of whatever size, of
another rock inclosed in an igneous
rock; a xenolith. (La Forge)

Incompetent. In geology, not combin-
ing sufficient firmness and flexibility
to transmit a thrust and to lift, a
load by bending; consequently, ad-
mitting only the deformation of flow-
age: said of strata and rock struc-
ture. See also Competent, 1. (Stand-
ard)

Incorporadero ( Mex. ) . The place where
the incorporo, in the patio process,
is effected. (Dwight)

358

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Incorporar (Sp.). Jn amalgamation,
to add the first charge of quicksil-
ver. The term cebar is applied to
the adding of subsequent charges;
it also means the act of thoroughly
mixing the quicksilver, with torta
of wet ore. (Min. Jour.)

Incorporo (Mex.). The adding and
mixing of mercury and other in-
gredients for the patio process.
(Dwight)

Incrustation. 1. A crust or hard coat-
ing of anything upon or within a
body, as a deposit of lime inside a
steam boiler. (Webster)
2. A method of ornament that con-
sists in applying or in inlaying one
(usually a finer) material upon an-
other, as colored marbles, mosaics,
lacquers, or enamels upon wood,
stone, or metal ; also the material so
applied. (Standard)

Indagaci6n (Sp.). Search; examina-
tion. (Halse)

Index fossil. A genus or species of
fossil which is peculiar to, or char-
acteristic of, a geological horizon or
zone. (Webster)

Index of refraction. A number which
expresses the ratio of the sine of
the angle of incidence to the sine of
the angle of refraction. (Webster)

Index plane. A surface of any bed,
dike, or vein, which may be regarded
as a plane and used as a base for
measurement of fault movements.
(Farrell)

India. A remarkably fast-cutting,
long- wearing oilstone made from
alundum. (Pike)

India-cut. In lapidary work, a cut
approximately in the form of a bril-
liant, but done in such a way as to
retain as much weight as possible.
India-cut stones are clumsy and are
usually recut for Western markets.
(Webster)

Indiana furnace. A simple Belgian
zinc fyrnace in which the gas is
fired under the lowest row of re-
torts. (Ingalls, p. 474)

Indianaite. A kind of white clay from
Lawrence County, Indiana, used in
making porcelain. (Century)

Indianite. A variety of anorthite oc-
curring as the gangue of corundum
at the Carnatic, India. (Century)

Indian ocher. A native Indian red,
principally of FeaO«.

Indian pipestone. See Catlinlte.

India steel. A fine natural steel from
southern India made direct from the
ore; wootz. (Standard)

Indicated horsepower. That horse-
power which is calculated from in-
dicator-diagrams, as distinguished
both from that which is measured
by a dynamometer and from nomi-
nal horsepower. (Standard)

Indicated power. See Indicated horse-
power.

Indicator. 1. An instrument for show-
ing at any moment the position of
the cage in the shaft. 2. An instru-
ment for recording, by a diagram,
upon a card the varying pressure of
the steam in the cylinder of a steam-
engine during the stroke. (Ray-
mond)

3. An apparatus for showing the
presence of firedamp in mines, the
temperature of goaves, the speed of
a ventilator. (Steel)

4. (Aust.) One of a group of nar-
row pyritiferous seams, the intersec-
tions of which with the auriferous
quartz veins of the district are usu-
ally characterized by rich accumu-
lations of gold. 5. A substance used
in chemistry to indicate to the eye;
usually by its capacity for color
change, the condition of a solution
as to the presence of free acid, aU
kali, or other substance. (Webster)

Indicator card, or diagram. A dia-
gram showing the variation of steam
pressure in the cylinder of an en-
gine during an entire stroke or revor
lutlon. (C. and M. M. P.)

Indicator vein. A vein which is not
metalliferous itself, but, if followed,
leads to ore deposits (Duryee).
See also Indicator, 4.

Indicolite. An indigo-blue variety of

tourmaline. (Dana)
Indigo copper. CoveUHe. (Dana)

Indium. A soft, white, malleable, and
easily fusible metallic element found
combined, in very small quantities,
in many ores, especially zinc blende.
Symbol, In; atomic weight, 114,8;
specific gravity 7.2. (Webster)

Individual coal car. One owned or
leased by a coal "operator, and not
by the transportation company.
These cars have painted on their
sides the names, initials, or some
chosen trade-mark or emblem of
their owners, and are run for their
exclusive benefit. They are generally
used between the mines and the
coastwise shipping porta of the vari-
ous railroads. (Nicolls)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

359

Indoor (Erig.). Toward the inside of
a cylinder; as, the indoor stroke of
a piston (Standard). See also In-
door stroke.

Indoor catches. Strong beams in a
Cornish pump, to catch the walking
beam in case of accident and pre-
vent damage to the engine itself.
(Gresley)

Indoor stroke (Eng.). That stroke of
a Cornish pump which lifts the wa-
ter at the bottom or drawing lift.
(Gresley)

Indraft; Indraught. The act of draw-
ing in, or that which is drawn in;
an inward suction or flow; as, an
indraft of air. (Standard)

Induction. The production of magne-
tization or electrification in a body
•by the mere proximity of magne-
tized or electrified bodies, or of an
electric current in a conductor by
the variation of the magnetic field
in its vicinity. (Standard)

Induction balance. An apparatus for
measuring changes of conductivity,
detecting the proximity of metallic
bodies, etc., by noting extremely
minute changes in an electric cur-
rent. (Standard)

Induction coil. An apparatus for gen-
erating currents by electromagnetic
induction. (Standard)

Induction-pipe, -port, or -valve. The
pipe, port or valve through which
the live steam or other motive fluid
passes to the cylinder of an engine.
(Standard)

Indurated. Hardened; applied to
rocks hardened by heat, pressure, or
the addition of some ingredient not
commonly contained in the rock re-
ferred to, as, marls indurated by
calcium carbonate. (Roy. Com.)

Indurated talc. An impure, hard, slaty
variety of talc (Standard). Called
also Talc slate

Infection. Communication of disease,
as by contact or through the me-
dium of air, water, or clothing: dis-
tinguished from contagion (Stand-
ard). Important in accident and
first-aid work.

Infilling. Material used for filling in ;
filling. (Standard)

Infiltration. 1. The deposition of min-
eral matter among the grains or
pores of a rock by the permeation
or percolation of water carrying it
in solution. (Roy. Com.)
2. The material filling a vein as
though deposited from a solution in
water. (Standard)

Infiltration theory. The theory that «
vein was filled by the infiltration of
mineral solutions. (Raymond)

Infiltration vein. A vein that has been
filled by percolation of hot solutions,
often alkaline, laterally or from be-
low. (Standard)

Inflammable. Readily inflamed, in any
sense; easily set on fire; as, an in-
flammable gas. (Standard)

Influent stream. A stream whose up-
per surface stands higher than the
water table in the locality through
which it flows, and which is not sep-
arated from the water table by any
impervious bed. (Meinztr)

In fork (Eng.). When pumps are
working after the water has receded
below some of the holes of the wind-
bore, they are said to be in fork.
(Gresley)

Informe (Mex.). Report. (Dwight)

Infraglacial. Pertaining to, derived
from, or caused by processes taking
place under, or at the bottom of,
glaciers or glacial sheets; sub-gla-
cial. (Standard)

Infragranitic. Situated or derived
from sources below granitic beds;
as, an infragranitic origin. (Stand-
ard)

Infralias. Same as Rhaetic beds.
(Standard)

Infralittoral. In geology, below the
region cf littorial deposits. (Web-
ster)

Inframundane. Situated below the
earth's surface. (Standard)

Infusorial earth; Diatomaceous earth;
Tripolite. An earthy substance or
soft rock composed of the siliceous
skeletons of small aquatic plants
called diatoms (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
(A former and common, but incor-
rect usage. Properly Diatomaceous
earth.) Useful as an absorbent of
nitroglycerin. Called also Infuso-
rial silica and Fossil flour, and in
special forms Rottenstone and Elec-
tro-silicon ; Kieselguhr.

Ingate. 1. An opening in a mold
through which melted metal enters
in casting; a gate. 2. The point of
entrance from a shaft to a level in
a coal mine. (Standard)

Ingaun e'e (Ingoing eye) (Scot). A
drift or mine starting from the sur-
face of the ground; also the end of
the mine at the surface. (Barrow-
mau)

360

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ingeniero (Sp.). Engineer; E. civil,
a civil engineer ; E. de minas, a min-
ing engineer. (Halse)

Ingenio (Peru). 1. Engine. 2. A crude
ore-mill, used in patio amalgama-
tion. 3. (Mex.) An amalgamat-
ing mill, driven by a water wheel
below the grindstones. See also In-
jenio. (Dwight)

In-going. That which is going inby.
(Gresley)

Ingot. A cast bar or block of metal.
( Raymond )

Ingot iron. A malleable, nonhardening
product of the Bessemer or open-
hearth process. Called also Mild
steel and Cast steel. (Standard)

Ingot mold. A mold in which to cast
ingots. ( Standard )

Ingrain (Eng.). A portion of coal
given above the quantity purchased
for good measure: usually a quar-
ter-chaldron added to five chaldrons.
(Standard)

Inhaler. Something from or through
which one inhales; specifically, an
appliance or apparatus of different
forms and uses, as, for taking the
chill from the air before it reaches
the lungs ; for filtering out iron-dust
or other injurious substances from
the air breathed through it ; for ad-
ministering medicines by inhalation
or, for supplying fresh air to a diver
or miner. (Standard)

Injection theory. The theory that a
vein was filled first with molten min-
eral. ( Raymond )

Injector. A device for injecting feed
water into a steam boiler by the
direct action of live steam. (Web-
ster)

Injenio (Peru). A horizontal water
wheel and Chilean mill combined.
See also Ingenio. (Pfordte)

Injunction. A judicial order or proc-
ess, operating upon the person, re-
quiring the party to whom it is di-
rected to do or (usually) refrain
from doing some designated thing.
(Standard)

Ink stone. Same as Copperas or
Green vitriol., (Standard)

Inlet. A bay or recess, as in the
shore of a sea, lake or river ; a nar-
row strip of water running into the
land or between islands. (Webster)

Inlier. An older deposit exposed by
the removal of a portion of an over-
lying stratum.

Inmost. Being at a point, place, or po-
sition farthest from the exterior;
deepest within ; innermost ; as, the
inmost depths of a mine. (Stand-
ard)

In-over; In-o'er. Same as Inby.

In place. Said of rock, occupying,
relative to surrounding masses, the
position that it had when formed
(Raymond). See In situ. If an
ore body is continuous to the extent
that it may maintain that character,
then it is 'in place.' (Iron Silver Min-
ing Co. v. Cheeseman, 8 Fed. Rept.,
p. 301)

Inquartation. See Quartation.

In re (L.). In the matter of; used
especially in legal phaseology. (Cen-
tury)

Insalmoro (Sp.). Salting the torta.
(Egleston)

Insequent. In geology, developed on
the present surface but not conse-
quent on nor controlled by the struc-
ture ; said of streams, drainage, and
dissection of a certain type. (La
Forge) A type of drainage in which
young streams flowing on a nearly-
level plain wander irregularly.
(Lahee; p. 338)

Inset (Eng.). The entrance to a mine
at the bottom or part way down a
shaft where the cages are loaded.
A landing. (Gresley)

Inside. A term often used to desig-
nate the interior of a mine.

Inside foreman, or Superintendent. An
underground foreman or superin-
tendent.

Inside parting. A side track or part-
ing some distance from the begin-
ning of a long entry, at which cars
are left by a gathering driver. Also
called a Swing parting. (Steel)

Inside slope. A slope on which coal is
raised from a lower to a higher
entry, but not to the surface.
(Steel)

In situ. In its natural position or
place; said specifically, in geology,
of a rock, soil, or fossil, when in the
situation in which it was originally
formed or deposited (Webster).
See In place.

Inspan (So. Afr.). To harness or
yoke up animals. (Standard)

Inspector. One employed to make ex-
aminations of and to report upon
mines and surface plants relative

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

361

to compliance with mining laws,
rules and regulations, safety meth-
ods, etc. State inspectors have au-
thority to enforce State laws regu-
lating the working of the mines.

Inspirator. A kind of; injector for
forcing water by steam. See In-
jector. (Webster)

Inspissated. Thickened as by evapora-
tion and oxidation, as for example
the pitch or gum resulting from pe-
troleum after long exposure. (Roy.
Com.)

Installment bond. An interest-bearing
bond payable, principal and interest,
in equal annual installments. (E.
B. Skinner, p. 140)

Instratified. Same as Interstratified.
(Standard)

Instroke. The right to take coal from
a royalty to the surface by a shaft
in an adjoining royalty. A rent is
usually charged for this privilege.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Instruments (Sp.). Instruments;
tools. (Min. Jour.)

Insufflator. A kind of injector for
forcing air Into a furnace. (Web-
ster)

Insulate. To separate from conduct-
ing bodies by means of nonconduc-
tors, as to prevent transfer of heat
or electricity. (Webster)

Insulator. 1. A nonconducting sub-
stance or body used in insulating
electric wires, etc. (Webster)
2. A substance that is a nonconduc-
tor of electricity, heat, or sound.
(Standard)

Intake. 1. The passage by which the
ventilating current enters a mine.
See Downcast, which is more appro-
priate for a shaft; Intake for an
adit, or entry. (Raymond)
2. The air current moving toward
the interior of the mine. 3. In hy-
draulics, the point at which water is
received into a pipe or channel.
(Century) The suction pipe for a
pump.

4. (Scot) One who works under-
ground at odd work. (Gresley)

Intake area. That part of the surface
of the lithosphere where water
passes into the lithosphere on its
way to the zone of saturation.
(Meinzer)

Intendencia (Mex.). An official dis-
trict. (D wight)

Intendente (Sp.). 1. Superintendent,
overseer, chief. (Hanks)
2. A public officer in charge of the
public treasury of a province^
(Halse)

Interbedded. Occurring between beds,
or lying in a bed parallel to other
beds of a different material; inter-
stratified. ( Webster )

Intercalary. Inserted or coming be-
tween others; introduced or exist-
ing Interstitially : as intercalary
beds in geology. (Century)

Intercalate. To insert among others
as a bed or stratum of lava between
layers of other material; to inter-
stratify. (Webster)

Intercepts. In crystallography dis-
tances cut off on axes of reference
by planes. (A. F. Rogers)

Intercolline. Placed between hills:

applied specifically in geology to de-

"pressions between the cols and cra-

teriform hillocks of volcanic regions

(Standard). See also Col.

Inter6s (Sp.) Interest. (Halse).
/. del oro (Mex.), the greatest sale
value of gold. (Lucas)

Interestuarine. Situated between two
estuaries. ( Standard )

Interfacial angle. In crystallography,
the internal diahedral angle between-
any two faces of a crystal or a.
crystal form. (La Forge)

Interfelted. So intimately forced to-
gether by pressure and heat as to
produce interlocking of structure
along contiguous surfaces: said of
different kinds of strata. (Stand-
ard)

Interference color. Colors produced by
the destruction or weakening of cer-
tain wave lengths of a composite
beam of light by interference. An
important element in the determina-
tion of minerals in thin section un-
der the polarizing microscope,
(Webster)

Interference figure. A system of col-
ored rings and curves combined with
black bars and curves seen when a
thin section, of a mineral is exam-
ined in a certain way through the
microscope or other suitable optical
instrument. The interference fig-
ure is due to birefringence (which
see}, and is one of the most useful
optical aids in identifying minerals.
(Ransome)

362

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Interduent. Applied to those igneous
magmas which discharge from a vol-
cano by way of subsurface cavities
within the cone. See also Super-
fluent and Effluent. (Dana)

Interfluve. The territory intervening
between two neighboring rivers.
(Standard)

Interglacial. Of, pertaining to, or des-
ignating, a comparatively warm
epoch occurring between two glacial
epoch s. (Webster )

Intergrowth. The interlocking of
crystals due to their crystallizing at
the same time and in contact with
one another. (George)

Inter jointal. Situated or occurring
between joint planes of rocks.
(Standard)

Interleaved. Lying in seams between
layers of rock. (Standard)

Interlobate. Situated between lobes ;
specifically in geology lying between
adjacent glacial lobes, as deposits.
(Century)

Interlocking tile. Roofing tile having
ridges and grooves which interlock
when the tile are laid on the roof.
(Ries)

Intermine. To intersect or penetrate
with mines. (Webster)

Intermontane. Lying between moun-
tains. (Century)

Internal-combustion. Designating or
pertaining to any engine in which
the heat or pressure energy neces-
sary to produce motion is developed
in the engine cylinder, as by the ex-
plosion of gas. (Webster)

International metric carat. See Carat,
3.

Interpenetration twins. Two or more
crystals in twinned position which
penetrate each other. (Butler)

Interrupter. In electricity, a device
for rapidly and frequently breaking
and making an electric circuit, as
in an induction coil. (Standard)

Intersecting vein. A vein or lode
which cuts across one of earlier
formation. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp.
586, 592)

Intersertal. In petrology, having the
later-formed minerals, and the rock
glass, if there is any, filling the
interstices in a network of crystals
of the earliest-formed mineral : said
of the texture of some diabases and
coarse-grained basalts. (La Forge)

Interstice. An opening in anything or
between things r especially, a narrow
space between the parts of a body
or things close together; a crack;
crevice ; chink ; cranny. ( Standard )

Interstitial. Of, pertaining to, existing
in, or forming an interstice or in-
terstices. ( Standard )

Interstitial deposits. Deposits that fill
the pores of rocks, and frequently
used in place of impregnation de-
posits. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol.
75, p. 257)

Interstratification. The state of lying
between other strata: in geology,
the condition of a bed, stratum, or
member of an aqueous deposit with
reference to the overlying and under-
lying beds. (Century)

Interstratified. Interbedded ; strata
laid between or alternating with
others. (Roy. Com.)

Interstrial. . Between striae. (Stand-
ard)

Intertrappean. Lying between beds of
trap. (Standard)

Interveined. Intersected with or as
with veins. (Standard)

Interventor. 1. ( Sp. ) . ' A mine inspec-
tor, representing the interests of the
proprietors by whom he is appoint-
ed. (Min. Jour.) See Fee engineer.
2. .(Mex.) A trustee or receiver for
a mine in dispute. (D wight)

Into the house (Newc.). The up-
stroke of a pumping engine. (Min.
Jo.ur. )

Into the solid; On the solid. Said of a
shot which goes into the coal be-
yond the point to which the coal can
be broken by the blast. (Steel)

Intraformational, Formed by, exist-
ing in, or characterizing the interior
of a geological formation. (Stand-
ard)

Intramontane. Situated or acting
within a mountain. (Webster)

Intratellural. In geology, same as In-
tratelluric. (Standard)

Intratelluric. Taking place deep with-
in the earth. For example, the
large phenocrysts of a porphyry are
usually of intratelluric crystaliza-
tion. (Kemp)

Intrusion. In geology, a mass of ig-
neous rock which, while molten, was
forced into or between other rocks.
(La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

363

Intrusion displacement. Faulting co-
incident with the intrusion of an
igneous rock. (Ransome)

Intrusive. In petrology, having, while
molten, penetrated into or between-
other rocks, but solidifying before
reaching the surface : said of certain
igneous rocks; nearly the same as
Plutonic and contrasted with Effu-
sive or Extrusive. (La Forge)

Intumesce. To enlarge or expand with
heat; to swell or bubble up, as be-
fore the blowpipe. (Webster)

Invasion (Mex.). A mining trespass.
(Dwight)

Inversion. The folding back of strata
upon themselves, as by the overturn-
ing of a fold, in such a manner that
the order of succession appears to be
reversed. (Webster)

Inverted siphon. A pipe or uioe in
the shape of a siphon, but inverted,
as for carrying water across the de-
pression of a ravine to a lower level.
(Standard)

Investment. The act of investing or
laying out money productively, or
converting capital, especially in a
permanent manner; also, the money
or capital so invested, or the prop-
erty invested in. (Standard)

Inwalls. The interior walls or lining
of a shaft furnace. (Raymond)

Inwan (Scot). Inward. (Barrow-
man)

lodargyrite. See lodyrite.

Iodine. A nonmetallic element of the
halogen group, isolated as a shin-
ing blackish-gray crystalline solid of
peculiar chlorine-like odor. Symbol,
I; atomic weight, 126.92; specific
gravity, 4.94. (Webster)

lodite. Same as lodyrite. (Stand-
ard)

lodyrite. Silver iodide, Agl. Contains
46 per cent silver. Occurs as a min-
eral. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

lola furnace. A natural-gas-fired fur-
nace used at Tola, Kans., for the dis-
tillation of zinc. It is a direct
adaptation of the Hegeler furnace.
(Ingalls, p. 475)

lolite. See Cordierite.

Ion. One of the substances which ap-
pears at the respective poles when
a body is subject to electrolysis, that
one appearing at the anode being
called the onion, the other the cath-
ion. (Webster)

lonite. A fossil hydrocarbon found In
a more or less impure condition in
the lignite of lone Valley, Amador
County, Cal. It has a brownish-yel-
low color and, while only slightly
soluble in alcohol, is completely dis-
solved by chloroform ; it yields a
brown, tarry oil on destructive dis-
tillation. (Bacon)

Ir a pena (Colom.). To find the pay
streak; to touch bottom. (Halse)

Ire (Prov. Eng.). Iron. (Standard)

Irestone. Hard clay slate; hornstone;
hornblende. (Raymond)

Iridescence. The exhibition of pris-
matic colors in the interior or on
the surface of a mineral ; a play of
rainbow colors (Dana). Labrador-
ite and some other feldspars show
it. The tarnish on the surface of
coal, copper pyrites, etc., is some-
times iridescent.

Iridinm. A rare metallic element of
the same group as platinum which
it much resembles, being silver-
white, but harder, brittle, and insolu-
ble in its normal state even in aqua-
regia. It is one of the heaviest sub-
stances known. Symbol, Ir; atomic
weight, 193.10 ; specific gravity, 22.4.
(Webster)

Iridosmine. A natural alloy of iridium
and osmium. Analyses show 43 to
77 per cent of iridium, 17 to 49 per
cent osmium, and a little rhodium,
ruthenium, platinum, iron, and cop-
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Iris. A transparent rock crystal, espe-
cially when it exhibits the colors of
the rainbow. (Chester)

Irish buggy. A wheelbarrow.

Irish coal (Local, U. S.). Slate or
rock; especially when loaded out of
the mine in cars.

Irish diamond. A rock crystal (Web-
ster). See Bristol diamond,

Irish dividend. An assessment on
mining stock. Compare Buck-up.

Irish touchstone. Basalt, the stone
which composes the Giant's Cause-
way. (Webster)

Iron. A silver-white metallic element,
malleable and ductile, strongly a>
tracted by magnets, readily oxidized
(rusted) in moist air, and attacked
by many corrosive agents. Symbol,
Fe; atomic weight, 55.84; specific
gravity, 7.86. (Webster)

364

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Iron alum. A double sulphate of iron
and potassium that occurs native
and is then called Halotrichite.
Called also Alum-feather. (Stand-
ard)

Iron black. Finely divided antimony.
(Standard)

Iron brucite. A partly decomposed
brucite containing iron. Called also
Eisenbrucite. (Standard)

Iron by hydrogen. See Reduced iron.

Iron 'chamber. The reverberatory or
charge chamber of a puddling fur-
nace where the metal is heated.
(Century)

Iron clad. A kind of furnace for roast-
ing mercury ore. (Webster)

Iron clay. Same as Clay ironstone.
(Standard)

Iron earth (Eng.). A black pulveru-
lent compound of peroxide of iron
and protoxide of manganese, occur-
ring in veins of ironstone in the
crystalline schists. (Page)

Iron flint. An opaque, flintlike fer-
ruginous variety of quartz. (Web-
ster)

Iron froth. A fine spongy variety of
hematite. (Power)

Iron furnace. A furnace in. which iron
is smelted or worked in any way.
(Standard)

Iron glance. A variety of hematite;
specular-iron. ( Power )

Iron gymnite. A red variety of der-
veylite containing iron. Called also
Eisengymnite. (Standard)

Iron hat. See Gossan.

Iron jack. In the Missouri zinc
region, solid flint rock with dissemi-
nated specks of black jack (zinc
blende). (Webster)

Iron man. 1. (Eng.) A collier's term
for a coal-cutting machine. (Gres-
ley)

2. An iron worker; a manufacturer
of iron. 3. (Eng.) A kind of iron
ore. 4. A man who handles the rails
in track laying. (Webster)
5. An apparatus on wheels for sup-
porting a glass-blower's punty while
he is blowing large cylinders, as
for window glass. (Standard)

Iron-master. One who conducts or
manages the founding or manufac-
ture of iron on an extensive scale.
(Webster)

Iron mica. A micaceous hematite.
(Chester)

Iron mold (Eng.). A yellow lump of
iron ore found in the chalk de-
posits. (Webster)

Iron ocher. Oxides of iron. Red ocher
is hematite and yellow ocher is the
hydrated oxide, limonite.

Iron piler. A laborer who removes
iron from cars, sometimes breaks it,
and piles and classifies it according
to grade. (Willcox)

Iron powder. See Reduced iron.

Iron putty. A mixture of ferric oxide
and boiled linseed oil, used by me-
chanics in making pipe joints,
(Webster)

Iron pyrite. See Pyrite.

Iron-reduction process. See Precipita-
tion process.

Iron runner. The spout by which iron
flows from the tap hole of a blast
furnace. (Willcox)

Iron sand. Sand containing particles
of iron ore, usually magnetite.

Iron saw. A circular saw for cutting
iron. (Standard)

Iron scale. A film of oxide forming on
iron. (Standard) See also Forge
scale.

Iron shears. 1. A machine for cutting
iron plates or bars. 2. A pair of
hand shears for cutting sheet iron
or iron wire. (Standard)

Iron-shot. Shot with iron; having
markings due to iron. Said of cer-
tain minerals. (Webster)

Ironsmith. A worker in iron, as a
blacksmith. (Standard)

Iron spar. Siderite or chalybite.
(Power)

Iron steel. A material formed of iron
between steel surfaces, or of steel-
coated iron. (Standard)

Ironstone. Any ore of iron from
which the metal may be smelted
commercially, but usually restricted
to stratified ores, especially to clay-
ironstone — the ore from which most
of the iron of Great Britain is
made. (Roy. Com.)

Ironstone blow (Aust. ). A ferrugi-
nous gossan. (Webster) See also
Gossan.

Ironstone casing (Aust). The casing
of ferruginous matter, usually aurif-
erous, found abutting on quartz
reefs. (Davies)

Ironworker. One engaged in manu-
facturing iron or ironwork. ( Stand-
ard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

365

Ironworks. An establishment for the
manufacture of iron or of heavy
ironwork. ( Standard )

Irrespirable. Not respirable ; not fit to
be breathed (Standard). Said of
mine gases.

Irruption. In geology, the movement
of molten* rock from a magmatic res-
ervoir to the place where it solidi-
fies: if the molten rock reaches the
surface the process becomes erup-
tion, but that term commonly in-
cludes other phenomena as well.
(La Forge)

Irruptive rock. An igneous rock which
was forced into or invaded other
rocks as molten magma. An intru-
sive rock. The distinction between
irruptive and eruptive is often disre-
garded. (Ransome). Compare Ef-
fusive.

Isbell table. A table with a recipro-
cating motion in which there is no
cross- wash water. The bed of pulp
is deep as in a jig, and heavy mate-
rial goes to the bottom. The con-
centrates and tailings are then split
by means of a cut-out, which can be
adjusted vertically to skim at any
height desired. The riffles make an
angle of about 20° with the line of
motion of the table. (Liddell)

Iserin; Iserine; Iserite. Titanic iron
sand, or ilmenite, supposed to be
isometric in its crystallization.
(Standard)

Isinglass. Mica in thin transparent
sheets. (Webster)

Isinglass stone. Mica. (Webster)

Isle of Wight diamond. A fine trans-
parent variety of quartz. (Power)

Isobase. In geology, a topographic or
imaginary contour line in a map,
drawn through a series of points of
equal elevation in a topographic sur-
face or line, formerly level, but at
present deformed. (Standard)

Isochemic lines. Planes or lines of
equal content of phosphorus in any
single layer of iron ore. (Winchell)

Isoclinal; Isoclinic. In geology, dip-
ping in the same direction ; hence,
an isoclinal. (Standard)

Isoclinal fold. In geology a strati-
graphic fold whose sides have paral-
lel dips: it may be an anticline or
a syncline, and either (1) vertical,
(2) overturned, that is, forced over
into an oblique position, or (3) re-
cumbent, that is, pushed 'over into
nearly or quite a horizontal position.
Called also Carinate folds.

Isocline. In geology, a series of is*
oclinal strata. An anticline or syn-
cline so closely folded that the rock
beds of the two sides or limbs have
the same dip. (Webster) Also called
ai* Overturn, or Overturned anti-
clinal. See Monoclinal, 3; also Iso-
clinal fold.

Isodiametric. In crystallography, haV-
ing the lateral crystal axes equal:
said of crystals of the hexagonal
and tetragonal systems. (La
Forge)

Isodimorphous. -In mineralogy, both

isomorphous and dimorphous : said

of certain groups of minerals. (La
Forge)

Isomorphous. In mineralogy, of ana-
logous composition and closely sim-
ilar crystalline form : said of certain
groups of minerals. (La Forge)

Isogeotherm. A line or curved surface
beneath the earth's surface through
points having the same mean tem-
perature. (Webster) Also called
Isogeothermal lines.

Isogonic line. An imaginary line join-
ing places on the earth's surface at
which the variation of the magnetic
needle from the meridian or true
north is the same. (Webster)

Isohalsine. A line connecting points
of equal salinity in the waters of the
ocean. (Century)

Isohyetal. Marking equality of rain-
fall. (Century)

Isomagnetic. Designating or pertain-
ing to lines connecting points of
equal magnetic force. (Webster)

Isomeric. Composed of the same ele-
ments united in the same proportion
by weight, but differing in one or
more properties owing to difference
in structure. (Webster)

Is Diner omorphism. Isomorphism be-
tween substances having the same
atomic proportions. (Century)

Isometric. 1. Characterized by equal-
ity of measure. 2. See Isometric
system.

Isometric system. In crystallography,
that system of crystals in which the
forms are referred to three equal
mutually perpendicular axes. (La
Forge)

Isomorphons mixture. A solid solu-
tion of two or more isomorphous
substances. (A. F. Rogers)

366

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Isoseismic line. An imaginary line
connecting all points on the surface
of the earth where an earthquake
shock is of the same intensity.

Isostasy. General' equilibrium in the
earth's crust, supposed to be main-
tained by the yielding or flow of
rock material beneath the surface
under gravitative stress. (Webster)

Isostatic. Subject to equal pressure
from every side; being in hydro-
static equilibrium. (Webster)

Isotherm. A line joining points on the
earth's surface having the same tem-
perature at « given time, or the
same mean temperature for a given
period. (Webster)

Isotope. A group of two or more radio
elements occupying the same place
In the Periodic table and chemically
nonseparableand identical ; independ-
ent of atomic mass, the nature of
the parent element, and the sequence
of changes in which they result.
See also Pseudoisotopy. For discus-
sion See Soddy, The Chemistry of
the Radio-Elements, Pt. II, p. 5.

Isotropic. Having the same properties
in all directions. Said of a medium
with respect to elasticity, conduc-
tion of heat or electricity, or radia-
tion of heat or light. (Century)

Istrian stone. A marble near Trieste,
from which Venice is largely built.

Ita. A Japanese gold-washing board.

Itabirite. 1. A metamorphic rock,
first described from Brazil, of schis-
tose structure and composed essen-
tially of quartz grains and scales of
specular hematite. Some muscovite
is also present It is a close rela-
tive of itacolumite. It was named
from Itabira, a place in Brazil.
When it crumbles to powder it is
called Jacutinga. (Kemp)
2. A specular iron ore. (Dana)

Itacolumite; Flexible sandstone. A va-
riety of metamorphosed sandstone,
slabs of which will bend noticeably
without breaking. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Itaipava (Braz.). A sort of screen
used in rapid rivers behind which
the rich gold-bearing sands accumu-
late. (Halse)

Itambamba (Braz.). A plant whose
Juice is said to help catch fine gold.

Itatli (Mex.). An Aztec name for ob-
sidian. (Halse)

Ivory porcelain. A ware having a sur-
face resembling ivory, produced by
depolishing the vitreous glaze.

Ixolyte. An amorphous, hyacinth-red,
greasy hydrocarbon mineral which

softens at 76° C., and resembles
hartite; it is found at Oberhartr
near Gloggnitz, Austria. (Bacon)

Ixtajales (Mex.). An earthy oxide of
iron, often containing sulphide of sil-
ver, or native-silver threads. (Halse)

Iztli (Mex.). A cutting implement
made from a flake of obsidian.
(Standard)

J.

Jabon. 1. (Sp.) Soap; J. de mow-
tana, soapstone or steatite. 2.
(Colom.) A slickenside. (Halse)

Jaboncillo (Mex.). Decomposed tal-
cose rock, or hardened clay, gener-
ally found in a vein, and sometimes
indicating the proximity of rich ore.
(Dwight)

Jaca (Braz.). Spots in diamonds.
(Halse)

Jacal (Mex.). 1. A hut in which tools
and ore are kept. 2. A covering
over a shaft to keep out rain; a
shaft house. (Halse) Also spelled
XacaL

Jacaranda (Braz.). A wood from
which stamp stems are made by na-
tives. (Halse)

Jacinto (Sp.). 1. Hyacinth, A trans-
parent red variety of zircon. 3, Cin-
namon stone, a variety of garnet.

3. A dark red quartz. (Halse)

Jack. 1. Zinc blende. See Sphalerite
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A jack-screw attached to a point-
ed pipe and used for holding an elec-
tric coal-mining machine in position
while at work. Also called a Pipe-
jack. 3. A tin bucket with pouring
spout in which powder in quantities
of 5 to 12i pounds is carried into
the mine. (Steel)

4. (No. of Eng.) A lantern-shaped
case made of tin in which safety
lamps are carried In strong currents
of ventilation. 5. (Scot.) One who
works underground at odd work.
(Gresley)

6. (Scot.) A narrow dyke usually
of igneous rock. (Barrowman)

7. A wooden wedge for separating
rocks rent by blasting. (Webster)

8. A rod or post set up in the work-
ing room of a mine to which a rope
is fastened for the pflrpose of mov-
ing the cutting machine from place
to place. (Robinson v. Virginia-
Pocnhontas Coal Co., 88 S. E. Kept,
p. 623)

9« (No. of Eng.). A large fissure
or crack in the mine roof. (Ores-
ley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

367

Jackanapes (Eng.). The small guide
pulleys of a whim. (Century)

Jackass pick, A pick with a protect-
ing wing to support the helve so
that the implement may be used as
a lever. (Webster)

Jack engine (Eng.). A donkey en-
gine; a small engine employed in
sinking a shallow shaft. (Century)

Jacket. A covering to prevent radia-
tion of heat, as the jacket of a steam
boiler ; also, a casing around a fur-
nace hearth in which water is al-
lowed to stand or circulate to keep
the walls cool. (Raymond)

Jackhammer. A nonr?ciprocating or
hammer type of rock drill worked
without a tripod and provided with
an automatic rotating device. It
uses hollow steel through which the
exhaust air passes and blows the
cuttings from the drill hole
(Bowles). See Rock drill.

Jack-head pit. A small shaft sunk
within a mine ( Raymond ) . A winze.

Jack-head pump. A subordinate pump
in the bottom of a shaft, worked by
an attachment to the main pump
rod. (Raymond)

Jack-head set (Newc.). The set of
pumps in the jack-head staple.
(Min. Jour.)

Jack-head staple ( Eng. ) . A small mine
for the supply of coal for the boilers.
(Bainbridge)

Jack hole (Eng.). In coal mining, a
bolt hole (Standard). See also Cut-
through. .

Jack-knifing. A collapsing of square-
set timbers by wall pressure or
through imperfect erection. (Sand-
ers, p. 68)

Jack lamp (Eng.). A Davy lamp, with
the addition of a glass cylinder out-
side the gauze. (Century)

Jack pipe. A hollow iron pipe large
enough to slip over the end of the
front jack of a cutting machine so
as to make it hold -more firmly
against the coal. (Morris v. O'Gara
Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 311)

Jack pit (No. of Eng.). A shallow
shaft in a mine communicating with
an overcast. (Gresley)

Jack roll. A windlass worked by
hand. (Gresley)

Jack setter. A miner who assists in
the operation of a coal-cutting ma-
chine, one of whose duties is to see
that the roof of the mine at or near
the machine la in a reasonably safe

condition. (Haggard v. McGrew
Coal Co. (Mo.), 200 S. W. Rept., p.
1072)

Jackshaft. 1. An intermediate shaft
See Jack pit. (Standard). A winze,
2. A column or bar held in place by
screw jacks to support or steady a
rock drill.

Jackshay; Jackshea (Aust). A tin
pot holding a quart. (Webster)

Jacky pit. See Jack pit.

Jacobsite. A deep black, magnetic min-
eral, ( Mn,Mg ) O. ( Fe,Mn ) ,O,. Iso-
metric; in distorted octahedrons.
(Dana)

Jacob's staff. A single straight rod,
pointed and iron shod at the bottom
and having a socket at the top ; used
instead of a tripod for supporting
a compass. (Webster)

Jacupirangite. In petrology, a granu-
lar plutonic igneous rock of indefi-
nite composition, containing essen-
tial magnitite and pyroxene with
accessory nephelite, ilmenite, apatite,
olivine, etc., in various proportions.
(La Forge)

Jacntinga; Jacntings (Brazil). The
various colored iron ores associated
with and often forming the matrix
of the gold in the Brazilian mines.
So called from their resemblance to
the colors of the plumage of the Bra-
zilian bird pipile jacutinga. (Da-
vies) Compare Itabirite.

Jad (Som.). 1. A long and deep hol-
ing, cutting, or jud, made for the
purpose of detaching large blocks of
stone from their natural beds. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Prov. Eng.) To undercut (coal
or rock). (Standard)

Jadder. A stonecutter. (Webster)

Jadding. The operation of forming a
Jad (Gresley). See Holing; Jad, 1.

Jadding pick. The tool employed to
cut a jad. (Gresley)

Jade; Jadite; Nephrite. A hard and
extremely tough material of vary-
ing composition, greenish white to
deep green In color, used in making
carved ornaments. Part of the so-
called jade is jadeite, a variety of
pyroxene, essentially a metasilicate
of sodium and aluminum. Part is
nephrite, a variety of amphibole, and
essentially a metasilicate of iron,
calcium, and magnesium ; and part
is a variety of saussurite, which is
commonly a complex alteration prod-
uct of plagioclase feldspar. Wil-
liamsite, a variety of serpentine, is
sometimes mistaken for jade. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

868

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jadeite. See Jade.

Jag bolt. A bolt with a nicked or
barbed shank which resists retrac-
tion, as when leaded into stone
(Webster). Also called Barb bolt.

Jaggers (Derb.). Both men and
horses employed to carry ore from
the mine to the smelter. Also
called Jagger lads and Jagger horses.
(Hooson)

Jagging. A mode of carrying ore to
the reduction-works in bags on
horses, mules, etc. (Raymond)

Jagging board. An inclined board on
which ore slimes are washed, as in
a buddle. (Standard)

Jagua (Colom.). 1. A fine powder;
metalliferous sands in alluvial de-
posits. (Halse)

2. Jaguas; slimes; pulp; tailings;
pulverized ore. (Lucas)

Jagiiero (Colom.). A vessel for de-
positing gold-bearing concentrate
awaiting final separation. (Halse)

Jailer ( Som. ) . A small tub or box in
which water is carried in a mine.
(Gresley)

Jales; Jalsontles (Mex.). Rich tailings
or middlings from concentration or
amalgamation. (Dwight)

Jal6n (Mex.). A tall survey-stake;
range pole (Dwight). J. dc es-
quina, a corner stake. (Halse)

Jalpaite. A lead-gray, cupriferous, ar-
gentite, (AgCu)2S, that crystallizes
in the isometric system. (Stand-
ard)

Jalsontles (Sp.). Portions of ore not
properly ground, and which have to
be reground. Also the slime or dust
from the washing vats in the amal-
gamation works. (Rockwell)

Jam. See Jamb, 2.

Jamb. 1. A vein or bed of earth or
stone, which prevents the miners
from following a vein of ore ; a large
block. 2. A projecting columnar
part or mass as of masonry ; a pillar
as of ore. (Webster)

James concentrator. A concentration
table, the deck of which is divided
into two sections, flexibly joined
together on a line oblique to the
line of motion of the table. One
section contains riffles for the coarse
material while the other section is
smooth, to allow the settling of the
fine particles which will not settle

on a riffled surface. By means of
the joint, the slope of the sections
can be varied independently. (Lid-
dell)

Jamesonite ; Feather ore. A sulphide of
lead and antimony, PbaSb2S». (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Jam nut. An extra nut used to secure
a principal nut ; a lock nut. ( Stand-
ard)

Jam out (So. Staff.). To cut or knock
away the coal between holes. (Gres-
ley)

Jamuraci6n (Colom.). Extracting wa-
ter from a pit (Lucas)

Jamurai (Sp.). To extract water
from a pit. (Lucas)

Jam weld. A weld in which the heated
ends or edges of the parts are
square-butted against each other and
welded. (Century)

Jap. See Rock drill.

Jar. 1. To drill by impact, as a rock ;
to use a drill jar upon. (Standard)
2. See Jars.

Jarcia (Mex.). Fabric or cordage of
Ixtle fiber. (Dwight)

Jargon. 1. A name given to the color-
less or smoky zircons of Ceylon.
(Standard)

2. An inferior diamond having 'a
yellowish color. (Century)

Jarosite. A hydrous sulphate of iron
and potassium from Jaroso, Spain,
(Century)

Jars. In well drilling, a connection be-
tween the sinker bar and the poles
or cables, made in the form of two
links, that slide on each other from
6 to 36 inches. The jars permit
the tools to fall on the down stroke,
but on the up stroke jar them,
or give them a sharp pull tending
to loosen them from any crevices
or cavings that may hold them; a
drill jar. (Nat Tube Co.)

Jaspachate; paspagate. Agate jasper.
(Webster)

Taspe (Mex.). Jasper; J. negro, Ly-
dian stone, touch stone. (Halse)

Jasper. Red, brown, green, impure,
slightly translucent cryptocrystal-
line quartz with a dull fracture (U.
S. Geol. Surv.). Red chalcedony,
abundant enough on Lake Superior
and elsewhere to be a rock (Kemp).
Compare Taconyte.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

369

Jasperated. Mixed with jasper; made
to resemble jasper; as, Jasperated
agate; Jasperated glass. (Standard)

Jasperite. Same as Jasper. (Stand-
ard) •

Jasperize. To convert into a form of
silica like jasper; agatized. (Cen-
tury)

Jasperoid. Resembling jasper. (Cen-
tury)

Jasper opal. A yellow variety of opal
resembling jasper. (Webster)

Jasper ware. A white ferra-cotta or
porcelain bisque invented by Josiah
Wedgewood for use in his cameo-
w'are: also used for jewelry setting
and statuettes. Also called Cameo-
ware ; Wedgewood - ware. ( Stand-
ard)

Jasper wash. A dip invented by Jo-
siah Wedgewood in 1777, and used
by him to produce the effect of jas-
per on pottery. (Standard)

Jaspidean. Consisting of or contain-
ing jasper; like jasper. (Standard)

Jaspilite. A term used around Lake
Superior for the jasper associated
with the iron ores. It is made up
of bands of bright-red jasper alter-
nating with bands of black, com-
monly specular hematite. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Jaspoid. Resembling jasper. (Stand-
ard.)

Jasponyx. An onyx part or all of
whose layers consist of jasper.
(Webster)

Jaspopal. See Jasper opal.

Jaspnre. Marble veined, or colored
like jasper. (Webster)

Jaula (Sp.). 1. Drum of a horse-
whim. J. de extraction, hoist, cage ;
J. de seguridad, a safety cage.
(Halse)

Jaulingite. A resin found in the Jaul-
ing, near St Viet, Lower Austria;
it resembles succinite. (Bacon)

Janm (Derb.). A clay-filled joint ex-
tending diagonally across a vein.
(Hooson)

Jaw crusher. A machine in which
rock is broken by the forcing to-
gether of iron jaws. (Richards, p.
1200)

Jay (Derb.). Roof coal. (Gresley)

Jedding ax. A kind of stone mason's
ax with a flat face and a pointed
peen. (Webster)

744010 O— 47 24

Jeffersite. A kind of vermiculite from
West Chester, Pennsylvania. (Cen-
tury)

Jeffrey swing-hammer crasher. A
crusher enclosed in an iron casing in
which a revolving shaft carries
swinging arms having a free arc
movement of 120°. The rotation of
the driving shaft causes the arms
to swing out and strike the coal, ore,
or other material, which, when suffi-
ciently fine, passes through the
grated bottom. (Liddell)

Jellettite. A green variety of andra-
dite garnet. (Standard)

Jenkin (No. of Eng.). A variation of
junking.

Jerry (Aust.). A carbonaceous shale
found in coal seams. (Power)

Jerry faces (Aust.). A local name at
Lambton B. colliery for main cleats
in coal. (Power)

Jerryman. An employee in a mine
whose duty it Is to clean up falls
or refuse, or to make a miner's
working place safe. (Peabody-Al-
werd Coal Co. v. Yandell, 179 Indi-
ana, p. 227 ; Hartig v. Vandalia Coal
Co., 98 N. E. Rept, p. 132)

Jeso. Beds of decomposed gypsum.
(Standard)

Jet. 1. A dense black lignite, taking a
good polish. Sometimes used for
jewelry. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A black marble. (Webster)

Jet coaL Cannel coal.

Jet glass. Crystal glass of pure black,
used in cheap jewelry. (Century)

Jet pump. A pump which moves fluid
by bringing 4t in contact with a rap-
idly moving stream of a fluid, of
the same or different kind, the mo-
tion being imparted through fric-
tion. Injectors and aspirators are
pumps of this type. (Meinzer)

Jet rock. Rock or shale, containing
jet. (Standard)

Jetstone (N. S. W.). Black tourma-
line. (Power)

Jetters (Corn.). The horizontal rods
or poles connecting the water wheel
and the pumps. (Davies)

Jewel. A precious stone; a stone cut
and polished for use as an orna-
ment; a gem; a bearing for a pivot
in a watch formed of a crystal or
precious stone. (Webster)

370

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jeweler's shop (Aust). A very rich
patch of gold in either a reef or an
alluvial formation. (Power)

Jews' houses. Remains of ancient tin
smelting furnaces and miners' houses
in Cornwall, England. (Webster)

Jews' pitch. A name given to a semi-
solid form of bitumen formerly used
for medicinal purposes. (Mitzakis)

Jews' tin. Slabs of tin found near the
Jews' houses in Cornwall, England.
(Webster)

Jewstone. 1. Marcasite. 2. (Eng.) A
hard rock of uneven fracture; ap-
plied locally to certain basalts,
limestone, etc. (Webster)

Jhoras (India). A gold-washing caste.
(Lock)

Jig. 1. A machine or apparatus in
which ore Is concentrated, or coal
Is separated from slate, on a screen
or sieve in water by a reciprocat-
ing motion of the screen, or by the
pulsion of water through the screen.

2. To separate heavier from lighter
materials, as ore from gangue, coal
from slate, by agitation in water.
(Webster)

3. (Eng.) A self-acting incline
(Steel). A jinny road.

4. In well boring, to drill with a
spring pole. < Century)

Jig brow. See Jimmy road.

Jig chain (So. Staff.). A chain
hooked to the back of a skip and
running round a post, to prevent its
too rapid descent on an inclined
plane ( Raymond ) . Compare Snub, 2.

Jigger. 1. A workman who sorts or
cleans ore by the process of jigging.
(Webster)

2. A machine for dressing small ore
in which a sieve is dipped or moved
about under water- (Skinner). See
also Jig, 1.

3. (Scot.) An apparatus for at-
taching hutches to a haulage rope,
Vhich holds by twisting or biting
the rope. (Barrowman)

4. (Aust.) A boy who attends to
the brake of a Jig, 3. (Power)

5. A coupling hook used between
coal cars in Leicestershire coal
mines. (Standard)

Jigger work ( Eng. ) . Dressed, or partly
dressed, ore obtained from jigging.
(Hunt)

Jigging (Corn.). Separating ores ac-
cording to specific gravity with a
sieve agitated up and down in wa-

ter. The apparatus is called a Jig
or jigger (Raymond). See Jig, 1
and 2.

Jigging machine. A machine with
which to jig ore. See Jig, 1. (Web-
ster)

Jig indicator. An apparatus resem-
bling a steam engine indicator, for
drawing curved lines illustrating the
action of jigs in ore dressing.
(Webster)'

Jig pin (Eng.). A pin to hold the
turn beams and prevent -them from
turning. (Webster)

Jig runner. 1. (York.) The man -who
works a Jig, (a self-acting incline).
2. One who operates a jig for con-
centrating ore.

Jim -around (West Virginia). A man
who does miscellaneous work at
mines.

Jim «row. 1. A machine for bending
or straightening rails, (Webster)
2. A crowbar with one end clawed
like a hammer. (Standard)

Jinny. A stationary engine for haul-
ing on a jinny road, when not oper-
ated by gravity. A jinny road.
(Webster)

Jinny road. A gravity plane under-
ground. (Raymond)

Jinny tenter. See Jig runner, 1;
Jinny.

Jito (Mer.). Gate in casting.
(Dwight)

Jitty (Leic.). A short heading along
which empties, horses, or workmen
travel. «(Gresley)

Joachimstal process. The extraction
of silver from sulphide ores by con-
verting into chloride, leaching with
sodium hyposulphite, and precipitat-
ing the silver as sulphide with sodi-
um sulphide. (Raymond)

Jock (Scot.). An iron rod, usually
pronged, attached to the rear end
of a train of hutches or cars be-
ing drawn up an incline, to stop
their descent in the event of the
rope breaking. (Barrowman)

Jockey. 1. (Aust). A Y-shaped grip
placed in sockets at the end of a
skip. It is on this that the endless
rope rests when used fcbove the skip.
2. (Mid.). A self-acting apparatus
on the front of a car, for releasing
it from the hauling rope at a cer-
tain point. (Gresley)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

371

Joey (Mid.). A man specially ap-
pointed to set timber in a stall dur-
ing the shift, (Gresley)

Joggle. 1. A notch cut in a round
timber to prevent rolling when
placed on another round piece.
(Sanders, p. 115)

2. A joint of trusses or sets of tim-
ber for receiving pressure at right
angles or nearly so. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Joggling table. An inclined board,

which moves with a sudden and

quick motion, used in washing ore.
(Whitney)

John 'Odges. See Gun.

Johnston Tanner. A vanner in which
the chief difference between it and a
Frue vanner is that the belt is given
an undulating motion to prevent
sands from piling up against the
edges of the belt. (Liddell)

Johnstrupite. A silicate of the cerium
metals, calcium and sodium chiefly,
with titanium and fluorine. In pris-
matic crystals. (Dana)

Joint 1. In geology, a plane, or gently
curved crack or fissure, which is one
of an approximately parallel set of
fissures ranging from a few inches
to many feet apart. Joints occur in
rocks of nearly all kinds and gener-
ally in two or more sets which divide
the rocks into polyhedral blocks.
(La Forge)

2. A line of cleavage in a coal seam.
(Barrowman)

Joint veins. Small veins confined to
one bed of rocks that give no signs
of displacement, or at least so slight
that they can not be noticed.
(Power)

Jointy. Full of joints ; specifically, in
mining, full of minute cracks or
crevices, as rock. (Standard)

Jdkull. 1. A glacier. 2. An Ice' ndic
mountain, a large portion of which
is above the snow line. Also spelled
Jolsul; Yokul. (Standard)

Jolly balance. A very delicate spring
balance used especially for the de-
termination of densities by the
method of weighing in water and
air. (Webster)

Jordanite. A sulpha rsenite of lead,
4Pbs.As2Si. Monoclinic; often pseu-
clohexagonal by twinning. A lead
gray mineral. (Dana)

.Joren. A scoop-shaped bamboo basket
used in Japan for carrying aurifer-
ous gravel. (Lock)

Jornada (or Jornal) (Sp.). 1. Day's
work (Dwight). A shift
2. Day's wages. 3. Daily mineral
production by each peon. (Halse)

Jornaler os ( Sp. ) . Day laborers. ( Min.
Jour.)

Jorongo (Sp.). 1. A small basket 2.
A blanket. (Halse)

Joseite. A bismuth-telluride mineral
found in Brazil. (Dana)

Josephinite. A native alloy of iron
and nickel of the composition Fe*Ni*.
(Dana)

Jongs; Juggs (Scot.). An iron col-
lar fastened by a short chain to a
wall and said to have been put
round the neck of disobedient min-
ers in old times as a punishment
(Barrowman)

Joule. 1. A unit of work or energy
which is equal to Itf ergs, and is
practically equivalent to the energy
expended in one second by an elec-
tric current of 1 ampere in a re-
sistance of 1 ohm. Approximately
equal to 0.738 foot-pound. (Web-
ster)

2. The gram-degree centigrade ther-
mal unit; the small calory. (Stand-
ard)

Joule's law. 1. The law that the rate
at which heat is produced in any
part of an electric circuit is meas-
ured by the product of the square
of the current into the resistance of
that part of the circuit. 2. The law
that there is no change of tempera-
ture when a gas expands without
doing external work and without
receiving or rejecting heat. (Web-
ster)

Jonph holes (Derb.). Hollows in a
vein. (Power)

Journal (Scot). A record of strata
passed through in a bore hole (Bar-
rowman). A log book.

Journey. 1. (So. Wales) A train or
set of trams all coupled together
running upon an engine plane.
(Gresley)

2. The round of work done in con-
verting a quantity of material into
glass. (Webster)

Jove. The metal tin. An obsolete
term used by alchemists. (Webster)

Jovite. A high explosive consisting
of certain nitro compounds and so-
dium nitrate. Used in armor-pierc-
ing shells. (Webster)

372

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Jowl (Newc.). A noise made as a
signal, by hammering at the faces
of two levels expected to meet.
(Raymond)

Juagada (Colom.). Stony, barren de-
posit. (Lucas)

Juanblanco (Colom.). 1. Platinum
found in gold placers. 2. Mica.
(Halse)

Jud, Judd. 1. (No. of Eng.). A block
of coal about 4 yards square
holed and cut ready for breaking
down. 2. (Som.) See Jad, 1. (Ores-
ley)

3. In whole working, a portion of
the coal laid out and ready for ex-
traction ; in pillar- working (4. e., the
drawing or extraction of pillars),
the yet unremoved portion of a pil-
lar. (Raymond)

4. The term jud is also applied to a
working place, usually 6 to 8 yards
wide, driven in a pillar of coal.
When a Jud has been driven the
distance required, the timber and
rails are removed, and this is termed
4 drawing a jud/ (C. and M. M. P.)

Judge (Derb. and Newc.). 1. A meas-
uring stick to measure coal work
underground. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) Formerly a boy who
proved the holing. (Gresley)

Judge rapper. The upper end of the
vertical arm of a judge. See Judge,

1. (Gresley)

Juego (Mex.). A set of anything, as
a set of repair parts for a machine.
(Dwight)

Jugglers. Timbers set obliquely
against pillars of coal, to carry a
plank partition, making a triangu-
lar air passage or manway. (Ray-
mond)

Julgars. An Indian caste whose em-
ployment is gold washing. (Lock)

Jumble (Derb.). The place where
veins intersect (Mander)

Jumos (Colom.). Very fine particles
of gold found in the batea after pan-
ning. (Halse)

Jump. 1. (Pac.) See Jumping a claim.

2. A dislocation of a vein. (Ray-
mond)

3. (Eng.) To drill a hole for blast-
ing with a Jumper. (G. C. Green-
well)

Jumper (Corn, and Newc.). 1. A drill
or boring tool, consisting of a bar,
which is ' jumped * up and down in
the bore hole (Raymond). See
also Churn drill.

2. One who jumps a claim. See
'Jumping a claim.'

Jumping a claim. 1. Taking posses-
sion of a mining claim which has
been abandoned. 2. Taking posses-
sion of a mfning claim liable to
forfeiture owing to the requirements
of the law being unfulfilled. 3. Tak-
ing possession a mine or claim by
stealth, fraud or force. 4. The loca-
tion of a mining claim on supposed
excess ground within staked bound-
aries of an existing claim on the
theory that the law governing the
manner of making the original loca-
tion had not been complied with.

Jumping switch (Scot.). A self-act-
ing switch, so arranged that the
hutches jump through a small verti-
cal distance. (Barrowman)

Jump joint. A butt Joint, made by
jump welding (Standard). See
Jump weld.

Jump-up; Jump-down. 1. An up-throw
or a down-throw fault. 2. To raise
boring rods and allow them to fall
by their own weight. (Gresley)
3. (Jump-up) A short rise dug in
the roof of a drive. See Monkey
shaft. (Duryee)

Jump weld. A weld of metal effected
by hammering together the butt
ends of two pieces heated to the
welding point. (Standard)

Junkerite. Same as Siderite. (Cen-
tury)

Junket (Eng.). See Kibble.

Junking (No. of Eng.) An opening
cut into, or a narrow slice taken off,
a pillar in the room-and-pillar sys-
tem of working coal (Gresley). A
fast junking is a narrow place
driven lengthwise in a pillar of
coal, but unholed into the room on
either side of the pillar. A loose
junking is a similar place driven
along the side of the pillar and open
to the room along that side. (G.
C. Green well)

Junta (Sp.). 1. A nearly vertical
joint in stratified rocks; J. de ter-
renos, a fault or break in coal beds.
2. A board, congress, assembly, or
council. Juntas (Mex.), concilia-
tory meetings called by the mining
agents to settle disputes about min-
ing property. (Halse)

Jupiter process. A patented process
for making cast-steel by melting
wrought-steel scrap with about 2
per cent ferrosilicon up to about 0.5
per cent ferromanganese and about
3 per cent aluminum and casting in
molds of a special composition.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

373

Jupner steel. A steel produced by the
Jupiter process. It is about as
strong and as ductile as forged steel.
(Webster)

Juquero (Peru). A thief who takes
ore from the vein. (D wight)

Jur&sico (Mex.). Jurassic. (D wight)

Jurassic. In geology, the middle one
of the three periods comprised in the
Mesozoic era. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period.
(La Forge)

Jnsticeman (Scot). One who checks,
on behalf of the miners, the weight
of mineral sent by them out of
the mine (Barrowman). See Check

weighman.

Juvenile water. Water from the in-
terior of the earth which is new or
has never been a part of the general
system of groundwater circulation.
See Magmatic water.

Juzgado (Sp.). A court of justice.
(Halse)

K.

Kabaite. A hydrocarbon related to
ozocerite or scheererite, found in
meteorites. ( Bacon )

Zackle-meckle (Corn.). The poorest
kind of lead ore (Raymond). A
variation of Keckle-meckle.

Zain coal (Scot). Produce of the
mine by way of whole or part pay-
ment of rent (Barrowman)

Zainite. A natural salt containing
when pure 35.1 per cent potassium
sulphate, 24.2 per . cent magnesium
sulphate, 18.9 per cent magnesium
chloride, and 21.8 per cent water of
hydration. (Dana)

Zal (Eng.). A coarse kind of iron.
(Anderson)

Zalamein. 1. An anticorrosive alloy
of lead, tin, antimony, bismuth,
and nickel for coating iron. 2. To
coat in a manner similar to galvaniz-
ing, but using kalamein. (Webster)

Zaliborite. See Heintzite.

Zalinite; Potash alum. Hydrous alu-
minum-potassium sulphate, KjSO*.-
AMSO*),+24HaO. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Zalium. Potassium : the Latin form of
the word kali, signifying potash
(Standard). Chemical symbol, K.

Zallait. Turquoise.
Zallen. See Callen.

Zamarezite. A grass-green, hydrated,
basic copper sulphate, Cm (Oil) 4-
• SOS.6H*O. (Standard)

Zame. 1. (Scot). A rounded hill or
oblong ridge terminating abruptly in
a high mound. Composed of gravel
and sand, and having its major axis
transverse to the drift movement.
(Thompson)

2. One of the hills or ridges formed
of detritus by glaciers in the line
of their track, or even any small
conical hill: loosely used inter-
changeably with esker and eskar.
(Standard)

Zame plain. A broad, low, massive
kame, composed only of coarse sedi-
ment (Standard)

Zammerling furnace. A modification
of the Belgian zinc smelting furnace
wherein there are two combustion
chambers separated by a central
longitudinal wall. In principle the
furnace is similar to the Hauzeur
a compound. (Standard)

Zampong ( Malay ) . An inclosed space ;
furnace. (Ingalls, p. 444)

Zanchana (Malay). Gold. (C. G. W.
Lock)'

Ztfcnd; Cand (Corn). Fluorspar.
(Power)

Zank (Mid.). A twist in a rope
(Gresley). A variation of kink.

Zankar (Hind.) A concretionary
limestone found in India arid used
for making roads. It yieJds an ex-
cellent lime for mortar. (Stand-
ard)

Zann. See Cand.

Zaolin; China clay; Porcelain clay. A
clay, mainly hydrous aluminum sili-
cate, from which porcelain may be
made (U. S. Geol. Surv.). See also
Kaolinite.

j£aolinic. Pertaining to, allied to, or
resembling kaolin. (Webster)

Zaolinite. A white soft earthy min-
eral consisting of a hydrous* silicate
of aluminum and one of the chief
constituents of clay. A common
product of rock decay and of oxida-
tion in veins (Ransome).

Zaolinization. The decomposition of
certain rock-forming minerals to
kaolin or clay. (Farrell)

Zaple. See Capel.

Zarang (Malay). A layer of tin-bear-
ing gravel. Also spelled Karong.

374

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Xarat. See Carat.

Zarn; Cairn (Corn.). A pile or heap
of rocks, as for a monument; some-
times the solid rock.

Zarstenite. Anhydrite.

Zast furnace. A small circular shaft
furnace with three or four tuyeres,
for lead smelting. (Raymond)

Xatabothron (Mod. Greek). An un-
derground passage cut by water.
(Standard)

Catalysis; Zatalytic. See Catalysis.

Zatamorphic zone. The zone of kata-
morphism corresponds to the zone
of rock fracture and is a zone of
breaking down. It is especially
characterized by solution, decrease
of volume and softening of the ma-
terials; the processes are destruc-
tive, resulting in degeneration. The
zone is divided into the belt of
weathering and the belt of cementa-
tion. See also Anamorphic zone.
(Watson)

Zatamorphism. See Metamorphism.
Any change in the texture of rocks
produced by fracturing and .granu-
lation, with recrystallization, vv here-
by rocks become finer-grained and
foliated, as the production of gneis-
ses and schists from granite. (Cen-
tury)

Zati. A Chinese weight equal to 1$
pounds. (Skinner)

Zation; Zathion. See Cathion.

Zatouti. A gold- washing trough of the
northwest provinces, India. (Lock)

Zauri resin, or Gum; Copal. A resin-
ous product of the Kauri, found in
yellow or brown lumps in the ground
where the trees have grown. It is
used for making varnish and as a
substitute for amber (Webster).
Found in New Zealand.

Zavels (Eng.). Lots cast by miners
for the working places. (Bain-
bridge)

Zawishiwin (Lake Superior region).
The iron-bearing belt of the Kee-
watin. The greenstone, or dioritic,
(upper) part of the Keewatin.
(Winchell)

Zawk (Corn.). Fluorspar. (Power)

Zayak; Zayack; Ziak (Alaska). An
Eskimo canoe, usually of skin and
completely decked, the covering be-
ing laced about the person who sits

in an opening near the center ; it is
about -16 feet long and seldom car-
ries more than one person.

Zazen (Corn.). A sieve. (Davies)
Zazer. See Kazen.

Zebble (Eng.). An opaque calcareous
spar. (Bainbridge)

Zeckle-meckle (Eng.). Lead minerals
of the poorest quality. See Kackle-
meckle.

Zedabekite. A name given by E. von
Federow to a dike rock from the
Kedabek mines, province of Eliza-
bethpol, Transcaucasia. The rock is
finely granular, dark gray in color
and consists of basic, plagioclase,
lime-iron garnet and a pleochroic py-
roxene called violaite. (Kemp)

Zeeker (No. of Eng.). An inspector
of underground mining. (Century)

Zeel (Eng.). 1. A flat-bottomed ship
or barge used on the Tyne to carry
coal from Newcastle. 2. A barge
load of coal containing 8 Newcastle
chaldrons or 21$ tons avoirdupois.
3. A red iron ocher used for mark-
ing lumber (Webster). (Eng.) The
same as reddle or red clay. Also
Keil.

Zeel wedge. A long iron wedge for
driving over the top of a pick hilt.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Zeeper. 1. One in charge of opening
and closing the tap hole of a blast
furnace, and who runs iron at qast.
(Wilcox) 2. (Eng.). An engine
keeper; a horse keeper, etc. Also a
brakeman. (Gresley)

Zeeps; Zeps. Wings, catches, or rests,
to hold the cage when it is brought
to rest at the top, bottom or at
an intermediate landing (Chance).
Also called Shuts, Fans, Chairs,
Dogs. See also Cage shuts.

Z«eve. 1. See Cauf. 2. A tub used
in collecting grains of heavy ore or
metal; a dolly tub (Raymond). A
keeve of rich slime is stirred with
water, and then struck on the side,
which causes the heavy mineral to
settle on the bottom (Standard).
Also spelled Kieve.

Zeeving. The preparation of fine ore,
or slime in a keeve. (Standard)

Keewatin. According to the U. S.
Geological Survey, the overlying but
older of the two series of rocks com-
prised in the Archean system. Also
the corresponding geologic epoch.
(La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

375

Keg. A cylindrical container made of
steel or some other substance, which
contains 25 pounds of blasting pow-
der or gunpowder (Du Pont). Any
small cask or barrel having a ca-
pacity of 5 to 10 gallons.

Keil furnace. A gas-fired furnace con-
taining one or more vertical retorts
for the distillation of zinc. (In-
galls, p. 395)

Keilhauite. A titano-silicate of cal-
cium, aluminum, ferric iron, and
the yttrium metals. (Dana)

Keith process. An electrolytic process
for refining lead. The electrolyte
Is composed of a solution of lead
acetate or of lead chloride. Impure
lead forms the anode plates, which
are inclosed in bags of coarse mus-
lin. The cathodes are made of thin
metal plates. The deposit obtained
Is in crystalline form and falls to
the bottom of the vessel, which may
be made of plate iron or of wood.
(Goesel)

Keif (Derb., Leic.). The vertical
height of the face of the undercut
at any time during the operation of
undercutting. (Gresley)

Kell (Eng.). A variation bf Kiln.

Keller automatic roaster. A six-deck
horizontal furnace for calcining
sulphide ores. (Hofman, p. 191)

Keller furnace. A multiple-deck roast-
ing furnace for sulphide ore. It is
a modification of the Spence fur-
nace. (Ingalls, p. 98)

Kelly. 1. In brickmaking, to cover
with mold or soil. 2. Mold over-
lying clay; surface earth. (Stand-
ard)

Kelly filter. An intermittent, movable
pressure filter. The leaves are ver-
tical and are set parallel with the
axis of the tank. Pulp is introduced
into the tank (a boiler-like affair)
under pressure and the cake formed.
The head then is unlocked and the
leaves run out of the tank chamber,
by means of a small track, and the
cake is dropped. The carriage and
leaves are then run back into the
tank and the cycle begun again.
(Liddell)

Kelp. 1. Large seaweeds such as are
used in producing the manufactured
kelp. (Century)

2. The ashes of seaweeds, formerly
the source of soda as used in glass
and soap making, now a source
chiefly of iodine. (Standard)

Xelve (Corn.). Fluorspar. (Power)

Kelyphite rim. A name applied by
Schrauf to rims of pyroxene, horn-
blende and spinel that sometimes
surround the garnets of peridotites.
It is of microscopic application.
(Kemp)

Kennel. 1. (Mid.) A collier's term
for cannel coaL (Gresley)
2. Also a channel ; little canal ;
gutter.

Kenner (No. of Eng.). An expression
meaning time to leave off work.
(Gresley)

Kentallenite. A granular plutonic ig-
neous rock, between augite syenite
and olivine gabbro, composed essen-
tially of augite, olivine, biotite, an-
desine, and orthoclase. (La Forge)

Kentish rag (Eng.). A provincial
term for the hard, gray, arenaceous
limestone of the green-sand forma-
tion, much used for.building in Kent
and Sussex. (Roberts)

Kentledge. 1. A nautical term for pig
iron used as ballast. 2. In British
military usage, unserviceable cast-
iron articles such as condemned
shot, and shell, etc. (Webster)

Kent roller mill. A revolving steel
ring with three rolls pressing
against its inner face. The rolls are
supported on springs, and the rings
support the roll, so that there is
some freedom of motion. The ma-
terial to be crushed is held against
the ring by centrifugal force. (Lid-
dell)

Kenyte. A vitrophyric variety of
phonolite containing phenocrysts of
anorthoclase. (La Forge)

Keps (Scot). Movable support for
the cage at a landing; shuts (Bar-
rowman). See Keeps.

Keramics. Same as Ceramics.

Kerargyrite. Same as Cerargyrite.

Keratophyre. A rock intermediate be-
tween porphyries and porphyrites,
and differing from each in having
as the principal feldspar, anortho-
clase instead of either orthoclase or
the soda-lime feldspar. Kerato-
phyre applies to pre-Teriary rocks,
whereas pantellerite is used for the
same aggregate of more recent geo-
logical date. The name was given
in 1874 by Giimbel to certain Bava-
rian felsitic and porphyritic rocks,
that resembled hornfels, hence the
name from the Greek for horn
(Kemp). Its significance has since
beeen restricted to any variety of
syenite porphyry, trachyte, or felsite
containing phenocrysts of anortho-
clase.

376

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Kerf (Eng.). The undercut made to
assist the breaking or mining of
the coal (Steel). See also Kerve.

Kermesite. A monoclinic, cherry-red
mineral, Sb2S2O, resulting from the
alteration of stibnite (Dana). Also
called Kermes mineral.

Kermes mineral. A soft, reddish-brown
artificial powder consisting of Sb2S3,
but usually containing also an oxide
and alkali. Kermesite is a native
form. (Webster)

Kerned (Corn.). Said of certain ore
hardened by exopsure to the sun.
(Da vies)

Kernel roasting. See Roasting.

Kern stone (Local, Eng:). A sand-
stone of a coarse granular composi-
tion. (Standard)

Kernon. An old, name for Cornwall.
(Pryce)

Kerogen. A term applied to the bitu-
minous material in Scottish oil-
shale. (Bacon)

Kerosene. A mixture of hydrocarbons
whose average boiling point is about
450° F., freed on the one hand from
gasoline or naphtha and on the other
hand from the heavy hydrocarbons
that belong to gas oil and lubricat-
ing oil. (Bacon)

Kerosene shale. Speaking broadly,
any bituminous shale from which
illuminating oil has been or may be
obtained. (Bacon)

Kerrite. A pearly, yellowish-green va-
riety of mica that is closely related
to jefferisite. It -occurs as fine
scales. ( Standard )

Kersantite. 1. A very old name of
somewhat varying ' application, but
formerly used for rocks that are
intermediate between diorites or
their corresponding porphyrites and
gabbros or diabases. Mica-diabase
was used as a synonym (Kemp).
2. A finely granophyric or aphano-
phyric igneous rock composed of
plagioclase and biotite, with or with-
out augite, hornblende, and olivine;
a porphyritic diabase or augite
diorite with phenocrysts of biotite
(La Forge). Kersanton is practi-
cally a synonym. Both names are
derived from a town in Britany.

Kerve; Kirve (No. of Eng.). To un-
dercut, as in coal mining. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Ketches (So. Wales). Same as Back-
stay.

Kettle. 1. (Scot.) A cylindrical or
barrel -shaped iron or wooden vessel
used to raise men or materials in
shaft sinking. (Barrowman)
2. See Kettle hole.

Kettleback. The same as Horseback.
(Davis v. Nuttallsburg Coal & Coke
Co., 34 West Virginia, p. 502)

Kettle bottom. A piece of slate that
drops ' out of a smooth cavity in
the roof of a mine. It loosens and
falls without giving any warning
(Harr). Same as Horseback.

Kettled. In geology, hollowed. out like
a kettle, as surface bowls by action
of a glacier. (Standard)

Kettle dross. Skimmings resulting
from the desilveration of lead bul-
lion. It consists principally of lead
oxides mixed with metallic lead.
(Hofman, pp. 445 and 498, 6th ed.)

Kettle hole. A steep-sided hollow, with-
out surface -drainage, especially in
a deposit of glacial drift. (Web-
ster)

Kettle moraine. A terminal moraine
the surface of which is marked by
many kettle holes. (Webster)

Ketton stone. A reddish-brown oolitic
limestone from Ketton, England.
(Webster)

Keuper. The upper division of the
European T r i a s s i c formation,
. (Standard)

Kevel (Derb.). A variation of Kevil.

Kevil. 1. (Derb.). A veinstone, con-
sisting of a mixture of calcium car-
bonate and other minerals. (Ray-
mond)

2. (No. of Eng.) The amount of
coal sent out by the various miners
during a certain period. (Gresley)

Keweenawan. According to the U. S.
Geological Survey, the uppermost or
youngest of the series of rocks com-
prised in the Algonkian system; it
is regarded by some geologists as
Lower Cambrian. Also the corre-
sponding geologic epoch. ( La Forge )
The system includes a body of
igneous rocks of prodigious thick-
ness, conglomerates, and sandstones.
The copper-bearing rocks of the
Lake Superior region are part of the
system.

Key. 1. (Eng.) A kind of wrench
used for screwing and unscrewing
drill rods. Also used to support the
rods by resting on top of the casing:
and allowing the rods to hang by

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

377

the enlarged joint coming in contact
with the key. (Gresley)

2. A wedge driven between two
feathers to break a stone. (Web-
ste»)

3. An iron bar of suitable size and
taper for filling "the keyways of
shaft and pulleys so as to keep both
together. ( Steel )

4. A rectangular depression, in one
or both flat sides of a brick, some-
times called Frog or Panel. (Ries)

5. A keystone.

Key blocks. The first blocks which
are removed in opening up a new
quarry floor. (Bowles)

Key seat. Sec Key way.

"Keystone. 1. The voussoir at the cen-
ter of the crown of an arch, which,
being the last set in place, is re-
garded as binding the whole to-
gether. A bond stone. 2. A filling-
in block of cast iron used in some
lead smelting furnaces. (Webster)

Keyway; Key seat. A groove or chan-
nel in a shaft or pulley for receiv-
ing a key. (Webster)

Kibble; Krtbal (Corn, and Wales). An
iron bucket for raising ore. (Ray-
mond )

Kibble filler (Eng.). The man fills the
kibble with ore, coal, or waste rock.
(Bainbridge)

Kibble rope; Kibble chain (Eng.). A
rope or chain for hoisting a kibble or
bucket. . ( Standard )

Kick. 1. In brickmaking, a wooden
block on the upper face of a stock
board to make a key or depression
in the bottom of a slop-molded brick.
2. A die for molding brick. (Stand-
ard)

Kick back. 1. (Arkansas) To break
the coal on both sides of the auger
hole which contains the powder,
usually along a joint in the coal.
(Steel)

2. A track arrangement for revers-
ing the direction of travel of cars
moving by gravity. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Kicker. 1. Ground left in first cutting
a vein, for support of its sides.
(Raymond)

2. (Scot.). The reversing gear of
some direct-acting steam and hy-
draulic pumps. (Barrowman)

3. (Eng.). A liberating catch made
in the form of a bell-crank lever
rooking on a horizontal axis.
(Gresley)

Kick-up. 1. (Aust.). An end tippler.
(Power)

2. (No. of Eng.). See Tipper, 1
and 2.

Kidney ore. A variety of hematite,
occurring in compact kidney-shaped
masses. (Webster)

Kidneys. 1. (Tenn.). Bowlders of
phosphate rock. (Power)

2. A term applied by miners to a
mineral zone which narrows down
until very thin and then suddenly
expands and again suddenly con-
tracts. (Meydenbauer v. Stevens,
78 Fed. Rept., p. 791; Rough Rider,
In 're, 41, Land Decisions, p. 255)

Kidney stone. 1. A nodule of iron-
stone common in the Oxford clay
(Middle Oolite) of England. 2. A
tough, compact, fine grained green-
ish or bluish amphibole; nephrite.
(Standard)

3. A pebble or nodule roughly re-
sembling a kidney. (Webster)

Kiefekil; Kefferkil (Persian). 1. A
kind of clay. 2. A meerschaum.
(Century)

Kies. A general term for the sulphide
ores, now adopted into English frpm
the original German. (Kemp)

Kieselguhr. German name for diato-
maceous earth, and more or less cur-
rent in English (Kemp). Used as
an absorbent for nitroglycerin in
dynamite. It is an inert substance
or passive base, whose only value
lies in its capacity to absorb about
three times its weight in nitroglyc-
erin (Du Pont). -See also Infu-
sorial earth.

Kieserite. A hydrous magnesium sul-
phate, MgSO4+H2O. Usually mas-
sive, granular to compact. Color
white, grayish, yellowish. (Dana)

Kieve ( Corn. ) . A variation of Keeve, 2.

Kiles ( Eng. ) . Leather strings.
(Bainbridge)

Kilkenny coal. Anthracite. (Gres-
ley)

Kill. To mix atmospheric air with
fire-damp or other gases so as to
make them harmless. (Gresley)

Killas. Cornish miners' term for the
slates or schists that form the coun-
try rock of the Cornish tin veins.
(Kemp)

Killman (Scot). A kilnman. (Stand-
ard)

878

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Killogie (Scot). The space before the
fire in a kiln. (Standard)

Killow (Eng.). A deep blue or black-
ish earth. (Standard)

Kiln. 1. A furnace for the calcina-
tion of coarsely broken ore or stone ;
also, an oven for drying, charring,
etc. (Raymond)

2. A potter's oven for baking bis-
cuit or fictile ware. 3. A furnace
for vitrifying, as bricks or porce-
lain. (Standard)

Kiln-dry. To dry in a kiln. (Web-
ster)

Kiln eye (Scot). The opening at the
bottom of a draw kiln. (Barrow-
man)

Kilnhole. The mouth or opening of an
oven or kiln. (Webster)

Kilnman. A man who tends a kiln.
(Standard)

Kiln-run brick. See Stock brick.

Kiln white. A scum which originates
in the burning of brick. (Ries)

Kilo. A short form of kilogram.
(Webster)

Kilocalorie. A great calorie. (Web-
ster)

Kilogram. A unit of weight in the

metric system and equal to one

thousand grams, or 2.2046 pounds
avoirdupois.

Kilometer. A length of one thousand
meters, equal to 3,280.8 feet, or 0.621
of a mile: the chief unit for long
distances in the metric system.
(Standard)

Kilowatt. A unit of power equal to
one thousand watts. (Webster)

Kilowatt hour. A unit of work or
energy equal to that done by one
kilowatt acting for one hour; ap-
proximately 1.34 horse-power hour.
(Webster)

Kimberley joint. Originally a pipe
joint of English manufacture for use
in South Africa. It consists of 'an
outer wrought sleeve or ring belled
out on the ends to form a suitable
lead recess for calking, the pipes
butting in the center of the sleeve.
(Nat. Tube Co.)

Kimberlite. A name given by H. Car-
ville Lewis to the peridotite that
forms the diamantiferous dike at
the Kimberley mines, of South Af-
rica. The rock is more porphyritic
than typical peridotite (Kemp).
Also called Blue earth or Blue
ground by miners.

Kimberly method. See Combined top-
slicing and shrinkage stoping.

Kim-coal. See Kimmeridge shale.

Kimmeridge clay. A thick bed of clay,
constituting a member of the Oolite
(Jurassic) group. So-called, because
it is found well developed at Kim-
meridge, in the isle of Purbeck, Dor-
setshi re. ( Comstock )

Kimmeridge coal. A bituminous shale
or impure coal which occurs in the
Kimmeridge clays. (Power)

Kimmeridge shale. Extensive deposits
of bluish-gray slaty clay, containing
more or less volatile matter, and
interstratified with thin beds of
highly bituminous shale, occurring
in Dorsetshire. This clay, which is
a member of the Upper Oolite, at-
tains in places a thickness of as
much as 600 feet Locally, called
Kim-coal. (Bacon)

Kimmeridgian. In geology, one of the
stages of the Upper Oolite series of
the Jurassic system of strata in
Great Britain. (La Forge)

Kin. A Japanese weight of 1.31
pounds avoirdupois. (Weed)

Kind (Eng.). Generally signifies ten-
der, soft, or easy to work. Said of
certain ores. (Gresley)

Kind-Chaudron process. A process for
sinking shafts in which a small pit
is sunk in advance and subsequently
enlarged to the full size of the shaft,
when the tubbing or water-tight lin-
ing with its moss box at the bottom
is lowered or pressed down into po-
sition, and the tubbing backed up
with an outside lining of concrete.
(Webster)

Kindly. A miner's term for a rock

which is considered congenial or

likely for carrying ore. (Roy.
Com.)

Kindly ground (Eng.). Those rocks
in which lodes become productive of
mineral of value. (Cox)

Kind's plug. A wooden plug attached
to an iron rod, used in connection
with sand for recovering tubing
from bore holes. (Raymond)

Kingbolt. A bolt supporting a cage in
a shaft (Webster)

Kingle. Barren blaes, or ribs of hard
calcareous or quartzose material,
destitute of bituminous matter, oc-
curring in the Scottish oil shales.
(Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

379

King-post (Eng.). An apparatus for
strengthening a beam. (Bainbridge)

Xing-pot. The large central pot or
crucible in a brass-melting furnace.
(Raymond)

Zing screen. A drum-type screen in
which the pulp to be screened is de-
livered* on the outside, the under-
size passing through the screen and
discharging through the open end.
(Liddell)

Zing's silver. A very pure but soft
silver used for plate in the begin-
ning of the 18th century. (Stand-
ard)

King's yellow. A bright yellow pig-
ment, AsjS*. Occurs native as orpi-
ment, and is also made artificially.
(Webster)

Kink. 1. (Scot.) A twist in a rope;
a doubling and interlocking of sev-
eral links in a chain. (Barrowman)
2. A deflection in a vein or lode
which does not interrupt the con-
tinuity thereof. (Voght)

Zinkead mill. A pan mill with a con-
vex conical bottom on which a mul-
ler, having two surfaces of different
inclinations, grind. The machine
acts on the gyratory principle as
regards crushing between the sur-
faces. (Liddell)

Kinoully (Corn.). See Kivully.

Zinzigite. A metamorphic rock con-
sisting -of biotite, garnet, and oligo-
clase. It was named, in 1860, by
Fischer, from the Kinzig Valley, in
the Black Forest. (Kemp)

Kip (No. of Eng.). A level or gently
sloping roadway, at the extremity
of an engine plane, upon which the
full cars stand ready to be sent up
the shaft (Century). The tubs, or
cars, usually go to the shaft by
gravity.

Kir. A Russian name given to petro-
leum solidified on exposure, and hav-
ing the appearance of asphalt. (Mit-
zakis)

Zirchhoff's law. The law that In any
branching network of electric wires
the algebraic sum of the currents in
all of the wires that meet in any
point is zero. (Webster)

Kirn (Scot). To bore with a hand
Jumper or kirner. (Barrowman)

Kirner (Scot). A hand jumper
(drill). (Barrowman)

Kirve (No. of Eng.). To undercut
(Gresley). See Kerve.

Zirving (Newc.). The cutting made
at the bottom, of the coal by the
miner (Raymond). See Holing.

Zish. l. The blast - furnacemen's
name for the graphite segregations
seen in pig iron and in the cinder
of a furnace making a very gray
iron. (Raymond)

2. The dross on the surface of
molten lead. (Standard)

Ziss process. About the same as the
Patera process (which see) except
that calcium hyposulphite is used
for leaching the ore, and calcium
polysulphide for precipitating the
silver. (Liddell)

Kist. The wooden box or chest in
which the timberman keeps his tools.
The chest is always placed at the
flat or lamp station. This spot
is often referred to by the expres-
sion "at the kist" (C..and M. M. P.)

Kisye (Malay). Rattan sieves used
in gold washing. (Lock)

Kit. A wooden vessel. (Raymond)
Kitchen. See Laboratory, 2.

Kitchens (Eng.). Coal prepared and
sold expressly for use in ranges,
stoves, etc. (Gresley)

Kitting (Eng.). Thieving in combina-
tion. There are different modes of
cheating the adventurers (owners)
by miners mixing their ores, and
sometimes by stealing from heaps
not their own and carrying to their
own heap. All these thefts are
called "kitting." (Hunt)

Kittle (Scot.). Dangerous; risky.
(Barrowman)

Kitty (No. of Eng.). A length of
about four inches of straw filled
with gunpowder by which flame is
communicated to the blasting charge.
(Gresley)

Kive (Prov. Eng. and Scot). Same as
Keeve. (Standard)

Kiver (Local Eng.). A shallow keeve,
which see. (Standard)

Kivully (Corn.). Loose ground.
(Pryce) Also spelled Kinoully.

Zleeman condenser. A rectangular
clay pipe in which distilled zinc is
condensed. (Ingalls, p. 550)

Zleiaite. A mineral consisting of mer-
cury-ammonium chloride. Formula
uncertain. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Klinkstone. See Phonolite.

380

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Klip (So. Afr.). A rock or stone; cliff,
mountain. (Standard)

Kloof (So. Afr.). -A mountain pass or
cleft; a gorge or narrow valley.
(Standard)

Kluft. A fault. (Ure)

Knacker (Prov. Eng.). A collier's
horse. (Standard)

Knapper. A stone breaker; specifi-
cally one who breaks up flint flakes
into sizes used foi gun flints. (Cen-
tury)

Knapping (Scot).^ The act of break-
ing stone. (Standard)

Knapping hammer. A lofig-handled
steel hammer for breaking stones,
such as is used for breaking flint
flakes. (Standard)

Knapping machine. A stone breaker.
.( Standard)

Knee joint. A toggle joint. (Stand-
ard)

Kneeler (Eng.). A quadrant or tri-
angular lever which converts the
horizontal movement of a piston rod
into the up and down movement of
pump rods. (Webster)

Knee movement. The mechanism that
operates a toggle-joint. (Standard)

Knee piece. 1. A bent piece of piping.
(C. and M. M. P.)

2. An angular piece of timber used
in a roof (mine) to strengthen a
joint where two timbers meet.

Knee timber.. Timber with natural
knees or angles in it. A piece of
timber with an angle or knee in it.
(Webster)

Knits; Knots. Small particles of ore.
(Raymond)

Knob. 1. A round hill or mountain;
especially an isolated one (Web-
ster). See also Boss, 4.

2. To remove knobs from, as in
rough-dressing stone in the quarry.
(Standard)

3. A small support for the roof.
(Min. Jour.)

Knobbing. The act of rough-dressing
stone in the quarry by knocking off
the projections and points. (Cen-
tury)

Knobbing fire. A bloomery for refin-
ing cast-iron. (Raymond)

Knock. 1. To examine a mine roof
for safety. See also Chap. (Ores-
ley)

2. (Local, Eng.). A sand-bank; so-
called along the Lincolnshire coast.
(Standard)

Knock-back ore (Eng.). Ore mixed
with barite or kevil. (Bainbridge)

Knocker. A lever that strikes* on a
plate of iron at the mouth of the
shaft, by means of. which miners
below can signal to those on the
top. (C. and M. M. P.)

Knocker line. The signal line ex-
tending down the shaft from the
knocker. (C. and M. M. P.)

Knocking. 1. (So. Wales) Signals
made underground by knocking on
the coal. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.) Ore broken with a ham-
mer, especially the large lumps
which are picked out. (Webster)

Knocking-bucker (Eng.). A tool cut
out of a strong flat bar of iron, used
for breaking or bucking ore. (Dur-
yee)

Knockings. Pieces of stone cut or
taken off in blasting or in rough-
dressing. ( Standard )

Knocking-up (Eng.). The calling up
of miners by beating the landing
wagon. (Bainbridge)

Knock-off. 1. The point upon an en-
gine plane at which the trip is dis-
connected from the rope. 2. A joint
for disconnecting the bucket from
the pump rods. 3. To do away
with. (Gresley)

4. To stop (work) for the day or
part of a day. See Kenner.

Knock-off hook. 1. (Eng.) A hook
by which cars may be detached
from a rope by the withdrawal of a
pin or knocking off a catch.' 2. Also
a hook by means of which the rope
is detached from the cage when it
is drawn too high by the winding
engine. (G. C. Green well)

Knock-off joint. In well drilling, a
joint used in the rods of deep-well
pumps. The jointed ends of the rods
are enlarged to a square section
a.nd notched to fit against one an-
other, and are confined by a clasp
or bridle embracing them. The
joint is tapered lengthwise and the
hole in the clasp is tapered to corre-
spond, so that the tendency is al-
ways for the clasp to tighten around
the joint. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Knockstone (Eng.). A stone or piece
of iron on which to break lead-ore.
.(Bainbridge)

Knoll. A hillock of rounded form; a
mound; the top of a hill or moun-
tain. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

381

Knots. A term applied by qunrrymen
to dark gray or black masses, more
or less oval or circular in cross sec-
tion, which are segregations of black
mica or hornblende formed in the
granite while in a molten state.
English quarrymen call them
' heathen.' (Dale)

Knotty. So altered by contact meta-
morphism as to have new minerals
developed, .giving a spotted or
knotty appearance (Kemp). Some-
times applied to concretions found
in sedimentary rock. (Ries)

Known mine. Lands can not be held
to be " known mines " unless at
the time the rights of the purchaser
accrued there was upon the ground
an actual and open mine which
either had been worked or was capa-
ble of being worked. (Colorado
Coal, ett, Co. v. United States, 123,
p. 327; U. S. Mia &tat, p. 746)

Known to exist. A vein or lode is
known to exist -when it could be dis-
covered by anyone making a reason-
able and fair inspection of the prem-
ises for the purpose of a location.
(Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Mike &
Starr, etc., Co., 143 United States,
i>. 403; Min. Stat., pp. 558-562)

Knox and Osborne furnace. A continu-
ously working shaft furnace for
roasting quicksilver ores, having the
fireplace built in the masonry at one
side. The fuel is wood. (Ray-
mond)

Znox kole. A circular drill hole with
two opposite vertical grooves which
direct the explosive power of the
blast. (Perkins)

Xnox system. A system of separating
masses of rock by blasting' with
black blasting powder in reamed
drill holes, a considerable air space
being left between the charge and
the stemming. (Bowles)

Knudkle. The place on an incline
where there is a sudden change in
grade. (Harr) The top of a grade
or hill on a track over which mine
cars are hauled (Richards v. Sloss-
Sheffield Steel & Iron Co., 146 Ala-
bama, p. 256 ; 41 Southern, p. 288.

Koehler furnace. A revolving, cylin-
drical, muffle furnace used in Upper
Silesia. (Ingalls, p. 161)

Koehler lamp. A naphtha-burning
flame safety lamp for use in gase-
ous mines.

Koepe system. A system of hoisting
without using drums, the rope be-

ing endless and passing over pulleys
instead of around a drum. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Kokowai (New Zealand). Red ocher;
a common native pigment, mixed for
use with fish oil or vegetal oil.
(Standard)

Komspelter. A proposed trade name
for spelter from the Kansas, Okla-
homa, and Missouri fields, Kom be-
ing the initial letters of the three
states named. (Min. and Sci. Press,
vol. 115, p. 672)

Konite. A magnesian dolomite-
( Standard)

Kimlite. A reddish brown to yellow,
soft, amorphous hydrocarbon min-
eral that has a specific gravity of
0.88, a metting point of 114° CM and
distils at 200° C. (Bacon). Also
called Kdnleinite.

Kopje (So. Air.). A hillock; fcnob.
(Standard)

Korfc (Ger.). Bee Orf, 1.

Koreg (Malay), A stratum of oom-
pact yellow claj underlying tin-bear-
ing gravel.

Kaswite. A name derived from Mt.
Koswimsky, in the Urals, and givem
by Dnparc and Pearce to a melano-
cratic, granular rock composed of
varieties of pyroxene, olivine, horn-
blende, chromiferous spinels, and
magnetite ; the last named constitut-
ing a matrix or cement for the
others. (Kemp)

Koth. A name given by the Spaniards
to an earthy, slimy substance eject-
ed from volcanoes in South America,
The natives call it Moya. (Humble)

Kraal (So. Air.). An enclosure or
stockade or pen for cattle or sheep.
A hut or group of huts for native
miners.

Krablite. Ejected blocks from the vol-
cano of Krafla, in Iceland, which
were regarded many years ago by
Forchhammer, under the name bau-
lite, as a feldspar, of percentage in
silica far beyond that of albite. It
was soon shown by the microscope
to be an aggregate. (Kemp)

Krassyk. A local name for a decom-
posed ferruginous schist; in the
Berseov gold-mining district of the
Urals. (Kemp)

Kremnitz white. A pure white lead
made by treating litharge and lead
acetate with carbon dioxide, and
formed into tablets. It is used in
fine painting. (Webster)

382

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Krems. Same as Kremnitz white,
which see.

Krennerite. Orthorhombic telluride of
gold and silver. Composition varia-
ble, (Au, Ag)Te». At Cripple Creek
analysis gives gold 43.86 per cent,
silver 0.46 per cent, tellurium 55.68
per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Krohnke process. The treatment of
silver ores preparatory to amalga-
mation, by humid chloridization
with copper dichloride. (Raymond)

Krupp ball mill. An ore pulverizer
in which the grinding is done by
chilled-iron or steel balls of various
sizes moving against each other and
the die ring, composed of five per-
forated spiral plates, each of which
overlaps the next. The plates form
steps which give the balls a drop
from one plate to the next, and in
addition, give space through which
oversize is returned. Outside the
die plate is a coarse perforated
screen to take the chief wear, while
outside that is fine gauze screens.
The fines discharge through these
Into the housing inside which the
screens revolve and which has a
hopper bottom. (Liddell)

Xrnppize. To apply the Krupp hard-
ening process to, as armor plate.
(Standard)

Krupp process. 1. See Krupp wash-
ing process. Called also Bell-Krupp
process. (Webster)
2. A cementation-process designed
for the hardening of surface steel, as
for armor plates, where the object
is to strengthen the outer portion of
the mass from the surface toward
the interior. (Standard)

Krupp washing process. The removal
of silicon and phosphorus from
molten pig iron by running it into
a Pernot furnace, lined with iron
oxides. Iron ore may also be added,
and the bath is agitated by rotation
for five to eight minutes only. See
Bell's dephosphorizing process.
(Raymond)

Kryokonite. Dust of volcanic or cos-
mic origin found on the ice and
snow of the polar regions. (Web-
ster)

Krypton. An inert gaseous element
of the argon group, occurring in the
air to the extent of about one vol-
ume in one million. Symbol, Kr;
atomic weight, 82.92. (Webster)

Krystic. In geology, pertaining to or
treating of the subject of ice as a
surface feature of the earth, in any

and all of its forms, including gla-
cier ice; as, krystic geology. (Stand-
ard)

Kua. Specially shaped hoes used for
working gravel in the sluice in
Japan. (Lock)

Xugel. The German word for ball or
sphere, often prefixed to those ig-
neous rocks that show a spheroidal
development, such as corsite, orbicu-
lar granite, etc. (Kemp)

Knlaite. A name derived from the
Kula basin in Lydia, Asia Minor,
proposed by H. S. Washington, for
those rare basalts (there abundant)
in which hornblende surpasses au-
gite in amount. (Kemp)

Knli (India). Wages; hire. Also
spelled Culy. (Century)

Kullaite. A name derived from the
Swedish locality Kullen, and applied
by A. Hennig to a dike-rock which
is regarded as an intermediate type
between the diabases and the gran-
ites. In a feldspathic groundmass
of ophitic (diabasic?) texture, are
red phenocrysts of plagioclase and
microcline. The groundmass has
rods of oligoclase-andesine with
augite, orthoclase and titaniferous
magnetite. (Kemp)

Kunkur (Hind.). A nodular or tufa-
ceous concretionary limestone, gen-
erally of an ash-gray or dove-gray
color ; occurs both in layers or beds,
often of considerable thickness and
extent, and in detached nodular con^
cretions of various size, imbedded
in stiff clay. (Qldham)

Kunzite. A lilac-colored or pink spod-
umene. Used as a gem. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Kupf ernickle ( Ger. ) . N i c c o 1 i t e»
(Standard)

Kupferschiefer (Ger.). A dark-col-
ored shale of the Permian, worked
for copper, in Germany. (Standard)

Kuskite. A name derived from the-
Kuskok\vin river, Alaska, and ap-
plied by J. E. Spurr to certain por-
phyritic dikes, which cut Cretaceous
shales, and which have phenocrysts
of quartz, scapolite, and probably
basic plagioclase (the last now rep-
resented by alteration products), in
a groundmass of quartz, orthoclase,
and muscovite. Compare Yentnite.
(Kemp)

Kutch. In gold beating, a package of
vellum leaves between which sheets
of gold are placed for the first beat-
ing. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

383

Butter's formula. A formula for esti-
mating the flow of water in rivers
and canals, and sometimes modified
for estimating the flow through long
pipes with low velocity and entrance
head. (Webster)

Kyack. 1. (West. U. S.) A pack sack
to be swung on either side of a pack
saddle. (Webster)
2. (Alaska) See Kayak.

Kyanite. The same as Cyanite. (A.
F. Rogers)

Kyanize. To treat wood by the proc-
ess of kyanizing. (Century)

Zyanizing. A process for preventing
the decay of wood, by filling the
pores with a solution of corrosive
sublimate. (Century)

Kyschtymite. A name derived from
the Kyschtym mining district of the
Urals, and given by J. Morozewicz
to a rock consisting chiefly of anor-
thosite and corundum, with which
are associated biotite, spinel, zircon,
apatite, and, as secondary minerals,
muscovite, chlorite, kaolin, and
chromite. (Kemp)

Laberinto (Sp. Am.). 1. Series of
sand receptacles. (Lucas)
2. Confused, irregular workings.
(Raise)

labor. 1. (Sp.). Labor; work; a
working. This term is applied in
mining to the work which is actually-
going on, and to the spaces which
have been dug out It includes gal-
leries, cavities, and shafts. (Ray
mond)

2. A Mexican land measure. (Stand-
ard)

Labor and improvements. Labor per-
formed or improvements made for
development in such manner as to
facilitate the extraction of the met-
als, though such labor and improve-
ments may not be on the particular
location itself. (Smelting Co. v.
Kemp, 104 United States, p. 651;
Jackson v. Robey, 109 United States,
p. 444; Justice Min. Co. v. Barclay,
82 Fed. Rept, p. 560 ; Anvil Hydrau-
lic & Drainage Co. v. Code, 182
Fed. Rept, p. 206)

Laborant. A worker in a laboratory,
as a chemist. (Webster)

Laborar (Port). To work mines.
(Halse)

Laboratory. 1. A place fitted up for
chemical analysis, etc. 2. The space
between the fire and flue bridges of

a reverberatory furnace in which the
work is performed ; also called the
kitchen and the hearth. (Raymond)

Laboratory furnace. A small, compact
furnace such as the Bunsen burner
furnace or the blast gas-furnace.
(Century)

Laboreo (Sp.). Mining, or the act of
mining. (Halse)

Laborer. 1. A man hired by the con-
tract miner to assist him. 2. Mine
laborer; a man working for day
wages in or about a mine; a com-
pany man distinguished from digger
or contractor. (Steel)

Labores (Sp.). A working place in a
mine; a stall. L. alias, high work-
ings, placers above water level ; L. a
cielo, an open-cut mine or quarry;
L. bajas, low workings; L. de can-
tera, open-cast workings ; L. de cres-
t6n, surface works (Lucas). L. de
hacienda, all workings in a mine
not let to tributers (Min. Jour.). L.
por cuadros, pannel work ; L. por
gradines, stoping; L. preparatorios,
dead works ; L. subterraneas, under-
ground workings. (Lucas)

Labradophyric. Containing distinct
crystals of labradorite. Also called
Labradoritic. ( Standard )

Labrador feldspar-stone. Same as Lab-
radorite. ( Standard )

Labrador hornblende. Same as Hy-
persthene. ( Standard )

Labradorite. A lime-soda feldspar.
See Feldspar and Moonstone, (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Labrar (Sp.). 1. To work a mine. 2.
To work metals. 3. To dress stones.
(Halse)

Labyrinth. 1. A series of canals
through which a stream of water is
directed for sorting crushed ore ac-
cording to its specific gravity.
(Webster)

2. A pipe or chamber of many turn-
ings, for condensing vapors or
fumes, as of mercury. (Standard)

Laccolite. A laccolith.

Laccolith; Laccolite. In geology, a
mass of intrusive igneous rock, of
approximately circular outline and
lenticular cross-section with a flat-
base, which has been forced between
strata so as to raise the overlying
beds in the form of a dome. (La
Forge)

Laces; Stoops; Nicks (Eng.). Lines
cut, with the point of a pick, on
slickensides. (Hunt)

384

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

lacing. 1. (No. Staff.) Timbers
placed across the tops of bars or
caps to secure the roof between the
timbers. Also called Lagging. 2.
Strips or light bars of wrought iron
bent over at the ends and wedged
between the bars and the roof.
(Gresley)

lacolita (Sp.). Laccolith. (Dwight)

lacustrine deposits. Deposits formed
in the bottom of lakes. (Roy. Com.)

Ladder. 1. The arm which carries the
tumblers and bucket line of a
dredge. (Weatherbe)
2. An appliance of wood, metal, or
rope, consisting of two long side
pieces, usually parallel, with cross
pieces on which a person may step
on ascending or descending. (Web-
ster)

S. (Som.) A wooden slide with cross
bars on which hutches (boxes) run
in steep seams. (Gresley)

Ladder dredge. A dredge having
buckets carried on a ladder chain.
(Century)

Ladder lode. Transverse fractures
formed by the cooling of an erup-
tive dike and which have later be-
come filed with ore. (Vogt, p. 65)

Ladder sollar. A platform at the bot-
tom of each ladder In a series.
(Standard)

Ladder vein. Deposits filling short
transverse fissures sometimes occur-
ring In dikes of intrusive rocks
(Lindgren, p. 146). See also Ladder
lode.

Ladderway; Ladder road. The particu-
lar shaft, or compartment of a shaft,
containing ladders.

Lade. 1. (Scot.) A load. 2. A wa-
ter course, ditch, or drain. 3. The
mouth of a river. (Century)

Laded metal. Molten glass dipped
from a melting pot to a casting ta-
ble. Also called Gathered metal.
(Standard)

Xade hole (Leic.). A shallow hole cut
in the floor to receive the drainage.
(Gresley)

Ladera. 1. (Sp.) Declivity. 2. (Mex.)
Side track. (Halse)

lading hole. In glass making, an ori-
fice through which melted glass is
ladled or taken out by a cuvette.
(Standard)

Ladle. 1. A vessel into which molten
metal is conveyed from the furnace
or crucible, and from which it is
poured into the molds. (Raymond)
2. In glass making, a cuvette.
(Standard)

Ladle chaser. A man who distributes
hot metal in ladles to different oper-
ations, keeps the hot-metal crew
busy to prevent skulling of ladles
and delay at the mill. (Willcox)

Ladle furnace. A small furnace for
calcining or melting substances in
a ladle. (Standard)

Ladle-house man. See Ladle liner.

Ladle liner. A man who lines, with
brick, loc.m, and clay, ladle thimbles
of hot-metal cars. (Willcox)

Ladle skuller. A laborer who removes
rim and bottom skulls from hot-
metal ladle cars. (Willcox)

Ladrillera (Sp.). An iron or stone
mold for melting silver, to form the
bar or ingot.

Ladrillo (Sp.). Brick; L. de arcilla,
clay brick; L. tie fuego, fire brick.
(Halse)

Ladr6n (Mex.). A robber. (Dwight)

Lafayette formation. A fluvioglacial
deposit -of reddish siliceous sand,
from 40 to 200 feet thick, made in
the Pleistocene during the first gla-
cial retreat, over the Mississippi
Valley to the Gulf, and along the
Atlantic coast from Maryland to
South Carolina. Formerly called
Orange sand and Appornattox for-
mation. ( Standard)

Lag. 1. To provide or cover with lags ;
as, to lag a boiler with a noncon-
ductor; to lag timbers in a mine
(Standard). See Lags; also Lag-
ging.

2. The time between a condition and
the record of that condition made by
any automatic recording device. 3.
The amount of retardation of any-
thing. as of a valve in opening or
closing, or a metal in recovering its
microstructure during, a change in
temperature.

Laga; Lages (Braz.). Loose masses of
thin, flaggy rocks, considered as
an indication of manganese ore near
the surface. (Halse)

Lag bolt. See Lag screw

Lagging. 1. Planks, slabs, or small
timbers placed over the caps or be-
hind the posts of the timbering, not
to carry the main weight, but to
form a ceiling or a wall, preventing
fragments of rock from falling
through. (Raymond)
2. Heavy planks or timbers used to
support the roof of a mine, or for
floors of working places, and for the
accumulation of rock and earth in

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

385

a stope. (Northern v. Boston &
Montana, etc., Mill. Co., 190 Fed.
Kept, p. 722)

3. Long pieces of timbers closely
fitted together and fastened to the
drum rings to form a surface for
the rope to wind on. (Steel)

4. The narrow strips supporting an
arch of masonry while in construc-
tion. (Standard)

Xag machine. A machine for fashion-
ing wooden lags or lagging. (Stand-
ard)

Xago (Sp.). A lake; L. salado, a salt
lake or marsh. (Halse)

Lagoon. 1. A marsh, shallow pond, or
lake, especially one into which the
sea flows. (Thompson)

2. A depression in the high, grass-
covered table-lauds of the western
Cordilleras of the United States;
typically without outlet, but not like
1 kettle holes ' in glacial deposits.

3. The basin of an Italian hot
spring. (Standard)

Xagre (Fr.). In sheet-glass manufac-
ture, a sheet of perfectly smooth
glass, interposed between the flat-
tening stone and the cylinder that
is to be flattened. (Standard)

lags (Eng.). Long pieces of timber
closely fitted together and fastened
to oak curbs or rings forming part
of a drum used In sinking through
quicksand or soft ground. (Gres-
ley)

Xag screw. 1. A heavy round-shanked
wood screw having usually a square
head. 2. A flat-headed machine
screw by which to fasten wood lag-
ging, as on a curved surface.
(Standard)

Xaguna (Sp.). A lake or pond.

(.Halse)
Xagunato; Xagune (Mex.). A small

lake. (Halse)

Xaid out (Newc.). When a car or tub
contains an excess of small coal or
stones, it is forfeited, or laid but by
the miner. (Min. Jour.)

Xaigh ( Scot. ) . Low. as laigh doors ;
laigh lift; laigh side; laigh level.
(Barrowman)

Xaired (Eng.). Choked with mud.
(Bainbridge)

Xake. 1. An inland body of water or
natural inclosed basin serving to
drain the surrounding country, gen-
erally of considerable size and con-
nected with the sea by a stream

744010 O— 47 25

formed from its overflow. (Stand-
ard)

2. A pigment formed by absorbing
animal, vegetal, or coal-tar coloring
matter, from an aqueous solution by
means of metallic bases. (Century)

Xake-bed placers (Alaska). Placers
accumulated in the beds of present
or ancient lakes; generally formed
by landslides or glacial damming.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 239, p. 33)

Xake ore. See Bog iron ore.

Xake pitch. Asphalt from the Pitch
Lake, Trinidad. It is richer than
the land pitch in bituminous matter ;
soluble in petroleum spirit. (Ba-
con)

Xam; Xamb (War.). A kind of fire
clay. (Gresley)

Xama (Mex.). 1. Literally, slime.
The argentiferous mud which is
treated by any amalgamation proc-
ess; sometimes applied to tailings.
Mud in vein. (D wight)
2. Moist clay used by miners for
sticking candles to their hats. 3.
(Bol.) Rough pebbles forming a
false bedrock to gold-bearing allu-
vial deposits, and known locally as
lama-benches. (Halse)

Xamb. See Lam.

Xamb and slack (Canada). Refuse
coal. (Morine)

Xambskin (Wales). Anthracite coal
of inferior quality ; culm. (Century)

Xame. 1. The bar to which the cut-
ting edge of a chisel is attached.
(Gresley)

2. Earthenware ; a potsherd. Varia-
tion of loam. (Standard)

Xai"ftllar. Composed of thin layers,
plates, -scales, or lamellae; disposed
in layers like the leaves of a book.
(Standard)

Xamellar-stellate. In mineralogy, hav
ing or consisting of lamellae ar-
ranged in groups resembling stars.
(Standard)

Xamero (Mex.). A slime pit. (Halse)

Xame-sk^rting (Newc.). Widening a
passage by cutting coal from the
side of it (Raymond). Also called
Skipping or Slicing.

Xametta (It). Foil or wire of gold,
silver or brass. (Standard)

Xamina (Sp.). 1. Thin plate or sheet
of metal. 2. A screen used in gold
milling. 3. A scale of gold. (Halse)

386

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Laminable. Capable of being rolled
or hammered into thin sheets; as,
gold is the most laminable metal.
(Standard)

Laminador (Sp.). A rolling mill.
(Lucas)

Laminae. The thinnest separable lay-
ers or sheets in stratified rocks,
whether (1) original planes of de-
position, parallel or oblique, to the
general stratification, or (2) in
rarer usage, planes of cleavage
transverse to stratification. (Stand-
ard)

Laminate. To beat, roll, or press into
thin sheets, as a metal. (Standard)

Laminating machine. A set of rolls or
any apparatus for making thin
plates of metal, as for rolling gold,
preliminary to beating. (Standard)

Laminating roller. The adjustable
roller in a rolling mill whereby the
thickness of rolled metal sheets are
regulated. ( Standard )

Lamination. Fine sedimentation planes
within strata. (Lowe)

Laming process. A process tor remov-
ing hydrogen sulphide and carbon
dioxide from coal gas by passing it
over a mixture of ferric hydroxide,
lime, and cinders or sawdust. (Web-
ster)

Lamings (No. of Kng.). A collier's
term for accidents of almost every
description to men and boys working
in and about the mines (Gresley).
A variation of Lame, to cripple or
disable.

Lammie. A brick swelled out of shape
in the kiln. (Standard)

Lamp. Any device employing a flame,
incandescent wire, or the like, for
furnishing an artificial light, or a
similar d-jvice for heating, as in lab-
oratory use (Standard). See also
Safety lamp.

Lampa (Sp.). Shovel. (Lucas)

Lampadite, or cuprous manganese. A
variety of wad containing 4 to 18
per cent of oxide of copper, and
often oxide of cobalt also. (Dana)

Lampan (Malay). An open-cut hill-
side mine in which running water
is used to remove the ore.

Lampara (Sp.). A lamp; L. del
tnincro, a miner's lamp ; L. de seguri-
dad, a safety lamp. (Halse)

Lampazo (Mex.). A sort of broom
formed of green branches on the
end of a long stick, to dampen the
flame in a reverberatory furnace.
(Dwight)

Lampblack. A product obtained di-
rectly from natural gas by burning
the latter under plates or rolls.
(Bacon) „

Lamp cabin (Eng.). A place above
ground, or underground near the pit
bottom, where the safety lamps are
repaired, cleaned, examined, lighted,
and locked, before being handed to-
the workmen in cases where naked
lights are not allowed to be taken
from the bottom of the shaft. (G.
C. Greenwell)

Lamp men. Cleaners, repairers, and
those who have charge of the safety
lamps at a colliery. (Gresley)

Lamp room. Same as Lamp cabin.

Lamprophyre. A general term, now
used in a somewhat wider sense than
as originally proposed by Giimbel,
who suggested it. Hosenbusch, in-
the Massigen Gesteine, gave it its
present significance. Lamprophyres
are dike rocks of porphyritic tex-
ture, whose' predominant phenocrysts
are the dark silicates, augite, horn-
blende, or biotite. They are prac-
tically basic dikes. The word means
a shining rock, and* was first applied
in 1874 to small dikes in the Fichtel-
gebirge that were rich in biotite.
In a somewhat modified sense it has
recently been employed by L. V.
Pirsson, as a single term for the basic
'complementary rocks' (see Com-
plementary rocks), and as the anti-
thesis of oxyphyre, which applies to
the acidic complementary rocks of
an eruptive area. (Kemp)

Lamprophyric. In petrology, of fine-
grained granophyric texture and
characterized by phenocrysts of a
dark silicate, such as biotite. horn-
blende, or augite. (La Forge)

Lamp stations (Kng.). Certain fixed
places in a mine at which safety
lamps are allowed to be opened and
relighted (Gresley). A lamp room.

Lancashire bord-and-pillar system. See
Bord-and-pillar method.

Lance. In founding, particularly in
casting bomb-shells, an iron rod
piercing through the mold and the
core, for holding the latter firmly in
place during the casting. (Stand-
ard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

387

Lancera (Mex.). An inclined stull.
(Dwight)

Lanche (Peru). A kind of timber
used in mines. Will last about 15
years. (Halse)

Land. 1. The exposed part of the
earth's surface, as distinguished
from the submerged part. 2. The
rural regions. 3. The plane surface
between the furrows of a millstone.
(Century)

4. (forest of Dean) Rising in the
direction of the surface or outcrop-
ping. Workings to the rise of a
drainage level. (Gresley)

Land asphalt. An inferior asphalt
containing various impurities and
lacking cementing qualities; from
places outside of the Trinidad as-
phalt lake. (Power)

Land chain. A surveyor's chain of 100
links.

Land compass. A surveyor's circum-
ferentor, or compass.

Land district. A division, of a State or
Territory, created by law in which is
located the land office for the dispo-
sition of the public lands therein.
(United States v. Smith, 11 Fed.
Kept, p. 491)

Land drainage. The act or process of
freeing land from water. (Century)

Lander (Eng.). The man who receives
the loaded bucket or tub at the
mouth of the shaft (Gresley). Also
called Banksman.

Lander's crook. A hook or tongs for
upsetting the bucket of hoisted rock.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Land fall. A land slide or land slip.
(Century)

Land floe. A field of land ice. (Stand-
ard)

Land ice. 1. Ice formed on the land.

2. Ice along the shore or fast be-
tween headlands, as distinguished
from floe ice. (Standard)

Landing. 1. A level stage for loading
or unloading a cage or skip. 2. The
top or bottom of a slope, shaft, or
inclined plane. (Steel)

3. A platform from which to charge
a furnace. (Standard)

Landing box (Scot.). The box into
which a pump delivers water. (Bar-
rowman )

Landings (So. Wales). Coal sent to
the surface; the output. (Gresley)

Landing shaft (So. Wales). A shaft
through which coal is raised. (Gres-
ley)

Land pebbles. A Florida term for cer-
tain phosphatic pebbles, as distin-
guished from river-pebble phos-
phates. (Power)

Land pitch. Asphalt from the deposit
in Trinidad lying between the Pitch
Lake and the sea coast. (Bacon)

Land plaster. Any earthy or rock gyp-
sum ground fine and used as a fer-
tilizer. (Standard) „

Land rock. See Phosphate rock; also
called Land pebbles.

Landry box (Newc.). A box at the
top of a set of pumps into which
the water is delivered (Raymond).
See Launder.

Land-sale (Eng.). Coal loaded into
carts or wagons at the mine for
local consumption. Also called Cart
trade. (Gresley)

Land-sale colliery (No. of Eng.). A
colliery situated in a remote dis-
trict, being unconnected with rail,
canal, or sea, and generally work-
ing thin or inferior seams. (Gres-
ley)

Landscape marble. An argillaceous
limestone presenting when polished
representations o"f trees, rivers, and
fortifications, caused by the infiltra-
tions of oxide of iron. Also known
as Forest, River, or Fortification
marble, according to its markings.
'(Power)

Land sculpture. The carving out of
the superficial features of the earth's
surface by natural causes, as shore-
waves, glaciers, and wind, and
chiefly by rain and running water.
Called also Earth sculpture, (Stand-
ard)

Landshut (Prov. Eng.). A landslide,
or a larrdflood. (Standard)

Landslip. A portion of a hillside or
sloping mass which becomes loosened
or detached, and slips down. (Old-
ham) A landslide.

Landslip terrace. A short, rough-sur-
faced terrace resulting from the slip
of a segment of a hill. (Standard)

Land surveying. The locating of
the boundaries, area, characteristics,
etc., of tracts of land (Standard)

Land weight (Lane.). The pressure
exerted by the subsidence of the
cover or overburden. (Gresley)

388

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

lane mill. A low-speed edge-roller
mill for fine crushing and amalga-
mating gold ore crushed by rolls
and stamps. Similar to the Chilean
mill.

Lang lay rope. A rope in which the
wires in each strand are twisted in
the same direction as the strands
in the rope. (C. M. P.)

Langra (Bol.). A bunch or shoot of
rich tin ore. (Halse)

Languedoc marble. A brilliant red or
scarlet marble blotched with white;
from the Montagne Noire, in the
French Pyrenees. (Merrill)

Lantern. In founding, a core-barrel,
comparatively short for its diameter.
(Standard)

Lanthanite. A mineral, La2(CO8)3-f
9H2O, occurring in thin tabular crys-
tals ; also granular, earthy. Color
grayish white, pink, yellowish.
(Dana)

Lanthanum. A rare element allied to
aluminum. ' Lead-gray and easily
oxidizable. Symbol, La; atomic
weight, 139.0; specific gravity, 6.15.
(Webster)

Lanyon shield. An iron curtain, stiff-
ened by ribs of angle iron, sus-
pended from trolley wheels running
on a rail parallel with and in front
of a zinc furnace. Its main purpose
is to protect the worker from the
furnace heat. (Ingalls, p. 497)

Lap. One coil of rope upon a drum
or pulley. (Gresley)

Lapa (Braz.). Footwall (Halse).
Also a cut driven into the footwall.

Lapidarist. A connoisseur of gems and
precious stone, and the art of cut-
ting and mounting them. (Webster)

Lapidary. An artificer who cuts,
polishes, and engraves precious
stones and gems. (Webster)

Lapilli. Volcanic dust and small eject-
ments, the results of explosive erup-
tions. (Kemp)

Lapillif orm. Having the form of small
stones. ( Standard )

Lapis-lazuli. A translucent, rich ber-
lin-blue, azure-blue, violet-blue, or
greenish-blue stone used for orna-
ment. It -is a mixture of lazurite,
hattynite, and other blue minerals.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Lapis-lazuli ware. A variety of Wedg-
wood ware. See also Pebble ware.

Lapis ollaris. Soapstone, or talc, a
hydrated silicate of magnesium.
(Century)

Lapiz (Sp.). 1, Black lead, plumbago.
2. Black chalk; L. encamado, red
chalk, " red ocher. 3. A black lead
pencil. (Halse)

Lapizar (Sp.). A plumbago (graphite)
mine or quarry. (Halse)

Lappior (Corn.). A miner who dresses
refuse ore. (Min. Jour.)

Lapweld. To weld by overlapping the
joints (Standard), as to lapweld,.
iron pipe.

Laques (Peru). Water in a vein, as in
vugs, or druses. (Halse)

Laramie group. A formation of the
Cretaceous and Eocene Tertiary.
(Standard)

Lardite. Agalmatolite. (Webster)

Lard stone. A kind of soft' stone found
in China. See Agalmatolite. (Cen-
tury)

Large (Eng.). The largest lumps of
coal sent to the surface, or all coal
which is hand-picked or does not
pass over screens; also the largest
coal which passes over screens.
(Gresley)

Larget. A piece of iron cut from a
bar and ready to .be" heated and
rolled into a sheet : about 14 pounds.
(Standard)

Larguero (Mex.). Cap or side piece in
shaft timbering. (D wight)

Larry; Lorry. 1. A car to which an
endless rope is 'attached, fixed at the
inside end of the road, forming part
of the appliance for taking up slack
rope. See Barney. 2. A car with a
hopper bottom and adjustable chutes
for feeding coke ovens. (Steel)

Lashing. Any of a number of planks
nailed inside of several frames or
sets in a shaft to keep them to-
gether; also called Listing. (Web-
ster)

Lasionite. Same as Wavellite. (Stand-
ard)

Lask; Lasque. A thin, flat diamond
with a simple facet at the side.
Called also Portrait stone. (Stand-
ard)

Lassenite. Wadsworth's name for un-
altered, glassy trachytes. The name
is derived from Lassen's PeVak, Cal.
(Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

889

Last lift (No. of Eng.). The last rib
or jud to come off a pillar. (Gres-
ley)

Last of the .air. 1. (Ark.) That part
of the air current which has passed
through all the workings of the mine
or split; the outtake air. 2. (Ark.)
The working place of a mine or split
nearest the outtake of the air, or
which receives the last of the air
current. (Steel)

Latch. 1. (Eng.) To make an under-
ground survey with a dial and
chain ; or to mark out upon the sur-
face with the same instruments, the
position of the workings underneath.
(Gresley)

2. (Scot) A miry place. (Cen-
tury)

Latches. 1. A synonym for Switch.
Applied to the split rail and hinged
switches. (McNeil)
2. Hinged switch-points, or short
pieces of rail that form rail cross-
ings. (Junction Min. Co. v. Ench,
111 Illinois App., p. 348, 1903)

Latchings (Eng.). Diallings or sur-
veys made at a mine (Gresley).
See also Latch, 1.

Latent heat. The thermal equivalent
of the energy expended in melting
a unit mass of a solid or vaporizing
a unit mass of a liquid ; or con-
versely, the thermal equivalent of
^energy set free in the process of
"solidification or liquefaction. (Web-
ster)

Lateral. 1. Belonging to the sides, or
to one side. (Roy. Com.)
2. A horizontal mine working.

Lateral cleavage. Cleavage parallel to
the lateral planes. (Webster)

Lateral crater. See Advent! ve crater.

Lateral moraine. A ridge of superficial
debris collected from higher cliffs,
on a lateral margin of a valley
glacier (Standard). See also Mo-
raine.

Lateral secretion. The theory that the
contents of a vein or lode are de-
rived from the adjacent wall rock.
(Ore Dep., p. 40)

Lateral stress. A stress at right an-
gles to the strain which produces it.
(Century)

Laterite. A name derived from the
Latin word for brick earth, and ap-
plied many years ago to the red,
residual soils, or surface products,
that have originated in situ from
the atmospheric weathering of rocks.

They are especially characteristic of
the tropics. Though first applied to
altered, basaltic rocks in India,
laterite has had in later years a gen-
eral application without regard to
the character of the original rock,
Compare Saprolite. (Kemp)

Lath. A board or plank sharpened at
one end, like sheet piling, used in
roofing levels or in protecting the
sides of a shaft through a stratum of
unstable earth ( Webster ) . See SpilL

Lath door-set. A weak lath frame sur-
rounding a main doorframe, the
!3pace between being for the inser-
tion of spills. (Raymond)

Lathe! or Laith! (Mid.). "Lower the
cage !" or, " Lower more rope I"

(Gresley)

Lath frame, or crib. A weak lath
frame, surrounding a main crib, the
space between being for the inser-
tion of piles. (Raymond)

Laths (Corn.). The boards or lagging
put behind a frame of timber/ (Ray-
mond)

Latite. A name suggested by F. Lt
Ransome, for the rocks that are be-
tween the trachytes and andesites.
Latite is meant to be a broad family
name and to include the effusive
representatives of the plutonic mon-
zonites. Plagioclase and orthoclase
are both present in about equal
amounts ; augite, hornblende, biotite,
•and olivine vary in relative amounts.
The textures may be glassy, felsitlc,
or porphyritic. The name is derived
from the Italian province of Latium
but was suggested by studies on
Table Mtn.,l[uolurnne Co., Cal. Com-
pare TrachyMolerite. Ciminite, Vul-
sinite, Monzonite. (Kemp)

Latitnd (Sp.).' 1. The distance from
the Equator. 2. Breadth, width, or
total extension. (Halse)

Latitude. 1. Distance on the earth'*
surface from the equator, measured
in degrees of the meridian. 2. In
surveying, the distance between two*,,
lines drawn east and west through*
the extremities of a course ; northings
or southing. (Standard)

Lat6n (Mex.). Brass; L. bianco, Ger-
man silver ; L. en hojat, sheet brass.
(Halse)

Latrines. Water-closets either fixed
or of a portable nature. The latter
are often maintained underground
for use of miners.

Latrobite. A pink anorthite from Lab-
rador. (Standard)

390

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Xatten. Metal in thin sheets, espe-
cially (and originally) brass, which
in this form is called also Latten-
brass. (Standard)

Latten brass. A metallic compound
-into which scrap-brass and other in-
gredients enter, and which is rolled
in thin plates. (Century)

Laubanite. A hydrous calcium alumi-
num silicate, CaaAUSiaOw+GHjO.
Resembles stilbite. A snow-white
mineral. (Dana.)

Laughing gas. Nitrous oxide, N2O : so
called as when inhaled it usually
produces exhilaration, which is fol-
lowed by insensibility. (Century)

LaumoiLtite; Leonhardite; Caporcianite.
A hydrous calcium aluminum sili-
cate, 4H,O.CaO.Al2Oa.4SiOi. (Dana)

laun. In ceramics, a fine, silken sieve
through which clay is passed.
(Standard)

Launder. A trough, channel, or gutter,
by which water is conveyed; spe-
cifically In mining, a chute or trough
for conveying powdered ore, or for
carrying water to or from the crush-
ing apparatus. ( Standard )

Laundry box. The box at the surface
receiving the water pumped up from
below. (Ihlseng)

Laurdalite. A coasely crystalline va-
riety of nephelite-syenlte, that is ab-
normal in having for its feldspar
natron-orthoclase, rarely natron-mi-
croline, instead of the normal potash
orthoclase. The dark silicates are
biotite, diailage and olivine. ( Kemp )

Lanrentian. According to the U. S.
Geological Survey, the younger of
the two series of rocks comprised in
the Archean system, consisting of
Igneous rocks which in general
underlie, but are intruded into and
therefore younger than the rocks of
the Keewatin series. Also the 'cor-
responding geologic epoch. (La
Forge)

Laurvikite. A variety of augite-
syenlte that contains natron-ortho-
clase as its chief feldspar and most
abundant mineral. The other com-
ponents are rare plagioclase, pyrox-
ene, "biotite, barkevikite or arfved-
sonite, olivine, and magnetite. Be-
sides microscopic accessories, nephe-
lite is occasionally present. Compare
Pulaskite. (Kemp)

Lava. A general name for the molten
outpourings of volcanoes. (Kemp)
Fluid rock as that which issues
from a volcano or a fissure in the

earth's surface; also the same ma-
terial solidified by cooling. It is
commonly regarded as a molten
rock, but more exactly it is min-
eral matter dissolved in mineral
matter, the solution taking place at
high temperatures only. (Webster)

Lava cone. A volcanic cone composed
wholly of lava. (Daly, p. 185)

Lavadero (Mex.). 1. Literally, a wash-
ing place. A tank with stirring ar-
rangement, to loosen the argentif-
erous mud from the patio, and dilute
it with water, so that the silver
amalgam may have a chance to
settle. An agitator. 2. Placer de-
posit. (Dwight)

3. The act of washing or dressing
ores. L. de oro, a gold-washer ; an
alluvial gold- washing. (Halse)

Lavador (Mex.). 1. A rod, used in
drilling, to keep a wet hole clean.
The rod is made by striking the end
of a long fibrous stick against a
harder substance until it is flat and
soft. ' (Dwight)

2. A man employed in cleansing
amalgam; an ore-washer. (Halse)

Lava flow; Lava stream. A stream of
lava, whether flowing or congealed.
(Webster)

Lava millstone. A hard, coarse, ba-
saltic millstone from the neighbor-
hood of the Rhine. (Webster)

Lava pit. A crater that is visibly
floored with massive lava, either
liquid or solid. (Daly, p. 141)

Lavar. 1. (Sp.) To wash ores, etc.
2. (Colom.) To collect and work
the whole product of an alluvial
mine. (Halse)

Lava streak. A dike of lava intersect-
ing other rocks. (Standard)

L|ivatic. Consisting of or resembling
lava. (Standard)

Lavatorlo; Lave (Mex.). In the patio
process, washing the torta. (Halse)

Lavatory. A place where gold is ob-
tained by washing. (Standard)

Lava ware. Various coarse articles
and utensils made from iron slag,
resembling lava in appearance.
(Standard)

Lave ( Scot. ) . To raise water out of a
hole with a shovel or the hands.
(Barrowman)

Lavio. Same as lavatlc.

Lavour (Fr.). A vat for washing
ore (Davies). See Buddie.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

391

lavra (Brazil). A small alluvial
washing. (Lock)

Lavrovite. A pyroxene, colored green
by vanadium. (Standard)

Lawn. Same as Laun.

Law of gravitation. The law, dis-
covered by Sir Isaac Newton, that
every body attracts every other body
with a force that varies directly as
the product of the masses of the two
bodies under consideration and in-
versely as the square of the distance
between them. (Standard)

Law of mass action. The law that the
chemical action of a reacting sub-
stance is proportional at any mo-
ment to its active mass. (Webster)

Law of superposition. The law that
underlying strata must be older than
overlying strata where there has
been neither inversion nor over-
thrust. Upon this law all geological
chronology is based. (Standard)

Laxite. Wadsworth's name for the
fragmental or mechanical rocks,
especially when unconsolidated.
(Kemp)

Lay. 1. The direction, or length, of
twist of the wires and strands in a
rope. (C. M. P.)

2. ( Prov. Eng. ) A standard of fine-
ness for metals. 3. To close or with-
draw from work: said of collieries.
(Standard)

4. A share of profit; specifically, in
whaling and sealing, the proportion-
ate share of the profits of a voyage
which each officer or member of the
crew receives (Century). This term
has been introduced into Alaska
placer mining where it means a
lease worked on shares or royalty.
As a lay on No. 5 Glacier creek.

Lay-by (Joplin, Mo.). An under-
ground siding at or near a shaft for
storing empty mine cars.

Lay day (Scot.). See Lie time.

Layer. A bed or stratum of rock.
(Buckley)

Layered (No. of Eng.). Choked up
with sediment or mud. (Gresley)

Layme (Scot.). Earthenware; lame.
(Standard)

Lay operations (Alaska). Mining on
a lease or "lay" on an alluvial claim,
for which the operator pays the
owner a royalty up to 50 per cent
on the gross output. Compare
Lay, 4.

Lay operator (Alaska). A miner who
takes a lease or "lay" on an alluvial
claim.

Lay out (No. of Eng.). To set out, or
put on one side, trams of coal, etc.,
that have been improperly filled.
(Gresley)

Lazada (Sp.). A slip knot. A running
noose. (Halse)

Lazadores; Enlazadores (Mex.). Men
formerly employed in recruiting In-
dians for work in the mines, by the
process of lassoing them. (D wight)

Lazo (Sp.). 1. A bow; a slip knot.
2. Lasso; a light cord of fiber.
(Halse)

Lazuli. Same as Lapis lazuli.

Lazulite. A hydrous, aluminum phos-
phate, with varying proportions of
iron and magnesium, (Fe Mg) -
O.AljO8.PzO8.H,O. The mineral is
azure blue, usually in pyramidal
crystals; also massive. Used as an
ornamental stone. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Lazulitlc. Of, pertaining to, or having
the characteristics of lazulite; ap-
plied to rocks. (Standard)

Lazurfeldspar. A blue variety of or-
thoclase, found In Siberia. (Ches-
ter)

Lazurite. A sodium aluminum silicate
mineral containing sulphur, Na4(Na-
SsAl)Al,(SiO4),, a constituent ' of
lapis lazuli. (Webster)

Lazyback (So. Staff.). The place at
the surface where coal is stacked for
• sale. ( Raymond )

Lazy balk (Eng.). A timber placed at
the top of a hopper, against which
the top of the car strikes in dump-
ing, to prevent the car from falling
into the hopper. (G. C. Green well)

Lazy kiln (Scot). A limekiln in
which the whole contents are cal-
cined and afterwards removed be-
fore refilling. (Barrowinan)

Leach. To wash or drain by percola-
tion. To dissolve minerals or metals
out of the ore, as by the use of cyan-
ide or chlorine solutions, acids, or
water.

Leach hole. A crevice created in land
or rock by the action of leaching or
constant filtration ; a hole or outlet
formed in land by the process of
percolation (Standard). Also called
Sink,* or Sink hole.

392

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Leaching. The process of separating
metal from salts by treatment with
a solvent (Skinner). See Lixivia-
tion.

Lead (pronounced leed). 1. Commonly
used as a synonym for ledge or lode.
Many mining location notices de-
scribe the locator's claim as extend-
ing a certain number of feet along
and so many feet on each side of the
" lode, lead, vein or ledge." Thus
Lead, S. Dak., was so named because
of the Homestake " lead." Blind
lead: A lead or vein that does not
outcrop or show at the surface.
Used especially at Virginia City, Nev.
Compare Lode. 2. Properly, placer
gravels. Blue lead: A Tertiary river
channel at Placerville, Cal. So
called because of the bluish-gray
color of the gravels. Deep lead:
Gold-bearing gravels deeply covered
with debris or lava ; applied particu-
larly to those of Victoria, Australia.
(Frank S. Hess). See also Lode.
3. (Penn.) A portion of a haulage
system covered by a mule or by a
locomotive of a maximum distance
of, say, three-quarters of a mile. 4.
(Eng.) To haul or draw coal, etc.,
either by animal or engine power.
(Gresley)

Lead. 1. A metallic element, heavy,
pliable, and inelastic, having a
bright, bluish color, but easily tar-
nished to a dull gray. Symbol, Pb;
atomic weight, 207.20; specific grav-
ity, 11.4. (Webster)

2. In ceramics, to glaze with pow-
dered metallic lead ore. (Standard)

3. The amount a steam valve is open
when a reciprocating engine is on
dead center.

Leadage. The distance coal must be
hauled from the mine to its place of
shipment. ( Standard )

Lead ash. The slag of lead. (Stand-
ard)

Lead bath. A furnace in which gold or
silver ores are smelted with lead.
( Standard )

Lead colic. A violent foim of intes-
tinal colic, associated with obstinate
constipation, produced by chronic
lead poisoning. Painter's colic.
(Webster)

Lead encephalopathy. The medical
term for lead poisoning.

Leader. 1. A cast- or wrought-iron
ring or shoe, bolted to the bottom
(often around the outside) of a
brick cylinder, a wooden drum, or
a wrought-iron cylinder when used

for sinking through quicksand or
gravel. 2. (Som.) The slip of a
fault. 3. Any particular or con-
stant bed or band of coal, ironstone,
etc., in connection with certain work-
able beds, serving as a datum line
in a mine. 4. (No. of Eng.) A back
or fissure in a. coal seam. (Gresley)

5. (Scot.) One who conducts the
putting down of a borehole. (Bar-
rowman )

6. (Corn.) A small vein leading
to a larger one. (Raymond)

Leader of the lode (Eng.). See
Leader, 6.

Lead fume. The fume escaping from
lead furnaces, and containing both
volatilized and mechanically sus-
pended metalliferous compounds.
( Raymond )

Lead glance. Same as Galenite; lead
sulphide.

Lead glaze. See Lead, 2.

Leadhillite. A monoclinic mineral of a
yellowish or greenish color consist-
ing of a sulphate and carbonate of
lead, perhaps 4PbO.SO».2CO2.HaO.
(Dana)

Leading (Aust.). The unprofitable
gravel above gold-bearing sand.
(Skinner)

Leading band (York.). A heading
about 18 yards wide driven to the
rise and between a pair of bord-
gates. (Gresley)

Leading bank (York.). A breadth of
about 18 yards of coal taken out to
the rise between pairs of bordgate*

Leading frames (Eng.). In tunnel
work, frames formed to the contour
of the invert and the walls, to guide
the bricklayers. (Simms)

Leading lengths. See Lengths.
Leading man. See First man.

Leading place (Scot.). A wording
place in advance of the others, such
as a heading or a level. (Barrow-
man)

Leadings (1) (Derb.). Small sparry
veins in the rock (Min. Jour.).
Same as Leader, 3.

Leading winning (Aust). A heading
In advance of the ordinary bords
(Power). A leading bank.

Leading wire. A cotton-covered cop-
per wire, usually No. 14 gauge, used
for connecting the two free ends of
the circuit of the electric blasting
caps, in the blast, to the. blasting
machine. (Du Pont)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

393

Lead lap. 1. A gem-cutter's lap of
lead, copper, or iron ; also, the entire
machine. (Standard)
2. In mechanics, a lap . of lead
charged with emery and oil. (Web-
ster)

Lead luster. Lead oxide, used as a
glaze for ceramic ware. (Standard)

Lead marcasite. A variety of sphaler-
ite, called by miners Blende, Mock
lead, or Mock ore.

Lead mill. A leaden disk charged with
emery for grinding gems. (Stand-
ard)

Lead ocher. Massicot or lead mon-
oxide, PbO. Massive, scaly, or
earthy. Color yellow, reddish.
(Dana)

Lead palsy. Paralysis due to lead
poisoning. (Webster)

Lead paralysis. Paralysis resulting
from lead poisoning. (Standard)

Lead poisoning. A morbid condition
produced by the cumulative intro-
duction of lead into the system.
(Standard)

Lead reeve (Eng.). An officer before
whom aggrieved miners lodge their
complaints (Standard). .A mine
foreman.

Lead spar. 1. (Corn.) Anglesite.
(Raymond)

2. Cerusite (Standard). The term
" spar " is common among miners,
and applies to any of the metallic
minerals which are cleavable and
lustrous.

Lead tree. A crystalline deposit of
metallic lead on zinc that has been
placed in a solution of acetate of
lead. (Standard)

Lead vitriol. Same as Anglesite.
(Standard)

Lead works. A place where lead is ex-
tracted from the ore. (Century)

Leaf. A very thin sheet or plate of
metal, as gold. (Standard)

Lean. Applied to poor ores, or those
containing a lower proportion of
metal than is usually worked. (Roy.
*Com.)

Leap (Eng.). A dislocation of strata
by faulting. See Down-leap and
Up-leap. (Gresley)

Leap ore. Tin ore of the poorest qual-
ity. (Standard)

Learies (Eng.). Empty places; old
workings. (Bainbridge)

Lease. 1. A contract for the posses-
sion and profits of laixds for a deter-
minate period, in consideration of a
recompense of rent. 2. The instru-
ment by which such grant is ma.de.
3. A piece of land leased for min-
ing purposes.

Leaser. A Western colloquialism mean-
ing lessee.

Lea stone (Lane.). Laminated sand-
stone. (Gresley)

Leat (Corn.). A watercourse. (Ray-
mond)

Leath (Derb.). The soft part of a
vein. (Raymond)

Leather bed (Mid.). A tough leather-
like clayey substance in a fault slip,
composed of the crushed and frac-
tured ends of the coal measures.
(Gresley)

Leather jacket (Aust). A Ballarat
name for clay occurring in cross-
courses. (Power)

Leather lap. A disk covered with
leather for polishing gems. (Stand-
ard)

Leatherstone. A synonym for Moun-
tain leather. (Chester)

Leaving (Corn.). The mineral left
after the good ore has been removed
( Raymond ) . Tailings.

Le Blanc process. A process in which,
in the manufacture of sodium car-
bonate (soda-ash), the sodium sul-
phate, called salt cake (made by
heating salt with sulphuric acid), is
reduced to sodium sulphide by heat-
ing with charcoal and limestone,
which then yields the impure sodium
carbonate called blackball or black-
ash. (Standard)

Lecho ( Sp. ) . 1. A bed ; bed of a river.
2. A thin layer or stratum. 3. A
smelting mixture as distinguished
from fuel. (Halse)

Lechoso (Mex.). Milky; a variety of
opal. (Dwight)

Leek. A thick, stony clay. Called
also Lack or Leek clay. (Standard)

Leckstone. A granular variety of trap
found in Scotland ; used for the bot-
toms of ovens. (Standard)

Led (No. of Eng.). A spare tub, or
one that is being loaded while an-
other is being* emptied. • (Gresley)

Lederite. A brown variety of titanite.
(Standard)

394

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ledge. 1. In mining, ledge is a com-
mon name in the Cordilleran region
for the lode or for any outcrop sup-
posed to be that of a mineral de-
posit or vein. It is frequently: used
to designate a quartz vein (Cen-
tury). A lode; a limited mass
of rock bearing valuable mineral
(Webster). See also Vein.
2. The term ledge is ordinarily ap-
plied to several beds of rock occur-
ring in a quarry. In some instances,
however, the term is applied to a
single bed. (Buckley)

ledger (Ehg.). Applied to the lower
side of a vein. (Bainb ridge)

leage rock. The true bedrock; dis-
tinguished from bowlders or rock
that has been moved. (Standard)

Ledger wall. Same as Footwall.

Leelite. A flesh-red variety of ortho-
clase. (Standard)

lee process. A process for shaping
any of the softer metals or alloys,
by simply squeezing it cold through
or into a suitably shaped hole.
Called also Extrusion or Squirting
process. (Webster)

Leer. A small furnace for annealing
flint glass. (Ure)

Leering. In glass making, the process
of treating in the annealing oven or
leer. ( Standard )

Lee side. In geology, that side of gla-
ciated rocks that looks away from
the quarter whence the ice moves,
or moved, as indicated by rough and
weathered surfaces: opposed to
Shock side or Stoss side. (Stand-
ard)

Leet. A stack of peat, properly 24 feet
long by 12 feet wide and 12 feet high.
(Standard)

Leg. 1. A prop of timber supporting
the end of a stull, or cap of a set
of timber. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) A stone that has to be
wedged out from beneath a larger
one. (Gresley)

Legal geology. See Geology.

Leg6n (Sp.). A small scraping shovel
Or scraper, used underground.
(Halse)

Leg piece. The upright timber that
supports the cap piece in a mine.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Legs. 1. (Aust.) The two sides or
wings of a saddle reef or anticline.
(Power)

2. The wires attached to and form-
ing a part of an electric blasting
cap. (Du Pont)

3. The uprights of a set 'of mine
timbers. See also Leg piece.

Legua (Mex.). League; equal to 2.604
English miles or 4.19 kilometers.
One square league is called sitio de
ganado mayor, and is equal to
4338.1123 acres. (Dwight)

Lehm. Same as Loess. (Standard)
Leip (Scot). See Lipe.

Leito (Port), Lecho (Sp.). Bed of a
river. (Halse)

L6mnian earth. A variety of clay or
aluminous earth, so called from the
Island of Lemnos in the yEgean Sea.
(Page)

Lemnian reddle (Eng.). An ocher of
a deep-red color, occurring in con-
junction with the Lemnian earth,
and used as a pigment. (Page)

Lena (Mex.). Fuel wood.. (Dwight)

Lenador; Leiiero (Mex.). Cutter, car-
rier, or supplier of fuel wood.
(Dwight)

Lencheon (Eng.). A shelf of thin rock
in a mine shaft (Bainbridge)

Lengthening rod. A screwed exten-
sion rod for prolonging a well-boring
auger or bit. (Standard)

Length of shot. The depth of the hole
in which the powder is placed, or
the size of the block of coal to be
loosened by a single blast measured
parallel with the hole. (Steel)

Lengths (Eng.). In tunnel construc-
tion the successive sections in which
a tunnel is executed. Shaft lengths
are directly under the working
shaft ; Side lengths are on each side
of the shaft length ; Leading lengths
are prolongations of the tunnel from
the side lengths ; Junction' lengths,
which complete the portion of the
tunnel extending between two shafts,
or between a shaft and an entrance.
(Simms)

Lengua (Colom.). That portion of
gold which forms in the fehape of a
tongue when panning. (Halse)

Lengiiebuey (Sp. Am.). A tongue-
shaped rock. (Lucas)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

395

lens. A body of ore or rock thick in
the middle and thin at the edges;
similar to a double convex lens.
See Lenticular.

Lente (Sp.). 1. Lens. 2. A lenticular
mass of rock or ore. (Halse)

Lenticle. A rock stratum or bed,
whether large or small, which, from
being thin at the edges, is more or
less lens-shaped. (Standard)

lenticular. Shaped approximately
like a double convex lens. When a
mass of rock thins out from the
center to a thin edge all around, it is
said to be lenticular in form (Roy.
Com.). See also Lens.

Lenticule. A small lens-shaped body
in a rock-mass. (Standard)

lentille. An isolated mass of rock con-
taining fossils of a fauna older than
the strata in which it occurs, though
of contemporary age with those
strata. (Winchell)

lentil. In geology, a lenticular sub-
division of a formation. (La
Forge)

lentils. A short name for lenticular
beds in a stratified series. (Kemp)

leopardite. A siliceous rock from
North Carolina, spotted with stains
of manganese oxide. It is usually
considered to be a quartz-porphyry.
(Kemp)

leopard rock. A local name in Canada,
applied to pegmatitic rocks that
are associated with the apatite veins
of Ontario and Quebec. (Kemp)

leopoldi furnace. A furnace for roast-
ing quicksilver ores, differing from
the Bustamente in having a series of
brick condensing chambers. Both
are intermittent, i. e., have to be
charged and fired anew after each
operation. The Californlan inter-
mittent furnace is a modification of
the Leopoldi, having the fireplace on
the side. (Raymond)

lepanto marble. A trade name given
to a gray marble enlivened by pink
and white fossils; from the Lower
Silurian, near Plattsburg, New York.
(Merrill)

Eepidolite. A light-colored (pearly,
rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish)
lithium-bearing mica. Contains
from 3.9 to 5.9 per cent lithia, Li2O.

lepidomelane. A mineral, near bio-
tite, but characterized by the pres-
ence of a large amount of ferric iron.
(Dana)

Leppey (Eng.). Work that is easy,
"soft, kind, and winable, without
any hardship, as boring, cutting,
blasting," etc. (Hunt)

Leptinite; Leptynite. The French syn-
onym for granulite. See Granulite
(Kemp). Compare Whitestone, 2.

Leptoclase. Daubrfie's term for minor
fractures. (Power)

Leptometer. A specially constructed
viscometer, invented by Lepenau.
(Mitzakis)

Leptomorphic. A term suggested by
Giimbel for crystallized substances
that lack definite crystalline bor-
ders, as the nephelite in many
groundinasses. (Kemp)

lestiwarite. A name proposed by Ro-
senbusch for the aplitic dike-rocks
that accompany nephelite-syenites in
Norway and Finland. They are
chiefly or almost entirely alkali feld-
spar, with very subordinate pyrox-
ene or amphibole. They had been
previously called syenite-aplites by
W. C. Brogger. Lestiwarite is de-
rived from the Finnish locality Lesti-
ware. (Kemp)

lemchtenbergite. A variety of cll-
nochlore, white, pale green, or yel-
lowish in color, containing little or
no iron; often resembles talc.
(Dana)

leucite. A silicate of potassium and
aluminum, KAl(SiOi)». The name
of the mineral is prefixed to names
Of many rocks that contain it, as,
leucite - absarokite, leucite-syenite,
etc. (Kemp)

Lencite-basalt. Basaltic rocks with
olivine, in which leucite replaces
plagioclase. (Kemp)

Leucite-basanite. Basaltic rocks that
contain both leucite and plagioclase.
As contrasted with leucite-tephrites,
they contain olivine. (Kemp)

leucite-tephrite. Basaltic rocks with-
out olivine, that contain both plagio-
clase and leucite. Compare Leucite-
basanlte. (Kemp)

Leucitio. Of, or pertaining to leucite;
containing or resembling 'leucite.'
(Century)

leucitite. Basaltic rocks without oli-
vine in which leucite replaces plaglo-
c 1 a s e . Compare Leucite-basalt.
(Kemp)

leucitophyre. A name formerly used
for the leucite rocks, but now by
common consent restricted to those
phonolites that contain both leucite
and nephelite. (Kemp)

896

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Leucochalcite. A hydrous arsenate of
copper, usually found in white, or
greenish, silky, needle-like crystals.

Leucocratic. In petrology, character-
ized by the dominance of light-col-
ored minerals, like quartz, the feld-
spars, and muscovite: said of some
igneous rocks and contrasted with
melanocratic. (La Forge). Leuco-
cratic is derived from two Greek
words meaning "white prevails."

Leucopetrite. A substance, between a
resin and wax in character, found in
a brown coal at Gesterwitz, near
Weissenfels ; it crystallizes in white
needles from ether and boiling abso-
lute alcohol, and melts above 100° C.
(Bacon)

Leucophyre. In petrology, a light-col-
ored, felsitic, igneous rock. (La
Forge). Originally applied by
Giimbel in 1874 to light-colored dia-
bases whose feldspar was altered to
eaussurite and whose augite had
largely changed to chlorite. Rosen-
busch restricts it to diabases poor
In plagioclase. The name means a
light-colored or white porphyritic
rock, and has little claim to consid-
eration either in etymology or ap-
plication. (Kemp)

Leucopyrite. See Lollingite.

Levantamiento (Sp.). 1. Elevation.
2. An upheaval. 3. In coal mining,
creep. (Halse)

Levantar pianos (Sp.). To survey.
(Dwight)

Levante. 1. (Mex.). Breast of a
stope. Al levante, overhand stoping.
(Dwight)

2. .The operation of taking up the
tubes and lines of aludeles in order
to clean them out and 'collect the
mercury. (Halse)

Levanto (Peru). The removal of the
mud heap, after standing for a week,
following the addition of the mer-
cury. (Halse)

levee. An embankment beside a river
or stream or an arm of the sea, to
prevent overflow. (Standard)

Level. 1. A horizontal passage 4or
drift into or in a mine. It is cus-
tomary to work mines by levels at
regular intervals in depth, numbered
in their order below the adit or
drainage level, if there be one (Ray-
mond). Rarely applied to coal min-

j ing.

9. An instrument for finding a hori-
zontal line or plane, or" adjusting

something with reference to a hori-
zontal line. (Webster)
3. (Newc.) A gutter for the water
to run in. (Min Jour.)

Level course (Scot.). In the direction
of the strike of the strata, or at
right angles to the dip and rise.
(Barrowman)

Level-free. 1. (War.) Old coal or
ironstone workings at the outcrop,
worked by means of an adit driven
into .the hillside. (Gresley)
2. A mine that discharges water by
gravitation. (Roy)

Leveling. In surveying, the operation
of ascertaining the comparative
levels of different points of land, for
the purpose of laying out a grade,
etc., by sighting through a leveling
instrument at one point to a leveling
staff at another point. (Standard)

Leveling instrument. A surveyor's
level bearing a telescope. (Stand-
ard). See Level, 2.

Leveling pole, rod, staff. See Level
rod.

Level rod. A graduated rod used in
measuring the distance between
points on the ground and the line of
sight of a leveling instrument.
(Webster)

Level stones (Scot.). Stones on the
surface of the ground indicating the
direction of old levels underground.
( Barrowman )

Level tons (Eng.). A weight of min-
eral in even tons, any odd cwts. not
being taken into account. (Gresley)

Leveret skin. A Japanese glaze ap-
plied to ceramic ware, supposed to
resemble a leveret's fur. (Stand-
ard)

Leverman. One who operates brakes,
or levers, at the top of an incline
plane. A brakeman.

Levigation. A rubbing down to a pow-
der. Levigation is distinguished
from trituration by being done with
water, while the latter is the dry
method. (Oldham)

Levitation. The act of rendering light
or buoyant, Latin, levitas, lightness,
from levis, light. (Rickard)

Lewis. An iron device in the shape of
a dove-tailed tenon, made of several
parts, inserted into a dove-tail mor-
tise in a large stone, for the pur-
pose of attaching a hoisting appara-
tus. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSXHX.

397

Lewis bolt. A wedge-shaped bolt fas-
tened In a socket by pouring in
melted lead, and used In raising a
heavy block, as of stone. (Stand-
ard). Compare Lewis pin.

Lewis hole. 1. A series of two or more
holes drilled as closely together as
possible, but then conected by knock-
ing out the thin partition between
them, forming thus one wide hole,
having its greatest diameter In a
plane with the desired rift. Blasts
from such holes are wedgelike In
their action, and by means of them
larger and better-shaped blocks can
be taken out than would otherwise
be possible. (Merrill)
2. A dove-tail mortise, as in a block
of stone, for attaching a lewis for
hoisting. (Standard)

Lewis pin. A pin used for attachment
to a key block. It is placed in a
shallow drill hole with a wedge at
either side, and as the pin is larger
at the bottom than near the top.
when it is pulled upward it tends
to tighten on the wedges, which pre-
vents it from slipping out. (Bowles)

Ley (Sp.). 1. Literally, law; L. de
minas, law of mines. 2. In mining,
the proportion of precious and other
metals in any mineral compound.
Grade of ore (Dwight). L. de oro,
quantity of gold contained in the
silver. L. de plata, quantity of sil-
ver contained in the ore (Min.
Jour.). L. media, average grade.

Ley de oro (Mex.). Properly the fine-
ness of the gold, but apparently also
applied to the assay-value of an ore.
(Lock)

Ley pewter. A low-grade pewter hav-
ing an excessive proportion of lead.
(Standard)

Leys; Blue leys (Lane.). Same as
"Bind, 1.

Lherzolite. A variety of peridotite,
containing olivine, diopsuile, and an
orthorhombic pyroxene. (Kemp)

Lias. 1. The oldest and lowest of the
series comprised in the Jurassic sys-
tem of strata in Europe. ( La Forge )
2. A lithographic stone. (Ure)

Liassic. Belonging to the geological
subdivision of the Jurassic called the
Lias (Century). See Lias, 1.

Liber. An iron shaft by which a horse
draws .a number of cars in a coal
mine (Standard). An erroneous
spelling of " Limber," which see.

Libethenite. An olive-green to dark
green hydrous basic phosphate of
copper, Cm(PO«) fcCu( OH) fc (Dana)

Libollite. A kind of asphalt occurring
near Libollo, in western Africa; it
resembles albertite. . (Bacon)

Libramiento (Sp.). Warrant for pay-
ment for bars of gold or silver de-
livered at the mint, or order for
funds. .(Min. Jour.)

libranza (Sp.). A bill of exchange;
a draft or check. (Halse)

Libreta (Sp.). 1. A surveyor's note-
book. 2. L. de mina, a mine note-
book. (Halse)

Libro (Sp.). A book; L, de affrimen-
sor, a surveyor's field book. (Halse)

Lick. A swampy area surrounding a
salt spring, the soil - of which is
licked up by animals frequenting it.
(Oldham)

Licuacion (Mex.). Liquation.
(Dwight)

Lid. 1. (Eng.) A flat piece of wood
placed between the end of a prop
or stempel and the rock. ( Ray-
mond )-

2. ( Forest of Dean ) . The roof of an
ironstone working. (Gresley)

3. (Scot). The cover or flap of a
valve. (Barrowman)

4. A cross-beam on an upright prop.
(Standard)

Lidded (Eng.). Applied to the con-
tracted top of a. pipe vein. (Bain-
bridge)

Lidstone (Forest of Dean). The roof-
stone of an iron mine, (Gresley)

Lie. 1. (Scot.) To become quiet or
inactive (Century). Said of a mine
that is idle.

2. (Scot.) The line, direction, or
bearing as of a vein, lode, or fault.

Lie! or Lie up! (Scot.). In mine haul-
age, a command to stop. (Barrow-
man)

Liebenerite - porphyry. Nephelite- por-
phyry whose nephelite phenocrysts
are altered to muscovite. Its origi-
nal locality fs near Predazzo, in the
Tyrol. Compare Gieseckite - por-
phyry. (Kemp)

Lie days (Scot.). See Lie time, 1.

Liege furnace. See Belgian zinc fur-s
nace ; also Belgian process.

Lie key (Scot). A tool on which bor-
ing rods are hung when being raised
or lowered in a borehole. (Barrow-
man)

398

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

lie time. 1. (Scot.) The time for
making up accounts preceding each
pay day in which work has been
done, but payment for which has to
remain or lie over till next pay day.
(Barrowman)

2. (Scot.) A period of rest or ces-
sation from work during a shift or
turn. (Gresley)

lievrlte. See Ilvaite.

Life. When in cutting or getting coal
it makes a crackling or bursting
noise and works easily, it is said to
have life in it, or to be alive. (Gres-
ley)

lift. 1. The vertical height traveled
by a cage in a shaft. 2. The lift of
a pump is the vertical distance from
the level of the water in the sump
to the point of discharge. 3. The
distance between the first level and
the surface, or between any two
levels. 4. Any of the various gang-
ways from which coal Is raised at a
slope colliery. The term originally
referred to the number of pump
lifts, but in the anthracite regions
its significance has become broader.
(Chance)

5. (Scot.) A set of pumps from the
suction to the delivery box ; the up-
permost set is called the lift, the
lowest the bottom or laigh lift.
(Barrowman)

6. (Aust.) A slice taken off a pillar
when winning it (Power)

7. A certain thickness of coal worked
in one operation. 8. (No. of Eng.)
To clear gas out of a working place.
9. To creep, as when the floor rises
or liftg. 10. A broken Jud. 11.
(Penn.) A block of coal measuring
three-quarters of a mile on the strike
by 1,000 yards to the rise. 12. (For-
est of Dean) A rise in the price of
coal or in miners' wages. 13. To
break up, bench, or blast coal from
the bottom of the seam upward. 14.
A- certain vertical thickness of coal
seams and measures, having consid-
erable inclination, between or in
which the workings are being car-
ried on to the rise, all the coal be-
ing raised from one shaft bottom.
(Gresley)

15. The plane approximately paral-
lel with the floor of the quarry,
along which the stone is usually
split in quarrying. (Buckley)

Lifter. 1. (Eng.). The stem of iron
or wood attached to the stamp-head.
(Hunt)

2. Any of the boreholes for blast-
ing that are drilled horizontally

or nearly so and usually at about

the floor level. (Du Pont)

3. A molder's tool for handling sand.

(Standard)

Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer.

Lifting (Scot). Drawing hutches
(cars) out of the working places
into the main roads. (Gresley)

Lifting dog. A claw hook for grasp-
ing a column of bore-rods while rais-
ing or lowering them. (Raymond)

Lifting guard. Fencing placed around
the mouth of a shaft, and lifted
out of the way by the ascending
cage. (Steel)

Lifting set. A series of pumps or sets
of pumps by which water is lifted
from the mine in successive stages
(Standard). See Lift, 5.

Lifting wicket (So. Wales). See Lift-
ing guard.

Lift pump. A pump for lifting to its
own level, as distinguished from a
force pump (Standard). A suction
pump.

Liga (Mex.). Alloy; lead flux for
smelting dry ores; galena rich in
silver. (Dwight)

Ligar (Sp.). To alloy gold or silver
for coinage. (Halse)

Light coal (Scot.) Candle coal; gas
coal, which nae. (Barrowman)

Lightening. A peculiar brightening of
molten silver, indicating that maxi-
mum purity has been attained
(Standard). Occurs in cupellation.
See Blick.

Lighting. In metallurgy, annealing.
(Standard)

Light metal. A metal or alloy having
a density of less than five times that
of water. (Standard)

Lightning explosion (Eng.). An ex-
plosion of fire damp caused by an
electric current, during a thunder-
storm, entering a mine and ignit-
ing the gas. (Gresley)

Light, polarized. Light in which the
vibrations are in one plane.

Light red silver ore. See Proustite.

Light ruby silver. See Proustite.

Lignite. A brownish - black coal in
which the alteration of vegetal
material has proceeded further than
in peat but not so far as sub-bitu-
minous coal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

399

Hgnitic. Containing lignite.

Llgnitic group. A lignitiferous series
of sands and clays of the Cretaceous
and Tertiary of the United States;
the La ramie group (Standard). The
term is now obsolete.

lignitiferous. Lignite-bearing. (Stand-
ard)

Lignitize. To convert into lignite.
(Century)

Lignito (Sp.). Lignite or brown coal.
(Raise)

Ligurite. An apple-green variety of
titanite. (Standard)

Likely. A belt of country or a lode is
said to be likely when there are in-
dications of valuable minerals; op-
posed to hungry. (Power)

Lilin Kalulut (Malay). A wax used
by gold assayers. (Lock)

Lima (Mex.). File. (Dwight)

Limadura (Sp.). 1. Act of filing. 2.
filings. 3. Refined silver fr.ora the
patio process. 4. Silver amalgam in
a finely divided condition. Floured
mercury. (Halse)

Limb. 1. One of the two parts of an
anticline or syncline on either side
of the axis. See Legs, 1. 2. The
graduated margin of an arc or circle
in an instrument for measuring an-
gles. 3. The graduated staff of a
leveling rod. (Webster)

Limber; Limmer (Eng.). A light,
wooden or iron shaft for attaching
pit ponies to the trams. (Gresley)

Limburgite. A vitrophyric igneous
rock, resembling basalt, containing
olivine and augite in a glassy
groundmass. The name is derived
from Limburg, a locality on the
Kaiserstuhl, a basaltic mountain in
Baden. It was suggested by Rosen-
busch in 1872, and at the same time
Boricky described similar rocks
from Bohemia as rnagmabasalt.
(Kemp)

Lime. An alkaline earth consisting of
the oxide of calcium. Artificially
made by calcining or burning lime-
stone or marble. Lime made from
dolomitic limestone contains a con-
siderable percentage of magnesia,
and is slower setting (Frank L.
Hess)

Lime burner. One who burns lime-
stone, etc., to make lime. (Web-
ster)

Lime cartridge. A charge or measured
quantity of compressed dry caustic
lime made up into a cartridge and
used instead of gunpowder for
breaking down coal. Water is ap-
plied to the cartridge, and the ex-
pansion breaks down the coal with-
out producing a flame. (Steel)

Lime catcher. A filtering apparatus
for extracting calcium salts from the
feed water of a steam boiler, thus
preventing the deposit of scale in
the boiler. (Standard)

Lime coal (Scot). Small coal used
for burning lime, being" one of the
grades of coal in the east of Scot-
land in former times. (Barrow-
man)

Lime craig (Scot). Limestone rock in
situ; the face of a limestone quarry.
(Barrowman)

Lime feldspar. See Anorthite.

Lime kiln. A kiln or furnace in which
limestone or shells are burned and
reduced to lime. (Webster)

Lime man. One who attends to slak-
ing lime, running lime water to vats
beneath pig-machine molds at blast
furnaces, and operates lime sprays
when the machine is running. (Will-
cox)

Lime pit. 1. A limestone quarry. 2. A
pit where lime is %ade. 3. A pit
where lime is used, as in liming
hides. (Webster)

Lime powder. Air-slaked lime. (Web-
ster)

Lime process. The method of mining
coal by the use of the lime cartridge.
(Gresley)

Limerickite. A very dark, violet, Go'lide
rock found in the meteorite of
Oschausk. ( Standard )

Lime rock. Any rock or stratum in
which limestone is a prominent in-
gredient (Standard). Limestone.

Limeshells (Scot). Calcined lime-
stone. (Barrowman)

Limestone. The general name for
sedimentary rocks composed essen-
tially of calcium carbonate. (Kemp)

Limestone meter. An instrument for
determining the proportion of cal-
careous matter in soils. (Century)

Limestone sink. A depression in the
land surface in a limestone region,
often communicating with a cavern
or subterranean passage so that wa-

400

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

ter running into it is lost Called
also, Sink hole, Swallow hole. (Web-
ster). Caused by the falling in of
the roof of a cave, due to the solu-
tion and removal of limestone that
supported the overburden.

Lime uranite. See Uranite.

Lime wash. To wash with a solution
of lime; to whitewash. (Webster)

Lime wavellite. An impure variety of
wavellite that contains calcium.
(Standard)

Limmers (-Newc.). The shafts by
which the horses draw mine cars.
(Min. Jour.). See also Limber.

Limnite. A yellow ocher or brown
iron ore, containing more water than
11 moni te. ( Century )

Limo (Sp.). Slime; mud. (Halse)

Limonite. Brown, hydrous oxide of
iron containing, when pure, 85.6 per
cent of iron and 14.4 per cent of
water. The mineral is earthy or of
irregular form, never in distinct
crystals. It is the usual product
left behind in the oxidation of py-
rite, chalcopyrite and other iron-
bearing minerals. See Brown iron
ore.

Limonitic. Consisting of limonite, or
resembling it in appearance. (Cen-
tury)

Limonitization. The process of alter-
ing to, or supplying with, limonite.
(Standard)

Limp. A sheet-iron or wooden scraper,
for removing poor ore from the top

* of a sieve (Standard). Spelled
Limpeth in Derbyshire.

Limpeth. See Limp.

Limpia (Sp.). 1. Deads or low-grade
ore. 2. Clearing out rubbish or
waste from mine workings. (Halse)

Lixnpiador (Sp.). 1. An ore-sorter. 2.
A tool for cleaning a borehole.
(Halse)

Ilmpio (Sp.). 1. Clean; free. 2.
Cobbed or picked ore. (Halse)

Limurite. A name for a rock consist-
ing of axinite, pyroxene, amphibole,
quartz, titanite, calcite, pyrite, and
pyrrhotite. It occurs on the contact
of granite and limestone, although
formerly thought to be a member of
the crystalline schists. (Kemp)

Linarite. A natural, hydrous, basic
sulphate of lead and copper, PbO.-
CuO.S08H2O. (U. S. Geol. Surv.).

Lind coal. Charcoal made of the wood
of the linden tree. (Century)

Lindero (Sp.). Boundary or limit of
a claim or mine. (Halse)

Lindoite. A quartz-bearing aplitic va-
riety of syenite (La Forge). Brog-
ger's name for certain dike rocks, in
the region of Kristiaua. They have
trachytic texture; are seldom and
then but slightly porphyritic ; • are
medium to coarsely crystalline in the
larger dikes ; possess light colors and
often lack dark-colored minerals.
When such are recognizable they are
pyrite and chlorite. Ferriferous
carbonates are present. Traces of
aegirite and of a dark, alkaline horn-
blende may be occasionally detected.
(Kemp)

Line. 1. The limit of a surface; a
length without • breadth ; outline ;
contour. 2. The course in which
anything proceeds, or which any one
takes; direction given or assured.
3. A unit of length, equal to one
twelfth of an inch (Century). 4.
See Plumb line.

Linea (Sp.). A line; L. de base, a
base line in surveying; L. de de-
marcation, a boundary line. (Halse)

Lined gold. Gold foil backed with
other metal. (Standard)

Lineman. 1. In surveying, a man who
carries the tape line or chain ( Stand-
ard). Also called Chainman.
2. One in charge of maintenance of
light and power electric circuits at
blast furnaces. Sometimes including
switchboard ; usually an "inspector"
takes charge at the switchboard.
(Willcox)

Line of bearing. The direction of the
strike, or outcrop. (Thompson)

Line of dip. The line of greatest in-
clination of a stratum to the hori-
zon. (Thompson)

Line of force. A straight line through
the point of application of a force
and in the direction of its action.
(Century)

Line of tunnel. The width marked by
the exterior lines or sides of a tun-
nel. (Corning Tunnel, etc., Co., v.
Pell, 1 Colorado, p. 510)

Liner (Leic.). A bar put up between
two other bars to assist in carrying
the roof. (Gresley)

Lines. Plumb lines, not less than two
in number, hung from hooks driven
in wooden plugs. A line drawn

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

401

through the center of the two
strings or wires, as the case may he,
represents the hearing or course to
he driven on. (Steal)

Lin got. 1. An iron ingot-mold. 2. An
ingot, or something resembling one.
(Standard)

Lingote (Sp.). An ingot; a mass of
gold or silver; L, de plomo, a pig of
lead. (Halse)

Lining. 1. (Derb.) Clay ironstone in
beds or bands. (Gresley)

2. The plank arranged against
framed sets. (C. and M..M. P.)

3. (Newc.) Same as Dialling. (Ray-
mond)

4. A protecting coating on the boshes
of puddling furnaces, or on the in-
terior of blastfurnaces. (Standard)

lining mark (Eng.). A drill hole in
the mine roof with a wooden plug
driven into it from which to hang
a plumb line. (G. C. Green well)

Lining sight. An instrument consist-
ing essentially of a plate with a lon-
gitudinal slot in the middle, and the
means of suspending it ' vertically.
It is used in conjunction with a
plumb line for directing the courses
of underground drifts, headings, etc.
(Webster)

Lining up a mine. In surveying, plac-
ing the sights for driving entries,
drifts, or rooms nearer the working
face. ( Steel )

link. One of the links of a surveyor's
chain and equal to 7.92 inches.
(Webster)

linked vein. A steplike vein in which
the ore follows one fissure for a
short distance, then passes by a cross
fissure to another nearly parallel,
and so on. (S. F. Emmons)

Linnaeite; Cobalt pyxite. A sulphide
of cobalt, CosSi. A part of the cobalt
is nearly always replaced by nickel
and to a less extent by iron and cop-
per. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

linn and wool (Lane.). Streaky gray
sandstone. (Gresley)

Linnets (Derb.). Oxidized lead ores.
(Raymond)

Linophyre. A rock in which the pheno-
crysts are arranged in lines or
streaks, (Iddings, Igneous Rocks,
p. 224)

Linseed earth (Shrop.). A dark gray
clay suitable for making fire brick.
(Gresley)

744010 O— 47 26

Linsey (Lane.). Strong bind; also
streaky sandstone (Gresley). A
kind of clay rock.

Linternilla (Mex.). The drum of a
horse whim. (Dwight)

Lip. 1. (Mid.). The lower part of the
roof of a gate-road near the face,
taken down as the face advances.

2. The edge of a front slip. (Gres-
ley)

3. The digging edge of a dredge
bucket. (Weatherbe, p. 145)

Liparite. A synonym for Rhyollte,
and largely used among Europeans,
though rhyolite is chiefly current in
America and England. The name is
derived from the Lipari Inlands, off
the coast of Italy, where this rock is
abundant. It was proposed by Jus-
tus Roth in 1861. (Kemp)

Lipe; Lype; Leip (Scot.). A small
hitch or irregularity in the joints of
a coal seam. (Barrowman)

Lipey blaes (Scot). Lumpy bind or
shale. (Gresley)

Lipis (Sp.). Blue vitriol; copper sul-
phate. (Halse)

Lip of shaft (Eng.). The bottom edge
of a shaft circle where open to the
seam workings. (G. C. Green well)

Lip screen. A small screen or screen
bars, placed at the draw hole of a
coal pocket to take out the fine coal.
(Steel)

Lipta (Peru and Bol.). Ash-colored or
gray silver or*es, accompanying tin
lodes. (Dwight)

Liquation; Eliquation. 1. Separating
an alloy by heating it so as to melt
the more fusible of its ingredients,
but not the less fusible. (Raymond)
2. As applied to the sulphur indus-
try, a method of recovering sulphur
by liquefying under pressure and
heat and drawing off the molten sul-
phur and allowing it to solidify.

Liquation furnace. A furnace specially
adapted to liquation. (Century)

Liquation hearth. A hearth specially
adapted to liquation. (Century)

Liquefaction. The act or process of
liquefying, or of rendering or be-
coming liquid ; reduction to a liquid
state. (Century) -

Liquid fuels. The liquid fuels most
frequently used are: Petroleum and
refinery residues, shale oil, tar from
the dry distillation of coal and wood,
the tar oils obtained by the dlstilla-

402

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

tlon Of coal tar, benzine, and dena-
tured, methylated, or wood alcohol.
(Bacon)

Liroconite. A natural hydrous arse-
nate of aluminum and copper, oc-
curring in bluish-green crystals.
(Chester)

Ids (Mex.). The flouring of mercury.
(Dwight)

Liso (Colom.). 1. A slickenside. 2.
A fault. 3. A slide. 4. The flat
and extensive face of a rock.
(Halse)

Lissen (Eng.). A cleft in a rock.
(Century)

List (Eng.). A mine inspector's term
for the schedule of particulars of
accidents. (Gresley)

Lista (Mex.). In the patio process, a
tail of impure mercury. (Halse)

Listing. See Lashing.

List mill. In gem cutting, a wheel
covered with list or cloth, on which
the gems are polished. (Standard)

List pan. A perforated skimmer for
skimming molten tin. (Standard)

List pot. In tin-plate manufacturing,
the last of a series of five pots used
In coating the plates. (Standard)

Listvenite. A local name for a rock
in the gold-mining district of Bere-
sov, in the Urals. It is regarded as
a contact zone produced from dolo-
mite, and is a coarsely crystalline
aggregate of magnesite, talc, quartz,
and limonite, . pseudomorphic after
pyrite. (Kemp)

Litchfleldite. A variety of nephelite
syenite, whose chief feldspar is al-
bite and which differs therein from
normal nephelite syenite. (Kemp)

Liter; Litre. A measure of capacity in
the metric system, being a cubic
decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic
inches, or 0.880 imperial quart, or
0.908 U. S. dry quart, or 1.0567 U. S.
liquid quarts. It is equal to one
kilogram of water at maximum
density. (Webster)

Litharge. Lead monoxide, PbO, made
by heating lead moderately in a
current of air.- It is straw-yellow,
and is used as a pigment, in mak-
ing flint glass, and for glazing pot-
tery. Callled also Massicot (Stand-
ard). Also used in assaying.

Lithia mica. See Lepidolite.

Lithical. A term proposed by L.
Fletcher for the finer, textural char-
acters of rocks, i. e., those for which
texture, as distinguished from struc-
ture, is employed above. Lithical,
from the Greek for stone, is con-
trasted with petrical, from the
Greek for rock. (Kemp)

Lithionite. Same as Lepidolite. A
lithia mica,

Lithiophilite; Triphylite. A phos-
phate of iron, manganese and lithi-
um, Li(Pe,Mn)PO4, varying from
the bluish-gray triphylite with little
manganese to the salmon-pink or
clove-brown lithiophilite with but
little iron. (Dana)

Lithiaphorite. A manganese mineral
near psilomelane, containing some
lithium. (Chester)

Lithium. A soft, silver-white metallic
element of the alkali group, the
lightest metal known. Symbol, Li;
atomic weight, 6.94 ; specific gravity,
0.59. (Webster)

Lithoclase. Daubrg's term for divi-
sional planes due to rupture.
(Power)

Lithoclast. One who breaks stones.
(Century)

Lithofracteur. Nitro-glycerine mixed
with siliceous earth, charcoal, so-
dium and sometimes barium, nitrate,
and sulphur. (Raymond)

Lithogensy. The science of the origin
of minerals and of the causes of
their modes of occurrence. (Stand-
ard)

•

Litho glyph. A carving or engraving
on a stone or gem ; also, a stone or
gem so engraved. (Standard)

Litho glyptics. The art of gem-cut-
ting; the cutting or engraving of
precious stones or gems. (Stand-
ard)

Lithographic slate. See Lithographic
stone.

Lithographic stone. A fine-grained
homogeneous limestone suitable for
etching. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Lithoidal. A descriptive term applied
to those groundmasses, especially of
rhyolites, that are excessively finely
crystalline, like porcelain, as distin-
guished from glassy varieties. The
English equivalent ' stony ' is also
used. (Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

403

litholoffle. Pertaining to lithology, or
the study of rocks. Pertaining
to rock character. See Petrology.
(Ransome)

Lithologist. A student of or specialist
in lithology. (Standard)

Lithology; Petrology. The study of
rocks as such; a branch of geology
much developed in recent years. By
making thin sections and examining
them under the microscope the
nature of a rock may be determined
as well for most purposes as by
chemical analysis. (Roy. Com.)

Uthomarge. A smooth, compact va-
riety of common kaolin. (Dana)

Lithophosphor. A mineral, as barite,
that becomes phosphorescent when
heated. (Standard)

Lithophyl. A petrified leaf or its im-
pression, or a stone containing such
petrifaction. ( Standard )

Lithophysa. In petrology a variety of
spherulite consisting of concentric,
roughly spherical or hemispherical
shells with thin vacant spaces be-
tween them (La Forge). Literally
a "stone bubble," a name applied to
those cellular cavities in acidic
lavas, obsidian, rhyolite, etc., that
have concentric walls, and that are
caused by a special development of
mineralizers at that particular
point.

Lithopone. A mixture of Zinc sulphide
and barium sulphate, prepared by
precipitation, and used extensively
as a pigment ; also used in the man-
ufacture of linoleum, rubber tires,
etc.

Lithosphere. In geology, broadly, the
solid globe of the earth, as con-
trasted with the enveloping hydro-
sphere and atmosphere. Especially
the earth's crust ; the outermost por-
tion or shell of the globe, of un-
known thickness, which is believed
from direct observation or reason-
able deduction to consist of solid
rock, as distinguished from the un-
known bary sphere or centrosphere.
(La Forge)

Litmus paper. A paper dipped into a
solution of litmus, and used to test
solutions in order to determine
whether they are acid or alkaline.
(Standard)

Little giant. A jointed iron nozzle
used in hydraulic mining. See
Giant (Hanks)

Little Jap. See Rock drill.

Little tops (Aust.). A local name
given to a thin band of coal occur-
ring above the main seam. (Power)

Little winds. 1. (Corn.) A sump.
2. An underground shaft, sunk from
a horizontal drift (Pryce). A winze.

Littoral. Of or pertaining to a shore.
A coastal region. (Webster)

Littoral rocks. Rocks composed of
coarse material deposited within the
limits of the littoral ^one, and so
subjected to the winds and tides.
(Standard)

Live. 'Charged with electricity' to
such a potential as to be in a con-
dition to give a dangerous electric
shock. (H. H. Clark)

Live load. In mechanics, a load that
is variable, in distinction to a con-
stant load. (C. and M. M. P.)

Live lode. A lode containing valuable
minerals.

Lively coal (Ark.). Small, and gen-
erally hard coal that may be
chipped off in good-sized pieces
while being undermined or sheared
with a pick. (Steel)

Live quartz. A variety of quartz usu-
ally associated with a valuable min-
eral. (IhlsengV

Liver opaL A synonym for Menllite
(Chester). A dull-gray opaque con-
cretionary opal.

Liver ore. A liver-brown variety of
cuprite; also applied to a variety of
cinnabar. (Power)

Liver pyrites. A massive form of iron
sulphide (marcasite and sometimes
also pyrite and pyrrhotite) having
a dull liver-brown color. (Century)

Liver rock. A variety of sandstone
which breaks or cuts as readily in
one direction as in another. In other
words, the working of the stone is
not affected by stratification. (Mer-
rill)

Liverstone. A variety of barite that
gives off a fetid odor when rubbed
or heated. (Century)

Live steam. Steam direct from the
boiler, having its full power of ex-
pansion,— distinguished from ex-
haust steam, which has been de-
prived of its available energy.
(Webster)

Living rock. Rock in its original or
native state or location; rock not
quarried. (Webster)

404

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Xivingstonite. A natural mercury-an-
timony sulphide, HsS.2Sb2S3. Resem-
bles stibnite in form. Color lead-
gray ; streak red. (Dana)

Lixiviar (Sp.). To leach; lixiviate.
(Lucas)

lixiviation. The separation of a solu-
ble from an insoluble material by
means of washing with a solvent
(Raymond). Used in certain metal-
lurgical processes. See Augustin,
' Patera, Russell, and Ziervogel proc-
esses.

Xizard. A forked piece of timber
used as a stone sled ; a stone-boat.
(Standard)

Xizard stone. A kind of serpentine
from Lizard Point, Cornwall, Eng-
land. (Webster)

Xizote (Mex.). Quartz containing
blue specks, and often rich in sil-
ver.

Xlamar (Mex.). To signal for the
•cage or bucket. (D wight)

Xlampera (Chile). A deposit contain-
ing ore in a fine or friable condition.
<Halse)

Xlamperos (Chile). Many small fis-
sures filled witti copper ore, travers-
ing igneous rocks. (Halse)

Ilamptu 1. (Bol.) A thin layer
(guia) formed of isolated crystals
of cassiterite in decomposed feld-
spar. (Halse)

2. (Peru) Fine ore passing through
£ to £ inch screen. (Pfordte)

Xlanca (Chile). A copper silicate.
(Halse)

Xlano (Sp.). A plain; land more or
less horizontal with but few eleva-
tions. (Halse)

Xlanta (Sp.). The tire of a wheel.
(Halse)

Xlanura (Mex.). An extensive plain.
(D wight)

Xlapa (Peru). 1. An additional quan-
tity of inercury added. 2. A gra-
tuity given to a buyer. (Halse)

Xlapar (Peru). To add quicksilver to
the pulp when the amount already
added is in the condition of amal-
gam. (D wight)

Xlauca (Peru). 1. Taking down the
vein, when softer than the wall, by
using rods 7 to 10 feet long. The
wall is subsequently taken down un-
til ample working width is obtained.
2. A black clay found in veins.
(Halse)

Xlave (Sp.). 1. A key, or wrench.
2. Any piece of mine timber. 3. Any
barren piece of ground left as a sup-
port in mines. (Halse)

Xleira (Sp.). A place full of pebbles
or coarse gravel. (Halse)

Xlenadores (Braz.). Bucket fillers.
(Halse)

Xlicteria (Peru). A Bolivian ore con-
taining lead, tin, zinc, and silver.
(Dwight)

Xlimpi (Peru). Ores of red color, gen-
erally cinnabar. (Dwight)

Xlinqui (Peru). Sterile strata in al-
luvial deposits, composed of argilla-
ceous material of glacial origin.
(Halse)

Xoad. 1. (Scot.) An old measure of
weight for coal. (Barrowman)
2. The resistance, to a motor or en-
gine, of the machinery that it drives,
apart from its own friction. 3.
Downward pressure on a structure
caused by gravity alone (dead load)
or by gravity increased by the stress
of transverse motion (live load), as
in the case of a train crossing a
bridge. ( Standard )

Xoad dropper; Car dropper (Ark.). A
person who runs lo.ided cars down
a gently inclined track, one at a
time. (Steel)

Xoaded track. A track used for loaded
mine cars. (Steel)

Xoader. The man who loads coal at
the working face after the coal has
been shot down. He also keeps the
working place in order. (Steel)

Xoader-off (Eng.). A man who regu-
lates the sending out of the full
cars from a longwall stall, or gate.
(Gresley)

Xoading pick ( Eng. ) . A pick for clean-
ing coal. (Bainbridge)

Loadings (Eng.). Pillars of masonry
carrying a winding drum or pulley.
( Gresley )

Xoad of ore (Derb.). At mines, where
ore is not weighed, a measure of 9
dishes. See Dish, l\ (Mander)

Load-out. To load coal o rock that
is to be taken out of the mine.
(Steel)

Xoadstone; Xodestone. A piece of mag-
netite possessing polarity like a
magnetic needle (Webster). Also
called Loadstar, Lodestar.

Xoad stress. The stress produced by
a load. (C. M. P.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

405

Loam. 1. A potter's clay, containing
mica or iron ocher. An impiire clay.
(Raymond)

2. Karthy matter composed of clay
find sand, enough of the latter be-
ing present to counteract the coher-
ing property of the clay, or of par-
ticles intermediate in size between
those of clay and sand, as loess.
(Webster)

3. In founding, a mixture of sand
and clay, to which straw, horse
dung, or other binding material is
frequently added. Used to make
molds for iron or brass .castings.
(Standard)

Loam beater. A rammer used in mak-
ing a loam mold. (Standard)

Loam board. A founder's tool and
templet used in making cores of
loam. (Century)

Loam box. A container in which loam
is boiled in water by leading a steam
pipe into the mixture. The mixture
is used in blast-furnace runners.
(Willcox)

Loam cake. A disk of dried loam used'
to cover a loam mold, having holes
through which melted metal is
poured and air escapes. (Standard)

Loam casting. A casting made in a
loam mold. (Standard)

Loam mold. A founder's mold made
of loam, and usually requiring no
pattern. (Standard)

Loam molding. The act or operation
of sweeping up a mold in loam, by
templates; distinguished from dry-
sand molding. (Standard)

Lobbs (Eng.). Underground stairs;
also, applied to a vein irregular in
descent. (Bainbridge)

Lob of gold. A small but rich deposit
of gold. (Skinner)

Local* metamorphism. Contact meta-
morphism, as distinguished from re-
gional metamorphism. (Kemp)

Locate. To mark out the boundaries
of a raining claim and establish the
right of possession. (Skinner)

Location. 1. The act of fixing the
boundaries of a mining claim, ac-
cording to law. 2. The claim itself.
(Raymond)

3. The steps taken by the locator to
indicate the place and extent of the
surface which he desires to acquire,
including the placing of a notice on
the ground in some conspicuous po-
sition giving the name of the loca-
tor, with the requisite description

of the extent and boundaries. (Pea-
body Gold Mining Co. v. Gold Hill
Mining Co.. 97 Fed. Kept., p. 661;
Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 United
States, p. 661; Del Monte Mining,
etc., Co. v. Last Chance Mining,
etc., Co., 171 United States, p. 74;
Collins v. Buhb. 73 Fed. Kept, p.
739) (Also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 51)

4. A place of residence or -settle
ment; a subdivision of a county
(Webster)

5. A townsite in a mining or lumber-
ing district.

Location survey. 1. See Location, 1.
2. Laying out the line of railroad
or canal, or the like.

Location work. Labor required by law
to be done on mining claims within
60 days of location, in order to es-
tablish ownership (Weed). Sy-
nonymous with Assessment work.

Loch; Loch holes (Derb. and Wales).
Large cavities in veins in which
spar is found (Power). See Vug.

Lock band. A course of bond stones
in masonry construction. (Webster)

Locked-wire rope. A rope with a
smooth cylindrical surface, the outer
wires of which are drawn to such
shape that each one interlocks with
the other and fhe wires are disposed
in concentric layers about a wire
core instead of in strands. Particu-
larly adapted for haulage and rope-
transmission purposes. (C. M. P.)

Lockout. Refusal of an employer ta
furnish work to employees, used
as a means of coercion. Compare
Strike, 4. (Webster)

Lock piece (Eng.). A piece of timber
for supporting the mine workings
(Bainbridge). See Lock timber.

Lock timber. An old plan of put-
ting in stull pieces in Cornwall and
Devon. The pieces were called lock
pieces. (Raymond)

Lodar; Enlodar (Sp.). To line wet
blasting holes with clay. (Halse)

Lode (Corn.). Strictly a fissure in the
country-rock filled with mineral;
usually applied to metalliferous-
lodes. In general miners' usage, a
lode, vein, or ledge is a tabular de-
posit of valuable mineral between
definite boundaries. Whether it be
a fissure formation or not is not al-
ways known, and does not affect the
legal title under the United States
Federal and local statutes and cus-
toms relative to lodes. But it must
not be a placer, $. e., it must consist

406

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

*of quartz or other rock in place,
and bearing valuable mineral. (Ray-
mond)

As used by miners, before being
defined by any authority, the term
"lode" simply meant that formation
by which the miner could be led or
guided. It is an alteration of the
verb "lead ; " and' whatever the miner
could follow, expecting to find ore,
was his lode. Some formation
within which he could find ore, and
out of which he could not expect to
find ore, was his lode. (Eureka
Cons. Min. Co. v. Richmond Min. Co.,
4 Sawyer, p. 311 ; 8 Federal Cas., p.
819; Ambergris Min. Co. v. Day, 12
Idaho, p. 115; 85 Pacific, p. 109;
Harrington v. Chambers, 3 Utah, p.
94; 1 Pacific, p. 362.) Lode, as used
by miners, is nearly synonymous
with the term vein, as employed by
geologists. The word should not be
used for a flat or stratified mass.
See Ledge, 1, Lead, 1, Fissure, Fis-
sure vein, Vein. (Additional cases
are cited in U. S. Min. Stat, p. 44)

Lode claim. See Vein claim,
lode country. See Ore channel.

Loded. Magnetized by a lodestone.
(Standard)

Lode mining-claim. A mining claim
including a lode, fissure, or fissure
vein. In the United States the maxi-
mum length along the lode or vein
is 1,500 feet and the maximum width
is 600 feet.

A tract of land with defined sur-
face boundaries, including all lodes,
veins, and ledges throughout their
entire depth, the top or apex of
which lies inside of vertical planes
extended downward through the
surface boundary lines, although
such veins in their downward qourse
may extend outside of the vertical
side planes of the surface location.
(Paul v. Cragnaz, 25 Nevada, p.
827.) The extension of inclined
veins beyond the side lines has re-
sulted in much litigation. In Mex-
ico a claim is 100 meters square,
and is bounded by vertical planes
through the surface lines. See
Claim ; Mining claim.

In some mining districts, as Bis-
bee, Arizona, the operating com-
panies have entered into mutual con-
tracts, specifically eliminating extra-
lateral rights, and defining under-
ground property rights by downward
vertical planes through the surface
boundaries.'

Lode plot. A horizontal lode. (Skin-
ner)

Lodestone. 1. Magnetic iron ore. See
Loadstone. 2. Stone found in veins
or lodes. (C. and M. M. P.)

Lode stoovan (Eng.). An open cutting
toward a vein in rising ground.
(Bainbridge)

Lodestnff. All the material contained
in a vein or lode, including gangue
and ore. (Standard)

Lodge. 1. (Eng.) A subterranean
reservoir for the drainage of the
mine made at the shaft bottom, in
the interior of the workings, or at
different levels in the shaft (Ores-
ley). A sump.

2. (Scot) A cabin, at the mine
shaft, for workmen. (Barrowman)

3. (Wales) See Platt. 4. The room
or flat at the shaft into which the
pushers or trammers empty their
loads. (Standard)

Lodge moraine. A kind of terminal
moraine consisting of material
pushed along by the glacier but fall-
ing short of its front. (Standard)

Lodgment (Scot). See Sump, also
Lodge..

Lodgment level (Scot). A room
driven from a level a short distance
to the dip and used for storage of
water (Barrowman). A sump.

Lodo (Sp.). Mud or slime. (Halse)

Loess. In geology, a yellowish, fine-
grained, slightly calcareous, loamy
clay, commonly unstratifled but hav-
ing some vertical jointing, believed
to be a deposit of wind-blown dust
(La Forge). The name is a German
word, akin to "loose," and appears
to have been first applied geologi-
cally in the Rhine valley. (Kemp)

Loess kindchen. A spheroidal or irreg-
ular nodule of calcium carbonate
found in loess. (Standard)

Lofthead (No. Staff.). A cavity, in
a mine roof, produced by a fall.
(Gresley)

Lofting. 1. (So. Wales) An old or
disused heading over the top of an-
other one. 2. (No. of Eng.) See
Lacing, 1. (Gresley)

3. (Scot) Wood filling up vacant
space on top of crowns or gears.
(Barrowman)

4. Timbers, usually old, laid across
the caps of steel frames or sets in
a working to 'support the roof.
(Webster)

Lofty tin (Corn.). Large and rough
tin ore. (Davies)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

407

Log. 1. (So. Staff.) A balance-
weight near the end of the hoisting-
rope of a shaft to prevent its run-
ning back over the pulley. (Ray-
mond )

2. (No. Staff.) See Dolly, 2. 3. The
record of an engine, boiler, or other
trial, in which a series of observa-
tions have been taken (Webster).
Also the record of a drillhole, as
the log of an oil well. •

Loggan stone (Eng.). A weather-worn
block so finely balanced on its pivot-
like base that a very ordinary force
suffices to make it log, or rock from
side to side. Properly Logging stone,
and perhaps better known as Rock-
ing-stone. (Page)

Logged up. Supported by trees, props,
or puncheons. (Gresley)

Logging. The business of cutting and
getting out logs or timber from a
forest (Century). Often closely as-
sociated with mining for the pur-
pose of obtaining mine timbers.

Logging stone. See Loggan stone.

Log washer. A slightly slanting trough
"in which revolves a thick shaft or
log, carrying blades obliquely set to
•the axis. Ore is fed in at the lower
end, water at the upper. The blades
slowly convey the lumps of ore up-
ward* against the current while any
adhering clay is gradually disinte-
grated and floated out the lower end.
(Liddell)

Lohmannizing. A process by which a
protective zinc coating is amalga-
mated to a base-metal sheet. (Lid-
dell)

Loiseau furnace. A gas-fired furnace
for the distillation of zinc ores. (In-
galls, p. 446)

Lokie (Penn.). A local term for loco-
motive.

Lollingite. Essentially iron diarsen-
dde, FeAsz, but passing into FesAs*.
Closely related to arsenopyrite or
mispickel. (Dana)

Xoma (Sp.). A long, comparatively
narrow, somewhat flat-topped moun-
tain ridge, or ridge of hills. (Stand-
ard)

Lombong (Malay). An open-pit mine
in a valley.

Lomerio (Sp.). A series of lomas.
(Dwight) See Loma.

Lomonite. Same as L a u m o n t i t e.
(Standard)

Lona (Mex.). Canvas. (Dwight)

London clay. A geological formation
near London, England. It has a
maximum thickness of about 500
feet. (Century)

London white. White lead. (Stand-
ard)

Long clay. Clay possessing a high
degree of plasticity. (Century)

Longitude. 1. Distance east or west
on the earth's surface, measured
by the angle which the meridian
through a place makes with some
standard meridian as that of Green-
wich or Paris. 2. In surveying, the
distance between two lines drawn
north and south through the ex-
tremities of a course; easting or
westing. (Standard)

Longitudinal fault. See Fault.

Longmaid process. Sec Henderson
process.

Long pay (So. "Wales). A system of
paying wages. (Gresley)

Long-pillar work. A system of work-
ing coal seams in three separate op-
erations:-(a) Large pillars are left.
(6) A number of parallel headings
are driven through the block; and
(c) the ribs or narrow pillars are
worked away in both directions. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Long torn. An inclined trough in
which gold-bearing earth* or gravel
is crudely washed. It is longer than
a rocker. (Webster)

Long ton. A' ton of 2,240 avoirdupois
pounds. Equal to 1,016.06 kilograms.
(Webster)

Longues tailles (Fr.). Same as Long-
wall.

Longwall. A system of working a
seam of coal in which the whole
seam is taken out and no pillars
left, excepting the shaft pillars, and
sometimes the main-road pillars.
Longwall advancing, mining the
coal outward from the shaft pillar
and maintaining roadways through
the worked-out portion of the mine.
Longwall retreating, iirst driving
haulage road and airways to the
boundary of a tract of coal and then
mining it in a single face without
pillars back toward the shaft
(Steel). Also known as Longwork,
Shropshire method, Combination
longwall and Nottingham or Barry
system.

Longwall stope. See Flat-back stope.

Longwall stoping. See Overhand
stoping.

408

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Long weight. See Long ton.
I,ongwork. See Longwall.

Loob; Loobs (Corn.). The clayey or
slimy portion washed out of tin ore
in dressing. (Raymond)

Looking (No. Staff.). Examining the
un walled sides of a shaft. (Gres-
ley)

Lool. A vessel to receive ore washings.
(Standard)

Loop. 1. See Loup, 1 and D-Link. 2.
A sling at the end of a hoisting rope.

Loop drag. An eye at the end of a
rod through which tow is passed for
cleaning boreholes. (Raymond)

Looping. The fusing of ore into a
mass when the ore is only heated
for calcination (Standard). Com-
pare Loup, 1.

Loors (Corn?). Refuse sludge from
washing tin ore. (Webster)

Loose (Eng.). 1. Applied to a work-
ing place to denote that it is open
at both sides — that is, that the coal
has been previously removed at both
sides. "Loose at an end," or "loose
at one side," denotes that the coal
has been worked or mined at one
side. 2. The end of a shift or of
the day's work is spoken of as "Loos-
Ing time," or "Loose," or "Kenner ;"
and when the workmen leave, the
pit is said to be "loosed out." (Red-
mayne)

Loose-end. 1. A gangway in longwall
working, driven so that one side is
solid ground while the other opens
upon old workings. See Fast-end.
(Raymond)

2. Coal prepared by cutting, or that
coal which is certain to be loosened
by a shot. (Steel)

3. The limit of a stall next to the
goaf, or where the adjoining stall is
In advance. (Gresley)

Loose needle. Same as Dial.

Loosening bar. An implement for loos-
ening a pattern from a sand mold.
(Standard)

Loose rails (Aust). Rails that can
be lifted and placed across a perma-
nent line when desired to run skips
across it. (Power)

Loosing ( So. Staff. ) . Lowering a cage,
etc., into a shaft or pit. (Gresley)

Lord (Corn.). Landlord; the owner
of the soil or mineral, to wh6m rent
or royalty is payable. (Da vies)

Lordship. 1. (Scot.) A mineral prop-
erty. (Barrowman)

2. (Scot.) Royalty or acreage rent.
(Gresley)

Lord's mear (Eng.). The portion of
ore that belongs to the owner of
the land. (Hunt)

Lorry. 1. (York.) A movable bridge
over a shaft top upon which the

• bucket is placed after it is brought
up for emptying. (Gresley)
2- A car used on mine tramways, or
at coke ovens. See Larry.

3. A long wagon having a low plat-
form and four small wheels. ( Stand-
ard)

Lorry track. In coke making, a car
track laid, in block ovens, between
the two parallel lines of ovens com-
posing a block; and in bank-ovens-
just back of a single row of ovens
composing the bank. (Century)

Losa. 1. (Sp.) A flat stone; a flag-
stone. 2. (Chile) A mass of rock
about 20 feet thick formed of frag-
ments of recent shells and pebbles
firmly cemented together. (Halse)

Lose. 1. (Eng.) To work a seam of
coal, etc., up to where it dies out or
is faulted out of sight. This *i»
called " losing the coal." 2. To be un-
able to work out a pillar on account
of thrust, creep, gob fire, etc. 3. A
pit shaft is said to be " lost " when it
has run in or collapsed beyond re-
covery. (Gresley)

Losero. 1. (Sp.) A flagstone quarry.
2. (Mex.) At Guanajuato, sand-
stone quarries yielding a beautiful,
colored stone for building purposes.
(Halse)

Losing-iron. See Furnace losing-iron.

Lost level (Corn). A level or gallery
driven with an unnecessarily great
departure from the horizontal.
(Raymond)

Lost river. In geology, a river that,
by a secular increase in aridity, at
first periodically in the driest sea-
son, and at last permanently, ha»
lost its trunk, .its remnental de-
tached tributaries losing themselves
in the arid ground. (Standard)'

Lost-wax process. A process of
cuting bronze casting by casing a
wax model with plaster and after-
ward melting out the wax. (Stand-
ard)

Lot (Eng.). The lord's (land owner)
dues; a royalty. (Bainbridge)

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

409

Lough. 1. (Lane.) An irregular cav-
ity in an iron mine. (Gresley)
2. A lake in Ireland. (Century)

Loup. 1. The pasty mass of iron pro-
duced in'a bloomery or puddling fur-
nace. See Puddle-ball. (Raymond)
2. (Scot.) Slip or fault. (Barrow-
man)

Low. 1. (No. of Eng.) A candle or
other naked light carried by a miner.
Also spelled Lowe.

2. (Forest of Deun) See Horse, 1
and 2.

3. Not high in upward extent; hav-
ing little vertical extension, as a
low roof in a mine. 4. Lying below
the natural or general level, as a low
valley.

Low blast. A blast delivered to a
smelting furnace at low pressure.
(Standard)

Low coal. Coal occurring in a thin
seam or bed. (Steel)

Low doors (Scot.). The lowest of two
or more landings in a shaft. (Bar-
rowman )

Lowe (Newc.). A light. A "piece of
lowe" is part of a candle. (Ray-
mond). See also Low, 1.

Lower leaf (Scot.). The lower por-
tion of a seam of coal that is worked
in two sections or leaves. (Bar-
rowman )

Lowe rope (No. of Eng.). A piece of
rope used as a torch. (Gresley)

Low explosives. A term sometimes
used to designate explosives that
do not detonate, as blasting pow-
der, in distinction to high explosives,
such as dynamite. '(Du Pont)

Low-freezing dynamite. A dynamite
so made that its freezing point is
below that of such dynamites as con-
tain only nitroglycerin and an active
base and which have a normal
freezing point of about 45° F. Low-
freezing dynamites do not freeze
until temperatures below 32° F. are
reached, and even then only after
prolonged exposure. (Du Pont)

Low-grade. 1. An arbitrary designa-
tion of dynamites of less strength
than 40 per cent. It has no bearing
on the quality of the materials, as
they are of as great purity and high
quality as the ingredients in a so-
called high-grade explosive. (Du
Pont)

2. A term applied to ores relatively
poor in the metal for which they are
mined; lean ore.

Low level; Laigh level (Scot). The
drift °r working which is furthest
to the dip. (Barrowman)

Low lift; Laigli lift (Scot). The low-
est sot in a system of pumps. (Bar-
rowman)

Low powders. Explosives containing
a small proportion of nitroglycerin
and a base similar to blasting pow-
der. Intermediate between blasting
powder and dynamite in action. (Du
Pont). Sec Low-grade, 1.

Lowse (Scot.). To cease working.
" The pit's lowsed," i. e., work hag
ceased for the day (Barrowman).
Compare Loose, 2.

Low steel. Steel low in carbon, and
hence comparatively tough and soft,
and usually not susceptible of hard-
ening or tempering. (Standard)

Low-terrace drift (Aust). Gravel and
shingle in terraces. (Century)

Loxoclase. An orthoclase containing
considerable sodium. (Webster)

Loza. 1. (Sp.) Pottery. 2. (Peru)
Bedrock in alluvial mines. (Halse)

Lubricante ( Mex. ) . Lubricant.
(Dwight)

Lubricites. A word used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include all mineral
lubricants or antifriction materials.
(Power)

Luce and Rozan process. A modifica-
tion of the Pattinson process where-
by the molten lead is stirred by the
injection of steam. Used in desil-
verizing base bullion. (Hofman, p.
418)

Luciite. Chelius' name from the Luci-
berg in Hesse, for finely crystalline,
diorite dikes, whose minerals are
xenomorphic. (Kemp)

Luckhart furnace. A continuously
working shaft furnace for roasting
quicksilver ores, having the fireplace
in the shaft at the bottom, protected
by a cast-iron roof. The fuel is
wood. (Raymond)

Luckite. A vitreous green variety of
melanterite in which part of the iron
is replaced by manganese, (MnFe)
SO*. 7HSO, that crystallizes in the
monoclinic system. (Standard)

Lucullite. A variety of marble, col-
ored black by carbon, and obtained
from Egypt. (Webster)

410

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Lue (Prov. Eng.). To sift: a miner's
tterm. (Standard)

Lum. 1. A chimney over an upcast
shaft to increase the draft. (Ray-
mond)

2. (Derb.) A basin or natural
swamp in a coal seam, often extend-
ing several hundred yards. (Gres-

BF)

3; (Eng.) An area of softness in a
coal seam. (Webster)

4. (Scot.) A fall of roof in which the
breakage of the rock extends in a
conical form to a considerable
height. (Barrowman)

5. (Eng.) A hole at the foot of a
shaft for collecting water (Bain-
bridge). Also spelled Lumb. A
sump.

Lnmachelle. A dark brown shelly
marble, having brilliant fire or cha-
toyant reflections from within. Also
called Fire marble. (Ure)

Lumb (Eng.). See Lura, 5.

Lumberings (Derb.). Bumps over old
workings. (Gresley)

Lumbrera. 1. (Sp.) An air shaft; an
adit shaft. (Min. Jour.)
2. (Mex.) A porthole in a furnace.
(Dwight)

Lumhead (Scot). A chimney top.
See Lum, 1. (Century)

Lump coal. Coal in large lumps; the
largest size brought from the mine
(Webster). Also,' the largest mar-
ketable size,

Lunar caustic. Silver nitrate cast into
sticks for use by surgeons. (Cen-
tury)

Luncart; Lunker (Scot.). A lentic-
ular mass, nodule, or ball. (Bar-
rowman)

Lungmotor. A trade name for a me-
chanical device for inducing respira-
tion in cases of asphyxia, drowning,
electric shock, etc. It consists of
two parallel cylinders with pistons
externally connected so that a stroke
in one direction exhausts the lungs
through one cylinder while the
other cylinder fills with air, oxy-
gen, or both, and a stroke in the
opposite direction inflates the lungs
with the air or oxygen and dis-
charges the foul gases drawn from
the lungs.

Lurmann front. An arrangement of
water-cooled castings through which
iron and cinder are tapped from the
blast furnace, thus avoiding the use
of a forehearth. See alto Closed
front (Raymond)

Lurry. 1. (York.) A weighted tram
to which an endless rope is attached,
fixed at the inbye end of the plane,
forming part of an appliance for
taking up the slack rope.. 2. A mov-
able platform on wheels, the top of
which is level with the bank or sur-
face. It is run over the mouth of
a shaft to receive the bucket when
it reaches the top (Gresley). A
variation of Lorry, 3.

Luster. 1. The character of the light
reflected by minerals ; it constitutes
one of the means, of distinguishing
them. (Roy. Com.)

There are several kinds of luster,
as follows: Metallic, the luster of
metals; adamantine, the luster of
diamonds; vitreous, the luster of
broken gle*?s ; resinous, the luster of
yellow resin, as that of eleolite;
pearly, like pearl; silky, like silk.
These lusters have different degrees
of intensity, being either splendent,
shining, glistening, or glimmering.
When there is a total absence of
luster, the mineral is characterized
as being dull. (Dana)
2. In ceramics, a glaze, varnish, or
enamel applied to porcelain in a thin
layer, and giving it a smooth, glis-
tening surface. (Standard)

Lustered ware. In ceramics, glazed
ware painted with metallic pigments
and fired a second time in a kiln so
constructed that the gases come into
contact with the surface, giving a
prismatic effect. (Standard)

Luster ware. Pottery decorated with
metallic colors. (Standard)

Luster wash. A metallic wash used
upon pottery. (Standard)

Luster mottling*. A name applied by
Pumpelly to certain augitic rocks,
that have a shimmering luster be-
cause the shining cleavage faces of
the augite crystals are mottled by
small inclusions. (Kemp)

Lute. 1. Pasty matter as clay, used
to close joints of chemical or metal-
lurgical apparatus and to coat
surfaces so as to protect them from
the action of flame. (Skinner)
2. In bricklaying, a scraper having
a cutting edge. 3. To smooth the
surface of (a drying yard) before
placing new bricks upon it to dry.
(Standard)

Lutecium. A metallic element sepa-
rated from Ytterbium in 1907.
Symbol, Lu; atomic weight, 175.0.

Lutose. Covered with clay; miry.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

411

LtLXullianite. A tourmaline granite
from Luxullian, in Cornwall, that is
a product of contact metamorphism.
(Kemp)

Xux (Sp.). 1. Light; L. discubierto,
a naked light used in coal mines;
L. de arco, an arc light; L. incaji-
descente, an incandescent light. 2.
A section of a shaft or wall. 3.
Span of a bridge or arch. (Halse)

Xuzonite. A mineral closely related to
enargite. found in the Island of Lu-
zon. (Century)

lyddite. A high explosive, chiefly pic-
ric acid, used as a shell explosive
in the British service. (Webster)

Xydian -stone. 1. A compact or close-
grained, nearly black, variety of jas-
per. A smoothed surface of this
stone is used for trying the streak
of gold, the color .of which affords
an index to its purity (Roy. Com.).
2. Touchstone. (Webster) «.

Xydite. See Basanite.

lye (Scot). A siding or turnout in
a mine. (Gresley)

Lying side (Derb.). The lower side
of a vein (Mander). That portion
next to the footwall.

Lying time (Scot). See Lie time.
Lying walL Same as Footwall.

Lyncnrinm. A stone used for intag-
lios, not now identified with cer-
tainty, but supposed to be the mod-
ern hyacinth. Pliny used the name
for amber, 77. A. D. (Chester)

Lynen furnace. A zinc-distillation
furnace with a common condensa-
tion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 486)

Lynx stone. An early synonym for
Pliny's lyncurium. (Chester)

Lyonnaise marble. A trade name for a
chocolate red and white variety of
dolomitic marble used mainly for
wainscoting and tiling; from Mal-
letts Bay, Lake Champlain. See
also Winooski marble. (Merrill)

Lype (Scot.). An irregularity in the
mine roof (Gresley). A projecting
rock in a mine roof that may fall
at any time. Usually used in the
plural, and sometimes spelled Lipe.

Lyster process. A flotation process
that separates galena and zinc
blende by treatment, at a low tem-
perature, with eucalyptus oil or other
frothing agent, and with agitation
or aeration in a neutral or aikaline,

but not acid, solution of the sul-
phates, chlorides, or nitrates of cal-
cium, magnesium, sodium, potas-
sium, or mixtures of these sub-
stances. (T. J. Hoover, p. 180)

A relatively flat-floored vol-
canic explosion crater at a vent
that is either coneless or else pro-
vided with an inconspicuous cone.
(Daly, p. 144)

MacArthnr and Forest cyanide proc-
ess. A process for recovering gold
by leaching the pulped gold ore with
a solution of 0.2 to 0.8 per cent of
potassium cyanide, KCN, and then
with water. The gold is obtained
from this solution by precipitation
on zinc or aluminum, or by elec-
trolysis. (Goesel)

Maccaluta. A mud volcano. (Stand-
ard)

Maceo (Mex.). Stamping and crush-
ing as distinguished from pulveriz-
ing. (Halse)

Macerate. To reduce to a pulp by
long saturation in water, or by
steeping. (Webster)

Macero (Mex.). A man in charge of
stamping and crushing. (Halse)

MacFarlanite. A silver ore found in
the mines of Silver Islet, Lake Su-
perior. It contains arsenic, cobalt,
nickel, etc., but is not a homogeneous
mineral. ( Century )

Machacado (Peru). Native silver in
ore. (Dwight)

Machacadora ( Sp. ) . A rockbreaker or
crusher. (Halse)

Mac ha car (Sp.). To crush or break
ore. (Dwight)

Machada (Sp. Am.). Hand-picking;
spall ing. (Lucas)

Machadero (Colom. ) . A shed or place
where ore is spalled or cobbed.
(Halse)

Machado (Sp.). A hatchet. (Halse)

Machaqueo (Sp.). Bucking or cob-
bing of ore. (Lucas)

Machar (Sp.). To break up the ore.
(Lucds)

Machays (Ecuador and Peru)i Cav-
erns, of shallow depth and large
openings, lined with sulphur.
(Halse)

412

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Machete (Sp.). A large knife heavy
enough for chopping. (Dwight)

Machihembrar (Mex.). To dovetail
or join with tenon or tongue and
groove. (Dwight)

Machine. 1. (Eng.) A weighbridge
or weighing machine npon which
wagons, trams, carts, etc., are
weighed, either with or without
their load of coal. (Gresley)

2. (Queensland) An ore crusher.
*' Crushing machine " and " bat-
tery " are used synonymously with
"mill" in other parts of Australia
to designate the reduction plant as
a whole, (Rickard)

3. Any drill or coal-cutting device,
operated by air, steam, or elec-
tricity.

Machine drill. Any mechanically
driven drill. See Rock drill.

Machine helper. A man employed to
assist in the operation of a coal-
cutting machine, and whose duty it
i.8 to look after the jack and assist
in moving and adjusting the ma-
chine. (Robinson v. Virginia-Poca-
hontas Coal Co., 88 S. E. Rept., p.
623)

Machineman. 1. (Eng.) One who
weighs ceal, etc., and keeps an ac-
count of the number of cars se.it to
the, surf ace. (Gresley) *
2. One who operates a machine as
a drill or coal-cutting machine.

Machine wall. The face at which ^a
coal-cutting machine works. (Gres-
ley)

Machine whim. A winding drum op-
erated by a steam-engine.

Machinist (Aust). The man in charge
of a coal-cutter. (Power)

Macho. 1. (Sp.) A male mule. 2.
(Colom.) An unproductive mineral
vein. 3. (Mex.) A wall plate. 4.
A dike. 5. The block on which an
anvil is mounted. (Halse)

Machonga (Colom.). A hard, bronze-
colored iron pyrite. (Halse)

Machorro (Sp. Am.). An unproductive
"lode. (Lucas)

Machote (Mex.). A stake, or perma-
nent bench mark, fixed in an under-
ground working, from which the
length and progress thereof is meas-
ured. (Dwight)

Machucador (Mex.). A crusher.
(Dwight)

Maehncadufa (Sp.). Spalling or crush-
ing. (Halse)

Hacigno (Italy). A term applied to a
siliceous sandstone, sometimes con-
taining calcareous grains, mica, etc.
(Comstock). From the Upper Eo-
cene of the Italian Alps.

Macizo (Sp.). 1. An un worked lode.
2. A block of ground ready for stop-
"ing. 3. A pillar. (Halse)

Mackintoshite. A massive black sili-
cate of uranium, thorium, cerium,
etc. (Dana)

Made. 1. A twin crystal., 2. Chias-
tolite. (Standard)

Macled. 1. Spotted or checkered, like
„ chiastolite. 2. Twinned, as a crys-
tal. (Standard)

Maclnreite. 1. A deep-green to black
pyroxene. 2. Same as Chondrodite.
(Standard)

Macqnisten tube process. A metal-
lurgical process that makes use of
surface tension for separating min-
eralsT whereby some of them float
and some sink. The apparatus con-
sists of a long tube with helical
grooves, which, upon rotation, screw
the pulp through the tube. The
tailings are removed from the bot-
tom of a box at the upper end of the
tube and the concentrates float off.
(Megraw, p. 70)

Macroaxis. The &-axis (long) in or-
thorhombic and triclinic crystals.

Macrodiagonal. The longer lateral
axis in the orthorhombic and tri-
clinic systems. (Standard)

Macrodoxne. In crystallography, a
dome parallel to the' macrodiagonal.
(Standard)

Macromeritic. Of or pertaining to a
granitoid structure of rocks that is
discernible by the naked eye ; op-
posed to Micromeritic. (Standard)

Macropinacoid. In crystallography, a
pinacoid parallel to the vertical and
macrodiagonal axes. (Standard)

Macroprisnv A prism whose intercept
on the macrodiagonal is greater
than unity. (Standard)

Macropyramid. A pyramid whose in-
tercept on the macrodiagonal Is
greater than unity. (Standard)

Macroscopic. In petrology, recogniza-
ble by the unaided eye ; said of char-
acters of rocks. Now replaced by
Megascopic (La Forge). It is ety-
mological] y less correct as an antith-
esis of microscopic than is mega-
scopic, for macro is from the Greek
*or broad, whereas mega means
large.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

413

Macrostmcture. A structural feature
of rocks that can oe discerned by the
unassisted eye, or with the help of
a 'simple magnifier. (Standard)

Made ground. A recent deposit, as of
river silt. (Duryee)

Madera (Sp.). Wootl ; lumber.
(Halse)

Madre (Sp.). 1. Bed of a river. 2.
Mother liquor. 3. (Colom.)
Smooth surf ace- rocks. An ironstone
pebble; hematite. (Halse)
4. (Peru). A horizontal crossbeam
in a mill. (Lucas)

Madrepore. A branching coral ; also,
any perforated stone coral. (Stand-
ard)

Madrepore marble. A fossiliferous
limestone of Devonian age and of a
variety of colors. It admits of a
high polish and is used as a marble.
Takes its name from the most char-
acteristic fossil, a species of madre-
pore. (Merrill)

Madrier (Fr.). A flat, wooden beam
used in a mine (military) to sup-

»port earth. (Standard)

. •. • »

Madrina (So. Am.). The leader of a
train of pack mules; usually a mare.
('Standard)

Madupite. A vitrophyrie igneous rork
containing diopside, phlogopite, and
perovskite in a leucitic glassy base
(La. Forge). The name was given by
Whitman Cross to a peculiar group
of rocks that are illustrated by one
forming Pilot Knob, a mesa about
6 miles northeast of Rock Springs,
Wyo. Cross defines Madupite " as
consisting essentially of diopside
and a magnesia-potash mica with
leucite in decidedly subordinate
amount. Its magma is low in silica,
alumina, and iron, rich in potash,
and contains so much lime and mag-
nesia that silicates of these bases
are the principal constituents, yet
control! ed in their development by
the strong potash element." The Pi-
lot Knob casejs a vitrophyric repre-
j bentative of the type so defined.
(Kemp)

Mad water (Corn.). Water that,
through neglect, rushes back to the
mine. (Da vies)

Maenite. A name derived from Lake
Maena4 near Gran, Norway, and
given by W. C. Brogger to an in-
trusive trachytic rock, regarded as a

differentiation product of a gabbro-
magma. Maenite is a bostonite rela-
tively rich in lime and poor in pot-
ash. (Kemp)

Maestro (Sp.). 1. Master, master
workman; AL del bocarte, a mill
man ; M. de obras, a contractor or
builder; M. fundidor,. a practical
smelter. M. herrero, a master black-
smith ; M. mecdnico, a master me-
chanic; M. palero, head timberman.
2. (Peru) The principal trough in
patio amalgamation, in which all
the amalgam is gathered. (Dwight)

Mafic. In petrology, pertaining to or
composed dominantly of the ferro-
magnesian rock-forming silicates ;
said of some igneous rocks and their
constituent minerals. Contrasted
with Felsic. (T^a Forge)

Maggie (Scot). An inferior and
sandy part of ironstone; inferior or
stony coal. (Barrowman)

Maggie blaes (Scot.). An inferior sul-
phurous ironstone. (Barrowman)

Magistral (Sp.). A powder of roasted
copper pyrites, used in the amalga-
mation of silver ores in the Mexican
patio process. (Raymond)

Magistraleros (Mex.). Men who burn
(roast) copper ore for magistral.
(Halse)

Magma. In petrology, liquid molten
rock; the molten material from
which igneous rocks are formed by
solidification (La Forge). An origi-
nal, parent magma may break up
into several derived ones. The word
is also used in the sense of basis as
earlier defined, but this use is un-
fortunate. (Kemp)

Magma-basalt. A synonym for Limbur-
gite, proposed by Boricky in 1872,
at about the same time that Rosen-
busch suggested limburgite. Some
authorities give the former the pref-
erence. (Kemp)

Magmatic. In petrology, of. pertaining
to, or derived from magma. (La
Forge)

Magmatic differentiation. In petrol-
ogy, the process by which different
types .of igneous rocks are derived
from a single parent magma, or by
which different parts of a single
molten mass assume different com-
positions and textures as it solidifies
(La Forge). Also called Magmatic .
segregation.

414

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Magmatic water. Water derived from
cooling igneous magma. See also
Juveline water. (Emmons)

Magnesia. Magnesium oxide, MgO. A
light, earthy, white substance, ob-
tained by heating the hydroxide or
carbonate, or by burning magnesium.
(Webster)

Magnesia alba. A light, white, hy-
drous magnesium carbonate pre-
pared by pulverizing the mineral
magnesite, or by chemical means.
(Standard)

Magnesian limestone. See Dolomite.

Magnesite. Magnesium carbonate,
MgCO». Crystals rare, usually rhom-
bohedral, also prismatic. Commonly
massive ; granular, cleavable to very
compact; earthy. Color white, yel-
lowish, or grayish-white, brown.
Transparent to opaque. (Standard)

Magnesium. A silver-white metallic
element, malleable, ductile and light.
Symbol, Mg; atomic weight, 24.32;
specific gravity, 1.74 (Webster).
Used chiefly in the form of ribbon
or powder to produce a brilliant
light by its combustion, as in sig-
naling, photography, or pyrotechny.
(Standard)

Magnes stone. A magnet. (Century)

Magnet. 1. A loadstone; a variety of
magnetite or magnetic iron ore hav-
ing naturally the property of at-
tracting iron (Webster). Also
called Natural magnet.
2. A large horseshoe magnet em-
ployed to lock and unlock safety
lamps. The operation can be ac-
complished only by direct contact
with the magnet.

Magnetic. Of, or pertaining to, the
magnet ; possessing the properties of
the magnet, as a magnetic needle.
(Webster)

Magnetic field. 1. The space through
which the force or influence of a
magnet is exerted. 2. The space
about a conductor carrying an elec-
tric current in which, as it may be
shown, magnetic force is also ex-
erted. (Century)

Magnetic force. The force, attractive
or repulsive, exerted between two
magnetic poles; the force which
produces or changes magnetization.
(Webster)

Magnetic guard. A double mask of
magnetized steel-wire gauze, to pro-
tect a workman from the flying dust
of iron and steel. (Standard)

Magnetic iron ore. Synonym for Mag-
netite.

Magnetic meridian. In general, any
isogonic line. Specifically, the direc-
tion assumed by the compass needle
at any place; a magnetic north-and-
south line.

Magnetic ore. A black, hard ore that
is magnetic, as magnetite. (Stand-
ard)

Magnetic pole. Either of those points
on the earth's surface where the
lines of magnetic force are vertical ;
an end of the axis of the earth's
magnetic polarity, not coinciding
with a geographical pole, and chang-
ing its position slowly. The north
magnetic pole is in northern British
America at about lat. 70*° N., long,
97° W. (Standard)

Magnetic pyrite. Same as Pyrrho-
tite. (Standard)

Magnetic scale. A diagram of metals
showing their comparative magnetic
qua 1 ities. ( Standard )

Magnetic separator. A device hi
which a powerful magnet separates
magnetic iron ore from sand or
gangue. ( Standard )

Magnetism. That peculiar property
possessed by certain bodies (as iroD
and steel) whereby, under certain
circumstances, they naturally at-
tract or repel one another according
to determinate laws. (Century)

Magnetite; Magnetic iron ore. The
magnetic iron oxide, FeO.FeaOt.
Contains 72.4 per cent iron (U. S.
Geol. Surv.). The name of the min>
eral is prefixed to the names of
many rocks in which it is promi-
nent. It almost furnishes a rock it-
self, in places. (Kemp)

Magnetite-olivinite. A name coined
by A. Sjogren in 1876 for the ig-
neous iron ore at Taberg, in Swe-
den. The rock is an aggregate of
magnetite and olivine, with a few
shreds of biotite. The rock is prac-
tically a peridotite, greatly enriched
with titaniferous magnetite. On the
borders of the intrusion it shades ,
into gabbro. Compare Cumberland-
ite. (Kemp)

Magnetite^spinellite. An eruptive iron
ore occurring at Koutivara, Sweden,
and consisting of magnetite (in part
titaniferous), spinel, and smaller
amounts of olivine, pyroxene, apa-
tite, and pyrrhotite. The ore con-
tains about 14 per cent titanic oxide.
(Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

415

Magnochromite. A variety of the
mineral chromite that contains mag-
nesium. (Standard)

Magnophyric. Coarsely porphyritic.
Containing phenocrysts that are
greater than 5 mm. in longest di-
ameter. See Mediophyric and Mino-
phyric. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p.
200)

Maiden field (Scot). An unbroken or
un worked mineral property. (Bar-
rowman )

Maidens (Scot.). Iron frames or
standards carrying pillow blocks of
shaft pulleys (Barrowman). See
Mingles.

Main-and-tail-rope haulage. A system
of haulage whereby a set of skips
connect two ropes, one known as the
main, the other as the tail rope.
The main rope hauls the full skip
out, while the tail rope draws the
empties into the mine. (Power)

Main bord-gate (York.). The heading
which is driven slightly to the rise
from the shaft (Gresley)

Main bottom. Hard rock below allu-
vial deposits. (Duryee)

Main engine (No. of Eng.). The sur-
face pumping engine, usually of the
Cornish type. (Gresley)

Main entry. 1. An entry driven" at
right angles with the face slips of
the coal (Roy). See also Entry.
2. A main haulage road. See also
main road.

Mafn rake (Derb.). The main or
principal vein. (Mander)

Main road. The principal under-
ground road in a district along
which the coal or ore is conveyed to
the shafts, generally forming the
main intake air course of each dis-
trict. M Gresley)

Main rod (Corn.). See Pump rod.

Main rope. In tail-rope haulage, the
rope that draws the loaded cars out
of the mine. (Steel)

Main-rope system. A system of un-
derground haulage in which the
weight of the empty cars is suffi-
cient to draw the rope inbye.
(Gresley)

Main suit (Brist). A heavy spring or
feeder of water. (Gresley)

Maintainer (Eng.). A shareholder.
(Bainbridpe)

Maintenage (Fr.). The face of work-
ings in inclined or vertical seams,
consisting of a series of steps each

about 6 feet high, and forming the
working place for one man. (Gres-
ley)

Mainway. A gangway or principal
passage. (Raymond)

Maja; Majadero
(Halse)

(Sp.). A pestle.

Majano (Sp.). A small heap of stones
used as a landmark. (Halse)

Majar (Sp.). To pound or beat in a
mortar. (Halse)

Majolica ; Maiolica. A variety of earth-
enware coated with an opaque white
enamel and decorated in colors.
(Standard)

Make. 1. A formation or accumula-
tion of profitable vein material; as,
a make (i. e., a body) of ore in a
vein or in a series of lenticular de-
posits (Webster). Also called:
Make of stone; Make of quartz;
Make of reef.

2. The amount produced ; yield ; as,
the make from a furnace. (Stand-
ard)

Make gas (Mid.). To yield or pro-
duce gas. A seam of coal that gives
off fire damp is said to make gas.
(Gresley)

Make of quartz. See Make, 1.

Make of reef. See Make, 1.

Make of stone (Aust). A shoot of
ore (Power). See Make, 1.

Makings (Newc.). The small coal
hewn out in undercutting or chan-
neling (Raymond). Also, in some
localities, called Bug dust.

Mala (Peru). A gorge. (Halse)

Malacacheta (Braz.). A yellowish
brown micaceous earth in which to-
paz is found. (Halse)

Malacate (Mex.). Windlass; horse-
whim. Any mining hoist; M. de
arana, an ordinary capstan.
(Dwight)

Malacatero (Sp.). A whim driver.
(Halse)

Malachite. Green basic copper car-
bon ate, 2CuO.COa.HjO.. Contains
40.3 per cent copper. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Malachite green. 1. Malachite ground
and used as a pigment 2. A green,
basic dyestuff of bluish tinge, pre-
pared by condensation of benzalde-
hyde with two molecules of dimethyl-
aniline, with subsequent oxidation.
(Webster)

Malacolite. A pale-colored, translu-
cent variety of diopside. (Dana)

416

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Malacon. A brown, vitreous variety
of zircon. (Standard)

Malaquita (Sp.). 1. Malachite. 2. M.
azul, azurite. VHalse)

Malaspina glacier. See Piedmont gla-
cier.

Malchite. A variety of diorite dike
that has, in a groundmass of quartz,
feldspar, and Jiornblende, pheno-
crysts of plagioclase, hornblende, and
biotite. The name was given by A.
Osann, and is derived, from Mnlchen,
another name for Mt. Melibocus, in
Hesse. (Kemp)

Haldonite. A metallic, pinkish, silver-
white alloy of gold and bismuth
(Au2Bi) that is found native.
(Standard)

Malecon (Sp.). 1. A dike or embank-
ment'. 2. An ore wharf. 3. A cof-
ferdam. (Halse)

Male"tra furnace. A hand reverbera-
tory furnace for roasting finely di-
vided ore entirely without the aid
of extraneous heat. (Peters, p.
172)

Malignite. A name proposed by Law-
son for a group of rocks on ijie
Maligne River, Tlainy Lake district,
Province of Ontario. They are de-
scribed as "basic, holocrystalline,
plutonic rocks, rich in alkalies and
iime." Iron is present in moderate
amounts, almost entirely combined
in the silicates. Iron and magnesia
are more abundant than is usual In
the alkali-rich plutonic rocks. The
•chief minerals are orthoclase, often
microscopically intergrown with an
acid plagioclase; aegirite- augite,
which may predominate with but a
moderate admixture of biotite, or
may be subordinate and intergrown
with preponderant soda amphibole.
biotite being present as before.
There are two types of nmlignites,
one of which has much melanite and
another much nephalite. (Kemp)

Malinger. 1. To feign illness; sham
sickness in order to avoid duty;
counterfeit disease. (Century)

Malingerer. 1. A soldier or a sailor
who feigns himself sick, or who in-
duces or protracts an illness, in or-
der to avoid doing his duty ; hence,
in general, one who shirks his duty
by pretending illness or inability.
(Webster)

2- In industrial-accident insurance,
one who feigns disability or prolongs
his period of disability, in order to
collect accident insurance or com-
pensation.

Malingering. A practice indulged in
by an employee, injured by accident,
in order that he may collect acci-
dent insurance or other compensa-
tion, and at the same time avoid
work.

Malinowskite. A variety of tetrahe-
drite that contains lead. (Stand-
ard)

Malla (Sp.). Mesh of a screen.
(Dwight)

Malleable. Capable of being extended
or shaped by beating with a ham-
mer, as gold, silver, etc. Compare
Brittle, Flexible, and Sectile. (Web-
ster)

Malleable castings. Small iron cast-
ings made malleable by annealing,
or decarburizing by cementation in
powdered hematite or other oxide of
iron. (Raymond)

Malleable iron. Cast-iron made from
pig-iron of the proper kind, so
treated as to render it capable of
being bent or hammered to a limited
extent without breaking, that is. it
is malleable. Its strength is above
that of cast-iron. The treatment is
known as annealing. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Malleate. To shape into a plate or
leaf by beating, or hammering; said
of metal. (Standard)

Mallet (Corn.). The sledge hammer
used for striking a drill. (Ray-
mond )

Mallon; Mallion (Eng.). A soft ke.vil
(Bainbridge). See Kevil, 1.

Malm. 1. (Eng.) A soft, grayish-
while, friable limestone. 2. A rich
clayey soil containing chalk; marl;
also in brickmaking an artificial
mixture of clay and chalk. (Web-
ster)

Maiming. The preparation of an arti-
ficial malm by mixing chalk and clay
reduced to a pulp, and allowing the
mixture to consolidate by evapora-
tion. (Century)

Malm rock (Eng.). A local name for
the sandstone of Surrey and Sussex;
called also firestone. (Ure)

Malmstone. Same as Malm rock.

Malpais (Mex.). Ground covered
with a lava flow (Halse). Liter-
ally, bad land.

Maltha. The pitch or gum resulting
from the drying up .and oxida-
tion of petroleum, as when it has
reached the surface of the ground.
(Roy. Com.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

417

Malthacite. A variety of fuller's
earth. (Chester)

Malting coal (Wales). Anthracite
coal. (Webster)

Mama (Sp. Am.). Stake or pile
driver. (Lucas)

Mammillary; Mammilated. In miner-
alogy, forming smoothly rounded
masses resembling breasts or por-
tions of spheres: said of the shape
of some mineral aggregates, as ma-
lachite or limonite: similar to but
on a larger scale than botryoidal.
(La Forge)

Mammona (Braz.). Castor oil used in
a miner's lamp. (Bensussan)

Mamposteria (Sp.). 1. Masonry work
in general. 2. Rubble work or
rough-stone work. (Halse)

Mampostero (Sp.). A stone mason.
(Halse)

Mampnesto. 1. (Sp.) Ashlar, nibble,
rough stone, or material used in
walling. 2. (Colom.) A trestle
aqueduct for flumes. (Halse)

Manager. An official who has control
and supervision of a mine, both un-
der and above ground, and genet-ally
also of the sale of the product
(Steel). At some mines he is called
superintendent, general superintend-
ent, or agent.

Manantial (Sp.). A spring of water;
M. caliente, a hot spring. (Halse)

Man cage. A special cage for raising
and lowering men in a mine shaft.
See also Man car.

Man car. A kind of car for transport-
ing miners up and down the steeply
inclined shafts of some mines as at
Lake Superior (Century). See
also Man cage.

Manchado (Sp.). Spotted ore. (HaJse)

Mandadero (Mex.). Errand boy; a
daily messenger. (Halse)

Mandarin porcelain. A Chinese porce-
lain brilliantly decorated with fig-
ures of mandarins in their official
robes. (Standard)

Mandelstone. Same as Amygdaloid.

Mandon (Mex.). An overseer or boss.
(Dwight)

Man door (Scot). A small trapdoor
on a traveling road. (Barrowman)

Mandrel; Mandril (Eng.). A miner's
pick (Webster). See also Maundril.

Mandrel socket. A well tool for
straightening out the top of casing,
etc., within a well, consisting of a
lemon-shaped swage within a cone
or bellmouth, by means of which
the casing is worked to a circular
shape. Also useful for straighten-
ing a lost sand pump, etc., so that
the dogs may enter. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Manebach twin. A monoclinic twin
crystal having the basal pinacoid as
the twinning plane. (Dana)

Man engine. See Man machine.

Manero (Mex.). A single-hand ham-
mer used by miners. (Dwight)

Manga. 1. (Mex.) Conical canvas
bag to drain quicksilver out of
amalgam. 2. Hose. 3. Tuyere sack.
(Dwight)

4. (Sp.) An inclined chute. An
ore pass. 5. (Colom.) A pasture
or meadowland. (Halse)

Ma ngan apatite. A variety of apatite
in which manganese replaces cal-
cium. (Standard)

Manganblende. See Alabandite.

Manganbmcite. A yellow, massive va-
riety of brucite containing manga-
nese. ( Standard )

Manganese. A hard, brittle metallic
element having a grayish - white
color tinged with red and rusting
like iron. Not magnetic. ' Symbol,
Mn; atomic weight, 54.93; specific
gravity, 8.0. (Webster). The black
oxid, pyrolusite, the gray oxide,
manganite, and the earthy oxide,
wad, are used in the arts. Man-
ganese is used extensively in harden-
ing steel. See Ferromanganese ; also
Manganese steel.

Manganese bronze. Properly, bronze
containing manganese, a common
proportion being copper 88, tin 10,
manganese 2 ; also, any of certain
other copper-manganese alloys not,
necessarily containing tin. In gen-
eral, it is a reddish-white metal, re-
markable for its strength and tough-
ness. (Webster)

Manganese copper. See Manganese
bronze.

Manganese glaze. A dark-colored glaze
which receives its color from an
oxide of manganese. (Standard)

Manganese hydrate. See Psilomelane.

7440100 — 47-

-27

418

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Manganese spar. See Rhodonite.

Manganese steel. Steel containing
about twelve per cent of manganese.
A non-fissile alloy that exceeds all
other known materials in its combi-
nation, of hardness and ductility:
used chiefly where resistance to abra-
sion is required, as in crushing and
dredging machinery, and in some
car wheels. (Standard)

Manganese (Sp.). Manganese, man-
ganese ore; M. negro, pyrolusite;
M. ffris, manganite. (Halse)

Manganin. An alloy in which man-
ganese and nickel are compounded
in somewhat small proportions with
copper, the ratio of manganese to
nickel being as 3 or 4 to 1. This
alloy is used almost exclusively In
the construction of a standard of
electrical resistance, the tempera-
ture coefficient being practically
zero. (Standard)

Manganite; Gray manganese ore. A
hydrated manganese oxide, Mn2Os.-
HaO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Manganocalcite. A variety of calcite
that contains manganese carbonate
and is closely related to rhodochro-
site. (Standard)

Manganolite. Wadsworth's name for
rocks composed of manganese min-
erals, such as wad, psilomelane, etc.
(Kemp)

Manganosiderite. A carbonate of man-
ganese and iron intermediate be-
tween rhodochrosite and siderite.
(Century)

Manganosite. Manganese protoxide,
MnO. In isometric octahedrons.
Cleavage cubic. Color emerald-
green, becoming black on exposure.
(Dana)

Mangar (Colom.). To scrape the
ground sluice with a hoe in order to
collect the gold. (Halse)

Mango (Mex.). A handle for pick or
hammer. (Dwight)

Manguera (Sp.). Hose. (Dwight)

Mmnguito (Sp.). A small sleeve; a
clutch; a shaft coupling. (Halse)

Manheim gold. A brass alloy resem-
bling gold. ( Century )

Manhes process. A purifying and oxi-
dizing process for removing sulphur
from copper matte, by subjecting the
molten matte to a blast of air;
named from the inventor (Stand-
ard). Compare Bessemer process.

Manhole. 1. A refuge hole constructed
in the side of a gangway, tunnel or
slope. 2. A small and generally very
short passage used only for the in-
gress and egress of the miners. 3.
A hole in cylindrical boilers through
which a man can get into the boiler
to examine and repair it. (Steel)
4. A small passage connecting a level
with a stope, or with the level next
above. (Webster)

Man hudge (Glouc.). A kind of bar-
rel or box in which men ride in a
shaft. (Gr^sley)

Mani (Colom.). 1. Large fragments
of amphibolite, syenite or granite in
alluvial mines. 2. In lode mines, a
granitic country rock. Sometimes
applied to porphyry. (Halse)

Manifiesto (Sp.). A freight list; a
mainfest. (Halse;

Manipulator. A machine for moving
and turning over hot billets or
blooms of iron or steel in the proc-
ess of rolling. (Standard)

Manizal (Sp. Am.). A place abound-
ing in mani. (Lucas)

Manjak. A natural bitumen found In
the Barbados. The term is some-
times used to include gilsonite and
its congeners and ozocerite (Mit-
zakis). Used in the manufacture
of varnish, Spelled also Manjack.

Man machine; Man engine (Corn, and
Derb. ) . A mechanical lift for lower-
ing and raising miners in a shaft by
means of a reciprocating vertical
rod of heavy timber with platforms
at intervals, or of two such rods,
moving in opposite directions. In
the former case, stationary plat-
forms are placed in the shaft, so
that the miner in descending, for
instance, can step from the moving
platform at the end of the down-
stroke, and step back upon the next
platform below at the beginning of
the next down-stroke. When two
rods are employed, the miner steps
from the platform on one rod to
that on the other. (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

419

(Mex.). 1. The grinding stone
af an arrastre, etc. 2. A pestle. 3.
U. de hierro, the muller of an amal-
gamating pan. . 4. A stamo head.
(Halse)

Man-of-war (Staff.). A small pillar
of coal left in a critical spot; also,
a principal support In thick coal
workings. (Raymond)

Manometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the elastic* pressure of gases;
an accurate pressure gage. (Stand-
ard)

Mano scope. A manometer. (Century)

Man rope. A winding rope used ex-
clusively fcr lowering and raising
men and animals, when tacklers and
swinging honts were used and cages
were unknown. (Grealey)

Manta (Sp.). 1. A woolen blanket
2 A blanket or horse cloth used for
hoisting ore by the malacate. 8. A
bedded vein or deposit. 4. (Nicara-
gua) A surface deposit of broken
quartz worked for gold. (Halse)

Man tear (Mex.). To hoist ore in
bags or manias. (Halse)

Manteo (Mex.). 1. Hoisting. 2. An
inclined hoist (Dwight)

Mantero (Mex.). Man who loads ma-
terial to be hoisted fri a shaft.
(Dwight)

Mantle. 1. The outer wall and casing
of an iron blast furnace, above 'the'
hearth. ( Raymond )
2. A penstock for 4 water' wheel.

Man to (Sp.). In mining, a. layer or
stratum, especially a stratum that
contains gold in profitable quantity.
(Standard)

Mann* tetter. An instrument for de-
termining the flash point of petro-
leum. (Mltzakis)

Manway. 1. A small passage used as
a traveling way for the miner, and
also often used as an airway or
chute, or both. (Steel)
8. A short heading between two
chutes (Gresiey). A manhole.

Map. A horizontal projection, of sur-
face plants, mine workings or both
drawn to a deflate scale, upon which
is shown all the important features
of the mine ; a plan ; a plat

Maqnlla (Mex.). Smelting or treat-
ment charge ; M. y flete, freight and
treatment charge. (Dwight)

Maquilar (Mex.). To work ore for

its owner on shares, or for money.

(Dwight)
Maquilero. 1. (Peru) Ore buyer.

(Dwight)

2. (Mex.) One who dresses ore on

hire. (Halse)
Maqnilla (Sp.). A mill where ore is

ground on shares. (Raymond)

Maquina ( Sp. ) . A machine or engine.
M. de barrenar, a rock drill (Lucas).
M. de vapor, a steam engine (Min.
Jour. ) . M. de extraction, a hoisting
engine; M. exploradora, diamond-
drill machine. (Halse)

Maquipuros (Peru). A class of work-
men who make only temporary visits
to the mines when they are at-
tracted by bonanzas. Most of them
come from distant Provinces and re-
turn to their homes when the bo-
nanza is exhausted (Halse). A
stampeder.

Marathon ami. A form of tube mill
used in the cement industry, in
V.hich the pulverizing Is done by
long pieces of hardened steel sbaft-

. ing. (LIddeli)

Maray (Arg.). A kind of hand ar-
rastre used by the Indians for re-
ducing quartz. (Lucas)

Marble. In Itthology, a metamorphosed
aik) recrystallized limestone. In the
trade, the name is applied to any
limestone that will take a polish.
(Kemp)'

The following are some of the
principal marbles : Bardiglio, bird's
eye, black and gold, boagard, breccia,
brocatelle. calico, campan, Cannes,
carrara, cipolino, eolian, fior di persi-
cor, fire, forest formosa, giallo an-
tico, griotte, landscape, languedoc,
lepanto, lumachelle, lyonnaise, madre-
pore, mischio. nero antico de prato,
pumidlan, onyx, paonazza, parian,
parmazo, pavonazetta, pentellic, pe-
tit granite, Phrygian, porter, ricolite,
rosso antico, rosso levanto, rouge
antique, ruin, saccharoidal, St. Anne,
St Baume, sarrancolin, serpentine,
aienna. stalactitic and stalagraltic,
statuary, verdantique, and winooski.
(Ries)

Marble band (Scot). Musselband
ironstone. (Barrowman)

Marble glaze. A glaze coating on pot-
tery, having colored, veins in imita-
tion of marble. (Standard)

Marble handsaw. A toothless blade
fitted at the back with a block han-
dle, used with sand for cutting slabs
of marble into pieces. (Century)

420

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Marble polisher. 1. A block of sand-
stone used to rub a marble slab in
the preliminary polishing. Also a
linen cushion with which the polish-
ing is completed by the agency of
emery dust, etc. 2. A machine for
polishing marble. 3. A marble rub-
ber. (Century)

Marbler. A quarrier or cutter of mar-
ble. (Century)

Marble rubber. A rubber for surfac-
ing, smoothing, and polishing marble
slabs. (Century)

Marble saw. A machine for cutting
marble. (Century)

Marca (Sp.). 1. A mark. The royal
arms, stamped on a piece of assayed
silver as a token of its having paid
the duties to the crown. (Rockwell)
2. A surveyor's mark. 3. A Province
or district. (Halse)

Marcasita (-Sp.) Marcasite.
(D wight)

Marcasite. The orthorhombic iron py-
rite, FeS2. It has a slightly lower
specific gravity than pyrite and
somewhat paler in color. Often
called White iron pyrites; Coxcomb
pyrites, and Spear pyrites. (Cen-
tury)

March (ScotJ. The boundary of the
coal or colliery. (Gresley)

Marching (Scot.). A boundary work-
ing. (Gresley)

March place (Scot.). A heading
driven up to or alongside the march,
or boundary of a mining property.
(Gresley)

March stones ( Scot.) . Stones set at in-
tervals on the surface to indicate the
boundary line. (Barrowman)

Marco (Mex.). 1. Set of shaft tim-
bers ; square set. Timber frame of
any kind. 2. A weight of 8.1184 oz.
avoir., or 7.3995 oz. troy. 3. (Chile)
A pulley frame. (Halse)

Marcus. A patented shaker screen
with a non-harmonic or quick-return
motion. (C. and M. M. P.)

Marcy mill. A ball mill in which a
vertical diaphragm is placed about
1 foot from the discharge end. Be-
tween this perforated diaphragm
and the end of the tube there are
arranged screens for sizing the ma-
terial, oversize being returned for
further grinding while itndersize is
discharged. (Liddell)

Marekanite. A rhyolitic perlite from
the banks of the Marekaka river,
near Okhotsk, Siberia. At times a
clear glass; it is found in balls

and cores of large perlitic masses
and may even be under strain like
Prince Rupert's drops. (Kemp)

Mar&a. 1. (Sp!) Marl. 2. (Colom.)
Spathic iron; siderite. (Halse)

Margarite. 1. A primary form of crys-
tallization in which globulites are
arranged lineally. (Webster)
2. A monoclinic mineral, H2CaAl4-
SizOi2. Luster of base is pearly, and
that of the lateral faces is vitreous.
Color grayish, reddish-white, pink,
yellowish. Translucent to subtrans-
lucent. (Dana)

Margarodite. A variety of Muscovite,
or common potash mica, affording
upon ignition, a small percentage of
water. (Century)

Margaryize. The impregnation of tim-
ber with a solution of copper sul-
phate. (Century)

Margin draft. In masonry, the plain-
dressed portion of the face of a
hewn block next its edge. (Stand-
ard)

Maria glass. An early name for both
mica and selenite. (Chester)

Marialite. A variety of scapolite.
(Century)

Marignac's salt. Potassium stannosul-
phate, KaSn(SO4).. (Liddell)

Marine metal. A sheathing material
for ships, usually an alloy princi-
pally of copper, (Standard)

Mariposa (Sp.). A naked light. (Lu-
cas)

Mariposite. A light-green variety of
muscovite that is found with pyrite.
(Standard)

Mariupolite. A name derived from
Mariupol, a locality on the sea of
Azov, and applied by J. Morozewicz
to a variety of nephelite-syenite, so
rich in soda and poor in potash that
orthoclase practically fails. An es-
timate of the percentage of the com-
ponent minerals gave, albite, 73;
nephelite, 14; aegirite, 7.6; lepl-
domelane, 4; zircon, 1.6. The tex-
ture varies from coarsely -crystalline
to porphyritic and to compact, ac-
cording to the occurrence of the rock
in large masses or in dikes. (Kemp)

Mark. 1. A band of hemp, etc.,
wrapped around a winding rope to
indicate to the engineer the position
of the cage in the shaft. (Gresley)
2. The chalk mark made at the
working faces, etc., by a fireboss ns
an indication that he has made an
examination of that place.

GLOS8ABY OF WJNINQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

421

Market house (Eng.). A point near
the mine entrance to which loaded
mine cars are takec. for examina-
tion when It is suspected that the
miner has loaded more thaa the al-
lowable amount of rock with the
coal.

Market lead. Lead ready for market.
(Standard)

Market pot. In silver refining, the pot
at the end of the series of pots used
in the Pattinson process, in the di-
rection in which the amount of silver
left in the lead is diminishing. It
contains the market lead. {Cen-
tury)

Markings (of mining claims),. Those
may consist of stakes, posts! piles of
stone, bowlders, posting a notice on
the ground, placing a notice in a
tin can attached to a stake, fasten-
ing a notice to a tree, or placing it
in a box or frame, blazing trees
along the boundaries or at the cor-
ners, cutting away undergrowth,
making a trail through the timber
along the sides or ends of the claim,
or blazing stumps. (Meydenbauer
v. Stevens. 78 Fed. Kept., p. 791)

Marl. A calcareous clay, or intimate
mixture of clay and particles of cal-
cite or dolomite, usually fragments
of shells. Marl in America is chiefly
applied to incol^ent sands, but
abroad compact, impure limestones
are also called marls. (Kemp)

Marlaceous. Resembling, having the
nature of, or containing marl.
(Standard)

Marl brick. A fine quality of brick
used in the fronts of houses; a
cutter. (Standard)

Marlinespike. A sharp pointed and
gradually tapered round iron, used
in splicing ropes. (G. and M. M.
P.)

Marlite. Marl that has become some-
what stony in character. (White)

Marl pit. A pit where marl is dug.
(Webster)

Marl slate. Calcareous shale; a va-
riety of marl splitting into thin
plates. (Century)

Marlstoae. A ferruginous limestone
belonging to the middle Lias of Eng-
land. (Webster)

Marly. Resembling marl; abounding
with marl. (Webster)

Marmaja (Mex.). 1. Iron pyrite. 2*
In the patio process a py.ritic resi-
due obtained in separating the silver
amalgam by washing. 3. (Colom.).
Marcasite and pyrite frequently rich
in gold and silver (Halse). Mar-
ma jas (Mex.). Concentrated sul-
phides. (Dwight)

Marmarosis. The general name for
the process of crystallization of
limestones to marble, whether by
contact or regional metamorphism.
It was coined by Geikie from the
Latin for marble. (Kemp)

Marmatite. A* ferriferous variety of
sphalerfte, containing 10 per cent or
more of Iron. It is dark brown to
black. (Dana)

Kaxmol (Sp.). Marble. (Dwight)

Marmolite. A thin laminated serpen-
tine, usually pale greer. (Webster)

Marmoratnm. A cement formed of
pounded marble and lime mortar
well beaten together. Used by the
ancient Romans in building terrace
walls, etc. (Century)

Marmoric. Of or pertaining to mar-
ble. (Webster)

Maroma (Sp.). A rope to pull or
draw by, as a hawser. (Min. Jour.)

Marquesitas (Sp.). Mundic; iron py-
rite. (Min. Jour.)

Marqueta. 1. (Mex.) A bar of lead
bullion. 2. (Peru) Retort silver.
3. A brick of amalgam. (Halse)

Marriner process. A modification of the
cyanide process in which the ore is
dead - roasted, all of it ground to
slime, and the resulting product
treated by agitation. (Liddell)

Marro (Mex.). .A sledge hammer.
(Dwight)

Marrow (No. of Eng.). A mate, butty,
or partner. (Gresley)

Marsaut lamp. A type of safety lamp
characterized by multiple - gauze
chimneys. (C. und M. M. P.)

Mars brown. A yellowish-brown pig-
ment the color of which is due to
iron oxide. (Webster)

Marsh. A tract of soft wet land,
commonly partly or wholly covered
with water ; a fen ; swamp ; morass.
(Webster)

Marsh gas. Methane. In the miner's
language, synonymous with fire
damp.

422

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Marsh ore. A synonym for Bog iron
ore. (Chester)

Marsh test. A delicate test for arsenic.
(Webster)

Martar el circo (Peru). To add the
last mercury in the patio process.
(Halse)

Marsut. See Mazout.

Martensite. A hard brittle substance,
of the nature of a solid solution,
consisting of iron with 2 per cent
or less of carbon, and forming the
chief constituent of quenched steel.
The variety that corresponds in com-
position to pearlite (containing 0.9
per cent carbon) is called Hardenite.
(Webster)

Martillo (Sp.). A hammer or sleage
used in mining or quarrying.
(Halse)

Martin. A stone-faced, perforated plate
or runner, used for grinding and
polishing stone. (Standard)

Martin process. Called also -the Sie-
mens-Martin and the open -hearth
process. Used in the manufacture
of steel. (Raymond)

Martite. Ferric oxide, Fe»O«, occur-
ring in iron-black crystals of iso-
metric form, and probably a pseii-
domorph after magnetite. (Web-
ster)

Marver. A polished slab or table,
originally marble, but. now usually
iron, with rounded concavities, upon
which a balloon of molten glass
gathered on the end of a blowpipe
is rolled to make it cylindrical or
spheroidal. (Standard)

(Sp.). 1. Mortar. 2. A mass of
gold, silver, or other metal. 3. An
irregular deposit. ( Halse )

4. M. derecha, vertical ore deposit;
M. echada, horizontal ore deposit.
(Dwight)

5. (Peru) Pulp discharged from a
Chilean mill. (Pfordte)

Mascagnite. A native ammonium sul-
phate, (NEUJaSO^ that occurs about
volcanoes (Dana). Also called Mas-
cagnlne.

Mash (Scot). A double-hand ham-
mer for breaking coal, setting up
props, etc. (Barrowman)

Mason. A mechanic whose occupation
LB the laying of brick and stone in
building; one who has charge of or
contracts for mason work; also,
sometimes, one who works or dresses
stone for building; a stonecutter.
(Standard)

Masonry. 1. The art or work of con-
structing, as buildings, walls, etc.,
with regularly arranged stones or
bricks ; the occupation or skill of a
mason. 2. That which is built by
masons; stonework; brickwork.

Mason's hammer. A square-faced ham-
mer with a peen in line with handle.
(Standard)

Masonwork. See Masonry, 2.

Mass .action. Chemical action as af-
fected by the masses of the reacting
substances. (Webster)

Mass copper (Lake Sup.). Native
copper, occurring in large masses.
(Raymond)

Massicot. Lead monoxide, PbO, occur-
ring as a mineral. Contains 92.8
per cent lead (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
See Litharge.

Massif. 1. The dominant, central mass
of a mountain ridge more or less
defined by longitudinal or transverse
valleys. 2. A diastrophic block, or
any isolated central independent
mass. (Standard)

Massifs longs. (Fr.) Pillars in long-
wall workings. (Gresley)

Massive. 1. In petrology, (a) of homo-
geneous structure, without stratifi-
cation, flow-banding, foliation, schist-
ocity, and the like; said of the
structure of some rocks: often, but
incorrectly used as synonymous with
igneous and eruptive, (ft) Occur-
ring in thick beds, free from minor
joints and lamination: said of some
stratified rocks. 2. In mineralogy,
without definite crystalline struc-
ture; amorphous: not a very good
usage. (La Forge)

Massive eruption. The pouring forth
of lava from a line or system of fis-
sures, so that vast areas have become
covered by nearly horizontal sheets
of eruptive material. (Century)

Mast. The upright pole of a crane or
derrick. (Standard)

Master. A collier's term for the owner
of the mine. (Gresley)

Master joint. A large and persistent
plane of division that passes with
regularity and parallelism through a
nu mber of beds. ( Power )

Master lode. The most productive lode
of a district (Standard). See
also Champion lode.

Master wasteman (Eng.). The person
who has charge of the wastemen.
(G. C. Green well) .

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

423

Mastic. 1. A mixture of bituminous
material and other fine mineral mat-
ter, for use in highway construction
and for application in a heated con-
dition. (Bacon)

2. A kind of mortar or cement used
for plastering walls. It is composed
of finely ground oolitic limestone
mixed with sand, litharge and lin-
seed oil. (Century)

Mat. 1. An accumulation of broken
mine timbers, rock, earth, etc., coin-
cident with the caving system of
mining. As the ore is extracted the
mat gradually settles and forms the
roof of the working" levels, stopes,
etc. 2. A hempen blanket made of
ropes to cover shallow excavations
when blasting therein to prevent
damage by flying rocks, etc.

3. A lusterless or dull surface in a
metal, produced by a method of
finishing. 4. A tool for finishing a
metal surface so as to produce a
neat appearance. (Standard)

Mate (Sp.). Matte; M. azul, blue
metal. (Halse)

Metacho (Mex.). An unproductive
lode. (Lucas)

Matas de oro (Sp.). Ore chimneys.
(Lucas)

Match. 1. A charge of gunpowder put
into a paper several inches long, and
used for igniting explosives. 2. The
touch end of a squib. (Steel)
3. In founding, a casing of hard
sand, block of plaster, or the like,
for guarding any deficiency in the
matching or joining of the parts of a
mold. (Standard)

Match plate. In founding, a board or
plate placed between the parts of
a two-part flask and on the opposite
sides of which the halves of a pat-
tern are placed and rammed up, the
plate being then removed to permit
the halves of the pattern to come
together. ( Standard )

Matera (Colom.). A bunchy mine, or
one in which the gold is found in
pockets. (Halse)

Material man (Corn.). One who has
the care of materials and issues sup-
plies to miners (Min. Jour.) A
warehouse man.

Matheson joint. A wrought-pipe Joint
made by enlarging the one end of the
pipe to form a suitable lead recess,
similar to the bell end of a cast-iron
pipe, and receiving the male or
spigot end of the next length. Prac-

tically the same style of a joint as
used for cast-iron pipe. (Nat. Tube
Co.)

Mathewson's device. An apparatus for
separating matte and slag at lead-
silver blast furnaces where matte is
of secondary importance. (Peters,
p. 297)

Matrass; Mattrass. A small, hard, glass
tube closed at one end, used in. blow-
pipe analysis. (Webster)

Matrice. See Matrix.

Matricula (Sp.). A register for mines,
etc. (Crofutt)

Matrix. 1. The rock or earthy mate-
rial containing «i mineral or metallic
ore; the gangue (Raymond). Some-
times called Ground mass.

2. The material which forms a
cushion, or binder, for use in the con-
struction of pavements. (Bacon)

3. The impression or mold of the
exterior of a fossil, crystal, or other
mineral left in the containing rock
when a fossil is removed, or the
mass in which a fossil or mineral is
embedded. (Standard)

Matrix, jewelry. Jewelry cut from
some stone, as opal or turquoise,
and its surrounding matrix. Such
mixtures are called opal matrix,
turquoise matrix, etc. (Webster)

Matrix rock. Same as Land-pebble
phosphate. (Power)

Matriz (bp.). Matrix, gangue, or
veinstone. (Halse)

Matte. A product obtained in smelting
sulphide ores of certain metals, as
copper. le*ad, or nickel. It is crude
metal combined with more or less
sulphur, and requires to be further
purified. (Webster). A heterogen-
eous mixture of metallic sulphides
produced in smelting sulphide ores.
Matte is brittle and the fracture
ranges from coarse grained through
fine grained to conchoidal: its color
is bronze-like, often bluish, again
dark to a light gray; the luster is
bright. The leading components are
sulphur, copper, iron, lead, nickel ; of
secondary importance are zinc, co-
balt, manganese, bismuth, and pre-
cious metals. As to the constitution
of matte the freezing point curves
show that there are present chemical
compounds, eutectic mixtures and
solid solutions (Hofman, General
metallurgy, p. 884). Copper matte
usually contains 30 to 40 per cent
sulphur.

424

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Matt glaze. A dull glaze applied to
some burned clay products. (Ries)

Matting. The process of smelting sul-
phide ores into matte. (Weed)

Hatting tool. See Mat, 4.

Mattock. 1. A miner's pickaxe. (Skin-
ner)

2. An implement for digging and
grubbing. The. head has two long
steel blades, one like an adz and
the other like a narrow ax, "or the
point of a pickax. (Webster)

Matura diamond. 1. An inferior dia^
mond from Matura, Ceylon, India.
2. A name given in Ceylon to zir-
con from the district of Matura.
(Century)

Maturation. In alchemy, the conver-
sion of a base metal into gold.
(Webster)

Mature. Having reached the maxi-
mum vigor and efficiency of action
or the maximum development and
accentuation of form: said of
streams, the sculpture of land by
erosion, and the resultant topogra-
phy. Compare Young and Old. (La
Forge)

Mature river. A river in the third and
most perfect stage of development.

Maturity- That stage in the develop-
ment of streams or in land sculpture
at which the process is going on
with maximum vigor and efficiency
or the maximum development and
accentuation has been reached.
Compare Youth and Old age. (La
Forge)

Maul (Derb.). A large hammer or
mallet. (Raymond)

MaundrJU ( Derb. and Wales ) . A prying
pick with two prongs (Raymond).
Also spelled Mandrel, Mandril.

Maverick. Anything dishonestly ob-
tained, as a saddle, mine, or piece of
land. (Century)

Maxton screen. A screening machine
of the trommel class, rotating on
rollers that support the tube. There
are radial elevating ribs, to prevent
wear of screen cloth and to elevate
the oversize. Unscreened material
is delivered on the inside screen sur-
face, undersize passing through and
oversize being elevated and dis-
charged into a separate launder.
(LtddeU)

Mayencian. A division of the Miocene
Tertiary, typically developed in the
Mainz (or Mayence) basin, Ger-
many. (Standard)

Mayoral (Peru). A head overseer or
boss. (Halse)

Mayordomo. 1. (Mex.) In the patio
process, the chief of the muleteers.
2. (Peru) A foreman or boss.
(Halse)

Maza (Sp.). A hammer; a stamp
head. (Lucas)

Mazamorra (Colom.). 1. Imperfect or
poor working of a placer mine. &.
An insignificant part of the ground
sluice abandoned to poor people for
the gold they can get out of it.
(Halse)

Mazamorras (Bol.). Mud streams
from the flanks of the Illimani
mountain. (Halse)

Mazamorrear (Colom.). To wash gold.
To glean. (Halse)

Mazamorrero (Colom.). A gold washer
who works on his own account.
(Halse)

Mazapilite. An arsenate of calcium
and iron, closely related to arsenio-.
siderite. Occurs in black prismatic
crystals. (Century)

Mazo (Mex.). 1. Striking hammer.
2. Stamp for crushing ore. (Dwight)

Mazout; Marsut. A Russian petroleum
product remaining after the distilla-
tion of benzine and kerosene. It is
a brownish black liquid, and used
largely as a fuel oil. (Webster)

Meadow ore. Bog iron ore. (Power)

Meander. One of a series of somewhat
regular and looplike bends in the
course of a stream, developed, when
the stream is flowing at grade,
through lateral shifting of its course
toward the convex sides of the origi-
nal curves. .(La Forge)

Meander line. A surveyed line, usimlly
irregular, but not a boundary line
(Webster). A traverse line.

Mean refractive index. The mean of
the values of the index of refraction
for the extreme red and the extreme
violet rays. (Webster)

Mear; Meer. See Mere.

Measures. In geology, a group or se-
ries of strata having some character-
istic in common, as coal measures:
almost obsolete. (La Forge)

Measures head. A heading or drift
made in various strata. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

425

Measuring chain. A surveyor's chain,
containing 100 links of 7.92 inches
each. (Century)

Measuring day ( Scot. ) . The day when
the manager or other official meas-
ures the amount of work done in the
mine. (Barrowman)

Meat earth. The vegetal mold.

Mecapal (Mex.). 1. Sheet -iron
scraper used by ore sorters. 2. Flat
strap or rope that goes over the head
of an ore carrier to support the load.
(Dwight)

Mecate (Mex.). Coarse twine. Twine
made of Maguey fiber, or Ixtle.
X Dwight)

Mecha (Mex.). 1. A fuse. 2. A wick
for a lamp or a candle. 3. A torch
(Dwight). M. de seguridad, safety
fuse. (Lucas)

Mechanical efficiency. Mechanical effi-
ciency of an air compressor is the
ratio of the air-indicated horse-
power to the steam-indicated horse-
power in the case of a steam-driven,
and to the brake horsepower in the
case of a power-driven machine. (A.
I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. Ivii)

Mechanical mixture. A composition of
two or more substances, each re-
maining distinct, and generally ca-
pable of separation by mechanical
means. (Standard)

Mechanical puddlers. A stirring device
by which a bath of molten metal
is agitated by mechanical rabbles,
to save hard labor. The term pud-
dling, now applied in metallurgy ex-
clusively to the above process, origi-
nally referred to the puddling of
clay, or clay and charcoal, upon the
masonry of a furnace hearth to form
a lining. (Winchell)

Mechanical rabble. A rabble worked
by machinery (Standard). See
Rabble, 3.

Mechanics. The branch of physics
that treats of the phenomena caused
by the action of forces on material
bodies. It is subdivided into statics,
dynamics, or kinetics; or into the
mechanics of rigid bodies, and hy-
dromechanics (including hydrostat-
ics and hydrodynamics.) (Standard)

Mechazo. (Sp.). A misfire, due to
burning of fuse without exploding
the charge. (Halse)

Media (St.). A medium sized drill.
- (Halse)

Media barreta (Peru). An inclined
shaft. (Dwight)

Medial moraine. A moraine formed in-
teriorly upon a glacial" stem, by the
coalescence of two lateral moraines
of the coalescing glaciers (Stand-
ard). See Moraine.

Medida ( Sp. ) . A measure ; a standard
gauge. (Halse)

Mediophyric. Moderately porphyritic
rocks with phenocrysts between 5
mm. and 1 mm. in longest diameter.
See Magnophyric and Minophyric.
(Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 200)

Mediosilicic. In petrology, containing
between 50 and 60 per cent silicar:
said of some igneous rocks ; same as
Intermediate. (La Forge)

Medir (Sp.). 1. To measure. 2. If.
una mina, to survey a mine. (Halse)

Medium steel. Steel containing from
0.15 to 0.30 per cent of carbon. Used
especially for structural purposes.
(Webster)

Medjidite. A hydrous sulphate of ura-
nium and calcium, occurring with
uraninite. (Century)

Meend; Meand (Forest of Dean). Old
ironstone workings at the outcrop,
some of which were worked by the
Romans. (Gresley)

Meerschaum; Sepiolite- A tough, com-
pact, hydrous magnesium silicate.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Meet. 1. (Eng.) To keep pace .with,
for example, to keep sufficient sup-
ply of coal at the pit bottom to sup-
ply the winding engine, (Gresley)
2. To come together exactly, as in
suryey lines from opposite direc-
tions.

Meeting. 1. A siding or by-pass on
underground roads. (Gresley)
2. (Newc.) The place at middle-
depth of a shaft, slope, or plane,
where ascending and descending cars
pass each other. (Raymond)

Megabasite. A tungstate of iron and
manganese, probably a variety of
wolfram. (Century)

Megalith. One of the huge stones or
bowlders used in various types of
prehistoric monuments, such as the
menhir, dolmen, etc. (Webster)

Megalithic masonry. Masonry in very
large stones, whether wholly or
partly rough. (Standard)

426

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Megascopic. Large enough to be dis-
tinguished with the naked eye; the
antithesis of microscopic. See Ma-
croscopic. Used also to describe
methods of observation without the
microscope or with the eye alone.
(Kemp)

Meinonite. A vitreous, colorless to
white, transparent to translucent,
calcium - aluminum silicate, Ca4Al«-
SieOa. Tetragonal. (Dana)

Meizoseismal. Of, or pertaining to, the
maximum destructive force of an
earthquake. ( Standard )

Meizoseismal curve. A curved line con-
necting the points of the maximum
.destructive energy of an earth-
quake shock around its epicentrum.
(Standard)

Mejora (Sp.). Improvement; M. de
boca, an improvement or alteration
made in the entrance to a mine.
(Raise)

Mejaconite. Black copper oxide, CuO.
Contains 79.8 per cent copper. The
name given to an earthy, black, mas-
sive variety of tenorite. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Melanchyme. A bituminous substance
found in masses in the brown coal
of Zweifelsruth, Bohemia. That
part of this substance which is
.soluble in alcohol is termed roch-
lederite, the residue melanellite.
(Bacon)

Melanellite. That portion of melan-
chyme which is insoluble in alco-
hol; it is black and gelatinous.
(Bacon)

Melanite. A black variety of common
garnet. (Dana)

Melanocratic. A name applied by -W.
C. Brogger to those eruptive rocks
in which the dark or ferromagne-
sium minerals are in excess over the
light ones. The antithetical term is
leucocratic. Melanocratic is derived
from two Greek words meaning the
4 black prevails.' (Kemp)

Melanterite. Copperas; hydrous fer-
rous sulphate, FeSO4-f 7H,O. (Web-
ster)

Melaphyre. 1. Any dark-colored f el si-
tic igneous rock. 2. A basalt or fine-
grained diabase whose original min-
erals have been partly or wholly
altered to calcite, chlorite, epidote,
limonite, etc.; now little used. 3-
An olivine /basalt of pre-Tertiary
age: obsolete in this sense. (La
Forge)

Melilite. An orthosilicate of sodium,
calcium, aluminum, and other met-
als. It is a constituent of certain
igneous rocks, replacing the feld-
spar (Webster). The name of the
mineral is sometimes prefixed to the
names of rocks containing it, as
melilite-monchiquite. (Kemp)

Melilite-basalt. A rare basaltic rock
whose feldspathoid is melilite. It
was first identified by Stelzner in
1882. The rock is excessively basic.
Almoite is the same rock in dikes.
(Kemp)

Melinite. 1. A high explosive simi-
lar to Lyddite, said to be chiefly
picric acid. (Webster)
2. A species of soft, unctuous clay,
common in Bavaria, and probably'
identical with bole. (Standard)

Mell (Eng.). A large hammer. (Bain-
bridge)

Mellan (Braz.) See Cascalho.

Mellite. A mineral of honey color,
found in crystals and granular
masses in brown coal, partly as a
result of vegetal decomposition ;
honey stone. Al2.C,2.Oi2.18H,O.
(Webster)

Mellowing. A change of .color in
building stone, due to oxidation of
some ferruginous compound, or to
absorption of impurities. (Stand-
ard)'

Melonite; Tellurnickel. A nickel tel-
luride, Ni2Tes. In indistinct granu-
lar and foliated particles. Color
reddish-white, with metallic luster.
(Dana)

Melt. 1, To reduce from a solid to
a liquid state, usually by heat; to
liquefy ; to fuse. 2. A melted sub-
stance; also the mass melted at a
single operation, or the quantity
melted during a certain period.
(Webster)

Melting furnace. A glass-makers' fur-
nace in which the frit for the glass
is melted before it goes to the blow-
ing furnace. (Century)

Melting point. The degree of tempera-
ture at which a solid substance
melts or fuses. (Webster)

Melting pot. A crucible. (Standard)

Member. In the usage of the U. S.
Geological Survey, a division of a
formation, generally of distinct litho-
logic character or of only local ex-
tent. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

427

Memoria (Mex.). 1. Pay roll. *. A
weekly account of mine expenses.
(Halse)

Mena (Mex.). A mineral vein; ore.
M . crudo, raw or crude . ore ; M.
grueso, ore in large lumps ; M. redo,
massive ore. (Halse)

Menaccanite. A synonym for Ilmenite.

Menage (Fr.). A club of working men
In Scotland and Nortji England
(Century). Common in mining dis-
tricts.

If end (Eng.). To load, or reload,
trams at the gate -ends out of
smaller trams used only In the
working faces of thin seams. (Gres-
ley)

Mendeleeff group. In chemistry, one
of the groups into which the ele-
ments are classified in the periodic
system. (Webster)

Mendeleeff's law. See Periodic law.

Kendits (Fr.). Same as Putters,
Trammers. (Gresley)

Mendozite. A massive, fibrous, white,
hydrous, sodium-aluminum sulphate,
NaAl ( SO* ) 2+12H3O. Called also
Alunogen and Soda alum. (Dana)

Meneghinite. A lead - antimony sul-
phide mineral, 4PbS.Sb2Ss. Ortho-
rhombic. In slender prismatic crys-
tals; also massive. Color blackish
lead-gray. (Dana)

Menilite. A concretionary, opaque,
dull, grayish variety of opal. (Dana)

Meniscus. L A lens concave on one
side and convex on the other, espe-
cially when of true crescent-shaped
section. 2. The surface of a liquid
column. Its curvature is determined
by the surface tension, being con-
cave when the walls are wetted by
the liquid and convex when not
(Webster)

Men on! (Scot.). A brief expression
to indicate that men are on the cage
to be raised, or lowered, in the shaft.
(Barrowman)

Menucos (Arg.) Dangerous bogs
usually hidden by a luxuriant vege-
tation. (Halse)

Mephitic. Foul; noxious; poisonous;
stifling. (Century)

Xephitic air. An old name for car-
bon dioxide (Webster). Black damp;
choke daonp.

Mephitis. A noxious exhalation
caused by the decomposition of or-
ganic remains : applied also to gases
emanating from deep sources, -as in
mines, caves, and volcanic regions.
(Standard)

Mercantile system. A theory in po-
litical economy that wealth consists
not in labor and its products, but
in the quantity of silver and gold in
a country, and hence that mining,
the exportation of goods, and the
importation of gold should be en-
couraged by the State: held gener-
ally up to the close of the 18th cen-
tury. (Standard)

Merced (Sp.). A gift This term Is
applied to a grant that is made
without any valuable consideration.
(Raymond)

Merchant bar. See Merchant iron.

Merchant iron. Iron in the common
bar form, convenient for the market
Called also Merchant bar. (Stand-
ard)

Merchant rolls. Finishing rolls in a
merchant-iron mill (Standard). See
Merchant train.

Merchant train. A train of rolls for
reducing iron piles, or steel ingots,
blooms, or billets, to bars of any of
the various round, square, flat, or
other shapes, known as merchant
iron or steel. (Raymond)

Mercurial horn-ore. Same as Calomel.
(Standard)

Mercuric (Sp.) 1. Mercury, or quick-
silver. 2. Mercury ore. M. cdrneo,
calomel. (Halse)

Mercury. A heavy, silver-white, liquid,
metallic element; also called popu-
larly quicksilver Hydrargyrum.
Symbol, Hg; atomic weight, 200.6;
specific gravity, 13.54. (Webster)

Mercury arc. An electric arc trans-
mitted by mercury vapor in a vac-
uum tube. (Webster)

Mercury cup. 1. The cistern of a mer-
cury barometer. 2. A cup containing
mercury for making an electric con-
nection, as by dipping the ends of
two wires in it. (Standard)

Mercury furnace. A furnace in which
cinnabar is roasted in order to cause
the pure mercury to pass off in
fume, which is condensed in a series
of vessels. (Century)

428

GLOSSARY OF -MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mercury gatherer. A stirring appa-
ratus that causes quicksilver, that
has become floured or mixed with
sulphur in amalgamating, to resume
the fluid condition, through the
agency of mechanical agitatipn and
rubbing. ( Century )

Mercury ores. Native mercury ; cinna-
bar (sulphide). (Raymond)

Mercury trap. See Trap, 5.

Mere; Mear. 1. A boundary-line. 2.
In Derbyshire, a measure of mining-
claims of 29 or 31 yards (Standard).
The discoverer of the lode was al-
lowed to claim two meres.

Mere stake; Meer stake; Mear stake.
A stake to mark the boundary of
mining property. (Mander)

Merestone. A stone used as a bound-
ary ; also, figuratively, a boundary.
(Standard)

Mergulhador (Braz.). In alluvial min-
ing, a diver. (Halse)

Mergulhar (Braz.). To work alluvial
sands by diving. (Halse)

Mergulho (Braz.). A method of div-
ing for auriferous river sand, em-
ployed by poor miners. (Halse)

Meridian. A great circle on the sur-
face of the earth, passing through
the poles and any given place.
(Webster). A north-and-south line.
Called also Terrestial meridian.
(Standard)

Merma (Mex.). .Ore lost by abrasion
during treatment or transportation.
(Dwight)

Merohedral. In crystallography, hav-
ing only a part of the planes re-
quired by the full symmetry of the
form. (Standard)

Merrill filter-press. A variation of the
plate-and-frame press. (Liddell)

Merrit plate. See Blooinery.

Mersey " yellow coal." A synonym for
Tasmanite.

Mesa (Sp.). 1. A high, broad, flat
table-land, bounded, at least on one
side, by a steep cliff rising from
lower land; a plateau; terrace; flat-
topped hill. (Standard)
2. Concentration table. 3. The
hearth of a furnace. (Dwight)

Mesabite. A name suggested by H. V.
Winchell for the ocherous goethite
found so abundantly on the Mesabi
range, Minnesota. (Chester)

Mescal (Sp.). See Pulque.

Mesh. 1. One of the openings or
spaces in a screen. The value of
the mesh is usually given as the
number of openings per linear inch.
This gives no recognition to the
diameter of the wire, so that the
mesh number does not always have
a definite relation to the size of the
hole. (Richards)

2. Engagement, or working contact,
of the teeth of wheels or of a wheel
and rack. (Webster)

Mesh structure. A structure resem-
bling network or latticework found
in certain alteration products of
minerals. Called also Net structure,
Lattice structure. (Standard)

Mesitine spar. Mesitite; a carbonate
of magnesium and iron, 2MgCO8.-
FeCOs. (Dana)

Mesitite. See Mesitine spar.
Mesole. Same as Thompson! te.

Mesolite. A mineral intermediate be-
tween natrolite and scolecite. In
aciciilar and capillary crystals ; deli-
cate divergent tufts, etc. White or
colorless. Occurs in amygdaloidal
basalt at numerous places. (Dana)

Mesolithic. Designating a stage of
culture intermediate between the
Paleolithic and Neolithic. (Web-
ster)

Mesosiderite. A variety of meteorite.
(Standard)

Mesostasis. A synonym for Basis, sug-
gested by Giirabel. (Kemp)

Mesothermal. Of, having, or pertain-
ing to a medium temperature. (Web-
ster)

Mesothorium. A radio-active element
found in monazite sand and other
thorium minerals. First identified
and described by Hahn in 1905. It
is a substitute for radium in the
manufacture of certain luminous
paints, and for medicinal purposes.

Mesotype. A variety of natrolite.
(Dana)

Mesozoic. One of the grand divisions
or eras of geologic time, following
the Paleozoic and succeeded by the
Cenozoic era, comprising the Trias-
sic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
Also the group of strata formed (lur-
ing that era. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

429

Mesquite (Sp.-Mex.). A mimosaceous
tree or shrub of the southwestern
United States and Mexico, often
forming dense thickets and fre-
quently constituting the only arbor-
escent vegetatio'n of a region. It
has pinnate leaves, small, fragrant
flowers in a dense raceme, and bean-
like pods that, are rich in sugar
and form an important food for
stock. (Webster)

Mess kit. The cooking . and table
utensils for a mess, with the recep-
tacle in which they are packed for
transportation. (Webster)

Meta. In petrology, when used as a
prefix to the name of a rock, signi-
fies that the rock .has undergone
more or less change in mineral or
chemical composition through meta-
morphism. (La Forge)

Metabolite. Wadsworth's name for
altered, glassy trachytes, of which
lassenite is the, unaltered form.
(Kemp)

Metachemical metamorphism. Dana's
term to describe that variety of
metamorphism which involves a
chemical change in the rocks af-
fected. (Kemp)

Metacinnabarite. A mineral having
the same composition as cinnabar,
bift black in color, and crystallizing
in isometric forms (tetrahedral).
See Cinnabar. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Metaclase. A rock possessing cleav-
age secondarily developed during
rock deformation. Compare Proto-
clase. (G. K. Leith, Bull. 239, U. S.
Geol. Surv., p 12)

Metacryst. A well-developed crystal
of a secondary mineral, like garnet,
staurolite, or andalusite, resembling
a phenocryst, Imbedded in the ground-
mass of a comparatively fine-grained
metamorphic rock. (La Forge)

Metadiabase. A shortened form of
metamorphic diabase, suggested by
Dana for certain rocks simulating
diabase; but supposed to have been
produced by the metamorphism of
sediments. Compare Pseudo-dia-
base. (Kemp)

Metadiorite. Dioritic rocks produced
as described under metadiabase.
Compare Pseudo-diorite, (Kemp)

Metal. 1. Any of a class of substances
that typically are fusible and opaque,
are good conductors of electric-
ity, and show a peculiar metallic
luster, as gold, bronze, aluminum,
etc. Most metals are. also malleable,

and comparatively heavy, and all
except mercury are solid at ordi-
nary temperatures. Metals consti-
tute over three-fourths of the recog-
nized elements. They form oxides
and hydroxides that are basic, and
they may exist in solution as posi-
tive ions. 2. Ore "from which a
metal is derived. (Webster)

3. (No. of Eng.) In coal mining,
indurated clay or shale. See Bind.
(Gresley)

4. Cast iron, more particularly while
melted. 5. Broken stone for road-
surfaces or for railway ballast. 6.
molten glass. 7. Railway rails.
(Standard)

8. Copper regulus or matte obtained
in the English process. The follow-
ing varieties, are distinguished by
appearance and by their percentage
• of copper (here given in approxi-
mate figures): Coarse, 20 to 40;
red, 48 ; blue, 60 ; sparkle, 74 ; white,
77 ; pimple, 79. Fine metal includes
the latter four varieties. Hard
metal is impure copper containing a
large amount of tin. 9. ( Scot ) All
the rocks penetrated in mining ore,
10. Road metal, rock used in macad-
amizing roads. (Raymond)

Metal (Sp.). This term is applied
both to the ore and to the metal
extracted from it. It is sometimes
used for vein, and even for a mine
itself (Raymond). M. azul, lead
ore. M. crudo (Peru), oxidized ore.
.M. de ayuda, fluxing ore of any kind.
M. de beneficio, second class ore
worked on the patio. If. de cebo,
rich ore, usually treated in small
reverberatory furnaces. M. de cor-
rer, pure tin ore. M. de exporta-
ci6n, first-class ore ready for sale.
M. de fuego. smelting ores. If. de
labor -es, smalls from the workings
of the mine. Af. de pie, ore amen-
able to the patio process. M. de
primera close, first-class ore ready
for sale. M. de quema (Peru),
sulphide ore. M. en barras, bullion.
If. en piedra (Peru), crude ore. M.
gabarro, first and second-class ore,
from the size of an egg to that of
an orange. M. granza, fine ore,
smalls. M. hecho, hand-picked, rich
ore. M. jugoso, wet ore, i. e., lead
ore. M . negro, blende. M. ordinfirio,
common ore. If. de pepena, the best
class of selected ore. (Halse)

Metalada (Mex.). Discovery of ore in
a barren working. (Dwight)

Metal bath. A bath, as of mercury, or
tin, employed for chemical processes
requiring great heat. (Standard)

430

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Metal drift ( Lane. ) . A heading driven
in stone, (Gresley)

Metaled. 1. Surfaced with stone; ma-
cadamized : safrd of an ordinary road.
2. Stone ballasted: said of a rail-
way. (Standard)

Metales (Sp.) Ores extracted from
a mine. M. calidos, minerals capable
of amalgamation. (Lucas) M. de
fundici6n. Ores for smelting (Min.
Jour.) M. humildes (Peru) Silver
ores that amalgamate readily with-
out sickening or flouring the mer-
cury. (Dwight) M. frios,, minerals
unsuitable for amalgamation. M.
nobles, free milling ores ; noble ores.
(Lucas)

MetalSfero (Sp.). Metalliferous. (Lu-
cas)

Metaline. . A trade name for a metal-
lic, dark-colored compound or alloy,
used in the form of plugs inserted
into holes drilled into machine bear-
ings, for obviating friction, and as a
substitute for ordinary lubricants.
(Webster)

Metalist. One who works in, or has
special knowledge of, metals ( Stand-
ard). A metallurgist.

Metallic. 1. Of or belonging to metals,
containing metals, more particularly
the valuable metals that are the ob-
ject of mining. (Rickard)
2. Applied to minerals having the
luster of a metal, as gold, copper,
etc. (Dana)

Metallic iron. Metal-iron, as distin-
guished from iron ore. (Standard)

Metallic luster. A luster characteristic
of metals in a compact state, and
shown also by some other substances,
as certain minerals and dyes. It is
due. to more or less of selective ab-
sorption In the surface layer, com-
bined with a strong reflection. The
blackness of finely divided metals is
explained as due to repeated reflec-
tion and absorption of light among
the particles. (Webster)

Metallic oxides. Those oxides that
consist of a metallic element and
oxygen, and are for the most part
'basic. (Standard)

Metallic sulphide. A sulphide in which
the basic radical is a metal : applied
chiefly to certain minerals, as iron
sulphide (pyrite), zinc sulphide
(blende), etc. (Standard)

Metallic tremor. The trembling palsy
of metal workers, as of workers with
lend or quicksilver; the mercurial-
trade disease. (Standard)

Metalliferous. Producing or contain-
ing metal; yielding metal. (Web-
ster)

Metallify. To convert into metal.
(Webster)

Metalline. 1. Pertaining to or resem-
bling a metal. Metallic. 2. Impreg-
nated with metallic salts, as metal-
line water. (Webster)

Metallites. A word used by M. E.
Wadsworth to embrace all ores or
metalliferous material. (Power)

Metallize. To turn into a metal ; to in-
fuse mineral or metallic particles
into, as the pores of wood. (Stand-
ard)

Metallography. 1. The science or art
of metals and metal working; also
a treatice on metals. 2. The micro-
scopic study of the structure of
metals and their alloys. It utilizes
the light reflected by polished sur-
faces.

Metallization. The process, or group
of processes, whereby valuable met-
als, or minerals containing such
metals, are introduced into tha
rocks. The term mineralization is
often used in the above sense and
is really more comprehensive. The
formation of garnet in limestone,
for example, is a result of mineral-
ization but may have no economic
significance whatever. (Ranscme)

Metalloid. 1. An alkali metal, as so-
dium, or an alkaline-earth metal, as
calcium ; so called by Davy because
not supposed to be well-defined met-
als. 2. Certain elements, as arsenic,
antimony, that share the proper-
ties of metals and nonmetals. 3.
Having the appearance of a metal.
(Webster)

Metallurgical engineer. Any one versed
in the principles of metallurgy, in-
cluding inorganic chemistry and gen-
eral engineering, and who' applies
them on a commercial scale in any of
the processes for the extraction of
metals from their ores, or from al-
loys.

Metallurgical fume. A mixture of fine
particles of elements and metallic
and nonmetallic compounds either
sublimed or condensed from the va-
por state. In practice, it usually
has mixed with it small propor-
tions of fine flue dust. Moreover,
fume may consist of very small, solid
particles and of very small liquid
particles, the latter like a mist or
fog. The composition of metallurgi-
cal fume varies within wide limits,

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

431

dependent upon the method of smelt-
Ing employed. (Fulton, p. 32, Bull.
84. Bu. Mines). See also Fume.

Metallurgical smoke. A term applied
to the gases and vapors, and fine
dust entrained by them, that issue
from the throat of blast furnaces,
reverberatory smelting furnaces, or
roasting furnaces. It consists of
three distinct substances, gases, (in-
cluding air), the flue dust, and the
fume. (Fulton, p. 8, Bull. 84, Bu.
Mines)

Metallurgist. One who is skilled in, or
who practices metallurgy. Compare
Metallurgical engineer.

Metallurgy. The science and art of pre-
paring metals for use from their ores
by separating them from mechani-
cal mixture and chemical combina-
tion. It includes various processes,
as smelting, amalgamation, electro-
lytic refining, etc. Metallurgy, as
generally understood, is concerned
with the production of raw metallic
materials, the manufacture of which,
into finished articles, belongs to other
arts. (Webster)

Metal man. 1. (Lane.) One who re-
pairs underground roads. (Ores-
ley)

2. One who works in metals.
(Standard*

Metal-notch. See Tap hole, 1.

Metal ridge (No. of Eng.). 1. A
pillar or pillars that form a support
for a mine roof. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.). The strata forced up by
a creep. (Bainbridge)

Metals (Scot). A general name for
the strata in which minerals occur.
(Barrowman)

Metal stone (Newc.). Argillaceous
stone. Shale and sandstone. (Min.
Jour.)

Metameric. Having the same elements
united in the same proportions by
weight, and with the same molecu-
lar weights, but with different struc-
ture or arrangement of the ultimate
parts. (Power)

Metamorfico (Sp.). Metamorphic.

Metamorphic. Characteristic of. per-
taining to, produced by, or occurring
during metamorphism. (La Forge)
Said of certain rocks.

Metamorphism. In geology, any change
in the texture or composition of a
rock, after its induration or solidi-
fication, produced by exterior agen-

cies, especially by deformation and
by rise of temperature. The proc-
esses and results of cementation and
of weathering are not ordinarily in-
cluded. (La Forge) The most im-
portant agents are heat, moisture
and pressure.

Metamorphosis. Change of form,
structure or substance; transfora-
tion of any kind. (Webster)

Metamorphous. Same as Metamorphic..

Metapepsis. Regional metamorphism.
due to steam or boiling water under
great pressure; a term proposed by
G. H. Kinahan (Standard). Also
called Parotepsis.

Metapil (Mex.). The grinding
of an arrastre, etc. (Dwight)

Met a silicate. A salt of meta silicic-
acid ; especially applied to certain
minerals more frequently called
bisilicates. (Standard)

Metasomatic. in geology, characteris-
tic of, pertaining to, produced by,
or occurring during metasomatosis..
(La Forge.) The term is especially
used in connection with the origin
of ore deposits. The corresponding
noun is metasomatosis, but ' replace-
ment* is a good English equivalent,
(Kemp)

Metasomatosis; Metasomatism. Chemi-
cal alteration of a mineral or a rock ;
the replacement of a mineral by an-
other through chemical action. (La
Forge)

Metasome. An individual mineral de-
veloped in another mineral. (Llnd-
gren, p. 158)

Metate (Mex.). An iron bucking board
for grinding ore samples. (Dwight)

Metatropy. A change in the physical
character of a rock mass while there
is no essential change in its constitu-
ents, e. g., the vitrification and devit-
rification of rocks. (Power)

Metaxite. 1. Hauy's name for mica-
ceous sandstone. (Kemp)
2. A fibrous serpentine. (Webster)

Meteoric iron. Iron found in meteors;
also, an iron meteorite. (Standard)

Meteoric stone. A meteorite, especially
one of a stony composition or ap-
pearance. ( Standa rd )

Meteoric water. Water that previ-
ously existed as atmospheric mois-
ture, or surface water, and that .en-
tered from the surface into the voids
of the lithosphere. (Meinzer)

432

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Meteorite. A stony, or metallic, body
that has fallen to the earth from
outer space; an Ae'rolite. (Web-
ster)

Meter; Metre. 1. An instrument, appa-
ratus, or machine for measuring
fluids, gases, electric currents, grain,
etc.. and recording the results ob-
tained; as, a gas meter; a water
meter; an air meter. . 2. The funda-
mental unit of length in the metric
system, originally defined as one ten-
millionth of the distance on the
earth's surface from the pole to the
equator, now as the distance between
two lines on a certain metallic rod
preserved in the archives of the In-
ternational Metric Commission at
Pnris (Standard). It is equal to
39.37079 inches.

Meter oil. An oil of low cold-test, like
the light lubricating oils from Texas
crude oil. (Bacon)

Methane. A gaseous hydrocarbon,
CH4, light odorless, inflammable, oc-
curring naturally as a product of
decomposition of organic matter in
marches and mines, and produced
artificially by dry distillation of
many organic substances. (Web-
ster)

Methane phone. An instrument for de-
tecting methane in mine air. It
contains an electric battery that
sustains a small electric glow-light.
As soon as a certain percentage of
methane enters the workings a tiny
explosion occurs in the fuse head,
where a fine wire filament is melted
and stnrts n bell to riturin<r con-
tinuously. (Coal Age, Mar. 30, 1918,
p. 579)

Methanometer. An instrument, re-
sembling a eudiometer, to detect the
presence and amount of methane, as
in coal mines. (Webster)

Metra. A pocket implement combining
the uses of many instruments, as
thermometer, level, plummet, and
lens. (Standard)

Metric carat. A unit of weight, 200
mg., for weighing precious stones.
See al8Q Carat, 3. (Webster)

Metric system. A system of weights
and measures depending upon the
meter, in which the original factors
are derived from the meter. The
system includes measures of length,
of which the meter is the unit;
measures of surface, of which the
are is the unit ; measures of capacity
Of which the liter is the unit; and
weights, of which the gram is the
unit (Standard)

Metric ton. One thousand kilograms,
equal to 2204.6 avoirdupois pounds.
(Webster)

Mett (Scot). An old measure of ca-
pacity for coal. (Barrowman)

Mexican onyx. A variety of calcite,
chiefly from Tecali, Mexico, used for
interior decorations (Standard).
See a lxo Onyx marble.

Mexican tile. A term sometimes ap-
plied to roofing tile of semicircular
cross section. (Ries)

Meymacite. A resinous, light-brown
hydrated tungstic oxide. WO3.H2O,
that is formed by the alteration of
scheelite. (Dana)

Mezcla (Mex.). 1. Furnace charge.
2. Mortar. (Dwight)

Mezo; Me so. A term sometimes pre-
fixed to the names of igneous rocks
of Mesozoic age. (Kemp)

Mezzamajolica (It.). A decorated and
glazed earthenware made in Italy
prior to the introduction of the
majolica ware. The figures on it
are traced in blue or black, the
flesh is white, and the draperies are
blue. (Standard)

Miamia (Aust). A screen of brush-
wood, supported on poles, and placed
near a shaft to protect the men from
the weather. (Da vies)

Miargyrite. A 'sulphide of antimony
and silver, occurring in monoclinic
crystals of an iron-black color with
a dark, cherry-red streak. (Cen-
tury)

Miarolitic. Iri petrology, containing
small interstitial cavities, formed
when the rock solidified, into which
small crystals may project: said of
some igneous rocks. Also, charac-
teristic of, pertaining to, or occur-
ring in such cavities. (La Forge)

Miascite. A name coined from Miask,
a locality in the Ural where a
nephelite-syenite occurs whose dark
silicate is biotite. Used also as a
general name for biotitic nephelite-
syenites. (Kemp)

Mica. A hydrous silicate having a
, very fine basal cleavage that ren-
ders it capable of being split into
thin, tough, transparent plates. The
most common varieties are mu6co-
vite and biotite. Phlogopite and le-
pidolite are prominent locally. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

The name of the mineral is often
prefixed to the name of the rock con-

GLOSSARY OF MUTING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

433

taining it, as, mica-basUt, mica-tin-
guaite, mica-trachyte, etc. (Kemp).
Called also Isinglass, Muscovy glass.

Micaceo-calcareous. Containing mica
and calcite. (Standard)

Micaceous. Characteristic of, pertain-
ing to, composed of, or containing
mica. (La Forge)

Micaceous iron ore. A variety of
hematite. (Power)

Mica diorite. Av variety of dlorite -in
which mica replaces hornblende.
(Standard)

Micanite. An easily molded, prepared
form of, mica used for insulating
(Webster). A trade term.

Mlca-peridotite. A variety of perido-
tite, consisting chiefly of altered oil-
vine and biotite. (Kemp)

Micaphyre. A porphyry containing
mica phenocrysts. (Webster)

Micapizarra (Sp.). A schist (Halse)

Mica powder. A dynamite in which
the dope consists of fine scales of
mica.

Mica schist. A foliated, crystalline
metamorphic rock composed of alter-
nate layers of quartz and mica In va-
rious proportions, the typical one
being about two-thirds quartz to one/-
third mica ; although the proportion
of the latter generally appears
greater than it Is, because the rock
splits along the mica folia, thus
showing the mica along on the flat
surfaces. The true composition may
be seen by looking at the squarely
broken edges. (Roy. Com.) See
also Schist.

Mica slate. A slate composed chiefly
of fine mica. (La Forge)

Micatization. /A metamorphic altera-
tion of other material into mica.
(Standard)

Mica trap. An English field name for
dark, dike rocks rich In mica.
(Kemp)

Mice-eaten quartz. Quartz full of
holes, once occupied by sulphides,
now decomposed and gone. (Da-
vies)

Michigamme jasper. A highly altered
ferruginous rock, usually carrying
apparently fragmental quartz grains,
found at Michigamme Mountain,
Mich. (Ore Dep., p. 137)

Micro. Small. In llthology, Indicating
that the structure designated is so
minutely developed as not to be
recognized without the help of the
microscope. (Century)

Microchemical tests. Chemical tests
made on minute objects under a mi-
croscope. The form, color, and opti-
cal properties of the minute crystals
are also used.

Microclastic. Clastic or fragmental, aa
rock composed of minute particles.
(Standard)

Microcline. A mineral of the feldspar
group, like orthoclase or common
feldspar in composition, but triclinic
in form. (Webster)

Microcosmlc salt. Sodium-ammonium-
hydrogen phosphate, HNaNHiPO*-
4H,O (Liddell). Also called Stereo-
rite.

Microcrystalline. Minutely crystalline :
said of crystalline rocks of which the
constituents are individually so mi-
nute that they cannot be distin-
guished from each other by the

» naked eye; cryptocrystaUlne. (Cen-
tury)

Micro cry stall! tic. Of, or pertaining to,
a metamorphic rock in which the
devitrification has continued until
the original glassy material has
changed into little granules, needles,
and hairs. (Standard)

Microdiabase. A name given by Loosen
to aphanitic diabases. (Kemp)

Microdiorite. A name originally given
by Lepsius to a fine-grained diorite-
porphyry. ( Kemp )

Microfelsite. A name used in micro-
scopic work for those varieties of
groundmass that do not affect polar-
ized light, but that are not true
glasses because they have a fibrous,
a granular or some such texture.
The textures are no doubt in many
cases the results of devitrification of
a -glassy base. ( Kemp )

Microfelsitic. The designation sug-
gested by Zirkel for a devitrified
glass when the devitrification has
been carried so far that the hyaline
character is lost, but not far enough
to give rise to the development of
distinctly individualized mineral
forms. (Century)

Microfluidal. In petrology, having or
consisting of a microscopic flow-
structure. ( Standard )

Microfoliation. Foliation distinctly
visible only under the microscope.
(Webster)

744010 O— 47-

-28

434

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Microgeology. That part of geology
relating to features that require mi-
croscopic study. (Webster)

Microgranite. A name used in micro-
scopic work for those groundmasses
of porphyritic rocks that consist of
small quartz and feldspar crystals
with granitoid texture on a small
scale, i. e., with components of about
the same size and usually without
crystallographic boundaries. See
Granophyric. (Kemp)

Microgranitoid. In -petrology, having
microscopic granitoid structure,
(Standard)

Microgranulite. The French equiva-
lent of granophyric. (Kemp)

Micrographic. in 'petrology, having
the composition and structure of
graphic granite on a microscopic
scale. (Standard)

Microlite. 1. Essentially a calcium py-
rotantalate. Contains also small
quantities of columbium, fluorine,
tungsten, and other bases. Used as
a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A minute crystal, visible only
under the microscope (Webster). A
microlith. (Standard)

Microlith. One of the microscopic
isotropic needle- and rod -shaped
bodies found in vitrophyric rocks.
(Standard)

Microlithic. Composed or constructed
of small stones: opposed to Mega-
lithic. (Standard)

Micromeritic. Of, or pertaining to,
a crystalline structure so fine that
it can only be recognized by a mi-
croscope. (Standard)

Micrometer. 1. An instrument for
measuring very small angles or di-
mensions, generally used in con-
nection with a microscope or tele-
scope. There are a great variety
of forms, but in nearly all the meas-
urement is made by turning a very
fine screw, which gives motion to a
scale, spider-line, lens, prism, or
ruled glass plate. 2. A micrometer-
caliper or gage. (Standard)

Micromineralogy. Mineralogy based
on the use of the microscope.

Micropegmatite. Microscopic pegma-
tite. A term applied to the ground-
mass of porphyritic rocks whose mi-
croscopic quartz and feldspar mu-
tually penetrate each other. The
several parts of the same crystal,
though isolate!, extinguish together.
See ateo Granophyric. (Kemp)

Micropegmatitic. In petrology, same
as micrographic, which is much bet-
ter and which is replacing it (La
Forge)

Micropegmatitic texture. A micro-
scopic intergrowth of two minerals,
especially of quartz and feldspar in
which one mineral contains particles
of the other arranged in a more or
less regular pattern which, from its
fancied resemblance to certain an-
cient inscriptions has been called
also "graphic texture." (Ransome)

Microperthite. A variety of rock-mak-
ing feldspar composed of orthoclase
thickly set with microscopic spindles
or plates of albite (la Forge). It is
common in gneisses. Compare
Granophyric.

Microphylline. Composed of minute
leaflets or scales. (Century)

Microphysiography. Same as Petrog-
raphy. (Standard)

Micropoikilitic. A textural term sug-
gested by G. H. Williams to describe
those minerals that are speckled
with microscopic inclusions of other
minerals, having no definite rela-
tions to each other or to their host.
Poikilitic is often spelled poicilitic
or precilitic. (Kemp)

Microporphyritic. Microscopically por-
phyritic. ( Standard )

Microscope. An optical instrument,
consisting of a lens, or combination
of lenses, for making enlarged or
magnified images of minute objects.
(Webster)

Microscopic. Minute ; perceivable only
by the aid of a microscope.

Microsection. 1. A transparent, thin
section of some substance mounted
for examination with the microscope
(Standard). 2. A thin section of
rock so mounted for petrographic
examination.

Microseism. A slight tremor or vibra-
tion of the earth's crust. (Stand-
ard)

Micr oseismometer ; Micro seismograph-
An apparatus for indicating the di-
rection, duration, and intensity of
microseisms. (Standard)

Microspherulitic. In petrology, hav-
ing a texture composed of minute
spherulites, closely packed. (Stand-
ard)

Microstntctures. The structural fea-
tures of rocks requiring microscopic
examination. ( Standard )

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

435

Kiddle band. A stratum of rock, or
more usually soft dirt, near the
middle of a coal seam (Steel). See
Middle man.

Middle man. A stratum of rock di-
viding or separating two seams or
beds of coal. (Sloss-Sheffield Steel
& Iron Co. v. Edwards, 70 South-
ern, p. 286). See Middle band.

Kiddles (Eng.) A variation of mid-
dling.

Kiddletonite. A brown, resinous,
brittle mineral found between layers
of coal at the Middleton collieries,
near Leeds, England, and also at
Newcastle; it has a specific gravity
1.6, does not alter at 210° O.t and
is soluble in cold concentrated sul-
phuric acid. (Bacon)

Klddling. The second quality of ore
obtained by washing. Usually used
In the plural form. See Head, 10;
cUso Slime ; and Tailings. (Webster)

Middling-pale solder. An alloy of tin,
lead, and bismuth; used by pew-
terers. (Standard)

Kid-door (Scot). The middle one of
three landing places in a shaft
(Barrowman)

Kid-feather. 1. (Derb,) Stringers of
ore connecting two larger bodies.
(Hooson)

2. A support to the center of a tun-
nel. (Standard)

Midges (No. of Eng.). Lamps (not
safety) carried by trammers, etc.
(Gresley)

Kid-wall (Scot.) A close wooden par-
tition -dividing a shaft into compart-
ments. (Barrowman)

Kid-workings. 1. (Scot) Mine work-
ings above or below in the same
mine or colliery (Gresley). 2. See
Mid-door.

Kiersite. A bright-yellow silver iodide,
Agl, which crystallizes in the .iso-
metric system. (Dana)

Kiesite. A brown variety of pyromor-
phlte that contains calcium. (Stand-
ard)

Mi jakite. An andesite from the Japa-
nese island of Mijakeshima, from
which the name is derived. It is
porphyritic with phenocrysts of by-
townite, augite, hypersthene, and
biotite. In the groundmass are
brown pyroxene, feldspar, and basis.
Largely on the results of the chemi-
cal analysis, the brown pyroxene is
believed to be a manganese-bearing,

triclinic variety related to babing-
tonite, hence the new name for the
rock. (Kemp)

KiL In electricity, a unit of length
in measuring the diameter of wire;
1/1000 inch (Standard). See Cir-
cular mil.

Kilarite. A vitreous, colorless to
greenish, brittle, hydrous, potassium-
calcium-aluminum silicate, HKCa*Al*
(SijCMe. In hexagonal prism a.
(Dana)

Mild, or Soft steel. Steel containing
less than 0.15 per cent of carbon.
Highly ductile and is used for boiler
plates, etc., (Webster). See also
Steel.

Mild and tough. Mellowed or ripened
by weathering; said of brick clay;
opposite of Short and rough.
(Standard)

Kildewbronze. Bronze made to look
as if mildewed by long burial un-
derground. ( Standard )

Kile (Eng. and U. S.). A measure of
length equal to 5,280 feet, 1,760
yards, 880 fathoms, 80 chains, 1,600.3
meters.

Milkstone. 1. Any of various white
stones, as flint pebble. (Webster)
2. A flint whitened by fire, found
among prehistoric remains. (Stand-
ard)

Kilky qnartx. Vitreous quartz of a
milk-like color and of somewhat
greasy luster; also called Greasy
quartz. (Power)

KilL 1. (Eng.) That -part of an iron
works where puddle-bars are con-
verted into merchant-iron, i. e.,
rolled iron ready for sale in bars,
rods, or sheets. See Forge. 2. By
common usage, any establishment
for reducing ores by other means
than smelting. More strictly, a place
or a machine, in which ore or rock
is crushed. See Machine 4. 8. An
excavation made in the country rock,
by a cross-cut from the workings on
a vein, to obtain waste for filling.
It is left without timber so that the
roof may fall in and furnish the re-
quired rock. (Raymond)
4. A passage connecting a stope or
upper level with a level below, in-
tended to be filled with broken ore
that can then be drawn out at the
bottom as desired for further trans-
portation. An opening in the floor or
bottom of a stope through which the
ore or mineral is passed or thrown
downward along the footwall to

436

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

the level. (Lesh v. Tamarack Min.
Co., 152 NW. Kept., p. 1022; 1916).
5. To fill a winze, or interior incline,
with broken ore, to be drawn out at
the bottom. (Webster)

Mill bar. A rough bar rolled or drawn
directly from a bloom or puddle-bar
for conversion into merchant iron in
the mill. (Webster)

Mill car. A flat car on which is
mounted a heavy hoisting engine.
(Webster)

Mill cinder. The slag from the pud-
dling furnaces of a rolling mill.
(Raymond)

Mill coal (Kansas). Same as Dead
coal.

MiU dirt (So. Afr.). Free milling ore.
(Skinner)

Miller indices. Mathematical symbols
for crystal faces. (A. P. Rogers)

Millerite, Nickel sulphide, NiS. Con-
tains 64.1 per cent nickel. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Miller process. The separation of gold
and silver by conducting chlorine gas
into the molten metal. The silver
and other base metals are chlorid-
ized and come to the top of the bath.
(Liddell)

Mill furnace. An iron furnace for re^
heating iron that is to be re-rolled,
01- welded, under the hammer.
(Standard)

Mill hole. An auxiliary shaft connect-
ing a stope or other excavation with
the level below (Ihlseng). See
Mill, 4.

Milligram. A unit of weight in the
metric system, equal to one thou-
sandth part of a gram, 0.05432 grain,
0.000643 pennyweight, 0.00003215
troy ounce, and has a gold value of
0.06645 cent or 0.033 British pennyr
(Lindgren, p. 20)

Millimeter. A metric measure of
length, equal to 0.0394 of an inch.
(Webster)

Milling. 1. (Lake Superior District)
A combination of open cut and un-
derground mining, wherein the ore
is mined in open cut and handled
underground. It is underhand stop-
ing applied to large deposits, where-
in the ore is mined near the mouth
of winzes or raises, and dropped by
gravity to working levels below for
transportation to the surface. Some-
times called Glory-hole-method (W.
R. Crane). $ee Mill, 4 and 5.
2. Dressing ore in a mill. (Weed)

Milling ore. 1. A dry ore that can
be amalgamated or treated by leach-
ing and other processes; usually
these ores are low-grade, free, or
nearly so, from base metals (Mor-
rison). 2. Any ore that contains
sufficient valuable minerals to be
treated by any milling process.

Millman. One who is employed in a
mill, as in an ore-dressing plant.

Mill6n ( Mex. ) . An ore pile. ( D wight )

Mill pick. A tool for dressing mill
stones. (Century)

Mill race. The current of water that
drives a mill wheel, or the channel
in which it flows from the dam to
the mill. (Century)

Mill rolls. The rolls through which
puddled iron is run previous to be-
ing marketed (Standard). See
Merchant-train.

Mill run (Pac.). 1. The work of an
amalgamating mill between two
clean-ups. 2. A test of a given
quantity of ore by actual treatment
in a mill. (Raymond)

Mill scale. The scale of ferric oxide
that peels from iron during rolling.
Compare Forge scale. (Standard)

MiU site. A plot of ground suitable
for the erection of a mill, or reduc-
tion works, to be used in connection
with mining operations. (U. S.
Min. Stat, pp. 595-607)

Millstone. A hard tough stone used
for grinding cereals, cement rocks,
and other materials. Usually a
coarse-grained sandstone or fine
quartz-conglomerate. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Millstone grit, an old English name
for the conglomeratic sandstone at
the base of the Carboniferous Coal
Measures. It was formerly more or
less current in this country as a syn-
onym for Pottsville conglomerate.

Mill tail. The current of water leav-
ing a mill wheel after turning it,
or the channel through which it
runs; a tailrace. (Century)

Mill test.^ The determination of the
metallic contents and recoverable
metal in any given ore by the mill-
ing of a sufficient quantity to afford
average milling conditions (Weed).
See Mill run.

Millwright. One whose occupation is
to build mills, or to set up their ma-
chinery. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

437

Mimeslte. An obsolete synonym for
Dolerite. (Kemp)

Mimetic. Imitative. Applied to crys-
tals which, by twinning, resemble
simple forms of a higher grade of
symmetry. ( Webster )

Kimetite. Lead chlorarsenate, SPbr
As,O». (U. S. Geol. Snrv.)

Mimic. In mineralogy, the same as
Mimetic.

Mi mop byre. A' name suggested by
Elie de Beaumont in 1814 for meta-
morphosed, argillaceous rocks in
which feldspars had developed, so
that they resembled porphyries. Vol-
canic tuffs are a frequent original,
but graywackes and arkoses have
also yielded them. Compare Por-
phyroid. (Kemp)

(Sp.). LA deposit of mineral.
2. Mine. M. ahogada (Colom.) A
placer mine which has been covered
by a fall of ground or by gravel or
tailings from a mine situated above
• it (Halse). M. alta, a high mine;
M. capotera, a mine with ore at
a slight depth; M. cargada, mine
abounding in stone; M. cogoUera, a
mine rich at outcrop but poor below ;
M. de cacho, an alluvial mine with
fine gravel ; M. de cerro, a mountain
mine; M. de cueva, mine with pay
ore covered by large blocks of rock ;
M. de invierno (Colom.), a mine
workable only in the rainy season ; M.
de oro corrido, alluvial mine; M. de
sabana, a high-lying mine; M. de
saca, a mine in which pay gravel lies
below the level of the adjacent
water; M. de saco, ore deposits fill-
ing superficial cavities; M. de so-
bresabana, a mine lying higher than
a ' sabana ' ; M . de tonga, a self-
draining mine ; M. de tope, a mine in
which ore is abundant in small
places, the adjacent places being
barren; M. de verano (Colom.) a
mine workable only in the dry sea-
son ; M. de veta, a lode mine ; M. en
frutot, a productive mine; M. her-
vida, an alluvial mine in which gold-
bearing gravel was deposited by a
whirlpool; M. jornalera, a poorly-
paying mine; M. matera, a mine in
which ore is abundant in small
places, the adjacent place* being
barren. (Lucas)

Minable. That can be mined. (Stand-
ard)

Minado ( Sp. ) . Underground workings.
(Halse)

Miaar (Sp.). To mine. (Halse)

Minargent. An alloy of copper, nickel,
and antimony, with a slight propor-
tion of aluminum. (Standard)

Kine. 1. In general, any excavation
for minerals. More strictly, subter-
ranean workings, as distinguished
from quarries, placers, and hydraulic
mines, and surface or open works.
The distinction between the French
terms mine and miniere results en-
tirely from the law, and depends
upon the depth of the working. The
former is the more general term,
and, ordinarily speakirig, includes
the latter, which signifies shallow
or surface workings (Raymond).
Compare Quarry. NOTE: The word
"mine" In statutes prescribing safety
appliances and protection for the
miner, has generally been held as
including not only a place where
pay ore has been discovered, but one
where an excavation alone exists, as
a cross-measures heading, an incline
communicating with two or more
seams or veins, or a trial heading,
drift, adit, or shaft, etc., to prove the
existence of minerals; in fact, any
excavation for the development of a
mineral deposit, or for the extrac-
tion of the ore, rock or coal there-
from. In a military sense, a mine
is a subterranean gallery run under
an enemy's works, to be subsequently
exploded.

2. Any deposit of mineral or ore
suitable for extraction, as an ore de-
posit. The Federal and State .courts
hare held that the word " mine ", in
statutes reserving mineral lands, in-
cluded only those containing " valu-
able mineral deposits ". In England
the term mine is applied to ;nny
seam of coal, as well as to a deposit
of ironstone either in thin bands^or
in one bed of considerable thickness.

3. The terms "mine" and "coal mine"
are intended to signify any and all
parts of the property of a mining
plant, either on the surface or nn-
derground, that contribute directly
or indirectly to the mining or han-
dling of coal. (Hakanson v. La Sa"lle
County Carbon Coal Co., 106 N. B.
Kept, p. 618; Spring Valley Coal
Co. v. Greig, 129 Illinois :App;.v: p.
391; 226 Illinois, p. 511; Moore v.
Dering, 242 Illinois, p. 87)

4. The term "mine," as used by
quarrymen, is applied to under-
ground workings having a roof of
undisturbed rock. It is used in con-
trast with the "open-pit" quarry.
(Bowles)

*. To dig a mine; to get ore, metal,
coal, or precious stones out of the

438

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

earth; to dig in the earth for min-
erals ; to work in a mine. (Webster)
6. Discovery of a mine : In statutes
relating to mines the word "dis-
* covery" is used, (1) in the sense of
uncovering or disclosing to view ore
or mineral; (2) of finding out or
bringing to the knowledge the exist-
ence of ore or mineral, or other use-
ful products, which were unknown,
and (3) of exploration, that is, the
more exact blocking out or ascertain-
ment of a deposit that has already
been discovered. In this sense it is
practically synoymous with Develop-
ment, and has been so used in the
U. S. Revenue Act of February 9,
1919 (Sec. 214, subdivision A 10,
and Sec. 234 subdivision A 9) in
allowing depletion to mines, oil and
gas wells.

Article 219 of "Income and War
Excess Profits Tax Regulations" No.
45, construes "discovery of a mine"
as, (1), the bona fide discovery of a
commercially valuable deposit of ore
or mineral, of a value materially in
excess of the cost of discovery in
natural exposure or by drilling or
other exploration conducted above
or below the ground; (2) the de-
velopment and proving a mineral or
ore deposit which has 1 ^en ap-
parently worked out * * * to be a
minable deposit of ore or mineral
having a value materially in excess
of the cost of improving or develop-
ment.

Mine captain. The director of work in
a mine, with or without superior of-
ficials, and with or without subordi-
nates. (Webster)

Mine dial. See Miner's dial.

Mine dust 1. (Scot) The riddlings
of calcined ironstone. (Barrowman)
9. See Coal dust. 3. Dust from rock
drills, blasting, or handling rock.

Mine earth (No. Staff.). Synonymous
with Ironstone in beds. (Gresley)

Mine ground (Eng.). Strata contain-
ing ironstone in layers. (Gresley)

Mine locomotive. A low, heavy, haul-
age engine, designed for underground
operation ; usually propelled by elec-
tricity, gasoline, or compressed air.

Mine measures (Forest of Dean). See
Mine ground.

Mine pig (Eng.). Pig-iron made
wholly from ore, in distinction from
cinder pig. (Webster)

Miner. 1. One who mines; one en-
gaged in the business of getting ore,
coal, or precious stones out of the
earth ; broadly, any one working un-
derground in a mine ; more narrowly,
one who drills, blasts, stopes, drives
levels, etc., in ^i mine. (Webster)

2. A worker in a coal mine who is
paid a certain price for each ton of
coal he digs or blasts from the solid
seam, as distinguished from the la-
borer who loads the cars, etc. His
helpers load the coal ; they are also
called Laborers. (Steel)

3. Includes all classes and laborers
who work in a mine whether dig-
ging coal, timbering, or making
places safe. (Driza v. Jones & Ad-
ams Co. 171 Illinois App., p. 145)

Mineral. 1. A mineral is a body pro-
duced by the processes of inorganic
nature, having a definite chemical
composition and, if formed under
favorable conditions, a certain char-
acteristic molecular structure, is
exhibited in its crystalline form
and other physical properties. A
mineral must be a homogeneous sub-
stance, even when minutely ex-
amined by the microscope; further,
it must have a definite chemical com-
position, capable of being expressed
by a chemical formula. (Dana)

2. As used in flotation the terms
•mineral' or 'metallic* particles
hark back to the French (mineral,
ore) and Spanish (metal, ore) mean-
ings. Both terms refer to those val-
uable constituents in the ore that
it is the object of the process to sep-
arate from the non-valuable constit-
uents, or gangue. (Rickard)

3. (Lake Superior) Concentrates
containing about 65 per cent metallic
copper. The crude ore is called
rock.

4. In miner's parlance, ore (Hanks).
Compare Ore.

5. The term mineral, when employed
in a conveyance, is understood to in-
clude every inorganic substance
that can be extracted from the
earth for profit whether it be solid,
as rock, fire clay, the various metals
and coal, or fluid, as mineral waters,
petroleum, and gas. (Horace Creek
Land and Min. Co. v. Midklff (W.
Va.), 95 S. E. Rept, p. 27)

Mineral (Sp.). 1. Mineral or ore;
M. de bolsadas, spotty or bunchy
ore; M. de creston, outcrop ore;
M. desmenuzaole, earthy ore, friable
ore; If. en foca, rocky ore; M.
pobre, low-grade ore, leavings; M.
rico, high-grade ore; M. tostado,
roasted ore. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

439

2. (Mex.) A mining district; also
a mine. (Lucas)

Mineral adipocirc. See Hatchettite.

Mineral belt. The strip, or zone, of
mineralized territory. in a given for-
mation or district. (Weed)

Mineral blossom. Drusy q u P r t z .
(Power)

Mineral blue (Eng.). Azurite when re-
duced to an impalpable powder for
use as a pigment.

Mineral borer (Scot). A person
whose business it is to search for
minerals by boring. (Barrowman)

Mineral caoutchouc. See Elaterite,
Helenite, and Caoutchouc.

Mineral charcoal. A pulverulent, lus-
terless substance, showing distinct
vegetal structure, and containing
a high percentage of carbon with
little hydrogen and oxygen, occur-
ring in thin layers in bituminous
coal. (Raymond) Called by miners
Mother of coal.

Mineral coal. A name for native coal,
to distinguish It from charcoal.
(Chester)

Mineral cotton. See Mineral wooL

Mineral deposit. Any valuable mass
of ore. Like ore deposit, it may be
used with reference to any mode of
occurrence of ore, whether having
the characters of a true, segregated,
or gash vein, or any other form.
See Ore deposit (Century)

Mineral dresser. A machine for trim-
ming or dressing mineralogical spec-
imens. (Standard)

Mineral field (Scot). A tract of
country in which workable minerals
are found; a mineral leasehold.
(Barrowman)

Mineralization. 1. The process of re-
placing the organic constituents of
a body by inorganic fossilization. 2.
The addition of inorganic substances
to a body. (Standard)
3. The act or process of mineral-
izing. See Mineralize (Webster).
The process of converting or being
converted into a mineral, as a metal
into an oxide, sulphide, etc.

Mineralize. 1. To change from a metal
into a mineral; as, iron when ex-
posed to the air is mineralized into
rust (Standard)

2. To petrify. 3. To impregnate or
supply with minerals. 4. To pro-
mote the formation of minerals, as
heat is a mineralizing agent 5. To
go on an excursion for observing
and collecting minerals. (Webster)

Mineralized matter. Crushed and loose
rock material containing minerals
irregularly deposited, from solution.
It may be in beds, or in fissues.
(Eureka Consol. Mining Co. v. Rich-
mond Mining Co., 4 Sawyer, 312;
Doe v. Waterloo Mining Co., 54 Fed.
Rept, p. 943)

Mineralized . zone. A mineral-bearing
belt or area extending across or
through a district. It is usually
distinguished from a vein or lode as
being wide, the mineralization ex-
tending in some cases hundreds
of feet from a fissure of contact
plane. Compare Contact deposit See
Zone, 2.

Mineralizers. The dissolved vapors in
an igneous magma, such as steam,
hydrofluoric acid, boracic acid, and
others, that exert a powerful Influ-
ence in the development of some
minerals and textures. The word
is also technically used in some defi-
nitions of ore. Thus it is said that
an ore is a compound of a metal and
a mineralizer, such as copper and
sulphur, iron and oxygen, etc.
(Kemp)

Mineral jelly. Vaseline. (Webster)

Mineral kingdom. One of the prime
divisions of nature, embracing all
minerals. ( Standard )

Mineral lake. Tin-chromate glass,
forming a pink pigment (Stand-
ard)

Mineral land. Land more valuable for
its deposits of stone, or whatever
is recognized as mineral, than for
agriculture. (McGlenn v. Wien-
brocer, 15 Land Decisions, p. 375;
Berry v. Central Pacific R. R. Co.,
15 Land Decisions, p. 464; United
States v. Iron Silver Min. Co., 128
United States, p. 673)

Mineral line. A railroad that carries
only mineral (Webster)

Mineral monument. A permanent
monument established in a mining
district to provide for an accurate
description of mining claims and
their location. (U. S. Min. Stat, pp.
227-231)

Mineralogist. One who is versed in
the science of minerals, or one who
treats or discourses of the properties
of mineral bodies. (Century)

Mineralogize. To study and collect
minerals, usually by outdoor prac-
tice, (Standard)

440

GLOSSARY OF .MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mineralography. The study of the
structure of minerals by the appli-
cation of metallographic methods to
polished sections of minerals. The
microscope and reflected light thus
bring out structures which could not
otherwise be determined. (Eng. and
Min. Jour., vol. 105, p. 934)

Mineralogy. That science which
treats of. those inorganic species
called minerals, which together in
rock masses, or in isolated form,
make up the material of the crust
of the earth. (Dana)

Mineral oil; naphtha. A limpid or
yellowish liquid, lighter than water,
and consisting of hydrocarbons. Pe-
troleum is heavier than naphtha,
and dark greenish in color when
crude. Both exude from the rocks;
but naphtha can be distilled from
petroleum (Raymond). See also
Petroleum.

Mineral paint. Minerals used as pig-
ment, including the ochers, iron ox-
ides, barite, etc. See also Ocher;
Sienna ; Umber. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Mineral pitch. Asphaltum.

Mineral purple. An iron-oxide red pig-
ment. (Standard)

Mineral resin. Any one qf certain
mineral hydrocarbons, as asphalt
and bitumen. (Standard)

Mineral right. The ownership of the
minerals under a given surface, with
the right to enter thereon, mine, and
remove them. It may be separated
from the surface ownership, but, if
not so separated by distinct convey-
ance, the latter includes it. (Ray-
mond)

Mineral seal oil A trade term for
an oil of the gravity 38.5° to 39°
B6., adapted for lighthouse and lo-
comotive lights. It has a fire test
of 300° F., a flash point of 255°
F., and a viscosity of 45 to 50 at 100°
F. on the Saybolt universal instru-
ment. (Bacon)

Mineral sperm oil. See Mineral seal
oil.

Minerals separation process. A flota-
tion process based on surface-tension
phenomena, accelerated by means of
addition to the pulp of small quanti-
ties of oil and air in minute sub-
division. There is only about 0.1 per
cent oil added, and the pulp violently
agitated for from 1 to 10 minutes.
Innumerable small bubbles of air are
thus mechanically introduced, which
join the oil-coated particles. These

are then removed in a spitzkasten.
Exposure to the air after this treat-
ment then aerates any mineral which
has not already taken up its oil film,
after which a second spitzkasten
treatment removes this. (Liddell)

Mineral surveyor. ' See Deputy sur-
veyor.

Mineral synthesis. The production of
artificial minerals by a laboratory
process.

Mineral tallow. Hatchettite. (Stand-
ard)

Mineral tar. 1. A viscid variety of
petroleum. (Power)
2. Tar derived from various bitumi-
nous minerals, as coal, shale, peat,
etc. Shale tar. (Standard)

Mineral time (Eng.). An eight-hour
period in Derbyshire and in some
other districts. (Hunt)

Mineral turpentine. See Turpentine
substitutes.

Mineral vein. A vein formed by aque-
ous deposition, or by sublimation. A
vein containing ore (Webster). See
also Fissure; Lode; Vein.

Mineral water. A natural water com-
ing from a spring and containing
some characteristic mineral ingredi-
ent, as carbon dioxide or a lithium
salt. (Standard)

Mineral wax. See Ozocerite.

Mineral way (Derb.). The roadway
over which the miner transports ore
to the highway, or supplies from the
highway to the mine. (Mander)

Mineral white. Permanent white.
Gypsum ground and used as a pig-
ment. (Webster)

Mineral wool. A substance outwardly
resembling wool, presenting a mass
of fine interlaced filaments, made by
subjecting furnace slag (or certain
rocks) while molten to a strong
blast. Being both insect-proof and
fire-proof, it forms a desirable pack-
ing for walls, a covering for steam
boilers, etc. (Standard). Compare
Glass wool. Called also Mineral cot-
ton; Silicate cotton; Slag wool.

Mineral yellow. • A yellow pigment con-
sisting of an oxychloride of lead;
patent yellow. (Webster)
Minerar (Port). To mine. (Halse)
Mine rent. The rent or royalty paid
to the owner of a mineral right by
the operator of the mine — usually
dependent, above a fixed minimum,
upon the quantity of product. (Ray-
mond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

441

Mine rescue-apparatus. A name ap-
plied to certain types of apparatus
worn by men, and permitting them
to do work in noxious or irrespirable
atmospheres such as obtain during
mine fires, following mine explo-
sions, as a result of accidents in
ammonia plants, from smelter fumes,
etc. Oxygen compressed in cylin-
ders, a regenerating substance to
purify the breathed air, with a
closed circulation system constitute
the general principle of the appa-
ratus.

Xlne rescue-car. One of a number of
railway cars specially equipped with
mine rescue-apparatus, safety lamps,
first-aid supplies, and other mate-
rials, maintained by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines in various sections
of the United States. These cars
serve: as movable stations for the
training of miners in the use of mine
rescue-apparatus, and in first-aid
to the injured; as centers for the
promotion of mine safety; as emer-
gency stations for assisting at mine
fires, explosions, or other disasters.
Similar cars are maintained by a
number of mining companies.

Mine rescue-crew. A crew consisting
usually of five men who are thor-
oughly trained in the use of mine
rescue-apparatus, and are capable
of wearing it in rescue or recovery
work in a mine following an explo-
sion, or to combat a mine fire.

Mine rescue-lamp. A name given to a
particular type of electric safety
hand-lamp used in rescue operations.
It is equipped with a lens for con-
centrating or diffusing the light
beam as occasion may require.

Mineria (Sp.). Mining. This term
embraces the whole subject, includ-
ing both mines and miners, and also
the operations of working mines and
of reducing their ores. It, however,
is often used in a more restricted
sense. (Raymond)

Mineria. dlputaci6n de (Sp.). A tri-
bunal cognizant of mining matters,
elected in most cases by the mine
owners of the district. (Min. Jour.)

Minerio (Port.). Ore. (Halse)

Minero (Sp.). Miner. This term is
not limited to those who work mines,
but Includes their owners, and all
who have the qualifications pre-
scribed in the ordinances, and are
enrolled as members of the body or
craft Many of the laborers who
work in mines are not, technically

speaking, miners. This term is some-
times used in the old laws for mine.
(Raymond)

Mine road. Any mine track used for
general haulage. (Chance)

Mine rock. A more or less altered
rock found in ore channels (Power).
Gangue.

Mine royal (Derb.). A gold or silver
mine that belongs to the king, by
his prerogative to make (coin)
money. (Mander)

Miners' anemia. See Ankylostomiasis.

Miners' Asthma. See Pneumonoconio-
sis.

Miners' bar. An iron bar pointed at
one end, chisel-edged at the other,
used in coal mining. (Standard)

Miners' box. A wood or iron box lo-
cated in or near the working place
of the miner in which he keeps his
tools, supplies, etc. Required by law
in some States.

Miners' coal-ton. In Wales, 21 cwts.
of 120 pounds each. (Gresley)

Miners' dial. An instrument used in
surveying underground workings.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Miners' elbow. A swelling on the back
of the elbow due to inflammation of
the bursa over the olecranon, so
called because often seen in miners..
(Webster) ;

Miners' friend. (Canterbury) The
Davy safety lamp. (Webster)

Miners' hammer. A hammer for break-
ing ore. (Standard)

Miners' inch. The miner's inch of
water does not represent a fixed
and definite quantity, being meas-
ured generally by the arbitrary
standard of the various ditch com-
panies. Generally, however, it IB
accepted to mean the quantity of
water that will escape from an
aperture one inch square through a
two-inch plank, with a steady flow
of water standing six inches above
the top of the escape aperture, the
quantity so discharged amounting
to 2274 cubic feet in twenty-four
hours (Hanks). Inasmuch as the
miner's inch is a local term "The
flow of the water shall be expressed
in cubic feet per second, and where
it is desirable, for local reasons, to
use the term ' miner's inch ' it shall
represent a flow of 1$ cubic feet
per minute." (W. H. Shockley, Bull.
92, Min. and Met Soc. of Am., Jan.
1916, p. 82). Com fare Sluice head.

442

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Miners' lamp. Any one of a variety
of lamps used by a miner to fur-
nish light; as, oil lamps, carbide
lamps, flame safety lamps, electric
cap-lamps, etc.

Miners' lung, Miners* asthma. See
Pneumonoconiosis.

Miners' needle. A long, slender, taper-
ing, metal rod left in a hole when
tamping and afterwards withdrawn,
ta provide a passage, to the blasting
charge, for the squib.

Miners' nystagmus. Nystagmus occur-
ring among miners due to strain on
the eyes from working by insuffi-
cient light. This subject is dis-
cussed in detail in Bull. 93, U. S.
Bur, Mines, by F. L. Hoffman.

Miners' oil. An oil, producing little
smoke, used in miner's wick-fed open
lamps.

Miners' phthisis. See \nthracosls.

Miners' right. 1. An annual permit
from the Government to occupy and
work mineral land. C. and M. M. P)
2. In California, the right of a
miner to dig for precious metals
on public lands occupied by another
for agricultural purposes; in Aus-
tralia, a written or printed license
to dig for gold. (Standard)

Miners' rules. Rules and regulations
proclaimed by the miners of any dis-
trict relating to the location, re-
cording .and the work necessary to
hold possession of a mining claim.
It was ttie miners' rules of the early
days of the mining industry that
were the basis of the present laws.
(U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 192-195).
The local mining laws and regula-
tions of 1849 and later are given in
Vol. 14, 10th Census of the United
States, 1880, compiled by Clarence
King.

Miners' sunshine. A soft grade of
paraffin wax used by miners for
burning in lamps. See Sunshine.

Miners' wax. A refined paraffin wax
with a melting point of 118° to 120°
F. (Bacon). Compare Sunshine.

Miners' wedge. A metallic wedge or
plug for splitting off masses of coal.
(Standard)

Miners' weight (Penn.). A term used
in an old coal mining lease as the
basis for a price per ton to be paid
for mining. It is variable, but con-
sists of such quantity of mine-run
material as operator and miner may
agree upon as necessary or sufficient

to produce one ton of prepared coal.
(Drake v. Berry, 102 Atlantic, p.
320)

Miners' worm. The hookworm, agchy-
lostoma duodenale, which often in-
fests miners and tunnel workers
(Webster).. See Ankylostomiasis.

Mine run. The entire unscreened out-
put of a mine (C. and M. M. P.).
Also called Run of mine.

Minery. Mines collectively; a mining
district or its belongings; a quarry.
(Century)

Mine safety-car. Same as Mine rescue-
car.

Mine salting. See Salt, 3.

Mineta. 1. (Peru) Small mine-cham-
ber or cavity. (D wight)
2. Rock composed chiefly of feldspar
and biotite mica, sometimes with
chlorite, quartz, and hornblende. A
mica syenite. (Halse)

Mine tin. Tin obtained from veins or
lodes, as distinguished from stream
tin. (Ure)

Minette. A variety of mica-syenite,
usually dark and fine grained, oc-
curring in dikes. (Kemp)

Mine work. (Eng.) An ironstone
mine or workings. (Gresley)

Minge; Mingy coal. Coal of a tender
or friable nature. (Gresley)

Mingles (Scot). The vertical timbers
of the upper part of a pulley frame,
on the top of which the pulleys are
fixed (Gresley). See Maidens.

Mining. 1. Act or business of making
mines or working them (Webster).
The processes by which useful min-
erals are obtained from the earth's
crust, including not only under-
ground excavations but also open
workings; it also includes both
underground and surface deposits.
(Burdick v. Dillon, 144 Fed. Rept.,
p. 739)

2. (Ark.) The excavation made in
undermining a coal face. 3. (Ark.)
A soft band of dirt in, or beneath, a
coal seam in which a preliminary
excavation can be readily made.
(Steel). See also Mining ply.
t. Reduction of ore, whether mined
jr purchased, and refining the prod-
ucts thereof, is mining, within the
statute permitting the cutting of
timber for mining purposes. (United
States v. Richmond Mining Co., 40
Fed. Rept., 415)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

443

Mining advancing. A method of min-
ing by which the ore or coal Is mined
as the excavation advances from the
shaft or main opening. Compare
Mining retreating.

Mining camp. 1. A colony of miners
settled temporarily near a mine.
(Standard)

2. A term loosely applied to any
mining town.

Mining case. A frame of a shaft, or
gallery, composed of four pieces of
plank. (Standard)

Mining claim. 1. That portion of the
public mineral lands which a miner,
for mining purposes, takes and holds
in accordance with mining laws.
(Escott v. Crescent Coal & Naviga-
tion Co., 56 Oregon, p. 192; 106 Pa-
dflc, 452; Mt Diablo M. & M. Co. v.
Callison, 4 Sawyer, p. 439 ; Morse v.
De Ardo, 106 California, p. 622;
Salisbury v. Lane, 7 Idaho, p. 370;
Bewick v. Muir, 83 California, p.
363 ; Berentz v. Beltmont Oil Co. 148
California, p. 577 ; Black v. Elkhorn
Mining Co., 49 Fed. Kept 549, p.
553)

2. A mining claim is a parcel of land
containing precious metal in the soil
or rock. A location is the act of
appropriating such parcel of land ac-
cording to law or to certain estab-
lished rules (Smelting Co. v. Kemp
104, United States, p. 649; Peabody
Gold Mining Co. v. Gold Hill Mining
Co. 97 Fed. Kept p. 661; McFeters
t». Pierson, 15 Colorado, p. 203; 24
Pacific, 1076, 1890). See Claim;
Lode mining claim; Placer claim;
Location, a (U. S. Min. Stat, p.
51)

Mining dtbris. The tailings from hy-
draulic mines. Also called Debris.
(Century)

Mining district. A settlement of min-
ers organized after the plan that,
in the first years of mining in the
Western part of the United States,
the miners, in the independence of
all other authority, devised for their
own self - government ( Century ) .
A section of country usually desig-
nated by name and described or
understood as being confined within
certain natural boundaries, in which
gold or silver. (or other minerals)
may be found in paying quantities.
(United States v. Smith, 11 Fed.
Kept, p. 490)

Mining easement. See Easement.

Mining engine. 1. See Man machine.
S. Any engine used in mining, as a
pump engine or mine locomotive.
(Standard)

Mining engineer. One versed in, or
one who follows, as a calling or pro-
fession, the business of mining en-
gineering. Graduates of technical
mining schools are given the degree
of 'engineer of mines' and author-
ity to sign the letters E. M., after
their names. The letters 'M. E.'
stand for mechanical engineer, when
given by a school, but are often
used by men engaged in mining,* who
lack scholastic degrees, as an ab-
breviation for mining engineer, or
mining expert.

Mining engineering. That branch of
engineering dealing with the excava-
tion and working of mines. (Web-
ster) It includes much of civil, me-
chanical, electrical, and metallurgi-
cal engineering.

Mining geology. See Geology.

Mining machine. A coal-cutting ma-
chine. (Standard)

Mining ore from top down. See Top-
slicing and cover-caving.

Mining partnership. 1. A partnership
in mining business in which one
partner may sell his partnership in-
terest, and bring his purchaser into
the partnership without making a
dissolution. (Standard)
2. Under the Civil Code of Califor-
nia (Section 2511), a mining part-
nership exists when two or more
persons acquire a mining claim and
actually engage in working the same.
The actual working of the mine by
the joint owners is essential to a
mining partnership. (Peterson v.
Beggs, 148 Pacific, p. 542)

Mining ply. A soft, thin, interstrati-
fied portion of a coal bed. In the
Pittsburgh seam of western Mary-
land it is 3 to 6 inches thick, and
it is in this that the machine does
the undercutting. (Md. Geol. Sorv.,
vol. 5, p. 540). See Mining, 5.

Mining retreating. A process of min-
ing by which the ore, or coal, is un-
touched until after all the gang-
ways, etc., are driven, when the
work of extraction begins at the
boundary and progresses toward the
shaft (Steel)

Mining under. The act of digging un-
der coal or In a soft strata in coal
seams. (Daddow)

Minio (Sp.). Red lead. (Min. Jour.)

Minion. The sittings of iron ore after
calcination. (Standard)

444

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ministerio (Sp.). Ministry; M. de
hacienda, Ministry of the Exchequer
or Treasury ; M . de fomento, Ministry
of Public Works and Instruction. In
Spanish America, the Ministry of En-
couragement and Promotion. (Halse)

Minium. Red oxide of lead, 2PbO.PbO*
Contains 90.6 per cent lead. (IT. S
Geol. Surv.)

Mifi6;i (Sp.). 1. An iron slag. 2. An
earthy iron ore. (Halse)

Minophyric. Minutely porphyritic
rocks with phenocrysts whose long-
est diameters are between 1 mm.
and 0.2 mm. See Magnophyric and
Mediophyric. (Iddings, Igneous
Rocks, p. 200)

Minseed oil. A bloomless petroleum
product, used in connection with lin-
seed oil for cheapening purposes.
See Paint oil. (Bacon)

Minus sight. See Foresight, 1.

Mlny. Pertaining to, or like a mine.
(Webster)

Miocene. The third of the four epochs
Into which the Tertiary period is di-
vided. Also the series of strata de-
posited during that epoch. (La
Forge)

Mirabilite; Glauber's salt. . >drous
sodium sulphate, Na2So4-hlOHaO.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Mirror black. Having a lustrous black
gloss; said of pottery. (Standard)

Mirror plate. Plate glass suitable for
mirrors. (Standard)

Mirror Stone. Muscovite.

Mischio marble. A violet-red breccia
from Serravezza, in Italy; also
known as African breccia (Breche
africaine). (Merrill)

Misenite. Probably acid-potassium sul-
phate, HKSO*. In silky fibers of a
white color. (Dana)

Miser. A tubular well-boring bit hav-
ing a valve at- the bottom, and a
screw for forcing the earth upward
( Standard ) . Also spelled Mizer.

Misfire. The failure of a blasting
charge to explode when expected. In
electric firing, usually due to broken
circuit or insufficient current If
the electric blasting-cap fires with-
out exploding the charge, it is usu-
ally due to misplaced detonator or
the charge has been affected by stor-
age in a wet place. Misfires with
fuse and blasting-caps are generally
due to the fuse going out or to the

failure of the fuse to ignite the
blasting-cap. Failure of the blast-
ing-cap to detonate the dynamite,
when it is fired, is usually due to
its having been affected by damp-
(Du Pont)

Misfire hole; Missed hole. A drift hole
containing an explosive charge that
has failed to explode. (Peterson v.
Otho Development & Power Co. 166
N. W. Rept, p. 147)

Mispickel. A sulpharsenide of iron,
FeSaFeAsa (Dana). Arsenopyrite.

Mission tile. A name sometimes ap-
plied to roofing tile of semicircular
cross section. (Ries)

Mississippian. The first of the three
epochs into which the Carboniferous
period is ordinarily divided; re-
garded by many geologists as itself
a peroid. Also the series of strata
during that epoch. (La Forge)

Missourite. A granular igneous rock
consisting of leucite, biotite, augite,
olivine, iron ores and apatite, and
corresponding to the effusive leucite-
basalts. It was discovered in the
Highwood Mountains, Mont., by
Weed and Pirsson, and named by
them from the Missouri River, the
most prominent and best known geo-
graphical object in the region.
(Kemp)

Mistress. 1. (Scot.) A water-proof
cover for miners when sinking in a
wet shaft. (Barrowman)
2. (No. of Eng.) A wooden or tin
box, having the front open, in which
a candle is carried in a pit. (Gres-
ley)

Misy (Egypt). A synonym for Copia-
pite.

Mita. 1. (South America) Under
Spanish rule, 1548 to 1729, compul-
sory mining work done by Indians.
The Indians were drawn by lot one
in seven being taken for work in the
mines. 2. (Peru) Tribute paid by
Indians. (Halse)

Mitayo. 1. (Sp. Am.) Under the
Spanish rule, 1548 to 1729, an In-
dian chosen by lot to serve his term
of compulsory labor in mines. 2.
(Peru) An Indian who collects trib-
ute. (Halse)

Mitchell slicing system. See Sublevel
stoping.

Miter out. In glass making, an angu-
lar groove, as in plate glass, having
a bottom angle of approximately
90° (Standard)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

445

Mitered tile. Roofing tile cut off
obliquely, so as to fit in upright
work, such as dormer corners. It
also includes pieces flanged at right
angles so as to cover such corners.
(Ries)

Miter iron.. A fagot of round iron bars
arranged about a central circular
bar, ready for forging. (Standad)

Mitts casting. 1. The process of mak-
ing castings of wrought iron, the
melting point of which has been low-
ered by a slight addition of alumi-
num. 2. A casting made by this
process. ( Standard )

Miusalheiros (Braz.). Trammers,
shovelers, and helpers. (Halse)

Mixta (Mex.). Alloy of gold and sil-
ver. (D wight)

Mixture. A commingling in which the
ingredients retain their individual
properties or separate chemical na-
ture: if chemically combined it is a
compound. See Mechanical mixture.
(Standard)

Mlzer. The chief tool used In certain
systems of sinking the cylinders of
small shafts through water-bearing
strata, to remove the ground from
beneath them (Gresley). See Miser.

Moat. 1. A ditch or deep trench. To
surround with a ditch. (Century)
2. (Scot.) To puddle; to cover up
the moutb of a pit or other opening
so as to exclude air in the even£ of
an underground fire. (Barrowman)

Moating. Clay backing for a masonry
shaft sunk through quicksand.
(Webster)

Mobby (So. Staff.). A leathern gir-
dle, with a small chain attached,
used by the boys who draw bowks
(buckets or tubs) . (Raymond)

Mocha pebble. Same as Moss agate.
Called also Mocha stone. (Stand-
ard)

Mocha stone. A white variety of
quartz banded with various colors,
and used as gem (Standard). See
Moss agate.

Mock lead. A Cornish term for zinc
blende; also called Wild lead.
(Da vies)

Mock ore. Same as Sphalerite.
(Standard)

Mock platinum. An alloy of 8 parts
of common brass and 5 of zinc.
(Standard)

Mock silver. A white alloy of copper,
tin, nickel, zinc, etc., of the same
class as Britannia metal; pewter.
(Standard)

Mock vermilion. A basic chromate of
lead. (Webster)

Moco. 1. (Sp.) Scoria of iron. 2. M.
de hierro (Venez.), brown iron ore;
a highly ferruginous rock. (Halse)

Mode. The actual mineral composition
of an unaltered igneous rock: con-
trasted with Norm, which see. (La
Forge)

Modeling clay. Fine, plastic clay, es-
pecially prepared for artists in mod-
eling by kneading with glycerin, or
by other methods. (Century)

Modified room-and-pillar working. See
Bord-and-pillar method.

Modulus of elasticity. A number de-
termining the extension or change
of form (strain) of a body under
the influence of a stretching or dis-
torting force (stress), and, In the
case of a body whose dimensions are
all unity, equal to the ratio of the
strain to the stress. (Standard)

Modulus of rupture. The measure of
the force which must be applied lon-
gitudinally in order to produce rup-
ture. (Webster)

Moeblus process. A method of electro-
lytic refining cf silver. Silver plate
of 95 to 98 per cent pure forms the
anodes, and thin silver plate forms
the cathodes. The electrolyte con-
sists of a weak acidulated solution
of silver nitrate. (Goesel)

Mofeta (Sp.). Gas found in mines;
afterdamp. (Halse)

Mofette. An emanation from the earth
of noxious gas, chiefly carbon diox-
ide, marking the last stage of vol-
canic activity; also, the opening
from which the 'gas issues. See also
Fumarole, Solfatarra, and Soffioni.
(Webster)

Mogrollo (Mex.). Silver ores, com-
posed of sulphides. (Halse)

Mohr's salt. Ferrous-ammonium sul-
phate, Fe(NH4)a(S04)a.6H2O. A
light green crystalline salt. (Web-
ster)

Mohsite. Native titanic iron; llme-
nite. (Century)

MoiL 1. A short length of steel rod
tapered to a point, used for cutting
hitches, etc. (Ihlseng)
2. A long gad used for accurate cut-
ting in a mine; a set 3. In glass

446

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

blowing, metallic oxide adhering to
glass when it is detached from the
end of the blowpipe. ( Standard \

Moirt metallique' (Fr.). Tin-plate, or
iron plate that has been first
coated with tin, so treated by acids
as to give it a clouded, variegated
or variously crystallized surface.
(Century)

Moissan process. A process for the re-
duction of chromic oxide with car-
bon in an electric furnace, the hearth
of which is lined with a calcium
chromite prepared by heating to-
gether lime and chromic oxide.
(Goesel)

Moj6n; Mojonera (Mex.). Stone pillar
to mark corner of a claim. Any
boundary mark. (Dwight)

Mojona (Sp.). A survey of land; the
placing of landmarks. (Halse)

Hold; Mould. 1. An impression made
In the earth by the outside of a
fossil shell, or other organic form;
sometimes misused for cast. 2. The
matrix or cavity in which anything
is shaped and from which it takes
its form ; also the body or mass con-
taining the cavity, as a sand mold
for casting metal. (Webster)
3. The form into which fused metal
is run to obtain a cast. 4. The
plaster forms used in making terra-
cotta architectural ornaments. (Cen-
tury)

Uoldavite; Moldauite. A transparent,
green, vitreous stone or natural
glass, regarded by some petrologists
as of meteoric origin and by others
as a form of obsidian. (La Forge)
See also Bouteillenstein.

Mold board. A board on which to ram
a pattern; a follow board. (Stand-
ard)

Mold box. A box in which molten ste.el
is hydraulically compressed. (Stand-
ard)

Molde (Mex.). Mold. (Dwight)

Molded brick. A term sometimes used
for soft-mud brick. (Ries)

Molded coal. An artificial fuel made
of charcoal refuse and coal tar,
molded into cylinders, dried, and
carbonized. (Century)

Holder; Moulder. 1. One who makes
molds for castings. 2. One who
molds tempered clay into unburned
bricks. (Standard)

Mold facing. A fine powder or wash
applied to the face of a mold to in-,
/lure a smooth casting. (Standard)

Molding crane. A crane adapted for
use in a foundry in handling molds
and flasks. (Century)

Molding frame. A template to shape
a loam mold. (Standard)

Molding hole. An excavation in a
foundry floor for large castings.
(Standard)

Molding loam. A mixture of clay and
sand employed by founders in con-
structing molds. (Century)

Molding machine. A machine for
making (a) loam molds in flasks,
from small complete patterns, or ( b )
gear-wheels and other large sym-
metrical objects by a radial frame
bearing a template, or pattern of a
small section of the gear; a gear-
molding machine. ( Standard )

Molding sand. A mixture of sand and
loam used by founders in making
sand molds. (Standard)

Molding table. Potter's table for
shaping their ware. (Standard)

Mole (Colcm.). 1. Galena. 2. Sul-
phides or concentrates consisting
principally of galena. (Halse)

Molecule. The smallest part of a sub-
stance that can exist separately and
still retain its composition and char-
acteristic properties; the smallest
combination of atoms that will form
a given chemical compound. (Rick-
ard)

Moledor (Peru). A man in charge of
grinding operations. (Halse)

Moledora (Peru). Upper millstone.
(Dwight)

Moler (Sp.). To crind or crush ore;
M. en seco (Peru), dry grinding;
If. por sutil (Peru), wet grinding.
" (Dwight)

Molienda. 1. (Mex.) Charge of ore
to be ground and amalgamated
(Dwight). 2. Grinding or crush-
ing ores. (Halse)

Molinete. 1. (Colom.) A kind of
windlass; a winch. 2. The beater
used on a dolly tub. (Halse)

Molino. 1. (Mex.) An ore-grinding
mill; M. chileno, Chilian mill; M.
de muestra, sample grinder.
(Dwight)

2. Ore sent to the mill. 3. (Colom.)
A huddle. 4. Alluvial sands accu-
mulated in the ground sluices.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

447

Mollnsttte. The dark-colored carbona-
ceous matter sometimes found in
shell marbles due to the petrifaction
of organic portions of mollusks.
(Standard)

Molly Maguire. A member of a secret
association of Irishmen organized
in the Anthracite coal region of
Pennsylvania about 1854, for the
purpose of intimidating employees
and officers of the law and for aveng-
ing themselves, by murder, on per-
son^ obnoxious to them. The so-
ciety was broken up after the execu-
tion of a number of the members
following serious and extensive riot-
ing, in 1877. (Webster)

Molonqne (Mex.). Rich specimen, of
which one-half, or more, is silver.
(Dwight)

Molten. Reduced to the fluid state by
heat; melted; fused; as, molten
metal. ( Standard )

Molybdenite. Sulphide of molybdenum,
MoSa. Contains 60 per cent molyb-
denum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Molybdenum. A metallic element of
the chromium group, resembling iron
in its white color, malleability, diffi-
cult fusibility and its capacity for
forming steel-like alloys with car-
bon. Symbol, Mo; atomic weight,
96.0; specific gravity, 9.01. (Web-
ster)

Molybdio ocher. Same as Molybdite.

Molybdite. Molybdenum trioxide,
MoO., in capillary tufted forms and
earthy. Color straw-yellow. (Dana)

Molybdocolic. Lead colic. (Century)

Molybdomancy. Divination by means
of molten lead, the diviner basing
his conclusions on the number,
form, and motions of the drops that
float on the surface. (Standard)

Molybdonosus. Lead poisoning.
(Standard)

Molybdoparesis. Lead palsey; paint-
ers' paralysis. (Standard)

Molysite. An incrustation, brownish-
red, light or dark, and yellow, ferric
chloride, FeCU, found usually in Jhe
vicinity of volcanoes as a deposit on
lavas, etc. (Dana)

Momme. A Japanese weight equal to
3.75 grams, or 2.4112 pennyweights.
(Weed)

Monadnock. A residual rock, hill, or
mountain standing above a peneplain.
(La Forge)

Monazlte. Phosphate of the cerium
metals (cerium, didymium, lantha-
num) and other rare-«arth metals,
including thorium, which alone gives
it commercial value. Some varie-
ties carry no thorium, but others
carry as much as IS per cent tho-
rium oxide, (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Monchiquite. An aphanitic or felso-
phyric Igneous rock containing
augite and barkevikite, with or with-
out blotite, olivlne, and analcite, in a
groundmass of analcitic glass. (La
Forge) The name was suggested by
Rosenbusch from the Monchique
Mountains of Portugal for basaltic
dikes corresponding in mineralogy
and texture to limburgite. They
often accompany nephelite-syenite.
In modification of the original view
that the monchiquites have a glassy
groundmass, L. V. Pirsson has urged
with much reason, and with the ad-
ditional evidence of chemical analy-
sis, that the supposed glass is anal-
cite. The presence of so much glass
in so basic a rock is improbable.
(Kemp)

Mondar (Sp.). To sort hand-picked
ore. (Halse)

Mondeo (Braz.). 1. A large masonry
reservoir for collecting gold-bearing
sand. 2. A settling pit. (Halse)

Hond gas. A variety of semi water
gas, having typically a calorific
"value of about 145 B. t. u. per
cubic foot Ammonia is often col-
lected as a by-product. (Webster)

Mondhaldeite. A name derived from
a locality on the Kaiserstuhl, Baden,
and applied by A. Osann to a group
of dike rocks having the mineral-
ogy of the hornblende-pyroxene an-
desites. Chemically they are an-
desites of about 60 per cent in silica,
and with almost as much potash as
soda. (Kemp)

Mond producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls)

Monel MetaL A whitish alloy of high
tensile strength .and elastic limit,
consisting of nickel 75 per cent, cop-
per 23.5 per cent, and iron 1.5 per
cent. (Webster)

Monheimite. A variety of smithsonite
containing iron carbonate. (Dana)

Monitor. 1. In hydraulic mining, a
contrivance consisting of nozzle and
holder, whereby the direction of a
stream can be readily changed.
(Standard)

448

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

2. A car used to lower (or raise)
coal on an incline. See also Gun-
boat. (Steel)

Monkey. 1. C&cot.) An appliance for
mechanically gripping or letting go
the rope in rope haulage. (Barrow-
man)

2. A contrivance placed between the
rails at the head of an incline to
prevent wagons or cars from run-
ning back. (Webster)
8. A small water-cooled bronze
casting in the cinder-notch cooler
through which cinder runs from
cinder-notch when the bot is with-
drawn. (Willcox)
4. A small glass-melting crucible.
(Standard)

NOTE : The word "monkey" prefixed
to a technical term means small,
thus, monkey chute, a small chute;
monkey drift, a small drift — usually
driven in for prospecting purposes.
(Chance)

Monkey boss. A man in charge of
flushing the furnace and of claying
up monkey and coolers. Helps on
tapping hole also, and at cast. See
also Monkey, 3. (Willcox)

Monkey .chock ( Aust. ) . See Bobbin, 1.

Monkey drift. A small drift driven in
for prospecting purposes, or a cross-
cut driven to an airway above the
gangway. (C. and M. M. P.)

Monkey gangway (Penn.). An air
course driven parallel with a gang-
way and heading at a higher level
(Gresley). Used where a seam has
considerable pitch or dip.

Monkey jar. -An earthenware vessel
used in tropical countries for cooling
drinking water. Also called Water-
monkey (Standard). In Mexico it
is called an Olla.

Monkey rolls. The smaller rolls in
an anthracite breaker. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Monkey shaft. A small shaft raise ex-
tending from a lower to a higher
level. (C. and M. M. P.)

Monnier process. The treatment of
copper sulphide ores by roasting
with sodium sulphate, and subse-
quent lixiviation and precipitation.
(Raymond)

Mono (Mex.), Vertical stull. (Dwight)

Monobasic. In chemistry, noting an
acid which contains but one atom of
hydrogen replaceable by a univalent
element or radical to form a neutral
salt. (Century)

Monoclinal. 1. Dipping only in one
direction, or composed of strata so
dipping; as, a monoclinal ridge; a
monoclinal flexure. Sometimes im-
properly called uniclinal. 2. An
abrupt downward flexure of nearly
horizontal strata without any corre-
sponding bend to form an anticline
or syncline. 3. Loosely, any series
of strata dipping in one direction
only, as an isocline. (Standard)

Monocline. A monoclinal fold (Web-
ster). See Monoclinal.

Monoclinic system. That system of
crystals whose forms are referred
to three unequal axes, two inter-
secting obliquely and the third per-
pendicular to both the others. (La
Forge)

Monoclinic block. A quarry term, ap-
plied to a block of stone bounded by
three pairs of parallel faces, eight
of the twelve interfacial angles
being right angles, two obtuse
angles, two acut angles. (Bowles)

Monogenetic. One in genesis; result-
ing from one process of formation;
said of a mountain r.ange. (Web-
ster)

Monolith. 1. A single stone or block
of stone, especially one of large size,
shaped into a pillar, statue, or
monument. 2. A building material
for floors, having a sawdust base
and applied in a plastic condition.
It is both fireproof and waterproof.
(Webster)

Monometallic. Consisting of but one
metal ; specifically, comprising coins
that consist of but one metal (or
alloy), as gold or silver. (Cen-
tury)

Monsel's salt. A basic sulphate of
iron. (Webster)

Montana. 1. (Sp.) Mountain. 2.
( Mex. ) Ores scattered through
country rock and not found in de-
posits of any appreciable size.
(Halse)

Montanite. A rare tellurate of bis-
muth, Bi2O8.TeOs.2H2O, from Mon-
tana. (Dana)

Montar. 1. (Sp.) To erect machinery
or a plant. 2. (Colom.) To con-
struct ditches for mining purposes.
(Halse)

Monte-acid (Fr.). An acid elevator,
as an apparatus by which acid is
forced by compressed air to the top
of one of the towers of a sulphuric
acid manufactory. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

449

Monteador (Colom.). A prospector
who searches for mines in forests
and mountains. (Halse)

Montefiore furnace. A small furnace
used for the recovery of zinc from
blue powder by liquation. (Ingalls,
p. 527)

Monte jus (Fr.). An apparatus for
raising a liquid by pressure of air,
or steam, in a reservoir containing
the liquid, utilizing the principle of
the wash bottle of the chemical lab-
oratory.

feonticellite. A calcium - magnesium
silicate, CaMgSiO*. In colorless to
gray crystals, in masses (batra-
chite), or in crystals or grains In
limestone. (Dana)

Monticle. A little hill, knob, or
mound; especially, a subordinate
volcanic cone. (Standard)

Monticulate. Characterized by or hav-
ing little knobs or hills. (Stand-
ard)

Montif orm. Mountain-like ; having the
shape of a mountain. (Century)

Montmartxite. A variety of gypsum,
containing calcium carbonate.
(Standard)

Mont6n (Sp.). 1. An ore heap. 2.
A quantity of ore undergoing amal-
gamation. 3. A Mexican unit of
weight for ore, varying from 1,800
to 3,200 Spanish pounds, according
to locality. (Standard)
4. (Colom.) An irregular mass or
deposit. 5. M. recto, a wide vein
between a stratified and nonstrati-
fied formation (Halse). A contact
vein,

Monton wax. A wax obtained from
bitumen extracted from Thuringian
lignite by treatment with superheat-
ed steam, used principally as a car-
nauba-wax (Brazilian palm wax)
substitute in the manufacture of pol-
ishes and as an insulating material
in place of ceresin. (Bacon)

Montre (Fr.). In ceramics, an open-
ing in a kiln-wall to permit inspec-
tion of the contents. (Standard)

Montroydite. Oxide of mercury, HgO.
(IT S. Geol. Surv.)

Monument. A stone or other perma-
nent object serving to indicate a
limit, or to mark a boundary, as of
a mining claim.

744010 O — 17 29

Monumentos (Mex.). .Land marks or
monuments; for mining claims, usu-
ally built of masonry, and placed at
each corner of a mining claim.
(Halse)

Monzonite. A granular igneous rock
composed essentially of alkali-calcic
plagioclase and orthoclase In nearly
equal amounts, and accessory horn-
blende, biotite, or augite; nearly the
same as Vogoite, which see (La
Forge). Brogger recently used the
name for a transitional and Inter-
mediate group of granitoid rocks
between the granite-syenite series
and the diorites. (Kemp)

Moonstone. A variety of feldspar,
commonly transparent or translu-
cent orthoclase, albite, or labrador-
ite, which exhibits a delicate pearly
opalescent play of colors. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) Used as a gem.

Moor. 1. A more or less elevated tract
of open, waste, or barren land, hav-
ing, as a rule, a rather broad, flat,
and poorly drained surface, com-
monly diversified by peat-bogs and
patches of heath. (La Forge)
2. (Corn.) An enrichment of ore in
a particular part of a lode (Da vies).
See also More.

Moorband. A synonym for Moorpan,
and Moorband pan.

Moorband pan; Moorpan (Eng). A
hard ferruginous crust that forms at
the bottom of boggy places above a
stiff and impervious subsoil. ( Power )

Moor coal. A friable variety of lig-
nite. (Century)

Moore filter press. A movable, Inter-
mittent vacuum filter consisting of a
series, or basket, of leaves fastened
together in such a way that it may
be dropped in a pulp tank and kept
submerged until a cake is formed.
It is then transferred by crane to
an adjoining wash-solution tank and
washed. The basket is then lifted
out of the tank and the cake
dropped. (Liddell)

Moorhouse (Corn.). A hovel built of
turf for miners to change clothes in.
See Changehouse.

Moorpeat. Peat formed from moss,
and such as is found In certain
moors. ( Standard )

Moorstone (Corn.). Loose masses of
granite found on Cornish moors.
(Raymond)

Moor whin. Same as Whin.

450

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mop. A disk surrounding a drill to
prevent water from splashing up.
(C. and M. M. P.) Also, a piece of
burlap or coarse cloth used for the
same purpose.

Morainal apron. Same as Apron, 8.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth,
stones, etc., carried and finally de-
posited by a glacier. A moraine
formed at the extremity of a glacier
Is called a terminal moraine; at the
side, a lateral moraine; in the cen-
ter and parallel with its sides, a
medial moraine and beneath the -ice
but back from its end or edge, a
ground moraine. (Webster)

Moraine profonde. Same as Ground
moraine. See Moraine.

Morainic. Of, pertaining to, forming,
or formed by a moraine. (Stand-
ard)

Morainic loops. Great loops, convex
southward, in the continental termi-
nal moraine of the North American
glacial period; caused by ice-
tongues filling valleys. The junc-
tion of contiguous loops form the
interlobular moraines. (Standard)

Morass ore. Same as Bog iron ore.
(Standard)

More (Corn.). A quantity of ore in

a particular part of a lode, as a

more of tin (Raymond. See also
Moor, 2.

Morenosite. A hydrated nickel sul-
phate, NiSO4+7H2O. (Dana)

Morgan (Aust.). A band of carbona-
ceous shale occurring in the Bor-
hole seam. (Power)

Morgen (Dutch). A South African
land measure equal to 1.44 claims,
or 2.1165 English acres. (Skinner)

Morillos (Mex.). Round poles for
light timbering. (D wight)

Morion. A nearly black variety of
smoky quartz. {Dana)

Morlop (Aust.). A mottled jasper-
pebble found in New South Wales,
and much sought by miners, as
it usually occurs with diamonds.
(Standard)

Moromoro (Peru). An impervious, ar-
gillaceous rock. (Halse)

Moroxite. A blue, or greenish-blue va-
riety of apatite. (Dana)

Morro (Mex.). Furnace- wall accre-
tions. (Dwight)

Mortar. 1. A heavy iron vessel, In
which rock is crushed by hand with
a pestle, for sampling or assaying.

2. The receptacle beneath the
stamps in a stamp mill, in which the
dies are placed, and into which the
rock is fed to be crushed. (Ray-
mond)

3. A building material made by mix-
ing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris,
with sand, water, and sometimes
other material and used in masonry,
plastering, etc. (Webster)

Mortar box. The large, deep, cast-iron
box into which the stamps fall and
the ore is fed in a gold or silver
stamp-mill; also called Stamper-
box (Roy. Com). See Mortar, 2.

Mortar mill. A mixing and stirring
machine for combining lime, sand
and other materials to make mortar.
A form of pug mill. (Century)

Mortar structure. A term suggested
by Tornebohm to describe those
granites, gneisses or other rocks
that have been dynamically crushed,
so that large nuclei of their origi-
nal minerals are set in crushed and
comminuted borders of the same,
like stones in a wall. (Kemp)

Mortero (Sp.). 1. A stamp-mill. 2.
The mortar of a stamp. 3. M. comun,
ordinary mortar. (Halse)

Mortification. Destruction of active
qualities, as in mercury amalgama-
tion. (Standard)

Mortise. A hole cut in one piece of
timber, etc. to receive the tenon that
projects from another piece. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Morts terrains (Fr.). Barren or dead
ground. The water-bearing strata
overlying the coal measures. (Gres-
ley)

Mosaic gold. Disulphide of tin. (Ray-
mond)

Mosaic silver. An amalgam of mer-
cury, tin, and bismuth, used for imi-
tating silverwork. (Standard)

Moscorrofio (Colom.). Gold in wire
or filaments accompanying pebbles;
angular, or but little rounded gold.
(Halse)

Mosqneado (Mex.). Spotted. Dark
ruby silver occurring in separate
grains or spots in quartz or other
matrix. (Halse)

Moss agate. A kind of agate contain-
ing brown or black moss-like den-
dritic forms, due to the oxides of
manganese or iron distributed
through the mass. (Century.) Also
called Mocha pebble; Mocha stone.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

451

Moss box. A cast-iron, annular, open-
topped box or ring, placed in water-
bearing ground for making a water-
tight seat, or bed, for the tubbing in
the Kind-Chaudron system of shaft
sinking. (Gresley)

Moss fallows. Parts of a bog from
which the moss has been removed
for fuel. (Standard)

Moss gold. Gold in dendritic forms.
(Webster)

Moss hag (Scot.). A place where peat
has been cut or washed away, leav-
ing a treacherous surface. (Web-
ster)

Moss land. Land abounding in peat
moss, but scarcely wet or marshy
enough to be called a bog or morass.
(Standard)

Moss silver. Silver in dendritic or
filiform shapes. (Webster)

Mossy. Like moss in form or appear-
ance. Said of certain minerals.
(Dana)

Mostrador (Mex.). Sampler. (Dwight)

Mote; moat. A straw filled with gun-
powder for igniting a shot (Gres-
ley). A fuse.

Mothergate. 1. (No. of Eng.) A road
in the workings to be eventually
converted into a main road. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Newc.) The main passage in a
district of mine workings, (Ray-
mond)

Mother lode. 1. The principal lode or
vein passing through a district
or particular section of country.
(Hanks)

2. The 'Great* quartz vein* in Cali-
fornia, traced by its outcrop for 80
miles from Mariposa to Amador
(Standard). See Champion lode;
also Veta madre

Mother of coal. See Mineral charcoal.

Motion. 1. (Ohio) A local term for
the area of a quarry covered by the
swing of a derrick boom, and, in
addition, the area from which the
blocks of stone may be economically
dragged. (Bowles)

2. A term used in granite regions to
designate small paving-block quar-
ries. (Perkins)

3. A place in which a stonecutter
quarries his own stone for subse-
quent cutting and fmishiag. 4. The
part of the pit in which work is in
actual progress. (Webster)

Motive column. The length of a col-
umn of air whose weight is equal to
the difference in weight of like col-
umns of air in downcast and upcast
shafts. The ventilation pressure, in
furnace ventilation, is measured by
the difference of the weights of the
air columns in two shafts. (Steel)

Motive power. Any power, as water,
steam, wind, electricity, used to im-
part motion to machinery. (Web-
ster)

Motor. 1. One who or that which pro-
duces or imparts motion or mechani-
cal power. Specifically, a machine
for producing or causing motion, es-
pecially one that acts by transmit-
ing some other kind of energy Into
mechanical energy, or the energy of
position into that of motion; a
prime mover, as a steam engine,
windmill, water wheel, or reversed
dynamo. (Standard)
2. A haulage engine used around
mines and operated by electricity or
compressed air.

Motor body. The box-like portion at
the lower end of a coal-cutting ma-
chine. (Morris v. O'Gara Coal Co.,
181 Illinois App., p. 312)

Mottle. The spotted, blotched, or va-
riegated appearance of any surface,
as of wood or marble ; especially, In
metallurgy, the appearance of pig
Iron of a quality between white and
gray. (Standard)

Motty (Eng.) A collier's mark on his
corf (Webster). See Tally.

Moulin (Fr.). A nearly vertical shaft
in a glacier into which a stream of
water pours. (Webster)

Mountain. An eminence or ridge,
either isolated or part of a range or
of a group, standing conspicuously
above the surrounding or neighbor-
ing country and, as a rule, charac-
terized by steeply sloping sides, a
relatively small summit area, and
considerable bare rock surface. (La
Forge)

Mountain blue. Blue copper ore ; az-
urite. (Skinner)

Mountain brown ore. Limonite or
brown Iron ore: A local name ap-
plied in Virginia to the low-grade
siliceous variety, which commonly
occurs in hard lumps and which is
found on the mountain slopes at or
near the contact of the Cambrian
shale and sandstone with the Cam-
bro-Ordovlcian limestone. See Val-
ley brown ore. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

452

GLOSSARY Or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Mountain butter. A synonym for Alu-
nogen (Chester). A hydrated alumi-
num sulphate in delicate fibrous
masses or crusts.

Mountain chain. A series of moun-
tains connected, and having some
common characteristics. .

Mountain cork. A variety of asbestos
resembling cork. It is light and
floats on water (Dana). Also called
Mountain leather.

Mountain crystal. Rock crystal.
(Webster)

Mountain flax. 1. Amianthus. A fine
silky variety of asbestos. (Power)
2. Asbestos or asbestos-cloth. ( Stand-
ard). Called also Earth flax.

Mountain green. Malachite. (Power)

Mountain leather. A tough variety of
asbestos in thin, flexible sheets
(Dana). See also Mountain cork.

Mountain limestone. The English des-
ignation of a limestone of the lower
part of the Carboniferous age;
called also Sub-Carboniferous lime-
stone. (Raymond)

Mountain meal. Infusorial earth
(Power). See also Bergmehl.

Mountain-milk. A very soft, spongy
variety .of calcite. •( Standard)

Mountain paper. A thin, paper-like, va-
riety of mountain cork. (Power)

Mountain range. 1. Loosely, same as
Mountain chain. 2. Strictly, one of
the component portions of a moun-
tain chain, formed by a single oro-
genic movement (monogentic).
(Standard)

Mountain soap. An unctuous variety
of halloysite containing some iron
oxide and about 24 per cent water.
(Dana)

Mountain tallow. A soft, waxlike, hy-
drocarbon; also known as Hatchet-
tite. (Dana)

Mountain wood. A variety of asbestos
that is compact, fibrous, and gray
to brown in color, looking like wood.
(Dana)

Mounting pipe. See Column pipe.

Mouse-eaten quartz. Quartz full of
holes once occupied by sulphides,
now decomposed and gone. ( Power )

Mousseline (Fr.). A thin glass, blown
BO fa% to imitate patterns in lace, as
for claret-glasses. Called also
Mousseline glass, Muslin glass.
(Standard)

Mouth. 1. An opening resembling or
likened to a mouth, as one afford-
ing an entrance or exit. 2. The
opening in a metallurgical furnace
through which it is charged; also
the tap hole. 3. Any of several fur-
naces, each connected by a flue to
a central opening in the oven of a
pottery kiln. (Webster)
4. The end of a shaft, adit, drift,
entry, tunnel, etc., emerging at the
surface. (Raymond)

Mouthing (So. Staff.). A synonym for
Inset.

Mouth of pit (Aust.). The top of a
shaft. (Power)

Mouth plate. 1. (Scot.) A ridged
cast-iron plate to direct hutch
wheels from plates to rails. 2.
(Scot.) An iron plate over the
mouth of a bore hole. (Barrow-
man)

Movable ladder. See Man machine.

Movable stock (Eng.). Such equip-
ment as can be sold without preju-
dice to the working of the colliery.
It comprises, therefore, old pumps,
unnecessary engines, and useless ma-
terials of every description. (G. G.
Green well)

Move (No. .Wales). A roof which is
just about to fall, or is taking
weight. (Gresley)

Moya ( So. Am. ) . Volcanic mud, some-
times carbonaceous. Called also
Mud lava; applied chiefly to such
exudations in South America.
(Standard)

Mozo (Mex.). Boy; man of all work;
roustabout. (Dwight)

Muck. 1. Earth, including dirt, gravel
hardpan and rock, to be, or being ex-
cavated; overburden. 2. To exca-
vate or remove touck from. 3. To
work hard; to toil. (Webster)

4. (Scot.) Rubbish; soft useless ma-
terial (Barrowman). See also Smut,
Dirt, Mullock.

5. A layer of earth, sand or sedi-
ment lying immediately above the
sand or gravel containing, or sup-
posed to contain, gold in placer min-
ing districts, and may itself contain
some traces of gold. (Cook v. John-
son, 3 Alaska, p. 516.)

Muck bar. Bar iron which has passed
once through the rolls. (Raymond)

Mucker. 1. (U. S.) One who loads
mine cars, and, in most mines, is
also a trammer pushing the cars to
the shaft, tunnel or adit mouth.
(Weed)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

453

2. One who excavates earth, or
muck (Webster). This term applies
more especially to metal mines.
See also Mullocker.

Muck iron. Crude puddled Iron ready
for squeezing or rolling. . (Webster)

Muckite. A resin from the coal beds
at Neudorf, Moravia; it fuses be-
tween 290° and 310° C., has a spe-
cific gravity of 1.0025, and a compo-
sition corresponding te OwHaO*.
(Bacon)

Muckle. 1. Soft clay overlying or
underlying coal. (Hargis)
2. (Corn.) A large juniper or drill.
(Green well, p. 217)

If uckle hammer. A scaling or spalling
hammer. (Standard)

Muck roll*. The first pair of rolls in
a rolling mill (Standard)

Mucks (Staff. ). Bad earthy coal. ( C.
& M. M. P.) See also Smut.

Muck train. A set of muck rolls.
(Standard)

Mucky hole. A. tap hole from which
the iron is so pasty that it does not
run freely. (Willcox)

Mu'd. Moist and soft earth, or earthy
matter whether produced by rains
on the earthy surface, by ejections
from springs and volcanoes, or by
sediment from turbid waters; mire.
(Century)

Mud bit. A chisel-like tool used in
boring wells through clay. (Web-
ster)

Mud bucket A dredger bucket (Web-
ster)

Mud cap. A charge of dynamite, or
other high explosive, fired in contact
with the surface of a rock after be-
ing covered with a quantity of Wet
mud, wet earth, or sand, no bore
hole being used. The slight confine-
ment given the dynamite by the
mud or other material permits part
of the energy of the dynamite be-
ing transmitted to the rock in the
form of a blow. A mud cap may
be placed on top or to one side, or
even under a rock, if supported,
with equal effect (Du Pont). Also
called Adobe, 'Dobie, and Sandblast.

Mud cone. A volcanic cone built up
of ejected mud (Webster). See also
Mud volcano, 2.

Mud cracks. Irregular cracks inter-
secting the surface of dried mud,
or the same more or less filled and
hardened into rock, as fossil mud
crack*. (Standard)

Mud draff- A dredge for clearing the
bottoms of rivers or harbors ( Stand-
ard). Compare Hedgehog, 2. Also
called Mud dredge.

Mud drum. A drum forming the low-
est part of some steam boilers in
which the sediment settles for r<*
movaL (Webster)

Mudds (Newc.). Small nails. (Min.
Jour.)

Mud fat (Aust). Unctuous and plas-
tic, like mud. (Standard)

Mud flat A muddy, low-lying strip of
ground by the shore, or an island,
usually submerged more or less com-
pletely by the rise of the tide. (Cen-
tury)

Mud geyser. See Mud pot

Mud gun. A steam cylinder operating
a plunger inside a steel tube 6
inches in diameter. Clay is fed into
the hopper tube as the plunger is
worked back and forth and is thus
forced into the tap hole, at end of
cast. (Willcoi)

Mud lava. See Moya.

Mud lump. One of numerous mud-dis-
charging cones dotting the shallows
at the mouth of the Mississippi; up-
heaval from lower clays by pressure
of surface deposits. (Standard)

Mud marks. The hardened flowings of
mud over a smooth surface, or the
same petrified, as fossil mud marks.
(Standard)

Mud flot (Western U. S.). A geyser
that throws up mud. Called also
Mud geyser. (Standard)

Mud ring. The ring or frame form-
ing the bottom of a water leg of a
steam boiler. (Webster)

Mud scow. A flatboat or barge for the
transportation of mud, generally
used in connection with dredges.
(Century)

Mudsill. The lowest sill of a struc-
ture, usually embedded in the soil ;
the lowest sill or timber of a house,
bridge, or dam. (Webster)

Mud socket. A device used on drill-
ing tools to clean mud or sand out
of a well. (Webster) ,

Mudstone. A fine, more or less sandy,
argillaceous rock, having no fissile
character, and somewhat harder
than clay. (Power)

Mud yolcano. 1. A hollow cone ID a
volcanic region, from which mate-
rial is ejected, by and with various

454

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

gases. The usual quiet emissions
are interrupted at times by violent
discharges, sometimes with columns
of flame. Called also Salse, Air vol-
cano, Maccaluba, and Mud cone.
(Standard)

Hud-walled. Having a wall Of mud,
or materials laid in mud instead of
mortar. (Century)

Mud wheel. In brickmaking, a wheel
by which clay is thoroughly worked
with water; a tempering wheel.
(Standard)

Mnela (Sp.). 1. The upper millstone.

2. The grinding stone of an arrastre.

3. M . vertical, the runner of a Chile-
an mill. (Halse)

Hue sea (Hex.). A notch in a stick;
mortise; notch cut in a round or
square beam for the purpose of us-
ing it as a ladder (chicken ladder).

Mueseler lamp. A type of safety lamp
invented and used in the collieries
of Belgium. Its chief characteristic
is the inner sheet-iron chimney for
increasing the draft of the lamp.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Muestra ( Sp. ) . 1. Sample ; specimen.
2. Oflcina de 'muestras, sampling
works. (Halse)

Muegtrario (Sp.). A collection of sam-
ples obtained by boring. (Halse)

Muff. 1. A cylinder of glass before it
is flattened out. (Standard)
2. A Joining tube, or coupler, for
uniting two pipes end to end.
(Century)

Muffle. A semi - cylindrical or long
arched-oven (usually small and made
of fire clay), heated from outside, in
which substances may be exposed at
high temperature to an oxidizing
atmospheric current, and kept at
the same time from contact with the
gases from the fuel. Cupellation and
scoriflcation assays are performed in
muffles, and on a larger scale copper
ores were formerly roasted in muf-
fle furnaces (Raymond). Used also
in ceramics, for firing pottery spe-
cially decorated, as by painting or
printing. (Standard)

Muffle furnace. A furnace devised so
as to shield its contents from direct
contact with the flames. (Webster)

Muffle painting. Decoration, as on
china, which will not bear kiln heat,
but is fired In a muffle. It is of two
kinds, hard and soft. (Standard)

Mnfla (Mex.). Muffle. A rude cupel
furnace for treating rich ore on a
bath of lead. See also Vaso.
CDwight)

Muigalheiro (Braz.). A trammer,
shoveler, or helper. (Bensusan)

Mula (Mex.). Mule. (Dwight)

Mulata (Colom.). A compact quartz
which is often gold bearing. (Halse)

Mulatto. A local name in Ireland for
a Cretaceous green sand. (Kemp)

Mule. 1. A small car, or truck, at-
tached to a rope and used to push
cars up a slope or inclined plane.
2. (Joplin, Mo.) An extra man who
helps push the loaded cars out in
case of up-grade, etc.

Mule skinner. A mule driver. (Cro-
futt)

Muley bripk. An imperfectly pressed
brick. (Standard)

Muller. 1. The stone or iron in an ar-
rastre, or grinding or amalgamating
pan, which is dragged around on the
bed to grind and mix the ore-bear-
ing rock (Raymond)
2. A bucking iron.

Muller's glass. Hyalite, a variety' of
opal which is as clear as glass and
colorless. (Dana)

Mullicite. A variety of vivianite oc-
curring in cyli.ndrical masses.
(Dana)

Mulligan. 1. A heavy double-handed
sledge for breaking runner scrap
at blast furnaces. (Willcox)
2. A miner's term for soup.

Mullock (Eng.). A term sometimes
used for the accumulated waste or
refuse rock about a mine (Roy.
Com.). See Muck, the term used in
the United States.

Mullocker (Aust.). One who excavates
and removes waste rock in distinc-
tion to one who removes ore (Web-
ster.) See Mucker, which is Ameri-
can usage.

Mnllocking (Aust.). Act or process of
excavating and removing mullock
(Webster). The American term is
mucking.

Mullock reefs (Aust). Reefs in which
the matrix of the ore consists of
country rock, frequently decomposed
eruptive dikes. (Power)

Mullock tip (Aust.). Accumulations of
waste rock coming out of a mine; a
dump; also, spoil heap. (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

455

Mullock vein (Aust). A decomposed
eruptive dike In which the original
disseminated gold and silver have
been deposited in joints and fissures
of the dike rock. This term appears
to be unnecessary. (Shamel, p. 165)

Mulniello (Italy,). A quarry or place
in a coal mine where stone and d6-
bris are obtained for the purpose
of stowing or filling up goaves.
(Gresley)

Multa (Mex.). Penalty or flue.
(Dwight)

Multiphase. In electricity, having
components of various phase: said
of rotating currents or the system
employing them. (Standard)

Multiple-bench quarrying. The method
of quarrying a rock ledge in a series
of successive benches or steps.
(Bowles)

Multiple proportions, law of. See Dai-
ton's law.

Multiple series; Parallel series. A

method of wiring a large group of
blasting charges by connecting small
groups in series and connecting
these series In parallel. (Bowles)

Multiple shot. See Battery of holes.

Multure (Peru). The percentage of
ore paid to the proprietor of a pul-
verizing mill as his recompense.
(Standard). Derived from grist-
mill practice in Scotland.

Mun (Corn). Any fusible metal. (Ray-
mond)

Mundlo (corn). Iron pyrite. White
mundic is mlspickeL (Raymond)

Mungle shale. An oil shale, in the West
Calder district, Scotland. (Bacon)

Mufi6a (Sp.). 1- A trunnion of a Bes-
semer converter. 2. A gudgeon.
(Halse)

Muntz metal. An alloy of copper, 60,
and zinc, 40 per cent (Ure)

Murchisonite. A variety of orthoclase
of flesh-red color, resembling perth-
ite. (Chester)

Murex process. A flotation process
which is not strictly of the same
class as the others, but It still makes
use of the principle of selective oil-
ing of sulphide particles. The
crushed ore is fed into an agitator
and mixed with 4 to 5 per cent of
its weight of a paste made of 1 part
of oil or thin tar with 3 or 4 parts
of magnetic oxide of iron. This
oxide must be ground to an impal-
pable powder. These ingredients,

with enough water to make a pulp,
are agitated from 5 to 20 minutes.
The paste preferentially adheres to
the sulphides because of the oil.
The ore is then fed over magnets
and oxide of iron, with the mineral
adhering to it, pulled out. The oil
and magnetite are then recovered.
(Liddell)

Muriatic acid. The commercial name
for hydrochloric acid, HCL

Muro. (Sp.) 1. A wall. 2. The floor
of a deposit, or footwall of a vein,
S. A mine dam. (Halse)

Murphy. See Rock drill.

Murra; Murrha (L.). A material first
brought to Rome by Pompey, and
used for costly vases and cups. It
has been variously supposed to be
Chinese jade, porcelain, iridescent
glass, fluor, etc. (Standard)

Muschelkal* (Ger.). The middle divi-
sion of the German Triassic (Web-
ster). The word means shell-lime-
stone, Etym., muschel, shell, and
Kalkstein, limestone.

Muscovado. The Spanish word for
brown sugar, used by Minnesota
geologists for a rusty, brown, out-
cropping rock that resembles brown
sugar. It has been applied to both
gabbros and quartzites. (Kemp)

Muscovite. Potash-bearing, white
mica, HiKAVSIO*).. See also Mica.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Muscovitization. The process of
changing a mineral, or rock, more or
less into muscovite. (Standard)

Muscovy glass. Same as Muscovite.
(Century)

Mush. 1. (Leic.) Soft, sooty, dirty
earthy coal. (Gresley)
2. A greasy mud, sometimes found
on bituminous coal. (Bacon)
8. (Alaska) A march on foot, es-
.pecially across the snow with dogs.
(Webster)

Mushroom hitch (Eng.). An inequal-
ity in the floor of a mine due to a
projecting stone. (Webster)

Mushroom stone. A fossil resembling
a mushroom. (Standard)

Mushy coal (Leic.). Soft, sooty or
dirty coal, or coal that has been
crushed. Same as Mush, 1. (Gres-
ley)

Muskeg (Mich.). A swamp or bog
composed principally of roots, de-
cayed vegetal matter and black
soil ; it resembles peat, but it Is more

456

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

earthy and more spongy. In Can-
ada, any rocky basin filled by suc-
cessive deposits of unstable mate-
rial, as leaves, muck, and moss in-
capable of sustaining much weight;
hence a large mud-hole.

Muslin glass. Same as Mousseline.
Mussel bind. Same as Mussel band.

Mussel band. A bed of clay ironstone
containing fossil bivalve shells, an-
thracosia, etc. (Gresley)

Muthung (Pr.). A concession of
mines from the State, generally
about 612 acres, described in plan
by straight lines and in depth by
vertical planes. (Gresley)

Mutu (Malay). A term denoting the
degrees of fineness of gold. (Lock)

Myelin. A soft, yellowish, or reddish-
white, clay-like substance, identical
with kaolin. (Chester)

Mylonite. A name suggested by the
^nglish geologist Lapworth for
schists produced by dynamic meta-
morphism. (Kemp)

Mynpacht ( So. Af r. ) 1. A mining con-
cession, especially one made by the
government to the owner of the sur-
face concerned, and expressed in a
Mynpachtbrief, or official grant of
mining rights. 2. The land owner's
mining location, as distinguished
from other mining claims on his
tract, leased by the government.
The land owner is entitled to de-
mand a concession covering one
tenth of his surface ownership.
(Webster)

N.

Nablock. A rounded mass, as of flint
in chalk, or of Ironstone in coal.
(Standard)

Nacido (Colom.). In placer mining a
piece of granite lying on the bedrock
in lieu of pay dirt. (Halse)

Naciente (Chile). East. (Halse)

Nacre (Fr.). 1. Resembling pearl, as
in iridescence; nacreous; as, the
nacre enamel of Belleek porcelain.
2. Mother-of-pearl.. Also spelled
Nacker. (Standard)

Nadel-diorite. Needle-diorite ; a Ger-
man term for diorites with acicular
hornblende. (Kemp)

Nadorite. A mineral containing anti-
mony, lead, oxygen, and chlorine,
PbClSbO2, occurring in brownish or-
thorhombic crystals, at Djebel-Nador,
Algeria. (Century)

Nagelfluh. A conglomerate rock be-
longing to the Teritiary of Switzer-
land (Emmons^. Also called Gom-
pholite.

Nager (Brist.). A drill for boring
holes for blasting charges. (Gres-
ley)

Nagyagite. A sulpho-telluride of lead,
gold, and antimony, possibly Au2-
PbuSbsTeiSir. The gold content
ranges from 5.8 to 12.8 per cent, the
silver from 8.1 to 10.8 per cent. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Nahnsen process. An electrolytic proc-
ess for the refining of impure zinc.
Used in Upper Silesia. (Ingalls, p.
576)

Naif. Having a natural luster when
uncut; as, a naif gem. (Standard)

Naife (Sp.). A diamond in the rough.
(Halse)

Nail-head spar. A composite variety
of calcite having the form suggested
by the name. (Dana)

Nail. A shooting-needle, which see.

Nail pla'te. A plate of metal rolled to
the proper thickness for cutting into
nails. (Century )

Naked light. A candle or any form
of flame lamp that is not a safety
lamp (Steel). An open light,

Namma-hole (Aust.). A natural well.
(Standard)

Nankin porcelain. Blue china.
(Standard)

Nannies (York.). Natural Joints,
cracks, or slips in the coal meas-
ures. See also Cleat, 1. (Gresley)

Nantokite. Cuprous chloride, Cu2Cl3.
Granular, massive. Cleavage cubic.
Luster adamantine. Colorless to
white or grayish. (Dana)

Napal. (Malay) Indurated white clay
carrying auriferous quartz streaks.
Called also Steatite. (Lock)

Napalite. A peculiar waxy hydrocar-
bon C8H4, found in the Phoenix
mine, near Midletown, Cal. ; it has
a dark reddish-brown color, is brit-
tle, begins to fuse at 42° C., and
boils above 300° C. (Bacon)

Naphtha. 1. As used by ancient
writers, a more fluid and volatile
variety of asphalt or bitumen. 2.
In modern use, an artificial, volatile,
colorless liquid obtained . from pe-
troleum ; a distillation product be-
tween gasoline and refined oil.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

457

Naphtha-gas. Illuminating gas charged
with the decomposed vapor of
naptha. (Standard)

Naphthalize. To impregnate or satu-
rate with naphtha; enrich (an in-
ferior gas) or carburet (air) by
passing It through naphtha. (Cen-
tury)

Napoleonite. 1. A synonym for Cor-
site. (Kemp)

2. A variety of hornblende. (Stand-
ard)

Nappes (Belg.). Water-bearing strata.
( Gresley )

Nariyas. Gold-washers of the N. W.
provinces of India. (Lock)

Nariz (Sp.). 1. A nose. 2. The noz-
zle of a bellows. 3. In smelting tin
ore, the nose which forms in front
of and attached to the tuy&re.
(Halse)

Narrow (No. of Eng.) A gallery, or
roadway, driven at right angles to
a drift, and not quite so large in
area. (Gresley)

Narrow places (Aust.). Working places
that are less than six yards wide;
these are paid for by the yard in
length. (Power)

Narrow work. 1. All work for which
a price per yard of length driven is
paid, and which, therefore, must be
measured. Any dead work (Steel)
2. (Penn.) Headings, chutes, cross-
cuts, gangways, etc., or th» work-
ings previous to the removal of the
pillars. 3. A working place in coal
only a few yards in width. 4. A
system of working coal in York-
shire. (Gresley)

Narrow working. See Bord-and-pillar
method; also Narrow work.

Nascent. Coming into existence, be-
ginning to exist or to grow. From
L. nascens, being born (Webster).
A term used in the flotation process.

Nasteent state. The condition of an
element at the moment of liberation
from a compound, marked, as in the
case of hydrogen or oxygen, by a
chemical activity greater than the
ordinary? (Webster)

Nasmyth hammer. A steam hammer,
having the head attached to the pis-
ton rod, and operated by the direct
force of the steam. (Raymond)

Nata (Mex.). Same as Escoria or
Grasa. (Dwight)

Natch. 1. (Scot.) A small hitch or
dislocation. 2. ( Scot. ) The junction
of two rails where through improper
laying the two are not on* the same
level or line. (Barrowman)
3. To notch (Webster). A variation
of notch.

Native. Occurring in nature pure or
uncombined with other substances.
Usually applied to the metals, as na-
tive mercury, native copper. Also
used to describe any mineral occur-
ring in nature in distinction from the
corresponding substance formed ar-
tificially. (Century)

Native coke. See Carbonite, 1; also
Natural coke.

Native elements. Elements that occur
in nature uncombined, as nugget
gold, metallic copper, etc. Compare
Native.

Native metal. Any metal found natu-
rally in that state, as copper, gold,
iron, mercury, platinum, silver, etc.
See also Native.

Native paraffin. See Ozocerite.

Native Prussian blue. Vivianite.
(Power)

Native steel. A steel or steely iron
occurring in small masses and made
by the ignition of coal near an iron-
ore deposit. (Standard)

Native (Sp.). Native. (Dwight)
Natrium. See Sodium.

Natrolite. A mineral of the zeolite
family. A silicate of sodium and
aluminum, NaaO.AlaO«.4SiO2.2HaO.
(Dana)

Natrometer. An instrument for meas-
uring the quantity of soda contained
in salts of potash and soda. (Cen-
tury)

Natron. Hydrous sodium carbonate,
Na,CO..+10H2O.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Natron-Granites. Granites abnormally
high in soda, presumably from the
presence of an orthoclase rich in
soda, or of anorthoclase. They are
also called soda-granites. Natron is
likewise used as a prefix to minerals
and rocks that are rich in soda, as
natron - orthoclase. natron - syenite,
etc. (Kemp)

Nattle (Eng.). To make a slight
broken noise as of rattling (Web-
sted). Said of a mine when move-
ment or settling is taking place.

Natural asphalt. See Asphalt

458

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Natural coke (Aust). Coal that has
been more or less coked by contact
with an igneous rock. (Power)

Natural gas. A mixture of gaseous
hydrocarbons found in nature; in
many places connected with deposits
of petroleum, to which the gaseous
compounds are closely related. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Natural soft porcelain. A porcelain
having a body of kaolin and calcium
phosphate coated with a lead and
boric acid glaze, as Worcester por-
celain. (Standard)

Natural steel. Steel manufactured di-
rectly from the ore or by refining
cast Iron. (Standard) Steel in the
condition left by a hot-working oper-
ation, and cooled in the open air.
(Hibbard)

Natural ventilation. Ventilation of a
mine without either furnace or other
artificial means, the heat being im-
parted to the air by the strata, men,
animals, and lights in the mine,
causing it to flow in one direction, or
to ascend. (Steel)

Naumanite. A selenide of silver and
lead, occurring in large cubical crys-
tals, also granular, and in thin
plates of iron-black color and bril-
liant metallic luster. (Century)

Nautical mile. Equals 1.15136 statute
miles. See Mile.

Nayfe (Port). A diamond in the
rough. (Halse)

Navite. Rosenbusch's name for Pre-
Tertiary, porphyritic rocks, consist-
ing of plagioclase, augite, and oli-
vine as phenocrysts, with a second
generation of the same forming the
holocrystalline groundmass. The
name is from Nava, a locality in the
Nahe Valley. (Kemp)

Navvy. (Eng.) 1. The part of the
face of an ironstone mine between
two roads. (Bainbridge)

2. A machine for excavating earth;
more commonly called steam exca-
vator or steam navvy. (Webster)

3. (Eng.) A laborer employed in
mining, excavation, railroad work,
etc.

Neanthropic. In geology, according to
Dawson, the more recent portion of
the anthropic, in which the area of
land had become, by subsidence,
•mailer than in the Palanthropic.
(Standard)

Neat. Pure; unmixed; undiluted, as
a neat cement.

Neck. 1. A lava-filled conduit of an
extinct volcano, exposed by erosion
(Kemp). Called also Chimney.

2. The narrow entrance to a room
next to the entry, or a place where
the room has been narrowed on ac-
count of poor roof. (Steel)

3. A narrow stretch of land con-
necting two larger tracts, as an
isthmus. 4. A narrow body or chan-
nel between two larger bodies of
water; a strait. (Webster)

4. In metallurgy, that part of a fur-
nace where the flame is contracted
before reaching the stack. 5. In
brickmaking, one of a series of
walls of unburned bricks in a clamp.
(Standard)

Necklace. In ceramics, a necklace-
like molding encircling the upper
part of a vase or bottle. (Stand-
ard)

Neck leathers (Scot). Washers fixed
on the top of a pump bucket or clack
lid. (Barrowman)

Needle. 1. A piece of copper or brass
about Hnch in diameter and 3 or 4
feet long, pointed at one end, and
turned into a handle at the other,
tapering from the handle to the
point. It is thrust into a charge
of blasting powder in a bore hole,
and while in this position the bore
hole is tamped solid, preferably
with moist clay. The' needle is then
withdrawn carefully, leaving a
straight passageway through the
tamping for the miner's squib to
shootor fire the charge. (Du Pont)

2. A hitch cut in the side rock to
receive the end of a timber. (Steel)

3. (Scot.) A beam across a shaft
at a landing to support the cage;
buntons. (Barrowman)

4. A needle-shaped or acicular crys-
tal. (Standard)

Needle ironstone. The capillary va-
riety of gothite. (Chester)

Needle ore. 1. Aikinite. A lead-cop-
per-bismuth sulphide. (Dana)
2. Iron ore of very high metallic
luster, found in small quantities
which may be separated in long
slender filaments resembling nee-
dles. (Standard)

Needle spar. An old synonym for Ara-
.gonite. (Chester)

Needle stone. See Natrolite.

Needle timber (Aust). Long sticks
of timber, the lower end of which
rests against the foot of a prop in
a steep seam, so as to keep it in
position, while the upper end is let
into a hitch ^n the roof. (Power)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY*

459

Needle valve. A valve provided with
a long tapering point in place of the
ordinary valve disk. The tapering
point permits fine graduation of the
opening. At times called a Needle-
point valve. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Needle zeolite. Natrolite, scolecite, or
any similar mineral having needle-
like crystals. (Standard)

Neft-gll; NeftdegiL A mixture of
paraffins and a resin occurring on
Cheleken Island in the Caspian. It
is related to zietrMkite. (Bacon)

Negative crystal. A birefrlngent crys-
tal in which the refractive Index of
the extraordinary ray Is less than
the refractive index of the ordinary
ray. (Dana)

Negociacidn (Sp. )• Business under-
taking— at a mine, or set of mines,
etc. (Min. Jour.)

Negocio (Spj. Business; enterprise.
(Dwight)

Negrillo. (Sp. Am.). 1. A dark-colored
silver ore, as argentite, stephanite,
etc. 2. A very dark cupriferous sil-
ver ore. (Halse)

Negro. 1. (Peru and Chile) A dark
fine-textured caliche. 2. (Mex.) A
lead-gray cinnabar. 3. (Mex.) Tet-
rahedrite. 4. Negro-negro (Colom.),
a black micaceous schist. 5. (Mex.)
Sulphide silver ores. 6. (Mex.). Iron
pyrite containing native silver and
argentite. 7. (Mex.) Antimonial
gray copper ore mixed with blende,
galena, copper, and arsenical Iron
pyrite, (Halse)

Negrohead, or Niggerhead tuyere. A
tuyeTe having on its end a cubical
block which is built into the fur-
nace. (Standard)

Nekoza (Japan). Straw mats spe-
cially woven and used for catching
gold in the sluices. (Lock)

Nelsonite. A dike rock composed es-
sentially of ilmenite or rutile and
apatite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Nemaline. In mineralogy, fibrous or
threadlike; said of structure.
(Standard)

Nemalite. A fibrous variety of brucite.
(Standard)

Neme (Colom.). An oxide of manga-
nese. (Halse)

Neocene. The later of the two epochs
Into which the Tertiary period was
formerly divided and at one time
used by many geologists. Also the
series of strata deposited during
that epoch. It is no longer used.
(La Forge)

Neocomian. Of or pertaining to the
lower part of the Cretaceous epoch.
(Standard)

Neodymlum. A rare metallic element
occurring In combination with ce-
rium, lanthanum, and other rare
metals. Yellowish In color and tar-
nishes slowly In the air. Symbol,
Nd; atomic weight, 144.3 ; specific
gravity, 6.96. (Webster)

Neogen. An alloy resembling silver,
containing copper 58 parts, zinc 27,
tin 2, nlckle 12, bismuth i part, and
aluminum i (Standard)

Neogene. The later of the two periods
into which the Cenozoic era Is
divided in the classification adopted
by the International Geological Con-
gress and used by many European
geologists. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period.
It comprises the Miocene, Pliocene,
Pleistocene, and Holocene or Recent
epochs. See Paleogene. (La Forge)

Neo-Jurassic. Pertaining to, or occur-
ring in, certain Upper Jurassic beds-
in Portugal, which are mainly cor-
related with the Kimmeridge beds,
and with some beds in the United
States. (Standard)

Neolite. A silky, fibrous, stellated,
green, hydrous, magnesium-alum-
inum silicate, (Standard)

Neolithic. Designating, pertaining to,
or belonging to a stage of human
culture following the paleolithic and
characterized by an advance in civ-
ilization denoted by more and better
implements of stone, bone, and horn,
by the beginning of agriculture, and
the presence of domestic animals.
(Webster)

Neolote. A name used by Clarence
King for an order of volcanic rocks
embracing the rhyolites and basalts
with which, according to the suc-
cession formulated by von Richt-
hofen, eruptive activity terminates
in any given area. (Kemp)

Neon. An inert gaseous element found
in the atmosphere, of which it consti-
tutes one or two thousandths of a
per cent by volume. Symbol, Ne;
atomic weight, 20.2 ; specific gravity,
0.69. (Webster)

Neo-Paleozoic. The later portion of
Paleozoic time, including the Upper
Siluric, Devonic, and Carboniferous.
( Standard)

460

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Nevolcanic. Of effusive character and
erupted during the Cenozoic era:
formerly said of some igneous rocks,
but now virtually obsolete. Con-
trasted with Paleovolcanic. (La
Forge)

Neozoic. Pertaining to or designating
the entire period from the end of
the Mesozoic to the present time.
Cenozoic. (Webster)

Nepheline. Same as nephelite.

Nephelinite. A granular to aphano-
phyric igneous rock composed essen-
tially of nephelite and pyroxene.
(La Forge)

Nephelinitoid. Boricky's term, now
used in microscopic work for nephe-
line-glass, or the glassy basis in
nepheline rocks, whose easy gelatini-
zation indicates its close relations
with this mineral; nnindividualized
nephelite. (Kemp)

Nephelite. An orthosilicate of sodium,
potassium, and aluminum, (Na, K)-
AlaSUOs* (Dana). Also called
Nepheline.

Nephelite-basalt. An old, general name
for basaltic rocks with nephelite,
but now restricted to those that
practically lack plagioclase, and that
have nephelite, augite, olivine, and
basis. (Kemp)

Nephelite - basanite. Basaltic rocks
with plagioclase, nephelite, augite,
olivine, and basis. Compare Nephe-
lite-tephrite. (Kemp)

Nephelite-syenite. A granular igneous
rock consisting of orthoclase, nephe-
lite, and one or more of the follow-
ing: hornblende, augite, and biotite.
The rock results from magmas
especially rich in alkalies, and pos-
sesses great scientific interest on
account of its richness in rare, asso-
ciated minerals. (Kemp)

Nephelite-tephrite. A gray, volcanic
rock composed of pyroxene, plagio-
clase, nephelite, and magnetite.
(Standard)

Nephrite. See Jade.

Neptune powder. An explosive resem-
bling dynamite No. 2, and consist-
ing of nitroglycerin with a more or
less explosive dope. (Raymond)

Neptunian. An early term applied to
water-formed strata as opposed to
plutonic or igneous rocks. (Power)

Neptunist. One who held the theory
that the successive rocks "of the
earth's crust were formed by the
agency of water (Webster). Usage
obsolete.

Nereite. A fossil worm track. (Web-
ster)

Nero-antico (It). A black marble
found in Roman ruins : probably the
ancient warmer taenarium, from
Cape Taenarus, Greece. (Standard)

Nervio (Sp.). A parting in a seam
of coal. (Halse)

Nesh (Eng.). Friable, soft, crumbly,
powdery, dusty. Said of coal-
Presley)

Nesquehonite. A hydrous, magnesium
carbonate, MgCO«-f3H2O. In radiat-
ing groups of prismatic crystals.
Colorless to white. From a coal
mine at Nesquehoning, Pa. (Dana)

Ness; Naze. A cape, headland, or
promontory most commonly used as
a termination, as in Dungeness.

Nessler's solution. An aqueous solu-
tion of potassium and mercuric
iodide, made strongly alkaline with
potassium hydroxide. (Webster)

Nest. A small isolated mass of any
ore or mineral within a rock.
(Webster)

Nested crater. A central volcanic vent
showing a crater within a crater.
(Daly, p. 144)

Nest-weise (Forest of Dean). Iron ore
that occurs in pockets is said to lie
nest-weise. ( Gresley )

Net (Scot). Strapping used for low-
ering or raising horses in shafts.
(Barrowman)

Nether coal (Mid.). The lower divi-
sion of a thick seam of coal. (Gres-
ley)

Nether-formed. Formed or crystallized
below the earth's surface, as granite.
(Standard)

Net masonry. Masonry formed of
small square bricks or stones placed
diagonally in a lozenge pattern ; re-
ticulated masonry. (Standard)

Neudorfite. A resin, CisHaOiz, that oc-
curs in a coal bed at Neudorf,
Moravia. (Bacon)

Neutral. Of slags, neither acid nor
basic ; of wrought-iron, neither red-
short nor cold-short; of iron ores,
suitable for the production of neu-
tral Iron. (Raymond)

Neutral oil. 1. An oil of 32° to 86°
Be. gravity, 290° to 318° F. flash
point, and 47 to 81 sec. Saybolt vi«-
cosity at 70° F. It is sometimes
mixed with animal or vegetal oils.

GLOSSARY OP MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

461

ft. The paraffin oils that are obtained
by the steam-distillation of paraffin-
base petroleums after the second-
grade illuminating oil has been run
off. Neutral oil carrying paraffin is
known as War distillate. (Bacon)

Heutral salt. A salt in which all of
the hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups
of an acid is replaced by a metal
(Standard). As, in sodium chlo-
ride, NaCl, the sodium has replaced
the hydrogen of hydrochloric acid,
HC1.

Nevada system. See Square-set stop-
ing.

Nevadite. A rhyolite that approxi-
mates a granitoid texture, t. e.t with
little groundmass. (Kemp)

N6v6. The mass of granular snow
forming the upper part of a glacier.
Also called Firn. (Webster)

Nevyanskite. A tin-white alloy of irid-
ium and osmium with other plati-
num metals occurring in flat scales
(Standard). Contains over 40 per
cent iridium. (Dana)

Newaygo screen. A slanting screen
down which the material to be
screened passes. The screen is kept
in vibration by Che impact of a large
number of small hammers. (Lid-
dell)

Newkirkite. An early synonym for
Manganite. ( Chester )

New red sandstone. The assemblage
of red sandstone, conglomerates,
shales, etc., occupying the interval
between the top of the Coal Meas-
ures and the base of the Jurassic
system in western Europe. It is now
separated into Triasslc and Permian
and the name has only a historic in-
terest. (La Forge)

New sand. Newly mixed, but not un-
used, molder's sand. (Standard)

Newton's alloy. An alloy containing
20 per cent bismuth, 50 lead, and
30 tin. Melting point, 202.1° F.
(Webster)

N-Frame brace. A diagonal brace in
a square set. (Sanders, p. 49)

Niccollferons. See Nickeliferous.

Niccolite; Arsenical nickel. Arsenide
of nickel, NiAs. Contains 43.9 per
cent nickel (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Also called Copper nickel. (Stand-
ard)

Nicholsonite. A variety of aragonlte
(the orthorhombic carbonate of cal-
cium, CaCOs, containing from less
than 1 per cent up to 10 per cent
of zinc. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Nick. To make a cut, with the pick,
in the face of (coal) at the Junc-
tion of the face and rib, to weaken re-
sistance to the blast or wedge; to
shear. (Standard). See Nicking.

Nickel. A hard, malleable, ductile, me-
tallic element of the iron group,
nearly silver-white, capable of a
high polish and resistant to oxida-
tion. It is attracted by magnets.
Symbol, Ni; atomic weight, 58.68;
specific gravity, 8.8. (Webster)

Nickel bloom. See Annabergife.

Nickel carbonyl. A colorless, poison-
ous liquid, Ni(CO)4, obtained by
passing carbon monoxide over finely
divided nickel. (Webster)

Nickel glance. Same as Gersdorffite.
(Standard)

Nickel gymnite. A gymnite in which
part of the magnesium is replaced
by nickel. A synonym for Genthite.
(Chester)

Nickeliferous. Containing nickel.

Nickeline. 1. An alloy of nickel, a va-
riety of German silver. 2. An alloy
of nickel, copper, zinc, iron, cobalt,
and manganese. (Webster)

Nickel ocher. An early name for An-
nabergite. (Chester)

Nickel silver. An alloy resembling
German silver but containing more
nickel; used by jewelers. (Stand-
ard)

Nickel skuttemdite. A mineral of the
skutterudite type, containing nickel.
An arsenide of nickel and cobalt, of
gray color and granular structure.
(Chester)

Nickel steeL An alloy of iron and
about 3 per cent nickel, combining
great strength with great ductility
and nonfissility; used for the best
armor plates. (Standard)

Nickel vitriol. Same as Morenosite.
(Standard)

Nicking. 1. A vertical cutting or
shearing up one side of a face of
coal. Called Cut, and Cutting. 2.
The chipping of the coal along the
rib of an entry, or room, which is
usually the first indication of a
squeeze. (Steel/

Nick ings (Newc.). The small coal
produced in making the nicking
(Duryee). See also Bug dust;
Makings.

462

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Nicking trunk. A tub in which metal-
liferous slimes are washed. (Ray-
mond)

Nicol prism. An instrument for ex-
periments in polarized light, con-
sisting of a rhomb of clear calcite
which has been bisected obliquely
at a certain angle and had its two
parts again Joined with transparent
cement, so that the ordinary ray
produced by double refraction is
totally reflected from the internal
cemented surface, and the extraor-
dinary, or polarized, ray is alone
transmitted. (Webster)

Nicopyritc. A variety of pyrlte con-
taining nickel. An old synonym for
Pentlandite. (Chester)

Nidge (Eng.). To dress, as stone,
with a sharp-pointed hammer.
Same as Nig. (Standard)

Nido (Sp.). Nodule. (Lucas)

Niello. 1. Any of several metallic
alloys of sulphur, with silver, cop-
per, lead, or the like, having a deep-
black color. 2. Art, process, or
method of decorating metal with the
black alloy. 3. A piece of metal, or
any other object so decorated.
(Webster)

Niello silver. A bluish alloy of silver,
lead, copper, and bismuth, with ad-
mixture of sulphur. Called also
Russian tula. (Standard)

Nig (Eng.). To dress, as stone, with
a sharp-pointed hammer. Same as
Nidge. (Standard)

Nigger ashlar (Corn.). A mode of
dressing stone, in which the face is
left rough. (Crofutt)

Niggerhead. 1. A bowlder or rounded
field stone. 2. A black nodule found
in granite. 3. Slaty rock occurring
with sandstone (Gillette, "p. 6). See
also Hardhead, 2 and 3.

4. A hard, round piece of rock, some-
tim.es found in coal seams. (Roy)

5. A slip pulley on a winch. The
rigger takes about six turns of rope
about the pulley, and by varying
tension on rope which he holds, can
vary speed of hoist on lowering ob-
ject with engine running. (Will-
cox) 6. See Negrohead.

Night fossicker (Aust). One who
robs gold-diggings in the night
(Standard). See Fossick; Fassicker.

Night pair (Corn.). Miners who work
underground during the night.
(Pryce). The night shift.

JSTlgrine. A ferriferous rutile. (Dana)

NIgrite. 1. A name given to a variety
of asphalt mined at Soldier summit,
Utah, but whose composition is im-
perfectly understood. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) 2. An insulating composition
consisting of the impure residuum
obtained in the distillation of paraf-
fin. (Standard)

Nihil album; Nil album. See Zinc
oxide.

Nil. Nothing; a thing of no account
(Webster). Often used in reporting
gold and silver assays.

Hill. 1. Scales of hot iron thrown off
during forging. 2. More rarely,
sparks of brass during manufacture.
(Standard)

Niobio (Sp.). Niobium. (Dwight)

Niobium. A later name for Columbium.
(Webster).

Nip. 1. (Newc.) A crush of pillars
or wortdngs. See Pinch, 1. (Ray-
mond)

2. (So. Wales). A thinning of a
coal bed in which the roof and floor
come nearly together. 3. To cut

. grooves at the ends of bars, to make
them fit more evenly. (Gresiey)
4. See Angle of nip.

Nip out. The disappearance of a coal
seam by the thickening of the adjoin-
ing strata, which takes its place.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Nipped. Pinched: applied to veins
when they become narrower or thin-
ner than usual. (Power)

Nipper. 1. An errand boy, particularly
one who carries steel, bits, etc., to be
sharpened. (C. and M. M. P.)

2. (Eng) A tool used by the lander
for seizing the kibble, and upsetting
it into the wheelbarrow. (Hunt)

3. In coal mining, a trapper or door
boy.

Nipping fork. A tool for supporting a
column of bore reds while raising or
lowering them. (Raymond)

Nipple (Mid.). See Fissle. A word
used to express the crepitant noises
made by the settling down or weight-
ing of the roof. (Gresiey)

Niquel (Sp.). 1. Nickel; N. ftronee,
nickel-bronze. 2. Nickel ore. N. ar-
senical, niccolite. (Halse)

Nissen stamp. A gravity stamp with
an individual circular mortar for
each stamp. (Liddell)

Niter; Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate,
KNO* (U. S. GeoL Surv.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

463

Niter cake. Crude sodium sulphate, a
by-product in the manufacture of
nitric acid from sodium nitrate.
(Century)

Niton. A colorless gas resembling
argon; radium emanation. Symbol
Nt ; atomic weight, 222.4. (Web-
ster)

Nitral (Sp.). A niter bed or deposit.
(Halse)

Nitrate. 1. A salt of nitric acid, as
silver nitrate; barium nitrate.
(Standard)

2. To treat or prepare with nitric
acid; to convert a base into a salt
by combination with nitric acid.
(Century)

Nitratine. Same as soda-niter.
(Standard)

Nitreria (Sp.). Niter or saltpeter
works. (Halse)

Nitric acid. A colorless highly corro-
sive liquid, HNOa, found in nature
in small quantities, but usually
made by decomposing sodium or po-
tassium nitrate with sulphuric acid.
It is extensively used in the arts for
dissolving metals. Called also Aqua
jortis. (Standard)

Nitrite. A salt of nitrous acid.
(Standard)

Nitro. A corrupted abbreviation for
nitroglycerin or dynamite. (Ihl-
seng)

Nitrobarite. Native barium nitrate,
Ba(NOi),. (Standard)

Nitrocalcite. Hydrous calcium ni--
trate, Ca(NOi)a-j-nHO. (Dana)

Nitrocellulose. A term used to Include
the various nitrates of cellulose,
such as guncotton, nitrolignine,
nitrocotton, nitrojute, etc. The most
common of these is nitrocotton. (Du
Pont)

Nitrocotton. A chemical combination
of ordinary cotton fiber with nitric
acid. It is explosive, highly inflam-
mable and in certain degrees of ni-
tration, soluble in nitroglycerin.
(Du Pont)

Nitrogelatin. Same as Gelatin dyna-
mite. (Standard)

Nitrogen. A colorless, gaseous ele-
ment, tasteless and odorless, consti-
tuting about four fifths of the at-
mosphere by volume. Symbol, N;
atomic weight, 14.01; specific grav-
ity, 0.967. (Webster)

Nitroglycerin. The product of the
action of nitric acid and sulphuric
acid on glycerin. It is not properly
a nitro compound as the name im-
plies but is a nitric ester of glycerin.
(Brunewig, p. 253).
It is an oily substance about one
and one-half times as heavy as wa-
ter (Sp. gr. 1.6), is almost insol-
ble in water, and is used as a prin-
cipal or active ingredient in dyna-
mite, gelatin dynamite, eta. It is
not used commercially in the form
of a liquid, except for ' shooting *
oil wells. (Du Pont)

Nitrohydrochloric acid. A yellow, fum-
ing, corrosive liquid, made by mix-
ing one part of pure nitric acid with
from three to four parts of pure
hydrochloric acid. It dissolves gold
and platinum, and hence is called
Aqua regia, also Nitromuriatic acid.
(Standard)

Nitromagnesite. A hydrous magne-
sium nitrate, Mg(NO,),+nH,O.
(Dana)

Nitromuriatic acid. See Nitrohydro-
chloric acid.

Nitro-siibstitntion. The act or process
of introducing by substitution the
radical nitryl (NOa) in place of one
or more replaceable hydrogen atoms,
as in an organic compound (Stand-
ard). Nitro- substitution compounds
are used in the manufacture of cer-
tain kinds of explosives.

Nitrosnlphurie acid. An exceedingly
corrosive mixture of one part of
nitric acid mixed with two parts by
weight of sulphuric acid. It is used
in the manufacture of nitroglycerin.
(Standard)

Nitrosyl sulphuric acid. A colorless
white crystalline add, H(NO)SO4,
formed by the reaction of sulphuric
acid with oxides of nitrogen (not
N,O), by the reaction of sulphur
dioxide with nitric oxide, or nitro-
gen peroxide, etc. (Webster)

Nitting (Eng.). The refuse from
workable ore. (Standard)

Nivation. In geology, the specific ef-
fects produced by n£ve in land sculp-
ture: distinguished from those of
glacier ice, called glaciation. ( Stand-
ard)

Nivel (Sp.). 1. A level, as a leveling
instrument. 2. Level. 3. A level or
gallery in a mine (Halse). N. de
agua, water level. (Min. Jour.)

Nivelaci6n (Sp.). Leveling; grading.
(Halse)

464

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

Nlvenite. A variety of uraninite high
in uranium and carrying 10 per cent
or more of the yttrium earths and
6.7 to 7.6 per cent thoria. It is
wholly soluble in dilute sulphuric
acid. See also Uraninite. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Noble. A term used in mineralogy to
express superiority or purity, e. g.,
noble opal, noble tourmaline, noble
serpentine, etc. (Power)

Noble metals. The metals which have
so little affinity for oxygen (i. e., are
so highly electronegative) that their
oxides are reduced by the mere ap-
plication of heat without a reagent ;
in other words, the metals least lia-
ble to oxidation under ordinary con-
ditions. The list includes gold, sil-
ver, mercury, and the platinum
group (including palladium, iridium,
rhodium, ruthenium, and osmium).
The term is of alchemistic origin.
(Raymond)

Nocking (Corn.). See Knocking, 2;
also Cob, 1.

Noddle; Nodule. A small rounded
mass. (Raymond)

Nodular. Having the shape of or com-
posed of nodules. (La Forge.)
Said of certain ore.

Nodule. A small roundish lump of
some mineral or earth, as a nodule
of ironstone. (Webster)

Nodulize. To convert into nodules, as
finely divided ores. (Webster)

N6dulo. 1. (Sp.) Nodule. 2. (Co-
lom.) A place in a lode where the
ore is abundant. (Halse)

Nog. 1. (Eng.) Logs of wood piled
one on another to support the roof,
largely used in longwall mining

(Chance). See Chock, Crib and
Cog.

2. A square block of wood used in
the support of a mine roof. (Stand-
ard)

8. (Derb.) A piece of iron driven
Into wood to prevent forks (props)
getting loose. (Mander)

Noger. A jumper drill. (Raymond)

Nogging. 1. Rough brick masonry
used to fill in the open spaces of a
wooden frame. (Webster)
2. Pieces of wood inserted in a
masonry wall, to stiffen it, or upon
which to nail finishing stuff.
(Standard)

Nogging piece. A horizontal timber
set in between courses in a wall of
masonry. (Standard)

Nolascite (Chile). A variety of gale-
nite containing arsenic. (Chester)

Nolichucky shale. A Cambrian forma-
tion of the Southern Appalachians.
From the Nolichucky river in Ten-
nessee. ( Webster )

Nominal horsepower. A term used by
some engine makers to express cer-
tain measurements of cylinder.
(Webster)

Nominal rate. In finance, the rate
that would be realized if the inter-
est received at the end of each con-
version interval were not profitably
invested until the end of the year,
while the effective rate is the total
return on the unit principal for one
year. (E. B. Skinner, p. 59)

Nominal selling price (Aust). See
Declared selling price.

Noncoking coal. A bituminous coal
that burns freely without soften-
ing or any appearance of incipient
fusion. The percentage of volatile
matter may be the same as for cok-
ing coal, but the residue is not a
true coke. (Bacon)

Nonconformable. See Unconformity.

Nonesite. Phorphyrites with ortho-
rhombic pyroxene. The name was
given by Lepsius. (Kemp)

Nonmetal. An element that is not a
metal. Any of several elements, as
boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitro-
gen, argon, oxygen, sulphur, etc.
(Webster)

Nonmetallic. Not metallic. Of, per-
taining to, or of the nature of, a
nonmetal . ( Webster )

Nonseat (Mid.). See D-Link.

Nonwetted. A term used in the flota-
tion process, and applied to certain
metallic minerals that refuse to
be wetted with water but are easily
wetted with oil.

Nook. 1. The corner of a working
place at the junction of the face
with one side. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. (No. of Eng.) A corner of a pil-
lar of coal (Gresley). Also spelled
Neuk.

Nooper (Leic.). A tool used by colliers
for preparing coal. See also Dresser,
1. (Gresley)

Noper (Derb.). See Loading pick.

Noque. 1. (Peru) See Cocha. 2.
(Chile) A large stone receptacle for
the calcination of ore in the open air.
A stone trough in which amalgam is
washed. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

465

Nordhausen acid. Fuming sulphuric
add,

Nordmarkite. Brogger's name for a
sodic variety of syenite consisting
of orthoclase, some oligoclase, more
or less microperthite, quartz and
somewhat subordinate biotite, py-
roxene, hornblende and segerite.
Nordmarkites are high in silica and
the alkalies. (Kemp)

Noria (Sp.). An endless chain with
buckets attached, revolving around a
wheel about 20 feet in diameter for
raising water out of a shallow mine.
(Halse)

Norite. A variety of gabbro consist-
ing of plagioclase and orthorhomic
pyroxene, usually hypersthene. The
name has had a variable history and
was originally proposed in 1832 by
Esmark for aggregates of feldspar
and hornblende which were lacking
or notably poor in diallage and hy-
persthene. But as many localities
were cited which in later years on
microscopic examination were found
rich in these minerals, Rosenbusch
finally gave the name its above defi-
nition and this is its generally ac-
cepted signification. (Kemp)

Norm. A theoretical, and in part ar-
bitrary, mineral composition of a
rock, calculated, in accordance with
certain rules, from the chemical
analysis, for the purpose of assign-
ing the rock its place in the norm
system of rock classification. The
norm rarely coincides with the real
mineral composition, or mode, of a
rock (Ransome). Compare Mode.

Normal benzine. Benzine of the spe-
cific gravity 0.695-0.705 at 15° C.
and boiling from 65°-95° C. (Bacon)

Normal fault. An inclined fault of
which the down-thrown side Is the
hanging- wall side. (La Forge).
Also called Tension fault or Gravity
fault (Steel). See also Fault.

Normal fold. An anticline, or syncline,
with equal dips on each side; in
contradistinction to an overthrow
fold. (Power)

Normalized steel. Steel that has been
given a normalizing heat treatment
intended to bring all of a lot of
samples under consideration into
the same condition. (Hibbard)

Normal pressure. Standard pressure,
usually taken to be equal to that of
a column of mercury 760 mm. in
height (Webster). Approximately
14.7 pounds per square inch,

744010 O— 47 - 30

Normal price. As applied to metal
prices, is the average over a long
term — sometimes a period greater
than the life of a mine. See also
Basic price. (EL O. Hoover, p. 36)

Normal-pyroxenic. Bunsen's name for
his assumed, typical, basic, igneous
magma with 48 per cent SiO» as con-
trasted with the corresponding nor-
mal-trachytic one with 76 per cent
SiO*. He sought to explain all inter-
mediate rocks by the intermingling
of these two. Although apparently
applicable at times and serviceable
in their day, the conceptions have
long since exploded. (Kemp)

Normal salt. A salt in which all the
hydrogen of the acid has been re-
placed by metals. (A. F. Rogers)

Normal shift. The horizontal compo-
nent of the shift at right angles to
the fault strike. (Lindgren, p. 122)

Normal solution. A solution contain-
ing one gram-equivalent of the
solute in one liter of solution.

Normal temperature. In laboratory in-
vestigations, 25° C. or 77° F. (Ba-
con)

Norman tile. Brick having the dimen-
sions 12 by 2i to 2* by 4 inches.
(Ries)

Normative. In petrology, characteris-
tic of, pertaining to, agreeing with,
or occurring in the norm: used In
the quantitative or norm system of
classification of igneous rocks, a
normative mode being one which is
essentially the same as the norm.
(La Forge)

Norm system. A system of classifica-
tion and nomenclature for igneous
rocks based on the norm (which
see) of each rock. Only undecom-
posed rocks of which accurate
chemical analyses are available, are
classifiable, in this system, which
consequently is more used in de-
tailed petrologic studies than in or-
dinary geologic or mining work.
The system was devised by Messrs.
Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Wash-
ington, and by them originally des-
ignated " the Quantitative System,"
and later the " C. I. P. W. System."
It has also been referred to as the
"American System." (Ransome)

Norte (Sp.). North. (Dwight)

North end (York.). The rise side of
the coal in North Yorkshire. (Grea-
ley)

466

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Northing. In surveying, difference of
latitude, measured toward the north,
between any position and the last
one determined. (Standard)

North Staffordshire method. See Bord-
and-plllar method.

Nose. 1. An accumulation of chilled
material around the inner end of a
tuy&re in a smelting shaft furnace,
protecting and prolonging the tu-
y&re. (Raymond)

2. (Scot.) A point; a projecting
angle of coal or other mineral.
(Barrowman)

3. To dip or extend in noselike form ;
said of strata or veins. (Webster)

Nosean. See Noselite. The name of
the mineral is often prefixed to the
names of rocks containing it.
(Kemp)

Nose helve Eng.). See Frontal ham-
mer.

Nose hole. In glass making, a small
opening in a furnace, before which
the globe of crown glass is held and
kept soft at the beginning of the
flattening process. (Webster)

Nose-in (Eng.). A stratum* is said to
" nose in " when it dips beneath the
ground into a hillside in a V or
nose form. (Gresley)

Noselite. A mineral of the sodalite
group, near haiiynite, but containing
little or no lime. (Dana)

Nose-out. 1. (Eng.) A nose-shaped
stratum cropping out. (Gresley)
2. To diminish by losing stratum
after stratum and getting into the
lower part of the measure; said of
a coal seam. (Standard)

Nose pipe. The inside nozzle of a
tuyere. (Standard)

Notching. A method of excavating in
a series of steps. (Standard)

Notch stick (Forest of Dean). A
short stick notched or nicked, used
by miners as records of the num-
ber of cars of coal, etc., they send
out of the mine during the day.
(Gresley)

Notice board (Scot.). A board on
which printed or written notices are
posted (Barrowman). A bulletin
board.

Nottingham longwall, or Barry, sys-
tem. See Longwall method.

Noumeite. Same as Garnierite. (Dana)

Nouvelle Montague furnace. A modifi-
cation of the Li£ge furnace, in so far
as the arrangement of the fireplace
is concerned. It is a double furnace
served by one fireplace. (Ingalls,
p. 431)

Novaculite. An excessively fine-
grained, quartzose rock supposed to
be a consolidated, "siliceous slime
and of sedimentary origin. It is espe-
cially developed in Arkansas, and
much used as a whetstone. (Kemp)

Nowel. 1. The inner part of a large
mold, corresponding to the core in
small work. 2. The bottom or drag
of a molding flask, as distinguished
from the cope. (Standard)

Noxious. Causing or tending to cause
injury, especially to health or mor-
als; hurtful; pernicious; as, noxious
gases, etc. (Standard)

Nozzle. 1. A short tube, usually taper-
ing, forming the vent of a hose or
pipe. (Webster)

2. The front nose-piece of a bellows
or a blast pipe for a furnace. (C.
and M. M. P.)

3. A short piece of pipe with a flange
on one end and a saddle flange on
the other end. May be made of
cast-iron, cast-steel or wrought-
steel. 4. A side outlet attached to
a pipe by such means as riveting,
brazing, or welding. (Nat. Tube.
Co.)

Nubber (Mid.) A block of wood about
twelve inches square, for throwing
mine cars off the road in case the
couplings or ropes break. (Gresley)

Nucleus. A kernel ; a central mass or
point about which other matter is
gathered, or to which an accretion
is made. (Webster)

Nudo (Mex.) Knot or button on trac-
tion-rope of tramway; coupling.
(Dwight)

Nug. 1. (Scot.) The dull sound
caused by breaking strata. (Bar-
rowman)

2. (Eng.). A knot; protuberance;
lump; block. (Webster)

Nugget. A water-worn piece of native
gold. The term is restricted to
pieces of some size, not mere 'colors',
or minute particles. Fragments and
lumps of vein-gold are hot called
'nuggets,' for the idea of alluvial ori-
gin is implicit. (Min. and Sci.
Press, Apr. 17, 1915.) A lump of
native gold, silver, platinum, copper,
etc. (Boy. Com.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

467

Nuggeting. Searching for nuggets of
gold. (Webster)

Nuggety. Like or resembling a nug-
get; occurring in nuggets; also
abounding in nuggets. (Webster)

Nullah (Hind.). A small stream or
brook. Generally a heavy torrent
during the rainy season, and a dry,
sandy channel at other times (Old-
ham). Often containing auriferous
sands.

Numidian marble. A general name
given to some celebrated marbles of
cream, yellow, pink, and red colors,
found in northern Africa. Accord-
ing to the best authorities the name
Numidian is incorrect, the true
source of the stone being not Nu-
midia, but the provinces of Africa
and Mauritania. The quarries were
worked by the ancient Romans.
(Merrill)

Nmnmulite limestone. An Eocene for-
mation made up chiefly of nummu-
lite shells. (Webster)

Nunatak (Eskimo). An insular hill
or mountain surrounded by an ice
sheet. (Lahee, p. 322)

Nusco (Peru). A mixture of iron and
manganese oxides, with foliated talc
and quartz, containing gold. ( Halse )

Nut coal. An abbreviation for chest-
nut coaL Also called Nuts.

Nuts. Small coal. (Raymond)

Jhizco (Peru). 1. Small coal. 2. Ore
broken to the size of a walnut
(Halse)

Nystagmus. A rapid involuntary oscil-
lation of the eyeballs. It may be
congenital, associated with ocular
troubles or of nervous origin (Web-
ster). A disease among miners due
to working in poor light See Min-
er's nystagmus.

0.

Oakum. 1. Hards or tow of flax or
hemp, used for calking seams,
stopping leaks, etc. 2. The material
obtained by untwisting and picking
into loose fiber old hemp ropes.
(Webster)

Oamam stone (Aust). A white, gran-
ular limestone found in large quan-
tities in Oamaru, New Zealand,
valued as a building stone. (Stand-
ard)

Oberbergamt (Pr.). A board or coun-
cil consisting of six or seven mem-
bers, which sanctions colliery rules,

prescribes as to the duties of In-
spectors, as related to fiery mines,
safety lamps, etc. (Gresley)

Obersteiger (Pr.). An underground
overman, who acts under the guid-
ance of the manager. (Gresley)

Oblicuo (Sp.). Oblique. (Halse)

Oblique block. A quarry term applied
to a block of stone bounded by three
pairs of parallel faces, four of the
twelve interfacial angles being right
angles, four obtuse, and four acute.
(Bowles)

Oblique fault See Fault

Oblique lamination. Same as Trans-
verse lamination.

Oblique slip fault See Fault

Obra (Sp.). 1. Work. 2. Mine work-
ings. 3. The narrow prismatic part
of a blast-furnace immediately
above the crucible (Halse). 4.
Obras de disfrute, workings from
which ore is being extracted, 5.
Obras muertas, literally, dead work ;
work done in the country rock.
(Dwight)

Obradora buena (Mex.). Rock that
breaks welL

Obradora mala (Mex.). Rock that
breaks badly.

O'Brien furnace. A roasting furnace
of the Herreshof type with central
vertical shaft carrying stirring arms.
(Ingalls, p. 154)

Obrizo (Sp.). High-grade gold,
(Lucas)

Obsequent. Flowing in a direction op-
posite to that of the dip of the
strata or the tilt of the surface:
said of some streams and contrasted
with Consequent (La Forge)
Galled also Reversed stream.

Obsidian. 1. Extrusive igneous rocks
which have cooled either without
crystallization or with only partial
crystallization. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A general name for volcanic glass.
When used alone it implies a %hyo-
lite-glass, but it is now much em-
ployed with a prefix as andesite-
obsidian, basalt-obsidian. (Kemp)

Obsidiana (Sp.). Obsidian; volcanic
glass. (Halse)

Obtuse bisectrix. That axis which bi-
sects the obtuse angle of the. optic
axes of biaxial minerals. (Dana)

Occidental amethyst See Oriental
amethyst

468

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Occidental diamond (Eng.). A lapi-
dary's term for limpid and colorless
varieties of rock crystal when cut
and polished. Used in contradistinc-
tion to the Oriental or true diamond.
(Page)

Occlude. To take in and retain in
pores or other openings; to absorb;
said especially with respect to the
absorbing of gases by certain sub-
stances which do not thereby lose
their characteristic properties; as
charcoal, iron, platinum and palla-
dium occlude large volumes of hy-
drogen, palladium nearly a thousand
times its own volume (Webster).
A term used in flotation processes.

Occlusion. The mechanical retention
of gases in the pores of solids (Ray-
mond). See Occlude.

Occupation. The word used to de-
scribe the mode of acquiring rights
to mining claims. (Collins v. Bubb,
73 Fed. Kept., p. 739)

Occurrence. In geology, the existence
or presence of anything or phenome-
non in any special position, or in
any specified relations to other ob-
jects or phenomena, as the occur-
rence of gold in a vein. (Standard)

Ocean coal (Cumb.). Coal seams ly-
ing beneath the sea. (Grestey)

Ocellar. Of, or pertaining to, or des-
ignating, a type of rock structure
characterized by radiated, eyelike
aggregates. (Webster)

Ooher. A pulverulent iron oxide
usually impure, used as a pigment:
brown and yellow ochers consist of
limonite, or goethite, and red ocher
of hematite. Similar pulverulent ox-
ides of several other metals, also
used as pigments, are sometimes
called ochers, generally with the
name of the metal prefixed, as anti-
mony ocher, cadmium ocher. (La
Forge). Also spelled Ochre.

Ocre (Sp.). Ocher. (Dwight)

Octad. An atom or radical that has
a valence of eight. (Webster)

Octahedral cleavage. In the isometric
system, cleavage parallel to the
faces of the octahedron. (La Forge)

Octahedral iron ore. Magnetite. (Web-
ster)

Octahedrite. A tetragonal form of ti-
tanium dioxide, TiO>, in brown, dark
blue, or black crystals. (Dana)

Octahedron. In the isometric system,
a closed form of eight faces each
having equal intercepts on all three
axes. (La Forge)

Octavalent. In chemistry, having a
valence or combining power of eight.
(Standard)

Octibbenite. In mineralogy, a metallic
alloy of iron and nickel, unusually
rich in the latter element. (Stand-
ard)

Odd-knobbing (So. Staff.). Breaking
off the coal from the sides in the
thick-coal workings. (Gresley)

Odd man (Eng.). One who works by
the day at sundry jobs in the mine.
(Gresley)

Oddside. A permanent impression or
mold of part of a pattern, used by
molders in like manner to a false
part. See also False part. Stand-
ard)

Odd work. Work other than that done
by contract, such as repairing roads,
constructing stoppings, dams, etc.
(Gresley)

Odinite. A lamprophyric variety of
basalt occurring in dikes in Mt.
Melibocus. It has a groundmass of
plagioclase and hornblende rods,
with phenocrysts of plagioclase and
augite. (Kemp)

O'erlayer (Derb.). A piece of wood on
which the sieve is placed after wash-
ing the ore in a vat. (Min. Jour.)

Oeste (Sp.). West. (Dwight)

Off (No. of Eng.) Worked out; got-
ten; wrought (Gresley). As the
mine is off.

Off-bear. To carry (bricks) from the
molding table and deposit on the
drying floor. (Standard)

Off-bearer. A workman employed to
carry bricks from the molding table
and lay them on the ground to dry.
(Century)

Off gates (No. of Eng.). Goaf road-
ways in longwall workings about
120 yards apart. (Gresley)

Off-putter (Eng.) A loader of coal into
a vessel at a staith or spout; a col-
liery agent at a quay. (Webster)

Offset. 1. In surveying, a short dis-
tance usually measured at right
angles from a line as to a boundary,
or to continue a line parallel to itself
•at some little distance away to
avoid an obstruction or the like.
2. A short drift or crosscut driven

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

469

from a main gangway or level. 3.
The horizontal distance between
the outcrops of a dislocated bed.
(Lindgren, p. 120)

4. A spur or minor branch from a
principal range of hills or mountains.
(Century)

Offset staff. In surveying, a rod, usually
ten links long, used in measuring
short offsets. (Webster)

Offtake. 1. (Eng.) The raised portion
of an upcast shaft above the surface,
for carrying off smoke, steam, etc.

2. The length of boring rods un-
screwed and taken off at the top of
the bore hole, depending upon the
height of the head-gear and depth of
the well. (Gresley)

3. (Scot) A deduction from work-
men's wages for house rent, coal,
etc, ( Ba rro wman )

4. A channel for taking away air or
water; also the point of beginning
of such a channel. (Webster)

Offtake drift; Offtake level. (Scot.)
A water level driven from the sur-
face to a point in a pumping shaft
where the water is delivered. (Bar-
rowman)

Offtake joint (Eng.). The joint by
which the bucket is fastened to the
rods. (Bainbridge)

Offtake rods (Eng.). Auxiliary
wooden rods at the top and bottom
of a winding shaft, by means of
which the cages are guided and
steadied during decking (Gresley).
See also Offtake, 2.

Oflcial de albafiil (Sp.). A journey-
man bricklayer. (Min. Jour.)

Oflcial de carpintero ( Sp. ) . A journey-
man carpenter. (Min. Jour.)

Oficina. 1. (Sp.) An office. A work
shop. 2. (Mex.) A furnace con-
taining 12 or more clay retorts, six
on each side, for reducing quick-
silver ores. 3. (Chile) Nitrate
works. 4. O. de concentracidn, con-
centration works; O. de fundicidn,
smelting -works; O. de muestras,
sampling works. (Halse)

Ogle (Scot). The space before the
fire in a kiln. Called also Killogie.
(Standard)

O'Hara furnace. A horizontal, double-
hearth furnace for calcining sul-
phide ores. (Hofman, p. 186; Pe-
ters, p. 200)

Ohm. The practical unit of electrical
resistance, being the resistance of a
circuit in which a potential differ-
ence of one volt produces a cu/rent
of one ampere. (*Webster)

Ohm's law. The law that the strength
or intensity of an unvarying elec-
trical current is directly .propor-
tional to the electromotive force, and
inversely proportional to the resist-
ance of the circuit The law does
not hold for alternating currents un-
less modified so as to include the
effects of counter electromotive
force. (Webster)

Oido (Sp.). 1. Ear. 2. The orifice
left In the tamping for the inser-
tion of the fuse. (Halse)

Oikocryst. The matrix or larger crys-
tal of a poikilitic fabric. (Iddings,
Igneous Rocks, p. 202)

Oil. Any of a large class of unc-
tuous combustible substances, which
are liquid, or at least easily liquefi-
able on warming, and soluble in
ether, but not in water. (Webster)
This term includes: (a) fatty oils
and acids; (b) essential oils, mostly
of vegetal origin, such as eucalyptus
and turpentine, and (c) mineral oils,
such as petroleum products, includ-
ing lubricating oils. A term used
in the flotation process. (Min. and
Sci. Press)

Oil box. A box for oil, as for storage
or lubrication. (Webster)

Oiler. 1. An oil which provides a film
around a mineral particle (Me-
graw). A term used in flotation.
2. An oil well. 3. An oil can. 4. An
engine-room greaser. (Webster)

Oil field. A district containing a sub-
terranean store of petroleum of eco-
nomic value. (Webster)

Oil flotation. A process in which oil
is used in ore concentration by flota-
tion. See Flotation process.

Oil car. 1. A box car with open side
for carrying oil in barrels. 2. A
platform car with tanks for carry-
ing oil in bulk. Commonly called
Tank car. (Century)

Oildag. Deflocculated graphite sus-
pended in oil, used for lubricating.
(Bacon)

Oil derrick. A towerlike frame used
in boring oil wells, to support and
operate the various tools. (Stand-
ard)

Oil fuel. Refined or crude petroleum,
shale oil, grease, residuum tar, or
similar substances, used as fuel.
(Century)

Oil gage. An instrument of the hy-
drometer type arranged for testing
the specific gravity of oils; an ole-
ometer. (Century)

470

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Oil gas. Illuminating gas, or heating
gas, made by distilling oil in closed
retorts. ( Standard )

Oil-gas tars- Tars produced by ' crack-
ing' oil vapors in the manufacture
of oil gas. (Bacon)

Oil jack. A pitcher-shaped metal ves-
sel for heating oil. (Standard)

Oil-line pump. A pump for forcing
crude petroleum along a pipe line.
(Standard)

Oil of paraffin. A colorless to yellow-
ish, limpid oil, having a specific
gravity of about 0.880 and not boil-
ing below 360°. It is composed
principally of high-boiling hydro-
carbons of the CnH2n+2 series, and
is obtained from the petroleum frac-
tion boiling above 300°, the product
being refined and decolorized. It is
used in pharmacy, in ointments, and
as the base for various coatings
insoluble in water. (Bacon)

Oil of talc. A nostrum of calcined
talc, famous in the 17th century as
a cosmetic. (Webster)

Oil of vitriol. Sulphuric acid.
Oil pits. See Hand-dug wells.

Oil pool. An accumulation of oil in
sedimentary rock that yields petro-
leum on drilling. The oil occurs in
the pores of the rock and is not a
pool or pond in the ordinary sense
of these words. (U. S. Geol. Surv.,
Bull. 613, p. 184)

Oil process. See Concentration, also
Flotation process.

Oil pulp. An aluminum soap, consist-
ing of aluminum salts of the fatty
acids, chiefly oleic, palmitic, and
stearic acids. It is dissolved in min-
eral oil to form an oil thickener.
(Bacon)

Oil sand. Porous sandstone from
which petroleum is obtained by
drilled wells. (Webster)

Oil saver. An appliance affixed to the
mouth of an oil well when the latter
requires deepening, although still
flowing in small quantities. It con-
sists of a c«p fitted to the top of the
well casing and having a lateral
pipe communicating with a reser-
voir for the oil. (Mitzakis)

Oil shale. Shale containing such a pro-
portion of hydrocarbons as to be
capable of yielding mineral oil on
slow distillation (Gresley). See
Shale, Shale oil, Pumpherston shale,
Broxburn oil shale, Korosren and
Bituminous shales. (Bacon)

Oil smellers. Men who profess to be
able to indicate where oil-bearing
strata are to be found, and locate
places for successful well boring,
by the sense of smell.

Oil spring. A spring of petroleum,
maltha, or other hydrocarbon, with
or without admixture of water.

Oilstone. A fine-grained stone used
for sharpening edged tools or other
similar metal surfaces.

Oilstone powder. Pulverized oilstone
used with oil for grinding and
polishing metal surfaces. (Stand-
ard)

Oil-temper. To harden steel by chilling
in oil after heating. (Webster)

Oil well. A dug or bored well, from
which petroleum is obtained by
pumping or by natural flow. (Ray-
mond)

Oil-well packing. A packing inserted
between the pipe and the interior
surface of the boring in an oil well
to keep surface water or water from
the side» of the hole from running
into the well, and to prevent oil in
some wells from being forced out
around the pipe by a pressure of
gas. (Century)

Oily; greasy. These are substantially
equivalent terms. All oils are
greasy. Greasiness suggests more
viscidity than oiliness. A term used
in the flotation process. (Min. and
Sci. Press)

Oil zone. A formation that contains
capillary or supercapillary voids, or
both, that are full of petroleum that
will move under ordinary hydro-
static pressure. (Meinzer)

Ojal (Sp.). A loop tied to the rope of
a hand winch, when used for rais-
ing and lowering men. (Halse)

Ojo (Sp.). 1. Eye. 2. A bunch of ore
in a lode; a small irregular deposit
3. Mesh. 4. Peephole of a blast
furnace. 5. 0. de agua, a spring that
spouts water (Halse). O. de pol-
villo, a spot of rich ore. (Min.
Jour.)

Ojosa (Mex.). Honeycombed struc-
ture. (Dwight)

Okonite. 1. A compact fibrous calcium
silicate, H2CaSi2Ol,+H,O. (Dana)
2. A vulcanized mixture of ozocerite
and resin with caoutachouc and sul-
phur, used as an insulating mate-
rial for electric conductors. (Cen-
tury)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

471

Old. Having reached the stage of de-
creasing vigor and efficiency of ac-
tion or of increasing simplicity of
form and reduction of relief : said of
streams, and of land forms. (La
Forge)

Old age. That stage in the develop-
ment of streams, and land forms
when the processes of erosion are
decreasing in vigor and efficiency or
the forms are tending toward sim-
plicity and subdued relief. Compare
Youth and Maturity. (La Forge)

Old man. 1. Ancient workings, goaves.
(Raymond)

2. (Scot) A rocking center to
guide pump rods at an angle. (Bar-
rowman)

Old men. The persons who worked a
mine at any former period of which
no record remains. (Raymond)

Old red sandstone. A thick group of
reddish sandstone, conglomerates
and shales, of nonmarine origin,
which constitute the Devonian sys-
tem in parts of Great Britain and
are regarded as equivalent in age to
the normal marine Devonian strata.
In North America the name was
formerly applied to rocks of the
Catskill group, which display some
striking analogies to the Old Red
Sandstone of Europe. (La Forge)

Old sand. A molding-sand rendered
friable and porous by frequent high
heating. (Standard)

Old silver. Silver made to appear old
by the application of graphite and
grease. (Standard)

Old waste (Scot). Old or abandoned
workings. (Barrowman)

Olefiant gas. Ethylene, a colorless In-
flammable gaseous compound, CJEL,
having a suffocating odor and con-
tained in coal gas: bicarbureted hy-
drogen. (Standard)

Oleic acid. The fatty acid contained
in olive-oil combined with creso-
line. Although called 'acid/ it is
an oily substance and functions as
oil in flotation operations; it is con-
tained in most mixed oils and fats,
from which it is obtained by sappni-
fication with an alkali. From L.
oleum, oiL (Rickard)

Olho (Braz.). 1. A vug or druse. 2. A
bunch of ore. (Halse)

Oligist A crystallized variety of
hematite. Called also Oligist iron.
( Webster)

Oligocene. The second of the epochs
into which the Tertiary period is at
present ordinarily divided. Also the
series of strata deposited during
that epoch. (La Forge)

Oligoclase. A variety of feldspar in-
termediate between aibite and an-
orthite, but more nearly the com-
position of the former. (Dana)

Oligonite. A variety of siderite
containing manganese carbonate.
(Standard)

Oligon spar. Same as Oligonite.

Oligosiderite. A meteorite which is
characterized by the presence of but
a small amount of metallic irxm.
(Webster)

Olivenite. A basic copper arsenate, 4-
CuO.AsaO.H2O (Dana). Also called
Wood copper.

Olive ore. See Olivenite.

Oliver continuous filter. A revolving
drum prepared as a leaf-filtering sur-
face and divided into compartments,
each of which Is connected to a
vacuum pipe and to a pipe for ad-
mitting compressed air. The drum
is partly immersed in a tank or box
of thick pulp and revolves at a slow
rate of speed. The vacuum causes
i to i In. slime cake to form ; after
emerging, the solution is sucked out
of the adhering cake; a wash is
then given and displaced by air as
far as possible ; and finally the cake
is dropped by compressed air. (Lid-
dell)

Olivine; Chrysolite; Peridot. An ortho-
silicate of iron and magnesium,
2(Mg.Fe)O.SiO* Used as a ge*.
(U. S. Gepl. Surv.) The name of
the mineral is prefixed to the names
of many rocks that contain it Oli-
vine is of especial importance in this
respect, as its presence marks a more
basic development in the rocks,
which have it as contrasted with
those which lack It (Kemp)

Olivine diabase. A diabase containing
olivine. (Standard)

Olivine gabbro. A gabbro containing
olivine. (Standard)

Olivine norlte. A variety of norlte
containing olivine. (Standard)

Olivinoid. An olivlne-like substance
found in meteorites. (Standard)

Olivlnophyre. Porphyry containing
olivine phenocrysts.

472

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Olla. 1. (Sp.). A porous, earthen jar
In which drinking water is cooled by
evaporation from the outer surface;
used in tropical countries (Stand-
ard.) 2. (Mex.) A slag pot.
(Dwight)

Ollero. 1. (Mex.) A slag-pot puller.
(Dwight). 2. A potter. (Halse)

Olletas. (Sp. Am.) Hollows in river
beds. (Lucas)

Ollite. Potstone; a variety of impure
soapstone.

Omnibus. In glass-making, a sheet-
iron cover to protect from drafts the
glass articles in a leer. (Standard)

Omphacite. A greenish, vitreous va-
riety of pyroxene that is a common
constituent of the garnet rock, eclo
gite. (Dana)

On air (Scot). Said of a pump when
air is drawn at each stroke. (Bar-
rowman)

Oncosimeter. .An instrument for de-
termining the specific gravity of a
molten metal by the immersion of
a ball made of another metal and of
known weight. (Standard)

Oncost. 1. (Scot.) All charges for la-
bor in getting mineral other than
the miners' wages; payment to the
collier in addition to the rate per
ton. (Barrowman)
2. (Scot.) Dead- work expenses, be-
ing costs incurred at a mine, whether
minerals are raised or not. (Gresley)

Oncost-men (Scot). All workmen,
other than miners, paid by day's
wages. (Barrowman). A company
man.

One way (So. Staff.). A particular
class of house coal. (Gresley)

One-track tipple. A tipple having but
one railroad track beneath it
(Steel)

Onico; (or Onique (Sp.). Onyx. (Lu-
cas)

Onicolo. A variety of onyx used in
making cameos, being characterized
by a blish tinge, produced by a thin
layer of white over the black.
(Standard)

Onofrite. Sulpho-selenide of mercury,
Hg(S,Se). Contains 81 to 82 per
cent of mercury. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

On plane (Scot). In a direction at
right angles to, or facing, the plane
or main joints. (Barrowman)

Onsetter. The man who places cars on
or takes them off the mine cage.
See Bottomer ; also Cager. (Gresley )

Onsetting machine (Eng.). A me-
chanical apparatus for loading cages
with the full tubs and discharging
the empties, or vice versa, at one
operation. (Gresley)

On shift ( Scot ) . A workman or work-
ing place is said to be on shift, or on
shift wages when the work is not
let under contract, but paid for by
day's wages. (Barrowman)

On sights. Following sights placed by
a surveyor. (Steel)

On-the-run (Penn.). The ability to
work a seam of coal that has suf-
ficient inclination to cause the coal,
as worked toward the rise, to fall
by gravity to the gangways for load-
ing into cars, is called working coal
on-the-run. (Gresley)

On-the-solid. 1. Applied to a blast
hole extending into the coal farther
than the coal can be broken by the
blast 2. That part of a blast hol£
which can not be broken by the
blast. (Steel)

3. A practice of blasting coal with
heavy charges of explosives, in lieu
of undercutting or channeling.

Onychite. An alabaster, or calcite
(stalagmite), with yellow and brown
veins, carved by the ancients into
vases, etc. (Standard)

Onyx. A cryptocrystalline variety 'of
quartz, made up of different colored
layers, chiefly white, yellow, black,
or red. Not found in commercial
quantity in United States. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Onyx marble ( including Mexican onyx ) .
Calcite somewhat resembling true
onyx in appearance and used as an
ornamental stone. Is usually
formed as stalactites, stalagmites,
vein filling, or spring deposits.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Onza de oro (Sp.). A large gold coin
struck during the nineteenth cen-
tury by some of the South American
republics, and by Spain in the lat-
ter part of the eighteenth century.
It was worth about sixteen dollars.
Also called Doblon; Doubloon.
(Century)

Oolite. 1. A variety of limestone con-
sisting of round grains like the roe
of a fish. The na^ie is derived from
two Greek words, which mean,
"Egg-stone." (Thompson)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

473

2. The upper part of the Jurassic
system in England and some other
parts of Europe. (Webster)

Oolitic. Characteristic of, pertaining
to, of the nature or texture of, or
composed of oolite. (La Forge)

Oolly (E. Ind.). A lump of steel, as
Wootz steel when removed from the
crucible. (Standard)

Ooze; Oazc. 1. A soft slimy, sticky
mud. (Power)

2. To exude or give out slowly.
(Webster)

Opacite. A noncommittal term, less
current than formerly, for micro-
scopic, opaque grains observed in
thin sections of rocks. They are
generally regarded today as chiefly
magnetite dust (Kemp^

Opal. Hydrous silica, SiO2+HjO.
When it shows a play of colors, or
opalescence, it becomes the gem
stone or precious opal of commerce,
known as 'fire opal.' (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Opalescence. A milky or pearly reflec-
tion from the interior of a mineral.
(Dana)

Opalescent. Resembling opal. (Win-
chell)

Opaline. In glass making, a translu-
cent, milky variety of glass; fusible
porcelain; milky glass. Called also
Hot-cast procelain. (Standard)

Opalized wood. Wood petrified by sili-
ceous earth, and acquring a struc-
ture similar to the simple mineral
called opal (Comstock). See
Wood, 2.

Opal jasper. Common opal with the
color of yellow jasper. (Chester)

Opalo (Sp.). Opal; 0. de fuego, fire
opal; 0. noble*, precious opals.
(Halse)

Opencast. 1. A working in which exca-
vation is performed from the sur-
face, as in quarrying. 2. Exposed
to the air like a quarry; as open-
cast working; a deposit worked
opencast (Webster). Commonly
called Open-cut; Open-pit

Open connected. Applied to dredges
in which a link is interposed be-
tween the buckets. (Weatherbe)

Open-crib timbering. Shaft timber-
Ing with cribs alone, placed at inter-
vals. (Raymond)

Open-cut. 1. (Eng.) To drive hemfl-
ings out, or commence working in
the coal, etc., after sinking tnc
shafts. (Gresley)

2. (Scot). To commence longwall
working. (Barrowman)

3. To increase the size of a shaft
when it intersects 'drift' so as to
form a puddle wall behind the sets
of timber. (Duryee)

4. A surface working, open to day-
light (Raymond). Also called
Opencast; Open-pit

Open-cnt system. See Overhand stop-
Ing; Stripping.

Open fault. See Fault

Open-front. The arrangement of a
blast furnace with a fore-hearth.
(Raymond)

Open-hearth. See Furnace. The form
of regenerative furnace of the re-
verberatory type used in making
steel by the Martin, Siemens, and
Siemens-Martin processes. (Cen-
tury)

Open-hearth process. A process for
manufacturing steel, either acid or
basic, according to the lining of
the reverberatory furnace, in which
selected pig iron and malleable scrap
iron are melted, with the addition
of pure iron ore. The latter, to-
gether with the air contributes to the
oxidation of the silicon and carbon
in the melted mass. The final deoxi-
dation is sometimes produced by the
addition of a small quantity of alum-
inum or of ferromanganese, which
at the same time desulphurizes and
recarburizes the metal to the re-
quired extent (Goesel)

Open hole. Coal or other mine work-
ings at the surface or outcrop (Gres-
ley). Also called Opencast; Open-
cut; Open-pit

Opening. L A widening out of a crev-
ice, in consequence of a softening or
decomposition of the adjacent rock,
so as to leave a vacant space of con-
siderable width. (Century)

2. A short heading driven between
two or more parallel headings or
levels for ventilation. (Gresley)

3. An entrance to a mine.

Openings. The parts of coal mines be-
tween the pillars, cr the pillars and
ribs. (Raymond)

Opening shot. In shooting off the
solid, the first shot fired in a
straight face of coal. Called also
Wedging shot or Gouging shot

474

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Open light. A naked light (Gresley).
Not a safety light.

Open mold. A mold without cover, in
which objects like ingots are cast:
distinguished from Close mold.
(Standard)

Open-off. 1. (Eng.) To begin the
longwall system from the shaft pil-
lar, or the far end of the royalty,
or from any headings previously
driven out for the purpose of com-
mencing such system. (Gresley)
2. To start any new working, as a
heading, entry, gangway, room, etc.,
from another working, as a slope,
gangway, etc.

Open pit mine. See Open-cut, also
Opencast.

Open-pit quarry. A quarry in which
the opening is the full size of the
excavation. One open to daylight.
(Bowles)

Open rock. Any stratum capable of
holding much water, or conveying
it along its bed by virtue of its
porous or open character. (Gres-
ley)

Opens. Large caverns. (Raymond)

Open-sand castings. Castings made in
molds simply excavated in sand,
without flasks. (Raymond)

Open sand-mold. A process of found-
ing without any cope or top to the
mold: used for heavy objects.
(Standard)

Openset (Scot). An unfilled space be-
tween pack walls. (Barrowman).
See also Cundy.

Open-shell auger (Eng.). A coal-bor-
ing tool for extracting clay and
other d§bjrls from the hole. (Gres-
ley)

Open shop. A shop, or mine, where
the union price is paid, but where
the workmen are not all union men.

Open-stope and filling. See Overhand
stoping.

Open-stope method. See Overhand
stoping.

Open-top tubbing. A length of tub-
bing having no wedging crib on the
top of it. (Gresley)

Open-work. 1. A mine working that is
open to the sky; an opencast.
(Webster)

t. (So. Stnff.) A conl quarry (MIn.
Jour.). Also Open; Open-pit; Open-
cut

Open-working. Surface mining; quar-
rying; open-pit mining.

Operario (Mex.). A working miner.
(D wight)

Operator. (Penn.) The person,
whether proprietor or lessee, ac-
tually operating a mine. (Ray-
mond)

Ophicalcite. A crystalline limestone,
spotted with serpentine. (Kemp)

Ophiolite. Brogniart's name for the
serpentines. It is also employed in
America in the sense of ' Ophicalcite
as above given* (Kemp)

Ophite. 1. A name given in 1798 by
the Abb6 Palassou to a green rock
of the Pyrenees. It was later recog-
nized to be composed of feldspar
and hornblende, and still later was
determined by Zirkel to be a urali-
tized diabase. The name has chief
significance today because used to
describe the textural peculiarity of
some diabases. Strictly speaking an
ophitic texture is one in which rod-
like or lath-shaped, automorphic
plagioclase feldspars are involved in
augite, as it were, in a paste, so as
to form a variety of poicilitic tex-
ture. (Kemp)

2. A variety of marble colored green
by serpentine. Called also Verd an-
tique. See also Ophicalcite. (Stand-
ard)

Ophitic. Having earlier-formed euhe-
dral crystals of labradorite sur-
rounded by later-formed crystals of
augite: said of the texture of some
diabases. (La Forge)

Optical character. The designation as
to whether optically positive or opti-
cally negative (A. F. Rogers). Said
of minerals.

Optical constants. In optical mineral-
ogy, the indices of refraction, axial
angle, extinction angle, etc. (A. F.
Rogers)

Optic angle. In a biaxial crystal, the
angle between the optic axes.
( Standard )

Optic axes. Those directions in aniso-
tropic crystals along which there is
no double refraction. (Dana)

Option. A privilege secured by the
payment of a certain consideration
for the purchase, or lease, of mining
or other property, within a- specified
time, or upon the fulfilment of cer-
tain conditions set forth in the con-
tract

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

475

Opus Incertum. Masonry of small
stones set irregularly in mortar.
(Standard)

Opus lateritium. Brickwork or tile-
work in horizontal courses with
broken joints. (Standard)

Opus reticulatum. Recticulated ma-
sonry. (Standard)

Opus tessellatum. Mosaic composed of
small cubes of marble, glass, or clay.
(Standard)

Orange sand. A deposit of sand,
gravel, and pebbles, containing bowl-
ders of northern Paleozoic rocks, oc-
curring in the Mississippi valley: a
diluvial deposit of the Champlain
or quaternary epoch. (Standard)

Orang gulla (Sumatra). Miners.
(Lock)

Orangite. A bright, orange-yellow va-
riety of thorite (Chester). See
Thorite, 1.

Orbicular. Containing spheroidal ag-
gregates of megascopic crystals, gen-
erally in concentric shells composed
of two or more of the constituent
minerals: said of the structure of
some granular igneous rocks, as
corsite. (La Forge) See Kugel,
also Spheroidal. (Kemp)

Orbicular granite. A granite contain-
ing numerous rounded segregations
of minerals, chiefly dark silicates.
(Ries)

Orbite. A name proposed by Chelius
for certain diorite dikes near Orbes-
hohe, Hesse, of porphyritic texture
and having large phenocrysts of
hornblende, biotite and plagioclase.
(Kemp)

Orchard-heating oil. A dark oil from
California petroleum, possessing a
gravity of 26° to 28° B§. ; it is also
termed smudge oil, and is used in the
orange and lemon groves to prevent
frost from injuring the trees. (Ba-
con)

Ordenanzas de mineria (Mex.). The O.
de Mineria, or Mining Ordinances,
came into operation in Mexico in
1784, and were replaced by the
(first) C6digo de Minas in 1884.
(Halse)

Ordinaries (Mex.). Low-grade ores,
(D wight)

Ordinary ray. That ray of polarized
light which, in a doubly refracting
medium, follows the usual law as to
the constant ratio between the sines
of the angles of incidence and refrac-
tion. (Dana)

Ordovician. The second of the periods
comprised in the Paleozoic era, in
the geologcal classification now gen-
erally used. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period.
(La Forge)

Ore. 1. A natural mineral compound,
of the elements of which one at least
is a metal. The term is applied
more loosely to all metalliferous
rock, though it contain tlie metal in
a free state, and occasionally to the
compounds of . non-metallic sub-
stances, as sulphur ore (Raymond).
Also, material mined and worked
for nonmetals, as pyrite is an ore
of sulphur (Webster)

A mineral of sufficient value as to
quality and quantity which may be
mined with profit. (Ihlseng)

A mineral, or mineral aggregate,
containing precious or useful metals
or metalloids, and which occurs in
snch quantity, grade, and chemical
combination as to make extraction
commercially profitable. (Robert
Peele, Min. and Met. Soc. of Amer-
ica, Butt. 64, p. 257)

A metalliferous mineral, or an ag-
gregate of metalliferous minerals,
more or less mixed with gangue,
which from the standpoint of the
miner, can be won at a profit, or
from the standpoint of a metallur-
gist can be treated at a profit The
test of yielding a metal or metals
at a profit seems to me, in the last
analysis, to be the only feasible one
to employ. (J. F. Kemp, Trant.,
Canadian Min. Inst., 1909, p. 867)

2. (Corn.). Copper ore; tin ore be-
ing spoken of Jin Cornwall as tin.

(Joplin, Mo*.) A lead, zinc, or
lead-zinc concentrate obtained from
milling. The crude ore is called
dirt.

3. In metallurgy, a soft but compact
variety of hematite used for the bot-
tom of puddling furnaces. (Web-
ster)

Oreala (Sp.). A kind of clay used in
the manufacture of pottery in Brit-
ish Guiana.- (Standard)

Ore bands. Zones of rock rich in ore,
occurring in belts of fahlbUnder.
(Power)

Ore beds. Metalliferous aggregations
occurring between (or in) rocks of
sedimentary origin. (Power)

Ore bins. Receptacles for ore await-
ing treatment or shipment.

Ore blocked out. Ore exposed on three
sides within a reasonable distance
of each other. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17)

476

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ore body. Generally a solid and fairly
continuous mass of ore, which may
include low-grade and waste as well
as pay ore, but is individualized by
form or character from adjoining
country rock.

Ore-bridge. A large electric gantry-
type of crane which, by means of a
clamshell bucket, stocks ore or car-
ries it from the stock pile into bins
or larry car on trestle. (Willcox)

Ore-bridge bucket. A clamshell grab
bucket of 5 to 7$ tons capacty.
(Willcox)

Ore car. A mine car for carrying ore
or waste rock. (Weed)

Ore channel. The space between the
walls or boundaries of a lode which
is occupied by ore and veinstone
(Power). Also called Lode country.

Ore chute. An opening in ore or rock
through which ore is dropped down-
ward, and frequently used for ore
bins and pockets, underground. A
trough or lip at the bottom of a
bin for conveying ore to a car, con-
veyor, etc.

Ore crasher. A machine for breaking
up masses of ore, usually previous
to passing through stamps cr rolls.

Ore currents. Aqueous solutions of
metalliferous minerals, circulating
through the earth's crust.

Ore delfe. 1. Ore lying underground.
2. Right or claim to ore from own-
ership of land in which it i found.
(Century)

Ore developed. Ore exposed on four
sides in blocks variously prescribed.
See Positive ore, also Proved ore.
(H. C. Hoover, p. 17)

Ore developing. Ore exposed on two
sides. See Probable ore. (H. C.
Hoover, p. 17) First class, blocks
with one side hidden; second class,
blocks with two sides hidden; third
class, blocks with three sides hidden.
(Philip Argall, Min. and Met. Soc.
of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260)

Ore district. A combination of several
ore deposits into one common whole
or system. (Power)

Ore drag (Corn.). A drag made of
green oxhides for bringing ore down
the mountains on snow. The ore is
sewed up in sacks of 100 pounds
each, then placed on the hide, which
has loops around the edge, and when
the desired number of sacks are in
position a rope is run through the
loops and drawn taut, with the hair
of the skin outwards. (Crufutt)

ure-dressing. The cleaning of ore by
the removal of certain valueless por-
tions as by jigging, cobbing, van-
ning, and the like. See Concentra-
tion.

Ore dump. A heap or pile of ore at
the tunnel or adit mouth, the top of
shaft, or other place. (Weed)

Ore expectant. The whole or any part
of the ore below the lowest level
or beyond the range of vision. See
Possible ore, also Prospective ore
(H. C. Hoover, p. 17). The pros-
pective value of a mine beyond or
below the last visible ore, based on
the fullest possible data from the
mine being examined, and from the
characteristics of the mining dis-
trict. (Philip Argall, Min. and Met.
Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260)

Ore faces. Those ore bodies that are
exposed on one side, or show only
one face, and of which the values
can be determined only in a pros-
pective manner, as deduced from
the general condition of the mine
or prospect. (Min. and Met. Soc. of
Am., Bull. 64, p. 259)

Oregon sledge. A broad-faced sledge
hammer. ( Willcox. )

Ore-hearth. 1. A small, low fireplace
surrounded by three walls, with a
tuy&re at the back. Three import-
ant types are: (a) Scotch ore-
hearth, (&) American water-back
ore-hearth, and (c) Moffet ore-
hearth, used in smelting. (Hofman,
P. 117)

2. (Eng. and Scot.) A small blast
furnace for smelting lead; * blast
hearth. (Standard)

Ore-hearth process. A process for the
extracton of lead in which lead ore,
mixed with fuel, Is treated on a
roasting hearth.

Orel. A quarry term applied to gran-
ite that has been rendered value-
less by the alteration of its aegirite
particles. (Perkins)

Ore in sight. A term frequently used
to indicate two separate factors in
an estimate, namely: (c) Ore
blocked out, that is, ore exposed. on
at least three sides within reason-
able distance of each other; (o) Ore
which may be reasonably assumed
to exist, though not actually
blocked out; these two factors
should in all cases be kept distinct,
because (a) is governed by fixed
rules, while (6) is dependent upon
individual judgment and local ex-
perience. The expression "ore in

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

477

sight** as commonly used in the past,
appears to possess so indefinite a
meaning as to discredit its use com-
pletely. The terms Positive ore,
Probable ore, and Possible ore are
suggested. (Min. and Met. Soc. of
Am.. Bull. 64, pp. 258 and 261)

Ore leave. The value of the right to
dig and take ore; also, the value of
ore in place. (Coleman's Appeal, 62
Pennsylvania, State, p. 279)

Ore milL A stamp mill; a concentra-
tor.

Orendite. An aphanophyric igneous
rock containing small phenocrysts of
phlogopite in a groundmass com-
posed essentally of leucite, sanidine,
diopside, and phlogopite. (La
Forge) The name was proposed by
Whitman Cross, for the peculiar leu-
citic rocks at Orenda Butte in the
Leucite Hills, Wyo. They contain
leucite and sanidine, in about equal
amounts, with phlogopite and diop-
side as essentials. A peculiar am-
phibole is also present. The rock is
a leucite-phonolite as the latter term
is used by older writers, but the ob-
jection to calling any rock a phono-
lite which lacks nephelite, led to
the name orendite. Compare Madu-
pite and Wyomingite. (Kemp)

Ore partly "blocked. Those ore bodies
that are only partly developed, and
the values of which can be only ap-
proximately determined. (Min. and
Met Soc, of Am., Bull. 64, p.- 259)
See Probable ore.

Ore plot. A place where the dressed
ore is kept. (Da vies)

Ore pocket An isolated and limited
deposit of rich ore. (Standard)

Ore process. In steel making the Sie-
mens process. See Open-hearth.

Ore reserve. See Reserve.

Ore separator. A cradle, frame, jig-
ging-machine, washer, or other de-
vice or machine used in separating
the metal from broken ore, or ore
from worthless rock. (Standard)

Oreshoot A large and usually rich
aggregation of mineral in a vein.
It is a more or less vertical zone or
chimney of rich vein matter extend-
ing from wall to wall, and has a
definite width laterally. Sometimes
called Pay streak, although the latter
applies more specifically to placers.

Ore stamp. A machine for reducing
ores by stamping. The most fa-
miliar form is the stamp battery*
and the latest the powerful steam
stamp. (Standard)

Ore washer. A machine for washing
clay and earths out of earthy brown-
hematite ores (Raymond). The
log washer is a common type.

Ore zone. A large deposit of ores or
minerals in place (Duryee). See
Zone, 2 ; Mineralized zone, and Vein.

Organale (Colom.). An alluvial de-
posit intercalated between stones or
bowlders, rendering it difficult and
dangerous to work. (Halse)

Organic. 1. In chemistry, pertaining to
or designating a branch of chemistry
treating in general of the compounds
produced in plants and animals, and
of many carbon compounds of artifi-
cial origin; contrasted with inor-
ganic. (Webster)

2. Having organs for carrying on
vital processes. Animals and plants
are thus organized as distinguished
from minerals or inorganic sub-
stances. When these organs or or-
ganic structures become mineralized
they are fossils, or organic remains.
(Roy. Com.)

Organic deposits. Rocks and other de-
posits formed by organisms or their
remains. (A. F. Rogers)

Organpipe coral. A tubiporoid coral
consisting of cylindrical tubes placed
side by side and united by horizontal
floorlike expansions. (Standard)

Orichalc. Under the Roman empire,
an alloy of copper and zinc, resem-
bling gold in appearance; brass.
There was also a white orichalc.
(Standard)

Orichalceous. Having a color between
gold and brass ; of, or pertaining to,
orichalc, ( Standard )

Oriental. 1. Frequently used in the
same sense as 'precious' when ap-
plied to minerals, from an old idea
that gems came principally from the
East, e. g., Oriental amethyst, Ori-
ental chrysolite. Oriental emerald,
Oriental topaz, all of which are va-
rieties of sapphire. (Power)
2. Specially bright, clear, pure, and
precious; said of gems. (Standard)

Oriental agate. Understood to be all
the most beautiful and translucent
sorts of agate. (Power)

478

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Oriental amethyst. Strictly speaking,
a variety of sapphire, but the term
is applied to any amethyst of excep-
tional beauty. (Power)

Oriental emerald. A green variety of
corundum. (A. F. Rogers)

Oriental garnet. Precious garnet.
(Webster)

Oriental powder. An explosive consist-
ing of a mixture of gamboge with
potassium nitrate and chlorate.
(Webster)

Oriental ruby. The true ruby, a va-
riety of corundum. (A. F. Rogers)

Oriental sapphire. The true sapphire.
a variety of corundum. (A. F.
Rogers)

Oriental topaz. A yellow variety of
corundum, AhOs; (Dana)

Orientation. 1. In surveying, the ro-
tation of a map (or instrument)
until the line of direction between
any two of its points is parallel to
the corresponding direction in na-
ture. (Webster). 2. The placing of
a crystal in the conventional atti-
tude, so as to show its symmetry and
the forms to which its faces belong.
(La Forge)

Oriente (Sp.). East. (Dwight)

Origin. The source or ground of the
existence of anything, either as cause
or as occasion; that from which a
thing is derived or by which it is
caused; especially that which in-
itiates or lays the foundation
(Standard). As Origin of Ore de-
posits.

Original. Charistic of or existing in
a rock at the time of its formation :
said of minerals, textures, etc., of
rocks; essentially the same as Pri-
mary 1, and contrasted with De-
rived or Secondary 1. (La Forge)

Orin (Sp.). Iron rust. (Lucas)

Oriskany sandstone. A sandstone oc-
curring in the Devonian age in the
United States.

Orito (Colom.). A trace of gold found
in the batea. (Halse)

Ormolu. 1. An alloy of copper, zinc,
and tin used for cheap jewelry, chan-
deliers, etc. 2. Leaf gold ground and
used as a pigment for bronzes,
brasses, or other objects to be gilded.
(Standard)

Ornamental brick. A somewhat broad
term applied to front brick, that
arc either of some form other than
that of a rectangular prism or, th.-it
have the surface ornamented with
some form of design. (Ries)

Ornoite. A dioritic rock from the
Swedish locality of Orno. It con-
tains prevailing oligoclase, with some
hornblende and very subordinate
microcline and orthoclase. The ac-
cessories are apatite, magnetito, py-
rite, titanite, and a little prelmite.
The name was given by A. Ceder-
strom. (Kemp)

Oro (Sp.). Gold; O. bajo, low-grade
ore; O. corrido, alluvial gold; O.
crespo, gold found at a distance from
the main deposit; 0. cristalizado,
crystallized gold ; O. de aluvion,
placer gold (Lucas) ; 0. de copela,
fine gold (Min. Jour.) ; 0. de corte,
gold extracted from large placer
workings (Lucas) ; O. de escama,
spangle gold; 0. de espuma, float
gold; 0. de lavadcro, wash gold; 0.
de ley, high-grade gold ; O. de molino,
gold obtained by milling; 0. de
monte, gold found at a distance from
the main deposit; O. de recogida,
gold from various mines ; O. de veta,
lode gold; O. empolvado, gold dust
(Min. Jour.) ; O. en hojas, leaf gold;
O. fino, fine gold ; O. libre. free gold ;
O. molido d mano, gold obtained
by hand crushing; O. nino, float
gold; 0. verde, green gold. (Lucas)

Oroche (Mex.). 1. Low-grade or yel-
lowish silver. 2. Bullion containing
gold and silver. Dor6 (Dwight). 3.
O. natural, native auriferous silver.
(Halse)

Orogeny. The process of mountain
building. (Webster)

Orography; Orology. That branch of
physical geography which treats of
mountains and mountain systems.
(Webster)

Oroide. An alloy, chiefly of copper
and zinc, or tin, resembling gold in
color and brilliancy, and used in
making cheap jewelry. (Webster)

Orology. See Orography.

Orometer. A form of aneroid barom-
eter.

Oronite. An enamel paint for protect-
ing metal surfaces from the action
of hot vapors.

Orpailleur (Fr.). A gold washer.
(Davies)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

479

Orplment. Arsenic trisulphide, As»S»,
containing 61 per cent arsenic.
(Dana)

Orrillaje (Mex.). Sheet lagging;
(Dwlght)

Orthite. See Allanite.

Ortho axis; Orthodiagonal. In the
monoclinic system, the axis that is
perpendicular to the other two axes.
(La Forge)

Orthoclase. The monoclinic potash
feldspar, K3O.Al2O».6SiO». Contains
16.9 per cent potash, K2O. See Feld-
spar (U. S. Geol. Surv.).

Orthoclastic. Cleaving in directions at
right angles to each other. (Web-
ster)

Orthodome. In the monocline crystal-
lographic system, a dome parallel to
the orthoaxis. (La Forge)

Orthofelsite. A name suggested by J.
J. H. Teall for porphyritic rocks
with felsitic groundmass, and pheno-
crysts of orthoclase. (Kemp)

Orthogneiss. 1. A gneiss formed by
the metamorphism of an Igneous
rock. 2. A gneissic igneous rock
whose structure is original and is
due to flowbanding or to segregation
while the rock was solidifying. (La
Forge)

Orthophyre. Orthoclase porphyry or
porphyry proper (Kemp). Syenite
porphyry. (Standard)

Orthopinacoid; Orthopinacoidal. The
pinacoid parallel to the orthodiago-
nal. (Standard)

Orthoprism. A monoclinic prism whose
orthodiagonal intercept is greater
than unity. (Standard)

Orthorhombic system. In crystallogra-
phy, that system of crystals whose
forms are referred to three unequal
mutually perpendicular axes; also
called Prismatic, Rhombic, and Tri-
metric.

Orthosilicate. A salt of orthosilicic
acid : applied to minerals. Called
also Unisilicate. (Standard)

Orthosilicic acid. A compound, H«-
SiO4, known chiefly by its salts
found in minerals. (Standard)'

Orthose. A name for the whole feld-
spar family (1801), before it was
divided into separate species.
(Chester)

Orthotomous. Having the two cleav-
ages at right angles to each other
(Standard). Same as Orthoclastic.

Orycto geology. The classification and
arrangement of fossils. (Standard)

Oryctognosy. The description and sys-
temmatic arrangement of minerals;
mineralogy. (Century)

Oryctology. The science of fossils or
whatever is dug from the earth;
now separated into paleontology,
geology, petrology, and mineralogy.
(Standard)

Os. A Swedish term, equivalent to
esker, for certain elongated ridges
of detrltal material, generally ex-
plained as having been deposited in
subglacial tunnels. < Century)

Oscillatory twinning. Repeated twin-
ning in which the crystal is made
up of thin lamellae alternately in
reversed position ; polysynthettc
twinning: found in some feldspars.
(La Forge)

Osmium. A hard, bluish or grayish-
white metallic element of the plati-
num group, the heaviest substance
known. Symbol, Os ; atomic weight,
190.9 ; specific gravity 22,48.

Osmond (Osmund) iron. A superior
kind of iron formerly imported into
England from Sweden for making
arrow heads, fishhooks, clocks, etc.
Also iron made in the Osmund fur-
nace. CWebster)

Osmondite. A solid solution of iron
carbide in alpha iron. (Webster)

Osmose. The tendency of two liquids
or gases to mix by passing through
a membrane or porous wall separa-
ing them. From Gr. osmos, push-
Ing. (Rickard)

Osmosis. A kind of diffusion which
takes place between two miscible
fluids separated by a permeable par-
tition, as an animal membrane and
which tends to equalization on the
two sides of the partition (Web-
ster)

Osmotic. Of or pertaining to osmosis.

Osmotic equivalent. The ratio between
the amount of solvent water that
passes through the membrane or sep-
tum of an osmotic cell and the
amount of solute which passes in the
opposite direction. . (Webster)

Osmotic pressure. The unbalanced
pressure which gives rise to the
phenomena of diffusion and of os-
mosis, as in a solution in which
there are differences of concentra-
tion. (Webster)

480

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Osmund furnace. A kind of high
forge, intermediate In the develop-
ment of the Catalan forge and the
blast furnace formerly used for mak-
ing wrought iron frond which wire
was first made in England, in the
15th century. (Webster)

Osseous breccia. The cemented mass
of fragments of bones of extihct ani-
mals, found in caverns and fissures.
(Comstock)

Ossipyte. A name suggested by C. H.
Hitchcock for a rock from Water-
ville, N. H., which on examination
in 1871 by E. S. Dana (before the
use of thin sections in America)
was thought to consist of olivine
and labradorite, with a little magne-
tite. Ossipyte is derived from " Os-
sipees," the name of a tribe of Indi-
ans, who formerly lived in the re-
gion. By means of thin sections the
rock was later shown to contain
diallage, by G. W. Hawes. and to
be a gabbro. Ossipyte was a fore-
runner of troctolite over which it
has priority. (Kemp)

Ostatki. The residuum in the still
after the distillation of the kero-
sene from Russian petroleum. It is
a thin liquid of a specific gravity of
about 0.905 to 0.912; contains but
little paraffin, yields lubricating oils,
the remainder being utilized for
fuel. (Bacon)

Osteolite. Earthy apatite. (Dana)

Ostler. The person who feeds the mine
horses or mules and keeps the
stable in order (Roy). A contrac-
tion of hostler.

Ostwald's dilution law. The law, that
in a solution of an electrolyte, the
square of the number of moles ion-
ized, divided by the number of moles
not ionized varies directly as the
dilution. (Webster)

Otavite. (S. W. Afr.). A white to
reddish basic carbonate of cadmium
occurring in lustrous crystalline
crusts. (Webster)

Ottrelite. A gray to green, hard, brit-
tle micaceous silicate, resembling
chloritoid, of doubtful composition
and uncertain crystallization.
(Standard)

Ottrelite schists. Schistose rocks with
the peculiar micaceous mineral ot-
trelite. They are best known from
the Ardennes, Belgium, but are
found in New England. (Kemp)

Ouachitite (pronounced waw-shee-
tite). A name coined by Kemp from
the Ouachita River, Arkansas for
a basic rock containing, in a glassy
groundmass, prevailing and often
phenomientally large phenocrysts of
biotite, very subordinate augite, and
magnetite. They also occur at
Beemerville, N.. J., associated with
nephelite-syenite. ( Kernp )

Ouges (Eng.). The solid rock on the
side of the vein. (Bainbridge)

Oulopholite. A variety of gypsum
found in the form of rosettes, flow-
ers, vines, etc., in Mammoth cave,
Kentucky. (Standard)

Ounce. One-sixteenth part of an avoir-
dupois pound of 7,000 grains; that
is, 437.5 grains. It equals 18.23 pen-
nyweights, 0.911 troy ounce, 28.35
grams, and has a fine-gold value of
$18.84 or 77.474 shillings.

Outbond. Laid parallel to the face of
the wall; said of a brick, and op-
posed to Inbond. (Standard)

Outbreak coal (Eng.) An old term
for outcrop of a coal seam. (Gres-
ley)

Outburst. 1. A blower. A sudden
emission of large quantities of oc-
cluded gas. (Steel)
2. (Scot.) See Outcrop, 1 and 2.

Outby; Outbye; Outbyeside. (Newc.).
Nearer to the shaft, and hence fur-
ther from the working face (Ray-
mond). Toward the mine entrance.
The opposite of Inby.

Outcrop. 1. The coming out of a stra-
tum to the surface of the ground.
That part of a stratum which ap-
pears at the surface ; basset. 2. To
crop out; to come out to the sur-
face of the ground, as strata (Web-
ster) A term used in connection with
a vein or lode as an essential part of
the definition of apex, which see. It
does not necessarily imply the visi-
ble presentation of the mineral on
the surface of the earth, but in-
cludes those deposits that are so
near to the surface as to be found
easily by digging. (Stevens v. Wil-
liams, 1 McCrary, p. 480; 23 Fed-
eral Cas., p. 40 ; 1 Mo. Min., p. 566 ;
Sloss-Sheffield Steel fk Iron Co. v.
Payne, 64 Southern, 617)

Outdoor stroke. That stroke of a Cor-
nish pumping engine by which the
water is forced upward by the
weight of the descending pump rods,
etc. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

481

Outfall (Eng.). A seam cropping out
at a lower level. (Gresley)

Outlay. 1. A laying out or expending.
2. That which is expended ; expendi-
ture (Webster). The cost of equip-
ping a mine and placing it on a pro-
ducing basis.

Outlet. The passage by which the ven-
tilating current goes out of a mine.
Same as Upcast, 1 (Raymond).
An opening from a mine to the sur-
face.

Outlier. An isolated mass or detached
remnant of younger rocks, or of
rocks overthrust upon others, sepa-
rated by erosion from the main mass
to which they belong and now sur-
rounded, areally, by older, or at
least underlying, rocks. (La Forge)

Out of the house (Newc.). The down-
stroke of a pumping engine. (Min.
Jour.)

Out-over. Same as Outby

Output. The amount of coal or ore
put out from one or more mines, or
the total product of one or more fur-
naces or mills, during a given time.
(Webster). See also Production.

Outset. 1. (No. of Eng.) The wall
of a shaft built above the original
ground level. 2. A brick or stone
shaft -wall built within tubbing.
(Gresley)

Outstroke (Eng.). The privilege of
breaking a barrier, and working and
conveying underground the coal
from an adjoining royalty, or mine.
(Gresley)

Outstroke rent (Eng.). Payment
made for the privilege of working
through a barrier and mining the
coal of an adjoining property.
(Gresley)

Outtake. The passage by which the
ventilating current is taken out of
the mine; the upcast (Chance).
The return air course. An outlet

Outwan (Scot). Outwards. (Bar-
rowman)

Outwash. Drift carried by running
water from a glacier and deposited
beyond the marginal moraine.
(Webster)

Ouvarovite. See Uvarovlte.

Oven. A chamber in which substances
are artificially heated for the pur-
poses of baking, roasting, annealing,
etc. Specifically: 1. A kiln; as, a
coke-oven. 2. In glass-making, a
leer. (Standard)

744010 O— 47 81

Overall efficiency. Overall efficiency,
of an air compressor, is the product
of the compression efficiency and the
mechanical efficiency. (A. I. M. B.,
Bua 140, p. 57)

Overblown. Burnt by reason of an
excessive blast; said of steel made
by the Bessemer process, (Stand-
ard)

Overburden. 1. (Cora.) See Burden,
1. 2. To charge in a furnace too
much ore and flux in proportion to
the amount of fuel. 3. The waste
which overlies the good stone in a
quarry (Raymond). Worthless sur-
face material covering a body of
useful mineral. (Skinner)

Overcast. A passage through which
the ventilating current is conveyed
over an entry or air course. (Har-
gis)

Overcrossing. ,See Air crossing; Over-
cast

Overdraft. An arrangement of flues
to force air through a brick-kiln
downward from its top; also the
heated air and gas so forced through-
the kiln. (Standard)

Overftred. In creamics, exposed to
too great heat in firing. (Century)

Overfold. An anticlinal fold pushed
over until its sides are brought to-
gether and one overlies the other;
an inverted or reflexed fold (Stand-
ard). See Overthrow fold.

Overgate. See Air crossing; Over-
cast.

0 verge ttings (Eng.). Minerals worked
and sold from a royalty in excess of
the certain quantity upon which a
rent or royalty per acre is paid.
(Gresley)

Overglaze. An additional glaze on
porcelain, when the first has been
painted upon with vitrifiable colors,
or when by reason of defects a sec-
ond glaze is necessary. (Standard)

Overhand sloping. The working of a
block of ore from a lower level to
a level above. In a restricted way
overhand stoping can be applied to
open or waste-filled stopes that are
excavated in a series of horizontal
slices either sequentially or simul-
taneously from the bottom of a
block to its top. Stull timbering or
the use of pillars characterize the
method. Filling is used in many in-
stances (Young). Modifications are
known as: Back-filling method;
Back stoping ; Block system ; Breast
stoping; Combined side and long-

482

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

wall stoplng; Crosscut method of
working; Cross stoping; Delprat
method; Dry wall method; Filling
system; Filling-up method; Flat-
back stoping; Horizontal slicing;
Longwell stoplng; Open-cut system;
Open stope and filling; Open-stope
method ; Open stope, timbering with
pigsties, and filling; Overhand stop-
lng on waste ; Resuing ; Rock filling ;
Room-and-pillar with waste filling;
Sawtooth back-stoplng ; Side stop-
ing ; Slicing and filling system ; Stop-
ing and filling; Stoping in horizon-
tal layers ; and Transverse with fill-
ing.

Overhand stoping and milling system.
See Combined and underhand stop-
ing.

Overhand stoping in inclined floors.
See Rill stoping.

Overhand stoping on waste. See Over-
hand stoping.

Overhand stoping with shrinkage and
simultaneous caving. See Combined
shrinkage stoping and block 'caving.

Overhead cableway. A type of equip-
ment for the removal of soil or rock.
It consists of a strong overhead ca-
ble, usually attached to towers at
either end, and on which a car or
traveler may run back and forth.
From this car a pan or bucket may
be lowered to the surface and sub-
sequently raised and locked to the
car and transported to any position
on the cable where it is desired to
dump its contents. (Bowles)

Overhead charges. Those general
charges or expenses which can not
be charged up as belonging exclu-
sively to any particular part of the
work or product. (Webster)

Overings (Newc.). The top framing
of a wagon to increase its capacity.
(Min. Jour.)

Overlap. The extension of younger
strata beyond the limits of older ones
lying beneath. (Webster)

Overlap fault. See Fault.

Overlay (Scot.). The material above
the rock in a quarry (Barrowman).
See Overburden, 3.

Overlooker. 1. One who overlooks. 2.
An overseer, superintendent, or in-
spector. (Standard)

Overman. (Eng.) The mining official
next in rank below the manager,
who is next below the agent (Ray-
mond). Also called Oversman. The
foreman of the underground work-
ings.

Overpoled. A term used in copper re-
fining to designate copper which has
set from the molten condition with
a distinct convex crown. See Unde-
veloped ; also Tough pitch ( Eng. and
Min. Jour., vol. 102, p. 875). Over-
poled copper is copper from which
all the suboxide has been removed
by poling. (Raymond)

Overrope. A winding or hoisting rope.
(Gresley)

Overshot wheel. A vertical water
wheel, the circumference of which is
covered with cavities or buckets, and
is turned by water that shoots over
the top, filling the bucket on the
farther side and acting chiefly by its
weight. (Webster)

Overside. Discharging over the side;
said of a dredge. (Standard)

Oversize. That part of a crushed ma-
terial which remains on a screen.

Overstrom table. Similar to a Wilfley
table but of diamond shape (rhom-
boid). (Liddell)

Over- throw. 1. (Penn.) Wooden air
pipes for connecting headings for
ventilation. 2. (York.) See Air
crossing. ( Gresley )

Overthrow fold. See Overturned.

Overthrust. The lateral thrusting of a
mass of rock over or upon other
rocks, along a thrust fault. (La
Forge)

Overthrust fault. A reverse fault
with low dip, or large hade. (Lind-
gren, p. 128)

Overturned. Having been tilted past
the vertical and hence inverted in
outcrop : said of folded strata and of
the folds themselves. (La Forge)

Over ventilation. Too much air in the
mine workings. (Gresley)

Overwash drift. The material which
is washed out from the front of a
glacier. (Century^

Overweight. 1. (Aust.) The set-
tling down of the upper rocks when
working by the longwall system. It
Is regulated by the packwalls. If it
settles too quickly, it binds the
underweight, causing the latter to
throw too much weight on the face.
(Power)

2. (Scot.) Excess weight of dis-
posals (sales) over output. (Bar-
rowman )

Overwind. To hoist the cage into 01
over the top of the headframe
(Steel)

GLOSSARY OF MTSTING AND MINERAX, INDUSTRY.

483

classifier. A classifier of the
free-settling type In which the
heavy material Is removed by a
donble-screw, continuous-flight con-
veyor, working up an Inclined plane.
(Liddell)

Owen process. A flotation process in-
volving the violent agitation of the
pulp in cold water to which a small
percentage of eucalyptus oil, about
2 ozs. per ton, is added. (T. J.
Hoover, p. 185)-

Owner's account men (Corn.). Work-
men paid by the day. (Balnbridge)

Oxbow. A crescent-shaped lake formed
in an abandoned river bend which
has become separated from the main
stream by a change in the course of
the river.

Oxford clay. An English Mesozoie
formation characteristic of the
middle Oolite. (Standard)

Oxidation. A chemical union with
oxygen. (Raymond)

Oxide A compound of the element
oxygen with another element or ele-
ments, as FeaOs. (Roy. Com.) .

Oxidize. To unite with oxygen. Many
minerals and most metals oxidize
with greater or less rapidity when
exposed to air or water. (Weed)

Oxidized zone. That portion of an ore
deposit which has been subjected to
the action of surface waters carry-
ing oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
(Farrell). That zone in which sul-
phides have been altered to oxides
and carbonates.

Oxidizing flame. The outer cone of the
blow-pipe flame, characterized by
the excess of oxygen of the air over
the carbon of the gas. (Dana)

6xido (Sp.). Oxide. (Dwight)

Oxigeno (Sp.). Oxygen. (Dwight)

Oxland-Hocking furnace. A revolving,
cylindrical furnace used in Sardinia
for calcining sulphide ore. (Ingalls,
P. 25)

Oxonlte. An explosive prepared by
dissolving picric acid in nitric acid.
(Webster)

Oxter ( Scot. ) . The armpit. The apex
of a reentrant, or reentering angle
in a working face of coal.

Oxycoal gas. A mixture of oxygen
and coal gas. (Standard)

Oxydaceae. The oxides and their com-
binations with each other; one of
the four classes in T. Sterry Hunt's
classification of minerals. (Stand-
ard)

Oxygen. A colorless, tasteless, odor-
less, chemically active, gaseous ele-
ment occurring in a free state in
the atmosphere of which It forms
about 23 per cent by weight and
about 21 per cent by volume. The
most abundant of all the elements.
Symbol, O; atomic weight, 16.0;
specific gravity, 1.105. (Webster)

Oxyhydrogen. Consisting of a mix-
ture of oxygen and hydrogen. (Web-
ster)

Oxyhydrogen blowpipe. A blqwplpe
in which hydrogen is burned in oxy-
gen. Streams of the two gases in
the proportion to form water arc
forced under pressure from sepa-
rate reservoirs, forming a Jet, and
Igniting just as they issue. The heat
produced is sufficient to fuse very
refractory substances. Called also
Compound blowpipe ( Standard ) . The
temperature of the flame is esti-
mated at 6,000° F.

Oxyphyre. Pirsson's general name
for the addle rocks. Oxyphyre is
contrasted with Lamprophyre, a cor-
responding name for the basic rocks.
The two are complementary. See
Lamprophyre, also Complementary
rocks. (Kemp)

Oye! (0-o-o-o-ye!) (Mex.j An excla-
mation used to call attention in a
hoisting shaft (Halse)

Oysanite. A name given by Lameth to
the titanium mineral anatase.
(Humble)

Ozarkite (Ark.).'- A white, massive
variety of thomsonite. (Chester)

Ozocerite; Mineral wax; Fossil wax;
Native paraffin. Waxlike hydrocar-
bon, yellow-brown to green in color;
translucent when pure ; feels prreasy.
Streak Is light to brown, and spe-
cific gravity is slightly less than 1.
Soluble in carbon disulphide. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Ozokerine. fitee Yellow Ozokerine.

Ozone. A faintly blue gaseous sub-
stance obtained by the silent dis-
charge of electricity in air or oxy-
gen, and by other methods. It is an
allotropic form of oxygen, is a pow-
erful oxidizer, and comparatively
unstable. It is used commercial ly
for sterilizing water, bleaching oils,
etc. (Webster). Its density is one
and one-half times that of oxygen.

484

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

P.

P&bllo (Mex.). A lamp or candle wick.

Pae; Pack. A moccasin, with the sole
turned up and sewed to the upper;
also heavy felt half-boot worn by
loggers in winter (Webster). Also
used by miners in the far north.

Pachapampa (Peru). Ore about the
size of a walnut picked out of waste.
(Halse)

Pachucha tank. See Brown tank.

Pacite (Bol.). Arsenical sulphide of
iron, near arsenopyrite. (Chester)

Pack. 1. A wall or pillar built of gob
to support the roof; also used in
the anthracite regions synonomously
with the English term 'chocks' or
' nogs.' (Chance)

2. To occasion the 'speedy subsidence
of the ore in the process of washing
by beating the keeve or tub with a
hammer. (Steel)

3. To fill in stopes and old mine
workings with waste rock to support
the roof. (Webster)

4. (Eng.) A measure of coal equal
to 3 bushels. 5. A bundle of iron
plates ready to be heated or rolled.
(Standard)

Pack builder. One who builds packs
or pack walls (Gresley). See
also Pack, 1.

Packer. 1. A device lowered in the
lining cubes, which swells automati-
cally, or can be used to expand by
manipulation from the surface at
the correct time, to produce a
watertight joint against the sides
of the bore hole or the casing,
thus entirely excluding water from
higher horizons. (Mitzakis)

2. (U. S. and Aust.) A person who
transports goods by pack animals;
a carrier; a pack animal (Webster).
Common in mining districts.

3. A man who builds or constructs
a pack (Gresley). See Pack, 1.

Packfong (Chinese). A silver- white
alloy of copper, zific, and nickel;
German silver. (Ure)

Packing. 1. A general term relating
to a yielding material employed to
effect a tight joint. A common ex-
ample is the sheet rubber used for
gaskets. The term is also applied
to the braided hemp or metallic
rings used in some joints, that al-
low considerable or incessant mo-
tion. (Nat Tube Co.)
2, (Cornish) The final dressing of
tin or copper ore in a large vat or
keeve filled with water. (Da vies)

3. Filling, as of mortar containing
small stones. 4. The filling of a
coke tower or other condenser used
in the manufacture of hydrochloric
acid. (Webster)

Pack road. A road or trail suitable
for pack animals, but not for ve-
hicles. (Century)

Pack saddle. A saddle made for sup-
porting the load on a pack animal.
(Webster)

Packsand. A very fine-grained sand-
stone so loosely consolidated by a
slight calcareous cement as to be
readily cut by a spade. (Standard)

Pack trail (Western U. S.). A path
or narrow road for the passage of
pack trains only. (Standard)

Pack train. A train 6f pack animals.
(Standard)

Pacos (Peru). An earthy mass of
reddish ore containing much iron
and particles of native silver, horn
silver, etc. (Ure)

Pack wall. A wall of stone or rub-
bish to carry the roof and keep the
sides up ( Gresley-) . See also Pack, 1.

Pacos (Peru). Ferruginous silver ore.
(Mex.) Oxidized ores (Dwight).
P. de estano, small veins of cassiter-
ite. (Halse) ,

Pactolian. Of, or pertaining to, the
Lydian river Pactolus or its gold-
bearing sands. (Standard)

Paddle. 1. A straight iron tool for
stirring ore in a furnace. 2. A bat
or pallet, as used in tempering clay.
3. A scoop for stirring and mixing,
as used in glass-making. (Stand-
ard)

Paddle-wheel agitator. A simple stir-
ring apparatus by which the solids
are kept in suspension by paddles.
It is difficult to start if the sand
packs around the blades, and it is
expensive both in operating and in
repair costs. (Liddell)

Paddock. 1. (Aust.) An inclosure for
exercising horses. The Australians
being keen horsemen, took to using
the word in mining. Thus when ore
is in "bins", or "stored", or "stacked
on the surface", is is said to be "in
the paddock". (Rickard)
2. A way of working a claim, the
whole mass being taken out In the
form of a large square pit. (Skin-
ner)

8. A space or platform near the
mouth of a shaft or excavation for
temporary storage of ore or wash

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

485

dirt. 4. An excavation for wash
dirt in shallow alluvium. 5. To
store ore in a paddock. (Webster)

Faddy. 1. (York.) An open lamp used
by miners. (Gresley)
8. A well drill having cutters that
expand on pressure. (Standard)

Paddy pan (Leic.). A skip (box) for-
merly used in a swinging bant for
carrying miners. See Bant; Bont,
1, and Tackier, 2. Also Skep.

Page. In brickmaking, a track carry-
ing the pallets bearing newly molded
bricks. (Standard)

Pagoda stone. A Chinese limestone
showing in section figures fancifully
likened to pagodas, due to fossil or-
thoceratites. (Standard)

Pagodite. A soft variety of pinite or
agalmatolite out of which the Chi-
nese carve figures of pagodas, idols,
etc. (Standard)

Paha. A low ridge or hill of glacial
deposits capped by loess, determined
by the configuration of the subter-
rane, molded by and marking the
direction of the ice flows of the gla-
cial epoch; characteristic of north-
eastern Iowa. (Standard)

Pahoehoe. The Hawaiian word for
lava, or a flow of the same, having a
smooth, ropy, fluted, or lobate sur-
face. It is contrasted with "Aa ",
which refers to jagged and cindery
crusts. See Aa. (Kemp)

Painters' naphtha. See T.urpentine
substitutes. Deodorized naphtha, of
gravity 58° to 60° B6. is sometimes
employed in paints. (Bacon)

Paint gold. A very thin coating of
gold on minerals. (Power)

Paint mill. A machine for grinding
mineral paints.

Paint rock. See Ocher.

Paint thinner. See Turpetine substi-
tutes.

Pair (Corn.) A party of men working
together; a gang (Webster). Also
spelled Pare.

Pair of gears (No. of Eng.). See
Gears.

Pair of timbers. (So. Wales). See
Geara

Pain (So. Staff.). Two shafts about
100 yards apart, sunk to the Thick
coal seam. (Gresley)

Paisanite. A variety of quartz-por-
phyry, containing phenocrysts of
microperthitic orthoclase and rarer
quartz, in a ground mass of quartz
and feldspar. Compare Comendite.
(Kemp)

Paja (Sp.). 1. Straw. 2. A blasting
match; P. quemada (Bol.), a variety
of Jamesonite resembling a straw.
(Halse)

Pajaro minero (Venez.). The miner
bird. Some of the natives have a
strong belief that the miner bird is
a sure indicator of alluvial gold.
(Halse)

Paktong. See Packfong.

Pala (Sp.) Shovel; P. de cruzo, a
round-pointed shovel; P. cuadrada,
a square-pointed shovel. (Dwight)
(Halse)

Palacra (Sp.). 1. A piece of native
gold. 2. An ingot of fine gold.
(Halse)

Palaeophyre. Giimbers name given in
1874 to certain porphyritic dike
rocks corresponding to quartz-mica-
diorites in mineralogy. They cut the
Silurian strata of the Fichtelgebirge.
(Kemp)

Palaeophyrite. A name proposed by
Stache and Von John (compare Ort-
lerite) for certain porphyrites in
whose strongly prevailing ground-
mass are phenocrysts of pftgioclase,
hornblende and augite. (Kemp)

Palaeojncrite. A name proposed by
Gtimbel in 1874, for picrites which
were considered by him to be similar
to the rocks from the Cretaceous
formation, originally named picrite
by Tschermak. Giimbel called his
specimens palaeopicrites because
they occurred . in Paleozoic strata.
They are chiefly olivine and augite.
More or less brown hornblende and
biotite also occur. (Kemp)

Palagonite-tnff. An altered basaltic
tuff containing inclusions of devitrl-
fied, basaltic glass. (Kemp)

Palanca (Sp.). 1. Lever. 2. P. de
campana, a knocker or signaling ap-
paratus in shafts (Halse).
3. The toggle of a rock crusS&r.
(Dwight)

Palanque (Mex.). Barring after shots
have been fired. (Dwight)

Palanthropic. In geology, according to
Dawson, the earlier part of the an-
thropic, tho post-glacial Pleistocene,
during which man appeared and
there was an extensive emergence of
land. (Standard)

486

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Palatinite. A name proposed by Las-
peyres for certain rocks in the Ger-
man Province of Pfalz, supposed by
him to be gabbros with diallage and
to be of Carboniferous age ; but they
have since been shown to be essen-
tially diabases. The word is de-
rived from the classic name of the
district. (Kemp)

Pale brick. Brick which are under-
burned. (Ries)

Paleocene. The earliest of the epochs
comprised in the Paleogene period,
In the classification adopted by some
geologists. Also the series of strata
deposited during that epoch: they
are regarded by some geologists as
Upper Cretaceous and by others as
Eocene. (La Forge)

Paleogene. The earlier of the two per-
iods comprised in the Cenozoic era,
In the classification adopted by the
International Geologic Congress and
used by many European geologists:
It includes the Paleocene (if that
be accepted), Eocene, and Oligocene
epochs. Also the system of strata
deposited during that epoch. Com-
pare Neogeue. (La Forge)

Paleolithic. Of, or pertaining to, the
earliest known- human culture, which
Is represented chiefly by unpolished
stone implements. The paleolithic
period was applied in Europe to the
earliest known culture period, which
was apparently sharply separated
from the succeeding and much
shorter period, called the Neolithic
period, the two forming the Age
of stone. (Webster)

Paleontology. The science that deals
with the life of past geological ages.
It is based on the study of the fos-
sil remains of organisms. (Web-
ster)

Paleoplam. In geology, an ancient
plain of degradation, buried under
later deposits. (La Forge)

Palevolcanic. Of effusive character
and having been erupted before the
Tertiary period: said of some vol-
canic igneous rocks and opposed to
Neovolcanic. Now obsolescent. (La
Forge)

Paleozoic. One of the grand divisions
or eras of geologic time, preceding
the Mesozoic era. Also the group
of rocks formed caring the Paleozoic
era, which comprises, in the gener-
ally adopted classification, the Cam-
brian Ordovician, Silurian, Devon-
ian, and Carboniferous systems. The
beginning of the Paleozoic was

formerly supposed to be marked by
the appearance of life on the earth
and the lowest Paleozoic strata
were supposed to be the oldest fos-
siliferous rocks of the earth's crust,
but both suppositions are now
known to be incorrect. (La Forge)

Paler o (Mex.). Shoveler; mine car-
penter, or timberman. (Dwight)

Palisade. A line of bold cliffs, espe-
cially one showing basaltic columna
(Webster)

Pallaco (Peru). A piece of ore of
good quality found on waste heaps.
(Halse)

Palladium. A rare metallic element
of the platinum group, found native
arid also alloyed with platinum and
gold. Silver- white, ductile, malle-
able. Symbol, Pd; atomic weight,
106.7; specific gravity, 11.8. (Web-
ster)

Palladium gold. Same as Porpezite,
or gold containing palladium up to
.10 per cent. (Dana)

Pallador (Peru). An ore sorter.
(Halse)

Pallalla (Bol.). A sort of trowel for
agitating gravel in alluvial mining.
(Halse)

Pallaquear (Sp. Am.). To pick over
the dumps. (Lucas)

Pallas iron. See Pallasite.

Pal) a site. Originally proposed by Gus-
tav Rose for a meteorite that fell
near Pallas, in Russia; has been
used by Wadsworth in a wider
sense for both meteoric and terres-
trial, ultra-basic rocks, which in the
former average about 60 per cent
iron and in the latter have at least
more iron oxides than silica. Cum-
berlandite (which see) is the chief
example (Kemp). Also called
Pallas iron.

Pallet. 1. A board for carrying newly
molded bricks. 2. A potters' wheel.
3. A paddle for mixing and shaping
clay for crucibles, etc. (Standard)

Pallet boy. In brickmaking, a boy
who places pallets on the dump-
table. (Standard)

Palleting. A light platform in the bot-
tom of powder magazines to pre-
serve the powder from dampness.
(Century)

Pallet molding. A method of forming
bricks in sanded molds, from which
they are dumped on a board called
a pallet: distinguished from flop-
molding. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

487

Palm. A piece of stout leather fitting
the palin of the hand, and secured
by a loop to the thumb; this has a
flat indented plate for forcing the
needle. (C. and M. M. P.). Used
in sewing heavy canvas.

Palm needle. A straight triangular-
sectioned needle used for sewing
canvas. (C. and M. M. P.)

Palo (Mex.). Stick; piece of timber;
P. labrados, hewn timber ; P. redon-
dos, round timber. (Dwight)

Pampa (Peru). An elevated plane at
the base of mountains. (Halse)

Pan. 1. See Panning. 2. A cylindri-
cal vat of iron, stone, or wood, or
these combined, in which ore is
ground with mullers and amalga-
mated. See Amalgamating pan.
(Raymond)

3. A copper or galvanized iron uten-
sil used for washing gold ore and
gravel so as to separate the heavy
gold by a shaking motion. It cor-
responds to the Cornishman's van-
ning shovel (Rickard). Also
called Dish.

4. To wash earth, gravel, etc., in
a pan in searching for gold. To
yield gold in, or as in the process
of panning. (Webster)

5. The solid stratum of clay, pebbles,
etc., underlying soil; hardpan; used
chiefly in Great Britain. (Stand-
ard). Fireclay or underclay of coal
seams.

6. (Mid.). Sheet-iron vessels hold-
ing, say i cwt., into which fillers
rake the small coal. (Gresley)

Panabase. Same as Tetrahedrite,
CusSbjSr. (Dana)

Panal de Bosa (Peru). Fissured
quartz containing gold. (Halse)

Pan amalgamation. Amalgamation of
silver or gold with mercury by
grinding in a pan. (Duryee)

Panar (Colom.). To collect gold-bear-
ing sand in spoons and scoops, and
deposit it in the bateas. (Halse)

Pancake. Same as Ribbon, 1.

Panclastite. An explosive composed of
liquid nitrogen tetroxide mixed with
carbon disulphide or other liquid
combustible, in the proportion of
three volumes of the former to two
of the combustible. (Century)

Pan coal (Scot). Small coal suitable
for use at salt works, as under salt
pans. (Barrowman)

Pandermite. Firm, compact, porce-
lain-like masses of colemanite.
(Moses)

Pane. 1. (So. Staff.) A quantity of
coal measuring 2 feet 6 inches high,
6 feet in width, and 6 feet under or
forward. (Gresley)

2. See Peen.

Panel. 1. A heap of dressed ore. 2.
A system of coal-extraction in which
the ground is laid off in separate dis-
tricts or panels, pillars of extra size
being left between. (Raymond)

3. A large rectangular block or pil-
lar of coal measuring, say, 130 by
100 yds. 4. A group of breasts or
rooms separated from the other
workings by large pillars. (Steel)
5. A small portion of coal left un-
cut. (Webster)

Panella (Braz.). A miner's term for
druse. (Halse)

Panel slicing. See Top slicing and
cover caving.

Panel working. A system of working
coal seams in which the colliery is
divided up into large squares or
panels, isolated or surrounded by
solid ribs of coal of which a sepa-
rate set of breasts and pillars is
worked, and the ventilation is kept
distinct, that is, every panel has
its own circulation, the air of one
not passing into the adjoining one,
but being carried direct to the main
return airway. (C. and M. M. P.)

Panes (Mex.). Amalgamating pans.
(Dwight)

Pan ice (Labrador). Ice formed along
the shore and subsequently loosened
and driven by winds and currents.
(Century)

Panidiomorphic. Rosenbusch's term
for those rocks, all of whose com-
ponents possess their own crystal
boundaries. ( Kemp )

Panino (Mex.). Vein-formation; vein
material; the ground or country
through which the lode runs; also,
the matrix. (Min. Jour.). P. muy
macizo, the very hardest kind of
vein matter or rock ; P. macizo, rock
not quite so hard, but still not re-
quiring to be timbered ; P. favorable,
rock easily broken down by drilling,
but not needing timbering ; P. blando,
generally slate or schist which can be
broken easily by pick, bar, or wedge,
and -which must sooner or later be
timbered; P. muy blando, usually
clay shale or argillaceous schist, and
requiring constantly to be held up
by timbering. (Dwight)

488

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTEY.

Panizo (Peru). 1. A whitish feldspar,
or kaolin; feldspathic gangue. 2.
Trachyte. 3. (Chile) Country
rock. (Halse)

Paneling. Division into panels or com-
partments ; panel working, See
Panel, 2. (Webster)

Panning (Aust. and Pac.). Washing
earth or crushed rock in a pan, by
agitation with water, to obtain the
particles of greatest specific gravity
which it contains (chiefly practiced
for gold, also for quicksilver, dia-
monds, and other gems). (Ray-
mond)

Pan out. To give a result, especially
as compared with expectations, as
in mining, the gravel pans out well.
See Pan, 4.

Papa. 1. (Maori) A kind of bluish
indurated pipe clay, sometimes used
for whitening fireplaces. It is often
as hard as stone and is then called
papa rock. (Webster)
2. (Sp.). A nugget of gold or sil-
ver. 3. A nodule of mineral
(Halse)
4. (Sp.) A potato. (Vel.)

Pantellerite. A felsophyric or vitro-
phyric igneous rock, virtually a
sodic-quartz trachyte, containing es-
sential anorthoclase, aegirite, and
quartz, and perhaps diopside and
yand cossyrite. (La Forge). Ap-
plied to a group of rocks inter-
mediate between the rhyolites and
trachytes on the one hand, and the
dacites on the other. They differ
from all these in having anortho-
clase as the principal feldspar. Cos-
syrite, a rare and probably titan-
iferous amphibole, occurs at the
original locality on the island of
Pantelleria, in the Mediterranean.
The name was given by FSrstner.
(Kemp)

Pantile. A roofing tile ; a gutter tile ;
a flat paving tile (Webster). Also
spelled Pentile.

Pantograph. An instrument for copy-
ing maps, plans, etc., on any pre-
determined scale. (Webster)

Paper coal. A variety of brown coal
deposited in thin layers like sheets
of paper. (Power)

Paper spar. A variety of calclte found
in thin paper-like plates. (Stand-
ard)

Par; Par value. Equality of the nomi-
nal apd market values of securities
or certificates of value (often called
nominal, or face par), or the value

or price at which they are issued
and their market value (called issue
par). Nominal value; face value.
(Wftbster)

Para (Mex.). A leather apron worn
by miners. (Halse)

Paracaida (Sp.). 1. A parachute. 2.
A safety appliance for bringing the
cage quickly to rest in case the
hoisting cable breaks. (Halse)

Parachrosis. Discoloration in miner-
als from exposure to the weather.
(Standard)

Parachute. 1. A kind of safety-catch
for shaft cages. 2. In rod boring, a
cage with a leather cover to prevent
a too rapid fall of the rods in case
of accident. (Raymond)

Paraclase. A term used by Daubree
for faults. (Power)

Parada (Sp.). A relief, or change of
men, horses, or mules; a shift.
(Halse). Paradas de busca (Mex.),
miners working on a tribute; P. a
la carga, miners working for so
much per ton or carga of ore
broken down or extracted ; P. a
destajo, miners on contract, at so
much per meter, etc. ; P. a partido,
miners receiving as pay a share of
the ore they mirie; P. de hacienda,
or P. de obra, miners working by the
day. (Dwij?M)

Paraffin. A white, waxy, inodorous,
tasteless substance, harder than tal-
low, softer than wax, with a specific
gravity of 0.890. Its melting point
Is variable, depending somewhat
upon its origin; it ranges between
43° and 65° C. (109° and 151° F.)
An ultimate analysis yields, on the
average, carbon 85 per cent, and hy-
drogen 15 per cent. It is insoluble
in water, is indifferent to the most
powerful acids, alkalies, and chlor-
ine, and can be distilled unchanged
with strong sulphuric acid. Warm
alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, olive
oil, benzol, chloroform, and carbon
disulphide dissolve it readily. It can
be mixed in all proportions with
wax, stearin, palmitin, and resin
(Bacon). Paraffin is found native,
as in ozocerite and hatchettite, also
in peat and bituminous coal, and is
contained in numerous oils, as pe-
troleum, from which it is separated
by distillation. (Standard)

Paraffin-asphalt petroleum. A combi-
nation of paraffin-base and asphalt-
base petroleums. (Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

489

Paraffin-base petroleum. Crude oil
which carries solid paraffin hydro-
carbons and practically no asphalt.
(Bacon)

Paraffin butter. 'A variety of native
paraffin used in making candles.
(Standard)

Paraffin coal. A light-colored bi-
tuminous coal used for the produc-
tion of oil and paraffin. (Mitzakis)

Paraffin fluxes. The residuals obtained
from paraffin-base petroleums are
characterized by containing 14$ to
4 per cent, of hard paraffin scale,
consisting to a predominating de-
gree of saturated hydrocarbons (85.6
to 74.1 per cent.) and having a spe-
cific gravity of 0.92 to 0.94. In gen-
eral, it may be said that paraffin
fluxes yield only a small percentage
of residual coke and contain but
little sulphur. (Bacon)

Paraffin oil. 1. Lubricating oil made
by the dry distillation method. 2.
A proprietary name for liquid pe-
trolatum. (Bacon)

Paraffin scale. Crude paraffin wax.
(Bacon)

Paraffinum. A mixture of solid hydro-
carbons chiefly of the methane
series; usually obtained by chilling
and pressing the distillates from pe-
troleum having high boiling point,
and purifying the solid press-cake so
obtained. See Paraffin. (Bacon)

Paraffinum liquidum. The medicinal
petroleum of the British Pharma-
copoeia. Sp. gr., 0.885-0.890. In
£he refining of Russian petroleum,
the finest quality of perfumery oil
is termed paraffinum liquidum, and
for phamaceutical purpose is often
subjected to a final distillation.
See Petrolatum, liquid. (Bacon)

Paraffinum molle. According to the
British Pharmacopoeia, a petroleum
product corresponding to the vase-
line of the United States Pharm-
acpoeia. (Bacon)

Paragenesis. A general term for the
order of formation of associated
minerals in time succession, one
after another. To study the para-
genesis is to trace out in a rock or
vein the succession in which the
minerals have developed. (Kemp)

Paragneiss. 1. In petrology, a gneiss
formed by the metamorphism of a
sedimentary rock. 2. A gneiss
formed from a sedimentary rock by

an intermediary action of an igneous
magma to such an extent that a
virtually new rock is formed. (La
Forge)

Paragonite. A kind of mica corre-
sponding to muscovite, but with so-
dium instead of potassium. (Web-
ster)

Paragonite schist. A variety of schist
in which paragonite replaces biotite.
(Standard)

Parallel growth. Two or more crys-
tals with corresponding faces par-
allel. (A. F. Rogers)

Parallel roads. A geological term
for a series of terraces at different
levels, as those of Glen Roy, Scot-
land. (Webster)

Paramagnetic. Opposed to diamag-
netic. Applied to substances such
as iron, which, when freely sus-
pended between two magnetic poles,
arranges itself in the line between
them (Power). Having a magnetic
permeability greater than unity.
(Webster)

Paramento (Sp.). Lining of a blast
furnace, (Halse)

Parameter. In minerology that ra-
tional multiple of the unit-length of
any semiaxis intercepted by a crys-
tal plane which determines its po-
sition with reference to the funda-
mental form. (Standard)

Paramilla (Chile). A low range of
mountains. (Halse).

Paramorph. A crystal that has under-
gone a change in its physical prop-
erties without a corresponding
change in composition (Butler). A
result of paramorphism.

Paramorphism. The alteration of one
mineral into another without change
of composition, as augite into horn-
blende in uralitization. It is also
used in connection with metamor-
phism to describe such thorough
changes in a rock that its old com-
ponents are destroyed and new ones
are built up. (Kemp)

Paranthine. Haiiy's name for scapo-
lite. (Humble)

Parar (Sp.). To stop; P. la bateria,
to stop the battery or mill. (Halse)

Parasitic crater. See Adventive cra-
ter.

Paratomous. Having planes of deav
age inclined to the axis; also,
abounding with facets of cleavage.
(Standard)

490

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Parcel. 1. (So. Staff.) An old term
for a ton; really 27 cwts. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Corn.) A heap of dressed ore
ready for sale. (Raymond)

Parcionero (Mex.j. Partner in a min-
ing contract. (Dwight)

Pardo (Mex.). Oxidized or surface
ore. See Oolorados. ( Dwight}

Pare (Corn.). Gang or party of men.
(Min. Jour.). See Pair.

Pared (Mex.). Vein wall. (Dwight)
Paret (Borneo). A mine. (Lock)

Pargasite. An amphibole including
green and bluish - green kinds of
hornblende, occurring in stout lus-
trous crystals, or granular. (Dana)

Parget. Gypsum, especially that from
Derbyshire or from Montmartre.
(Standard)

Parian. In ceramics, resembling the
marble of Paros, as Parian biscuit.
(Standard)

Parian biscuit. A hard, fine, half-
vitreous, porcelain resembling Car-
rara marble ; used for objects of art
and ornament. (Standard)

Parianite. Asphalt froni the Pitch
lake, Trinidad. (Bacon)

Parian marble. One of the most fa-
mous of ancient statuary marbles;
from the island of Paros in the Gre-
cian archipelago. (Merrill)

Parian porcelain. A fine variety of
hard porcelain used for statuettes
and bas-reliefs; so called from its
resemblance to Parian marble.
(Standard)

Parihuela ( Mex. ) . Handbarrow.
(Dwight)

Parisite. A fluocarbonate of the ce-
rium metals. In acute double hex-
agonal pyramids. Color brownish-
yellow. (Dana)

Parka (Arctic). An outer garment
made of the skins of birds or mam-
mals, or of cloth, worn by the Eski-
mos. Also worn by prospectors and
travelers in Alaska in extreme cold
weather.

Parkes process. The refining of lead
by the addition of zinc to molten
argentiferous lead. The zinc and
silver rise to the surface of the bath
as a scum, which is then taken off
and afterwards distilled to drive off
the zinc. (Liddell)

Parliamentary pit (Scot). A mine out-
let or shaft, required by an act of
Parliament (Barrowman)

Parmazo marble. A white marble trav-
ersed by a coarse network of dark
lines; from northern Italy. (Mer-
rill)

Parol. A trade name for a fuel used
in internal combustion engines.
Made from paraffin by a chemical
process without the use of heat.
(Bacon )

Parophite. A name given by T. Sterry
Hunt to a rock or mineral similar
to dysyntribite. The name means
'like serpentine.' (Kemp)

Paroxysm. In geology, any violent or
sudden natural occurrence, as a vol-
canic eruption, a sudden flood, etc.
(Roy. Com.)

Parral agitator. An agitator using a
number of small air lifts disposed
about a circular, flat-bottomed tank
in such a way as to impart a circu-
lar swirling motion to the pulp.
(Liddell)

Parrilla (Sp.). Grate bar. (Dwight)

Parrot coal. 1. (Scot, No. of Eng.)
A variety of cannel coal, so-called,
because wh.en on the fire it splits and
cracks with a chattering noise, like
a parrot talking. (Gresley)
2. Sometimes applied to gas coal
when of inferior quality. (Barrow-
man)

Part. 1. Same as Parting, 2. 2. In
founding, a section of a mold or
flask, specifically distinguished (in
a three-part flask) as top part, mid-
dle part, and bottom part. (Stand-
ard)

Part candles (Eng.). The use of can-
dles as well as safety lamps in a
mine. (Gresley)

Partido (Mex.). Division of ores be-
tween partners. Working a mine
by partido is when the miners agree
with the owners to take a certain
part of the ores in place 'of wages.
Usually the mine owner provides
candles, powder, and steel, and keeps
the drills sharpened, and receives, in
payment of royalty and supplies,
two-thirds or more of the ore taken
out This contract is renewed
weekly or monthly, and the pro-
portion of ore retained by the miners
is greater or smaller according to
the richness of the stopes where they
work. It is generally bought from
them by the mine owner himself, for
various reasons. (Dwight)

Partidor (Sp.). An ore sorter. (Halse)
Patilla (Mex.). Platform left in shaft
(Dwight)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

491

Parting. 1. A small joint In coal or
rock, or a layer of rock in a coal
seam. 2. The separation of two
metals in an alloy, especially the
separation of gold and silver by
means of nitric or sulphuric acid.
(Raymond)

3. A side track or turnout in a haul-
age road. Entry parting, the part-
ing at the beginning of an entry in
a slope mine. Inside or siring part-
ing, a parting some distance from
the mouth of an entry, from which
the cars are hauled out by a special
mule or team. Rope parting or mo-
tor parting, a parting on which trips
of cars are collected for hauling out
by a rope-hauling system, or electric
motor. (Steel)

4. (Scot.) The manner in which a
seam parts from its roof or pave-
ment; it is a bad parting when they
do not separate readily, a good part-
Ing when they do. (Barrowman)

5. The tendency of crystals to sepa-
rate along certain planes that are
not true cleavage planes, but which
have become directions of minimum
cohesion through gliding, secondary
twinning, or some other external
cause. 6. The line or plane of sepa-
ration between the parts of a mold-
er's flask. (Standard)

Parting flask. lia assaying, a flask
used in parting (Webster). See
also Parting, 2.

Parting glass. Same as Parting flask.

Parting sand. Fine, dry sand, which
is sifted over the partings in a mold
to facilitate their separation when
the flask is opened.. (Raymond)

Parting slate. A term applied to a
thin layer of slate between two
seams of coaL (Thacker v. Shelby
Coal Min. Co. 197 S. W. Rept, p.
633)

Partiversal dip. A series of local dips
varying approximately 180° in com-
pass-direction, occurring at or near
the end of a plunging anticlinal axis.

Pascal's law. The principle that the
pressure in a fluid not acted upon
by external forces is the same at
all points, or that a fluid transmits
pressures equally in all directions.
(Webster)

Pasilla (Hex.). Dry silver amalgam.
(Dwight)

Pasillo (Sp.). In coal mining, a cross
cut; break through; thurl or thurl-
ing. (Halse)

Paso (Sp.). 1. Any underground drift
or gallery. 2. An ore pass or chute.
3. A mountain pass. (Halse)

Pass. 1. (Corn.) An opening in a
mine through which ore is delivered
from a higher to a lower level. See
Chute. 2. In rolling mills tlje pas-
sage of the bar between the rolls.
When the bar passes 'on the flat*
it is called a flatting-pass; if 4on
the edge,' an edging-pass. (Ray-
mond)

3. A passage left in old workings
for men to travel in from one level
to another. (C. and M. M. P.)

Passador (Braz.). A classifier or pulp
thickener. Similar to an inverted
pyramid or cone. (Bensusan)

Passanite. A variety of wernerite,
also called porcelain-spar. (Ches-
ter)

Pass-by; Pass-bye. 1. (Eng.) A pas-
sage round the working part of a
shaft A by-pass. (Power)

2. A siding in which cars pass one
another underground; a turnout.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Passing water (Scot.). When a pump
bucket is worn, or otherwise not
tight, it is said to be passing water.
(Barrowman)

Pass-lnto. A transition of one mineral
into another without any sudden
change. (C. and M. M. P.)

Passive iron. Iron rendered non-cor-
rodible by treatment with heat or
acids. (Standard)

Pass-pipe. An iron pipe connecting
the water at the back of one set of
tubbing with that of another, or a
pipe only in communication with
one tub (Tub, 5), and open to the
interior of the shaft (Gresley)

Pasta (Mex.). 1. Amalgam of gold
and silver. 2. Gold and silver bul-
lion (Dwight).

3. (Mex.). Argentiferous ores, as
blende, galena, etc. 4. (Chile) Gray
copper ore; tetrahedrite. (Halse)

Paste. 1. The mineral substance in
which other minerals are embedded ;
groundmass, as of a porphyry.
(Webster)

2. A mixture of clay, variously pre-
pared for making stoneware or por-
celain. (Standard)

Pasting. The operation of madcap-
ping. (Du Pont)

Pat. In brickmaking, to remove the
rough edge of green bricks with a
stamper. ( Standard )

492

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pataka (N. Z.)., A storehouse raised
above the ground. (Webster) A
cache.

Patch. A small placer property.
(Milford)

Patcher. 1, A driver's assitant or
helper; a brakeman or trip-rider.
(C. and M. M. P.)
2. One who repairs broken brat-
tices, doors, stoppings, etc., in a
mine.

Patching (So. Wales). Workings car-
ried on at the outcrop (Gresley).
Called Patchwork in Derbyshire.

Patchy. Distributed in patches or in
an irregular manner as when ore
occurs in bunches or sporadically.
(Roy. Com.)

Pat coal (Scot.). The bottom, or low-
est, coal sunk through in a shaft.
(Barrowman)

Pfttc (Fr.). Paste; particularly, por-
celain-paste. (Standard)

Patent. 1. An instrument making a
conveyance or grant of public lands.
(Webster)

2. Title in fee, obtained by patent
from the United States Government.
when there has been done an equiva-
lent of $500 worth of work on or for
each mining claim. (U. S. Min.
Stat, pp. 400-426; 493-494; 563;
570-574)

Patent axe. A type of surfacing ma-
chine employed to remove irregu-
larities from the surface of blocks
of stone. (Bowles)

Patente (Chile). An annual tax on
mines, amounting to $10 per hectare.
(Halse)

Patented claim. A claim to which a
patent has been secured from the
Government, by compliance with
the laws relating to such claims (r!.
and M. M. P.). See also Patent, 2.

Patent fuel (Eng.). The fuel pro-
duced by the agglomeration of coal-
slack into lumps (Raymond). See
alto Briquet.

Patent survey. An accurate survey of
a mining claim by a U. S. deputy
wirveyor as required by law in or-
der to secure a patent (title) to the
claim.

Patera process. A metallurgical proc-
ess consisting of a chloridizing-
roa sting; leaching with water to re-
move base metals (some silver is
fllssolved and must be recovered) :
leaching with sodium hyposulphite
for silver; precipitation of silver by

sodium sulphide. The process was
first carried out by von Patera at
Joachimsthal (Liddell). See also
Joachimsthal process.

Paternoster pump. A chain-pump;
named from a fancied resemblance
of the disks and the endless chain
to a rosary. (Standard)

Pate sur pate (Fr.). A decoration for
, pottery, made of white porcelain
paste, on a dark ground, so ap-
plied as to produce effects of light
and shade by varying thicknesses.
(Standard)

Pate tendre (Fr.). Soft paste for
porcelain. (Standard)

Patio (Sp.). 1. The yard where
ores are cleaned and assorted ; also,
the amalgamation floor, or the Span-
ish process itself of amalgamating
silver ores on an open floor (Ray-
mond). P. de amalgamacidn, amal-
gamation court or floor ; Beneficio de
p., the cold amalgamation process,
or American heap amalgamation. It
was invented by Bartoleme" de Me-
dina, Pachuca, Mex., in 1557; Intro-
duced into Peru in 1574. In 1793
mules and horses were first used in
the process. 2. Trabajor por p.
(Colom.) To quarry or make an
open cut. (Halse)

Patio (Mex.). Cloth used by miners.
(Dwight)

Patio process. A process for the re-
covery of silver by amalgamation
in low heaps with the aid of salt
and copper sulphate (magistral).
Thorough mixing is obtained in the
usual form by having horses or oxen
tread the mass. (Liddell)

Patr6n (Sp.). An overman. (Halse)

Patr6n de oro (Sp.). Gold standard.
(Lucas)

Pattern. In founding, a model, usu-
ally of wood or iron, and often in
several parts to facilitate removal,
about which to form a sand mold, in
which a casting may be made.
(Standard)

Pattern molder. One who makes sand
molds for castings; a molder.
(Standard)

Patterson agitator. An agitator of the
Pachuca-tank type in which the air
is replaced by solution or water,
under pressure from a centrifugal
pump. (Liddell)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

493

Pattinson process. A process in which
lead, containing silver, is passed
through a series of melting kettles,
in each of which crystals of a poorer
alloy are deposited, while the fluid
bath, ladled from one kettle to the
next, is proportionately richer in
silver. In mechanical pattinsona-
tion the operation is performed in a
cylindrical vessel, in which the bath
is stirred mechanically, and from
which, as the richer alloy crystal-
lizes, the poorer liquid is repeatedly
drained out. Steam pattinsonation
is a variety of the Pattinson process,
in which steam is conducted through
the lead bath to assist the refining.
(Raymond)

Pattinson's pots. A series of pots for
separating silver and lead by mak-
ing use of the fact that the melting-
point of the lead-silver alloys is
higher in proportion as the percent-
age of silver is greater. ( Standard )

Paulistas (Braz.). Natives of Sao
Paulo who first discovered gold near
that city. (Halse)

Pavement. The floor of a mine.
(Raymond)

Paving brick. Vitrified brick used for
paving purposes. (Ries)

Paving stone. Stone prepared, or suit-
able, for paving; stone used in pave-
ments (Standard). Usually in large
flat slabs, or square blocks, as Bel-
gian block.

Paving tile. Tile used for floors.
(Standard)

Pavonado. 1. (Peru) Tetrahedrite,
frequently argentiferous. 2. Pavo-
nados (Peru), a rich zone composed
principally of sulphides nnd sul-
phantimonates of silver. (Halse)

Pavonazetta marble. See Pavonazza.

Pavonazza; Pavonazetta marble. A si-
liceous limestone of various shades
of green, blue or gray, alternating
with bands of white. Formerly
much used in southern Italy. So
called from its resemblance to the
plumage of a peacock; also called
Phrygian marble. (Merrill)

Pawn (Derb.). A security put up by a
miner when he makes claim to a
vein discovered by or in the posses-
sion of another. The claim is set-
tled by trial at a Barmote court.
(Mander)

Pazillose. In geology, resembling a
little stake.

Pay. 1. Profitable ore. See Pay dirt.
2. (Eng.) l?he day upon which, or
the place where, wages are made up
or paid. (Gresley)

Pay bill; Pay sheet (Scot). A state-
ment showing details of workmen's
wages for a stated period, usually a
fortnight (Barrowman)

Pay dirt; Pay rock. 1. (West. U .S.)
Earth, rock, etc., which yields a
profit to the miner. (Webster)
2. (So. Afr.) Auriferous gravel rich
enough to pay for washing or work-
ing. (Skinner)

Pay gravel. In placer mining, a rich
strip or lead of auriferous graveL
(Hanks)

Payne's process. A process for pre-
serving timber and rendering it in-
combustible by impregnating, it suc-
cessively with solutions .or sulphate
of iron and calcium chloride in
vacuo. Paynize. (Webster)"

Pay ore. Those parts of an ore. body
which are both rich enough and
large enough to work with profit
(Power). See Pay dirt; Pay
gravel ; Pay rock.

Pay out. To slacken or to let out
rope. (C. and M. M. P.)

Pay shoot. A portion of a deposit
composed of pay ore. {Farrell)

Pay streak. That portion of a vein
which carries the profitable or pay
ore.

Peach (Corn.). Chlorite. (Raymond)

Peachblow. 1. A light-purple glaze in-
clining to pink, seen on some Orien-
tal porcelain. 2. A kind of ware
thus glazed or tinted. (Standard)

Peach stone (Corn.). A greenish-col-
ored soft stone; chloritic schist
(Davies)

Peachy lode (Corn.). A lode filled
with a greenish chlorite, of peachy
luster and loose cellular tex'are.
(Power)

Peacock coal (Eng.). Iridescent coal.
(Webster)

Peacock copper. A synonym for Born-
ite. (A. F. Rogers)

Peacock ore. An iridescent variety of
copper ore; bornite; also chalco-
pyrite when slightly oxidized on the
surface.

Pea coal. In anthracite only, — coal
small enough to pass through a
mesh three quarters to half an inch
square, but too large to pass through

494

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

a three-eighth inch mesh. When
Buckwheat coal is made, the size
marketed as Pea is sometimes larger
than the above; known also as No.
6 coal. (Chance)

Pea grit (Eng.). A grit composed of
rounded or oval concretionary
masses like peas ; often like crushed
peas. (Oldham)

Peak. A headland or promontory ; the
top or one of the tops of a hill,
mountain or range, ending in a
point. (Webster)

Pea ore (Eng.). Rounded grains of
hydrated peroxide of iron, or sili-
cate of iron, commonly found in
cavities of Jurassic limestone
(Power). The mineral limonite, oc-
curring in round grains about the
size of a pea (Webster). Also
called Bean ore.

Pearce turret furnace. A furnace con-
sisting of a narrower hearth, bent
around a circle, the circumference
of which is a little greater than the
length of the hearth, so that the two
ends do not quite meet. Used for
calcining sulphide ores. (Peters, p..
205 ; Hof man, p. 175 ; Ingalls, p.
101)

Pearlash. Commercial potassium car-
bonate. (Qentury)

Pearl diabase. See Variolite.

Pearlite. 1. See Perlite, 1. Also
called Pearlstone. 2. A eutectoid of
cementite and crystallized iron
formed by slow cooling of molten
steel. Synonyms, Pearlyte, Perlite,
Cryocarbide, and Pearly constitu-
ent. (Tieman)

Pearl mica. Same as Margarite, 2.

Pearl opal. Same as cacholong; an
opaque, bluish white, porcelain
white, pale yellowish or reddish va-
riety of opaL (Dana)

Pearl sinter. A variety of opal.
. (Dana)

Pearl spar. Dolomite occurring in
rhombohedrons having a pearly
luster. (Power)

Pearlstone. Same as Perlite, 1.

Pearly. Applied to minerals having
a luster like a pearl, as talc, brucite,
stilbite, etc. (Dana)

Pearlyte. A mixture of ferrite and
cementite having a pearly appear-
ance when lamellar (Standard).
See also Pearlite, 2.

Peas (Eng.). See Pea coaL

Pease's electric tester. An Instrument
in which the vapor of petroleum is
ignited by an electric spark passing
above the oil cup, which rests in a
water bath. (Mitzakis)

Peastone. Same as Pisolite.

Peasy. 1. Applied to small pieces
of ore, the weight of which may be
estimated by the hand. (Morine)
2. (No. of Eng.) Lead ore in grains
about the size of peas. (Standard)

Peat. A dark-brown or black re-
siduum produced by the partial de-
composition and disintegration^ of
mosses, sedges, trees, and other
plants that grow In marshes and
like wet places. It may be identi-
fied as the dark-colored soil found
in bogs and swamps, commonly
called muck, although technically
the term "muck" should be re-
stricted to such decayed vegetal
matter as is impure and contains
too much ash to burn readily.
True peat consists principally of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in
varying proportions, and because of
its high carbon content, it will ig-
nite and burn freely when dry.
(Mineral Resources of the United
States, 1917, Pt. 2, p. 261.)

Peat bed. An accumulation of peat.

Peat bog. A bog containing peat; an
accumulation of peat (Webster)

Peat charcoal. Charcoal made from
peat. (Standard)

Peat coal. 1. A natural product in-
termediate between peat and lignite.
2. An artificial fuel made by car-
bonizing peat. (Webster)

Peat coke. Same as Peat charcoal.
(Standard)

Peat cutter. A paring-plow for cut-
ting peat. (Standard)

Peatery. A peat bog or bank (Web-
ster). Also Petary.

Peat gas. Gas made by distilling peat
(Webster)

Peat hag. A pit or quag formed by
digging out peat. (Standard)

Peat machine. A machine for grind-
ing and briqueting peat. (Webster)

Peat man. A digger or seller of peat
(Webster)

Peat moor. Same as peat moss. In
the United States such deposits are
called swamps or bogs. (Century)

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

495

Peat moss. 1. Any moss from which
peat has been formed. 2. (Eng.) A
peat bog; also, peat itself. (Web-
ster)

Peat press. A press machine for mak-
ing peat into blocks of artificial
fueL (Standard)

Peat reek. The smoke of peat (Web-
ster)

Peat soil. A rich dark soil contain-
ing peat, especially the soil of a re-
claimed peat bog. (Standard)

Peat spade. A spade with an L-shaped
blade for cutting out peat in blocks.
(Webster)

Peat tar. A tar obtained from the dis-
tillation of peat. The distillates ob-
tained contain from 2 to 6 per cent
of tar. (Bacon)

Peaty. Resembling or containing
peat; having the nature of peat.
(Standard)

Peau d'orange. In ceramics, a decora-
tion or finish of a surface such that
it resembles in roughness the skin
of an orange. (Standard)

Peavy. A stout lever like a cant hook,
but having the end armed with a
strong and sharp spike. (Webster)

Pebble. 1. A small roundish stone,
especially one worn round by the
action of water ; a pebblestone ; also
a gem occurring in the form of peb-
bles. 2. Transparent, colorless
quartz; rock crystal; as Brazilian
pebble. (Webster)

Pebble crystal. A crystal, as of quartz
in the rough state, worn into the
form of a pebble. (Standard)

Pebble jack. Zinc blende in small
crystals or pebble-like forms not at-
tached to rock, but found in clay
openings in the rock. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Pebble powder. Gunpowder pressed
into large cubical grains, to render
it slow burning. It is inferior to
the perforated prismatic powder in
that the burning surface constantly
decreases, and therefore the rate of
emission of gas is greater at the be-
ginning than at the end. (Webster)

Pebblestone. A pebble; also pebbles
col 1 ecti vel y . ( Webster )

Pebbleware. A variety of Wedgwood
ware with a variegated body of dif-
ferent colored clays intermingled,
called according to pattern, agate,
Egyptian pebble, granite, lapis-laz-
uli, porphyry, serpentine, verd-an-
tique, etc. (Standard)

Pechera (Mex.). Leather or cloth,
worn by a laborer carrying ore, to
protect neck and back. (D wight)

Pecho (Sp.). 1. The front wall of a
shaft furnace. 2. Barreno de p., a
horizontal drill hole. (Halse)

Pecking up (So. Staff.). Elevating or
propping up with rough stones,
bricks, rubbish, etc. (Gresley)

Pecos ore. 1. A gossan containing lead
and silver. 2. (Tasmania) A yel-
lowish, earthy mixture of oxides of
iron, lead, and antimony containing
silver; mostly massicot (Power)

Pectinate, or Pectinated mineral. A
mineral that presents the appear-
ance of close and nearly parallel
filaments. (Standard)

Pectolite. An acid silicate of sodium
and calcium, HjO.NajO.4CaO.6SiO,.
(Dana)

Pedernal. 1. (Mex.) A massive com-
pact variety of quartz; flint; horn-
stones. 2. Pedernales (Peru), sil
ver ores formed of siliceous sand im-
pregnated with oxide of iron.
(Halse)

Pedial class. In crystallography, the
class without any symmetry. (A.
F. Rogers)

Pedimento (Chile). A written peti-
tion for a piece of mining ground
(Halse). A synonym of Petici6n,
Solicitud.

Pedis possessio. The actual possession
of a piece of mineral land to the
extent needed to give the locator
room to work and to prevent prob-
able breaches of the peace, but not
necessarily to the extent of a min-
ing claim, (Hanson v. Craig, 170
Fed. Rept, p. 65; Zollers v. Evans,
5 Fed. Rept., p. 172; Costigan on
Mining Law, p. 156)

Pednan. 1. (Corn.) The upper^part
of a huddle. 2. A deposit of ore
detached from a lode. . (Da vies)

Ped'n cairn (Corn.). A bunch of ore
at a distance from the lode. (Min.
Jour. )

Pedra (Port). 1. A stone; P. de
ferro, ironstone; P. de lages, flag-
stone. (Halse)

Pedregal (Southwestern U. S.). A
stony tract; lava field. (Standard)

Pedreiro (Braz.). A stone mason.
(Bensusan)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pee. 1. Two veins crossing each other
obliquely. (Skinner*
2. (Derb.) A piece of lead ore.
(Da vies) A variation of pea.

Peeler. An iron implement with flat-
tened end and ring handle, used by
a bailer in placing blooms, ingots,
etc., in a reheating furnace.
(Standard)

Peevy. Same as Peavy.

Peg. 1. To mark out a miner's
claim by pegs at the four corners,
each bearing the claimant's name.
(Webster). Sometimes used as peg
out. 2. A surveyor's mark. 3. (For-
est of Dean). See Notchsticks.

Pegado (Colom.). A local and small
deposit of pay dirt. (Halse)

Pegador ( Sp. ) . Foreman in charge of
blasting. (Dwight)

Peganite. A hydrous phosphate of
aluminium occurring in crystalline
crusts of a green color. (Century)

Pegar (Sp.). To fire the loaded drill
holes. (Dwight)

Pegging (Aust). Act of marking
by pegs. (Webster)

Peggy (York,). Synonymous with
Pick. (Gresley)

Pegmatite; Giant granite. An igneous
rock, generally coarse grained but
usually irregular in texture and com-
position, composed mainly of silicate
minerals of large size, including
quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite,
tourmaline, beryl, lithia minerals,
zircon, etc. Some p gmatites carry
minerals containing rare earth met-
als, tin, tungsten, tantalum, uran-
nium, and others. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. )

Pegmatitic ; Pegmatoid. Characteris-
tic of, pertaining to, formed of,
containing, or occurring in pegma-
tite. (La Forge )

Pegmatization. Metamorphic altera-
tion to pegmatite. (Standard)

Peirce-Smith Process. A basic-convert-
ing process for copper matte in a
magnesite-lined converter. The iron
of the matte is fluxed by silica added
before the process begins. (Liddell.)

Pelagic; Pelagian. Formed in deep
water far from land; said of some
marine deposits and contrasted with
Terrigenous. (La Forge)
2. Opposed to Littoral which belongs
to the sea shore, and Bstuarine to
that formed in an estuary.
(Power)

Pe^gite. A name given to certain man-
ganese nodules obtained in deep-sea
soundings. (Chester)

Pelatan-Clerici process. A continuous
process of dissolving silver or gold
in cyanide solution and simultane-
ously precipitating the precious met-
als with mercury in the same vessel,
an electrical current assisting pre-
cipitation. (Liddell)

Pelatan furnace. A furnace for the
calcination of fine pyritic or other
sulphide ores. (Peters, p. 173)

Peldon (So. Staff.). Hard and com-
pact siliceous rock found in coal
mf&es. (Gresley)

Pelionite. A name proposed by W. F.
Petterd for a bituminous coal (Pel-
ion coal) resembling English cannel
coal, from near Monte Pelion, Tas-
mania. (Bacon)

Pele's hair. A fibrous, basaltic glass
from the Hawaiian Islands, named
after a local goddess. (Kemp)

Pelite. In general, any sedimentary
rock, indurated or not, formed of
clay. Especially, a thick-bedded
argillaceous sedimentary rock lack-
ing a shaly fracture; a mudrock.
(La Forge)

Pelitic. Pertaining to, characteristic
of, or formed of pelite ; composed of
fine argillaceous sediment or clay.
(La Forge)

Bella. 1. (Sp.) A mass of metal in its
crude state. 2. (Mex.) Amalgam
left after the mercury has been
squeezed out. (Halse)

Pella; Plata Pella (Mex.). Silver
amalgam. (C. and M. M. P.)

Pelo (Peru). Stibnite in very small
needles. (Halse)

Pelt (Scot.). Carbonaceous stone asso-
ciated with a coal seam. See also
Bone (Barrowman). Waste; rub-
bish.

Pen. 1. (Scot). In longwall working,
a narrow airway, more particularly
an airway formed along the solid
coal. ( Barrowman )

2. A device to dam or pen the water
in a stream; a dam. (Webster)

Pena (Sp.). 1. A large stone or rock
in its natural state. Rock ; cliff ; a
term used in southwestern United
States. 2. A large sledge hammer.

3. (Colom.). Bed rock or bottom;
P. hervida, picadora 6 caladora,
fissured and porous bed rock; P.
mara, carmine-colored and spotted
bed rock; P. falsa, false bed rock.

4. (Colom.) County rock. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

497

Penarth beds (Eng.). The beds be-
tween the Trias and Lias ; so called
from their occurrence at Penarth,
In Somersetshire. (Oldham)

Pcncatite. See Predazzite.

Pencil. (N. Y. and Pa.). A bluestone
quarryman's terra for interbedded
shale in bluestone deposits.
(Bowles)

Pencil mark (Ballarat, Aust.). A
thin bed of dark slate about the
thickness of the lead of a carpen-
ters pencil, which is parallel with
the Indicator (Power). See Indi-
cator, 4.

Pencil stone. A compact variety of
pyrophyllite used for making slate
pencils. (Webster)

Pendiente (Sp.). 1. Slope or declivity.
2. Gradient; grade. 3. Dip. 4.
Hanging wall or roof. (Halse)

Pendulum buffer (Vt.). Large wooden
blocks covered with felt pads that
are propelled back and forth by
means of a crank and pitman
(Bowles). Used for polishing monu-
mental stone.

Peneplain. A surface of slight relief
and very gentle slopes, formed by
the subaerial degradation of the
land almost to baselevel ; the penul-
timate state of the old age of the
land produced by such degradation.
2. By extension, such a surface up-
lifted to form a plateau and sub-
jected to renewed degradation and
dissection. (La Forge)

Peneplanation. The subaerial degra-
dation of a region approximately to
base level, forming a peneplain.
(La Forge)

Penetrating pulley. A pulley around
which a wire cable runs in cutting
marble. Its thickness is less than
the diameter of the wire and, con-
sequently, it can follow the wire as
the latter cuts into the stone.
(Bowles)

Penetration. 1. In laboratory investi-
gations of p^affin, waxes, etc., the
distance, expressed in tenths of a
millimeter, penetrated by a No. 2
cambric needle operated in a ma-
chine for the purpose and under
known conditions of loading, time,
and temperature. The degree of
solidity of bituminous materials. 2.
In construction, the entrance of bi-
tuminous material into the inter-
stices of the metal of the roadway.
(Bacon)

744010O—47 32

Penetration method. The method of
constructing a bituminous macadam
pavement by pouring or grouting
the bituminous material into the
upper course of the road metal be-
fore the binding of the latter has
been completed. (Bacon)

Penetration twin. A twin crystal In
which the two parts interpenetrate
each other: contrasted with Con-
tact twin. (La Forge)

Penistone series (Eng.). The lower
division of the coal measures, con-
sisting of sandstone and shales with
coal and ironstone. (Century)

Penitent (Fr.). A fireman who, in
early coal mining days, was em-
ployed to explode (purposely, in or-
der to get rid of it) the fire damp.
So called on account of the resem-
blance of his dress to that of cer-
tain Religious orders. (Gresley)

Pennine system (Eng.). The original
and typical series of carboniferous
rocks, comprising the Upper old red
sandstone, the Mountain limestone,
the Millstone grit, and the coal-
measures. The correlated strata in
the United States are the Catskill
red sandstone and carboniferous se-
ries, exclusive of the Permian.
(Standard)

Penning. See Cribbing, 2.

Penninite. A green crystallized

chlorite from the Penninie Alps.

Composition essentially the same

as clmochlore, EUtMg.FeJsAiaSiaOu.

. (Dana)

Pennsylvanian. The second of the
three epochs comprised in the Car-
boniferous period, in the classifica-
tion generally used by American
geologists. Also the series of strata,
formerly called the Coal Measures,
deposited during that epoch. It is
equivalent to the Dimetian epoch
and series of the classification
used by many European geologists.
(La Forge)

Pennystone. 1. A band of clay iron-
stone. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.) See Penistone series.

Pennyweight. A unit of weight equal
to 24 grains, 0.05 troy ounce, 0.0549
avoirdupois ounce, and 1.5552 grams.
A pennyweight of fine gold has a
value of $1.0335 or 4.25 shillings.

Pensky-Marten tester. An instrument
somewhat similar to the Abel appa-
ratus, largely employed for deter-
mining the flashing point of lubri-
cating oils by the close test. (Mit-
zakis)

498

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Penstock. 1. A sluice or gate for re-
straining, deviating or otherwise
regulating the flow of water, sew-
age, etc. ; a floodgate. 2. A closed
conduit, tube, or pipe for conducting
water, as to a water wheel. 3. The
barrel of a wooden pump. (Web-
ster)

Pentagonal dodecahedron. In the isi-
metric system, a form, of pyrito-
hedral symmetry, enclosed by twelve
faces, each parallel to one axis and
cutting the other two axes at un-
equal distances; a pyritohedron.
(La Forge)

Pentavalent. Having a valence or
combining power of five. (Webster)

Pentelic marble. One of the most
famous of ancient statuary mar-
bles; from Mt. Pentellicus, near
Athens, Greece. (Merrill)

Penthouse; Penthus. A wooden hut
or covering for the protection of men
when shaft sinking (Gresley). Also
called Pentice.

Pentice. See Penthouse.

Pentlandite. A sulphide of iron and
nickel, (Fe,Nl)S; 42 per cent iron;
22 per cent nickel. (Dana)

Pentrongh. The trough in which the
penstock of a water wheel is placed.
(Century)

Pe6n. 1. (Mex.) Helper; a common
laborer. P. suelto, roustabout. 2.
The movable vertical post of an
arrastre. 3. A prop, post, or stall.
(Halse)

Pepe (short of Joseph) (Sp.). A boy
who holds the light for the barre-
tero, and assists him in other ways
at certain hours. (Rockwell)

Pepena (Mex.). 1. Rich ore; smelt-
ing ore. 2. Picked ore. 3. The act
of picking, sorting, or cobbing.
(Halse)

Pepenado ( Mex. ).
(Dwight)

Dressed ore.

Pepenador (Mex. ) . Ore sorter.
(Dwight)

Pepenadores (Sp.). Ore cleaners.
(Davies)

Pepenar (Mex.). To sort ore.
(Dwight)

Peperino. A kind of volcanic rock,
formed by the cementing together of
volcanic sand, cinders, scoriae, etc.
(Comstock)

Peperita (Sp.). Volcanic sand.
(Halse)

Pepita (Sp.). A nugget, usually of
gold, but may be of silver or plati-
num. (Halse)

Pequenes (Chile). Heaps or piles for-
merly used for roasting copper ores,
with firewood as fuel. (Halse)

Perch. 1. A measure of masonry con-
taining 24J cu. ft, 16i by 1* by 1.
It is usually taken as 25 cubic feet
The term is falling into disuse and
varies locally. (Merrill)
2. A measure of length equal to 5$
yards ; a rod ; or pole ; also a square
rod. (Webster)

Perched blocks (blocs perches). See
Perched rock.

Perched rock. A large mass of rock
which, after glacial transportation,
has been lodged in some conspicuous
isolated position. Called also
Perched block. (Standard)

Percolate. To pass through fine inter-
stices ; to filter ; as water percolates
through porous stones. (Webster)

Percussion cap. See Detonator;
Primer.

Percussion figure. A figure consisting
of radiating lines formed in such
minerals as mica and chlorite by a
blow with the point of a somewhat
sharp instrument (Dana). Called
also Strike figure.

Percussion powder. Powder so com-
posed as to ignite by a slight per-
cussion; fulminating powder. (Web-
ster)

Percussion sieve. An apparatus in
which ore is sorted according to size.
It consists essentially of superim-
posed, oppositely inclined sieves,
both mechanically agitated by ver-
tical lever and having water sluices.
(Webster)

Percussion system of drilling. See
Drilling; Freefall, and Churn drill,
1.

Percussion table. An inclined table,
agitated by a series of shocks, and
operating at the same time like a
buddle. It may be made self-dis-
charging and continuous by substi-
tuting for the table an endles rubber
cloth, slowly moving against the cur-
rent of water, as in the Frue van-
ner. (Raymond)

Percussive. Of, or pertaining to, per-
cussion; operative or operated by
striking, as a percussive drill.
(Webster)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

499

Perdida (Mex.). Loss In patio amal-
gamation. Loss in general. See
also Oonsumida. (Dwight)

Perfll (Sp.). Profile; side elevation.
(Halse)

Perforadora (Sp.). A machine drill.
(Dwight)

Perforar (Sp.). To bore a deep bore
hole; P. un tunel, to tunnel. (Halse)

Perfumery olL A refined Russian pe-
troleum. The finest quality is used
in pharmacy as parafftnum liquir
dvm. (Bacon)

Periclase. Magnesia, MgO. In cubes
or octahedrons, and in grains.
Cleavage cubic. (Dana)

Periclinal. Dipping in all directions
from an elevated center (Power).
See also Quaquaversal.

Pericline. A variety of albite.
(Dana)

Pericline twin. A twin crystal, in the
monoclinic system, whose twinning
axis is the orthoaxis of the crystal.
(La Forge)

Peridot. The gem variety of olivine.
(A. F. Rogers)

Peridotite. A granular igneous rock
composed essentially of olivine, gen-
erally with some form of pyroxene,
and with or without hornblende, bio-
ttte, chromite, garnet, etc, (La
Forge)

Perimorph. A mineral of one species
inclosing one of another species.
See also Endomorph. (Webster)

Period. The unit of geologic time of
the second rank; a division of an
era. The coordinate stratigraphic
unit is System. (La Forge) The
geological application of the word
varies with different authors. In
the scheme of nomenclature pro-
posed by the International Geologi-
cal Congress period is the chrono-
logical term of the second order, to
which system is the corresponding
stratigraphic term; as Silurian
period or system. In the scheme of
the United States Geological Survey
period has the same rank, but its
corresponding stratigraphic term is
system. (Standard)

Periodic law. One of the fundamental
chemical laws that the properties of
an element are periodic functions of
the atomic weight (Liddell). It is
also called Mendeleeff s law.

Periodic system. A classification of
the elements according to Mende-
leefTs law. (Webster)

Peripheral moraine. A minor terminal
moraine, marking only a temporary
halt of the glacier during recession.
Also called Moraine of recession.
(Standard)

Peristerite. A whitish adularia-like
albite, slightly iridescent. (Stand-
ard)

Perito (Mex.). An expert in any sci-
ence or art (Dwight). An ap-
praiser ; a skillful workman.
(Halse)

Per jong (Malay). A crowbar. (Loci }

Perkins. An imperfectly burned brick ;
a place brick. (Standard)

Perkins joint. A joint consisting of
threaded pipe and coupling, both
threaded straight (no taper). The
one end of the pipe is left square
and the other is beveled to a knife
edge at midthickness. Used in Baku
oil field. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Perknite. A name from the Greek
word for dark, and proposed by H.
W. Turner as a collective term for
the rocks usually called pyroxenites
and hornblendites. Mineralogically
the perknites consist chiefly of mono-
clinic pyroxene and amphibole with
subordinate orthorhombic pyrox-
ene, olivine, and feldspar. Chemi-
cally they are lower in alumina and
alkalies than the diorites and gab-
bros, and lower in magnesia than
the peridotites. (Kemp)

Perla (Mex.). An assay bead.
(Dwight)

Perlite. 1. Volcanic glass with con-
centric, shelly texture and usually
with a notable percentage of water.
(Kemp)
2. See Pearlite, 2.

Perlitic. Resembling perlite; concen-
trically lamellar: applied to a mi-
croscopic structure in glassy rocks
resembling that of an onion. ( Stand-
ard)

Permanent monument. A monument
of a lasting character for marking
a mining claim. It may be a moun-
tain, hill, ridge, hogback, butte, can-
yon, gulch, river, stream, waterfall,
cascade, lake, inlet, bay, arm of the
sea, stake, post, monument of stone
or bowlders, shafts, drifts, tunnels,
open cuts, or well known adjoining
patented claims. (Meydenbauer 17.
Stevens, 78 Fed. Rept., p. 792.)
(Also U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 227-231.)

600

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Permian. The last of the three epochs
comprised in the Carboniferous pe-
riod, in the classification generally
used. Also the series of .strata de-
posited during that epoch. By some
geologists the Permian is ranked as
a period and system. (La Forge)

Permissible. That may be permitted;
allowable; admissible. (Webster)

Permissible explosive. An explosive
similar in all respects to samples
that passed certain tests by the Fed-
eral Bureau of Mines, and used in
accordance with the following condi-
tions : 1. That the explosive is in all
respects similar to the sample sub-
mitted by the manufacturer for test.
2. That detonators — preferably elec-
tric detonators— are used of not Ies3
efficiency than those prescribed,
namely, those consisting by weight
of 90 parts of mercury fulminate
and 10 parts of potassium chlorate
(or their equivalents). 3. That the
explosive, if frozen, shall be thor-
oughly thawed in a safe and suit-
able manner before use. 4. That the
quantity used for a shot does not
exceed li pounds (680 grams), and
that it is properly tamped with clay
or other noncombustible stemming.
After an explosive has passed the
required tests and its brand name
has been published in a list of per-
missible explosives, it is not a per-
missible explosive if one or more of
any of the following conditions pre-
vail : 1. If kept in a moist place un-
til it undergoes a change in charac-
ter. 2. If used in a frozen or partly
frozen condition. 3. If used in ex-
cess of li pounds (680 grams) per
shot. 4. If the diameter of the car-
tridge is less than that designated
in the column "smallest permissible
diameter." 5. If fired with a deto-
nator or electric detonator of less
efficiency than that prescribed. 6.
If fired without stemming. 7. If
fired with combustible stemming.
(Tech. Paper 169, U. S. Bur. Mines.)
For use in gaseous and dusty coal
mines.

Permissible motors. A motor the same
in all respects as a sample motor
that has passed certain tests made
by the Federal Bureau of Mines and
Installed and used in accordance
with the conditions prescribed by
the bureau. See Explosion-proof
motor.

Permitted explosives (Eng. and Aust).
Certain explosives allowed to be
used in fiery mines (mentioned peri-
odically in " Statutory Rules and

Orders," issued by the Home Office,,,
London), which are supposed to be
safe (Power). The term Permissi-
ble is used in the United States.

Pernetti. 1. (It.) In ceramics, iron
or hard pottery pins or tripods to
support an article in a kiln; stilts;
spurs. 2. The marks left on a baked
article of pottery by the supporting
pins ; pernetti marks. ( Standard )

Pernot furnace; Post-Pernot furnace.
A reverberatory puddling or smelt-
ing furnace, having a circular, in-
clined revolving hearth (Raymond).
Used in making steel.

Perovskite; Perofskite. Calcium tita-
nate, CaTiOs. Isometric. Luster
adamantine to metallic-adamantine.
Color pale-yellow, honey-yellow,
orange-yellow, reddish-brown, gray-
ish-black. Transparent to opaque.
( Dana )

Perol (Colom.). A small iron pan in
which a pestle works for grinding
and amalgamating gold-bearing py-
rite. (Halse)

Perpend. 1. A header extending
through a wall so that one end ap-
pears on each side of it; a perpend-
stone; border; bondstone; through-
stone or through-binder. Called
also, Parping; Perpender; Perpent.
2. A vertical joint, as in a brick wall.
(Standard)

Perpendicular throw. The distance be-
tween the two parts of a disrupted
bed, dike, vein, or of any recogniz-
able surface, measured perpendicu-
larly to the bedding plane or to the
surface in question. It is measured,
therefore*, in a vertical plane at
right angles to the strike of the dis-
rupted surface. (Lindgren, p. 123)

Perpeno (Sp. Am.). Cleaning up.
(Lucas)

Perpetuity. An annuity whose pay-
ments are supposed to continue for-
ever. (E. B. Skinner, p. 77)

Pershbecker furnace. A continuously-
working shaft-furnace for roasting
quicksilver ores, having two fire
places Lt opposite sides. The fuel
is wood. (Raymond)

Persian red. See Indian red.

Persilicic. Containing more than 60
per cent of silica: said of some
igneous rocks ; same as and much to
be perferred to Acid and Acidic,
which it is replacing. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

501

Pertenencia (Mex.). Mining claim.
Under the modern Mexican mining
law, a square of land 100 meters
on a side (i. e., I hectare=2.471
acres) is the minimum unit. This
unit is called a pertenencia
(Dwight). In Peru, equals 2 hec-
tares, or 200 m. long by 100 m. wide ;
in Argentine, 300 m. by 200 m. to
300 m., according to dip; in Co-
lombia, 600 m. by 240 m.t a lode
mining claim equaling three of these.
(Halse)

Pcrthitc. A variety of feldspar con-
sisting of closely Interlaminated
orthoclase or microcline and albite.
(La Forge) A name given by
Thomson to parallel intergrowths of
orthoclase and albite, originally de-
scribed from Perth, Ontaria.
(Kemp)

Pervious bed. A bed or stratum that
contains voids through which water
will move under ordinary hydro-
static pressure. (Meinzer)

Pe sad or (Mex.). A weighmaster.
(Dwight)

Peio (Sp.). 1. A Spanish or Mexican
dollar.

2. A monetary unit and silver coin
of the Philippines worth $0.50.

3. A variable silver coin of several
Central and South American coun-
tries. 4. Weight, gravity ; P. bruto,
gross weight; P. neto, net weight.
5. Balance; scales; P. de muelle,
spring balance. (Halse)

Pestle. 1. An implement for pound-
ing and breaking or braying sub-
stances in a mortar. 2. Any of va-
rious instruments for pounding or
stamping, as a stamp in a stamp
mill. 3. To pound, pulverize, bray,
or mix, as with a pestle. (Webster)

Petalite. A lithium-aluminum silicate,
LiAl ( Si,O. ) », or, LkO. AUOi.SSiOs,
usually massive, foliated and cleav-
able. (Dana)

Petaloid. Having the form, texture, or
appearance of a petal (Webster).
Applied to the structure seen in
minerals that split up into pieces
with a smooth polished concave-
convex surface which fit into one
another somewhat like the petals of
an unopened flower bud. (Power)

Petanqne; Petlanque (Mex.). Ruby
silver. Tetrahedrite, and other rich
silver minerals. (Dwight)

Petary . See Peatery.

Peter; Peter out. To fail gradually
in size, quantity, or quality (Ray-
mond), e. g. The mine has petered
out.

Petit granite marble. A bluish marble
studded with innumerable fine white
points caused by fossil crinoids and
polyps; from Ecausines, Belgium.
(Merrill)

Petlanque (Sp.). The same as pyrar-
gyrite. In Chili it is called Rosic-
ler oscuro. (Century)- ^Iso silver
ores which are conspcuous in the
matrix for example, petlanque Colo-
rado is the red antimonial silver
whether crystallized or otherwise.
(Min. Jour.)

Petra dura (Italy). Hard and fine
stones in general, as those used for
inlay and the like, in distinction
from the softer stones used in build-
ing. (Webster)

Petralite. An explosive composed of
saltpeter, wood or charcoal, and anti-
mony. (Webster)

Petralogy. See Petrology.

Petre. Niter, saltpeter. (Webster)

Petrean. Of, or pertaining to, rock,
rocky. < Webster)

Petrescence. The process of changing
into stone; petrifaction. (Standard)

Petrieal. Fletcher's name for the
coarser structural features of rocks.
See Lithical. (Kemp)

Petrifaction. The process of petrify-
ing, or changing into stone; conver-
sion of organic matter, including
shells, bones, etc., into stone or a
substance of stony hardness. (Web-
ster)

Petrified wood. See Wood, 2.

Petrify. To become stone. Organic
substances, such as shells, bones,
wood, etc., embedded in sediments,
become converted into stone by the
gradual replacement of their tis-
sues, particle by particle, with cor-
responding amounts of Infiltrated
mineral matter. Thus not only the
outward forms but even the minutest
details, of the organic tissues are
preserved. (Roy. Com.)

Petro. 1. A stone or rock. 2. A pro-
prietary name for liquid petrolatum.

Petrocene. A greenish-yellow hydro-
carbon with a pearly luster and
needle-like crystals, obtained by the
distillation of petroleum residue at
a red heat (Bacon)

502

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Petrogeny. That branch of petrology
which treats of rocks as parts of the
earth's crust, and of their origin,
mode of formation, and geologic re-
lations, and which is studied mainly
by means of field investigations.
(La Forge) Compare Petrology and
Petrography.

Petrographer. One who is versed in
or engaged in petrography, or the
study of rocks. (Century)

Petrographic microscope. The same as
Polarizing microscope.

Petrographic province. A region or
district in which some or all of the
igneous rocks are regarded as con-
sanguineous, or as derived from a
common parent magma; a comag-
matic district. (La Forge)

Petrography. That branch of petrology
which treats of rocks as mineral ag-
gregrates, aside from their geologic
relations, and is studied mainly by
laboratory methods, largely chemical
and microscopical. Also, loosely,
petrology or lithology. (La 'Forge)
The description and systematic
classification of rocks. (Webster)

Petrol. A variant for petroleum or its
derivatives, particularly gasoline or
motor spirit. (C. and M. M. P.)

Petrolatum. A neutral, tasteless, odor-
less substance derived from the dis-
tillation of petroleum. Three forms
are recognized: liquid, a colorless,
or yellow oil; soft, a white or yel-
lowish semisolid substance; hard, a
white or yellowish waxlike mass
(Webster). Called also in the trade,
by different makers, Cosmoline,
Saxoline, Vaseline, Petroline, etc.
(Standard)

Petrolatum liquidum. The medicinal
high-boiling petroleum oil of the
United States Pharmacopoeia. See
Petrolatum. (Bacon)

Petrolatum oil. A colorless, straight-re-
duced, viscous, neutral oil, possessing
a gravity of 32$° to 34° Be., a flash-
point of 415° F., a fire test of 480°
F., a cold test of 20° F., and a vis-
cosity of 185 to 200. It is also
termed 'medicinal oil.' (Bacon)

Petrolene. A liquid hydrocarbon mix-
ture obtained from bitumen or as-
phalt. (Century)

Petroleo (Sp.). Petroleum. (Dwight)

Petroleum. An oily, inflammable,
liquid mixture of numerous hydro-
carbons, chiefly of the paraffin
series, found in the earth. The pe-
troleums found in different areas

vary widely in composition and ap-
pearance (U. S. Geol. Surv.). The
best known of the bitumens, and,
next to coal, the most important of
all carbon compounds. It occurs na-
turally, oozing from crevices in
rocks, floating on the surface of wa-
ter, or in subterranean deposits in
rocks, from which it may be ob-
tained by boring. (Bacon). Also
known as Rock oil, Mineral oil, Na-
tural oil, Coal oil, Earth oil, Seneca
oil.

Petroleum is a mineral, and the
same may be said of salts and phos-
phates, and of clay containing alum-
ina and other substances in the
earth. (Union Oil Co., In re 23
Land Decisions, p. 229)

Lands chiefly valuable for the de-
posits of petroleum contained there-
in are mineral lands within the
meaning of the mining laws, and
subject to location and entry as
such. (Union Oil Co., In re, 25
Land Decisions, p. 357; Tulare Oil
and Min. Co., v. So. Pac. R. R. Co.,
29 Land Decisions, p. 271; Chris-
man v. Miller, 197 U. S. p. 320)

Deposits of petroleum oil come
within the definition of mineral
character of land, and is sufficient
to exclude such land from a rail-
road grant if discovered before pat-
ent issues. (So. Pac. R. R. Co., In
re, Land Decisions, p. 265)

Oil or petroleum lands are min-
eral lands within the meaning of
that term in this grant. (Burke v.
So. Pac. R. R. Co., 234, U. S. p.

Petroleum asphalt. The residues of
asphalt-base petroleum, known com-
mercially as petroleum asphalt.
(Bacon)

Petroleum benzine. The petroleum
benzine of the German Pharma-
copoeia consists of the colorless,
nonfluorescerit portions of petrole-
um, possessing a specific gravity of
0.640 to 0.670, and distilling almost
entirely between 55° and 75° C. See
Benzine, Light petroleum, and Cana-
dol. (Bacon)

Petroleum briquet. A briquet made of
petroleum, soft soap, resin, and
soda-lye wash. The mixture is
heated, allowed to solidify, run Into
molds, and then heated in a fur-
nace for about 15 minutes. (Bacon)

Petroleum car. A railroad car carry-
ing a tank or tanks, designed for
the transportation of petroleum in
bulk (Century). A tank car.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

503

Petroleum coke. The residue obtained
by the distillation of petroleum. It
usually shows the following composi-
tion: Volatile and combustible mat-
ter, 5 to* 10 per cent; fixed carbon,
90 to 95 per cent ; ash, from a trace
to 0.3 per cent; sulphur, from 0.5
per cent to 1 per cent On account
of its purity it has found applica-
tion in metallurgical processes and
in making battery carbons and car-
bon pencils (electric carbons). (Ba-
con)

Petroleum ether. A volatile inflam-
mable liquid used as a solvent for
caoutchouc, oils, etc. (Webster).
Some refiners have applied this
designation to the products ranging
in specific gravity from 0.590 to
0.666 (108° to 80° Be\) that is,
cymogene, rhigolene, and gasoline.
See Benzine, Canadol, Light pe-
troleu, Keroselene, and Sherwood
oil. Russian petroleum ether varies
In specific gravity from 0.650 to
0.660 at 15° C. (Bacon). Also
frequently applied to naphtha.

Petroleum furnace. A furnace for
burning petroleum, as under a steam
boiler. (Century)

Petroleum naphtha. A term which is
loosely employed; it often denotes
the first fraction (b. p., up to 150°
C.) obtained on distillation of crude
oil, but is also applied to -any low-
boiling petroleum product, as
Naphtha, Benzine, etc.

Petroleum ointment A variety of pe-
trolatum.

Petroleum pitch. See Pitch, 6.

Petroleum spirit A volatile liquid
obtained by the distillation of pe-
troleum (Webster). A term vari-
ously used, but is sometimes ap-
plied to a petroleum distillate of a
density of 0.71 to 0.74 and a boil-
ing point of 90° to 140° C. It is
used as a solvent (Bacon)

Petroleum still. A still for separating
the hydrocarbon products from
crude petroleum. (Standard)

Petroleum tailings. See Residuum, 1.

Petroliferous. Containing or yielding
petroleum. (Standard)

Petroline. A solid substance, analo-
gous to paraffin, obtained in the dis-
tillation of Rangoon petroleum.
Also, a term applied to a Scottish
oil having a flash point of 126° F.
(Bacon)

Petrolize. To treat or impregnate
with petroleum, or a petroleum
product (Webster)

Petrology. The science of rocks, treat-
ing of their origin, construction, etc..
from all aspects and in all rela-
tions ; lithology. It includes petrog-
eny and petrography. (La Forge)

Petrosilex. An old name for extremely
fine, crystalline porphyries and
quartz-porphyries and for those
finely crystalline aggregates we now
know to be devitrified glasses; also
for the ground masses of the former,
which though not glassy are yet not
resolvable by the microscope into
definite minerals. See also Felsite,
Microfelsite. It was practically a
confession by the older petrograph-
ers that they did not know of what
the rock consisted. (Kemp) Also
called Hornstone.

Petrous. Hard, like stone ; as, petrous
phosphates; petrous marl. (Stand-
ard)

Petuntze (China). A variety of feld-
spar that is mixed with kaolin, and
used by the Chinese in the manu-
facture of porcelain. (Standard)

Petzite. Telluride of silver and gold,
(Ag,Au),Te. The gold content
ranges from 18.2 to 25.6 per cent
and the silver from 40.7 to 46.8 per
cent. (XL S. Geol. Surv.)

Pewter. 1. An alloy of tin and lead.
Other metals are often added, or the
lead is replaced entirely with cop-
per, zinc, antimony, etc. (Ray-
mond)

2. A marble-worker's polishing ma-
terial, made by calcining tin.
(Standard)

Pewterer's solder. Hard pale solder,
or middling pale solder. (Stand-
ard)

Pewter mill. A lapidary's wheel used
for stones of the hardness of ame-
thyst, agate, etc. (Webster)

Peya de cobre. (Mex.). Copper amal-
gam. (D wight)

Pez (Sp.). 1. Pitch; tar; P. mineral,
asphalt 2. Peces, more or Jess Iso-
lated lenses of coal. (Halse)

Phacolite. A colorless variety of
chabazite in twins of lenticular
shape. (Webster)

Phacolith. A lenticular mass of ig-
neous rock intruded between adja-
cent strata in the apex of a fold.
(La Forge) Literally, 'lens-rock.'

604

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Phancrite. Any phanerocrystalline
igneous rock. (Webster)

Phanerocrystalline. Having all crys-
tals large enough to be seen with
the unaided eye ; that is, megascopi-
cally crystalline (Iddings, Igneous
Rocks, p. 191). Opposed to crypto-
crystalline.

Phantom crystal. A crystal in which
an earlier stage of crystallization is
marked in some way. (A. F.
Rogers)

Pharmacites. A word used by M. B.
Wadsworth to include all minerals
employed in medicine. (Power)

Pharmacolite. A hydrous arsenate of
calcium. Probably HCaAsO*-f 2H2O.
(Dana)

Pharmacosiderite. A hydrous arse-
nate of iron, perhaps 6FeAsO*2Fe-
(OH)«-f-12H2O, commonly occurring
in green or yellowish-green cubic
crystals. (Webster)

Phase. 1. A variety differing in some
minor respect from the dominant or
normal type; a facies: ordinarily
used in the detailed description of
igneous rock masses. (La Forge)
2. In physical chemistry, a homo-
geneous, physically distinct portion
of matter in a non-homogeneous sys-
tem, as the three phases — ice, water,
and aqueous vapor. 3. In physics,
the point or stage in the period to
which the rotation, oscillation, or
variation has advanced, considered
in its relation to a standard posi-
tion or assumed instant of starting.
This relation is commonly expressed
in angular measure. (Webster)

Phase angle. The angle expressing
phase, or phase difference. (Web-
ster)

Phase converter. A machine for con-
verting an alternating current into
an alternating current of a different
number of phases and the same fre-
quency. ( Webster )

Phase displacement. A change of
phase whereby an alternating cur-
rent attains its maximum earlier or
later. An inductance would cause
a lag, a capacity would cause an
advance, in phase. (Webster)

Phase meter. A device for measuring
the difference in phase of two alter-
nating currents or electromotive
forces. (Webster)

Phase rule. A generalization with re-
gard to two systems of chemical
equilibrium, discovered by Prof. J.
W. Gibbs. It may be stated thus:

The degree of variableness (number
of degrees of freedom) of a system
is equal to the number of components
minus the number of phases, plus
two. Thus, if the components be
salt and water, and the phases, salt,
ice, saturated solution, and vapor, the
system is invariant ; that is, there is
only one set of conditions under
which these four phases can exist
in equilibrium. If only three phases
be considered, the system is univari-
ant ; that is, fixing one condition, as
temperature determines the others.
(Webster)

Phassachate. A lead-colored agate.
(Standard)

Phatang (No. Himalaya). A quantity
of gold-dust melted into a lump,
having a value of about 8 rupees
(16s.), and used as currency.
(Lock)

Phenacite. A beryllium ortho-silicate,
Be2Si(X Sometimes used as a gem.
(Dana)

Phengite. 1. A kind of transparent or
translucent stone, used by the an-
cients for windows. It was prob-
ably selenite or crystallized gypsum.
2. A variety of muscovite. (Web-
ster)

Phenix-stone. An artificial stone" in
which furnace-slag is nsed in place
of sand. (Century)

Phenocryst. A porphyritie crystal;
one of the relatively large and ordi-
narily conspicuous crystals of the
earliest generation in a porphyritic
igneous rock. (La Forge) A name
suggested by J. P. Iddings, for por-
phyritic crystals in rocks. It has
proved an extremely convenient one,
although its etymology has been
criticized. It may be best to change
to phanerocryst, just as in botany,
phenogam has yielded to phanero-
gam ; but one form or the other is a
necessity. (Kemp)

Phenocrystalline. Same as phanero-
crystalline.

Phenocrystic. Containing, character-
ized by, or pertaining to phenocrysts.
(Standard)

Phenol. A colorless or pinkish crystal-
line substance, C«HBpH, produced by
the destructive distillation of many
organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc.,
and obtained from the heavy oil
from coal tar. Commonly known as
carbolic acid. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

505

Philadelphia. A pearly, brownish-red,
micaceous vermiculite that occurs
In contorted and wrinkled plates.
(Standard)

Philippium. A supposed metallic ele-
ment discovered in the mineral sa-
marskite. It proved to be a mixture
of yttrium and terbium. (Webster)

Fhillipite. A compact, blue, hydrated
copper and iron sulphate, Fe»Cu-
(SO4)4.12H»O, produced by decompo-
sition of chalcopyrite. (Standard)

Philosopher's stone. An imaginary
stone, or solid substance or prepara-
tion, believed to have the power of
transmuting the baser metals into
gold or silver, and hence much
sought for by the alchemists (Web-
ster)

Philosopher's wool. See Zinc oxide.

Phlegraean fields. The country around
Naples, so named by the Greeks,
from the traces of igneous action
everywhere visible. Also called
Campi Phlegraei or the Burnt

** fields. (Comstock)

Phlogiston. A flame; a blaze. The
hypothetical principle of fire or in-
flammability formerly regarded as a
material substance. (Webster)

Phlogiston theory. The theory that
every combustible substance is a
compound of phlogiston and the
phenomena of combustion are due to
phlogiston leaving the other consti-
tuent behind. It has been replaced
by a modern theory which assigns
to oxygen the leading r61e in chemi-
cal changes. (Webster)

Phlogopite. A magnesium mica, near
biotite in composition, but containing
little iron. (Dana)

Pholerite. A clay-like mineral closely
related to or identical with kaolin-
ite. (Century)

Pholidolite. A grayish-yellow, hydrous
silicate of potassium, magnesium,
iron and aluminum in minute crys-
talline scales. (Webster)

Phonolite. An aphanitic or aphano-
phyric igneous rock consisting of
essential orthoclase or anorthoclase
and nephelite, and accessory amphi-
bole, pyroxene, or mica. (La Forge)
Leucite may replace the nephelite
and yield leucite-phonolites. The
name is Klaproth's rendering into
Greek of the old name Clinkstone.
(Kemp)

Phosgene. A heavy gas made by com-
bining carbon monoxide and chlo-
rine. COCU used for bleaching
glass ; also used in warfare.

Phosgenite. A chlorocarbonate of
lead, PbaCljCOt, occurring in tetrag-
onal crystals of a white, yellow, or
grayish color and adamantine luster
(Webster). Called also Corneous
lead, Horn lead

Phosphate of lime. 3ee Apatite.

Phosphate rock. A sedimentary rock
containing calcium phosphate. The
form in which the phosphate oc-
curs is obscure (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
The three main classes which have
been exploited in the United States
are land rock, occurring in clayey,
gravelly, or compacted beds below
the surface of the earth ; river rock,
a darker variety obtained from river
and stream beds, and the oolitic
phosphates of Tennessee. (Web-
ster)

Phosphates. Salts' formed by combin-
ing phosphoric acid with an alkali.
Sodium, potassium, ammonium and
calcium phosphates are used in ferti-
lizers. None of these are used to a
large extent except the calcium
phosphate. See Phosphate rock.

Phosphatic slag. Same as Basic slag.
(Standard)

Phosphine. A hydride of phosphorus,
PHs, analogous to ammonia. (Web-
ster)

Phosphor bronze. A kind of bronze of
great hardness, elasticity, and tough-
ness, whose superiority is due to the
introduction of a small amount of
phosphorus, usually as a compound
of copper (phosphor copper) or with
tin (phosphor tin). (Webster)

Phosphor copper. An alloy made by
fusing granulated copper with bone
ash and charcoal; used in making
phosphor bronze. (Standard)

Phosphorescence. The continued emis-
sion of light by a substance (not in-
candescent) produced especially af-
ter healing, exposure to light, or to
an electrical discharge. (Dana)

Phosphoric acid. Any of three oxy-
acids of phosphorus known respec-
tively as ordinary or orthophospho-
ric acid, ILPO4-, pyrophosphoric acid,
HiPaOr, and metaphosphoric acid,
HP<X (Webster)

Phosphorite. Massive calcic phosphate,
of the composition of apatite, but
usually lacking crystal form.
(Kemp)

506

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Phosphorize. To combine or impreg-
nate with phosphorus. (Century)

Phosphor tin. An alloy made by heat-
ing phosphorus (6 parts) with tin-
sponge (94 parts) ; used in making
phosphor bronze. (Standard)

Phosphorolite. Wadsworth's name for
phosphatic rocks, guano-phosphorite,
apatite, etc. (Kemp)

Phosphorus. A nonmetallic element
of the nitrogen group, usually ob-
tained as a white or yellowish,
translucent, waxy substance with a
disagreeable smell and a faint glow
in moist air. Symbol, P. ; atomic
weight, 31.04; specific gravity, 1.83.
(Webster)

Phosphorus disease. A disease of
workers in phosphorous, marked es-
pecially by necrosis of the jaw bone
(Webster). Called also Phosphor-
necrosis.

Phosphorus steel. Steel in which
phosphorus is the principal hard-
ening element. Good steel may con-
tain 0.3 per cent phosphorus, but
the carbon must be very low. (Web-
ster)

Photoceramics. The art or practice
of photographing on china or pot-
tery. (Standard)

Photogene. A trade name for a shale-
oil distillate, of specific gravity
from 0.72-0.81 and boiling point
from 145°-150° C. It is used as
an illuminating oil. (Bacon)

Photomicrograph. An enlarged or
macroscopic photograph of a micro-
scopic object, taken by attaching a
camera to a microscope. (Webster)

Photoxylon. Guncotton in which the
cellulose of wood pulp is used in-
stead of cotton. (Standard)

Phreatic. Of or pertaining to a well ;
applied to underground waters
reachable, or probably reachable, by
drilling wells. (Webster)

Phreatic explosion. An explosion oc-
curring in the roof of an Igneous
body, due to the expansion of vola-
tile matter, and not extruding in*
candescent matter. (Daly, p. 282)

Phrygian marble. See Pavonazette.

Phthanite. Hauy's name for siliceous
schists. Its use has recently been
revived in America by G. F. Becker,
who applies it to certain silicifled
shales in California (Kemp).
Chert

Phthisis. A wasting or consumption
of the tissue. Formerly applied to
many wasting diseases, but now
usually restricted to pulmonary
phthisis, or consumption (Web-
ster). See Anthracosis.

Phrygian stone. A light pumice-like
stone, anciently used in dyeing.
(Standard)

Phyllite. A foliated metamorphic rock
of sedimentary origin and argilla-
ceous composition, intermediate be-
tween slate and mica schist. It is
more, micaceous than slate and
more finely crystalline than mica
schist and its fracture is interme-
diate between the smooth even cleav-
age of slate and the rather splintery
fissility of schist. (La Forge)

Phyllite slate. 1. Clay slate (called
also muscovite phyllade), or, re-
strictedly, clay slate rendered sub-
crystalline by minute superinduced
scales of mica (called phyllite
alone). 2. Clay slate containing
lamellae of the mineral phyllite, and
related to ottrelite. (Standard)

Phyre. A suffix used in naming rocks
that are porphyritic, as vitrophyre,
orthophyre, granophyre, etc. (Kemp)

Physalite. A coarse, nearly opaque
variety of topaz. Same as Pyrophy-
salite. (Dana)

Physic. To treat (molten iron) with
an oxidizing compound capable of
combining with the sulphur and
phosphorus. ( Standard )

Physical mineralogy. That branch of
mineralogy which treats of the phys-
ical properties of minerals. (La
Forge)

Physics. 1. That branch of scienct
which treats of the laws and prop-
erties of matter, and the forces
acting upon it; especially that de-
parment of natural science which
treats of the causes that modify the
general properties of bodies, e. ff.,
gravitation, heat, light, magnetism,
electricity, etc. (Power)
2. Also, a treatise on natural phi-
losophy or physics. (Webster)

Physiography. Physical geography; a
description of the natural features
of the surf ace of the earth. (Powec)

Phytocollite. A black gelatinous hy-
drocarbon, related to dopplerite;
found below a peat bed at Scranton,
Pa. (Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

507

Piauzite; Piauzit. An asphaltoid sub-
stance, melting at 315° C. ; it has a
brownish or greenish-black color
and a specific gravity of 1.220.
After fusing, it burns with an aro-
matic odor and leaves about 6 per
cent of ash. It is soluble in potas-
sium hydroxide and in ether.
(Bacon)

Picacho (Mex.). Summit of a moun-
tain peak. (Halse)

Picador. 1. (Mex.). One who taps a
furnace (Dwight).
2. In coal mining, an undercutter.
(Halse)

Picar. 1. (Mex.). To tap a furnace
for slag or bullion. (Dwight)
2. To hew or undercut. 3. P. un
tyito (Colom.), to discover or strike
a lode ; P. un agua, to determine the
level of a ditch. (Halse)

Pick. 1. A heavy iron or steel tool,
pointed at one or both ends, and
often curved, wielded by means of
a wooden handle inserted in an
eye between the ends ; used in vari-
ous forms by quarrymen, roadmak-
ers, miners, and stone dressers; a
pickax. (Webster)
2. To dress the sides of a shaft or
other excavation. 3. To remove
shale, dirt, etc., from coal. (Gres-
ley)

4. To select good ore out of a heap.
(Davies)

Pick-dressing. In stone catting, a tool-
ing of the face of a stone with a
sharp pick or hammer. (Standard)

Picker. 1. A small tool used to pull
up the wick of a miner's lamp. 2.
A person who picks the slate from
the coal in an anthracite breaker.
8. A mechanical arrangement for
removing slate from coal. (Steel)

4. A hand chisel for dzhuing, held
In one hand and struck with a ham-
mer. (Raymond) See also Dzhu.

5. (Eng.) A sharp-pointed cutting
tool used as an accessory to a mizer.
(Gresley)

6. A sharp-pointed steel rod used in
lifting wooden patterns from the
sand after they have been rammed
therein. 7. A tool for piercing a
mold; a piercer. 8. A miner's nee-
dle, used for picking out the tamp-
ing of a charge that has failed to
explode. 9. In brickmaking a spike-
toothed shaft for breaking up clay
to be fed to the hopper. (Standard)

Pickeringite. Magnesia alum. Mg-
SO*AMSO«),+22H,O. In long fi-
brous masses; and in efflorescences.
(Standard)

Picket. An iron rod, pointed at one
end, and usually painted alternately
red and white at one foot intervals,
used by surveyors as a line of sight
(B. F. Tibby) See Range pole,

Pick hammer. A hammer with a
point, used in cobbing. (Raymond)

Picking. 1. (Scot) The falling of
particles from a mine roof about to
collapse. (Barrowman)

2. Picking the eyes out of a mine
is to extract over a prolonged period
an undue proportion of the richest
ore, thus lowering the average grade
of the remaining ore reserves.
(Skinner)

3. Rough sorting of ore. 4. A soft
or not fully burned brick. (Web-
ster)

Picking belt. A traveling belt made
of sheet iron placed horizontally or
at an angle, used for conveying coal
or ore to a bin or wagon, while boys
pick out rock or other waste mate-
rial (Power). Rubber-covered can-
vas belts are also used for the same
purpose.

Picking chute. A chute along which
boys are stationed to pick the slate
from the coal. (Chance)

Picking rod. A IJ-lnch steel rod about
20 feet long used to ram into the
tap hole, while casting, to dislodge
obstructions preventing a good run.
(Willcox)

Picking table. A flat, or slightly In-
clined, platform on which the coal
or ore is run to be picked free from
slate or gangue.

Pickle. 1. In metal working, a bath
of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid,
etc., to remove burnt sand, scale,
rust, etc., from the surface of cast-
ings, or other metallic articles.
2. To treat with, or steep in, pickle,
(Webster)

Pickling. Cleaning sheet-iron or wire
by immersion In acid. (Raymond)

Pick machine. A machine used to un-
dermine or shear coal by heavy
blows of short steel points attached
to a piston driven forward and back
by compressed air. Commonly called
a Puncher. (Steel) Compare Chain-
breast machine.

Pickman (Scot). A man who digs
coal with a pick ; a hewer ; a miner.
(Barrowman)

Pick tongs. Tongs for handling hot
metal (Webster)

508

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pick-up (Mid.). To reduce the stock
of coal. (Gresley)

Pick-ups (Alaska). Nugget gold
picked up during mining operations
prior to sluicing.

Pickwork. Cutting coal with a pick,
as in driving headings. (Gresley)

Pico (Sp.). 1. A pickaxe. 2. A min-
er's pick. 3. A miner's striking
hammer. 4. A small hammer used
in ore sorting. 5. A peak of a moun-
tain. (Halse)

Picota (Sp.). The top or peak of a
mountain. (Halse)

Picotah. A kind of sweep used In In-
dia for raising water from well.
See also Shadoof. (Webster)

Picotite. A variety of spinel contain-
ing chromium and iron. (Dana)

Picric acid. A yellow crystalline com-
pound, CeHsNsOr, obtained vari-
ously, ag by the action of nitric acid
on phenol. It is used in dyeing and
is an ingredient in certain explo-
sives. Called also Carbazotic acid,
Chrysolepic acid, Trinitrophenic acid
(Standard). Sterilized gauze treat-
ed with a weak solution of the acid
is used generally around mines in
the first-aid treatment of burns,
scalds, etc.

Picrite. A variety of peridotite com-
posed essentially of olivine and
augite. (La Forge)

Picrolite. A columnar or fibrous va-
riety of serpentine. (Standard)

Picromerite. A hydrous sulphate of
magnesium and potassium from the
salt mines of Stassfurt. (Century)

Picture. A screen to keep off falling
water from men at work. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Picul (Malay). A commercial weight
varying in different countries and
for different commodities. In China,
Japan, and Sumatra it is 133$
pounds. In the Philippines it is usu-
ally 140 pounds (Webster). Also
spelled Pickul.

Pie (Sp.). 1. Foot or base of a moun-
tain. 2. P. de amigo, buttress or
strut ; P. de gallo, a diagonal brace ;
P. derecho, a vertical brace; a post.

3. (Sp.) A foot; a measure of
length, or 27.85 cm. or 11 inches.

4. (Peru) Exposing a new face so
as to increase the effect of a blast.
It is done by firing the lower holes
first and the upper ones afterwards.
(Halse)

Piece (Scot). Food taken by a work-
man to his work (Barrowman). A
lunch. See also Bait.

Piece time (Scot.). Meal time. (Bar-
rowman)

Piece wage. A wage paid to the
worker at so much per piece, or unit
of product. (Webster)

Piece work. Work done by the piece
or job; work paid for at a rate
based on the amount done, rather
than on the time employed. (Web-
ster)

Piedmont. Lying or formed at the
base of mountains; as a piedmont
glacier. A piedmont alluvial plain
is formed at the foot of a mountain
range by the merging of several
alluvial fans. (Webster)

Piedmont glacier. A type of glacier
formed at the base of one or more
glaciers by the expansion of the ice
over a lateral valley or a broad
plain; an ice lake. Called also
Malaspina glacier. The Malaspina
Piedmont glacier in Alaska, the only
one fully described, has an area of
1,500 square miles. (Standard)

Piedmontite. A variety of epidote con-
taining manganese. (Dana)

Piedra (Sp.). A stone, rock, or min-
eral; P. arenosa, freestone; P. de
azufre, sulphur rock; P. berro
quena, granite; P. bruta (Mex.),
country rock ; barren rock ; P. caliza,
limestone, P. c6rnea (Mex.), chert,
flint; P. de campana, phonolite; P.
de candela, flint stone; P. de mano
(Mex.), a hand specimen ; P. de
molino, a millstone; P. de mollejon,
sandstone; P. dura, any hard flint-
like stone; P. imdn (Sp.), load-
stone; P. inga, pyrite; P. marmol,
marble; P. mineral, ore; P. negra
(Venez.), greenish-gray felstone; P.
pez, pitch stone; P. podrida, rotten
stone; P. pomez, pumice stone; P.
preciosa, a gem or precious stone.
(Halse)

Piel. An iron wedge for piercing
stone. (Standard)

Piercer. 1. A blasting needle. (Ure)
2. In founding, a wire for venting
a mold (Standard). See Picker, 7.

Piercing shot (Scot). A shot in the
roof, or brushing, designed to
bring down an increasing thickness
of stone. (Barrowman)

Pierelle (Fr.). A clay-covered irregu-
lar mass of stone, filling a ditch.
(Standard)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

509

Pierre-Perdu (Fr.) Blocks of stone,
or concrete, heaped loosely in the
water to make a foundation, as for
a sea wall. (Webster)

Pier stone (Scot.)* A hard variety of
freestone. (Gresley)

Pietra (It). Stone: used in phrases,
as pictra dura. (Standard)

Pietra dura (It.). Inlaid work of
hard stones set in marble. (Stand-
ard)

Pietra serena (It). A gray sandstone
quarried near Fiesole, Italy, and
used for building in Florence and
other Italian cities. (Standard)

Piezocrystallization. In petrography,
crystallization under pressure
caused by orogenic forces. (Web-
ster)

Piezoelectricity. Electricity produced
or developed by pressure, as in
quartz. ( Standard )

Pig. 1. An oblong mass of metal that
has been run, while molten, into a
mold excavated in sand ; specifically,
iron from the blast furnace run into
molds excavated in sand (Century).
An ingot or cast bar of metal.
2. Any of the molds or channels in
the pig bed. 3. Collectively, pig
iron, pig lead, etc. (Webster)
4. A 301-pound mass of lead. ( Stand-
ard)

Pig back. To add pig iron to a molten
charge too much decarburized in the
acid open-hearth process. (Web-
ster)

Pig bed. The sand bed in which are
made the excavations into which
iron is run in casting pigs (Stand-
ard). See also Pig. 2.

Pig boiling. Wet puddling. (Stand-
ard)

Pigeonhole. 1. A room driven di-
rectly into the coal seam from the
edge of a strip pit. 2. Any small
poorly equipped coal mine. (Steel)

Pig foot. 1. An iron clamp shaped
like a pig's foot used to attach the
jack to the feed chain of a con-
tinuous electric coal cutter. 2. A
pipe jack with a pig foot at one end.
(Steel)

Pig hole. A hole in a steel furnace,
through which to put, in a crucible,
an extra charge of pig iron. ( Stand-
ard)

Pig iron. Crude cast-iron from the
blast furnace. When the furnace is
tapped the molten iron Hows down
a runner molded in sand, from which

it enters the sows or lateral run-
ners, flowing from these again into
the pig beds, the separate parallel
molds of which form the pigs. In
each bed the ingots lie against the
sow like suckling pigs, whence the
two names. Mine pig is pig iron
made from ores only; cinder pig
from ores with admixture of some
forge or mill cinder. (Raymond)

Pig lead. Commercial lead in large
oblong masses, or pigs. (Standard)

Pigment. Any coloring material. Spe-
cifically, any dry earthy substance
that, mixed with a liquid vehicle
forms paint: of mineral origin, as
ocher; vegetal, as dogwood; or ani-
mal, as cochineal. (Standard)

Pig metal. Metal in pigs, as iron from
a smelting furnace. (Standard)

Pig sticker. A man delegated to the
duty of punching or knocking pig
iron out of chills or molds at a blast
furnace pig-casting machine. (Will-
cox).

Pigsty (Aust). A timber crib or
chock used in timbering wide seams
or lodes. (Halse)

Pigsty timbering. Hollow pillars built
up of logs laid crosswise for support-
ing heavy weights. (C. and M. M.
P.)

Pigtailer (Joplin, Mo.). One em-
ployed by the mining company to
assist trammers in long-distance
haulage, where tramming is done by
men. An assistant trammer.

Pig tin. Tin cast, or for casting into
pigs. (Webster) ,

Pike. 1. A pick or pickax. 2. The
horn or back of an anvil. 3. A
peaked mountain or hill top, or a
mountain or hill with such a top;
a peak. 4. A turnpike road. 5. A
sharp-pointed staff. (Webster)

Pikeman (So. Staff.) One who uses a
pick or pickax, as a miner; a pick-
man. (Webster)

Pike pole. A pole 12 to 20 feet long
with a long spike in one end, used
in directing floating logs (Webster).
Also frequently used in raising struc-
tural timbers, as in raising the frame
of a building.

Piking. See Cobbing, 1.

Pila (Mex.). 1. A stone basin used for
storing amalgam from the patio
process. P. apuradora, a tank to re-
ceive the residues from the washing
troughs. 2. A large evaporating pan

510

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

used In salt works. 3. (Colom.) A
pit or reservoir dug out or made by
damming a creek and used in gravel
washing. 4. P. de mineral, a pile of
ore. (Halse) '

Pilador (Cplom.). A wooden instru-
ment moved by the stamps to indi-
cate that ore is short in the battery ;
a tell-tale. (Halse)

Pilandite. A porphyritic phase of
hatherlite. (Kemp)

Pilar (Mex.). A pillar of rock or ore.
(Dwight)

Pilar cl molino (Colom.). Said of
noise produced by stamps when ore
Is short in the mortar box. (Halse)

Pilarite. An aluminous variety of
chrysocolla. (Standard)

Pilch. 1. (Corn.) A portion of the
lode let to miners to work on trib-
ute. (Da vies)

2. A thick apron worn by peat dig-
gers. (Standard)

Pile. 1. The fagot or bundle of flat
pieces of iron prepared to be heated
to welding-heat and then rolled. 2.
To make up into piles or fagots. 3.
Long thick laths, etc., answering in
shafts, in loose or "quick" ground,
the same purpose as spills in levels,
piles being driven vertically. (Ray-
mond)

4. A large stake or pointed timber
driven in the earth, as to support
foundations of buildings in wet or
yielding ground or, where the ground
is soft, to support a building, pier,
or other superstructure or to form
a cofferdam; also an iron post or
pillar, or a cylinder of concrete,
used in place of the pile. (Web-
ster)

5. A fortune. A miner who has
made money has made his pile.

Pile cap. In hydraulic engineering, a
beam connecting the heads of piles.
(Century)

Pile dam. A dam made by driving
piles and filling the interstices with
stones. The surfaces are usually
protected with planking. (Century)

Pile driver. A machine for driving
piles, usually a high frame with
appliances for raising to a height a
heavy mass of iron (the monkey),
which falls on the pile. (Webster)

Pile hoop. An iron band put around
the head of a timber pile to prevent
splitting. (Century)

Pile ihoe. An iron point fitted on a
pile. (Century)

Pileta (Mex.). l. Sump of a mine.
2. Basin, pot, or crucible of a smelt-
ing furnace. (Dwight)

Piling. See Pile, 3 and 4.

Pillar. 1. A solid block of coal, etc.,
varying in area from a few square
yards to several acres. (Gresley)
2. A piece of ground or mass of ore
left to support the roof or hanging
wall in a mine. (Hanks)

Pillar-and-breast. A system of coal
mining in which the working places
are rectangular rooms usually five
or ten times as long as they are
broad, opened on the upper side of
the gangway. The breasts usually
from five to twelve yards wide,
vary with the character of the roof.
The rooms or breasts are separated
by pillars of solid coal (broken by
small cross headings driven for
ventilation) from five to ten or
twelve yards wide. The pillar is
really a solid wall of coal sepa-
rating the working places. When
the object is to obtain all the coal
that can be recovered as quickly
as possible, the pillars are left thin ;
but where this plan is likely to in-
duce a crush or squeeze that may
seriously injure the mine, larger
pillars are left and after the mine
has been worked out, the pillars
are 'robbed' by mining from them
until the roof comes down and pre-
vents further working. In the
steeply inclined seams of the an-
thracite regions the pillar-and-
breast system is employed by work-
ing the bed in 'lifts' (Chance).
Also called Pillar-and-stall, Post-
and -stall, Bord-and-pillar.

Pillar-and-room. See Room-and-Pillar.

Pillar-and-stall. A system of working
coal and other minerals where the
first stage of excavation is accom-
plished with the roof sustained by
coal or ore (Gresley). See Pillar-
and-Breast ; Post-and-Stall.

Pillar-and-stope. See Square-set stop-
ing.

Pillar coal. Coal secured in pillar-rob-
bing.

Pillar-drive. A wide irregular drift or
entry, in firm dry ground, in which
the roof is supported by pillars of
the natural earth, or by artificial pil-
lars of stone, no timber being used.
(Duryee)

Pillaring (Aust). The process of ex-
tracting pillars (Power). Also
called Robbing pillars; Pulling pil-
lars.

GLOSSARY OF MHONO AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

511

Pillaring back (No. Staff.). Robbing
pillars. See Drifting back. (Gres-
ley)

Pillar man. A man who builds stone
packs in mine workings. (Gresley)

Pillar roads. Working roads or in-
clines in pillars having a range of
longwall faces on either side.
(Gresley)

Pillar-robbing. 1. The systematic re-
moval of the coal pillars between
rooms or chambers so as to regulate
the subsidence of the roof. Also
called pillar drawing. 2. The re-
moval of ore pillars in sublevel stop-
ing, or slicing.

Pillar-robbing and hand-filling. See
Sublevel stoping.

Pillar-working. Working coal in much
the same manner as with the Pillar-
and-Stall system. (Gresley)

Pillion (Corn.). Tin that remains in
the slag after the first melting
(Webster). It is recovered by re-
peated stamping, screening and
washing.

Pilolite. A name given to certain min-
erals previously called Mountain
cork and Mountain leather. (Ches-
ter)

Pil6n (Sp.). 1. A stone trough. 2. A
stamp or stamper. 3. Pestle of a
mortar. 4. A large wooden mortar
for grinding maize. (Halse)

Piloncillos (Mex.). A collection of
cone-shaped rocks. (Lucas)

Pilotaxitic. Having holocrystalline
structure in which the groundmass
consists essentially of microliths of
feldspar; said of certain rocks, as
the porphyrites. (Standard)

Pilot burner. A small burner kept
lighted to rekindle the principal
burner when desired, as in a flash
boiler (Webster). The light so
maintained is called a Pilot-light or
Pilot-flame.

Pilot method. The method of excavat-
ing a tunnel by driving a small tun-
nel ahead, and then enlarging its
dimaasions. (Webster)

Pilot tunnel. A small tunnel driven
ahead of a main tunnel to de-
termine its grade and direction.
(Standard)

Pilot Yalve. A small hand-operated
• valve to admit liquid to operate a
valve difficult to turn by hand.
(Webster)

Pilquen (Peru). The tribute system.
(Halse)

Pilz furnace. A circular or octagonal
shaft furnace, maintaining or in-
creasing its diameter toward the
top, and having several tuyeres;
used in smelting lead ores. (Ray-
mond)

Pimelite. A massive or earthy apple-
green, hydrous silicate, containing:
magnesium, nickel, aluminum, and
iron ; named from its unctious qual-
ity. (Standard)

Pimple metal. A furnace product con-
taining about 78 per cent of copper,
formed in the smelting of copper
ores. (Standard)

Pimple - stone. Pebblestone. (Web-
ster)

Pimpley (Shrop.). Bind containing
ironstone nodules. (Gresley)

Pin. 1. (Scot.) A tally for counting
tubs or cars of ore or coal. Pins
were formerly made by the miners^
each miner's pins having a distin-
guishing device, initial, or number*
(Barrowman). See Wedge rock.

2. (Eng.).. A thin bed of ironstone
in the coal measures. (Gresley)

Pina (Mex.). 1. Silver amalgam
pressed in the form of a cone to be
retorted under a capellina. See
Pella. 2. The spongy or porous cone
of silver left after evaporation of
the mercury in the patio process-
of amalgamation. (Standard)

3. Cone for sample grinder,
(D wight)

4. (Chile) Bullion. (Halse)

Pinacoid. In all systems of crystal-
lography, but the isometric, an open
form of two parallel faces parallel
to two of the axes. (La Forge) If
the planes are parallel to both lat-
eral axes, it is called a basal pina-
coid; if to the longer lateral and
the vertical axis, a macropinacoid ,*
if to the shorter lateral and vertical
axes, a brachypinacvid ; if to the
inclined axes and the vertical axis,
a clinopinacoid ; if to the ortho axis
and the vertical axis, an orthopina-
coid. (Webster)

Pinch. 1. A compression of the walls
of a vein, or the roof and floor of
a coal bed, which more or less com-
pletely displaces the ore or coal.
Called also Pinch-out (Standard),
The narrowing of a vein or de-
posit. A thin place in a mineral
zone or where the^one itself almost
or quite disappears and in other
places widens out into extensive

512

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

bodies of ore. (Meydenbauer v. Ste-
vens. 78 Fed. Kept, p. 791)

2. A kind of crowbar for breaking
down coal. (Gresley)

3. A kind of crowbar with a short
projection and a heel or fulcrum at
the end; used to pry forward heavy
objects; a pinch. (Standard)

4. To move (heavy machinery, etc.)
short distances at a time by means
of short holds with a crowbar or
pinch bar.

Pinch bar. See Pinch. 3.

Pinchbeck metal. An alloy of copper,
80, and zinc, 20 per cent. (Ure)

Pinchcock. A clamp on a flexible tube
to regulate the flow of a fluid
through the tube. (Webster)

Pinched. Where a vein narrows, as if
the walls had been squeezed in.
When the walls meet, the vein is
said to be pinched out (Roy. Corn.).
Bee Pinching out; also Pinch, 1.

Pincher. In glass-making, a nipping
tool for shaping at one operation the
outside and inside of the neck of a
bottle. (Standard)

Pinching out. See Pinch, 1.

Pinching tongs. In glass-making, a
pair of tongs upon the extremities
of whose jaws are two dies that,
when closed, form a mold for orna-
mental pendants, which are thus
made from molten glass. The eye
in the end of a pendant is made by
a pin between the jaws of the tongs.
(Standard)

Pinch-out. See Pinch, 1.

Pin cracks (Leic.)- Small fissures in
coal seams filled with water and gas.
(Gresley)

Pinder concentrator. A revolving table
on which are tapering spiral copper
cleats on a linoleum cover. The
tailings are washed over the riffles
and off the edge while the concen-
trates are delivered at the end of
the riffles. (Liddell)

Pindy (Corn.). A carbonaceous shale.
(Power)

Pinguite. A soft oil-green variety of
the hydrous silicate chloropal. (Cen-
tury)

Pin-in. To fill the interstices of ma-
sonry with small pieces of stone.
(Standard)

Pinion. A cog wheel with a small
number of teeth designed to gear
with a larger wheel or rack. (Web-
ster)

Pinite. A general term used to in-
clude a large number of alteration
products of iolite, spodumene, nephe-
lite, scapolite, feldspar, and other
minerals. A hydrous silicate of alu-
minum and potassium. (Dana)

Pink ash (Penn.). An anthracite
which, when burned, leaves a pink
ash.

Pinning. 1. (No. Staff.) Bratticing
in headings. (Gresley)
2. Small stones for filling in ma-
sonry interstices. (Webster)

Pino (Sp.). Pine. (Halse)

Pinta (Mex.). 1. Indication (by color,
weight, or structure, etc.) of the me-
tallic value of an ore; P. de metal,
indications of ore, spots of ore.
(Dwight)

2. P. azul, at Pachuca, Mex., the
lower zone of the silver veins in
which the matrix is either a gray or
bluish color, due to the presence of
silver sulphides. 3. (Venez.) A pay
streak in gold placers. 4. A color
in a batea. (Halse)

Pintar (Sp.). To exhibit indications
of ore. (Halse)

Pinzas (Sp.) A tool for extracting
small objects that have fallen down
a bore hole. Pincers. (Halse)

Piojo (Sp. Am.). The last washing
trough. (Lucas)

Pioneer (Corn.). An able pickman ; a
tin miner. (Pryce)

Pioneer bench. The first bench in a
quarry which is blasted out. It is
usually at the top of the rock to be
quarried. (Bowles)

Pipage. 1. The carriage of oil, gas,

water, etc., through pipes. 2. The

charge for such carriage. (Stand-
ard)

Pipe. 1. An elongated body of min-
eral. A narrow portion of rich ore
extending down the lode. 2. Also
the name given to the fossil trunks
of trees found in coal beds. (Ihl-
seng)

3. One of the vertical cylindrical
masses of volcanic agglomerate in
which diamonds occur in South Af-
rica. 4. A tubular cavity, from a
few inches to many feet in depth,
occurring in calcareous rocks and
often filled with gravel, sand, etc.
5. The eruptive channel opening
into the crater of a volcano. 6. A
tube for conveying water, oil, air,
gas, etc. 7. A cavity in a casting,
especially in an ingot of steel, due

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

513

to unequal contraction on solidify^
ing. 8. To throw water upon from
a hydraulic pipe. (Webster)

Pipeclay. 1. Masses of fine clay,
generally of lenticular form, found
embedded in the hydraulic gravel
banks. (Hanks)

2. A highly plastic and fairly pure
clay of a grayish-white color, used
in making pipes, in calico printing,
and for cleaning soldiers' accoutre-
ments, etc. (Webster)

Piped air (Eng.). Ventilation carried
into the working places in pipes.
(Gresley)

Pipe dog. A hand tool that is vised to
rotate a pipe whose end is accessible,
consisting of a small short steel bar
whose end is bent at right angles
to the handle, and then quickly re-
turned, leaving only enough space
between the jaws to slip over the
wall of pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Pipe grab. A clutch for catching and
raising a well pipe. (Standard)

Pipe grip. In steam and pipe fitting
an implement consisting of an iron
bar with a curved end and pro-
vided with a chain of square links to
hook on to the jaws of the curved
end. See Chain tongs. (Nat Tube
Co.)

Pipe jack. An iron pipe with a clamp
or pig foot upon one end and a
curved point upon the other. It
Is wedged between the floor and roof
of a mine room to hold the feed
chain of a continuous electric coal-
mining machine. (Steel)

Pipe line. A line or conduit of pipe,
sometimes many hundred miles long,
through which petroleum is con-
veyed from an oil region to a mar-
ket or to reservoirs for refining
(Standard). A line of pipe with
pumping machinery and apparatus
for conveying a liquid, or gas. (U.
S. Min. Stat., pp. 1068-1073)

Pip em an. 1. A laborer or workman
engaged in laying or repairing pipe.
2. A workman in charge of a pipe,
especially in hydraulic mining.
(Webster)

Pipe metal. An alloy of tin and lead,
sometimes with zinc, for making
organ pipes. (Webster)

Pipe opaL 1. (White Cliffs, N. S. W.)
Opalized belemnites. 2. (Queens-
land) Long narrow cavities filled
with opal. (Power)

744010 O — 17 33

Pipe ore. Iron ore (limonite) in ver-
tical pillars, sometimes of conical,
sometimes of hour-glass, form, im-
bedded in clay. Probably formed by
the union of stalacltes and stalag-
mites in caverns. (Raymond)

Pipe oven. A hot-blast oven in which
the air passes through pipes exposed
to the heat of burning gas in brick
conduits. (Century)

Pipe press. The name commonly ap-
plied to the machine used for mold-
ing sewer pipe. (Ries)

Pipe-prover. An apparatus for test-
ing the tightness of a pipe line or
system, usually by hydraulic pres-
sure. (Standard)

Piper (Lane.). A feeder of gas in a
coal mine. (Gresley)

Pipe sampler. A device for sampling a
pile of ore, consisting simply of a
small iron pipe which is driven into
the pile and which, when with-
drawn, brings a core of ore with it
(Richards, p. 845)

Pipes tone. A kind of argillaceous
stone, carved by the Indians into
tobacco pipes (Webster). See Cat-
linite.

Pipe tongs. A hand tool for gripping
or rotating pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Pipette. 1. A small piece of apparatus
for transferring fluids as in chemical
operations. 2. To convey or draw
off with a pipette. (Webster)
3. In ceramics, a funnel-like can to
hold slip, and to permit it to escape
in a fine stream, as in slip-decora-
tion. (Standard)

Pipe vein (Derb.). An ore body of
elongated form (Raymond). See
Pipe, 1.

Pipe wrench. A wrench whose jaws
are usually serrated and arranged to
grip with increasing pressure as the
handle is pulled. There are many
forms such as Alligator, Stillson,
Trimo, etc. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Piping (Cal.). 1. In hydraulic mining,
discharging water from the nozzles
on the auriferous gravel. (Hanks)
2. The tubular depression caused by
contraction during cooling, on the
top of iron or steel ingots (Ray-
mond). See also Pipe, 7.

Pipes (Sp.). Temporary blindness
due to bad ventilation of sulphur
mines. (Halse)

Pique (Sp. Am.). A prospecting shaft ;
a winze, (Lucas)

514

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Piqueador ( Sp. ) . The man who strikes
the drill. (Halse)

Piquera (Sp.). The tap hole of a blast
furnace. See also Piqueta. (Halse)

Piqueta (Mex.). Tap hole; P. de
grasa, a slag tap ; P. de plomo, a lead
tap (D wight). See also Piquera.

Piquete (Mex.). Surveyor's stake on
the surface ; small prospect work of
any kind. (D wight)

Piquetero (Sp.). A boy who carries
picks to workmen in mines. (Halse)

Piracy. The diversion of the upper
part of a stream by the headward
growth of another stream: also
called Beheading, Stream capture,
and Stream robbery. (La Forge)

(Sp.).

Pyrargyrite.

Pyrite. See Bronce.

Pirargirita
(Dwight)

Pirita (Sp.).
(Dwight)

Pirn (Scot.), A flat-rope winding
drum. (Gresley)

Pirolusita (Sp.). Pyrolusite. (Dwight)
Pirometro (Sp.). Pyrometer. (Dwight)
Pirquin (Chile). Tribute. (Lucas)

Pirquinero (Chile). A tributor.
(Lucas)

Pisanite. An iron sulphate in which
part of the iron is replaced by cop-
per, (FeCu)SO4+7H2O. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Pisar (Sp.) 1. To dip. 2. To beat
down stones or earth with a mallet.
3. (Colom.) P. el molino, said of
stamps when they pulverize ore in
the battery. (Halse)

Piso (Sp.). 1. A floor or level.

2. The bottom working of a mine.

3. The footwall of a vein or deposit.
(Halse)

Pisolite. A limestone composed of
globular concretions, about the size
of a pea. (Webster)

Pisolitic. Consisting of rounded grains
like peas or beans. (George)

Pis6n. 1. (Sp.) A rammer for driv-
ing earth, stone, or piles. 2.
(Colom.) A stamp. 3. (Chile) A
wet-crushing mill. (Halse)

Pissasphalt; Pissasphaltum. A soft
bitumen of the consistency of tar,
black, and possessing a strong smell
(Mitzakis). See also Maltha.

Pisselaeum. A variety of bitumen.
(Mitzakis)

Pistazite. A synonym for Epidote,
moire current in Europe than Amer-
ica, and used in rock names for epl-
dote. (Kemp)

Pistola (Mex.). Small drill hole.
(Dwight)

Pistol pipe. In metal working, the
tuyere of a hot-blast furnace. (Cen-
tury)

Pit. 1. (Eng.) A colliery; a mine
shaft; a shallow hole. (Gresley)

2. The underground portion of a col-
liery, including all workings. Used
in many combinations, as pit car,
pit clothes, etc. (Steel)

3. In hydraulic mining, the excava-
tion in which piping is carried on.
(Hanks)

4. A stack of wood, prepared for the
manufacture of charcoal. (Ray-
mond)

5. A large hole from which some
mineral deposit is dug or quarried,
or the mine itself, as a gravel pit,
stone pit. 6. A hole in the ground
in which to burn something, as a
lime pit, charcoal pit. (Webster)

7. An excavation in the earthen
floor of a foundry to receive molten
metal. (Standard)

Pit bank. 1. (Scot.) The surface of
the ground at the mouth of a pit, or
shaft. (Barrowman)
2. (Eng.) The raised ground or
platforms upon which the coal Is
sorted and screened at surface,
(Gresley)

Pit bairing (Scot). Timbers support-
ing the sides of a shaft. (Gresley)

Pit boss. One who has charge of the
surface work at the mine as well as
that in the mine. A mine foreman.
(Steel)

Pit bottom. 1. (Scot.) The bottom
or lowest landing in a shaft. (Bar-
rowman)

2. (Eng.) The entrance to a mine
and the underground roads, in the
irrimediate vicinity, whether at the
bottom of the shaft or at any point
in it beneath the surface at which
the cages are loaded. Also Pit eye.
(Century)

Pit-bottom stoop (Scot.). A large
solid block or pillar left around and
to support th« mine shaft. (Gres-
ley)

Pit-brow (Lane.). The -pit bank
(Gresley). At or near the top of
a shaft.

Pit-car oiL See Summer black oiL .

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.

515

Pitch. 1. The ground assigned to
tributers. 2. The dip or inclination
of a vein or bed; more precisely, in
modern usage, the inclination of an
ore body in the direction of its
strike. (Webster)

3. See Pitch of fold.

4. In dredging, the distance between
the center of any pin anid that of
the pin in the next adjacent bucket
(Weatherbe, p. 66) 5. One of the
residues formed in the distillation of
wood or coal tar. It is also obtained
from petroleum. The term 'pitch' is
sometimes employed indisciminately
to mean bitumen or asphalt (Mlt-
zakis)

6. The amount of advance of a
screw thread in a single turn, ex-
pressed in lineal distance along or
parallel to the axis, or in turns per
unit of length 7. The distance be-
tween tooth centers, measured on
the pitch line, or the number of
teeth per unit of diameter, as in a
gear-wheel. ( Standard )

Pitch-bag (Corn.). A bag covered
with pitch, in which powder is in-
closed for charging damp holes.
(Raymond)

Pitchblende. See TJraninlte.

Pitch coal. X. A brittle lustrous bi-
tuminous coal or lignite. (Webster)
2. A kind of jet. (Standard)

Pitcher. 1. (No. of Eng.) A loader
in the pit, and one who takes up
and relays the rails at the working
faces. (Gresley)

2. One who picks over dumps for
pieces of ore, (Webster)

Pitcher brasses (Shrop.). Indurated
schistose clay. (Gresley)

Pitcher molding. In ceramics, a
method of molding by pouring thin
slip into a mold, which is then
emptied, leaving part of the mixture
adhering. As it dries more is
poured, to adhere and dry until the
required thickness is obtained.
(Standard)

Pitch-faced. In stone cutting, quarry-
faced, but having the arris defined
by a line beyond which the rock is
cut away so as to give nearly true
edges. (Webster)

Pitching. 1. The act of facing a bank
with stone; also, the stone facing.
2. Rough paving of a street to a
grade with coarse stone, or cobbles ;
a pavement so made. (Webster)

Pitching bar. A kind of pick used by
miners in beginning a drill hole.
(Webster)

Pitching chisel. In stone cutting, a
steel chisel having the cutting face
rectangular in outline. (Webster)

Pitching-stable. A Cornish paving
granite. ( Standard )

Pitch line. The line on which the
pitch of teeth is measured ; an ideal
line, in a toothed gear or rack, bear-
ing such a relation to a correspond-
ing line in another gear with which
the former works, that the two lines
will have a common velocity as in
rolling contact. (Webster)

Pitch of fold. The angle between
the horizontal and an axial line
passing through all the highest or
lowest points of a given stratum of
a syncline or anticline. (Lindgren,
P. 112)

Pitch off. A quarryman's term for
•trimming an edge of a block of stone
With a hammer and sett (Bowles).
See also Pitch-faced.

Pitch ore. See Pitchy copper ore.
Also a synonym for Pitchblende.
(Chester)

Pitch mineral. Bitumen; asphalt
(Standard)

Pitch 'OpaL An inferior quality of
common opal. (Standard)

Pitch peat A variety of peat resem-
bling asphalt (Standard)

Pitchstone. A variety of volcanic glass
similar to obsidian but having a
more resinous luster. (La Forge}
It was formerly specially used for
Pre-Tertiary glasses, i. e.t the
glasses of quartz-porphyries and por-
phyries, but time distinctions are
obsolete. Pitchstones have a marked
resinous luster as the name implies.
(Kemp)

Pitchy copper ore. An early name
(Pecherz) for a dark-colored oxide
of copper which looks like pitch.
(Chester)

Pitchy iron ore. An old synonym for
Pitticite. (Chester)

Pitchwork. In mining, work done on
condition that the miner shall re-
ceive a certain proportion of the out-
put (Standard). See Pitch, 1.

Pitch-workings. Mine workings In
steeply inclined seams.

Pit coaL Coal obtained by mining,
as distinguished from charcoal.
(Power)

516

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Tit committee (Ark.). A committee
of mine workers elected by the local
union to confer with the pit boss or
superintendent in case of disputes
between them and any miner.
(Steel)

Pit crater. A volcanic crater at the
bottom of a pit. (Standard)

Pit eye (Eng.). The bottom of the
shaft of a coal mine; also the Junc-
tion of a shaft and a level. (Ray-
mond)

Pit-eye pillar. A barrier of coal left
around a shaft to protect H from
caving. (Raymond)

Pit frame. 1. The framework carry-
ing the pit-pulley (Raymon^). See
also Head frame.

2. The framework in a coal-mine
shaft. (Standard)

Pit gate (York.). Any place in the im-
mediate vicinity of a colliery at
which miners hold meetings of their
own in reference to wages, etc.
(Gresley)

Pit guide. An iron column that guides
the cage in a mine shaft. (Stand-
ard)

Pith (Eng.). The soft part of the
lode. (Hunt)

Pit head (Scot). The landing at the
top of a shaft. (Barrowman)

Pit head-frame (Scot.). See Head
frame; Pit frame, 1.

Pit-head man (Scot). The man in
charge of the unloading of the cages
and weighing of the mineral at a
pit head. (Barrowman)

Pit heap (Eng.). See Heapstead.
Pit hill (Eng.). See Pit bank, 2.

Pit kiln. 1. A kiln sunk in the

ground, as on a hillside. 2. An

oven in which coke Js made. ( Stand-
ard)

Pit lamp; Pit light. An open lamp
worn on a miner's cap as distin-
guished from a safety lamp. (Steel)

Pit -mail. 1. (Corn.) A man employed
to examine the lifts of pumps and
the drainage. 2. (Newc.) A work-
ing miner. (Raymond)

Pit mouth (Scot.). The opening of a
shaft at the surface of the ground.
(Barrowman)

Pitometer. In hydraulics, an instru-
ment for autographically recording
variations of flowing water. It con-

sists essentially of two Pitot tubes,
one pointed upstream and one down-
stream. (Webster)

Pitot's gauge. See Pitot's tube.

Pitot's tube. A tube bent at right an-
gles, which inserted in a flowing
stream receives the force of the cur-
rent and measures its velocity by
the rise of water in the vertical
branch. (Standard)

Pit prop. A piece of timber used as
a temporary support for the mine
roof. (C. and M. M. P.)

Pit pumps (Scot). Pumps used in a
mine shaft (Barrowman)

Pit rails (Eng.). Iron or steel rails
upon which trams or tubs run in a
mine. (Gresley)

Pit room. The extent of the opening
in a mine; pit space. (Steel)

Pit rope (Eng.). Winding rope;
a hoisting rope.

Pits (So. Wales). Long open-air fires
for converting coal into coke for
blast-furnace purposes. ( Gresley )

Pit shaft (Eng.). Same as Shaft

Pitter (Eng.). A horse or pony suit-
able for underground work. (Gres-
ley)

Pitticite. Hydrous sulpharsenate of
iron, found in yellowish, reddish,
and brownish reniform masses
(Chester). Also spelled Pittizite.

Pitting. 1. The act of digging or sink-
ing a pit, as for sampling alluvial
deposits. 2. Corrosion of metal by
which small cavities are produced.
3. (Scot). Mining on the outcrop
by means of shallow pits.

Pit tip (Eng.). A bank or heap upon
which mine waste is tipped or
dumped. ( Gresley )

Pit top. 1. (Eng.) The mouth of a
mine shaft Gresley)
2. (Aust.) The structure about the
mouth of a shaft. (Power)

Pittsburgh flux. A condensed or
blown oil from Ohio petroleum; it
contains 97.6 per cent of bitumen
soluble in carbon disulphide, 66.1
pei cent of bitumen soluble in 88°
B6. naphtha, 55.5 per cent of pure
bitumen as saturated hydrocarbons,
3.7 per cent of paraffin scale, 4.75
per cent of sulphur, and 13.7 per
cent of ash-free residual coke. (Ba-
con)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

517

fit water (Aust). The moisture
contained in freshly mined coal,
which is lost by exposure to ordi-
nary atmospheric conditions.
(Power)

Pit wood (Eng.). The timber used
for propping the roof. (Gresley)

Pitwork (Corn.). The pumps and
other apparatus of the engine shaft.
(Raymond) See also Pit top.

Pit wright (Scot). An engineer who
attends to pit pumps, etc. (Barrow-
man)

Pivotal fault. See Fault

Pi vote (Mex.). The chimney of a
small copper-smelting furnace.
(Halse)

Pizarra (Sp.). Slate; P. arcillosa, a
clay state; P. carbonifera, coal,
slate or shale. (Halse)

Pizarral (Sp.). Slate quarry. (Lu-
cas)

Pizarrena (Sp.). Slaty structure.
(Dwight)

Placas (Mex.). Jaw plates for a
crusher; P. de cobre, amalgamated
copper plate; P. de unidn, fish
plate. (Halse)

Place. 1. See In place ; Also In situ. 2.
The part of a mine in which a miner
works by contract is known as his
"place" or "working place"
(Steel). A point at which the cut-
ting of coal, is being carried on.
8. (Eng.) A kind of cabin in which
tools are kept in the mine, and in
which a deputy eats his lunch.
(Gresley)

Placer (Sp.). A place where gold is
obtained by washing; an alluvial or
glacial deposit as of sand or gravel,
containing particles of gold or other
valuable mineral. In the United
States mining law, mineral deposits,
not veins in place, are treated as
placers, so far as locating, holding,
and patenting are concerned. Vari-
ous minerals besides metallic ores
have been held to fall under this
provision, but not coal, oil, or salt
(Webster)

Placer claim. A mining claim located
upon gravel or ground whose min-
eral contents are extracted by the
use of water, by sluicing, hydraul-
icklng, etc. (Duryee). The unit
claim is 1,320 feet square and con-
tains 10 acres. See Placer.

Ground with denned boundaries
which contains mineral in the earth,
sand, or gravel; ground that in-'

eludes valuable deposits not fixed
in the rock. (United States v. Iron
Silver Mining Co., 128 United States,
p. 679.) (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 507-
517.) See Claim ; also Lode claim.

Placer deposit. A mass of gravel, sandr
or similar material resulting from
the crumbling and erosion of solid
rocks and containing particles or
nuggets of gold, platinum, tin, or
other valuable minerals, that have
been derived from rocks or veins.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 184)

Placer mining. That form of mining
in which the surficlal detritus is
washed for gold or other valuable
minerals. When water under pres-
sure is employed to break down the
gravel, the term hydraulic mining
is generally employed. There are
deposits of detrital material contain-
ing gold which lie too deep to be
profitably extracted by surface min-
ing, and which must be worked by
drifting beneath the overlying bar-
ren material. To the operations
necessary to extract such auriferous
material the term drift mining is
applied. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull.
259 p. 32). See also Dredge, 1:

Placing work (Eng.). The distribu-
tion of work among trammers
(Bainbridge)

Plagihedral. In crystallography, hav-
ing an oblique spiral arrangement of
faces. (Webster)

Plagioclase. The triclinlc feldspars
are called collectively plagioclase.
The principal triclinic feldspars are
albite, anorthite, labradorite, and
ollgoclase. As constituents of rocks
they occur generally in small crys-
talline grains, and without a micro-
scopic examination it is difficult to
distinguish them in this form from
one another (Roy. Com.). A con-
venient designation for the feldspars
consisting chiefly of silicates of so-
dium, calcium, and aluminum as op-
posed to those consisting chiefly of"
potassium and aluminum silicates;
The name has reference to the
oblique character of the cleavage of
these feldspars as compared with
orthoclase, the common potassiumi
feldspar. (Rausome)

Plagioclastic. Having the cleavage1 of"
plagioclase ; breaking obliquely...
(Standard)

Plagionite. A sulphide of lead and
antimony, of a blackish lead-gray
color and metallic luster. ((Web-
ster)

518

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plain. An extent of level, or nearly
level, land; a region not noticeably
diversified with mountains, hills, or
valleys. (Century)

Plain shale (Scot). Oil shale not
foliated. (Barrowman)

Plan. 1. The system on which a col-
liery is worked, as Longwall, Pilla.r-
and-breast, etc. 2. A map or plan
showing outside improvements and
underground workings. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Plan (Sp.). 1. The lowest working in
a mine. 2. P. del tiro, the sump of
a shaft. 3. An inclined plane. 4. A
survey plan. 5. (Colom.) An arti-
ficial surface, slightly inclined, con-
structed on bedrock or sand for the
deposition of alluvium. 6. (Colom.)
A die or shoe of a stamp. 7. Tr aba-
jar de plan, to sink vertically or on
an incline (Halse). See also Piano.

Planation. 1. The widening of valleys
through lateral corrasion by streams
after they reach grade and begin to
swing, and the concurrent formation
of flood plains. Also, by the exten-
sion of the above processes, the re-
duction of divides and the merging
of valley plains to form a pene-
plain; peneplanation. 2, The grad-
ing of an area or district by any
erosive process, either subaerial or
marine. (La Forge)

Planch. A slab of fire brick in an
enameling-furnace, to support the
work while baking. (Standard)

Plancha (Mex.). 1. Pig, ingot, bar,
plate, thick sheet, or mass of any
metal. 2. Bucking board. 3. Mud-
sill. 4. Steel sheet. 5. Turnplate.
6. Amalgamating plate. 7. A charge
of roasted ore weighing about 70
pounds. (Dwight)

Planchera (Mex.). Ingot mold of
sand, earth, or iron. (Dwight)

Plancheta ' ( Sp. ) . A plane table used
in surveying. (Halse)

Planchuela* (Mex.). Fishplates.
(Dwight)

Plane. 1. Usually applied to self-act-
ing inclines, but any slope or incline
on which coal is raised or lowered
may be called a plane. (Chance)

2. A flat or level surface. (Web-
ster)

3. (Scot.) A working room driven
at right angles to or facing the
joint planes. ( Barrowman )

4. In brickmaking, a trowel-like tool
for striking off clay that projects
above the mold. (Standard)

Planear (Mex.). To extract gold from
fissures, cracks, etc., in soft uneven
bedrock. (Halse)

Plane course, or on plane (Scot). In
the direction facing the joint planes.
(Barrowman)

Plane of symmetry. A plane to which
a crystal is symmetrical ; that is, for
each face or angle of the crystal
there is a similar face or angle in
such position on the opposite side of
the plane that the line joining the
two faces or angles is perpendicular
to the plane. (La Forge)

Plane surveying. Surveying in which
the curvature of the earth is disre-
garded, as in ordinary field and to-
pographic surveying. (Webster)

Plane table. 1. A simple surveying in-
strument by means of which one can
plot the lines of a survey directly
from the observations. It consists
of* drawing board on a tripod, with
a ruler, the ruler being pointed at
the object observed. (Webster)
2. An inclined ore-dressing table.
(Standard)

Planetesimal. One of numerous small
solid planetary bodies which, ac-
cording to the planetesimal hypothe-
sis, had individual orbits about the
sun and of which the planets were
formed by aggregation. (La Forge)

Planetesimal hypothesis. The hypothe-
sis that the earth, and the other
planets, were formed by the colli-
sion and coalescence of planetesi-
mals and have never been wholly
molten. (La Forge)

Planilla (Mex.). 1. Inclined floor
upon which tailings are washed. 2.
Stationary buddle. 3. Sorting table.

4. Wooden skimmer for molten
metal. (Dwight)

5. Packing or goaf. (Halse)

Planillero (Mex.). A workman on the
planilla, always paid according to
amount of concentrates produced.
(Dwight)

Planimeter. An instrument for meas-
uring the area of any plane figure
by passing a tracer around the
bounding plane. (Webster)

Planish. To condense, smooth, and
toughen, as metal, by hammer blows.
( Standard )

Planisher. A device by which to flat-
ten thin sections cut for microscopic
examination. (Standard)

Plank (So. Wales). Strata drained
of gas. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

519

Plunk dam (Eng.). A water-tight
stopping fixed In a beading, and con-
structed .of plank placed across the
(Gresley)

Plank hook. In mining, a form of cant
hook used for shifting planks.
(Standard)

Plank-timbering. The lining of a
shaft with rectangular plank
frames. ( Raymond )

Plank:tnbbing. The lining of a shaft
with planks, spiked on the inside of
curbs. ( Raymond )

Piano (Sp.). 1. A plan. 2. The floor
of a mine working. 3. A plane; P.
inclinado, an inclined plane ; P. de
crucero,ln geology, a plane of cleav-
age; P. de estratiflcacidn, a plane of
stratification; P. de fractura, plane
of fracture; P. de junta, a Joint
plane. 4. P. -de retbalamiento, a
slickensides. 5. P. de nivel, a
datum line (Halse). See also Plan.

Planophyre. A rock in which the
phenocrysts are arranged in layers.
(Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 224)

Plant. 1. The shaft or slope, tunnels,
engine houses, railways, machinery,
workshops, etc., of a colliery or
other mine. (Steel)
2. To place gold or any valuable ore
in the ground, in a mine, or the like
to give a false impression of the
richness of the property. To "salt,"
as to plant gold with a shotgun.
(Webster) See Salting a mine.

Plant6 battery. A type of storage bat-
tery with both electrodes of lead
and the electrolyte < of sulphuric
acid. (Webster)

Plasma. A variety' .of .chalcedonic
quartz. (Dana)

Plastering. Same as Mudcapping.

Plaster mill. 1. A machine consisting
of a roller or set of rollers for
grinding lime or gypsum to powder.
2. A mortar mill; (Century)

Plaster of Paris. A plaster made from
gypsum by grinding and calcining
it; so called from its manufacture
near Paris in France. In Canada
this term has been adopted for
gypsum in any form (Roy. Com.).
It forms with water a paste which
soon sets, and is used for casts,
moldings, etc.

Plaster pit (Derb.). A gypsum mine.
(Gresley)

Plaster stone. Gypsum.

Plastic. Capable of being molded or
modeled, as clay or plaster. (Web-
ster)

Plasticity. The property possessed by
clay of forming a plastic mass when
mixed with water. (Ries)

Plat. 1. A floor for loading, unload-
ing, etc., of ore, etc., at the junc-
tion of a shaft with a level (Web-
ster). A platform.

2. A swinging or revolving door
used Intermittently to connect two
trackways. (Ihlseng)

3. The map of a survey in hori-
zontal projection, as of a mine,
townslte, etc.

Plata (Sp.). Silver; P. agria, silver
glance; P. blanca, native silver; P.
ceniza, chloride of silver ; P. cdrnea
amarilla, iodyrite; P. cdrnea blanca,
cerargyrite ; P. esponja, silver
sponge; P. maciza, (Peru), native
silver, generally in small sheets; P.
mixta, gold and silver alloy; P.
neffra, argentite ; P. nina, silver bul-
lion obtained by retorting amalgam,
and not yet melted ; P. pasta, silver
bullion ; spongy silver bars after re-
torting; P. verde, bromyrite; embo-
lite. (Dwight)

P. de ley, standard silver. (Min.
Jour.)

.Plataforma (Sp.). 1. A platform, a
scaffold, 2. A turn table. 3. A
multiple-deck skip or " giraffe."
(Halse)

Plate. 1. (Scot.) A flat cast-iron
or malleable-iron sheet laid at the
shaft, bottom or at any landing to
enable the cars to be easily turned
and moved about A cast-iron plat£
wfth a circular ridge on which cars
are turned at junction of roads.
(Barrowman)

2. (Eng.) Black shale; a slaty
rock. (Hunt)

3. A sheet of rolled iron or steei a
quarter of an inch or more thick.

4. To cdver over with gold, sil-
ver, or other metal, either mechani-
cally or chemically. (Webster)

5. Plate glass. 6, A horizontal tim-
ber laid on a wall to receive a frame-
work. (Standard) ,

7. A sheet of copper coated with
mercury for collecting gold. See
also Amalgamation, 2.

Plate amalgamation. Amalgamation
in which the crushed ore, suspended
in water, is brought in contact-, with
surfaces coated with a layer of mer-
cury. (Clennell, p. 198)

620

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plate-and-frame filter press. A filter
press consisting of plates with a
gridiron surface alternating with
hollow frames, all of which are held
by means of lugs, on the press
framework. The corners of both
frames and plates are cored to make
continuous passages for pulp and so-
lution. The filter cloth is placed
over the plates. The pulp passage-
way connects with the large square
opening in the frame; the solution
passageways connect with the grid-
iron surface of the plate. The
Dehne and the Merrill are well-
known types. (Liddell)

Plateau. An upland, tableland, or ele-
vated plain having a fairly smooth
surface and bounded, on at least
one side, by an escarpment separat-
ing it from lower country. 2. A dis-
trict or region of considerable extent
and somewhat diverse surface, not
dominantly mountainous but com-
monly including some mountains,
which lies in general distinctly
higher than the surrounding or ad-
jacent country ; an extensive upland
region. 3. A formerly smooth upland
or elevated plain now so much dis-
sected that only traces of the former
surface remain on flat-topped hills
and ridges of nearly uniform alti-
tude: more properly called a Dis-
sected plateau. (La Forge)

Plate machine. An improved form of
potters' wheel for forming porce-
lain plates for table use. (Stand-
ard)

Plate mark. A special mark put on ar-
ticles made of precious metal to show
the place of manufacture, fineness of
the metal, etc. (Standard)

Plate metal. Refined iron run in molds
and broken up for remelting or for
use in a mix. (Webster)

Plate nail (Eng.). A nail or spike to
fasten tram plates and rails to the
sleepers . ( G. C. Green wel 1 )

Plater. One who plates articles with
a coating of precious or lustrous
metals : usually in composition, as, a
silver-plater. (Standard)

Platero (Sp.). A silversmith. (Dwight)

Plate oven. A double oven in one part
of which the split cylinders of sheet
or cylinder glass are heated before
being flattened, the sheets then being
placed in the other chamber to be
annealed. (Webster)

Plate rail ( Scot. ) . A flat cast-iron rail
with a flange on one side. (Barrow-
man)

Plate roll. A smooth roll for making
sheet iron or plate iron, as distin-
guished from one having grooves fot
rolling rails, beams, etc. (Stand-
ard)

Plate shale. A hard argillaceous shale.
(Raymond)

Plate tongs. Tongs for grasping and
handling iron or steel plates. ( Stand-
ard)

Platform. 1. A wooden floor on the
side of gangway at the bottom of an
inclined seam, to which the coal runs
by gravity, and from which it is
shoveled into mine cars. 2. A scaf-
fold. 3. A bench in a glass-furnace
for receiving pots. (Standard)

Platillo (Sp.). 1. Scale pan. 2. A
small cog wheel. 3. The small disk
on a chain pump. 4. (Mex.) A red
earthen plate for testing ore or
slime. (Halse)

Platina. 1. Same as Platinum. 2.
Twisted silver wire. (Standard)

Platina mohr. Same as Platinum
black, which see. (Standard)

Plating. Art, or process, of covering
anything with plates, or with a coat-
ing of metal. (Webster)

Plating hammer. A trip hammer for
working on heavy metal plates for
armored vessels. (Standard)

Platinic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining platinum, especially in its
higher valence ; as, platinic chloride.
Compare Piatinous. (Standard)

Platiniferous. Containing or yielding
platinum. (Standard)

Platiniridium. An alloy of iridium
with platinum and other metals of
that group, found native. (Stand-
ard)

Platinize; Platinate. To coat or com-
bine with platinum, especially by
electroplating. (Standard)

Platinocyanide. A cyanide of plati-
num and some other element or radi-
cal. (Standard)

Platinoid. 1. Resembling platinum. 2.
An alloy of German silver and 1 or
2 per cent of tungsten, used in the
manufacture of resistance coils and
other electrical appliances. 3. A
platinum metal. (Standard)

Piatinous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining platinum, especially in its
lower valence (Standard). Com-
pare Platinic.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

521

Platinum. A heavy, almost silver-
white metallic element, ductile and
malleable, but very infusible and
resistant to most chemical reagents.
Melting point about 1,710° G. Sym-
bol, Pt; atomic weight, 195.2; spe-
cific gravity, 21.4 (Webster). Prac-
tically all platinum is found in the
metallic state, though small quanti-
ties are obtained from sperrylite
(which see) and in the electrolytic
refining of copper. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Platinum black. A soft, dull-black
powder of metallic platinum, ob-
tained by reduction and precipita-
tion from its solutions. 'Webster)

Platinum luster. A silvery luster
given by a platinum glaze, more
commonly known as Silver luster.
(Standard)

Platinum metals. The group of me-
tallic elements which in their chemi-
cal and physical properties resemble
platinum. They are rhodium, ru-
thenium, and palladium whose spe-
cific gravities are about 12, and
osmium, irridium and platinum
whose specific gravities are over 21.
(Webster)

Platinum sponge Metallic platinum
in gray, porous, spongy form, ob-
tained by reducing the double
chloride of platinum and ammo-
nium. It occludes oxygen, hydrogen
and other gases, to a high degree
and is employed as an agent in oxi-
dizing. (Webster)

Platinum yellow. A pigment consist-
Ing of an alkaline chloroplatinate.
(Webster)

Plat6n (Sp.). A small pan used for
ore washing. (Halse)

Platt (Corn.). An enlargment of a
level near a shaft, where ore may
await hoisting, wagons pass each
other, etc. (Raymond^ Same as
Plat, 1.

Flatten. In glass-making, to flatten
out ; make into sheets or plates ; spe-
cifically, to make (a blown cylinder)
into a sheet by cutting lengthwise
and softening so that it opens out.
(Standard)

Platting. Brick laid flatwise on top
of a kiln to keep in the heat. (Ries)

Plattaerit*. Lead dioxide, PbO*
Rarely in prismatic crystals, usu-
ally massive. Luster, submetallic.
Color, iron-black. (Dana)

Plattner's process. A process for ex-
tracting gold in which a charge of
gold-bearing pulp is placed in a re-
volving iron drum lined with lead,
and a stream of chlorine gas is con-
ducted through the pulp, producing
chloride of gold, which is soluble in
water (Goesel). See Chlorination
process.

Play. 1. (No. of Eng.) To work a
steel mill. See Steel mill. 2. Idle,
said of a mine not at work. See
Play day (Gresley)

Playa (Sp.). 1. A shore, strand,
beach, or bank of a river. Gener-
ally sandy, and sometimes aurifer-
ous. (Halse)

2. The shallow central basin of a
desert/plain, in which water gathers-
after a rain and is evaporated.
(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p.
184)

Play day (Eng.). A day on which, on
account of accident, or other causes,
mines are not worked (Gresley),
See Play, 2.

Player (Eng.). A man who formerly
worked a steel mill (Gresley). See
Steel mill.

Playero (Peru). One employed in
gold washing. (Halse)

Play-in (Leic.). To commence holing
or undercutting a face of coal at
the side of a heading. (Gresley)

Plaza (Sp.). 1. Room or space. 2,
The bottom of a shaft furnace; the
floor or bed of a reverberatory fur-
nace. (Halse)

Plaza miner (Mex.). Any one who
spends much of his time at a plaza,
hotel lobby, etc., talking of pros-
pects, mines, and mining operations.

Plazo (Sp.). The term of a bond or
refusal of a mining property
(Halse). An option.

Plegar (Sp.). To fold, as of geologi-
cal strata. (Halse)

Pleiocene. See Pliocene.

Pleistocene. The earlier of the two
epochs comprised in the Quarter-
nary period, in the classification
generally used. Also called Glacial
epoch and formerly called Ice age,
Post-Pliocene, and Post-Tertiary.
Also the series of sediments de-
posited during that epoch, including
both glacial deposits and ordinary
sediments. Some geologists for-
merly used Pleistocene as synony-
mous with Quarternary and in-
cluded in it all post-Tertiary time
and deposits. (La Forge)

622

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pleito ( Sp. ) . A lawsuit. ( Min. Jour. )

Pleochroic. Exhibiting several differ-
ent colors or tints when looked
through in different directions.
(Butler)

Plenum. A system of ventilation in
which air is forced into an inclosed
space, as a room or a caisson so that
the outward pressure of air in the
space is slightly greater than the in-
ward pressure from the outside, and
leakage is outward instead of in-
ward (Webster). A mode of venti-
lating a mine or a heading by forc-
ing fresh air into it. (Gresley)

Pleochroism. The property of colored
double-refracting minerals whereby
light penetrating in different direc-
tions shows different • colors.
(Power)

Pleomorphism. The property of crys-
tallizing under two or more distinct
fundamental forms. (Webster)

Pleonaste. Same as Ceylonite.

Plesiomorphism. The property of cer-
tain substances of crystallizing in
similar forms while unlike in chemi-
cal composition. Called also Iso-
gonism. (Standard)

Plicated. Folded together, as in highly
inclined and contorted strata. (Roy.
Com.)

Pliegue ( Sp. ) . A fold or slip. ( Halse )

Plies (Scot). Successive thin layers
of coal or rock. ( Gresley) See also
Ply.

Pliocene. The latest of the epochs

.comprised in the Tertiary period, in

the classification generally used.

Also the series of strata deposited

during that epoch. (La Forge)

Plodding (Scot). Uncertain; irregu-
lar, i. e.y a plodding band or seam
of ironstone. ( Barrowman )

Plomada (Mex.). Plumb line, or
plumb bob. (Dwight)

Plomero (Mex.). 1. A lead tapper; a
furnace man. 2. Plumber. (Dwight)

Plomillos (Mex.). 1. Shots of lead
found in slag. (Dwight)
2. At San Luis Potosi, Mex., tin ore
in which hematite predominates, or
Is present in equal proportions.
(Halse)

Plomo (Sp.). 1. Lead; P. aflnado, re-
fined lead ; P. agrto, slag lead, hard
lead; P. de obra, argentiferous lead,
base bullion; P. pobrc, lead poor in

silver. 2. (Mex.) Lead ore, gener-
ally galena, 3. P. ronco (Peru),
argentite. (Halse)

£lot. 1. A surveyor's or engineer's
map of a piece of ground; a chart,
plan, or geographical representation.

2. To locate on a map or chart, as
a point, curve, diagram, or plan;
represent graphically; make a map
or chart of (Standard). See Plat

3. (Corn.) "To cut a plot" is to
make room, or square out a piece of
ground by the side of the lode or
shaft, for holding the broken ore or
waste for other convenient purposes.
(Pryce)

Plotting scale. A scale used for set-
ting off the lengths of lines in sur-
veying. (Century)

Plow steel. A high-tensile steel first
used in rope for plowing fields. Now
widely used in the manufacture of
hoisting ropes.

Pluck. To tear away projecting pieces
of rock; said of the action of
glaciers on contiguous rock. (Stand-
ard)

Plucking. The disruption of blocks
of rock by a glacier. (Standard)

Plucky. A term applied to stones that,
under the chisel, • break away in
irregular conchoidal chips, thus
making it difficult to secure a smooth
face. (Gillette, p. 6)

Plug. 1. A mass of igneous rock
formed in the vent of a volcano.
Dome, spine, or aiguille. (Daly, p.
130)

2. In surveying, a reference peg
driven flush with the ground. (Web-
ster)

3. A hammer closely resembling the
bully. (Raymond)

4. See Plug-and-feather.

Plug-and-feather. The plug is a
wedge and the feathers are two short
pieces of half-round iron whose
curved sides fit the sides of a drill
hole while their flat sides receive the
plug. By driving the plugs in a
series of holes, a stone may be
broken. (Gillette, p. 541)

Plug box (Eng.). A wooden water-
pipe used in coffering. (Gresley)

Plug drill. A stone cutter's percussion
drill. (Webster)

Plugged crib (York). A walling crib
carried by iron plugs (two to each
segment) fixed in the wall rock.
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

523

Plugging. 1. The stopping of the flow
of water into a shaft by plugs of
clay. (C. and M. M. P.)

2. (Eng.). Supporting a Crib upon
Iron bars fixed in the wall of a
shaft (Gresley)

3. (Scot). Blasting by means of
plug shots. (Barrowman)

Plug hole. Same as Block hole. (Dn
Pont)

Plugman (Newc.).. The man in charge
of the pumping engine. (Min. Jour.)

Plug shot (Scot.). A small charge ex-
ploded in a hole to break up a stone
of moderate size. (Barrowman)

Plum. An old form of plumb.

Plumb. 1. Vertical. 2. A plumb bob;
a plummet (Webster)
3. To carry a survey into a mine
through a shaft by means of heavily
weighted fine wires hung vertically
in the shaft The line of sight pass-
ing through the wires at the surface
is, thus transferred to the mine work-
ings. An important piece of work
in mine shafts, and in transferring
courses or bearings from one level
to another.

Plumbagina (Sp.). Graphite. (Halse)
Plumbing; Plumming. See Plumb, 3.

Plumbaginous. Containing plumbago,
as plumbaginous schists; some crys-
talline limestones are also plum-
baginous. (Roy. Com.)

Plumbago. The mineral graphite
chiefly used in the manufacture of
pencils, etc. ; more commonly known
as black lead, and very often
wrongly thought to be lead by its
resemblance to it (Skinner). Also
used as a lubricant *

Plumbean. Consisting of or resembling
lead. (Standard)

Plumbeous ware. In ceramics, earthen-
ware with a lead glaze. (Standard)

Plumbic. Of, pertaining to, or contain-
ing lead, especially in its higher val-
ence; as plumbic chloride. (Stand-
ard)

Plumbic ocher. Same as Massicot
(Standard)

Plumbiferous. Producing, or contain-
ing lead. (Webster)

Plumbism. Lead poisoning. (Stand-
ard)

Plumb line. A line or cord having at

.: one end a weight, usually conoidal

and of brass or lead, used to deter-

mine vertically; a plummet; a
sounding line (Webster) Used 'in
mine-shaft plumbing. See Plumb, 3.

Plumbocalcite. A variety of calcite
containing a small amount of lead
carbonate. (Century)

Plumbogummite. A hydrous phos-
phate of lead and aluminum. (Cen-
tury)

Plumbojarosite. A hydrous sulphate
of lead and Iron, PbFe.(OH)u(SO«)+
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Plumbous. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining lead, especially in its lower
valence, as plumbous chloride.
(Standard)

Plum-bulking (Scot). The full dip
of the coal seam. (Gresley)

Plumbum (L.). Lead; so called In
pharmacy and old chemistry.
(Standard)

Plum-hatching (Scot). The full rise
of n coal bed. (Gresley)

Plummet. See Plumb line.

Plumes antimony. An early name for
jamesonite, which is also called
Feather ore.- (Chester)

Plumose. Having a feathery appear-
ance ( Thompson )

Plumose mica. A variety of muscovlte
mica. (Power)

Plumosite. A synonym for Jameson-
ite. (Chester)

Plump (Corn.). A corruption of th«
word pump. (Pryce)

Plump hole (Scot). A hole at the
surface caused by the extraction of
mineral from underneath. (Bar-
rowman)

Plum-pitch (Brist). The full rise or
full dip of the strata. (Gresley)

Plum-pudding stone. Pudding stone;
a conglomerate. (Webster)

Plunge. 1. In surveying, to set the
horizontal cross wire of a theodolite
in the direction of a grade. 2. To
turn over the telescope of a transit
on its horizontal transverse axis.
(Webster)

8. Called pitch or rake by many
authors. Applied 'to ore bodies, is
the vertical angle between a hori-
zontal plane and the line of maxi-
mum elongation of the body. (Lind-
gren, p. 142) :,; .. ;;.

524

GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Plunge a grade. To establish a grade
between two points of known level
by sighting the target, set up at
either point, through a theodolite
fixed at the other* point, clamping
and setting the instrument, and then
bringing the target into the fixed
line of sight at any desired interme-
diate point on the grade. (Webster)

Plunge pole; Plunger pole (Eng.).
The piston- or pump-rod of a pump-
ing-engine; a plunger. (Standard)

Plunger. 1. The piston of a force-
pump. (Raymond)
2. A tank in which the clay and
other ingredients are worked with
water to the proper consistency. 3.
A reckless gambler or speculator.
(Webster)

4. In blasting, a rod designed for
thrusting into a drill hole and ascer-
taining the position of the cartridge.
(Standard) ,

Plunger bucket. A piston, without a
valve, in a pump. (Webster)

Plunger case. The pump barrel, or
cylinder, in which a solid piston or
plunger works (Gfresley). Also
called Pole case.

Plunger lift (Scot.). A pump and
column of pipes attached, raising"
water by means of a ram or piston.
(Barrowman)

Plunge rod. A level rod used in sur-
veying. (Webster)

Plunger pump. A pump having a solid
reciprocating piston instead of one
with a valve, usually one In which
such solid piston is of considerable
length as compared with its diame-
ter. (Standard)

Plush copper; Plush copper ore. A
Cornish name for chalcotrichite,
probably alluding to its appearance.
A fibrous red oxide copper mineral.
(Dana)

Plui sight. See Back sight

Plutonic. Of igneous origin. A gen-
eral name for those rocks that have
crystallized in the depths of the
earth, and have therefore assumed,
as a rule, the granitoid texture.
(Kemp)

Pluvial. In geology, due to the action
of rain. (Webster)

Ply (So. Staff.). A thin bed or band
of shale, etc., . lying immediately
over a coal seam (Gresley). See
al*o Mining ply.

Pneumatic drill. A drill of either the
reciprocating or hammer type oper-
ated by compressed air.

Pneumatic hoist. A device for hoist-
ing, operated by compressed air.
(Standard)

Pneumatic jig. A jigging machine in
which an air blast performs the
work of separation of minerals.
(Standard)

Pneumatics. The branch of physic*
that treats of the mechanical prop-
erties of gases, such as their pres-
sure, elasticity, density, and also of
pneumatic mechanism. (Standard)

Pneumatogenic. In geology, derived
from or modified by substances in a
gaseous condition ; said of ores and
other mineral deposits ; contrasted
with Hydatogenic. (Standard)

Pneumatolysis. The alteration of
rocks and the formation of minerals
during or as a result of the emana-
tion of gases and vapors from solidi-
fying igneous rocks. (La Forge)
The chief gas concerned is water,
under such conditions both of high
temperature and high pressure that
it is a true gas. (Shamel, p. 136)

Pneumatolytic. Characteristic of, per*
taining to, or formed during pneu-
matolysis. (La Forge) A general
name applied to those minerals that
have been produced in connection
with igneous rocks through the
agency of the gases or vapors called
mineralizers. They may be in the
igneous mass itself or in cracks in
the wall rock. The term is much
used in discussions of ore deposits.
(Kemp)

Pneumonaconiosis. A disease of the
lungs due to habitually inhaling
minute mineral or metallic particles,
as of coal dust in Anthracosis;
Miner's asthma, or Miner's lung.
(Webster)

Poblador (Mex.). 1. Shift boss. «.
The miner who points the holes.
(Dwight)

Poblar (Mex.). To set men at work
in a mine. (Dwight)

Pobre (Sp.). Barren, sterile; said of
rocks, veins, etc. Low-grade ore or
metal. (Halse)

Pocao (Braz.). Pits in river beds in
which diamond-bearing gravel Is
found. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

525

Pocket. 1. A small body of ore; an
enlargement of a lode or vein; an
irregular cavity containing ore. 2. A
natural underground reservoir of
water. 3. A receptacle, from which
<x>al, ore, or waste is loaded into
wagons or cars. (Raymond)

4. A ganister quarryman's local term
for masses of rock 30 to 50 feet in
width that are worked out and
loaded, buttresses of untouched rock

"being left between them to support
the upper masses. * Bowles)

5. A hole or depression in the wear-
ing course of a roadway. (Bacon)

6. A glen or hollow among moun-
tains. (Century)

Pocket hunter. A term used in Cali-
fornia for a miner or prospector who
searches for small gold deposits
which occur on the surface In the
Mother Lode and other districts of
the State.

Pockety. Containing only occasional
bunches of good ore. (Weed)

Poco (Braz.). 1. A well. 2. A shaft.
See alto Pozo. (Halse)

Pocono sandstone. A sandstone of the
Mississippian system in the northern
Appalachians, especially in Pennsyl-
vania. It is oil-and-gas bearing in
West Virginia, and is called by the
drillers Big Injun sand. (Webster)

Poder (Corn.). Refuse copper ore
(Standard). Sometimes spelled Po-
dar.

Podrir jaguas (Colom.). To expose
concentrates to the air in order to
oxidize the sulphur, and thereby fa-
cilitate the extraction of the gold.
(Halse)

Poicilitic. See Poikilitic.

Poikilit; Poikilopyxite. Same as Born-
ite.

Poikilitic. Having small crystals
lying in all positions in larger
crystals of another mineral ; said of
the fabric of some igneous rocks.
(La Forge) A term proposed
by G. H. Williams for those rocks
which have mottled luster, because
on the shining cleavage faces of
some of their minerals small inclu-
sions of others occur, producing the
effect. The same thing was earlier
called "luster mottling!' by Pum-
pelly, but poikilitic has proved a
useful term both in megascopic and
microscopic work. It is also spelled
poicilitic and poecilitic. (Kemp)

Point. 1. The tapering end of any-
thing pointed, as of a needle, pencil,
etc. 2. The tapering end of a tract
of land; also a peak. 3. A stone-
cutter's tool with a pyramidal end
used to smooth down rough surfaces.
4. A tapering rail, as in a frog or
switch. 5. A pointed steam pipe
used in a system of thawing frozen
ground in sinking a shaft 6. To
finish a wall by filling the joints
with cement or mortar. (Webster)

7. (Eng.) The bearing or direction,
in reference to the magnetic merid-
ian, in which an underground road
is driven. (Gresley) i ...

8. In quarrying, a type of wedge
that tapers to a narrow, thin edge.
(Bowles)

9. The end or bottom of a bore hole,
as distinguished from the mouth or
collar. (Du Pont)

Pointed box. A box, In the form of
inverted pyramid or wedge, in which
minerals, after crushing and sizing,
are separated in a current of water
(Raymond). See Spitzkasten.

Pointer. In masonry, a tool for clear-
ing the mortar from old joints in
order to point them (Standard). See
Point, 6.

Point of the horse. The point where
a lode splits or divides into two
parts. (Whitney)

Point out. Said of a well in which
the bore of the hole becomes re-
duced to a size too small to permit
further work.

Poison tower. A chamber in which
the fumes of sulphur and arsenic
are condensed in the manufacture
of arsenic in Saxony and Silesia.
(Standard)

Poker. See Picker.

Pokkers and jetters (Eng.). Blocks
or pulleys, which carry or support
the connecting rods of pumps or
engines. (Pryce)

Polar glacier. A glacier formed in
the high latitudes. (Chamberlin,
vol. 1, p. 239)

Polarise ope. An instrument for study-
ing the properties of, and examining
substances in polarized light (Web-
ster)

Polarization. The process by which
ordinary light is changed into polar-
ized light The plane at right
angles to the plane of transverse vi-
bration is called the plane of polari-
zation. (Dana)

526

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Polarized. Changed from the ordinary
state, in which the transverse vibra-
tions occur in all planes passing
through the line qf propagation, to
a state in which they are in a sin-
gle plane: said of light under cer-
tain conditions, especially when
passed through a doubly refracting
crystal. (La Forge)
Polarized light is used to distin-
guish minerals, particularly color-
less, transparent ones, under the
microscope.

Polarizer. That one of the two Nicol
prisms in a polarizing microscope
through which the light passes be-
fore reaching the mineral section
which is being examined. (La
Forge)

Polders (Dutch). Low fertile lands,
reclaimed by vast systems of dikes
and embankments from the sea.
(Page)

Pole. 1. Either extremity of an axis
of a sphere. (Webster)

2. In glass-making, to work (as
molten glass) with a pole, to di-
minish the lilac color due to the
presence of a low manganese oxide.

3. To work, as molten copper, with
a pole to lessen the amount of
copper oxide present. See Poling, 2.
(Standard)

Polea (Sp.). Pulley wheel, or sheave.
(Halse)

Pole case (Eng.). See Plunger case.

Pole chain. A surveyor's chain.
(Standard)

Pole drill. In well boring, a system
where a rigid connection is used be-
tween the drilling tools and the
reciprocating beam. (Nat Tube
Co.)

Pole piece. A mass of iron forming
the end of an electromagnet, by
means of which the lines of mag-
netic force are concentrated and di-
rected. (Century)

Pole tools. The tools used in drilling
.with rods. See Cable tools. (Ray-
mond)

Policeman (Scot). A movable guard
over or around a shaft mouth or at
mid-workings; safety gates. (Bar-
rowman)

Poling. 1. Stirring a metallic bath
(of copper, tin, or lead) with a pole
of green wood, to cause ebullition
and deoxidation in the refining
process. (Raymond)
2. The act or process of temporarily
protecting the face of a level, drift,

cut, etc., by driving poles or planks
along the sides of the yet unbroken
ground (Webster). Used especially
for holding up soft ground. See
also Forepoling.

Polings. Poles used instead of planks
for lagging. (Raymond) Also
spelled Pollings.

Polishing bed. An apparatus in which
stone slabs, etc., are rubbed smoth,
usually with felt-covered blocks
charged with avpowder. (Standard)

Polishing cask. A bnrrel in which
grained gunpowder is tumbled with
graphite to glaze it (Standard)

Polishing mill. A lap of metal, leather,
or wood used by lapidaries in polish-
ing gems. (Century)

Polishing oil. A term applied to that
fraction, having a boiling point of
130° to 160° C., obtained in refining
petroleum. (Bacon)

Polishing slate. A gray or yellow
slate, consisting of siliceous organ-
isms, used for polishing; found
chiefly in the coal measures of Bo-
hemia and in Auvergne, France.
(Standard).

Polishing snake. A serpentine found
near the Ayr, in Scotland, used for-
merly in polishing lithographic
stones. (Standard)

Polishing stone. Polishing slate.
(Standard)

Polissoir. In glass-making, a hard-
wood block with a long iron handle
by which to flatten glass cylinders
newly opened out; a flattener.
(Standard)

Poll. 1. (Corn.) The head or strik-
ing part of a miner's hammer. (Ray-
mond)

2. (So. Wales). To clean the shale
off ironstone. ( Gresley )

Polios (Peru). Small bags of rich ore
given by the miners, on Saturdays,-
to the proprietors. (Halse)

Poll pick. A pick with a head for
breaking away hard partings in coal
seams or knocking down rock al-

' ready seamed by blasting. (Ray-
mond)

Pollucite. Hydrous csesium-sodium-
aluminum silicate, H2O.(Cs,Na)»O.-
AlaOs.5SiO2. Found in pegmatite.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Pollux. Same as Pollucite. (Stand-
ard)

Polrose. Same as Polroz.

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

527

Polroz (pronounced polrosc). (Corn.).
The pit underneath a water wheel.
(Raymond)

Polstean (Corn.). A tin pit. (Davies)

Polvillo (Sp. Am.). 1. Rich, black sil-
ver sulphide concentrates, obtained
In the patio process. 2. P. buenos,
good ore; the richest ore. (Halse)

Polvillos (Mex.). Rich concentrates,
or very high-grade ores. (Halse)

Polvo (Mex.). Dust; flue dust; P. de
cor&dn, coal-dust. (Halse)

P61vora (Sp.). Gunpowder. In Span-
ish America, a miner's term for" any
blasting material; P. de algoddn,
guncotton (Halse). P. de mina, any
powder used in mining. (Lucas)

Polvorero (Sp.). Powder man; pow-
der monkey. (Halse)

Polvorillas. 1. (Peru) Decomposed
sulphide of silver (Dwight). 2.
(Mex.) Altered marcasite contain-
ing some gold. 3. Estano de p. (Du-
rango, Mex.), tin ore penetrating
the country rock. 4. (Chile) A
ferruginous pulverulent copper ore,
phillipite. (Halse)

Polvorin (Sp.). A powder magazine.
(Halse)

Polybasite. Sulphide of silver and
antimony, Ag»SbS«. If pure, it
would contain 75.6 per cent silver,
but copper replaces part of the sil-
ver; also arsenic replaces antimony.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Polychromatic. Showing a variety, or
a change of colors. (Webster)

Polycrase. A columbate and titanate
of yttrium, erbium, cerium, and
uranium, with some iron and water.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Polydymite. A nickel sulphide, per-
haps NUS«. (Dana)

Polygenetic. Originating" in various
ways or from various sources;
formed at different places or times
or from different parts ; said specifi-
cally, in geology, of mountain
ranges; ^opposed to Monogenetic.
(Standard)

Polygenous; Polygenic. Composed of
or containing several different kinds
of material; heterogeneous in com-
position; as polygenous conglomer-
ate. (Standard)

Polygonal masonry. Masonry formed
of polygonal stones, or of stones
strictly not coursed, whose Joints

exhibit any other than a right an-
gle, but which are carefully fitted
together. ( Standard )

Polylith. A megalithic structure of
several or many stones, as a dol-
men or stone circle, and dating
from Neolithic times. (Webster)

Polymeric. Having the same elements
united in the same proportions by-
weight, but with different molecular
weights. (Webster)

Polymerize. To change into another
substance having the same elements
in the same proportions, but a
higher molecular weight. (Web-
ster)

Polymnite. A stone marked with
dendrites and black lines, that have
a fancied resemblance to rivers,
marshes, and ponds. (Standard)

Polymorph. A substance crystalliz-
able in several distinct forms; also
any one of these forms. (Webster)

Polymorphism. The property of hav-
ing or presenting many forms; es^
pecially in crystallography, the abil-
ity of certain substances to crystal-
lize with different axial ratios with-
out change of chemical composition :
thus, carbon as diamond crystallizes
in the isometric system, and as
graphite in the hexagonal system.
(Standard)

Polyphase. In electricity, having or
producing two or more phases, as a
polyphase current (Webster). Same
as Multiphase.

Polysomatic. Having a texture con-
sisting of numerous small grains:
said of minerals. (Standard)

Polysynthetio twinning. See Oscilla-
tory twinning.

Polytelite. A silver-lead tetrahedrite
found in Germany. (Standard)

Polyxen. An old synonym for plati-
num because so many other metals
occur with it (Chester)

P6mez (Sp.). Pumicestone. (Halse)

Pompeiian brick. A loosely used term,
but it is probably most frequently
applied to bricks 12 by li by 4
inches in size, of medium dark
shade, with a brownish body cov-
ered with iron spots. (Ries)

Poncelet wheel. A kind of undershot
water wheel suitable for falls of
less than six feet, having the buck-
ets curved so that the water presses
on them without impact. (Webster)

-528

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ponding. The natural formation of a
pond or lake in a watercourse;
chiefly: (a) by a transverse moun-
tain uplift whose rate of elevation
exceeds that of the stream's ero-
sion, or (6) by a dam caused by
glaciers, volcanic ejecta, landslips,
or alluvial cones or stronger streams.
(Standard)

Pondlet. A little pond; in geology
such a pond formed by ponding.
(Standard)

Poner (Sp.). To put, to place; P. en
marcha, to start to blow in a fur-
nace; P. en obrqj to~ construct, to
build; P. en principal, to compel a
stream of water to flow as straight
as possible; P. puerta (Colom.), to
timber an adit. (Halse)

Pongo (Ecuador). A narrow and
dangerous pass in a river; a Tord.
(Halse)

Poniente (Mex.). West. See Oeste.
(D wight)

Ponsard furnace. A furnace in which
the escaping combustion gases, pass-
ing through tubular flues, heat the
incoming air continuously through
the flue- walls. (Raymond)

Pontil. An iron rod used in glass-
making to carry and manipulate hot
bottles, etc., and having a projec-
tion at the end varying in shape ac-
cording to the character of the ware
carried. Called also Snap; Pontee;
Ponto; Ponty; Puntee; Puntil;
Punty. (Standard)

Ponty sticker. A workman who fixes a
quantity of blown glass to the ponty
or pontil. See also Pontil. (Cen-
tury)

Pony putter ( No. of Eng. ) . A boy who
drives a pony in the mine workings.

Pood. A Russian weight of 36.113
pounds avoirdupois. (Webster)

Pool. 1. To cut; to insert a wedge
for splitting; to undercut or under-
mine, as in excavating coal. 2. A
belt of oil-producing territory (Web-
ster). An oil or gas deposit occur-
ring under a dome. See Dome, 5.

Poor rock (Mich.). The more or less
barren part of the material taken
down in mining. (Sanders, p. 89)

Pop. A short bore hole drilled in a
large rock with a view to reduc-
ing the size of the rock by means of
a small explosive charge (Skinner).
Also called Pop hole; Pop shot.

Pop a bowlder. To place and explode
a stick of. dynamite oh a bowlder so
as to break it for easy removal
from the mine. (Batesell v. Ameri-
can Zinc, Lead, etc., Co., 190 Mis-
souri App., p. 235)

Pop hole. A .secondary drill hole.
(Bowles). See Pop.

Popo (Afr.). A green jasper highly
prized in Guinea, perforated beads
of it passing as money. (Standard)

Poppet; Puppet. 1. A pulley frame or
the headgear over a shaft. A head-
frame. 2. A valve that lifts bod-
ily from its seat instead of being
hinged. (Ihlseng)

Poppet head (Corn.). A timber frame
over a shaft to carry the hoisting
pulley (Raymond). A head-frame.

Poppet leg (Eng.). Any of the sup-
porting legs of a poppet head. (Web-
ster)

Pop shot. Same as a block-hole shot
(Du Pont) See also Pop.

Porcelain. A translucent kind of pot-
tery, usually glazed, existing in
many varieties, according to its com-
position and method of manufac-
ture, but generally characterized by
a glassy fracture, clear ring when
struck, homogeneity throughout its
thickness, and resistance to fire,
water, and acids but hydrofluoric.
Porcelain includes chiefly three va-
rieties: (a, Hard porcelain, (6)
natural soft porcelain, and (c) arti-
ficial soft porcelain. (Standard)

Porcelain clay. See Kaolin.

Porcelain color. A pigment such as is
used in decorating porcelain.
(Standard)

Porcelain gilding. A process of ap-
plying gold to china, usually with
turpentine, and firing it, resulting in
the adherence of the metallic gold to
the china and the volatilization of
the less permanent ingredients. The
gold is then burnished. (Standard)

Porcelainite. A trade term for white
stoneware, jasper, etc. (Standard)

Porcelainized. Resembling potter's
clay that has been fired ; specifically,
in geology, applied to certain altered
clays, shales, etc., which by the in-
fluence of heat have come to re-
semble clay ware or porcelain.
(Standard)

Porcelain jasper. Burnt clay (Power).
See Porcellanite.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Porcelain lace. A decorative material
formed by soaking lace in porcelain
slip and firing it The threads of
the fabric are consumed, leaving the
pattern in a fine lace-like porcelain-
ware. . ( Standard )

Porcelain mill. A mill for grinding
materials for porcelain. (Stand-
ard)

Porcelain oven. The firing kiln used
in baking porcelain. (Century)

Porcelain printing. The transfer of a
printed picture to an unglazed
article. (Standard)

Porcellanite. Fused shales and clay,
that occur in the roof and floor of
burned coal seams. The rock is
quite common in the lignite districts
of the West, where apparently spon-
taneous combustion has fired the
seams in the past (Kemp). Called
also Porcelain jasper, especially
when red. (Standard)

Porch (York.). The arching of the
station or landing at the bottom of
a shaft. (Gresley)

P6rfido; Porfiro. 1. (Sp.) Porphyry.
P. traquito, trachyte porphyry. 2.
(Venez.) A kind of hornstone
sometimes becoming jasper. ( Halse )

Porodic. Of, or pertaining to, uncrys-
talline or amorphous substances: a
term proposed as a synonym for col-
loid by T. Sterry ,Hunt in "System-
atic Mineralogy." ( Standard )

Porodine. Breithaupt's name for amor-
phous rocks, such as are derived
from gelatinous silica. (Kemp)

Porodite. Wadsworth's name proposed
in 1879 for all the altered, fragmen-
tal forms of eruptive rocks, com-
monly called diabase tuff, schal-
stein, etc. (Kemp)

Porosity. The state or quality of be-
ing porous. The volume of pore
space expressed as a percentage of
the total volume of the rock mass.

Porronguito (Peru). A crude quick-
silver measure. (Dwight)

Por pie (Mex.). The patio process.
(Dwight)

Porpezite. A native alloy of argen-
tiferous gold with palladium, the
palladium content varying up to 10
per cent (Dana). Called also Pal-
ladium gold. From Porpez, Brazil.

Porphyrite. Any granophyric igneous
rock containing phenocrysts of al-
kali-calcic plagioclase; diorite por-
phyry. (La Forge) To distinguish
it from andesite, it is necessary to

744010 O— 47 34

draw a contrast between surface
flows (andesites) and intruded
dikes or sheets (porphyrites) ; or
between Tertiary and later lavas
(andesites) and Pre- Tertiary ones
(porphyrites) • or between those
with glassy or very finely crystal-
line ground masses (andesites) and
those with groundmasses of mod-
erate coarseness (porphyrites) .
(Kemp)

Porphyritic. A textural term for those
rocks which have larger crystals
(phenocrysts) set in a finer ground-
mass, which may be crystalline or
glassy, or both. Ro enbusch has
sought to define it as the texture
due to the recurrence of the period
of cry stall izatioa of the same or
similar minerals. While, except for
porphyritic rocks with a glassy
groundmass, this practically amounts
to the same thing as the textural
definition just given ; it is idle for
any writer to try to change so old,
well-established and indispensable a
conception. (Kemp)

Porphyrization. The process of por-
phyrizing, or the state of being por-
phyrized. (Standard)

Porphyrogenetic. Producing porphyry.
(Standard)

Porphyroid. Metamorphic rocks with
porphyritic texture, ». e., with phen-
ocrysts of feldspar or other minerals
in a finer groundmass, yet shown by
geological relations to be altered
sediments, or tuffs. Fossil remains
have even been detected in some.
They are close relatives of halle-
flintas. (Kemp) It simulates a por-
phyritic volcanic rock (La Forge)

Porphyry. 1. Any igneous rock in
which relatively large conspicuous
crystals (phenocrysts) are set in a
finer-grained or glassy groundmass.
Porphyries are generally named in
accordance with their rock composi-
tion (e. g.y granite porphyry, :rachyte
porphyry) or with the character of
the phenocrysts, as quartz porphyry.
2. Colloquially, the word "por-
phyry " is used to mean almost any
igneous rock, occurring in sheets or
dikes, particularly one that is spot-
ted, soft, or light colored. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Porpnyry ware. A variety of Wedg-
wood ware. See also Pebble ware.

Porporino (It). A glaze of mercury,
tin, and sulphur, imitating gold;
used by Italian and other artists of
the middle ages for decorative pur-
poses. (Standard)

530

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pertabandera (Sp.). In surveying, a
flag bearer. (Halse)

Portable electric lamps. Electric
lamps that, while lighted, may be
carried about. This general term
includes lamps operated by batteries
and lamps connected to a source of
power by a flexible conductor whose
length limits the range over which
the lamp may be used. (H. H.
Clark)

Portable motors. Motors that are, in-
tended for service here .and there
as occasion requires and ,tjiat are so
constructed or mounted, as to facili-
tate moving them from place to
place. (H. H. Clark)

Portabandera (Sp.). In survey f tig, a
chainman. (Halse)

Portage (Fr.). Applied by voy&geura
to the space or Watershed that lies
between the navigable" branches of
rivers belonging to the same or dif-
ferent hydrographte basins5, and so
called from the circumstance that
boats and goods have to be carried

' from the one branch to the other.
(Page)

Portal. 1. The surface entrance to a
drift, tunnel, adit, or entry.
2. The concrete or masonry arch,
retaining wall, ejt^., erected at the
opening of a drift, tunnel, or adit.

Portaviento ( .Sp.). A blast pipe for
conveying air to a furnace. (Halse)

Porter. A. long iron bar attached to
a forging, or a piece In process of
forging, by which to swing and
turn it. (Standard)

Portland Wds. See Portland lime-
stone.

Portland cement A hydraulic, cement
consisting of coinpounds of silica,
lime, and alumina (Webster). It is
obtained by burning to semifusion
an intimate mixture of pulverised
materials containing lime, silica,
and alumina in varying proportions
within certain narrow limits, and by
pulverizing finely the clinker that
results.

Portland limestone; Portland beds. A
series of Hnies't6n6 strata, belonging
to the trpper part of the Oolite
group, found chiefly in England, in
the island of Portland, on the coast
of Dorsetshire. The great supply of
the building stone used in London
is from these quarries. (Comstock)

Portland stone. 1. A yellowish white
oolitic building limestone from the
Isle of Portland, England. 2. A
purplish-brown sandstone from Port-
land, Conn. 3. Concrete made with
Portland cement, sand, and gravel.
(Webster)

Porto marble. A siliceous limestone
of a black color, traversed. by gold-
colored veins; called also black and
gold marble. The source is Porto
Yenere and the Isle of Palmeria in
the Gulf of Spezia. (Merrill)

Portrait stone. A flat diamond, some-
times with several rows of facets
around its edge, for covering very
small portraits. (Standard)

Posepnyte. An oxygenated hydrocar-
bon from the Great Western mer-
cury mine, Lake County, Cal. It oc-
curs in, plates and nodules, some-
times brittle, occasionally hard ; the
color is light green to reddish-
brown; and the specific gravity
ranges from (X85 to 0.985. (Bacon)

Position blocks. Mining claims that
are in a position to contain a lode if
it continues in the direction in
which it has been proved in other
claims, but which themselves have
not been proved. (Duryee)

Pdsitive crystal. A crystal in which
the refractive index of the extraor-
dinary ray is greater than the re-
fractive index of the ordinary ray.
(Dana)

Positive ore. Ore exposed on four
sides in blocks of a size variously
prescribed. Se$ Ore developed, also
Proved ore. (H, C. Hoover, p. 17)
Ore which is exposed and prop-
erly sampled on four sides, in blocks
of reasonable size, having in view
the nature of the deposit as regards
uniformity of value per ton, and of
the third, dimension, or thickness.
(Miri. and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull.
64, p. 262)

Possession (Derb.). When a windlass
or frame, is placed on a vein it is
said to be in possession. (Min.
JouT.)

Possessio. pedis. The actual, possession
of a mining claim by the first ar-
rival. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 117,
118)

Possessory title. Title vested in the
locator of a mining claim by com-
pliance with the State and Federal
mining laws. (Duryee)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

531

Possible ore. .Ore which may exist be-
19 w tae_ to west workings, or beyond
the range ,of actual vision. (Min.
and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p.
262)

Post. 1. A mine timber,.. Commonly
used in, the metal mines instead of
teg t which is the coal miner's .term.
2. The support fastened between the
roof and floor of ja coal. seam used
with certain types pf mining ma-
chines or augers. (Steel)
1 A pillar of coal or ore! f«ay-
morid)

4. (Eng.). Limestone strata divfded
horizontally with very thin beds of
slate, (HunA),

5. (N4. of fling.), , A fine-grained
sandstone. (,Gresley)

8. A charge of ore for a smelting fur-
nace. 7.. Any of the distance pieces
to keep apart -the frames. or sets in
a shaft ; a studdle. (Webster)
8. To bring the survey and maps of
a mine up to date.

Post- and- stall. A m°dV of TfPf^m^
coal, in which a certain amount of
coal is left as pillar and the remain-
der is taken away, forming rooms or
other openings. The method is
called also Bord-ahd-plllar, Pillar-
and-breast, etc.

Post brake. A hand- or power-actuated
brake of a hoisting engine, consisting
of one or more posts .fixed at one
end, tb^e fr.ee end being operated so
as, to .bring the ppsf, intp, frictional
contact. wi,th the surface of the
hoisting drum.

Post drill. An auger (or drill) sup-
ported b$r * post. ( Steel )

Post* (Sp,), ?o«t,; stui; stake;, pil-
lar,.. fotfest masonry Dillarstagatnst
which the legs of a headframe
abut (Halse)

Post furnace. See Pernot furnace.

Post glacial. Subsequent to a period of
glaciation ; subsequent to the Pleisto-
cene, or glacial, period*. f Webster)

Posting (York) Extracting, the. post
or pillars (Gresley). Pillar robbing.

Posting hole (York). See Bolt, 1

Post jack. A Jack for pulling posts
(Standard). See Post puller.

Post, puller. A lever-and-chain device
for safety i;einoying^ $nd . recovering
posts from worked-out portions of a
mine.

Post puncher. A coal-minmg machine
of the puncher type supported by a
post (Steel)

Poststone. A fine-grained sandstone,
(Power)

Pot. . 1. A rounded mass of roof slate
resembling an iron pot and easily
detached. It is separated from the
$ther shite by old mud. cracks
(Steel). Smaller than a bell-mold,
or kettle bottoin. .
2. A metallic or earthen vessel of
a£y4 pf tpa:riy( rounded forms. 3. In
ceramf,c^(t;o ina^ke. or shape and fire,
a piece of earthenware. (Web-

-(,....

A crucible, usually of fire clay,
often. <>f ^rafchjte, fc. The mass of
consolidated material often filling a
pothole. Bee Pothole, 1. (Stand-
ard)

Potable. Drinkable (Webster). Said
of water and beverages.

Potash. 1. The oxide of potassium,
KiO. Not an independent compound,
but used as a basis of comparison
for all potash minerals and artificial
salts. : The potash of commerce is
derived irom the minerals carnal-
lite, ' kainite, sylvite (not found in
the United States), and niter, and
also from certain sea-weeds and
wood ashes. See also Alunite ; Alun-
ogen; Kalinite; Niter. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Potash alum. See Kalinite.
Potash feldspar. See Orthoclase.
Potash mica. See Muscovite.

Potassic. . Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining potassium. ( Standard )

Potassium.- A soft light, silver-white
metal of the alkali group, occur-
ring abundantly in nature, but al-
ways combined, Symbol, K ; atomic
weight, 39.10 ; specific gravity, 0.865.
(Webster)

Potato stone. A potato-like geode of
quartz, having a central cavity lined
with crystals. (Power)

Pot bottom. A large bowlder in the
roof slate, having the appearance of
the rounded bottom of a pot, and
which easily becomes detached (C.
and M. M. P.). See Pot 1; also,
Bell-mold.

Pot clay. A highly refractory fire
clay used in the manufacture of pot-
tery. (Standard)

Pot earth. Potter's earth, (Webster)

Potencia (Sp.). 1. Power; P. calo-
riflca, calorific power. 2. The width
or thickness of a vein. (Halse)

532

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Potential. The words "potential" and
"voltage" are. synonymous and mean
electrical pressure. The potential
or voltage of a circuit, machine, or
any piece of electrical apparatus
means the potential normally exist-
ing between the conductors of such
circuit or the terminals of such ma-
chine or apparatus. In Bureau of
Mines practice: (a) Any potential
, less than b()l volts shall be deemed
a low potential, (b) Any potential
greater than 301 volts but less than
651 volts shall be deemed a medium
potential, (c) Any potential in ex-
cess of 651 volts shall be deemed a
high potential. (H. H, Clark)

Potelot. An old chemical and miner-
aiogical term for molybdenum sul-
phide. (Standard)

Pot growan (Corn.). Soft decom-
posed granite. (Whitney)

Pothole. 1. A kettle or circular hole
generally deeper than wide, worn
into the solid rock at falls and
strong rapids by sand, gravel, and
stones being spun around by the
force of the current (Roy. Com.).
Called also Kettle hole, Swallow
hole.

2. A hole in the ground from which
clay for pottery has been taken.
(Webster)

3. A hole extending below the wear-
ing course in a roadway. (Bacon)

4. (Lane.). A small temporary ledge
in a sinking-pit. (Gresley)

5. A rounded cavity in the roof of a
mine caused by a fall of rock, coal,
ore, etc.

Potin (Fr.) A coin alloy of the an-
cient Gauls, consisting of copper,
zinc, lead, and tin. (Standard)

Pot kiln. A small lime kiln. (Web-
ster),

Pot lead. Graphite or black lead.
(Century)

Potlid. A concretion found in sand-
stone or shale of the Jurassic.
(Standard)

Pot metal. 1. Cast iron suitable for
making pots. 2. A copper-and-lead
alloy formerly used for large pots
and for faucets, etc. 3. Glass col-
ored throughout while fused; pot-
metal glass. (Standard)

Pot mizer (Eng.). A boring tool oc-
casionally used in clays mixed with
pebbles. It is made in the form of
a spiral cone, that is open at the
top to receive the pebbles carried
up by the worm. (Gresley). Also
spelled Pot miser.

Potomac formation; Potomac series.
The lowest division of the Creta-
ceous period in the Atlantic and
Gulf area of the United States.
(Standard)

Potsdam formation. A member of the
Upper Cambrian of the United
States and Canada, especially the
original typical strata on the north
and east sides of the Adirondak
mountains, New York (Standard)

Pot-setting. In glass-making, the
placing of a pot in a furnace for
the purpose of melting metal.
(Standard)

Potstone. A coarse or impure variety
"of soapstone; so called from being
easy to cut into pots owing to its
softness. ( Roy. Com. )

Potter. 1. One whose occupation is to
make earthen vessels. 2. A maker
of metal pots. (Webster)

Potter-Delprat process. The original
Potter process (1902) was one of
notation in a 1 to 10 per cent acid
solution. The mixture was 1 : 1 of
ore and acid solution ; this was agi-
tated freely and heat applied, with
the generation of COa from the car-
bonates in the ore. This caused
the sulphides to rise to the surface
where they were either allowed to
flow off continuously or were
skimmed off. This was clearly a
surface tension process. Delprat
(1902) accomplished the same thing
with acid salt-cake solution. Both
processes were tried out at Broken
Hill, Australia. Later patents indi-
cate that oil has been found to as-
sist in this process. These inventors
worked independently, became in-
volved in litigation and eventually
pooled their interests. (Liddell)

Pottern ore. A term used in early
metallurgical practice for an ore
that becomes vetrified by heat
like the glazing of earthenware.
(Standard) '

Potters' clay; Pipe clay. Pure plastic
clay, free from iron, and .conse-
quently white after burning. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Potters' consumption. An acute bron-
chitis, often occurring among per-
sons employed in potteries, erentu-
ally affecting the lungs. Called also
Potters' asthma, and Potters' bron-
chitis. (Standard)

Potters' lead. See Alquifou.
Potters' ore. See Alqnifbu.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

533

Potters' wheel. A horizontal disk, re-
volving on a vertical spindle, and
carrying the clay in the operation
of throwing, which see. (Webster)

Pottery. 1. A shop or factory where
earthen vessels are made. 2. The
art of the potter ; ceramics. 3. Ware
made from certain earthy materials.
Usually clay, molded while moist
and soft and hardened by heat
(Webster). The principal varieties
are: (1) Earthenware, character-
ized by comparative softness and
fusibility in a porcelain furnace. It
includes: (a) Unglazed ware; (b)
Lustrous ware; (c) Glazed ware;
and (d) Enameled ware. (2)
Stoneware, characterized by hard-
ness and infusibility owing to the
silica in the clay forming the body.
See Porcelain.

Pottery Win. A kiln for firing pottery.
(Standard)

Pottery tree. Any one of various
South American trees of the rose
family, the hard and brittle bark
of which contains a great quantity
of silex, that the Indians obtain
by burning and mingle with clay to
form pottery. (Standard)

Potting. The placing of pots, contain-
ing either potassium nitrate or so-
dium nitrate and sulphuric acid, in
the kilns used in the manufacture
of sulphuric acid from sulphurous
acid obtained from the combustion
of sulphur in air. (Century)

Pottsville conglomerate. A conglomer-
ate formation at the base of the
Pennsylvanian in the Northern Ap-
palachian region; millstone grit.
(Webster)

Potty. Containing pots. See Pot, 1.
Also applied to any roof in a coal
mine which falls down in thick
blocks. (Steel)

Potwork. 1. (Prov.) Pottery or pot-
tery ware 2. (Eng.) A place
where common pottery is made.
(Standard)

Pound. 1. A unit of weight varying
from 300 to about 1,070 grams, antt
commonly divided into 12 or 16
ounces. Among English-speaking
peoples, the avoirdupois pound of
7,000 grains is the standard of
weight for most purposes; but the
troy pound of 5,760 grains is the
standard for gold and silver and a
few other costly articles. (Web-
ster)

2. An underground reservoir of wa-
ter. See Lodge, 1. 8. A large natu-

ral fissure or cavity in the strata.

(Gresley)

4. The gold monetary unit of Great

Britain equal to $4.8665.

Poundage. 1. (Scot.) Interest some-
times paid for money advanced be-
fore pay day. (Barrowman)
2. In salt making, the numl)er of
pounds of salt in a gallon or cubic
foot of brine. (Webster)

Ponnder. An ore-mill stamp. (Stand-
ard)

Poundstone. 1. (Shrop.) The stone or
clay floor under the coal. (Gres-
ley)

2. A stone, pebble, or large echinite,
weighing a pound, used as a weight.
(Webster)

Pounson (No. Wales). Dense soft
clay underlying coal beds. (Gres-
ley)

Pour. A term used in founding. 1.
The amount of material, as melted
metal, poured at a time. 2. The act,
process, or operation of pouring
melted metal; as, make a pour at
noon. ( Standard )

Pourie (Scot.) (pronounced poorie).
A small oil can with a spout from
which oil is poured- to lubricate ma-
chinery. (Barrowman)

Pouring-gate. A channel in a mold,
through which to pour molten metal.
(Standard)

Pout (No. of Eng.). A tool for knock-
ing out or drawing timbers in the
mine workings. (Gresley)

Powder. 1. Any of various solid explo-
sives, as gunpowder used in gunnery,
blasting, etc. 2. The fine particles
to which any dry substance is re-
duced by pounding, grinding, etc.

Powder barrel. A barrel made for the
conveyance of gunpowder, usually
containing 100 pounds (Standard).
Compare Powder keg.

Powder house. A magazine for the tem-
porary storage of explosives.

Powder Jack. See Jack, 3.

Powder keg. A small metal keg for
black blasting-powder, usually hav-
ing a capacity sufficient for 25
pounds of powder.

Powder man. A man in charge of ex-
plosives in an operation of any na-
ture requiring their use. A powder
monkey.

534

GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Powder monkey. 1. A person employed
at the powder house of a coal mine
whose duty it is to deliver powder
to the miners. (Folsom-Morris Coal
Mining Co. v. DeVork, 160 Okla-
homa, p. 65.)

2. In some metal mines, the person
who distributes powder, dynamite
and fuse to the miners ai the work-
ing faces. This is a nautical term,
but is frequently used in the mining
industry.

Powdered ore (Aust.). Ore dissemi-
nated with vein stuff. (Power)

Powder mine. An excavation filled
with powder for the purpose of
blasting rocks. (Century)

Powellite. A mineral composed of cal-
cium molybdate and calcium tung-
state. Ca.(Mo,W)O4. Occurs in
minute yellow tetragmal pyramids.
(Dana)

Powellizing process. A wood treatment
consisting of impregnating the wood
with a saccharin solution. It hard-
ens the wood, and renders it .fire-
proof to some extent. (Liddell)

Power. Any form of energy available
for doing any kind of work; as
steam-power; water-power; specifi-
cally, mechanical energy, as distin-
guished from work done b ' hand
(Standard). Often used to indicate
the electric current in a wire; as, to
turn on the power.

Power distillate. The untreated kero-
sene condensates and still heavier
distillates down to 28° B6. from Mid-
Continent petroleum, used as fuel in
internal combustion engines. (Ba-
con)

Power drill. A rock drill employing
steam, air, or electricity as a mo-
tive agent. (Ihlseng)

Power factor. The ratio of the elec-
tric power jn watts to the apparent
power in volt-amperes, in an alter-
nating-current circuit or apparatus.
(Webster4)

Power gas. Any gas made for pro-
ducing power, as for driving gas
engi nes. ( Webster )

Power house. The building in which
the prime motor of a system of
works is installed, and from which
power Is transmitted to the other
parts of the system. (Standard)

Pox stone. A hard stone of a gray
color found in some Staffordshire
mines. (Century)

Pozo (855?}. A pit, shaft, or winze;
P. de arrastre, an inclined shaft or
winze; P. de bombas, a pumping or
drainage shaft ; P. de escalas, a lad-
der-way shaft; P. de extraccidn, a
hoisting shaft ; P. de ventilacidn, an
air shaft; P. maestro? the main
shaft (Halse)

Pozzuolana. A leucitlc tuff quarried
,near Pozzuoli, in Italy, and used in
the manufacture of hydraulic ce-
ment. (La Forge) Artificial poz-
zuolana is made from slag, ash, etc.
(Webster) Also spelled Pozzolana
and Pozzuolane.

Practical shot. In coal mining, a shot,
for which the hole has been drilled
in a direction selected with reason-
able care, and that has been filled
with powder and tamped with the
same degree of care. (Bblen-Dar-
nell Coal Co. v. Hicks, 190 Fed.
Kept, p. 719)

Prase. . A translucent and dull leek-
green variety of chalcedonic quartz.
{Dana)

Praseodymium. A rare metallic ele-
ment. Symbol, Pr; atomic weisrht,
140J90; specific gravity, 6.475.
(Webster)

Praseolite. A green alteration product
'of loljte. (D,ana)

Prasoid. Resembling prase. (Stand-
ard)

Prata (Port.). Silver; P. en barras,
silver in bars. (Halse)

Pre-Cambrian. Older than, or occur-
ring before, the beginning of the
Cambrian ; especially, all that part
of geologic time represented by
rocks older than Cambrian; also,
such pre - Cambrian rocks, collec-
tjvely. (La tPorge)

Precious. A term used by mineralo-
gists to imply the finest variety of
gems or minerals, c. #., precious gar-
net, precious beryl, etc. ' (Power)

Precious garnet. A synonym for Py-
rope.

Precious metals. The "uncommon and
highly valuable metais, especially
gold and silver (Webster). Also
platinum and associated metals.

Precious opal. Opal exhibiting a play
of delicate colors. (Dana)

Precipice. A very steep, perpendicu-
lar or overhanging place, as the face
of a cliff; an abrupt declivity.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

535

Precipitador (Hex.)* A workman in a
leaching mill who adds the precipi-
tant to the silver solutions.
(Dwight)

Prccipitadora (Sp.). A precipitating
vat or tank. (Halse)

Precipitant. Any agent, as a reagent,
that when added or applied to a so-
lution causes a precipitate of one or
more of its Constituents. (Stand-
ard)

Precipitate. A substapce (held in so-
lution in a liquid V thrown down in
a solid form by the addition of
some other substance in solution.
When a substance held only me-
chanically in suspension in a liquid
settles to the bottom it is called a
sediment. (Roy. Com.)

Precipitation process. The treatment
of lead ores by d.rect fusion with
metallic iron or slag or ore rich
in iron; performed generally in a
shaft-furnace, rarely in a reverbera-
tory. Often combined with the
roasting and reduction process.
(Raymond)'

Predazzite. A contact rock at Pre-
dazzo, in the Tyrol, produced by an
intrusion of syenite in crystalline
dolomite. It is partly caicite and
partly brucite or hydrpmagneslte.
Pencatite is the same aggregate,
darkened by grains of pyrrhotite.
(Kemp)

Preemption Act. An Act providing for
a patent to agricultural lan$s. tfhe
Act does not include mineral de-
posits, as they are ' expressly re-
served. (Gold Hill Quartz Mining
Co. v. Ish, § Oregon, p. 108)

Preferential flotation. A name applied
to a special type of differential flo-
tation in which a mixture of two
flotative sulphide minerals is given
a slight roast in order that one
may be oxidized, and therefore not
float,' and the* other remain un-
changed. (O. C..Ralstop)

Preglacial. Of, pertaining to, or oc-
curring in geologic time before the
glacial epoch. (Standard)

Preglacial drift. Loose sand and
gravel lying beneath the till in Ice-
land. (Century)

Preheat. To heat previously, as a
charge to be subsequently treated in
an electric furnace, or compressed
air before it is allowed to expand
In a compressed-air engine. (Web-
ster)

Prefcnite. A hydrous silicate of cal-
cium and aluminum, HjCajAli-
(SiO*),. (Dana)

Premeridian. In the terminology of
Rogers, denoting the rocks of the
Lower Helderberg period immedi-
ately underlying the Meridian
series ; characterizing the seventh of
the fifteen series of the Paleozoic
strata of the Appalachian region.
(Standard) Usage is obsolete.

Premium. 1. The consideration paid,
whether in money or otherwise, for
a contract of insurance. 2. The ex-
cess in purchasing power, or ex-
change value, of one form of money
over another of the same nominal
value, as of gold dollars over paper
ones, or of silver dollars over paper
ones; above par. (Webster)

Prensa (Mex.). A vise; a press.
(Dwight)

Preparacidn (Sp.). 1. Opening out or
devetopment as distinguished from
exploitation. 2. P. mecdnica, ore
dressing. (Halse)

Preparar (Sp.). To prepare; P. min-
erqles, to dress orefe. (Halse)

Preparation. The treatment of ore or
coal to reject waste. See Concen-
tration ; also Ore dressing.

Prepare. 1. To shear or undermine
the coal po that it can be readily
blasted loose. 2. (Ark.) To make
a cartridge for a blast. 3. (Ark.)
To charge a blast hole. (Steel)

Prerelease. The act of discharging
steam or air from an engine cylin-
der before the piston has reached
the end of its stroke. (Ihlseng)

Presa (Sp.). A dam. (Min. Jour.)

Present worth. That principal which,
drawing interest at & gijtren rate,
will amount to the given 'sum at the
date ori which this is to be' paid
(Webster). The value now of a
sum due at some future date, with
or without ipterest. (E. B. Skinner,
P:68)

Press cake. The incorporated gun-
powder or mill cake, pressed and
ready for granulation. (Century)

Pressed distillate. The oil coming
from the presses when paraffin wax
is recovered. (Bacon)

Pressed fuel. An artificial fuel pre-
pared from coal dust, waste coal,
etc.. incorporated with other in-
gredients, as tar, and compressed in
molds into blocks (Century). Bri-
quets.

536

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Presser. In ceramics, the workman
who molds the handle, ears, and
decorative reliefs to be applied to a
pottery vessel before firing. (Cen-
tury)

Pressure anemometer. An anemome-
ter showing the wind's velocity by
means of the pressure exerted
(Standard), as for measuring the
velocity of ventilating air currents
in mines.

Pressure blower. A machine or blower
having either pistons, cams, or fans
for furnishing an air-blast above
atmospheric pressure. (Standard)

Pressure box. A cistern at a consider-
able elevation, fed by a flume, ditch
or pipe, to supply water under a
head. (Webster)

Pressure fan. 1. A fan supplying air
under pressure (Webster). 2. A
fan that forces fresh air into a mine
as distinguished from one that ex-
hausts air from the mine.

Pressure figure. A figure produced by
intersecting lines of parting, due to
gliding when certain minerals, like
mica, are compressed by a blunt
point. They are similar in charac-
ter, but not in position, to the so-
called percussion-figures produced
by a sharp point. (Standard)

Pressure filter. A filter in which the
liquid to be filtered is forced
through filtering material by a pres-
sure greater than its own weight in
the filter. (Century)

Pressure-forging. Forging done by a
steady pressure, as in a hydraulic
press. ( Standard )

Pressure wires. Wires leading from
various points of an electric system
to a central station, where a volt-
meter indicates the potential of the
system at those points. (Webster)

Prian (Corn.). Soft white clay. (Ray-
mond)

Priceite. A friable, chalky boron min-
eral similar to colemanite. See also
Colemanite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Pricked. In ceramics, ornamented
with dotted depressions made with
a single point or with a comb.
(Standard)

Pricker. 1. (Eng.) A thin brass rod
for making a hole in the stemming,
when blasting, for the insertion of
a fuse. 2. (So. Staff.) A long iron
rod or poker used for loosening coal
from overhead. 3. A piece of bent
wire by which the size of the flame

of a safety lamp is regulated, with-
out removing the top of the lamp.
It passes up into the lamp through
the oil reservoir in a tube. (Ores-
ley)

4. An iron rod for probing or sound-
ing a bog, quicksand, etc. (Web-
ster)

Pricking. 1. The act of lifting or
loosening with a lever or a pick.
(Gresley)

2. (Scot.) A thin stratum suitable
for holing. (Barrowman^

Pricking bar. 1. A bar used in open-
ing the tap hole of a furnace. 2. A
rod used- for removing obstructions
from tuyeres and blow pipes. (Will-
cox)

Pride of the country (Corn.). Rich
bodies of ore near the surface. (Da-
vies)

Prill. 1. (Corn.) The best ore after
cobbing. 2. See Button. (Raymond)

3. (Eng.) A nugget of virgin metal.
(Webster)

Prillion. Tin extracted from slag.
Also spelled Prillon. (Standard)

Prima oil. The trade name for a shale
oil with a low density and low boil-
ing point. (Bacon)

Primary. 1. Characteristic of or exist-
ing in a rock at the time of its for-
mation: said of minerals, textures,
etc., of rocks; essentially the same
as Original 1, and contrasted with
Derived, or Secondary, 1. 2. Formed
directly by solidification from fusion
or deposition from solution : said of
igneous rocks and chemical sedi-
ments and contrasted with Deriva-
tive (little used). 3. Originally the
same as the present pre-Cambrian,
then extended to include the present
Paleozoic, and later restricted to
Paleozoic; finally abandoned and
now obsolete. (La Forge)

Primary blasting. A term applied to
the blasts by means of which the
original rock ledge is broken into
fragments. (Bowles)

Primary clay. Clay that is found in
its place of formation (Webster).
Residual clay.

Primary coil. The coil through which
the primary current passes in an
induction coil or transformer. ( Webr
ster)

Primary drilling. The process of drill-
ing holes in a solid rock-ledge in
preparation for a blast by means of
which the rock is thrown down^
(Bowles)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

537

Primary minerals. Those minerals
that retain their original form and
composition, as original sulphides.
Compare Secondary minerals. ~8ee
Primary, 1.

Prime. 1. To pour water into to dis-
place air and thus promote suction;
as, to prime a pump (Standard).
2. To insert a detonator into a car-
tridge of explosive and attach it
thereto. (Du Pont)

Prime city naphtha. A petroleum
product with a gravity of from 73°
to 68° Be1. See Benzoline, 1. (Ba-
con)

Prime mover. An engine, or machine,
the object of which is to receive and
modify force and motion as supplied
by some natural source, and apply
them to drive other machinery, as
a water wheel, a windmill, turbine,
steam engine, etc. (Webster)

Primer. A dynamite cartridge, or
package of any explosive, which con-
tains the detonator, whether blast-
ing-cap or electric blasting-cap.
(Du Pont)

Prime white oiL A kerosene of prime
white color, that is intermediate
in color between water-white and
standard - white. See Standard -
white oil. (Bacon)

Priming horn. A miner's or quarry-
man's powder horn. (Century)

Priming powder. Detonating or ful-
minating powder. (Standard)

Priming tube. A tube containing ful-
minating powder for firing a charge
(Standard). A detonator.

Priming valve. 1. A safety valve on
the working cylinder of a steam en-
gine to discharge the priming.
(Standard)

2. A valve connected with the dis-
charge pipe of a force pump through
which the pump may be primed.

Primitive. Same as Primary 3, which
see: obsolete. (La Forge)

Primitive circle. In crystallography,
the great circle in the plane of pro-
jection (stereographic projection).
(A, F. Rogers)

Primitive form. A crystal form from
which other forms may be derived.
(A. F. Rogers)

Primitive rocks. Rocks supposed to be
first formed, and containing no or-
ganic remains, being irregularly
crystallized and aggregated without

a cement, such as> granite, gneiss,
and the like (Thompson). See Pri-
mary

Primordial. In geology, formerly used
for what is now called Cambrian,
which see: Obsolete. (La Forge)
The name was given by Barrande
to the oldest fossil! ferous rocks aa
developed in Bohemia. It corre-
sponds with the British Cambrian.
(Roy. Cora.)

Primordial zone. The lowest geologi-
cal formation known to contain a
fossil fauna ; equivalent to tLe Cam-
brian. (Standard) Usage now ob-
solete.

Principal. 1. (Colom.) Artificial chan-
nel or drain used in alluvial mining.
2. (Sp.) Shaft of a water wheel.
(Halse)

Principal axis. In the tetragonal and
hexagonal systems, the vertical crys-
tallographic axis ; hence, what is the
same thing, in uniaxial crystals, the
optic axis. (La Forge)

Principal meridian. A meridian line
accurately located and used as a
basis from which to construct inte-
rior lines of monuments, called guide
meridians, for the use of surveyors.
(Standard)

Principal section, in crystallography,
the plane passing through the opti-
cal axis of a crystal. (Standard)

Pringap. The distance between two-
mining possessions in Derbyshire-
( Raymond). An odd piece of min-
ing ground of less than half a mere.
(Mander)

Print. 1. A projection on a core, by
which it is placed and held in proper
position in a mold; a core point 2.
An impression of a .pattern or of a
part thereof, as in molding sand.
(Standard)

Printed ware. Pottery decorated by
transfer-printing. (Standard)

Printing body. Pottery when in con-
dition to be printed; biscuit.
(Standard)

Prism. 1. In crystallography, in the
tetragonal and hexagonal systems,
an open form of similar faces paral-
lel to the vertical axis. 2. In the
orthorhombic, monoclinic, and tri*
clinic systems, an open , form of
similar faces parallel to the vertical
axis and intersecting both lateral
axes. (La Forge) 3. A solid whose
bases or ends are similar, equal, and
parallel polygons, the faces being
parallelograms. (Standard)

538

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Prism level. A kind of dumpy level
with a mirror ov£r the level tube,
and a pair of prisms so placed that
the position of the level bubble 'can
be determined a$ any time by the
leyelman ^ftho^t fhe necessity of
moving his head frpni the eyepiece.
(Webster)

Prize (Leic.). To lift or loosen with
a' lever or a pfck. (Gresley)

Probable ore. Any blocked ore not
certain enoug^i to be "in sight" and
all ore fna't is exposed for Camp-
ling, but of ^vhicb the limits' and
continuity have hot been 'proved' by
blocking. Also, It includes any un-
discovered ore of which there is a
strong probability o'f ex'iste'nceV Ore
that is exposed on either two or
three sides. Whether two or three
sides be taken as a basis will de-
pend on the character of the deposit.
(Min. and. Met. Soc. of Am., Bull.
64, pp. 258 and 262)

Probing (Derb.). Coring pr 4riU|ng
for testing "mineral ground. (Man-
der)

Procellas. In glass-making, a pair of
spring-tongs wJtb flat Jaws., used to
reduce the external diameter of a
glass 'object as it is rpfated by the
pontil. Also spelled PuceUas,.
(Sandard)'

Processioner (Local U. S.) An official
land-surveyor. (Standard)

Processioning (Prov. U. S.) The offi-
cial inspection 6f boundaries and
maintenance of surveyors' marks,
as in North Carolina and Tennessee
and possibly in some of the British
colonies. (Standard)

Prpchlorite. One of the chlorite group.
Lower in silicon than clinochlore,
and with ferrous iron usually, but
not always, in large amount
(Dana)

produce. 1. The marketable ores or
minerals produced by mining and
dressing. 2. (Corn.) The amount
of fine copper in one hundred parts
of ore. (Raymond)

Producer. 1. One who grows agricul-
tural products, or manufactures
crude materials into articles of use
(Webster). Also one who extracts,
ore or coal from mines; rock from
quarries ; metals from ore by metal-
lurgical processes, etc. See Produc-
tion.
2. See Gas producer.

Producer gas. A combustible gas to b«
used for fuel, for driving gas en-
gines, for making illuminating gas,
etc., made by forcing steam and air
through a layer of incandescent
fuel, as coke, the resulting gas eon-
Sisftng largely of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen. (Webster)

Production. That which is produced
or made; any 'tangible result of in-
dustrial or other labor (Standard).
The yield or output of a mine, met-.
allurgical plant, or quarry.

Productive. Yielding payable ore.
(Duryee)

Prochicto (Sp.). Product, return, or
yield.' (Halse)

Profile. 1. An outline or contour; a
drawing in outline, as in vertical
section or the like. Specifically, the
outline of a vertical section through
a country or line of work, showing
actual or projected elevations and
hollows, generally with the vertical
scale much greater than the Jiori-
zpntal. 2. In ceramics, a metal
plate giving in hollow section the
exterior outline of half of the ob-
ject to be made, so that when
placed against the clay on the ro-
tating throwing wheel it will shape
it to the desired form. (Standard)

Profile paper. Paper ruled horizon-
tally and vertically with equidistant
lines to sciale, for convenience in
drawing engineering profiles in
either direction. ( Standard )

profit in si$h$. Probable gross profit
from a mine's ore reserves, as dis-
tinct from the ground still to be
blocked out. (Skinner)

prof undidad ( Sp. ) . Depth, as of a
shaft or winze. (Halse)

Profundizacion (Sp.). Sinking or
deepening. (Halse)

Progressive powder. A gunpowder
made so that it burns slowly at first,
and then with increasing rapidity,
to avoid the extreme pressure caused
by the explosion of powders in which
the combustion is instantaneous.
(Webster) A slow-burning explo-
sive. Compare Propellant explosives.

Projection. 1. In alchemy, the casting
of a substance, especially philoso-
pher's stone, into a molten uietal
with the supposed result of trans-
muting the latter. (Standard)
2. The act or result of constructing
a figure upon a plane or other sur-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

539

face which corresponds point for
point with a sphere, spheroid or
other figure. (Century)

Prolong. Generally a simple cone or
canister of sheet iron for condensing
zinc. The chief requisites are the
provisions of ample cooling surface,
the insurance that the gas will come
in contact therewith in order to
assist in the' ''condensation 'o'f zinc
which may be carried otf by the es-
caping stream of 'gas. Prolongs are
of two types, vertical and: horizontal.
(Ingalls, p. 554)

Promising. Looking as if likely to
turn out well; as in mining, a
promising prospect.

Promontorio. 1. (Sp.). A considerable
elevation of ground ; a promontory or
headland. 2. (Mex.). An irregular
deposit or mass. (Halse)

Promoter. A person who alone or with
others sets on foot, and takes 'the
preliminary steps in, ' a scheme or
undertaking for the organization of
a company, the floating of bonds;
stocks, etc., or the carrying out of
any business project (Webster) ;
e. ff., a mine promoter.

Prong (Eng.). The forked end of the
bucket-pump rods for attachment to
the traveling valve and seat (C.
and M. M. P.)

Prony's dynamometer. A dynamometer
for obtaining data for computing
power delivered by turbines and
other waterwheels, or from the fly
wheel of an engine, or transmitted
by shafting. (Century)

Prop. A timber set upright or at right
angles to the dip, to support the roof
rock (Chance). A strut or post in
tunnel construction work, either
vertical or raking, usually of round
timber, used as a support, or stay.
A raking prop is sometimes called
a raker.

Propagate. To transmit or spread
from place to place ; as coal-dust
propagates a mine explosion.

Propagated blast. A blast consisting
of a number of unprimed charges of
explosives and only one hole primed,
generally for the purpose of ditch-
ing, where each charge is detonated
by the explosion of the adjacent one,
the shock being transmitted through
the wet soil. In this method, one de-
tonator fired in the middle of a line
of holes is capable of bringing about
the explosion of several hundred
such charges. (Du Pont)

Propellant explosives. Those explo-
sives in which the velocities of com-
bustion are regulated, either by
chemical composition or by prepar-
ing the explosive in various shapes.
(Brunswig, p. 286)

Prop-crib timbering. Shaft timbering
wjtli cribs kept at the proper dis-
tance a" pail by meatis of props.
(Raymond)

Prophylene-glycol dinitrate explosive.
A term used by Dr. Charles E. Mun-
roe to define an explosive contain-
ing the liquid ingredients named, in
contradistinction to dynamite, which
contains nitroglycerin. In commerce
the term dynamite is loosely used
to include any mixture containing a
liquid explosive.

Propiedad ( Sp. ) . Property ; P. minera,
a mining property; P. mwe&ie, per-
sonal property; P. rate, real estate,
(Halse)

Propietario (Sp.). Proprietor; P. de
una mina, owner ofc a mine. (Halse)

Prop maul (Eng.). An iron maul, with
a wooden handle, used by the depu-
ties in drawing or setting props.
(G. C. Green well)

Proposition. A project, undertaking,
affair, or the like, involving some
action, as in carrying out, manag-
ing, operating, passing of judgment,
with reference to it; as In mining,
an alluvial proposition. (Webster)

Propping. The timbering of a mine.
(Gresley)

Prop slicing. See Top slicing and
cover caving.

Prop stay. A stay used to strengthen
tubes and water spaces, in steam
boilers, or large tubes and annular
spaces, in air tanks, and resist pres-
sure tending to collapse or rupture
(Century). The opposite of tie-rod,
which resists tension.

Propulsive. A term applied to the kind
of force exerted by an explosive that
tends to push out masses of rock
rather than to break them up.
(Bowles) Sec also Progressive pow-
der.

Prop wood. (Eng.). Timber suitable
for cutting, or already cut into
props. See Prop. (Gresley)

Propylite. A name given by von Richt-
hofen in 1867 to certain andesites,
formed at the beginning of Tertiary
time, that were thought to resemble
the old diorites and diorite-porphy-
rites. They had been previously

540

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

called by him greenstone-trachytes
in Hungary, but were not named
propylite until he found them in Ne-
vada and California. The western
propylites have been since conclu-
sively shown by several American
petrographers to be " only more or
less altered andesites. The litera-
ture of the name furnishes an inter-
esting and amusing exhibition of
the efforts of those petrographers
who were influenced by the time-
myth in the classification of igneous
rocks, to draw distinctions, where
there were no differences. The
name means ' before the gates,' allud-
ing to their position at the begin-
ning or entrance to the Tertiary,
which was supposed to usher in the
true, volcanic eruptions of geologi-
cal time. (Kemp) Now obsolete.

Propylitic. A term that may be ap-
plied to any kind of a vein, meaning
that the ore solution which has fur-
nished the vein filling has also ef-
fected a decomposition or alteration
of the wall rock as well, so that the
walls of the vein consist of clay,
talc, etc. (Shamel, p. 155)

Pr6rroga (Mex.>. An extension of
time. (Dwight)

Prospect. 1. The name given to any
mine workings the value, of which
has not yet been made manifest. A
prospect is to a mine what mineral
Is to ore (Ihlseng). A mineral
deposit, or excavation more or less
superficial, indicating a deposit.
(Webster)

2. To examine land for the possible
occurrence of coal or valuable min-
erals by drilling holes, ditching, or
other work. (Steel)

3. The gold or other mineral got by
working a sample of ore.

Prospectar; Explorar; Catear (Sp.)
To prospect. (Halse)

Prospect hole. Any shaft, pit, drift,
or drill hole made for the purpose
of prospecting the mineral-bearing
ground.

Prospecting. Searching for new de-
posits; also, preliminary explora-
tions to test the value of lodes or
placers already known to exist.

Prospecting claim (Aust.). A larger
mining claim than is usually grant-
ed, and given to the first prospector
who discovers gold in a district.
(Webster)

Prospective ore. Ore that can not be
included as proved or probable, nor
definitely known or stated iu terms

of tonnage. See Possible ore;
Ore expectant (H. C. Hoover, p.
19)

Prospector. A person engaged in ex-
ploring for valuable minerals, or In
testing supposed discoveries of the
same. (Roy. Com.)

Prospect tunnel, or entry. A tunnel
or entry driven through barren
measures, or a fault, to ascertain the
character of strata beyond. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Prospectus. A preliminary written or
printed statement of a plan or
scheme proposed affording a pros-
pect of its nature, as of a business
undertaking, the conditions of incor-
poration, and apparent future prom-
ise of a company, issued by its pro-
motors (Webster). Common in min-
ing.

Protaxis. In geology, the oldest of the-
mountain ranges in a mountain'
chain (Standard). (Now obsolete).

Protean stone. An alabaster-like ar-
tificial stone made from gypsum.
(Standard)

Protector lamp (Eng.). A safety inmp
the flame of which it is impossible
to expose to the outside atmosphere,
as unlocking, or rather unscrewing
it, extinguishes the light. (Gresley)

Proteolite. An old name for certain
contact rocks produced by granite;
intrusions from slates. Compare
Cornubianite. (Kemp)

Proterobase. Originally applied by
Giimbel, 1874, to Silurian or earlier
diabases with hornblende. The fre-
quency of the paramorphism of au-f
1 gite to hornblende has led others to-
apply it to diabases with uralitiaed
augite. Rosenbusch restricts i to
diabases with original hornblende.
(Kemp)

Proterozoic. In the usage ot sdme*
geologists, the era that comprises the-
Algonkian period (La Forge). The
era that elapsed between the close of
the formation of the igneous com-
plex and the beginning of the lowest
system, which is now known to con-
tain abundant well-preserved fossils.
The time between the close of the-
Archeozoic and the Paleozoic and in-
cluding the Huronian, Animikean..
and Keweenawan periods. (Charn-
berlin)

Protoclase. A rock possessing cleav-
age originally developed during sedi-
mentation under water or cooling
from magma, such as bedding, flow
structure, etc. Compare Metnclase.
(U, S. Cfeol. Surv., Bull. 239, p. 12)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

541

Protoclastic structure. 1. An original
magmatic flow structure. (Leith, p.
87). 2. Having a structure derived
from the solidification of molten rock,
in which the crystals are more or less
fractured or brecciated by the op-
eration of forces during a late stage
of the original consolidation.
(Standard)

Protocolo (Sp.). Minutes; protocol;
registry ; a Judicial registry.
(Halse)

Protogenic; Protogenetic. Of or per-
taining, to a first origin or produc-
tion. Specifically: Of or pertaining
to those crystalline rocks supposed
to be., formed by igneous action.
(Standard)

Protogine. An old name for a granite
or gneiss in the Alps, consisting of
quartz, orthoclase, and chlorite or
sericite, the last-named of which
was formerly erroneously taken for
talc. The laminated structure from
dynamic metamorpbism is often pro-
nounced (Kemp). A chloritic or
sericitic variety of granite gneiss:
obsolescent. (La Forge)

Protore. Low-grade material which
by natural processes of enrichment
is convertible into ore; as, for ex-
ample, the so-called primary ore of
the disseminated copper deposits,
containing generally less than .5 per
cent of copper. (Ransome)

Protoxide. The oxide of any metal
containing the least proportion of
oxygen. (Weed)

Protractor. An instrument for laying
down and measuring angles on pa-
per: used in drawing and plotting.
(Webster)

Proud coal ^Scot.). Coal that natu-
rally splits off in flakes or slabs
when worked in a particular man-
ner, producing waste, by deteriora-
tion. (Gresley)

Proustite. A light- ruby, silver-arsenic
sulphide mineral, 2Ag2S.AszSs. Con-
tains 65.4 per cent silver. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Prove. 1. (Eng.) To ascertain by
boring, driving, etc., the position
and character of a coal seam, a
fault, etc. 2. (Scot.) To examine
a mine in search of fire-damp,
known as 'proving the pit* (Gres-

Proved ore. Ore where there is prac-
tically no risk of failure of con-
tinuity '(H. C. Hoover, p. 19). Be.e
also Positive ore,

Prove up. To show that the require-
ments for receiving a patent for
government land have been fulfilled.
(Webster)

Provider (Braz.). A collector of trib-
ute and other taxes. (Halse)

Proving hole. 1. A borehole drilled
for prospecting purposes. 2. A
small heading driven to find a bed
or vein lost by a dislocation of
the strata, or to prove the quality
of the ore in advance of regular
workings. ( Chance )

Proximate analysis. The determina-
tion of the compounds contained in
a mixture as distinguished from
ultimate analysis, which is the deter-
mination of the elements contained
in a compound (Standard-). Used
in the analysis of coal.

Prueba (Mex.). A test; P. de crfftfo,
a test made when the torta is sup-
posed to be rendida, or worked,, to
ascertain whether there is sufllcient
mercury present. (Dwight)

Prussic acid. Same as Hydrocyanic
acid.

Pry an. 1. (Corn.) A fine, white, some-
what friable clay (Webster). Also
Prian. 2. Ore in small pebbles mixed
with clay. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Prypole. The pole which forms the
prop of a hoisting gin, and stands
facing the windlass. (Webster)

Psammite. Any sedimentary rock com-
posed of detrital material of the size
and general character of sand, as
sandstone and arkose. (La Forge)

Psammitic. Made up of particles the
size of sand. (Power)

Psephite. Any sedimentary rock com-
posed of coarse detrital material,
such as pebbles: said of such rocks
as conglomerate. (La Forge) The
name is derived from the Greek for
pebble. (Kemp)

Psephitic. Made up of small stones.
(Power)

Pseudamygdnle. A mineral nodule
that replaces a primary constituent
of a crystalline eruptive rock, so as
to appear like a true vesicular fill-
ing or a mygdule. (Standard)

Pseudo. As a prefix, implies? something
false; but its meaning is modified by
the subject to which it applies.
(Emmons)

Psendobrookite. A titanium-iron oxide
resembling brookite, occurring in
cavities of some volcanic rocks, ns
andesite. (Century)

Pseudochrysolite. A synonym for Mol-
daulte; Bouteillenstein. (Kemp)

542

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pseudoconglomerate,. A rock so broken
up into displaced fragments and in-
terpenetrated by intrusive material
as to appear like a conglomerate.

Pseudocrystalline. Composed of detri-
tal crystallinei grains little worn and
solidly compacted by siliceous or
other mineral accretion, so as
strongly to resemble true crystal-
line rock. (Standard)

Psendodiabase. A* name proposed by
G. F. Becker for certain metamor-
phic rocks in the Coast ranges of
California that are supposed io have
been derived from sediments, yet
that have the minerals and texture
of diabase. Compare Metadiabase,
which means the same thing arid has
precedence. ( Kemp )

Pseudodiorite. Diortic rocks pro-
duced as described under pseudo-
diabase. (Kemp)

Pseudogalena. Sphalerite. (Standard)

Pseudoisotope. An element behaving
as an isotope with respect to another
element, as far as chemical precipi-
tation is concerned, but not truly
isotopic with it as evidenced by hav-
ing a different atomic number, atomic
weight, and being separable from it
by fractional crystallization. (S. C.
Lind)

Pseudoisotopy. Having the properties
of a pseudoisotope.

Pseudomalachite. A hydrous phos-
phate of copper occurring ordinarily
in massive forms of bright-green
color, much resembling malachite.

Pseudomorph. A crystal, or apparent
crystal, having -the outward form
proper to another species of mineral,
which it has replaced by substitu-
tion or by chemical alteration. (La
Forge)

Pseudomorphous quartz. Quartz under
the forms of many of the mineral
species, which it has taken through
either the alteration or replacement
of crystals of those species. The
most common quartz pseudomorphs
are those of calcite, barite, fluorite,
and siderite.. Silicifted wood is
quartz pseudomorph after wood.

Pseudopcrphyritic. Having a porphy-
ritic appearance or character, but no
true phenocrysts. (Standard)

Pseudospherulite. A spherulite in
which the rays are composed of two
different determinable substances,
usually quartz and feldspar.

Pseudostromatism. A rock structure
approximately resembling fajse bed-
ding produced by numerous minor
thrust-fault planes. (Standard)

Pseud asymmetry. Apparent symmetry ,
of higher grade than that proper to
the mineral, generally due to twin-
ning (La Forge). Called also Mi-
metry.

Pseudovolcano. A false volcano; an
eruptive vent riot emitting lava like
a true volcano. (Webster)

Psilpmelane. . A manganese Jiydrate
and a coriimon ore of manganese.
Perhaps H4MnOfc (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Psychrometer. AII instrument for de-
termining the tension of aqueous va-
por in the air or the relative hu-
midity (Century). See Sling psy-
chrometer.

Ptilolite. A zeojitic mineral occurring
in white tufts or spongy masses of
iniriute acicular crystals, formed in
cavities of augite-andesite. (Cen-
tury)

Public domain. All lands and waters
in the possession and ownership of
the United States, including lands
owned by the several States, as dis-
tinguished from lands owned by in-
dividuals and corporations. (Kinney
on Irrigation, sec. 124; Winters v.
United States, 143 Fed. Kept., p.
748)

Public land. Land subject to sale or
other disposition by the United
States under general laws. Land
once reserved by the Government or
appropriated for any special pur-
pose ceases to be a part of the pub-
lic lands. (Winters v. United
States, 143 Fed. Kept, p. 748;
Kinney on Irrigation, sec. 124.)

Puchos (Bol.). Small heaps of roast-
ed ore. (Halse)

Puck. A wall or pillar built of waste
rock to support the roof. (Ray-
mond)

Pudding stone. A conglomerate in
which the pebbles are rounded. Com-
pare Breccia. (Raymond)

Puddle. 1. To subject iron to the
process of puddling so as to con-
vert it from cast-iron into wrought
iron. 2. Clay, or a mixture of clay
and sand, kneaded or worked when
wet, to render it impervious to
water. Also called Puddling. S. A
small pool. (Webster)

Puddle -ball. The lump of pasty
wrought-iron taken from the pud-
dling furnace to be hammered or
rolled. (Webster)

GLOSSARY bF

AKD lNEBAL INDUSTRY.

Fuddle-bar. An Jron bar niiade, at,.a
single heat from a, pudd%bajl fcy
hammering and rolling. ( Web'ster)

Puddler. 1. Qpe who con vert* cist-iron
into wrought-iron by puddling,, 2.
A rabble ,used in puddling. 3. A
puddling furnace, ,4. A .system , of
small pipes admitting compressed
a.ir to, a. tank of water and j&inc
chloride to effect a thorough solution
for use as a timber preservative.
(Webser)

Puddle rolls. The rqughing-roris
through which puddle-baits a^e
pa,ssed to be converted into , b:ars.
Called also Puddle-train. (Stand-
ard)

Puddle-steel. Steel made by the pud-
dling process.

Puddler's mine. A soft, compact hema-
tite, sometimes used for the bot-
toms of puddling furnaces. (Web-
ster)

Puddle train. A train of rolls for re-
ducing squeezed puddle-balls to
puddle or muck-bars. (Raymond)

Puddling. 1. The process of decar-
burizing cast-iron by fusion on the
hearth of a reverberatory furnace
lined (fixed or fettled) with ore or
other material rich in oxide of iron.
The bath is stirred with a rabble to
expose it to the action of the lining
and of an air current. The es-
cape of carbonic oxide causes it to
boil, whence the early name of this
method of puddling, viz., boiling.
The term puddling, now applied in
metallurgy exclusively to the above
process, originally referred to the
puddling of clay or clay arid char-
coal upon the masonry of a furnace
hearth to form a lining. Ditches,
reservoirs, etc., are puddled with
clay to make them water-tight. 2.
See Dry puddling. (Raymond)

Puddling furnace. A reverberatory
furnace for puddling pig iron.
(Standard)

Puddling machine (U. S. and Aust.).
A machine used for mixing aurifer-
ous clays with water to the proper
consistency for the separation of the
ore. (Da vies)

Puddock (Scot). Cast-iron plate
forming the crossing of flanged mine-
'car rails. (Barrowman)

Pudinga (Mex.). Pudding stone; con-
glomerate. (Dwight)

543

Pue,ble (ex.j< ,T?he actual working
of^a mine. The tojtal working force
employed In a mine. A shift.
(Dwight)

Pueite , ( gjp. ) .>. 1. Any bridge ojf wood
pr mstal. 2. £. suspended platform
in stope or shaft. 3. A stull.
(Halse)

Puerla. .1. ,,(^Py); A door, gate";, P,. de
grasa, a slag, tap fc >„ de,«?ptno, lead
tap,,, , 2. jColom*),^ timber frame
or door set (Halse) , „...,..
3. Puertas, massive barren rocks or
"horses", occurring In a vein, which
must be removed to regain tlie pay
streak. (Dwight)

• / .•„••• • • .• •'.

Puerto (Sp.). Port or harbor. A
mountain pass. (Dwight)

Puffer. Small stationary engine used
for hoisting material on. construc-
tion work, in operating a haulage-
way, or for hoisting r at shallow
miriesi. especially in prospecting and
development work.

Puffer boy. A person employed to op-
erate an engine used for hauling
loaded mine cars through haulage-
ways. (Lahti v. Tamarack Min. Co.,
152 N. W. Rept, 907), Also the pp-
erator of any small stationary
hoisting engine.

Pug. 1. (New Zealand) Selvage; clay
(Power). See also Pugs.
2. A pug mill. 3. Tempered or
pugged clay. 4,. To mix and stir
when wet, as clay for bricks, pot-
tery, etc. 5. To fill or stop with
clay by tamping. (Vebster)

Pug engine (Scot). A small locomo-
tive. (Barrowman)

Puggiug. The process of mixing and
working clay for bricks, etc. (Cen-
tury). Same as Tempering.

Pug m'ilL A mill for kneading or mix-
ing clay. (Irigalls1, p. 233)

Pugs (Scot). A stratum of hard coal
in a free coal seam, e. a., in the
Main coal seam of Lanarkshire
(Barrowman). See also Pug, 1.

Pug tub. See Settler.

Puisard (Fr.). A sump. (Gresley)

Puit (Fr.). A shaft or pit (Gres-
ley)

Pulaskite. A variety of syenite of
somewhat trachytic habit, composed
of essential orthoclase and some ne-
phelite, or sodalite, diopside, and
perhaps hornblende. (LaForge)

544

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Pulgada (Sp.)« Inch; P. de minero,
a miner's inch equal to 74 or 75 cu-
bic meters in 24 hours. (Halse)

Pull. 1. (Eng.) To subside or settle.
See also Creep, 1. 2. The drag
in ventilation of mines. (Gresley)
3. To draw or remove the coal pil-
lars, or pillars of ore.

Puller-off (Mid.). A man who takes
the loaded trams off the cages at
the surface, or who withdraws the
empties from them at the bottom.
(Gresley)

Pulley. A sheave or wheel wijh a
grooved rim, over which a winding
rope passes at the top of the head-
frame. (Gresley)

Tulley brae (Scot). A self-acting in-
cline. (Barrowman)

Pulley /rame, A gallows frame or
head frame. (Raymond)

Pulleying (Eng.). Overwinding or
drawing up a cage or bucket into
the pulley frame. (Gresley)

-Pulley ' stone. The common name for
a hollow cast, or mold, of the Joints
and stems of encrinites. (Oldham)

Tulling back (Eng.). See Posting.

IPulling-over rope (Eng.). A short
light hemp rope for drawing the
ends of winding ropes over the pul-
leys. (Gresley)

Tulling pillars. The common expres-
sion used for mining the coal in
the pillars of a mine; robbing pil-
lars (Steel). See also Pulling
stumps.

Pulling stumps. The process of taking
out the pillars of a coal mine (Ada
Coal Co. v. Linville, 153 S. W. Kept,
p. 21). See also Pulling pillars.

Pull-up stakes (Cal.). To strike camp.
To remove from one place to an-
other, as in search of new diggings,
etc. (Hanks)

Pulmotor. A mechanical device de-
signed to perform artificial respira-
tion in cases of asphyxia, electric
shock, drowning, etc., by exhausting
the lungs and filling them with oxy-
gen-enriched air.

Pulp (Pac.). Pulverized ore mixed
with water; also applied to dry-
crushed ore. (Raymond)

Pulp-assay (Pac.). The assay of sam-
ples taken from the pulp after or
during crushing. (Raymond)

Pulp stone. A very large grindstone
employed in pulp mills for crushing
or grinding wood into fiber. (Pike)

Pulsator. 1. A machine that beats or
throbs in working, as a pulsometer
pump. 2. A jigger or shaking ma-
chine used in diamond mining. 3. A
device that sends puffs of com-
pressed air into either end alter-
nately of a kind of valveless rock
drill. (Webster)

4. A motor-driven air compressor
that supplies compressed air to an
electric channeler. It receives the
exhaust from the channeling ma-
chine cylinder and thus utilizes the
pressure of the exhaust. (Bowles)

Pulsator jig. A jig employing a fixed
sieve and successive pulsions of ris-
ing water from a revolving plug
cock with scarcely any downward
return and suction. It has large ca-
pacity, occupies small space, and
consumes a comparatively small
amount of power. (R. H. Richatds)

Pulsometer. A kind of pump, with
valves, for raising water by steam,
partly by atmospheric pressure, and
partly by the direct action of the
steam on the water, without the in-
tervention of a piston. Also called
a Vacuum pump. (Webster)

Pulverize. To reduce or be reduced to
a fine powder or dust as by beating,
grinding, or the like. (Webster)

Pulverulent. That which may easily
be reduced to powder (Weed). Said
of certain ores.

Pumice. An excessively cellular,
glassy lava, generally of the com-
position of rhyolite (Kemp). A
sort of volcanic froth. Its color is
generally whitish or light gray. It
is very light and will float on water.
Pumice stone.

Pump. 1. Any of numerous devices
or machines for raising, transfer-
ring, or compressing liquids or gases
by suction or pressure or both. 2.
To work or raise water, etc., with a
pump. (Webster)

Pumpage. The amount raised by
pumping ; as, the pumpage of an oil-
well. (Standard)

Pump bob. The balance weight used to
bring up the plunger in a Cornish
pumping-engine. (Standard)

Pump bucket. A packed piston having
an aperture, in its center, covered by
a clack or valve opening upwards.
(Duryee)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

545

Pump chamber. An underground
pumping station.

Pumper. 1. (Scot.) A person who
works a hand pump. (Barrowman)
2. An instrument or machine used
in pumping. 3. (U. S.) An oil well
that has to be pumped. (Webster)

Pump fist (Eng.). The lower end of
a plunger case of a pump. (Gresley)

Pumpherston shale.. A Scottish oil
shale which yields 16 to 22 gallons
of crude oil per ton, together with
50 to 60 pounds of ammonium sul-
phate. (Bacon)

Pumping. 1. The operation of filling
a sludge pump by an up-and-down
motion of the rods or rope. Also
called Pumping the sludger. (Gres-
ley ) 2. The act of raising or trans-
ferring a liquid or gas by means of
a pump.

Pumping engine. An engine used for
pumping, especially a steam engine
and pump combined for raising
water. (Webster)

Pumping jack. A device over a deep
well for operating the pump by belt
power. ( Webster )

Pumping shaft. The shaft containing
the pumping machinery of a mine.
(Standard)

Pump kettle. A convex perforated
diaphragm fixed at the bottom of a
pump tube to prevent the entrance
of foreign matter; a strainer. (Cen-
tury)

Pump ring. A flat-iron ring that, when
lapped with tarred baize or coarse
cloth, secures the joints of water
columns. (C. and M. M. P.)

Pump rod. The rod or system of rods
(usually heavy beams) connecting
the steam engine at the surface, or
at a higher level, with the pump
piston below. (See Balance-bob.
(Raymond)

Pump-rod plates (Scot.). Spear plates;
strips or plates of iron bolted to
wooden pump-rods at the joints for
the purpose of making the connec-
tion. (Barrowman)

Pump slope. A slope in which pumps
are operated. (Chance)

Pump sollar. A platform to give ac-
cess to the door-piece and working
parts of a pump. (Standard)

Tump station; Pump* room. An en-
largement made in the shaft, slope,
or entry to receive the pump.
{Steel)

744010 O — 47 35

Pump stock (Lane.). See Pump tree.

Pump tree (Eng.). A cast-iron
(wrought-iron was formerly used)
pipe, generally 9 feet in length, of
which the water column or set is
formed. (Gresley)

Punch. 1. A tool (ram) for knocking
out timbers in coal workings. ( Stand-
ard)

2. Same as leg or prop. Called also
Puncheon. See Punch prop.

Punch-and-thirl (So. Staff.). A kind
of pillar-and-stall system of min-
ing coal. (Gresley)

Puncheon. 1. (Mid.) A synonym for
Prop. 2. A pointed steel tool used
in marble cutting. (Webster)

Puncher, See Punching machine, 2.

Punching machine. 1. A machine tool
used for punching holes in metals
or other material. (Webster)
2. A pick machine used to under-
mine or shear coal by heavy blows
of sharp steel points attached to a
piston driven by compressed air.
(Steel)

Punch prop. A short timber prop for
supporting coal in holing or under-
cutting; a sprag. (Standard)

Pungernite. A variety of ozocerite,
found in North Russia. (Mitzakis)

Pufio (Mex.). Handful. (Dwight)

Punta. 1. (Mex.) Small cord for ty-
ing ore sacks. (Dwight)
2. A sharp end of an instrument, as
the point of a pick. 3. Puntas
(Peru), a crew of miners who work
for 12 hours. 4. A headland or
promontory. (Halse)

Puntal (Mex.). 1, Prop or post. 8.
The end piece of a shaft frame.
(Halse)

Puntero (So.). 1.. A chisel used by
stone cutters. 2. A gad. (Halse)

Punterola (Sp.). A short pick, chisel,
or wedge used with a handle.
(Halse)

Puntista (Mex.). The laborer who
knocks down all loose rock in the
face or stope, leaving it ready for
the next shift (Dwight)

Punto (Sp.). A point; P. de partida,
the point of discovery of a vein.
The point of commencement in meas-
uring a claim. (Halse)

Punty. In glass - blowing, a pontil.
Called also Punty rod.

Puppet. See Poppet

Puppet head (Eng.). See Poppet head.

646

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Puppet valve. A valve that, in open-
ing, is lifted bodily from its seat by
its spindle instead of being hinged
at one side. (Century)

Puppy. An underground set of pumps.
(Davies)

Purbeck beds (Eng.). A fresh-water
deposit consisting of various kinds
of limestone and marls, immediately
above the Portland beds. (Humble)

Purgar (Mex.). To blow off a boiler.
(Dwight)

Purple blende. An old synonym for
Kermesite. (Chester)

Purple copper ore. Same as Bornite.

Purple of Cassius. A purple precipitate
formed by adding stannous chloride
to chloride of gold. Used in painting
and staining porcelain and glass.

Purser (Corn.). A paymaster and ac-
countant at a mine. (Skinner)

Puruna (Peru). A shallow, earthen
plate about 7 inches in diameter,
used for panning small samples of
ore. (Pfordte)

Pusher. A person regularly employed
to push mine cars from one place to
another. He usually assists the dig-
gers to push cars up into steep
rooms (Steel). See also Trammer
and Putter.

Pushing jack. An implement for mov-
ing a large and heavy object, such as
a railroad car, for a short distance.
(Century) See Pinch, 3.

Push hole. A hole through which glass
is introduced to a flattening fur-
nace. (Standard)

Push moraine; Shoved moraine. A
kind of terminal moraine consisting
of material pushed along and piled
into a marginal ridge. (Standard)

Put. 1. (Newc.) To convey coal from
the working face to the tramway.
This is usually done by young men
called putters. (Raymond)
8. ( Som. j A box having a capacity of
from 8 to 6 cwt. of coal, used in
thin seams. (Gresley)

Putter. 1. (Eng.) A man or boy who
conveys coal from the working place
to the tramway (Raymond). Same
as Haulier, Trammer, and Drawer, 1.

Putti. A gold-washing tray used in
Madras. (Lock)

Putting (Eng.). Same as hauling.
(Gresley)

Putting ponies (Eng.). Ponies 10 or
11 hands high used in mines for
hauling mine cars.

Put-to-stand (So. Staff'.). Stoppage
of coal mining on account of fire-
stink. (Gresley)

Putty. 1. See Iron putty.

2. Tin oxide, sometimes mixed with
lead oxide, used for polishing glass,
metals, jewelry, etc. Called also
Jewelers' putty; Putty powder. 3.
In ceramics, glazing-slip. (Stand-
ard)

Putty powder. Crude oxide of tin,
used for giving opaque whiteness to
enamels or for grinding glass.
(Raymond) See Putty, 2.

Putty stones. Soft pieces of decom-
posed rock found in placer deposits.
(Power)

Put work. See Tutwork.

Putzen (Ger.). Small irregularly de-
posited spots or bunches of ore.
(Davies)

Putz oil. A light distillate from Baku
petroleum with a specific gravity
of 0.750 to 0.770. It is used as a
cleansing oil. (Bacon)

Puy. A conical hill of volcanic ori-
gin, especially in Auvergne, France,
either (1) of volcanic ash or sco-
ria with or without intervening
sedimentary strata, (2) sedimen-
tary or granitic with a cap of ba-
salt, or (3) sedimentary, with or
without volcanic ash, traverse! by
a dike of basalt or trachyte. ( Stand-
ard)

Puzzolana; Puzzolano; Puzzolite. Same
as Pozzuolana.

Pychite. A columnar variety of to-
paz. (Standard)

Pycnite. A variety of topaz, occur-
ring in columnar aggregations.
(Chester)

Pycnometer. A small bottle for de-
termining the specific gravity of
grains or small fragments. (Dana)

Pycnotrope. A compact mineral near
serpentine; probably an alteration
product. (Chester)

Pyramid. 1. In crystallography, strictly,,
(a) in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and!
and orthorhombic systems, an open,
form of three, four, six, eight, or
twelve faces which meet the vertical
axis in a common point; (&) in the
monoclinic and triclinic systems, an
open form of one, two, or four faces
Which cut all three axes. 2. As gen-

GLOSSARY OF MIKIKG AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

547

erally used, a form enclosed by alt
the faces answering the above de-
scription whose intercepts have the
same ratio ; hence, a double-ended py-
ramid having both ends alike : better
called a bipyrainid. (La tforge)

Py ram dial garnet. Idocrase (Power).

A variety of Vesuvianite.
Pyramidal sloping. See Rill stoping.

Pyrargyritc. Dark, ruby silver. Silver-
antimony sulphide, 3AgsS. Sb3S». Con-
tains 59.9 per cent silver when pure,
but analyses show from 57 to 60.9
per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.^

Pyrene. A hydrocarbon, Ci«Hw, ob-
tained from coal tar. (Bacon)

Pyrite. A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow
mineral, FeSj, generally in cubic
crystals. It may be distinguished
from chalcopyrite by being of a
paler yellow, harder and giving a
black powder, whereas chalcopyrite
gives a yellow powder. Marcasite
has the same composition, but is
white and crystallizes differently.
(Roy. Com.) Isometrically crystal-
lized Iron disulphide, FeSi. Cop-
tains 46.6 per cent iron. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) Also called Iron py-
rites, Fool's gold, Iron sulphide.

Pyrites. The term pyrites, as fre-
quently used, literally means a min-
eral that strikes fire. It is applied to
any of a number of metallic-looking
sulphides, of which iron pyrites (py-
rite) is the commonest; as cop-
per pyrites (chalcopyrite), tin py-
rites (stannite), etc. The term py-
rite applies only to the iron di sul-
phide, FeS,.

Pyritic. Of, pertaining to, resembling,
or having the properties of pyrite.
(Standard)

Pyritic smelting. The fusion of sul-
phide ores by the heat generated by
their own oxidation, and without the
aid of any extraneous heat, such as
carbonaceous fuel, the electric arc,
etc. (Peters', p. 372.)

Pyritiferons. Containing or producing
pyrite. (Webster)

Pyritization. Conversion into pyrite
either by simple replacement or by
alteration, or both. (Standard)

Pyritize. To convert into pyrite.
(Webster)

Pyritohedron. The pentagonal dodeca-
hedron. (Webster)

Pyritology. 1. The science of blowpipe
analysis, (Webster)
2. Facts or information relating to
pyrite. (Century)

Pyrobitumen. A dark-colored, solid,
infusible, natural-hydrocarbon com-
plex, "often associated with a min-
eral matrix, insoluble in water, and
relatively insoluble in carbon di-
sulphide, benzol, etc. (Bacon)

Pyrobitnminons. Yielding bituminous
products on heating, as coaL (Web-
ster)

Pyrochlore. Chiefly a niobate of the
cerium metals, calcium and other
bases, with also titanium and thorium.
Probably essentially a metanlobate
with a titanate, RNb2OJl(Ti,Th)O»;
fluorine is also present (Dana)

Pyrochroite. Manganese hydrate, a
mineral occurring in foliated forms
with pearly luster, resembling bru-
cite. It is white when fresh, but
changes to bronze and black upon
exposure. ( Century )

Pyrocalstic. Of igneous origin and
fragmental texture: said of some
rocks, as tuff, agglomerate, volcanic
braccia, etc. (La Forge)

Pyrocrystalline. Crystallized from a
molten magma. (Webster)

Pyrogen. An obsolete term for elec-
tricity. (Webster)

Pyrogenous. Formed by fusion ; igne-
ous; as, pyrogenous rocks. (Stand-
ard)

Prognostics. The characters of a
mineral observed by the use of the
blowpipe, as degrees of fusibility,
flame coloration, etc. (Webster)

Pyrolite. An explosive resembling
gunpowder in composition. (Web-
ster)

Pyrolites. A term employed by M. E.
Wadsworth to comprise all mineral
refractory or fire-resisting mate-
rials. (Power)

Pyrolnsite. Black oxide of manganese.
Manganese dioxide, MnO. Contains
68.2 per cent manganese. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Pyromagnetic. Pertaining to, pro-
duced by, or acting by the combined
agency of, heat and magnetism.
(Webster)

Pyromeride. A name given by the
Abbe Haiiy to the orbicular diorite
or corsite of Corsica. The word
means ."partly fusible," and refers
to the properties of the two constitu-
ent minerals, of which the one,
quartz, was infusible, and the other,
the feldspar, could be melted.
(Kemp)

548

GLOSSARY 0E MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Pyrometallurgy. Metallurgy depend-
ing on the action of heat, as in smelt-
ing.

Pyrometamorphism. Metamorphism
produced by heat: contrasted with
Hydrometamorphism. (Standard)

Pyrometer. 1. An instrument for
measuring the expansion of solid
bodies by heat. 2. Any instrument
for measuring degrees of heat, espe-
cially above those indicated by the
mercurial thermometer. (Webster)

Pyrometer cone. One of a series of
small cones of different substances
forming a scale of fusing points, and
used in finding approximately the
temperature of kilns, etc, (Web-
ster)

Pyrometry. The art of measuring de-
grees of heat; the art of using a
pyrometer. ( Webster )

Pyromorphite; Green lead-ore. Chloro-
phosphate of lead, 8Pb»P«O».PbCl».
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Pyromorphous. Crystallizing from a
molten state. (Webster)

Pyronaphtha. A heavy illuminating
oil obtained from Russian petro-
leum. It has a light-yellow color
and a specific gravity of 0.840 to
0.860. (Bacon)

Pyronome. An explosive containing
the ingredients of gunpowder, and
also antimony, potassium chlorate
and chromate, and flour. (Webster)

Pyrope. Magnesium - aluminum gar-
net, 3MgO.Al,O«.3SiOa. Color deep
red to nearly black. Used as a gem
when transparent. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Pyrophane. A variety of opal tlmt by
the absorption of melted wax is
made translucent when hot, but be-
comes opaque again on cooling.
(Standard)

Pyrophyllite ; Pencilstone. A hydrous
aluminum silicate, HjO.AljOs^SiO*
Resembles talc in color, feel, luster,
and structure. Used for slate pen-
cils and for the "talc" or "talcum"
of commerce. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Pyrophysalite. Same as Physalite. A
coarse, nearly opaque, variety of to-
paz. (Dana)

Pyropissite. An earthy, friable, coaly
substance, of a grayish-brown color
and having a specific gravity of
0.493 to 0.522; it melts easily to a
pitch-like mass and affords 62 per
cent of paraffin on dry distillation.
(Bacon)

Pyroretin. A resin that occurs In
brown coal, near Aussig in Bohemia ;
It is brittle, of a brownish-black color,
and has a specific gravity of 1.05 to
1.18. (Bacon)

Pyroschist. A schist or shale contain-
ing sufficient hydrocarbons to burn
with a bright flame, or one yielding
volatile hydrocarbon or Inflammable
gas when heated. (Century)

Pyrosphere. See Barysphere.

Pyrostat. A thermostat, especially one
for measuring high temperature.
(Webster)

Pyrostibite. An old synonym for Ker-

mesite. (Chester)
Pyrostilpnite. A hyacintn-red variety

of pyrargyrite, Ag2S.SbaS8. (Dana)

Pyroxene. A metasilicate, chiefly of
calcium and magnesium, also iron,
less often manganese and zinc.
There are a number of varieties.
See Diopside, Hedenbergite, Augite,
( Dana ) . The name of the minera 1 is
often prefixed to the name of the
rocks that contain it.

Pyroxenite. A granular, igneous rock,
consisting essentially of pyroxene,
with or without hornblende, spinel,
and iron oxides, and with little or no
feldspar or olivine. (La Forge)

Pyrrhotite; Magnetic -pyrites. A vari-
able iron sulphide, FenSn+j. Many
pyrrhotltes contain nickel and are
mined as nickel ores (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). It has a reddish-brown
color, and is magnetic, hence mag-
netic pyrites. (Dana)

Q.

Qnadraiw. .1. The quarter of a circle ;
an arc of 90°. 2. Any of the four
parts into which a plane is divided
by rectangular coordinate axes ly-
ing in that plane. 3. An instrument
for measuring altitudes. 4. A device
resembling a bell crank for Convert-
ing the horizontal reciprocating mo-
tion of an engine piston rod into the
vertical up-and-down movement of a
pump rod. 5. A unit of length equal
to 10,000 kilometers. (Webster)

Quadrel. 1. A square brink, tile, or
stone ; especially, a whitish air-dried
brick ma.de of chalky earth. 2.
(Prov. Eng.) A square of peat or
turf. (Standard)

Quadrune. A gritstone, with a calca-
reous cement. ( Standard )

Quagmire. Soft, . wet, miry ' land, that
shakes or yields under the foot.
(Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

549

Quaking bog. A bog that shakes under
foot, consisting of growing peat sat-
urated with water. (Standard)

Qualitative analysis. The process, in
chemistry, of finding how many and
what elements are present. (Stand-
ard)

Quantitative analysis. The process, in
chemistry, of i finding the bulk or
amount of each element present
Called also Elementary analysis
(Standard). Both the volumetric
and gravimetric methods are in-
cluded in this process.

Quaquaversal. Dipping outward in all
directions from a central point : as a
dome in stratified rocks. (La Forge)

Quar; Cliff quar (Forest of Dean). An
indurated clay. See Bind, 1. (Ores-
ley)

Qnarey lode. See Quarry lode.

Qnarl; Quarle. A large brick or tile;
especially a curved firebrick used to
support melting pots, retort covers,
or the like. (Webster)

Quannan. An obsolete term for a
quarryman. (Standard)

Quarpit. An obsolete term for a
quarry. (Standard)

Quarrel. 1. A stone quarry. 2. Ma-
terials from a quarry. Au obsolete
term. (Standard)

Quarrier. A workman in a stone
quarry; a quarryman. (Standard)

Quarry. 1. An open or surface work-
ing, usually for the extraction of
building-stone, as slate, limestone,
etc. (Raymond)

2. (Eng.) An underground excava-
tion formed in the roof or fault, for
the purpose of obtaining material
for pack walls. (Gresley)
Note: In its widest sense the term
mines includes quarries, and has
been sometimes so construed by the
courts; but when the distinction is
drawn, mine denotes underground
workings and quarry denotes super-
ficial workings. Open workings for
iron ore, clay, coal, etc., are called
banks or pits rather than quarries
(Webster), the latter being defined
as in 1 above.

Quarry bar. A horizontal bar sup-
ported at each end by legs and used
to carry machine drills. (Gillette,
P. 97)

Quarry face. The freshly split face
of ashlar, squared off for the joints
only, as it comes from the quarry,
and used especially for massive
work. (Webster)

Quarrying-machine. Any machine by
which to drill holes or cut channels
in native rock; a gang-drill, rock-
drill, or tunneling machine, but most
commonly a small form of locomo-
tive, bearing rock-drilling mecha-
nism, and operating on a track laid
temporarily along or opposite the
ledge to be cut. (Standard)

Quarry lode ( Corn. ) . A lode or stratum
that breaks in large hard blocks,
by reason of joint planes.* (Pryce)

Quarry machine. See Quarrying ma-
chine.

Quarryman. A man engaged in quar-
rying stones ; a quarrier. (Webster)

Quarrymaster (Scot). The owner of
a quarry. (Barrowman)

Quarry - stone bond. Rubble work.
(Webster)

Quarry water. Water that fills the
pore spaces of. a rock as it lies in
its original bed (Bowles). See
Ground- water.

Quartation. The reparation of gold
from silver by dissolving out the lat-
ter with nitric acid. It requires
not less than i silver in the alloy,
whence the name, which is also ap-
plied to the alloying of gold with
silver, if necessary, to prepare it for
this method of parting. (Raymond)

Quarter coal (York.). Same as Col-
liers'. coaL

Quarter cord (Derb.). A cord or
chain one-quarter of a mere in
length (about 7£ yards), used in
measuring mineral ground. ( Mau-
de r)

Quartering. A method of reducing an
ore sample by discarding alternate
quarters after the ore has been
spread on the floor. The operation
is repeated until a large sample has
been reduced to a few pounds. (Hof-
man, p. 48)

Quartering-in (Lane.). A plan of
building or putting together tubbing
plates from the top downward,, the
rings and segments being bolted to-
gether as the work of excavation
proceeds. (Gresley)

Quartering-way (Corn.). A quarry
term to designate a direction in
which a rock cleaves with moderate
facility. (Green well, p. 80)

dual-ternary. The later of. the two
geologic periods comprised in the
Cenozoic era, in the classification
generally used. Also the deposits

650

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

formed during that period. (It com
prises all geologic time and deposits
from the end of the Tertiary .until
and including the present. It has
also been called Post-Tertiary and
Pleistocene, but Pleistocene Is now
generally restricted to the earlier
part of the Quarternary.) (La
Forge)

Quarternary steel. An alloy steel that
contains two alloying elements, such
as chromium- vanadium steel (Hib-
bard). It contains two elements plus
the iron and carbon, hence quarter-
nary.

Quarter line (Western U. S.).
original survey-line by which a sec-
tion of Government land is divided
Into four parts, (Standard)

Quarter - point veins (No. of Eng.).
Small veins having an intermediate
bearing between strike and cross
veins. (Power)

Quarter post (Western U. S.). A half-
way post between two section-cor-
ners on the same line of a surveyed
section of land. (Standard)

Quarter section. In the Government
system of land surveying in the
United States and Canada, a tract
of land half a mile square ana con-'
taining 160 acres. (Webster)

Quartz. 1. Crystallized silicon diox-
ide, Sid. Amethyst is a variety
of the well-known amethystine color.
Aventurine is a quarts spangled
with scales of mica, hematite, or
other minerals. False topaz or cit-
rine is a yellow quartz. Rock
crystal is a watery clear variety.
Rose quartz is a pink variety. Ru-
tilatcd quartz contains needles of ru-
tile. Smoky quartz is a brownish va-
riety, sometimes called caii .^gorm.
Tiger-eye is crocidolite (an asbestos-
like mineral) replaced by quartz and
Iron oxide and having a chatoyant
effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
The myne of the mineral Is pre-
fixed to the names of many rocks
that contain it, as quartz-porphyry,
quartz-diorite. (Kemp)
2.' (Pac.) Any bard, gold or silver
ore, as distinguished from jravel or
earth. Hence, quartz-mining, as dis-
tinguished from hydraulic mining,
etc. (Raymond)

-Quartz battery (Aust). A quartz-mill.
(Standrrd)

•Quartz boil. An outcrop of a quartz

reef. (Duryee)
.Quartz bucket. A bucket for holding

quartz. <C. and M. M. P,)

Quartz claim. In the United States,
a mining claim containing ore in
veins or lodes, as contrasted with
placer claims, carrying mineral, usu-
ally gold, in alluvium.

Quartz drift. Any loose rock material
containing quartz fragment^ as a
prominent constituent. See Drift, 6.
(Century). A mine opening in a
quartz-bearing rock.

Quartxic. Same as Quartzif erous.

Quartziferous. Consisting chiefly of
quartz. (Mllford)

Quartzite. A metamorphosed quartz
sandstone, formed by the deposition
of secondary silicia between the
original grains, so that the rock is
more firmly cemented and less por-
ous than before and tends to break
across the grains (La Forge). Not
to be used for vein quartz (Kemp).
Called also Quartz -rock, Granular
quartz.

Quartzitic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
sisting of quartzlte or quartz. (Cen-
tury)

ftuartz liquefLer. An apparatus in
which, by the action of an alkali and
high-pressure steam, gold-bearing
quartz is converted into a soluble
silicate from which the gold may be
separated by washing. (Standard)

Quartz mill. A machine or establish-
ment for pulverizing quartz ore, in
order that the gold or silver it con-
tains may be separated by chemical
means (Standard). A stamp mill.

Quartz nine. A mine in which the de-
posits of ore are found in veins or
fissures in the rocks forming the
earth's crust (Duryee). See Quartz
mining. Usually applied to lode gold
mines, but not to placers.

Quartz mining. Mining on veins or
ore bodies in place, as distinguished
from surface digging or washing
(alluvial or placer mining) ; under-
ground mining in rock ; so cafled be-
cause quartz is the chief mineral
associated with gold in such de-
posits. (Webster)

Quartz monzbnite. An igneous rock of
granular texture containing quartz
with ortfioclase and plagioclase in
about equal proportions. (Ries)

Quartzoid. A crystal having the form
of two six-sided pyramids twee to
base. (Standard)

Qtuartzase. Containing quartz as a
principal ingredient (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

551

Quartz porphyry. Any porphyritic rock
In which the quartz occurs as pheno-
crysts.

Quartz reef. A lode or vein of quartz
(Duryee). See also Reef.

Quartz reefer (Aust.). One engaged
in mining for gold in a quartz reef
or vein. (Webster)

Quartz rock. See Quartzite.

Quartz sinter. Siliceous sinter. (Cen-
tury)

Quartz vein. A deposit of quartz in
the form of a vein. Auriferous
veins are often called quartz veins,
and mining for gold in the rock is
called quartz mining. (Century)

Quartz wedge. In mineralogy, a wedge-
shaped piece of quartz used in opti-
cal work. (A. F. Rogers)

Quebec City series. Same as Quebec
group. (Standard)

Quebec group. A series of strata near
Quebec, Canada, formerly supposed
to be intermediate in age between
the Calciferous and the Chazy, but
now known to include beds from the
Pre-Cambrian to the lower Silurian.
(Standard)

Quebrada (Sp.). 1. A valley ; a ravine.
2. A fissure or break in stratified
rocks. 3. Broken or uneven ground.
4. A stream. (Halse)

Quebrador (Mex.). 1. An ore breaker
or cobber. 2. A sledge used in cob-
bing. (Halse)

Quebrar ( Sp. ) . To cob, break or crush
ore. (Halse)

Quebraz6n de veta (Mex.). A break in
a vein. (Dwight)

Quebrith. An obsolete term for sul-
phur. (Standard)

Queen's metal (Corn.). An alloy con-
sisting of nine parts of tin and one
•each of antimony, bismuth and lead.
(Crofutt)

Queen's ware. Glazed English earthen-
ware of a cream color ; cream-
colored wedgewood ware. (Web-
ster)

Queen's yeiiow. The yellow subsul-
phate of mercury. (Century)

Queer (Prov. Eng.). A fissure, joint,
or small cavity, as in a rock or vein
of quartz (Standard). Also spelled
Quere, Queere and Qweear.

Queer creek. A fine - grained sand-
stone found in Ohio and used in the
manufacture of inexpensive sharpen-
ing stones. (Pike)

Queery (Corn.). When the lode or
rock on which the miner is driving
partakes of the character of quarry
stone, viz., in detached lumps by
natural divisions, it is called
queery ground, and is frequently
worked with crowbars and levers
instead of being blasted or gadded.
A "queer of ground" is a detached
rock (Hunt). Also called Quarry
lode. See also Queer.

Quema; Queme (Mex.). 1. A roast of
ore ; the process of roasting ore ; re-
torting amalgam. (Dwight)
2. Calcining of mercury ores in clay
retorts. 3. Metal de quema (Peru),
a sulphide ore. (Halse)

Quemadero (Mex.). A burning place;
a retorting furnace for silver pr gold
amalgam. ( Dwight )

Quemado (Mex.). Literally, burnt
stuff. Any dark, cindery looking
mineral encountered in a vein or
mineral deposit (generally mangan-
iferous). (Dwight)

Quemar (Sp.). To calcine or roast
ore; Q. piedra, to heat a stone and
then drop it in water in order to
break it. (Halse)

Quemaz6n. 1. (Peru) Silver ore con-
taining black peroxide of manganese.
2. (Mex.) An outcrop. (Dwight)

Quench. 1. To cool suddenly, as heat-
ed steel, in tempering. (Webster)
2. To produce a crust or succession
of crusts on (molten metal), each
crust being removed as it is formed.
(Standard)

Quenching. Specially, in copper-refin-
ing or the like, the act of cooling
the surface of molten metal, and
causing the formation of rosettes in
the crust by pouring water into the
crucible. (Standard)

Quenching pit. A pit filled with water
in which graphite, residue of iron,
and slag from hot-metal ladles is
granulated so that it will pass
through bin doors when it is re*
charged into furnace. (Willcox)

Quenching tub. A tub of water in
which to cool, harden, or temper
iron or steel. (Standard)

Quergestein (Ger.). Strata crossed at
right angles by a lode. (Davies)

552

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Quetoi. 1. (Peru). Pressed amalgam
cakes. (Pfordte)

8. (Mex.) In the patio process
small cakes of silver resulting from
smelting sulphides with litharge In
small clay furnaces. (Halse)

Quick. 1. Applied to a productive vein
as distinguished from dead or bar-
ren. An ore or pay streak is said
to be quickening when the associated
minerals indicate richer mineral
ahead. 2. (Pac.) A local term for
quicksilver. (Raymond)

3. Soft water-bearing strata, such as
running sand. 4. (So. Staff.) Solid
or ungotten coal forming the roof of
a roadway in a "thick coal" colliery.

5. Blasting powder is said to be
"quick" when it burns or goes off
very rapidly. (Gresley)

6. In electroplating, to wash with
quicksilver or other substance that
insures the adhesion of a coating of
silver. (Standard)

Quickening liquid. A solution of a
salt of mercury, usually the nitrate
or cyanide, in which the articles to
be plated with silver are plunged
before being put into the silver bath.
A thin film of mercury is formed
which insures a perfect adhesion of
the silver coating (Webster). See
also Quick, 6.

Quick ground. Ground in a loose, in-
coherent state. (Raymond)

Quicklime. Calcined calcium carbo-
nate (limestone). By the addition
of water it slakes and forms hydrate
of calcium.

Quickness. The property of an explo-
sive by virtue of which it exerts a
sharp blow or shattering effect on
the material with which it is in con-
tact. The quickest explosive of the
dynamite class is the 60 per cent,
straight dynamite. Quick explosives
are the ones particularly desired for
mudcapping. For maximum effect
for this purpose, they should be of
high density and sensitiveness. (Du
Pont) See also Quick, 5.

Quicksand. Sand which is (or becomes,
upon the access of water) "quick,"

4. e., shifting, easily movable or semi-
liquid. (Raymond)

Quicksandy. Containing or abounding
Jn quick sands. (Century)

Quicksilver. 1. A common name for
mercury; one of the metallic ele-
ments, remarkable for its low melt-
ing .point, being liquid down to
minus 40° F. (Roy. Com.)

2. To overlay with quicksilver, or
with an amalgam of quicksilver and
tin. (Webster)

3. An amalgam of tin, used for the
reflecting surface of mirror. ( Stand-
ard)

Quicksilver cradle. A wooden box
placed in a sloping position, and
fixed upon rockers, In which gold-
bearing gravel is washed, the gold
being caught by mercury in the
lower part of the cradle. (Da vies)

Quicksilvering. The process of coat-
ing or treating with quicksilver.
(Standard). See Quicksilver, 3.

Quicksilver rock (Calif.) A dark opal-
ine or chalcedonic rock, commonly
associated with cinnabar and often
indicative of the presence of this
quicksilver mineral. (Webster)

Quicksilver water. See Quickening liq-
uid.

Quick water. A dilute solution of ni-
trate of mercury and gold, used in
the process of water-gilding. (Cen-
tury)

Quiebra (Sp.) 1. The breaking or
crushing of ore by hand or ma-
chinery. 2. A fault, fracture or
break in rocks. (Halse)

Quijadas (Mex.). Rock breaker; Jaw
plates. (Dwight)

Quijo (Sp.). Gangue, or vein rock.
(Halse)

Quilatar; Aquilatar (Sp.). To assay
gold or silver. (Halse)

Quilate (Sp.) 1. The degree of purity
of gold or precious stones. 2. A
carat. (Halse)

Quill. A slow burning fuse made
formerly of the quill of a feather
filled with powder. (Standard)

Quimbalete (Peru). See Bimbalete.

Quimico (Mex.). Chemist or assayer.
(Dwight)

Quintal. A denomination of weight;
a hundredweight. In the metric
system, 100 kilograms ; in the United
States and Great Britain 100 (or
112) pounds avoirdupois; in Spain
100 libras, or 46.09 kilograms; In
Colombia 100 libras or 50 kilograms;
in Portugal and Brazil, 58.752 kilo-
grams (Webster). In Mexico, 46.-
0246 kilograms. (Dwight)

Quintaleros (Bol.). Native lessees
who treat copper ore in quimbaletes.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

553

Qninto (Sp.). Mining tribute from
American colonies to the King of
Spain (Dwight). A3 originally lev-
ied by Ferdinand and Isabella^ it
amounted to 20 per cent, but was
later reduced.

Quitapepena (Mex.). A guard who
searches the miners ns they come out
of the mine to prevent stolen ore be-
ing taken from the mine. (Halse)

Quitclaim. A release or relinquish-
ment of a claim ; a deed of release.
In the United States it is more than
a release and is used as a simple
conveyance for making a grant of
lands. (Webster)

Quote en eck (Shrop.). Grayish black
clay with streaked shining surfaces.
(Gresley)

Quoin. 1. The keystone or a voussoir
in an arch. 2. A wedge to support
and steady a stone. (Webster)
3. A large square ashlar or stone at
the angle of a wall to limit the rub-
ble and make the corner true and
strong. 4. One of the four facets
on the crown, on the pavilion, or on
the base of a gem (Standard)

Qweear; Queere. (Cora.). A small
cavity or fissure (Raymond). See
also Queer; Queery.

Rabat. Imperfectly baked potters'
clay: used as a polishing material.
(Standard)

Rabban (Corn.). A dry yellowish
gossan. (Power)

Rabble. 1. An iron scraper serving
for a rake in removing scoriae from
the surface of melted metal in a re-
verberatory furnace. It has gener-
ally an iron handle ten or fifteen
feet in length. The iron scraper is
about a foot long and from four to
six inches wide (Jackson). See
Puddling.

2. A charcoal burner s shovel. 3. A
mechanical stirrer used to stir the
ore charge in roasting furnaces.
(Webster)

Rabbler. 1. A rabble (which see). 2.
One who uses a rabble, as in pud-
dling iron. 3. A scraper. (Stand-
ard)

Rabbling. Stirring a charge of ore
in a reverberatory furnace with a
specially designed iron rod. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Rabbling tool. A rabble of simple con-
struction for use by hand (Stand-
ard). See Rabble, 1. Also called
Rabble rake.

Rabot. A hardwood block used in
polishing marble. (Standard)

Race. 1. (Scot.) See Journey, 1. 2.
(Eng.) The space in which a* wind-
ing drum revolves. (Gresley)
3. To scrape the face of a grind-,
stone so as to make it cylindrical
and abrasive. 4. A watercourse
made and used for industrial pur-
poses, as for mining. (Webster)

5. A small thread of spar or ore.
(Raymond)

6. (Scot.) A set or train of hutches
coupled together. (Barrowman)

Rack (Corn.). An inclined frame on
which ores are washed (Whitney).
A stationary buddle. Also spelled
Reck.

Rackarock. An explosive consisting of
about four parts of potassium chlo-
rate to one part of nitrobenzine.
(Century)

Racking. 1. The process of separating
ores by washing on an inclined
plane. (Davies)

2. Act of leaving an uncompleted
part of a wall with bricks or stones
stepped in and out, so that more
may be bonded to it (Webster)

3. Same as Ragging. (Standard)

Racking table. A table on which to
wash ore slimes (Standard). See
Rack, 1.

Rackings (Scot.). See Corner rack-
ings.

Rack railroad. A cog railway, or cog
tramway.

Raddle (York.). 1. Earthy hematite
occurring in the coal measures.
( Gresley ) . See Reddle.
2. A rabble. (Standard)

Radial dikes. A descriptive term spe-
cially used by L. V. Pirsson for those
dikes that radiate outward from
an eruptive center. (Kemp)

Radian. An arc of a circle equal to
the radius, or the angle at the cen-
ter measured by it. Its value is
57.2958+ degrees. (Webster)

Radiated. Applied to crystal aggre-
gates that radiate from a center
without producing stellar forms.
(Dana)

Radiated pyrite. Marcasite. (Power)

Radiation. Emission and diffusion of
rays, as of light or heat (Webster)

554

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Radical. An atom or element, or a
group of atoms or elements, that is
the chief constituent of the mole-
cules of a given compound or that
will not decompose in the ordinary
chemical reactions to which a com-
pound is liable; more specifically, a
group of different atoms acting as a
single element in a compound and
incapable of independent existence,
as NH4 (ammonium) in NEUC1 (am-
monium chloride), or C2H» (ethyl)
in C2H5HO (ethyl hydrate or alco-
hol). (Standard)

Radioactive. Capable of emitting,
spontaneously, rays consisting (at
least in part) of material particles
traveling at high velocities. (Web-
ster)

Radiolite. A variety of natrolite, es-
pecially that from southern Norway.
(Standard)

Radiometallography. The application
of X-rays to the study of the inter-
nal structure of various materials,
especially metals. For details See
THE ENGINEER, London, July 25,
1919.

Radium. A metallic element, Ra, de-
rived, through a series of interme-
diate elements, from uranium. It
gives off helium (the o rays) and
charges of niton. Successive al-
terations give other elements, part
of which radiate /3 and 7 rays.
Radium is never found in sufficient
quantity to be visible, but occurs
with and onjy with uranium min-
erals. From these it is separated
to obtain the radium salts of com-
merce. See Uranium. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.) Atomic weight, 226.0.

Radium vermilion. A red lead coated
with an organic color. (Webster)

Raedera (Sp.). 1. A semicircular rake
for collecting mineral. 2. A rake
used in metallurgical operations.
(Ealse)

Raff. The coarse ore after crushing
by Cornish rolls. (C. and M. M. P.)

Raffain (Corn.). Poor ore. (Power)

Raff wheel. A revolving wheel with
side buckets for elevating the raff.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Raff yard (No. of Eng.). A walled-in
yard on the surface, in which the
smiths, wrights, carpenters, etc.,
work. (Gresley)

Rafter timbering. A method of mine
timbering in which the timbers ap-
pear like roof-rafters. (Ihlseng)

Rag. 1. (Eng.) Any of various hard
rocks used for whetstones; a hard
limestone u?ed in building; a basal-
tic rock, shale, etc. 2. A kind of
roofing slate. 3. To break ore into
lumps for sorting; to cut or dress
roughly, as a grindstone. (Web-
ster)

Rag-and-chain pump (Eng.). An early
type of chain pump in which rags
were tied on the chain in place of
rubber or metal buttons. Used in
draining coal pits. (Gresley)

Rag-burn (Corn.). To subject the
product of the first dressing of tin
ores to a first or partial roasting.
( Raymond )

Ragging. A rough cobbing. (Ray-
mond)

Haggling (Scot). A channel cut in
the side of a mine and covered with
boarding to serve as an airway.
(Barrowman)

Rag pump; Rag-wheel pump (Corn.)
A chain pump. (Da vies)

Ragstone. 1. Any hard, coarse-tex-
tured rock. (Power)
2, Especially, a rough, sandy, fos-
siliferous limestone of the Lower
(Bath) Oolite in England. 3. Stone
quarried in thin slabs, as for pave-
ments. (Standard)

Rag wheel. 1. A sprocket wheel; a
chain wheel. 2. A polishing wheel
made Of disks of cloth clamped to-
gether. (Webster)

Ragwork. Masonry built with un-
dressed flat stones of about the
thickness of a brick and having a
rough exterior, hence the name.
(Century)

Rail bender. A screw-press or hydrau-
lic-press for straightening rails, or
for bending them in the construc-
tion of railway curves and switches
(Century). Used also in under-
ground tram roads.

Railroad powder. An explosive con-
sisting of assorted grains, similar
to gunpowder, made in such a way
that the grains are not porous, hav-
ing nitroglycerin on the surface not
absorbed by the grain (Du Pont).
Abbreviated R. R. P.

Rail train. A train of rolls for reduc-
ing iron or steel ingots or blooms to
rails. (Raymord)

Rain (Mid.). Water dropping freely
from the mine roof. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

555

Rainbow chalcedony (Eng.). A va-
riety of chalcedony of thin concen-
tric layers, which when cut across
exhibit an iridescence resembling
the colors of the rainbow. (Page)

Bain chamber. A chamber in which
fumes, as from molten metal, may
be condensed by a water shower.
(Standard)

Bain channel. In geology, a minia-
ture furrow on a rock surface
carved by the rain. (Standard)

Bain print. The impression of a rain-
drop on recent mud, or fossil on the
surface of ancient strata. (Stand-
ard)

Bain-spot slate. A mottled Lower Si-
lurian slate of Wales. (Standard)

Raise. 1. To cause to rise, or expand
upward. (Webster)

2. (Engv) To wind coal, etc., to the
surface. (Gresley)

3. To take up the floor or bottom
rock in a room, gangway, or entry
to increase the height for haulage.

4. A mine shaft driven from below
upward; called also Upraise, Rise
and Riser Webster). An opening,
like a shaft, made in the back of a
level to reach a level above. ( Stand-,
ard). The term is in general usage
at mines in Western States. See
Rise, 1.

Baised beach. A shelf or terrace of
shingle, gravel, and sand elevated
above the present level of the lake
or sea in which it was formed, and
indicating a change in the relative
level of land and water surface.
(Century)

Bait; Bate (Mid.). To split off the
walls or sides of underground work-
ings (Gresley). Called Rosh in Lei-
cestershire.

Bajas (Mex.). Lagging (half round).
(Dwight)

Bajos (Chile). Open-cast workings.
(Halse)

Bake. 1. (Mid.) To smother a venti-
lating furnace with fuel, so that it
smolders for many hours. 2.
(Mid.) An iron rake with a short
handle, with which fillers fill bas-
kets or pans. 3. (Derb.) A series
of beds of clay ironstone lying with-
in a few feet or yards of one an-
other, making a workable ironstone.
(Gresley)

4. (Derb.) A fissure vein crossing
the strata '(Raymond). Also called
Rake vein.

5. The inclination of anything from
the vertical. Said of mineral veins,
faults, etc.

6. See Race, 6.

Bake of skips (Aust). A number of
skips connected that form a set or
train (Power). A trip. See Race, 8.

Bakers. 1. Slanting props placed at
the end of a drift set to keep the
timbers steady when blasts go off.
(Sanders, p. Ill)

2. (Eng.) Shots placed round a
sumper shot. (Gresley)

Bake vein. 1. (Derb.) In lead-min-
ing, a vertical or highly inclined
vein, as distinguished from a flat
vein, or pipe vein (Century). See
Rake, 4 and 5.

2. A vein or lode cutting through
the strata. (Skinner)

Baking coal (Eng.) .A large lump of
hard coal placed upon a fire or venti-
lating furnace, for the purpose of
just keeping it burning, or rather
smoldering, when a larger tire is
not required. (Gresley)

Baking prop. An inclined prop (Ray-
•inond). See Rakers, 1.

Bakuware. A Japanese earthenware
of the 15th or 16th century, rough
and with a dark glaze. (Webster)

Raky system. A percussion drilling
system designed by Engineer Raky,
a Russian. Although it is at present
considered a little old-fashioned, it
is still in use in some parts of the
Taman Peninsula and Crimea.
(Mitzakis)

Bam. 1. The plunger of a pump. 2.
A device for raising water. (C. and
M. M. P.)

3. See Barney. 4. A mechanical de-
vice for pushing hot coke out of an
oven. (Power)

Rama (Sp.). A branch, as a branch
road; a branch vein. (Halse)

Bamal (Sp.). 1. The principal passage
in a mine. 2. A branch vein. (Halse)

Bamalear (Sp.). To branch off into
various divisions. (Dwight)

Bamble (Newc.). A shale bed on the
top jaf a coal seam, which falls as
the coal is removed. (Raymond)

Bammelly (Mid.). Mixed argillace-
ous and sandy rocks. (Gresley)

Bammelsbergite. Essentially nickel
diarsenide, NiAs* like chloanthite,
(Dana)

556

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rammer. A founder's implement for
compacting material in the mold,
etc. (Standard)

Bamming bar (No. of Eng.). A beater
(Pryce). A tamping or stemming
bar or rod.

Eana ( Sp. ) . A railway frog. See also
Sapo. (Halse)

Bance. 1. (Scot.) A long narrow
pillar of coal. 2. A prop set against
the coal face that is undermined.
(Barrowman)

8. (Fr.) A dull red marble with
blue and white markings, from Bel-
gium, and sold in the United States
as Belgian marble. (Webster)

Band (Dutch). A range of hills.
(Buryee). The Rand is a rocky
gold-bearing ridge in South Africa,
about 30 miles long, on which
Johannesberg is situated; also the
gold-mining district including this
ridge. (Webster)

Bandanite. A synonym for Klesel-
guhr. The name is used in France.
(Century)

Bandolph process. A modification of
the series process of copper refining
in which the electrodes lie horizon-
tally, the top surface of each one
acting as anode, the lower as cath-
ode. Theoretically it has the ad-
vantage of extremely low metal
losses and great purity of copper.
Practically, it is difficult to right
matters in a tank after a short cir-
cuit. See Hayden process and Smith
process. (Liddell)

Bandom. The direction of a rake
vein. (Raymond)

Bandom courses. Courses of masonry
In which the stones are of different
thicknesses, though dressed and
fitted. (Standard)

Bandom rubble. Uncoursed rubble-
work. (Standard)

Bandom stone. A term applied by
quarrymen to quarried blocks of any
dimensions. (Perkins)

Bandom work. Stonework laid in ran-
dom courses. (Standard)

Bang (Ceylon). Gold; from rang-
weUe, golden sand. (Lock)

Range. 1. A chain of mountains or
hills. 2. A belt or strip of country
within which certain economic min-
erals are supposed to occur or run.
(Roy. Com.)

t. In the Lake Superior region, a
term applied to a deposit of Iron
ore and the associated rocks. It

originated from the finding of ridges
or ranges formed by the wearing of
the softer rocks while the hard rocks
in which the iron ore is found made
ridges, or low ranges. Now the term
simply means deposits of iron ore,
which are all known as "ranges,"
even if the ground where they occur
be low swamps. (Min. and Sci.
Press, Aug. 28, 1915, p. 327)

4. In the public land system of the
United States, a row or line of town-
ships lying between two successive
meridian lines six miles apart. The
meridians which are included in
each great survey are numbered in
order east and west from the "prin-
cipal meridian" of that survey, and
the townships in the range are num-
bered north and south from the base
line which runs east and west,
(Webster)

5. (Scot) A row, as of pillars.
(Barrowman)

Bange coal (Iowa). Small lump coal.

Bange pole. A long wooden staff, usu-
ally painted alternately red and
white at one foot intervals and used
by surveyors for long sights. See
Picket.

Bange work. Ashlar masonry laid in
horizontal courses of even height.
(Webster)

Ranging. 1. (Scot.) Searching for
minerals by means of shallow pits
across the outcrops. (Barrowman)
2. (Eng.) Laying out the line of
the tunnel (Simms). See also Align-
ment.

Banging rod. See Range pole.

Rangoon oil. The trade-name for a
semisolid or butter-like petroleum
from Upper Burma, refined at one
time in England. (Bacon)

Rankine's cycle. A nonreversible heat-
engine cycle differing from Carnot's
cycle in having no compression. The
steam-engine cycle is approximately
a Rankine cycle. (Webster)

Raoult's law. The principle that mo-
lecular quantities of different sub-
stances dissolved in the same amount
of solvent equally depress the freez-
ing point. It does not hold for
electrolytes owing to dissociation.
(Webster)

Bap. 1. To warn men in an adjoining
working place, of a blast when the
working places are separated by only
a small pillar, by knocking on the
pillar with a tool or bar. 2. To sig-
nal by knocking on a steam, water,
or air pipe. 3. To test the roof by
tapping it with a stick or bar.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

557

Rap -In (Som.). To wedge down
blocks of stone in underground quar-
ries. (Gresley)

Eappagc. Excess in size of a casting
because the mold is larger than tke
pattern when the latter is unduly
rapped, as with the hand, for draw-
ing. (Standard)

Eapper. 1. A lever or hammer at the
top of a shaft or inclined plane for
signals from the bottom. (Ray-
mond)

2. (Mid.) The upper end of the ver-
tical arm of a staff used for gaging
the depth of holing. (Gresley)

Rarefaction. The process or act of
making rare or less dense ; increase
of volume, the mass remaining the
same: now usually of gases; also,
the state of being rarified; as the
rarefaction of the atmosphere on a
high mountain. (Standard)

Ba scar (Sp. ) . To scratch ( or search )
for valuable mineral on the surface
of abandoned mines. (Raise)

Raschette furnace. A shaft furnace
used in lead, copper, and iron smelt-
ing and having an oblong rectangu-
lar or oval horizontal section. (Ray-
mond)

Rash. An impure and unmerchanta-
ble coal ; coal mixed with clay, slate,
or other foreign substance taken
from the top or bottom of the seam.
<St Louis Union Trust Co. v. Gal-
loway, 193 Fed. Rept, p. 106)

Bashing. Soft scaly slate or earth
beneath a- coal seam, often contain-
ing much carbonaceous matter.
(Steel). See Rash.

Bashings. See Wild coal.

Basp. 1. An instrument used at oil
wells for reducing size of box or
collar on lost tools in preparation
for the use of fishing tools. (Mit-
zakis)
8. A kind of coarse file. (Webster)

Baspa (Mex.). 1. That portion of the
precious metal obtained by scraping
the arrastre or the patio (Egleston).
2, A coarse file or rasp. (Halse)

Baspadura (Mex.). Scrapings. See
Raspa, 1. (Egleston)

Baspando. Scraping; removing the
amalgam from the arrastre by scrap-
ing. (Egleston)

Baspar (Mex.). To clean up an arras-
tre. (Dwight)

Easpeso (Jalisco, Mex.). Ore con-
taining native silver. (Halse)

Bastrillo (Mex.). Rake; stirrer for
moving ore in a furnace; a rabble.
(Dwight)

Bastrdn (Mex.). A Chilean mill.
(Dwight)

Bata (Mex.). A candle boy. (Dwight)

Batch (Prov. Eng.). A subsoil of
stone and gravel mixed with clay
(Standard). See Ratchel.

Batchel (Eng.). Stone in small frag-
ments or gravel ; also gravelly sub-
soil (Webster). Also spelled Ratch-
ell, Rachel, Rachen, Rachill.

Batches (Lane.). Lifts of 5 yards in
length along a working face. (Gres-
ley)

Ratchet drill. A hand drill in which
a lever carrying at one end a drill
holder is revolved by a ratchet
wheel and pawl (Webster). A drill
used for boring slate,

Bate. See Rait

Batholite. Same as Pectolite.

Ratio of absorption. The percentage
by weight that the absorbed water
bears to the dry weight of the stone.
(Bowles)

Bato (Mex.). An ancient method of
mining or burrowing. (Halse)

Battle (Leic.). To work with great
vigor and energy, especially in driv-
ing or shaft sinking. (Gresley)

Rattle he ad (Scot.). A suction pipe.
(Barrowman)

Battle Jack (Mid.). Carbonaceous
shale; also Hoo cannel. (Gresley)

Battler. 1. (York.) Crfhnel coaL
(Gresley)

2. (Scot.) Inferior gas coal; sandy
shale. (Barrowman)

3. A device for shaking out the cores
from small castings, as a tumbling
barrel. (Webster)

Battles (Dev.). See Scree, 1.

Raveling. Pulling material out of the
ladle furnace, or iron trough at the
tap hole of a blast furnace. (W1U-
cox)

Baw. 1. Not prepared for use by heat.
(Webster)

2. In ceramics, fresh from a plastic
process; unbaked. (Standard)

Baw ore. Ore that is not roasted or
calcined. (C. and M. M. P.)

Baw quartz. Quarts that has under-
gone no treatment, such as burning
or reduction, prior to being placed
under the stamp heads. (Duryee)

558

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Raya (Mex.). 1. Day's pay. 2. The
time worked by miners. (Halse)

Ray ado (Mex.)., 1. A gold-bearing
greasy quartz with iron stains in
the form of bands, veins, and zones.
2. A day laborer. (Halse)

Rayador (Mex.) Timekeeper.
(Dwight)

Rayar (Mex.). To pay off. (Dwight)

Rayarse (Mex.). To register after
work (done) in the mine. (Dwight)

Raywork. A kind of nibble work; in
the United States, any rubble work
of thin and small stones. (Webster)

Razor back. A sharp narrow ridge.
(Webster)

Razor saw. A narrow saw used in ex-
cavating limestone. (Webster)

Razor stone. See Novaculite.

Rcacher. A slim mine-prop reaching
from one wall to the other. (Ihl-
seng)

Reaction. The action of one chemical
substance upon another accompanied
by the formation of a new substance.

Reaction process. See Roasting and
reaction process. (Raymond)

Reaction-rims. A term mostly used in
microscopic work, for the curious
rims of hypersthene, garnet, horn-
blende, biotite, magnetite, and per-
haps other minerals, that surround
grains of magnetite or of ferromag-
nesian silfcates, wherever, as in many
gabbros, they come next to feldspar.
They are supposed to be produced
by the reaction of these minerals on
each other, probably in the crystal-
lization of the rock. (Kemp)

Reagent. Any substance which, by
reason of Its capacity for taking part
In certain reactions, Is used in de-
tecting, examining, or measuring
other substances, in preparing ma-
terial, etc. (Webster)

Real (Sp.). 1. A Mexican mining
camp. 2. Royal. 3. A Spanish coin.
4. R. hacienda, royal treasury. 5. R.
de minas, a town having mines in
its vicinity. (Dwight)

Realgar. Arsenic monosulphide, AsS.
Contains fO.i per cent elemental
arsenic, (tf. S. (Jeol. Surv.)

Realito (Sp.). A small mining center.
(Lucas)

Reamer. 1. A tool for enlarging a bore-
hole. (Raymond)

2. A kind of chisel for cutting two-
V-shaped grooves from a round blast-
hole in the line of the desired rift
(Webster). See Reaming, 2.

Reaming. 1. Enlarging the diameter
of a bore hole. (C. and M. M, P.)

2. A quarfyman's term for the proc-
ess of cutting grooves on opposite
sides of drill holes in order to pro-
mote straight splitting of a stone
(Bowles). See also Reamer, 2.

Rearer (No. Staff.). See Edge coal.

Rearer method of working inclined
seams. See Bord-and-pillar method.

Reata (Mex.). Light rope. (Dwight)

Reanmur. Designating the Reaumur
thermometer scale where 0° is the
freezing point of water and 80° the
boiling point To convert Reaumur
to Centigrade, multiply the former
by 1.25. To convert Reaumur to-
Fahrenheit, multiply the former by
2.25 and add 32°. (C. and M. M. P.)

R6anmnr porcelain. A devftrifled
glass, made in 1739 by Reaumur la
St. Cloud, of the nature of artificial
soft porcelain. (Standard)

Rebajo (Sp.). 1. Working out or min-
ing ore deposits; R. del cielo, over-
hand stoping. 2. Underhand stop-
ing; R. lateral, stoping wide veins.

3. Rebaje (Mex.) A winze or
staple. (Halse)

Rebosadero (Sp.)4 1. An outcrop; the
crest of a lode. 2. An irregular de^
posit or pocket. 3. (Peru) A gold
placer. (Halse)

Rebosador (Peru). River gold-placers.
(Ewlght)

Rebotalleros (Sp.). Persons who-
search for ore in waste heaps or
waste dumps. (Rockwell)

Recalescence. A glowing again ; spe-
cifically, in physics, a phenomenon
peculiar to heated iron or steel of
glowing more brightly when certain
temperatures are reached in the
process of gradual cooling from a
•state of high incandescence; sup-
posed to be due to a change of molec-
ular structure. At such tempera-
tures magnetic and other properties
of the iron also suddenly change.
(Standard)

Recarburize. To carburize again;
specifically, to restore to (steel)
after decarburization. Called also
Recarbonize. ( Standard )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

559-

Becast. To form anew by running, as
molten metal, into a mold; cast
again; as, to recast a cracked bell.
(Standard)

Receiving clack (Scot). The bottom
clack or valve in a pump set. (Bar-
rowman)

Receiving rods (Eng.). Auxiliary
cage guides at insets and at head
frames. ( Gresley )

Recemented glacier. A glacier formed
by recompacted ice which has fallen
down a cliff from a higher glacier.
(Century)

Recent. The later of the two geologic
epochs comprised in the Quarternary
period, in the classification generally
used; same as Holocene. Also the
deposits formed during that epoch.
(The Holocene, or Recent, com-
prises all geologic time and deposits
from the close of the Pleistocene or
Glacial epoch until and including
the present.) (La Forge)

Recepcidn (Sp.). A plat. (Lucas)

Recession. Going back; leaving part
of the sea margin exposed as land
(Lowe)

Rechazo (Colom,). A deviation of a
lode due to a fault. (Halse)

Reck (Lane.). Chips of wood and
other debris hoisted with coal.
(Gresley)

Reckoning day (Eng.). The day on
which the workmen receive a state-
ment of wages due, usually two days
before pay day. (G. C. Greenwell)

Reclamation. The recovery of coal or
ore from a mine, or part of a mine,
that has been abandoned because of
fire, water, or other cause.

Recodo (Sp.). Refuge hole. (Lucas)

Recoger ( Mex. ) . To collect ( Dwight ) .
To pick ore. (Halse)

Reconcentrados (Mex.). Concentrates.

(Halse)

Reconnaissance. 1. A preliminary ex-
amination or survey of a region in
reference to its general geological
characters. 2. An examination of a
region as to its general natural fea-
tures, preparatory to triangulation,
etc. (Webster)

Reconnoiter. To examine by the eye;
survey; especially, to make a pre-
liminary examination of for military,
surveying, or geological purposes.
(Standard)

Reconocer (Sp.). To search for min-
erals; to prospect; to costean.
(Halse)

Reconocixniento (Sp.). 1. Exploring;
prospecting. 2. A survey ; an inspec-
tion. 3. (Mex.). In the patio proc-
ess, verifying the results obtained.
(Halse)

Reconstructed turquoise. An imita-
tion turquoise made of finely pow-
dered ivory which is deposited in a
solution of copper. (Century)

Record. To enter in the book of the-
proper officer (usually a district or
county officer) the name, position,
description; and date of a mining
claim or location. See District,
(Raymond)

Recorte. 1. (Sp.). Dressing the sides-
of a shaft 2. (Colom.). Blanket-
ings after being washed on an. in-
clined table, before going to the-
arrastre. (Halse)

Recover. 1. To restore a mine or a
part of a mine that has been dam-
aged by explosion, fire, water, or
other cause to a working condition.

2. See Recovery, 1.

Recovery. 1. The proportion or per-
centage of coal or ore mined from
the original seam or deposit 2. A,
general term to designate the val-
uable constituents of an ore which
are obtained by metallurgical treat-
ment; as, the recovery was 90 per
cent. Recovery is better used in
.connection with milling operations,,
while extraction is especially ap-
plicable to smelting or wet chemi-
cal methods and applies to the bullion
actually obtained. " The copper, for
example, in a 2 per cent ore is ' re-
covered ' in a 35 per cent concen-
trate, but it is ' extracted ' in a 9&
per cent blister because this last is
marketable as metal. The gold in a
mill is ' recovered ' in the cyanide so-
lution, but it is not * extracted ' until
precipitated in the zinc-box. Like
the amalgam in a stamp-mill, the
precipitate in a cyanide-plant is a
product so concentrated and so valu-
able as to be marketable." (Min.
and Sci. Press, July 19, 1919, p. 84.)

3. The work of reopening a mine
after a disastrous fire or explosion.
See Rescue, Recover and Reclama-
tion.

Recovery oven. A by-product coke

oven. (Webster)
Rectificaci6n (Sp.). The rectification

or correction of a mining claim,

(Halse)

560

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Beotorite. A pearly-white hydrated
aluminum silicate, similar to kaolin-
ite. (Standard)

Recuesto (Sp.). 1. Slope; declivity.
2. Dip or inclination, of a vein.
(Halse)

Recuperative furnace. A furnace foi
the recuperation or recovery of heat
from the waste gases of combustion.
(Ingalls, p; 356)

Red. 1. (Sp.) A net; R. de vetas, a
network of vein*; a stock work.
(Halse)

2. (Prov. iDng. Th,e waste in coal
mining; attle (Standard). See
Redd, 3.

Bed antimony. See Kermesite.

Bed arsenic. A synonym for Realgar.
(Cheater)

Bed-ash coat Coal that leaves a red-
dish ash. (Chance)

Bed bole. Same as Red ocher.
(Standard)

Bed chalk. Red ocher mixed with
more or less clay. (Dana)

Bed cobalt. An early name for eryth-
rlte. (Chester)

Bed copper ore. Cuprite. (Power)

Bed cross explosives. A class of high
explosives characterized by the low-
freezing point (Du Pont)

Bedd (Scot). 1. To scour through,
.take down, or to rip. 2. To clear
out pillar* of coal. 3. Pit rubbish
or debris. See Red, 2. (Gresley)

Bedd bing (Scot). A spoil heap on
the surface, (Gresley)

Reddingite. A hydrous phosphate of
iron and manganese resembling sco-
rodite in form. From Redding, Con-
rnecticut (Century)

Reddle. A variety of ocherous red
iron ore used for marking, especially
sheep; red ocher. Called also Red
chalk (Standard). Also spelled
Ruddle; Raddle.

Reddleman. A dealer in reddle or red
chalk. (Century)

Reddsman (Scot). One who works at
night cleaning up and repairing
roadways, etc. (Gresley)

Bedevarice (Fr.j. A tax, duty, or
rent. In mining law, a tax or duty
payable to the Government or to the
surface owner. (Raymond)

Bed hematite. A compact columnar
variety of hematite with a brownish-
red to iron-black color. So called
to contrast it with limonite and tur-
gite. (Dana)

Redingtontie. A hydrous - chromium
sulphate, occurring in fibrous masses
having a pale-purple color. (Cen-
tury)

RSdito (Mex.). Interest. (Dwight)

Red iron froth. A variety of hematite.
(Power)

Red iron ore. See Hematite.

Red iron vitriol. Same as Botryogen.
(Standard)

Bed lead. Minium, Pb»O« (Dana).

Bed lead ore. Same as Crocollte.
(Dana)

Bed manganese; Red manganese ore.
A term applied to both rhodonite and
rhodochrosite, by reason of the red-
dish color of these two minerals.

Bed marl, A term often applied to the
New1 Red Sandstone. (Comstock)

$ed measures (Eng.). Generally re-
fers to the strata of Permian or
Triassic age. (Gresley)

Red iMetal. 1. A copper matte con-
taining about 48 per cent . copper.
(Webster)

2. Any one of several alloys used in
the manufacture of silverware.
(Standard)

Red ocher. A red, earthy, and often
impure, variety of hematite, used as
a pigment (Webster). See also
Ocher.

Bed orpiment Same as Realgar.

(Standard)
Red oxide of zinc. See Ziricite.

Red phosphorus, Same as Amorphous
phosphorus.

Red rab (Corn.). Red killas, or slaty
rock. (Power)

Redruthite ( Corn. ) . Copper glance ;
same" as Chalcocite. (Century)

Bedsear. In iron-working, to break or
crack when red-hot, as iron under
the hammer. (Standard)

Red schorl. An old synonym for Rutile.
(Chester)

Red-short. Brittle at red heat Com-
pare Cold-short. (Raymond)

Hed-shortness. In metallurgy, the
quality or state of being red-short.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

561

Bed silver ore. 1. Pyrargyrlte: dark-
red silver ore. 2. Proustite: light-
red silver ore; ruby silver ore.
(Dana)

Bedstone. A trade name for a red
sandstone. (Bowles)

.Reduce. 1. To deprive Of oxygen. 2.
In general, to treat metallurgically
for the production of metal. (Ray-
mond)

Reduced fuel oiL Fuel oil of heavy
gravity. One having a gravity of
23° Be*. (7.62 Ib. per gallon) has
been found to contain 19,800 B. t u.
per pound. (Bacon)

Beduced iron. Metallic iron in a fine
state of division obtained by reduc-
ing ferric oxide by heating it in a
current of hydrogen. Called also
Iron by hydrogen, Iron-powder,
Spongy iron. (Standard)

Beduced oiL Crude petroleum from
which the more volatile hydrocar-
bons have been eliminated by par-
tial evaporation. (Bacon)

Reducing flame. The inner cone of
the blow-pipe flame, characterized
by the excess of carbon or hydro-
carbons of the gas, which at the
high temperature present tends to
combine with the oxygen of a (the)
mineral brought into it (Dana)

Bedncing furnace. A furnace in which
ores are reduced from oxides, or
metal is separated from other sub-
stances by a non-oxidizing heat or
flame; usually a shaft furnace.
(Century)

Reducing scale. A form of scale used
by surveyors to reduce chains and
links to acres and rods by inspec-
tion, and also in mapping and draw-
ing to different scales. (Century)

Seduction. 1. The act of removing
oxygen. (George)
2. The process of separating metals
from their ores. (Skinner)

Beduction furnace. A furnace for re-
ducing ores. See Reducing furnace.

Beduction works. Works for reducing
metals from their ores, as a Smelting
works, Cyanide plant, etc.

Bed vitriol. Bieberite, CoSOi+THaO
(Power). See Rose vitriol.

Bedwood-Baringer water finder. An
instrument designed to ascertain
the presence and quantity of water
in a tank containing oil. (Mitzakis)

Bed zinc ore. A synonym for Zincite.
(Chester)

744010 O — 47 36

Beed. 1. (Eng.) A grass or other
vegetal tube used for a train of gun-
powder (fuse) In blasting (Bain-
bridge). See Spire, 1.
2. A weakness in a sedimentary
rock parallel with the bedding
(Bowles) See also Cleat, 1.

Beeder. A frame of thatched reeds
used to protect china clay from
rain while drying. (Standard)

Beedy coaL Coal having alternate
layers of splint and bright coal.
(Power)

Beef. 1. (Aust). A lode or vein. A
word introduced into mining by
sailors who left their ships to par-
ticipate in the rush to Ballarat and
Bendigo, in 1851. To them a rock
projecting above the water was a
reef, and the term was therefore
applied to quartz outcrops on land.
2. (So. Afr.) In the diamond
mines, the barren shales, etc., limit-
ing like an oval funnel, the soft
diamantiferous breccia.

Beef drive (Aust). A cutting through
the bed rock in alluvial mining for
the purpose of seeking other under-
ground, gold-bearing gravel channels.
(Davies)

Beefer (Aust). A miner who works
on a reef. (Webster)

Beefing. Working auriferous reefs or
veins. (Lock)

Beef wash (Aust). Gold-bearing drift
(Skinner)

Beel. 1. ( Scot ) . A drum or frame on
which winding or haulage ropes are
coiled. ( Barrowman )
2. In blasting, a device for winding
the leading wire for avoiding kink-
ing and breaking the wire, and keep-
ing it in good condition. (Du Pont)

Beenfozcing; Beinforcing bars. Iron
or steel bars of various cross-sec-
tional shapes used to strengthen con-
crete.

Beese Biver process. Pan amalgama-
tion with previous roasting. (Lid-
dell)

Beeve (Can.). A foreman in a coal
mine. (Standard)

Befaccidn (Sp.). Repair of a mill or
building ; Pieza de R., a repair place.
(Halse)

Befaccionero (Mex.).. The helper of a
rock drill operative. (D wight)

Befikite. A white, very soft resin,
C»Hi.O», found in the lignite of
Montorio, near Feramo, Abruzzes,
Italy. (Bacon)

562

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Refine. 1. To free from impurities ; to
free from dross or alloy: to purify,
as metals; to cleanse. 2. To treat
cast-iron in the refinery furnace so
as to remove the silicon. (Webster)

Refinery. A building and apparatus
for refining, or purifying metals, oils,
etc. In iron manufacturing, a form
of furnace with a shallow hearth for
refining cast iron to wrought iron or
to iron suitable for puddling. (Web-
ster). See also Run-out fire, and
Electrolytic process.

Refining. J. The purification of crude
metallic products, as the refining of
base bullion (silver-lead) produces
nearly pure lead and silver. 2. The
conversion of gray into white cast-
iron in a nm-out fire/ (Raymond)

Refining heat. A medium orange heat,
about 655° O which imparts fineness
of grain and toughness to steel that
Is raised to it and afterwards
quenched. (Webster)

Selection goniometer. In mineralogy,
an instrument for measuring anglea

Reflet. 1. (Fr.) Iridescent glaze; es-
pecially the metallic glaze in pot-
tery. 2. Pottery having metallic or
iridescent luster ; especlallj a bril-
liant tinted tile. (Standard)

Reflection wave; Reflexion wave. A
wave that is propagated backward
through the burned gas as tiae re-
sult of an explosion wave being com-
pletely or partly arrested against the
closed extremity, or in a constricted
portion of Its path, as in a tube, gal-
lery, etc. (Mellor, Chemical Statics
and Dynamics, p. 490. 1909)

Reflux valve. In hydraulics, a flap
valve used for the purpose of tak-
ing off the pressure of a head of
water acting in a backward direc-
tion against a set of pumps (Nat.
Tube Co.). A check valve.

Refogar (Peru). To retort amalgam ;
to distill sulphur from sulphides.
(Halse)

Refraction. 1. A change of direction
when a ray of light passes from one
medium to another of different den-
sity. (Pow.er)

2. (Eng.) The percentage of inpurity
in a sample of mineral salt; used
principally in the saltpeter trade.
(Standard)

Refractometer. An instrument for de-
termining the index of refraction of
a mineral.

Refractory. 1. Resisting the action of
heat and chemical reagents; a qual-
ity undesirable in ores but desirable
in furnace linings, etc. (Raymond)
2. A piece of pottery ware covered
with a vaporable flux and placed in
a kiln to form a glaze on other ar-
ticles. (Webster)

Refuge hole. A place formed in the
side of an underground haulage way
in which a man can take refuge
during the passing of a train, or
when shots are fired (Steel). Also
called Refuge stalls.

Rega (Braz.). A water conduit or
launder. (Halse)

Regadura (Sp.). 1. In coal mining,
undercutting, undermining, holing.
2. Undercut. (Halse)

Regalo (Mex.). A bonus to miners.
(Lucas)

Regenerative furnace. A furnace for
the recuperation or recovery of heat
from the waste gases of combustion
(Ingalls, p. 356) See also Regen-
erator.

Regenerator. A chamber, filled with
open-work of brick, to take up the
heat of the gases of combustion from
a furnace and subsequently impart
It to a current of air, the air and
gas being conducted alternately
through the chamber, See Siemens
furnace. ( Raymond )

R6gime. In hydraulics, the condition
of a river with respect to the rate
of its flow as measured by the vol-
ume of water passing different cross
sections at a given time. (Webster)

Regional. Extending over large areas
in contradistinction to local or re-
stricted areas. (Sloan)

Regional - metamorphism. Daubree's
name for that extended metamorph-
ism that, as contrasted with contact
effects, is manifested over large
areas. (Kemp)

Registrar (Sp.). To register a title
to a mine. (Halse)

Registro (Sp.). 1. A register; an offi-
cial entry or registration of the pos-
session of a mine. 2. A valve; a
damper. (Halse)

Reglamento (Sp.). A regulation; an
ordinance. ( Halse )

Regola (Sp.). In coal mining, an un-
dercut (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING A2TC) MTNERAL, INDUSTRY.

563

Regolith. The layer or mantle of
loose, Incoherent rock material, of
whatever origin, that nearly every-
where forms the surface of the land
and rests on the hard or "bed"
rocks. It comprises rock waste of
all sorts, volcanic ash, glacial drift,
alluvium, wind-blown deposits, vege-
tal accumulations, and soils. (La
Forge)

Regradatiom. The process of forming
a new gradation level of equilibrium
in a land surface by streams when
an old one has become deformed.
(Standard)

Regular (Mex.). Average ore; ore of
fair grade. (Halse)

Regular-lay rope. A rope in which the
wires in each strand are twisted in
opposite direction to the strands in
the rope. (C. M. P.)

Regulator. 1. A door in tfie mine, the
opening or closing of which regu-
lates the supply of ventilation to a
district (Gresley). Usually a slide
door.

a. The shutter of a fan. (Barrow-
man)

Regule (Fr.). A copper regulus from
which most of the impurities have
been removed by liquation. (Ray-
mond)

Regulus. 1. The metallic mass that
sinks to the bottom of a furnace or
crucible, separating itself by gravity
from the supernatant slag. 2. An
intermediate product obtained in
smelting ores, especially those of
copper, lead, silver, and nickel, and
consisting chiefly of metallic sul-
phides. In this sense it is synony-
mous with matte, or the German
stein. Antimony regulus is metallic
antimony. (Raymond)

Regnr (Hind.). A residual, dark-col-
ored, loamy soil of the volcanic re-
gions of India, rich in organic mat-
ter, that is not derived from forest
growth ; similar to the "black earth
of Russia. Spelled also Regar.
(Standard)

Ren (Hind). A sterilizing saltine ef-
florescence that forms on the surface
of parts of the Valley of the Ganges
from the evaporation of water rising
from beneath. (Standard)

Reheater. An apparatus for reheating
a substance, as ingot steel, that has
cooled or partly cooled during some
process. (Standard)

Reheating furnace. A reverberatory
furnace in which the puddled bars,
piled in packets, are reheated pre-
paratory to rolling. (Century)

Eeinite. Ferrous tungstate, FeWCX.
In blaekish4>rown tetragonal pyra-
mids, perhaps pseudomorphous.
(Dana)

Reja (Sp.). 1. A grating. A stamp-
battery screen; a grizzly; fi. mdvil,
a shaking screen. 2. A grate in a
furnace. (Halse)

Rejilla (Sp.). 1. A Jig sieve. 2. A
furnace grate. (Halse)

Rejuvenation. 1. To render young
again. 2. To stimulate, as by up-
lift, to renew erosive activity; said
of streams. 3. To develop youthful
features of topography in an area
previously worn down to a base level.
(Webster)

Relajar (Mex.). To put new stones
in the bed of an arrastre (Halse).
See Arrastre, 1.

Relampago (Mex.). The brightening
of the silver button during cupella-
tion. (Dwight)

Relative humidity. The amount of va-
por or water in the air, when ex-
pressed, in the form of a percentage,
as the ratio of the actual quantity
of moisture in the air to the quan-
tity that woulu saturate It under
its actual conditions as to pressure
and temperature. (Standard)

Relaves. 1. (Mex.) Residue left in a
batea from a washing test ( Dwight ) .
2. (Chile) Residues left after the
Chilean process of amalgamation
(Halse). (Peru) Tailings from
amalgamating plants. (Pfordte)

Releces- (Colom.). Mineral left be-
hind by former working as being
unprofitable. (Halse)

Rele je ( Peru ) . Supporting mine work-
ings by timbers. (Halse)

Relevee (Fr.). A certain thickness of
coal beds and intervening measures
(varying between 88 and 160 yards)
in inclined strata, that forms a lift
or series of workings being pros-
ecuted to the rise at one time.
(Gresley)

Relevo (Sp.). Shift; R. de la tarde,
afternoon shift ; back shift. ( Halse)

Reliction. The slow and gradual re-
cession of the water by which the
land is left dry. (Shamel, p. 807)

564

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Relief. 1. The character of the surface
of a mineral section as observed
under the microscope, depending
upon its refractive power relative
to that of the medium in which it is
embedded. 2. The elevations or in-
equalities of a land surface con-
sidered collectively. (Webster)

Belief holes. Bore holes, that are
loaded and fired for the purpose of
relieving or removing part of the
burden of the charges to be fired in
the main blast. (Du Pont)

Relief map. A model of an area in
which its inequalities of surface are
shown in relief. (Webster)

Relieving timbers. Replacing broken
timber sets with new ones.

Relighting station. (Aust). A place
underground where safety lamps
may be lighted in case they have
been extinguished. (Power)

Reliquiae (L.) In geology, fossil or-
ganisms. (Standard)

Reliz (Mex.). Wall of vein; R. de
alto, hanging wall ; R. del bajo, foot
walL (D wight)

Relleno (Sp.). 1. Stowing, filling,
packing. 2. Waste, gob, or goaf; R.
de un fll6n, vein filling. (Halse)

Remanie. 1. (Fr.) Derived from, or
containing fossils of an older forma-
tion, as, remanie deposits. 2. Re-
cemented, as a glacier formed by the
falling of fragments of ice (glacier
remanie). (Standard)

Remblais. 1. (Fr.) A system of
working a very thick coal seam in
central France. A horizontal slice is
first taken out 6 feet 6 inches in
height across the seam, and the
space filled up with stone, brought
from the surface. A second lift Is
then extracted, and so on. 2. (Fr.)
Synonymous with Longwall. 3.
(Fr.) Synonymous with Goaf.
(Gresley)

Remingtonite. A hydrated carbonate
of cobalt found in Maryland. (Cen-
tury)

Remisi6n. 1. (Sp.) Act of sending
(Halse)
2. (Mex.) A shipment. (Dwight)

Remolino (Sp.). A bunch or mass of
ore. (Da vies)

Removido (Sp.). Stirring or rabbling.
(Halse)

Rendido (Mex.). A term applied to
the torta when the amalgamation is
concluded. ( Egleston )

Rendimento. 1. (Sp.) Yield or prod-
uct. (Halse)
2. R. de metal, ore output. (Dwight)

Rendir. 1. (Mex.) To yield. The com-
plete amalgamation of the silver In
a patio charge. (Dwight)
2. R. los humos (Peru), said of ores
completely oxidized by roasting.
(Halse)

Rend-rock. A variety of dynamite
used in blasting, consisting of nitro-
glycerin, saltpeter, wood pulp, and
paraffin or pitch. (Webster)

Reniform. Kidney-shaped; applied to
certain minerals. (Thompson)

Renk. 1. An average or standard dis-
tance for putting coal at a stated
price. (Webster)

2. (Newc.) The average distance
coal is brought by the putters.
(Raymond)

Rensselaerite. 1. Wax-like masses of
talc. Pseudomorphous after pyrox-
ene. (Moses)

2. E. Emmons's name for a talcose
*rock from St. Lawrence County,
N. Y. (Kemp). Now obsolete.

Repairer. See Repair man.

Repair man. A workman whose duty
it is to repair tracks, doors, brat-
tices, or to reset timber, etc., under
the direction of a foreman (C. and
M. M. P.). A repairer.

Repasador. 1. (Mex.) The man who
turns over pulp in the patio.
(Dwight)

2. Also one who mixes the ore by
treading in the mercury, or who
drives mules in that operation.
(Halse)

Repasadora (Mex.). A kind of ma-
chine for kneading or treading the
torta. (Halse)

Repasar (Sp.). To stir the batches
of ore, in which magistral and
quicksilver are mixed, as in the
patio process. (Halse)

Repaso (Mex.). The act of mixing the
patio charge by treading it with
horses or mules. (Dwight)

Repeated twinning. In crystallog-
raphy, three or more crystals united
according to the same law. (Stand-
ard)

Replacement. The process by which
one mineral or chemical substance
takes the place of some earlier dif-
ferent substance, often preserving
its structure or crystalline form.
(Farrell)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

565

Replacement rein. A vein in which
certain minerals have passed into
solution and have been carried away,
while other minerals from the solu-
tion have been deposited in the
place of those removed. The proc-
ess is called Metasouiatic replace-
ment Also called Substitution vein.
(Shamel, p. 152)

Replacing-switch. A device consisting
of a united pair of iron plates hinged
to shoes fitting over the rails to re-
place, on the track, derailed railway
rolling stock (Century). Al*0 U8ed
for mine cars.

Reposadero (Mex.). 1. The bottom
of a crucible or pot in an upright
smelting furnace, ( Dwight )
2. A settling tank used in the patio
process. 3. A receptacle for molten
lead in front of a furnace. 4. The
contents of a forehearth. (Halse)

Representation work. Same as assess-
ment work on a mining claim. (U. S.
Min. Stat, pp. 233-258)

Repressed brick. Bricks that have
been put through a second pressing
machine after molding to improve
their shape, etc. (Ries)

Repressing-machine. A machine for
making pressed bricks or for giving
ordinary green bricks a second press-
ing. (Standard)

Resacatin (Sp. Am.). One who buys
small quantities of ore from Indians.
(Halse)

Resbal6n (Sp.). A vertical lode. (Lu-
cas)

Rescatador (Mex.). An ore buyer.
(Dwight)

Rescate (Mex.). 1. The purchase of
ores. 2. Purchased ores. (Dwight)
8. Public sale of ores. 4. An ore-
buying agency. (Halse)

Rescue. To move live men or dead
bodies from a mine after a mine
disaster. . Sometimes called Recover.
The latter applies especially to put-
ting the mine in shape for operation
again.

Rescue - apparatus. See Mine rescue-
apparatus.

Rescue-car. See Mine rescue-car.
Rescue-crew . See Mine rescue-crew.

Resecot (Mex.). Earthy carbonates of
lead (Halse). Dry ores. (Dwight)

Reiervas (Sp.). Ore reserves. (Halse)

Reserve. 1. To keep back; to keep in
store for future or other use. S*
That which is held back, or in stock.
Specifically, known ore bodies that
may be worked at some future time,
as ore reserves.

Reserved coal (Scot). Coal not in-
cluded in, but reserved from lease, as
coal under buildings. ( Bar rowm an )

Resguardo (Mex.). A penthouse used
at the bottom of a shaft as a pro-
tection to men while shaft-sinking.
(Halse)

Residual. 1. (a) Characteristic of, per-
taining to, or consisting of residuum.
(&) Remaining, essentially in place
after all but the least soluble con*
stituents have been removed: said
of the material eventually resulting
from the decomposition of rocks. 3.
Standing, as a remnant of a for-
merly greater mass of rock or area
of land, above a surrounding area
which has been generally planated;
said of some rocks, hills, mountains
mesas, plateaus, and groups of sucl
features. (La Forge)

Residual clay. A clay deposit formed
by the decay of rock in place. This
type is abundant in the Southern
. States. (Ries)

Residual deposits. See Residual, 16, as
Residual gravel, sand, clay, etc.

Residuary. Resulting from local rock
decay: said of deposits of disinte-
gration that have not been trans-
ported. See Residual, 1.

Residue. 1. The solid matter remaining
after a liquid has been filtered or
evaporated. (Duryee)
2. The waste or final product from a
hydrometallurgical plant which, at
the time of operation, is valueless as
far as metal content is concerned.
(Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 107, pw
317)

Residuo (Sp.). 1. Waste from picking
ore; final sludge from tin dressing.
2. Alluvial detritus. (Halse)

Residuum. 1. The residue obtained on
the distillation of crude petroleum
after the constituents boiling below
620° F. have been removed. 2. The
residue left in the still after the
distillation of crude oil has been
completed, and not the residue from
redistilled condensates. " Also known
as the cokings and tailings. (Ba-
con)

S. The material eventually resulting
from the decomposition of rocks in
place and consisting of the nearly

566

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

insoluble material left after all the
more readily soluble constituents of
the rocks have been removed. (La
Forge) See also Residual 1.

Eesin. 1. A term applied to secretions
of saps of certain plants or trees.
It is an oxidation or polymerization
product of the terpenes, and gener-
ally contains "resin" acids and es-
ters (Bacon). See Kauri gum.
2. A term applied to the solid bitu-
mens. See Bitumen. (Bacon)

Eesin jack. See Rosin jack.

Resinous. Resembling resin, as opal,
and some yellow varieties of sphal-
erite. (Dana)

Eesin tiff. A light colored zincblende.
(Power)

Eesistal. A trade name for a special
glass used in the manufacture of
goggles.

Eesorption. A partial refusing of
phenocrysts in a porphyritic rock,
followed by recrystallization in' mod-
ified forms. (Standard)

Eesorption border. A border of sec-
ondary minerals surrounding an
original crystal constituent of a
rock, produced by partial resorp-
tion and recrystallization. (Stand-
ard)

Eesorte (Mex.). A spring; a spring
buffer for rolls. (Dwight)

Eespaldeador ( Sp. ) . A cobbing ham-
mer. (Lucas)

Eespaldo (Sp.). Wall of a vein; R.
alto, hanging wall ; R. 60/0, f ootwall.
(Halse)

Eespiradero (Sp.). I. An air shaft.
2. The snore hole of a pump. 3. A
blow hole of a volcano through which
gases -are emitted. (Halse)

Eespirator. A device, as a screen of
fine wire or gauze, worn over the
mouth or nose, by workmen who are
obliged *to breathe air containing
dust or smoke. (Standard)

Eesplendent. Shining with brilliant
luster ; very bright (Century). Some-
times said of minerals.

Rests. The arrangement at the top
and bottom of a shaft, or interme-
diate levels, for supporting the shaft-
cage while, changing the tubs or cars
(Raymond.) Also called Chairs,
Keeps, Catches or Wings.

Resne. To open up a stope, not in the
vein but in the wall rock. Bee Re-
suing.

Eesning. A method of stoplng wherein
the wall rock on one side of the vein
is removed before the ore is broken.
Employed on narrow veins, (less
than 30 inches) and yields cleaner
ore than when wall and ore are
broken together (Crane).

Eesuscitate. To restore to animation
or life; especially to restore from
apparent death ; revive ; revivify ; as,
to resuscitate a drowned person
(Standard). In cases of electric
shock, axphyxiation from mine gases,
etc., to revive by means of artificial
respiration.

Eetaining wall. A wall built to retain
earth behind it. (Duryee)

Retaque (Mex.). Lagging and filling
combined. (Halse)

Eetenlda (Mex.). A pillar in a stope.
(Dwight)

Reticulate. To divide or mark so as to
resemble or form network. (Web-
ster)

Reticulated masonry. Masonry of

small square stones, bricks, or tiles

placed diagonally, or occasionally of

.blocks of diamond shape. Called

also Reticulated work. (Standard)

Reticulated veins. Veins that cross
each other, forming a network.
(Power)

Eetinalite. A resinous, variety of mas-
sive serpentine. (Dana)

Eetinellite. A light brown, resinoid
substance separated by alcohol from
retinasphalt ; it begins to fuse at
121° O. (Bacon)

Retinite. The current name, among
the French, for pitchstone. (Kemp)

Eetirado (Sp.). Working homewards ;
retreating. (Halse)

Retaliation wave. A wave propagated
backwards through the burned gases
from the starting point of an explo-
sion wave, as of an explosion of gaa
(Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dy-
namics, p. 490. 1909)

Retort. 1. A vessel with a long neck,
used for distilling the quicksilver
from amalgam. See Amalgam re-
tort. 9. The vessel used in distilling
zinc. (C. and M. M. P.) 3. To treat
by heating in a retort, as gold amal-
gam, to drive off the mercury and
recover the gold. (Webster)

Eetorta (Mex.). Retort. (Dwight)

Retort-house. The building containing
the gas-retorts in which gas is manu-
factured. ( Standard )

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

567

Retorting. 1. Removing the mercury
from an amalgam by volatilizing it
in an iron retort, conducting it away,
and condensing it. (Raymond)
2. In the sulphur industry, synony-
mous with sublimation, which see.

Retort oven. A coke oven that con-
serves the gas evolved. (O. and
M. M. P.)

Retort sealer. An implement for
scraping clean the insides of gas re-
torts. (Standard)

Retreat. To treat o.ver again. Said
of tailings from ore-dressing plants.

Retreatal moraine. A moraine de-
posited during the retreat of the
last Pleistocene ice-sheet (Stand-
ard)

Retreating system. 1. A system of
robbing pillars in which the line of
pillars being robbed retreats or
moves from the boundary toward
the shaft or mouth of the mine.
2. In longwall mining the system in
which all passages are driven to the
boundaries and the working face re-
treats toward the shaft or mouth
of the mine. See Longwall method.

Return. 1. The air course along which
the vitiated air of a mine is re-
turned or conducted back to the up-
cast shaft (Steel)
2. The rate of yield of product in
any given process of the production
per unit of cost, especially in an
industrial process. (Webster)

Return air. The air or ventilation
that has passed through the work-
ings. (Gresley)

Return aircourse; Return airway. See
Return, 1.

Return tunnel (Aust). A tunnel or
adit used as a return airway.
(Power)

Reussin. An impure Glauber's salf
(mirabilite), found native, (Stand-
ard)

Reussinite. A resin-like, reddish-
brown oxygenated hydrocarbon,
soluble in boiling alcohol and in
ether (Bacon). Found in certain
coal deposits.

Reventaz6n (Lower Cal., Mex.). Out-
croppings. (Lucas)

Reverberar (Mex.). To roast.
(Dwight)

Reverberate. 1. To deflect flame or
heat, as in a reverberatory furnace.
S. To reduce by reverberated heat;
to fuse, (Century)

Reverberatory furnace. A furnace in
which ore is submitted to the ac-
tion of flame without contact with
the fuel. The flame enters from the
side or end, passes upward over a
low wall or bridge, strikes the roof
(arch) of the furnace, and is rever-
berated downward upon the charge.
(Raymond)

Reverse bearing. In surveying, a sight
taken backward for the purpose of
verifying the foresight (Standard).
See Backsight, 2 and 3.

Reversed stream. See Obsequent
stream,

Reverse fault. See Fault

Reversing machine. A molding ma-
chine having a flask or flasks that
may be turned over for ramming the
sand. ( Standard )

Reversing rolls.
train.

See Three - high

Revestlmienfo (Sp.). A casing, lining,
or covering used in mines. (Halse)

Revet. To face, as with slabs of stone
or with any kind of masonry ; furnish
with a revetment, as to revet an
embankment, wall, or building.
(Standard)

Revet crag. In geology, one of a se-
ries of narrow, pointed outliers of
eroded strata, Inclining inwardly,
like a revetment against a moun-
tain. (Standard)

Revetment. A facing, sheathing, or
retaining wall, as of masonry or
other materials, for protecting a
mass or bank of earth, etc., as In
fortifications and river banks.
(Standard)

Revierbeamt (Ger.). The chief in-
spector of a district, who gives ac-
tual decisions, subject to appeal, in
reference to mining questions, rules,
etc. (Gresley)

Reviewing (Eng.). £ee Toller.

Revived. Having had Its ability to cut
down its bed renewed or augmented
through Increase of its gradient by
deformation of the earth's crust by
an uplift or tilt; said of certain
streams. (La Forge)

Revoltura (Mex.). 1. The mixing of
ore with fluxes. 2. A furnace
charge. 3. The frequent stirring of
minerals during calcination. (Halse)

Revolving screen. A trommel, for siz-
ing or classifying ore.

568

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Keward claim (Aust), A prospecting
claim; often shortened to reward.
(Webster) A mining claim granted
to the discoverer of a mineral-bear-
ing district

Eezagado ( Mex. ) . Piled up. ( D wight )

Kezago (Mex.). 1. Waste rock.
(Dwight)
2. Ore left in a mine. (Halse)

Eezilite mastic. A preparation of
elaterite containing asbestos fiber;
it is used for surfacing floors. (Ba-
con)

Ehabdomancy. Alleged divination by
rod or wand when searching for min-
erals. (Power)

Ehaetic beds. Certain fossiliferous
shales and limestones of the Upper
Trias of Europe and elsewhere.
Galled also Avicula-contorta zone.
(Standard)

Khaetizite. A white variety of cya-
nite found in Tyrol. (Dana)

Ehenania furnace. A combination of
the Hasenclever and O'Harra fur-
naces, with four hearths, and with
a combination flue under the lowest
hearth and one over the upper
hearth. Has mechanical rabbles;
(Ingalls, p. 156)

Ehenish furnace. A zinc distillation
furnace which is a modified type of
the Silesian furnace. (Ingalls, p.
413)

Eheostat. 1. An instrument for in-
serting varying resistance in an elec-
tric circuit for controlling the in-
tensity of an electric current. 2.
An instrument for testing blasting
machines by inserting definite re-
sistance equal to a known «number of
electric blasting caps of a standard
length wire, using one electric blast-
ing-cap as an indicator. (DuPont)

Ehigolene. The most volatile liquid
fraction obtained in the distillation
of petroleum. It has a boiling point
of 18° G. and consists largely of
pentane; its specific gravity is 0.60.
(Bacon)

Rhinestone. A colorless gem-stone
made of paste or strass, and cut,
usually as a brilliant, to imitate the
diamond. (Standard)

Ehodite. Same as Rhodium gold.
(Standard)

Ehodium. A rare element of the light
platinum group found in platinum
ores and separated as a grayish
white metal; insoluble in acids and

very difficult to fuse. Symbol, Rh;
atomic weight, 102.9 ; specific grav-
ity, 12.2. (Webster)

Ehodium gold. A native alloy con-
taining from 34 to 43 per cent of
rhodium and from 57 to 66 per cent
of gold. Called also Rhodite.
(Standard)

Ehodochrosite. Manganese carbonate,
MnCO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Rhodolite. A variety of garnet char-
acterized by its roselike color and
brilliant luster. Composition corre-
sponds to 2 molecules of pyrope and
1 of almandite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Rhodonite. Manganese silicate, Mn-
Si08 (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also
called Manganese spar.

Rholites. A word employed by M. B.
Wadsworth to designate smelting
materials or fluxes. . (Power)

Rhomben-porphyries. A name applied
to certain Norwegian porphyries,
whose phenocrysts of orthoclase re-
semble a rhombohedron. The ortho-
clase is rich in soda. (Kemp)

Rhombic dodecahedron. In the isomet-
ric system, the ordinary dodecahed-
ron, formed by twelve faces, each
parallel to one axis and having equal
intercepts on the other two. (La
Forge)

Rhombic mica. A synonym for Phlogo-
pite, (Chester)

Rhombic quartz. An old name for
Feldspar. (Chester)

Rhombic system. In crystallography,
same as orthombic system. (A. P.
Rogers)

Ehombohedral. 1. Of, pertaining to,
forming, or crystallizing hi rhombo-
hedrons. 2. Pertaining to, or belong-
ing in, that group of the hexagonal
system which is characterized by a
vertical axis of three-fold symmetry
and three horizontal axes of two-fold
symmetry. (La Forge)

Ehombohedral system. 1. The same as
the hexagonal system, except that
the forms are referred to three axes
parallel to the faces of the funda-
mental rhombohedron instead of to
the usual four axes. 2. The trigonal
division of the hexagonal system, the
forms being referred to the same
three axes as above. (Neither usage
has been generally accepted.) (La
Forge) )

Rhombohedron. A crystal form bound-
ed by six faces of rhombic outline,
(Perkins)

GLOSSABY OF KDTIKO AUD IOHERAL INDTJSXBY.

669

Ehomb-spar. A synonym for Dolomite.
(Chester)

Bhone. 1. (Scot) A wooden chan-
nel for conveying water. 2. (Scot)
A line of wooden boxes for convey-
ing air. (Barrowman)

Ehums (Scot). Bituminous shale.
(Barrowman)

Ahyacolite. A variety of orthoclase oc-
curring In glassy crystals in lava
(Webster). See Sanidine.

Bhyolite. A felsophyric to vitreous ig-
neous rock composed essentially of
quartz and alkalic feldspar, or of
rock glass having substantially the
same composition, with or without
blotite, hornblende, or pyroxene;. 11-
parite. (La Forge) RhyoUte is cur-
rent in America, whereas liparite and
quartz - trachyte are more used
abroad. The name was given in
1860 by v. Richthofen (Kemp). A
lava, usually of light color, corre-
sponding in chemical composition to
granite. The same molten liquid
that at great depth within the earth
solidifies as granite would, if it
flowed out 6n the surface, cool more
quickly and crystallize less com-
pletely as rhyolite. (Ransome)

lib. 1. In coal mining, the solid coal
on the side of a gallery or long wall
face ; a pillar or barrier of coal left
for support 2. The solid ore of a
vein ; an elongated pillar left to sup-
port the hanging-wall, in working
out a vein. (Raymond)
8. (Scot) A thin stratum, as of
stone, in a seam of coaL (Barrow-
man) Also spelled Ribb.
4. A stringer of ore in a lode.

Bib-and-pillar (So. Staff.). A system
upon which the "Thick coal" seam
was formerly extensively mined, be-
ing a kind of pillar-and-stall plan.

(Gresley)

Eiband stone (Eng,). Sandstone In
thin layers alternating in color, gen-
erally light and dark gray (Gres-
ley). A variation of Ribbon, 2.

Bibbed. Containing bone (Raymond).
Said of coal.

Bibbing. 1. (Lane.) A strip of coal
three yards in width. 2. Enlarging
a heading or drift (Gresley)

Bibbom. 1. A mass of soft or sticky
material adhering to a roll during
the process of crushing. (Richards,
* 881)

2. Having parallel bands or streaks ;
as, ribbon jasper ; In this sense com-

monly riband (Standard). When
the lines of contrast are on a larger
scale they are said to be landed.

Bibbon borer. A boring tool consist-
ing of a twisted flat steel -blade.
(Raymond)

Bibbon brake. A friction-brake hay-
ing a metal strap that encircles a
wheel or drum and may be drawn
tightly against it (Standard). A
band-brake.

Bibbon jasper. Bee Ribbon, 2.
Bibbon rock. See Ribbon, 2.

Bib road (Scot). A road formed
along the rib side. (Barrowman)

Bib shot. A shot in the face next to
a rib. (Steel)

Bib side (Scot). The edge of solid
mineral left by a longwall working.
In longwall working, if one face or
wall is considerably in advance of
the next it is said to have a ribside.
(Barrowman)

Bice coal. A fine size of anthracite.
(Webster)

Bice stone. A kind of stone spotted as
with rice grains. (Standard)

Blchards' pnlsator classifier. A classi-
fier operating in such a manner that
the pulp grains fall through a sort-
ing column against an upward pul-
sating current of water. It has no
screen. (Liddell)

Eichards' pnlsator jig. See Pulsator
jig.

Eichards' shallow-pocket hindered-
settllng classifier. A series of
pockets through which successively
weaker streams of water are di-
rected upward. The material that
can settle does so and is drawn off
through spigots. (Liddell)

Bicing (No. Staff.). Lagging. Bee
Lacing, 1. (Gresley)

Eicket; Eicketing. 1. (Mid.) A nar-
row brattice for ventilation. 2»
(Mid.) A channel formed along the
floor of a mine for drainage pur-
poses. (Gresley)

3. An airway along the side of aa
adit or shaft (Morine)

Bick (Penn.). An open heap or pile
in which foal is coked. (Raymond)

Eickle (Scot). A heap or pile, as of
stones or peat, loosely thrown to-
gether (Century). Same as Rick.

Eico (Mex.). Rich. (Dwight)

570

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ricolite. A banded variety of verd-
antique from New Mexico. (Web-
ster)

Eidar (Corn.). A sieve; a riddle.
(Pryce)

Riddam (Eng.). Water, reddish with
iron; also scum. (Webster)

Bidding. 1. (No. of Eng.) Separat-
ing ironstone from coal shale.
(Gresley)

2. Clearing away fallen stone and
debris. (C. and M. M. P.)

Bidding packing (So. Wales). Cut-
ting up or removing a crept floor.
(Gresley)

Riddle (Corn, and Scot.). A sieve.
The large pieces of ore and rock
picked out by hand are called
knockings. The riddlings remain
on the riddle ; the fell goes through.
(Raymond)

Riddlings. See Riddle.

Bide over (Ark.). A squeeze that
extends into the workings beyond
the pillar. It is said to ride over
the pillar. (Steel)

Aider. 1. A thin seam of coal overly-
ing a thicker one. (Steel)

2. The rock lying between two lodes
or beds. (Davies)

3. A mass of country rock inclosed
in a lode. A horse. (Skinner)

4. A person who rides with the
trains of cars, to handle brakes,
couple cars, signal, etc., as rope
rider, trip rider. ( Steel )

5. (Eng.) A guide-frame for
steadying a bucket in a sinking pit
(Gresley)

6. An ore-deposit overlying the
principal vein. (Standard)

7. (No. of Eng.) A ferruginous
veinstone, or a similar impregna-
tion of the walls adjacent to the
vein. (Century)

Bidered. Relating to the country-rock
of a vein when impregnated by the
vein materials in strings (Stand-
ard). See Rider, 7.

Bide-the-tow (Scot). To slip or slide
down the shaft rope. (Barrowman)
See Run-the-tow, 2.

Bidge fillet. A runner or principal
channel for molten metal. (Stand-
ard)

Ridge roll. A curved piece for coVer-
ing the ridge of a roof laid with
roofing tile. (Ries)

Ridge-T. Used in roof tiling to indi-
cate a trimming piece for use at the
intersection of two rldgea. (Ries)

Ridge tile. A roofing tile having the
upper half flattened to a plane, and
used at the roof ridge. It is cov-
ered by a finishing tile. (Ries)

Ridgeway filter. A horizontal revolv-
ing, continuous vacuum filter. The
surface is an annular ring consisting
of separate trays with vacuum and
compressed air attachments. The
filtering surface is on the under
side, the trays being dipped into the
tank of pulp to form the cake, and
then lifted out of it. (Liddell)

Ridging. See Cresting.

Riding. Said of mine timbering when
the sets are thrust out of line, or
lean. (Sanders, p. 156)

Rid up. To clean out rubbish or
waste from a mine, metallurgical
plant, etc.

Rid-up runners. To clean up after a
cast, as when the scrap, slag, and
iron is removed from runners,
troughs, and skimmers, and they are
freshly clayed, loamed, or sanded.
(Willcox)

Riego (Sp.). 1. Irrigation. 2. Allay-
ing coal dust by means of a spray.
3. (Colom.) Float ore. (Halse)

Biel (Sp.). 1. A railroad rail. 2. A
small bar or ingot of crude gold,
silver, or copper. (Halse)

Riffle. 1. From the Danish rifle, a
groove or channel. In mining, the
lining of the bottom of a sluice,
made of blocks or slats of wood, or
stones, arranged in such a manner
that chinks are left between them.
The whole arrangement at the bot-
tom of the sluice is usually called
the riffles. In smaller gold-saving
machines, as the cradle, the slats of
wood nailed across the bottom are
called 'riffle-bars, or simply riffles
(Century). A groove in the bottom
of an inclined trough or sluice, fdr
arresting gold contained in sands or
gravels. (Standard)

2. A ripple in a stream or current
of water ; also a place where the wa-
ter ripples or is set in violent com-
motion, as on rocks or shallow rap-
ids. (Webster)

3. A modification of the split shovel,
which see. (Richards, p. 844)

Riffle-bars. Slats of wood nailed
across the bottom of a cradle or
other gold-washing machine for the
purpose of detaining the gold. (Cen-
tury)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

571

Rifle-blocks. Cross sections of timber
set on the floor of a sluice, with
irregular spaces between, in which
the gold settles. Also called Riffle-
bars. See Riffle. (Miller)

Eifled. 1. A drill hole, in rock, that
has become three-cornered while
drilling. (Gillette, p. 24)
8. Said of a drill-core that has spiral
markings.

Rifled pipe. A pipe used for convey-
ing heavy oils. The pipe is rifled
with helical grooves which make a
complete turn through 360 degrees
in about 10 feet of length. (Nat
Tube Co.)

Rifles (Sp. Am.). Riffles. (Lucas)

Rifling (So. Staff.). 1. Working the
upper portion of a coal seam over
waste or goaf. (Gresley)
2. The spiral grooves appearing on
the surface of drill cores.

Eift. 1. An obscure foliation, either
vertical (or nearly so) or horizon-
tal, along which a rock splits more
readily than in any other direction.
See Grain, 1. (Watson, p. 462)
2. See Fault trace. 3. A shallow
rocky place in a stream. (Webster)

Eift valley. A relatively long and nar-
row trough-like valley formed by the
sinking of a strip of the earth's crust
between two approximately parallel
and opposed normal faults or zones
of faulting. (La Forge)

Eig. A derrick, with its engine house,
etc., necessary to run it, used for
boring, and afterwards pumping, an
oil well; also, the derrick itself.
(Webster)

Eigger. A semi-skilled employee at
blast furnaces, whose duties are
largely with construction and repair
work, rather than maintenance.
Skilled in use of hoist tackle,
winches, etc., and usually able to do
riveting and to assemble material.
(Willcox)

Eight-angled block. In quarrying a
block of stone bounded by 3 pairs of
parallel faces, all adjacent faces
meeting at right angles, (Bowles)

Eight of way. A grant by Act of
Congress, to convey water over or
across the public domain, for mining
purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 612)

Eight running (No. of Eng.). 1. Ap-
plied to a vein carrying ore in beds
often unproductive (Bainbridge).
2. Rake veins extending approxi-
mately east and west (Power)

Right-running lode. A lode parallel to
the axis of elevation of the district
(Standard)

Rill. 1. The coarse ore at the periph-
ery of a pile. (C. and M. M. P.)
2. A very small brook; a streamlet
(Webster)

Rill-cut stoping. See Rill stoping.

Rill-cut vertical stopes. See Rill stop-
ing.

Rill marks. Small depressions in sand-
stone, produced by the eddying of a
retreating wave on a sea beach under
the lee of some small obstruction,
such as a shell or pebble. (Kemp)

Rill stoping. Stoping in which the ore
is cut back from the winzes in such
a way that an inverted pyramid-
shaped room is created, with its apex
in a winze and its base at the level.
(H. C. Hoover, p. 98)

Sometimes called Pyramidal stop-
ing, Inclined cut and filling, Rill-cut
vertical stopes, Overhand stoping in
inclined floors, and Rill-cut stoping.

Rim rock. The bedrock rising to form
the boundary of a placer or gravel
deposit ( Raymond )

Rine pan. A pan in which salt water
is evaporated to obtain salt

Ring. 1. A complete circle of tub-
bing plates around a circular shaft

2. Troughs placed in shafts to catch
the falling water, and so arranged as
to convey it to a certain point
(Steel)

3. (Newc.). A gutter cut around a
shaft to catch and conduct away the
water. (Raymond)

4. (So. Staff.). A circular piece of
wrought-iron, about 8 inches deep,
placed on the top of a skip of coal
to increase its capacity. (Min.
Jour.)

Bing erty (Eng.) A wedging crib upon
which tubbing is placed, having a
gutter or4 ring cast round the Inner
edge, to collect any water that may
run down the walls of the shaft
(Gresley)

Ringer. 1. (Derb.) A hammer for
driving wedges. (Gresley)
2. A crowbar. (Webster)

Ringer-and-chain (Mid.),
and chain, 1.

See Dog

Ring kiln; Sod kiln. A lime kiln
made by digging a conical pit, filling
it with alternate layers of limestone
and fuel, and covering the top with
sods. (Standard)

672

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ring ore. Fragments of gangue cov-
ered with regular deposits of other
minerals. See Sphere ore. (Power)

Ring pit. A circular pit in which a
large wheel is revolved for temper-
ing clay. (Ries)

Ring-small. Designating stones, as for
road-making, small enough to pass
through a ring of specified diameter.
Ring-small stones. (Webster)

Ring stone. A voussoir showing on
the face of the wall, so called as
helping to make up the arch ring.
(Webster)

Ring wall. The inner fire-brick .wall
of a blast furnace. (Standard)

Rifl6n (Mex.). ' 1. A kidney -shaped
mass of ore. 2. Reniform tin ore.
3. (Colom.) A place in a mine
where ore is abundant (Halse).

Rio (Sp.). River; stream. (Halse)
Riolita (Sp.). Rhyolite. (Halse)

Rip (Mid.). To cut or blast down the
roof or top (Gresley). Also to take
up the floor or bottom. (Barrow-
man)

Riparian rights. The rights of a per-
son owning land containing or bor-
dering on a watercourse or other
body of water in or to its banks,
bed, or waters. At the common law
a person owning land bordering a
non-navigable stream owns the bed
of the stream and may make reason-
able use of its waters. (Webster;
also U. S. Min. Stat, p. 619)

Ripiadores (Colom.). Workmen em-
ployed to lower ore through a winze.
(Halse)

Ripidolite. See Clinochlore and Pro-
chlorite.

Ripio (Sp.). 1. Rubble. 2. Ballast
material. 3. (Mex.) Fragments of
stone placed between the stones
forming the bed of an arrastre. 4.
Waste; attle; deads. 5. (Colom.)
Spalled ore; small ore from the
mine. 6. (Chile) Residue obtained
by evaporating caliche. (Halse)

Ripper. 1. (Mid.) A man who rips.
See Rip. (Gresley). 2. A slate-
edging tool. (Standard)

Ripping-bed. A machine for cutting
stone into slabs; a gang stone-saw.
(Standard)

Ripple. A groove or bar across sluices
for washing gold (Roy. Com.). See
Riffle.

Ripple board. An inclined trough hay-
ing grooves or strips across its bot-
tom to catch fine gold (Duryee). A
riffle.

Ripple drift. A rock-structure result-
ing from the constant deposition of
silt, where ripple-marked surfaces
are successively formed, and thus
covered and preserved (Standard).
See Ripple mark.

Ripple mark. The wavy surtace of
some beds of sandstone and mud-
stones, produced by gentle move-
ment in shallow water when these
rocks were in a soft condition.
(Roy. Com.)

Rippling. See Ripple mark.

Riprap. A foundation or sustaining
wall of stones thrown together
without order. (Webster)

Risco (Mex.). 1. Sharp, precipitous
rock. 2. Quartz found in veins or
outcrops. (Dwight)

Rise. 1. To dig or work upward in
mining, in opposition to sink. 2. A
shaft excavated from below upward
(Webster and Standard). The com-
pleted excavation is also called a
Raise, Upraise, or Riser. See Raise.
3. The inclination of the strata,
when looking up hill. To the rise
is directly up hill in an inclined
coal seam. (Steel)

Rise doors (Scot). The entrance
from a shaft into upper workings.
(Barrowman)

Rise heading. A heading driven to-
the rise in long-way workings. See
Heading, 3. (Raymond)

Rise level (Scot). The upper of two-
parallel level roads. (Barrowman)

Riser. 1. A shaft excavated from be-
low upward (Webster). See Raise,
also Rise, 2.

2. (No. of Eng.) An upthrow fault.
(Gresley)

3. A passage or channel from the
interior of a mold, in which the
molten metal rises and by its pres-
sure keeps the mold full as the
metal in the latter contracts. 4. In
mining, a rising main; See Column-
pipe. (Standard)

Rise split (Eng.). The proportion of
the ventilating current sent into the
rise workings of a mine. (Gresley)

Rise workings (Eng.). Underground
workings carried on the rise or higb
side 65C the shafts. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

573

Riling. 1. An excavation carried from
below upward; a rise or riser. 2.
The boiling in the mold of molten
steel. after teeming. 3. The honey-
combing of a steel casting, caused
by such boiling. (Standard)

Rising column (Scot). Delivery
pipes of a ram or plunger pump.
(Barrowman)

Rising main. See Column pipe.

Rither (Eng.). The matrix in which
an ore occurs. See Rider, 7. (Bain-
bridge)

Rittinger table. A side-bump table

with plane surface, actuated by a

cam, spring, and bumping post (Lid-
dell)

Rivclaine. A pick with one or two
points, formed of flat iron, used to
undercut coal by scraping instead
of striking. (Raymond)

River-bar placers (Alaska). Placers
on gravel flats in or adjacent to
the beds of large streams. (U. S.
Geol. Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33)

River claim. A claim that includes
the bed of a river. (Duryee)

River drift. The gravel deposits ac-
cumulated by a river in its torren-
tial stages. (Century)

River marble. See Landscape marble.

River mining. Mining or excavating
beds of existing rivers after deflect-
ing their course, or by dredging
without changing the flow of water.

River pebble. A term applied in Flor-
ida to a certain class of phosphatic
pebbles, or concretions, found in riv-
ers as distinguished from land peb-
ble phosphates. (Power)

River right Same as Creek right
(Duryee)

River valley. The depression made by
the stream, and by its various proc-
esses which precede and accompany
the development of the stream.
(Webster)

Rives-in (Eng.). To crack open, or
produce fissures. (Qresley)

Rivet catcher. An appliance attached
to the pump rods of oil wells to pre-
vent damage to the pump from the
dropping of rivets from the pump
rods. (Mitzakis)

Rivet steel. A soft kind of mild steel,
used especially for making rivets,
(Webster)

Riving seams. Open fissures between
beds of rock in a quarry. (Hitch-
cock)

Roach (Eng.). 1. The upper and most
valuable bed of Portland stone
(Standard). 2. A rock; refuse
gritty stone.

Roadbed. The material part of a
road; primarily, the foundation of
gravel, road-metal, etc., constituting
the bed, but by extension, especially
in railway use, the superstructure
also. (Standard)

Road binders. A group of products
consisting of petroleum asphalt,
properly fluxed with heavy petro-
leum oils that will not evaporate and
of such qualities that they will bind
the road materials together both in
summer and winter. (Bacon)

Roadhead (Scot). In long-wall, th«
end of a road at the working face
(Barrowman). See Gate end.

Reading (Eng.). Repairing and main-
taining roads. (Gresley)

Roadman. A person whose duty it Is
to keep the roads of a mine in order.
(Roy)

Road material. See Road metaL

Road metaL Rock suitable for sur-
facing macadamized roads and for
foundations for asphalt and concrete
roadways. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Roadstones. Stones used for road
metal. (Webster)

Roadway (Aust). An underground
passage, whether used for haulage
purposes or for men to travel to
and from their work. (Power)

Roaring (Gal.). A disease among
horses in which there is partial or
complete paralysis of certain mus-
cles of the neck and throat, often a
result of lead poisoning. (U. S. Bur.
Mines, Bull. 98, p. 54)

Roast. To heat to a point somewhat
short of fusing, with access of air,
as to expel volatile matter or effect
oxidation; in copper metallurgy, ap-
plied specifically to the final heating
which causes self-reduction to occur
by the reaction between the sul-
phide and the oxide. (Webster)

Roaster. 1. A contrivance for roast-
ing, or a furnace for drying salt
cake. (Webster)

2. A reverberatory furnace or a muf-
fle used in roasting ore. (Standard)

574

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Eoaster slag.. Slag resulting from the
calcination of the "white metal" in
the English process of copper-smelt-
ing. (Standard/

Roasting. Calcination, usually with
oxidation. Good, dead, or sweet
roasting is complete roasting, i. e.,
carried on until sulphurous and ar-
senious fumes cease to be given off.
Kernel-roasting is a process of treat-
ing poor sulphide copper ores, by
roasting in lumps, whereby copper
(and nickel) . are concentrated in
the interior of the lumps. (Ray-
mond)

Roasting and reaction process. The
treatment of galena in a reverber-
atory, by first partly roasting at
a low temperature, and then partly
fusing the charge at a higher
temperature, which causes a reac-
tioij between the lead-oxide formed
by roasting and the remaining sul-
phide, producing sulphurous acid
and metallic lead. (Raymond)

Roasting and reduction process. The
treatment of lead ores by roasting
to form lead-oxide, and subsequent
reducing fusion in a shaft furnace.
(Raymond)

Roasting cylinder. A furnace with a
rotating cylinder for roasting ore.
(Standard). See Briickner furnace.

Roasting furnace. A furnace in which
ore is roasted.

Roasting kiln. A kiln for roasting ore.

Roasting oven. An oven for roasting
ores.

Roast stall. A form of roasting fur-
nace, built in compartments or stalls
open in front, with flues running up
the wall at the back for the purpose
of creating a draft. (Century)

Rob. To extract pillars previously left
for support; or, in general, to take
out ore or coal from a mine with a
view to immediate product, and not
to subsequent working. (Raymond)

Robbed out (Cumb.). Work away.
See Hollows (Gresley). Said of a
mine or part of a mine from which
the pillars have been remoVed.

Robbing; Robbing pillars (Scot). Re-
ducing the size of pillars; taking as
much as possible off pillars, leaving
only what is deemed sufficient to sup-
port the roof. ^ (Barrowman)

Robbie (Eng.). A fault. (Gresley)

Robson and Crowder process. An early
oil flotation process. The oil was
added to several times its weight of

ore and mixed in a slowly revolving
drum or tube. The process at one
time had quite a large application.
The process used but little water, 25
per cent to 30 per cent and no acid.
(Megraw, p. 14; T. J. Hoover, p. 6)

Roburite. An explosive containing,
according to one formula, chlorinat-
ed di nitrobenzene and ammonium ni-
trate. (Webster)

Roca (Sp.). 1. Rock standing out
from the general surface. 2. Rock
or stone, whether in the ordinary
or geological sense. 3. A vein or bed
of hard rock and stone. (Halse)

Rocalla ( Sp. ) . Drift of pebbles washed
together by floods; talus. (Halse)

Roche. 1. (Prov. Eng.) Refuse gritty
stone. 2. A rock. Spelled also
Roach. (Standard)

Roche lime (Eng.). Lime in the lump
after it is burned; quicklime. (Web-
ster)

Rochelle salts. Potassium-sodium tar-
trate, KNaC^O^HiO.

Roches moutonnees. Rounded hum-
mocks or bosses of rock like whales'
backs, smoothed and striated by gla-
cial action (Roy. Com.). Called also,
Dressed rocks; Sheep-back rocks.

Rochlederite. A resinoid, reddish-
brown oxygenated hydrocarbon,
.found in brown coal in Bohemia; it
melts at 100° C. and is soluble in
alcohol. (Bacon)

Rock. 1. (a) Strictly, any naturally
formed aggregate or mass of mineral
matter, whether or not coherent, con-
stituting an essential and appreci-
able part of the earth's crust (6)
Ordinarily, any consolidated or co-
herent and relatively hard, naturally
formed mass of mineral matter;
stone. (La Forge) In Instances
a single mineral forms a rock, as
calcite, serpentine, kaolin, and a few
others, but the vast majority of
rocks consist of two or more min-
erals.

2. (Lake Superior) Crude copper
ore as it comes from the mines. The
concentrate obtained is called min-
eral, and contains about 65 per cent
metallic copper.

3. (N. Y. and Pa.) A local term for
the more massive beds of bluestone
that are not Jointed and are, there-
fore, well suited for structural pur-
poses. (Bowles)

4. A peak, cliff, promontory, or the
like, of rock, usually bare, and con-
sidered as one mass, as the Rock
of Gibraltar. 5. (Corn.) A big lump
of ore. (Webster)

GLOSSABY OF MTNIN<5 AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

575

Rock-and-rig (So. Staff.). A sand-
stone full of little patches and
shreds of coal. (Gresley)

Rock asphalt. Sandstone or limestone
naturally impregnated with asphalt
(Bacon)

Rock-asphalt pavement. A wearing
course composed of broken or pul-
verized rock-asphalt, with or with-
out the addition of other bituminous
materials. (Bacon)

Rock basin. A depression or basin-
like excavation in the solid rock,
sometimes of great extent Nearly
all lakes, even the largest of them,
are entirely surrounded by solid rock
or lie in rock basins. (Roy. Com.)

(Eng.). Sandy shale.

Rock 'bind
(Gresley)

Rock bottom. In well digging, a stra-
tum of rock preventing further ex-
cavation; used generally in a figura-
tive sense, and often attributively;
as, a rock-bottom price. (Standard)

Rock bound (Aust). A reef not ac-
companied by gangue stuff. (C. G.
W. Lock)

Rock breaker. Usually applied to a
class of machines, of which Blake's
rock-breaker is a type, and in which
the rock is crushed between two
jaws, both movable, or one fixed and
one movable. It is common to use
a rock-breaker instead of hand-spall-
ing to prepare ore for further crush-
ing in the stamp-mill (Raymond).
See Rock crusher.

Rock butter. A variety of halotrichite.
Called also Stone butter. (Stand-
ard)

Rock channeler. A machine used in
quarrying for cutting an artificial
seam in a mass of stone. It is
made in several forms, the principal
types being the bar-channeler (in
which the cutters are mounted on
a carriage that works along a heavy
bar or bars) and the track-channeler.
(Standard)

Rock chute See Chute, 1. Also called
Slate chute.

Rock- chute mining. See Bord-and-
pillar method.

Rock cork. A light-colored variety of
asbestos (Standard). Also called
Rock leather.

Rock crusher. A machine for reduc-
ing rock or ore to smaller sizes.
Three principal types are the jaw-
crusher, the gyratory, and the ham-
mer crusher. See Rock breaker.

Rock crystal. Transparent quartz, es-
pecially when colorless. (Webster)

Rock drill A machine for boring In
rock, either by percussion, effected
by reciprocating motion, or abrasion,
effected by rotary motion. Com-
pressed air is the usual motive
power, but steam, electricity and
electricity in combination with" com-
pressed air are also used.

The following are common types:
Burleigh. The first rock drill manu-
factured in the United States. A
term applied by miners to any heavy
two-man drill. Chippy. A name op-
plied to small piston drills. Jack
hammer. A name given by the man-
ufacturer to the first self-rotating
drill made in the United States.
Murphy. A hollow steel hand drill;
also called Jap or Little Jap. Waugh*
A stoping drill ; sometimes called a
stoper; also known in the Southern
States as a warrior. Widoi&maker.
a name applied to stoping drills by
reason of the unhealthy effect of the
dust on the miner's lungs. Wiggle
tail. A name applied to a stoping
drill, derived from its actions when
in operation. (Eng. & Min. Jour.,
May 15, 1915, p. 861 ) . Water Leyner.
A type of drill using hollow steel
through which water flows to remove
and allay dust Also called Leyner-
Ingersoll drill.

Rocker. A short trough in which au-
riferous sands are agitated by oscil-
lation, in water, to collect their gold.
(Raymond). See Cradle, 3.

Rock-face brick. Brick with surface
chiseled to imitate cut stone. (Ries)

Rock fault (Eng.). A replacement of
a coal seam over a greater or less
area, by some other rock, usually
sandstone. (Gresley)

Rock filling, 'l. Waste rock, used to
fill up worked-out stopes to support
the roqf. (Weed)
2. See Overhand stoping.

Rock flour. Very finely powdered rock
material, formed by the grinding up
of rocks beheath a glacier, deposited
as part of the till, and not washed or
blown away and deposited elsewhere
as stratified drift or as loess. (La
Forge) Oalled also Glacier meal,
and Rock meal.

Rock froth. Fused lava so inflated
with gas bubbles or steam bubbles
as to be foamy. When hardened it
becomes vesicular or scoriaceou*
lava. (Standard)

Rock gas. Same as Natural gas.

576

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bock gypsum. Massive gypsum, some-
times crystalline, also microcrystal-
line or fine grained, as in alabaster.
(Webster)

Bockhead. 1. (Scot.) In boring or
sinking, the top of hard strata next
the surface. (Barrowman)
2. (Ches.) The uppermost stratum
of the rocksalt beds. (Gresley)

Bock house (Lake Superior). . The
building (usually the one over the
shaft) where copper-bearing rock
from "the mine is dumped from the
ore skip (or bucket) and is screened,
crushed, and stored in a bin, ready
for shipment to the mill. (Weed)

Booking. The process of separating
ores by washing on an incline
trough. (Lawver) See also Rocker.

Booking bob. See Bob, 1.

Booking lever (Bng.). A brakestaff.
(Gresley)

Booking stone. A stone, often of great
size, so balanced on its foundation
that it can be rocked, or slightly
moved with but little force. In
some cases it is left in this position
by the weathering away of the softer
material (Webster). Called also
Loggan stone.

Bock in place. See In situ.

Bock leather. A synonym for Moun-
tain leather. (Chester-)

Bock meal. 1. A fine flour-like earth
composed of shells of infusoria. 2.
A white powdery variety of calcite,
occurring as an efflorescence (Web-
ster). See Rock flour, 2. Also Rock
milk.

Book milk. Soft pulverulent forms of
calcite found in caves or as an efflor-
escence. (Power)

Bock oil. A synonym for Petroleum.

Bock pulverizer. A rock breaker;
stone crusher. (Standard)

Book quartz. The ordinary crystal-
lized varieties of quartz, as Brazilian
pebbles. Called also Rock crystal.
(Standard)

Book rubble. Same as Fault rock.
(Standard)

Book ruby. A fine red variety of gar-
net. (Webster)

Book ialt. Common salt occurring in
•olid form as a mineral; halite.
(Webster)

Eockabaft. A shaft made purposely
to send down rock for filling the
stopes, rooms, or slices. The shaft

is generally kept nearly full, and
th crock is trammed away as it is
wanted. ( Standard )

Bock silk. A silky variety of asbestos.

Bock soap. A pitch-black or bluish-
black aluminum silicate, greasy to
the touch, and which crumbles in
water ; used as a filler and for cray-
ons. Called also Mountain soap.
(Standard)

Rock tar. Crude petroleum. (Stand-
ard)

Rock tunnel. A tunnel, drift, or cross-
cut" driven through rock, usually
connecting one coal bed with an-
other; also through barren rock in
metal mines.

Rock turquoise. A matrix of turquoise
with small grains of turquoise em-
bedded in it. (Century)

Rockwood. A brown compact variety
of asbestos, resembling fossil wood.
(Standard)

Rod coupling. A clasp or other de-
"vice for uniting the rods that carry
the tools used in boring artesian
wells, oil wells, etc. (Century)

Rodding (Eng.). The operation of fix-
ing or repairing wooden cage guides
in shafts. (Gresley)

Rod guide. An appliance attached to
the drilling rod in oil wells that
serves to prevent the rod from oscil-
lating or knocking against the sides
of the bore hole. (Mitzakis)

Rodillo (Sp.). A wooden roller for
moving heavy weights. (Halse)

Rod iron. Iron made in the form of
round iron rods for commercial use.
(Standard)

Rodman; Rodsman. One who uses or
carries a surveyor's leveling rod.
(Standard)

Rodney (Eng.). A rude platform
near the shaft's mouth for a night
fire. (Bainbridge)

Rods. 1. (Eng.) Vertical or inclined
timbers for actuating pumps. 2.
Long bars of Swedish iron of the
toughest quality, for boring through
rocks, etc. 3. See Cage guides, 1.
(Gresley)

Bod shaft. The mine shaft contain-
ing the pump rods. (Da vies)

Bod tools. See Pole tools.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

577

Rod-wax . A light-yellow, pasty mass
consisting of an emulsion of high-
boiling oils with solid hydrocarbons ;
it collects in considerable quantities
around the rods and casing in some
of the Pennsylvania wells. (Bacon)

Roesing lead-pump* An automatic ap-
paratus for discharging lead from
the kettle. Used in Parkes' process.
(Hofman, p. 480)

Roesing wires. Wires suspended in a
dust chamber to assist in settling
and condensing dust and fumes
from furnace gases. (Hofman, p.
392)

Roesler process. A process for sepa-
rating copper, and in part silver,
from gold by fusing with sulphur or
with antimony sulphide, obtaining
copper or silver sulphide. (Goesel)

Hoe stone. Fine-grained oSlite, that
resembles the roe of a fish. (Power)

Rogenstein (Ger.). Oolite in which
the spherules are united by argil-
laceous cement. (Standard)

Roggan. A rocking stone. < Century)

Roily oil. Crude oil that has formed
a more or less complete emulsion
with water. (Redwood)

Rojo (Sp.). Red. (Halse)

Roke (Prov. Eng.). A vein of ore.
(Standard). A variation of Rake.
See Rake 3 and 4.

Roldana (Sp.). A pulley wheel or
sheave. (Halse)

RolL 1. An inequality in the roof or
floor of a mine. 2. (So. Wales)
The drum of a winding engine. 3.
See Bump. (Gresley)

4. A cylindrical body set in bearings
(usually fixed) and used singly or
in pairs or sets for crushing or
squeezing (Webster). See Rolls.

5. One of two cylinders or grooved
rollers between which material is
drawn, as for reducing its thickness,
as the finishing rolls of a rolling
mill. 6. A heavy metal cylinder for
flattening molten plate glass into a
sheet. (Standard)

Rolled plate. A thin plate of gold
spread upon a layer of base metal
by soldering the metals in the bar,
and then rolling the whole out into
plate, forming a thinner plate of
gold than that of the ware known
as gold-filled. Called also Rolled
gold. (Standard)

744010 O— 47 67

Roller. A small steel, iron, or wooden
wheel or cylinder upon which the
hauling rope is carried just above
the floor. (Steel)

Roller grip. A device for clutching a
traction cable between grooved
sheaves or rollers. (Standard)

Rolley (No. of Eng.). A kind of truck
running upon wheels for carrying
tubs or boxes, and drawn by horses
along underground roadways. (Ores-
ley)

Rolleyway (No. of Eng.). The under-
ground road along which rolleys are
conveyed (Gresley). ^ gangway.

Rolleyway man (Eng.). A man who
attends the rolleyway and keeps it
in order. He also supervises the
movement of -cars at shaft landings.
(G. C. Green well)

Rolling. See Roll train.

Rolling ground. A land surface much
varied by many small hills and val-
leys. (C. and M. M. P.)

Rolling mill. 1. An establishment in
which metal is made into sheets,
bars, rails, or rods, by working it
between pairs of rolls. 2. A pair
or set of rolls between which metal
is reduced in thickness or formed
into beams, rails, etc.; a roll train.
(Standard)

Rolling plant. A rolling mill or es-
tablishment for rolling metal into
forms. (Standard)

Roll-jaw crusher. A crusher of the
same general type as the Blake or
Dodge (which see), but the moving
jaw has a rolling instead of an os-
cillating motion. (Liddell)

Roll latten. Sheet brass polished on
both sides. (Standard)

Rolls. Cast-iron cylinders, either plain
or fitted with steel teeth, used to
break coal and other materials into
various sizes (Steel). Applied to
the type of crushing machinery in
which the ore is broken between
cylindrical rolls which rotate in a
vertical plane. See also Roll train.

Roll scale. The scale that falls from
iron during the process of rolling.
(Standard)

Roll shell. The casing or tire of
specially hardened steel forming the
wearing surface of a crusher roll.
(Richards, p. 66)

Roll sulphur. A commercial name for
sulphur that has been purified and
cast into rolls or sticks. (Standard)

578

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Boll train. The set of plain or grooved
rolls through which iron or steel
piles ingots, blooms, or billets are
passed, to be rolled into various
shapes. ( Raymond )

Bolo. (Sp.) 1. A roller or drum;
R. de porta cable (Mex.), the
bearing drum of cable tramway.
(Dwight)

2. A smooth and round long stone
found in arroyos. 3. A coil of fuse.
(Raise)

Bomaneador (Mex.). A weigher.
(Dwight)

Bomanium. An alloy consisting of al-
luminum having an admixture of
less than 10 per cent of tungsten
together with a little copper and
nickel. (Webster)

Boman ocher. A native ocher of a
deep orange-yellow color. (Stand-
ard)

Boman tile; Boman brick. Brick
usually either dry-pressed or stiff-
mud repressed, and 12 by li by 4
inches in size. The term is not al-
ways very definitely used. (Ries)

Boman vitriol. Same as Blue vitriol.

Bomanzovite. A variety of garnet, of a
brown or brownish-yellow color.
(Century)

Bomper (Sp.). 1. To break or crush
ore. 2. To pierce or penetrate; to
break through. (Halse)

Bondana (Mex..x Gasket; washer.
(Dwight)

Eondle; Rondelle. The crust or scale
that 'forms upon the surface of
molten metal in cooling. (Raymond)

Bongueros (Peru). Men and boys who
carry capachos. (Halse)

Boof. 1. The rock lying above a coal
bed or ore vein. The hanging wall.
(Chance)

2. The top of any subterraneous pas-
sage or working. (Gresley)

3. (No. Wales). In slate quarrying,
a passage excavated from below up-
wards; a raise. (Webster)

Boof coal (Scot). That part of a seam
of coal left for a roof. (Barrow-
man)

Roofing. 1. (Ches.) The upper 5 or 6
feet of the rock-salt beds. (Gres-
ley)

2. The wedging of a loaded wagon
or horse against the top of an under-
ground passage. (Raymond)

Roofing slate. %A finely fissile, cpmpacr.
homogeneous argillite or clay slate,
yielding thin slabs, used for roofing.
The prevailing colors are nearly
black, though sometimes greenish,
purple, or red. (Standard)

Boofing tile. Burned-clay tile used for
covering roofs. (Ries)

Boof stone (Scot). The stone imme-
diately above a coal seam (Barrow-
man) See also Roof, 1.

Boof work. A term applied to a vein
worked overhead. (Morine)

Boom. 1. A wide working place in a
flat mine corresponding to stope in a
steep vein. Compare Stope (Ihl-
seng). A chamber.
2. A heading or short stall. 3. A
weight of 7 tons of coal, or 5£ chal-
drons by measure. (Gresley)

Boom and pillar. A system of mining
in which the distinguishing feature
is the winning of 50 per cent or
more of the coal or ore in the first
working. The coal or ore is mined
in rooms separated by narrow ribs
or pillars. The coal or ore in the
pillars is won by -subsequent work-
ing, wiiich may be likened to top
slicing, in which the roof is caved
in successive blocks. The first work-
ing in rooms is an advancing and
the winning of the rib (pillar) a re-
treating method. The rooms are
driven parallel with one another, and
the room faces may be extended par-
allel, at right angles, or .at an angle
to the dip. This method is ap-
plicable to flat deposits, such as coal,
iron ore, lead, and zinc, etc, that
occur in bedded deposits. Modifi-
cations of this method are: County
of Durham system ; Double-entry
room and pillar mining; Double-
room system; Double stall working;
Heading and stall ; 'illar and stall ;
Post and stall; Room and stoop;
Single-entry room and pillar min-
ing ; Single - stall working ; Square
work; South Staffordshire thick-
seam method ; Stall and breast ; and
Triple-entry room and pillar mining

Boom and pillar with waste filling.
See Overhand stoping.

Room and ranee (Scot.). A system of
working coal with long narrow pil-
lars ; less usually a system of work-
ing with extra large pillars and nar-
row rooms (Barrowman). Similar
to pillar and stall.

Room and stoop (Scot). See Room
and pillar.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

579

Boom neck. A short passageway, from
the mine entry, to the room in which
the miner works. (Gambino v. Man-
ufacturers' Goal & Coke Co., 164 S.
W. Kept, p. 265)

Boom system with caving. See Bord
and pillar.

Booster coal. See Cube coaL

Boot deposit (Malay). A lode or vein
from which alluvial tin may have
been derived. The original source.

Boove ( Eng. ) . To rub or knock against
the roof. . (Gresley)

Bope crab. An appliance used in ca-
ble drilling for recovering ropes
that may have been accidentally
dropped in the borehole. (Mitzakis)

Bope drilling. 1. Drilling in the
ground with a bit attached to the
end of a rope to which a twisting
motion is given. Sometimes called
Jump drilling, as the rope with the
bit is raised and dropped.

Bope drive. A replacement of belts
by ropes for driving machinery.
(Power)

Bope driver. A person who looks
after the rope and the equipment of
the train of cars drntvin? coal from
the mine, and superintends the
movement of cars. (Stony Fork
Goal Co., v. Lingar, 153 S. W. Kept.,
p. 6 ; Bell-Knox Coal Co. v. Gregory,
153 S. W. Kept., p. 465)

Bope haulage. Any haulage system in
which the cars are attached to ropes.
Usually employed on level or nearly
level roads or entries; sometimes
with an endless rope. See Tail-rope
haulage.

Bope house. In salt manufacturing,
an evaporating house. (Century)

Bope rider (Okla.). An employee
whose duty it is to see that cars are
coupled properly, and to inspect
ropes, chains, links, and all cou-
pling equipment A trip rider.

Bope roll (Eng.). The drum of a
winding engine. (Gresley)

Bope trip. A trip of cars handled by
a rope. (Steel)

Bopeway. A line or double line of
suspended ropes, usually wire, along
which articles of moderate weight
may be transported on slings, either
by gravity or power; much used In
mountainous mining districts for
transportation to watercourses or to
steam-railway lines (Standard). An
aerial tramway.

Bopp furnace. A long reverberatory
furnace over the hearth of which
a series of plows or rakes is drawn
by a continuous cable, moving the
ore steadily from the feed to the
discharge end. (Ingalls, p. 104)

Bopy lava. Same as Pahoehoe.

Bosca (Sp.). 1. Screw thread. 2. A
ring or washer put around a drill
when water is present. 3. In the
patio process, silver left after re-
torting. (Halse)

Eoscoelite. A vanadium-bearing mus-
covite mica in which A1»O« is partly
replaced by V2Oi. The content of
VaO« may reach an equivalent of
28.85 per cent VaO», though generally
much less, (JJ. S. Geol. Surv.)

Bose. 1. (Scot.) The perforated noz-
zle of a water pipe. (Barrowmari)
2. A diambnd of such small size that
it can be cut little if at all. (Web-
ster)

Boseaker. An old name for Realgar
(Century)

Bose copper. Same as Rosette cop-
per.

Bose head. A perforated nozzle, as for
a sprinkler (Standard). See Rose, 1.

Bose porcelain. Chinese hard-porce-
lain brilliantly decorated with a red
enamel. (Standard)

Bose quartz. Crystalline quartz with
a rose-pink color. Used as gem or
as an ornamental stone. See quartz.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Bose steel. A steel that shows a pe-
culiar fracture and texture in the
interior different from that near the
surface. ( Standard )

Bosette. A disk-like crust or plate of
metal purposely formed on and re-
moved from the surface of molten
metal (Standard). See Rosette cop-
per.

Bosette copper. Disks of copper (red
from the presence of suboxide)
formed by cooling the surface of
molten copper through sprinkling
with water (Raymond). Called also-
Rose copper.

Bose vitriol. Cobalt sulphate; bleber-
ite. Also called Cobalt vitriol; Red
vitriol. (Standard)

Bosh (Leic.). See Rait.

Bosicler (Sp.). 1. Ruby silver; R*
claro, proustite ; R. negro, stephan-
ite ; R. oscuro, pyrargyrite. 2. R. d*
cobre (Chile and Peru), cuprite.
(Halse)

580

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Rosin jack. A yellow variety of sphal-
ente. (Power)

Rosin tin. A reddish or yellowish va-
riety of cassiterite. (Power)

Ross and Welter furnace. A multiple-
deck roasting furnace of the annu-
lar type. Used in Germany. (In-
galls, p. 110)

Rossie furnace. An American variety
of hearth for the treatment of ga-
lena, differing from the Scotch
hearth in using wood as fuel, work-
ing continuously, and having hollow
walls, to heat the blast. (Raymond)

Rosso antico marble. A red marble
used by the Etruscans and ancient
Romans ; said to have been obtained
from Cynopolis and Damaristica
(Merrill). It has white markings
and fine black veins.

Eosso levanto marble. See Verdan-
tique.

Rosterite. A variety of pale rose-red
beryl found in the granite of the
Island of Elba, Italy. (Century)

Rosthornite. A resin (CzJI^O) pos-
sessing a brown color and a specific
gravity of 1.076, found at Sonnberge,
Carinthia. (Bacon)

Rotary fault. See Fault

Rotary puddler. A mechanical pud-
dler in which the treatment of
molten metal is effected by the ro-
tation of the furnace. (Century)

Rotary pump. A pump in which the
moving part is a piston, follower,
or cam, rotating in a case, as dis-
tinguished from one that has a pis-
ton with to-and-fro motion (Stand-
ard). A centrifugal pump.

Eotary squeezer. A puddle-ball squeezer
having a rotating drum mounted out
of center in a cylindrical case.
(Standard)

Rotator. A revolving or rotary fur-
nace. (Century)

Rotch. See Rotche.

Rotche; Roche (So. Staff.). A soft
and moderately friable sandstone
(Gresley). Called also Roach;
Rotch.

Rothoffite. A yellowish-brown to liver-
brown, magnesian calcium-iron gar-
net. (Dana)

Rotten reef. (So. Afr.). Decomposed,
soft, country rock found in connec-
tion with auriferous conglomerates.
(Duryee)

Rottenstone. 1. A soft, light, earthy
substance, consisting of silica in fine
grains, resulting from the decompo-
sition of^siliceous limestone. (Roy.
Com.).

Rouge antique marble. See Rosso an-
tico marble.

Roughcast. 1. A kind of plaster made
of rime, with a mixture of shells or
pebbles, used for covering buildings.
(Webster)

2. To roughen the surface of (pot-
tery) before firing. (Standard)

Rough coal (Scot.). A name some-
times given to free coal when associ-
ated with gas coal or splint coal.
(Bar row man)

Rough diamond. Ah uncut diamond.

Rougher cell. Flotation cells in which
the bulk of the gangue is removed
from the ore.

Roughing hole. A hole to receive slag
from a blast-furnace, or molten iron
when it is undesirable to let M: run
into pigs. (Standard)

Roughing mill. 1. A metal disk
charged with an abrasive, used for
the first work in grinding gems. 2.
A set of roughing rolls. (Standard)

Roughing rolls. The rolls of a train
which first receive the pile, ingot,
bloom, or billet, and partly form
it into the final shape (Raymond).
Called also Breaking- or Roughing-
dowrn rolls.

Roughs; Rows (Corn.). Coarse, poor
sands, resulting from tin dressing
(Raymond)

Roughsetter. A building mason em-
ployed on coarse work. (Standard)

Roughway (Corn.). A quarry term to
designate a direction along which
there is no natural cleavage in a
rock. See Cleaving way, and Quar-
tering way. (Green well, p. 81)

Round coal (Eng.), Coal in large
lumps, either handpicked or after
passing over screens. (Gresley)

Round-edge slip. See Slip stone.

Rounder. 1. See Reamer, 1.

2, An indented cylindrical tool for
rock-boring. ( Standard )

Rounding-tool. A forming- or swaging-
tool having a semicylindrical groove ;
a blacksmith's swage or collar-tool.
(Standard)

Round ore. Same as Leap ore. (Stand-
ard)

GLOSSARY 0* MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

581

Round ree (Scot). A space at the
shaft bottom where coal is stored.
(Barrowman)

Roundstone. Small, roundish stones
collectively, used for paving ; cobble-
stone. (Century)

Round-strand rope. A rope made of
round twisted-strandfc (C. M. P.)

Bow (pronounced ro). (No. Staff.)
A seam or bed of coal* (Gresley)

Row (pronounced ro«) (Corn.;. Large,
rough stones. (Raymond)

Eowlanditc. Yttrium silicate, 2Yt,O*-
3SHX (U. S. Geol. Sort.)

Rowi. See Roughs.

Royal agate. A mottled variety of
obsidian. (Century)

Eoyal green. Paris green. (Webster)

Royalty. 1. (Eng.). The mineral es-
tate or area of a colliery, or a por-
tion of such property. A field of
mining operations. (Gresley)
2. A seigniorage on gold and silver
coined at the mint. 8, (Eng.). A
percentage paid to the crown, of gold
or sliver taken from mines, or a tax
in lieu of such share of the product
or profit (Webster). See Acreage
rent

4. The amount paid by the lessee,
or operator, to the owner of the
land, mineral rights Or mine equip-
ment, based on a certain amount per
ton or a per cent df total mineral
production.

Rozan process. An improvement of
the Pattinson process (Raymond).
Also called Luce-Rozen process.

Rnbasse (Fr.). A crystalline variety
of quartz containing, distributed
through it, spangles of hematite,
which reflect a ruby red. Called
also Ancona ruby ; Mont Blanc ruby ;
Rubace. (Standard)

Rubber. 1. A gold-quart? amalgama-
tor, in which the slime is rubbed
against amalgamated copper sur-
faces, ( Raymond )
2. (Scot.) A piece of wood for pump
rods to slide on, or for hutches to
rub on going round sharp curves.
(Barrowman)

8. A bucking iron or bucking ham-
mer. See Bucking.

Rubberide. A trade-name for an imi-
tation of vulcanized rubber. (Ceii
tury)

Rubberstone. A sharp-gritted Ohio or
Indiana sandstone used for sharpen-
ing shoe knives; also called Shoe-
stone (Merrill).

Rubbing bars ( Aust ) . Bars placed
on the side of a cage nearest to the
other cage when rope guides are
used. The buffer ropes are placed
outside for rubbing bars. (Power)

Rubbing bed. A circular disk of iron,
or occasionally carborundum, rotat-
ing in a horizontal plane, upon which
blocks of stone are placed in order
to rub or grind away all irregular-
ities. (Bowles)

Rubbing block. In marble working, a
smoothing or polishing block,
(Standard)

Rubbing brick. A heavy, coarse-
grained stone generally artificial,
used principally for rubbing down
rough castings, smoothing concrete
work and for dressing marble and
granite. (Pike)

Rubbing stone. A gritstone for
smoothing tool marks, etc.. out of
building stone, bricks, etc. (Stand-
ard)

Rubbing surface. The total area of a
given length of airway ; that Is, the
area of top, bottom, and sides added
together, or the perimeter multi-
plied by the length. (Steel)

Rubbish (Eng.). Fallen stone from
the roof; holing debris made in sink-
ing; drifting, etc. ( Gresley ) . Waste.

Rubble. 1. Water -worn or rough-
broken stonefe, broken bricks, etc.,
used in coarse masonry. 2. Rough
stone as it comes from the quarry.
8. A quarryman's term for the
upper fragmentary and decomposed
portion of a mass of stone; brash.
4. (Eng.) A hard chalk used In
making paths. (Webster)

Rubble ashlar. Ashlar masonry with
rubble backing. (Webster)

Rubble drift. A coarse agglomeration
uf angular debris and large blocks
set in an earthy matrix of glacial
origin. (Century)

Rubble ice. Ice in broken fragments,
as in the Arctic seas. (Webster)

Rubble masonry. Rough, unsquared
stone laid in irregular courses.
(Merrill)

Rubbles (Eng.). Slack or small coal.
(Gresley)

Rubble stone. 1, (Eng.). A name
given by Kirvvan to graywacke
(Humble).
2. See Rubble,

582

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Bubble work. Masonry composed of
irregular or broken stone or frag-
ments of stone mingled with cement
or clay (Standard). Called also
Rubble masonry.

Bubbly reef (Aust). A vein much
broken up. (Duryee)

Bubellite. Dark-pink or red tourma-
line.

Buberite. Same as Cuprite. (Cen-
tury)

Bubi (Sp.). Ruby, a- variety of spinel.
(Halse)

Rubidium. A soft silvery metal which
decomposes water with violence and
inflames spontaneously in air. An
alkali metal closely resembling po-
tassium in general properties. Sym-
bol, Rb; atomic weight, 85.45; spe-
cific gravity, 1.52. (Webster)

Bubio ( Sp. ) . Limonite or brown hem-
atite. (Halse)

Buble. The monetary unit of Russia,
equivalent to 51.5 United States
cents. (Century)

Bubstone. A whetstone; also stone
suitable for making whetstones.
(Standard)

Buby. Clear red corundum, AUO* A
well-known gem. (U. S. Geol. Surr.)

Buby arsenic. An early name for re-
algar (Chester). See Ruby sulphur.

Buby blende. A red or brownish-red
variety of transparent crystallized
sphalerite (Standard). See also
Ruby zinc.

Buby copper. An early name for cu-
prite, from its color. (Chester)

Buby luster. In ceramics, any red or
reddish metallic luster. (Standard)

Buby mica. An old synonym ifor G8th-
ite. (Chester)

Buby silver. See Proustite an& Py-
rargyrite.

Buby jmlphur. Same as Realgar
(Standard). Called also Ruby ar-
senic; Ruby of arsenic; Ruby of
sulphur.

Buby zinc. A popular name for trans-
parent sphalerite of a deep-red color,
and also for ^incite with the same
characteristics. (Chester)

Buck. 1. (Lane.) The stock of coal

on the bank. (Gresley)

2. A streak of pyrite in roofing

slates. (Power)
Bud (Prov. Eng.). Red ocher.

(Standard)

Budding (No. of Eng.). The act of
clearing away refuse rock.

Buddie (Eng.). A common term
meaning red, for a red variety of
iron ore. (Roberts)

Bueda (Sp.). 1. A wheel. 2. R. de
mcchq, a coil of safety fuse. 8.
(Mex.) .A rounded mass of silver
ore. (Halse)

Buin (Eng.). A term: occasionally
employed in familiar description for
certain minerals whose sections or
cut faces exhibit the appearance of
ruined buildings, as Ruin agate,
Ruin marble, etc. (Page)

Buin agate. See Ruin,

Buiniform. Having the form or ap-
pearance of ruins, as certain min-
erals.

Buin marble. See Ruin.

Bull (Eng.). To wheel or trundle, as
ore. (Webster)

Buller (Corn.). A workman who
wheels ore in a wheelbarrow under-
ground. (Raymond)

Bumanite. A yellow amber-like resin
obtained from Rumania. (Bacon)

Bumbadero ( Colom. ) . An ore chute or
ore pass. (Halse)

Bumbo (Sp.), Direction; strike of a
vein. (Dwight)

Bumb6n (Colom.). . , 1. An automatic
inclined plane. 2. An inclined chute
for ore or timber. (Halse)

Bun. 1. Direction, as ef a :vein. 8.
Caving in .of a working, etc.- 8. A
fall of the cage in a shaft due to a
failure in the hoisting apparatus.
4. An inclined passage between lev-
els. 5. A settling trough for slimes.
6, An irregular ore bo^v. . 7. Hori-
zontal distance to which' a $rlft U or
may be carried. 8. In quarrying,
a directiori of secondary* or'minoT
cleavage ' grain. See Rift' ( Web-
ster)

9. The length of time* reduction
works or a mine is kept In operation
without stopping to clean 'up. make
repairs, or for other purposes.
(Hanks) :

10. By the run. A method of paying
coal miners per linear yard of breast
excavated instead of by the amount
of clear coal produced. (Raymond)

11. A Journey. 12. A word com-
monly made use of to. express the
degree of leverage or breaking-down
power of a shot. 18. (Eng.) To
work a winding, or other, engine.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

583

14. Soft ground is said to "ran"
when it becomes mud and will not
hold together or stand. (Gresley)

15. To make by pouring melted metaj
into molds; mold; found. 18. An
act of flowing, or that which flows.
Especially: (a) The quantity that
flows at one time or during one oper-
ation or period ; as, a run of iron in
a melting-furnace, (b) A single op-
eration of pouring or casting in a
foundry. (Standard)

17. (Corn.) To quit a piece of work
before it is quite finished. (Pryce)

Bunaround. A passage driven in the
shaft pillar to enable men and ani-
mals to pass safely from one side
of the shaft to the other side. See
Bye-pass, 1.

Runaway switch (Aust.). A switch
by means of which, a runaway car
can be sidetracked. (Power)

Bus-back water (Scot). Water from
a set of pumps that is run back
and pumped up again in order: to
keep the pump from going "on air"
while the other pumps are at work.
(Barrowman)

Bung; Bundle; Bound. A step or
crossbar of a ladder. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Bunnel. A rivulet or small brook.
(Duryee)

Bunner. 1. The channel through
which molteb metal is conducted
from the blast furnace or cupola to
the pig bed, converter, or molds.
See Pig iron. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) A movable, bridge or
platform .over the mouth ofta shaft.
Also called Jiddy. 3. A fault slip.
4. A crowfoot. 5. (York.) A flat
piece of timber placed ' above bars,
and connecting them. : 6. ( Leic. )
The piece of timber placed, in a horfc
zontal position between the two in-
•clined sprags in cokermegs. (Gres-
ley)

7. (Scot.) A man or boy who.^goes
with a train of cars in mechanical
haulage. (Barrowman)

8. A steel-shod piling board, driven
into unbroken but' loose ground 'as
excavation progresses^ (Webster!
$. A man or boy who runs the
loaded cars by gravity from the-face
of a room or chamber to the haulage
road, controlling the speed by means
of a brake or sprags. 10. An en-
gineman; a machine runner. 11.
A stone slab or rubber moved over

- a stone surface lo .polish it. 12.
A horizontal channel in the sand of
a mold from the bottom of the gate

to the space left by the pattern. 18.
Any pouring-gate. 44. The metal
left in such channel attached to the
casting and requiring removal.
'Standard)

15. (So. Staff.) A runaway cage or
skip, due to failure of brakes or
breaking of cable. (Min. Jour.)

Bunner-on. See Bottomer .

Bunner stick. A slightly tapering
round stick, used as a pattern for
the opening through which molten
metal is to be poured into the mold.
(Standard) .

Running amain ( Scot ) . The. running
of a winding rope down into the
shaft, due to failure of brake or
-other appliances. (Gresley >

Bunning balk (Eng.). A set of tim-
bers in the direction of a drift (at
its side instead of across it) to form
a support for the crosspieces. A
running balk at each side, with
balks or planks supported by them,
is the common method of timbering
through an olcl bord or place where
the roof has fallen badly. (G, <J.
Greenwell)

Bunning bridge (Aust.). A platform,
on wheels, that serves as a cover for
a shaft in process of sinking, and
on which buckets or skips ar*
landed. See Runner, 2. (Power)

Bunning ground. Superincumbent ma-
terial that breads off readily and
falls into the mine openings. ( Weed ) .
Earth and rock that falls, runs, or
caves in (Standard ).. Quicksand.

Running gug (Som.). A self-acting
incline; (Gresley)

Running kiln, A lime kiln that is fed
from above, and delivers contlmu-
ally below. (Standard)

Running lift (Eng.). A sinking sec
of pumps so constructed as to
.lengthen ,pr shorten, at will, by
:means'of :a sliding or* telescopic wa~-
ter colurim. (Gresley)

Bunning measures (mng.). Sand and
gravel rcontaining much water.

(Gresiey)

Running- off. In founding, the open-
-ing of the tap hole of a blast fur-
nace and allowing of the molten
metal to flow1- out to the molds.
(Standard)

.Bunning roll. A cylinder used in plate-
glass, ^manufacturing . for spreading
the soft .glass o& the easting table.
(Standard)

584

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Running rope. A flexible rope that
will pass through blocks, and used
for lifting or for moving heavy ob-
jects.

Running sand. Quicksand.

Eunning the drum (Eng.). The low-
ering or sinking of a cylinder or
drum through quick ground, to se-
cure the upper part of a mine shaft
(Gresley)

Eun-off. 1. That part of the natural
precipitation that flows off the sur-
face of the land in the form of visi-
ble streams. (Watson, p. 244)

2. To .cause the contents of to>flow.
off or out; as, to run-off a millpond
or a smelting furnace. 4 Standard)

3. The collapse of a coal pillar in
a steeply pitching seam, caused
either naturally or by a small shot
placed in it. This occurs in connec-
tion with pillar robbing, and the pil-
lar is said to have run-off.

Eun of lode (Corn.). Its Direction or
Bourse. (Min. Jour.)

Hun of mine. Coal as it is dug in the
mines, including lump and fine coal
together, without any preparation
or screening. (Nicolls)

Eun of ore. See Shoot of ore.

Eun of the rock. Same as Run, 8.
A direction of easy splitting in a
rock, Jtmt subordinate in ease to the
rift direction. (Bowles)

Eun-out fire. A forge in which cast-
iron is refined. (Raymond)

Eun rider (Eng.). A lad who goes
with a train (trip) on an engine
plane (Gresley). A trip rider.

Euns (Eng.). Percentage of metal in
the ore (Skinner). The ore runs
' (contains) 10 per cent copper.

Hun-steel. Malleable castings. (Ray-
mond)

Eun-the-tow. 1. (Scot.). To cause the
cages to traverse the shaft prepara-
tory to allowing men to descend.
(Barrowman)

2. (Scot.) Sliding down the shaft
on the winding rope. (Gresley)

Eush. 1. A moving forward with
rapidity and force (Webster). As
a rush of ore.

2. (Scot.). The sudden weighting of
the roof when robbing the pillars be-
gins. (Gresley)

S. A sudden movement of a large
number of miners to some new local-
ity. See Stampede, (Hanks)

4. See Spire, 1.

6. (Aust.). An area containing
gold, and hence causing miners to
rush for it. (Standard)

Rusher. One who rushes into a region
when it is first opened to settlement,
or, on a discovery of precious metal
(Standard). A Stampeder.

Eush gold. Gold coated with oxide of
iron x>r manganese (C. and M. M.
P.). Rusty gold.

Eusks (No. of Eng.). Small slack, or
that coal next larger than dust.
(Gresley)

Eussell process. A metallurgical proc-
ess similar to the Patera process,
which see, except that cuprous-
sodium hyposulphite is used in ad-
dition to the sodium hyposulphite,
(liddell)

Eussia iron. A high-grade, smooth,
glossy sheet-iron, not liable to rust,
once made by a process that was-
long a secret with Russian manu-
facturers. The sheets were sub-
jected to severe hammering in piles
with powdered charcoal between
them. (Standard)

Eussol. A trade name for liquid petro^
latum. (Bacon)

Eust. 1. The reddish or yellowish coat-
ing caused on iron or steel by oxida-
tion, as by the action of air and
moisture, consisting of ferric hydrox-
ide and ferric oxide, or red oxide
of iron : in an extended sense, a film
or oxide formed on any metal by
corrosion. 2. A mixture of iron-
filings, ammonium chloride, and
sometimes sulphur, moistened and
placed between iron surfaces, where
it hardens by oxidation, and forms
a solid joint called a rust- joint
(Standard)

Eust ball. 1. A lump of yellow iron
ore found in the chalk, in Cam-
bridgeshire, England. 2. Such ma-
terial collectively. (Standard)

Eustic ware. Brown, glazed, buff, or
light-brown terra-cotta, sometimes;
green mottled : used for ornament in
construction. ( Standard )

Eustle (Local U. S.). In brickmaking,
to increase the heat of (a kiln).
(Standard)

Eusty. 1. Covered or affected with
rust. 2. Impaired by inaction, dis-
use, or neglect. 3. Rust colored:
dark. (Webster)

4. Applied to coal discolored by
water or exposure, as well as to
quartz, etc., discolored by iron oxide.
(Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

585

Rusty gold (Cal.). Free gold, that
does not readily amalgamate, the
particles being covered with a sili-
ceous film, thin coating of oxide of
Iron, etc. (Hanks)

Bute. 1. In mining, thread-like veins
of ore. (Standard)
2. (Derb.) See Serin, 2.

Ruthenium. A rare element of the
platinum group, associated with
platinum ores, and separated as a
hard, brittle, steel-gray metal, very
infusible and almost^ insoluble in
acids. Symbol, Ru; atomic weight,
101.7; specific gravity 12.26. (Web-
ster)

Entile. Tetragonally crystallized ti-
tanium dioxide, TiO* Octahedrite is
another tetragonal form with differ-
ent facial angles. When crystallized
in orthorhombic form titanium di-
oxide is known as brookite. (Dana)

Butilated quartz. Quartz penetrated
by needles of rutile. (A. F. Rogers)

Buttles (York.). Shattered and faulty
ground running roughly parallel to
the plane of a fault. (Gresley)

S.

Sabana (Colom.). An alluvial mine
on a river bank above the level of
the water. (Halse)

Sable iron. A superior kind of Rus-
sian iron originally stamped with
the figure of a sable. (Webster)

Sabotage (Fr.). Malicious waste 01
destruction of an employer'* prop-
erty by workmen during labor
troubles. (Webster)

Saca (Sp.). 1. Exportation. 2. Ex-
traction of the gold from auriferous
sands. 3. ( Mex. ) Ore raised from a
mine in a given time. 4. (Mex.) An
ore /sack. 5. Mina de saca (Colom.),
an alluvial mine in which the pay
gravel or sand is below water level.
(Halse)

Sacabuchei (Sp.). Hand pumps.
(Min. Jour.)

Sacadoo (Colom.). Filled-up stopes.
(Halse)

Sacar (Sp.). To draw or bale out; 8.
con bomba, to pump; to extract ore
from a mine. (Halse)

Saccharoidal. Having a granular tex-
ture resembling that of loaf sugar;
said of some sandstones and marbles.
(La Forge)

Saccharoidal marble. Any marble hav-
ing a granular crystalline structure
like that of loaf sugai, (Merrill)

Saco (Sp.). 1. A sack or bag. 2.
Criaderos en saco, irregular deposits
of ore filling superficial cavities or
crevices. (Halse)

Saddle. 1. (Aust; A formation of
gold-bearing quartz occurring along
the crest of an anticlinal fold. 2^
A ridge connecting two higher eleva-
tions; a low point in the crest line.
(Webster) A ridge whose strata
dip away downward from the cen-
tral axis on each side ; an elevated
anticlinal fold.

3. "A saddle is a peculiar forma-
tion found in shale or sand rock in
the roof of a mine. The under or
exposed side looks like natural rock,
but its upper side is smooth, having
no particular bond with the sand
rock with which it is embedded, and
is liable to fall out of its place, a
fall, however, producing no other de-
rangement of the surrounding parts
of the room from which it falls"
(Lehigh Valley Coal Co. v. Washko,
231 Fed. Rept, 42, p. 48). See Kettle
bottom, which would seem to be a
better term.

Saddle back. 1. A hill or ridge hav-
ing a concave outline at the top.
(Webster)

2. (Eng. and Scot.) A roll or un-
dulation in the roof or pavement of
a seam (Barrowman). See also
Saddle, 3.

3. Two timbers placed so as to form
an inverted V and used as a sup-
port for a load above. (Sanders,,
p. 45)

Saddler. A man employed to make
and repair harness, etc., for the
draft animals at a mine.

Saddle reef (Aust). A bedded vein
that has the form of an anticline;
an inverted saddle has the form of
a syncline. See Saddle, 1. (Power)

Saddle shaped. In the .form of an anti-
clinal fold. (Webster)

Safeguards. The precautions taken
to prevent men from being injured;
guard rails, automatic signals, warn-
ing signs, etc.

Safety cage. A cage, box, or plat-
form used for lowering and hoisting
miners, tools, etc., into and out oi
mines, and which is provided with a
"safety clutch," an automatic device
for preventing the fall of ihe cage
if the supporting cable breaks.
(Hanks)

586

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Safety oar. 1. Any mine car or hoist-
ing cage provided with safety stops,
catches or other precautionary de-
vices.

2. (Penn.) A barney; a small car
used on inclined planes and slopes
to push up a mine car. (Century)

Safety catch. An automatic device
for preventing the fall of a cage In
a shaft or a car in an incline if the
supporting cable breaks. (Ray-
mond)

Safety chain (Scot.). A chain con-
necting the first and last cars of a
trip to prevent separation, if a cou-
pling breaks. (Barrowman)

Safety detaching-hook. A self-acting
device that releases the cage from
its hoisting rope in case of an over-
wind. (Power)

Safety door. A strongly constructed
door hinged to the roof of the mine,
and always kept open and hung
near to a main door, for immediate
use in case of damage by explosion
or otherwise to the main door.
(Gresley)

Safety first. A term often applied to
accident prevention methods, and
first-aid and rescue work. As a slo-
gan, was first used nationally by Dr.
Joseph A. Holmes, the first director
of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, at the
national mine safety meet in Pitts-
burgh, Pa., in 1911. A Middle West
steel company claims to have origi-
nated the expression, but it did not
come into national . use until taken
lip by the Bureau of Mines. The
bureau, unconscious of its use in
any other place, made up the slogan
from a program of the H. C. Frick
Ooal- & Coke Co., for a safety meet
which stated "Safety ahead of out-
put," " Safety ahead of dividends,"
"Safety the first consideration." The
Bureau of Mines shortened these ex-
pressions Into "Safety first."

Safety fuse. A fuse consisting of a
cotton or hemp tube holding a slow-
burning composition for exploding
charged blast holes. Commonly
called Fuse. (Webster)

Safety gate. An automatically-oper-
ated gate placed at the top of a mine
shaft, or at landings, to guard the
entrance, to prevent anyone from
falling into the shaft.

Safety hook. 1. See Safety detaching-
hook. 2. A hook, shut by a spring
or other device, to prevent an article
from being accidentally or forcibly
detached from a chain. 3. A safety
catch in a mine hoist. (Standard)

Safety lamp. A lamp, the flame of
which is so protected that it will
not immediately ignite fire damp.
There are several varieties, invented
by Davy, Stephensoh, Clanny, and
others (Raymond). The flame is
generally surrounded by a cylindri-
cal covering of wire gauze, that
protects the surrounding atmosphere
from being fired, even though the
gases within the lamp have reached
the explosive proportions. When
fire damp enters the lamp it burns,
forming a bluish "cap" over the
lamp flame, whence safety lamps are
used in testing for this gas. The
foregoing is a flame safety lamp as
distinguished from the electric
safety lamp in which the gas can
not come in contact with the incan-
descent filament that produces the
light. See Electric safety lamp.
For a history of the safety lamp
see Trans., Institution of Mining
Engineers (England), vol. 51, pp.
548-724.

Safety plug. In steam boilers, a bolt
having its center filled with a fusi-
ble metal, screwed into the top of
the fire box so that when the water
becomes too -low the increased tem-
perature melts out the metal, and
thus admits steam to the fire box
to put out the fire. (Century)

Safety powder. A term used for short
flame explosives before the introduc-
tion of permissible explosives.

Safety stop. 1. On a hoisting appa-
ratus, a check by which a cage or
lift may be prevented from falling.
(Standard)

2. An automatic device on a hoist-
ing engine designed to prevent over-
winding.

Safety tools. Consist of catching
hooks, grappling tongs, fish-heads,
bell-screws, and the like, for recover-
ing broken boring tools, picking up
material, etc., at the bottom of bore
holes. (Gresley)

Sag. 1. A depression in a coal seam.
(Steel)

2. To sink in the middle by weight,
below a horizonal line, as a cable
when supported a t both ends. ( Web-
ster)

Sagene; Sajene. A Russian measure
of length of 7 ft., or 2.134 meters.
(Webster)

Sagenitic quartz. Quartz containing
included acicular crystals of rutile
(then called Venus' s hair stone) or
sometimes similar crystals of black

GL06SABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

587

tourmaline, goethite, stibntte, asbes-
tos, actinolite, hornblende, and epi-
dote. (Standard)

Bagger. 1. In ceramics, a box made of
fire clay in which delicate pieces
are placed while being baked.
Spelled also Saggar; Saggard; Seg-
gar; Sagre. 2. The clay of Which
saggers are made. 8. A box in
which cast-iron articles are placed
in contact with hematite or smithy
scales, to be rendered malleable by
decarbonizing in the annealing fur-
nace. (Webster)

4. A local term for fire clay, often
forming the floor (or thill) of coal
seams.

Sagre; Beggar. See Sagger.

Sagvandite. A curious rock from near
Lake Sagvand, Norway, that is
mainly bronzite and magnesite. A
little colorless mica, and more or
less chromite and pyrite are also
present. The name was given by
Petterson. (Kemp)

Sahiu (Port.). A blown-out shot
(Halse)

Sahlite. A variety of pyroxene. The
term is sometimes prefixed to rock
names. (Kemp)

Bailor. A term sometimes employed
for rigger, painter, or structural
worker at blast furnaces. (Will-
cox)

Saint Anne marble. A deep blue-black
white-veined marble from Biesme, in
Belgium. (Merrill)

Saint Baume marble. A yellow stone
veined with brown or red ; from the
province of Var, France. (Merrill)

Saint Peter's sandstone, .in early Or-
dovician formation in Wisconsin and
Minnesota. (Webster)

Saint Qnirinns oil. Petroleum used
medicinally in Germany as early as
1436, the supply coming from the
Tegernsee district of Bavaria.
(Bacon)

Sal (Sp.). 1. Salt; 8. piedra, rock
salt ; S. de manantialea, brine salt ;
8. de tierra, salt mixed with earthy
impurities; S. marina, sea salt; £1.
mineral, salt for amalgamation.
(Halse)

Salamander. A mass of fused, but solidi-
fied, material in the hearth of a blast
furnace, usually largely metallic iron,
partly reduced ore, etc. Called also
Bear, Sow, or Shadrach. In copper
smelting It contains metallic copper
and matte.

Salamanders' hair. Asbestos, (Stand-
ard)

Sal ammoniac. Ammonium chloride,
NEUCL (Dana)

Salamstone. A variety of sapphire,
usually in small, transparent, hex-
agonal prisms of pale-red or blue,
found chiefly In Ceylon. (Stand-
ard)

Salina; Salar (Chile). A saline de-
posit (Halse)

Salband. A term current among min-
ers for the parts of a vein or dike
next to the country rock. (Kemp)

Salbanda. 1. (Mex.) Slickensides.
(Dwight)

2. ( Sp. ) Flucan ; a thin layer of
day between the vein and wall rock.
(Halse)

Salic. Pertaining to, or belonging in,
the first or sal group of standard
minerals, in the quantitative or norm
classification of igneous rocks; often
incorrectly used to mean persilicic,
felsic, or leucocratic. (La Forge)

Salif erous. Containing a considerable
proportion of salt in beds, or as
brine; said of strata. (Standard)

Saliferons system. An old name for
Triassic; So called because of its
rich salt deposits in Europe.
(Standard))

Salimeter. An instrument for meas-
uring the amount of salt in a solu-
tion. (Webster)

Salina. 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond,
inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt
works. 3. A subdivision of the
American Silurian, including the im-
portant salt bedfc In New York and
adjoining beds; now obsolete. (Web-
ster)

Baline. 1. A salt spring or well; salt
works. (Raymond)
2. Applied to minerals having the
taste of common salt (Dana)

Saline dome. An up-swelling of the
earth's surface on the coastal flats
of Louisiana and Texas, one-fourth
to one mile in diameter, often show-
ing a marshy depression at the sum-
mit with escaping oil or gas, or both,
around the periphery of the dome.
The center is barren of vegetation,
consisting of a nucleus of salt (See
Salt dome ; also Dome, 5.

Salinero. 1. (Sp.) Applied to ores re-
quiring much salt in amalgamation.
2. A dealer in salt; an owner of a
salt mine or works, (Halse)

588

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Salines. As used by Congress, includes
not only salt springs but all salt
lands of every character. (South-
western Mining Co., In re, 14 Land
Decisions, p. 600)

Baliniferous. Yielding salt, as a salt-
bed: (Standard)

Sattaometer. A hydrometer graduated
to show the percentage of salt in a
solution : used in one form to indi-
cate the proportion of salt in a
marine boiler (Standard). See
Salimeter.

Saliter. Soda niter. (Standard)

Salites. A term employed by M. E.
Wndsworth to Include all salts and
saline materials. (Power)

Salitral. A swampy place where cer-
tain salts, as saltpeter, become in-
crusted in the dry season. (Stand-
ard)

Salitre. 1. (Sp.) Saltpeter or nitrate
of potassium. 2. (Chile) Sodium
nitrate. (Halse)

Sailer (Corn.). 1. A chamber in a
mine. 2. A stage to work on. 3. A
boarded channel for water to run in
along the bottom of an adit. 4. The
floor or stage on which the ladders
rest In a shaft (Davies). Also
spelled Solar, Sellar, Sollar, and
Soller, Sollar being preferable.

Salmon brick. A class of brick em-
bracing those not hard enough for
outside walls, and Including soft,
salmon, backing-up, pale, light, chim-
ney, fllling-in, inside wall, and foun-
dry brick. (Standard)

Salmuera (Sp.). Brine. (Dwight)

Sal-natron. Crude soda ash : so called
by dyers, soap-makers, and others.
( Standard >

Saldn (Mex.). 1. A cavern containing
ore; a chamber deposit. 8. A
bunch of ore that has been worked
out 3. (Coiom.) Any enlarged
place in an adit, made in order to
facilitate and simplify the work.
(Halse)

Salse. Eruptions of hot acidulated
mud from small orifices, generally
in volcanic districts, and often ac-
companied by steam and gases at
high temperature. (Power)

Salt. 1. Halite; common salt.
Sodium chloride, NaCl. (Dana)
2. In chemistry, any class of com-
pounds formed when the acid hy-
drogen of an acid is • partly or
wholly replaced by a metal or a

metal-like radical; as ferrous sul-
phate (FeSO*) is an iron sail of
sulphuric acid, H2SO4. 3. To place
gold, or any valuable ore in the
ground, a mine, or the like to give
a false impression of the richness-
of the property. To "salt" a mine,
(Webster)

Salt block. 1. An apparatus for pro-
ducing salt by evaporation. 3. A
salt factory where the evaporating:
process is used; saltern. (Stand-
ard)

Salt bottom. A flat piece of alkali
ground. (Webster)

Salt cake. Sodium sulphate obtained
as a white caked mass, usually .by
heating common salt with sulphuric
acid, and used in the manufacture
of soda by the Leblanc process, in
glass making, etc. (Webster)

Saltcat. A lump of salt made at a
salt works. (Webster)

Salt cote. A salt pit. (Webster)

Salt dome. See Saline dome. These
domes are formed by strata being
lifted or swollen upward by the in-
crease in volume of salt and sulphur
during deposition. Compare Dome, 5.

Saltern. 1. A building or place where
salt is made by boiling or by evapo-
ration; salt works. (Webster)
2. A plot of clayey ground where
salt is obtained by evaporating sea-
water in the sun; salt garden.
(Standard)

Salt flour. Potassium nitrate in the
form of fine crystals. (Webster)

Salt furnace. A simple form of fur-
nace for heating the evaporating:
pans and boilers in a salt factory-
(Ontury)

Salt garden. A saltern where sea
water or brine is naturally evapo-
rated in large shallow basins
(Webster). See Saltern, 2.

Salt glaze. A glaze produced on pot-
tery by volatilizing common salt in
the kiln after partial firing. (Web-
ster)

Salt horse. A quarryman's term for
aplite (Perkins). See Salt vein.

Saltierra (Mex.). 1. One of the salt-
basins formed by the drying up of
salt lakes. (Standard)
2. Earthy, impure salt. (Dwight)

Salting. (Eng.) Sprinkling salt upon
the floors of underground ways in
very dry mines, in order to lay the
dust. (Gresley)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

589

Salting a mine. Sprinkling particles
of gold or rich ore upon or digging
them into the ground to make the
mine appear rich in mineral. It is
done with intent to defraud. (Cook
€>. Johnson, 3 Alaska, p. 519; Healey
r.. RUPP, 28 Colorado, p. 102 : 63 Pac.
319; Southern Development Co. v.
Slim, 125 United States, p. 253).
See Salt, 3.

Salt lick. A place where sa.lt is found
on the surface of the earth to which
animals resort to lick it up. (Web-
ster)

Salt mine. A mine in which rock-salt
deposits are worked. (Standard)

Salto (Sp.). A fault, inrow or slide.
(Halse)

Salt of phosphorus. Sodium am-
monium phosphate; a reagent used
in blow-pipe analysis. (A. F. Rogers)

Salt of tin. A mordant made by dis-
solving tin in hydrochloric acid;
stannous chloride; tin salt. (Stand-
ard)

Salt of vitriol. See White vitriol.

Salt pan. 1. A shallow lake of brack-
ish water. (Power)
2. A large pan for making salt by
evaporation. 3. A salt works.
(Webster)

Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate. One of
the principal ingredients of black
blasting powder.

Salt pit. A pit where salt is obtained ;
a salt pan. (Century)

prairie. A tract of level land cov-
ered with a whitish efflorescence of
natron or soda and presenting an
aspect of utter desolation; common
in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas.
Called also Soda prairie. (Stand-
ard)

Salt spring. A spring of water con-
taining a large quantity of common
salt (Comstock). (U. S. Min. stat,
1194-1214)

Salt vein. A term applied by quarry-
men to a coarse granite vein from 2
inches to 2 or more feet thick, inter-
secting granite or any other crytal-
line rock (Merrill). See Salt horse.

Salt well. A bored or driven well
from which brine is obtained.
(Standard)

Salt works. A place where salt is
made on a commercial scale. (Web-
ster)

Salvapoleas (Sp.). An apparatus t*
protect hoisting pulleys against 0w-
winding. (Halse)

Samarium. A rare metallic trtrateet
element found in association with
yttrium, cerium, etc. It has a whit-
ish-gray color. Symbol, Sa; atomic
weight, 150.4: specific gravity, 17.
(Webster)

Samarskite. A columbate and tanta-
late of uranium, the cerium metals,
the yttrium metals, and minor quan-
tities of other metals. (U. S. GeoL
Surv.*

Sample. 1. A portion of the ore (coal,
metal, etc.) systematically taken, by
which Its quality is to be judged.
2. To select or take at random a
sample or specimen, as of ore, coal,
etc. 3. To try, or test

Sample cutter (Scot,). A steel tube
with teeth at the end for cutting
cores of mineral in boring. (Bar-
rowman)

Sampler. 1. A mechanical device for
selecting a certain fractional part of
ore to be used as an assay sample;
as for example, split shovel; riffle
sampler; Brunton's mechanical sam-
pler and Vezin sampler. fHofm'an,
P. 54)

2. One whose duty it is to select the
samples for an asray, or to prepare
the mineral to be assayed, by
grinding and sampling. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Sampling. 1. Cutting a representative
part of an ore (or coal) deposit,
which should truly represent its
average value. Most usually a
trench-like cut 4 inches wide and 2
inches deep is cut into the clean
face of ore (or coal) and across its
course. Honest sampling requires
good, judgment and practical experi-
ence. (Weed)

2. .Selecting a certain fractional part
of ore or coal from cars, stock piles,
etc., for analysis.

Sampling works. A plant and its
equipment for sampling and deter-
mining the value of ores that are
bought, sold, or treated metallurgi-
caily.

Sampson post; Samson. An upright
post which supports the walking
beam,, communicating motion from
the engine to a .'deep-boring appara-
tus. (Raymond)

Sana birro (W. Afr.). Gold nuggets.
(Lock)

690

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

•ana kn (W. Afr.). Gold washing.
(Lock)

manko (W. Afr.). Gold powder.
(Lock)

Sand. 1. Separate grains Or particles
of detrltal rock material, easily dis-
tinguishable by the unaided eye, but
not large enough to be called peb-
bles; also, a loose mass of such
grains, forming an incoherent are-
naceous sediment. (La Forge)
Building sand, any hard, granular
rock material finer than gravel arid
coarser than dust. The term indi-
cates material comminuted by natu-
ral means. Q'uartz grains generally
predominate in natural deposits, al-
though such deposits commonly con-
tain many other minerals. Glass
sand, a sand of medium grain con-
sisting of 98 to 100 per cent of silica
(SiO2), used in glass making. Iron
oxides should form less than 1 per
cent of the mass. Molding sand, a
sand used in making molds for cast-
Ing metal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. In geology, any loose or moder-
ately consolidated bed consisting
chiefly of sand; often used in the
plural, even in the name of a single
deposit. 3. Specifically, sandstone ; a
technical usage in petroleum regions.
(Standard)

Band bar. A bar of silt formed by
currents in rivers and at their
mouths, or of sand formed along
beaches by tidal action. (Stand-
ard)

Sand bath. A vessel of hot sand in a
chemical laboratory in which ves-
sels to be heated are immersed.
(Webster)

Sand bearings. The supports of a core
in the sand of a mold. (Standard)

Sand bed, 1. The bed into which
molten metal from a blast furnace
is run. 2. A floor of a foundry, in
which large iron castings are made.
(Standard)

Sand blast. 1. A mudcap in which
sand is used instead of mud. (Du
Pont)

2. A stream of sand forcibly pro-
jected by air or steam for removing
scale from metals. 3. The apparatus
used to apply it (Webster)

Sand-burned. Said of a metal casting,
having a hard skin due to the silica
of the sand combining with the sur-
face of the metal when the latter
is poured into the molds at high
temperature. (Webster)

Sand crusher. An arrastre-like appa-
ratus for breaking up and washing
sand for glass making. (Standard)

Sand dike (Scot). A wall of sand or
gravel. (Barrowman)

Sand drift ( Eng. ) . A genera) term for
all wind-blown sands, whether oc-
curring in inland deserts or along
the seashores. (Page)

Sand dune, A mound, ridge, or hill of
loose sand, heaped up by the wind.

Sanders process. A flotation process
which uses, instead of an acid bath
in deep pans, a dilute solution of
aluminum sulphate in shallow pans.
(Liddell)

Sand flag. Fine-grained sandstone,
cleavable into flagstones. ( Standard)

Sand flaw. In brickmaking, a flaw
caused by imperfect mixture of the
clay with sand ; sand crack. ( Stand-
ard)

Sand flood. A vast body of sand mov-
ing or borne along a desert, as in
Arabia. (Century)

Sand gall. See Sand pipe.

Sand holder. A cavity in a pump-bar-
rel to catch sand and keep it out of
the way of the plunger or buckets.
(Standard)

Sanding. In ceramics, the testing of
gilding with fine sand and water
after firing. (Webster)

Sandiver. A neutral salt skimmed off
the surface of melted crown glass.
Also called Gall of glass, (lire)

Sandix. A kind of minium, or red
lead, made by calcining carbonate
of lead. (Webster)

Sand jack. A device consisting
tially of a sand box and a series of
plungers for gradually lowering into
position a heavy weight, supported
by the plungers, by running out the
sand below. (Webster)

Sand line. In well boring, a wire line
used to lower and raise the bailer
or sand pump, which frees the bore-
hole from drill cuttings. (Nat Tube
Co.)

Sand pile. A filling of sand rammed
hard in a deep round hole made by
driving and withdrawing a wooden
pile. Used in preparing foundations
in soft soil. (Webster)

Sand pipe. A tubular cavity from a
few inches to many feet in depth
occurring in calcareous rocks, and
often filled with gravel, sand, etc.
Also called Sand gall. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

591

Sand pump. 1. A cylinder with a valve
at the bottom, lowered Into a drill
hole from time to time to take'out
the accumulated slime resulting
from the action of the drill on the
rock. Called also Shell pump and
Sludger. ( Raymond )
2. A pump for lifting tailings at
ore-dressing plants. (Clennell)

Sand reel. A windlass for working a
sand pump in well boring. (Stand-
ard)

Sandrock. Same as Sandstone.

Sand roll. A metal roll cast in a
mold of sand; distinguished from
a chilled roll, which is cast in an
iron mold or chill. (Standard)

Sands. 1. The coarser and heavier
portions of the crushed ore in a
mill. (Clennell, p. 34)

2, Tailings from the stamp mills of
Lake Superior copper mines.
(.Weed)

3. See Sand, 2 and 3.

Sand scratches. Scratches or furrows
worn in a rock surface by wind-
blown sand. Such appearances are
apt to be mistaken for glacial marks
and require careful observation.
Compare Glacial striae.

Sand seam. A quarry term for a more
or less minute vein or dike of mus-
covite (white mica) with some
quartz, in cases also with feldspar.
(Perkins)

Sandstone. An indurated sedimentary
rock formed of coherent or cemented
sand. (La Forge)

The following are common varie-
ties: Asphaltic sandstone. A loose-
textured sandstone containing as-
phalt. Bluestone. A tough bluish
sandstone used for flagging. Brown-
stone. A sandstone of brown or red-
dish-brown color. Used for build-
ing. Building sandstone. Any sand-
stone suitable for building. Flag-
stone. A sandstone which cleaves
into flags suitable for sidewalks and
areaways. Includes most bluestone.
Freestone. A sandstone which cuts
with equal ease in any direction.
Used for building. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Sandstone grit. 1. In geology, a coarse
angular-grained sandstone. 2. In
commercce, a sandstone well adapted
for abrasive purposes and not neces-
sarily having a coarse grain.
(Bowles)

Sand streaks. Same as Sand seams.
(Perkins)

Sand trap. A device for separating
sand and other heavy particles from
running water. (Century)

Sand washer. An apparatus for sepa-
rating sand from earthy substances.
(Century)

Sand (or Tailings) wheel (Mich.). A
large wheel, having buckets on its
inner perimeter, for elevating water
and stamp-sand (Weed). Used as
part of a tailings-disposal plant

Sang de boenf (Fr.). Literally, bol-
lock's blood; a dark r^d of varying
shades, characterizing a certain kind
of antique Chinese pottery and imi-
tated in modern ware. (Standard)

Sangrar (Sp.). 1. To tap a furnace.
2. To drain a canal, river, or flume.
(Halse)

Sangria (Sp.) 1. A crosscut from
shaft to vein. (Dwight)
2. The act of tapping a furnace. S.
The stream of molten metal that
comes from a furnace. (Halse)

Sangninaria (Sp.). 1. Bloodstone, of
a dark-green color, variegated by
red spots. 2. Hematite. (Halse)

Sanidine; Sanidin. A glassy variety,
of orthoclase. (Dana)

Sanidinite. 1. A variety of syenite con-
sisting predominantly of orthoclase ;
orthosite. 2. A variety of trachyte
fpund in volcanic bombs and con-
sisting almost wholly of sanidine
(orthoclase). (La Forge)

Santorinite. A name proposed by H.
S. Washington for those exceptional
andesitic or hasaltic rocks, which,
with a high percentage of silica
(65-69), yet have basic plagioclases,
of the labradorite-anorthite series.
The name was suggested by the vol-
cano Santorini. The prevailing bi-
silicate at Santorini is pyroxene.
(Kemp)

Sannkite. Weinschenk's name for a
glassy phase of andesite that con-
tains bronzite, augite, magnetite,
and a few large plagioclases and
garnets. The rock is related to the
andesites as- are the limburgites to
the basalts. (Kemp)

Sap. 1. The part of the rock in a
quarry which is next to the surface
or to joints and crevices and has
been somewhat stained and softened
by weathering. (La Forge)
2. (Military) A deep, narrow ditch
dug from an advanced parallel in
the direction of a fortification, as
for the advancement of siege-works.
(Standard)

-592

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Sapo (Mex.). A railway frog. See
also Rana. (Dwight)

Saponification. Conversion into soap;
the process in which fatty sub-
stances form soap, by combination
with an alkali (Rickard). A term
used in the flotation process.

Saponifier. Any compound, as a caus-
tic alkali, used in soapmaking to
convert the fatty acids into soap.
(Standard) A term used in the flo-
tation process.

Saponite. Aa soft, massive, hydrous
silicate of magnesium and .alumin-
ium, having a white, yellowish,
grayish - green, bluish or reddish
color, a greasy luster, and which oc-
curs in cavities in basalt, diabase,
etc. (Dana)

Sapper; Sappare. Same as Cyanite,
which see.

Sapphire. Clear blue corundum, A12O8.
A well-known blue gem. There are
also white, pink, and yellow sap-
phires. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Sapphire quartz. A rare blue variety
of quartz. (Webster)

Saprolite. Disintegrated rock, from
which the most easily soluble con-
stituents have been removed, but
which remains in place and still dis-
plays some of its texture and struc-
ture ; the material formed during the
intermediate stage of the decay* of
rocks. (La Forge)

Sarcophagus. A kind of limestone,
used by the Greeks for coffins.
(Standard)

Sard. A clear, red chalcedony, pale
to deep in shade; also brownish red
to brown. (Dana)

Sardachate. A variety of agate with
reddish bands of carnelian; earne-
lian agate. (Standard)

Sardar (India). A mine foreman; a
variant of Sirdar.

Sardina (Mex:). A crosscut saw.
(Dwight)

Sardinianite. A variety of anglestie,
PbSO4, that crystallizes in the mono-
clinic system. (Standard)

Sardonyx. A variety of chalcedonic
quartz (Dana). See also Sard

Sarrancolin marble. One of the most
beautiful of foreign marbles. The
prevailing colors are red, white,
brown, green, and orange, in veins
and blotches; from the valley of
Aure, in the French Pyrenees.
(Merrill)

Sarsen (Eng.). 1. One of the large
sandstone blocks scattered ovet the
English chalk downs. Also called
Sarsen stone and Druid stone (Web-
ster). Also spelled Saracen and
Sarceii. See Gray wether.
2. One of the early inhabitants of
southwestern England; especially, a
former worker of the tin mines of
Cornwall and Devon. (Standard)

Sarten (Mex.). A pan for drying mois-
ture samples ; frying pan. ( Dwight )

Sassolite. Boric acid B(OH)8 (Dana).
Also spelled Sassolin; Sassoline.

Satelite. The gem-trade name for a
fibrous serpentine having a chatoy-
ant effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Satin spar. A fibrous silky variety of
aragonite o" of gypsum. (Power)

Satin stone. Same as Satin spar.
(Standard)

Saturnine amaurosis. Impairment of
vision from lead poisoning. (Stand-
ard)

Saturnine breatn. The peculiar odor
in the breath of one affected with
lead-poisoning. (Standard)

Saturnine colic. Lead colic. (Stand-
ard)

Saturnine palsy. Lead palsy. (Stand-
ard)

Saturnism. Lead poisoning. (Stand-
ard)

Saussurite. A tough, compact, white,
greenish, or grayish mineral, pro-
duced in part at least, by ih<» al-
teration of feldspar, and consisting
chiefly of zoisite or epidote. .(Web-
ster)

Saussuritization. The process by
which saussurite is formed. (Stand-
ard)

Savelsberg process. See Blast roast-
ing.

Saw (Eng.). A tool for removing ir-
regularities from the sides of bore-
holes. (Gresley)

Sawback. A mountain range having
sharp peaks of about eaual height;
a sierra. (Webster)

Saw gang. A frame provided with a
number of parallel iron bars which
are employed to saw ston« (Bowles).
See Stone-saw.

Sawney (Mid.). To lower full trams
down a road with a rope or chain
passing round a prop, etc. (Gres-
ley)

GLOSSARY Of MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

59*

Sawtooth back sloping. See Overhand
stoping.

Saw-tooth floor channeling. A method
of channeling inclined beds of mar-
ble by removing right-angle blocks
in succession from the various beds,
thus giving the floor a zigzag or
saw-tooth appearance. (Bowles)

Saw-tooth stoping. See Rill stoping.

Sax. A slate-cutter's hammer, having
a pointed pick at the back to make
nail-holes. Called also Slate-ax.
(Standard)

Saxatile. Pertaining to rocks. (Saxi-
colene. (Webster )

Saxonian chrysolite. A pale wine-yel-
low topaz. (Power)

Saronite. A variety of peridotlte con-
taining essential olivine and ortho-
rhombic pyroxene, with or without
biotite, hornblende, chromlte, and
picotite. (La Forge) It is a syno-
nym for Harzburgite, but saxonite
has priority. (Kemp)

Scab. 1. (Iowa). To dress, with
heavy picks or hammers, rough
quarry material to approximately
rectangular blocks. See Scabble, 1.
2. In founding, a blister or swell on
the surface of a casting. (Stand-
ard)

Scabbit parting (Scot). A rough part-
ing. ( Ba rro wman )

Scabble. 1. To work or shape roughly,
as a stone before leaving a quarry.
2. To dress in any way short of fine
tooling or rubbing, as stone (Web-
ster). Compare Scab, 1.

Scabbier. In granite works, a work-
man who scabbles. (Century)

Scabbling. 1. The process of removing
all surface irregularities from
blocks of stone and thus reducing
them to proper form. (Bowles). See
Scab, 1.

2. A fragment or chip of stone.
(Webster)

Scabbling hammer. A hammer with
two pointed ends for picking the
stone, after the spall ing hammer.
(Century)

Scabby. In founding, blistered or
marred with scabs; said of a cast-
ing. 4 Standard)

Scad. A name occasionally applied to
a nugget, as of gold. (Duryee)

Scaf (Prov.). The tapered edge of
metal where two pieces are welded
together. 'Standard)

744010 O— 47 38

Sdafflings (Derb.j. Refuse from ore
dressing; chippfngs. (Hooson)

Scaffold. An obstruction in, a blast
furnace above the tuyeres caused by
an accumulation or shelf of pasty,
unreduced materials adhering to the'
lining; (Raymond.)

Scaffolding. incrustations on the In-
side of a blast furnace (C. and M.
M. P^. See Scaffold.

Scagiia. An Italian calcareous some-
what fissile and fossiliferous Creta-
ceous rock, corresponding to the
Chalk of England. (Standard)

Scagliola (It). Hard, polished plas-
ter-work imitating marble, granite,
or other veined, mottled, or colored
stone : made of powdered gypsum
and glue or Isinglass, colored and
variegated in various ways. (Stand-
ard)

Seal (Corn.). See Scall.

Scale. 1. The cru^t of metallic oxide
formed by cooling of hot metals in
air. Hammer-scale and roll-scale
are the flaky oxides which fall from
the bloom ingot, or bar under ham-
mering or rolling. 2. The incrusta-
tion caused in steam-boilers by the
evaporation of water containing
mineral salt*. 3. (Newc,) A small
portion of air abstracted from the
main current. Also called Scale of
air, and sometimes spelled SkalL
(Raymond)

4. The rate of wages to be paid,
which varies under certain contin-
gencies. (Steel)

5. Crude paraffin obtained it> petro-
leum refining by filtering from the
heavier oils: (Webster)

8. Loose, thin fragments of rqck,
threatening to break or fall from
either roof or wall. (Morlne)
7. To get rid of the film of oxide
formed on. the surface of a metal, as
to clean the. surface.

Scale copper. Copper in very t|Un
(Weedl

Scalent. In the Pennsylvania
(Roger's) system of stratigraphy, a
group considered equivalent to the
Lower Helderberg of 'the New York
Survey. ( Standard )

Scale of air (Newc.). See Scale, 3.

Scale stone. Same as Wollastpnite.
(Standard)

Scaling bar. A bar-like Implement for
removing Incrustations as from the
inside surfaces of boilers. (Stand-
ard)

594

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY,

Scaling furnace. A furnace or oven in
which plates of iron are heated for
the purpose of scaling them, as in
the preparation of plates for tin-
ning. (Century)

Scall. 1. (Eng.). Loose ground;
foliated ground is frequently called
scatty ground by miners (Hunt).
Also spelled Seal. Probably a varia-
tion of scale.

2. Rock easily broken up because
of its scaly structure. (Standard)

Scallop (Eng.). To cut or break off
the sides of a heading without hol-
ing or using powder. (Gresley)

Scaxnmed (No. of Eng.). Sooty.
(CGresley)

Seamy (Eng.). Applied to freestone
ki ithin layers, mixed nith mica.
(Bainbridge)

scawy post (No. of Eng.). Soft, short,
jointy freestone, thinly laminated
and much mixed with mica. (Gres-
ley)

Scandium. A rare metallic trivalent
element found combined in company
with yttrium,- fcerium, etc. The ele-
ment has not -been isolated. Sym-
bol, Sc; atomic weight, 44.1. (Web-
ster) .

Scantitc. A gauge .by which slates are
assorted in sizes. (Standard)

Scantling. The dimensions of a stone
in length, breadth, and thickness.
(Standard)

Scapolite. The group name for certain
orthosilicates. For common scapo-
lite, see Wernerite. (Dana)

ficapolite-gabbro. A massive, horn-
blende scapolite rock formed by the
alteration of gabbro. Called also
Spotted gabbro. (Standard)

Star, L (Scot.) An isolated or pro-
truding rock; a steep, rocky emi-
nence; a bare place on the side of
a mountain or steep bank of earth.

2. (Eng.) In roasting pyrite for
sulphuric acid manufacture, a lump
formed by fritting; a hard cinder;
furnace slag. (Webster)

3. In founding, an imperfect spot in
a casting. (Standard)

Scarcement. 1. A projecting ledge of
rock, left in a shaft as footing for
a ladder, or to support pit- work, etc.
(Raymond)

2. Aft offset or retreat in the thick-
ness of a wall or band of earth, etc.
(Webster)

Scares (No. of Eng.). Thin lamina? of
.pyrite in coal. (Gresley)

Scarf. 1. A lapped joint made by bev-
eling, notching, or otherwise cut-
ting away the sides of two timbers
at the ends, and bolting or strapping
them together so as to form one
continuous piece, usually without in-
creased thickness. Called also Scarf
joint. 2. A piece of metal shaped
or beveled for a scarf weld. ( Stand-
ard)

Scarfing. Splicing timbers, so cut that
when joined the resulting piece is
not thicker at the joint than else-
where. (Raymond)

Scarf joint. See Scarf, 1.

Scarf weld. A weld- joint between two-
metal pieces that are notched or
beveled. ( Standard )

Scar limestone. The mountain lime-
stone of .the English Lower Carbon-
iferous: so called because it fre-
quently forms scat* s or cliffs. Called
also Scaur limestone; Thick lime-
stone. ( Standard )

Scarp. 1. An escarpment, cliff, or steep
slope along the margin of a plateau,
mesa, terrace, or bench. The tern:
implies a certain amount of linearitj
and should not be used for a cliff 01
slope of highly irregular outline.
(La Forge) 2. To cut down verti-
cally, or nearly so; as* to scarp a
ditch. (Webster)

Scarring. 1. The formation of scars
or scaurs in roasting pyrite for sul-
phuric acid manufacture. (Web-
ster). See Scar, 2.
2. A mark left by abrasion, or such
marks collectively; said specifically
of geological processes ; as, the scar'
rings of the glacier. (Standard)

Scatter (York.). A rumbling or fall-
ing noise in a mine-shaft. (Gresley)

Scaur (Scot). See Scar.

Schalstein. An old name for a more
or less metamorphosed diabase tuff.
(Kemp)

Schapbachite. A lead-bismuth mineral,
PbS.Ag2S.Bi2Ss occurring in acicular
crystals, granular and massive*
Color lead-gray (Dana). Called
also Bismuth silver.

Schaum earth. Same as Aphrite.

Scheelite. Calcium tungstate, CaWO«.
Contains 80.6 per cent tungsten trl-
oxide, WO8. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Scheererite. A whitish, gray; yellow;
green, or pale reddish, brittle, taste-
less, inodorous hydrocarbon ; it melts
at 44° C. and is soluble in alcohol
and ether. It may be distilled
without decomposition, boiling at
929 C, (Bacon)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

595

Schefferite. A brown to black variety
of pyroxene, containing manganese
and frequently much iron. (Web-
ster)

Schiefei spar. A variety of calcite
occurring in very thin plates or
scales. (Power)

Schiller. A bronze-like luster or Iri-
descence due to internal reflection
in minerals that have undergone
schillerization. (Standard)

ScMUer-fel*. Eiista,tite, or bronzite-
peridotite with poicilitic pyroxenes,
Orthorhombic pyroxenes possess- the
poicilitic texture to a peculiar de-
gree, and especially when more or
less altered to bastite. the term scbil-
ler is especially applied to them.
(Kemp)

Bchillerisation. The development of
poicilitic texture by the formation of
Inclusions and cavities along par-
ticular crystal planes, largely by so-
lution, somewhat as are etch figures.

Schiller spar. An altered enstatite or
bronzlte, having approximately , the
composition of serpentine. Bastite.
(Dana)

Schist. A crystalline rock that can !be
readily split or cleaved because of
having a foliated or parallel struc-
ture, generally secondary and devel-
oped b> shearing and recrystaUis&a-
tion under pressure. (La Forge)

Schistose. Characteristic of, resem-
bling, pertaining to, or having the
nature of schist (La Forge)

Schistosity! The quality of being
schistose; schistose structure; sec-
ondary foliation. (Standard)

Schlich ( Ger. ) . Finely pulverized
ore; mud (Whitney). Called also
Slick.

Schlicker (Ger.). The skimmings
from molten unrefined lead, contain-
ing chiefly copper, iron, and zinc,
with a little antimony and arsenic.
(Raymond). ,-

Schliere (Ger.). An irregular portion,
ordinarily not everywhere sharply
bounded, of an igneous rock, that dif-
fers in texture or composition from
the rest of the mass but is an essen-
tial part of it. Plural, Schlieren.
(La Forge) There are several dif-
ferent varieties, for discussion of
which see ZirkeFs Lehrbuch der
Petrographie, I., 787, 1893. (Kemp)

Sehmelze. Any one of various kinds
of decorative, glass, especially the
variety that is colored red with a

metallic salt, as copper or gold,
used to flash white .glass. (Stand-
ard)

Schneider furnace. A distillation fur-
nace for the reduction of zinc ores
containing lead, with a recovery of
the latter metal as well as the zinc,
(Ingalte, p. 491)

Schorl. An old name for tourmaline,
still sometimes used in names of
rocks. (Kemp) Mainly restricted
to black tourmaline.

Schorlaceous. Containing black tour-
maline; as schorlaceous granite,
(Standard)

Schorlomite. A massive, black silicate
of titanium, iron and calcium.
(Century)

Schranfite. A resin, CiiHMO2, which
occurs in Carpathian sandstone near
Wamma, in Bukowina. It has a
specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.12 and
fuses at 326° C. (Bacon)

Schungite. An amorphous form of
carbon that Is closely related to
graphite. (Standard)

Schwefefties; Eisenkies (Ger.). Py-
rite: (Dana)

Schwerspkth <Ger.). Barite. (Dana)

Scintillation. Burning with brilliant
sparks ; «. g.t -vhite-hot iron when
'exposed to a current of air. (Jack-
son)

Scintle. To stack molded bricks with
places between to allow ventilation
for drying. ( Webster )

Scintling. A scintled brick, or one
ready to be scintled, (Standard)

Scissors fault. A fault of dislocation,
in which two beds are thrown so as
to cross each other. (C. and M. M.
P.)

Sclaffery (Scot). Liable to break off
in thin fragments, as the roof of a
mine working, (Barrowman)

Scleretinite. A black, brilliant oxygen-
ated hydrocarbon from the coal
measure of Wigan, England; it has
a specific gravity of 1.136, and is
insoluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies
and dilute acids. (Bacon)

Sclerometer. An instrument for deter-
mining the degree of hardness of a
mineral by ascertaining the pressure
on a moving diamond point neces-
sary to effect a scratch. (Standard)

Sclit; Sclutt (Scot). Coaly blaes, or
slaty coaL (Barrowman)

596

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Scobbed (Scot). Said of a car only
partly filled with coal. A hutch of
mineral is scobbed when large pieces
are laid over the corners to give the
appearance of the hutch being full,
when there is in reality little ma-
terial in it. (Barrowman)

Scobs. The dross of metals. (Stand-
ord)

Scolecite. A vitreous or sliky, trans-
parent to subtranslucent, hydrous
calcium-aluminum silicate, CaAljSU-
O,0+3H3O. (Dana)

Scomfish (No. of Eng., and Scot.).
To suffocate, as with foul gas or
smoke; smother; stifle. (Standard)

Sconce. A protection, cover, shelter, or
screen (Webster). A metal cover and
holder combined for holding a
miner's candle, especially for hang-
ing on wooden timbers.

Scoop (York.) A barrel or box used
in a gin pit. (Gresley)

Score 1. (No. of Eng.) A standard
number of tubs of coai upon which
hewers' and putters' prices for work-
ing are paid. 2. A bill run up by
a collier in "bad times" for the
necessaries of life. •( Gresley)
3. To mark with scratches or fur-
rows, as rocks in certain localities
by glacial drift 4. To burst or split
from unequal cooling : said of a cast-
ing. (Standard)

Scoria. 1. An irregular, rough, clinker-
like, more or less vesicular frag-
ment of lava, thrown out in an ex-
plosive eruption or formed by the
breaking up of the first-cooled crust
of a lava flow. Plural, Scoriae.
(La Forge)

2. Refuse of fused metals; dross;
slag. (Standard)

Scoriaceous. Characteristic of, pertain-
ing to, consisting of, or resembling
scoriae; having a rough, irregular,
clinkerlike, somewhat vesicular sur-
face ; said of some lava. (La Forge)

Scoriflcation. A process employed in
assaying gold and silver ores, and
performed in a shallow clay vessel
(scorifier), in which ore, lead, and
borax-glass are exposed to heat and
oxidation in a muffle. The operation
involves roasting, fusion, and scori-
fication proper, or the formation of
a slag, which is not, like the litharge
produced in cupellation, absorbed by
the vessel. (Raymond)

Scorifier. 1. A small bowl-shaped cup
used in assaying. 2. A furtiace in
which sweepings containing waste

gold or silver are burnt, preparatory
to extracting the gold and silver.
< Webster)

^coring. A deep groove or such
grooves collectively, as those made
by glacial action. (Standard)

Scorodite. Hydrous ferrous arsenate,
FeJOs.AsaOB.4H2O. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Scotch. 1. A wooden stoptbloek or iron
catch placed across or between the
rails of underground roadways, to
keep the tubs from running loose,
or to hold them when standing upon
an inclined plane. 2. (Leic.) The
lower lift of coal which is wedged
up in driving a heading. (Gresley)
8. A chock, wedge, prop, or other
support to prevent slipping or roll-
ing. (Webster)

4. To dress, as stone, with a pick
or picking tool. 5. A slotted bar
used to hold up well-boring rods dur-
ing adjustment (Standard)

Scotch gauze-lamp (Scot). A safety
lamp used in Scotland, the top of
the lamp being wholly of wire gauze.
(Barrowman)

Scotch hearth. A low forge or fur-
nace of cast-iron, with one tuy&re,
in which rich galena is treated by a
sort of accelerated roasting and re-
action process. (Raymond)

Scotching. A method of dressing
stones either with a pick or pick-
shaped chisels. (Century)

Scotch pebble. One of several varie-
ties of quartz, chiefly cairngorm,
used in Scotland as a semiprecious
stone. (Standard)

Scotch pig. A very pure grade of pig
iron. (Standard)

Scotch stone. See Ayr stone.

Scour (Mid.). To excavate or brush
a roadway through a goaf. (Gres-
ley)

Scouring. Having the quality of erod-
ing the furnace-hearth, as some
kinds of slag or cinder ( Standard )-
See Scouring cinder.

Scouring bit (Eng.). A piece of iron
at the end of the boring rod for ex-
tracting drill cuttings. (Bain-
bfldge)

Scouring cinder. A basic slag, which
attacks the lining of a shaft fur-
nace. (Raymond)

Scour-way. A drainage furrow caused
by a strong current, as by a glacial
river flowing over a gravel plain.
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

597

Scout. A term frequently used for an
engineer who makes preliminary ex-
aminations of promising mining
claims and prospects, as for mineral,
coal, oil, etc,

Scouter (Prov.). In stone^ working, a
quarrynmn whose function is to split
off large portions of rock by means
of a jump drill and wedges. (Stand-
ard)

Scovan (Corn.). A tin-bearing lode,

Scovan lode (Corn.). A lode of tin,
especially one showing no gossan.
(Webster)

Scovany. Like a tin lode; hard to
work, by reason of the absence of
selvage or other soft material.
(Standard)

Scove. 1. (Corn.) Rich, clean tin ore,
(Webster)

2. To case 'ip (bricks) in a kiln.
(Standard)

Scove kiln. A temporary kiln, often
used for burning common brick.
(Ries)

Scovens (So. Staff.). Forks for load-
ing coal into tubs, or cars. (Gres-
ley)

Scovillite. A hydrous phosphate of
didymlum, yttrium, and other rare
earths. (Century)

Scoving. The outer wall or casing of
a brickkiln. (Standard)

Scowl (Local Eng.). Old workings at
the outcrop of deposits of iron ore;
a term peculiar to the Forest of
Dean. (Standard)

Scowl a brow (Forest of Dean). To
drive a heading or level by guess-
work, (Gresley)

Scram. 1. To search for and extract
ore in a mine that is apparently
worked out. (Weed)
2. (Ala.) A small soft-coal mine
complete in itself. (Republic Steel
& Iron Co. v. Luster, 68 Southern,
p. 359, -1915)

Scrammer. One who scrams (Stand-
ard), See Scram, L

Scram pile (Prov.). The product of
the sera miners' labors, gathered for
shipment (Standard). See Scram, 1.

Scraper. 1. A tool for cleaning the
dust out of the bore-hole. 2, A me-
chanical contrivance used at col-
lieries to scrape the culm or slack
along a trough to the place of de-
posit 3. One who separates the
ores from the waste rock. (Steel)

4. An apparatus drawn by horses or
oxen for scraping up earth in mak-
ing roads or canals, and for remov-
ing overburden from shallow coal
beds and mineral deposits.

Scraper chaser (Oil regions, U. S.).
One of a number of men whose busi-
ness it is to follow the scraper (go-
devil) in the petroleum pipes and
give instant notice if a clog occurs
(Standard). He follows the pipe
line on the surface and detects the
location of the go-devil by sound,
especially where pipes are shallow.
See Go-devil, 1.

Scraper conveyer. A mechanical de-
vice for conveying "oal, rock, ashes,
culm, etc., in a metal trough by
means of scrapers attached to a rope
or chain.

Scrap-f orging-s. Forgings formed from
wrought-iron scrap. (Standard)

Scrapman. See Scrapper. May also
refer to a man who breaks and re-
moves heavy scrap in cast houses at
blast furnaces.. (Willcox)

Scrapper. 1. One who removes scrap
from bin, cast house, or chute to
skip pit, and charges the material
removed into a skip at regular in-
tervals. (Willcox)
2. A local name given to men who
pick up the ore left on dumps. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Scrap picker. A man employed l>n the
slag dump t.o pick out pieces of iron
carried to the dump in slag ladles.
(Willcox)

Scrapping. The breaking up of metal
castings, plate, etc., with explosives,
generally by mudcapping. (Du
Pont)

Scratch. A calcacerous, earthy, or
strong substance which separates
from sea water in boiling it for
salt (Century)

Scratched. In ceramics, ornamented
with rough scratches in the paste.
(Standard)

Scratch er (Eng.). A boring tool for
loosening (or scratching) the cut-
tings at the bottom of a bore-hole,
tp be afterwards removed by a
mizer. (Gresley)

Scratch pan. A pan in salt works to
receive the scratch. (Century)

Scree. 1. A heap of rock waste at the
base of a cliff, or a sheet of waste
covering a slope below a cliff;. same
as Talus, which see. (La Forge)
2. A sieve, screen, or strainer (Web-
ster). A coal screen,

598

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Scree bars (Scot.). Bars of which a
scree is constructed (Barrowman).
See Scree, 2.

Screen. 1. A sieve of wire cloth, grate-
bars, or perforated sheet-iron used
to sort ore and coal according to
size. Stamp-mortars have screens
on one or both sides, to determine
the fineness of the escaping pulp.
(Raymond)

2. A cloth brattice or curtain hung
across a road in a mine to direct
the ventilation. (Gresley)

3. (Joplin, Mo.) A grizzly near the
top of a head-frame.

Screen analysis. The determination of
weights of crushed material which
passes through or is held on a se-
ries of screen* of varying mesh,
(Clennell)

Screen ape (Joplin, Mo.). One who
attends the grizzly, or screen. He
breaks the large pieces of ore, and
picks out such waste rock as he can
as it passes over the screen.

Screen cloth (Scot). Tarred canvas;
brattice cloth. (Barrowman)

Screened coal. 1. Coal that has passed
Over any kind of a screen and there-
fore consists of the marketable sizes.
2. Specifically, coal that is weighed
and credited to the miner after pass-
Ing over a standard screen. ( Steel )

Screening machine. An apparatus hav-
ing'a shaking, oscillatory, or rotary
motion, used for screening or sifting
coal, stamped ores, and the like.

Screener (Newe.). A man who shovels
the coal from the screens into the
wagons. (Min. Jour.)

Screenings. Pine coal that passes
through a screen When screening for
, lump eoaL

Scree plate (Scot.). An iron plate at
the foot of a screen on which
screened coal is discharged. (Bar-
rowman)

Screw bell. A recovering tool in deep
boring, ending below in a hollow
senewsthreaded cone. (Raymond)

Screw casing. A threaded lap-welded
well casing. (Redwood, p. 206)

Screw-dowa. A. workman in a rolling
mill whose duty it is to judge of
the distance to be given between
rolls at .eacfh pass and to adjust them
correspondingly. (Standard )

Scribe. An Instrument used by sur-
yejors for marking posts, trees, etc.

Serin. 1. (Derb.) Ironstone In Ir-
regular-shaped nodules. (Gresley)
2. (Derb.) A small subordinate
vein ( Raymond ) . Also spelled skrin.

Scrip. Credit slips or tickets issued by
a mining company to its employees
before pay day in lieu of cash. The
scrip drawn is charged against the
pay of the employee, and is ex-
changeable for commodities at the
company store at its face value.

Scroddle. To variegate, as pottery

ware, in different colors by the use

of various colored clays. (Stand-
ard)

Scroll drum (Eng.). A conical wind-
ing drum. (Gresley)

Scronge (So. Wales). Overlying strata
loosened or broken by workings un-
derneath (Gresley). Probably a
variation of scrunge, to squeeze.

Scrowl. 1. (Corn.) A thin, sometimes
calcareous, sometimes siliceous, rock
attached to the wall of a lode.
(Power)

2. (Corn.) Loose ore at the point
where a lode is disturbed by a cross
vein. (Da vies)

Scrubber, An apparatus for washing
coal gas, or other gases. (Webster)

Scrubstone (Eng.). A provincial term
for a variety of calciferous sand-
stone. (Humble)

Scrub water (Ark.). Water supplied
to mining camps for bathing and
laundry purposes. ( Steel )

Scud. 1. (Leic.) Very thin layers of
soft matter, such as clay, sooty coal,
etc. 2. (Mid.) Pyrite embedded in
coal seams. (Gresley)

Sculp. To break slate into slabs suit-
able for splitting. (Webster)

Scum. Impure or extraneous matter
that rises or collects at the surface
of liquids, as vegetation on stagnant
water, or dross on a bath of molten
metal. Sometimes, but incorrectly,
used for the word "froth" in flota-
tion. (Rickard)

Scun (Devon.). A small vein.
(Davies)

Scupper nails. Nails with broad heads,
for nailing down canvas, etc. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Scyelite. Judd's name for a rock, re-
lated to the peridotites, that occurs
near Loch Skye, in Scotland. Its
principal mineral is green horn-
blende, presumably secondary after

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

599

augite ; with it are bleached biotites
and serpentine, supposed to be de-
rived from olivine. (Kemp)

Scytaestone. A whetstone suitable
for sharpening scythes. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Sea-beach placers (Alaska). Placers
adjacent to the seashore to which
the waves have access.

Se abre (Sp.). A miner's phrase for
the widening or opening of a vein.
(Halse)

Sea coal. 1. (Scot) Coal, which In
early times was worked on the sea
shore; coal carried by sea; coal
seaward of low-water mark belong-
ing to the Crown (Bafrowman).
Formerly so called in distinction
from charcoal, because originally
brought to London by sea. (Web-
ster)

2. (Rare U. S.) Soft coal, as dis-
tinguished from anthracite. (Stand-
ard)

3. A finely ground coal used. as a
powder for facing molds; foundry
facing.

Seafoam. An early synonym for Meer-
schaum. (Chester)

Seal. 1. (Corn.) A portion of earth
or rock which separates and falls
from the main body. (Raymond)
2. To secure against a flow or es-
cape of gas, air, or liquid; as to
seal a mine.

Seal coat. A final superficial applica-
tion of bituminous material to a
pavement upon completion of con-
struction. ( Bacon )

Seam. 1. A stratum cr bed of coal
or other mineral. 2. (Corn.) A horse-
load. 3. A joint, cleft, or fissure.
(Raymond)

4. A plane in a coal bed at which
the different layers of coal are eas-
ily separated. (Steel)

5. A ridge in a casting, marking the
place where the mold parted. ( Stand-
ard)

Seam blast. A blast made by plac-
ing powder or other explosives along
and in a seam or crack between the
solid wall and the stone or coal in-
tended to be removed. (Barclay v.
We,tmore-Morse Granite Co. (Vt),
102 Atlantic, 495)

Beam-out. A shot that merely blows
out a soft stratum in the coal or es-
capes through a seam without loos-
ening the main mass of coal. In
Arkansas, called Squeal out (Steel)

Sea mud. A rich saline deposit from
salt marshes and seashores. (Cen-
tury) V ,

Seamy. Full of seams so as to be
difficult to blast (Steel)

Sea ore (Eng.). Sea weed. (Web-
ster)

Seasale (Newc.). Coal delivered by
or to ships, as for export. (Min.
Jour.)

Sea salt Salt made by the evapora-
tion of sea water. (Standard)

Seasoned. Applied to quarry stone
after the moisture has dried out
(Gillette, p. 6)

Seat. 1. (Derb.) The floor of a mine.
(Raymond)

2. The foundation or framework on
which a structure rests, e. g., en-
gine seat, cage seat (Barrowman)

Seat-clay. Fire clay. (Power)

Seat earth (York.). A bed of clay un-
derlying a coal-seam; sometimes
highly siliceous, and. then known as
ganister. Called also Underclay.
(Standard)

Seat rock; Hard seat. The nearest
bed of clunch, grit, or sandstone, un-
der a coal seam (Power). Also
called Seat stone.

Seat stone. See Seat rock.

Sea wax. A kind of ozocerite or min-
eral wax; maltha. (Webster)

Sebka (No. Afr.). A dry area or bed
of a lake incrusted with salt ; a salt
marsh. ( Standard )

Secador (Mex.). An apparatus for
drying samples. (Halse)

Secadora (Colom.). A copper vessel
for drying gold before weighing.
(Hftlse)

Secas (Mex.). Refined silver. (Halse)

Seccidn (Sp.). Section. (D wight)

Se cierra (Sp.). A miner's phrase for
the narrowing or closing of a vein.
(Halse)

Seco. 1. (Sp.) Dry. fn the patio
process, said of gangue which is dry.
2. Veta seca (Golom.), a vein lack-
ing ^water for its exploitation.
(Halse)

Second, or Back explosion (Aust).
Supposed to be due to the ignition
pf gases developed from highly
heated coal dust, and gases sucked
out of the faces of coal by the par-
tial vacuum resulting from the pri-
mary explosion, or liberated by fall
of roof (Power). Compare Retona-
tion wave.

600

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Secondary. 1. (a) Having been acquired
or formed by alteration or metamor-
phism -since the formation of the
rock ; derived ; said of some textures
and minerals of altered rocks and
contrasted with "original." (b)
Formed of material derived from the
erosion or disintegration of other
rocks; derivative: said of clastic
sedimentary rocks. 2. Same as Meso-
zoic, which has replaced it. Obso-
lescent in this sense. (La Forge)

Secondary blasting. A term applied to
the blasts employed in breaking up
the larger masses of rock resulting
from the primary blasts. Also
termed Blistering or Bulldozing.
(Bowles)

Secondary clay. Clay found deposited
away from its place of formation.
(Webster)

Secondary drilling. The process of
drilling the so-called " pop holes "
for the purpose of breaking the
larger masses of rock thrown down
by the primary blast. (Bowles)

Secondary enlargement. The addition
of silica to the original quartz grains
of a sandstone, the secondary or
added part having the same optical
orientation as the original grain. It
may result in the development of
crystal faces. (Bowles)

Secondary enrichment. An enrichment
of a vein or an ore body by material
of later origin, often derived from
the oxidation of decomposed over-
lying ore masses. Nature's process
of making high-grade out of low-
grade ores. First discovered by
Weed and announced by publication
in Geol. Soc. of America program,
Dec. 8, 1899. Confirmed by EmmonS
and by Van Hise, Feb., 1900.
(Weed)

Secondary mineral. A mineral result-
ing from the alteration of a primary
mineral. Thus, original sulphides by
oxidation change to sulphates, car-
bonates, and oxides, and these by
hydration become hydrous forms of
the same.

Second outlet; Second opening. An
auxiliary passageway out of a mine,
for use in case of accident to the
main outlet (C. and M. M. P.)

Seconds. The second-class ore of a
mine that requires dressing. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Second working. The operation of get-
ting or working out the coal pillars
formed by the first working. (Gres-
ley)

Section. 1. In geology, either a natu-
ral or an artificial rock-cut, or the
representation of such on paper.
(Roy. Com.)

2. A term usually applied to a ver-
tical exposure of strata. 3. A draw-
ing or diagram of the strata sunk
through in a shaft or inclined plane,
or proved by boring. (Gresley)

4. (Scot.). A division of the mine
workings. (Barrowman)

5. One of the portions, of 1 mile
square, into which the public lands
of the United States are divided
and containing 640 acres. One
thirty-sixth of a township. (TVeb-
ster)

6. A very thin slice of anything,
especially for microscopic examina-
tion. (Specifically, rocks, steels,
alloys, etc.) 7. The local series of
beds constituting a group or forma-
tion, as, the Cambrian section of
Wales. (Standard)

Sedentary. Formed in place, without
transportation, by the disintegration
of the underlying rock or by the ac-
cumulation of organic material ; said
of some soils, etc. (La Forge)

Sediment.' 1. Unconsolidated, clastic,
rock-forming material, deposited,
commonly in layers of strata, from
suspension in or transportation by
water or air. (La Forge)
2. In a steam-boiler, an internal
deposit of loose soft matter, as dis-
tinguished from scale, which is hard.
(Standard)

Sedimentary. Formed by deposition
or accretion of grains or fragments
of rock-making material, commonly
from suspension in or transporta-
tion by water or air, or by the pre-
cipitation of such material from so-
lution, with or without the aid of
living organisms: said of one of the
two great classes of rocks and con-
trasted with Igneous. (La Forge)

Sedimentary rocks. Rocks formed by
the accumulation of sediment in
water (aqueous deposits) or from
air (eolinn deposits). The sediment
may consist of rock fragments or
particles of various sizes (conglom-
erate, sandstone, shale) ; of the re-
mains or products of animals or
plants (certain limestones and
£oal) ; of the product of chemical
action or of evaporation (salt, gyp-
sum, etc.) ; or of mixtures of these
materials. Some sedimentary de-
posits (tuffs) are composed of frag-
ments blown from volcanoes ana de-
posited on land or in water. A
characteristic feature of sediroen-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

601

tary deposits, is a layered structure
known as bedding or stratification.
Each layer is a bed or stratum.
Sedimentary beds as deposited lie
flat or nearly flat (Ransome)

Sedimentation. The accumulation of
earthy particles, usually under wa-
ter. A sedimentary rock is one con-
sisting of particles thus deposited.
(Perkins)

Sedimento (Sp.). Sediment; boiler
scale. (Halse)

Sediment vein. A fissure filled from
above by sedimentary matter. A
rare occurrence in nature. ( Shamel,
p. 165)

Seed-bag. A, bag filled with flaxseed
and fastened around the tubing in
an artesian well, so as to form, by
the swelling of the flaxseed when
wet, a water-tight packing, prevent-
ing percolation down the sides of
the bore hole from upper to lower
strata. When the tubing is pulled
up the upper fastening of the bag
breaks, and it empties itself, thus
presenting no resistance to the ex-
traction of the tubing. (Raymond)

Seep. A spot where water or petro-
leum oozes out slowly; a small
spring. (Webster)

Seepage. A fluid, or the quantity of
it, that has oozed or seeped through
porous soil. (Webster)

Segger; Sagger. A cylindrical vessel of
fire-clay in which fine stoneware is
encased while being baked in the
kiln. (Ure)

Segregate. 1. (Pac.) To separate the
undivided joint ownership of a min-
ing claim into smaller individual
"segregated" claims. (Raymond)
2. In 'geology, .to separate from the
general mass, and collect or become
concentrated at a particular place
or in a certain region, as in the
process of crystallization and solidi-
fication (Webster). See Segregated
vein.

Segregated vein. A vein in which the
filling is believed to have been de-
rived from the adjacent country
rock by percolating water carrying
the dissolved mineral matter into
the fissure. (Shamel, p. 149)

Segregation survey. The survey of a
mining claim located on lands classi-
fied as agricultural. (Creswell Min.
Co. v. Johnson, 8 Land Decisions,
p. 442; Lannon v. Pinkston, 9 Land
Decisions, p. 143)

Segregation vein. Same as Segre-
gated vein.

Segullo (Sp.). Earth overlying aurif-
erous deposits. (Lucas)

Seismic. Pertaining to, characteristic
of, or produced by earthquakes or
earth-vibration ; as, seismic disturb-
ances. (Standard)

Seismic area. The area affected by
any particular earthquake. (Stand-
ard)

Seismism. The processes or phenom-
ena involved in earth movements.
(Standard)

Seismology. The science of earth-
quakes. (Power)

Seismoscope; Seismometer. An instru-
ment by the aid of which the data
are obtained for the scientific study
of earthquake phenomena. (Cen-
tury)

Selagite. A name of Hauy's for a
rock consisting of mica, dissemi-
nated through an intimate mixture
of amphibole and feldspar, put it
has been since applied to so many
different rocks as to be valueless.
(Kemp)

Selective flotation. Generally under-
stood to refer to the surface or froth
"selecting" the valuable minerals
rather than the gangue. Sometimes
used to mean Differential flotation,
which see. Also see Preferential flo-
tation. (O. C. Ralston, Bu. Mines)

Selective mining. A method of mining
whereby ore of unwarranted high
value is mined in such manner as
to make the low-grade ore left in
the mine incapable of future profit-
able extraction. In other words, the
best ore is selected in order to make
good mill returns, leaving the low-
grade ore in the mine. Frequently
called Robbing a mine.

Selector. In copper smelting, a kind
of converter with horizontal tuyeres,
to produce bottoms and a purified
copper in one operation. (Webster)

Selenite. Gypsum in distinct crystals
or broad folia, CaS<X2H2O. See
Gypsum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Selenite plate. In mineralogy, a plate
of selenite which gives a purplish-
red Interference color of the first
order with crossed nicols. (A. F.
Rogers)

Selenium. An element, Se. Not
found native in visible quantity, Is
obtained as a by-product in the elec-
trolytic refining of copper. See Ono-

602

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

frite and Tiemmanite (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Resembles sulphur and tel-
lurium chemically. Atomic weight,
79.2 ; specific gravity, 4.26.

Selenolite. Wadsworth's name for
rocks composed of gypsum or anhy-
drite. (Kemp)

Self-acting plane. An inclined plane
upon which the weight or force of
gravity acting on the full cars is
sufficient to overcome the resistance
of the empties; in other words, the
full car, running down, pulls the
other car (empty) up. (Steel)

Self-contained portable electric lamps.
Electric lamps that are operated by
an electric battery that is designed
to be carried about by the user of
the lamp. (H. H. Clark)

Self - detaching hook. A self-acting
hook for setting free a hoisting rope
in case of overwinding. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Self-feeder. An automatic appliance
for feeding ore to stamps or crush-
ers without the employment of hand
labor. (Min. Jour.)

Self-glazed. Having a glaze of but
one tint : said of Oriental porcelain.
(Standard)

Self-open (Derb.). A natural fissure
in rock. Also called Shack. (Man-
der)

Self-shooter. See Booming; also Flop-
gate.

Selvage; Self edge. A layer of clay
or decomposed rock along a vein-
wall. See Gouge. (Raymond)

Semialtos (Mex.). Furnaces of me-
dium size for smelting copper ores.
(Halse)

Semi-bituminous. Half or somewhat
bituminous; applied to a variety of
coal intermediate between bitumin-
ous coal and anthracite, averaging
15 to 20 per cent of volatile matter.
(Webster)

Semi- crystalline. Somewhat crystal-
line; said of rocks that are partly
crystalline or partly amorphous.
(Standard)

Seml-dry-press proeess. In brick mak-
ing, practically the same as dry
press, but clay may be slightly
moister. (Ries)

Semi-faience. Pottery with a glaze
very thin or transparent (Web-
ster)

Semi-metal. In old chemistry, a metal
that is not malleable, as bismuth,
arsenic, antimony, etc. ' (Century)
Long obsolete.

Semi-opal. Common opal as distin-
guished from precious and fire opal.
(A. F. Rogers)

Semi-porcelain. A kind of porcelain
resembling earthenware in its lack
of .translucency or interior finish.
(Webster)

Semi-precious. Precious in an inferior
degree; applied especially to such
stones as amethyst, garnet, tourma-
line. (Webster)

Semi-steel. A mixture consisting of
§ No. 1 charcoal iron and J of vary-
ing proportions of good wrought-
iron scrap, soft-steel punchihgs,
shearings or rail butts. Used for
making slag pots (Hoffman, p.
259). Puddled steel.

Semi-transparent. A term used to de-
scribe minerals when objects may be
seen through them but without dis-
tinct outlines. (Dana)

Semi-water-gas. A fuel gas intermedi-
ate in composition between water-
gas and producer-gas, made by al-
lowing a mixture of steam and air
to flow into a producer. (Webster)

Semi-wet method. A method of mix-
ing the raw materials for Portland
cement. The materials at first are
dry; at some stage water is added,
all subsequent steps being similar
to those employed in the wet
method (Bowles). Also termed
Semi-dry method.

Sempatic. A descriptive term applied
to porphyritic igneous rocks to in-
dicate that the total volumes of
phenocrysts and groundmass are
nearly equal. (Ransome)

Senalamiento (Sp.). Marking on the
surface the position of under-
ground workings. (Halse)

Seiialar (Sp.). 1. To mark out (min-
ing) claims. 2. To signal. (Halse)

Senarmontite. Antimony trioxide,
Sb2O3, in pearl colored isometric
octahedra. See Valentinite.
(Moses)

Seneca oil (U. S.). Petroleum, early
used as a remedy among the Sene-
cas and other Indians. (Webster)

Senile. Approaching the end of a cycle
of erosion, as a senile topography.
(Webster) See Old.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

603

Senile river. In geology, a river in its
later stage, rarely fully reached,
characterized by a sluggish current
having a tendency to meander
through a pene-plane of slight re-
lief in faint grades above base level,
providing a slow discharge of .rain-
falls. (Standard)

Senile stream. A stream whose cur-
rent has become enfeebled by rea-
son of an approximation of its
valley to base-level (Standard).
Compare Senile river.

Senile topography. The physical as-
pect or conformation of land which
approximates to a base-level plain.
(Standard)

Senonian series. A division of the Up-
per Cretaceous of France and Bel-
gium, used also somewhat in Eng-
land ; equivalent to the Upper Chalk
of England. (Standard)

Senorial (Peru). Royalty paid by
busconeros to the owners of rever-
beratory furnaces. (Halse)

Sensitiveness. The property in a high
explosive that permits it to be ex-
ploded by a shock. The more in-
sensitive an explosive is, the stronger
detonator it requires to develop the
full strength. (Du Pont)

Sentazon (Arg.). A slide or fall of
rock. (Halse)

Separable tin (Eng.). Ap incorrect
spelling of Sparable. See Spar-
able tin.

Separar (Sp.). To separate, classify,
or sort. (Halse)

Separation coal (Eng.). Coal that has
been prepared by screening or wash-
ing.

Separation doors (Eng.). Doors fixed
underground between the intake and
the return, near the shaft bottom.
(Gresley)

Separation valve (Eng.). A massive
cast-iron plate suspended from the
roof of a return airway, through
which all the return air of a sepa-
rate district flows, allowing the air
to always flow past or underneath
it; but in the event of an explosion
of gas the. force of the blast closes
it against its frame or seating, and
prevents a communication with
other districts. The blast being
over, the weight of the valve causes
it to return to its normal position,
allowing the ventilation to continue.
\( Gresley)

Separator. 1. A machine for separat-
ing, with the aid of water or air,
materials of different specific grav-
ity. Strictly, a separator parts two
or more ingredients, both valuable,
while a concentrator saves but one
and rejects the rest; but the terms
are often used interchangeably. 2.
Any machine for separating mate-
rials, as the magnetic separator for
separating magnetite from its
gangue. (Raymond)
3. A screen, especially a revolving
.screen for separating things like
stones or coal into sizes. (Stand-
ard) *

Sep6 (Colom.). A layer of porphyritlc
iron-stained clay above the pay dirt
( Halse >

Se pierde (Sp.). A miner's phrase,
meaning the vein is lost or comes to
an end. (Halse)

Sepiolite. See Meerschaum.

Septarinm. A roughly spheroidal con-
cretion, generally of limestone or
clay-ironstone, cut into polyhedral
blocks by radiating and intersecting
cracks which have been filled (and
the blocks cemented together) by
veins of some material, generally cal-
cite. Plural, Septaria. Also called
Septa rian bowlder, Septa rian nodule,
and Turtle stone. (La Forge)

Sequence. Following ; succession ; com-
ing after; continuation. (Roy.
Com.)

Serape (Mex.). A narrow blanket
worn by miners, peones, etc.
(Halse)

Seriate. A rock fabric in which the
sizes of the crystals vary gradually,
or in a continuous series. (Iddings,
Igneous Rocks, p. 196)

Sericite. A talc-like hydrous mica (a
variety of muscovite) occurring in
small scales and forming sericitic
schist. Often spoken of by prospec-
tors as talcose schist, but this latter
term properly applies to schists
composed largely of talc, which are
much rarer. (Roy. Com.)

Sericite - gneiss. Gneiss containing
sericite in the place of the ordinary
more coarsely crystalline muscovite.
(Century)

Sericite - schist. Mica - schist whose
mica is sericite. Sericite is also
used as a prefix to many names of
metamorphic rocks containing the
mineral. (Kemp)

604

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Scrlcitization. The development of
sericite in schists and other rocks,
due to metamorphism.

Series. In geology, the stratigraphic
subdivision of the third rank, in the
classifications in general use ; a divi-
sion of a system. The chronologic
term of equivalent rank is Epoch.
(La Forge)

Beries copper - refining process. See
Hayden, Smith, and Randolph proc-

Serpentine. 1. In mineralogy, a hydrous
magnesium silicate, ILMgaSizOB, com-
monly green, greenish-yellow, or
greenish-gray, and massive, fibrous,
lamellar, or occurring as pseudo-
morphs. It is an important constitu-
ent of some metnmorphic rocks and
is everywhere secondary, after oliv-
ine, amphibole, pyroxene, etc. 2. In
petrology, a metamorphic rock com-
posed chiefly or wholly of the min-
eral serpentine. (La Forge)

Serpentine marble. See Verd antique.

Serpentine ware. A hard, green-spot-
ted or green-veine<I pottery suggest-
ive of serpentine (Webster). A va-
riety of Wedgwood ware. See Peb-
ble ware.

Serpentization. Alteration into serpen-
tine, a common result of the meta-
morphism of ferro-magnesian min-
erals, especially olivine.

Serpent kame; Serpentine kame. See
Esker.

Serrate. Notched or toothed on the
edge like a saw (Webster). Fre-
quently applied to mountain ranges,
as Saw-tooth mountains.

Serrucho (Sp.). A handsaw with a
small handle. (Halse)

Serve. To furnish ; supply ; as the gas
wells serve the town with light and
heat (Webster). Gas is said to
"serve" when it issues more or less
regularly from a fault-slip, a break,
etc. (Gresley)

Service rails (Scot). Rails used for
a temporary purpose. (Barrowman)

Service road (Scot.). A temporary
road. (Barrowman)

Serving (Corn.). A supply of tin
ready for smelting. (Davies)

Set. 1. A timber frame for support-
ing the sides of a shaft or other
excavation. Sometimes written Sett.
2. A group of pumps for lifting
water from one level to another; a

lift. 3. A group of mines under
one lease. 4. A flat steel bar; a
kind of crowbar. 5. A piece placed
temporarily upon the head of a pile
when the latter can not be reached
directly by the weight or hammer.
(Webster)

6. A train of mine cars ; a trip. 7.
To fix a prop or sprag in place.
(Steel)

8. (So. Staff.) To mine the sides oft*
and trim up a heading. 9. (No. of
Eng.) To load a tub unfairly by
placing the greater part of the coal
on the top of it and leaving the bot-
tom part comparatively empty. 10.
(No. of Eng.) The natural giving
way of the roof for want of sup-
port. 11. To make an agreement
with miners to do certain work;
e. g., to set a stall. 12. (Mid.) A
measure of length along the face of
a stall, usually from, say, 6 to 10
feet, by which "holers" and "driv-
ers" work and are paid. (Gresley)

13. The failure of a rock subjected
to intense pressure below Jia point
of rupture to recover its original
form when the pressure is relieved.
(Merrill)

14. The hardening of a plastic or
liquid substance, as by chemical ac-
tion (in case of mortar, cement,
etc.) or by cooling, as in case of
glue. (Webster)

Set coal (Leic.). Coal occurring near
hollows and having a hard dead
nature. (Gresley)

Set copper. Molten copper which, in
the process of refining, has become
saturated with cuprous oxide.
(Eng. and Min. Jour. vol. 102, p.
875)

Set hammer. The flat-faced hammer
held on hot iron by a blacksmith
when shaping or smoothing a sur-
face by aid of his striker"s sledge.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Set-off (Eng.). The part of a con-
necting-rod to which the bucket-rod
is attached. (Bainbriclge)

Set of timber. The timbers which
compose any framing, whether used
in a shaft, slope, level, or gangway.
Thus, the four pieces forming a
single course in the curbing of a
shaft, or the three or four pieces
forming the legs and collar, and
sometimes the sUl of an entry fram-
ing are together called a set. or tim-
ber set. (C. and M. M. P.)

Set-out (No. of Eng.). See Lay-out.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

605

Set rider (Aust.). The man who ac-
companies a set of skips hauled by
the main-and-tail-rope system, so
that he can attend to any points on
the track, unfasten the rope, and
signal to the engine-driver as re-
quired (Power). The corresponding
American term is trip rider.

Sett 1. A quarryman's term for a
square-faced steel tool which is held
In position and struck with a sledge
to cause a fracture in a rock mass.
(Bowles)

2. See Set, 1.

3. (Corn.) A lease; the boundaries
and terms of the mining ground
taken by the adventurers. (Min.
Jour.) See Set, 3.

Setter. A sagger made to hold one
piece only of fine porcelain. ( Stand-
ard)

Setters (No. of Eng.). Large lumps
of coal placed round the sides of
coal dealers' carts for the purpose
of piling up a good load in the
center. ( Gresley )-

Setting. 1. See Heading, 7. 2. See
Square timbering. 3. (So. Staff.)
See Double timber. 4. A group of
retorts used in the manufacture of
gas. (Webster)

5. (Eng.) The day and place of
contracting with the men of a mine.

6. The act of contracting with
miners for work to be done. ( Stand-
ard)

Settle. 1. A term used to indicate the
amount of vertical fire-shrinkage
that takes place in a kiln full of
bricks. (Ries)

2. To clear of dregs or impurities by
causing them to sink, as of liquids.

3. To cause to sink; to depress; to
render close or compact. (Webster)

Settle boards. A. (No. of Eng.) Iron
plates or sheets forming the floor
of a heapstead, to admit of the tubs
being pushed and turned about with
facility (Gresley). Turn sheets.
2. (No. of Eng.) See Cage shuts.
Also spelled Settle bords.

Settled production. The production of
an oil well which, apart from the
normal progressive annual dimuni-
tion, will last a number of years.
(Redwood, p. 243)

Settler. A separator; a tub, pan, vat,
or tank in which a separation can be
effected by settling (Century). A
tub or vat in which pulp from the
amalgamating pan or battery-pulp
is allowed to settle, being stirred in
water, to remove the lighter por-
tions. (Raymond)

Settlingite. See Settling stones resin.

Settling stones resin. A resinoid, hard,
brittle substance, possessing a pale-
yellow to deep-red color and a spe-
cific gravity of 1.16 to 1.54, and
burning in a candle flame. It was
found in an old lead mine in North-
umberland, England. (Bacon)

Settling-vat A vat in which particles
of ore are allovad t settle. (Rick-
ard)

Setts-off (Eng.). See Distance blocks.

Set-up. 1. In iron and steel manufac-
ture, a machine for upsetting a
bloom that has been lengthened by
a squeezer. 2. An iron bolt or rod
upset at one end. (Webster)
3. To place a drilling machine in
position for drilling. 4. To orient
a surveyor's transit over or under a
point or station.

Seventy-two-hour coke. Owing to the
suspension of labor on Sunday, an
oven charged on Friday must neces-
sarily go over to Monday, so that
all charges made on Friday and
drawn on Monday must be in the
ovens 72 hours, and the coke result-
ing is called 72-hour coke. The 72-
hour coke has higher ash, less vola-
tile matter, less sulphur and is pre-
ferred for foundry purposes.

Sevres. Sevres porcelain. (Standard)

Sevres bine (Fr.). 1. The lighter blue
of the Sevres porcelain, especially of
pieces antedating the Revolution
(1789) distinctively called bleu c4-
leste. 2. The darker blue of Sevres
porcelain, distinctively called bleu-
du-roi. (Webster)

Sevres ware. A costly porcelain manu-
factured in Sevres, France, espe-
cially in the National factory.
(Webster)

Sewer brick. A general term applied
to those common brick that are
burned so hard as to have little or
no absorption. They are, therefore,
adapted for use as sewer linings.
(Ries)

Shab (Som.). Friable, shaly rock.
(Gresley)

Shack (Derb.). An irregular ore de-
posit See Self-open. (Mander)

Shackle. A U-shaped link in a chain
closed by a pin; when the latter" is
withdrawn the chain Is severed at
that point. (Steel)

Shadd (Corn.). Smooth, round stones
on the surface, containing tin ore,
and indicating a vein. (Raymond)

606

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shadoof. A counterpoised sweep used
in Egypt and near-by countries for
raising water, ore, etc. A hand whip.

Shadrach. See Safamander.

Shaft. 1. An excavation of limited
area compared with its depth, made
for finding or mining ore or coal,
raising water, ore, rock, or coal,
hoisting and lowering men and ma-
terial, or ventilating underground
workings. The term is often spe-
cifically applied to approximately
vertical shafts, as distinguished from
an incline or inclined shaft. 2. The
interior of a shaft furnace above
the boshes (Raymond). Compare
Slop; Incline.

3. A wooden handle of a pick, etc.

4. (So. Wales) To pull or draw at
a tub. (Gresley)

Shaft foot (Scot). The bottom
of a shaft. (Gresley)

Shaft furnace. A high furnace,
charged at the top and tapped at
the bottom. (Raymond)

Shaft house. A building at the mouth
of a shaft, where ore or rock is re-
ceived from the mine. (Weed)

Shaft kip (Eng.). See Kip.
Shaft lamp (Eng.). See Comet.

Shaft pillar. Solid material left
unworked beneath buildings and
around the shaft, to support them
against subsidence (Steel). Also
called High pillar.

Shaft rent (Eng.). 1. Rent paid for
the use of a shaft for raising the
minerals from another property. 2.
Interest on capital invested in sink-
ing a shaft. (Gresley)

Shaft set. A set of shaft timbers con-
sisting of two wall plates, two end
plates, and dividers which separate
the shaft into two or more compart-
ments.

Shaft station. An enlargement of a
level near a shaft from which ore,
coal, or rock may be hoisted and sup-
plies unloaded.

Shaft tackle. A poppet-head (Stand-
ard). A headframe. See Poppet, 1.

Shaft tunnel (No. Staff.). Headings
driven across the measures from
shafts to intersect inclined seams.
(Gresley)

Shaft walls. 1. The sides of a shaft.
2. (Newc.) Pillars of coal left near
the bottom of a shaft. (Raymond)

Shaggy jnetal (Ches.). See Horse
beans.

Shake. 1. A cavern, usually in lime-
stone. ( Raymond )
2. A close-joint structure in rock,
due to natural causes, as pressure,
weathering, etc. Used in the plural.

Shaking 1. The same as springing.
See Shaking a hole. (Du Pont)
2. (Corn.) Washing ore (Min.
Jour.). Ore dressing.

Shaking a hole. The enlargement of
a blast hole, by exploding a stick
of dynamite, so it will contain a
larger amount of explosives for a
big blast (Stanich v. Pearson Min-
ing Co., 141 NW. Kept., p. HOC.)
Also called a Shake blast. See
Springing.

Shaking screen; Shaker. A flat screen,
often inclined, which is given an os-
cillatory motion and is used for siz-
ing coal. (C. and M. M. P.)

Shaking table. A slightly inclined
table to which a lateral shaking mo-
tion is given by means of a small
crank or an eccentric. One form
is covered with copper plates coated
with mercury for the purpose of
amalgamatig gold or silver. Other
forms are provided with ripples and
used in separating alluvial gold.
(Roy. Com.). Also used in ore
dressing.

Shakudo (Jap.). A dark-blue alloy of
copper with gold, used in Jap-
anese metal work (standard)

Shale. A fine-grained, fissile, argilla-
ceous, sedimentary rock character-
ized by rather fragile and uneven
laminae and commonly a somewhat
splintery fracture. Often, but incor-
rectly, callecl slate by miners, quarry-
men, well-drillers, and others. (La
Forge)

Shale naphtha. Naphtha obtained
from shale on. (Bacon)

Shale oil. A crude oil obtained from
bituminous shales, especially in
Scotland, by submitting them to de-
structive distillation in special re-
torts. (Bacon)

Shale-oil shale (Scot.). Shale yield-
ing oil on distillation. This term
was formerly used as signifying ar-
gillaceous rock. (Barrowman)

Shale spirit. The lower-boiling frac*
tions obtained in the refining of
crude shale-oil. (Bacon)

Shallow ground (Aust). Land hav-
ing gold near it's surface. (Stand-
ard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

607

Shaly. 1. Characteristic of, pertaining
to, composed of, or resembling shale ;
having the characteristic structure
and fissility of shale, as a shaly
sandstone or limestone. (La Forge)
2. Brittle ground. (Ihlseng)

Shambles. Shelves or benches, from
one to the other of which ore is
thrown successively in raising it to
the level above, or to the surface
(Raymond). See Shammel.

Sham door (Eng.). A check or regu-
lator door. (Gresley)

Shammel. 1. A stage for shoveling ore
upon, or for raising water (Davies).
See Shambles.

2. To work a mine by throwing the
material excavated on to a stage or
bench in the " cast after cast "
method, which was the usual way
before the art of regular mining by
means of shafts had been introduced.
(Century)

Shand, -gaff ( Aust. ) . Shovel-filled
coal (Power). Coal loaded by
shovel without screening, hence con-
taining an excess of fines. Run of
mine coal.

Shangie (Scot.). A ring of straw or
hemp put round a jumper in boring
to prevent the water in the bore hole
from splashing but. (Barrowman)

Shank. 1. (Scot.) A shallow shaft
underground (Gresley). A winze.

2. The body portion of any tool, up
from its cutting edge or bit. (C.
and M. M. P.)

3. A ladle for molten metal, with
long handles, for use by two or more
men. (Webster)

Shanker (Scot). A pit or shaft.
(Barrowman)

Shanklin sand (Eng.). A marine de-
posit of siliceous sands and sand-
stone of various shades of green and
yellow-gray. Also called Lower
green-sand. (Humble)

Sharp gas (Eng.). Fire damp that ex-
plodes suddenly within a safety lamp
without showiijE any preemptible cap.
Gas is sharp when at its most ex-
plosive point. ( Gresley )

Shastalite. Wadsworth's name for un-
altered, glassy forms of audesite.
(Kemp)

Shasta series. The Lower Cretaceous
of the Pacific coast, entirely marine,
the Knoxville beds below, and the
Horsetown above ( Standard ) . Usage
now obsolete.

Shatter. To break at once into pieces ;
to dash, burst, or part violently into
fragments; to rend into splinters.
(Webster)

Shattered zone. Applied to a belt of
country inxwhich the rock is cracked
in all directions, resulting in a net-
work of small Veins. (Power)

Shanla (Brass.). A shovel. (Halse)

Shaven latten. Very thin sheet brass.
(Standard)

Sheaf. A bundle of pile containing 30
ingots of steel. (Standard)

Shear. 1. To make into shear-steel
by condensing blister steel and mak-
ing it homogeneous. 2. To make
vertical cuts in a coal seam that
has been undercut. See Shearing,

1. (Standard)

Shearing. 1. The vertical side-cutting
which, together with holing or hori-
zontal, undercutting, constitutes the
attack upon a face of coal. 2. Cut-
ting up steel for the crucible (Ray-
mond). 3. The act of cutting a
vertical groove in a coal face or
breast. Called in Arkansas a cut
or cutting. (Steel)
4. The deformation of rocks by
cumulative small lateral movements
along innumerable parallel planes,
generally resulting from pressure,
and producing schistosity, cleavage,
minute plication, and other meta-
morphic structures. (La Forge)

Shear legs. 1. A high wooden frame
placed over an engine or pumping
shaft fitted with small pulleys and
rope for lifting heavy weights (C.
and M. M. P.). See also Shears, 1.

2. A tripod on which miners some-
times stand in drilling. (Standard)

Shears. 1. (Corn.) Two high timbers,
standing over a shaft and united at
the top to carry a pulley for lifting
or lowering timbers, pipes, etc., of
greater length than- the ordinary
hoisting gear can accommodate,
(Raymond)

2. (Scot.) A haulage clip. (Gres-
ley), Called also Sheers.

Shear steel. A steel produced by heat-
ing blister steel (sheared to short
lengths) to a high heat, welding by
hammering or rolling, or both, and
finally finishing under the hammer
at the same or slightly greater heat.
(Webster)

Shear structure. In geology, a Struc-
ture resulting from the shearing of
rocks, as in crushing, crumpling, etc.
(Webster)

608

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shear zone. In geology, a zone in
which shearing has occurred on a
large scale, so that the rock is
crushed and brecciated. (La Forge)

Sheathing deals (Scot.)- Deals
(plank) nailed to cribs all round a
shaft to preserve the cribs from in-
jury and make the sides of the shaft
smooth. ( Barrowman )

Sheaths (No we.). The upright fram-
ing of a coal wagon or car. (Min.
Jour.)

Sheave. A wheel with a grooved cir-
cumference over which a rope is
turned, either for the transmission
of power or for hoisting or hauling
(Chance),. Any grooved wheel or
pulley. '(Webster)

Shed. 1. (Penn.) A kind of long ear
or trolley. 2. (Eng.) A thin, smooth
parting in rocks, having both sides
polished. S. (Eng.) A very thin
layer of coal. (Gresley)

Shed-line. The summit line of ele-
vated ground; the line of a water-
rfhed. (Century)

Sheep backs. See Roches montonnees.

Sheep silver (Scot.). Mica. (Stand-
ard)

Sheer legs. See Shear legs.
Sheers. See Shears, 2.

Sheet. 1. In iron and steel manufac-
ture, a portion of metal less than
about i inch thick. That which is
heavier is designated as plate.

2. In geology, an extensive bed of an
eruptive rock intruded between, or
overlying, other strata. (Webster)

3. (Au^t.) A solid body of pure ore
filling a crevice. (Power)

4. (Upper Mississippi lead region)
Galena in thin and continuous
masses. The ore itself is called
sheet mrfleral. (Century)

Sheet-asphalt pavement. A pavement
having a wearing course composed of
asphalt, cement and sand of prede-
termined grading, with or without
the addition of fine material. (Ba-
con)

Sheet deposit. A mineral deposit ex-
tended in length and breadth and
having relatively small thickness,
thus including both lodes and beds
as distinguished from irregular
masses. The term has been some-
times applied in a more limited
sense to deposits (called also blan-
ket veins) occurring in an approxi-
mately horizontal plane. (Webster)

Sheet ground (Mo.). A term in the
Joplin district applied to horizontal,
low-grade, disseminated zinc - lead
deposits, covering an extensive area.
See Sheet deposit.

Sheet ice. Ice formed on a body of
water by the cold air above it.
(Standard)

Sheeting. The development, in rock
formations, of small closely spaced
parallel fractures. (Farrell)

Sheet iron. See Sheet, 1.

Sheet-iron pitch. The inclination of a
coal seam at which loose coal will
not move on the natural bottom, but
at which it .will slide or can be easily
pushed along on iron slides placed
on the bottom in the chambers or
rooms.

Sheet metal. See Sheet, 1.
Sheet mineral. See Sheet, 4.

Sheet pile. Any of a number of thick
boards or planks wedge-shaped at
the lower end and sometimes
tongued on one edge and grooved
on the other, driven into the ground
close together between gauged piles
to form the walls of a cofferdam. A
sheet-steel device is also used for
the same purpose. (Webster)

Sheet quarry. A term often used in
granite quarrying, to designate a
quarry having strong horizontal
joints and a few vertical ones.
(Ries)

Sheets (Eng.). Coarse, cloth curtains
or screens for directing the ventila-
tion underground. See Brattice
cloth. (Gresley)

Shelf (Corn.). 1. The solid rock or
bed-rock, especially under alluvial
tin-deposits. ( Raymond )
2; A charging-bed in a furnace at a
higher level than the working-bed.
(Standard)

3. A rock, ledge of rocks, reef or
sandbank in the sea. 4. A project-
ing layer or ledge of rock on land.
(Century)

Shell. 1. A torpedo used in oil wells.

2. A metal or paper case which
holds a charge of powder.

3. A thin, hard band or layer of rock
encountered in well boring. (Red-
wood)

Shell band. See Mussel band.

Shell door (Eng.). A temporary door.
(Gresley)

Shell limestone. A sedimentary rock
composed chiefly of fragments of fos-
sil shells. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING JJSTD MIMERAI, IBITUSTBTv

609

Shell marble. An ornamental - marble
containing fossil shells. (Century)

Shell marl. A light-colored calcareous
deposit in the bottoms of small lakes,
composed largely of fresh-water
shells, but apparently also to some
extent of precipitated carbonate of
calcium and the hard parts of min-
ute organisms. (Roy. Com.)

Shell pump. A simple form of sand
pump or sludger consisting of a hol-
low cylinder with a ball or clack
valve at the botton, used with a
flush of water to remove detritus.
(Webster)

Saell sand. Sand chiefly or largely
composed of fragments of shells.
(Standard)

Shelly. A name applied to coal that
has been so crushed and fractured
that it easily breaks up into small
pieces (Chance). Broken ground.

Shepherd (Aust.). A miner who pre-
serves legal rights to a mining claim
with the least amount of work on
it (Standard)

Shepherding . (Aust ) . Keeping posses-
sion of a mining claim by doing the
least amount of work on it allowed
by law. (Davies)

Sherardize. To galvanize by inclosing
the articles to be treated, covered
with a commercial zinc dust, in a
tightly closed retort, heating and
allowing to cool. (Webster)

Sherd. A fragment of pottery. In
petrography applied particularly to
the characteristic crescentic or cus-
pate particles into which volcanic
glass is sometimes blown, while still
hot by the expansive force of in-
cluded gases. ;The glass particles
of tuff often show such cuspate out-
lines. (Ransome)

Sherman settler. A series of cylindri-
cal tanks with conical bottoms hav-
ing central feed and a peripheral
overflow. The tanks continually de-
crease in depth and increase in di-
ameter. (Liddell)

She's fired (Eng.). An expression used
when an explosion of fire damp has
taken place in the pit See Squat
lads. (Gresley)

Shet (So. Staff.). The broken-down
roof of a coal mine. (Raymond)

Sheth. 1. (Eng.) An old term denot-
ing a district of about eight or nine
adjacent bords. Thus a "sheth of

744< HO 0-^47 :«»

bords," or a " sheth of pillars^ (d
and M. M, P.)

SL (No. of Eng.) To course the air
in the .vorklngs. See Coutsing. 9.
(No. of Eng.) The fil> of a chal-
dron wagon. Bee Sheoiis (Gres-
ley)

Sheth door (No. ot $ng.). A tempo-
rary door placed ^Uv^f, working bead-
Ing. (Gresley)

Shething the air (Nb? of Eng.). Ven-
tilating the goaturln a systematic
way. (Gresley)

Sheth of bords (Eng.). See Sheth, 1.

Shengh. 1. (Scot). To make ditches
or drains in; to dig, as peat, by
making ditches (Webster). Also
Sheuch,

2. (Scot) A shaft or coal pit
(Gresley)

Shicer (Aust). An Unproductive
(Webster). A mining claim without
gold. (Standard)

Snides (Brist, Scot). Pumps for
draining mines. (Gresley)

Shield. In mining or tunneling, a
framework or screen of wood or iron
protecting the workers, pushed for-
ward as the work advances. (Stand-
ard)

Shift 1. The length of time a miner
works in one day. 2. The gang of
men working for the period; as the
day shift, the night shift. (Hanks)

3. A fault of dislocation. (Gresley)

4. The maximum relative displace-
ment of points on opposite sides ot
the fault and far enough from it to
be outside the dislocated zone. Also
called Net shift. See Strike shift,
Dip shift, Normal shift, and Vertical
Fhift (Lindgren, p. 122)

Shift boss. The foreman in charge of
a shift of .men. (Raymond)

Shifter. 1. See Bottomer. 2. '(No. of
Eng.) One who repairs roadways
in a mine. (Gresley)
3. (Newc.) A man who prepares
the working places in a coal mine at
night (Min. Jour.)

Shift-joint. In masonry, a break-joint
(Standard)

Shiftmen (Aust). Men engaged on
a time-wage basis working at vari-
ous jobs (Power). Also called
Company men.

Shiftwork (Eng.). Work performed
underground for which wages are
paid on a time bjisis; c. 0., timber-
ing, road cleaning, etc. (Gresley)

610

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shindle. A roofing slate. (Standard)

•hlngle. 1. Loosely and commonly, any
beach gravel which Is coarser than
ordinary gravel, especially if con-
sisting of flat or flattish pebbles. 2.
Strictly fcnd properly, beach gravel
composed of smooth, well rounded
pebbles of roughly the same size, the
Interstices belv^en which are not
filled with finer material as in ordi-
nary gravel, and which gives out a
musical note when trod upon, (La
Forge)

3. In iron manufacture, to drive out
scoriae and other impurities from
(puddled iron) by heavy blows or
pressure. ( Standard )

Shingler. A machine for squeezing
puddled iron; also, the workman
who attends such a machine.
(Standard)

Shingle tile. A flat form of roofing
tile. (Ries)

Shingley coal (Newc.). Small coal
free from dust. (Min. Jour.)

Shingling. Hammering blooms, bil-
lets, etc. (Raymond). Called also
Blooming.

Shingling hammer. A tilt-hammer for
making blooms. (Standard)

Shingling tongs. Large tongs for
handling blooms in shingling.
(Standard)

Shingly. Composed of, or abounding
In, shingle or coarse detritus (Web-
ster. See Shingle, 1.

Shining. As applied to the degree of
luster of minerals, means those
which produce an image by reflec-
tion, but not one well defined, as ce-
lestite. (Dana)

Shipper. 1. (Aust,)- An instrument
used for placing an endless rope on
Its rollers in cases where it gets off
them. , (Power)
2. (U. S.) See Snowbird mine.

Shipping ore. Any ore of greater
value when broken than the cost of
freight and treatment. (Morrison)

Ship plate. Low - grade iron plate.
(Standard)

Ship-po. In ceramics, Japanese cloi-
sonnS-enamel ware. (Standard)

Shirt. The inner lining of a blast fur-
nace. (Standard)

Shist. See Schist.

Shiver. 1. Shale; a hard argillace-
ous bed. See Sheave. (Raymond)
2. A variety of blue slate. (Stand-
ard)

Shiver spar. A variety of calclte. of
slaty structure; slate spar. (Web-
ster)

Shivery post (Bng.). See Seamy.
Shoad. See Shode.

Shock-proof. As applied to the cur-
rent-carrying parts of an electric
system (excepting trolley wires) is
taken to mean that contact with
such parts is prevented by the use
of grounded metallic coverings or
sheaths. (H. H. Clark)

Shode. 1. (Corn.) A loose fragment
of vein stone. Ore washed or de-
tached from the vein naturally. See
Float ore.

2. (Eng.) To search for ore by trac-
ing the shode (Webster). Spelled
also Shoad.

Shode-pit. An excavation made in
tracing shodes. (Standard)

Shoder. The package of gold-beaters*
skin in which the thin metal sheets
are hammered in the second stage
of making gold-leaf. (Standard)

Shode stone. Sec Shode, 1.

Shoding; Sheading (Corn.). The
tracking of bowlders toward the vein
or rock from which they have come.
(Raymond)

Shoe. 1. A piece of iron or steel, at-
tached to the bottom of a stamp or
muller, for grinding ore. The shoe
can be replaced when word out.
(Raymond)

2. The bottom wedge-shaped piece
attached to tubbing when sinking
through quicksand. 3. Steel pieces
fastened to the ends or sides of
cages, which slide on guides when
the cage is in motion. (Power)

4. In glass-making, a small opening
into which the blower passes his
rod to heat it. (Webster)

5. A trough to convey ore to a
crusher. 6. A boat-shaped ingot of
sycee silver weighing about 66^
ounces. (Standard)

Shoe-nose shell. A cylindrical tool,
cut obliquely at bottom, for boring
through hard clay. (Raymond)

Shoe shell (Eng.). A tool used in
deep boring for cleaning out the
drill cuttings. It has a valve at the
bottom, opening upward (Gresley)
A sand pump or bucket.

Shoes of silver (E. Asia). Ingots of
precious metal popularly thought to
resemble a shoe. (Standard)

GLOSSAKY OF 1HKIHQ AND MINKEAL INDUSTRY.

611

Shoe-string claim. A mining claim
in the form of a long narrow atrip.
(Hanson v. Craig. 170 Fed. Kept., p.
65; Snowflake Fraction Placer, 37
Land Decisions, p. 250). (U. S.
Min. Stat, p. 538)

Shonkinite. A name given by Weed
and Pirsson to a rock from the
Highwood Mountains, Mont, which
they define as "a granular, plutonic
rock consisting of essential augite
and orthoclase, and thereby related
to the syenite family. It may be
with or without olivine, and acces-
sory nepheilne, soda lite, etc., may be
present in small quantities.1'
(Kemp)

8hoo-fly. Any crosscut between a haul-
ageway and airway through which
cars are run. See also Slant, 1.

Shoot. 1. See Chute, 1. 2. See Blast.
A shot is a single operation of
Wasting. 3. An elongated body of
ore. See Chute, 2. (Raymond) 4.
To torpedo an oil or gas well.

Shooter. 1. (Aust) The man who
fires a charged hole after satisfy-
ing himself that the place is free
from fire damp (Power). A shot
firer. .

2. In the petroleum industry, one
who shoots, oil wells with nltro-1
glycerin to loosen or shatter the oil-
bearing formation.

Shooting (Eng.). Blasting in * mine.
(Gresley)

Shooting a well. Exploding a -charge
of nitroglycerin in a drill hole, at
or near an oil-bearing stratum, for
the purpose of increasing the flow
of oil.

Shooting fast (Lane.). Blasting with-
out previously holing or shearing
the. coal (Gresley). See Shooting
off-the-solid.

Shooting-needle. A blasting needle ; a
metallic rod used in the stemming
of a drill hole for the purpose of
leaving a cavity through which the
charge may be fired. (Century)

Shooting off-the-solid. Mining the coal
by heavy blasting without under-
mining or shearing it (Steel). In
England called Shooting fast

Shooting on-the-free. The use of a
small charge of powder to blow
down the face of the coal after it
has been undercut as distinguished
from "shooting off-the-solld." (An-
dricus v. Pineville Coal Co., 121 Ken-
tucky, p. 728)

Shooting the gob (No. Staff.). Work-
ing the coal in the pillars of inclined
coal beds by blasting. (Gresley)

Shoot of ore. A body of ore with rela-
tively small horizontal dimensions
and steep inclination in a lode; in
contradistinction to a course of ore,
which is flatter (Power). Bee
Chute, 5.

Shop. In glass-inn king, a team of
workmen. (Standard)

Shore (Eng.). A studdle or thrusting
stay. (C. ami M. M; P.)

Shore terrace. A terrace made along
a coast by the action of waves and
shore currents; it may become land
by the uplifting of the shore or the
lowering of the water. (Webster)

Shore up. To stay, prop up, or sup-
port by braces. (Steel)

Shorn (Eng.). Cut with a pick,
as In undercutting coal. (Gresley)

Short Brittle; friable; breaking or
crumbling readily; inclined to flake
off (Century). Said of coal.

Short and rough. Unmellowed, as by
weathering, said of brick clay, as
distinguished from mild and tough.
(Standard)

Short-fire. See Underflre, 1.

Short-fired. Not enough baked ; under-
fired ; said of porcelain, etc. ( Stand-
ard)

Short-flame explosive. See Permissible
explosive,

Short fuse. 1. Any fuse that is cut
too short. 2. The practice of firing
a blast, the fuse on the primer of
which Is not sufficiently long to
reach from the top of the charge
to the collar of the bore-hole. The
primer, with fuse attached, is
dropped into the charge while burn-
ing, and tamping may, or may not,
be attempted. It is an exceedingly
dangerous practice. (Du Pont)

Short hole. A blast-furnace tap-hole
with a short stopping which may
break out unexpectedly when drilled
into. (Willcox)

Short leg. One of the wires on an
electric blasting cap, which has been
shortened so that when placed in
the bore-hole, the two splices or
connections will not come opposite
each other and make a short circuit-
(Du Pont)

612

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Shorts. 1. The product remaining on
the screen when the material col-
lected from the zinc boxes of a cya-
nide mill is rubbed over a sieve.
See Fines. (Clennell)

2. (Eng.) The contents of cars
filled with coal, or coal and dirt
mixed, otherwise than In accord-
ance with the colliery regulations.

3. (Eng.) Deficiency of mineral
worked under a lease during any
year or other period agreed upon.
(Gresley)

Short stall (Mid.). A single-road stall.
(Gresley)

fcjoort ton. A ton of 2,000 pounds avoir-
dupois, a long ton being 2,240 pounds
avordupois. Also called Net ton.

Shortwall machine. A coal cutter tor
use in bords, which when once the
cutting part has made the sumpfng
cut, is drawn across the face auto-
matically by ropes, undercutting as
it proceeds, (Power)

Short workings (Eng.). See Shorts, 3.

Shoshonite. 1. An aphanorphyric ig-
neous rock composed essentially of
dominant andesine and oligoclase and
subordinate orthoclase, augite, and
olivine. (La Forge) 2. A general
name proposed by Iddings for a
group of igneous rocks in the eastern
portion of the Yellowstone Park.
They are porphyritic in texture, with
phenocrysts of labradorite, augite,
and olivine, in a groundmass that is
glassy or crystalline; in the latter
case orthoclase and leucite, alone or
together, are developed. The rocks
are to be considered in connection
with absarokite and bauakite.
(Kemp)

Shot 1. A charge or blast. Balanced
shot, a shot so placed that the hole
containing the powder is parallel to
one face of the coal to be broken.
Blntcn~out shot, a shot which merely
throws out the stemming without
loosening much coal. Cutting shot,
a shot arranged to loosen the coal
prepared by the cutting and to scat-
ter the coal in advance to facilitate
the making of another cutting. Goug-
ing shot (Ark.), a gripping shot or
opening shot in a straight face, as
to start a break-through. Gripping
shot, a shot which is farther from
the face of the coal at the point
than at the heel ; also called wedg-
ing shot. Opening shot, the first
gripping shot fired, in a straight face
of. coal. Slitting shot, a shot put
into a large mass of coal detached
by a previous blast Windy shot, a

shot which causes a concussion in
the air, usually by an excessive
amount of powder behind an easily
loosened mass of coal 2. The firing
of a blast. 3. Injured by a blast.
(Steel)

4. A small globular mass, or pellet,
of metal, e. g., steel, and as such
ased in drilling operations. See
Adamantine drill.

Shot copper. Small rounded particles
of native copper, somewhat resem-
bling small shot in size and shape.
(Weed)

Shot drill. An earth-boring drill using
steel shot as an abrasive. See
Adamantine drill.

Shot-fast. Coal mined by blasting.
(Gresley) Shot-off -the-sol id.

Shot ftrer. A man whose special duty
is to fire shots or blasts, especially
in coal mines. Also Shot lighter
(Hargis). Called Shooter in Aus-
tralia.

Shot hole. The borehole in which an
explosive is placed for blasting.

. (Gresley)

Shet lighter. See Shot flrer.

Shot metal. An alloy of 98 per cent
lead and 2 per cent arsenic, for mak-
ing small shot (Webster)

Shot samples. Samples taken for as-
say from molten metal by pouring
a portion into water to granulate it.
(Webster)

Snotty gold. Small granular pieces
of gold resembling shot (C..and M.
M. P.)

Shoulder cutting (So. Staff.), Cut-
ting the sides of the upper lift of
a working place in a thick-coal col-
liery next the rib, preparatory to
breaking the coal, (Gresley)

Shovel - filled ( Aust. ) . Bun-of-mine
coal as broken at the lace. (Power)

Show. 1. The pale - blue, lambent
flame on the top of a common can-
dle flame, indicating the presence of
fire damp (Raymond). A "show of
gas" is a phrase denoting a quan-
tity just sufficient to form a percep-
tible cap above the flame of a lamp
or candle.

2. The first appearance of float, in-
dicating the approach to an outcrop-
ping vein or seam. See Blossom.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Shrinkage-crack. One of a series cf
cracks, or of fllled-up cracks, often
seen on rock surfaces; supposed to
have resulted from the drying and

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

618

of the layer while it was
plastic mud. Called also Su^ -crack.
(Standard)

Shrinkage itoping. Also known as
"back stoping," "shrinkage with
waste fill," "overhand stoping with
shrinkage and delayed filling," and
"overhand stoping with shrinkage
and no filling." The method is a
modification of overhand atoptng
and its characteristic is the use of a
part of the ore for the purpose of
support and as a working platform.
As applied to small ore bodies two
modifications are used: stoping
without ore passes (chutes) and
stoping with ore passes (surplus ore
is removed by means of- the ore
passes). As applied to large ore
bodies the stopes are separated by
pillars or ribs and the name used is
" shrinkage stoping with alternate
pillar and stope." (Young)

Shrinkage with watte fill. See Shrink-
age stoping.

Shropshire method. See Longwall

method.
Shroud. A housing or Jacket

(Chance). Especially a housing

around gear wheels.
Shut; Shntt (So. Staff.). 1. Hie

crushed and broken-down roof of a

seam of coal. 2. Old workings. See

Goaf, 1. (Gresley)

Shutdown. A term denoting that
work has been temporarily stopped,
as on an oil well. See Standing.
(Redwood)

'Shute. See Chute.

Shut-in. In geology, a narrow gorge
cut by a superposed stream across
a ridge of hard rock between broad
valleys of softer rock on each side
of the ridge. (Standard)

Shuts (Scot). Movable or hinged sup-
ports for the cage at a shaft land-
ing (Barrowman). Also called
Keps, Keeps, Chnirs, Dogs, Seats.

Shutter. 1. A movable sliding door,
fitted within the outer casing of a
Guibal or other closed fan. for regu-
lating the size of the opening from
the fan, to suit the ventilation and
economical working of the machine.
2. A slide covering the opening in
a door or brattice, and forming a
regulator for the proportionate divi-
sion of the air current between two
or more districts of a mine. (Steel)

Shuttles (Lane.). Natural cracks run-
ning at right angles to the dip of
the strata. (Gresley)

Shut up. 1. To weld together, as
pieces of metal. 2. To condense, as
porous metal, by hammering or pres-
sure. (Standard)

Siam ruby. A name sometimes er-
roneously applied to the dark ruby
spinel found with the rubies of
Siam. (Century)

Siberian aquamarine. A blue-green
beryl found in Siberia. (Century)

Siberian ruby. Rubellite; a red va-
riety of tourmaline found in
Siberia, (Power)

Siberlte. A violet-red variety of
Rubellite (Dana) See Siberian
ruby.

Sickening. The flouring of mercury.
See Floured.

Sicker. See Zighyr.

Sicilian oiL Petroleum. It was used,
under this name, for illuminating
purposes at Agrigentum, Sicily, be-
fore the beginning of the Christian
era (Bacon)

fiddle. The inclination of a seam of
coal. (Raymond)

Side. 1. The more or less vertical face
or wall of coal or goaf forming one
side of an underground working
place. 2. (Lane.) A district
(Gresley)
3. The wall of a vein. (Power)

Side adits. A side passage sometime!
made when the main adit is choked
with waste rock. (Da vies)

Side-basse. A transverse direction to
the line of dip in strata. (Ray-
mond)

Side chain. A chain hooked on to the
sides of cars running on an incline
or along a gangway, to keep the cars
together in case the coupling breaks.
(Steel)

Side-dumper. An ore, rock or coal car
that can be tilted sldewise and thus
emptied.

Side guide. See Guard, 1.

Side-laning (So. Staff.). The widen-
ing of an abandoned gate road, and
making it part of the new side of
work. (Mln. Jour.)

Side lengths. See Lengths.

Side line. 1. A line attached to th*
side of a dredge and used to hold
the dredge in place during opera-
tions. (Weatherbe)

614

GLOSSARY OP MINIKQ AHD MINERAL. IFDUSTRY,

2. A surface line on each side of
the middle of the vein which meas-
ures the length of the claim along
the vein. It bounds the side of the
claim. (Argentine Mining Co. v.
Terrible Mining Co., 122 United
States, p. 485)

Sidelong reef. An overhanging wall of
rock in alluvial formations extending
parallel with the course of the gut-
ter J generally only on one side of
It (C. and M. M. P.)

Side of work (So. Staff,). The series
of breasts and pillars connected with
a gate road in a colliery. (Ray-
mond)

Side-over (No. of Eng.). To cut or
drive in a line with the cleat
through a pillar of coal when rob-
bing pillars.- (Gresley)

Side plate. In timbering, where both
a cap and a sill are used, and the
posts act as spreaders, the cap and
the sill are spoken of as the side
plates. Bee End plate, also Wall
plate. (Sanders, p. 10)

fUdergia (Sp.). Metallurgy of iron.
(Halse)

Siderite. 1. Spathic iron ore. Iron
carbonate, FeCO«. Contains 48.2
pcf cent iron (tJ. S. Geol. Su'rv.)
Also called Chalybite; Sparry iron
ore; Spathic iron.

2. An indigo-blue variety 01 quartz.

3. Ail iron meteorite. (Standard)

Sideroconite. A Variety of calcite col-
ored yellow or yellowish-brown by
hydrated iron-oxide. (Century)

Slderodot. A calciferous variety of
siderite. (Chester)

Sideroferrite. A name given to native
iron found in petrified wood. (Ches-
ter)

Siderography. Art of engraving on
steel. (Webster)

Siderolite. As used by Fletcher and
generally in English, is a name for
meteorites that are partly metallic
iron and partly silicates. As used
by others, it is applied to more
purely metallic ones. (Kemp)

Sideromagnetic. Same as Paramag-
netic.

Sideromelane. A basaltic glass from
the palagonite tuffs of Sicily.
(Kemp)

Siderophyllite. A black variety of bl-
otite in which the magnesium is
partly replaced by ferrous iron.
(Standard)

Siderosa (Sp.). Spathic iron ore; sl-
derite. (Halse)

Sideroscope. An instrument for de-
tecting small quantities of iron by
the magnetic needle. (Webster)

Siderosis. A lung disease due to in-
haling particles of metallic iron.
(Century)

Siderotechny. The art of working
iron. (Standard) Usage now ob-
solete.

Siderurgy. The metallurgy of iron
and steel. (Webster) Usage now
obsolete.

Sides (N. Y. and Pa.). A local term
applied by bluestone quarrymen to
open joints that extend east and
west (Bowles)

Side shear. See Grip, 3.

Side spit. The emission of sparks
through the sides of a burning fuse.
(Du Pont)

Side sloping. See Overhand stoping.

Side-wafer; Side-waver (No. of Eng.).
1. Overhanging stones or roof in
underground roads liable to drop. 2.
A fall of fire clay. (Gresley)

Siding over. A short road driven In
a pillar in a headwise direction. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Siding tile, Any roofing tile employed
for upright work, (flies)

Siegburgite. A fossil resin from the
brown coal near Bonn, Germany ; If
varies in color from golden yellow
to brownish red, and is partly
soluble in alcohol and ether. (Ba-
con)

Siege. The floor of a glass 'furnace.
(Standard)

Siemens and Halske process. A metal-
lurgical process for the recovery of
copper. Copper sulphides are dis-
solved by solutions of ferric sulphate
containing free sulphuric acid. The
solution Is then electrolysed in a
tank having a diaphragm. Copper is
deposited and ferric sulphate regen-
erated. (Liddell)

Siemens direct process. A process for
making wrought iron, directly from
iron ore, without the previous pro-
duction of pig iron. (Standard)

Siemens furnace. A reverberatory fur-
nace, heated by gas, with the aid of
regenerators. (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

615

Siemens-Martin process. The produc-
tion of steel in a reverberatory fur-
nace by oxidation of the impurities
by oxides added (either the rust on
scrap, or mill scale, or pure ores).
It may be conducted either on an
acid or a basic lining (Liddell).
See al*n Open-hearth process.

Siemens-Martin steel. Steel in which
pig iron is decarburized by the Sie-
mens-Martin process (which see).
(Standard)

Siemens producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 311)

Siemens-Silesian furnace. A Silesian
zinc-distillation furnace employing
the Siemen's system of heat recuper-
ation. (In galls, p. 409)

Sienita (Sp.). Syenite. (Dwight)

Sienna. A brownish orange - yellow
clay colored by iron and manganese
oxides. Used as a pigment (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Sienna marble. One of the most highly
esteemed of marbles for interior dec-
oration. The prevailing color is yel-
low, but often variegated with white
and violet or purple. From Monte
Arenti, in Montagnola, Tuscany.
(Merrill)

Sierra (Sp.). A saw. A chain of hills
or mountains; used as part of the
name of many mountain chains, as
Sierra Nevada. (Century)

Sieve. The screen or grating fixed in
a stamp-box. Any screen.

Sieve mesh. The length of the side of
a hole in a sieve (Hunt). See
Mesh, 1.

Sieve raggings (Eng.). Pieces of ore
deposited at the bottom of a sieve.
(Hunt)

Sifon (Sp.). 1. Downtake of blast
furnace. 2. A siphon. (Dwight)

Bigger. Bee Zighyr.

Sight 1. A bearing or angle taken
with a compass or transit when- mak-
ing a survey. 2. Any established
point of a survey (Steel). A bob
or weighted string hung from an
established point in the roof of a
room or entry, to give direction to
the men driving the entry or room.
(C. andM.M. P)

Slgillated ware. Pottery decorated
with stamped patterns; stamped
ware, (Standard)

Sigillation. Decoration of pottery with
stamped patterns. (Standard)

Sigmoidal fold. A reversed or inverted
fold; a mass of strata which as the
result of crust movements have been
turned back on themselves into a
form resembling the Greek letter
sigma (Century). Usage obsolete.

Signal bell, or Hammer (Scot). A bell
or other appliance for signaling in
mine shafts or on haulage roads.
(Barrowman)

Signal wire (Scot). Thin wire strand
used for operating signal hammers
and bells. (Barrowman)

811 (L.). Yellow ocher. (Standard)

Silesian furnace. A rectangular, com-
bustion chamber containing about 20
muffles for the distillation of zinc.
The furnaces are commonly built in
pairs with chambers between each
for the calcination of the ore.
(Ingalls, p. 396)

Silesian method. A metallurgical proc-
ess characterized by a large charge
of lead ore, slow roasting, and a
low temperature. It is not aimed to
extract all the lead in the reverberar
tory, as this is supplemented by the
blast -furnace. The hearth is in-
clined toward the flue, beneath
which the lead is ^collected and
tapped at intervals into an outside
kettle. (Hofman, p. 105)

Silez. See Silica, 1.

Silica. 1. An oxide of silicon,
Occurs In nature as a mineral of
economic importance in quartz, chal-
cedony, chert, flint, opal, diatoma-
ceous earth and sandstone. The
most abundant constituent of the
earth's crust Bee also Agate,
Quartz, Glass sand (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Also known as Silex, and
used for lining tube mills.
2. (Local, U. S.) Very fine wmte
disintegrated chert, used in pottery
manufacture.

Silicalite. WadsWorth's name for
rocks compased of silica, such as
diatomaceous earth, tripoli, quartz,
lydite, Jasper, etc. (Kemp)

Silicate. 1. A salt or ester of any of
the silicic acids. In mineraloglcal
chemistry the silicates are of great
Importance, forming by far the
largest group of minerals, i Web-
ster)

2. A term used in the Joplto (Mo.),
district for zinc carbonate.

616

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Silicate cotton. Slag wool ; mineral
wool.

Bilicatcd marble. A marble that con-
tains silicates sucii as pyroxenes,
amphiboles, mica, or chlorite.
(Bowles)

Silicatizatjon. The process of chang-
ing to a silicate. (Standard)

Siliceous. Of or pertaintag to silica;
containing silica, or partaking of
its nature (Webster). Containing
abundant quartz. Also spelled Sili-
cious.

Siliceous sinter. See Fiorite.

Silicic. 1. In petrology, containing
silica in dominant amount. 2. In
chemistry, containing silicon as the
acid-forming element. (La Forge)

Silicic acid. 1. Same as silica. 2. An
amorphous gelatinous compound
(H«SiO4)r consisting of silica and
. water", into which constituents it
readily decomposes. Called also
Orthosilicic add. ( Standard)

Silicifleation. The entire or partial
replacement of rocks and fossils with
silica, either as quartz, chalcedony,
or opal. (Kemp)

Silicified. Made into silica. .Organic
remains, both plant and animal, are
often thus converted. (Winchell)

•

Silicified wood. See Wood, 2.

Silicious. Sec Siliceous.

Silicon. A normetalli? element occur-
ring abundantly in nature, being,
next to oxygen, the chief elementary
constituent of the earth's crust. As
separated, it forms a grayish-white
metallic-looking mass. Symbol, Si;
atomic weight, 28.3; specific gravity,
2.34. (Webster)

Silicon bronze. A very strong, practi-
cally noncorrosive alloy of copper,
tin, and silicon. (Webster)

Silicon copper. An alloy of copper
(8O-70 per cent) and silicon (20-30
per cent) used as an ingredient to
free molten copper or brass from
oxygen, (Webster)

Silicon iron. Iron containing 2 to 15
per cent of silicon, for improving
cast iron; ferrosilicon. (Standard)

Silieonize. To unite or cause to unite
with silicon, as in the combination
of Iron with silicon in certain metal-
lurgical processes. (Standard)

Silicon spiegel. A spiegeleisen contain-
ing 15-20 per cent of manganese and
S-15 per cent of silicon used in mak-
ing certain special steels. (Web-
ster)

Silicon steel. A variety of steel con-
taining considerable silicon, usually
2 to 3 per cent. It is very hard, but
brittle, and difficult to work. (Web-
ster)

Silicon ware. A slightly glazed stone-
ware made at Lambeth, England.
(Standard)

SiHcosis. An affection of the lungs
occurring In stonecutters, caused by
the inhalation of quartz dust (Web-
ster). The term applies to miners
also.

Silk. A silky luster in some precious
stones, as the ruby; due to micro-
scopic crystals. (Standard)

Silky. Having the luster of silk, like
fibrous calcite, fibrous gypsum.
(Dana)

SilL 1. An intrusive sheet of igneous
rock, of approximately uniform
thickness, which is slight compared
with the lateral extent, forced be-
tween level or gently inclined beds.
(La Forge)

2. A piece of wood laid across a
drift to constitute a frame with the
posts and to carry the track of the
tramway. (Raymond)

3. (Climb., York.) Much the same
as Clunch, Spavin, Warrant (Gres-
ley)

4. The floor of a gallery or passage
in a mine. (Standard)

Silla (Sp.). 1. A chair. 2. A saddle.
3. A leather strap to protect the
shoulders when carrying ore.
(Raise)

Sillimanite; Fibrolite. A basic ortho-
silicate of boron and calcium, H»O.
2CaO.B,O,.2SiO«. ( Dana )

Sillite. Giimbel's name for a rock
from Sillberg, in the Bavarian Alps,
variously referred by others to gab-
bro, diabase, mica-syenite, and mica-
diorite. (Kemp)

Silt. 1. A general name .for the
muddy deposit of fine sediment in
bays or harbors, and one much em-
ployed in connection with engineer-
ing enterprises. (Kemp)
2. A name applied to the fine mate-
rials such as culm, ashes, etc., that
are flushed into a mine in hydraulic
mine-filling.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

617

Silting. Bee Hydraulic mine-filling.

Silundum. A trade name for a form
of silicon carbide; produced in an
electric furnace, and possessing great
hardness, high electrical resistance,
and not subject to oxidation below
2,912° F. (Webster)

Silurian. The third in order of age of
the geologic periods comprised in the
Paleozoic era, in the nomenclature in
general use. Also the system of
strata deposited during that period.
(The above usage, in which the term
is restricted to the period following
the Ordovician and preceding the
Devonian, is the one now prevalent.
Formerly Silurian included what is
now called Ordovician, and it has
been used by some geologists to in-
clude the Cambrian also.) (La
Forge)

Silver. A white metallic element, so-
norous, ductile, very malleable, and
capable of a high degree of polish.
Symbol, Ag; atomic weight, 107.88;
specific gravity, 10.5. (Webster)

Silver glance. The native silver sul-
phide, Argentite.

Silvering. 1. A plating or covering of
silver or an imitation of it, as ap-
plied to any surface; as, the silver-
ing on the back of a mirror. 2. The
art or process of coating surfaces
with, or as with, silver. (Stand-
ard)

Silver-king (Colloq. U. S.). A wealthy
silver-mine owner. (Standard)

Silver lead. Lead containing silver.
(Standard)

Silver mill. The mill or metallurgical
plant used in treating silver ores
by either the wet or dry process.
"(Century)

Silver ores. Sometimes found native.
See Acanthi te, Amalgam, Argentite,
Brongniardite, Bromyrite, Calaver-
ite, Cerargyrite, Dyscrasite, Elec-
trum, Embolite, Freiberg! te, Freies-
lebenite, Hessite, lodyrite. Krenner-
ite, Nagyagite, Petzite, Polybasite,
Proustite, Stephanite, Stetefeldite,
Stromeyerite, Sylvanite, Xantho-
conite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Silver plate. Ware plated with sil-
ver. (Standard)

Silver powder. A powder used in ja-
panning, composed largely of bis-
muth, tin, and mercury; also, finely
precipitated silver for electroplat-
ing. (Standard)

Silver sand. A sharp fine sand of a
silvery appearance used for grii fl-
ing lithographic stones, etc. (Cen-
tury)

Silver-solder. A silver alloy of com-
paratively low fusibility, used by
silversmiths. ( Standard )

Silver State. Nevada. So called by
reason of the large production of
sJ'ver from the Com stock lode.

Silver-steel. An alloy of steel with
a very small quantity of silver.
(Standard)

Silvery iron. A light -gray, fine-
grained quality of cast iron. ( Stand-
ard)

Simetite. A resin near succinite from
near Mt. Etna, Sicily ; it is remark-
able for its deep red color, contains
but 0.4 per cent of succinic acid,
and has a specific gravity of from
1.052 to 1.068. (Bacon)

Similor. A golden-colored variety of
brass (Ure). Also called Mann-
heim gold; Prince Rupert's metal.

Simple alloy steel. An alloy steel con-
taining one alloying element, as for
example, simple nickel steel (Hib-
bard). See also Ternary steel.

Simple mineral. mineral found in
nature, a* distinguished from rocks,
which, in the scientific sense, are
mixture* of minerals (Standard).
Calcite and hematite are simple
•ninerals, while granite is a mixture
of three simple minerals — quartz,
feldspar, and mica.

Simple steel. A steel consisting chiefly
of iron and carbon. Other elements
are always present, but are not es-
sential to the formation of the steel
The content of carbon may be very
small. Often called Carbon steel.

Simple vein. A vein composed of
homogeneous, not banded, material
(Standard). A vein composed of
one mineral, .as pyrite, fluorite,
hematite, etc.

Sinaite. An alliterative substitute for
syenite proposed by Rozieres be-
cause on Mt. Sinai, true quartzless
syenites occur, whereas at Syene the
rock is a hornblende-granite
(Kemp)

Sing. A hissing noise often made by
gas and water when a seam of coal
is cut into. (Gresley )

618

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Singing coal (Eng.). A bed of coal
from which gas escapes with a hiss-
ing sound, particularly if the sur-
face be wet (Gresley)

Singing lamp (Eng.). A form of
safety lamp which, when placed in
an atmosphere of explosive gas,
gives out a peculiar sound or note,
the strength of the note varying in
proportion to the percentage of fire
damp present. (Gresley)

Single-bench quarrying. Quarrying a
rock ledge as a single bench the full
height of the quarry face. (Bowles)

Single entry. A system of opening a
mine by driving a single entry only,
in place of a pair of entries. The
air current returns along the face
of the rooms, which must be kept
open. (Steel)

Single-entry room-and-pillar mining.
See Room-and-pillar method.

Single-intake fan. A ventilating fan
that takes or receives its air upon
one side only. (C. and M. M. P.)

Single-jack. A light single-hand ham-
mer used In drilling, especially in
metal mines. The hammer is used
in one hand while the drill is held
by the other.

Single-road stall. (So. Wales). A sys-
tem of working coal by narrow
stalls. (Gresley)

Single-rope haulage. A system of
underground haulage in which a
single rope is used, the empty trip
running in by gravity. Engine-plane
haulage. (C. and M. M. P.)

Single shot. A charge in one drill
hole only fired at one time as con-
trasted with a multiple shot where
charges in a number of holes are
fired at one time. (Bowles)

Single-stall working. See Room-and-
pillar method.

Single stamp-mill. A lonely mill, like
some to be seen in the deserts of
Nevada. (Rickard)

Single-stamp mill. A mill possessing
batteries of one stamp each, like
the Nissen, instead of the usual five.
(Rickard)

Single-stamp-mill. A mill possessing
only one stamp, after the Lake Su-
perior fashion, where one big
stamp does the^work of 150 ordi-
nary gravity Stamps, (Rickard)

Sink. 1. Any slight depression in the
land surface, especially one having
no outlet; one of the hollows in
limestone regions (limestone sink)
often communicating with a cavern
or subterranean passage so that wa-
ter running into it is lost. Also
called Sink hole, Swallow hole. 2.
(Corn.) A preliminary excavation
or pit to be enlarged in working till
it is a full-sized shaft; a sump.
(Webster)

3. To excavate strata downward in
a vertical line for the purpose of
winning and working minerals. 4.
To bore or put down a borehole.
(Gresley)

5. The depression in a shaft made
by a center-blast. (Standard)

Sinker. 1. (Eng.) A man who works
at the bottom of a shaft when a
shaft is being sunk. 2. A special
movable pump used in shaft sink-
ing. (Gresley)
3. See Sinker bar.

Sinker -bar. A bar added to the drill
tools simply to give the required
force to the upward jar. It is never
allowed to pound upon the drill.
(Chance)

Sinker-bar guides. Bars of iron (usu-
ally 4) fitted to the drill tools in
order to increase their girth and ren-
der it impossible for the drill to de-
viate. (Mitzakis)

Sinkers' hat (Scot.). An oilskin or
leather hat used for working in fall-
ing water, as in wet shafts. (Bar-
rowman)

Sink hole. A vertical hole worn by
by water into limestone rock along
a joint or fracture. Such a hole
usually is connected with an under-
ground channel. The caving in of
the roof may cause more depression
and the formation of a pond. The
course of a joint is often marked
by a row of sink holes. Called also
Sink ; Swallow - hole ( Standard ) .
See Sink, 1.

Sinking bogie (Scot.). A wheeled
platform to cover a shnft while the
Ducket is being emptied. (Barrow-
man)

Sinking fire. A forge in which
wrought-iron scrap or refined pig-
iron is partly melted or welded to-
gether by means of a charcoal fire
and a blast. (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OP MINmO AHD MINBEAL IITDtJSTBY.

eit

Slaking fund. A fund created for the
purpose of paying a debt when the
debt falls due. (E. B. Skinner, p.
142)

Sinking head. Same as Deadhead, 1.

Sinking-lift. A lift (pump) of small
size with especially heavy castings
to resist the force of blasting: used
in shaft-sinking (Standard). A
-sinking pump, which is also some-
times called Sinker.

Sinking pit (Eng.). A shaft in course
of being sunk. (Gresley)

Sinking pump. A movable pump, usu-
ally vertical, hung in a shaft, and
Ipwered, as the shaft Is deepened
(Weed). Also called Sinker.

Sinkman (Scot). Same as Sinker, 1.

Sinks (Lane.). Natural cavities
found, in Iron mines. J8*e Sink.
(Gresley)

Sinople. 1. A ferruginous -clay from
which the pigment sinopia is pre>
pared. Called also Sinoper; Slno-
pite. 2. A .ferruginous quartz ^rom
Hungary. Also spelled Sinopal.
{Standard)

Sinter. 1. A chemical sediment depos-
ited by a mineral spring, either hot
or coM. -Siliceous sinter, feftteteting
otf silica, is also called Geyserite and
Fiorite; calcareous sinter, consisting
of calcium carbonate* is also, called
Tufa, Travertine,, and Onyx marble.
(La Forge)

2. Dross of iron; cinder. 3. To be-
come -or cause to become a coherent
solid mass by heating without thor-
oughly melting. (Webster)

Sintering man. One in charge of a
plant for sintering flue dust, or
simply an employee at such places;
(Willcox)

Siphon. A pipe bent in the form
of U or H acting on the principle
of the hydrostatic balance1 so that
the pressure of water in one' leg
always tends t© equalize tiiat in th*
other.

Siphonage. The action or operation
of a siphon. (Century)

Siphon separator.. An apparatus . for
the sizing of pulverized ores In ah
upward current of water. X Web-
ster)

Siphon-tap. See Arenas' tap.

Sipylite. A columbate of erbium
chiefly, also of the cerium metals
and other metals. (U. 8. Geol.
Stfrv.)

Sirdar (India). A native chief; ft
high military officer (Webster). As
used in Indian mining literature,
a foreman. Also Sardar.

Sit (Eng.). To settle or subside
without breaking, as a mass of coal
after undercutting and removal of
the props. (Standard)

Size. 1. (Eng.) The extent of the
displacement or the throw of a
fault (Gresley)

2. In brickmaking, plasticity, as of
tempered clay. (Standard)
S. To separate minerals according
to various screen meshes.

Skall (Scot). A quantity of air al-
lowed to take a short cut to rejoin
the main current; air finding its
way into the return air course by
other than the designed way (Bar-
rowman). See Scale, S.

Skailing the air. (Scot) Brushing
out the foul air by means of divert-

ing a current of fresh air into the
gaseous workings.

flkedopayr* A porphyrttic rook in
which the phenocrytts are distrib-
uted more or less uniformly through
the grounrimass. (ladings, Igneous
Rocks, p. 224)

»1 <Som.). A kind of bucket or
tab in which coal is lowered down
the cuts or staples. (Gresley)

Skeleton crystals. Hollow or imper-
fectly developed crystals formed by
rapid crystallization. (A. F. Rog-
«•*)

Sleep. 1. (Corn.) Ah Iron box work-
ing between, guides, in which ore or
rock is hoisted. It Is distinguished
from a kibble, which hangs free in
the shaft (Raymond}.- ; A. -skip.
2. (Eng.). A bucket or tub at a
mine (Hit of which a horse drinks.
(Greefey^

Skerries (War.1). Greenish -white mi-
<&ceous sanditode. (Greeted)

Skerry (£ror. Eijg. ) . A loose, Irregu-
lar piece of rock; rubble, f Stand-
ard)

Skerrystone (Mid.). Hard, thin bed-
ded sandstone. (Greater)

Slew. An Irregular discoBtlrraous
vein striking out from the principal
vein in an uncertain direction, ty^
ing in. a gloating and irregular posi-
tion. (Power)

Skew area. An arch whose jatmte are
not at right ABgies with the fttce.
(Webster)

620

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Skewbaok. The oeveled stone, Iron
plate, or course of masonry that
supports the spring or foot of a
segmented arch. (Standard)

Skew plate. See Bloomery.

Skid. 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron,
attached to a chain, and placed un-
der a wheel to prevent its turning
when descending a steep hill; a
drag. 2. A brake for a crane. 3.
A timber, bar, or rail used in pairs
or sets to form a slideway or roll-
way, as for an incline from a truck
to the ground. (Webster)
4. An arrangement upon which cer-
tain coal-cutting machines travel
along the working faces. (Gresley)

Skidoo bell (Mo.). A bell placed near
the bottom of a shaft to warn men
of any impending danger, as of fall-
Ing material, descending cage, fire,
etc.

Skiffle (Scot). A sled or small
hutch (Barrowman). See Slype.

Skiffling. The knocking off or knob-
bing of the corners of building-stone
In the first dressing. (Standard)

Skimmer. 1. A device on tap-hole
trough next to the furnace by which
slag is automatically removed or
skimmed from top of iron at cast,
and diverted to ladles or pit (Will-
cox)

2. An iron bar for holding back the
slag in pouring molten metal.
(Standard)

Skimming gate. A channel in a sand-
mold having over it a bridge that
removes the dross from molten
metal as it passes through (Stand-
ard). See Skimmer.

Skimming ladle. Any ladle used in
skimming; specifically, a ladle used
for pouring molten metal, having its
lip covered with a guard to retain
the dross. (Standard)

Skimmings; Skimping! (Corn.). The
poorest part skimmed off the ore in
a jig. (Raymond)

Skimping. Same as Jigging. See also
Skimmings.

Skin friction. Friction between a
fluid and the surface of a solid mov-
ing through it (Webster)

Skin to fkin. As close as practicable.
Timbers set up so close as to be
touching each other are said to be
skin to skin; e. g., placing timbers
on each other, aa laying a wall with
rock or brick.

Skip. 1. A large hoisting bucket, con-
structed of boiler plate, which slides
between guides in a shaft, the bail
usually connecting at or near the
bottom of the bucket so that it may
be automatically dumped at the sur-
face. 2. An open iron vehicle or
car on four wheels, running on rails'
and used specially on inclines or in
inclined shafts. Sometimes spelled
Skep.

3. A thin slice taken off a breast,
pillar or rib along its entire length
or part of its length. Called Slab
in Arkansas. (Steel)

Skipping the pillar. To take a slice
off the pillar before abandoning the
workings; to rob (Chance). Also
widening the gangway or entry.

Skip pit. The depression into which
the skip descends when at the bot-
tom of the skip incline to bring its
top below the discharge chute of the
scale car or bin. (Willcox)

Skip road, or way. A track of T-rnils,
spiked to wooden sleepers, on which
a skip rtlns. (Weed)

Skips (Wales). Skirtings for widen-
ing out a coal road (Redmayne).
See Skip, 2; also Skirting.

Skip-shaft. A (mine) shaft especially
prepared for hauling a skip.
(Standard)

Skirting*. A road opened up or driven
next to a fall of stone or an old
fallen place. (Steel)

Skit. A Cornish term for a pump.
(Skinner)

Skrin; Serin (Derb.). Cross fissures
in limestone, sometimes containing
small quantities of ore. (Power)

'Skull. 1. A crust of solidified steel
lining a Bessemer ladle. (Ray-
mond)

2. Solidified iron, graphite, and cin-
der in ladles at blast furnaces.
(Willcox)

Skull cracker. See Skull drop.

Skull drop; Skull cracker. A place
where heavy ladle skulls are broken.
(Willcox)

Skutterudite. An arsenide of cobalt,
of gray color and brilliant metallic
luster. (Chester)

Slab. 1. A split piece of timber from
2 to 3 inches thick, 4 to 6 feet long,
and 7 to 14 inches wide, placed be-
hind sets or frames of timber in
shafts or levels. 2. Pieces of wood

GLOSSARY OP J&.INTSQ AKD

sawed off the sided of -a log. &
A skip or slice taken off the rib
of an entry or room. (Steel)

4. Cleaved or finely parallel jointed
rocks, which split into tabular plates
from 1 to 4 inches thick. Slabs are
seldom so strong as flags. Also
called Slabstone. (Power)

5. A mass of tin run into a stone
mold. (Standard)

Blabbing. 1. Close timbering between
sets of timber. (Duryee)

2. Lagging placed over ban. Also
called Slabs. (Gresley)

3. Cutting a slice or slab from the
side of a pillar. See Slab, 3.

Slab entry. An entry which Is widened
or slabbed to provide a working
place for a second miner. (Steel)

Slabstoae. A rock that readily splits
into flags or slabs; flagstone.
(Standard)

Slack. 1. Small coal; coal dirt See
Culm, 2. (Raymond)
I. The process by which soft coal
disintegrates when exposed to the
air and weather (Steel). Also to
slake, as lime.

Slack box (Aust). A bin in which
fine coal (Slack, 1) is stored
(Power)

Slacken. In metal smelting, the scoria
of previous operations, mixed with
the ores to retard or prevent fusion
of the nonmetalllc portions. Also
spelled Slakin. (Standard)

Slack wax. A name for a mixture of
paraffin wax and oil. (Bacon)

Blade (lr.). A long spade with an L-
sbaped blade for digging peat
(Standard)

Slag. 1. The vitreous mass separated
from the fused metals in smelting
ores. (Raymond)

i. To form a slag, or to cohere when
heated so as to become a slag-like
mass. (Century)
3. Volcanic scoria. (Standard)

Slag brick. Brick made of furnace
sing.

Slag buggy (Local, U. S.). A very
large pot for holding slag obtained
in the smelting of ores. It is
mounted on a railway truck or the
like so as to permit easy dumping.
(Standard)

Slag car. A two- (or four-) wheeled
iron car used to carry slag from a
furnace to a dumping place f Cen-
tury). A slag buggy.

Blag eenfcfent. A hpdraulto cement
made by grinding granulated blast-
furnace slag with slaked lline. (Web-
ster)

Slag dump. A dumping place for
molten slag, or fdr shells, er etffted
that form In a slag pot. ( Standard )

Slag furnace. 4. furnace designed for
extracting lead from slags.

Slaggable. Capable of becoming, or
forming Into, a slag*

Slaggy. 1. Pertaining to, containing,
or of the nature of slag; as, a
sldgffv substance. 8. Of sla ggy fetnte*
ture ; said of rocks composed of in-
termingled roughly cellular and com-
pact portions, like slag from aa i*on
furnace. (Standard)*

Slag hearth. A hearth, OB the principle
of the Scotch hearth, for the treat-
ment of slags, etc., produced by lead
smelting in the reVerfceratory fur-
nace. The English slag hearth lias
one tuyfcre ; the Castilian or Spanish
three.. ( Raymond)

Slag-lead. Lead obtained by a re-
smelting of gray slag. (Raymond)

Slag notch. See Cinder tap.

Slag pot. A vessel for the disposal of
slag at furnaces. Small pots are
mounted on wheels and handled by
hand, while tfcte larger ones -are
mounted on trucks for mechanical
transportation. (Hofman, p. 258)
See Slag buggy ; Slag car.

Slag shingle. Broken slag used In
road-building. (Standard)

Slag wool. A finely fibrous mass pro-
duced by blowing steam or 'air inte
molten slag (Raymond). Same as
Mineral wool.

Slake. 1. To become slack or loose.
^. To become mixed with waterj sp
that a trrie chemical comWnattofi
takes place, as In the -slaking of
lime. (Webster)

9. (Scot); A glutinous silt adhc*»
ing to the sides of deep boreholes
especially in passing through fine
sandstone. (Barrowman)

Slake trough. A blacksmith's water
tank for cooling jorgings or tools.
(Webster)

Slakin. See Slacken.

Slant 1. Any short inclined crosscut
connecting the 'entry with its air
course to facilitate the hauling of
coal. Commonly called a Dip-switch
when the coal is not level. Also

622

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

called Shoo-fly. (Steel) 9. A head-
ing driven diagonally between the
dip and the strike of a coal seam;
also called a Run. See Counter, 2.
(Raymond)

Slant chutes. Chutes driven di-
agonally across to connect a breast
man way with a manway chute,
(Chance) See Slant, ,-2.

Slap (Som.)- Slack coal. (Gresley)

Slash (Eng.) A mass of coal crushed
and shattered by a movement of the
earth's crust (Century)

In brickmaking, a wide
sword-like implement for slicing
masses of clay in search of stones
and roots. (Standard)

Slat 1. A thin piece of slate, as for
roofing. 2. A flat piece of stone
used in veneering masonry. Also
spelled Slatt 3. (Prov. Eng.) Dark-
blue ooze, rather hard, left dry by
the ebb of the sea. (Standard)

Slate. A dense, fine-textured meta-
morphic rock whose separate miner-
als are indistinguishable to the un-
aided eye, and which has an excel-
lent parallel cleavage, so that it
breaks into thin plates or pencil-
like shapes (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Compare Shale.

A coal miner's term for any shale or
slate accompanying coal ; also some-
times applied Jo bony coal!

Slate cement. 1. A cement made with
slate; a kind of hydraulic cement.
2. A mixture of broken slate and
tar or asphalt, used as a roofing ma-
terial. (Webster)

Slate chute. 1. A chute for the pas-
sage of slate and bony coal to the
pocket from which it is loaded into
dump cars. 2. A chute driven
through slate. (Chance)

Slate clay. 1. Shale. 2. A fire clay
occurring among coal beds. (Stand-
ard)

Slate coal. 1. (Eng.) A hard, dull
variety of coal. (Gresley)
ft. Coal that has pieces of slate of
greater or less size attached to it,
which can be separated by breaking
the coal into smaller pieces and sub-
jecting the coal to a washing proc-
ess. (Power)

Slate fault. A local replacement of a
coal seam by slate; a simple thick-
ening of a regular slate parting is
alao often designated by the same
term, or is called a " horse."
(Chance)

Slate picker. 1. A man or boy who
picks the slate and bony coal from
the coal. 2. A segment of a cylin-
drical screen provided with narrow
slits, through which the flat pieces
of slate fall, but through which the
coal (not being flat) can not pass.
(Chance)

Slate spar. A variety of crystallized
calclte. Called also Shiver spar.
(Standard)

Slat gate. A gate, for controlling wa-
ter, composed of two upright grooved
posts with boards between, the
boards or slats being removed or
added to regulate the height of wa-
ter. (Clennell, p. 177)

Slaty. Characteristic of, pertaining to,
resembling, or consisting of slate;
having the characteristic cleavage
and texture of slate. (La Forge)

Slaty cleavage. A tendency to split
into thin, smooth, even plates, like
slate, the more typical if the planes
of cleavage are transverse to the
bedding-planes. ( Standard )

Slawm (Derb.). A rock joint filled
with moist clay (Hooson). Also
Slaum, Sloam, Sloom.

Slazburg vitriol. A mixture of copper
sulphate and ferrous sulphate crys-
tallized together about in the pro-
portion of 1 : 3. (Webster)

Sleek. 1. (Newc.) Mud deposited by
water in a mine. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) A kind of reddish sand-
stone. (Webster)

Sled. A drag used to convey coal
along the road to where it is loaded
into cars, or to the chute (C. and M*
M. P.). Also called Sledge; Slype.

Sleek. 1. Having an even, smooth sur-
face; slick. (Webster)
2. (Brist.) Soft and troublesome,
as applied to the condition of the
floor in steep seams. (Gresley)

Sleeping rent. A fixed rent stated in
leases of coal mines, as distin-
guished from royalty or share of
profits. (Standard)

Sleeping-table (Corn.). A stationary
buddle. For the strict distinction
sometimes made between buddle
and table, see Buddie. (Raymond)

Sleeve. A pigce of pipe or thimble for
covering a joint, or for coupling two
lengths of piping. (Webster)

Slew (Derb.). A basin or swamp; a
wet marshy place. Set Lum, 2.
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEHAL INDUSTRY.

623

Slice. 1. A thin, broad piece cut off,
as a portion of ore cut from a pil-
lar or face. 2. To remove ore by
successive slices. 8. A gem-slitting
milL (Standard)

Slice bar. A thin, wide iron tool for
cleaning clinkers from the grate-
bars of a furnace. (Standard)

Slicer.. A lapidary's slitting mill.
(Standard)

Slicker. A small implement used in a
foundry for smoothing the surface
of a mold. (Standard)

Slicing and filling system. See Over-
hand stoping.

Slicing machine. An upright pug mill,
with radial blades, for slicing clay
in the manufacture of pottery.
(Standard)

Slicing under mats of timber in
panels. See Top slicing and cover
caving.

Slicing under ore with back caving in
rooms. See Top slicing combined
with ore caving.

Slick. Ore in a state of fine subdi-
vision; synonymous with Slimes
(Duryee). Also called Slickens.

Slickens (Cal.). A word sometimes
used to designate the debris, or tail-
ings, discharged from the hydraulic
mines or from stamp mills.
(Hanks)

Slickenside. A polished and sometimes
striated surface on the walls of a
vein, or on interior joints of the
vein material or of rock masses.
(Raymond) Produced by rubbing
during faulting, on the sides of fis-
sures or. on bedding-planes. (La
Forge) Also called Slicks.

Slicking. A narrow vein of ore.
(Standard)

Slicks (Eng.). Smooth partings or
mere planes of division in strata
(Gresley). Slickensides.

Slide. 1. (Corn.) A vein of clay in-
tersecting and dislocating a vein
vertically; or the vertical disloca-
tion itself. 2. An upright rail fixed
in a shaft with corresponding
grooves for steadying the cages. See
Guide. (Raymond)
8. The descent of a mass of earth
or rock down a hill or mountain
side. 4. The track of bare rock
left by a landslide. (Webster)
5. An accumulation of loose gravel
and detached bowlders washed down

from the mountains. (Colo. Cen-
tral, etc., Mining Co. v. Turck, CO
Fed. Rept, p. 890)
6. A small dislocation in a rock,
mass. (Standard)

Slide joint. A connection acting in
rod-boring like the Jars in rope-bor-
ing. (Raymond)

Slide rale. An instrument, consisting;
in its simple form of a ruler with
a medial slide, ruler and slide being-
graduated with logarithmic scales
which are labeled with the cor-
responding antilogarithms. The
graphic addition upon the slide and
rule of two divisions of the scale,
gives the product their antiloga-
rithms. (Webster)

Sliding scale. 1. A mode of regulat-
ing the wages paid working men by-
taking, as a basis for calculation,
the market price of coal (or other
product). The wages rise and fall
with the condition of trade, or mar-
kets. 2. (Ark.) A method of pay-
ing for the coal in proportion to-
the amount of lump coal it contains.
(Steel)

Sliding suction (Scot). A suction
pipe capable of being lengthened by
telescopic arrangement (Barrow-
man)

Sliding the rail. Said of a driver
when he places one foot on the rail
in front of the car, and the other
foot on the bumper, and with his
right hand holds on to the car and
allows his foot to slide on the rail.
(Marquette Third Vein Coal Co. «L
Allison, 132 Illinois App., p. 232)

Sliding windbore ( Eng. ) . The bottom
pipe or suction-piece of pumps used
in shaft sinking, having a lining
made to slide or telescope within It,
to give length without altering the
adjustment of the whole column of
pumps (Gresley). Also called Slid-
ing suction.

Slig; Sliggeen (Ir.'). Shale. (Power)

Slime. A product of wet crushing con-
taining valuable ore in particles so
fine as to be carried in suspension
by water; chiefly used in the plural
(Webster) In metallurgy, ore re-
duced to a very fine powder and
held in suspension in water so as to
form a kind of thin ore-mud; gen-
erally used in the plural (Cen-
tury)

Slime-box. See Slime-pit

624

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Slime-pit. A tank or large reservoir
of any kind into which the slimes
are conducted in order that they
may have time to settle, or in which
they may be reserved for subse-
quent treatment. See Slime. (Cen-
tury)

Slimer. A machine that makes slime;
for example, a tube mill. (Rickard)

Slime sludge. 1. The pulp or fine mud
from a drill hole. 2. See Slime.

Slime table. A table for the treatment
of slime. A buddle.

Slime washer. A vanner, concentra-
tor, or similar machine, used in the
separation of ores. (Standard)

Slime water. Water defiled in wash-
ing ore. (Standard)

Sline. 1. Natural transverse cleavage
of rock (Raymond). A joint.
2. (Mid.). Pot holes in a mine roof.
(Gresley)

Sline back. A Joint or crevice that
bounds a block of rock in the roof,
as the upper surface of a pot hole
or kettle bottom.

Sling. 1. In ceramics, a piece of wire
with a handle at each end for cut-
ting clay. 2. To cut clay with a
sling. (Webster)

' 3. A rope or chain put around stones
or heavy weights for raising them.
C. and M. M. P.)

Sling cart. A kind of cart to trans-
port large stones, machines, etc., the
load being suspended by chains at-
tached to the axle. (Webster)

Sling chain (Scot). A chain by
which pump pipes are suspended.
(Barrowman)

Sling psychrometer. An instrument
consisting of a pair of thermome-
ters, provided with a handle, which
permits the thermometers to be
whirled rapidly, the bulbs being
thereby strongly affected by the tem-
perature of and moisture fn the air.
The bulb of the lower of the two
thermometers is covered with thin
muslin, which is wet at the time
an observation is made. Used for
determining humidity of the air.
(Liddell)

Slink ( Scot. ) . A wide clayey joint ; a
stage. (Barrowman)

Slip. 1. A fault. 2. A smooth joint
or crack where the strata have
moved upon each other. 3. (Ark.)
A joint in the coal upon which there

may have been no preceptible move-
ment. (Steel)

4. The relative displacement of for-
merly adjacent points on opposite
sides of the fault, measured in the
fault surface. See Dip slip and
Strike slip. (Lindgren, p. 119)

5. A sudden descent of a hanging
or sticking charge in a blast fur-
nace. (Willcox)

6. Potter's clay in a very liquid
state used for the decoration of
ceramic ware, or as a cement for
handles or other applied parts. To
convert into slip. (Webster)

7. Same as a horseback, kettleback,
or kettlebottom. (Davis v. Nuttalls-
burg Coal & Coke Co., 34 West Vir-
ginia, p. 502; Cons. Coal Co. v.
Scheller, 42 Illinois App., p. 621)

Slip clay. An easily fusible clay,
sometimes used to make a natural
glaze on the surface of clay wares.
(Ries)

Slip cleavage. 1. Microscopic folding
and fracture accompanied by slip-
page; quarrymen's "false cleav-
age." {Ries)

2. (So. Wales). The cleat of the
coal in planes parallel with slips or
faults. (Gresley)

Slip-decoration. Decoration on cera-
mic ware made by applying slip or
barbotine with a small pipe.
(Standard)

Slip-dike (Scot). A whin dike accom-
panied by a dislocation of the strata ;
a fault. (Barrowman)

Slipes (So. Staff.). Sledge-runners,
upon which a skip is dragged from
the working breast to the tramway.
(Raymond)

Slip-glaze. 1. A pottery glaze com-
posed of a fine clay or similar min-
eral powder: applied mixed with
water. ( Standard )
2. A glaze produced with slip-clay,
which see. (Ries)

Slip-hook. A hook, generally on a
hinge, which can be readily discon-
nected by withdrawing a cotter bolt
that holds it in position. (Power)

Slip-kiln. A kiln consisting of a series
of pans for drying potters' slip.
(Standard)

Slippy (Eng.). Abounding in cracks
or joints; said of rocks iu the Mid-
land coal field. (Standard)

Slippy backs (No. of Eng.). Vertical
planes of cleavage occurring every
four or five inches in the seam of
coal. Also called Slip things. ( Gres-
ley)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND BONBKAL INDUSTRY.

625

Slip-spear. A tool for extracting cub-
ing from a bore-hole. (Gresley)

Slip-strainer. A strainer through which
potter's slip is passed. (Century)

Slip-things (So. Staff.). The more or
less vertical planes of cleavage in
coal. See Slippy backs. (Gresley)

Slip-trouble (Scot). Difficulties en-
countered in mining due to slips.
See Slip, 1.

Slip-vein. A mineral vein accompanied
by faulting or dislocation. (Skin-
ner)

Slit. A communication between two
levels. (Raymond)

Slitter (Eng.). A pick. (Gresley)

Slitting-disc. A gem-cutter's slitting-
mill.

Slitting-mill. A rotating disc Used by
gem-cutters in slitting; a slicer.
(Standard)

Sliver (Eng.). A thin wooden strip,
inserted into grooves in the adjacent
edges of two boards of a brattice,
to make it air-tight (Raymond)

Sloam. A layer of clay between seams
of coal (Standard). Also Sloonf.

Slob (Eng.). Mud; a marsh or mire.
(Century)

Slocking stone (Eng.). A piece of rich
ore used to tempt persons into a
mining enterprise (Webster). See
Salting a mine.

Sloom (Mid.). A soft, earthy, clay or
shale often underlying a bed of coal
(Gresley). Also Sloam; Slawn.

Slop. In ceramics, to blend thor-
oughly, as clay, by kneading, or cut-
ting and piling. (Standard)

Slop brick. " A name sometimes ap-
plied to soft-mud brick. (Ries)

Slope. An inclined passage driven
from the dip of a coal vein.
Compare Slant, 2. When not open
at one end to the surface, it is
known as an inside slope. See also
Incline; Plane. Rock slope: A slope
driven through rock strata. Slope
air-course: A passageway parallel to
the haulage slope used for the pas-
sage of the air current (Steel)

Slope cage; Slope carriage. A truck on
which the cars are raised at sl«>ptw
or steep dips. (Chance)

744010 O— 47 -40

Slope dook (Scot). An incline driven
hot direct to the dip, i. e., intermedi-
ate between the dip and strike.
(Barrowman). Compare Slant, 2.

Slope heading (Scot). A heading
driven not direct to the rise ( Bar-
rowman ). The opposite of Slope
dook.

Slope mine. A mine opened by a
slope or incline.

Slope road (Scot). A rond driven at
an angle less than a right angle
with level course. See Slope dook.
(Barrowman)

Sloping pump (Scot). A hand pomp
laid on the slope of the strata to
drain dip workings. (Barrowman)

Slop-molding. A method of molding
bricks in open-topped boxes or
molds previously dipped in water to
keep the clay from sticking to
them; distinguished from Pallet-
molding. (Standard)

Slop oil. Any liquid product of pe-
troleum which is not up to quality.
Slop oils are usually put aside for
redistillation. (Bacon)

Slopping. In ceramics, a process of
kneading clay to render it homo-
geneous. (Standard)

Slot (York.). To hole (Gresley). To
undercut or channel.

Slottere (Corn.). Dirty; muddy;
slovenly. (Pryce)
i

Slotting (York.). Coal cut away in
the process of holing. Often used
in the plural (Gresley). Sometimes
called Bug-dust in the United
States.

Slovan (Corn.). 1. The outcrop or back
of a lode. This generally applies
to the appearance of a lode in a
marshy place. N. B. — cropping nut
is a Welsh, also Eas* and North of
England, term ; but is never used ir
Cornwall. (Hunt)

2. A gallery in a mine; day level:
especially applied to damp places.
(Standard)

Sludge. 1. A term applied to the tar
from the agitators In the chemical
treatment of distillates. 2. Soft
mud; muddy sediment in steam
boilers; slime resulting from ore
dressing. ( Webster )

3. The fine mixture of water and
bore meal produced by the action of
a drill in a rock. 4. Refuse from a

626

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

conl-wnshing plant. 5. A device for
pumping sludge from a bore bole; a
sand pump or shell pump. (Stand-
ard)

6. Sometimes synonymous with
Slime.

Sludge acid. Impure and dark-colored
sulphuric acid that has been used
in refining petroleum. (Webster)

Sludge channel. A tail race for con-
veying the tailings away after the
gold has been extracted from allu-
vial beds. (Duryee)

Sludge door. An opening through
which sediment may be moved.
(Century)

Sludge mill. A machine in which the
sludge (slime) from another mill is
washed (Duryee). As, for example,
a Slime table.

Sludge pump. A short iron pipe or
tune fitted with a valve at the lower
end, with which the sludge is ex-
tracted from a bore-hole. (Gresley)

Sludger. A cylinder having an up-
ward-opening valve at the bottom,
to pump out the sludge or fine rock
resulting from drilling (Ihlseng).
A Sand pump; a Sludge pump.

Slue. To turn or twist about. To
slip or slide out of course (Web-
ster). In cutting the coal the ma-
chine moves from right to left, the
back part moving faster 'han the
front. It is necessary at intervals
to stop the machine and straighten
it, or "slue" it, as called by miners.
(Consolidation Coal Co. v. Bailey,
198 S. W. Kept., p. 562)

Slug. 1. A lump of metal or valuable
mineral, e. g., Cassiterlte or Cerar-
gyrite. (Power)

2. A mass of half-roasted ore.
(Webster)

3. (Eng.) A loop formed at the
end of a rope through which a miner
passes his leg, previously to descend-
ing an old shaft or working. (Hunt)

Slugga. (Irish) A hole in the surface
rock of some limestone formations,
caused by the falling in of parts of
the crust over subterranean streams
(Standard). Compare Sink; Sink-
hole.

Slugger. A projection on the face of
a crushing roll. (Richards, p. 105)

Sluice. 1. A long, inclined trough,
launder, or flume, usually on the
ground, for washing auriferous
earth, floating down logs, etc. In
gold mining such a contrivance Is

paved with riffles, etc., to hold the
quicksilver for catching the gold.

2. To wash with or in a stream of
water running through a sluice.

3. To scour out, as a channel, by
means of a flood of water. (Web-
ster)

Sluice box. A wooden trough in which
alluvial beds are washed for the
recovery of gold or tinstone. (Cox)

Sluice fork. A form of fork having
many tines, used to remove obstruc-
tions from a sluiceway. (Century)

Sluice gate. The sliding gate of a
sluice. (Webster)

Sluice head (Aust). A supply of 1
cubic foot of water per second, re-
gardless of the head, pressure, or
size of orifice (C. and M. M. P.).
Compare Miner's inch.

Sluice valve. A sluice gate. (Web-
ster)

Sluiceway. An artificial channel into
which water is let by a sluice.
(Webster)

Sluicing. Washing auriferous earth
through long races or boxes, pro-
vided with rifles and other gold sav-
ing appliances, and so-called sluices.
(Hanks)

Sluicing table (New Zealand). A ta-
ble, on wheels, used for washing
black sand for its gold content.
(Duryee)

Slum; Slums. 1. (No. Staff.) A black
slippery, indurated clay. 2. A soft
clayey or shaley bed of coal (Gres-
ley). Also spelled Slumb.
3. Used in the plural for the dis-
charge or waste from hydraulic
mines. See Tailing, and Slime.
(Hanks)

Slumgullion. A muddy, usually red,
deposit in the sluices. (Webster)

Slurry. 1. A thin watery mud, or any
substance resembling it. 2. A thin
cement or mortar used to repair fur-
nace linings. 3. A watery mixture
of the powdered raw materials of
hydraulic cement. 4. A wash used
by molders. (Webster)
5. (Eng.) A mixture of sulphides
and arsenides of copper, lead, and
silver, etc., resulting from silver-
smelting. (Standard)

Slush. 1. To fill in with mortar, ce-
ment, or the like, as the joints of
a wall. (Webster)
2. To fill mine workings with sand,
culm, etc., by hydraulic methods.
See Hydraulic mine-filling.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

627

Slushing. A synonym for Hydraulic
mine-filling. (U. S. .Bu. Mines, bull.
60)

Slyne. See Sline.

Slype (Scot). A sled for drawing
coal along the wall face, or in steep
workings (Barrowman). Also called
Sawney.

Small (Eng.). A term frequently used
for slack or fine coal. (Qresley)

Small bottom. A local term used at
Jenny Lind, Arkansas, for the
smaller part of the bottom bench of
the coal seam. This is below the
top bottom and separated from it
by a smooth seam. (Steel)

Small butty (Staff.). A contractor
who engages to work a certain part
of a seain — usually reckoned as a
certain width of face — at a tonnage
price, the contractor finding and
paying the labor necessary to mine
and deliver the coal to the haulage
road. (Redmayne)

Small coal. 1. Coal broken into small
pieces, usually that smaller than
stove size; slack. (Standard)
2. Thin seams of coal; also called
Low coal.

Small ore (Eng.). Copper, lead and
zinc ore dressed to a small size
(Hunt). Also called Smalls.

Smalls. 1. Small coal ; slack. 2. Small
particles of mixed ore and gangue
(Standard). See Small ore.

Small tin (Eng.). Tin recovered from
slimes. (Hunt)

Smalt. A blue pigment or glass, con-
sisting of silica, potash, and cobalt.
(Raymond)

Smaltine. An arsenide of cobalt, often
containing nickel and iron. Also
called Smaltite, Gray cobalt, Tin-
white cobalt. (Century)

Smaltite. Cobalt diarsenide, CoAs,.
Contains, when pure, 28.2 per cent
cobalt. Through replacement of
the cobalt by nickel it grades into
chloanthite, the nickel arsenide,
NiAs,. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Smaragd. A precious stone of light
green color; a variety of beryl.
(Dana)

Smaragdite. A thin-foliated variety
of amphibole, near actinolite in com-
position but carrying some alumina.
It has a light green color, resembling
much common green diallage.
(Dana)

Smart fire (No. of Eng.). A severe,
though small, mine explosion.
(Gresley)

Smart money (No. of Eng.). A weekly
allowance of money given by em-
ployers to workmen who are injured
while at work (Gresley). Accident
compensation.

Smear. 1. A volatile flux for glazing
ware. 2. To give a luster to (ar-
ticles of pottery) without .glazing, as
by putting a volatile flux in the
kiln with the ware (Standard).
Also spelled Smeir.

Smectite. 1. A green clay. (Standard)
2. A greenish variety of halloysite.
In certain states of humidity ap-
pears transparent and almost gelati-
nous. (Dana)

Smeddnm. 1. (Scot). The smaller
particles of ore which pass through
the sieve of the hutch. (Raymond)

2. (Eng.). Clay or shale separating
coal seams. (Webster)

3. Fine coal-slack. (Standard)
Also spelled, Smiddam, Smiddum.
Smitham, Smithem, Smitten and
Smytham.

Smeir. .A semiglaze used on pottery;
a mixture of common salt and slip
glaze. See also Smear.

Smelt. 1. To reduce metals from their
ores by a process that includes fu-
sion. In its restricted sense smelt-
ing is confined to a single opera-
tion, as the fusion of an iron
ore in a shaft furnace, the reduc-
tion of a copper matte in a rever-
beratory furnace, and the extraction
of a metal from sweepings in a cru-
cible; but in its general sense it
includes the entire treatment of the
material from the crude ore to the
finished metal, and embraces: (a)
the calcination or roasting, by
means of which the sulphur and
other volatile constituents are ex-
pelled; (b) The reduction of the re-
sulting . furnace products, or the
smelting proper, and (c) the refin-
ing of the product from the second
operation. 2. To melt or fuse as a
metal. ( Standard )

Smelter. 1. One who is engaged in
smelting or who works in an estab-
lishment where ores are smelted.
2. In the United States, smelting
works; an establishment where ores
are smelted (Century). Also, more
correctly called Smeltery.

628

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Smeltered (Calif.). A term applied
to animals that have been injured
by smelter fumes, either by inhala-
tion or by eating vegetation upon
which smelter fumes have settled.
(U. S. Bu. Mines, bull. 98, p. 54)

Smelters' ton. A long ton plus an
allowance for samlage, etc. (Stand-
ard)

Smeltery. A smelting establishment
(Webster). Better usage than
smelter,. 2.

Smelting furnace. A blast furnace,
reverberatory furnace, or other fur-
nace in which ore is smelted for
the separation of a metal. (Stand-
ard)

Smelting house. A structure built
over a smel ting-furnace ; a smelt-
ing works (Standard). A smeltery.

Smelting works. An establishment in
which metals are extracted from
ores by furnaces. (Standard) A
smeltery.

Smiddam; Smitham (Derb.). Lead-ore
dust (Raymond). A variation of
Smeddum, 1.

Smiddum (Eng.). A variation of
Smeddum. (Webster)

Smiddum tails (No. Eng. and Scot.).
Ore sludge; ore slime (Standard).
A variation of Smeddum.

Smiddy coal (Scot). Smiftiy coal.
(Barrowraan)

Smift (Eng.). A fuse or slow match.
( Raymond )

Smitham; Smithem; Smytham. 1.
(Mid.) Fine slack. 2. Clay or
shale between two beds of coal
(Gresley) A variation of Smed-
dum, 2 and 3.

Smith cry. 1. The art of shaping or
fashioning, as iron or steel, with
n hammer and other tools; smith-
ing. 2. A smith's shop; smithy.
(Standard)

Smith process. A variation of the
series system of copper refining in
which the plates are placed hori-
zontally, the top- surface of each one
acting as cathode, the lower as
anode. Linen diaphragms must be
placed between the plates to catch
the slime. When these diaphragms
break and allow the slime to drop
on the cathode, it* Is difficult to
remedy any short circuits without
dismantling the tank. (Liddell)

Smithsonite. Carbonate of zinc,
ZnCOa. (Contains 52 per cent zinc.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Smithy coal (Eng.). A grade of small
coal habitually used by blacksmiths.
(Century)

Smithy ore (No. of Eng.). A soft va-
riety of hematite, much used for
forming bottoms of puddling fur-
naces. (Power)

Smitten. Fine gravel-like ore. occur-
ring free in mud openings, or de-
rived from the breaking of the ore
in blasting (C. and M. M. P.). A
variation of Smeddum, 1.

Smoke. The exhalation, visible vapor,
or material that escapes or is ex-
pelled from a burning substance
during combustion ; applied espe-
cially to the volatile matter ex-
pelled from wood, coal, peat, etc.,
together with the solid matter
which is carried off In suspension
with it. That which is expelled from
metallic substances is generally
called Fume or Fumes (Century).
See Fume, 2; also Metallurgical
smoke.

Smokeless gunpowder. A gunpowder
making very little smoke when ex-
ploded (Standard). See Smokeless
powder.

Smokeless powder. An explosive con-
sisting mainly of nitrocellulose In a
more or less completely gelatinized
condition. Sporting powders usu-
ally contain besides nitrocellulose,
considerable foreign substances, as
barium nitrate, ammonium blcb.ro-
mate, etc., which facilitates the com-
bustion without increasing too much
the gas pressure in. the firearm.
(Brunswig, p. 242)

Smoke room. 1. (Ark.) An entry air-
course driven room width. (Steel)
2. A room specially constructed In
which noxious gases may be gener-
ated and confined for the purpose
of testing breathing apparatus.

Smoke-shade. A scale of tints, ranging
from 0 to 10, used for comparison
of the smoke of different varieties
of coal, which are graded according
to the amount of unconsumed car-
bon contained in their smoke, the
lightest color* indicating the most
complete combustion. (Standard)

Smokestone. Smoky quartz. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

629

Smoke washer. A device in which
smoke is exhausted upwards against
a downward spray of water to re-
move the solid particles in the
smoke. (Webster)

Smoke zone. The area surrounding a
smelting plant in which the smoke
or fumes damage vegetation, or in
which it may be classed as a public
menace or nuisance. (Bu. Mines,
Bull. 98, p.^28)

Smoky pit (Mid.). An upcast shaft
with a furnace at the bottom of it
(Gresley)

Smoky quartz. A smoky, brown-col-
ored crystalline variety of quartz.
Cairngorm. (Power)

Smoky topaz. A smoky quartz used
for jewelry. (Webster)

Smooth (Wales). 1. The line of face,
as of a stall or room. 2. A plane
of cleavage more or less vertical.
(Gresley)

Smooth-head (York.). A smooth plane
of cleavage. See Bright -head.
(Gresley)

Smoothing mill. A lapidary's polish-
ing wheel. (Standard)

Smored (Scot). Obstructed with rub-
bish, mud, or silt, as the suction pipe
of a pump. (Barrowman)

Smother kiln. A kiln in which the
smoke is smothered to blacken the
pottery within. (Standard)

Smudge coal. Goal partly deprived
of its bitumen, and converted into
a sort of natural coke. (Power)

Smut (So. Staff.). Bad, soft coal, con-
taining much earthy matter. See
Blossom. ( Raymond )

Smnth, or Mucks (Eng.). Very in-
ferior coal (Gresley). A variation
of smut

Smythe producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 313)

Snab (Scot). The brow of a steep
road; a short and steep part of an
incline. (Barrowman)

Snake hole. A bore-bole driven hori-
zontally or nearly so and approxi-
mately on a level with the quarry
floor; also a bore-hole driven under
a bowlder for containing a charge
of explosives. In quarry work it is
called a "lifter." (Du Pont)

•aakestone. A spotted whetstone from
Ayr. See Ayr stone. (Power)

Snap. 1. (Mid.) Lunch. See Bait

2. (Mid.) A haulage clip. (Gres-
ley) Used in plural form.

3. (Eng.) A small, flat, pointed
pick for chipping off brasses, stone,
or slate from lump coal. (G. G.
Green well)

Snapper. A car coupler; trip rider.

Snapping time (Mid.). A short pe-
riod of rest during a shift in which
a miner takes his lunch. (Gresley)

Snatch (Eng.). A small chimney used
for ventilation. (Bainbridge)

Sneck. 1. (Scot) An appliance for
diverting wagons, or cars, from the
main line into a siding. (Gresley)
2. A latch or catch of a door. 3. To
lay rubble masonry with spalls and
fragments to fill the interstices.
(Webster)

Snecked rubble. Bonded rubble ma-
son ry. ( Standard )

S nee king. In masonry, rubble-work.
(Standard)

Snecky (Eng.). A wedge-shaped ver-
tical cut at the end of a stall or
room. (Gresley)

Snibble (Scot). A sprag or drag for
hutches, wagons, or cars. (Bar-
rowman )

Snoff (Corn.). A short candle end,
put under a fuse to light it (Ray-
mond). A variation of Snuff.

Snore hole. The hole In the lower part
or windbore of a mining pump, to
admit the water. (Raymond)

Snore piece. The lowest end of a pump
set through which the water passes
(Gresley). An intake; a Suction
pipe.

Snort valve. A butterfly valve opening
from the cold-blast main of a blast
furnace to the atmosphere. Allows
casting at the furnace without shut-
ting down the blowing engines.
Operated by large wheel or lever In
cast house. (Willcox)

Snowbird mine (or Snipper). A mine
that produces or ships only small
quantities of coal, and operates only
when coal is high by reason of a
scarcity or a shortage of cars for
shipment The coal is loaded from
wagons or trucks into cars on sid-
ings. No tipple is used. (Baltimore
& Ohio R. R. Co. v. Public Service
Commission (W. Va.), 94 S. E. Rept,
p. 647)

630

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY.

Snowshed (Mo.) A shed or structure
of heavy timber for the purpose of
protecting the tub hookers and other
workmen on the station floor (in a
mine) from stone and debris falling
from the cans while being hoisted.
(Reidnour r. Wilcox Mines Co., 147,
S. W. Kept., p. 852)

Snub. 1. To increase the height of an
undercut by means of explosives or
otherwise. 2. To check the descent
of a car, by a turn of a rope around
a post. (C. and M. M. P.)

Snubbing. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A term
applied by bluestone quarrymen to
the process of forcing a cross break
in the absence of an open seam.
< Bowles)

3. Increasing the height of an under-
cut by picking or blasting down the
coal, Just above the undercut.

Soak (Aust). A natural receptacle
for conserving water drained off
rocky mounds. (Power)

Soaking pit. A chamber lined with re-
fractory nonconducting material, in
which white-hot steel ingots are
placed and kept until the proper tem-
perature for rolling is reached.
(Standard)

Soak pit. A pit in which wet "lay is
allowed to soak preparatory to mold-
ing. (Ries)

Soams (No. of Eng.). A pair of cords
about 3 feet in length, by which boys
pull tubs along the roads (Gresley).
A draft rope or chain.

Soapy heads (Eng.). The joints of
stones, which are filled with a sapo-
naceous or talc-like mineral. ( Pryce)

Soap-rock. A synonym for Soapstone.
(Chester)

Soapstone. 1. A metamorphic rock of
massive, schistose, or interlocking
fibrous texture and soft unctuous
feel, composed essentially of steatite
or talc, which is regarded as second-
ary after some ferro-magnesian min-
eral. 2. As used loosely by miners,
well drillers, and others, any soft
unctuous rock, such as micaceous
shale or sericitic schist. (La Forge)

Sobarbo (Sp.). 1. A cam. 2. A tap-
pet of a stamp mill. (Halse)

Sobrante (Sp.). Residue, overplus,
surplus, profit. (Hanks)

Sobresabana (Colom.). Ore lying
higher than the sabana. (Halse)

Scbrestante (Mex.). Overseer, fore-
man, or shift boss. (Halse)

Socabon (Sp.). An adit. See Socavoa.
(Halse)

Socavado (Sp.). An undercut, as in
coal mining. (Halse)

Socavadora (Sp.). A coal cutter; a
coal-cutting machine. (Halse)

Socavadura (Sp.). Undercutting, ns
in coal mining. (Halse)

Socav6 i (Mex.). 1. A mining tunnel.
An adit level ; 8. & tylo de veta, a
drift; S. crucero, a cross cuk
(D wight)

2. In Mexico, any gallery, the
mouth of which is at the surface.

3. Socavones, large holes, pits, or
shafts. (Halse)

Sociedad (Sp.). Society, corporation,
company, partnership; S. andnima,
a joint stock company ; a limited lia-
bility, company; S. incorporada, a
chartered company. (Halse)

Socket. 1. A device fastened to the
end of a rope by means of which
the rope may be attached to its
lond ; the socket may. be opened and
closed. (C. M. P.)

2. (Eng.) The innermost end of a
shot hole not blown away after fir-
ing. (Gresley)

3. A hollow tool for grasping and
lifting tools that have been dropped
in a well-boring. (Standard)

Socketing. Same as Springing, 2,
which see. Du Pont)

Soda. The normal carbonate of so-
dium, NasCO*; soda ash: the latter
being the common name of the com-
mercial article used in chemical in-
dustries.

Soda-alum. An alum of aluminum and
sodium, sometimes .found native as
mendozi te. ( Standard )

Soda-ash. Commercial anhydrous so-
dium carbonate. Used extensively
in manufacturing trades; also as a
flux, etc.

Soda-baa Same as Black ash.
(Standard)

Soda feldspar. See Albite.

Soda granite. See Natron-granite.

Sodalite. A silicate of sodium and
aluminum with some chlorine. Na«-
(AlCl)Ala(SiO*),. (Dana)

Soda nitre. Sodium nitrate, NaNOi.
(Dana)

Soda-orthoclase. A variety of ortho-
clase containing more or less so-
dium; also called Natron-orthoclase.
(La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

631

Sodium. A soft, waxy, silver-white
metallic element of the alkali group.
Symbol, Na; atomic weight 23.00;
specific gravity, 0.97. (Webster)

Sods ( Leic. ) . Clay beneath coal seams.
(Gresley)

Soffioni. An emanation, from the earth,
of vapors which are principally bo-
ric acid; also, the opening from
which the vapors issue. See Solfa-
tara, Fumarole, 'and Mofette.

Sofocado (Mex.). Said of a mine
which has been abandoned on ac-
count of being drowned out, or from
other causes. (Halse)

Soft. 1. Tender; friable; or full of
slips and joints. (Gresley)
2. Bituminous as opposed to flnthra-
citic; said of coal. (Century)

Soft air (-Scot). A stagnant state of
the ventilation. (Barrowman)

Soften. To heat ore so that the min-
erals are cracked and fissured, per-
mitting of easier crushing. (Rich-
ards, p. 9)

Softening. Of lead, the removal of
antimony and other impurities.
( Raymond )

Soft ground. Heavy ground. I-ock
about underground openings that
does not stand well and requires
heavy timbering. (Weed)

Soft-mud process. A method of mold-
ing brick, by forcing clay into
wooden molds. (Ries)

Soft ore (Lake Superior). A soft or
incoherent hematite, as opposed to
the hard specular variety.

Soft phosphate. A term used in Flor-
ida which is applied arbitrarily to
anything phpsphatic that is not dis-
tinctly hard rock. (Power)

Soft pitch. Pitch showing a penetra-
tion of more than 10. (Bacon)

Soft pottery. Pottery, the surface of
which is unglazed and easily
scratched by a sharp-pointed piece
of iron. (Standard)

Softs (Mid.). Coal which break* eas-
ily. (Gresley)

Soft seat (Eng.). Fire clay found un-
der coal seams. (Power)

Soft solder. Solder melting below a
red heat ; used in tinning, plumbing,
etc. (Standard). Usually a tin-lead
alloy, which melts at a lower tem-
perature than either the tin or lead.

Soft iteeL See Mild steeL

Soga (Mex.). A rope or thick cord;
a cable for hoisting. (Dwight)

Soggendalite. A name proposed by C.
F. Kolderup for a variety of dia-
base that is especially rich in py-
roxene and that is intermediate be-
tween true diabases and pyroxenites.
The type rock forms a dike near
Soggendal, Norway. (Kemp)

Soguilla (Sp.). A small rope for
hoisting ore, water, etc.

Soil. 1. Broadly and loosely, the rego-
lith, or blanket of unconsolidated
rock material that lies on the bed-
rock. 2. More precisely, the earthy
or sandy layer, ranging in thickness
from a few inches to several feet,
composed of finely divided rock
debris, of whatever origin, mixed
with decomposing vegetal and ani-
mal matter, which nearly everywhere
forms the surface of the ground and
in which plants grow or may grow.
(La Forge)

Soil cap. The earthy material that
often covers naturally the rock.
(Standard)

Sol (Colom.). A vein showing frag-
ments of ore at the surface of the
ground. (Halse)

Solapa (Colom.). A bituminous schist.
(Halse)

Solar. A colloquialism among sur-
veyors to mean an observation on
the sun.

Solar compass. A surveyor's compass
having a solar attachment ( Web-
ster *

Solar oiL 1. A name given to gas oil
from petroleum of the Gulf or Mid-
Continent field. 2. A Russian pe-
troleum product possessing a spe-
cific gravity above 0.850, but not
exceeding 0.880, and a flash-point
not below 80° C. It is usually of a
very pale yellowish color. 3. Illumi-
aating oil derived from shale. (Ba-
con)

Solar salt. A coarse salt obtained
from brines by solar evaporation.
(Standard)

Solayo (Mex.). A cutting-in hole,
(Dwight)

Solder. A metal or alloy used to unite
adjacent surfaces of less fusible
metals or alloys. Soft solder is a
compound of tin and lead; hard
solder, of copper and zinc, or tin
and antimony ; gold solder, of gold,
silver, and copper; silver solder, of
silver and copper, or silver and
brass; and so on. (Raymond)

632

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

Soldier sprag (N. S. W.) A long
sprag used to support the cqal seam
by placing the upper end of the
sprag in the face of the coal between
the top of the holing and the roof.
(Webster)

Sole. 1. The bottom of a level. 2.
The bottom of a reverberatory fur-
nace. (Raymond)

3. (Eng.) A piece of timber set
underneath a prop. (Gresley)

4. The major fault plane over which
other beds ride forward as a group
during distributive faulting. (Leith,
P. 49)

Solene. Synonymous with Gasoline
and Petroleum ether, which see.
(Bacon)

Solenhof en stone. A limestone found
at Solenhofen, Bavaria, valued for
lithographic purposes. \ Webster)

Sole piece. See Sole, 3.

Sole plate (Scot). The plate on
which a machine rests. (Barrow-
man)

Solera (Sp.). 1. A stone or cast-iron
bottom of a Chilian mill; a hearth
stone; well or bottom of a furnace.
2. The lower mill stone. 3. A
ground sill. 4. A railroad tie. 5.
A rest for grate bars. 6. The shoe
of a stamp. (Halse)

Soleta (Spain). A clay band occur-
ring above a coal seam. (Halse)

Solevantamiento (Sp.). Elevation of
strata ; an uplift ( Lucas )

Solfanaria (It). A sulphur mine.
(Standard)

Solfatara. An expiring or dormant
volcanic vent from which steam and
vapors are emitted; also a district
or area in which volcanic emana-
tions are given off from fissures and
small vents. Compare Fumarole,
Mof ette, and Soffloni. ( La Forge )

Solicited (Mex.). The application for
a mining claim. Petition. (D wight)

Solid. 1. Coal that has not been un-
dermined, sheared, cut, or other-
wise prepared for blasting. Used in
the expression, "Shooting off the
solid." 2. That part of the coal
which can not be thrown out by a
single shot, or the coal beyond the
loose end. Used in expressions de-
scribing holes drilled for blasting
as "3 feet into the solid," or "on
the solid." (Steel)

Solid crib-timbering. Shaft-timbering
with cribs laH solidly upon one an-
other. (Raymond)

Solid-drawn. Drawn from hollow In-
gots, or otherwise, on mandrels of
successively decreasing diameters;
said of certain seamless metal tubes.
(Standard)

Solid water (Scot). Water sufficient
to fill the pump barrel at each stroke.
(Barrowman)

Solid workings (Scot). In stoop and
room workings, the first working or
room driven into the solid coal (Bar-
rowman). Distinguished from Pil-
lar-work or Pillar-drawing.

Sollamadizo (Peru). Rock liable to
run or cave. (Halse)

Sollame (Peru). A cave or run. See

Derrumbe. (Halse)

•

Sollar; Seller. 1. The plank flooring
of a gallery covering a gutter-way
beneath. 2. The platform in a shaft
between two ladders. (Ihlseng)

3. A longitudinal partition forming
an air passage between itself and the
roof in a working. (Webster)

4. (Mich.). A platform from which
trammers shovel or throw the ore or
rock into a car. (Lesh v. Tamarack
Min. Co., 152 N. W. Rept, p. 1022)
See also Sailer.

Soluble glass. A simple silicate of
potash or soda, or both. (Ure)

Solute. The substance dissolved in a
solution. (Rickard)

Solution. 1. The change of matter
from the solid or gaseous into the
liquid state by its combination with
a liquid; when unaccompanied by
chemical change, called physical so-
lution; otherwise, chemical solu-
tion. 2. The result of such change ;
a liquid combination of a liquid and
a nonliquid substance. (Standard)

Solution plane. A direction in a crys-
tal of relatively easy solubility, as
when the substance is under great
pressure. Chemical action along so-
lution planes in minerals in rocks
has often resulted in Schilleriza-
tion. (Webster)

Solution pressure. Pressure dug to the
tendency of atoms or molecules to
pass into solution; specifically, that
tending to drive metals into solu-
tion, which is the cause of the elec-
tric current from a primary bat-
tery. (Webster)

Solvay process. A soda-making proc-
ess by which a concentrated solu-
tion of common salt is treated with
ammonia and carbon dioxide, yield-
ing sodium bicarbonate, the ammo-

QLOSSA-RV OF MINING AND MT*n?.P4T. INDUSTRY.

63$

nia being recovered by lime or mag-
nesia; the ammonia-0**1** nrrwv>*wi.
(Standard)

Solvsbergite. An aphanitic or slightly
pprphyritic igneous rock, intermedi-
ate between grorudite and tinguaite,
having the composition and texture
of trachyte. (La Forge) In the
most basic variety quartz entirely
fails and nephelite appears. (Kemp)

Sombra (Sp.). Shade; gray tinge of
certain ores or matrices of ores.
(Min. Jour.)

Sombrero (Sp.). LA hat 2. 8. de
hierro, gossan. See Colorados. 3.
(Pera) A cap-piece used in tim-
bering. 4. A cowl honnet hood, or
dome. (Halse)

Somero (Sp.). Superficial deposits.
(Halse)

Sonda (Sp.). A boring tool. ( Halse ^

Sondear (Sp.). To sink « nrosnect
bore-hole. (Dwight)

Sondeo (Sp.). A prospect bore-hole.
(Dwight)

Sooty coal (Eng.). Dull, soft coal.
(G. C. Green well)

Soplado (Colom.). Alluvium deposited
by a cataract or a strong current of
water. (Halse)

Soplador (Sp.). A blower of gas.
(Halse)

Soplante (Sp.). A blowing engine.
(Halse)

Soplar (Sp.). To furnish blast for a
furnace. (Dwight)

Soplete (Sp.). Blowpipe; tuyere; En-
saye al soplete, a blowpipe assay.
(Dwight)

Soplo (Sp.). Blast, as for a furnace.
(Dwight)

Soquete (Mex.). 1. Clay for stopping
furnace tap. 2. Clay in vein.
(Dwight)

Soquetero (Mex.). One who wets and
kneads clay to be used at the fur-
nace. (Dwight) .

Sordavalite. An old name for the
glassy salbands of small diabase
dikes formerly regarded as a min-
eral. It is derived from Sordavala,
a locality in Finland. Compare
Wichtisite. (Kemp)

•oret's principle. That principle by
which, if differences of temperature
are induced in a solution of com-
mon salt or other substance in
water, the dissolved material will

become relatively concentrated la
those portions in which the tern*
perature U lowest (Ore Dep., p^
64)

Soroche. 1. (Peru) A disease caused
by rarefaction of air at great alti-
tudes. 2. 8. plomoso (Mex.) Lead
carbonate; 8. reluciente, argen-
tiferous galena. (Dwight)

Sorter. One who sorts or classifies ore
by hand.

Sorting hammer. A hammer for
breaking up ores in sorting. (Stand-
ard)

Sory. A black earth impregnated
with vitriol; vitriols in general
(Webster) •

Sos (So. Staff.). To sink into the
floor under great pressure fron>
overlying strata (Gresley). Said of
mine timbers and pillars.

Sosa (Sp.). 1. Soda ash. 2. Native-
carbonate of soda. (Halse)

Soterramiento (Sp.). The caving-io.
of mine workings. (Halse)

Sotlanque (Mex.). Chalcopyrite.

Sotominero (Sp.). A deputy mine-
captain. (Lucas)

Souffle. Spotted or mottled by blow-
ing liquid color upon it, as through
lace or network; said of pottery
decoration. ( Standard )

Sough (Eng.). An adit for draining
a mine; a ditch; a drain. (Web-
ster)

Sounding. 1. Knocking on a roof to
see whether it is sound or safe to
work under. 2. Rapping on a pillar
to signal a person on the other side
of it, or to enable him to estimate
its width. (Steel)

Sour. 1. Having an acid or tart taste.
Applied to minerals having the taste
of sulphuric acid. (Dana)
2. To macerate and render fit for
plaster or mortar; said of lime.
(Webster)

Souttnement (Fr.). The propping and
packing to support the roof. (Gres-
ley)

South Staffordshire or Thick-seam
method. See Room - and - pillar
method.

Sow. 1. A tool used in sharpening
machine-drill bits. (Gillette, p. 54)
2. A channel or runner which con-
ducts the molten metal to the row*
of molds in the pig bed. 8. A
of metal solidified in such a
or mold. (Webster)

€34

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

4. An accretion that frequently
forms in the hearth or crucible of a
furnace. It consists mainly of iron.
Also called Salamander, Bear, or
Shadrach. 5. (Western U. S.) A
movable shed used as a protection
by miners. (Standard)

Sowback. Same as hogback or horse-
back; a kame or drumlin.

Soyote (Mex.). Vug. (Dwight)

Spaad. A fibrous talc. From the Ger-
man spath. (Webster)

Space of discission. Bee Discission.
Space of dissolution. See Dissolution.

Spacing. In quarrying, the distance
between drill holes in a row.
(Bowles)

Spad. See Spud.

Spadl. A cameo - cutter's tool, used
with diamond powder. (Webster)

Spadiard (Corn.). A worker in the
tin mines. (Standard) Also Spal-
liard.

Spal (Corn.). See Spall.

Spale. 1. (Corn.) In mining, to fine
for disobedience of orders. (Ray-
mond)
2. A variation of Spall, 1:

Spall; Spawl. 1. To break ore. Rag-
ging and cobbing are, respectively,
coarser and finer breaking than
spalling, but the terms are often
used interchangeably. Pieces of ore
thus broken are called spalls.
(Raymond)

2. In masonry, to reduce ' Irregular
blocks of stone, approximately to
size by chipping with the hammer.
(Webster)

Bpalliard; Spallier. (Eng.). A pick-
man; a working miner. A laborer
In tin works. (Pryce)

Spalling-floor. A place for spalling.
(Standard)

Spalt. A scaly whitish mineral, used
as a flux for metals. (Standard)

Span-beam (Eng.). A long wooden
beam supporting the head pivot of
the drum axle of a gin, and resting
at the extremities upon inclined
legs. (Gresley)

Spangle gold (Aust.). Smooth, flat
scales of gold. (Da vies)

Spanish chalk. A variety of talc
or soapstone from Aragon, Spain.
(Century)

Spanish furnace. A form of reverber-
atory furnace used in the lead dis-
tricts of Spain. (Century)

Spanish ocher. A variety of red ocher.
(Standard)

Spanish tile. Roofing tile having an
S-shaped cross section. (Ries)

Spanish topaz. See False topaz.

Spar. 1. As used, loosely, almost any
transparent or translucent, readily
cleavable, crystalline mineral having
a vitreous luster (La Forge), as
calcspar, fluorspar, feldspar, heavy-
spar, etc.
2. A Cornish name for quartz.

Sparable tin (Corn.). Tin ore in
grains like sparables or small nails.
(Webster)

Spare (No. of Eng.). A wedge from 6
to 8 inches long, for driving behind
plates when adjusting them to the
circle of the shaft (Gresley). Also
called Spear wedge.

Sparkle metal. A copper inatte con-
taining about 74 per cent copper.
(Webster)

Sparry. Resembling, consisting of, or
abounding with spar ; spathic. (Web-
ster)

Sparry coal (Scot). Coal, the backs
or joints of which are filled with
calcite. (Barrowman)

Sparry iron. Siderite. (Webster)

Sparry lode. A lode filled with spar,
e. fir., fluorspar, calcspar, or heavy-
spar. (Power)

Spartaite. A variety of calcite con-
taining some manganese. (Cen-
tury)

Spathic. Of, pertaining to, or resem-
bling spar, especially, having cleav-
age. (Standard)

Spathic iron ore. See Siderite.
Spathose. Same as Spathic.

Spatter cone. A secondary or "para-
sitic" lava cone. (Chamberlin, vol.
1, p. 580)

Spattle. 1. Tc sprinkle, as earthen-
ware, with glaze or colored slip; to
make pasty-colored ware. 2. A tool
for mottling a molded article.
(Standard)

Spattling - machine. A machine for
spattling earthenware. (Standard)

Spatula. An implement shaped like a
knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexi-
ble. Used especially in chemical
laboratories and assay offices.

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAI* INDUSTRY.

635

Spavin; Spa van (York.). Clunch, or
ordinary bottom or underclay.
(Gresley)

Spawl. See Spall.

Speak (Aust.). To give signs of
weight by cracking. Said of mine
props. (Power)

Speaking flame-lamp (Eng.). An early
type of safety lamp. See Singing
lamp.

Spear (Eng.). A wooden pump rod
cut into lengths of about 40 feet,
and, for heavy work, often measur-
ing 16 inches square. Wrought-
iron spears are also used. (Ores*
ley)

Spear plates (Eng.). Wrought-iron
plates bolted to the sides of spears
where joined together. (Gresley)

Spear pyrite. A variety of marcasite,
in twin crystals resembling the
head of a spear. (Webster)

Spear-wedge (Aust.). A long wooden
wedge used for centering iron tub-
bing and which helps to pack up
the space between the tubbing and
the rock (Power). Also called
Spare.

Special place (Aust). A place where
coal cannot be won so easily as in
ordinary working places; e. g., de-
velopment work, headings, etc.
(Power)

Special steel. Steel in which another
element than carbon gives the char-
acteristic hardness, as chrome or
nickel steel. (Standard)

Specific gravity. The ratio of the
weight of a body to that of an
equal volume of some standard sub-
stance, water in the case of solids
and liquids, air in the case of gases;
numerically equal to the density.
(Standard)

Specific heat. The number of units of
heat required to raise a unit of
mass of any substance one degree
in temperature. (Standard)

Specimen. Properly speaking, a sam-
ple of anything; but among miners
it is often restricted to selected or
handsome minerals, as fine pieces of
ore, crystals, or pieces of quartz con-
taining visible gold. (Roy. Com.)

Speckstone. Adapted from Specksteiri,
" bacon-stone " ; an early name for
talc, because it feels greasy. (Ches-
ter)

Spectacle. A two-handled frame for
carrying well-boring tools. (Stand-
ard)

Spectacle furnace. A form of shaft-
furnace, used in Germany, with two
tap holes, having an inclined bottom
from which the melted metal flows
into an outside receptacle. (Stand-
ard)

Spectacle stone. An early popular
name for selenite, alluding to its
transparency. ( Chester )

Spectroscope. An instrument used to
produce a spectrum of the light
from any source by the passage of
the rays through a prism or their
reflection from a grating, and for
the study of the spectrum so formed.
(Century)

Spectrum. The continuous band of
light showing the successive pris-
matic colors or the insolated lines
or bands of color. (Century)

Specular. Mirror-like, as specular iron
ore, which is a hard variety of hema-
tite. See Specularite.

Specnlar coal. Same as Pitch coal.
Specular iron. See Specularite.

Specularite; Specular hematite; Specu-
lar iron; Gray hematite. An iron
oxide, FejOs, occurring in tabular or
disklike crystals of gray color and
splendent metallic luster. Also called
"micaceous hematite" if occurring
in foliated or micaceous masses.
Contains 70 per cent iron. See
Hematite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Specular schist. See Itabirite.

Specular slate-ore. A laminated ore
with smooth face and brilliant reflec-
tion (Standard). Compare Itabirite.

Specular stone. Mica. (Standard)

Speculum metal. An alloy of copper,
66, and tin, .33 parts (Ure). Used
in making the mirrors of reflecting
.telescopes.

Speed (Corn.). A qnick, but wasteful
way of dressing, or rather coarse
cleaning of copper ore, by an iron
grate in a swift current of water.
(Pryce)

Speiss; Speise (Ger.). A basic ar-
senide, or antimonide of iron, often
with nickel, cobalt, lead, bismuth,
copper, etc., having a metallic luster,
high specific gravity, and strong
tendency toward crystallization. It
takes up gold* with avidity, but has
a less affinity for silver than copper
matte. The speiss obtained in lead-
smelting is an arsenical speiss. Anti-
monial speiss is occasionally mpd«
in smelting skimmings. (Peter*, p

636

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

231; H of man, p. 354). Impure me-
tallic arsenides (principally of iron),
produced in copper and lend smelt-
ing. Cobalt and nickel .are found
concentrated in the speiss obtained
from ores containing these .metals.
(Raymond)

Spell. A rest period for crews at fur-
nace, stock house, etc., or a period
of work in drilling the tap hole
(Willcox). A change or turn.

Spellerizing. Subjecting the heated
bloom to the action of rolls having
regularly shaped projections on their
working surface, then subjecting the
bloom while still hoi to the action
of smooth-faced rolls. The surface
working is said to give a dense tex-
ture to pipe made from the bloom,
adapting it to resist corrosion. (Lid-
dell)

Spelter. The zinc of commerce, more
or less impure, in slabs, plates or in-
gots cast from molten metal. It does
not include zinc dust.

Spelter solder. Hard solder contain-
ing zinc. (Standard)

Spence automatic desulphurizer. An
improved Mal6tra furnace provided
with automatic rakes. (Peters, p.
220)

Spence furnace. A furnace of the
muffle or reverberatory type, the
ore being supported on shelves and
stirred mechanically. (Ingalls, p.
156; Peters, p. 214)

Spend. 1. To break ground ; to con-
tinue working. (Raymond)
2. To exhaust by mining; dig out;
used in the phrase to spend ground.
(Standard)

Spent shot. A blast hole that has been
fired, but has not done its work.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Spcrrylite. Platinum arsenide, PtAs*
The theoretically pure mineral
would contain 56.5 per cent plati-
num, but antimony and rhodium
are also present in small quantities.
(U. S. G«jol. Surv.)

Spessartite. 1. A variety of garnet.
See Garnet. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
2. A dike rock which, whether
porphyritic or granitoid in texture,
consists of prevailing plagioclase*
hornblende, and diopside. Ortho-
clase and olivine occasionally ap-
pear. The name is derived from
Spessart a group of mountains in
the extreme northwest of Bavaria,
but as it has already been used for
a variety -of garnet, it is a very un-
fortunate selection. (Kemp)

Spew. The cauliflower-like blowout or
outcrop of a lode that extends be-
yond the limits of the defined vein
deeper down. (Power)

Spewing. An exudation of soft ma-
terial through gravelly or broken
stuff bedded on mud, soft wet clay,
or the like. (Webster)

Sphaerite. A hydrous phosphate of
aluminum,' allied to Wavellite.
(Century)

Sphalerite; Blende; Blackjack; Jack;
Rosinjack; Zinc blende. A sulphide
of zinc, ZnS, crystallizing in iso-
metric forms. Contains 67 per cent
zinc, -dee Wurtzite (U. S. GeoL
Surv.). Called flso Mock-lead; False
galena.

Sphene. Calcium silicotitanite, CaTi-
SiO« (Dana). Called also Titanite.

Sphenoid. In crystallography, a herat-
hedral form (1) of the orthorhom-
bic system included under four
equal scalene triangular faces, or
(2) of the tetragonal system in-
cluded under four equal isosceles
triangular faces. (Standard)

Sphenolith. A term invented to dis-
tinguish the special form and rela-
tions of intrusion at Las Parro-
quias, Mexico. A rock mass of the
injected class, partly concordant
like a thick sill, and partly discord-
ant. The country rocks have been-
displaced and even overturned.
(Daly, p. 88)

Sphere ore. Fragments of rock en-
crusted with metallic minerals. Co-
carde ore. (Power)

Spherocobaltite. Cobalt carbonate In
spherical masses and having a
peach-blossom red color. (Century)

Sphere-crystal. A homogeneous spher-
ulite formed of minute crystals
branching outward from the center
(Standard). See Spherulite.

Spheroidal. 1. A descriptive term ap-
plied to igneous rocks that break up
on cooling into spheroidal masses
analogous to basaltic columns; also
used as a synonym of orbicular as
applied to certain granites. (Kemp)
2. In crystallography, enclosed by
convex surfaces. (Standard)

Sphere side rite. A variety of iron car-
bonate occurring in globular con-
cretionary forms. (Century)

Spherulite. A rounded or spheroidal
aggregate, not uncommonly concen-
trically zoned, more rarely hollow, of
radiating, prismatic or lath-like cry*-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

637

tals of one or more minerals, formed
in some igneous rocks under certain
conditions of crystallization. (La
Forge)

Spheralitic ore. A globule of ore hav-
ing a radiated structure. Sphere
ore. (Power)

Spider. A skeleton or frame having
radiating arms or members, as a
casting forming the hub and spokes
to which the rim of a wheel is se-
cured (Webster). See Drum horns.

Spider-T7eb rock (Ohio). A local term
for sandstone beds that show cross
bedding on a small scale, which is
complicated by intricate interlacing
of fine bedding planes (Bowles).
Frequently seen in sawed stones, es-
pecially where the lamination is
slightly oblique or irregular. It is
very like^ the grain of wood that
shows in a planed board. (Merrill)

Spiegeleisen. Manganiferous white
cast iron (Raymond). Used in the
manufacture of steel by the Bes-
semer process. Called Spiegel;
Spiegel-iron.

Spigot. 1. The end of a pipe, fitting
or valve that is inserted into the
bell end. 2. The tapered male part
of an inserted joint, as in plumber's
wiped joint 3. A cock, tap, or fau-
cet used to draw water, etc. (Nat
Tube Co.)

Spigot joint. A pipe joint made by
tapering down the end of one piece
and inserting it into a correspond-
ingly widened opening in the end of
another piece. Sometimes called
Faucet joint (Nat Tube Co.)

Spike amygdnle. A cylindrical amyg-
dule whose longer nxis is at right
angles to the bedding. (Standard)

Spike team. 1. A team consisting of
three draft animals, two of which
are at the pole while the third *ads
(Century). Three mules, two
abreast and one in the lead, used
in a mine to haul coal cars. (Him-
rod Coal Co. v. Clingan, 114, Illi-
nois App., p. 570)

2. (Ark.) A- tandem team of n-ules
for hauling coal. (Steel)

Spiking curb (Eng.). A curb to the
inside of which plank tubing is
spiked. ( Raymond )

Spilching (Eng.). A soft, friable ma-
chine-made brick. (Standard)

Spile. 1. A temporary lagging driven
ahead on levels in loose ground.
See Spill. 2. A short piece of plnnk
sharpened flatways and used for

driving into watery strata as sheet
•piling to assist in checking the flow.
(Steel)

3. A large timber for forcing into
the ground to serve as a founda-
tion; a pile. (Standard)

Spilite. An early French name for
dense, amygdaloidal varieties of dia-
base. (Kemp)

Spill. Any of the thick laths or poles
driven ahead of the main timbering
to support the roof or sides In ad-
vancing a level in loose ground, or
to support the sides of a shaft wTien
sinking through a Lira turn of loose
ground (Webster). Same as Spile,
1 and 2.

Spilling (Corn.). A process of driv-
ing or sinking through very loose
ground (Raymond). Also the flat
timbers used in the process. See
Spile; also Spill.

Spill-trough. A trough to receive
melted brass that may be spilled in
pouring from a crucible into a flask.
(Standard)

Spillway. 1. A passage for superflu-
ous water in a reservoir, to prevent
too great pressure on the dam. 2.
A paved apron or a dam over which
the water flows. (Webster)

Spilosite. A contact metamorphlc rock
composed chiefly of chloritlc and
feldspathic material and formed
from shale or argil lite by the heat of
diabasic intrusions (La Forge). It
corresponds to the hornfels of
granite contacts. (Kemp)

Spindle. 1. In founding, a rod or pipe
used in forming a core. (Stand-
ard)

2. (Derb.) A small piece of wood
set in the ground to mark the
boundary of a mine. (Mander)

Spindle breaker. A gyratory rock
breaker or crusher. (Richards, p.
1206)

Spindle oil. The lighter portion of
the petroleum distillates .suitable for
lubrication of light-running machin-
ery. (Bacon)

Spine. A mass of igneous rock solidi-
fied in the vent of a volcano ; a plug.
(Daily, p. 130)

Spinel. An isometric mineral, typi-
cally magnesium' all uminate, MgO.-
AlsO*. The magnesium may be in
part replaced by ferrous iron, or
manganese, and the aluminum by
ferric iron and chromium. Spinel
is red, yellow, green, black, and
other colors, and is used as a gem.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

638

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Spiracle. One of the minute cones
formed on the surface of a liquid
lava stream by steam or gases
escaping from the mass. Called also
Bocca. (Standard)

Spiral. A spiral coal chute that me-
chanically separates the slate from
the coal. The coal being irregular
in shape and light falls over the
edge of the spiral due to centrifugal
force, while the flatter and heavier
slate adheres somewhat to the chute
surface and is carried down to a
special pocket.

Spiral drum. A kind of conical wind-
ing drum. (Gresley)

Spiral worm (Eng.). A tool for ex-
tricating broken boring rods. (Gres-
ley)

Spire. 1. The tube carrying the train
to the charge in a blast hole. Also
called Reed or Rush, because
these, as well as spires of grass, are
used for the purpose. (Raymond)
A kind of fuse.

2. (Leic.) Coal of a hard, dull,
slaty, nature, and difficult to break.
(Gresley)

Spirit of alum. An aqueous solution
of sulphur dioxide. (Webster)

Spirit of copper. Acetic acid obtained
by distilling copper acetate.

Spirit of salt. Hydrochloric acid ; for-
merly so called. (Standard)

Spirit of tin. Stannic chloride. (Web-
ster)

Spirit of vitriol. Sulphuric acid; oil
of vitriol. (Webster)

Spit. 1. A small point of land extend-
ing into a body of water, or a long,
narrow shoal extending from the
shore. (Webster)

2. To light a fuse. (Duryee)

3. (Prov. Eng.) A spade's depth in
digging. 4. (Virginia, U. S.) In
brickmnking, a certain amount of
brick clay. (Standard)

Spitting. 1. An action of or appear-
ance on the surface of slowly cooled
large masses of melted silver or
platinum, in which the crust is
forcibly perforated by jets of oxy-
gen, often carrying with them drops
of molten metal. Called also Sprout-
ing. (Standard)

2. Lighting the fuse for a blast.
(Du Pont)

Epitzkasten. A series of hopper-
shaped or pointed boxes for sepa-
rating mineral-bearing slimes, ac-
cording to fineness, in which the

width of each box is double that of
its predecessor, while the lengths in-
crease by arithmetical progression
(Richards). See Funnel box.

Spitzlutte. A device, for classifying
ore slimes, consisting of a V-shaped
box, as distinguished from the py-
ramidal boxes of the spitzkasten.
Classification is dependent on the
downward movement of ore particles
in a rising stream of water admitted
at the bottom. (Liddell)

Splasher. A plate lined with fire brick
and placed over the iron trough
next to the tap hole to keep down
flame that blows from the tap hole
during a cast. (Willcox)

Splendent. Applied to the degre> of
luster of a mineral, reflecting with
brilliancy and giving well-defined
images, as hematite, cassiterite.
(Dana)

Splent (Aust.). See Splint.

Spliced. Applied to veins when they
pinch out and are overlapped at
that point by another parallel one.
(Power)

Splint; Splint coal. A hard variety of
bituminous coal that ignites with
difficulty, owing to its slaty struc-
ture, but makes a clear, hot fire.
Called also Splent; Splent-coal.
(Standard)

Split. 1. To divide an air current
into two or -*e separate currents.
2. Any division or branch of the
ventilating current. 3. The work-
ings ventilated by that branch. 4.
Any member of a coal bed split by
thick partings into two or more
seams. 5. A bench separated by a
considerable interval from the other
benches of a coal bed. (Steel)
6. To divide a pillar or post by driv-
ing through it one or more roads.
(Gresley)

Split brilliant. A brilliant split apart
at the base of its pyramidal forms,
so as to make two gems. (Stand-
ard)

Split rock. A rock possessing tabular
structure, or which cleaves easily in
the lines of lamination, and conse-
quently suitable for flagging and
curbstones. (Merrill)

Split shovel. A device for sampling
ore, consisting of a fork in which
the prongs are separate scoops, each
scoop being the same width as the
open spaces between. (Richards, p.
844)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

639

Split the air (Scot). Same as Split, 1.

Splitter. One employed in the mica
industry whose duty it is to sepa-
rate mica into thin sheets.

Splitting knife. A knife used for
diamond cleaving. (Standard)

Splittings (Lane.). Two horizontal
level headings driven through a
pillar, in pillar workings, in order
to mine the pillar coal. (Gresley)

Splitting shot (Ark.). A shot put

into a large mass of coal detached

by a previous blast (Steel). See
Block hole.

Spodumene. Lithium-aluminum sili-
cate, LUO.Al2O*.4SiO,. Used as a
source of lithia, of which it contains
as a maximum 8.4 per cent. The
clear green variety, hiddenite, and
the clear pink or lilac, kunzite, are
used as gems. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Spoil. 1. Debris or waste material
from a coal mine. (C. and M. M. P.)

2. (Eng.) A stratum of coal and
dirt mixed. (Gresiey)

Spoil bank; Spoil aeap (Eng.). The
place on the surface where spoil is
deposited. (Gresley)

Sponge. Metal in a porous form, usu-
ally obtained by reduction without
fusion. See Chenot process. (Ray-
mond) A porous, sponge-like form
assumed by finely divided metals, as
iron and platinum, in which condi-
tion they are serviceable as oxidiz-
ing agents. (Standard)

Spongy iron. See Reduced iron, also
Sponge.

Spontaneous combustion. Combustion
produced in a substance by the evo-
lution of heat through the chemical
action of its own constituents.
(Webster)

Spoon. 1. An instrument made of an
ox or buffalo horn, in which earth
or pulp may be delicately tested by
washing to detect gold, amalgam,
etc. 2. See Spoon end. (Raymond)

3. A slender iron rod with a cup-
shaped projection at right angles
to the rod, used for scraping drill-
ings out of a bore hole. (Steel)

Spoon end. The edge of a coal basin
when the coal seam spoons, t. e.,
rises to the surface after growing
thinner as it approaches its termi-
nation. Also called Spoon. (Power)

Spore coal. Coal formed out of the
spores of lycopods. (Power)

Spotted. An irregularity of the ore
content of any vein ; pockety.

Spout 1. (So. Staff.) A short under-
ground passage connecting a main
road with an air heading. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Newc.) A box or trough down
which coal is run from the wagons
or cars into ships. (Min. Jour.)

Spouter. An oil well the flow of
which has not been controlled by the
engineers. ( Webster )

Spout hole (So. Wales). A short sid-
ing upon which trams are loaded in
the mine. (Gresley)

Spout mouth (Scot). A place on a
level road where the material from
a spout (or chute) is filled into the
cars. (Barrowman)

Spout road (Scot). A chute so steep
that the mineral slides down to the
haulage level. (Barrowman)

Sprag. l. A short wooden prop set
in a slanting position for keeping
up the coal during the operation of
holing. 2. A short round piece of
hardwood, pointed at both ends, to
act as a brake when placed between
the spokes of a mine-car wheel.

3. (Arkansas). Heavy slanting
props wedged against the coal to
prevent it from flying when blasted.
(Steel)

Spragger. One who travels with the
trip of cars to attend to sprags and
switches (Hargis). See Sprag, 2.

Sprag road. A mine road having such
a sharp grade that sprags are needed
to control the descent of the car, —
hence, Two, Three, or Four-Sprag-
road. (Chance). See Sprag, 2.

Spreader. 1. A horizontal timber be-
low the cap of a set, to stiffen the
legs, and to support the brattice
when there are two air courses in
the same gangway. 2. A piece of
timber stretched across a shaft as a
temporary support of the walls.
(Raymond)

3. A tool used in sharpening ma-
chine-drill bits. (Gillette, p. 53)

4. A bar used as a distance piece,
as any of a series of cross bearers
to support a line of rails in an adit.
(Webster)

Spring. 1. A general name for any
discharge of deep-seated hot or cold,
pure or mineralized water. (Power)
2. To enlarge the bottom of a drill
hole by small charges of a high ex-
plosives in order to make room for
the full charge ; to chamber a drill
hole.

640

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Spring beams (Eng.). Two stout
parallel timbers built into a Cornish
putnping-engine house, nearly on a
level with the engine beam, for
catching the beam, etc., and pre-
venting a smash in case of accident.
(Gresley )

Spring dart (Eng.). An arrow or fish-
headed boring tool for extricating
a lost implement, or for withdrawing
lining tubes. (Gresley)

Spring dog (Scot). Same as Spring
hook.

Spring hook (Eng.). An iron hook
attached to the end of a winding,
capstan, or crab rope, fitted with a
spring for closing the opening, and
thus preventing the kibble or tub
from falling off. (Gresley)

Springing. See Spring, 2. Also called
Bullying: Chambering; Shaking a
hole.

Springing line. The line from which
an arch springs or rises. (Century)

Spring latch. The latch or tongue of
an automatic switch, operated by a
spring at the side of the mine track.
(Steel)

Spring pole. An elastic .vooden pole
from which boring rods are sus-
pended (Steel). Also sometimes
employed for shallow pumping, when
it is actuated by cams or cranks
from an engine. (Gresley)

Spring steel. A variety of rolled steel,
elastic, strong, and tough, used for
springs, etc. (Webster)

Sprocket wheel (Eng.). Rag wheel.
A wheel with teeth or pins which
catch in the links of a chain. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Spruce ocher. Brown or yellow ocher.

(Century)
Sprue. 1. A piece of metal attached

to a casting, occupying the gate or

passage through which the metal

was poured. (Raymond)

3. A molder's rod for making sprue

holes. (Standard)

Sprue hole. A pouring hole in a mold ;
a gate. (Standard)

Spud. 1. A nail, resembling a horse-
shoe nail, with a hole in the head,
driven into mine timbering, or Into
A wooden plug inserted in the rock,
to mark a surveying station (Ray-
mond). Also Spad.
•S. To work the boring tool by means
of the bull wheel alone in starting
an oil well. 3. A potato. (Web-
ster)

4. A long steel or wooden pole used
for anchoring a dredge. (Weather-
be)

5. A tool having a long curved blade
used to work around and recover
tools from a bored well. (Stand-
ard)

Spudding bit. A broad dull drilling
tool for working in earth down to
the rock. (Standard)

Spud setter. A mine surveyor. Com-
pare Spud, 1.

Spunney (Lane.). A self acting plane.
or incline. (Gresley)

Spur. 1. (Scot.) A portion of the
coal left unholed to support the coal
seam till the rest of the holing is
completed. Frequently called Spur-
ring; also Spurn. (Barrowman)
2. A ridge or small elevation that
extends from a mountain, or range
of mountains, projecting to some dis-
tance in a lateral direction, or at
right angles. 3. (Eng.) To prop or
brace. (Webster)

4. A branch leaving a vein, but not
returning to it. (Raymond)

5. A prism or tripod of refractory
clay, to support an article while be-
ing baked; a stilt. (Standard)

Spurns (So. Staff.). Small connect-
ing masses of coal, left for safety
during the operation of cutting, be-
tween the hanging coal and the
main body. See Spur, 1. (Ray-
mond)

Spur road (Scot.). A branch road
leading from a main level. (Gres-
ley)

Spurt (Forest of Dean). A disinte-
grated stone. (Gresley)

Spur track. In railroading, a short
branch line of track; a stub track.
(Webster)

Squad. 1. (Prov. Eng.) Mire; slime;
mud. 2. A small bunch of loose tin
ore mixed with earth. Also called
Squat. (Standard)

Squander (York.). To extinguish an
underground fire. (Gresley)

Squarexnan (Eng.). A stone-cutter or
stone-dresser. ( Standard )

Square-set. A set of timbers composed
of a cap, girt and post These mem-
bers meet so as to form a solid 90°-
angle. They are so framed at the
intersection as to form a compres-
sion joint, and join with three other
similar sets. The posts are 6 or 7
feet high while the caps and girts
are 4 to 6 feet long.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

641

Square-set and fill. See Square-set
sloping.

Square-set slicing. See Top slicing
and cover caving.

Square-set sloping. The use of square-
set timbering as an essential feature
of overhand stoping. The stope may
be worked 15 horizontal slices, as a
stepped face, or in vertical slices.
The modifications are Open stope,
Partly filled stope, Filled stope, Ver-
tical si ice ( underhand ) , Vertical slice
(overhand), Alternate pillar and
stope, cover the more important
variations (Young). Also known as
Nevada system, Square-set under-
hand, Pillar and stope, Back filling
method, and Square-set and fill.

Square-set system. A method of
mine timbering in which heavy tim-
bers are framed together to rec-
tangular sets, 6 or 7 feet high, and
4 to 6 feet square, so as to fill in
as the ore body is removed by
overhand stoping. (Webster)

Square-set underhand. See Square-set
stoping.

Square timbering (Eng.). The forma-
tion of a shaft through an excava-
tion. It consists of square settings
or frames at intervals, close-poled
behind. (Simms)

Square work. 1. (So. Staff.) An old
system of working the thick coal by
mining the upper beds first and
then the lower ones. 2. A system
of working a seam of coal by cut-
ting it up into square blocks or
pillars. See Stoop-and-room. (Ores-
ley)

Square work and caving. See Sub-
level stoping.

Squat. 1. (Corn.) Tin ore mixed
with spar (Raymond). Also called
Squad

2. A small ore body in a vein.
(Standard)

Squat lads! Pall fiat down on the
floor ! In the early days of coal min-
ing, igniting the gas was a very
common thing; so, whenever an ex-
plosion took place, the colliers
shouted to one another, "Squat.
lads!" See She's fired! (Gresley)

Squat of ore (Eng.). A bunch of ore.
(Min. Jour.) See Squat.

Squealer. A shot that breaks the
coal only enough to allow the gases
of detonation to escape with a
whistling sound; also called a
whistler. (C. and M. M. P.)

744010 O— 47 41

Squeal-out (Ark.). See Seam-out;
Squealer.

Squealy ooal (Ark.). Seamy coal
from which the powder gases escape
with a squealing sound. (Steel)

Squeeze. 1. The settling, without
breaking, of the roof over a con-
siderable area of working (Ray-
mond). Also called Creep, Crush,
Pinch, and Nip.

2. The gradual upheaval of the
floor of a mine, due to the weight
of the overlying strata. (Wood-
son)

Squeezer. A machine for reducing the
puddle-ball to a compact mass,
ready for the hammer or rolls.
(Raymond). Also called Alligator.

Squeezing-box. A metal cylinder hav-
ing at its bottom an orifice through
which a mass of plastic clay is
forced in the shape of a long roll,
from which handles may be cut, as
for jugs. (Standard)

Squib. 1. A tapered paper tube, about
7 Inches long, filled with fine gun-
powder, one end of the tube being
treated with chemicals so as to form
•a slow burning match, which, when
ignited, burns so slowly as to give
the miner time to reach a place of
safety before the explosion. When
used, the squib is placed in the nee-
dle hole, or blasting barrel, through
the tamping, with the match end
of the squib outward. (U. S. Bu.
Mines, Bull. 17, p. 33)

2. Small charge of powder exploded
in the bottom of a drill hole, to
spring the rock, after which a heavy
shot is fired (Steel). A springing
shot.

3. In well boring, a vessel, contain-
ing the explosive and fitted with a
time fuse, that is lowered into a
well to detonate the nitroglycerin
charge. (Nat Tube Co.)

Squib shot. A blast with a small
quantity of high explosives fired at
some point in the bore hole for the
purpose of dislodging some foreign
material which has fallen into it
(Du Pont)

Squirting. Forcing lead by hydraulic
pressure into the form of rods or
pipes. ( Raymond )

S*table-boss. A man placed in charge
of the stables and of the animals
employed at a mine.

Stack. 1. A chimney. 2. A shaft fur-
nace. (Raymond)
3. To build up coal, ironstone, etc.,
into heaps on the surface for win-
ter or other use. (Gresley)

642

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.

4. In gas works, a row of benches
containing retorts. 5. One of the
piles or layers of dung or tan, pots
containing acid, and sheets or wick-
ets of lead, in the old processes for
making white lead. (Webster)
6. (Eng.) A measure of fuel con-
sisting of 108 cubic feet (Stand-
ard)

Stacker. 1. One who stacks coal, etc.

2. (Leic.) A miner who looked
after the unloading of the coal on
the bank, on behalf of the miners,
in the earlier days of mining.
(Gresley)

3. A device fixed at the rear of a
dredge and carrying a conveyer belt
to stack the waste material behind
the boat so that it will not inter-
fere with navigation. (Weatherbe,
p. Tl)

Stack out (Mid.). To dam off or shut
up the entrance to a goafxby build-
ing a wall of stone, coal, and clay
in front of it. (Gresley)

Staddle (Mid.). The foundation of a
pack in ironstone workings. (Gres-
ley)

Stadia. In surveying : 1. A temporary
station. 2. A stadia rod. (Webster)
3. An instrument for measuring dis-
tances, consisting of a telescope
with special horizontal parallel lines
or wires, used in connection with a
vertical graduated rod ; also, the
rod alone, or the method of using
it (Standard)

Stadia rod. A graduated rod used
with an instrument of the stadia
class to measure the distance from
the observation point to the place
where the rod is positioned. (Web-
ster)

Stadia tables. Mathematical tables
from which may be found, without
computation, the horizontal and ver-
tical components of a reading made
with a transit and stadia rod.

Staff. 1. A body of assistants serv-
ing to carry into effect the plans
of a superintendent or manager.
(Webster)

2. A surveyor's leveling rod. 3. An
iron puddler's rabble or rabbler.
(Standard)

Staff hole. A small hole in a pud-
dling furnace through which the
puddler heats his staff. See Staff, 3.
(Century)

Stage (Eng.). 1. The pit bank. 2. A
certain length of underground road-
way worked by one horse. (Gres-
ley)

3. (Scot.) A narrow whin dike, es-
pecially one where the material of
which the dike is composed is soft
(Barrowman)

4. In the nomenclature adopted by
the International Geological Con-
gress, the stratigraphic subdivision
of the fourth rank; a division of a
aeries. The chronologic term of
equivalent rank is age. (These
terms have not been adopted by the
U. S. Geological Survey and they
have no exact equivalents in the
nomenclature used by that Survey.)
(La Forge)

5. A platform on which mine cars
stand. (C. and M. M. P?)

Stage crashing. A method of ore or
stone crushing in which there is a
series of crushers, each one crush-
ing finer than the one preceding.

Stage pumping. Draining a mine by
means of two or more pumps placed
at different levels, each of which
raises the water to the next pump
above or to the surface.

Stage working. A system of working
minerals by removing the strata
above the beds, after which the va-
rious beds are removed in steps or
stages. (C. and M. M. P.*

Staging. A temporary flooring or
scaffold, or platform. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Stahlstein (Steelstone). The German
name for some pure crystalline car-
bonate of iron, because a kind of
steel is readily made from such ores
without passing through the proc-
ess of cementation. (Page)

Stainless steel. Be* Chromium steel.

Stair pit (Scot). A rhallow shaft or
staple in a mine fitted with a ladder
or steps. (Gresley)

Staithe (No. of Eng.). A depot in
which coal is placed when it comes
from collieries by wagons, to be
ready to be loaded into keels
(boats). (Gresley)

Staithman (Eng.). A man employed
at a staithe in weighing and ship-
ping coal. (Standard)

Stake. 1. (Leic.). To fasten back
or prop open with a piece of chain
or otherwise the valves or clacks
of a water barrel, in order that the
water may run back into the sump
when necessary. (Gresley)
2. Short for grubstake. 3. A prop-
erty or interest involved. (Webster)
4. A pointed piece of wood driven
into the ground to mark a boundary,
survey station, elevation, etc.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

643

Stalactite. Depending, columnar de-
posits, generally of calclte, formed
on the roof of a cavern toy the drip
of mineral solutions. Compare Sta-
lagmite. (Kemp)

Stalactitic marble; Stalagmitic marble.
Marble obtained from the calcareous
deposits on the roofs and floors of
caves. Such are often beautifully
banded and are known commercially
as onyx marbles. (Merrill)

Stalagmite. Uprising, columnar de-
posits, generally of calcite. formed
on the floor of a cavern by the
drip of mineral solutions from the
roof. Compare Stalactite.

Stolen (Eng.). A mass of ore left
In a mine. (Hunt)

Stall 1. (So. Staff.). A working
place in a mine, varying in length
from a few feet to 80 yards or more,
according to the thickness of the
seam and system of working adopted
(Gresley). A room.

2. A small compartment in a furnace
or kiln where ore is roasted. See
Stall roasting.

Stall-and-breast. See Room-and-plllar
method.

Stall-and-room work (Eng.). Working
the coal in compartments, or In
isolated chambers, leaving pillars to
support the root (Gresley)

Stall gate; Stall road (Eng.). A road
along which the mineral worked in
a stall is. conveyed to the main road.
(Gresley)

Stalling (Eng.). Working in a stall,
in the capacity of a butty or con-
tractor. (Gresley)

Stall roasting. The roasting of ore in
small enclosures of earth or masonry
walls. The enclosures are called
stalls and may be open or closed.
(Peters, p. 140; Hofman, p. 361)

Stamp. 1. To break up the ore and
gangue by machinery, for washing
out the heavier metallic particles.
(Whitney)

S. A heavy pestle raised by steam or
other power for crushing ore. Those
stamps in which the blow of the
pestle is caused by its mere weight
are called gravity stamps. See
Stamp head. See Steam stamp.

3. (Eng.) A section of a bloom
nicked or partially cut through, or
broken off to show the grain. (Web-
ster)

4. (Scot). A hole or mark in the
roof of a mine working from which
measurements may be taken. (Bar-
rowman)

5. (Eng.) A hole made in coal, with
the pick, in which the wedge is fixed
before driving. (G. C. Green well)

6. In brickmaking, to remove from
an undried brick the rough edge
caused by a mold-vent (Standard)

Stamp battery. A heavy iron pestle
working mechanically in a huge
iron mortar. Generally grouped in
units of five per mortar. Stamps
vary up to 2,000 pounds in weight,
dropping 6 to 8 inches and 100 or
more times per minute. (Liddell)

Stamp copper. Copper produced from
copper-bearing rock by stamping and
washing before smelting.

Stamp duty. The amount of ore
(tons) that one stamp will crush in
24 hours.

Stampede. Any sudden or impulsive
movement on the part of a crowd
or large company (Standard), as a
stampede to a new gold, field.

Stampeder. One who rushes into a
new district when a discovery of
gold or other precious metal is re-
ported. See Rusher.

Stamper. A mill for powdering cal-
cined flints for use in making porce-
lain. (Standard)

Stamper box. A stamp-mill mortar
box. (Roy. Com.)

Stamp hammer. A power hammer
that rises and falls vertically, like
an ore stamp. (Webster)

Stamp head. A heavy and nearly
cylindrical cast-iron head fixed on
the lower end of the stamp rod,
shank or lifter to give weight in
stamping the ore. The lower sur-
face of the stamp head is generally
protected by a cheese-shaped "shoe"
of harder iron or steel which may
be removed when worn out. These
shoes work upon " dies " of the same
form laid in the bottom of the mor-
tar or stamper box (Roy. Com.).
-See 'Stamp, 2.

Stamping. Reducing to the desired
fineness in a stamp mill. The grain
is usually not so fine as that pro-
duced by grinding in pans. (Ray-
mond)

Stamping manndril (Leic.). A heavy
pick. (Gresley)

Stamp mill. An apparatus (also the
building containing the apparatus)
in which rock is crushed by descend-
ing pestles (stamps), operated by
water or steam-power. Amalgama-
tion is usually combined with the

644

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

crushing when gold or silver is the
metal sought, but copper* and tin-
ores, etc., are stamped to prepare
them for dressing. (Raymond)

Stamp rock (Mich.). Rock containing
fine copper that must be crushed
and jigged to recover the metal.
(Weed) '

Stamps (So. Wales). The pieces into
which the rough bars shingled from
the finery ball are broken, to be
piled for subsequent rolling into
sheet-iron. (Raymond)

Stamps captain (Corn.). The superin-
tendent or foreman of a stamp mill.
(Pryce)

Stamp shoe. The heavy chilled iron
casting attached to the lower end
of a stamp piston, that does the
actual crushing of rock in a stamp
mill. It drops on a round steel block
called a die. (Weed)

Stampsman. One who attends or oper-
ates a stamp or stamp 'battery.

Stamp-work (Lake Sup.). Rock con-
taining disseminated native copper
(Raymond). Stamp rock.

Stanch air (Som.). Choke damp.
(Gresley)

Stanchion. A vertical prop or strut
(C. and M. M. P.)

Stand. In well drilling, three lengths
of pipe ready for lowering into a
well.

Standage (Eng.). A large sump, or
more than one, acting as a reser-
voir. (Raymond)

Standard. 1. That , which Is set up
and established by authority as a
rule for the measure of quantity,
weight, extent, value, etc. 2. The
legal weight and fineness of metal
used in coins. (Webster)
3. (Eng.) The fixed rate by, which
colliers' wages are from time to time
regulated. £ee Sliding scale, 1.
(Gresley)

Standard-air course (No. of Eng.).
The quantity or supply of fresh air
allowed to pass through each district
or split. (Gresley)

Standard copper. Practically any
brand of 96 per cent, or higher,
fineness. ( Skinner )

SUmdard gold (Eng.). Twenty-two
parts of pure gold alloyed with two
parts of copper or other metal
(Skinner)

Standard height (Aust). A given
height of seam, say 5 feet, below
which the miner is paid so much
extra for every inch short of the
standard height. (Power)

Standard selling price (Aust). An
assumed price, not necessarily the
actual selling price, adopted so as
to afford a basis for a uniform min-
ing rate. (Power)

Standard-white oil. A Russian kero-
sene which has a specific gravity of
0.808 to 0.812 and is standard white
in color. (Bacon)

Stander (Eng.). A coal pillar left to
support the roof. (Webster)

Standing. 1. A term used by well
drillers to denote that work has
been stopped for a considerable time.
See Shut down. (Redwood, p. 245).
Also applicable to mines and other
industrial plants.

2. An -iron floor covering the sunken
part of a rolling mill. (Standard)

Standing bobby (No. of Eng.). An ex-
ploded shot that does not blow the
stemming out, but expends itself in
crevices or cleavage planes, without
doing its work. (Gresley)

Standing fire. A fire in a mine con-
tinuing to smoulder for a long time ;
often many years. (Gresley)

Standing gas. A body of fire damp
known to exist in a mine, but not
in circulation ; sometimes fenced off.
(Steel)

Standing ground (Eng.). Ground that
will stand firm without timbering.
(Pryce)

Standing set (Eng.). A fixed lift of
pumps in a sinking shaft. (Gresley)

Standing shot The result of a small
or undercharged shot wherein the
coal is slightly loosened so that it
is easily mined by pick (Hougland
v. Avery Coal Mining Co., 246 Illi-
nois, p. 616). The term is a mis-
nomer, as it applies to the result
and not the "shot" or "charge."

Standpipe. A high vertical pipe or
reservoir for water used to secure
uniform pressure in a supply sys-
tem. (Webster)

Stanc (Scot). An obsolete form for
stone. (Century)

Stanekitc. A resinlike hydrocarbon
derivative (C»HaOt) found chiefly
in coal deposits in Bohemia.
(Standard)

OL086ARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

645

Stank. (Mid.) A water-tight stop-
ping; generally a brick wall.
(Gresley)

Stanley header. See Header, 4.

Stannary. 1. A tin mine or tin works.
(Raymond)

2. A region containing tin works.
(Webster)

Stannary courts (Eng.). Courts in
Cornwall and Devonshire for the
purpose of regulating the affairs of
tin mines and tin miners. (Cen-
tury)

Stannary laws (Corn.). Regulations
for the management, etc., of tin
miners, administered by equity
Judges resident in Cornwall and
Devon. (Min. Jour.)

Stannatores. An early name applied
to Cornish tin miners. (Century)

Stanner. A small stone in or by a
stream; a ridge of stones on the
seashore; gravel. (Webster)

Stannic. Of, pertaining to, or con-
taining tin; specifically designating
compounds in which tin has a val-
ence of four, -as contrasted with
stannous. (Webster)

Stanniferous. Yielding or containing
tin, as stanniferous ores. (Stand-
ard)

Stanniferous ware. Pottery with a
tin glaze. (Standard)

Stannite. A sulpho-stannate of cop-
per. Iron, and sometimes zinc.
CujS.FeS.SnS, ; 29.5 per cent cop-
per, 27.5 per cent tin (Dana). Also
called Tin pyrites.

Stannous. Pertaining to or contain-
ing tin; specifically, designating
compounds in which tin has a val-
ence of two, as contrasted with
stannic. (Webster) >

Stannum. Tin.

Staple. 1. (Bug.) A shaft, smaller
and shorter than the principal one,
Joining different levels. 2, A small
pit. (Webster). Used in coal min-
ing. The American equivalent in
metal mines is winze.

3. In founding, a piece of nail-iron
pointed at one end and having a
disk of sheet iron riveted to the
other, used to steady a core and
gage the thickness of the metaL
(Standard)

Btapping (Scot). A method of wedg-
ing down coal across the working
face. (Barrowman)

Star antimony. Metallic antimony,
the purity of which is evidenced on
its surface by crystalline patterns
resembling stars or fern leaves.
(Webster)

Starling. 1. A structure of piles
driven round the piers of a bridge
for protection and support Also
Sterling (Webster). A sort of cof-
ferdam.

2. One of the piles of such an in-
closure. ( Standard )

Star metal. Synonymous with Star
antimony.

Star quarts. See Asteriated quartz.

Star reamer. A star-shaped tool for
regulating the diameter of, or
straightening a bore hole. (Gres-
ley)

Star ruby. An asteriated variety of
ruby. (Webster)

Star sapphire. An asteriated sapphire.
(Standard)

Star stone.. 1. A variety of ruby that
exhibits a bright opalescent star of
six rays in the direction of the prin-
cipal axis. (Power)
2. An nsteriated sapphire. 3. A
cross-section of a petrified tree-fern
when cut and polished. (Standard)

Start (No. of. Eng.). A lever for
working a gin to which the horse
is attached. (Gresley)

Starter. 1. A drill used for making
the upper part of a hole, the re-
mainder of the hole being made with
a drill of smaller gage known as a
follower. (Bowles)
2. (Penn.) The miner who ascends
to the battery to start the coal to
run. CChance)

SUssfurtite. A massive variety of
boradte found in Prussia. It re-
sembles a fine-grained white marble.
(Century)

Static metamorphism. In geology,
metamorphism produced by the in-
ternal heat of the earth and the
weight of the superincumbent rocks
and not accompanied by appreciable
deformation. (La Forge) A term
used in contradistinction to dynamic
metamorphism which involves stress-
es principally due to thrust. ( Sloan )

Statics. That branch of mechanics
which treats of, the equilibrium of
forces, or relates to bodies as beld
at rest by the forces acting on them.
(Webster) .

646

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Static zone. A term suggested tor the
zone which extends below the level
of the lowest point of discharge, and
in which the water is stagnant or
moves with infinitesimal velocity.
(Lindgren, p. 31.)

Station. 1. An enlargement of a shaft
or gallery on any level, thus afford-
ing room for landing at any desired
place, and at the same time provides
space for receiving loaded mine cars
that are to be sent to the surface.
Empty cars and material to be used
in the mine are taken from the cage
at this place. Also, a similar en-
largement of shaft or level to re-
ceive a balance-bob (bob-station),
pump (pump-station), or tank (tank-
station) (Raymond).
3. In surveying, the point at which
the instrument is planted or observa-
tions a re made. ( Webster )
8. Any fixed point underground be-
yond which naked lights may not be
carried. 4. Any fixed point in a
mine where deputies or foremen
meet to report upon the condition .of
their respective districts. 5. An
opening into a level heading out of
the side of an inclined plane.
(Gresley)

Stationary motors. Motors installed in
a permanent manner. (Clark)

Station pump. A mine pump perma-
nently placed, as distinguished from
a movable sinking-pump. (Weed)

Station tender. A cage tender.

Statuary marble. A pure white sac-
charoidal marble used for sculpture.
The finest varieties are now brought
from the Apuan Alps. (Merrill)

Staurolite. Iron-aluminum silicate,
Fe(A10)4(Al,OH(SiO,)«. Sometimes
used as a gem (U. S. Geol. Surv.)
Called also Granatite; Grenatite;
Staurotide ; Xantholite.

Stauroscope. A modified polariscope
used to find the position of planes
of light vibration in sections of
crystals. (Webster)

Staurotypous. In mineralogy, having
cross-like markings. (Standard)

Stave. A wedge-shaped section placed
around the die of a stamp to take up
the side wear. (Richards, p. 120)

Stay (Eng. ). A prop, strut or tie for
keeping anything in its place. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Steady. A support for blocking up a
stone that is to be worked. (Stand-
ard)

Steam. Water in the form of vapor;
aqueous vapor; especially the gaa
into which water is changed by
boiling; transparent until it begins
to condense. (Standard)

Steamboat coal. In anthracite only,
coal small enough to pass through
bars set 6 to 8 inches apart, but
too large to pass through bars from
3J to 5 inches. Steamboat coal pre-
pared at different colleries varies
considerably in size. Comparatively
few colleries prepare steamboat coal
except to fill special contracts or
orders. (Chance)

Steamboat rolls. Those rolls in an an-
thracite breaker which are set far-
thest apart to break the coal into
steamboat coal. (Standard)

Steam coal. Coal suitable for use un-
der steam boilers. (Webster)

Steam dredger. A dredging machine
operated by steam. (Century)

Steam gas. Highly superheated steam.
(Webster)

Steam jet. 1. A blast of steam issu-
ing from a nozzle. (Century)
2. A system of ventilating a mine
by means of a number of jets of
steam at high pressure kept con-
stantly blowing off from a series of
pipes in the bottom of the upcast
shaft. (Gresley)

Steam metal. Any copper alloy spe-
cially designed to endure exposure
to steam. (Webster)

Steam navvy (Eng.). A steam shovel.
(Webster)

Steam point See Point, 5.

Steam shovel. An excavating ma-
chine in which a large scoop is oper-
ated by steam power (Standard).
Used for stripping purposes and in
open pit mining, especially for iron
and coal. A similar shovel is now
operated by electricity.

Steam stamp. A crushing machine
consisting of a vertical stamp-shaft
which is forced down xto strike its
blow, and lifted up preparatory to
striking the next, by a steam pis-
ton. (Richards, p. 113)

Steatite; Soapstone. A massive va-
riety of talc; a very soft rock hav-
ing a soapy or greasy feel; it is a
hydrous magnesium silicate.

Steatitic. Of or pertaining to steatite
or soaps tone; made of steatite.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

647

Steel. Formerly, a variety of Iron In-
termediate between cast-Iron and
wrought-iron, very tougb, and, when
tempered, hard and elastic; now
applied also to ingot iron, or nearly
pure iron made by fusion processes.
Steel is conveniently classified into
three grades of hardness for com-
mercial purposes : mild, or soft steel,
containing less than 0.15 per cent of
carbon; medium steel, containing
from 0.15 to 0.30 per cent of carbon ;
hard steel, containing more than
0.30 per cent of carbon. Soft steel
is highly ductile and is used for
boiler plates, etc. Medium steel is
used especially for constructional
purposes. Hard steel is employed
for rubbing surface and where great
ultimate strength is required, as for
axles, shafts, tools, springs, etc. A
very soft kind of mild steel, used
especially for making rivets is
called Rivet steel (Webster). See
also Ferroalloy.

Steel band (III). A thin band or
layer of pyrite in a coal seam. Also
called Sulphur; Brasses.

Steel boy. A boy who carries drills to
the miners, and collects dull drills
and sees that they are returned to
the blacksmith shop.

Steel bronze. Same as Bronze steel.
(Standard)

Steele; Steele dry table. See Button.

Steel iron. A mixture of iron and
steel; imperfectly made steel.
(Standard)

Steel jack. Sphalerite. (Power)

Steelmaster. A steel manufacturer.
(Standard)

Steel mill. 1. A mill where steel is
manufactured. (Webster)
2. (Eng.) An early type apparatus
for obtaining light in a fiery mine.
It consisted of a revolving steel
wheel, to which a piece of flint was
held, to produce sparks. See Flint
mill (Gresley)

Steel needle. An instrument used in
preparing blasting holes, before the
safety fuse was invented. (O. and
M M.P.)

Steel nipper. See Nipper, 1.

Steel ore. A name given to various
iron ores and especially to siderite,
because it was supposed to be espe-
cially adapted for making steel by
the earlier and direct process.
(Century). See also Stahlstein

Steel press. A hydraulic press for
compressing or condensing molten
steel in molds and thus producing
dense ingots or castings. (Stand-
ard)

Steelworks. A plant where steel IB
made. (Standard)

Steering; Steining. The brick, or
stone lining of a shaft (Gresley)

Steep. See Brasque.

Steep seams. See Edge coal; alto
Rearers. (Gresley)

Steer (Letc.). Steep; highly inclined;
dips fast (Gresley)

Steg the cleek (Scot). To retard or
stop the winding; to stop the work,
(Barrowman)

Steigher (Pr.). See Fireman. One
who has/ the supervision of only a
fixed part or district of a mine.
(Gresley)

Steining. The brick or stone lining
of a shaft to prevent the loose strata
of the sides from falling. (Gresley)

Steinmannite. A variety of galena
that has part of the lead replaced
with antimony and arsenic. (Stand-
ard)

Stellar coal. See Stellarite.

Stellarite. A .variety of asphaltum,
called also Stellar coal, because stars
of fire drop from it when burning.
(Chester)

Stellated. Resembling a star; pointed
or radiated like a star (Webster).
Frequently applied to minerals.

Stellite. An alloy of cobalt and chro-
mium in which the constituents may
vary from 10 to 50 per cent chro-
mium with a corresponding varia-
tion in cobalt (Min. and Sci. Press,
voL 115, p. 651)

Stem. 1. The vertical rod or shaft
of wrought iron which carries the
stamp at its lower end. Also called
Shank. 2. The handle of the ham-
mer. (Raymond)

8. The heavy iron rod to which the
bit is attached in deep drilling by
the rooe method. (Steel)

4. Frequently used as a synonym
for Tamp. See Stemming.

5. (Corn.) A day's work. (Min.
Jour.) Also Stemmyn.

Stemmer. 1. (Newc.) A tamping bar,
(Raymond)
2. A blasting needle. (Standard)

648

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Stemming. A term applied in mining
literature to the inert material used
on top of a charge of powder or
dynamite, while tamping is reserved
to indicate only the process of com-
pressing the stemming in place. See
Tamping. (U. S. Bu. Mines, Bull.
17, p. 45)

Stemmyn (Corn.). See Stem, 5.

Stempel; Stemple. 1. (Derb.). One
of the cross-bars of wood placed in
a mine-shaft to serve as steps. 2.
A stull-piece. 3. A cap, both sides
of which are hitched instead of be-
ing supported upon legs. See Stull.
( Raymond ) . Also spelled Stimpte.

Stemple. See Stempel.

Stence (Eng.). Timber for support-
ing a roof. (Bainbridge)

Stencil. A substance laid on parts of
the surface of a piece of pottery
which is to be decorated by the
transfer process, to keep the oil
used from adhering to those parts;
hence, the pattern made by such
material. (Standard)

Stent. 1. (Eng.) Rubble, waste.
(Power)

2. Extent or limit, as of a pitch or
bargain (Standard). See Pitch, 1-.

Stenting (No. of Eng.). See Stenton.

Stenton (Newc.). A pass-age between
two winning headways. A stenton
wall is the pillar of coal between
them (Raymond). Also called
Stenting.

Stenton wall (Newc.). The pillar of
coal between two working headings.
(Min. Jour.)

Step. 1. (Eng.) The cavity in a piece
for receiving the pivot of an upright
shaft or the end of an upright piece.

2. The shearing in a coal face. (C.
and M. M. P.)

3. (Scot.) A hitch or dislocation
of the strata. (Barrowman)

Step banks (So. Wales). Working
places at regular distances along the
face of the long- wall system. (Gres-
ley)

Step-cut. A mode of cutting gems in
step-like facets. (Standard)

Step fault. A series of parallel faults
forming steps (Power). See Fault1

Step grate. A grate made in steps or
stairs, to promote completeness of
the combustion of the coal burned
upon it. (Raymond)

Stephanite; Brittle silver ore. Silrer-
antimony sulphide, 5AgjS.SbaS*.
Contains 68.5 per cent silver. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Stepping (No. of Eng.). The system
of working a face of coal in ad-
vance of the one next to it. (Gres-
ley)

Step reef. See Step vein.

Step socket. A special form of socket
for use on locked-wire rope.
(C. M. P.)

Steptoe. An island of bedrock in a
lava flow. (Lahee, p. 322)

Step-up. 1. See Transformer. 2. Des-
ignating a gear or gearing that in-
creases a velocity ratio. (Webster)

Step vein. A vein alternately cutting
through the strata of country-rock,
and running parallel with them
(Raymond). Called Step reef in
Australia.

Stercorite. Microcosmic salt, HNa-
(NH4)P04-f4H20. Nat've salt of
phosphorous. ( Dana )

Stereogram. A • stereographic projec-
tion of a crystal. (A. F. Rogers)

Stereographic projection. In mineral-
ogy, a projection made on a plane
through the center of a sphere by
projectors from the south oole.
(A. F. Rogers)

Stereotype metal. An alloy resem-
bling type metal, but containing
more lead, suitable for stereotype
plates. (Standard)

Sterile coal (Eng.). Black shale or
clay on top of a coal seam. (Gres-
ley)

Sterlie (Scot). A drum or wheel on
a self-acting incline. (Barrowman)

Sterling. Having a standard of value
or fineness established by the British
government; said of British money
of account and of gold and silver;
as, pounds sterling; sterling plate.
(Standard)

Sternbergite. A silver-iron sulphide,
Ag2S.Fe4S6. Sulphur 30.4, silver
34.2, iron 35.4. (Dana)

Sterny ( Scot. ) . Rough ; coarse grained
or crystalline, e. g., sterny limestone.
(Barrowman)

Sterro metal. An alloy of copper 3
parts, zinc 2, and a small proportion
of iron and tin; stronger than gun
metal. (Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

649

Stetefeldite. A somewhat uncertain
compound containing silver, copper,
iron, antimony, sulphur, and water.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Stetcfeldt furnace. A furnace for the
chloridizing-roasting of silver ores
and also for roasting fine copper
ores low in sulphur. Provision is
made for an auxiliary fireplace.
(Peters, p. 173)

Steward (York.). An underground
foreman. (Gresley)

Stey (Scot). Steep; highly inclined.
(Barrowman)

Stibiconite. Antimony ocher. Hy-
drous oxide of antimony, SbaO^HaO.
Contains 74.5 per cent antimony
(U. S. Geol. Surv.). Called also
Stiblite.

Stibium. Antimony : so called in phar-
macy and old chemistry. (Stand-
ard)

Stibnite. Antimony glance; gray an-
timony; antimony sulphide, SbaS».
Contains 71.4 per cent antimony.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Stick (Eng.). To cease work in order
to obtain an increase, or prevent a
reduction of wages (G. C. Green-
well). To strike.

Stickings (Eng.). Thin veins of ore,
or thin seams of clay in ore veins.
(Bainbridge)

Sticking serins (Eng.). Small veins
that do trot afford shoulder room.
(Hunt)

Sticky coal (Ark.). Coal strongly ad-
hering to a hard stratum of rock
above or below it; also called Frozen
coal. (Steel)

Stiffener (So. Wales). A door for
regulating the ventilation. (Gres-
ley)

Stiff-mud process. A plastic method
of molding brick by forcing the clay
through a die. (Ries)

Stifle. 1. (Scot.) Noxious gas re-
sulting from an underground fire.
(Barrowman)

2. To suffer difficulty in breathing,
or to be oppressed, as by reason of
air charged with smoke or other
impurities. (Webster)

Stilbite; Desmine. A common mineral
of the zeolite group ; a hydrous sili-
cate of aluminum, calcium, and
sodium, (Dana)

Still. 1. An apparatus in which a sub-
stance is changed by heat, with or
without chemical decomposition, into
vapor, which vapor is then lique-
fied in a condenser and collected in
another part of the apparatus.
(Standard) A retort.
2. A house where liquids are dis-
tilled. 3. A vessel in which manga-
nese dioxide is treated with hydro-
chloric acid to form a bleaching
liquor. (Webster)

Still coke. The residue left in the still
on distilling crude shale-oil to dry-
ness. (Bacon)

Still grease. The amorphous distillate
from the end of the crude-oil and
heavy-oil distillation in the shale-
oil industry. (Bacon)

Stillen (Corn.). See Astyllen.

Stilling. 1. (No. of Eng.) The wall-
ing of a shaft within the tubbing
above the first hard stratum under-
lying quicksand. (Gresley)

2. A stand, as for holding vats or
casks, or for unburned pottery while
it is drying. (Standard)

Stilpnosiderite. Same as Limonite
(Standard)

Stilt 1. In ceramics, a piece of hard,
fired clay, or of iron, used to keep
articles apart in a kiln; also called
Spur. 2. Any of the piles form-
ing the back of the sheet piling for
a starling. (Webster)

Stimples (So. Wales). Small timbers.
See Lacing; also Stempel.

Stink coaL A hydrocarbon mineral
found in lignite. See Dysodile.

Stink damp. Sulphuretted hydrogen,
BUS.

Stinkqnartz. A variety of quartz,
which emits a fetid odor when
struck, (Chester)

Stinkstone. 1. A fetid limestone. 2.
(Tenn.) Bowlders of phosphate
rock. (Power)

3. Any stone which emits a fetid
smell on being struck or rubbed,
owing to the decomposition of or-
ganic matter; specifically, anthra-
conite (Webster). Called also
Swinestone. See Bituminous lime-
stone.

Stint. 1. (Mid.) A measure of length
by which colliers mine coal. 2.
(Glouc.) A certain number of trams
filled per man per day. 3. (So.
Staff.) A collier's day or shift

650

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

4. (Brist.) To fix upon, or agree
to, a certain number of trams being
filled per stall per day. (Gresley)

5. (Aust.) The amount of work to
be done by a man in a given time.
(Power)

Stirian. An early name for nickel-
bearing marcasite. (Chester)

Stirrup (Eng.). A screw joint sus-
pended from the brakestaff or
spring-pole, by which the boring rods
are adjusted to the depth of the
borehole (Gresley). Also called
Temper screw.

Stitch. To fasten a timber by toe
nailing. (C. and M. M. P.)

Stithe (Eng.). Choke damp; after
damp; black damp. Also Stythe.
(Century)

Stob (Eng.). A long steel wedge used
in bringing down coal after it has
been holed. (Gresley)

Stob-and-feather (Eng.). See Fox
wedge.

Stock. 1. (Eng.) Coal (or ore) stored
at surface during slack trade, or in
reserve for an extra demand at any
time. 2. The average tonnage sent
out of a working place in one day.
(Gresley)

3. In quarrying, the useful rock as
distinguished from the waste. (Gil-
lette, p. 7)

4. The mixture of ore, coke, and
limestone charged into the furnace,
or stored in bins at the stock house.
(Willcox)

5. An irregular, metalliferous mass
in a rock formation; as a stock of
lead ore in limestone. 6. A body
of igneous rock intruded upward
into older formations. In ground
plan a stock is circular or ellipti-
cal, but in cross section it may in-
crease downward. 7. A core of small
wet coal, with a hole through for the
air blast, made between the tuyere
and the front of a forge. 8. A
holder for a threaded die. 9. The
capital of a company or corporation
in the form of transferable shares,
each of a certain amount. (Web-
ster)

10. A grade of bricks ; in England,
a gray or red brick for an exterior
wall. (Standard)

Stock brick; Kiln-run brick. A class
of bricks embracing all hard enough
for the outside of buildings, divided
into hard, common building, paving,
hard building, outside, hard red,
strictly hard, select hard, rough

hard, hard washed, kiln-run hard,
and common hard brick. (Stand-
ard)

Stock dumper. See Trestle man.

Stock-house man. A general term for
anyone working in stock house.
(Willcox) See Stock, 4.

Stocking end. 1. (Lane.) The inner
end of a heading at a short distance
from which there is a depression in
the seam, which has become more or
less filled with water, causing the
ventilation to be cut off. 2. (Leic.)
A Geordie. (Gresley)

Stock-pile. The ore accumulated at
the surface when shipping is sus-
pended (Standard), as on the Iron
ranges of Michigan and Minnesota
during the winter months.

Stock nnloader. A laborer who un-
loads ore, coke, or stone from cars
on trestle. (Willcox)

Stockwork (Germ., Stockwerk). AD
ore deposit of such a form that it
is worked in floors or stories. It
may be a solid mass of ore, or a
rock mass so interpenetrated by
small veins of ore that the whole
must be mined together. Stock-
works are distinguished from tabu-
lar or sheet-deposit (veins, beds),
which have a small thickness in com-
parison with their extension in the
main plane of the deposit (that is,
in strike and dip) (Raymond). See
Stock, 5 and 6.

Stoke hole. A hole, as in a reverbera-
tory furnace, for introducing a rab-
ble or other tool for stirring.
(Standard)

Stolzite. A native lead tungstate, Pb-
WO4, near scheelite in form. (Web-
ster)

Stomp. 1. (Mid.) To set a prop or
sprag with one end in a slight hole
cut out of the floor or roof to re-
ceive it. 2. A short wooden plug
fixed in the roof, to which lines are
hung, or to serve as a bench mark
for surveys. (Gresley)

Stone. 1. Concreted earthy or mineral
matter. A small piece of rock.
Rock or rocklike material for build-
ing. Large natural masses of stone
are generally called rocks ; small or
quarried masses are called stones;
and the finer 'kinds, gravel or sand.

2. A precious stone; a gem. (Web-
ster)

3. (Eng.). Ironstone, which see
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

651

4. (Aust) Ore sent to mill. (The
Englishman uses the term "mill-
stuff" and the Colorado - Cornlsh-
man "mill-dirt.") In south-
west Missouri lead and zinc mines
the term "dirt" is used, while in
Michigan copper mines "rock" is
the common expression. (Rickard)

Stone ax. A stone-cutter's ax. (Stand-
ard)

Stone bind. A variety of sandstone.
(Power)

Stone boat 1. A flat runnerless sledge
or drag for transporting stone or
other heavy material. (Webster)
2. A wheeled vehicle having slung
below the axles a platform for haul-
ing stones. (Standard)

Stone brash. Land abounding in
stones, especially a subsoil of small
stones or finely broken rock. (Web-
ster)

Stone breaker. A stone crusher.

Stone brick. A hard brick or fire brick
made in Wales. (Webster)

Stone butter. 1. A variety of halotri-
chite. Called also Rock butter.
(Standard) A sort of alum.
2. A kind of clay said to have been
used instead of butter. (Chester)

Stone coal (Wales). 1. Anthracite, in
lumps. Also certain other very hard
varieties of coal. (Gresley)
2. Mineral coal, as distinguished
from charcoal. (Standard)

Stone crusher. A machine for break-
ing stones, as for road building.
When used for breaking ore, called
Ore crusher. (Standard)

Stone cutter. 1. One whose occupation
is cutting stone, as for building.
2. A gem cutter. 3. A machine for
facing stone. .(Standard)

Stone dresser. 1. One who smooths
nnd shapes stone. 2. A machine for
dressing and finishing building
stones, etc. (Standard)

Stone drift (Aufit). A passage driven
in rock instead of coal. (Power)

Stone flax. An early name for as-
bestos. (Chester)

Stonegall. A clay concretion found
in certain sandstones. (Standard)

Stone hammer. A hammer for break-
ing or for dressing stone. (Stand-
ard)

Stonehead (Eng.). 1. A heading
driven in stone or bind. A stone
drift 2. (No. of Eng.) The first
hard stratum underlying quicksand.
(Gresley)

Stone land. Land chiefly valuable for
stone, as sandstone, limestone, gran-
ite, etc. (U. 8. Min. Stat, pp. 1308-
1833)

Stoneman. 1. (No. of Eng.) One
who is employed in driving a stone-
head, or who rips, timbers, and re-
pairs roads. See Brusher. (Gresley)
2. (Aust). A man who works in
rock, in contradistinction to one
who works in coal. (Power)

Stone mill. 1. A stone crusher. 2. A
machine for dressing and finishing
marble, slate, etc.; a stone dresser.
(Standard)

Stone mine. 1. (Scot) An ironstone
mine or working. (Gresley) )
2. (Scot). A mine driven in barren
strata. (Barrowman)

Stone ocher. Ocher found in hard,
globular masses. (Webster)

Stone of ore. A piece of ore. (Boy.
Com.)

Stone oil. Rock oil {.petroleum. (Web-
ster)

Stone pit A quarry where stones are
dug. (Webster)

Stone pitch. Pitch that is hard like
stone. (Webster)

Stone quarry. A place where stone is
quarried. (Standard)

Stone saw. A stone-cutting apparatus
having no teeth, being a simple iron
band fed with sand and water, cut-
ting by attrition. (Standard)

Stone squarer. A workman who
squares or shapes stones, as for
building. (Standard)

Stone tubbing. Water-tight stone wall-
ing of a shaft cemented at the back.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Stoneware. A variety of pottery.
(Standard)

Stonework. 1. Any work directly con-
cerned with the shaping, prepara-
tion, setting, or the like, of a stone
or stones. (Webster)
2. (Scot) Driving of drifts or gal-
leries in stone or rock. See Stone-
head, 1. (Gresley)

Stone works. 1. An establishment for
cutting stone, as marble. 2. A pot-
tery for making stoneware. (Stand-
ard)

Stone yard. A yard in which stones
are cut shaped, broken or the like.
(Webster)

Stone yellow. Yellow ocher. (Web-
ster)

652

GLOSSARY QF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Stook (No. of Eng.). A pillar of coal
about four yards square, being the
last portion of a full-sized pillar
to be worked away in bord-and-pil-
lar workings. (Gresley)

Stook-and-feather (Eng.). A wedge
for breaking down coal, worked by
hydraulic power, the pressure being
applied at the extreme inner end of
the drilled hole. (Gresley)

Stooled (Eng.). Applied to a vein cut
vertically for some distance. (Bain-
bridge)

Stool end. A supporting pillar of rock.
(Webster)

Stool pipe; Stool piece (Scot). The
pipe on which a column of pipes
rests. (Barrowman)

Stoop (Scot). A post or pillar; a
boundry post; a support or prop, as
a pillar of coal left to support the
roof. (Webster)

Stoop and room; Pillar and stall; or
Post and stall (Scot). A system of
working by which mineral is ex-
tracted from its bed in a series of
galleries or rooms leaving pillars or
stoops to support the roof. (Bar-
rowman )

Stoop and thirl (Scot). An old name
for Stoop and room. (Barrowman)

Stooped (Scot). Said of a mine when
the pillars or stoops have been ex-
tracted. (Barrowman)

Stooped waste (Scot). Stoop-and-
room workings where the pillars
have been worked out. (Barrow-
man)

Stooping (Scot). The process of ex-
tracting stoops or pillars. (Bar-
rowman )

Stoop road (Scdt). A road driven in
the solid coal in connection with
the stoop-and-room system of min-
ing. (Gresley)

Stop. 1. Any cleat or beam to check
the descent of a cage, car, pump
rods, etc. (Chance)
2. In mining, a variation of stope.

Stope. 1. An excavation from which
the ore has been extracted, either
above or below a level, in a series
of steps. A variation of step (Stand-
ard). Usually applied to highly in-
clined or vertical veins. Frequently
used incorrectly as a synonym of
room, which is a wide working place
in a flat mine.

2. To excavate ore in a vein by driv-
ing horizontally upon it a series of

workings, one immediately over the
other, or vice versa. Each horizon-
tal working is called a stope (prob-
ably a corruption of step), because
when a number of them are in prog-
ress, each working face being a lit-
tle in advance of the next above or
below, the whole face under attack
assumes the shape of a flight of
stairs. When the first stope is be-
gun at a lower corner of the body of
ore to be removed, and, after it has
advanced a convenient distance, the
next is commenced above it, and so
on the process is called overhand
stoping. When the first stope be-
gins at an upper corner, and the
succeeding ones are below it, it is
underhand stoping. The term stop-
ing is loosely applied to any subter-
ranean extraction of ore except that
which is incidentally performed in
sinking shafts, driving levels, etc.,
for the purpose of opening the mine.
(Raymond)

Stoper. A stoping drill.

Stoping. 1. In geology, the enlarge-
ment of a magmatic chamber through
the breaking off of blocks of rock
from the walls and roof : one of the
processes by which large bodies of
intrusive igneous rock are supposed
to acquire the space which they oc-
cupy upon solidification. (La Forge)
2. See Stope, 2.

Stoping and filling. See Overhand
stoping.

Stoping drill. A small air or electric
drill, usually mounted on an exten-
sible column, for working stopes,
raises, and narrow workings.

Stoping ground. Part of an orebody
opened by drifts and raises and
ready for breaking down. (Weed)

Stoping in horizontal layers. See
Overhand stoping.

Stoping underhand. Mining a stope
downward in such a series that
presents the appearance of a flight
of steps. (Ihlseng)

Stop-off. 1. To close off a part of a
mine by means of a brattice, wall,
stopping, etc.

2. In founding, to fill part of a mold
with sand or earth, to prevent ac-
cess of molten metal to that part
(Standard)

Stoppages (Eng.). Deductions from
miners' wages, such as rent, candles,
hlacksmi th's work, field club, etc.
(Grosloy)

QLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

653

Stopper hole. In a puddling furnace,
the hole through which the rabble is
introduced. (Webster)

Stopping. A brattice, or more com-
monly, a masonry or brick wall built
across old headings, chutes, airways,
etc., to confine the ventilating cur-
rent to certain passages, and also to
lock up the gas in old workings, and
in some cases to smother a mine
fire. (Chance)

Storage battery. A combination of
secondary cells or accumulators
which when once charged may be
used for a considerable time after as
a source of electric current (Cen-
tury) There are a number of types
and makes. Large ones find use in
operating mine-haulage motors, while
a portable type is used in the elec-
tric safety lamp.

Storage battery locomotive (or motor).
A mine haulage-motor operated by
self-contained storage batteries.

Stoss. In geology, facing the direction
whence a glacier moves, as a rock
or hill in its track; as, the stoss
side of a crag ; contrasted with lee.
(Standard)

Stove. 1. The oven in which the blast
of a furnace is heated. (Raymond)
2. A kiln, as for firing pottery or
djying minerals. (Webster)

Stove coaL In anthracite only; two
sizes of stove coal are made — Large
and Small. Large Stove, known as
No. 3, passes through a 2$ inch mesh
and over a If inch to 1$ inch mesh ;
Small Stove, known as No. 4, passes-
through a Ij* inch to If inch mesh
and over a 1$ inch to 1 inch mesh.
(Chance)

Stove distillate. A stove gasoline be-
fore receiving a finishing treatment.
(Bacon)

Stove gasoline. Gasoline used for gaso-
line stoves and for making illumi-
nating gas. (Bacon)

Stove glass. Mica for use in stoves.
(Standard)

Stovepipe. Riveted well casing. (Red-
wood)

Stove tender; Hot-blast man. One who
puts stoves on gas or on blast, reg-
ulates temperatures of blast; han-
dles gas at shutdowns; usually
watches water from tuyeres, plates,
etc., at iron blast-furnaces. (Will-
cox)

Stow. 1. To pack away rubbish, into
goaves or old workings. (Steel)
2. (Prov. Eng.) The structure con-
taining the furnace and series of
pots used in tin plating. (Stand-
ard)

Stower (Aust). One who stows away
waste in old workings. (Power)

Stowage (Scot). In longwall mining
the space from which the mineral
has been extracted and which has
been filled with waste. (Barrow-
man)

Stowbord • (Newc.). A place into
which rubbish is put (Raymond).
Also Stowboard.

Stowce. 1. A windlass. 2. (Derb.) A
wooden landmark, placed to indi-
cate possession of mining ground
(Raymond). Also Stowse.

Stowing. A method of mining in
which all the material of the vein
is removed and the waste is packed
into the space left by the working.
(Raymond)

Stow road (Scot). An abandoned
road in which waste is stowed.
(Barrowman)

Stowse (No. of Eng.). A windlass
(Gresley). Also Stowce.

Straddle. A vertical mine-timber,
especially one supporting a set in a
shaft

Straddle pipe. In gas manufacture, a
bridge pipe connecting the retort
with the hydraulic main. (Cen-
tury)

Strahlite. Same as Actinolite. Also
spelled Stralite. (Standard)

Straight bit (Eng.). A flat or ordi-
nary chisel for boring. (Gresley)

Straight coal (So. Staff.). An exca-
vation made in thick coal, having the
solid coal left on three sides of it
(Gresley). Also called Straight
stall.

Straight-cut gang frame. In quarry-
ing, a saw gang which slides back
and forth on a bed, as contrasted
with the ordinary saw gang which
swings back and forth when sus-
pended from above. (Bowles)

Straight dynamite. A high explosive
consisting essentially of 20 to 60 per
cent nitroglycerin and an active base
or absorbent (Du Pont)

Straight- en ds-and-walls (No. Wales).
A system of working coal somewhat
similar to bord-and-pillar. (Grei-

654

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Straightening press. A power-press to
straighten iron and steel bars, such
as rails, shafting, etc. (Raymond)

Straight point (Aus^.). That straight
portion of the inner main rail be-
tween the rails of a turn-out
(Power)

Straight stall. A lateral excavation
into a thick seam, having coal on the
face and both sides (Standard).
Also called Straight coal.

Straight-work ; Strait-work ( Eng. ) .
The system of mining coal, by head-
ings or narrow work. (Gresley)

Strain. A change of shape produced
in a body. (Stress and strain are
often used incorrectly as synony-
mous terms). (C. M. P.)

Strain breaks. Fractures occurring in
rock quarries where the rock is un-
der compressive stress. This stress
is relieved locally in the process of
quarrying, resulting in the rending
or fracturing of the rock mass.
(Bowles)

Strain sheet. 1. A skeleton drawing
of. a structure, as a roof truss or a
bridge, showing the stress to which
each member will be subjected.
(Webster)

2. A quarryman's term for granite
sheets produced by compressive
strain. (Perkins)

Strait (Scot.). Narrow; in the solid
(Barrowman). See Straight- work.

Straits tin. Tin from the Strait of
Malacca and the islands of Banka
and Billiton, Dutch East Indies.

Strake. 1. (Corn.) A trough for wash-
ing broken ore, gravel, or sand. A
launder. ( Webster )
2. The place where ore is assorted
on the floor of a mine; a dressing
floor. (Standard)

Strand. A varying number of wires
or fibers twisted together; the
strands in turn are twisted together,
forming a rope. (C. M. P.)

Strap. 1. (Scot.). A plank supported
at each end to make the roof strata
secure. ( Barrowman )
2. (Mid.) An old iron rail put up
between the coal face and the front
row of props, in longwall stalls, for
supporting a weak roof. (Gresley)

Strapping plate (Corn.). One of the
wrought-iron plates by which the
spears of a pump rod are bolted to-
gether; a spear plate, (Century)

Strap rope (Aust). An endless rope
that transmits power from the sur-
face into the clutch room under-
ground, where the various district
ropes are thrown into gear. (Power)

Strata. Plural of stratum.

Strath. 1. A broad valley, as distin-
guished from a glen or gorge ; it may
not be the valley of a single stream.
2. A broad valley with a planated
floor which is a local or incipient
peneplain. (La Forge)

Strath stage. That stage in the pene-
planation of a region when the main
streams have carved broad valleys
with planated floors graded to the
same regional base level. (La
Forge)

Stratio. Of, pertain! fig to, or designat-
ing the order or sequence of strata ;
strategraphic. (Webster)

Straticulate. Having numerous thin
layers, either (1) of sedimentary
deposition, as by oscillation or wave-
motion, often somewhat oblique to
the main layers of stratification, or
(2) of deposition from solution, the
layers being often those of color or
structure and not of fissility, as in
banded agate. (Standard)

Stratification. The deposition of sedi-
ment beds, layers, or strata; hence,
the arrangement of rocks in such
beds, layers, or strata; hence, fur-
ther, the stratified structure result-
ing from such deposition and ar-
rangement. (La Forge)

Stratification-foliation. The segrega-
tion of certain minerals in thin, ir-
regular, discontinuous laminae, in
planes parallel to the bedding or
stratification. (Standard)

Stratification planes. Continuous divi-
sional planes of great extent, mark-
ing changes in the character of ma-
terial or the mode of deposition, and
the presence of fossils generally ar-
ranged in planes parallel to the
plane of deposition and with their
broader surfaces lying in the same
planes. (Standard)

Stratified. Formed or lying in beds,
layers, or strata. (La Forge)

Stratigrapher. One who studies, or
who has expert knowledge of, stratig-
raphy. (Webster)

Stratigraphic geology. See Geology.

Stratigraphio throw. The distance be-
tween the two parts of a disrupted
stratum measured at right angles to
the plane of the stratum. (Ldnd-
gren, p. 129)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

655

Stratigraphy. 1. That branch of geol-
ogy which treats of the formation,
composition, sequence, and correla-
tion of the stratified rocks as parts
of the earth's crust. 2. That part
of the descriptive geology of an area
or district which pertains to the dis-
crimination, character, thickness, se-
quence, age, and correlation of the
rocks of the district (La Forge)

Stratum. A bed or layer of rock;
strata, more than one layer. (Roy.
Com.)

Stratum plain. A plain that has been
reduced approximately to the surface
of a level or nearly level resistant
stratum which has served as a local
base level. (La Forge)

Straw (Eng.). A straw or reed filled
with gunpowder, and used as a fuse.
(Gresley)

Streak. The color of the powder of a
mineral as obtained by scratching
the surface of the mineral with a
knife or file or, if not too hard, by
rubbing it on an unpolished porce
lain surface. (Dana)

Streaked. Having some of the min-
eral constituents so arranged as to
give the rock a striped or streaked
appearance. In the eruptive rock
this structure is often produced by
the flowing of the mass in a par-
tially cooled condition. It is best
seen in obsidian, rhyolite, and
quartz porphyries. (Merrill)

Streak plate. A piece of unglazed por-
celain for testing the streak of
minerals.

Stream (Cora.). To separate or clean
ore by washing.

Stream-down sluice. A sluice box
placed to receive the material re-
jected from the tables of a dredge.
(Weatherbe)

Streamer. 1. (Corn.) A searcher for
stream tin. (Raymond)
2. One who washes out stream tin.
(Webster)

Stream gold. Gold In alluvial de-
posits; placer gold. (Webster)

Streaming. 1. Separating ore from
gravel by the aid of running water.
(Skinner)

2. The working of alluvial deposits
for the tin found in them. 3. The
wash! rife of tin ore from the detrital
materials. 4. The reduction of
stream tin. (Standard)

Stream tin. Tin ore (cassiterite) oc-
curring In stream beds; distin-
guished from Lode tin. (Skinner)

Stream wheel. A wheel used to meas-
ure the velocity of flowing water in
which it dips. (Webster)

Stream works. 1. (Corn.). A name
given by miners to alluvial tin de-
posits usually worked in the open
air. (Ure)

2. A place where ore, generally tin
ore, is washed from alluvial de-
posits. (Standard)

Strebban (Ger.). The longwall sys-
tem of coal mining. (Gresley)

Streck (Eng.). A signal word for the
whim or tackle to be lowered.
(Hunt) Compare Strir»k.

Strek (Corn.). A trough for wash-
ing tin ore (Da vies)., A variation
of strake.

Stress. A force or combination of
forces tending to change the shape
of a body. (C. M. P.)

Stret 1. (Mid.) Solid, close, com-
pact; as gobbed stret, packed stret,
etc. (Gresley)

2. The system of mining coal by
headings or narrow work. See Bord-
and-pillar (C. and M. M. P.). Also
spelled Strett

Stretch. A particular direction or
course; as, the stretch of a coal
seam. (Standard)

Stretcher. 1. A brick or stone laid
with its length parallel to the face
of the wall. (Ries)
2. (York.) A prop or sprag.

Stretcher bar. A single-screw column
capable of holding one machine drill ;
is used in small drifts. (Gillette,
p. 96)

Stretcher bond. A form of bond in
which the bricks or ashlar are laid
lengthwise in successive courses, so
that the joints of one course are at
the middle of those of the adjacent
courses. (Standard)

Stria, A minute groove or channel. A
threadlike line or narrow band
( Webster ) . See Glacial stria.

Striated. Marked with parallel grooves
or stria?. (Raymond)

Striations. 1. Very fine parallel lines
marking the surfaces or cleavage
faces of minerals. (George)
2. Channels or scratches made in
rock-scoring. ( Standard )

656

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Strick (Corn.). To let a man down a
shaft by a windlass. (Davies) Com-
pare Streck.

Striding level. A spirit-level, the
frame of which carries at its two
extremities inverted Y's below, so
that it may be placed upon two con-
centric cylinders and straddle any
small intervening obstacles. (Cen-
tury)

Strike. 1. The course or bearing of
the outcrop of an inclined bed or
structure on a level surface ; the di-
rection or bearing of a horizontal
line in the plane of an inclined
stratum, joint, fault, cleavage plane,
or other structural plane: it is per-
pendicular to the direction of the
dip. (La Forge) Compare Trend.

2. To find a vein of ore; a valuable
discovery. 3. In iron-working, a
puddler's rabble. 4. Act of quitting
work by mutual understanding by a
body of workmen as a means of en-
forcing compliance with demands
on their employer; a stopping of
work by workmen to obtain or re-
sist a change in conditions of em-
ployment. Compare Lockout. (Web-
ster)

5. A hoisting-hook for metal, in a
foundry. 6. A straight-edged imple-
ment for leveling something as clay
In a brickmaker's or potter's mold,
or sand in a founders' mold, by
scraping off the superfluous portion
on top; a strickle. 7. In masonry,
to wipe off the projecting fresh mor-
tar from (a joint). (Standard)

Strike a lead. To come upon or dis-
cover a lead, lode, or vein, as of
ore (Standard). See Strike, 2.

Strike board; Strike tree (Scot). A
board at the top of a shaft from
which the bucket is tipped; used in
shaft sinking. Formerly the beam
or plank at the shaft-top on which
the baskets were landed. (Barrow-
man.)

Strike cut. In separating blocks of
stone in a quarry, the cut that is
parallel to the strike of the rock
strata. (Bowles)

Strike fault. See Fault.

Strike Joint. A joint parallel to the

strike. (Gresley)
Striker. 1. A blacksmith's helper. 2.

A workman who dresses off the clay

bricks with a strickle in molding.

(Webster)

3. (Derb.) The man who lands the
kibble, corf or bucket at the top of
a shaft (Mander) See Strike
board.

Striker-off. In brickmaking, a striker
or capper. (Standard)

Strike-shift. The horizontal compo-
nent of the shift parallel to the
fault strike. (Lindgren, p. 122)

Strike-slip. The component of the slip
parallel with the fault-strike, or the
projection of the net slip on a hori-
zontal line in the fault surface,
(Lindgren, p. 121)

Strike-slip fault. See Fault
Strike tree. See Strike board.

Strike valley. A valley parallel to the
strike of associated rock beds.
(Webster)

Striking deals (Eng.). Planks fixed in
a sloping direction just within the
mouth of a shaft, to guide the bucket
to the surface. (Gresley)

Striking hammer. A quarryman's (or
miner's) hammer for striking a rock
drill. (Standard)

Striking house (Derb.). A sheltered
place at the top of a shaft for the
striker, or eager. See Striker, 3.
(Mander)

Striking solution. A dilute solution of
silver cyanide, containing potassium
cyanide, in which articles to be sil-
ver plated are dipped before being
immersed in the silver bath proper.
(Standard)

String. 1. A very small vein, either
independent or occurring as a branch
of a larger vein (Roy. Com.). A
stringer.

2. A series of well-drilling tools ar-
ranged for lowering into the hole.

Stringer. 1. A narrow vein or irregu-
lar filament of mineral traversing a
rock mass of different material.
(Webster)

2. A heavy timber or plank, usually
horizontal, but sometimes inclined,
supporting other members of a struc-
ture, and usually running in the di-
rection of the greatest length of the
collection of supported members.
(Standard)

Stringer lode. A shattered zone con-
taining a network of small nonper-
sistent veins (Lindgren, p. 145).
Also called Stringer zone.

Stringing deals (Eng.). Thin planks,
nailed to the inside of the curbs in
a shaft, so as to suspend each curb
from those above it (Raymond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

657

String pump. A system of pumping
whereby the motion of the engine is
transmitted to the pump by timbers
or stringers bolted together. (C.
and M. M. P.)

String rods, A line of surface rods
connected rigidly for the transmis-
sion of power; used for operating
small pumps in adjoining shafts
from a central station. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Strip. 1. To remove from a quarry,
or other open working, the overly-
ing earth and disintegrated or bar-
ren surface rock. (Raymond)
2. A shallow cast ingot of brass
for rolling into sheets. 3. To re-
move the mold from a steel ingot.
(Webster)

4. To mine coal, alongside a fault,
or barrier. (Gresley)

5. One of a ret of troughs, or their
equivalent, along which ore particles,
as they come from the stamps, are
deposited in the order of their spe-
cific gravity. (Standard)

Stripe. 1. (Corn.) A long, rectangu-
lar buddle. (Webster)
2. The series of bands of variation
in color or texture in a rock mass,
or the course of the planes of such
bands, as indicative of the course of
the bedding plane when that is other-
wise obscure. (Standard)

Stripping. 1. An open-pit working. 2.
See Strip, ~L 3. The earth, rock, or
soil so removed. (Chance)
4. (York.) A web or portion of
coal worked off all along the face
of a stall. Gresley) See Strip, 4.

Stripping a gutter. Removing the
headings from off the wash dirt,
which Is left undisturbed. (Duryee)

Stripping a jig (Aust). The forming
of a jig, by enlarging a cut-through
on an incline (Power). See Jig, 3.

Stripping a mine. 1. See Strip, 1. 2.
Robbing a mine of its best ore.

Stripping a shaft. 1. Taking out the
timber from an abandoned shaft
2. Trimming or squaring the sides
of a shaft. (Duryee)

Stripping system. The removal of the
overburden and mining of the ore
in one or more benches, the ore face
being broken by blasting and the
broken ore loaded by hand, shovel-
ing machine, or steam shovel.
The name "terrace or bench open-
pit working" has leen suggested.
(Young)

744O10 O — 47 42

Strip-pit. A coal or other mine worked
by stripping (Steel). An open-pit
mine.

Strockle. In glass manufacturing, a
shovel with a turned-up edge, for
grit, sand, etc. (Webster)

Stroke. In masonry, to give a finely
fluted surface to. (Webster)

Stromatology. The history of the suc-
cessive formations of the stratified
rocks, including their fossils.
(Standard)

Stromeyerite. A somewhat variable
sulphide of silver and copper (Ag,-
Cu)2S. Contains 50.2 to 52.7 per
cent silver and 30.5 to 33.7 per cent
copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Strong. 1. Large; important; said
of veins, dikes, etc. (Webster)

2. (Scot) Hard, not easily broken,
e. g., strong coal, strong blaes. (Bar-
rowman)

3. Referring to the character of
bind, meaning that the argillaceous
is largely mixed with the arenaceous
or siliceous material. (Gresley)

Strong lode. A large persistent lode.
At Alston moor, applied to lodes lying
in a fault plane In which the differ-
ence of level between similar strata
is considerable. (Power)

Strontia. The monoxide of strontium,
Sr(X an alkaline earth which when
pure Is an infusible grayish white
powder having an acrid, burning
taste. ((Century)

Strontianif erous. Containing or yield-
ing strontium or its salts. (Stand*
ard)

Strontianite. Strontium carbonate,
SrCO* (U. S. GeoL Surv.)

Strontium. A bivalent metallic ele-
ment of the 'calcium group. In na-
ture, always combined, chiefly in
Strontianite (carbonate) "and celes-
tite (sulphate). When pure it is
silver-white. Symbol, Sr. ; atomic
weight, 87.6; specific gravity, 2.5.
(Webster)

Stroup (Scot). A spout (Barrow-
man)

Struck- out (Corn.). The termination
of a vein or lode by a fault
(Pryce)

Structural. Pertaining to, part of, or
consequent upon the geologic struc-
ture: as a structural valley. (La
Forge)

Structural plain. A gently sloping
stratum plain. (La Forge)

658

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Structural valley. A relatively long
and narrow depression produced by
the movements of the surface, as a
synclinal valley. (Webster)

Structure. 1. That part of the geology
of a region which pertains to the at-
titude of the rocks, the nature and
amount, if any, of the deformation
which they have undergone, and the
distribution and mutual relations of
the structural features. 2. In pet-
rology, one of the larger features of
a rock mass, like bedding, flow band-
Ing, Jointing, cleavage, and breccia -
tion ; also the sum total of such fea-
tures: contrasted, with Texture,
which see. (La Forge)

Strum. 1. (No. of Eng.) A kind of
iron sieve placed round the suction
pipe of a pump, to prevent stones
or other rubbish passing into the
pump. (Gresley)

2. (Scot.) A safety fuse. (Bar-
rcwman)

Strut. A mine prop to sustain com-
pression, whether vertical, or in-
clined. (C. and M. M. P.)

Stub entry. A short, narrow entry
turned .from another entry and
driven into the solid coal, but not
connected with x>ther mine work-
ings; a dead end.

Stub iron. Iron made from old horse-
shoe nails : especially valuable for
making gun-barrels. (Standard)

Stucco. 1. A fine plaster made of gyp-
sum and glue-water, or of powdered
white marble and fine sand, gypsum,
and water : for walls or their relief
ornaments. 2. Loosely, any plaster
or cement used for the external coat-
ing of buildings. 3. Plaster of Paris.
(Standard)

Studdle (Corn.). 1. A prop to sup-
port the middle of a stull. 2. A
distance-piece between successive
frames of timbering. (Raymond)

3. The vertical members of shaft-
timber sets placed at each corner
and at the intersection of the di-
viders and the wall plates. 4. An
upright prop supporting a platform
in a mine, usually one of a set of
four. (Standard)

Stufa. A jet of steam issuing from
a fissure in volcanic regions, at a
temperature often above the boiling
point of water. (Comstock)

Stuff. 1. Ore associated with the
gangue of a lode. (Skinner)
2. The produce of a mine, as coal
and slack. (Gresley)

Stugg (Scot). To take down coal
with the pick only. (Barrowman)

Stull. 1. The top-piece of a set of
mine timbers. 2. A timber prop
supporting the roof of a mine open-
ing. (Weed)

3. (Corn.) A platform (stull-cover-
ing) laid on limbers (stull-pieces),
braced across a working from side
to side, to support workmen or to
carry ore or waste. (Raymond)

Stull dirt; Stull rock. Material sup-
ported upon the stulls. (Ihlseng)

Stull-piece. A piece of timber placed
over the back of a level to be cov-
ered with lagging, to prevent rock
falling into the level from the slopes
above. (Standard)

Stulm (from the Ger. Stollen). An
approximately horizontal passage-
way in a mine; an adit (Webster)

Stump. A small pillar of coal left be-
tween the gancway or airway and
the breasts to protect these pas-
sages; any small pillar. (Chance)

Stumping (Lane.). A kind of pillar-
and-stall plan of mining coal.
(Gresley)

Stump pulling. Pillar robbing.

Stun. 1. In stone-cutting, to loosen
the surface of, as stone in dressing,
by blows with the edge or point of
a hammer, delivered at right angles
to the face. 2. A white or dis-
colored place in marble or other
stone, caused by a blow from a
blunt-edged or blunt-pointed ham-
mer. 3. A groove or scar on the
sawed face of a piece of stone,
caused by sand or grit between the
side of the saw-blade and the stone.
(Standard)

Stunning. A quarryman's term for
the formation of fractures caused
by the cutting bars of a channeling
machine striking the rock exces-
sively heavy blows. (Bowles)

Stup. A pulverized mixture of clay
and coke or coal. Probably from
the Ger. Gesture. (Raymond)

Stupp. A black deposit obtained in
distilling mercury ores, consisting
of a mixture of soot, hydrocarbons,
mercury and its compounds, ore,
dust, etc. (Webster)

Sturt (Corn.). A tribute - bargain
which turns out profitably for the
miner. ( Raymond )

QLOSSAKY OF

AND

balanced - roll*. Rolls in
which all four boxes are movable
and held In position by springs.
The idea is to divide the thrust
whenever the springs yield and thus
reduce internal stresses. (Liddell)

Sturtevant grinder. A disk grinder in
which one disk is stationary and the
other rotates. The stationary disk
IB moved out of center from time to
time, so that any groove which
forms can be ground out (Liddell)

Sturtevant ring-roll crusher. A crusher
similar to the Kent roller mill, uMch
tee. (Liddeliy

Sturtevant roll-jaw crusher. A crasher
in which the motion of the upper
part of the jaws is like that of the
Dodge crusher, while the lower parts
of the jaws, of cylindrical surfaces
of varying radii, grind the ore be-
tween them. ' (Liddell)

Stygian deposits. A general term for
ore depQsfts formed underground by
waters of atmospheric origin. (Eng.
and Mln. Jour. vol. 75, p. 257)

Stylolite. A small, short, columnar
structure, transverse to the bedding,
Tomrnou in some limestones and cal-
^areous .shales and supposed to have
been formed by differential vertical
movement under pressure. (La
Forge)

Itythe (Scot.). A miner's .term for
fire damp, or-rfrther for -the stifling,
suffocating odor of choke damp that
follows an explosion of the former
(Page). Also spelled Stithe.

Sub.. 1. A prefix used hi chemistry
to signify that the term to which it
is prefixed is present in less than
normal amount, or wo-oxide. (Web-
ster)

JT. (Mid.) Subsistence; money or
wages paid on account (Gresley)
9. Short for Sublevel in caving sys-
tems of mining.

Subaerial. Formed, existing, or taking
place on the land surface : contrasted
with Subaqueous. (La Forge)

Subaqueous. Formed, existing, or tak-
ing place beneath a body of water:
contrasted with Subaerial. (La
Forge)

Subbi turn! nous coal. Black lignite;
' Llgnitic coal.

Subcoastal plains. Submerged plains
of the continental shelf. (Webster)

SubconchoidaL Imperfectly or indis-
tir.ctly conchcidaL (Webster)

I* geology, a urtte be-
tween the tributaries of a main
.stream; a subordinate divide.
(Standard)

snbdrifting and saving. Bee Top
slicing; combined with ore caving.

StU>glaxdaL Formed or deposited be-
neath a .glacier.

SubhedraL Bounded in part by crystal
faces proper to the mineral Itself and
in part by surfaces formed against
preexisting crystals; hypautomor-
phlc; hypidiomorphic: said of some
crystals in igneous rocks and inter-
mediate in meaning between Euhe-
dral and Anhedral. (La Forge)

•ttbhornbleadic. Of or pertaining to
material, as rocks that contain
hornblende disseminated through
their mass* (Standard )

Subindivldual. One of the small
crystals that often unite in parallel
growths to build up larger crystals
of the. same general habit. (-Stand-
ard)

Subjacent. Situated directly under-
neath ; lying below ; in geology,
lying below a stratum or another
formation. ( Standard )

Subjoint Minor Jplnts diverging
from ot parallel 'to the regular
joints. (Perkins)

Smbtarel. An Intermediate level opened
a short distance below the main
level; or, In the caving system of
mining, a few feet (15-20) below the
top of the ore body, preliminary to
caving the ore between it and the
level above. See Sublevel stoping;
also Caving system of mining.

Sublevel backstoplng. See Sublevel
stoping.

Sublevel caving. Bee Top slicing com-
bined with ore caving.

Sublevel method. Bee Sublevel stop-
Ing.

Bublevel siloing. See Top slicing com-
bined with ore caving; also Sub-
level stoping.

Sublevel stoping. A mining method
Involving overhand, underhand, and
shrinkage stoping. Its character-
istic feature is the use of sub-
levels. The sublevels are worked
simultaneously, the lowest on a
given block being farthest advanced
and the "subs" above following one
another at short intervals. The
uppermost sublevel underneath the
cover is partly caved. The caved

660

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

cover follows down upon the caved
ore. The broken ore Is in part
drawn from the level, and a part
remains in the stope in order to
give lateral support to the walls and
to prevent admixture of cover and
ore. The breaking faces are devel-
oped by crosscuts, which are ex-
tended from wall to wall from the
end of the sublevel. The method
can also be looked upon as a re-
treating method, the ore body being
worked from the top down and the
individual blocks upon a given level
being worked from their ends to the
center (Young). Modifications of
this method are: Chamber-and-pil-
lar system; Chambers without fill-
ing; Combination of subslicing and
stpping; Drift stoping; Filling sys-
tem; Mitchell slicing system; Pil-
lar robbing; Pillar robbing and
hand filling; Room-and-pillar sys-
tem; Square work and caving;
Square work, pillar robbing, and
. hand filling; Sublevel back stoping;
Sublevel method; Sublevel slicing
system; and Substoping.

Sublimate. A coating or deposit
formed in a glass tube or on char-
coal as a result of heating certain
minerals. (George)

Sublimation. The volatilization and
condensation of a solid substance,
without fusion, or without the inter-
vening liquid stage being passed
through.

Sublimation theory. The theory that
a vein was filled first with metallic
vapors. (Raymond)

Sublimation vein. A vein formed in
accordance with the sublimation
theory. (Standard)

Sublime. To pass from a solid to a
gaseous state, and again condense
to solid form, without apparently
liquefying. (Webster)

Submarine blast. A charge of high ex-
plosives fired in bore holes drilled in
the rock under water for dislodging
dangerous projections and deepen-
ing channels. (Du Pont)

Snbmetallic. Applied to minerals hav-
ing an imperfect metallic luster,
as columbite, wolframite. (Dana)

Subnate. Applied to rocks formed
within or below the crust. (Power)

Subporphyritic. Having, in an imper-
fect degree, the character of por-
phyry. ( Century )

Subsalt. A basic salt. (Century)

Subsequent. Tributary to and subse-
quent in development to a primary
consequent stream, but Itself conse-
quent upon structure brought out in
the degradation of the region; sub-
consequent: said of some streams
and their valleys; as a subsequent
valley. (La Forge)

Subsequent deposits. A term proposed
for ores which were not directly the
result of igneous processes. (Eng.
and Min. Jour., vol. 75, p. 258)

Subsidence. A sinking down of a part
of the earth's crust. (Roy. Com.)

Subsidiary company. A company in
which a majority of the shares of
stock are held by another company,
giving the control to the latter.

Subsilicate. A basic silicate. (Stand-
ard)

Subsilicic. Containing less than 50 per
cent of silica : same as and much
preferable to basic, which it is re-
placing. (La Forge)

Subslicing; Side slicing; End slicing.
See Top slicing combined with ore
caving.

Subsoil. 1. Broadly and loosely, the
part of the regolith (earth mantle)
which lies beneath the true soil and
which contains almost no organic
matter. 2. More precisely, a layer of
the regolith, grading into the soil
above and into unmodified rock waste
below, which is less oxidized and hy-
drated than the soU proper and Con-
tains almost no organic matter, but
is somewhat charged with and in-
durated by iron oxides and clay that
has been leached down from the
overlying soil. (La Forge)

Subsoiling. The firing of small charges
of dynamite 2 or 3 feet below the
surface for breaking up impervious
strata of soil, clay, etc., for aerat-
ing, draining, and moistening the
soil. (Du Pont)

Substalagmite. A compact, nonerys-
talline deposit of calcium carbonate.
(Webster)

Substation. A station in which elec-
tric current is changed in character
or potential. (H. H. Clark)

Substitution vein. A metalliferous
vein formed through the agency of
percolating waters by the partial or
complete substitution of the vein
material for the original rock.
Called also replacement vein or de-
posit (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

661

Substoping. See Sublevel sloping.

Substratum. An under-layer or stra
tmn; a stratum, as of earth or
rock, lying immediately under an-
other. (Standard)

Subterposition. The state of being
placed beneath something else; spe-
cifically, in geology, the order in
which strata are disposed in de-
scending series. (Standard)

Subterrane. The bedrock beneath a
surflctal deposit. (La Forge)

Subterranean. Being or lying under
the surface of the earth. (Web-
ster)

Snbtransparent. Of imperfect trans-
parency. (Duryee)

Subtuberant. Having a domelike form
due to igneous intrusion into the
rocks beneath: said of some domes
in strata and of the consequent de-
formation of the surface and the re-
sultant form of the topography. (La
Forge)

Subrltreous. A luster less glassy in
appearance than that of common
glass. (George)

Succinellite. Succinic acid, C«H,O*, ob-
tained in ortliorhombic crystals from
amber.

Succinite. 1. Amber. It occurs in ir-
regular masses, without cleavage,
possesses a specific gravity of 1.050
to 1.096, and fuses at 250° to 300°
C. (Bacon). Also called Electrum.
2. Amber- colored grossularite.
(Webster)

Buccino (Sp.). Amber. (Halse)

Sucked stone (Corn.). A honeycombed
or porous stone. (Pryce)

Sucker rod. The pump rod of an oil
or artesian well. (Chance)

Sucking pump. A suction pump.
(Standard

Suction anemometer. An anemometer
that measures wind-velocity by the
degree of exhaustion caused by the
blowing of the wind through or
across a tube. (Standard)

Suction basket. The strainer at the
foot of the suction pipe of a pump
or of a suction hose. (Standard)

Suction dredge. A dredge in which
the material is lifted by pumping
through a suction pipe (Weatherbe)

Suction pipe. That part of a pump
where the water enters. (Barrow-
man)

Suction primer. A pump, auxiliary to
a steam pump, used to exhaust the
air from the main chamber, as a
preliminary to the use of steam.
(Standard)

Suction pump. A pump wherein, by
the movement of the piston, water
is drawn up into the partial vacuum
formed under the retreating bucket
on the upstroke, reflux being pre-
vented by a valve in the pipe. The-
oretically the suction pump will lift
water 84 feet, but practically only
about 26 to 28 feet (WeBfcter)

Sud (Prov. Eng.). Drift-sand depos-
ited on flooded land. (Standard)

Sueldo (Mex.). Salary; wages.
(Dwight)

Suelo (Mex.). Bottom; surface of
ground. (Dwight)

Sugar of lead. Lead acetate.

Sugar spar (Corn.). Friable grauntar
quartz. (Power)

Sugary quartz. A granular and some-
what friable and massive variety of
quartz (Power). Sugar spar.

Suldenite. A name given by Stache
and von John to gray, acidic, ande-
sitic porphyrites in the eastern Alps.
They range from 54 to 62 per cent,
SlOa, and have, in ^the prevailing
gray groundmass, phenocrysts of
hornblende, plagioclase, a little or-
thoclase, and accessory augite, bio-
tite, and quartz. Compare Ortlerlte.
(Kemp)

Sulfato. 1. (Sp.) Sulphate, 2. (Mex.)
In the patio process, sulphate of cop-
per. (Halse)

Sulf uro ( Sp. ) . 1. Sulphides ; Sulfuros
(Mex.), sulphide ores. 2. Rich sul-
phides of silver from lixiviation
processes. ( Halse )

Sullage. 1. Scoria on molten metal
in the ladle. (Webster)

2. Water - deposited silt or mud.
(Standard)

Sullage piece. Same as Deadhead, 1.

Sulman and Picard process. An oil flo-
tation process in which are intro-
duced bubbles of air or other gas,
and also oil in the form of a spray,
into the freely flowing acidulated
pulp. (T. J. Hoover, p. 11)

Sulphate. 1. -A salt or ester of sul-
phuric acid. 2. To treat or im-
pregnate with sulphuric acid or a
sulphate; to convert into sulphate.

3. To -form a deposit of whitish
scale (probably PbsSOs, not the nor-
mal PbSO«) on the plates of a stor-
age battery. (Webster)

QLOBSABT OF MIKIKG AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Sttljjhatite. A liqttid compmra found
in certain volcanic regions, consist-
ing of native dilute sulphuric acid,
KjSO,. (Standard)

Sulphatize. To convert into sulphate,
as by roasting sulphide ores. (Web-
ster)

Sulphide. A binary compound of sul-
phur, er one so regarded. Formerly
called Sulphuret Excepting the sul-
phides of alkali and alkaline earth
metals, the metallic suphides are in-
soluble in water* or nearly so, anc
many occur as minerals. (Webster)

Sulphide tome. That part of a lode or
vein not yet oxidized by the air or
surface water and containing sul-
phide minerals.

Sulphur. 1. A non-metallic element
occurring naturally in large quan-
tities either native or in various sul-
phides. Native sulphur occurs in
yellow orthorhombic crystals, in
masses, crusts, and powder. Sym-
bol, S; atomic weight, 32.0$; spe-
cific gravity, 2.06. (Webster)
ft. Iron pyrlte, occurring in coal
seams (Steel). Also iron sulphide
(pyrite) occurring with Wisconsin
and Missouri zinc ore. In southern
States, synonymous with Pyrite.
3. Sulphureted hydrogen, H,S.
Stink damp. 4. (So. Staff.) An old,
but improper, term for fire damp.
(Gresley)

Sulphur-burner. A blast furnace in
which sulphur is burned in the man-
ufacture of sulphuric acid. (Stand-
ard)

Sulphur-concrete. A mixture of sul-
phur with pulverized stoneware and
glass, melted and run into molds.
(Century)

Sulphuret (Pacific coast). In miners'
phrase, the undeconiposed metallic
ores, usually sulphides. Chiefly ap-
plied to auriferous pyrites. Con-
centrojte and sulphide are preferable
(Raymond). An old synonym for
Sulphide.

Sulphur group. The elements sulphur,
selenium, tellurium, and oxygen:
formerly classed together, owing to
their many properties in common.
(Standard)

Sulphuric acid. A heavy corrosive oily
liquid, H*SO«, colorless when pure,
early made by distilling green
vitriol, hence the name oil of vitriol.
Now made by the chamber process
and the contact process. < Webstar)

Sulphur -«e. Fyrtte, often
for its sulphur. (Webster)

Summer black-oil. A black lubricat-
ing oil of 540° F. fire test, used as
a heavy tempering oil and for water-
proofing cement (Bacon)

Summer oiL A heavy, railway car and
engine oil that has a flash-point of
above 140° C. and solidifies below
—5° C. (Bacon)

Sump. 1. (From the German Bumpf.)
An excavation in the coal or rock
made below the gangway or in the
bottom of a shaft to collect mine
water. The gangway ditches or
drains empty into it, and the pump
draws the water from it (Chance)

2. (Newc.) That part of a judd of
coal which is extracted first (Ray-
mond)

3. An excavation smaller tnari, and
ahead of, the regular work in driv-
ing a tunnel or sinking a shaft

4. A round stone-pit, lined with
clay, for receiving the metal on its
first fusion. (Webster)

5. A storage tank for solutions, usu-
ally at a level below other vats.
(Clennell, p. 279)

6. To undercut coal preliminary to
placing a short-wall machine In po-
sition for cutting along the working
face. Sometimes called a Sumping
cut

Bumper. 1. (Eng.) A shot placed in
or very near to the center of the
bottom of a shaft. (Gresley)
ft. (Scot) A shot for breaking
up the bottom or floor. (Barrow-
man)

Sump fuse. A waterproof fuse for use
in a sump. (Standard)

Sumping. 1. (Scot) Cutting down
into the floor; or, in sinking, cut*
ting down at the lowest part of the
shaft. ( Barrowiiia n )
2. Forcing the cutter bar of a coal
cutter into or under the coal. Also
called Sumping cut (C. and M.
M. P.)

S. A small square shaiv generally
made in the air headings, when
crossing faults, "etc., or made to
prove the thickness of coal, etc
(Min. Jour.)

Sumping bar. An angle iron about
8 feet long with flanges about 4
inches high, weighing about 78
pounds. Its function is to guide the
cutter bar on an electric coal cut-
ting machine. (N. W. Rept, vol.
162, p. 801. Beck v. Beck Coul and
Min. Co., Iowa)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

663

Bumping: cut See Sump, 6.

S umping; hole (Aust). The first or
opening cut made by a coal cutter
(Power). A s limping cut

Sumping shot (Newc.). See Sumper,
1 and 2.

Sumpman (Cora.). A man employed in
shaft sinking to assist the miner
with the pumping machinery, tim-
bers, etc.

Sump planks (So. Staff.), strong tim-
bers bolted together, forming a tem-
porary bottom, or scaffolding, for the
shaft. (Min. Jour.)

Sump pump. A pump employed to
raise water from a mine sump.
(Standard)

Sump shaft That shaft in a mine at
the bottom of which is the sump.
(Standard)

Sump shot. A blast made near the1
center of a shaft that is being sunk,
to make a collecting place for water.
(Standard)

Sump solution. See Barren solution.

Sump winze. A winze sunk in the bot-
tom of the lowest level, in order to
explore the lode below and ascer-
tain whether the sinking of the
main shaft is advisable. (Stand-
ard)

Sun-baked. Hardened and desiccated
by the sun's heat, as mud, clay, or
unburnt bricks. (Standard)

Sun crack. See Shrinkage-crack.

Sunned oil. A trade name for crude
petroleum, which is sometimes, in-
creased In density and fitted for use
as a lubricant by exposing it to the
sun as a thin layer on the surface of
a tank of warm water, the more
volatile portions being thus in part
removed by evaporation, (Bacon)

Sun opal. Same as Fire opal. (Stand-
ard)

Sunshine. The trade name of a soft
grade of paraffin wax with a low
melting point. It can be burned in
an ordinary miners' lamp with a nail
(usually copper) in the wick and
gives little smoke (Steel). Also
Miners' sunshine.

Sunstone. A variety of oligoclase feld-
spar containing numerous small in-
clusions which cause a delicate play
of colors. Used as a gem (U. S.
Geol. Surv.).

Sun vein (No. of Eng.). Ore veins
discovered on the south side of a
hill. Sun is synonymous with south,
so sun veins are south veins.
(Power)

Superficial. See Surflclal.

Superficial deposits. The most recent
of geological formations; unconsoli-
dated detrital material lying on or
near the surface, generally unstrati-
fied/ ( Century *

Superflcie (Sp.). Surface. (Dwight)

Superfluent. Applied by Dana to those
igneous magmas which discharge at
the summit 01 a volcano See Ef-
fiuent and Interfluent (Daly, p.
131)

Supergene. Applied to ores or ore
minerals that have been formed by
generally descending water. Ores
or minerals formed by downward
enrichment (Ran some). Compare
Hypogene, 2.

Superimpose. In geology, to establish
a structural system over, independ-
ently of, and eventually upon under-
lying structures: said of terranes,
rivers, drainage systems, valleys and
other features of erosion; as, a
superimposed valley. (Standard)

Superimposed drainage. A natural
drainage system that has been estab-
lished on underlying rocks independ-
ently of their structure. Three
kinds are recognized: (a) by sedi-
mentation, where the drainage sys-
tem of newer strata is formed over
and independently of that of closely
underlying older strata ; (6) by allu-
viation. where an extensive alluvial
deposit has established a new and
independent drainage system over
that of the preceding surface; (c) by
planation, wher*, after extensive
planation of a rock - surf ace, a
drainage system is established inde-
pendent of the underlying rock-
structure. (Standard)

Superphosphate. An acid phosphate;
any fertilizing material consisting
chiefly of soluble phosphates. (Web-
ster)

Superposed. Not in adjustment to the
structure of the rocks upon which it
now flows, having acquired its
course on a previously overlying ter-
rane which has since been removed
or cut through: said of some
streams; same as superimposed,
which it is replacing. (La Forge)

664

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY.

Superposici6n (Peru). Whole or part
of a mining claim placed over an
older one. (Halse)

Superposition. The order in which
rocks are placed above one another.
(Roy. Com.)

Superstratum. An overlying stratum
or layer. (Webster)

Supplementary twining. Twining by
which a crystal simulates the sym-
metry of a crystal class with higher
grade in the same system. (A. F.
Rogers)

Sur (Sp.). South. (Dwight)

Surbed. Set, as a stone, on edge, or in
a position different from that in the
quarry. ( Standard )

Surcharge. 1. The algebraic sum of
the losses and gains of a cornet of
gold during cupellation and solu-
tion. (Ricketts, p. 128)
2. In ceramics, an enamel-painting
on an enamel ground of darker hue.
(Standard)

Surface. The top of the ground; the
soil, clay, etc., on the top of strata
(Barrowman). As used i . the con-
veyance of coal in place, Or in a con-
veyance of land reserving the min-
erals, includes not merely the sur-
face within the boundary lines, with-
out thickness, but includes what-
ever earth, soil, or land lie", above
and superincumbent upon the coal
or mineral reserved. (Yander v.
Right, 66 Indiana, p. 319 ; 32 Ameri-
can, p. 109; Stonegap Colliery Co.
v. Hamilton, 89 S. E. -Rept., p. 310)

Surface break; Surface damage. The
disturbance or sinking of the strata
reaching to the surface consequent
oh the extraction of coal or mineral.
(Barrowman)

Surface charges. All expenses in-
curred on the surface of a mine
which have to be charged against
the mineral. (Duryee)

Surface condenser. A condenser in
which exhaust steam is condensed
by contact with the surfaces of
metal cooled by a flow of cold water
on their sides opposite the condens-
ing surfaces. (Century)

Surface damage (Scot). Ground oc-
cupied and damaged by colliery op-
erations ; the compensation for such.
(Barrowman)

Surface deposits. Ore bodies that are
exposed and can be mined from the
surface. (O. and M. M. P.)

Surface geology. The geology of the
superficial deposits and of the sur-
face of the fundamental rocks.
(Roy. Com.) Compare Aerial geol-
ogy.

Surface glaze. In ceramics, a thin and
perfectly transparent glaze over
both the body and the decoration.

Surface lines. The boundary lines of
a mining claim as indicated by the
locator. (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 81)

Surface man. A miner (or other work-
man) employed in an open-air work-
ing. A yard or shop employee at a
mine.

Surface mining. Mining at or near
the surface ; placer mining ; open-pit
mining. (Standard)

Surface rights. The ownership of the
surface of land only, where mineral
rights are reserved. (Weed)

Surface tension. That property, due
to molecular forces, which exists in
the surface film of all liquids and
tends to bring the contained volume
into a form having the least super-
ficial area. The thickness of this film
amounts to less than a thousandth
of a millimeter, and is considered
to equal the radius of the sphere of
molecular action, that is, the great-
est distance at which there is cohe-
sion between two particles. Par-
ticles lying below this film, being
equally acted on from all sides, are
in equilibrium as to forces of cohe-
sion, but those in the film are on the
whole attracted inward, and tension
results (Webster). As used in
the flotation process, the contrac-
tile force at the surface of a liquid
whereby resistance is offered to rup-
ture. (Rickard)

Surface water. Water running into
underground workings from the
surface of the ground. (Barrow-
man)

Surface working. Same as Surface
mining. ( Standard )

Surfacing. 1. The top layer or crust
of a pavement. 2. Treating the sur-
face of a finished roadway with a
bituminous material. (Bacon)
3. The act of placing the top of the
rail on an even line. 4. Gold dig-
ging on the surface. 5. To wash
the surface deposits for gold. ( Web-
ster) 6. The auriferous material
that lies at the surface. ( Standard)

Surfeit (No. of Bng.). Choke damp.
(Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

665

Surneial. Characteristic of, pertaining
to, formed on, situated at, or occur-
ring on the earth's surface; espe-
cially, consisting of unconsolidated
residual, alluvial, or glacial deposits
lying on the bedrock. (La Forge)

Surge tank. A standpipe or a storage
reservoir at the down-stream end
of a closed aqueduct or feeder pipe,
as for a water wheel to prevent sud-
den variations of pressure and to
furnish water quickly. (Webster)

Surging. The flapping of a moving
rope, as of a hoisting cable. (C. M.
P.). See Whipping, 1.

Surtidero (Sp.). A conduit or sluice;
S. de agua, a reservoir ; basin.
(Halse)

Surturbrand. An Icelandic term for a
peat-like variety of brown coal or
lignite occurring in the Pliocene
deposits, and sometimes under the
volcanic overflows of that island.
(Page)

Survey. 1. To determine and deline-
ate the form, extent, position, etc.
of a tract of land, coast, harbor
or the like, by taking linear and
angular measurements, and by ap-
plying the principles of geometry
and trigonometry. 2. To view with
a scrutinizing eye ; to examine with
reference to condition, situation,
value, etc. (Webster)

Surveying. 1. Act or occupation of
making surveys. 2. That branch of
applied mathematics which teaches
the art of determining the area of
any portion of the earths' surface,
the lengths and direction of bound-
ing lines, the contour of the surface,
etc., and accurately delineating the
whole on paper. (Webster)

Surveyor. 1. One who surveys or
measures land surfaces, mines, etc.
2. A customs officer, (Webster)

Surveyor general. 1. A principal sur-
veyor. 2. An officer in charge of the
survey of public lands of the United
States. (Webster)

Surveyors' measure. A system of meas-
ures used by surveyors, of which the
unit is the chain. (Standard)

Sussexite. A special name suggested
by Brogger for the eleolite por-
phyry, originally described by Kemp,
from Beemerville, Sussex Co., N. J.
The name was, however, applied
years ago to a hydra ted borate of
manganese and magnesia, from
Franklin Furnace, N. J. (Kemp)

Sutton, Steele, and Steele dry table.
A concentrator of the Wilfley type
in motion, but instead of using wa-
ter, stratification is by means of ris-
ing currents of air. The heavy
grains are pushed forward by the
head motion, while the lighter
grains roll or flow down the slope
toward the tailing side. (Liddell)

Suture joint. Same as Stylolite, which
see.

Swab. 1. A kind of hemp brush for
holding water to moisten mold
joints, to spray on edges, to spread
blacking on dry-sand molds, etc. 2.
To clean, as with a swab; to mop.
(Webster)

Swab stick. A stick frayed at one
end, for cleaning the sludge out of
holes in process of being bored for
blasting. (Roy. Com.)

Swad (Newc.). A thin layer of stone
or refuse coal at the bottom of the
seam. (Raymond)

Swag. 1. (Lane.) Subsidence or
weighting of the roof. (Gresley)
2. (Aust) A tramping bushman's
luggage, rolled up in a long bundle
and carried on the back or over the
shoulder; any similar roll of lug-
gage. (Webster)

Swage. A tool variously shaped or
grooved on the ends or faces, used
by workers in metals for shaping
their work ; a dolly, jumper, or up-
set (Webster). A tool used in
sharpening drill bits.

Swage block. A perforated block of
cast iron or steel, having grooved
sides and adapted for use in heading
bolts and swaging large objects.
(Webster)

Swaged. Reduced in diameter by use
of blacksmith's ;* ^ages, hence the
name. This is a hammering proc-
ess, but the same result may be at-
tained by press forging or spinning.
(Nat Tube Co.)

Swagman (Aust). A man who trav-
els in search of employment; so
called because he carries his swag,
or bundle of clothes, blankets, etc.
(Century)

Swallet (Eng.). 1. A fissure or hoie;
especially a fissure in limestone
rocks through which a stream sinks
(Webster). Also Swallow; Swal-
lows.
2. An inrush of water in a mine.

666

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Swallow (Derb.). A loose, broken, or
porous place in a vein. It derives
its name from the ease with which
water sinks through the loose mate-
rial (Hooson). Also S wallet.

Swallow hole. See Sink, 1 ; Sink hole.

Swally ; Swelly. A trough, or syncline,
in a coal seam. (G. and M. M. P.)

Swamp. 1. A local depression in a
coal bed in which the water col-
lects. Applied particularly in bitu-
minous coal mining. (Chance)
2. As applied to a mining claim, to
clear a narrow strip along the bound-
ary line, where the location is on
timber land. (Leveridge v. Hennes-
sey, 135 Pac. Kept., p. 909)

Swamper. A rear brakeman in a
metal mine.

Swamp marl. A marl, found at the
outlets of lakes, composed of myriads
of tiny shells in different stages of
cementation. (Standard)

Swamp muck. Imperfect peat, espe-
cially the less compact variety.
(Century)

Swamp ore. Bog iron ore; Limonite.
(Webster)

Swape (No. of Eng.). A large oar by
which coal boats are steered (Gres-
ley). A variation of Sweep.

Swarf. 1. (Scot) A tool for widen-
ing bore holes. (Barrowman)
2. Fine metallic particles removed
by a cutting tool; chippings from
soft iron castings, used as a reduc-
ing agent in certain chemical manu-
factures. (Webster)

SwAugh (Derb.). A soft clay in the
vein. (Hooson)

Swaying of a bank (York.). Under-
going disturbance due to weight of
the roof. A settling of the mine
roof. (Gresley)

Sweal. 1. (Eng.) To burn slowly. 2.
To melt and run down; to waste
away without feeding the flame. A
candle is said to sweal when the
grease runs down, owing to its
burning in a strong current of air
or being improperly carried or fixed.
(Gresley)

Sweat. 1. To condense moisture in
beads or drops on the surface (Web-
ster). The roof of a mine is said
to sweat when drops of water are
formed upon it, by condensation of
steam formed by the heating of the
waste or goaf. (Gresley)
2. To exude nitroglycerin ; said of
dynamite. ( Webster )

Sweating. The condensation of mois-
ture and distillation products on
the surface of a roast heap, forming
a damp and sticky crust (Peters,
p. 120)

Swedge; Drift. A tool used in oil wells
for straightening bulged casing.
(Mitzakls)

Swedish iron. A soft and compara-
tively pure iron. (C. M. P.)

Swedish process. See German process.

Sweep. 1. A curved metal blr.de pro-
jecting from the central shaft of a
pug mill, to force clay through holes
at the bottom. 2. In founding, a
profile pattern, used especially in
forming molds for cylindrical or
other symmetrical articles. (Stand-
ard)

3. (Aust) That part of a branch
that reunites with the main vein far-
ther on, (Power)

Sweeper. 1. One who cleans the brick
pavement between stock house,
stoves, and blast furnace. (Will-
cox)

2. In an iron mill, one whose duty
it is to remove with a twig broom
the scale that forms on plates, etc.,
during the process of rolling.
(Standard)

Sweep-head pick (Eng.). A curved
pick. (Gresley)

Sweeping. See Sweeps, 1.

Sweeping table. A stationary buddle.
(Raymond)

Sweep-plates (Eng.). Curved plates
for barrow ways at a turn. (Bain-
bridge) A turn sheet.

Sweep-point (Aust). The curved rail
of a turnout, that crosses the main
rails and is moved against or from
the outer main rail, according to
the track it is desired the skip or
car shall run on. (Power)

Sweep rail (Aust). The inner curve
of a turnout (Power)

Sweeps. 1. The dust of the work-
shops of jewelers, goldsmiths, sil-
versmiths, and assayers and refin-
ers of gold and silver (Raymond),
Also Sweeping.

2. (Eng.) Brushes or pieces of
cloth for sweeping the smooth sur-
face of a buddle. (Hunt)

Sweepwasher. A person who extracts
precious metals from the sweeping*
of refineries of gold and silver.
(Ure)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

667

Sweepwashings. . Valuable metal
washed from sweepings. (Stand-
ard)

Sweet (Eng.). Free from fire damp
or other gases, or from fire stink.
(Gresley)

Sweetish astringent Applied to those
minerals that have the taste of alum.
(Dana)

Sweet roasting. Complete roasting, or
until arsenic and sulphur fumes
cease to form. See Roasting.

Swell. 1. A local enlargement or
thickening of an ore or coal deposit.
(Webster)

8. A space in a seam from which
the coal has been eroded and its
place filled with clay or sand.
Called also Horse, Horseback, Swine-
back, Want (Standard)
I. A low dome or quaquaversal anti-
cline of considerable areal extent
(La Forge)

Swelly (No. of Eng.) A local thick-
ening of a coal seam. Also called
Swally; Swilley; SwelL (Standard)

Swilling -T*t A vat in which tin-
plate is washed after pickling.
(Standard)

Bwilly (York.). A detached portion
of coal strata. (Gresley) See

Swell, 2.

Swimming stone. A variety of opal
that floats on water : found in light,
spongy, concretionary or tuberose
masses. Called also Floatstone.
(Standard)

Swindell producer. A furnace used
for the manufacture of producer
gas. (Ingalls, p. 315)

Swine back (Wales). See Horseback,
3 and 5; also Swell, 2.

Swine stone. A variety of marble
that gives off a fetid odor when
broken or rubbed (Power). Also
called Stink Stone. See Bitumi-
nous limestone.

Swing (Eng.). The arc or curve de-
scribed by the point of a pick or
maundril when being used. Also
called the swing of the Dick. (Gres-
ley)

•winging a claim. The adjustment of
the boundaries of a mining claim to
more nearly conform to the strike
of • the vein. A reasonable time is
allowed the discoverer to explore
the vein or lode to find out its strike
and thus enable him to lay his
claim. (U. S. Min. Stat., p. 233)

Swinging bont; Swinging bant (Mid.).
Before the introduction of cages and
guides, the skips or buckets of coal,
etc., also the men, were raised and
lowered swinging loose in the shafts
(Gresley). See Bant.

Swinging plate. An amalgamated cop-
per plate hung in a sluice to catch
float gold. (0. and M. M. P.)

Swing jack. A jack used to replace
derailed cars on a railway track.
(Century)

Swing loose (Ark.). To gradually
loosen over a considerable area and
sag. Said of the rock over a mine
working. (Steel)

Swing parting ( Ark. ) . A parting some
distance from the mouth of an en-
try. The loaded cars are left by
the gathering driver to be taken out
by a swing driver, with a swing
mule or a spike team. (Steel)

Swing table. A movable bed on which
plate glass is cemented for polish-
ing; a runner. (Standard)

Switch. 1. The movable tongue or rail
by which a train is diverted from
one track to another. S. The junc-
tion of two tracks. S. A movable
arm for changing the course of an
electrical current (Steel)

Switchback. An arrangement of *i«-
zag railroad tracks for lessening
the grade up a steep hill (Web-
ster). Common in mountainous
mining districts.

Switchboard. A board where several
electrical wires terminate and where
by means of switches connection
may be established between any of
these wires and the main wire. (C.
and M. M. P.*

Switch plate. An iron plate on tram-
roads in mines, to change the direc-
tion of movement of cars (Stand-
ard). A turn sheet

Switch rope. A short length of rope
fitted with a hook on one end find
a link on the other, used for the
switching of cars. (C. M. P.)

bwithcr. A term used in Wisconsin
lead regions to denote a crevice or
crack branching from a main lode.
(Power)

la oil-well drilling, a short
piece of casing having one end
belled over a heavy ring, and having
a large hole through both walls, the
other end being threaded.

668

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Sworn stuff (Eng.). An old term for
certain alluvial deposits found in
coal measures. (Gresley)

Sycee-silver. Pure, uncoined, lump sil-
ver of various sizes, usually having
a banker's or assayer's seal stamped
on them, used by Chinese as a me-
dium of exchange and reckoned by
weight. The larger, sometimes
called Shoes, are boat-shaped, and
weigh about one pound troy.
(Sta dard)

Sycitc. A fig-shaped pebble or mass
of flint (Standard)

Syderolite. A variety of Bohemian
earthenware. ( Standard )

Syenite. Any granular igneous rock
composed essentially of orthoclase,
with or without microcline, albite,
hornblende, biotite, augite, or corun-
dum. (La Forge) In mica syenites
hornblende is replaced by biotite
and in augite syenites it is replaced
by augite. If a small quantity of
quartz is present it is called quartz
syenite. In nepheline syenite the
feldspar is partly replaced by neph-
eline. (U. S. GeoL Surv.)

Syenite porphyry. A rock of porphy-
ritic texture and same mineral com-
position as syenite (Ries)

Sylvan. Native tellurium. (Stand-
ard)

Sylvanite. A gold -silver telluride,
(Au,Ag)Te,, containing gold and sil-
ver in the atomic ratio of 1 to 1.
This requires 24.5 per cent of gold
and 18.4 per cent silver. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Bylvite. Native potassium chloride,
KC1. (Dana)

Symbols of crystal faces. In crystal-
lography, the mathematical expres-
sions for designating the position of
crystal faces on coordinate axes.
(A. F. Rogers)

Symmetrical dispersion. In optical
mineralogy, the dispersion which
produces an interference figure with
color distribution symmetrical to the
trace of the axial plane and also to
a line normal to it. (A. F. Rogers)

Symmetry. The regular and symmet-
rical arrangement of certain proper-
ties of crystalline substances, such as
their crystal form, their optical prop-
erties, and their electrical properties,
with reference to certain funda-
mental planes and axes, called planes
and axes of symmetry. It depends

upon and is a consequence of the
molecular structure of the crystal.
(La Forge)

Symon fault. Same as Swell, 2.

Symon's disk crusher. A mill in which
the crushing is done between two
cup-shaped plates that revolve on
shafts set at a small angle to each
other. These disks revolve with
the same speed in the same direc-
tion and are so set as to be widest
apart at the bottom. Feed is from
the center, and the material is grad-
ually crushed as it nears the edge,
and is then thrown out by centrif-
ugal force. (Liddell)

Synchronal. Occurring at the same
time. (Power)

Synchroneity. Synchonism.; specifi-
cally (Geol.), supposed coincidence
in the time of formation; said of
strata. (Standard)

Synclase. A term used by DaubrSe for
minor divisional planes produced by
some intense mechanical or molecu-
lar motion; generally by contrac-
tion, as in cooling and drying.
(Power)

Synclinal. In geology, characteristic
of, pertaining to, occurring, or situ-
ated in, or forming a syndine. (La
Forge) The opposite of anticlinal.

Synclinal axis. In geology, the central
line of a syncline, toward which the
beds dip from both sides. (La
Forge)

Syncline. A fold in rocks in which the
strata dip inward from both sides
toward the axis. The opposite of
Anticline. (La Forge)

Synclinore. Same as Synclinorium.

Synclinorium. A compound syncline ; a
closely folded belt the broad general
structure of which is synclinal. (La
Forge) Called also Synclinore.

Syndicate. An association or group of
persons, usually financiers or capi-
talists, who combine to carry out, on
their own account, a financial or in-
dustrial project, as the underwrit-
ing of an issue of bonds, the carry-
ing out of a great industrial enter-
prise, etc. (Webster)

Syngenetic. In mineralogy, formed at
the same time as the inclosing
country rock: said of some ore de-
posits. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

669

Synthesis. In chemistry, the act or
process of making or building up a
compound by the union of simpler
compounds or of its elements. Con-
trasted with analysis. (Webster)

Syssiderite. Daubree's name for those
meteorites that consist of silicates
cemented together by metallic iron.
(Kemp)

System. 1. A great series of strata
having some general character in
common. Formations are local di-
visions and many of them can only
be recognized in one country, where-
as systems are sufficiently compre-
hensive to be recognized in all parts
of the world (Roy. Com.). The
Btrattgraphic division of second
rank, in the nomenclature in general
use. The chronologic division of
equivalent rank is a period.
8. In crystallography, the division of
first rank, in the classification of
crystals according to form. The six
systems ordinarily recognized are
the Isometric, Tetragonal, Hexag-
onal, Orthorhombic (or rhombic),
Monoclinic, and Triclinic; some di-
vide the hexagonal system into
Hexagonal and trigonal. (La
Forge)
3. Regluar method or order; plan.

Systematic timbering. Placing mine
timbers according to a predeter-
mined plan, regardless of roof con-
ditions. (C. and M. M. P.)

T.

Tabah (Sumatra). A crowbar used
in gold mining. (Lock)

Tabby (Morocco). A mixture of lime
with shells, gravel, or stones in equal
proportions, with an equal propor-
tion of water, forming a mass which
when dry becomes r s hard as rock ;
a substitute for bricks or stone in
building. (Century)

Tabbyite. Same as Wurtzilite.

Tabique. 1. (Mex.) A partition wall
in a mine. (Dwight)
2. (Chile) A small square inclosed
by walls about 4 feet high for roast-
ing silver-bearing galena. (Halse)

Tabla (Mex.). 1. Board or plank. 2.
The broader face of a beam or tim-
ber. 3. One of the sides or front of
an excavation. 4. T. de alto, hanging
wall; T. de bajo, foot wall. (Dwight)

Tabladillo (Peru). An inverted tn-
jenio in which the hori/xmtal water
wheel is arranged above the mill
stones. (Pfordte)

Table. *. (Scot) A platform or
plate on which coal is screened and
picked. (Barrowman)

2. A concentrating machine for
separating finely crushed particles
of ore from gangue. (Weed)

3. The upper Hat surface of a dia-
mond or precious stone, the sides of
which are cut in angles; a large
flat facet on the top of a brilliant

4. A circular plate of crown glass.
(Webster)

5. An iron slab with a raised rim.
on which melted glass is spread in
making plate glass. (Standard)

Table cat Having a flat top or table
with a beveled or triangular facet
border; said of cut diamonds, emer-
alds, etc. (Standard)

Table cutter. A lapidary who cats
tables or plane faces on diamonds
or other precious stones. (Century)

Table diamond. A thin diamond cat
with a table, 3, faceted on beveled
sides or edges, and a flat under-
surface. (Webster)

Tableland. A plateau, or elevated
region of flat or undulating coun-
try rising to heights of 1,000 feet
and more above the level of the sea
( Power ) . See Plateau.

Tableman. In a plate-rolling mill, one
who works at a table. (Standard)

Table mountain. -A mountain with a
flat top. (Standard)

Tablero (Mex.). A tally board.
(Dwight)

Table spar. Tabular spar. See Wol-
lastonlte. (Century)

Tabletura (Sp.). A slab. (Lucas)

Tabl6n (Mex.). A wooden plank.
(Dwight)

Taboleiros (Braz.). Lower bench de-
posits or placers older than the
present river channels. (Halse)

Tabreez marble. A beautiful trans-
parent limestone, composed of in-
numerable laminae, thin as paper,
and formed by deposition from a
celebrated calcareous spring near
Maragha, Persia. (Page)

Tabular crystal. A crystal flattened
parallel to any face. (Standard)

Tabular spar. Wollastonite. (Stand-
ard)

Tabular structure. A tendency in cer-
tain igneous or crystalline rocks to
separate into pi a tea or laninae.
(Standard)

670

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.

Tftehia (Bol.). Llama dung (Lucas).
Also Taqnla.

tftehylyte. Basaltic glass; hyalome-
lane; the glassy rock forming the
thin peripheral shell of some basalt
masses. (La Forge)

Tack. 1. (No. of Eng.) A small pil-
lar. See Spurn. 2. (Som.) A
wooden scaffold put into a mine
shaft for temporary purposes.
(Gresley)
8. A small pillar of coal. (Morine)

4. Veinstone; Gangue, etc. (Dur-
yee)

5. (Scot) A mining lease. (Bar-
rowman)

Tackle (Corn.). The windlass, rope,
and kibble. (Raymond)
An assemblage of ropes and pulleys
arranged for hoisting or pulling.
(Webster)

Tackier skip (So. Staff.). A kind of
box in which men used to ride in a
shaft; used also for carrying min-
erals. See Paddy pan ; Bant, 2, and
Bont, 1. (Gresley)

tacklers; Tucklers (Leic.). 1. Small
chains put around the top of loaded

' tubs or buckets, to keep the coal
from falling off. 2. Short chains
formerly used for raising and lower-
ing men in a shaft. Three men gen-
erally sit In them at one t^e. See
Bant, also Bont, 1* (Gresley)

Tacksman (Scot). The lessee of a col-
liery (Gresley). See Tack, 5.

Taco (Sp.). 1. A stopper or plug. 2.
Tamping or stemming. 3. A tamp-
ing bar or rammer. 4. Tacos (Mex.)
Stones in the bottom of ah arrastre.
(Halse)

Taconic. That series of rocks contain*
ing the primordial fauna, at least
that portion which is older than New
York Potsdam. It is the Lower Cam-
brian of English geologists, and the
Huronlan of the typical Huronian
area of the Canadian geologists.
Named from the Taconic mountains
of western New England, by Dr. E.
Emmons, it antedates, as a primor-
dial system, both Cambrian and Hu-
ronian. It Is the principal iron-ore-
bearing system of the Lake Superior
region. (Winchell) The term was
not generally accepted by geologists.

Taconite. See Taconyte. Also called
Jasper, and Iron formation.

Tacoayta- A name proposed by H. V.
Wlachell for the cherty or Jaspery,
but at times calcareous or more or
less quartzitic rock, that incloses the

soft hematites of the Mesabl Range,
Minn. Taconytes are regarded as
in large part altered preen sands by
J. E. Spurr. The term is current
in the Mesabi iron range. The name
is derived from Taconic, E. Emmons*
rejected geological systemT (Kemp)

Tactile. A rock of more or less com-
plex mineralogy formed by the con-
tact metamorphism of limestone,
dolomite or other calcareous rocks
into which foreign matter from the
intruding magma has been intro-
duced by hot solutions. It does not
include tye inclosing zone of tremo-
lite, wollastonite and calcite. A
group name similar to gneiss, schist
or porphyry. (Frank L. Hess)

Tag. A numbered piece of tin or wood
that a miner attaches to, or places on,
the cars loaded by him. These tags
are removed at the tipple where the
car is credited to the miner. See
Ticket, 3. Compare Wedge rock.

Tagger. Tin plate below the stand-
ard size; or in the plural, very thin
tin plate. • (Standard)

Tagne (Eng.). An Iron plate fitted
on one side with a semicircular pro*
Jection or rib, and two other short
curved pieces, adjusted to the gauge
of the tram rails, by which the
wheels of the trams are guided from
the plate onto the rails. (Gresley)

Tahona (Mex.). An arrastre operated
by water power ( Dwight ) . In West-
ern U. S., an arrastre operated by
horse- or mule-power. (Standard)

Tahonero (Mex.). The man in charge
of the tahona. (Dwight)

Tail. 1. (Also plural). The inferior,
less valuable, or refuse part of any-
thing; foots, bottoms, dregs; sedi-
ment. See Tailings. (Murray)
2. The poor grade of ore slime at the
lower end of the slime-box as it
flows from the stamps. 3. The un-
exposed end of a brick or stone in a
wall ; a tailing. ( Standard )

Tail-back (Eng.). When fire damp
ignites and the flame is elongated or
creeps backward against the cur-
rent of air, and possibly causes an
explosion of a large body of gas, it
is said to tail-back into the workings.
(Gresley)

Tail chain (Scot). A chain by which
a horse hauls hutches or wagons.
Putters in former times also used «
tailchain. (Barrowman)

Tail-crab. In mining, a crab or winch
for operating a tail-rope. (Stand-
ard)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

671

Tail house; Tail mill. The buildings in
which tailings are treated. (Ray-
mond)

Tail-in (Mid.). To run out or termi-
nate a length of holing stints at a
buttock or other point along the stall
face. (Gresley)

Tailing. The refuse from a metallur-
gical process; if the refuse from
several processes or more than one
mill should meet, the result could
be described as "tailings" (Rick-
ard). The material from which one
of more concentrated or partly con-
centrated products have been re-
moved, and which is available for
further treatment. (Bng. and Min.
Jour., vol. 107, p. 317) Usually
used in the plural. See Tailings.

Tailing machine (Aust.). A machine
or apparatus for dressing the tail-
ings, and for obtaining gold from the
detritus from other ore dressing
apparatus. ( Da vies )

Tailing out. See Dying out
Tailing-pit. See Catch-pit

Tailings. 1. The parts, or a part, of
any incoherent or fluid material
separated as refuse, or separately
treated as inferior in quality or
value; leavings; remainders; dregs.
In metallurgy, the part rejected in
washing an ore that has passed
through the screens of a stamp-mill ;
the worthless slimes left after the
valuable portion has been separated
by dressing or concentration. The
sand, gravel and cobbles which pass
through the sluices in hydraulic
mining were formerly generally
designated as tailings, but of late
years, especially in State and United
States legislative documents, they
have been called "mining debris" or
simply "d6bris". (Century)
The lighter or refuse ore accumu-
lated at the lower end of a huddle,
or washing apparatus, or carried
away by the water. (Webster)
Those portions of washed ore that
are regarded as too poor to be treat-
ed further : used especially of the
debris from stamp mills or other
ore-dressing machinery, as distin-
guished from material (concen-
trates) that is to be smelted.
(Standard)

The inferior leavings or residue of
any product; foots, bottoms. In
mining the residuum after most of
the valuable ore has been extracted.
(Murray's Diet)

The term "tailings" has been con-
strued as including slag. (Butte &

Boston Cons. Min. Co. -T. Montana
Ore Purchasing Co., 121 Fed. Rept,
p. 526)

The term "tailings" as used in the
mineral industry is used in the plu-
ral form by all of the authorities
cited above.

2. The decomposed outcrop of a
vein or bed. (Murray's Diet)

Tailing! wheel. A wheel carrying
buckets or compartments on the pe-
riphery and used in conveying liquid,
pulp, or sand from a lower to a
higher level. (Clennell, p. 181)

Tallies chansantes (Fr.). Coal work-
ings where the strata lie horizontal
or nearly so. (Gresley)

Tallies montantes (Fr.). Workings to
the rise in steep seams. (Gresley)

Tail of level (Scot). The delivery end
of a water level. (Barrowman)

Tail of water (Scot). The edge of
standing water in workings. (Bar-
rowman)

Tail pipe. The suction pipe of a pump.

Tailrace. The channel in which tail-
ings, suspended in water, are con-
ducted away. (Raymond)

Tail rope. 1. The rope that is used
to draw the empties back into a
mine in a tail-rope haulage system.

2. A counter-balance rope attached
beneath the cage when the cages are
hoisted in balance. (C. M. P.)

3. A hemp rope used for moving
pumps in shafts. (Gresley)

Tail-rope haulage. A system of rope
haulage by which the full hutches
(cars), with the tail rope attached
behind, are drawn by a main rope
passing over a drum, and the empty
hutches, with the main rope at-
tached, are drawn back again by the
tail rope passing over another drum.
(Barrowman)

Tails (Corn.). Refuse tin ore thrown
behind the stamps to be treated
again (Da vies). See Tailings.

Tails-common (Eng.). Washed lead
ore.

Tail sheave (Aust). The return
sheave for an endless rope or the
tail rope of the main-and-tail-rope
system, placed at the far end of a
haulageway. (Power)

Tail water. Water in a tail race.

Tajadera. 1. (Mex.). A wedge to
break the slimes deposited in the
vat of the patio process. (Halse)

2. A chopping knife ; a chisel.

3. A sluice from a mill dam. (Tel.)

672

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Taj car (Peru). To stope, usually un-
derhand. (Halse)

Tajo (Sp.). 1. A cut or opening in
a mountain. 2. T. abierto (Mex.),
open-cut mining. 3. A working
place or cut. Any long, vide open-
ing, as distinguished from a gallery
or shaft. (Halse)

Take. 1. (Eng.) The extent or area
of a lease of mineral property, often
several thousand acres. 2. (Lane.)
To show or reveal gas. (Gresley)

Taker (Eng.). A contractor; a man
who works in a mine on tribute.
(Da vies)

Taking (Eng.). A mineral-land lease.
See Take, 1; also Tack. (Gresley)

Take out (Cumb.). To crop out
(Gresley). An out-crop.

Take over. To assume the ownership,
control, or management of, as a min-
ing property.

Taker-off (York.). Same as Puller-off

Take the air. 1. To measure the ven-
tilating current. 2. Applied to a
ventilating fan as working well, or
working poorly. (Steel)

Take-up-bottom (Ark.). To remove
rock from the floor of a roadway

, to increase the height; also called
Bottom brushing. ( Steel )

Taker (Corn.). A leaser; a contract
miner. (Pryce)

Taking-off boy. In brickmaking, a boy
who removes newly made bricks
from a pallet or brick-machine to
the barrow. (Standard)

Taking- of -props (Lane.). Drawing the
timbers from the mined-out work-
ings. (Gresley)

Talabord6n (Oolom.). A board or
plank to increase the height of a
dam, flume, etc. (Lucas)

Talacha (Mex.). A mattock; a pick-
ax. (Halse)

Taladrar (Sp.). To bore or drill.
(Dwight)

Taladro (Mex.). 1. A drill; rock
drill. T. de punta de diamante, a
diamond drill; 2. A boring bit 3.
The hole bored by a drill. 4. (Cent.
Am.) An adit or level. See Soca-
v6n. (Halse)

Talc. A hydrous magnesium silicate,
HaO.3MgO.4SiQ.. Has a greasy or
soapy feel and is soft and easily cut
Occurs in beds more or less impure
And is then known as steatite or

soapstone. Also called Potstone be-
cause it has been used for pots,
owing to the ease with which it is
worked and to its resistance to ordi-
nary heats. French chalk is a va-
riety used for crayons. See Soap-
stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Talcite. 1. A massive variet" of talc,
2. A kind of muscovite. (Century)

Talco (Sp.). Talc. (Min. Jour.)

Talcoid. Resembling talc, as talcoid
schist. See Sericite. (Roy. Com.)

Talcose. Containing talc, as potstone,
steatite, and talcose schist (Roy.
Com.)

Talcose granite. Same as Protogine.
(Standard)

Talcose schist. Same as Talc-schist
(Standard)

Talc-schist. Schistose rocks consisting
chiefly of talc and quartz. Talc is
also prefixed to several other rock
names. (Kemp)

Talcum. Talc; Soapstone.

Tale (Sora.). A day's work or a day's
output of coal. (Gresley)

Talega (Mex.). Coin bag. (Dwight)
Talio (Sp.). Thallium. (Dwight)
Talk. An old form of the word talc.

Tallar (Sp.). To cut gems; to hew
stones. (Halse)

Taller (Sp.). 1. A shop. 8. A lab-
oratory. 3. A mill ; T. de prepara-
ci6n mecdnica, ore dressing floors.
(Halse)

Tallow drop. A style of cutting pre-
cious stones in which the stone is
domed on one or both sides. (Cen-
tury)

Tallow top. A precious stone with a
very rounding front and a flat back.
(Standard)

Tally. 1. A mark or number placed
by the miner on every car of. coal
sent out of his place, usually a tin
ticket. By counting these, a tally
is made of all the cars of coal he
sends out. Called a Check in Ar-
kansas. See Tag; also Ticket and
Motty, 2. 2. Any numbering, or
counting, or memorandum, as a tally
sheet (Steel)

Tally-sh outer (Eng.). One who calls
out the numbers on the tallies to the
weigher. (Gresley)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

673

Talmi-gold. A kind of brass made to
resemble gold, sometimes plated.
Called also Abyssinian gold.
(Standard)

Ta-lou (China). A glass-flux consist-
ing of lead silicate with a little cop-
per, used by the Chinese as an
enamel-color on porcelain. (Stand-
ard)

Talnd (Sp.). Slope or declivity of a
bank ; talus. (Halse)

Talus. A heap of coarse rock-waste at
the foot of a cliff, or a sheet of waste
covering a slope below a cliff; same
as Scree, which is more commonly
used in Great Britain, whereas talus
is more commonly used in the United
States, but is often incorrectly used
for the material composing the
talus. (La Forge)

Tambang (Sumatra). Mines. (Lock)

Tambikir quail (Malay). A black in-
crustation found on auriferous
quartz. (Lock)

Tambor (Sp.). 1. Hoisting drum. 2.
A trommel. 3. Veta de T., a bunchy
vein. 4. (Colom.) A vertical shaft
between two levels; a winze.
(Halse)

Tambre ( Colom. ).x A dam. (Halse)
Tamiz (Mex.). Fine screen. (D wight)

Tamizar (Peru). To sift or screen.
(Halse)

Tam-o-Shanter. A very nne- grained
soft, gritty, natural stone found in
Scotland. It is used in the United
States as an ax stone and for
sharpening knives. (Pike)

Tamp. To fill (usually with clay) the
bore hole or other opening through
which an explosive charge has been
introduced for blasting. (Raymond)

Tamper. 1. One who tamps. 2. An
implement for tamping; a tamping
iron or tamping bar ( Standard).
Sometimes made of wood, copper, or
iron with a copper tip. See Tamp-
ing bar.

Tamping. In common mining par-
lance the word tamping is now, and
for a long time has been used, to
designate both the inert material
used on top of a charge of powder
or dynamite, and the operation of
compressing it into place. See
Stemming, which is the term pre-
ferred for the inert material, while
tamping more correctly is the act
of compressing the stemming.

744010 O— 47 43

Tamping bar. An iron bar, shod with
copper to obviate striking fire, used
for compressing the stemming. See
Tamper.

Tamping plug. A plug of iron or wood
used instead of tamping material
(stemming) to close up a loaded
blast hole. (Standard)

Tanate (Mex.). Leather, hide or jute
bag to carry ore or waste rock.
(D wight)

Tanatero (Mex.). A laborer, or bag
carrier. (Dwight)

Tanda (Mex.). The ore or waste
(usually waste) that is knocked
down or loosened in driving a face
or sinking a shaft. (Dwight)

Tangers (Wales). Timbers fixed in
a particular manner for supporting
the sides of headings in soft
ground. ( Gresley )

Tank. 1. A large vessel or receptacle,
made either of wood or of metal, in-
tended to contain a fluid as gas or
water ; as water tank, gasoline tank
(Rickard). Used as a synonym for
Vat

2. A subterranean reservoir into
which a pump delivers water for an-
other pump to raise. (Raymond)

Tankage. 1. The act or process of
storing oil, etc., in a tank. 2. The
price charged or paid for storage
in a tank. 3. The capacity of a
tank or tanks. 4. The waste resi-
due deposited in lixiviating vats or
tanks. (Century)

Tank furnace. A glass-making fur-
nace having a tank instead of the
usual pots. (Standard)

Tanque (Mex.). Tank or cistern; T.
de asiento, a settling tank. (Halse)

Tantalic ocher. A native brown tan-
talum oxide found in Finland.
(Standard)

Tantalite. The member of the tanta*
lite-columbite group of minerals
which is composed of nearly or quite
pure tantalate of iron and manga-
nese. Nearly all tantalite contains
some columbium. The members of
the group containing more colum-
bium are known as columbite. Tan-
talite is very rare. Pure tantalite,
(Fe,Mn)Ta2O«, would contain about
86 per cent Ta2O8, or 70.4 per cent
tantalum, but the percentage in
actual minerals is generally much
lower. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

674

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tantalum. A metallic element found
in various rare minerals. It is iso-
lated as a rather brittle lustrous
white metal, with a slightly grayish
tint Symbol, Ta; atomic weight,
181.5; specific gravity, 14.49. (Web-
ster)

Tap. 1. To cut or bore into old work-
ings for the purpose of liberating
accumulations of gas or water. 2.
To win coal in a new district.
(Gresley)

3. The quantity of metal Tun out
from a furnace or cupola at any
one time. 4. A tool for forming an
internal screw, as in a nut. 5. A
small valve. (Webster)

Tapa (Sp.). 1. Cover. 2. Roof or
hanging wall. 3. A sort of coffer-
dam used in placer mining. (Halse)

Tapanhoacanga (Braz.). A gold-bear-
ing gravel composed of the disinte-
grated and weathered remains of
specular iron ore. (Halse)

Tapajos (Sp.). Bandages to cover the
eyes of the mules when treading
in the patio process, or when being
loaded or unloaded . (Halse)

Tapar (Mex.). To stop a furnace-tap
with clay. (Dwight)

Tapatinga (Braz.). A variegated clay
in the Amazon valley. (Halse)

Tap bar. A pointed bar by which a
blast furnace tap hole is opened or
the metal in a melting pot, etc., is
tested. (Standard)

Tap cinder. The cinder drawn from a
puddling furnace or bloomery. ( Ray-
mond)

Tape. A long, thin, narrow band of
mineral or ore. (Standard)

Taper off (Corn.) To stop work tem-
porarily. (Weed)

Taper rope. A rope that has a gradu-
ally diminishing diameter from the
upper to the lower end. The diame-
ter of .the rope is decreased by drop-
ping one wire at a time at regular
intervals. Both round and flat ropes
may be made tapered, and such
ropes are intended for deep-shaft
hoisting with a view to proportion-
ing the diameter of the rope to the
load to be sustained at different
depths. (C. M. P.)

Tapestle (Mex.). 1. A working plat-
form or stage built up in a stope,
or anywhere in a mine. 2. A land-
ing place between two flights of
ladders. (Dwight)
3. (Colom.) Pillars of ore left to
support the wall. (Lucas)

Tapestry brick. Brick made by the
stiff-mud process and having all sur-
faces roughened by wire cutting.
Much used now for exteriors.
(Ries)

Tap hole. 1. The opening through
which the molten metal is tapped or
drawn from a fWnace. (Winchell)
" 2. In steel manufacturing, a hole in
a cementation furnace for the with-
drawal of trial bars for testing.
(Webster)

3. In a puddling furnace, a hole for
drawing off slag (Standard). Called
also Tapping hole.

Tapia (Sp.)". A building material made
chiefly of clay or earth; sometimes
mixed with lime and called Tapia
real. (Webster)
2. A mud wall. (Halse)

Tapiador (Sp.). A builder of mud
walls. (Halse)

Tapish. 1. (Eng.) To break in "at
unawares," as gas. A miner who
just escapes with his life is said 'to
be "tapished." (Hunt)
2. (Derb.) To let water out of a
mine by tapping the place where the
water is confined. (Mander)

Tapon. 1. (Sp.) A plug; a stopper.
2. (Mex.) A penthouse. 3. (Colom.)
A kind of dike or dam used in placer
mining. (Halse)

Taponear (Colom.). To construct a
dike or cofferdam. (Halse)

Taponera (Mex.). A dolly bar.
(Dwight)

Tappet; Disc. The collar under which
the cam is inserted so as to lift the
stamp. (Raymond)

Tapping bar. See Tap bar.

Tapping clay. A plastic clay used in
plugging the tap hole of a smelting
furnace. ( Standard )

Tapping the hollows (Eng.). Allowing
water or gas, or both, to flow out of
old or abandoned workings, often
under a great pressure. (Gresley)
See Tappish.

Taqueador (Colom.). 1. One who fires
a blast; a blaster. 2. A tamping
bar. (Halse)

Taquia (Peru). Llama dung, used for
fuel in roasting and smelting.
(Dwight). Also .Tachia.'

Tar. 1. A thick, brown to black, vis-
cous liquid obtained by the distilla-
tion of wood, coal, peat, and other
organic materials, and having a va-
ried composition according to the

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

675

temperature and material employed
In obtaining it (Webster)
2. Soft pitch or thickened petro-
leum, found in cavities of some lime-
stones. (Roy. Com.)

Tara (Mex.). Tare weight. (Dwight)

Tar -distillate. The paraffin distillate,
or distillate containing the paraffin
wax. (Bacon)

Tarea. 1. (Mex.) Task; Job. It is
common in Mexico to engage com-
mon laborers by the tarea. ( Dwight)
2. (Cent. Am.) The duty or capacity
of stamps in crushing. 3. (Santo
Domingo) A land area equal to
0.1565 acre. (Halse)

Target. The vane, or sliding sight, on
a leveling rod. (Webster)

Target rod. A level rod. (Webster)

Tarn (Iceland). A bog; fen; marsh
or pool. (Humble)

Tarnish. 1. In mineralogy, the thin
film of color, different from that of
a fracture, that forms on the ex-
posed surface of a mineral, espe-
cially a metallic mineral, as c«.'lum-
bite. (Standard)

2. A change of color resulting from
exposure to atmospheric action.
(George)

Tarnowitz process. A metallurgical
process in which large charges of
lead ore are roasted at low tempera-
tures in furnaces and treated sub-
stantially as in the Carinthian proc-
ess. The residual containing con-
siderable lead is remelted in special
furnaces. See Silesian method.
(Goesel)

Tarrango (Mex.). A platform in stope
or shaft. (Dwight)

Tar water. A tarry, ammoniacal water
obtained in the process of cleansing
illuminating gas In a condenser.
(Standard)

Tar well. A receptacle in which is col-
lected the tarry liquid which sepa-
rates from the gas when it leaves
the condensers. ( Century y

Tasco. A fire clay from which melting
pots are made. Spelled also Tasko.
(Standard)

Tases (Mex.). Masses of ore that
have been calcined in the open air
or in heaps. (Halse)

Tasmanite. A reddish brown, resinous
mineral, disseminated in scales
through a him mated shale (com-
bustible shale) from the river Mer-
sey, Tasmania; it has a specific

gravity of 1.18 and yields oil on dis-
tillation ( Bacon ) . Called also Re«in-
iferous shale.

Tassette (Fr.). A small, sharp-pointed
infusible earthenware cone, used in
threes to support plates, etc., In a
kiln or muffle, in place of a stilt
or triangle. (Standard)

Tatham furnace. A stationary cruci-
ble furnace for retorting zinc crusts.
(Hofman, p. 486)

Tatus (Braz.). Labyrinth-like mine
workings. (Halse)

Taurite. A name given by A. Lagorio
to a variety of rhyolite, with grano-
phyrlc or spherulitic texture, rich
in soda, and containing aegirite.
(Kemp)

Tawite. A granular igneous rock com-
posed essentially of sodalite and py-
roxene. (La Forge)

Taxite. Loewinson-Lessing's name for
lavas that, on crystallizing, have
broken up into contrasted aggre-
gates of minerals so as to present an
apparent clastic texture— either
banded, i. e., eutaxitic, or brecciated,
i. e., ataxitic. (Kemp)

Taxitic. Having separated, during
cooling, into small portions differing
in texture, color, or composition, and
hence having a false appearance of
being clastic: said of some volcanic
rocks, especially if banded. (La
Forge)

Taylor producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 317)

Taylor-White process. A process for
giving toughness to self-hardening
steels. The steel is heated almost
to fusion, cooled to a temperature of
700° to 850° C. in molten lead, fur-
ther cooled in oil, reheated to 370°
to 670° C., and cooled in air. (TVeb-
ster)

Taza (Mex.). 1. The cup or bowl of
an arrastre. 2. The crucible of a
blast furnace. (Halse)

T-ChiseL A boring tool with its cut-
edge made in the form of the letter
T. (Gresley)

Tea lead. A term used In Ceylon for
lead manufactured into tea-chest
lining.

Team shovel. A scraper or large scoop
for moving earth, having guiding
handles, and drawn by one or more
horses. (Standard)

676

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tear war! (Newc.). A signal that men
are ready at the bottom to ascend
the shaft (Min. Jour.)

Teary ground (Corn.). A lode or stra-
tum that breaks easily by reason of
many joint planes. (Pryce)

Teaser. 1. (Scot.) An iron rod for
stirring a boiler furnace. (Barrow-
man)

2. The fireman of a furnace in glass-
works. (Standard)

Teaze hole. The opening of a glass
furnace through which fuel is intro-
duced. (Standard)

Tebbad (Persian). Literally, "fever-
wind " ; the hot, scorching winds that
sweep across the dry sandy plains of
Central Asia, carrying clouds of
impalpable sand along with them.
(Page)

Technologist. One skilled in technol-
ogy; one who 'treats of arts, or of
the terms of arts. (Webster)

Technology. Industrial science; the
science of systematic knowledge of
the industrial arts, as of manufac-
tures, metallurgy, etc. (Webster)

Techo (Mex., Sp.). Roof; hanging
wall. (Dwight)

Tecoral (Guerrero, Mex.jT. Deads;
attle; waste. (Halse)

Tecozahuitl (Mex.). The Aztec name
for yellow ocher. (Halse)

Tecto (Port). The hanging wall or
roof. (Halse)

Tectonic. Pertaining to the rock struc-
tures and external forms resulting
from the deformation of the earth's
crust (Webster)

Tcctonites. A term used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include all mineral
construction-material for buildings
or roads. (Power)

Tedge. In founding, an ingate in a
mold. (Standard)

Tee (Eng.). A cross vein meeting a
main vein without intersecting it.
(Bainbridge)

Teem. 1. To pour as, steel from a
melting pot; to fill, as a mold with
molten metal. (Webster)
2. (Eng.) Sometimes Tern. To
dump rubbish, etc., down a spoil-
bank. (Gresley)

Teemer. A pourer of metal. (Stand-
ard)

Teeming hole. A pit containing the
mold in which crucible steel is cast.
(Standard)

Teeming trough (Lane.). A cistern
(or trough) into which the water is
pumped from a mine. (Gresley)

Teeth work (Scot). A system of
working coal end-on. (Gresley)

Teguilote (Guerrero, Mex.). Crystal-
ized quartz. (Halse)

Teja (Sp.). A roofing tile. (Dwight)

Tejo (Mex.). Gold or silver ingot
(Dwight)

Tela de Alambre (Sp.). Fine wire
cloth. (Dwight)

Telegraph. A trough-shaped chute
for conveying coal or slate from the
screens to the pockets. (Chance)

Telford. A road pavement having a
surface of small stones rolled hard
and smooth, distinguished from ma-
cadam road by its firm foundation
of large stones with fragments of
stone wedged tightly in the inter-
stices. (Webster)

Telfordize. To furnish a road with a
telford pavement (Webster)

Telia (Sp.). A working place. (Halse)

Telltale. 1. Any device serving as a
warning. 2. A small overflow pipe
indicating by dripping when a tank
or cistern is fulL (Webster)

Tellurium. A rare element analogous
to sulphur and selenium, occasion-
ally a native crystalline substance
of tin-white metallic luster,' but
usually combined with metals, as
with gold and silver in sylvanite.
Symbol, Te; atomic weight, 127.5;
specific gravity 6.27. (Webster)

Telluric bismuth. Same as Tetrady-
mite. (Standard)

Telluric ocher. The mineral tellurlte,
TeO*. (Webster)

Telluric silver. The mineral hessite.
(Webster)

Telluride. A compound of tellurium
with another element or radical
(Webster). Often rich in gold and
silver.

Telluriferous. Yielding, or containing
tellurium. ( Standard )

Tellurite. Native tellurium oxide,
TeO2, occurring sparingly in tufts
of white or yellowish crystals. (Web-
ster). Called also Telluric ocher.

Tellurium glance. Nagyagite. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

677

Telpherage. An automatic aerial
transportation system, especially
that system in which the carriages
having independent motors are run
on a stout wire conducting an elec-
tric current from which the motive
power is derived; an aerial electric
tramway. (Standard)

Telurio (Sp.). Tellurium; tellurium
ore. (Halse)

Temper. 1. To grind and mix plastic
materials, such as clay, or the in-
gredients of mortar. 2. To give the
metals (especially steel) the desired
degree of hardness and elasticity by
a process of heating and cooling,
suitably regulated. A metallic com-
pound in which these qualities can
thus be produced is said to temper
or to take temper. (Raymond)

3. To anneal or toughen glass.
(Webster)

4. An alloy composed of two parts
of tin and one of copper, added to
pure tin to make the finest pewter.

5. An alloy of arsenic and lead
sometimes used for hardening shot
(Standard)

Temperature. A condition with respect
to heat or cold, especially as indi-
cated by the sensation produced or
by the thermometer or pyrometer;
degree of heat or cold. (Webster)

Temperature coefficient. A coefficient
expressing a quantitative relation
between change of temperature and
the consequent variation of some
other quantity. (Webster)

Tempered. In brickmaking, (a) mois-
tened and worked to the proper con-
sistency, as clay for bricks or mold-
ing, (b) Capable of being cut with
ease, as bricks made of such clay.
(Standard)

Tempered steel. Steel that has been
hardened and subsequently tempered
by a second lower heating. (Hib-
bard)

Temperer. One who or that which tem-
pers; specifically, a machine for
mingling and thoroughly -working
potter's clay, brick -clay, mortar,
plaster, or other materials. (Stand-
ard)

Tempering. 1. The act of reheating
and properly cooling a bar of metal
to any desired degree of hardness.
(C. and M. M. P.)
2. The process of mixing clays pre-
paratory to molding them. (Ries)

Tempering bar. See Purgen.

Tempering furnace. A furnace for
heating articles in the process of
tempering. ( Standard )

Tempering machine. A machine for
giving large steel plates a uniform
and thorough tempering without per-
mitting them to bend or buckle:
usually by pressing them between
hot masses of iron, or by firmly
clamping them between jaws or
plates while immersing them in a
tempering bath. (Standard)

Tempering oil. A viscous neutral oil,
red in color. A steam-refined cylin-
der stock equivalent to 26° Be.
Hammer oil is used as a heavy tem-
pering oil, and summer black-oil has
been recommended for the same pur-
pose. (Bacon)

Tempering oven. An oven for heating
glass in the process of annealing ; a
leer. (Standard)

Tempering wheel. A wheel mounted
on a shaft and revolved in a pit af-
ter the manner of an arrastre, for
kneading and tempering clay.
(Standard)

Temper screw. 1. A screw by which
well-boring tools are hung from the
walking beam and connected and
lowered as the work progresses. 2.
An adjusting screw. (Standard)

Templador (Peru). A low cylindrical
stone placed in the center of a patio,
and upon which the mule-driver
stands. (Pfordte)

Templar (Sp.). To temper steel, etc,
(Dwight)

Templet; Template. A gauge, pattern,
or mold, commonly a thin plate or
board, used as a guide to the form
of work to be executed. (Webster)

Ten (No. of Eng.). A certain weight
of coal agreed upon between lessor
and lessee, upon which a royalty is
paid. A ten varies between 48 and
50 tons, or 18i Newcastle chaldrong
of 53 cwts. (Gresley)

Tenant helve (Eng.). See Frontal-
hammer.

Tenate (Mex.). A sack or bag 01
hide, leather, or cloth for carrying
ore. (Halse)

Tenatero (Mex.). A man or tx>y who
carries ore in bags or sacks. (Halse)

Tenazas (Sp.). 1. Tongs. 2. Pincers.
3. Large nippers for extracting
broken boring tools. 4. A clip for
attaching cars to the rope in end-
less-rope haulage. (Halse)

678

GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tenderfoot (U. S. and Aust). A new-
comer in a comparatively rough or
newly settled region, especially when
not inured to the hardship or rude-
ness of the life. (Webster)

Tender roof (Aust). A mine roof that
requires to be well supported.
(Power)

Tending chuck. Pouring' water into
the hole during rock drilling. (Gil-
lette, p. 24)

Tenedor (Sp.). 1. A guardian or
trustee ; T. de Ubros, a bookkeeper.
8. A table fork. (Halse)

Tengerite. A mineral of doubtful com-
position, said to be yttrium carbo-
nate. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Tennantite; Gray copper ore. Copper-
arsenic sulphide, 3CuaS.As,S». Con-
tains 57.5 per cent copper. Com-
position varies as in tetrahedrite,
into which it grades. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Tenon. A projecting tongue fitting
into a corresponding cavity called
a mortise. (C. and M. M. P.)

Tenor. The percentage or average me-
tallic content" of an ore, matte, or
impure metal. (Weed)

Tenorite. Black oxide of copper in
minute black scales, GuO. Contains
79.8 per cent copper (U. S. Geol.
Snrv.). Called also Black copper.

Tension. A system of forces tending
to draw asunder the parts of a body,
especially of a line, cord, or sheet,
combined with an equal and oppo-
site system of resisting forces of co-
hesion holding the parts of the body
together; stress caused by pulling:
opposed to compression, and distin-
gulshed from torsion. (Standard)

Tension fanlt; Gravity fault. A nor-
mal fault.

Tension »pulley (Aust). A pulley
around which an endless rope passes
mounted on a trolley or other mov-
able bearing so that the slack of the
rope can be readily taken up by the
pull of the weights. (Power)

Tentadnra (Mex.). A sort of assay,
made in a horn spoon, in an earthen
saucer, -or in a wide and shallow
vessel of any kind, for the purpose
of ascertaining the amount of amal-
gam present in a sample of argen-
tiferous mud from an amalgamating
patio. Any assay made -iy washing
or "panning." (Dwlght)

Ten tale rent (No. of Eng.). A rent
or royalty, paid by a lessee upon
every "ten of coal" that is mined
in excess of the minimum or certain
rent See Ten. (Gresley)

Tenter (Eng.). A man who has the
control or working of an engine or
jig, or who looks after the horses in
a pit (Gresley)

Teodolito (Sp.). Theodolite; a sur-
veying transit (Dwight)

Tepetate (Mex.). 1. Barren rock; at-
tle; deads. S. Volcanic tuff. 8.
Gangue or matrix. 4. Country rock.
(Halse) 5. In geology, a secondary
volcanic or chemical non-marine de-
posit, very commonly calcareous,
coating the solid rock or penetrating
the earthy portions of a district ; so-
called in Mexico and Central Amer-
ica. (Standard)

Tephrite. In petrology, an aphanitlc
or -aphanophyric igneous rock com-
posed of essential alkali-calcic feld-
spar, nephelite, and augite, but little
or no olivine. Leucite-tephrite con-
tains leucite with or in place of
nephelite. (La Forge)

Tephroite. Manganese orthosilicate,
2MnO.SiO3. Contains 70 per cent
MnO and commonly also small quan-
tities of magnesium, iron, and zinc.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Tepostel (Mex.).- Oxides of iron and
other metals, generally silver bear-
ing. (Halse)

Tepostetes (Sonora, Mex.). Bowlders
of specular iron ore found in gold
placers. (Dwight)

Tequesqnite (Mex.). A native sodium
carbonate mixed with some sodium
sulphate and common salt, which
effloresces, after the rainy season, on
the surface of the pluins, forming
a crust (Century). Also spelled Te-
quezquite.

Tequio (Mex.). 1. A task set as one
day's work. 2. Ore broken from a
given place or belonging tq a given
contractor. 3. In some places, ore
not rich enough to 'sack underground
(Dwight)
4. Charges, tax, or duty. (Halse)

Teratolite. A clay from the coal meas-
ures of Saxony, formerly supposed
to have curative properties. Called
also Lithomarge ; Terra tc lite
(Standard)

Terbium. A rare metallic element re-
sembling yttrium. Symbol, Tb ;
atomic weight, 159.2. t Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

679

Tereero (Sp.). An arbitrator; T. en
discordia, an umpire between two
disputants. (Halse)

Tercio (Mex.). A sack of ore, about
150 pounds weight A load for a
tenatero. One-half load for a mule.
(Dwight)

Terlinguaite. Oxychloride of mercury,
HgjClO. Contains 88.65 per cent
mercury. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Terminal morain. The transported de-
bris left by a glacier at or near its
lower terminus (Standard). See
Moraine.

Ternary. Consisting of an alloy of
three metals; as ternary steel, a
steel composed of the usual iron and
carbon, alloyed with one other metal.
(Webster)

Ternary steeL An alloy steel that con-
tains one alloying element, the term
being synonymous' with a simple al-
loy steel. (Hibbard) It contains
the one element plus the iron and
carbon, hence ternary.

Terne. To coat with an alloy of tin
and lead ; to make into terne-plate.
(Webster)

Terne-plate. A variety of tin plate
coated with an alloy of one-third
tin, and two -thirds lead. (Ray-
mond)

Terra. The earth. Used as a prefix ;
as, terra cotta. (Webster)

Terra alba. Same as Pipe clay.
(Standard)

Terra cariosa. Same as Tripoli.
(Standard)

Terrace. 1. A level or nearly level
plain, generally narrow in compari-
son with its length, from which the
surface slopes upward on one side
and downward on the other side.
Terraces and their bounding slopes
are formed in a variety of ways,
some being aggradational and others
degradational. (La Forge)
2. A flaw in marble, commonly cored
out and filled up. Also spelled Ter-
ras. (Webster)

Terrace epoch. In geology, the earlier
part of the Recent or Holocene
epoch ; also called Terracian : a time
of general formation of terraces in
the drift-filled valleys of the regions
glaciated during the preceding Pleis-
tocene epoch. (La Forge)

Terra cotta. The "baked earth" of
the Italians. Kiln-burnt clay as-
suming a peculiar reddish-brown
color fashioned into vases, statu-
ettes and other mouldings. (Roy.
Com.)

Terra-cotta clay. A loose term that
might include any clay used in the
manufacture of terra cotta. (Ries)

Terrain. A variation of terrane.

Terra ja (Mex.). A screw cutter.
(Dwight)

Terrane. 1. A group of strata, a zone,
or a series of rocks. This word is
used in the description of rocks in a
general, provisional or nonc^mmital
sense. (Winchell)
2. A region considered in relation to
its fitness for some purpose; an ex-
tent of ground or territory. ( Stand-
ard)

Terranean. Being in, or belonging to
the earth. (Webster)

Terraplen (Mex.). Embankment; a
graded roadbed; a terrace. (Halse)

Terra ponderdsa (L.). Literally
"heavy earth"; another name for
heavy spar or barite. (Page)

Terra rossa. Red earth due to the
weathering of rocks. (Webster)

Terras. In marble - working, a defec-
tive or disfigured place in a marble
block, which is cut out and filled
with a composition (Standard).
Also spelled Terrace.

Terra sienna. See Ocher.

Terrene. 1. The earth's surface; the
earth. 2. In surveying, the sur-
face of the ground. (Webster)

Terreno (Sp.). 1. Land; T. franco,
land that can be freely conceded
by the State for the mining in-
dustry. 2. A geological formation,
or a group of formations; T. acul-
fero, quicksand; T. carbonifero, a
carboniferous formation; T. move-
dizo, very soft or loose formation
of rocks. (Halse)

Terreplein. An embankment of earth
with a broad, level top, which is
sometimes excavated to form a con-
tinuation of an elevated canal
across a valley. (Webster)

Terrero (Sp.). - 1. A heap of earth.

2. Waste rock ; attle ; a mine dump.

3. A deposit of earth accumulated by
the action of water. (Halse)

Terrestrial. Consisting of or pertain-
ing to the land in distinction from
water. (Webster)

680

GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tcrrc vcrte. Glauconite, or the similar
mineral celadonite, used as a green
pigment by artists. (Webster)

Terrigenous. Produced from or of the
earth; in geology, deposited in or
on the earth's crust. (Standard)

Terrorite. An extra-strong high explo-
sive of the nitroglycerine type.
(Standard)

Terroso (Sp.). Earthy. (Halse)

Tertiary. The earlier of the two geo-
logic periods comprised in the Ceno-
zoic era, hi the classification gener-
ally used. Also the system of strata
deposited during that period. (La
Forge)

Teschenite. A name given in 1861 by
Hohenegger to a group of intrusive
rocks in the Cretaceous strata near
Teschen, Austrian Silesia. They
have, however, been since shown to
embrace such a variety of types that
the name has little value, but as
analcite occurs quite constantly in
most of them many still use the
term for diabasic rocks with this
mineral. (Kemp)

Tessellated. 1. A surface divided in
squares, or figures approaching
squares, by joints or natural divi-
sions. (Roy. Com.)
2. Composed of tesserae or small
cubes of stone, marble, glass, or
terra cotta variously colored and ar-
ranged in artistic design; inlaid;
mosaic; as tessellated pavement.
(Standard)

Tessera. A small cube or square, as of
stone or glass, for making mosaic or
tessellated pavements. (Standard)

Tesseral. In crystallography, same as
isometric. ( Standard )

Test. 1. A cupel, or cupelling hearth,
for refining precious metals; also,
a particular portion of metal refined
for the purpose of isolating and
weighing its gold and silver. See
Cupel. 2. A procedure or reaction
employed to recognize or distinguish
any particular substance or constit-
uent of a compound. 3. To refine
as gold or silver; to subject to
cupel la tion. (Webster)
4. An apparatus for proving light
hydrocarbon oils by heat, to find the
temperature at which they evolve
explosive vapors ; an oil test. (Cen-
tury)

Testefas. A Russian illuminating oil
that possesses a specific gravity of
0.820 to 0.823 and a flash-point of
not below 38° C. (Bacon)

Testera. 1. (Sp.) A dike interrupting
the course of a lode. 2. A solid bed
of mineral having two faces exposed ;
T. de guia, a gallery driven along a
deposit. 3. Front of a blast fur-
nace. (Halse)

4. Testeras (Mex.). Uprights in' a
mine, whether pillars, arches, or
posts; (D wight)

Test hole. 1. A tap hole, as in a
cementation-furnace. (Standard)
2. A drill hole or shallow excavation
for testing an ore body ; a test pit

Test lead. Lead free from any silver,
and often finely granulated, used in
testing or cupelling, assaying, etc,
(Webster)

Test paper. A chemically prepared
paper that changes color when
brought into contact with certain
substances, particularly acids and
alkalies (George). See Litmus pa-
Per. %

Test pit. A shallow pit sunk in search
of mineral. (Weed)

Test plate. A white plate or tile on
which to try vitrifiable colors by
heat. (Standard)

Test ring. An oval iron frame for
holding a test or movable cupelling
hearth. (Raymond)

Test tube. A tube for simple chemi-
cal tests, usually a plain tube of
thin glass closed at one end, but
sometimes having a foot, bulb, grad-
uated scale, or other modification.
(Webster)

Testudo (L.). A large snield-like snei-
ter used by miners while working in
places likely to cave in. (Standard)

Tetartohedral. Having one fourth the
number of planes requisite to the
symmetry of a crystal. (Webster)

Tetrachloride. A chloride having four
atoms of chlorine in the molecule.
(Webster)

Tetradymite. Bismuth telluride, BU-
(Te,S)s. Contains theoretically 51.9
per cent bismuth, but the actual con-
tent ranges from 50.4 to 52.8 per
cent. Sulphur generally replaces
part of the tellurium, and the min-
eral sometimes contains a trace of
selenium. The sulphurous variety
contains from 57.7 to 62.2 per cent
bismuth and may be represented by
the formula 2Bi2Tes.Bi2Ss. Gold,
copper, and iron are present in some
tetrady mites. (U. S. Oeol. Surv.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

681

Tetragonal. Designating, or belonging
to, a system of crystallization hav-
ing all three axes at right angles and
the two lateral axes equal. (Dana)

Tetragonal system. That system of
crystals in which the forms are re-
ferred to three mutually perpendicu-
lar axes, two of which are of equal
length and the third longer or
shorter. (La Forge)

Tetrahedrite; Gray copper ore. Copper-
antimony sulphide, essentially 3Cu*-
S.Sb2S3. Contains 52.1 per cent cop-
per. In many tetrahed rites the cop-
per is partly replaced by iron, lead,
zinc, mercury, and silver, and the
antimony by arsenic. Through the
last replacement tetrahedrite grades
into tennantite (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Called also Fahlerz.

Tetrahedron. A crystal form, in the
Isometric system, enclosed by four
faces having equal intercepts on all
three axes. (La Forge)

Tetrahexahedron. A crystal form of
the isometric system bounded by
twenty-four equal triangular faces,
four to each face of the cube.
(Dana)

Tewel. 1. A hole; a bore; a chim-
ney, as for smoke. 2. The tuyere of
a furnace. (Webster)

Textura (Sp.). Texture. (Dwight)

Texture. The character, arrangement,
and mode of aggregation of the frag-
ments, particles, or crystals that
compose a rock; the sum total of
those features of a rock which de-
termine its physical structure and
appearance as a rock.
Texture and structure have been and
still are used more or less inter-
changeably, but there is a growing
and commendable tendency to con-
fine structure to the features that
characterize the rock mass, as a part
of the earth's crust, and texture to
those that characterize the particu-
lar specimen, as a piece of rock.
Thus the structure of a rock may be,
for example, stratified or slaty or
brecciated, and its texture may be,
for example, clastic or crystalline or
glassy. (La Forge)

Thalassic rocks. Strata formed In
deep, still water, far from shore
lines, generally composed of very
fine particles of material ; con-
trasted with Littoral rocks. ( Stand-
ard)

Thallium. A rare metallic element of
the aluminum group, resembling lead
in physical properties. Symbol, Tl;
atomic weight, 204.0; specific grav-
ity. 11.8 (Webster). Used in alloys
and glass-making.

Thallium glass. A variety of flint glass
of great density and refracting
power; made by using thallium in
place of lead. (Standard)

Thanet sands. The lowest beds of the
Eocene Tertiary in England.
(Standard)

Tham. A gold-washing race in Cham-
paran, Nepal, Northern India.
(Lock)

Thaw house. A small building, de-
signed for thawing dynamite, of such
size as to provide enough thawed
dynamite for the day's work. Thaw-
ing houses should be heated either
with hot water or exhaust steam in
such a manner that the explosives
can not come in contact with the
heated metal or lie directly over the
heated metal. (Du Pont)

Thawing. The warming of frozen dy-
namite until it becomes soft and
plastic. Thawing should be done
carefully, slowly, and according to
directions issued by the manufac-
turers of the explosives. (Du Pont)

Thawing kettle. A double kettle, built
somewhat like a farina boiler, hav-
ing two compartments, an outer
compartment, which is filled with
hot water and which entirely sur-
rounds the inner compartment that
contains the dynamite to be thawed.
It is provided with a lid for retain-
ing the heat. (DU Pont)

Theats (Scot). A horse's draw-chains.
(Barrowman). Trace chains.

Thenardite. A native sodium sulphate,
Na2SO4. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Thenard's blue. Same as Cobalt blue.

Theodolite. An instrument for measur-
ing horizontal, and usually also ver-
tical, angles. It consists of a tele-
scope mounted so as to swivel ver-
tically in Y's secured to a revolva-
ble table carrying a vernier for read-
ing horizontal angles. There is usu-
ally a graduated arc, or circle of
altitudes. A horizontal compass is
commonly included. (Webster)

Theralite. A granular igneous rock
composed essentially of andesine,
nephelite, and pyroxene, with or
without a little hornblende, biotite,
or oli vine. (La Forge)

682

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Thermal. Hot; warm. Applied to
springs which discharge water
heated by natural agencies.
(Thompson)

Thermal conductivity. Capability to
conduct heat; the quantity of heat
that passes in unit time through a
unit area of a plate whose thickness
is unity when its opposite faces- dif-
fer in temperature by one degree.
(Webster)

Thermal unit. A unit chosen for the
comparison, or calculation, of quan-
tities of heat, as the calorie or the
British thermal unit. (Webster)

Thermite; Thermit. A mixture of alu-
minum in fine grains or filings with
some metallic oxide, usually of iron
or chromium; on being heated by
a priming, as of magnesium powder,
the aluminum combines violently
with the oxygen of the oxide, set-
ting free the metal, producing a fluid
slag, and generating great heat. Is
used in welding steel. (Webster)

Thermite process. The process of weld-
ing steel with thermite. Also known
as Goldschmidt's process. (Web-
ster)

Thermites.. A term used by M. E.
Wadsworth to include mineral fuels
or burning-materials. (Power)

Thermoaqueons. Produced by, or re-
lated to, the action of heated waters.
(Raymond)

Thermochemistry. That branch of
chemical science which treats of the
relations existing between chemical
action and heat. (Webster)

Thermodynamics. The science which
treats of the mechanical' action or
relation of heat. (Webster)

Thermoelectricity. Electricity pro-
duced by the direct action of heat,
as by the unequal heating of a cir-
cuit composed of two dissimilar
metals. (Webster)

Thermometamorphism. Metamorphism
in which the dominant agency is
heat. (Watson, p. 204)

Thermometer. Any device for measur-
ing temperature. See also Pyrometer.

Thermopile. An apparatus consisting
of a number of thermoelectric
couples, used to generate electric
currents for determining slight dif-
ferontes of temperature. (Web-
ster)

Thermostat. An automatic device for
regulating temperature by utilizing
the expansion of solids, liquids, or
gases, subjected to heat, as in open-
ing or closing the damper of a fur-
nace, regulating the supply of gas,
etc. (Webster)

Thetis' hair-stone. An old name for
rock crystal containing acicular
crystals of actinolite. (Chester)

Thick coal; Thick seam (Eng.). A coal
seam of greater thickness than
(say) 8 or 10 feet (sometimes as
much as 130 feet), or those which
are worked in two or more stages or
lifts. (Gresley)

Thickened oils. Mineral oils thickened
by dissolving in them small amounts
of vulcanized rubber or of alumi-
num soap; they are intended for cer-
tain lubricating purposes. (Bacon)

Thickness. 1. The distance at right
angles between the hanging and the
foot wall of a lode or lens. 2. In
founding, material, as loam, set in
a mold to a certain thickness, to be
partially displaced by a templet.
(Standard)

Thies process. A chlorination process
for recovering gold from its ore.
For each ton of ore in a revolving
drum, 130 gallons of water, 30
pounds chloride of lime, and 36
pounds concentrated sulphuric acid
are added, and the drum revolved
for some time. A solution of
chloride of gold is thus obtained.
The silver remains as an insoluble
chloride, which can be separated by
the addition of sodium hyposulphite
solution. (Goesel)

Thill. 1. (Newc.) The floor of a coal
mine. (Raymond)
2. A thin stratum of fire clay.
(Webster)

Thimble. 1. An oval iron ring around
which a rope end. is bent and
fastened to form an eye. (C. M. P.)

2. (Aust). The iron ring, placed a
few feet below the head-frame pul-
ley, which supports the safety de-
taching hook in case of an overwind.
(Power)

3. A metal socket for fixing a lead
pipe to stoneware. (Webster)

Thimble Joint. A sleeve Joint packed
to allow longitudinal expansion. A
slip expansion Joint. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Thing. 1. (No. Staff.) A straight
facing from floor to roof, often many
ysmls in length. 2. (Mid.) A fault
slip. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

683

Thinolite. A tufa deposit of calcium
carbonate occurring on an enormous
scale in northwestern Nevada; also
occurs about Mono Lake, California.
It forms layers of interlaced crystals
of a pale yellow or light-brown
color arid often skeleton structure
except when covered by subsequent
deposit of calcium carbonate.
(Dana)

Thin out. Applied to beds or strata
which grow gradually and continu-
ally thinner in one direction, until
they entirely disappear. (Thomp-
son)

Thin seam; Thin coal (Eng.). A coal
seam less than 3 feet in thickness.
(Gresley)

Thin section. A fragment of rock or
mineral ground to paper thinness,
polished, and mounted between
glasses as a microscopical slide.
Rocks and most minerals except the
oxides and sulphides of the metals
are translucent to transparent in
thin section and the optical proper-
ties of each mineral can be studied
with the miscroscope. (Ransome)

Thin stock. Slabs of stone employed
for wainscoting, flooring, etc.
(Bowles)

Third-hand asistant (Aust.). A boy
who helps the machinist and his as-
sistant with a coal-cutting machine.
(Power)

Thirl; Thirling. 1. (Scot) A cross-
hole or ventilation-passage between
two headings. 2. In the North of
England lead mines, a mark at the
end of a pitch or set (Standard).
See Thurl ; Thurling.

Thirling. See ThirL

Tholeiite. Rosenbusch's name for
augite-porphy rites, which, aside
from the usual phenocrysts, have a
groundmass, with but one generation
of crystals and with a little glassy
basis between them, affording a tex-
ture called intersertal. (Kemp)

Thomaite. A variety of siderite that
is found massive and in pyramidal
crystals. ( Standard )

Thomas-Oilchrist process. Bessermer-
izing (which see) pig iron, high in
phosphorus and low in sulphur, in a
converter lined with calcined dolo-
mite. The slag formed consists of a
basic calcium phosphate which is
used for fertilizer (Liddell). A
basic-lining process.

Thompsenolite. A fluoride of calcium,
aluminum, and sodium, NaCaAlFc-
H,0. (Webster)

Thompson process. A process of elec-
tric welding in which heat is devel-
oped by a large current passing
through the metal. (Webster)

Thomsonite. Hydrous sodium-calciuni-
nluminum silicate. (NajCa)O.AljOs.-
2S1O,. 2iH,O. One of the zeolites,
sometimes used as a gem. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Thoria. The oxide of thorium, ThO*

Thoiianite. A mineral of complex and
uncertain composition but consisting
chiefly of thorium and uranium ox-
ides with minor quantities of many
other bases. Contains about 12.1
per cent U«O« and 71 per cent ThO*
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Thorite. 1. A rare mineral of a brown
to black color, consisting essentially
of thorium silicate, ThSiO*. 2. A
high explosive used as a bursting
charge for sheila. (Webster)

Thorium. A comparatively rare me-
tallic element occurring in combi-
nation in thorite, monazite, and cer-
tain other minerals and isolated as
an infusible, gray, metallic powder.
Symbol, Th; atomic weight, 232.4;
specific gravity, 11.1. (Webster)

Thorofare. In geology, a channel cat
across a spit or barrier beach.
(Watson, p. 388)

Thorogununite. A hydrous silicate of
uranium and thorium, UOi.3Tb.Oj.-
3SiOa.6HiO. Contains 22 per cent
UOi and 41 per cent ThO*. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Thrackscat (Eng.). Metal or mineral
still in the mine. (Standard). An
obsolete term.

Thread. 1. An extremely small vein,
even thinner than a stringer. (Roy.
•Com.)

2. (Mid.) A small wooden wedge;
see Cleat, 3. 3. A more or less
straight line of stall faces, having
no cuttings, loose ends, fast ends, or
steps. (Gresley)

Three-high train. A roll-train com-
posed of three rolls, the bar being
entered on one side between the
bottom and the middle roll, and on
the other side between the middle
and the upper roll. The passes in
both directions thus take place with-
out reversing the movement of the
rolls, as is done in so-called revers-
ing rolls. (Raymond)

684

GL08SABT OF MINING AND MSttfKfcAL IKDtJSTRY.

ThreeMttg. In crystallography, a group
of three crystal Individuals united
by the same twinning la^ (Stand-
ard)

Threa-qtiarter coaL A mixture of lump
nut coal. (Nteolls)

Three* trees (Eng.). A kind of ladder
.used in mines. (Bainb ridge)

Thrortlebrest (Derb.). An ore with
• raiidh gangue adhering, so that it
requires a great deal of knocking
or. breaking to make it marketable
(Hooson). Also spelled Throstle-
breast.

Throttle. 1. To obstruct the flow of,
as steam to an engine. 2. A valve
for regulating the supply of steam,
gas or air to an engine. (Webster)

Through; Thirling. A passage cut
through a pillar to connect two
rooms. (Ihlseng)

Through and through (Wales) . Min-
ing bituminous coal without regard
to the size of the lumps (Gresley).
See Through coal

Through Coal. (Wales). Large and
small coal mixed : altogether coal ;
run of mine.

Througher (Scot). A crosscut be-
tween two headings. (Gresley)

Through stone. A stone passing en-
tirely through the thickness of a
wall ; a bond-stone ; perpend. (Stand-
ord)

Throw. 1. A fault, a dislocation.
(Chance)

2. The amount of vertical displace-
ment up (upthrow) or down (down-
throw) produced by a fault; some-
times, loosely; a dislocation not ver-
tical, the direction being specified
(Webster). See Heave; Perpen-
dicular throw; Stratgraphic throw.
(Lindgren, p. 120)
S. In ceramics, to form or shape on
a throwing engine, or potter's wheel,
as earthen vessels. (Webster)
4. (Txxial Eng.) To break Out the
pillars (a coal mine), leaving the
hanging coal unsupported. See Spur,
1. (Standard)

.'hrow crook. A potter's wheel ; throw-
ing table. (Standard)

Thrower. One who uses a throwing
wheel ; a potter. ( Standard )

Throwing (So. Staff.). The operation
of breaking out small pillars, so as to
leave the hanging coal unsupported,
except by it* own cohesion. (Ray-
mond) See Throw, 4.

Throwing clay. Clay plastic enough
to1 be shaped on a potter's wheel.
(Standard)

throwing engine. 1. A potter's wheel
with its supports, used in throwing
(Webster). Galled also Throwing
machine; Throwing mill; Throw-
ing wheel. 2. See Throw, 3.

Throwing house. A building in which
clay is thrown on potters' wheels.
(Standard)

Throwing table. A potter's wheel.
(Standard)

Thrown. 1. Faulted or broken up by
a fault (Gresley)
2. Turned, as a piece of ceramic
ware on a potter's wheel. (Stand-
ard)

Throw-off. A kind of derailing switch.
(Webster)

Throw-off switch ( Aust ) . A switch
by means of which an obstruction is
thrown across the rails of a track,
causing the derailment of the trucks
(Power). A derailing switch.

Thrust. 1. A crushing of coal pillars
caused by excess weight of the super-
incumbent rocks, the floor being
harder than the roof. Nearly the
same as creep, except that in the
latter the workings are disorganized
by the upheaval of the floor, which
being softer than the roof is the
first to yield. Compare Creep. (Cen-
tury)

2. The ruins of the fallen roof, after
pillars and stalls have been re-

. moved. (Raymond)

Thrust fault. See Fault

Thrust plane. The plane of a thrust
or reversed fault. (La Forge)

Thud (Eng.). A dull and heavy re-
port made by the rending of the
strata far overhead when the coal
has been extracted. (G. C. Green-
well)

Thulite. A pink mineral of the epi-
dote group, which owes its color to
the presence of manganese (Ran-
some). See also Zoisite.

Thulite stone. A pink or rose-colored
siliceous rock from Norway, com-
posed chiefly of quartz and thulite;
used for small ornaments. (Stand-
ard)

Thulium. A rare metallic element re-
sembling ytterbium, found in com-
bination in padolinite. Symbol, Tm ;
atomic weight, 168.5. (Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

685

Thum-Balbach process. A silver-refin-
ing process using carbon cathodes,
dorg anodes, and a silver-nitrate
nitric-acid electrolyte. The silver
is scraped off the bottom as crystals.
(Liddell)

Thum furnace. A gas-fired furnace
especially for the treatment of zinc
ore which is high in lead. (In-
galls, p. 492)

Thunderbolt 1. A stone or stony con-
cretion, especially if elongated and
tapering, found in the ground and
ignorantly supposed to have fallen
from the sky. 2. A nodule or mass
of iron pyrite found in English chalk
formations. (Standard)

Thunder stone. Same as Thunderbolt.

Thuringian. In geology, designating
the upper division of the European
Permian. (Webster)

Thurl (So. Staff.). To cut through
from one working into another
(Raymond). Also Thirl.

Thurling. A passage cut from room
to room, in post-and-stall working
(Raymond). AUo Thirling.

Thurm. 1. In mining, a small dis-
placement or fault of a seam.
(Standard)

a. (Nova Scotia) A ragged, rocky
headland swept by the sea; also
called Thurm cap. (Century)

Thwack. In tile making, to beat into
shape. (Webster)

Thwacker. One that thwacks; spe-
cifically, in tile making, a wooden
implement with which the half -dried
pantile is beaten to take out any
warping that has occurred. (Web-
ster)

Thwacking frame. A table, with
curved top, used in thwacking a pan-
tile. (Standard)

Thwacking knife. A knife used to
trim pantiles after thwacking.
(Standard)

Thwarting (Som.). A short road
driven between two or moie veins
where they are nearly vertical.
(Gresley)

Tiatales (Guerrero, Mex.). A hard
limestone. (Halse)

Tibe (Colom.). 1. A hard, smooth,
flat or rounded stone, found in allu-
vial mines. 2. Corundum, used by
the ancient Indians for polishing
tools. (Halse)

Tibir (Sp.). Gold dust found on the
African coast. (Halse)

Ticket. 1. (Scot.) An old measure
for coal. The Campbeltown ticket
was about 300 pounds. (Barrow-
man)

2. (Eng.) A sealed bid for ore to
be sold. (Webster)

3. The numbered check which the
miner puts on his loaded car to in-
form the weigh master to whom the
coal belongs (Roy.). See also Tag;
Tally.

Ticketing. In English mining dis-
tricts, a periodical sale of ore to the
highest bidders by ticket. See
Ticket, 2. (Standard)

Tick hole. A small cavity in a rock;
a vug.

Tidewater glacier. A glacier whose
foot dips into tidewa er, and which
often produces icebergs. ( Standard )

Tie. 1. A beam, post, or rod to hold
parts together; a tension member
in a structure. 2. Any of the
transverse supports to which rail-
road rails are fastened. (Webster)
3. (Eng.). A level; also, a support
for the roof in coal mines. (Bain-
bridge)

Tie-back. 1. A beam serving a pur-
pose similar to a fend-off beam, but
fixed at the opposite side of the
shaft or inclined road. 2. The wire
ropes or stayrods that are some-
times used on the side of the tower
opposite the hoisting engine, in place
of or to reinforce the engine braces.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Tie band x( Eng.). A piece of rope
used in securing long timbers or
rails when being sent down in the
cage. (G. C. Green well)

Tiebar. A bar used as a tie, as be-
tween two switch rails to hold them
to gage. (Webster)

Titmannite. Mercuric selenide, HgSe.
Contains 71.7 per cent mercury and
28.3 per cent selenium. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Tienda de raya (Sp.). A store at
which the miners obtain weekly
credit. (Min. Jour.)

Tie plate. A protecting metal plate be-
tween the rail and tie. (Webster)

Tie rod. A round or square iron rod
passing through or over a furnace
and connected with buckstaves to
assist in binding the furnace to-
gether.

686

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tlerra (Sp.). 1. Earth, land, soil,
ground; T. arcillosa, clay ground.
2. Region of the, earth; T. adentro,
the interior of a country. 8. Any
rock or mineral; T. bianco (Mex.) a
calcareous tufa; T. de baton, fuller's
earth; T. de flor (Venez.) A bed
of reddish clayey earth; T. de por-
celana, china clay; T. pesada, heavy
spar (Halse)

4. (Mex.) Fine sized ore. (Dwight)

Tlerra blanca (Sp.). White, chalky,
limestone beds, having special value
for. hydraulic cement. (Standard)

Tierras (Sp.). 1. Fine material im-
pregnated with quicksilver ore,
which must be made into adobes be-
fore roasting. ( Raymond )
2. T. de labor, rock from a stope
mixed with particles of ore ; fines ;
T. de yunque, smalls produced in
breaking and sorting ore ; T. Pardas
(Mex.) An alluvial formation con-
taining limonite ; T. rojas, a ferru-
ginous clay. 3. Ore generally in a
fine state of division. 4. Gangue or
matrix. (Halse)

5. Any low-grade, powdered ore.
(Standard)

Tiers-argent (Fr.). An alloy of one
part of silver to two of aluminum.
(Standard)

Tier saw. A saw for giving bricks
curved outlines. (Standard)

Tiesteros (Bol.). Men who make tests
or assays of ore before amalgama-
tion (Halse). Assay ers.

Tiff. 1. A common name for calcite
in Wisconsin and Missouri zinc
fields. 2. Barite in southeast Mis-
souri.

Tiffanyite. A name proposed by Kunz
for a hydrocarbon assumed to be
present in certain diamonds, namely,
those which, on this account, exhibit
fluorescence and phosphorescence.
(Bacon)

Tiger. A device, as a fork, for sup-
porting a continuous series of well-
boring rods or tubes while raising
or lowering them in the hole (Stand-
ard). See Nipping-fork.

Tiger-eye. 1. A chatoyant stone,
usually yellow-brown, much used
for ornament. It is silicified croci-
dolite, in which the fibers penetrat-
ing the quartz are changed to oxide
of iron. 2. A potter's glaze re-
sembling in look the tiger-eye.
(Webster)

Tightset. A quarrymen's term, equiva-
lent to blind seam, or incipient joint.
(Dale)

Tile. 1. A thin plate or piece of
baked clay, stone, or the like of a
kind used for covering roofs of
buildings, for floors, for drains, and
often for ornamental work. 2. A
small flat piece of dried earth or
earthenware, used to cover vessels
in which metals are fused. (Web-
ster)

Tile copper. Copper obtained by roast-
ing and refining the metal bottoms
that collect under the regulus in
smelting certain impure ores; usu-
ally cast in flat rectangular plates,
hence its name (Standard). See
Bottoms, 2.

Tile earth (Prov. Eng.). A compact
clay soil. (Standard)

Tile field. A field or yard, as at a pot-
tery, devoted to the construction of
tiles. (Standard)

Tile kiln. A kiln for vitrifying tiles.
(Standard)

Tile machine. A machine for making
tubular or arch-shaped tiles from
clay, operating by forcing the raw
material through a die, in a con-
tinuous stream, which is cut into
suitable lengths by wires. (Stand-
ard)

Tile ore. A massive variety of cu-
prite, of brick-red color. (Chester)

Tile oven. An oven for burning tiles.
(Standard)

Tiler. 1. A kiln or oven for baking
tiles. 2. A maker or layer of tiles.
(Standard)

Tilery. A factory in which tiles are
made. (Standard)

Tilestone. 1. Any of several beds of
shale or sandstone, often red in
color, belonging to the upper part
of the Ludlow group, English Upper
Silurian. (Webster)
2. A tile, particularly of stone;
a brick. (Standard)

Tile works. A tilery or tile field.
(Standard)

Tilgate stone. Beds of calcareous
sandstone or ironstone near Hast-
ings, England. (Century)

Till. That part of a glacial drift con-
sisting of material deposited by and
underneath the ice, with little or no
transportation and sorting by water;
it is a generally unstratifled, uncon-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

687

solidated, heterogeneous mixture of
day, sand, gravel, and bowlders.
Also called Bowlder-clay (La
Forge). Two kinds are recognized:
(1) Glacier-till, deposited directly
by glacier-ice, not by glacier- waters,
though it may be locally modified by
them. Contrasted with Glacier-
sediment It may be (a) en glacial
(carried within the ice-mass), (b)
snperglacial (borne on the ice sur-
face), or (c) subglacial (dragged
along beneath the glacier), and in
this case called also Ground-moraine
or Bowlder-clay. (2) Berg-till, de-
trital matter deposited by icebergs.
Called also Subaqueous till or Floe-
till. (Standard)

Tiller (Eng.). An instrument similar
to a brace head, but usually made of
Iron, for turning drill tools. (Gres-
ley)

Tiller rope. A flexible wire rope com-
posed of six small ropes, usually of
seven-wire strands each laid about a
hemp core. (C. M. P.)

Tillite. A sedimentary rock composed
of cemented till. (La Forge)

Tilt 1. To hammer or forge with a
tilt (trip) hammer. (Webster)
2. A tilt hammer. (Standard)

Tilted steel. Hammered steel. (Stand-
ard)

Tilter. 1. One who forges metal with
a tilt-hammer. 2. A tilt hammer.
(Standard)

Tilt hammer. A hammer for shingling
or forging iron, arranged as a lever
of the first or third order, and
"tilted" or "tripped" by means of a
cam or cog-gearing and allowed to
fall upon the billet, bloom, or bar.
(Raymond)

Tilt mill A mill where metal, as steel,
is tilted. (Webster)

Timazite. A name given by Breithaupt
to certain porphyritic rocks in the
Timok Valley of Servia, that have
since proved to be varieties of
andesite and dacite. (Kemp)

Timba (Sp. Am.). Logs used for the
roof of a mine. (Halse)

Timber. 1. Any of the wooden props,
posts, bars, collars, lagging, etc.,
used to support mine workings. 2.
To set or place timbers in a mine.
8. One of the steel joists or beams,
which have in some mines replaced
wooden timbers. (Webster)

Timberer; Timberman. One who cuts,
frames and puts in place any of the
timbers used in a shaft, slope, mine
or tunnel. Also one who draws
props, posts, etc.

Timbering. 1. (Eng.) The timber
structure employed for supporting
the faces of an excavation during
the progress of construction ( Simms)
2. Timber work taken collectively,
as in a mine. (Standard)

Timberline. The height on mountains
at which the growth of trees stops.
It varies with the latitude and
climate. (Webster)

Timberman. See Timberer.

Timber packer (Washington). A la-
borer who delivers timber to the
working place in a pitching or in-
clined coal seam.

Timber rights. The right to cut timber
on the public domain for use in the
mining industry. (U. S. Min. Stat,
pp. 1334-1353)

Timbre (Mex.), 1. A bell. 2. A
stamp tax. (Dwight)

Timbrero (Mex.). Bellman. (Dwight)

Time. 1. A statement of the number
of days or hours worked by, or of
the amount of wages due a work-
man; usually furnished him upon
request in the event of his quitting
work before the regular pay day.

2. To count the strokes of a pump,
or revolutions of an engine or fan.
C. and M. M. P.)

3. In geology, a general term indi-
cating a subdivision of one of the
grander divisions of geological his-
tory ; as, Palezoic time. ( Standard )

Timekeeper. One whose duty it is to
make and keep a record of the num-
ber of hours or days worked by
laborers or other employees.

Timpa (Sp.). A tymp stone in front
of the hearth of a blast furnace.
(Halse)

Tin. 1. A chemical element obtained
as a soft, lustrous white, crystalline
metal, malleable at ordinary tem-
perature but brittle when hot Sym-
bol, Sn; atomic weight, 118.70; spe-
cific gravity, 7.28. (Webster)

2. To coat with tin ; as* to tin iron,

3. Tin plate. (Standard)

Tina (Mex.). 1. A mine bucket or
tub. 2. A leaching vat (Dwight) ;
T. cargadora, a tank into which the
slimes are first discharged. (Egles-
ton)

688

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tinaco (Sp.). A wooden trough, tub,
or vat, used in leaching. (Halse)

Tinaja (Mex.). 1. A basin of water
in a rock. (Dwight)
2. A large earthen jar. 3. Small
bunches of cinnabar. (Halse)

Tin bath. Molten tin into which sheets
of iron are dipped in order to form
tin plate. (Standard)

Tin bound. 1. (Corn.) To mark a
limit, as on a tract of waste land,
within which one claims or reserves
the right to mine un worked tin ore.
2. Land so reserved. (Standard)

Tincal. Crude native borax, formerly
imported from Tibet (Webster).
Also spelled Tinkal.

Tincalconite. A pulverulent variety of
borax, with thirty-two per cent of
water. (Chester)

Tin-can safety lamp. A Davy lamp
placed inside a tin can or cylinder
having a glass in front, air holes
near the bottom, and open-topped.
(Gresley, 1883)

Tinea (Peru). A small mine timber.
(Pfordte)

Tinder ore. An early name for an im-
pure variety of jamesonite, resem-
bling tinder. (Chester)

Tin dish. A pan used by prospectors
for washing gold-bearing materials
and extracting the gold. (Duryee)

Tin floor. 1. (Corn.) A thin flat mass
of tinstone between beds of rock.
2. An irregular mass of tin ore.
(Standard)

Tin foil. Tin or a tin-like alloy made
into foil. (Standard)

Tin frame (Corn.). A sloping table
used in dressing tin-ore slimes and
discharged by turning it upon an
axis till its surface is nearly verti-
cal, and then dashing water over
it, to remove the enriched deposit.
A machine frame or self -frame thus
discharges itself automatically at
intervals ; a hand-frame is turned
for the purpose by hand. (Ray-
mond)

Ting. Same as Sycee-silver. (Stand-
ard)

Tin glass. A name formerly applied
to bismuth. (Ure)

Tin glaze. An opaque glaze of stannic
oxide, used on pottery. (Standard)

Tingnaite. A variety of phonolite rich
In aegirite (La Forge). A name
given by Rosenbusoh to rocks con-

sisting of alkali feldspar, nephelite
and abundant aegirine, which form
dikes in or near areas of nephelite-
syenite. It was first applied to
specimens from the vicinity of Rio
Janeiro, where in the Serra de Tin-
gua the rocks were first discovered
and described by O. A. Derby as
phonolites. They have since proved
of very wide distribution and not al-
ways to accompany nephelite-gyen-
ites. By many the name tinguaite
is regarded as an unnecessary and
undesirable synonym for Phonolite.
(Kemp)

Tinker (Derb.). Laminated carbon-
aceous shale. (Gresley)

Tin liquor. A solution of tin in strong
acid, used as a mordant in dyeing.
(Century)

Tinned rope. Rope made of wires that
have been coated with tin to protect
them from corrosion. (C. M. P.)

Tinned sheet iron. See Tin plate.

Tinner. 1. (Corn.). One who works
in a tin mine. 2. A tinsmith. (Web-
ster)

Tinning. 1. The act, operation, or
process of covering with or preserv-
ing in tin. 2. A protective coating
of tin, as on sheet iron. (Standard)

Tinning metal. An alloy of equal part?
of tin and lead: used by, electro
typers for coating copper shells be-
fore backing. (Standard)

Tin penny (Eng.). A local tax for-
merly paid for permission to en-
gage in tin mining. (Standard)

Tin pickling. In the manufacture of
tin plate, the process of immersing
thin iron plate in r bath of acid,
previous to tinning. (Standard)

Tin-pickling machine. A machine for
hoisting and lowering the plates in
the process of picklinc and washing.
(Standard)

Tin plate. Sheet iron or steel coated
with tin by dipping into the melted
metal: commonly called simply Tin.
There are three principal qualities:
the best, consisting of coated char-
coal iron, is called Charcoal plate;
that which is coated on coke-
smelted or puddled iron is called
Coke plate, and tin plate having
crystals formed by the action of di-
luted nitric and hydrochloric acids
is called Crystallized tin plate.
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

689

Till pot. 1. A vessel for holding
molten tin. 2. A bath of molten tin
In which sheet-iron or sheet-steel is
dipped in making tin plate. ( Stand-
ard)

Same as Stannite.

Tin pyrites.

(Standard)

Tinsel. To give a metallic appearance
to (ceramic ware) by washing with
a metallic substance. (Standard)

Tin spar. A synonym for Cassiterite.
(Chester)

Tinstone. A miner's name for Cassit-
erite. (Standard)

Tin stuff (Eng.). Tin ore mixed with
its gangue. (Standard)

Tintero (Peru). The sump of shaft
(Dwight)

Tin-white cobalt. A synonym for
Smaltite. (Chester)

Tin-witts (Corn.). The product of
the first dressing of tin ores, contain-
ing, besides tinstone, other heavy
minerals (wolfram and metallic sul-
phides). It must be roasted before
it can be further concentrated. Its
first or partial roasting is called
rag-burning. (Raymond)

Tin works. A place or an establish-
ment where tin is manufactured or
mined. ( Standard )

Tip; Tipple (Eng.). A platform upon
which a pair of iron tram rails, fixed
upon an axle and attached to a le-
ver, are bolted down, for emptying
tubs or cars into wagons, boats, bins,
etc. (Gresley)

Tipper. 1. An apparatus for emptying
cars of coal or ore, by turning them
upside down and then bringing them
back to the original position with a
minimum of manual labor. Tipple
is the common name. (Steel)
2. (Aust) The man who runs skips
into a tippler. (Power)

Tipple. 1. The place where cars are
tipped or dumped; the dump; a
cradle-dump. ( Chance )
2. (Aust. ) The tracks, .trestles,
screens, etc., at the entrance to a
colliery where coal is screened and
loaded (Power). See Tipper, also
Tip.

Tippler (Aust). An apparatus for
tipping a skip, so as to empty it of
its contents (Power). See also Tio;
Tipper, and Tipple.

Tirada (Sp.). 1. Hoisting of a cage..
2. One complete hoist (Halse)

Tirante (Sp.). 1. Small hewn timber.
2. The tie rod of a boiler. 3. A
pump rod. 4. (Mex.) A large beam.
(Halse)

Tirar (Sp.). 1. To hoist or wind. 2.
To blast or shoot. 3. T. una labor
(L. Cal., Mex.), prospecting; placer
mining. (Halse)

Tiro (Mex.). 1. Mine shaft or pit;
T. de arrastre, or de recueste, an in-
clined shaft; T. general, the main
shaft; T. vertical, a vertical shaft;

2. (Coloin.) An airshaft; a raise.

3. T. de aire, an air blast; an air
current. 4. T. de mulas, a team of
mules. 5. A blast or shot. 6. Hoist-
ing or winding. 7. A rope used in
hoisting. 8. (Chile) A drill hole.
(Halse)

T-iron. 1. An angle iron having T-
shaped cross-section. (Standard)
2. T-rails used in a mine, as dis-
tinguished from wooden rails.

Tir6n (Sp.). A tug or jerk given to
a rope in hoisting. (Halse)

Tirr. 1. (Scot). The covering on
rock in a quarry; overburden. Also
Tirring. 2. (Scot) To remove the
covering from the rock in a quarry.
(Barrowman)

Tisar. In plate-#ass making, a heat-
ing furnace for an annealing cham-
ber. (Standard)

Titan. 1. Titanium.
(Standard)

2. Titan ite.

Titanic anhydrite. A white pulveru-
lent titaninin oxide (TiOa) found na-
tive as brookite, octahedrite, and
rutile, and a common constituent of
iron ores. Called also Titanic oxide.

Titanic iron ore. Ilmenite, PeTiO*.
(Webster)

Titanic schorl Rutile. (Standard)

Titaniferong. Carrying titanium, as
titanifei'ous iron ore. See Ilmenite.
(Roy. Com.)

Titanio (Sp.). Titanium (Dwight).
See Agulhas.

Titanite; Sphene. Calcium silicoti-
tanite, CaTiSiO, (Dana). A fairly
common but rarely abundant con-
stituent of some igneous rocks. Gen-
erally yellow or brown with waxy
luster. Can frequently be recognized
without the aid' of a lens. (Run-
some)

744010 0—47-

-44

690

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Titanium. A metallic element found
in nature only In combined form,
and isolated as an infusible iron-
gray crystalline powder. Symbol,
Ti; atomic weight, 48.1; specific
gravity 3.55 (Webster)

Tithe ore (Eng.). A portion of ore
set aside for the payment of rental
or royalty on mineral lands.

Titration. An analytical process con-
sisting in the addition of a liquid
in measured volume to a known
volume of another liquid or to> a
known weight of a substance, till a
certain definite effect, usually a
change of color is observed (Web-
ster). Volumetric analysis.

Titnlo (Sp.). Title; T. de propiedad,
title to a mining claim. (Halse)

Tiza (Sp.). 1. Ground chalk or whit:
ing. 2. Finely divided gypsum. 3.
(Chile) A mixture of ulexite with
chlorides and sulphates of sodium
and calcium, and sand. An impor-
tant source of borax. (Halse)

Tlzar (Durango, Mex.). A white
pure silica used in glass making.
(Halse)

Tlz6n (Mex.) A bond in masonry.
See also Diente, 2. (Dwight)

Toadrock. See Toadstone.

Toad's-eye tin. Massive cassiterite in
botryoidal and reniform shapes.
(Standard)

Toadstone (Eng.). A kind of trap
rock. (Raymond)

Toas (Corn.). To shake or toss tin
ore in a kieve or vat with water, to
cleanse and dress it (Pryce)

Toba (Mex.). 1. Volcanic tuff. 2.
T. caliza, calcareous tufa (Dwight).
3. (Colom.) Chalk. (Halse)

Tobera (Mex.). The tuydre of a smelt-
ing furnace. (C. and M. M. P.t

Toca (Braz.). Quality of gold. Com-
pare Ley, 2. (Halse)

Todquno (Sp.). 1. Coal as it comes
from the mines. Run of mine.
(Halse)
2. Raw, rough ore. (Lucas)

Toe. 1. The burden of material be-
tween the bottom of the bore hole
and the free face. 2. It is some-
times used to designate the bottom
of the bore hole itself as distin-
guished from the heel, collar or
mouth of the bore hole, which is the
open end. (Du Pont)

8. A spurn, or small pillar of coal.

(Gresley)

4. The front end of a frog, opposite

the heel, in a car track.

Toeing-in. A quarry term for the
wedging-in of the end of a granite
sheet under an overhanging joint,
probably in consequence of the
faulting of the sheets along the joint.
It is also applied to the overlapping
of lenticular sheets. (Perkins)

Toellite. A biotite-hornblende-por-
phyrite, with garnets, that forms
dikes in mica-schist and gneiss near
Meran, in the Tyrol. (Kemp)

Toe nails. In geology, curved joints
intersecting the sheet structure, in
most cases striking with the sheets,
in some differing from them in strike
45° or more. (Ries)

Toensbergite. A name given by W.
C. Brftgger to certain feldspathic
syenitic rocks, from Tonsberg, Nor-
way, that are close relatives of the
anorthosites. They differ from the
anorthosites in their smaller per-
centage of lime and higher per-
centage of alkalies. (Kemp)

Tofo (Durango, Mex.). China clay.
(Halse)

Tofus (L.). Same as tufa. (Stand
ard)

Toggle-joint. A joint having a centra
hinge like an elbow, and operated
by applying the power at the junc-
tion of motion, as from horizontal
to vertical, and giving enormous
mechanical advantage: a mechanism
common in many forms of presses,
and in stone-crushers. (Standard)

Token. 1. (Aust.) A metal or leather
ticket stamped with a distinctive
number, fastened to a skip so as to
indicate to the weighman who mined
the coal (Power). A Ticket; Tag;
Tally.

2. (Wales). A thin bed of coal,
etc., indicating a thicker seam at no
great distance. (Gresley)

Tol (Corn.). The land owner's part
of the tin ore. (Pryce). Toll or
rental.

Tola (Hind.). A weight for gold and
silver, varying slightly according to
locality, usually 180 grains Troy.
(Standard)

Toll (Ches.). Royalty onfrock salt, or
other mineral. ( Grealey )

Toller; Tollur (Corn.). One who in-
spects or superintends tin-bearing
lands. To review or inspect
(Pryce)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

691

Toluene. A hydrocarbon, C«H*CH«,
of the aromatic series, homologous
with benzene, and obtained as a
light mobile colorless liquid by dis-
tilling tolu balsam, and coal tar.
Used in the manufacture of dyestuffs
and other compounds (Webster).
Formerly called ToluoL

Tolva (Sp.). 1. A hopper. 2. An ore
chute. (Dwight)

Tom. An inclined trough in which
gold-bearing earth or gravel is
crudely washed ; usually called Long
torn because it is longer than a
rocker. ( Webster >

Tomassi process. An electrolytic proc-
ess for refining lead in which the
electrolyte is a solution of a double
acetate of lead and of potassium or
of sodium. The anodes are cast
from crude argentiferous lead; the
cathodes are in the form of ^ large
disks of copper or of aluminum
bronze and are about half immersed
in- the electrolyte, in which they
slowly revolve, each being placed
between two anodes. The lead
crystals formed are detached by
scrapers. When in sufficient quan-
tity they are collected, drained,
washed, dried, and fused with a
little charcoal. (Goesel)

Tombac. Any one of several copper
and zinc alloys, as Prince's metal,
Mannheim gold, etc. Also spelled
Tambac ; Tombac ; Tombak. ( Stand-
ard)

Tommy dodd (Aust). A series of
small pulleys, with vertical axles
placed between the rails at a curve,
so as to keep an endless rope in
place. (Power)

Ton. 1. An avoirdupois unit of weight
A short or net fon equals 2,000
pounds (907.20 Kg.). A long or
gross ton equals 2,240 pounds
(1,016.6 Kg.). A metric ton equals
2,204.6 pounds (1,000 Kg.). A Cor-
nish mining ton equals 2,352 pounds
(1,066.87 Kg,).

2. A unit of internal capacity for
ships; a register ton equals 100 cu.
ft. ; a displacement ton equals 35 cu.
ft.; a shipping ton often reckoned
at 40 cu. ft, and a ton of timber
equals 42 cu. ft (Webster)
(Aust) A ton of firewood equals
50 cu. ft of wood. (Davis)

Tonalite. A quartz-mica-hornblende
diorite from near Meran in the
TyroL It was named by vom Rath
from Tonale, a place on Mt.
Adamello. Compare Adamellite.
(Kemp)

Tonel (Sp.). 1. A barrel; T. 49
amalgamacion, an amalgamating
barrel. 2. A kibble; corf. 3. A vat
(Halse)

Tonelada (Sp.). Ton. The ton of
Castile equals 2,032.2 pounds avoir-
dupois; the Mexican and Spanish-
American ton equals 2,028.88 pounds
avoirdupois; the metric ton, 1,000
kg. equals 2,204.6 pounds avoirdu-
pois. (Halse)

Tonga (Colom.). The difference In
level between two points, whereby
alluvial mines can be drained by a
ground sluice and a lode mine by
an adit (Halse)

Tongs. 1. See Chain tongs ; Pipe grip ;
Pipe tongs; Pipe wrench. (Nat.
Tube Co.)

2. In gem cutting, a stand having
at its upper end a vise-like arrange-
ment by which to hold the cup in
which a gem is cemented, so as to
press the latter against the polishing
wheel. (Standard)

Tongue. A piece of iron or steel pro-
jecting from the stem of a stamp
head. (Hunt)

Tongue joint. In welding, a split joint
formed by inserting a wedge-shaped
piece into a corresponding split
piece and welding the two together.
(Century)

Tonite. An explosive consisting of
about equal weights of guncotton
and barium nitrate. It is used for
blasting. (Webster)

Ton mile. In railroading, a standard
measure of traffic, based on the rate
of carriage per mile of each ton
of freight (Standard)

Tonnage. The amount of ore handled
per day. The amount of ore in
sight.

Tooler. A stonemason's chisel two to
four inches broad (Standard).
Called also Broad tool; Drove.

Tool extractor. An implement for
grasping and withdrawing boring
tools when broken or detached in a
bore, as of an oil well, etc. Called
also Tool grab. (Standard)

Tool nipper. A person whose duty It is
to carry powder, drills and tools to
the various levels of the mine and
to bring such tools and drills as
have been dulled by use to the sur-
face. See Nipper, 1. (Moreno v.
.New Guadalupe Min. Co., Cal. App.,
170 Pac. Kept, p. 1088)

692

GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tool iteeL Steel of superior quality,
that can be highly tempered: for
use in making cutting tools. ( Stand-
ard)

Top. 1. A mine roof. Top coal, the
upper part of a coal bed separated
from the rest by a seam or parting.
Top bottom (Ark.), the upper part
of the bottom bench of a coal bed.
(Steel)

2. A quarryman's term for over-
burden. (Bowles)

3. The part of a cut gem above the
girdle; the crown. (Webster)

4. See Cap, 2; also Blue cap. (Gres-
ley)

5. (Of a vein) See Apex.

Topaclo (Sp.). Topaz. (Dwight)

Topaz. An aluminum fluosilicate, sim-
plest formula, Al,SIO4Fa, but with
part of the fluorine commonly re-
placed by the radical, OH. Used as
a gem, especially when yellow (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) See False topaz, also
Oriental topaz.

Topazfels (Ger.). A brecciated, con-
tact rock, near granite contacts, and
formed of topaz, tourmaline, quartz
and some rarer accessory minerals
(Kemp). Also called Topazrock.

Topazolite. A variety of garnet, of
topaz-yellow color, or olive-green.
(Century)

Topazrock. A rock resulting from
contact metamorphism, made up of
an aggregate of fragments of quartz
and tourmaline, cemented by a mix-
ture of quartz and topaz (Century).
Also called Topazfels.

Top bottom (Ark.) See Top.

Top eager. A man at the top of a
shaft to superintend the operation
of lowering and raising of the cage.
(Illinois Third Vein Coal Co. v.
Cioni, 215, Illinois, p. 583 ; Spring
Valley Coal Co. v. Buzis, 213, Illi-
nois, p. 341). It is also his duty, at
most mines, to remove the loaded
cars from the cage, and place the
empty cars on the cage. See
Gager, 1.

Top oanch. That part of a mme roof
which has to be taken down to give
head room on roadways. (Gresley)

Top coal (Scot.). The uppermost of
two or more divisions of a seam of
coal. See Top, 1. (Barrowman)

Tope. 1. (Sp.) Top, summit or apex.
2. (Colom.) A discovery of ore.
(Halse)

Top gas (Aust). Firedamp. (Power)

Top head (So. Staff.). A passage
driven in the upper part of a thick
coal seam for drawing off the gas
(Gresley). See also Boss.

Topholes (Eng.). Working places ex-
tending to the full rise. (Red-
mayne)

Tophus. Any natural calcareous tufa.
Called also Toph; Tophin. (Stand-
ard)

Topit (Eng.). A small bracehead,
screwed on to the top of boring rods
when withdrawing them from the
hole. (Gresley)

Top kick. See Top shot.

Topman. Any man employed on the
surface about a mine. (Power)

Topographic adolescence. A geologic
stage when lakes have mostly disap-
peared, and river drainage is well
established, stream 'channels being
comparatively narrow and well
marked and falls occurring charac-
teristically (Standard)

Topographic high. Frequently used in
the oil fields to indicate the higher
elevations, regardless of age; op-
posed to topographic low which in-
dicates a lower elevation. Compare
Geologic high.

Topographic infancy. In geology, a
featureless stage characterized by a
smooth nearly level surface of de-
posit, lakes abounding in slight de-
pressions, shallow streams, . and
drainage-systems not well estab-
lished. (Standard)

Topographic low. See Topographic
high.

Topographic maturity. In geology, a
stage of maximum diversity of form
when valleys have greatly increased,
and the river channels are widely
opened. (Standard)

Topographic old age. A geologic stage
in which there is a featureless sur-
face, differing from the earliest
stage (topographic infancy) in hav-
ing a system of drainage streams,
separated by faintly swelling hills.
(Standard)

Topography. 1. The science of survey-
ing the physical features of a dis-
trict or region and the art of deline-
ating: them on maps. 2. The physi-
cal features of a district or region,
such as are represented on maps,
taken collectively; especially, the re-
lief and contour of the land. (La
Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

693

Topping. The coal on a mine car
above the top of the car box. (C.
and M. M. P.)

Topple (So. Wales). From Tophole.
A working place driven to the rise
of the main levels. (Gresley)

Top ply; Top leaf; Tops (Scot). The
uppermost layer of a bed of coal
left for a roof (Gresley). Also
called Water leaf. See also Top, 1.

Top rod (Scot). The rod connecting
the uppermost pump rod to the bell-
crank. (Barrowman)

Top-set beds. The material laid down
in horizontal layers on top of a
delta. See Fore-set beds and Bot-
tom-set beds. (Watson, p. 274)

Top shot. An explosion or puff of
gas at the furnace top. (Willcox)

Top slicing. A method of sloping by
which the ore is taken from hori-
zontal stopes and supporting the
overlying mat with timber. (H. C.
Hoover, p. 123)

Top slicing and caving. See Top slic-
ing and cover caving.

Top slicing and cover caving. The
important feature is the working
of the ore body from the top down in
successive horizontal slices that may
follow one another sequentially or
simultaneously. The whole thick-
ness of the slice is worked. The ore
may be broken by overhand or
underhand stoplng in each unit The
overburden or cover is caved after
mining a unit The method is a re-
treating method. The long-wall
method, the pillar robbing in both
room-and-pillar, and bord-and-pil-
lar methods of mining coal are es-
sentially the same in principle as
top slicing. The principal differ-
ence is that a single slice only is
worked in these methods. There are
two modifications: top slicing by
drifts, and top slicing by rooms. A
timber mat is used in almost all
cases (Young). Other terms used
for this system are : Caving system ;
Crosscut method (combined with re-
moval of pillars); Horizontal slic-
ing (descending) ; Mining ore from
top down ; PaneJ slicing ; Prop slic-
ing; Removing pillars and allowing
roof to cave; Slicing under mats of
timber in panels ; Square-set slicing ;
Top slicing and caving ; and Trans-
verse slicing with caving.

Top slicing combined with ore cav-
ing. In this method the ore body
is worked from the top down in suc-

cessive slices. Instead of taking the
full height of the slices, only the
lower part is taken and the upper
part is caved. After removing this
portion of the ore, the cover is
caved. A timber mat is used in
most cases to separate the broken
cover from the ore and for safety
(Young). Also known as Caving
system; Sub-drifting and caving;
Subslicing; Slicing under ore with
back cave ; Sublevel caving, and Sub-
level slicing.

Top wall. Same as Hanging wall.
(Standard)

Top water. Water which enters an oil
or gas well from a sand above the
productive sand. Compare Bottom
water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol.
Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44)

Tor (Eng.). A rounded mass of rock
left in an elevated position by the
decay of surrounding parts. Some-
times called Bowlder (Duryee). A
rocky pinacle ; a high pointed hill.
(Webster)

Torbane Hill mineral. A boghead coal
obtained from Torbane Hill, Scot-
land. (Webster)

Torbanite. A dark brown variety of
cannel coal (Power). A boghead
coal from Torbane - Hill, Scotland
(Webster). Also called Bathvill-
ete.

Torbernite. A hydrous phosphate of
uranium and copper, CuO.2UO».
P,O.18H^> (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Torbite (Lane.). A trade-mark name
of a dried and compressed peat
(Century)

Torch. An oil-burning, wick-fed lamp
of tin or copper, with a long spout,
used by miners.

Tordrillite. A name based on the
Tordrilla mountains, Alaska, and
suggested by J. E. Spurr for por-
phyritic varieties of alaskite, which
have a finely crystalline or apha-
nitic ground m a sa See also Alaskite.
(Kemp)

Tormentor (Aust). A wooden axle
studded with iron spikes, and turned
round in a trough, for the purpose,
of puddling auriferous clay
(Da vies). A device somewhat simi-
lar to the log washer.

Torino (Sp.). A high pointed, iso-
lated rock. (Halse)

Tornapunta (Sp.). 1. An inclined stay
or prop which supports two paral-
lel timbers. 2. An inclined stull.
(Halie)

694

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Torncro (Sp.). 1.' Windlass-man, or
man at the winch or torno; 2.
Turner of a lathe. (Halse)

Torno (Sp.). LA windlass; T. con
avcion directa, a direct-acting hoist ;
T. con malacate, a whim; T. con
pinones, a geared hoist : T. de mano,
a hand winch ; T. de vapor, a steam
winch or hoist ; 2. A turning lathe..
3. (Spain) A sump. (Halse)

Toro. 1. (Sp.). A bull. 2. (Mex.)
Fire damp. (Halse)

Torpedo. 1. An explosive cartridge, or
shell, lowered or dropped into a
bored oil well, and there exploded,
to clear the well of obstructions, or
to open communications with a
source of supply of oil. 2. A kind
of detonating cartridge placed on a
rail, and exploded when crushed un-
der a locomotive wheel ; used as a
signal. (Webster)

Torrefaccion (Sp.). Calcination. (Lu-
cas)

Torrents. Beds of quicksand encoun-
tered below the chalk marl in the
Anzin coal field, in Prance. (Gres-
ley)

Torta (Mex.). The fiat circular heap
of ore spread -out on the floor of the
patio in a cake about fifty feet in
diameter and a few inches IP. thick-
ness, ready for amalgamation in the
patio process (Duryee). T. rendida,
amalgam ready to be washed.
(Halse)

Tosa (Mex.). The grinding space in
the arrastre, (Egleston)

Tosca (Mex.). 1. Clayey vein matter.
2. Talc seam. 3. Soft, decomposed
porphyry. 4. (Pat.) A white calca-
reous marl. 5. (Colom.) In alluvial
mining, a bed of volcanic origin, as
lava, tufa, etc. (Halse)

Toscanite. A name proposed by H. S.
Washington for a group of acid, ef-
fusive rocks in Tuscany (Italian,
Toscana) and elsewhere, which are
characterized mineralogicklly by the
presence of basic plagioclase, as well
as orthoclase, and by occasional
quartz. They range from 62—73
silica and are Intermediate between
rhyolites and dacites. Compare Del-
lenite. (Kemp)

TOM. See Tossing.

Toning; Tozing (Corn.). 1. Wash-
ing ores by violent agitation in wa-
ter, their subsidence being acceler-
ated by packing or striking, with a
. hammer, the keeve in which the op-
eration is performed. Chimming is

a similar process on a smaller scale.

2. Refining tin by allowing it, while
molten, to fall several feet through
the air. (Raymond)

3. Jigging.

Tostado (Sp.). Roast; T. a muerte, a
dead roast ; Mineral tost ado, roasted
ore. (Lucas)

Tostador (Mex.). 1. A roasting fur-
nace. 2. A man in charge of the
furnace: (Halse)

Tostar ( Sp. ) . To roast ( Dwight )

Tot (No. of Eng.). A measure of
gunpowder used in blasting. (Gres-
ley)

Totuma (Sp. Am.). A large dish
made of a gourd and used in gold
washing. (Halse)

Touch. 1. (Eng.). A fuse for setting
off a powder charge. (Gresley)
2. See Touchstone. 3. A stone of
durable character suitable for pre-
serving inscriptions or for fine
monumental work. (Century)

Touch needle. A needle or small strip
of gold alloy, of known composition,
for determining the composition of
another alloy by comparing marks
made by each on the same touch-
stone. (Standard)

Touchstone. 1. A black siliceous stone,
. allied to flint, SiO,. (Dana)
2. A black, hard stone (basalt or
jasper), on which the fineness of
an alloy of gold and silver can be
tested by comparing its streak with
that of a piece of alloy (touch-
needle) of known fineness (Ray-
mond). Also called Lydian stone
and Basanite.

Tough. 1. Having the quality of flexi-
bility without brittleness; yielding
to force without breaking. 2. The
exact state or quality of texture and
consistency of well-reduced and re-
fined copper. 3. Copper of the above
quality; called also Tough cake.
(Webster)

4. (Shrop.) Gray, plastic slay.
(Gresley)

Tough cake. Refined or commercial
copper (Raymond). 8ee also Tough,
2 and 3.

Toughen. To remove the last remain-
ing quantities of foreign metals
from (copper) in refining, as by pol-
ing. (Standard)

Tough pitch. A term used in electro-
lytic copper refining to designate
copper which has set, from the
molten condition, with a level fur-

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

695

face. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 302,
p. 875). Sec Underpoled and Over-
poled.

Tour (Calii.j. A term used In oil-well
drilling which means the same as
"shift" in other mining operations
(A. Rundell v. American Oil Fields
Co., 160 Pacific, p. 161, 1916). Also
spelled Tower.

Tourmaline. A complex aluminum
silicate of hexagonal crystallization
containing boron and in some va-
rieties lithium and other elements.
Of various colors; the clear pink,
blue, and green varieties are used
as. gems (U. S. Geol. Surv.). It
occurs in long, usually striated
prisms in the ancient crystalline
rocks. Called also Schorl.

Tonrnasin (Fr.). A knife for scrap-
ing excess of slip from baked and
decorated ceramic ware. (Stand-
ard)

Tournette (Fr.). In ceramics, a* ro-
tating tablet, resembling a small
potter's wheel, used in decorating
the finer wares with lines. (Stand-
ard)

Tourniquet (Fr.). A device for stop-
ping the flow of blood by means of
compression of the blood vessel, as
an artery or vein, on -the side of the
wound from which the Wood is flow-
ing. It consists, usually, of a pad
over the blood vessel pressed down
by a strap, rubber band, twisted
bandage, or the like.

Tout Tenant (Belg.). Coal as landed
on the bank previous to screening
and sorting (Gresley). Run of
mine.

Tow. 1. (Leic.) Dark, tough, earth
clay or shale. (Gresley)
i, (Scot) The winding rope, which
before the introduction of iron or
steel ropes was made of hemp or
tow. (Barrowman)

Tower (Calif.). See Tour,

Township. In surveys of the public
lands of the United States, a divi-
sion of territory that is, with cer-
tain exceptions, six miles long on its
south and east and west boundaries
which follow meridians, and so
slightly less than six miles on the
north. It contains 36 sections.
(Webster)

Towt (Newc.). A piece of old rope.
(Raymond)

Toxing. See Tossing.

Trabajadores. 1. (Colom.) Mineral
veins that have been worked open
cast (Halse). 2. Workmen;
laborers.

Trabajar (Sp.). To work a mine,
(Halse)

Trabajo (Sp.) 1. Work. 2. Mine
working. T. de arranque, a working
place; T. de banca, underhand stop-
ing, overhand stoping, back stop-
ing, roof work; T. del antiyuo
(Colom.), ancient mine workings,
or those worked during the time of
the Spanish conquistadores ; T. del
indio (Colom.), mines prior to the
conquest (Halse)

Trace. 1. The intersection of a line
or plane with a plane or other sur-
face. 2. A very small quantity of
a constituent, especially when not
quantitatively determined, owing to
its minuteness; In assaying, often
abbreviated tr. (Webster)
3. To follow the lode on the surface,
and to lay it open by long pits.
(Davies)

Tracheo (Sp.). Passing ore or waste
from one pedn to another in bas-
kets. (Halse)

Trachorheite. A name proposed by F.
M. Endlich as a collective designation
for the four rocks, propylite, ande-
site, trachyte, and rhyolite, as used
by von Richthofen. (Kemp)

Trachy-andesite. Effusive rocks, in-
termediate between trachytes and an-
desites. Used by H. S. Washington
for trachytes which have also much
acidic plagioclase (andesine to olig-
oclase). (Kemp)

Trachy-dolerite. A name suggested .by
Abich for a group of rocks interme-
diate between the trachytes and
basalts. Compare Latlte. Trachy-
dolerite as used by H. S. Washing-
ton means a trachyte with consid-
erable basic plagioclase (labrador-
ite to anorthite). (Kemp)

Trachyte. Any aphanitic, aphanophy-
ric, or glassy Igneous rock composed
essentially of alkalic feldspar, with
or without mica, amphibole, pyrox-
ene, and other accessories, or of rock
glass having essentially the same
composition. (La Forge) It was
formerly used for both rhyolite and
trachyte proper, as a field term for
light-colored lavas and porphyries.
As such in older reports it is to be
understood. Compare Acmite-trach-
ities and Pantellerites. (Kemp)

696

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Trachytic. 1. Characteristic of, per-
taining to, formed of, occurring in,
or resembling trachyte. 2. Specifi-
cally, characterized by closely
packed small laths or prisms of al-
kalic feldspar lying roughly parallel
and arranged in lines resembling
lines of flow, forming the trachytic
fabric. (La Forge)

Trachytic texture. A special name for
those microscopic groundmasses that
are made up of rods of feldspar,
usually in flow-lines, but without
basis. (Kemp)

Track (Aust.) A Bendigo term applied
to veins when the walls come to-
gether ; when followed the veins
widen out again. (Power)

Track-channeler. In quarrying, a
rock-channeler designed to operate
from a track on which it is mount-
ed ; frequently a combined locomo-
t i v e and channeling - machine.
(Standard)

Tracking. Iron or wooden tram rails.

Track layer; Trackman. In railroad-
ing, any workman engaged in work
involved in putting the track in
place (Webster). Also one em-
ployed at mines to lay or -repair
track.

Traction. The act or method of draw-
ing, or- the state of being drawn ;
particularly the act of drawing by
motive power over or along a sur-
face, as in towing a load or pulling
a wagon or car. (Standard)

Traction rope\ A rope used for trans-
mitting the power in a wire-rope
tramway and to which the buckets
are attached. (C. M. P.)

Trade. 1. (Bog.) Refuse; debris.
(Bainoridge)
2. Demand for coal. (Min. Jour.)

Tragante. (Sp.>. 1. A sluice; a
ditch. 2. A chimney. 3. The mouth
of a shaft furnace. 4. In a rever-
beratory. furnace, the inclined flue
leading to the chimney. (Halse)

Trail. 1. A footpath or track worn
by passage through a wilderness or
wild region. (Webster)
2. See Trail of the fault.

Trailer. 1. CScot. ) A bar dragging
behind a car to prevent it from
running down grade should a coup-
ifcng- break ; a Jock. 2. (No. of Eng.)
'One "who pushes a coal car in a
mine; a putter

Trailer cable (Aust). A branch cable
for conveying electricity to a coal-
cutter, one end of which is attached
to the main cable. It is capable of
being paid out as the machine ad-
vances (Power). Also used on
gathering motors, as the trolley wire
does not extend into the rooms.

Trail of the fault. Crushed material
of a bed or vein that indicates the
direction of the fault movement;
valuable as a guide to the jniner in
search of the main vein.

Train. 1. To trace, or follow an allu-
vial mineral deposit to its place of
origin. 2. A roll train. 3. A con-
nected line of cars on a railroad,
with or without a locomotive. 4.
A. line of gunpowder laid to lead fire
to a charge. 5. (Can.) A long sleigh
for transportation of merchandise.
6. A trip of coal cars; see Jour-
ney, 1.

Train boats (York.). A number of
boats coupled together in a simple
manner, admitting of free articula-
tion, in which coal is carried on ca-
nals or rivers from the mines to the
shipping ports. (Gresley)

Train boy. A boy who rides on a
trip, to attend to rope attachments,
or to signal in case of derailment of
cars, etc. A trip rider. (C. and
M. M. P.)

Train mile. One mile traveled by one
train; used as a unit of railroad
operation in order to estimate
economy in running expenses.
(Webster)

Trainroad. A temporary track in a
mine, used for light loads (Cen-
tury). A tramroad.

Tram (Wales). 1. A four-wheeled
truck to carry a tub, corve, or hutch.

2. The rails of a tramroad or rail-
road (Raymond). See Tramroad.

3. A boxlike wagon, now often of
steel, running on a tramway or rail-
way in a mine, for conveying coal
or ore. (Webster)

4. To haul or push trams or cars
about in a mine (Gresley)

Tramcar (Eng.). A car used 'in coal
mines; same as Tram, 8. (Cen-
tury)

Tram carriage (Corn.). See Tram, 1.

Trammer. 1. One who pushes cars
along the track. In Arkansas
known as a pusher (Steel). Also
Haulier, and Putter.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

697

2. (Mich.) A person whose duty
it. is to load broken rock upon tram
cars and deliver it at the shaft.
(Meola v. Quincy Mining Co., 140
N. W. "Kept, p. 460; Mesich v.
Tamarack Mining Co., 151 N. W.
Rept, p. 565)

Tramo (Sp.)- 1. Piece; T. rico, a
rich ore shoot 2. The portion of
the timbering in a shaft that sus-
tains the walls. 3. A ladder way.
(Halse)

Trampa (Sp.). 1. A sluice gate. 2.
A mercury trap. (Halse)

Trampiha vSp.). The trap door of
an ore chute. (Halse)

Tramp iron. Stray pieces of drill
steel, picks, tools, etc. which are
found in ore. Often removed by
a magnet as ore is fed into a
crusher.

Tram plate (Scot). A cast-iron
flanged rail or plate for tram roads.
(Barrowman). Compare Tram rail.

Tram rail (Eng.). A rail for a tram
or trams (Webster). A light rail-
road rail distinguished from tram-
plate by being rolled while the
latter is cast

Tramroad (Eng.). A road laid with
tram rails or plates. So called after
one Benjamin Outram, of Little
Eton, in Derbyshire, who in 1800
used stones for carrying the ends
of the metal plates or edge rails.
The name Outram was subsequently
contracted into Tram, hence tram-
way, trams, etc. (Gresley)

Tram rope. A hauling rope, to which
the cars are attached by a clip or
chain, either singly or in trips.
(C. and M..M. P.)

Tramway. 1. A roadway having
plates or rails on which wheeled
vehicles may run. A tramroad.
(Standard)

2. A suspended cable-system along
which material, as ore or rock, is
transported in suspended buckets.
See Aerial tramway.

Tranca (Mex.). Square set of tim-
bers. (Dwight)

Transcurrent fault. See Fault.

Transfer car. A quarry car provided
with transverse tracks, on which
the gang car may be conveyed to or
from the saw gang (Bowlea). See
also Transfer carriage.

Transfer-car man. One who operates
an electric car on an ore trestle,
which transfers ore from the ore
bridge to an ore bin. (Willcox)

Transfer carriage. A platform or
truck used to transfer mine cars.
(Chance)

Transfer gilding. In ceramics, a
transfer of a pattern in gold, as
from paper to unglazed ware, usu-
ally done either by direct transfer
of the gold in reverse, or by stamp-
ing the pattern in oil and dusting
with gold powder. (Standard)

Transformer. An apparatus for trans-
forming an electric current from a
high to a low potential (step-down
transformer) or vice versa (step-up
transformer) without changing the
current energy ; a converter. (Web-
ster)

Transformer oil. An oil for high ten-
sion electrical transformers free
from water and mineral acids. It
should show little or no volatility
at 100° C. Those machine oils, de-
rived from petroleum, which have a
flash point of over 160° G. (open
test), with a volatility of less than
0.1 per cent in five hours at 100° C.,
are usually suitable for use in trans-
formers. (Bacon)

Transgression. In geology, discrep-
ancy in the boundary-lines of con-
tinuous parallel strata; unconform-
ability of overlap; used only by
European- geologists. ( Standard )

Transit. A surveying instrument with
the telescope mounted so that it can
be transited; called also a Transit
theodolite.

Tansition. Intermediate. In the no-
menclature of Werner and other
early geologists, the older Paleozoic
strata, which are now assigned to
the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silu-
rian systems. But little uf**1 at
present

Tansition point. In physical chemis-
try, a single point at which differ-
ent phases are capable of existing
together in equilibrium. (Webster)

Transition rocks. See Transition,
Translatory fault See Fault

Translucent. Admitting the passage
of light, as milk-quartz, but not ca-
pable of being seen through, (Roy.
Com.)

Transmission rope. A rope used for
transmitting power. <C. M. P.)

698

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY.

Transmutation. An alternating
change. The conversion of metals,
^ne into another, especially, base
metals into gold or silver, which
was one of the aims of alchemy, but
never realized.

Transmutation glaze. In ceramics, an
iridescent porcelain glaze. (Stand-
ard)

Transparent. That may be seen
through, as rock crystal, Iceland-
spar, selenite, etc. (Roy. Com.)

Transportar (Sp.). To transport,
convey, or haul. (Halse)

Transportation. 1. In geology, the
shifting of material from one place
to another on the earth's surface by
moving water, ice, or air. The car-
riage of mud and dissolved salts by
rivers, the passage of a dust-laden
whirlwind across a desert, the in-
land march of sand dunes from a
seashore, and the creeping move-
ment of rocks on a glacier are all
examples of transportation. (Ran-
some)

2. The hauling, or moving from one
place to another, of material, as ore,
coal, rock, etc.

Transporte (Sp.). Transport, haul-
age, or conveyance; T. aerco, a
wire-rope tramway; T. con trincos,
transport by sledges; T. subterra-
neo, underground haulage, tram-
ming. (Halse)

Transverse fault. A fault whose
strike is transverse to the general
structure. (Lindgren, p. 121)

Transverse lamination. Lamination
of cleavage transverse to stratifica-
tion. (Standard) See Cross -bed-
ding.

Transverse slicing with caving. See
Cover caving; Top slicing.

Transverse strength. A measure of
the capability of a bar qf stone (or
beam) supported at its ends, to bear
a weight or load at its center.
(Bowles)

Transverse with filling. Sec Over-
hand stoping.

Tranvia ( M e x. ) .
(Dwight)

T r am way.

Trap. 1. Trap rock. A general name
for dark fine-grained igneous rocks,
particularly lavas or dikes. See
also Basalt and Diabase. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.) A useful field name
for any dark, finely crystalline,
igneous rock. It in a Swedish name

from the occurrence of such rocks
in sheets that resemble steps, " trap-
per" (Kemp). Compare Whin, 1.

2. A door used for cutting off a
ventilating current, which is oc-
casionally opened for haulage or
passage; guarded by a trapper.
( Raymond )

3. A fault or dislocation. 4. (Scot.)
Traveling road for miners in Edge
coals driven on the slope of the
seam. (Gresley)

5. (or Well) The troughs and
catch-pits, whether carrying mer-
cury or not, which are used to ar-
rest escaping amalgam, etc. The
word "trap" should be confined to
the deep boxes unprovided with mer-
cury, and the word "well" to the
transverse troughs which do con-
tain it. At Clunes the word "boxes"
is used, while, elsewhere in Aus-
tralia "ripples" is a term given to
shallow wells as distinguished from
the deep ones. (Raymond)

6. (Scot.) Short ladders in a shaft.
(Barrowman)

Trap brilliant. A trap-cut brilliant
(Standard). See Trap cut.

Trap cut. A gem with a row or rows
of step-like facets around the table
and culet (or small lower terminus
of the gem, parallel to the table),
or around the culet alone. (Stand-
ard)

Trap dike. A dike of any of the sorts
of rock called trap. The term has
no very definite significance, as rocks
such as bostonite and dacite have
been included under it. (La
Forge)

Trap door. A door in a mine passage
to regulate or direct the ventilating
current. Also called Weather door.
See also Trap, 2.

Trap-down (Brist). A down- throw
fault. (Gresley)

Trapezohedron. 1. In the isometric
system, the same as Tetragonal tris-
octahedron, which see. 2. In the
tetragonal and hexagonal systems,
any of several forms having princi-
pal and lateral axes of symmetry,
but no planes of symmetry, and en-
closed by six, eight, or twelve faces
each having unequal intercepts on
all the axes. (La Forge)

Trapiche (Chile). A primitive form
of grinding mill (Dwight). Espe-
cially of the Chilean or edge run-
ner type.

Trapichero (Chile). The man in
charge of a trapiche. (Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

699

Trappean. Relating to trap rocks.
(Hitchcock)

Trappean ash. A fragmentary, scori-
aceous variety of eruptive rock.
Called also Ash-bed, though gener-
ally resembling volcanic deposits
only in structure, not in origin.
(Standard) Obsolete;

Trapper. 1. A person employed in an
entry to open and close a door for
the cars (Sprinkle v. Big Sandy
Coal & Coke Co., 78 S. E. Kept, p.
972; National Fuel Co. v. Maccia,
25 Colorado App., p. 446). Also
called Trapper boy; Nipper; Door
tender.

Trappoid. Of, pertaining to, or hav-
ing the nature of trap rock. ( Stand-
ard)

Trap rock. See Trap, 1.

Trap-up (Brist). An up-throw fault
(Gresley)

Trasera (Sp.). The back of a fur-
nace. (Halse)

Traspalar (Mex.). To shovel. To
turn the torta in the patio process
with a shovel. (Halse)

Trass (Ger.). A gray, yellow, or whit-
ish earth, related to pozzuolana,
common in volcanic districts, formed
by the decomposition of trachytic
cinders, and consolidated by infil-
tration of calcareous or siliceous so-
lutions; used in preparation of a
hydraulic cement Formerly called
Tar race; Tarras; Terrace; Ter-
ras. (Standard)

Tratamiento (Sp.). Treatment See
Beneficio, 3. (Halse)

Traunter (Mid.). A long sprag. Also
called Tront (Gresley)

Travel (Scot). The length of stroke
of a pump. (Barrowman)

Traveler. 1. A truck rolling along-
a suspended rope for supporting a
load to be transported. (C. M. P.)
2. A crab or winch moving on an
elevated track, used especially in
erecting steel bridges or other large
work; also a traveling crane.
(Webster)

Traveling apron. See Apron, 6.

Traveling belt. A conveyor belt, for
handling ore, rock, or coaL

Traveling road (Eng.). An under-
ground passage or way used ex-
pressly, though not always exclu-
sively, for men to travel along to
and from their working place*
(Gretley). A traveling way.

Traveling way. See Traveling road.

Traveling weight (Aust). See Un-
derweight

Traveled. In geology, removed from
the original place; erratic (Stand-
ard). Said of stones, bowlders, etc.

Traverse. 1. To make a traverse sur-
vey. 2. A line surveyed across a
plot of ground. 3. An oblique line or
streak ; a vein or fissure, as in a rock
running transversely. (Webster)

Traverse survey, A survey in which
a series of lines joined end to end
are completely determined as to
length and azimuth, these lines
being often used as a basis for tri-
angulation; used for long narrow
strips of country, as for railroads
(Webster). Also used for under-
ground surveys.

Travertine. Calcium, carbonate
CaCO»i deposited from solution in
ground and surface waters. The
cellular deposits are known as tufa,
calcareous sinter, spring deposit, or
cave deposit When solid, banded,
and susceptible of a good polish, it
is known as Mexican onyx, or onyx
marble. True onyx, however, Is
banded silica or agate. Travertine
forms the stalactites and stalag-
mites of caves, and the filling of
some veins and spring conduits:
(U. S. Geol. Surv.).

Travertine (Mex.). Travertine.
(Dwight)

Travesano (Sp.). A cap piece; a
strut (Lucas)

Traviesa (Sp.). 1. A crosscut or cross
gallery, usually at right angles with
the main gallery. 2. A bearing
beam; sleeper; a dividing piece,
(Halse)

Trawley. A small truck or car con-
veying material about a furnace or
iron mill: sometimes applied to
trucks, in mines, etc. (Standard).
See Trolley, 1.

Trawn (Corn.). In mining, a cross-
course. ( Standard )

Trazador (Mex.). An underground
foreman. (Halse)

Tread. The pit in which brickmakers
soak their clay before putting it
into the pug mill. (Standard)

Treasure Box. A pocket of very rich
ore.

Treatment. In metallurgy, the redac-
tion of ores by any process whereby
the valuable constituent U re-
covered.

700

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Treble coursing. In mining, the sys-
tem of dividing a ventilating cur-
rent into three coursings (splits).
(Standard)

Tree. 1. A thick log used as a prop
in heavy ground (Steel). A prop,
leg, or puncheon.

2. In chemistry, a treelike aggrega-
tion of crystals, as a lead tree ob-
tained by suspending a piece of zinc
in a solution of lead acetate. (Web-
ster)

3. (Scot) A trestle. 4. The ful-
crum for the lever used in boring.
(Barrowman)

Tree agate. A variety of agate con-
taining dendritic markings; some-
times made artificially. (Stand-
ard)

Treed. Supported by props, as a mine
roof. (Barrowman). See Tree, 1.

Treenail. A long wooden pin for se-
curing planks or beams together.
(G. and M. M. P.)

Tree-tip (Scot). To set prop; in the
workings. (Gresley)

Trek (So. Afr.). The act of draw-
ing or hauling; traction; also, the
state of the roads; as, the trek was
heavy. ( Standard )

Trek wagon (So. Afr.). A large six-
wheeled covered wagon used in trek-
king. (-Webster)

Treloob (Corn.). To treat or work
loobs or tin-slimes; to toss. An ob-
solete term. (Standard)

Treloobing (Corn.). Stirring the
"loobs" (slime tin) in water, so that
the lighter mud may run off. (Da-
vies)

Tremblores ( So. Am. ) . Tremors of the
earth's surface in volcanic districts.
(Standard)

Tremie. A box or frame of wood or
metal used for depositing concrete
under water. Its upper section
forms a hopper above water to re-
ceive the concrete, and it may be
moved laterally or vertically by any
suitable device, as a traveling crane.
(Standard)

Tremolite. White fibrous amphibole,
CaMg,Si4Ou. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Tremolitie. Pertaining to or charac-
terized by the .prerence of tremo-
lite, as tremolitic marble. (Cen-
tury)

Trend. 1. The direction or bearing of
the outcrop of a bed, dike, sill, or
the like, or of the intersection of the
plane of a bed, dike, joint, fault, or
other structural feature with the
surface of the ground. 2. The direc-
tion or bearing of a fold or series of
folds in rocks, or of the axes of the
folds, or of topographic features that
are consequent on the geologic struc-
ture. (As used in either sense the
trend may or may not coincide with
the strike, depending on the struc-
tural relations at the place of obser-
vation.) (La Forge)

Trent agitator. An agitator with arms
of the paddle-wheel type, but they
are hollow, and the pulp solution,
or air, is discharge I from nozzles
on these arms, thus causing the
stirrer to rotate. (Liddell)

Trenton. Of, pertaining to, or desig-
nating a division of the North
American Silurian formation,
highly developed in the Appalachian
region and in the interior. (Stand-
ard)

Trepan (Fr.) A heavy tool, having
vertical chisels fixed to a horizontal
bar, used in boring shafts at a single
operation (Webster). A boring ma-
chine used for shaft sinking through
water-bearing strata. (Skinner)

Trestle man. One who unloads coke,
limestone, and ore, and keeps bins
poked down. (Willcox)

Triad. In chemistry, an atom, radi-
cal, or element that has a combining
power of three. (Standard)

Trial. In ceramics, one of the pieces
of ware which is used to try the
heat of the kiln and the progress of
the firing of its contents. (Cen-
tury)

Triamorph. Minerals having the same
chemical composition, but crystal-
lizing in three different forms, e. g.,
quartz (rhombohedral), tridymite
(hexagonal), and asmanite (rhom-
bic). (Power)

Triangle. 1. (Scot) A three-legged
derrick for hoisting rods in boring.
(Barrowman)

2. In ceramics, a triangular stilt.
(Webster)

Triangulate. To divide into tri-
angles; to survey by triangulation ;
having triangular markings. (Web-
ster)

GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

701

Triangulation. 1. In surveying, the
series of network of triangles into
which any portion of the earth's sur-
face is divided in a trigonometrical
survey. 2. The operation of meas-
uring the elements necessary to de-
tenntae these triangles, and thus
to fix the positions and distances
apart of their vertices (Webster).
See Trigonometrical survey.

Triassic. The earliest of the three geo-
logic periods comprised in the Meso-
zoic era, in the nomenclature gener-
ally used. Also the system of strata
deposited during that period. (La
Forge)

Tribolites. A term employed by M. E.
Wadsworth to include mineral abra-
sives or attrition materials. (Power)

Triboluminescence. The property of
some specimens of zinc sulphide of
emitting sparks when scratched.
Not only the mineral zinc-blende but
the artificial sulphide exhibits this
phenomenon. The sparks do not
ignite inflammable gases. (Min. and
Sd. Press, May 1,1915)

Tribunal de mincria (Sp.). Mining
tribunal. (Hanks)

Tribute (Corn.). A portion of ore
given to the miner for his labor.
Tributors are miners working under
contract, to be paid by a tribute of
ore or its equivalent price, the basis
of the remuneration being the
amount of clean ore .contained in
the crude product (Raymond)

Tribute pitches (Eng.). The limits
assigned to a crew of miners. ( Bain-
bridge)

Tributer. One who works a mine or
mineral deposit for a share of the
product (Roy. Com.)

Tribute work. In mining, work on
shares. (Standard)

Trichite, A microscopic hair-like crys-
tallite. (Kemp)

Trichroism. A property possessed
by certain minerals of exhibiting
three Different colors when viewed
in different directions, (Power)

Triclinic block. In quarrying, a term
applied to a block of stone bounded
by 3 pairs of parallel faces, none
of the interfacial angles being right
angles. (Bowles)

Triclinic system. That system of crys-
tals in which the forms are re-
ferred to three unequal mutually
oblique axes. (La Forge)

Tridymite. A mineral Consisting, like
quartz, of silica, SiO», but differing
in crystallization. (Dana)

Trig (Eng.). A sprag used to block
or to stop a tram wheel, or any ma-
chinery. (C. and M. M. P.\

Triger process (Fr.). A method of
sinking through water-bearing
ground, in which the shaft is lined
with tubbing and provided with an
air lock, work being conducted un-
der air pressure. Compare Kiad-
Chaudron process. (Webster)

Trigonal. 1. Having, in the ideal or
symmetrically developed form, tri-
angular faces: as the trigonal trig-
octahedron, jj. Threefold; occur-
ring three times at equal intervals
in one complete rotation : said of one
kind of axial symmetry. 3. Charac-
teristic of, pertaining to, or belong-
ing in the trigonal division of the
hexagonal system. (La Forge)

Trigonal system. According to some
crystallographers, the trigonal (or
rhombohedral) division of the hex-
agonal system, regarded as a system
by itself. (La Forge)

Trigonometrical survey. A survey ac-
complished by the trigonometrical
calculation of lines after careful
measurement of a base line and of
the angles made with this line by the
lines toward points of observation;
generally preliminary to a topo-
graphical survey (Standard). See
Triangulation.

Trilla (Mex.). 1. A heap of ore. 8.
A heap of slimes on the patio.
(Halse)

Trilling. A compound crystal consist-
ing of three individuals. (Webster)

Trimerite. A rare mineral consisting
of the silicates of berylium, manga-
nese and calcium. (Century)

TrUnetric. In crystallography, same
as orthorhombic. (Standard)

Trimmer. 1. (Eng.). A piece of bent
wire by which the size of the flame
of a safety lamp is regulated with-
out removing the top of the lamp.
See Pricker. 2. (No. of Eng., So.
Wales) One who a'rranges coal in
the hold of a vessel (collier, ship)
as the coal is discharged into it
from bins. (Gresley)

3. The person wno sorts the coal in
the railway cars after it is dumped
into them. (Roy)

4. (Scot.) One who cleans miners'
lamps. ( Barrowman )

702

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

5. In coal storage, an apparatus
used for piling coal in gradually in-
creasing piles made by building up
at the point of 'the cone .or top of
the prism. (Webster)

Trimorphism. In crystallography, the
property of crystallizing in three
fundamentally different forms of the
same chemical composition. (Stand-
ard)

Trlncha (Mex.). 1. Piled waste used
for walling levels. 2. A coke fork.
(Raise)

Trinchera (Mex.). A roughly-stacked
pile of rock or ore. (Dwlght)

Trincho (Colom.). 1. A trench. 2. A
dam of wood, earth and stone.
(Halse)

Trinkerite. A red to brown mineral
resembling tasmanite in composition,
found in brown coal in Istria and
Styria; it has a specific gravity of
1.025, fuses at 168° to 180° C., and is
soluble In hot benzol. ( Bacon )

Trinidad pitch. Trinidad asphalt.
The deposit of solid or semi-solid
bitumen constituting the Pitch Lake
of Trinidad. (Bacon)

Trip. 1. The cars hauled at one time
by mules, or by any motor, or run
at one time on a slope, plane, or
sprag road. A train of mine cars.
(Steel). 2. An automatic arrange-
ment for dumping cars ; a tipper ; a
kickup.

Tripcstone. A contorted concretion-
ary variety of anhydrite. (Power)

Trip hammer. A massive tilt ham-
mer, in which the lever is raised by
wipers. Used especially for shin-
gling. (Webster)

Trlphane. In mineralogy, same as
Spodumene. (Standard)

Triphylite. See Lithiophilite.

Triple-entry. A system of opening a
mine by driving three parallel en-
tries for the main entries. (Steel)

Triple-entry room-and-pillar mining.
See Room-and-pillar method.

Triplet (No. of Eng.). A tipper; a
kickup (Gresley). See Trip, 2.

Triplite. A fluophosphate of iron and
manganese principally, containing
also calcium and magnesium. Dark
brown, and monoclinic. (Webster)

Tripod drill. A reciprocating rock
drill mounted on three legs and
driven by steam or compressed air.

The drill steel is removed and a
longer drill inserted about every
two feet. (Bowles)

Tripoli; Tripolite. An incoherent,
highly siliceous sedimentary rock
composed of the shells of diatoms or
of radiolaria, or of finely disinte-
grated chert (La Forge) Used as a
polishing powder and for filters.
Called also Polierschiefer ; Rotte.p-
stone, Terra cariosa. (Standard)

Tripoline. Of or pertaining to trip-
oli. (Century)

Tripolite. An opal - silica, composed
of the siliceous shells of diatoms.
See Tripoli.

Tripper. 1. One who trips. 2. A
tripping device or mechanism, as a
device for causing the load on a
conveyor to be discharged into a
hopper, bin, etc.; a trip (Webster).
An automatic car dump.

Trip rider. One who rides on trips
and whose duty it is to throw
switches, £ive signals, make cou-
plings, etc. Also called Rope rider.

Trisoctahedron. In the Isometric sys-
tem, either of two forms of normal
symmetry, enclosed by 24 faces: (a)
the trigonal or ordinary trisocta-
hedron, having triangular faces, each
with equal intercepts on two axes
and a greater intercept on the third
axis; (o) the tetragonal trisocta-
hedron (also called trapezohedron
and icositetrahedron), having trap-
ezial faces, each with equal inter-
cepts on two axes and a less inter-
cept on the third axis. (La Forge)

Tristetrahedron. In the isometric sys-
tem, either of two forms of tetra-
hedral symmetry, enclosed by 12
faces: (a) the trigonal tristetrahe-
dron or trigondo decahedron, having
triangular faces, each with equal in-
tercepts on two axes and a less in-
tercept on the third axis; (o) the
tetragonal tristetrahedron or deltoid
dodecahedron, having trapezial
faces, each with equal intercepts on
two axes and a greater intercept on
the third axis. (La Forge)

Trituradora (Sp.). Rock breaker or
crushing machine. (Halse)

Triturar (Mex.). To crush or break
ore; T. con cilindros, to crush with
rolls. (Halse)

Trituration. The act of triturating
or reducing to a fine powder by
grinding. It is a dry process, and
thus distinguished from leviyation.
(Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

703

Triumph concentrator. A machine
resembling a Prue vanner (which
tee), but the shaking motion is end-
wise instead of side to side. (Lid-
dell)

Trivalcnt. In chemistry, having a
valence or combining power of
three. (Standard)

Trocar. 1. (Sp.) To exchange. 2.
(Colom.) To pass bateas full of
gravel and earth from hand to hand,
the peon* standing in line. (Halse)

Trocha (Sp.). A path cut through
forests, especially for surveying pur-
poses. (Halse)

Troctolite. A variety of gabbro com-
posed essentially of feldspar and
olivine, the pyroxene being subordi-
nate. (La Forge) Compare Ossi-
pyte.

Trod (Eng.). A track, road or path-
way. (Webster)

Trogue. (Eng.). A wooden trough,
forming a drain. (Raymond)

Troll (Corn.). A tin miner's feast
Called also a Duggle. (Pryce)

Iroilite. Ferrous sulphide, FeS, oc-
curring in nodular masses and in
thin veins in many iron meteorites.
By some authors regarded as identi-
cal with pyrrhotite. (Dana)

Troje. 1. (Sp.) A granary. 2. T. de
metal (Guerrero, Mex.), deposits of
quicksilver, mixed with rock, filling
natural vertical holes in gypsum.
(Halse)

Trolley; Trolly. 1. A small four- or
two-wheeled truck, without a body.
The two-wheeled trolley is used in a
rolling-mill to wheel the puddle-balls
to the squeezer. (Raymond)

2. The grooved wheel, fixed in bear-
ings at the end of a flexible pole,
pressed upward in rolling contact
with the overhead wire to take off
the electric current (Webster). The
term is frequently applied to the
flexible pole, which is properly trol-
ley pole.

3. (Brit) A basin-shaped depres-
sion in strata (Gresley). Also called
Lum.

Trombe; Trompe (Fr.). An apparatus
for producing an air-blast by means
of a falling stream of water, which
mechanically carries air down with
it, to be subsequently separated and
compressed in a reservoir or drum
below. (Raymond)

Tromel (Sp.). A revolving screen;
a trommel; T. classiflcador. a grad-
ing trommel ; T. de desenlodar, a
cleaning or washing trommel. (Lu-
cas)

Trommel. 1. A revolving sieve for
sizing ore (Raymond). Also called
according to its various uses, Siz-
ing trommel, Washing drum, Wash-
ing trommel. (Standard)
2. To separate coal into various
sizes by passing it through a re-
volving screen. (Gresley)

Trompa Mex.). 1. The nose of chilled
slag over a tuy&re. (Dwight)
2. A water blast (Halse)

Trompe (Fr.). See Trombe.

Trompillc (Fr.). The air tube of a
trompe (trombe) for a blast fur-
nace. Also spelled Trompil.
(Standard)

Trompo (Mex.). Foot of a stull or
post (Dwight)

Trona. An impure form of hydrous
sodium carbonate. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Tronco (Mex.). Team of horses or
mules. (Dwight)

Tronera (Mex.). Chimney; channel;
flue. (Dwight)

Tront (Mid.). A long sprag fixed
diagonally to the face of the coal
wall. (Gresley)

Troostite. 1. A variety of Willemite,
in large reddish crystals, ZnjSiO*,
in which the zinc is partly replaced
by manganese. (Dana)
2. A transition substance in steel
whose limits are defined by the
presence of martensite and osmond-
ite respectively. (Webster)

Trouble. A dislocation or fault; any
irregularity in a coal bed (Chance).
Also called a Throw, Slide, Slip,
Heave, or Check.

Trough. 1. A hollow or undulation in
a mineral field, or in a mineral
working (Barrowman). In geology,
synonymous with Basin and Syn-
clinal.

2. A conduit for conveying water.
8. A huddle or other vessel in which
slimes are sorted in water. 4. A
fire-clay box in which iron bars are
subjected to the cementation proc-
ess. (Webster)

Trough fault. In geology, two faults
having nearly the same direction,
but dipping toward each other, so
that the mass of rock included be-
tween them has more or less the
form of a wedge. (Century)

704

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Trough Joint (Eng.). The fissure or
joint that frequently accompanies
the abrupt bending of strata passing
through the middle .of the curva-
ture. (Page)

Trough washer. In its simplest form
it is a sloping wooden trough, 1£
to 2 feet wide, 8 to 12 feet long and
1 foot deep, open at the tall end, but
closed at the head end. It is used to
float adhering clay or fine stuff from
the coarser portions of an ore or
coal (Liddell). A log washer.

Troughman. One who takes care of
the runner *at pig-casting machine,
while iron is being poured from
ladle cars; bars out scrap and pre-
pares the runner for the next cast.
(Willcox)

Trow. A wooden channel for air or
water. (Raymond)

Trowhole; Trowroad (Scot). A steep
road, down which mineral slides in-
stead of being loaded in hutches, or
cars. (Barrowman)

Trowlesworthite. A variety of granite
that has been so altered by fu-
marole action that it consists of
fluorite, orthoclase, tourmaline and
some quartz, the last named having
been largely replaced by the first.
The name is derived from an Eng-
lish locality, and was given by
Worth. (Kemp)

Troy. A system of weight measures
formerly used for various articles,
but now only by goldsmiths and
jewelers (Standard). Troy weight.
The weight system used in making
assay returns for gold, silver or
other precious metals.

Troy ounce. The one-twelfth part of
a pound of 5760 grains ; that is, 480
grains. It equals 20 pennyweights,
1.09714 avoirdupois ounces, 31.1035
. grams, and has a fine gold value of
$20.67 or 85 shillings. This is the
ounce designated in all assay re-
turns for gold, silver; or other
precious metals.

Troy pound. A unit of weight equal
to 5,760 grains, 240 pennyweights,
13.1657 avoirdupois ounces, 0.82286
avoirdupois pound, 373.2509 grams,
and has a fine gold value of $248.04
or £51.

Truck. 1. A small tram-car for carry-
- ing coal, rock, or ore along a level
in a mine, or out to a chute or a
dump. 2. Goods paid instead of
money for wages. (Roy. Com.)
3. Any of numerous vehicles for
transporting heavy articles; any of

various small flat-topped cars for
pulling or pushing by hand used in
shops or railroad stations; any
strong heavy cart or wagon either
horse-drawn or self-propelled. 4.
An open railroad freight car. (Web-
ster)

Truck system. Paying miners in food
or merchandise instead of money
(Steel). See Truck, 2.

True fissure vein. A fissure vein with
promise of extending to great depth,
in contradistinction to a gash vein.
All mineralized fissures are true fis-
sure veins. (Weed)

True lode. A fissure vein. (Skinner)

Trueque (Mex.). A truck or trolley
(for tramway bucket). Truck of
railway car. (Dwight)

True vein. An occurrence of ore, usu-
ally disseminated through a gangue
of veinstone, and having more or
less regular development in length
width, and depth (Century). See
Vein, also Fissure vein.

Truite. In ceramics, having a deli-
cately cracked surface; said of
Japan ware and porcelain. (Stand-
ard)

Truller (Corn.). A miner who wheels
ore in barrows. (Standard)

Trumpeting (Eng.). A channel or
passage partitioned off from a shaft
or left behind the lining, usually
running along one corner of the
latter (Webster). Used for ventila-
tion.

Trumpet lamp (No. of Eng.). A
miner's term for a Mueseler or Bel-
gian safety-lamp. (Gresley, 1883)

Truncheon (Som.). A sleeper (tie) for
underground railways (Gresley).
A small railway tie.

Trunk. 1. (Mid.) A wooden box or
sled in which the debris is conveyed
from a small heading. 2. (Brist.)
A wooden pipe or box for convey-
ing air in the workings. 3. (York.)
See Kibble. (Gresley)

4. A long narrow, inclined box, in
which the separation of the fine ore
from the earthy impurities is ef-
fected. (Whitney)

5. A launder for conveying slimes,
etc. 6. To separate slimes by
means of a trunk, 4, for further
treatment. (Webster)

Trunking (Corn.). Separating slimes
by means of a trunk, 4. (Ray-
mond)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

705

Trunk pumping-engine. A pump that
commands the drainage of under-
ground waters over a considerable
area of mine workings, being a sub-
stitute for a number of smaller and
independent pumps. ( Gresley )

Trunnion. A cylindrical projection,
journal, or gudgeon attached to
each of two sides of a vessel, so
that it can rotate in a vertical plane,
as in a molding flask, a converter,
^tc. (Webster)

Trunnion plate. A metal-plate lining
the bearing or recesses in which the
trunnions rest (Webster)

Tmnt (No. Staff.). A heading driven
on a leveL (Gresley)

Truss. An assemblage of members,
such as- beams, bars, rods, and the
like, so combined as to form a rigid
framework; that is, one which can
not be deformed by the application
of exterior force without deforma-
tion of one or more of its members.
(Webster)

Trying the lamp (Eng.). The exami-
nation of the flame of a safety lamp
. for the purpose of judging the quan-
tity of fire damp mixed with the
air. (Gresley)

Tsehong (China).' A red pigment con-
sisting of white lead mixed with
alumlnic, ferric, and silicic oxides;
used by the Chinese in decorating
porcelain. (Standard)

Tsing-lien (China). A red pigment
consisting of stannic and plumbic
silicates mixed with small quanti-
ties of copper oxide 01 cobalt and
gold; used by the Chinese in deco-
rating porcelain. (Standard)

Tub. 1. An iron or wooden barrel,
box, or bucket used in a shaft, for
hoisting material. 2. A Keeve. 3.
A tram used underground. 4. To
line with tubbing ; to keep back
water by tubbing. See Tubbing.
(Webster)

5. (Eng.). A complete length of
metal or timber tubbing from and
inculding the wedging crib upward.
j( Gresley)

Tubbed back (or off) (Eng.). Springs
or feeders of water found in shafts
are said to be "tubbed back" (or
tubbed off) when tubbing has been
put in to keep the water out of the
mine. (Gresley)

Tubber. In mining, a double-pointed
pickax; a beele. (Standard)

Tubber man. In mining, *t man who
uses a tubber. (Standard)

.Tubbing (Eng.). A lining of timber
or metal for a shaft, especially a
water-tight shaft lining consisting
of a series of cast-iron cylinders
bolted together, used in sinking
through water-bearing strata (Web-
ster). A shaft lining of casks or
cylindrical caissons, of iron or wood.
See Plank-tubbing. (Raymond)

Tubbing deals (Scot). Plank put be-
hind tubbing in a shaft (Barrow-
man)

Tubbing plate (Eng.). A cast-iron
segment of a ring of tubbing.
(Gresley)

Tubbing wedge. A small wooden
wedge driven between the joints of
tubbing plates. (C. and M. M. P.)

Tube blower. A man who cleans
boiler tubes. (Willcox)

Tube clamp. A clamp or clip for
gripping a tube or pipe; especially,
a jawed tool used in hoisting and
lowering well tubes. (Standard)

Tube mill. A revolving cylinder, usu-
ally lined with silex, nearly lialf
filled with glacial or water-worn
flints, used for fine grinding of cer-
tain ores, preliminary to further
treatment The material to be
ground, mixed . with water, is fed
through a trunnion at one end, and
passes out of the opposite trunnion,
as a slime.

.Tube packing. A bag of flaxseed, or
ring of rubber, made to occupy the
space between the tube of an oil
well and the bored hole to prevent
access of water to the oil-bearing
stratum. (Nat Tube Co.)

Tuberia (Sp.). Tubing; a set of
pipes or tubes; T. aspirante, suc-
tion tubing; T. de descarga, the de-
livery pipe of a pump. (Halse)

Tubing. 1. The tube-lining of bore
holes; casing. 2. The act of lin-
ing a deep bore hole by driving
down iron tubes (Ihlseng). See
Casing, 3.

3. Hollow cast-iron segments placed
in a shaft to dam back water or
sink through quicksand. Also
spelled Tubbing. (Steel)

Tubo (Sp.). 1. Tube, pipe. 2. T. de
hwno, a smokestake. 3. A tunnel.
(Halse)

Tub rider. (India). A trip rider.

Tubule. In geology, an irregular, hol-
low, twig-like calcareous concretion
characteristic of the loess. (Stand-
ard)

706

GLOSSARY OF MINING- AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tub way (No. of Eng.). A tramway
for handling tubs of ore, coal, etc.

Tucker (Aust). 1. Work by which a
miner is hardly able to make a liv-
ing. (Century)
2. "Grub", food, or rations.

Tucker ground (Aust.). Ground con-
taining poor or lean ore. (Davies)

Tuck-joint pointing. Pointing . in
which the mortar projects as a fine
ridge between the stones or bricks.
(Standard)

Tucurababi (Sonora, Mex.). An

altered granite. (Halse)
Tucurubay (Mex.). A kind of gravel.

(Lucas)

Tue-iron. 1. Same as tuyere. 2. In
the plural, blacksmiths' tongs.
(Standard)

Tufa. A chemical sedimentary rock
composed of calcium carbonate or of
silica, deposited from solution in the
water of a spring or of a lake or
from percolating ground water;
sinter. Should not be confused with
Tuff, which see. (La Forge Called
also Ca'lcareous tufa ; Calc-tufa. See
Travertine.

Tufaceous. Of, pertaining to, or like
tufa (Webster). Compare Tuffa-
ceous.

Tuff. A sedimentary rock composed
of fine material — volcanic dust, so-
called ash and cinders, and lapilli —
explosively ejected from a volcano.
Tuff may or may not be deposited in
water; it may be either heterogene-
ous or rather well sorted, and it may
be either incoherent or indurated.
(La Forge) Compare Tufa.

Tuffaceous. Characteristic of, pertain-
ing to, containing, or resembling tuff.
Not to be confused with Tufaceous.
(La Forge)

Tuff breccia. A stratified tuffaceous
rock in which the fragments are
angular and larger than in a tuff.
(Ransome)

Tuff cone. A volcanic cone made up
chiefly or wholly of tuff and other
fragmentary explosively ejected ma-
terial. (La Forge)

Tuft (Eng.). A soft sandstone; also
calcareous deposits (Bainbridge).
Probably a variation of Tufa.

Tug. (Eng.) An iron hook of a hoist-
ing tub, to which a tackle is attached.
(Webster)

Tugger (Brist.). A short chain by
which boys draw tubs along. (Gres-
ley)

Tugger boy (Brist). One who draws
small tubs or sleds underground by
means of a tugger. Called Tugger-
work. (Gresley)

Tugwith (Derb.). A s mil pole or
sapling used as a brake on a wind-
lass or turntree. (Hooson)

Tula metal. An alloy ^f silver, cop-
per, and lead, made in Tula, Rus-
sia, used in making niello, 3. (Web-
ster)

Tully limestone. A limestone lying
between the Genesee shale and the
Hamilton shale, and forming the
base of the Upper Devonian in cen-
tral New York. (Century)

Tumbar. 1. (Mex.). To break down
ore, etc. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) To direct mine work-
ings in such a way, that from want
of proper security, they are de-
stroyed. (Halse)

Tumbe (Mex.). The act of breaking
and removing ore. (Dwight)

Tumble. To smooth, clean, or polish,
as castings, by friction with each
other or with a polishing material,
in a rotating box or barrel; to
rattle. (Standard)

Tumbler. 1. A projecting piece on a
revolving shaft or rockshaft, for
actuating another piece. In dredges,
there is an upper and a lower tum-
b 1 e r supporting the bucket line.
(Weatherbe)

2. (Scot). A tipping apparatus for
tubs or wagons. (Barrowman)

3. (No. of Eng.) A stop, scotch, or
catch, affixed to each deck of a
cage for keeping the tubs in place.
(Gresley)

4. (Derb.) Any stone that is too
large to go into the hoisting bucket
(Hooson)

Tumble-up (So. Wales). Space by the
side of the haulage way for the
empty tram or car to be turned over
so that the full car or tram can
pass it.

Tumbling barrel. A revolving cask
or barrel in which nails are pol-
ished, as by mutual attrition, or in
which small castings are put to
break out thin cores. Called also,
Rattle barrel, Rattler, Rumbler, and
Tumbling box. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY.

707

Tumbling crank (Scot). A crank on
the end of the pump shaft for giv-
ing reciprocating motion. (Barrow-
man)

Tumbling shaft. The cam shaft nsed
in stamp mills. (Century)

Tumbling torn (Eng.). A car-tipping
or dumping apparatus that turns
completely over. (Gresley)

Tumbling trough. A receptacle made
of pottery, operated on the principle
of a tumbler tank, for dumping
nitric acid at intervals in the manu-
facture of 'sulphuric add. (Stand-
ard)

Tnmmals; Tummels (Com.). A great
quantity, or heap, as of ore.

Tumpago (Sp. Am.). Low-grade gold.
(Lucas)

Tumphy (Scot). A carbonaceous fire
clay. A day containing streaks of
coal. (Barrowman)

Tumulose. Full of small hills and
mounds. ( Webster )

Tumulus. A swelling, or low dome-like
hill, formed in congealed lava flows
(Daly, p. 133)

Tundra <Russ.). One of the level or
undulating treeless plains charac-
teristic of Arctic regions in both
hemispheres. The tundras mark the
limit of arborescent vegetation ; they
consist of black mucky soil, with a
permanently frozen subsoil, but sup-
port a dense growth of mosses and
lichens, as the reindeer moss, and
dwarf cespitose herbs and shrubs
often showy-flowered. (Webster)

Tundra placers (Alaska). See Gravel-
plain placers.

Tune work. Labor paid for by the day
or the hour, in opposition to piece-
work. (Century)

Tungsten. A rare element of the
chromium group found combined in
certain minerals, as wolframite and
scheelite, and isolated as a hard,
brittle, white or gray metal. Sym-
bol, W; atomic weight, 184.0; spe-
dfic gravity, 16.6 to 19.0. (Web-
ster)

Tungsten steel. An alloy steel contain-
ing from 6 to 10 per cent of tungsten.
An extremely hard alloy which does
not lose its hardness by friction with
iron, and ip hence used for iron-
cutting tools and for magnets.
(Standard)

Tungstic ocher. Same as Tungstite,
WO* (Standard)

Tungstite. A yellow or yellowish-
green pulverulent mineral, tungsten
trioxide, WO* (Dana)

Tunna (Wales) A hoisting bucket;
a bowk; a kibble. (Gresley)

TunneL 1. A. tunnel, strictly speak-
ing, is a subterranean passage open
at both ends. An adit, if contin-
ued through a hill, would then be
a tunnel (Skinner). Any level or
drift in a mine open at one end, or
which may serve for an adit. See
Adit (Century). Often used as a
synonym for Adit, Drift, Gallery.
S. (Penn.) A crosscut through or
across barren measures is often
called a tunnel, or a rock tunnel ; an
anthracite term.

3. In marble quarrying, the term is
applied to a subterranean working
level, or incline, having a roof of
undisturbed rock. (Bowles)

4. To make an opening, or a pas-
sageway through or under, as to
tunnel a mountain; to cut, blast, or
otherwise make a tunnel. 5. A
chimney opening for the passage of
smoke; a flue; funnel. 6. In sul-
phuric acid manufacture, a tube of
sheet lead, connecting adjoining
leaden chambers when used in se-
ries. (Webster)

Tunnel blasting. A method of heavy
blasting in which a heading is driven
into the rock and afterwards filled
with explosives -in large quantities,
similar to a bore hole, on a large
scale, except that the heading is usu-
ally divided in two parts on the saine
level at right angles to the first head-
Ing, forming in plan a "T", the
ends of which are filled with explo-
sives and the intermediate parts
filled with inert material like an or-
dinary bore hole (Du Pont). Simi-
lar to Gopherhole blasting.

Tunnel borer. Any boring machine
for making a tunnel ; often a ram
armed with cutting faces operated
by compressed air. (Standard)

Tunnel ^column. A heavy bar used
for mounting machine drills in large
drifts or tunnels, and usually hold-
ing two machines. (Gillette, p. 96)

Tunnel disease. 1. Caisson disease.
2. Ankylostomiasis. (Webster)

Tunnel head. The top of a shaft fur-
nace. (Raymond)

Tunnel hole. The throat of a blast
furnace. (Century)

708

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tunnel kiln. A lime kiln having a

. tunnel for the consumption of coal,

as distinguished from a flame-kiln,

where wood is burned. (Standard)

Tunnel right. The right of the pos-
session of all veins or lodes encoun-
tered, and not previously known to
exist, within 3,000 ft from the sur-
face (portal) of a tunnel driven for
development, and 800 feet on each
side of the center line of the tunnel,
if the vein Is parallel with the tun-
nel. If the vein crosses the tunnel at
right angles a claim may be located
1,500 feet on either side of the tun-
nel, or partly on one side and partly
on the other, but not exceeding 1,500
feet in length. (U. S. Min. Stat", pp.
160, 175)

Tunnel set. Timbers 6 to 8 inches in
diameter and of sufficient height to
support the roof of the tunnel. They
are sometimes set upon sills and
usually capped with short cross
pieces. (Chandler v. Utah Copper
Co., 135 Pac. Kept., p. 106)

Tunnel shaft. A shaft sunk, as in a
hill, to meet a horizontal tunnel.
Called also. Tunnel pit. (Standard)

Tunnel system. A method of mining,
in which tunnels or drifts are ex-
tended at regular intervals from the
floor of the pit into the ore body.
The extension of the drift beyond
the working face is made great
enough to facilitate the handling of
several cars at a time. The ore is
mined above the drift level, and the
cars are loaded by lifting short
boards which span an opening,
through the lagging on, and above,
the center line of the drift The
method avoids the construction of
raises and chutes, and facilitates the
filling of the cars. (Young)

Tup. 1. (Eng.) An early custom of
covering with lighted candles the
last ccfrf of coal sent to the bank at
the beginning of the fortnight's holi-
day at the end of the year when
stock was taken and no coal hoisted.
This was called "sending away the
tup." (G. C. Green well) '
2. The ram or monkey, or falling
weight of a pile driver, drop ham-
mer, etc. (Webster)

Tnpia (Sp.). A dike or dam (Lucas)
Tupiar (Sp.) To make dikes or dams.

Turba (Sp.). 1. Turf, peat 2. Dung
mixed with coal and molded into
adobes and used as fuel in brick
kilns, (Halse)

Turbary (Eng.). An easement to dig
turf or peat on another's land; also
the ground where the turf is dug.
• (Webster). A right of turbary is
confined to such quantity of land
as is . sufficient tor the house into
which the common is appendant
(Btfinbridge)

Turbera (Sp.). Peat deposit (Lucas)
rurbina"(Sp,). A turbine. (Pwtght)

Turbine. 1. A rotary motor actuated
by the reaction, impulse, or both, of
a current of water under pressure.
There are several types. 2. A form
of steam engine analogous, in con-
struction and action, to* the water
turbine. There are two distinct
kinds, typified In the de Laval and
the Parsons and Curtis turbines.
(Webster)

Turbine pump. A turbine wheel ar-
ranged to raise water by rotation
in the opposite direction to that in
which it would turn if used as a
motor. (Standard)

Turf. Peat. There are several va-
rieties, as white, brown, black,
stone, gas, or candle turf. (Power)

Turfary (Eng.). A place where turf
or peat may be got. (Webster)

Turf charcoal. Same as peat charcoal.
(Standard)

Turfing iron; Turfing spade. An im-
plement for cutting and paring off
turf. (Webster)

Turf spade. A long narrow spade for
cutting and digging turf, peat, etc.
(Standard)

Turgite; Hydrohcmatit«. An iron ore
intermediate between hematite and
limonite, consisting of hydrous fer-
ric oxide, 2Fe3Os.HaO. (Dana)

Turkey-fat (Mo.). A local name for
a variety of smithsonite, colored yel-
low by greenocklte; so called from
Its appearance. (Chester)

Turkey slate. A whetstone- or hone-
stone, See Turkey stone, (Power)

Turkey stoae. 1. A very fine, close-
grained stone containing about 75
per cent silica, and 25 per cent cal-
cite. Quarried in the interior of
Asia Minor. Once very popular for
sharpening mechanics' tools but now
superseded largely by Arkansas and
Washita oilstone (Pike). Novaeu-
llte; also called Turkey alate.
2. Turquoise. (Standard)

Turkis (Archaic). A turquoise,
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OP MDCTWG A#D MlKERAL INDUSTRY.

709

Tcrkois. Same at Turauoise.
(Standani)

Turmeric paper. A teat paper colored
yellow by turmeric, and used for
testing alkaline substances when
the color changes from yellow to
brown, and for boric acid which
turns it to a reddish brown, f Web-
ster)

Tmr-mitt-tine. A petroleum substitute
for turpentine. (Bacon)

Turn. 1. The time or period during
which coal, etc., is raised from the
mine. Called Run in Arkansas. A
shift. 2. To open rooms, headings,
or chutes off from an entry or gang-
way. 8. The number of cars al-
lowed each miner. Good turn, many
cars for each miner. (Steel)
4. (Eng.) A pit sunk in some part
Of a drift. (Webster)
ft. To draw or wind coal up a shaft
or up ah inclined plane to the sur-
face. «. Cprved tram rails laid
round a corner or turn, often made
of cast Iron. (Gresley)
7. To set (undried bricks) on edge
to facilitate drying. < Standard)

Turn again (No. Staff.). A change in
the direction of the dip of the
strata. (Oresley)

Turn barrel (kid.). A hand wind-
lass; also called Jack roll. (Ores-
ley)

Turn bat. A wooden stick used in
turning the tongs which- bold a
bloom under the hammer. (Ray-
mond)

Turn beam (Eng.). Either of the
beams on which a kind of self-acting
hoisting machine turns. (Webster)

Turnerite. A yellowish-brown variety
of monazite. (Standard)

Turnhouse (Corn.). The point where
the miner turns from a crosscut
along the course of a lode (Davies).
The first cutting on the lode after it
is cut in a crosscut, (Mm. Jour.)

Turning. 1. (Eng.) prilling a shot
hole by hand. (Gresley)
2. In ceramics, the process of re-
moving the surface of green pottery
to make its shape true before fir--
ing. (Standard)

turning out (So. Starf.). Bringing
coal to the skips. See Turnout,' 2.
(Gresley)

Tumo (Mex.). A shift of work.
(Dwight)

Tura-off. 1. (Aust.) The point where
a branch tram line leaves the main
line.

2. (Aust.) A siding or passing
place for skips on a haulage road
(Power). A turnout

Turnout. 1. A siding or by-pass upon
an underground haulage-way
(Gresley)

8. (Ark.) To shovel coal toward
the track for more convenient load-
ing. (Steel)

Turn pulley. A sheave fixed at the
inside end of an endless- or tail-
rope hauling plane, around which
the rope returns. A tail sheave.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Turn stakes (Eng.). A windlass.
(Gresley) /

Turntable. A revolving platform on
which cars or locomotives are
turned around. . (C. and M. M. P.)

Turntree (Derb.). A sort of wind-
lass for hoisting ore. (Hooson)

Turpentine substitutes. Petroleum
products usually intermediate be-
tween gasoline and illuminating oil
(49° naphtha). They vary in grav-
ity from 40* to 58° B6., and are
said to be more homogeneous than
burning oils. As they are designed
for paint thinners and for admix-
ture with turpentine, they should
evaporate without leaving residues
or stains. (Bacon)

Turquesa (Sp. ). Turquoise.
(Dwight>

Turquoise. Hydrous phosphate of
aluminum colored by a copper com-
pound. A1PO«.A1(OH)8-|-H2O. Used
for the well-known gem of the same
name. (Dana)

Turrelite. A Texas asphaltic shale.
(Bacon)

Turtle stones. Large nodular concre-
tions found in certain clays and
marls. In form they have a rough
resemblance to turtles, and this ap-
pearance is increased by their being
divided into angular compartments
by cracks filled with spar, remind-
ing one of the plates on the shell of
a turtle. They are common in the
cretaceous marls of the Northwest
territories, Canada. (Roy. Com.)
See Septa Hum.

Tushkar. See Tusknr.

Tuskar (Iceland). A turf cutter; a
peat spade (Webster) Called also
•Tushkar ; Twiscar.

710

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tusru (Japan). A pick used for loos-
ening auriferous gravel preliminary
to washing. (Lock)

Tut (Corn.). To perform a piece of
work at a fixed price. (Pryce)

Tutunia. A white alloy consisting
chiefly of tin with varying propor-
tions of antimony, copper, bismuth,
and sometimes brass or steel; for
making tableware, etc. (Standard).
A trade-name for Britannia metal.

Tutenag. 1. A white alloy, resem-
bling German silver, used in mak-
ing tableware, etc., with varying
proportions of copper, zinc, and
nickel, and sometimes a little lead
or iron. 2. Zinc or spelter, espe-
cially that from China and the East
Indies. ( Standard )

Tut money (Eng.). Pay for tutwork,
overtime, etc. (Webster)

Tutty. An impure zinc oxide obtained
as a sublimate in the flues of zinc-
smelting furnaces, and used as
polishing powder. (Standard)

Tutwork (Corn.). Excavation paid
for by measure or by weight, an
extra credit being usually allowed
for timber work, and a debit charged
for certain sundries, as candles, ex-
~ plosives, tools, etc., supplied by the
mine owner. (Webster)

Tuyere; Tweer; Twyer; Twere. A
pipe inserted in the wall of a fur-
nace, through which the blast is
forced into the furnace. Usually the
tuyere enters through an embrasure
in the masonry ( tuySre-arch ) . A
nozzle or interior pipe is frequently
inserted at the inner end of the
tuyere. By changing the nozzle, the
size of the opening for the blast may
be thus regulated without changing
the tuyere. The latter is either an
annular hollow casting of iron (box-
tuyere) or bronze (bronze tuyere),
or a coil of iron pipe. In either case,
water is continually circulated
through it, to protect it and the
nozzle from the action of the melt-
ing materials in the furnace. Spray-
tuyeres are open box-tuyeres, in
which a spray of .water, instead of
a current, is employed. This is
vaporized by the heat, and passes
away as steam. (Raymond)

Tuyere arch. An arch in a blast fur-
nace to admit a tuySre (Standard).
See TuySre.

Tuyere man. One who fits and tests
tuyeres, plates and coolers that they
may be ready for replacement in a
furnace on short notice. (Willcox)

Tuyere pipe. A tuyere, or a pipe lend-
ing to a tuy&re. 4 Standard)

Tuyere plate. A plate in the side of
a forge through which the tuyfcre
passes. See Bloomery.

Twaddell. A form of hydrometer for
liquids heavier than water, gradu-
ated with an arbitrary scale such
that when the readings are multi-
plied by 0.005, and added to unity
give the specific gravity. (Webster)

Tweer; Twere. See Tuy&re.

Twibill (Eng.). A strong pick gen-
erally with a rectangular eye, used
for stonework (Gresley). A tool
like a pickax, but having instead of
the points, flat terminations, one
parallel to the handle, and the other
perpendicular to it. (Webster)

Twig. 1. A divining rod. 2. A thin
strip of plastic fire clay used in
ceramic modeling, especially in imi-
tation basket work. (Standard)

Twin boy (Brist.). A small boy em-
ployed underground to push trams
along a twin way. (Gresley)

Twin crystals. .Crystals in which one
or more parts, regularly arranged,
are in reverse position with refer-
ence to the other part or parts.
They often appear externally to
consist of two or more crystals
symmetrically united, and some-
times have the form of a cross or
star. They also exhibit the com-
position in the reversed arrange-
ment of part of the faces, in the
striae of the surface, and in reen-
tering angles; in certain cases the
compound structure can only be
surely detected by an examination
in polarized light (Dana).

Twin entry. A pair of parallel en-
tries, one of which is an intake and
the other the return air-course.
Rooms can be worked from both en-
tries. Often called double entry.

Twinning axis. The axis about which
one part of a twin crystal may be
conceived to have been rotated 180°
with relation to the other part. (La
Forge)

Twinning law. The special and charac-
teristic method according to which
twin crystals of any mineral are
formed. (La Forge)

Twinning plane. In a twin crystal, a
plane normal to the twinning axis.
(La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

711

Twin seam (Aust). Two seams of
coal so close together that they can
be worked in conjunction, or one
following closely on the other.
(Power)

Twin way (Brist.). Two branch
roads one on either side of a main
road driven to the working face,
through which trams are pushed by
twin boys. (Gresley)

Twiscar. See Tuskar.

Twitch; Twith (No. of Eng.). A pinch
in a vein. (Power)

Two (Scot). Acageful of men (Gres-
ley). A term no doubt originating
when cages were small and could
accommodate only two men.

Two throws (Eng.). A depth of about
12 feet when the debris from sink-
ing shaft has to be raised to sur-
face by two lifts or throws with
the shovel (one man working above
another). At this point the em-
ployment of a hand windlass be-
comes necessary. (Gresley)

Twver. See Tuyere.

Tyc. 1. (Eng.) The point where two
veins cross each other or where two
pipes cross obliquely. (Hunt)
8. (Corn.) An adit or drain.
(Da vies)

3. (Corn.) A sluice box for the ex-
traction of the heavy sands In mill
tailings. Sometimes spelled Tie.
(Raymond)

Tyer; Tier ot pumps (Corn.). A set of
pumps of which the lower pump or
piece is called the Driggoe, but
more frequently the working piece.
(Pryce)

Tying (Corn.). The washing of ore
in a strake, tye, or launder.

Tymp. 1. A hollow Iron casting,
cooled Interiorly by a current of
water and placed to protect the
tymp-arch, or arch over the dam, In
a blast furnace having a fore-hearth.
See Open front. (Raymond)
2. (Eng.) A horizontal roof -timber
in a coal mine ; a cap or lid. (Stand-
ard)

Tymp-arch. The arch covering the
fore hearth of a blast fur ace.
(Standard)

Ty nip-plate, Tymp stone. A p!*.te
or stone forming a tymp. (Stand-
ard). See Tymp-stone.

Tymp-stone. A large clay plug filling
an open space In the front jackets
of a smelting furnace, through which
the tap-hole passes. (Standard)

Type locality. The place at which a
formation is typically displayed and
from which It Is named; also the
place at which a fossil or other
geologic feature is displayed in typi-
cal form. (Ransome)

Type metal. An alloy used for making
type. It consists essentially of lead,
(four parts) and antimony (one
part), often with a little tin, nickel
or copper. It expands slightly on
cooling. (Webster)

(Scot.). Irregularities In a
mine roof; also called Lypes. (Gres-
ley)

type specimen. The specimen or indi
vidual on which the original scien-
tific description of a given species
or subspecies is based. (Webster)

Typhonic rocks. Brogniart's name for
rocks, that have come from the
depths of the earth, i. e., plutonic
and eruptive rocks. Typhon is used
as a synonym of boss or stock.
(Kemp)

Tyrite. A variety of fergusonlte
found near Arendal, Norway.
(Century)

Tyroltte. A hydrous arsenate of cop-
per, occurring in orthorhombic crys-
tals, and in aggregates having a fo-
liated micaceous structure. (Cen-
tury)

Tyth (Eng.). An ancient custom or
duty which miners gave to the
priests. Usually every twentieth
dish. (Hunt)

U.

TTcha (Sp. Am.). Llama-dung. See
Taquia. (Halse)

TTda. 1. In ceramics, a purplish-brown
pigment used In the decoration of
Hindu pottery. 2. Glazed pottery
thus decorated. (Standard)

Uged (Derb.). Loose, weak, liable
to fall, sounding hollow, or un-
sound. (Gresley)

Uintahite. See Gilsonite.

THexite; Cotton ball. Hydrous borate
of sodium and calcium, probably
NaCaBkO».8H2O. Contains theoreti-
cally 43 per cent B«O». Analyses of
the natural mineral show 42 to 45.3
per cent B,OS. (U. S. Geol..Surv.).
Called also Boronatrocalcite.

mimannite. Sulphanttmonide of
nickel, NiSbS or NiS2.NiSo, ; arsenic
is usually present in small amount
(Dana)

712

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ultimate analysis. The determination
of the elements contained in a com-
pound as distinguished from proxi-
mate analysis, which is the determi-
nation of the compounds contained
in a mixture. (Standard)

Ultimate tensile strength. Same as
tensile strength. (C. M. P.)

TJltrabasic. Containing less than 35
per cent silica; containing virtually
no quartz or feldspar and composed
essentially of ferromagnesian sili-
cates, metallic oxides and sulphides,
and native metals, or of all three:
said of some igneous rocks and of
most varieties of meteorites (La
Forge)

Ultramarine. 1. A pure blue pigment,
prepared by powdering lapis lazuli.
2. An artificial pigment resembling
the above in composition, but .having
commonly a tinge of violet. Also
called French blue, Gmelius blue. 3.
Any of several pigments, most of
which are produced by modifications
of the above processes, as green ul-
tramarine, purple ultramarine.
(Webster)

Ultramarine ash. A pigment used for
gray tints and made by grinding the
residue from lapis lazuli after the
natural ultramarine has been re-
moved. (Standard)

Ultramarine yellow. A lemon-yellow
pigment consisting of barium chro-
mate. (Webster)

Ultra-violet. Outside of the visible
spectrum at its violet end ; said of
rays more refrangible than the ex-
treme violet rays (Webster). Wil-
lemite when exposed to these rays
displays a bright green color.
Doubtful zinc ore is often roughly
tested in this manner.

Umangite. A selenide of copper, CuSe
CuaSe, in dark red masses. (Web-
ster)

Umber. A chestnut-brown to liver-
brown hydrated ferric oxide, con-
taining manganese oxide and clay:
used as a pigment; also, the color.
As found in nature the oxide is
called Raw umber, and when heated,
so as to produce a reddish brown, It
is called Burnt umber. Cologne or
German umber is a brownish pig-
ment from lignite. (Standard)

Umbral. In geology, the eleventh
series of the Pennsylvania system of
rocks, comprising substantially the
Mauch Chunk red shale of the Upper
Subcarboniferous (Standard). Now
obsolete.

Umbrella. A bonnet, or hood over a
hoisting cage. (Gresley)

Umiak (Alaska)). A large, Eskimo
boat made of skins ; it is larger than
kayak.

Ump6 (Sp., Am.). Fire damp; foul
air. (Lucas)

Umpire. 1. A person to whose sole de-
cision a controversy or question be-
tween parties is referred (Webster),
as one who performs control assays.
2. An assay made by a third party
to settle a difference found in the
results of assays made by the pur-
chaser and seller of ore.

Umptekite. A sodium-rich variety of
syenite composed essentially of mi-
croperthite and sodic amphibole, with
a little nephelite and in sonie phases
a little aegirite. (La Forge) The
accessory minerals are numerous.
(Kemp)

Unjconformability. See Unconformity.

Unconformability by erosion. The
presence of an irregular sinuous
surface of contact between two con-
tiguous strata, indicative of inter-
vening elevation and erosion, not
necessarily accompanied by . flexure.
(Standard)

Unconformability of dip. Discrepancy
between the dip of an oveulying and
an underlying stratum, indicating a
movement of the lower stratum be-
fore the deposition cf the upper one ;
ordinary Unconformability, referred
to when no qualifying epithet is
used. (Standard)

Unconformability of overlap. Discrep-
ancy in areal extent between two
contiguous superimposed strata, even
where they have the same dip, the
edge of one stratum overlapping
that of the other ; indicative of gen-
tle subsidence without perceptible
folding. Called also by European
geologists Unconformability of trans-
gression. ( Standard )

Unconformable. Having the relation
of unconformity to*"the underlying
rocks ; not succeeding the underlying
strata in immediate order of age and
in parallel position. (La Forge)

Unconformity; Unconformable. 1. Dis-
cordance in attitude with the under-
lying rocks, due to overlap or to a
lapse in deposition, during which the
rocks nene:>th were deformed or
partly eroded away or both. 2, The
surf; ce of contact between uncord
forma hlo strata and tbe rocks be-
neath them. (La Forge)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

713

Unctuous. Having a greasy, oily, or
soapy feel when rubbed or touched
by the fingers, as talc, serpentine,
etc.

TJndercast. An air course carried un-
der another air course or roadway
(Steel). Compare Overcast

Under clay. A stratum of clay be-
neath a coal bed often containing
roots of coal plants, especially Stiff-
maria. (Webster) .

Undercliff. 1. (So.' Wales) An argil-
laceous shale forming the floor of
many coal seams. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.). That portion of a cliff
which has fallen en masse along a
considerable line of coast, and forms
a subordinate terrace between the
sea and the original shore (Page).
Compare Talus.

Undercurrent. A large, flat, broad,
branch sluice, placed beside and a
little lower than the main sluice.
This apparatus is paved and riffled
like the sluice, but being much wider
than the latter, allows the water to
spread out in a thin sheet over its
surface, thereby so abating the ve-
locity of the current that the very
fine gold, including the rusty parti-
cles, is more apt to be caught here
. than in the sluice. (Hanks)

Undercut. 1. To undermine, to hole,
or to mine. To cut below or in the
lower part of a coal bed by chipping
away the coal with a pick or mining
machine. It is usually done on the
level of the floor of the mine, ex-
tending laterally the entire face and
5 or 6 feet into the material. 2. In
founding, the part of a molder's
pattern that would break the sand
If drawn vertically from an ordinary
mold. (Standard)

Undercut quarry. A quarry In which
the walls slant outward (overhang
working face) so as to make the
floor space wider with Increasing
depth. (Bowles)

Undercutting. A term applied to the
process of cutting under the face of
the coal with a machine so it can
be shot down readily. (Consoli-
dated Coal Co. v. Gruber, 188 Illi-
nois, p. 589), See Undercut.

Under-dip coal (Scot). Coal extend-
ing below the haulage level at the
bottom of the shaft. (Barrowman)

Uaderearth (Forest of Dean). A hard
fire clay forming the floor of a seam
of coal. (Gresley)

underedge stone (Forest of Dean).
The floor of an iron-stone mine.
(Gresley)

Underflre. 1. In ceramics, to fire in-
sufficiently ; to shortfire. 2. To fire
from beneath. (Webster)

Underflow. In geology, the water flow-
ing beneath the beds of rivers, and
also under the bottom lands of the
river valleys, especially In arid
regions. ( Standard )

Under-getting (Eng.). See Shorts, 3.

TTnderglaze. In ceramics, a color ap-
plied before the glaze is put on.
(Webster)

Underground milling. See Underhand
stoping.

Underground thaft. A shaft sunk
from an adit, tunnel or working
level, through which mining opera-
tions are conducted. The upper end
terminates underground. A winze
or raise becomes an underground
shaft when equipped and used for
hoisting and the conduct of other
mining operations.

Underground station. 1. An enlarge-
ment of an entry, drift, or level at a
shaft at which cages stop to receive
and discharge cars, men, and mate-
rial, 2. An underground place in
which there are installed transform-
ers, switchboards, or electrical ma-
chines other than portable motors, or
any one of them. (H. H. Clark). 8.
A pump station.

Underground-water. See Ground
water.

Underhand quarrying of panel cores
(Mitchell system). See Underhand
stoping.

Underhand stoping. Mining downward.
The stope may 'start below the floor
of a level and be extended by suc-
cessive horizontal slices, either
worked sequentially or simultane-
ously in a series of steps. The modi-
fications consist in the working of
the block by a series of slices paral-
lel with the dip, each slice being
worked from the top down and the
slices being taken in sequence. The
stope may be left as an open stope
or supported by stulls or pillars.
Filling can be used after the stope
has been finished or may follow the
stope as a back fill (Young). Some-
times called Horizontal cut under-
hand, Underhand quarrying of panel
cores (Mitchell system), Under-
ground milling, and Open stope
method.

714

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Underhand work. Picking or drilling
downward. (Ihlseng)

TJnderhole; "Undermine. To mine out
a portion of the bottom of a seam,
by pick or powder, thus leaving the
top unsupported and ready to be
blown down by shots, broken down
by wedges, or mined with a pick or
bar (Chance). See Undercut. In
England the .terms Jad, Hole, Under-
cut, Kirve, and Bench are synony-
mous.

Underlay; Underlie. 1. (Corn.) The
departure of a vein or stratum from
the vertical, usually measured in
horizontal feet per fathom of in-
clined depth. Thus a dip of 60° is
an underlay of three feet per fathom.
The underlay expressed in feet per
fathom is six times the natural cos-
ine of the angle of the dip (Ray-
mond). The complement of Dip;
Hade. 2. The downward extension
of a vein or bed beneath the ground.
Mineral bodies lying under a given
tract, though not outcropping on sur-
face. (Weed)

Underlay shaft; Underlier. A shaft
sunk in the footwall and following
the dip of a vein.

Under-level work (Clev.). Mining
ironstone by driving drifts into the
hillside, instead of sinking shafts.
(Gresley)

Under -level drift (Eng.). A drift
from a pumping pit, to free dip
workings from water. (Bainbridge)

Underlie. 1. (Corn.). See Underlay,
1 and 2.

2. In geology, to occupy a lower po-
sition than, or to pass beneath ;
said of stratified rocks over which
other rocks are spread out. (Cen-
tury)

Underlier (Eng.). See Underlay shaft.

Underlooker (Lane.). One who has
the care and superintendence of the
miners and of the workings, who re-
ceives his orders from the manager,
and to whom the overmen and depu-
ties report; a mine superintendent.
(Gresley)

Underlying. Lying under or beneath ;
fundamental; as underlying strata.
(Webster)

Undermine. To excavate the earth be-
neath, or under part of; to form a
mine under (Webster). See Under-
cut ; Underhole.

Underpinning. 1. Building up the
wall of a mine-shaft to join that
above it. (Gresley)
2. The act of supporting a superior
part of a wall, etc., by introducing
a ' support beneath it. 3. A solid
structure, as a new foundation or
other support. (Century)

Under-poled. A term used in copper
refining to designate copper not
poled enough to remove all suboxide,
and which has solidified with a con-
cave surface. See Overpoled and
Tough pitch.

Underply (Scot). A band or division
of the lower portion of a thick seam
of coal. See Mining ply.

Under reamer. An oil-well tool used
for enlarging the hole below a drive
shoe, etc. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Under seams ( Scot. ) . Lower or deeper
coal seams. (Gresley)

Under-shot wheel. A wheel moved by
water passing underneath. (Web-
ster)

Undersize. That part of a crushed ma-
terial which passes through a screen.

Under the top (Eng.). A road in
which a layer of coal is left standing
to form the roof is said to be
"under the top." (Redmayne)

Underthrust. In geology, a deforma-
tion produced on immediately under-
lying strata by an advancing over-
thrust mass. It may be a forward
movement in a parallel thrust plane,
or an overturning or crushing of the
strata. (Standard)

Underviewer; Underlooker (Eng.). In
coal mining, an underground fore-
man ; in metal mining, a mining cap-
tain.

Underweight (Aust). The weight of
the roof which advances along the
face of the coal, following the proc-
ess of undercutting, in longwall
work, and breaks down the portion
that has been undercut.

Undisturbed. Rocks that lie in the po-
sitions in which they were originally
formed. Compare Disturbed. (Roy.
Com.)

Undulating. Rising and falling like
waves. Said of beds that are bent
into alternate elevations and depres-
sions.

Unholed (York.).' Bordgates or other
headings not driven through into the
adjoining roadway. (Gresley)

GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

715

TTniaxiaL Having but one direction in
which light passing through the crys-
tal is not doubly refracted. (La
Forge)

TTniclinal. Sloping in one direction;
a monoclinal.

Union (Sp.). Coupling of wire rope
or of pipe. (Dwight)

Union shop. A shop or mine run ac-
cording to the requirements of a
trade-union. Compare Open shop.

TTnisilicate. In mineralogy, a salt of
orthosilicic acid. (Standard)

Unit. 1. Any determinate amount or
quantity (as of length, time, heat,
value, etc.) adopted as standard
of measurements for other amounts
of the same kind. (Webster)
2. A term used in smelter settle-
ments for valuable contents of ores
and is equivalent to 1 per cent of
a short ton, or 20 pounds. (Lind-
gren, p. 17)

Univalent. Having a valence of one;
monovalent (Webster)

Universal lay. See Lang lay rope.

Universal train. A roll train having
adjustab]e horizontal and vertical
rolls, so as to produce sections of
various sizes. (Raymond)

Unkindly lode (Aust). A lode or vein
that does not look promising.
(Power)

Unlimited pump. A deep-well pump
operated from the level of the
ground above. (Standard)

Unpatented claims. Mining claims to
which a deed from United States
Government has not been received.
The claims are subject to annual as-
sessment work, in order to maintain
ownership. ( Weed )

Unscreened coal (Aust). Run-of-mine
coal. (Power)

Unsoiling. The act or process of re-
moving soil, as for working a bed of
brick clay. (Standard)

Unsoundness. A quarry term that re-
fers to all cracks or lines of weak-
ness other than bedding planes that
may cause rock to break before or
during the process of manufacture.
Various types of unsoundness are
known locally as "joints," "headers,"
"cutters," "hair lines," "slicks,"
"seams," "slick seams," "dry seams,"
"dries," and "cracks." (Bowles)

Unstratified. Not formed or deposited
in beds or strata. ( La Forge)

Unwater. To puiup water from mines.
(Gresley)

Tin wrought; Tin worked (Eng.). Coal
or other mineral which has not been
mined or worked away. (Gresley)

Up. 1. (Eng.) A stall or heading is
said to be up when it is driven or
worked up to a certain line (a fault,
hollows, boundary, etc.), beyond
which nothing further is to be
worked. 2. (Eng.) On the bank or
on the surface. (Gresley)

Up-brow (Lane.). An inclined plane
worked to the rise. (Gresley)

Upcast. 1. The opening through which
the return air ascends and is re-
moved from the mine (Gresley).
The opposite of downcast or intake.

2. An upward current of air pass-
ing through a shaft, or the like.
(Century)

3. To cast or throw upward; to
turn upward. (Webster)

4. In geology, same as upthrow; op-
posed to downthrow, downcast; as,
the upcast side of a fault ( Stand-
ard)

Upcast shaft. See Upcast, 1.

Upcast pit (Newc.). The shaft up
which the air ascends when ventilat-
ing the mine (Min. Jour.). See Up-
cast, 1.

Updraft kiln. A kiln in which the heat
enters the chamber from the bottom
and passes up through 1-he ware.
(Ries)

Upheaval. A lifting up, as if by some
force from below, of stratified or
other rocks. (Roy. Com.)

U-pipe stove. A common type of heat-
recuperation furnace. (Ingalls, p.
361)

Up-leap (Mid.). A fault which ap-
pears as an upthrow. (Gresley)

Uplift. Elevation of any extensive
part of the earth's surface relatively
to some other part; opposed to Sub-
sidence. (La Forge)

Up-over. Designating a method of
shaft excavation by drifting to a
point below, and then raising instead
of sinking. (Webster)

Up-over crib. A wedging crib placed
on the top of a length of tubing, to
shut off the water in a certain stra-
tum. (Gresley)

Upper. 1. A drill hole driven in an
upward direction (H. C. Hoover, p.
100).

716

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

2. In geology, designating a later
period or formation; so called be-
cause the strata are normally above
those of the earlier formations.
(Webster)

Upper barren coal measures. The part
of the Carboniferous strata of the
Appalachian field which is now as-
signed to the Dunkard group of the
Permian series. Usage now obsolete.
(La Forge)

Upper leaf (Scot.). The upper por-
tion of a seam that is separated, by
a parting, into two portions. (Bar-
rowman)

Upper productiye coal measures. The
part of the Carboniferous strata of
the Appalachian field which is now
assigned to the Monongahela group
of the Pennsylvanian series. Usage
now obsolete. (La Forge)

Upraise. An auxiliary shaft, a mill
hole, carried from one level up to-
ward another (Ihlseng). See Rise,
also Raise, which are better terms.

Upset. 1. To increase the diameter of
a rock drill by blunting the end.
(Gillette, p. 52)

2. (Scot.) A narrow heading con-
necting two levels in inclined coal
(Gresley). Sometimes used as a
synonym for Raise.

3. (Aust.) A capsized or broken
skip. (Power)

Upstanders (Corn.). Pieces of timber
or boards fixed in the ground at a
prospect shaft, to support the axle-
tree or windlass. (Pryce)

Upstanding (Scot.). A term applied
to stoop-and-room workings to de-
note that the pillars are in a sound
condition and the roof not fallen.
(Barrowman)

Up stoop (Scot). A working room is
up stoop or in stoop when its length
is equal to the side of the pillar to
be formed. (Barrowman)

Upthrow. The block or mass of rock
on that side of a fault which has
been displaced relatively upward.
(La Forge). The term should be
used with the definite understanding
that it refers merely to a relative
and iiot an absolute displacement.

Upthrust. An upheaval of rocks ; said
preferably of a violent upheaval ;
used also attributively. (Standard)

Uraconite. An amorphous, earthy,
lemon-yellow, hydrous uranium sul-
phate. Uranium ocher. (Standard)

Uralite. A fibrous or acicular variety
of hornblende occurring in altered
rocks and pseudomorphous after py-
roxene (La Forge). The word is
often used as a prefix before the
names of those rocks that contain
the mineral. The name is derived
from the original occurrence in the
Urals. (Kemp)

2. A trade name for a fireproof ma-
terial, chiefly of asbestos. (Web-
ster)

TTralitization. The change of the min-
eral augite into the green fibrous va-
riety of the mineral hornblende.
The change is often due to weath-
ering, but may be a result of more
intense metamorphism. (Ransome)

Uranic ocher. Same as Uraconite,
(Standard)

Uraninite. A complex uranium min-
eral containing also rare earth,
radium, lead, helium, nitrogen, and
other elements. Uraninite in the
stricter sense is applied to crystal-
lized forms found in pegmatites. It
contains Th, Ce, La, and Yt. The
mineral found in Connecticut and
North Carolina is of this variety.
Pitchblende is the massive form,
probably amorphous, and contains no
thoria, but a specimen from Gilpin
County, Colo., contained 7.6 per cent
zirconia. Pitchblende is found in
metalliferous veins with sulphides.
Both varieties contain radium. Con-
tains from 65 to 90.7 per cent of the
combined oxides UO8 and UO2. See
also Nivenite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Uranio (Sp.). 1. Uranium. 2. Uranium
ore. (Halse)

Uranite. A general term for the urani-
um phosphates, nutunite, or calcium
uranite, and torbernite, or copper
uranite, formerly classed as single
species. The uranite group includes
these and a few related minerals.
(Webster)

Uranium. An element of the chro-
mium group, found in combination
in pitchblende and contains other
rare minerals. When reduced it is
a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal.
Symbol, U; atomic weight, 238.2;
specific gravity, 18.7. (Webster)

Uranium minerals. See Autnnite, Cnr-
notite, Fergusonlte, Mackintoshite,
Nivenite, Polycrase, Samarskite,
Thorlanite, Thoroguininite, Torber-
nite, Uraninite (including Pitch-
blende), Uranocircite, Uranophane,
Uranospinite, Yttrlalite. Uranium
is not found native. All uranium
minerals contain radium. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY..

717

Vrmn-aiiea. Same as Uranite. (Cen-
tury)

TTranocircHe. A hydrous phosphate of
uranium and barium, Ba(UO»)«-
P,O,+ 8H/X (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

ITranolite. A. meteorite. (Century)

Uranophaae, A hydrous silicate of
uranium and calcium, CaSi.OvUr-
8iO.+6H,O. (U. S. Geol. Surv.

Uranorthorite. A variety of thorium
silicate; thorite containing a small
percentage of oxide of uranium.
(Century)

TJranospinite. Probably an arsenate of
uranium and calcium corresponding
to autunite. Ca(UO,)^As3O8-J-8H,O.
Contains about 47.6 per cent urani-
um, equivalent to 56.1 per cent cal-
culated as Ui<X (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Urao. Hydrous sodium carbonate,
KaJCO^NaHCOa+2EUO. Trona is an
impure form of urao. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

lire's process. The treatment of quick-
silver ores by heating in iron retorts
with admixture of lime. (Ray-
mond)

Urgonian. In geology, a division of
the European Lower Cretaceous
characteristically developed in cer-
tain parts of France and Belgium.
(Standard)

Urgue (Colom.). 1. Clay. 2. A clay
band separating the vein from the
wall. (Raise)

Urpethite. A yellowish - brown ' to
to brown hydrocarbon, near ozoce-
rite. (Standard)

Urry (local Eng.). A blue to black
clay found next to coal in coal
mines, ( Standard )

Urtite. A name given by W. Ramsay
to a light-colored rock of medium
grain, consisting of nephelite in larg-
est part, with which is considerable
regirite and a little apatite. When
recast an analysis gave nephelite,
82; fegirite, 16; apatite, 2. The name
is derived from the second part of
Lujavr-Urt, the name of the moun-
tain where it occurs in northern Fin-
land. (Kemp)

Utahite. An orange-yellow iron sul-
phate mineral, 3Fe5O*.3SO».4H,O,
from vthe Tintic district, Utah. Has
a silky luster (Dana)

Utahlite. See Varlscite.

Utilites. A general term proposed by
M. E. Wadsworth for all useful geo-
logical products. His subdivisions

according to uses are: Ceramttet,
fictile or ceramic materials. Chali-
cites, binding materials or limea,
mortars, cements, etc. Chemites,
chemical materials. Chromatitey.
color materials or paints, pigments,
etc. Coprites, fertilizers or mineral
manures. Cosmites, Decorative ma-
terials, or ornamental stones and
gems. Iffnites, pyrotechnic mate-
rials. Lubricitcs, lubricants, or
friction materials. Metallites, ores
or metalliferous materials. Phar-
macies, mineral medicines. Pyro-
lites, refractory or fire resisting ma-
terials. Rholitcs, smelting mate-
rials, or fluxes. Salites, salts and
saline materials. TecMonitet, con-
struction materials, as building and
road materials. Thermites, fuels
or burning materials, or carbonites,
Tribolites, abrasives, or attrition ma-
terials. Vitrites, vitrifying mate-
terials, or glass, etc. (Eng, and
Min. Jour., vol. 58, p. 340). Ihese
terms are not used.

TTvarovlte; Onvarovite; Uwarowit. Cal-
cium-chromium garnet, 3CaO.Cr*O».-
3SiO» Aluminum takes the place of
chromium in part. (Dana)

ITwarowit. See Uvarovite.

V.

Vaciadero (Sp.K A waste dump; a
spoil bank. (Halse)

Vaciador (Mex.). One who dumps
slag pots. (D wight)

Vacio (Sp.). Empty; a vacuum.
(Halse)

Vacuum. 1. A space entirely devoid
of matter. 2. The degree of rarefac-
tion of a partial vacuum, measured
by the reduction of pressure from
that of the atmosphere. (Webster)
3. A method of producing ventila-
tion by exhausting the air from the
mine. (Gresley)

Vacuum fan. A fan for creating suc-
tion or partial vacuum (Webster).
An exhaust fan. See Vacuum, 3.

Vacuum filter. A form of filter in
which the air beneath the filtering
material is exhausted to hasten the
process. (Century)

Vacuum pump. 1. A pump in which
water is forced up a pipe by the dif-
ference, of pressure between the at-
mosphere and a partial vacuum. 2.
A pump for creating a partial vacu-
um in a closed space (Webster).
See Pulsometer.

718

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Vacuum tube. A sealed tube contain-
ing highly rarefied air or other gas,
for exhibition or examination of
phenomena of electric discharge be-
tween metallic ^electrodes projecting
into the tube from the outside.
(Webster)

Vadose. Extending only a short depth
below the surface: said of the shal-
lower portion of the ground water.
(La Forge)

Vag (Prov. Eng.). Dried peat or turf
used for fuel. (Standard)

Vagon (Sp.). A wagon; V. de vol-
quete, 6 volteo, a dump car; 7. de
pico, a front or side dump car.
(Halse)

Vagoneta (Sp.). 1. A small open car.

2. A trolley. 3. The bucket of a
rope way. (Halse)

Vaguada (Sp.). 1. Water way or
stream channel. 2. Water shed or
divide. (Dwight)

3. The line of intersection of two
opposite slopes. (Halse).

Vale; VaL (Corn.). The place where
the reserve of tin ore is placed to
dry before it is put into the smelting
furnace. (Davies)

Valence. The degree of combining
power of an element (or radical) as
shown by the number of atomic
weights of hydrogen, chlorine,
sodium or the like, with which the
atomic weight of the element will
combine, or for which it can be sub-
stituted, or with which it can be
compared. (Webster)

Valencianite. An orthoclase feldspar
similar to adularia, from Valencia,
Mexico. (Webster)

Valentinite. Antimony trioxide Sb2Oi,
in orthorhombic crystals. (Dana)

Valle (Mex.). Valley. (Dwight)

Valley. 1. Low land bounded by hills
or mountains. (Power)
2. A small, subcircular basin, eroded
by solution in the crest of an uplift,
and having a sink through which its
sediments escape; used locally in
Missouri and vicinity. (Standard)

Valley brown ore. A local name for
llmonite or brown iron ore. Ap-
plied in Virginia to the compara-
tively pure high-grade ore found in
the Cambro - Ordovician limestone
which forms the Valley of Virginia.
See Mountain brown ore. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Valley glacier. A glacier extending
into a valley (Chamberlin, vol. 1,
p. 239). A glacier which occupies
a valley and is fed from a ne'vS reser-
voir. (Century)

Valley tile. Roofing tite made to fit in
the valley of a roof. (Ries)

Valley train. A deposit of glacial out-
wash forming an old flood plain in a
valley. (La Forge)

Valuation. 1. The act of valuing, or
of estimating the value or worth;
appraisement. 2. Value set upon a
thing. (Webster)

Value. (1) The desirability or worth
of a thing as compared with the
desirability of something else ; worth
(Standard), as the value of a mine.
Value is an attribute, and not a sub-
stance.

(2) In the plural, as used in mining
and metallurgy, the valuable in-
gredients to be obtained, by treat-
ment, from aay mass or compound;
specifically, the precious metals con-
tained in rock, gravel or the like, as
the vein carries good values', the
values on the hanging wall. (Web-
ster)

(3) To estimate or determine the
worth of anything, as to value a
mine.

Valve. Any contrivance, as a lid, cover,
ball, or slide, that opens and closes
a passage, whether by lifting and
falling, sliding, swinging, or rotat-
ing, as at the opening, of, or inserted
in, any pipe, tube, outlet, inlet, etc.,
to control the flow or supply of
liquids, gases, or other shifting ma-
terial. (Standard)

Valvula (Sp.). Valve; V. de teguri-
dad, a safety valve. (Halse)

Vam os (Sp.). To depart quickly; to
decamp. (Vel.)

Vamping. The dSbris of a stope, which
forms a hard mass under the feet of
the miner. (Raymond)

Van. 1. (Corn.) A test of the value
of an ore, made by washing (van-
ning) a small quantity, after pow-
dering it, on the point of a shovel.
Vanning is to a Cornish miner what
washing in a horn spoon is to the
Mexican. 2. To separate, as ore
from veinstone, by washing it on
the point of a shovel. See Vanner.
(Century). 3. A shovel used in ore
dressing.

Vanadio ocher. A native, yellow vana-
dium oxide found near Lake Supe-
rior. (Standard)

G1X)SSART OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

719

Vanadinite. Lead chlorvanadate, 3Pb3-
V,O8.PbCl«. Contains when pure
19.4 per cent VaO», but arsenic and
phosphorus both replace vanadium,
so that the mineral grades into
mimetite, SPbiAszOg-PbCla, and into
pyromorphite, 3PbaPiOs.PbCla. End-
llchite is a variety of vanadinite
containing considerable arsenic. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Vanadium. A rare element found
combined, In certain minerals (as
vanadinite and descloizite) and is
reduced as a grayish white metallic
powder. Symbol, V ; atomic weight,
51.0; specific gravity, 5.5. (Web-
ster)

Vanadium ores. Vanadium does not
occur native, but is found in the
United States in the minerals car-
notite, roseoelite, vanadinite, des-
cloizite, volborthite, calciovolborth-
Ite, and segirite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Vanadinm steel. Steel alloyed with
vanadium (usually 0.10 to 0.15 per
cent), an element which strengthens
the steel and serves to remove the
oxygen and possibly nitrogen. (Web-
ster)

Vandyke brown. A deep brown pig-
ment of uncertain identity, used by
the painter Van Dyck; hence any
of various brown pigments, as a nat-
ural earth resembling amber, a prep-
aration of charred cork, a mixture
of lamp black and Indian red, etc.
(Webster)

Vane. In surveying, the target of a
leveling staff ; one of the sights of
a compass, quadrant, etc. (Web-
ster)

Vanner. 1. A machine for dressing
ore; an ore-separator; a vanning
machine. The name is given to va-
rious patented devices in which the
peculiar motions of the shovel in the
miner's hands in the operation of
making a van (see Van, 1) are, or
are supposed to be, more or less suc-
cessfully imitated (Century). See
Frue vanner for general description
of the side-shake type. There is also
an end-shake type, which includes
the Triumph concentrator.
2. One who vans with a shovel or
pan (Webster), or one who operates
a vanning machine.

Vanning (Corn.). See Van, 2.
Vanning machine. See Vanner, 1.

Vapart mill. A centrifugal grinder for
pulverizing ore, coal and coke. (In-
galls. p. 500)

Vapor, l. Any visible diffused sub-
stance floating in the air and im-
pairing its transparency,, as smoke,
fog, etc. 2. Any substance in the
gaseous state, thought of with some
reference to the liquid or solid form ;
a gasified liquid or solid. (Webster)
3. Foul air in a mine. (Lawver)

Vapor density. The relative weight
of a gas or vapor as compared with
some specific standard, usually hy-
drogen, but sometimes air. (Web-
ster)

Vapor galvanizing. A process for coat-
ing metal (usually iron or steel)
surface with zinc by exposing them
to the vapor of zinc instead of, as in
ordinary galvanizing, to molten zinc.
Also called Sherardizing. (Web-
ster)

Vaporimeter. An instrument for meas-
uring the volume or the tension of
a vapor. (Webster)

Vara (Sp.). A Spanish and Portu-
guese measure of length. In Mexico
it is 33 inches ; Brazil, 43 inches ;
Colombia, 31.5 inches ; Central
America, 33.87 inches; Spain, Cuba,
Philippine Islands, and Venezuela,
33.38 inches; Chile, and Peru, 33.37
inches; Argentina and Paraguay,
34.12 inches. (Webster)

Varejon (Mex.). Pole lagging.
(Dwight)

Variation. The angle by which the
compass needle deviates from the
true north: subject to annual, di-
urnal, and secular changes. Called
more properly declination of the
needle (Standard). See Declina-
tion.

Variation compass. A compass of deli-
cate construction for observing the
variation of the magnetic needle.
(Webster)

Variegated copper ore. Bornite.

Variegated sandstone. New red sand-
stone. (Standard)

Varigradation. in geology, a process
by which all streams of progres-
sively increasing volume tend con-
stantly, In a degree varying in-
versely with the volume, to depart
slightly from the normal gradients.
(Standard)

Varilla (Sp.). 1. A boring rod. 2. A
blasting needle. 3. A spindle or
pivot (Halse)

Variole. Tu petrology, a spherulite or
variolite. (Standard)

720

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Variolite. A spherulitic variety of
basalt or diabase (La Forge). The
rock has a pockmarked aspect and
hence the name, which is a very old
one. Pearl diabase is synonymous.
(Kemp)

Variolitic. Of, pertaining to, or re-
sembling variolite. (Webster)

Variolitization. That variety of con-
tact metamorphism, that gives rise
to the formation of variolite. ( Stand-
ard)

Variscite; Utahlite. Green hydrous
phosphate of aluminum, Alipa.PzOe.-
4H2O. Used as a gem (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Also called Amatrice.

Varnish. In ceramics, the lustrous
surface or glaze on pottery, porce-
lain, etc. (Standard)

Vaseline; Vaselin. A yellowish, trans-
lucent, semi solid petroleum product,
used in ointments and pomades, as
a lubricant, and in other ways; a
form of petrolatum. (Webster)

Vaso (Sp.). 1. A vessel. 2. (Mex.)
A small adobe furnace lined with
clay. 3. The shaft of a furnace.

4. The crucible of a blast furnace.

5. (Mex.) A receptacle for molten
metal in front of a furnace. (Halse)

6. (Mex.) Reverberatory for smelt-
ing rich ore, or for cupelling silver.
(Dwight)

Vat. 1. A vessel or tub in which ore
is washed or subjected to chemical
treatment, as "cyanide vat" and
"chlorination vat" (Rickard). Used
as synonym for Tank. 2. See Vate.

Vate (Corn.). A square, hollow place
on the back of a calcining furnace
for drying tin ore before feeding it
into the furnace. Also spelled Vat.
(Pryce)

V-bob. A strong frame shaped like
an isosceles triangle, and turning on
a pivot at its apex; used as a bell
crank to change the direction of a
main rod (Webster). It is used
with Cornish pumping engines.

V-cut. In mining and tunneling, a cut
where the material blasted out in
plan is like the letter V; usually
consists of six or eight holes drilled
Into the face, half of which form
an acute angle with the other half.
(Du Pont)

Veal; Voun (Scot). A water box or
chest, usually on wheels, for remov-
ing water ( Barrowman ) . Also called
Ghost.

Vee (Mid.). The junction of two un-
derground roadways meeting in the
form of a V. (Gresley)

Veerer (Som.). An old word for
banksman. (Gresley)

Vees; Veez. 1. (Scot.) A kind of soft
earth in a fissure or upon the sides
of a dike. See Leatherbed. (Gres-
ley)

2. (Scot.) The line of fracture of a
fault or hitch. (Barrowman)

Vegetate. To crystallize; to exude.
(Lawver)

Vegetation of salts. A crystalline con-
cretion formed by salts, after solu-
tion in water, when set in the air
for evaporation. Also called Saline
vegetation. ( Century )

Veia (Port.). 1. A vein. 2. Veias
(Braz.). Ordinary plaster beds
(Halse). See Vena, Veta, and Filon.

Vein. 1. An occurrence of ore, usually
disseminated through a gangue, or
veinstone, and having a more or less
regular development in length,
width, and depth. A vein and a lode
are, in common usage, essentialy
the same thing, the former being
rather the scientific, the latter the
miners', name for it (Century). See
Lode; Fissure; Fissure vein.
The filling of a fissure or fault in
a rock, particularly if deposited by
aqueous solutions. When metallifer-
ous it is called by miners a lode;
when filled with eruption material,
a dike. A bed or shoot of ore
parallel with the bedding. Called
also Blanket-deposit. (Standard)
A crack in rock filled by mineral
matter deposited from solution by
underground water. A lode. (Web-
ster)

A vein or lode as used in the law
applies to any zone or belt of min-
eralized rock lying within boun-
daries clearly separating it from the
neighboring rock. (Iron Silver
Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116 United
States, p. 531; Mammoth Mining
Co. v. Grand Central Mining Co.,
213 United States, p. 77.)
Vein or lode does not mean merely
a typical fissure or contact vein, but
any fairly well-defined zone, or belt
of mineral-bearing rock in place.
(East Tintic Cons. Min. Claim, In
re, 50 Land Decisions, p. 273)
2. A comparatively thin sheet of ig-
neous rock injected into a crevice in
rock. When this intrusion is large
it is called a dike. (Webster)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

721

Vein (or lode) claim The terms "vein
or lode" and "vein or lode claim"
are used indiscriminately and inter-
changeably, and it follows that the
term "vein or lode" is intended to
be synonymous with the term "vein
or lode claims." (Iron Silver Mining
Co. v. Sullivan, 16 Fed. Kept., p.
832). See Vein; also Lode. (Also
U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 37-43)

Veined. Marked, or streaked with
veins or lines of color in various di-
rections, as some marbles. (Roy.
Com.)

Vein minerals. The minerals occurring
in veins, especially the gangue (A. F.
Rogers. ) Veinstone.

Vein quartz. Quartz of secondary ori-
gin and occurring In veins. (Stand-
ard)

Vein skirts (Derb.). The walls of a
lode. (Power)

Veinstone. The mineral-matter filling
of a vein, exclusive of the ore (Roy.
Com.). Also called gangue; Lode-
stuff, Matrix, Vein mineral.

Veinstuff. The portion of the lode
which is not ore (Skinner). See
Veinstone.

Vein system. A term applied to the
veins of a given area, district, or age,
regarded as a whole. (Farrell)

Veise (Scot.). A Joint in the coal
strata. (Gresley) See Vees, 1.

Vela (Sp.). 1. A watchman; night
guard. 2. A candle ; V. de sereno, a
wax candle; V. de sebo, & tallow
candle. (Halse)

Velada. (Colom.) The third part of
the night during which a watchman
is employed in the mill to see that
the blanketings are not stolen.

7elador (Sp.). 1. A watchman at the
mines or mill. 2. A candleholder.
(Halse)

Yeldt (So. Afr.). A tract of land not
forested, or thinly forested ; a grass
country. (Webster)

Velocity - head. The constant differ-
ence of height of a liquid between a
level surface in n tank and a uni-
formly flowing jet through an ori-
fice. .(Standard)

Velocity of detonation. The velocity
with which the detonation or explo-
sion of a mass of explosives travels
through the mass itself. (Du Pont)

744010 0—47 46

Velvet. Profit; easily earned money
By analogy, a term used for galena
in the Wisconsin zinc field when it
can be separated Jrom the blende
without difficulty and sold as a by-
product.

Velvet copper ore. Lettsomite. Per-
haps 4CuO.Al,Ot.SO8.8H,O, in velvet-
1 i k e druses ; in spherical forms ;
bright blue. (Dana)

Vena (Sp.). 1. A small metalliferous
vein; a veinlet, not over 3 inches
thick ; a "knife blade" vein (Dwight).
Sometimes a vein within a vein.
Compare Veta and Fil6n.
2. A bed or seam of compact earthy
red hematite at Bilboa, Spain. 3.
Diverse quality or color of earth or
stone. 4. A streak, stripe, or vein
of a certain color in stone or wood.
5. A channel through which under-
ground water circulates. 6. Min-
eral water found underground. 7.
(Fr. Guiana). The richest gravel in
placer mines. (Halse)

Venanzite. A name proposed by Saba-
tini, an Italian petrographer, for an
effusive rock from a small volcanic
cone at San Venanzo, Umbria, Italy.
Venanzite contains phenocrysts of
olivine in a groundmass of melillite,
leucite, and black mica, together
with a little pyroxene, nephelite, and
magnetite. Rosenbusch subsequently
described the same rock under the
name euktolite, but venanzite has
priority. (Kemp)

Vend (Newc.). The total annual sales
of coal from a colliery. (Raymond)

Veneer. In ceramics, any thin outer
coating put on principally for ap-
pearance or decoration. (Stand-
ard)

Venero. 1. (Mex.) A spring of water
in a mine. 2. (Colom.) A vein or
bed. 3. ( Arg. ) A deep-seated deposit
covered by large masses of barren
material. 4. (Rol.) A stream-tin
deposit. 5. (Peru) The pay gravel
of recent placers. 6. Any mineral
deposit. (Halse)

Venetian chalk. A white compact talc
or steatite used for marking on
cloth. (Webster)

Venetian white. A pigment consisting
of a mixture of equal parts of white
lead and barite. (Webster)

Venida (Mex.). A fall of earth or
stones, as from a hill. (Halse)

Venilla (Sp.). A small vein or
stringer. Compare Vena, 1. (Halse)

722

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Vent. 1. A small aperture ; a hole or
opening for passage or escape, as of
air, a gas, or a fluid ; a volcanic vent.
(Webster)

2. (Scot.) A chimney; a return
airway. (Barrowman)

3. A small passage made with a
needle through the stemming, for
admitting a squib to enable the
charge to be lighted. ( Steel ) 4. In
founding, an opening or passage, as
In a sand-mold, for the escape of
gases. (Standard)

Venta (Sp.). Sale. (Dwight)

Ventanilla. 1. (Sp.) A small win-
dow. 2. (Mex.) A flat or station.
3. An opening in the door of an ore
chute, sliding gate, etc., for a rope to
pass through. 4. (Peru) A natural
opening in rocks. (Halse)

Ventanillero (Mex.). An under-
ground station tender. (Dwight)

Ventilaci6n (Sp.). Ventilation; V.
artificial, artificial ventilation; V.
diagonal, ventilation by two shafts
situated at either end of a field of
exploitation; V, natural, natural
ventilation. (Halse)

Ventilador (Sp.). A ventilator, usu-
ally some kind of fan ; V. aspirante,
an exhaust fan; V. soplante, a
blower. (Halse)

Ventilar (Sp.). To ventilate; V. una
mina, to ventilate a mine. (Halse)

Ventilate. 1. To cause fresh air to
circulate through (to replace foul
air simultaneously removed), as a
room, mine, etc. 2. To provide with
a vent or escape for air, gas, etc.
(Webster)

Ventilating column. See Motive
column.

Ventilating pressure. The total pres-
sure o'r force required to overcome
the friction of the air in mines ; viz :
the pressure per square foot multi-
plied by the cross-sectional area of
the airway.

Ventilation. 1. The atmospheric air
circulating in a mine. 2. The art or
method of producing, distributing,
maintaining, couducting, and regu-
lating a 'constant current or flow of
atmospheric air in mine shafts,
levels, inclines, etc. (Gresley)

Ventilator. 1. A mechanical appara-
tus for producing a current of air
underground (Gresley). As a
blowing or exhaust fan.
2. A furnace for ventilating a mine
by heating the upcast air.

Venturi meter. A water meter In
which the flow is ascertained from
the increase in velocity and conse-
quent loss of pressure caused by the
reduction in the cross-sectional area
of the pipe through vhich the wa-
ter flows. (Webster)

Venturin. A yellow powder used as
an imitation of gold in japanning
(Standard). Compare Aventurine.

Venturi tube. A conical efflux tube in
which the escaping fluid flows from
the smaller to the large end, and
the entrance is rounded to conform
to shape of the vena contracta.
(Webster)

Vent wire. A wire used by founders
to make a hole in a sand mold for
the escape of air or gases. (Stand-
ard)

Venule. A small vein ; veinlet.
(Standard)

Venus's hair-stone. Quartz contain-
ing included acicular crystals of ru-
tile (Standard). See Sagenitic
quartz.

Verandeador (Colom.). An alluvial
miner who works in the dry season.
(Lucas)

Veraneo (Colom.). Working in allu-
vial mines in the dry season.
(Halse)

Verano (Sp. Am.). Summer. The
dry season. (Halse)

Verde (Sp.). 1. Green. 2. Verdigris.
(Halse)

Verde antique. A dark -green rock
composed essentially of serpentine
(hydrous magnesium silicate) . Usu-
ally crisscrossed with white veinlets
of magnesium and calcium carbo-
nates. Used as an ornamental stone.
In commerce often classed as a
marble. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Verde di Corsica duro (It.). A rock
found on the Island of Corsica, of
a changing green color, composed of
diallage and labrador feldspar, and
used for vases, inlaying, and other
ornamental purposes. (Page)

Verde salt. See Thenardite.

Verdigris. A green, or greenish-blue,
poisonous pigment and drug, ob-
tained by the action. of acetic acid
on copper, consisting of one or more
basic acetates of copper. (Web-
ster). The green rust on copper.

Verdiones (Chile). Green stains in-
dicative of the presence of copper.
(Halse)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

723

Verditer. 1. Verdigris 2. Either of
two basic carbonates of copper used
as pigments, and prepared either by
grinding the mineral azurite (giv-
ing blue verditer) and the mineral
malachite (giving green verditer)
or artificially. (Webster)

Verifier. 1. A tool used in deep bor-
ing for detaching and bringing to
the surface portions of the wall of
the bore-hole at any desired depth.
(Raymond)

2. In gas testing, an apparatus by
which the amount of gas required to
produce a flame of a given size
is measured ; a gas verifier. (Stand-
ard)

Verite. A glassy variety of the mica-
andesties with exceptional olivine.
A name derived from the Spanish
locality Vera, near Cabo de Gata,
and given by Osann to a post-Plio-
cene glassy rock, with phenocrysts
of biotite and microscopic crystals
of olivine and augite and sometimes
plagioclase, all of which seldom
form half the mass of the rock.
(Kemp)

Vermiculites. In mineralogy, a group
including a number of micaceous
minerals, all hydrated silicates, in
part closely related to the chlorites,
but varying somewhat widely, in com-
position. They are alteration-prod-
ucts chiefly of the micas, biotite,
phlogopite, etc., and retain more or
less perfectly the micaceous cleav-
age, and often show the negative
optical character and small axial
angle of the original species. Many
of them are of a more or less indefi-
nite chemical nature, and the com-
position varies with that of the
original mineral and with the de-
gree of alteration. The laminae in
general are soft, pliable, and inelas-
tic ; the luster pearly or bronze-like,
and the color varies from white to
yellow and brown. The minerals in-
cluded are: Jefferisite, vermiculite,
culsageeite, kerrite, lennilite, hall-
ite, philadelphite, vaalite, maconite,
dudleyite, pyrosclerite. (Dana)

Vermillion. 1. A bright red pigment
consisting of the sulphide of mer-
cury. See Cinnabar. (Roy. Com.)
2. (Lake Sup.) The lowest of the
stratified schists; the crystalline
schists. (Winchell)

Vermilionette. A substitute for the
pigment vermilion, made by pre-
cipitating eosin or a similar dye
upon a white base, as barium sul-
phate, or on a mixture of this with
orange lead. (Webster)

Vernier. A small movable auxiliary
scale for obtaining fractional parts
of the subdivisions of a fixed scale,.
as on any instrument of precision.
(Standard)

Vernier compass (Scot.). A mining
compass for measuring angles with-
out the use of the magnetic needle.
(Barrowman)

Versant. One side or slope of a
mountain range; as, the east ver-
sant. (Ransome)

Verst (Russ.). A Russian measure
of length equal to 0.6629 mi. or 1.067
km. (Webster)

Vertedero (Sp. Am.). 1. A spring;
rivulet; ravine. (Lucas)
2. The overflow of a dam (Halse).
A spillway.

Vertical fault. See Fault.

Vertical shaft A shaft sunk at an
angle of 90° with the horizon, or
directly downward toward the cen-
ter of the earth. (Weed)

Vertical shift. The vertical compo-
nent of the shift See Shift, 4.
(Lindgren, p. 122)

V6rtice (Sp.). Vertex. (Dwight)

Verti'ente (Sp.). 1. Watershed.
(Dwight)

2. A waterfall. 3. A spring. 4.
A waste weir of a dam. 5. An air
vent ' (Halse)

Vesicle. A small cavity in an aphani-
tic or glassy igneous rock, formed by
the expansion of a bubble of gas or
steam during the solidification of the
rock. (La Forge)

Vesicular. Characteristic of or char-
acterized by, pertaining to, or con-
taining vesicles. (La Forge)

Vespertine. In geology, the tenth se-
ries of the Pennsylvania system of
stratigraphy, comprising the Pocono
sandstone of the Lower Carbonifer-
ous (Standard). Long obsolete.

Vestigio (Mex.). A trace of gold or
silver in assaying. (Dwight)

Vestry. 1. (Eng.) The productive
part of the vein. See Carbona;
also Bowse. (Hunt)
2. (Newc.) Refuse. (Raymond)

Vesuvian garnet. An early name for
leucite, from Vesuvius, its principal
locality. (Chester)

Vesuvianite. A complex calcium-alu-
minum silicate of uncertain for-
mula. A massive light-green vari-
ety is known as californite (U. S.
Geol. Surv.). Also called Idocrase.

724

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Vesuvius salt. Same as Aphthitalite.
(Standard)

Veszelyite. A greenish-blue hydrous
phospho-arsenate of copper and zinc.
(Standard)

Veta (Sp.). Strictly a fissure-vein;
loosely, any mineral deposit. A
main vein. Compare Vena and Fil-
I6n. V. ahogada, a drowned lode. V.
clavada, a vertical vein. V. corrida,
a continuous vein. V. crucera, a
cross-vein. V. cruzada, a dislocated
lode. V. de cajon, an incline lode.
V. de cuarzo, a reef. V. de lioyada,
a lode worked by Indians. V. de
manto, a horizontal lode. V. de res-
balon, a vertical lode. V. de som-
bre, floor ; horizontal lode. V.
echada, an inclined vein. V. en
borra, a vein carrying no ore. V.
en curia, a gash vein. V. fildn, a fis-
sure vein. V. en frutos, a vein
carrying pay ore. V. madre, the
main lode; mother lode. V. ramal,
a branch-vein. V. rechazada, dislo-
cated lode. V. recast ada, an in-
clined vein. V. robada, a spoiled
lode. V. seca, a dry lode. V. ser-
penteada, a vein of variable strike.
V. soda, a companion or connecting
vein. (Dwight, Halse, Lucas)

Vetilla. 1. (Hex.) A slide. A
groove in a slickenside (Dwight)

2. A veinlet. (Lucas)

Vezin's sampler. A mechanical samp-
ling device that automatically se-
lects one twenty-fifth or one sixty-
forth of the ore passing through.
(Hofman, p. 64)

V-flume. A V-shaped flume, supported
by trestlework, and used by miners
for bringing down timber and wood
from the high mountains, at the
same time using the water for min-
ing purposes. Some of these flumes
are many miles in length; one on
the western slope of the Sierra Ne-
vada mountains, in California, was
over 40 miles long. (Crofutt)

Via (Sp.). 1. A road, a route. 2. An
underground road, gallery or shaft,

3. An aerial ropeway ; a cableway.

4. V. vertical, guides for a skip or
cage. (Halse)

Vibracone. A vibrating ore-screen in
which the feed is from a saucer-
shaped distributer onto a conical
surface kept in vibration by a
ratchet motion. (Liddell)

Vicinal forms. In crystallography,
forms taking the place of the simple
fundamental forms to which they

approximate very closely in angular
position. Such forms are excep-
tional. (Dana)

Vielle-Montagne furnace. A mechani-
cal roasting furnace similar to the
Ross and Welter type. (Ingalls,
p. 110)

Viewer (Eng.). A colliery manager
or superintendent. (Chance)

Vignite. A magnetic iron ore. (Cen-
tury)

Vigorite. An explosive resembling dy-
namite No. 2, and consisting of nitro-
glyeerin with a more or less explo-
sive dope. (Raymond)

Vigo's powder. Mercuric oxide.
(Standard)

Vilanquis (Bol.). Ores containing
native silver, chloride, sulphate, and
oxide of silver. (Halse)

Vinney. Copper ore, with a green ef-
florescence like verdigris. (Davies)

Vintlite. A quartz-porphyrite occur-
ring in dikes near Unter-Vintl, in
the Tyrol. Compare Toellite from
the same region. (Kemp)

Virgin. Applied to metals occurring
elementally, as virgin gold, as dis-
tinguished from ore minerals which
are chemical compounds (Weed).
See Native.

Virgin clay. Fresh clay, as distin-
guished from that which has been
fired. (Standard)

Virgin coal. A coal seam or part
thereof in which no mining has been
carried on.

Virgin field. A mineral field in which
there has been no mining.

Virgin steel. A deceptive name given
to articles made merely of good
cast iron. (Century)

Viridite. A name suggested by Vogel-
sang and formerly used for the
microscopic, green, -chloritic scales
often seen in thin sections. As their
true nature has now been deter-
mined, they are generally called
chlorite. (Kemp)

Viscosine. A Russian lubricating oil
which possesses a specific gravity of
0.925 to 0.935, a flash point of 290°
to 310° C., and an Engler viscosity
of 5 minutes at 100° C. (Bacon)

Viscosity. The property of liquids
that causes them to resist instan-
taneous change of shape or of the

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

725

arrangements of- their parts; In-
ternal friction; gumminess. (Rick-
ard) A term used in flotation proc-

Vlscous. 1. Adhesive or sticky, and
having a ropy or glutinous consist-
ency. ( Webster )

2. Imperfectly fluid; designating a
substance that, like tar or wax, will
change its form under the influence
of a deforming force, but not in-
stantly, as more perfect fluids ap-
pear to do. (Standard)

Tiscttc (Fr.). A slope or incline.
(Gresley)

Vista (Sp.). Sight; mineral a la
data, ore in sight. (Halse)

Yitcrio (Sp.). 1. Vitreous. 2.
Glassy. (Halse)

Vitreous. Having the luster of broken
glass, quartz, calcite. (Dana)

Vitreous copper. Chalcocite. (Power)

Vitreous fusion. Gradual fusion, not
having a sharp melting point
(Webster)

Vitreous silver. Argentite., (Stand-
ard)

Vitrics. 1. Fused siliceous compounds,
such as glasses and enamels, as dis-
tinguished from ceramics, or fused
aluminous compounds. 2. The art
or history of glass-production.
(Standard)

Vitrif action. See Vitrification.

Vitrifacture. The manufacture of
vitreous or vitrified wares, as glass.
(Standard)

Vitrifiable color. A metallic oxide
mixed with glaze: used in ceramic
color-decoration. (Standard)

Vitrification. Act, art, or process, of
vitrifying; state of being vitrified;
also a vitrified^bojly. (Webster)

Vitrify. To convert into, or cause to
resemble, glass or a glassy sub-
stance, by heat and fusion. (Web-
ster)

Vitriol. 1. A sulphate of any of the
various metals, as copper (blue
vitriol), iron (green vitriol), zinc
(white vitriol), etc. 2. Oil of vit-
riol, as sulphuric acid. 3. To dip
in dilute sulphuric acid; to pickle.
(Webster)

Vitriolate. To make into sulphuric
acid or a sulphate. To subject to
the action of, or impregnate with
vitriol. (Webster)

Vitriolo (Sp.). Vitriol; V. azul, blue
vitriol; V. bianco, white vitriol; V.
verde, green vitriol ; copperas.
(Halse)

Vitriol ocher. Same as Glockerite.
(Standard)

Vitriol of Mars. Same as Green vit-
riol. (Standard)

Vitrites. A word used by M. E. Wads-
worth to include vitrifiable material,
as glass, etc. (Power)

Vitro. A prefix meaning glassy and
used before many rock names, as
vitrophyre, in order 'to indicate a
glassy texture. (Kemp)

Vitrophyre. Vogelsang's name for
quartz - porphyries and porphyries
with glassy groundmass (Kemp).
See Felsophyre and Granophyre.

Vitrophyric. Porphyritic, with a glassy
or vitreous base: said of the fabric
of some igneous rocks. (La Forge)

Vivianite. A hydrous, ferrous phos-
phate, Fe,(PO«)2.8HaO, colorless
when unaltered, or blue to green,
growing darker on exposure (Web-
ster ) . Called also Blue iron earth ;
Blue ocher.

"V-method" of roasting. The intro-
duction of a supplementary roast
heap between each two regular
heaps, so that, if left untouched,
there would be a continuous and un-
broken roast heap the entire length
of the roast yard, (Peters, p. 136)

Vogesite. A lamprophyric variety of
syenite prophyry containing pheno-
crysts of hornblende, augite, or diop-
side. (La Forge)

Vogle. In mining, same as Vug.
(Standard)

Voglianite. A soft, green, basic uran-
ium-sulphate, found in nodules or as
earthy coatings. (Standard)

Voglite. A hydrous carbonate of
uranium, calcium, and copper.
Color emerald-green to bright grass-
green. (Dana)

Voladora. I. (Peru) An upper mill-
stone. 2. One of the grinding stones
or mullers of an arrastre. (Dwight)
3. (Sp.) A fly wheel. (Halse)

Voladura (Sp.). A large blast
(Halse)

Volandera (Sp.). 1. The runner of a
Chilian or edge-mill. 2. An upper
mill stone. (Halse)

Volante (Sp.). A fly wheel; V. de
piedra, a Chilian mill. (Halse)

726

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Volar (Sp.). To blast rocks. Gen-
erally used for large blasts. ( Halse )

Volatile. Easily wasting away by
evaporation; readily vaporisable
(Webster), e. g.t those fractions of
bituminous materials which will
evaporate at climatic temperatures.
(Bacon)

Volatile combustible. That part of the
combustible matter of coal which is
driven off when the coal is heated
in a closed vessel, chiefly compounds
of hydrogen and carbon. (Steel)

Volborthite. A hydrous vanadate of
copper, barium, and calcium. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Volc&n. 1. (Sp.) Volcano. (Dwight)
2. (Colom.) A land slide. (Halse)

Vokanello. A small volcano, espe-
cially when connected with an active
one. (Standard)

Volcanic. Characteristic of, pertaining
to, situated in or upon, formed in, or
derived from volcanoes. (La Forge)

Volcanic ash; Volcanic tuff. See Ash,
also Tuff.

Volcanic bomb. See Bomb, 1.
Volcanic breccia. See Breccia.

Volcanic cone. A cone formed by vol-
canic discharges. (Standard)

Volcanic eruption. The breaking iorth
of lava, pumice, dust, etc., from the
mouth of a volcano. (Standard)

Volcanic focus. The supposed seat or
center of activity in a volcanic re-
gion or beneath a volcano. (Cen-
tury)

Volcanic glass. A volcanic igneous
rock of vitreous or glassy texture,
such as obsidian, pitchstone, and
tachylyte. (La Forge)

Volcanic mud. Mud formed of fine-
grained tuff, either mixed with erup-
tive water and flowing from the vol-
cano as mud, or erupted as dust and
later mixed*with surface water, gen-
erally rain falling on the slopes of
the volcano. (La Forge)

Volcanic neck. The filled-up vent or
pipe of a former volcano. (Stand-
ard)

Volcanic rock. Any rock of volcanic
origin: volcanic igneous rocks are
those erupted as molten masses,
forming lava flows, dikes in the
crater walls, volcanic plugs, etc.;
volcanic sedimentary rocks are the
fragmental materials ejected in ex-
plosive eruptions, forming tuff, ag-
glomerate, etc. (La Forge)

Volcanic sand. Finely divided frag-
ments of lava produced by volcanic
explosions. (Standard)

Volcanic sink. A volcanic basin of en-
gulfment, or down faulting, with a
floor area many times greater than
the cross section of the associated
vent. (Daly, p. 152)

Volcanic tuff. See Tuff.

Volcanism. Volcanic power or activ-
ity. As used in physical geography
and geology, the term ordinarily in-
cludes all natural processes result-
ing in forming volcanoes, lava fields,
laccoliths, stocks, dikes, etc. (Web-
ster)

Volcanist. One versed in the study of
volcanic phenomena; also a Fluto-
nist. (Webster)

Volcanite. A name proposed by W. H.
Hobbs, for an anorthoclase - augite
lava with the chemical composition
of dacite. The name was suggested
by the original occurrence on the
island of Volcano, one of the Lipari
group, where the rock is found as
cellular bombs. (Kemp)

Volcanity. The state of being vol-
canic or of volcanic origin. (Gen-
.tury)

Volcanize. To subject to, or to cause
to undergo and be affected by, vol-
canic heat. (Webster)

Volcano. A vent in the earth's crust
communicating with a magmatic res-
ervoir and commonly in the summit
of a conical mountain built up of
erupted material, from which are
emitted molten rock or lava, frag-
mental solid material, hot water and
mud, steam, and various gases (La
Forge). A volcano is called active
while it is in eruption, dormant dur-
ing a long cessation of activity, and
extinct after eruptions have alto-
gether ceased (Webster). See Free-
flowing volcano ; also Explosive vol-
cano.

Volcanology. The science treating of
volcanic phenomena. (Webster)

Volgian. A division of the Jurassic
rocks of Northern Russia. (Cen-
tury)

Volhynite. A porphyrite containing
plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite
phenocrysts in a holocrystalline
groundmass of feldspar and chlorite.
The name was given by Ossovsky,
and it is based on the original occur-
rence in Volhynia. (Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

727

Volley. In mining, the act of explod-
ing blasts in sections (Standard). A
round of holes fired at any one time.

Volt. The unit of electro-motive force ;
i. e., a force which steadily applied
to a conductor whose resistance is
one ohm will produce a current of
one ampere. (Webster)

Voltage. Electrical potential, or po-
tential difference expressed in volts,
as the voltage of a current. (Web-
ster)

Volta's list. A list or series of metals
such that any one will be at a
higher electrical potential when put
in contact with any of those which
follow, and at a lower potential if
in contact with any metal before it
in the series. The following is such
a list: zinc, lead, tin, iron, copper,
silver, and gold. (Standard)

Voltear la torta (Sp.). Spading or
turning the torta. (Egleston)

Voltzite. An oxy sulphide of zinc,
Zn»S4O, occurring in implanted
spherical globules of a yellowish or
reddish color. (Webster)

Volumetric analysis. The analysis of
a compound by determining the
quantity of a standard solution re-
quired to satisfy a reaction in a
known quantity of the compound.
(Standard)

Volumetric efficiency. Volumetric effi-
ciency is the ratio of the capacity
to the displacement of the air
compressor. (A. I. M. E., Bull.
140, p. Ivii)

Volumetric grains (Eng.). Grains of
a definite size or diameter, but of a
variable density which fall through
water at different rates of velocity.
(Hunt)

Vomito (Colom.). An outcrop.
(Halse)

Vooga hole. Same as Vug. (Stand-
ard)

Vorhauer (Pr.). An experienced
miner, or the " Old man of the stall."
He corresponds to the first man or
butty collier of English mines.
(Gresley)

Vough (Corn.). Same as Vug.
(Standard)

Ton-hole; Vooga (Corn.). A natural
cavity, hole, or chasm, in the earth
or a mine. Called Shack in Derby-
shire (Pryce). A vug.

Venn (Scot). Bee VeaL

Voussoir (Fr.). Any of the tapering
or wedge-shaped pieces of which an
arch or vault is composed. The
middle one is usually specifically
called the Keystone. (Webster)

Vuelta. 1. (Mex.). In refining silver,
the moment when impurities have
been removed (Dwight)
2. The brightening of silver in oupel-
lation (Halse). See Blick.

Vug; Vugg; Vugh. A cavity in the
rock, usually lined with a crystal-
line incrustation. See Geode (Ray-
mond). Sometimes written Voog;
Vough.

Vuggy lode. A lode or vein in which
vugs or drusy cavities are of fre-
quent occurrence. (Power)

Vuggy rock (Eng.). A stratum of cel-
lular structure, or one containing
many cavities. (Gresley)

Vulcan. 1. The Roman god of the fiery
element, especially in his fearful as-
pects, whose cult, according to tra-
dition, was brought to Rome by the
Sabine king Titus Tatius. Later he
was identified with the Greek Heph-
aestus and was hence represented as
consort of Venus and god of metal
working. (Webster)
2. A volcano. (Century)

Vulcanism. Same as Volcanism.

Vulcanist. In geology, one who holds
or taught the Plutonic theory of the
formation of rocks. See Plutonic.
Compare Neptunist. Usage obsolete.

Vulcanite. A hard rubber produced
by vulcanizing with sulphur. See
Ebonite. (Webster)

Vulcanize. To treat india-rubber with
some form of sulphur to effect cer-
tain changes in its properties, and
yield a soft or hard product. (Cen-
tury)

Vulcan oil. A petroleum product hav-
nig a specific gravity of 0.910 to
0.960 at 15° C. (Bacon)

Vulcan powder. A dynamite composed
of nitroglycerin (30 parts), sodium
nitrate (52.5), charcoal (10.5), and
sulphur (7). Used in mining and
blasting. (Webster)

Vulpinite. A scaly, granular variety
of anhydrite ; it is cut and polished
for ornamental purposes. (Dana)

Vulsinite. A variety of latite contain-
ing phenocrysts of sanidine, ande-
sine, augite, and biotite in a ground-
mass of trachytie habit (La Forge).
The name is derived from the VuV

Y28

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

frtnil, an ancient Etruscan tribe In-
habiting the region where the type
specimens were obtained. Compare
Latite and Trachydolerite. (Kemp)

V-vat. 1. A funnel box; also, hav-
ing a groove or grooves of a trian-
gular section. (Webster)
2. A spitzkasten. (Standard)

W.

Wacke. Residual sand and clay
formed by the decay of diabase, ba-
salt, basaltic tuff, and similar rocks.
(La Forge)

Wad, 1. Bog manganese. An impure
mixture of manganese and other
oxides. It contains 10 to 20 per
cent of water, and is generally soft,
soiling the hand. A variety known
as asbolite carries as much as 32
per cent of cobalt (U. S. Geol.
Surv.). Also called Black ocher;
Earthy manganese. Lampadite.
2. In ceramics, a piece of clay used
for various purposes, as a strip of
moist clay laid around the rim of a
seggar to form a bed for a superim-
posed seggar in the kiln. 3. (Eng.)
Black lead; graphite. (Webster)

Wad coil (Eng.). A tool for extract-
ing a pebble or broken tool from the
bottom of a bore-hole. It consists
of two spiral steel blades arranged
something like a corkscrew. See
Spiral worm (Gresley). Also called
Wad-hook.

Wad-hook, See Wad Coil ; also Spiral
worm.

Waff; Waft (Scot). To fan out as
fire-damp from the working rooms
(Barrowman). See Brush; also
Dadding.

Waffle ingot. An ingot of aluminum
about 3 inches square and \ inch
thick. (Webster)

Wage, in ceramics, to knead, work,
or temper, as clay. (Webster)

Wageman (Leic.). A collier who is
paid by the day for performing a
fixed amount ot work (Gresley).
The American equivalent is company
man; also time worker as distin-
guished from pieceworker. A wage
earner.

Waging board. In ceramics, a board
or table upon which potters' clay is
kneaded. (Standard)

Wagnerlte. A vitreous, yellow, gray-
ish, flesh-red or greenish, translu-
cent, crystalline fluophosphate of
magnesium, MgJPtO..MgBV (Dana)

Wagon. I. A mine car (Chance').
The British spelling is waggon and
in Great Britain it is synonymous
with Box, Corf, Hutch, Skip, Tram,
and Tub. (Gresley)
2. (Scot.) A measure of weight
equal to 24 hundredweight. Coal
sold for delivery in carts is usually
sold by the wagon of 24 hundred-
weight. ( Barrowman )

Wagon breast. A breast in which the
mine cars are taken up to the work-
ing face (Chance)

Wagon drill. A reciprocating drill op-
erated by steam or compressed air.
It is similar to a tripod drill, but is
mounted on a truck and employs
long steel which does not require
frequent change. (Bowles)

Wagoner (No. Staff.). A man or boy
who with a horse hauls mine cans
underground. (Gresley)

Wagon hole (Eng.). The place where
the tramway ends in a working place.

Wagon mine. Same as Snowbird mine.

Wagon way (No. of Eng.). An under-
ground engine-plane or horse-road.

Waller (No. of Eng.). A boy who
picks out the rock and other rubbish
that falls through a screen into the
mine car with the coal (Gresley).
A variation of Waler.

Waiters-on (Eng.). Men employed at
the top of a shaft to run cars on and
off the cage (Gresley). See Pit-
head man,

Walchowite. A yellow, resinous, oxy-
genated, hydrocarbon that occurs
in brown coal at Walchow, in Mo-
ravia; it has a specific gravity of
1.0 to 1.069, fuses to a yellow oil at
250° C., and forms a dark brown
solution in sulphuric acid (Bacon).
Also called Retinite.

Wale (Newc.). To clean coal by pick-
ing out the refuse by hand. The
boys who do this are called Waters,
or Wallers.

Waler. See Wale; Wailer.

Waling (Eng.). Cleaning coals by
picking out refuse. (Bainbridge)

Walker shutter (Aust.). A shutter
having a V-shaped cut in it, pro-
vided for large ventilation fans of
Guibal type, which by cutting off the
discharge of air gradually, reduces
the vibration. (Power)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

729

Walking. The movement forward or
backward of a dredge by first wind-
ing up on one side .and then the other,
swinging the boat from side to side
and thereby advancing with a slight
offsetting to the side. (Weatherbe)

Walking beam. An oscillating beam
or lever for transmitting power, as
in a beam engine, one form of an oil
derrick. (Webster)

Walking crane. A light crane travel-
ing on an overhead channel iron and
a single rail vertically beneath this
in the floor. (Webster)

Walking delegate. An official appoint-
ed by ft trade union to ascertain
whether its rules are observed by its
members and by their employers,
and to represent the unions in deal-
ing with the employers. (Webster)

Walk out (U. S.). A labor strike.
(Websterj

WalL 1. The side of a level or drift.

2. The country rock bounding a
vein lateraly (Raymond). The side
of a lode. The overhanging side is
known as the hanyiny wall, and the
lower lying one as the footicalL

3. The face of a long-wall working
or stall, commonly called Coal wall.

4. (No. of Eng.) A rib of solid coal
between two bords. (Oresley)

Wall accretions. Material adhering to
the inner walls of a blast furnace be-
tween the water jackets and the
feed door. (Hofman, p. 376)

Wai) bars (Eng.). Prop wood usu-
ally cut flat to fix against the roof,
close up to the working face, where
the roof is liable to break along the
line of face. (Gresley)

Wall coal (Scot). Breast coal; the
middle division of three in a seam,
the other two being termed top coal
and ground coal. (Barrowman)

Wall cutting (Scot.). Side cutting or
shearing the solid coal in opening
working places; trimming the sides
of a shaft. (Barrowman)

Wallers. Laborers who build walls to
support back filling. (Sanders, p.
89)

Wall face (Scot). The face of the
coal wall; the working face. (Bar-
rowman)

Walling. 1. The brick or stone lining
of shafts. 2. (Derb.) Stacking or
setting up ironstone, etc., in heaps,
preparatory to being measured or
weighed. (Gresley)'

Walling crib (Eng.). Oak cribs or
curbs upon which shaft wails are
built (Gresley)

Walling stage. A movable wooden
scaffold suspended from a crab on
the surface, upon which the work-
men stand when walling or lining a
shaft (C. and M. M. P.)

Wallow (Mid.). A windlass; a stowse.
(Gresley)

Wall plates. 1. (Corn.) The two side-
pieces of a timber frame in a shaft,
parallel to the strike of the lode
when the shaft is sunk on the lode
(Raymond). When not sunk on the
lode, the two longest horizontal
pieces of timber in a set used in a
rectangular shaft.

2. ( Scot. ) Vertical pieces of wood
supporting the ends of the buntons
in a wood-lined shaft (Barrow-
man)

Wall rock. The rock forming the
walls of a vein or lode ; the country
rock. (Century)

Wall saltpeter. Calcium nitrate; so
called because it disintegrates mor-
tar. (Webster)

Wallsend (Eng.). A superior coal for
household purposes : originally from
Wallsend, on the Tyne, but now from
any part of a large district in and
near Newcastle. ( Standard )

Walls of a vein. See Wall, 1; also
Wall rock.

Wall white. A white scum that ap-
pears on bricks after they are set
in the wall. (Ries)

Wandering coal (Scot.). A coal seani
that exists only over a small area ;
an irregular seam of coal. (Barrow-
man)

Want. 1. (Scot) A clean rent or fis-
sure in strata unaccompanied by dis-
location. (Gresley)
2. (Eng.) A portion of a coal seam
in which the coal has been washed
away and its place filled with clay
or sand; a nip (Standard). Com-
pare Pinch, 2 and 3.

Wapping (Leic.). A roughly-made
rope or band of hemp or spun yarn.
(Gresley)

Warden (Aust). The overseer of
workers on a gold field. (Standard)

Wargeare (Derb.). A general term
for all tools, ropes, timber, and other
appliances necessary to carry on the
work of a mine. (Hooson)

730

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Wargues (Fr.). A horse-gin. (Ores-
ley)

Wark batch (Som.). A spoil bank.
(Gresley)

Warner (Eng.). An apparatus con-
sisting of a variety of delicately con-
structed machines actuated by chem-
ical, physical, electrical, and me-
chanical appliances, for indicating
the presence of small quantities of
fire damp, heat, etc., in mines.
(Gresley, 1883)

Warning. 1. (Scot.) Notice, given or
received, of a workman leaving his
employment. (Barrowman)
2. To put on guard; to give no-
tice, information, or intimation, be-
forehand of approaching or probable
danger (Webster). As to warn
workmen of the dangers usually en-
countered in a mine.

Warning lamp ( Eng. ) . A safety lamp
fitted with certain delicate apparatus
for indicating very small proportions
of fire damp in the atmosphere of a
mine. (Gresley, 1883)

Warning signals. Signals given to
men in a mine to notify them that
some danger exists as fire, etc., by
blinking lights, sounding gongs or
bells, or by shutting off the com-
pressed air lines.

Warp. 1 (York.) Blue-brown, finely
laminated, tough clay, containing peb-
bles. (Gresley)

2. The deposit of muddy waters ar-
tificially introduced into low lands.
(Comstock)

Warped (Scot.). Irregularly bedded,
or plicated. (Barrowman)

Warrant (Lane.). Synonymous with
Clunch; Pounson, etc. (Gresley).
Compare Warren.

Warren; Warren earth (Lane.). Bind;
Clunch; etc. (Gresley). Compare
Warrant.

Warwickshire method. A method of
mining contiguous seams. See Bord-
and-pillar method.

Wash. 1. A Western miner's term
for any loose, surface deposits of
sand, gravel, bowlders, etc. (Kemp)
2. Auriferous gravel. 8. Coarse al-
luvium; an alluvial cone. 4. The
dry bed of an intermittent stream,
sometimes at the bottom of a caSon,
as the Amargosa wash. Also called
Dry wash. 5. To subject, as earth,
gravel, or crushed ore, to the action
of water to separate the valuable
material from the worthless or less

valuable; as to wash gold. 6. To
cover with a thin coat of metal, as
steel washed with silver. 7. To de-
phosphorize molten pig iron by
adding substances containing iron
or manganese oxide. 8. To pass a
gas through or over a liquid for the
purpose of purifying it. (Webster)
9. In founding, to coat, as a core or
mold, with an emulsion, as of
graphite, in order to improve the
casting. ( Standard )

Wash bottle. See Washing bottle.

Wash dirt. Gold-bearing earth worth
washing (Roy. Com.). Also called
Wash stuff; Washing stuff; Wash
gravel.

Washer. 1. A machine for washing
coal or ore, as a log washer, rocker,
jig. 2. Ah apparatus in which gases
are washed; a scrubber. (Webster)

Washery. A place at which ore or
coal is freed from its impuritffts by
washing (Webster). See also Wash-
ing apparatus.

Wash fault (Eng.). A portion of a
seam of coal replaced by shale or
sandstone (Gresley). Compare
Want, 2.

W,ash gravel. Gravel washed to ex-
tract gold (Webster). Compart
Wash dirt.

Wash hole (Eng.). A place for refuse.
(Bainbridge)

Wash house. A building ou the sur-
face at a mine where the men can
wash before going to their homes.
A change house. A dry house.

Washing. 1. Gold dust procured by
washing; also a place where this Is
done; a washery. 2. In ceramics,
the covering of a piece with an in-
fusible powder which prevents it
from sticking to its supports while
receiving the glaze. (Webster)
8. In metallurgy, that which is re-
tained after being washed; as, a
washing of ore. 4. A thin coating
of metal. (Standard)

Washing apparatus; Washery. 1. Ma-
chinery and appliances erected on
the surface at a colliery, generally
in connection with coke ovens, for
extracting, by washing with water,
the Impurities mixed with the coal
dust or small slack. 2. Machinery
for removing impurities from small
sizes of coal, or ore. (C. and M.
M. P.)

GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

731

Washing bottle. 1. A bottle or flask
fitted with glass tubes passing
through the cork, so that on blow-
ing into one of the tubes a stream
of water issuing from the other may
be directed upon anything to be
washed or rinsed. 2. A bottle for
use in washing gases by passing
them through liquid contained In It.
(Webster)

Washing hutch. See Hutch, 2.

Washing machine ( Scot ) . A machine
for separating impurities from small
coal by means of water. (Barrow-
man)

Washing-off; Washing-up (U. S. and
Aust). The periodical final clean-
ing out of all the gutters and appli-
ances used in alluvial and lode gold
mining (Davies). Synonymous with
Clean-up.

Washing stuff. Any earthy deposit
containing gold enough to pay for
washing it. See Wash dirt (Web-
ster)

Washing trommel. See Trommel.

Washita. A rather coarse-grained no-
vaculite, especially suitable for sharp-
ening carpenters' or general wood-
workers' tools. (Pike)

Washoe canary. A miner's slang term
for a donkey (Standard). A burro.

Washoe process. The process of treat-
Ing silver ores by grinding in pans
or tubs with the addition of mercury,
and sometimes of chemicals such as
blue vitriol and salt (Webster).
Named from the Washoe district,
Nevada, where it was first used.

Wash-out (Aust). The erosion of
part of a seam by aqueous action
(Power). See Want 2.

Wash pan. A pan for washing pay
gravel in placer-mining. (Standard)

Wash place. A place where the ores
are washed and separated from the
waste; usually applied to places
where the hand jigs are used. (G.
and M. M. P.) See Washery.

Wash pot. In tin-plate manufactur-
ing, a pot containing melted tin into
which the plates are dipped to be
coated. (Webster)

Wash stuff. See Wash, 2, and Washing
stuff.

Wash water. See Water wash.

Wasite. In mineralogy, an altered va-
riety of allanite. (Standard)

Waste. 1. That which has no real
value, as barren rock in a mine, or
the refuse from ore dressing and
smelting plants. Gob; goaf; old
workings; also the fine coal made in
mining and preparing coal for mar-
ket; culm; coal dirt; also used to
signify both the mine waste (or coal
left in the mine in pillars, etc.) and
the breaker waste.

2. (Eng.) A more or less empty
space between two packs. See Goaf.

3. (No. of Eng.) A return airway.
(Gresley)

4. Material derived by mechanical
and chemical erosion from the land,
carried by streams to the sea. 5.
In stone cutting, to reduce roughly
to a flat surface by chipping.
(Webster)

6. Broken or spoiled castings for re-
melting. (Standard)

Waste coal (Eng.). Coal obtained as
a by-product from mine waste.
(Gresley)

Wasteman (Mid.). One who looks
after and keeps clean the airways
of a mine, and keeps the clay walls
(brattices) in proper condition.
(Gresley)

Waster. 1. A spoiled, imperfect, or
rejected casting, molding, piece of
pottery, etc. 2. Tin plate below the
standard weight and quality.
(Standard)

Waste room (Scot). An abandoned
working place. (Barrowman)

Waster waste. The lowest grade of
waste tin-plate. (Standard)

Wastes (Derb.). Vacant places left in
the gobbing, on each side of which
the rubbish Is packed up for the
better support of the roof. (Mln.
Jour. )

Waste water. Water from old mine
workings ( Barrowman ) . Also wa ter
from any metallurgical process, or
the overflow from a storage reser-
voir.

Wasteway. A conduit for waste water.
(Webster)

Wasteweir. See Weir, 2.

Wastings (Scot). Mine workings.
(Barrowman)

Wastrel (Eng.). A tract of waste land;
or any waste material. (Raymond)

Watch. In ceramics, a trial piece
of clay placed in the kiln, to be with-
drawn and examined from time to
time, as an index of the condition of
the ware being fired. (Webster)

732

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Watchers (Lelc.). Experienced col-
liers who go into the mine and exam-»
ine the whole of the workings, with
a deputy, every Sunday. (Gresley)

Water. The transparency or luster
of a precious stone or pearl ; hence,
the aggregate of qualities that make
it valuable (Standard) ; as a dia-
mond of the first water.

Water balance. 1. (Scot.) An ar-
rangement by which a descending
tank of water raises mineral in a
shaft by a rope passed over a pulley.
Sometimes used where water is
abundant arid can be run off at the
pit bottom by means of an adit.
(Barrowman)

2. An obsolete water-raising appara-
tus consisting of a swinging frame
carrying a double series of troughs
ascending in zigzag lines, and so ad-
justed to each other that, as the
frame rocks in either direction, wa-
ter may be passed to a higher level.
(Standard)

Water baler (Aust). A man who
bales water out of dip workings in
places where it is not convenient to
put in a pump. (Power)

Water barrel; Water tank. A barrel
or box, with a self-acting .live at
the bottom, used for hoisting water
in lieu of a pump. (Raymond)

Water bed. A bed of coarse gravel or
pebbles occurring in the lower part
of the upper till in the Upper Mis-
sissippi valley. (Standard)

Water blast. 1. (Eng.) The sudden
escape of air pent up in rise work-
ings under considerable pressure
from a head of water that has ac-
cumulated in a connecting shaft.
(C. and M. M. P.)
2. (Scot.) The discharge of water
down a shaft to produce or quicken
ventilation (Barrowman). See
also Trombe.

Water block. A hollow box or block
of iron, through which water is cir-
culated, to protect part of a furnace
wall. (Webster)

Water boss (Aust.). The owner or
holder of water or water rights, who
sells the same for mining purposes.
(Da vies)

Water box. 1. A square, open, wooden
tank-car used for removing small
amounts of water from low places
in a mine. Also the tank-car used
for sprinkling the roadways to settle
the dust (Steel)

2. A water-case attached to the
outside of a furnace, to protect the
iron from the effects of fire. (Stand-
ard) Also called Water block.

Water cartridge. A waterproof cart-
ridge surrounded by an outer case.
The space between being filled with
water, which is employed to de-
stroy the flame produced when the
shot is fired, thereby lessens the
chance of an explosion should gas
.be present in the place. (Steel)

Water cement. Same as Hydraulic
cement. ( Standard )

Water core. A hollow core through
which water circulates in a mold
used for cooling the interior of a
casting more rapidly than the out-
side while the metal is solidifying,
as in casting a cannon. (Webster)

Water course. A natural or artificial
channel for passage of water as a
river, canal, flume, or drainage
tunnel.

Water curb (Eng.). See Garland.

Watered (Eng.). Containing much
water — full of springs or feeders:
e. g. heavily watered mines, heavily
watered measures, etc. (Gresley)

Water engine (Scot). An engine
used exclusively for pumping water.
(Barrowman)

Water flush. A system 01 well boring,
in which percussive drills are used
in connection with water forced
down to the bottom of the hole
through the drill rods. This water
jet makes the tools cut better, and
washes the detritus up out of the
hole. (Nat. Tube Co.)

Water gap. A pass in a mountain
ridge through which a stream runs.
(Webster)

Water gas. A gas made by forcing
steam over incandescent carbon
(coke) whereby there results a mix-
ture of hydrogen and carbon mo-
noxide. It Is sometimes used as a
fuel, but usually is carburetted with
illuminating constituents prepared
from oil and used as illuminating
gas. (Webster)

Water-gas tars. Tars produced by
cracking oil vapors in the manufac-
ture of carbureted water gas.
(Bacon)

Water gage. 1. An instrument to
measure the ventilating pressure;
the term is also used to denote the
ventilating pressure in inches.
(Chance)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

733

S. An instrument to measure or
find the depth or quantity of water,
or to indicate the height of its sur-
face, as in a steam boiler. (Web-
ster)

Water gin (Scot). A gin actuated
by a water wheel. (Barrowman)

Water glass. 1. A glassy or stony
substance consisting of silicates of
sodium or potassium, or both, solu-
ble in water forming a viscous
liquid. 2. A water gage for a steam
boiler. (Webster)

Water grade. 1. The inclination of
an entry that is just sufficient to
drain off the water. 2. A grade de-
termined by keeping the working
place nearly parallel to the edge
of the pool of water standing upon
its floor. Water grade is sometimes
incorrectly called Water level.
(Steel)

Water hammer. 1. The hammering
noise caused by the intermittent
escape of gas through water in
mines. (Gresley)

2. The concussion of moving water
against the sides of a pipe on a
sudden stoppage of flow, as made
by water in a steam pipe. (Web-
ster)

Water inch. The discharge from a
circular orifice 1 inch in diameter
with a head of one line (one-twelfth
inch) above the top edge commonly
estimated at fourteen pints per
minute; an old unit of hydraulic
measure. ( Webster )

Water jackets. Cast- or wrought-iron
sections of a furnace so constructed
as to allow free circulation of water
for keeping the furnace cool. Also
called Water block ; Water box.

Water kibble. A large iron bucket
with a valve in the bottom for self-
filling: sometimes used in hoisting
the water from a mine. (Standard)
See also Water barrel.

Water leaf (Scot). See Top ply.

Water level. 1. Th% level at which,
by natural or artificial drainage,
water is removed from a mine or
mineral deposit. 2. A drift at the
water level (Raymond). See
Water grade.

Water Leyner. A type of rock drill in
which water is fed into the drill
hole through the hollow drill steel,
to remove the drill cuttings, and at
the same time allay the dust. Also
known as Leyner-Ingersoll drill.

Water lime. 1. Hydraulic lime. 2. A
Silurian limestone formation over-
lying the Salina proper of New York,
Hydraulic lime is made from it
(Webster)

Water load (So. Wales). The head,
or pressure per square inch, of a
column of water in pumps, etc.
(Gresley)

Water lodge (Eng.). A lodge ; a sump.
(Gresley)

Water machine (Scot). A pump or
other appliance actuated by a water
wheel for raising water. (Barrow-
man)

Watermen (Corn.). Men employed
about water underground ; especially
those who drew water at the rag-
and-cbain pump.- (Pryce)

Water of crystallization. The water
that combines with salts when they
crystallize. It is a definite quan-
tity, and may be accepted as a mo-
lecular constituent of the crystalline
compound (Standard). It is yielded
by the crystals containing it upon
heating.

Water of imbibition. 1. The propor-
tionate amount of water that a rock
can contain above the line of water
level or saturation. Called also
Quarry water. 2. Water of satura-
tion. (Standard)

Water opal. Same as Hyalite. (Stand-
ard)

Water packer. A device to cut off wa-
ter fiom the lower levels of an oil
well, or to separate two distinct
flows pf oil from different strata.
(Nat Tube Co.)

Water parting. The boundary between
two river basins; a watershed.
(Century)

Water plane. In geology, the upper
surface of a bed of water, as of
ground-water. (Standard)

Water pocket (local, U. S.). A bowl,
in rock structure, that has been
formed by the action of falling wa-
ter. (Standard)

Water power. 1. The power of water
derived from its gravity or its mo-
mentum as applied or applicable to
the driving of machinery. 2. A de-
scent or fall in a stream from which
motive power may be obtained; es-
pecially, in law, the fall in a stream
in its natural state, as it passes
through a person's land or along the
boundaries of it. (Standard)

734

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Water privilege. 1. The right to the
use of the water of a certain stream.
2. The right to the possession and
use of a fall of water for mechanical
purposes. (Standard). (U. S. Min.
Stat, pp. 609-612)

Water-quenched. Cooled with water,
as steel in tempering. (Standard)

Water right. The right to use water
for mining, agricultural, or other
purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 609-
612; 615; 946). See also Water
privilege.

Water ring (Aust). A trough cut
into the wall of a shaft in which wa-
ter collects, and is led down pipes
to a pumping station. (Power)

Water-rolled. In geology, more or less
rounded and smoothed by the me-
chanical action of moving water, in
the waves on a beach, or in the cur-
rent of a stream. (Standard)

Water sapphire. See Cordierite, 1.

Water seal. A seal formed by water
to prevent the passage of gas.
(Webster)

Watershed. The height-of-land or di-
vide from which the natural drain-
age of a district flows in opposite
directions. (Roy. Com.)

Water sink. A pot hole. (Standard)

Water slip. A fault or joint from
which water flows. (Steel)

Water smoke. To fire (a kiln) slowly
In order to dry out the moisture
from the bricks, before burning.
(Standard)

Water-soluble oils. Oils having the
property of forming permanent
emulsions or almost clear solutions
with water. (Bacon)

Water stone. A stone whose cutting
crystals break away rapidly from
its bond. The use of water forms
a gritty paste which acts in much
the same way as oil when used on
an oilstone. The Queer Creek and
Hindostan stones are good examples
of water stone. (Pike)

Water struck. In brickmaking, made
in a mold without pressure: said of
slop bricks. (Standard)

Water surface. In oil wells, the level
or inclined plane between the oil, or
gas, and the edge water upon which
the oil or gas rests. Not to be con-
fused with ground-water level or
table. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 258,
P. 48)

Water table. 1. (Aust.) An elevated
drain placed across a tram track to
carry off surface water. 2. The
upper limit of the portion of the
ground wholly saturated with water.
This may be very near the surface
or many feet below it. (Webster)

Water tender. A boiler-house em-
ployee attending to feed water of
boilers, and usually also to blow-off
valves. (Willcox)

Water tower. 1. A stand-pipe or its
equivalent giving a head to a system
of water distribution. 2. A tower in
which a falling spray of water is
used to wash gas, etc. (Standard)

Water tuyere. A water jacketed
tuyere. (Webster)

Water vein. Any one of the small
underground streams of water often
flowing through beds otherwise bar-
ren of water. (Standard)

Water wash. The use of water to re-
move the soluble constituents of a
mill product before further treat-
ment. (Clennell, p. 219)

Water way (Scot.). The area In a
clack or bucket for the passage of
water. (Barrowman)

Water wheel. A wheel so arranged
with floats, buckets, etc., that it may
be turned by flowing water : used to
drive machinery, raise water, etc.
The oversliot and undershot water-
wheel, the breast-wheel, and tub-
wheel are now largely discarded
in favor of the turbine. (Standard)

Water yardage (Ark.). Extra pay-
ment to miners who work in a wet
place, either by the yard of progress
or the ton of coal mined. (Steel)

Watt. An electrical unit of power or
activity equal to work done at the
rate of one joule a second or at the
rate of work represented by a cur-
rent of one ampere under a pres-
sure of one volt. A volt-ampere. A
horsepower is equal to 746 watts.
(Webster)

Waugh drill. See Rock drill.

Wavellite. Hydrous aluminum phos-
phate, Al«(OH)«.(PO4)«-}-9H2O. Fluo-
rine is present in some specimens up
to 2 per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Wavy extinction. Irregular extinction
of a mineral under the microscope
due to bending or distortion of the
crystal. (Luquer, p. 16)

Wavy vein. A vein that alternately
enlarges or pinches at short inter-
vals. (Power)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

735

Wax. 1. An unctuous, fusible, and
more or less viscous to solid sub-
stance, having a characteristic
" waxy " luster, and insoluble in
water, but more or less soluble in
carbon disulphide, benzol, etc.
Waxes are extremely susceptible
to changes in temperature. (Bacon)
2. (Leic.) Soft or puddled clay used
for dams or stoppings, in the mine.
(Gresley)

Wax coal. See Earthy brown coal.

Wax dam (Leic.). A wall or dam of
clay (Gresley). Called also a Wax
wall.

Waxiag (Leic.). The operation of
plastering a waste stack with clay.
See Stack out. (Gresley)

Wax distillate. Neutral oil distillate
before the separation of paraffin
wax. ( Bacon,)

Wax opal. An early name for yellow
opal with a waxy luster. (Chester)

Wax tailings. A residual product, con-
taining chrysene, picene, and other
compounds, formed by destructive
distillation of petroleum. It is
of dark-green color but darkens on
exposure to light; is asphaltic in
nature and varies in melting point
according to the care with which it
is separated and later refined. It is
used for weather and waterproofing
compounds, in some cases as a flux
in street paving mixtures, and as a
filler in very cheap axle grease.
(Bacon)

Wax wall (Leic.). A clay wall about
ten inches in thickness built up from
floor to roof, alongside a gob road
a few feet within the goaf, to keep
back or prevent fire - stinks, etc.
(Gresley). Compare Wax dam.

Way. 1. (No. of Eng.) Any under-
ground passage or heading driven
more or less on the level of the coal,
along which the produce of the mine
is conveyed. A gate, road, or wagon-
way. 2. The rails, sleepers, etc.,
upon which cars, tubs, or corves
run. (Gresley)

Wayboard (Eng.). A thin layer or
band that separates or defines the
boundaries of thicker strata; as
thick beds of limestone separated by
" wayboards " of slaty shale ; of sand-
stone separated by "wayboards" of
clay (Page). Also written Weigh-
board.

Way dirt (Leic.). The slack, dust,
and lumps of coal which fall from
the cars upon the roads from the

working places to the shafts. It Is
collected during the night and sent
to the bank and used under the
boilers. (Gresley)

Way end ( Scot. ) . The inner extremity
of the wooden railways formerly
used in mines (Barrowman). The
end of an entry or roadway.

Waygat*. The tail-race of a mill.
(Century)

Way head (Mid.). The end of a way
or gate next to the face. (Gresley)

Way leave (Eng.). 1. A rent or
royalty paid by the owner or lessee
of a mine for conveying minerals
belonging to one person through the
property of another person. 2. (No.
of Eng.) The right of making and
maintaining colliery railways
through private property which may
intervene between collieries and coal
docks (Gresley). See Easement.

Way shaft. A winze. (Standard)

Weak veins (No. of Eng.). Veins so

called when the strata on either

side are but slightly displaced.
(Power)

Weald clay (Eng.). Thick blue clays,
having in the upper part septaria
of argillaceous ironstone, and in the
lower part beds of the shelly fresh-
water limestone known as "Sussex,
Petworth, or Bethersden marble."
(Page)

Wealden. In geology, a thick fluvla-
tile delta of the Lower Cretaceous
in England. (Standard)

Weather. To undergo or endure the
action of the atmosphere; to suffer
meteorological influences ; some-
times, to wear away (Webster). In
geology, specifically, to discolor,
crumble, or otherwise change by
means of atmospheric action. Said
of rocks.

Weather door. A door in a mine level
to regulate the ventilating current
(Raymond). A trap door.

Weathering. The group of processes,
such as the chemical action of air
and rain water and of plants and
bacteria and the mechanical action
of changes of temperature, whereby
rocks on exposure to the weather
change in character, decay, and
finally crumble into soil. (Ran-
some)

Weather stain. Discoloration from
exposure to the atmosphere (Stand-
ard.) Said of rocks and minerals.

736

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Web (Mid.). The f;.ce or wall of a
long -wall stall In course of being
holed and broken down for removal.
(Gresley)

Websterite. 1. A name proposed by
G. H. Williams for the pyroxenites
near Webster, N. C., that consist of
diopside and bronzite, with the lat-
ter porphyritically developed. The
name Websterite had been previ-
ously used by A. Brogniart in 1822
for aluminite. (Kemp)
2. Aluminite. (Dana)

Wedding (D-rb.). The accidental
meeting or collision between a load-
ed and an empty bucket in a mine-
shaft when hoisting with a swinging
rope, without guides. (Gresley)

Wedge. In ceramics, to cut as clay,
into wedgelike masses and work by
dashing together, as to expel air
bubbles. (Webster)

Wedge ring (Eng.). A wedging crib.
(Gresley)

Wedge rock. An expression used on
the Comstock lode to designate rock
too poor to be classed as "pay ore"
or even "second-class ore," but bet-
ter than waste. It usuuMy assays
under $5 per ton. When a car is
placed on the cage to be hoisted, it
is specially tagged in the case of
good ore. If it be waste no tag is
used ; it became the custom to throw
a wooden wedge on top of the car of
very low-grade ore, hence the term
"wedge-rock." (Eng. and Min. Jour.,
vol. 93, p. 391)

Wedging. The material, moss or
wood, used to render the shaft-lining
tight. (Ihlseng)

Wedging- curb; Wedging-crib (Eng.).
A curb used to make a water-tight
'packing between the tubbing in a
shaft and the rockwalls, by means of
split deals, moss, and wedges, driven
in between the curb and the rock.
(Raymond)

Wedging down. Breaking down the
coal at the face with hammers and
wedges instead of by blasting.
(Gresley)

Wedging out (Eng.). Cropping out, or
thinning out (Gresley). Said of
coal beds.

Wedging shot. An opening shot
(Steel). A center-cuf

Wedgewood ware. In ceramics, a fine
hard porcelainlike ware first pro-
duced by Joaiah Wedgwood (1730-

95) of England. It consists of a
tinted clay ground, with small cameo
reliefs in white paste, applied before
firing (Webster). The principal va-
rieties are: (a) bamboo ware, yel-
lowware named from its color; (b)
basalt ware, ware with a black tody,
used for relief placques, medallion
portraits, vases, etc. ; (c) cameo-
ware (which see) ; (d) jasper-ware
(which see) ; (e) pebble ware, ware
with a variegated body of different
colored clays intermingled, called, ac-
cording to pattern, agate, Egyptian
pebble, granite, lapis - lazuli, por-
phyry, serpentine, verd-antique, etc, ;
(f) queen's ware (which see).
(Standard)

Weeldrons (Forest of Dean). An-
cient ironstone workings (Gresley).
Also Weeldon. Probably a varia-
tion of Wealden, the lowest divi-
sion of the Lower Cretaceous in
England.

Weeper; Weep hole. A hole in a re-
taining wall to permit the escape of
water from behind (Standard).

Weeping rock. A porous rock from
which water oozes. (Century)

Weese (Scot). An iron joint-ring
covered with flannel, and tarred or
tallowed, for insertion between
pump pipes. (Barrowman) AUo
Weize.

Wehrlite. 1. A variety of peridotite
composed essentially of olivine and
monoclinic pyroxene. (La Forge)
2. A foliated bismuth telluride of
doubtful formula, containing about
30 per cent tellurium, and often some
silver. (Dana)

Weigh (So. Wales). A weight of 10
tons of coal, etc. (Gresley)

Weigh basket; Weigh pan. Any recep-
tacle in which the coal is weighed
after it is dumped from the mine
cars. (Steel)

Weigh board (Eng.). Clay intersect-
ing or separating a vein (Bain-
bridge). See Wayboard.

Weigh bridge (Eng.). A platform
large enough to carry a wagon, rest-
ing on a series of levers, by means
of which heavy bodies are weighed.
(C. and M. M. P.)

Weighing (Eng.). The crushing or
falling in of the roof, more or lesa
rapidly (Gresley) . Compare
Weight, 1.

Weigh pan. See Weigh basket

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

737

Weight. 1. (Scot.) The pressure of
the upper strata on the coal face,
by which, if the working is syste-
matically carried on, the excavating
of the mineral is facilitated. (Bar-
rowman )

2. (Eng.) The number of hundred-
weights (cwts.) which are reck-
oned as one ton as between coal-
masters and workmen (hewers,
trammers, banksmen, etc.). (Gres-
ley)

3. (Aust.) A pennyweight. 4. The
quality of being heavy; a measure
of the force of gravity. (Webster)
5. In founding, to place weights
upon (the upper box of a flask),
to prevent the parts from separat-
ing by pressure of molten metal.
(Standard)

Weighting (Eng.). Undergoing dis-
turbance due to weight. Commonly
known as being "on the weight" or
"taking weight" (Gresley). Said
of the roof of a mine.

Weir. 1. An obstruction placed across
a stream for the purpose of divert-
ing the water so as to make it flow
through a desired channel, which
may be a notch or opening in the
weir itself. The term usually ap-
plies to rectangular notches in which
the water touches only the bottom
and ends, the opening being a notch
without any upper edge. (C. and M.
M. P., p. 138). A dam.
2. That part of a dam, embankment,
canal bank, etc., which contains
gates and over which surplus; water
flows: specifically called Water-
weir. (Standard)

Weir table. A record or memorandum
used to estimate the quantity of wa-
ter that will flow in a given time
over a weir of a given width at dif-
ferent heights of the water. (Cen-
tury)

Weiselbergite. Rosenbusch's name for
those augite - porphyrites whose
groundmass consists of a second and
sometimes a third generation of
plagioclase rods and augites, ar-
ranged in flow lines in a glassy ba-
sis. Wadsworth uses the name for
an altered andesite glass. (Kemp)

Weize (Scot.). A band or ring of
spun yarn, rope, gutta-percha, lead,
etc., put in between the flanges of
pipes before bolting them together,
in order to make a water-tight joint
(Gresley). Packing/ See also Weese.

Weld. 1. To join pieces of metal by
pressure, ' at a temperature below
that of complete fusion. (Ray-
mond)

2. The consolidation of pieces of
metal by welding; also, the closed
joint or welded seam so formed.
(Standard)

Welder. 1. One who or that which
welds. 2. A step-down transformer
specially constructed for electric
welding. (Webster)

Welding-heat. The temperature nec-
essary in order that two pieces of
material may be welded together;
especially the white heat at which
bars of iron unite in a weld. (Stand-
ard)

Welding powder. A flux used in weld-
ing, usually consisting of borax, am-
monium chloride, iron - filings, and
sometimes of a resinous oil : mixed
in d iff eren t proportions. ( S tandard )

Welding-swage. A swaging-tool used
to aid in closing the seam of a weld.
(Standard)

Welding - transformer. A step -down
transformer used in welding ( Stand-
ard). See Welder, 2.

Weld-iron. Wrought-iron (Raymond).
A term suggested by an interna-
tional committee of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers.

Weldon nmd. See Weldon process,

Weldon process. A process for. the re-
covery or regeneration of manga-
nese dioxide in making chlorine, by
means of milk of lime and the oxy-
gen of the air. The regenerated
product (Weldon mud) is a slime
containing compounds of calcium
and manganese, and yields chlorine
when treated with hydrochloric acid.
(Webster)

Weld-steel. Puddled steel: a term
suggested by an international com-
mittee of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers. (Standard)

Well. 1. The crucible of a furnace.
(Raymond)

2. A shaft or hole sunk into the
earth to obtain oil, gas, water, etc.

3. A hollow cylinder of masonry
sunk to form a foundation. (Web-
ster)

4. A cavity in the lower part of
some sorts of furnaces to receive
falling metal (Standard). 5. See
Trap, 5.

Well-boring jar. See Jars.
Well drill. Same as Churn drill.
(Bowles) •

744010 O — 47-

738

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Well-drill holes. Holes drilled by
means of an apparatus known .as the
well drill, or similar to that, and
used for blasting on comparatively
large scale. Such holes are usually
5 or 6 inches in diameter and from
30 to 150 feet deep. (Du Pont)

Well hole (Aust). The sump, or por-
tion of a shaft below the place
where skips are caged at the bot-
tom of the shaft, in which water col-
lects. (Power)

Wellman producer. A furnace used
for the manufacture of producer
gas. (Ingalls, p. 323)

Well packing. A bag of flaxseed or
other absorbent material packed
around the tube 'of an oil well to
prevent access of water to the oil
in the well. (Standard)

Well rig. An assemblage of all mech-
anisms, including power-motors, nec-
essary to drilling, casing, and finish-
ing a tube or drilled well. (Stand-
ard)

Well shooting. The firing of a charge
of nitroglycerin, or other high ex-
plosive, in the bottom of a well for
the purpose of increasing the flow
of water, oil, or gas. (Du Pont)

Well sinker. One who sinks or digs
wells (Century). Also called Well
borer.

Wells of Stromboli. Cavities at the

summit of the volcano Stromboli,

containing water, probably condensed

from vapor from the interior.

(Standard)

Well tube. A tube or tubing used to
line wells. (Standard)

Well-tube filter. A strainer on a
driven well tube to keep out grit.
(Standard)

Well-tube point. A point at the end
of a perforated tube used for sink-
ing wells. (Standard)

Welsh bord (Aust.). A room in which
mine waste is stored in the middle,
and a roadway is kept open on either
side. (Power)

Welsh lay. A slate 3 feet long by 2
feet wide. (Standard)

Welshman. A heavy steel ring about
three or four Inches inside diame-
ter, used in withdrawing a bar
which is stuck or frozen in a skull
of Iron. The ring is placed on the
bar, a wedge inserted, and the bar
backed out by sledging on the
wedge. (Willcox)

Welsh process. A process consisting
of a succession of roasting and cal-
cining copper ore, thereby obtaining
a gradual concentration of copper by
the oxidation of most of the foreign
matter, part of which forms slag.
Blister copper is produced with
only a small percentage of impuri-
ties (Goesel). Also called English
process.

Wenlock formation (Eng.). A charac-
teristic group of limestone, slate,
and shale of the Upper Silurian
strata, typically developed near
Wenlock, in Shropshire. (Page)

Wenlock group. See Wenlock forma-
tion.

Wernerian. Of or pertaining to A. G.
Werner (1750-1817), a German
mineralogist and geologist who clas-
sified minerals according to their ex-
ternal characters, and advocated
the theory that the strata of the
earth's crust were formed by deposi-
tions from water; neptunian. (Web-
ster)

Wernerite. Common scapolite. A
mineral of the scapolite group, in-
termediate in composition between
meionite and marialite. (Dana)

Westfalite. A blasting explosive com-
posed of ammonium nitrate and
resin. (Webster)

Westphal balance. A form of balance
used in determining the specific
gravity of liquids, mineral, frag-
ments, etc. (Webster)

Westrumite. A "soluble oil" patented
by Westrum in 1903, for the sprin-
kling of roads with the object of
"laying" dust. It is an emulsion of
oil in a large quantity of water.
(Bacon)

Wet-bulb thermometer. That one of
two similar thermometers of a
psychrometer, the bulb of which is
moistened (Webster). See Psy-
chrometer.

Wet gas. Natural gas that contains
more or less oil vapors. It occurs
with or immediately above the oiL
Also sometimes called Casing-head

Wetherill's furnace. A furnace with
perforated iron bottom, under which
a blast is introduced, and upon
which zinc ore (red oxide) is re-
duced (Raymond). A muffle fur-
nace for roasting zinc ores. (In-
galls, p. 159)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

739

WetherilFs magnetic separator. An ap-
paratus for separating magnetic min-
erals from nonmagnetic minerals. It
consists of two flat belts, the upper
of which is the wider, run parallel
to each other, and over long magnets
set obliquely to the belts. Conse-
quently magnetic particles are drawn
up against the upper belt, and as
they pass beyond the influence of
the magnets, fall from the edge past
the other belt into a bin. Another
form operates by belts moving across
the line of travel of the main belt
(Liddell)

Wethey furnace. A multiple - deck,
horizontal furnace for calcining sul-
phide ores. Resembles the Keller
furnace. (Hofman, p. 195; Ingalls,
P. Ill)

Wet method. 1. In the manufacture of
Portland cement, mixing of raw ma-
terials in a wet condition. This
method is usually employed where
marl is used, the marl being usually
wet when excavated and is kept wet
during the entire process until it
reaches the kilns. (Bowles)
2. Any hydro-metallurgical process,
as the cyanide process, flotation, etc.
See Wet process.

Wet milling-plant. A mill in which a
wet process is employed. (Rickard)

Wet milling plant. A mill in which
water is wasted ; it is a sloppy es-
tablishment. (Rickard)

Wet natural-gas. Natural gas which
contains readily condensible gaso-
line, that may be extracted in quan-
tity sufficient to warrant the instal-
lation of a plant. (B: -^n)

Wet pan. A machine used in the prep-
aration of clay products and consist-
ing of a revolving pan with two large
mullers, underneath w*hich the charge
of wet clay has to pass. (Watson,
p. 521)

Wet place (Aust.). A place is con-
sidered wet if men have to work
constantly in 3 inches of water or
more, or when water is constantly
dripping on them from the roof.
(Power)

Wet process. A metallurgical process
in which the valuable contents of the
ore are dissolved by acid or other
solvents; a leaching or lixiviation
process. Opposed to Dry process.

Wet puddling. The ordinary process
of puddling in which the furnace is
lined with material rich in oxide of
iron. (Standard)

Wet rods (Scot.). Pump rods inside
the pipes in a bucket lift. (Barrow-
man)

Wetterdynamite. Originally, only guhr
dynamites to which were added salts
containing water of crystallization,
as Glauber's salts, ammonium oxalate,
etc., with the view of making them
.available in mines containing fire
damp. (Brunswig, p. 307)

Wetter-off. In glassmaking, a worker
who detaches the blown glass from
the pipe by touching it with a wet
tool. (Webster)

Wey; Weigh (Eng.). A certain weight
of coal usually 10 tons, upon which
a royalty is paid. (Gresley)

Wharl; WTiarr (Newc.). A sledge for
hauling corves in low drifts. (Ray-
mond)

Whave (Prov. Eng.). To turn while
drying, as pottery. (Standard)

Wheal. The Cornish name for a mine.
(Skinner)

Wheel (Corn.). An abbreviation of
water wheel, implying a water en-
gine. (Pryce)

Wheel base. The distance between the
points of contact of the front and
back wheels of any vehicle with the
rails, or other surface, upon which
they travel. (Century)

Wheel brae. 1. (Scot.) A self-acting
incline; a cousie. (Barrowman)
2. A flat or landing on the top of
an incline. (Gresley)

Wheeler (Aust.). A lad who drives
horses drawing skips to and from
working places, and the nearest col-
lecting station. (Power)

Wheelerite. A yellowish resin, found
in the Cretaceous beds of northern
New Mexico, filling the fissures of
the lignite, or interstratified in thin
layers. It is soluble in ether.
(Bacon)

Wheel house (Brist.). A shed for
protecting the horse gin or other
hoisting apparatus. (Gresley)

Wheelman (Scot). The man who at-
tends to the wheel or drum at an
incline. (Barrowman)

Wheel ore. Same as Bournonite. So-
called when occurring in wheel-
shaped twin crystals. (Webster)

Wheel pit. A pit in which the lower
part of a fly wheel runs. (Webster)

Wheel race. The place in which a
water wheel is set. (Webster)

740

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Wheel scraper. A scraper mounted
upon an axle supported by a pair of
wheels. It affords an easy means
of conveying a loaded scraper to
a dumping ground. (Bowles)

Wheeltree (Scot). A prop to which
the pulley on a short self-acting in-
cline is fastened. (Barrowman)

Whewellite. Calcium oxalate, CaC2O4
+H2O. In small colorless mono-
clinic crystals. From Saxony, with
coal. (Dana)

Whim. A large capstan or vertical
drum turned by horse power or
steam power, for raising coal, or
water, etc., from a mine (Hargis).
Called also Whimsey; Whim gin;
Horse gin.

Whim driver (Corn.). One who at-
tends to the horse at the whim.
(Min. Jour.)

Whim gin. See Whim.

Whim kibbal (Corn.). A bucket or
small tub used in connection with a
whim for hoisting ore, rock, or wa-
ter. (Pryce)

Whim rope; Whim chain (Corn.). The
rope or chain by which the kibble
is attached to the winding engine or
whim. (Min. Jour.)

Whimsey (Eng.). An old word for.
the hoisting apparatus at a mine,
now known as the winding engine;
a whim. (Gresley)

Whim shaft (Corn.). The shaft
through which tte ore is raised by
means of a whim. (Whitney)

Whin. 1. Whinstone or whinrock.
In Nova Scotia the miners apply this
term to a thick-bedded rock com-
posed of grains of quartz with ar-
gillaceous or feldspathic matter
which might be called a greywacke.
(Roy. Com.)

2. (Scot., No. of Eng.) Any very
hard resisting rock encountered by
miners (Gresley). The Scotch
name for greenstone.

3. A whim or winch. (Webster)

Whin dike (Scot). A dike or wall
of igneous rock. (Barrowman)

Whin float (Scot). A kind of green-
stone, basalt, or trap, occurring in
coal measures. (Gresley)

Whin gaw (Scot). A narrow dike of
whin. (Barrowman)

Whinny. Resembling or abounding
in whinstone. (Standard)

Whinsill (No. of Eng.). A sill or in-
trusive sheet of whinstone, especially
one of great extent. (Webster)

Whinstone (Scot. & Eng.). Basaltic
rock ; also, among miners, any of va-
rious other dark resistant rocks, as
chert or diabase (Webster). Green-
stone.

Whip. 1. The simplest horse-power
hoisting machine, consisting of a
fixed pulley and a hoisting^rope pass-
ing over it, to v/hich the** animal is
directly attached ( Raymond ) . When
used with a derrick or gin called
Whip-and-derry.

£. One who operates such a hoist-
ing apparatus. (Standard)

Whip-and-derry. See Whip, 1.

Whip gin. A gin-block for use as a
whip, as in hoisting (Standard).
See Whip, 1.

Whipper. One who raises coal, mer-
chandise, etc., with a whip, as from
a ship's hold (Standard). Compare
Coal whipper.

Whipping. 1. The thrashing about of
a moving rope, as a hoisting cable
in a mine shaft. See Surging. 2.
Hoisting ore, coal, or other material
by means of a Whip, 1.

Whipping hoist. A hoist worked with
a whip, especially if by steam power.
(Standard)

Whipsy-derry. 1. (Eng.) A whip-and
derry. ( Standard ) .
2. See Derrick, 2.

Whirley (Scot). A hutch, hurley, or
tub. (Barrowman)

Whirling table. A potter's wheel.
(Webster)

Whisket (Eng.). A shallow, oval, coal
basket. (Hunt)

Whistler. See Squealer.

White agate. Same as Chalcedony.

White alkali. 1. Refined soda ash. 2.
A mixture of alkaline salts forming
a white deposit on soil. (Webster)

White antimony. The mineral valen-
tinite, SbaO8. (Dana)

White arsenic. Arsenolite; arsenious
oxide, AsaOs. (Dana)

White-ash coal. Coal leaving a white
ash. (Chance)

White Bengal fire. A very brilliant
light produced by means of pure me-
tallic arsenic. (Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

741

White brats. An alloy of copper and
zinc, with a comparatively small por-
tion of copper. (Webster)

White bronze. A light-colored variety
of bronze due to increased propor-
tion of tin. (Standard)

White coal. 1. Water power; first so
called by the French (houille
blanche). 2. Tasmanite. (Webster)

White cobalt. A name frequently ap-
plied to smaltite; also to cobaltite.

White copper. A white alloy of
copper. See Paktong (WebsterJ.
Usually German silver.

White copperas. 1. The mineral co-
quimbite. 2. The mineral goslarite.
(Webster)

White damp. Carbon monoxide, CO.
A gas that may be present in the
afterdamp of a gas- or coal-dust ex-
plosion, or in the gases given off by
a mine fire ; also one of the con-
stituents of the gases produced by
blasting. Rarely found in mines
under other circumstances. It is an
important constituent of illuminat-
ing gas, supports combustion, and
is very poisonous.

White furnace. See Howell furnace.
White garnet. Leucite. (Power)

White ' gunpowder. A blasting com-
pound formed of potassium chlorate,
potassium ferrocyanide and sugar.
(Standard)

White horse. 1. (Scot) Intruded
white trap in a coal seam. (Bar-
rowman )

2. A term used by quarrymen to de-
note a light-colored gneiss, aplite or
pegmatite. (Perkins)

White-hot. Heated to full incandes-
cence so as to emit all the rays of
the visible spectrum, in such propor-
tion as to appear dazzling white.
(Century)

White-Howell furnace. A revolving,
cylindrical furnace for calcining
calmaine. See Oxland and Hocking
furnace. (Ingalls, p. 124)

White iron. 1. A hard crystalline cast
iron containing combined carbon.
2. Tinned sheet iron. (Standard)

White iron-ore. An early name for
siderite. (Chester)

White iron-pyrite. See Marcasite.

White Uttem. An alloy of copper, zinc,
and tin, in thin sheets. (Standard)

White lead. A pigment composed of
approximately 75 per cent lead car-
bonate and 25 per cent hydrated
lead oxide. (Standard)

White lead-ore. The mineral cerussite,
PbCOt. (Power)

White metal. 1. The product of the
fourth stage of the English method
of smelting copper ores (Standard).
Contains 77 to 79 per cent copper.
2. Any one of several white alloys, as
pewter, britannia, etc. Also fre-
quently applied to silver as con-
trasted with gold, the yellow metal.

White mineral-press. A machine for
briquetting flue dust. (Hofman, p.
404)

White mundic. Arsenopyrite or mis-
pickei.

White nickel. A synonym for both
Rammelsbergite and Chloanthite.
(Chester)

Whitening. Tin-plating. ( Standard )

White oil. An odorless and colorless
oil possessing a specific gravity of
0.857. It is used medicinally and as
a base for creams, salves, and oint-
ments. See Oil of paraffin; Petro-
latum. (Bacon)

White olivine. The mineral fosterite,
(Power)

White pyrite. Same as Marcasite.
(Standard)

White rent (Local Eng.). An annual
tax of eightpence upon every tinner
in Cornwall and Devon, paid to the
lord of the soil, formerly to the
Prince of Wales as Duke of Corn-
wall. (Standard)

White rock. A dolerite of nearly
white color associated with coal in
Staffordshire and elsewhere.
(Power)

White salt. Salt dried and calcined;
decrepitated salt (Webster)

White schorl. The mineral alblte.
(Standard)

White silver-ore. An old name for
argentiferous tetrahedrite. (Ches-
ter)

Whitestone. x. <Aust) An indurated
clay band in the Greta seam, thickly
strewn with plant impressions,
(Power)

2. A literal translation of the Ger-
man Weitstein, the name of a rock
now generally known as granulite,
but sometimes called leptinite.
(Century)

742

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

White tellurium. The mineral sylva-
nite, (Au,Ag)Te,. (Chester)

White tin. Metallic tin after smelting,
in contradistinction to black tin or
cassiterite. (Power)

White tombac. A variety of brass
made white by the addition of arse-
nic. (Standard)

White ultramarine. A white substance
obtained when the ingredients used
in the manufacture of artificial
ultramarine are heated with access
of air. (Standard)

White vitriol. Zinc sulphate; goslar-
ite. Also called Salt of vitriol ; Zinc
vitriol.

Whitewash. A white scum of soluble
sulphates which accumulates on the
surface of a brick or other clay prod-
uct during or after manufacture.
(Ries)

Whiting. A white levigated and
washed chalk used as a pigment and
for polishing. According to its
quality, it is known variously as
Spanish white or whiting and Paris
white. (Standard)

Whitneyite. A pale reddish-white
copper arsenide, CiuAs (As 11.6 per
cent). (Dana)

Whits; Witts (Corn.). See Tin-witts.

Whitwell stove. A fire-brick hot-blast
stove, on the regenerative system.
(Raymond)

Whole; Whole mine. 1. (No. of Eng.)
That portion of a coal seam being
.worked by driving headings into it
only, or the state of the mine before
mining the pillars. (Gresley)
2. (Derb.). Any ore that has not
been mined. (Hooson)

Whole coal (Eng:). A district of coal
entirely intact (G. O. Greenwell).
See Virgin coal.

Whole cradle (No. of Eng.). A work-
ing platform or scaffold of nearly
the same diameter as the shaft, and
suspended from the surface. (Gres-
ley)

Whole flat (No. of Eng.). A panel or
district in which headings have been
driven, prior to mining the pillars.
(Gresley)

Whole stalls (So. Wales.) Two or more
stalls having their faces in line or
on a cleat with one another. (Gres-
ley)

Whole-working (Newc.). Working
where the ground is still whole, i. e.,
has not been penetrated as yet with

breasts. Opposed to pillar-work, or
the extraction of pillars left to sup-
port previous work (Raymond). See
Whole flat

Whorled (Scot). The cage is said to
be whorled when it is drawn up to
or over the pulleys. (Barrowman)

Whorler. A potter's wheel. Also
called Whirler, (Standard)

Whorls (Scot). Pithead or shaft pul-
leys. (Barrowmasj

Whunstane (Scot). Same as Whin-
stone.

Wich; Wyoh. Celtic for salt-spring;
often used in England as the termi-
nation of names of places where salt
is or has been found, as Droitwich,
Nanttcicfc, etc. (Oldham)

Wichtisite. A glassy phase of diabase,
named from a Finland locality, Wich-
tis. Compare Sordavalite. (Kemp)

Wicket; Wicket work (No. Wales). A
kind of pillar-and-stall, or bord-and-
pillar, system of working a seam of
coal, with pillars up to 15 yards and
stalls up to 24 yards wide. (Gres-
ley)

Widemouth socket. A well borer's fish-
ing tool, in which the socket is fitted
with a bellmouth, nearly the full
bore of the casing, thus making it
easy to grip the ends of broken poles
or the like, when lost at the bottom
of a well. (Nat Tube Co.)

Wide-work. 1. (Eng.) A form of the
pillar-and-breast method of excavat-
ing coal (Standard). 2. Room or
chamber driving, as distinguished
from entry or gangway driving or
narrow work.

Widowmaker. See Rock drill.

Width. The thickness of a lode meas-
ured at right angles to the dip.
(Skinner)

Wiggletail. See Rock drill.

Wildcat. 1. To act or carry on reck-
lessly or wildly. 2. Originated or
Characterized by wild, irresponsible
speculation ; unreliable or unsafe by
reason of reckless financiering; as,
a wildcat bank. (Standard). 3. A
mining company in which the man-
agement raises money, often by
exaggerated and misleading state-
ments, intending to use the funds so
raised for personal profit rather than
for the development of the property
and without regard to securing an
adequate return to the investors. A
malign intent is not a necessary

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

743

characteristic, for the term is now
used as follows: 4. Specifically ap-
plied to a mining or oil company
organized to develop unproven
ground far from the actual point of
discovery. Any risky venture in
mining.

Wildcatter. 1. (U. S.) One who drills
wells in the hope of finding oil in
territory not known to be an oil
field (Webster). 2. One who lo-
cates a mining claim far from where
ore has been discovered or devel-
oped. 3. One who organizes or as-
sists In the organization of a wild-
cat. See Wildcat, 3 and 4.

Wildcatting. 1. Drilling wells for oil
in territory not yet proven to be oil
bearing. 2. Locating mining claims
outside of well-developed, or known
mineral deposits, or far from the
actual point of discovery. 3. Or-
ganizing and exploiting a risky ven-
ture. See Wildcat, 3 and 4.

Wild coaL Brittle slate interstratified
with thin coal seams. Also called
rashings. The roof of the Pitsburgh-
seam in western Maryland. (Md.
Geol. Surv., voL 5, p. 534)

Wildfire. (Eng.). An old term used
by colliers for fire damp. (Gresley)

Wild gas. Blast-furnace gas that does
not burn steadily or properly. (Will-
cox)

Wild heat (of Steel). A heat of
molten steel which is boiling vio-
lently, and so, if poured, honeycombs
the ingot with contained gases
(Webster). See also Heat, 2.

Wild lead. Zinc blende. (Raymond)

Wild steel. Steel made from a wild*
heat, which see. (Webster)

Wild well. An oil well, the flow of
which cannot be brought under con-
troL (Redwood, p. 244)

Wild work. A kind of bord-and-pillar
system of coal mining in which the
very narrow pillars left to support
the roof are not recovered. (Web-
ster)

Wilfley slimer. A form of shaking
canvas table which is given a vanner
motion. (Liddell)

Wilfley table. A side-Jerk table used
in ore-dressing. It has a riffled sur-
face which separates the light and
heavy grains into layers by agita-
tion, and the jerking actioa then
throws the heavy grains toward the
head end, while the light grains are
washed down over the cleats into

the tailings box. The table tapers
toward the head end, and the riffles
are progressively longer toward the
tailings side. The Dodd, Cammett,
Hallett and Woodbury are similar
types. (Liddell)

Willemite Zinc silicate,

Contains 58.6 per cent zinc. The
zinc is commonly replaced in part
by manganese. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Williams hinged-hammer crusher. A
crusher with a rotating central
shaft carrying a number of hinged
hammers, which fly out from cen-
trifugal force, crushing the feed
against the casing. (Liddell)

Williamsite. An apple-green impure
variety of serpentine. See Jade. (U.
S. Geol. Surv.)

Willow pattern. In pottery, a design
used in decorating china, originally,
the blue china of Nanking, intro-
duced in English porcelain about
1780. (Webster)

Wilson producer. A furnace used for
the manufacture of producer gas.
(Ingalls, p. 323)

Wilnite. 1. A variety of vesuvianite.
(Dana)

2. A green aluminum garnet
(Standard)

Wimble fEng. and Scot). A hollow
instrument for cleaning a hole in
boring ; a kind of shell auger. Some
varieties of wimble, suitable for bor-
ing into soft clay, are called Wim-
ble-scoops (Century). Also spelled
Wammel, Whimble, Wumble.

Wimble-scoop. See Wimble.

Win. 1. To extract ore or coal (Ray-
mond). To mine, to develop, to pre-
pare for mining. (Century)
2. To recover metal from an ore.
(Webster)

Winch; Windlass. A man-power hoist-
ing machine, consisting of a horizon-
tal drum with crank handles (Ray-
mond). Also, now operated by
steam, as a steam winch.

Wind. 1. CEng.) A hand-windlass or
Jack-roll. 2. To raise coal, etc., by
means of a winding-engine. 3. A
steam engine used purposely for low-
ering and raising men in an engine
pit or pumping shaft. 4* A single
Journey of a cage from top to bottom
of a shaft or vice versa. (Gresley)

Wind blast. 1. (Aust) A quantity of
air driven out of mine workings with
considerable force by a fall of roof.
(Power)
2. A blown-out or "windy" shot

744

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Windbore (Newc.). The suction pipe
at the bottom of a set of pumps
( Raymond ) . See Snore piece ; also
Snore hole.

Wind furnace. Any form of furnace
using the natural draft of a chimney
without the aid of a bellows or
blower. (Duryee)

Wind gage. An anemometer for test-
ing the velocity of the air in mines.
(Gresley)

Wind hatch. In mining, an excavation
or opening for removing ore. ( Stand-
ard)

Windhole (Eng.). A shaft or other
opening for ventilation. (Bain-
bridge)

Winding. Hoisting coal or ore with a
rope wound on a drum ; used synony-
mously with Hoisting. (Chance)

Win4ing bar. The appliance on drop
bottom ore or coal cars by which the
doors are closed and held tight.

Winding engine (Eng.). The appara-
tus fixed within a few yards of the
mouth of a shaft for raising the min-
erals from the bottom, or from vari-
ous levels, to the surface (Gresley).
A hoisting engine ; a hoist.

Winding rope. The rope, or cable,
which connects the cage with the
drum of the winding engine.

Windlass. A roll or drum with
handles, used in winding or hoisting
from shallow pits.

Windless (Derb.). A place in the
mine where the air is tad or short.
Also called Airless. (Min. Jour.)

Wind method. A system of separating
coal into various sires, and extract-
ing waste from it, which in prin-
ciple depends on the specific gravity
or size of the coal and the strength
of the current of air. (C. and M.
M. P.)

Wind road (Eng.). An air passage
for mine ventilation.

Windrow. A row of peats or sod set
up to dry, or cut in paring and burn-
ing. ( Standard )

Winds. A variation of winze.

Wind sail. The top part of canvas
piping, which is used for conveying
air down shallow shafts. ( G. and
M. M. P.)

Wind wall. See Bridge, 1.

Wind way (So. Staff.). An airway
leading from one road to another.
(Min. Jour.)

Windy shot. A blast in coal mines
which, due to improperly placed
charges, wrong kind or quantity of
explosives, or insufficient stemming
expends most of its force on the
mine air, and sometimes ignites a
gas mixture, coal dust, or both, thus
causing a secondary explosion which
may or may not spread throughout
the mine.

A shot which blows out without dis-
turbing the coal (Athens Min. Co.
v. Carnduff, 123 Illinois App., p.
183.) A shot that is not properly
directed or loaded. (Bolen-Darnell
Coal Co. v. Hicks, 190 Fed. Kept.,
p. 720). A blown-out shot.

Wing (Scot.). The point plate of a
tram crossing. (Barrowman)

Wing bore (Scot.). A side or flank
bore-hole in a working place ap-
proaching old workings. (Barrow-
man)

Wing dam. A dam built partly across
a river to deflect the water from its
course. (Duryee)

Winged pillars (Scot). Pillars of
coal that have been reduced in size.
(Barrowman)

Wings. 1. The sides, or limbs, of an
anticline. Sed Legs. (Power)

2. Same as Rests, Keeps, Chairs,
Dogs.

Winning. 1. A new mine opening. 2.
The portion of a coal field laid out
for working. (Raymond)

3. Mining.

4. (Scot.) A pit (mine) and its as-
sociated equipment and machinery.

(Barrowman)

Winning bord (Aust). A room from
which coal is being mined. (Power)

Winning headway. 1. (Newc.) A
headway driven to explore and open
out the coal seam. (Raymond)
2. (No. of Eng.) A cross-heading,
or one driven at right angles to the
main gangway (Century)

Winning-off (Aust.). A leading head-
ing or drive in advance from which
rooms, or bords, are opened. Any
leading drift is termed a " winning."
(Power)

Winning pillars (Aust.). Extracting
coal pillars. (Power)

Winnowing gold. Air-blowing. Toss-
ing up dry powdered auriferous ma-
terial in air, and catching the
heavier particles not blown away.
(C. and M. M. P.)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

745

Winooski marble. A siliceous dolomite
of a mottled chocolate, red, pink, yel-
low, and white color, and used as a
marble for tiling and wainscoting;
from Mallett's Bay, on Lake Cham-
plain. (Merrill)

Win out (Scot). To widen out, as
where long wall working is being
commenced. (Barrowman)

Winter dumps (Alaska). Gold-bearing
gravel mined during the winter and
stored on the surface for sluicing in
the spring and summer.

Winter oil. A heavy railway-car and
engine oil which has a solidifying
point of below —20° F. (Bacon)

Winze. A vertical or inclined open-
ing, or excavation, connecting two
levels in a mine, differing from a
raise only in construction. A winze
is sunk underhand and a raise is put
up overhand. When the connection
is completed, and one is standing at
the top, the opening is referred to as
a winze, and when at the bottom, as
a raise, or rise. Compare Under-
ground shaft.

Wiper. 1. A rod on which is held a
piece of cotton waste or other ab-
sorbent material and . sed for dry-
ing a drill hole before charging with
black powder. (Gillette, p. 441)
2. A form of cam.

Wire. (War.)
(Gresley) • .

A haulage rope.

Wire bars. Refined copper bars cast
into bars for wire drawing. (Weed)

Wire drawing. 1. The operation, ac-
cidental or otherwise,, of reducing the
pressure of steam between the boiler
and the cylinder. (Ihlseng)
2. The act or art of extending duc-
tile metal into wire. (Century)

Wire gage. 1. A gage for measuring
the diameter of wire or thickness of
sheet metal. 2. A standard series of
sizes arbitrarily indicated by num-
bers, to which the diameter of wire
or the thickness of sheet metal is usu-
ally made, and which Is used in de-
scribing the size or thickness.

Wire gauze. A gauze-like texture of
fine wire, as that used for the chim-
neys of flame safety-lamps.

Wire glass. Glass in which wire net-
t i n g is embedded to increase its
strength, (Webster)

Wire rod. A metal rod from which
wire is drawn. (Webster)

Wire rope. A rope whose strands are
made of wires, twisted or woven to-
gether. (C. M. P.)

Wire ropeway. A ropeway using a
wire cable or cables. Used for con-
voying ore and supplies in rough
mountainous districts ; a wire tram-
way. See Aerial tramway.

Wire silver. Native silver in the form
of wire or threads. (Webster)

Wire tramway. See Aerial tramway.

Wisket; Whisket (Lane.). A light
basket weighing about 25 pounds,
used for carrying coal, etc., up a
shaft. (Gresley)

Witchet (No. Wales). See Wicket

Withamite. A red to yellow variety
of epidote, containing a small quan-
tity of manganese. (Standard)

Witherite. Native barium carbonate
BaCOs. (Dana)

Witness corner. A post set near a
corner of a mining claim with the
distance and direction of the true
corner indicated thereon. Used
when the true corner is inaccessible.
(Shamel, p. 321)

Witts. See Tin-witts.

Wohlwill process. An electrolytic
process of gold refining, using im-
pure gold bullion as anodes and
sheet gold cathodes in a solution
carrying 25-30 ounces free HC1
(specific gravity 1.19) per cubic
foot. If the anodes contain lead
some H2SO4 is added. The current
density is about 100 amperes per
square foot, the potential 1 volt
The tanks usually used are porce-
lain. Patinum and the allied metals
remain 4n the electrolyte, the silver
settles out as chloride. (Liddell)

Wolchonskoite. An amorphous, dull,
bluish-green, fragile chromiferous
clay. ( Standard )

Wolf process. A flotation process in-
vented by Jacob D. Wolf in 1903.
He used sulphochlorinated or other
oils and aimed to secure a high ex-
traction with a low grade of concen-
trate in the first step, and by wash-
ing with hot water to concentrate
the concentrate in a second step.
Apparently no commercial use was
made of it. (Liddell)

Wolfram. 1. (Ger.) A native tungs-
tate of iron and manganese; See
Wolframite.

2. The metal tungsten or woliram-
ium: An improper and now uncom-
mon use. (Century)

746

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Wolframinium. A light aluminum
alloy similar to Romanium. (Web-
ster)

Wolframite. A series of minerals
composed of tungstate of iron and
manganese, (Fe,Mn)WO4, contain-
ing, when the iron and manganese
are in a ratio of 1 to 1, 76.4 per
cent WOs. As the iron increases
and the manganese decreases wol-
framite grades into ferberite, the
iron tungstate, FeWO4, with 76.3
per cent WO8. At the other end
of the series is hlibernite, the pure
manganese tungstate, containing
76.6 per cent WOs. (U. S. Geol.
Surv.)

Wolframitiin. Tungsten : the scientific
name. ( Standard)

Wolfram lamp. A tungsten lamp.
(Webster)

Wolfram ocher. The mineral tungs-
tite, WO,. (Webster)

Wolfram steel. Same as Tungsten
steel. (Standard)

Wolfsbergite. 1. Same as Chalcostib-
ite. (Dana)
2. Same as Jajmesonite. (Standard)

Wollastonite. A white mineral of the
pyroxene group consisting of sili-
cate (CaSiOs) of calcium and a
common product of the metamorph-
ism of limestone by intrusive igne-
ous rocks. Often in aggregates of
flat prismatic crystals without dis-
tinct crystal planes or faces. (Ran-
some)

Won (Eng.). Proved, sunk to, and
tested. Coal is won when it is
proved and so developed that it can
be worked and conveyed from the
mine. (Gresley)

Wonder stone. A variety of stone
consisting of yellow crystals of cal-
cite disseminated through dark - red
earthy dolomite. (Standard)

Wood. 1. (Eng.) Signifies mine tim-
bers, bars, sprags, chocks, lagging,
etc., which are all used in various
ways for supporting the roof and
sides of underground workings.
(Giresley)

2. Agatized, opalized, petrified, silici-
fied wood ; a material composed of
opal or chalcedony (agate) and
formed by the replacement of wood
by silica. The replacement of tve
woody matter by the jilica takes
place in such a way that the original
form and structure of the wood is
preserved. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Wood agate. Agate formed by the pet-
rification of wood. See Wood, 2.

Woodbury jig. A jig with a plungei
compartment at the hea^d end, so
that the material is given a classifi-
cation in the jig. (Liddell)

Woodbury table. A table of the gen-
eral Wilfley - Overstrom - Card type,
with riffles parallel to the tailings
side, and a hinged portion without
riffles (unlike the Card). The table
top is a rhomboid, and the riffles
gradually shorten as they near the
tailings side. (Liddell)

Wood chain (So. Staff.). A hoisting
chain, the iron links of which are
filled with small blocks of wood.
(Gresley)

Wood coal. 1. Lignite. See Board
coal. 2. Charcoal. (Webster)

Wood copper. A fibrous olivenite.
(Dana)

Wooders (York). Timbermen em-
ployed in mines. (Gresley)

Wood hematite. A finely radiated va-
riety of hematite, exhibiting alter-
nate bands of brown or yellow of
varied tints. (Power)

Wood iron. A fibrous variety of chaly-
bite (siderite), FeCO,. (Power)

Wood opal. A variety of opal consist-
ing of wood in which the organic
matter has been replaced by silica;
silicified wood. Called also Xyl-
opal. (Standard)

Wood peat. Peat formed from de-
cayed wood, leaves, etc., in forests.
(Standard)

Wood process. A flotation process
utilizing, the surface tension of
water, either fresh, acid, or salt
(Megraw, p. 73)

Wood ringer (Eng.). See Ringer 1;
and Dog and chain, 1. (Gresley)

Woodrock. A variety of asbestos re-
sembling wood. (Standard)

Woodstone. Petrified wood, as wood
opal. (Standard)

Wood tin. A nodular variety of cassit-
erite, or tinstone, of a brownish
color and fibrous structure, and
somewhat resembling dry wood in
appeara nee. ( Century )

Woolpack. (Eng.). A concretionary
mass of crystalline limestone oc-
curring in the form of balls, va*ry-
ing greatly in size, in the Wenlock
limestone. Called also Ballstoue.
(Standard)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

747

Woots. 1. A variety of steel made in
India by the cementation process:
the earliest known form of steel
(Standard). Prepared from a black
Iron ore of Hindustan by a process
analogous to the Catalan hearth.
(Ure)

Work. 1. (Mid.) A stall or work-
ing place in a mine. 2. (Eng.) To
get, cut away, or excavate and re-
move any bed or seam, or part
thereof, of coal, ironstone or other
mineral, whether underground or
in open work. To mine. 3. (So.
Staff.) A side of work, which see.
(Gresley)

4. To crumble and yield under the
action of a squeeze. Applied to pil-
lars or roof of a coal mine. 5. To
be slowly closing under the action of
a squeeze. Applied to portions of
the mine workings. (Steel)
6. Ore before it is dressed. 7. A
place where industrial labor of any
kind is carried on. Usually in the
plural as a salt works, iron works,
etc. (Webster)

Workable beds, or veins. Any bed or
vein that is capable of being worked,
but usually applied to that coal seam
or ore deposit which can be mined
profitably.

Worked -out. Exhausted (Chance).
Said of a coal seam or ore deposit.

Working. 1. See Labor, 1. The Span-
ish and the English terms are syn-
onymous in meaning and alike in
application. A working may be a
shaft, quarry, level, opencut, or stope,
etc. (Raymond). Usually used in
the plural. See Workings.
2. (Scot.) A name given to the whole
strata excavated in working a seam.
8. (Scot.) Making a noise before
falling down, such as holed coal at
the face, or unsupported roof strata
(Barrowman). Compare Work, 4
and 5.

Working barrel (Corn.) The cylinder
in w h i c h a pump piston works.
(Raymond)

Working beam (Eng.) A beam hav-
ing a vertical motion on a rock shaft
at its center, one end being connected
with the piston rod and the other
with a crank or pump rod, etc. A
walking beam (C. and M. M. P.).
Also, a brake staff.

Working big (Eng.). Said of a vein
large enough for a man to work in
without breaking any of the adja-
cent rock.

Working drawing. A drawing or plan,
as of the whole or part of a struc-
ture or machine, drawn to a specified
scale, and in such detail as to form
a guide for the construction of the
object represented. (Century)

Working face. The place at which the
work is being done in a breast, gang-
way, airway, chute, heading, drift,
adit, or crosscut, etc. (Chance). See
Face.

Working first (Aust). See Whole-
working.

Working furnace (Eng.). A mine- ven-
tilating furnace supplied with fresh
air from the downcast shaft (Ores-
ley)

Working home. Working toward the
main shaft in extracting ore or coal,
as ir longwall retreating (Ray-
mond). See Longwall method.

Working load. The maximum load
that a rope can carry under the con-
ditions of working without danger of
straining. Same as Proper working
load. (C. M. P.)

Working-on-air. A pump works on
air when air is sucked up with the
water. (C. and M. M. P.)

Working-on-the-walls. The eroding or
corroding of blast furnace lining.
(Willcox)

Working out. Working away from the
main shaft in extracting ore or coal,
as in longwall advancing. (Ray-
mond.) Compare Working home.

Working pit. A mine shaft up which
the ore and miners are carried, as
distinguished from one used only in
pumping. ( Standard )

Working place. The place in a mine
at which coal or ore is being actu-
ally mined (Steel). See also Work-
ing face.

Working plan. Same as Working
drawing.

Working rate. (Scot). The rate per
ton paid to a miner. (Barrowman)

Workings. Any species of develop-
ment ; usually restricted in meaning
to apply to the breasts, etc., in
contradistinction to the gangways
and airways. Often used in a
broader sense to mean all the un-
derground developments (Chance).
See Working, 1.

Working-the-broken (Aust). The
process of removing the pillar* in
bord-and-pillar work (Power). Same
as Second working ; Robbing pillars.

748

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Work-lead. Impure pig lead that is
to be desilverized or refined (Stand-
ard). See Base bullion.

Work stone. A plate in the bottom of
a blast hearth or ore hearth having
a groove down its 'center for con-
ducting away the molten lead.
(Standard)

Work-the-twig (Prov. Eng.). To use
the divining rod. (Standard)

Worm; Worm coil (Eng.). A spiral
tool, used for loosening tough clays
at the bottom of bore holes. See
Wad coil. (Gresley)

Worming pot. In ceramics, a vessel
that discharges color through tubes,
for forming strips or worm-like pat-
terns on an article of pottery ro-
tated in a lathe. (Standard)

Wough (Scot.). A wall; the rock be-
side a vein of lead ore. (Webster)

Wreath. In glass-making, a wavy ap-
pearance in glass, especially flint
glass, due to defective manufacture.
(Standard)

Wreaths (Leic.). Four short pieces
of hemp rope placed around the legs
of a horse or pony and fastened
together above its back, by which
it was formerly lowered into or
brought up out of a mine. (Gresley)

Wreck (Scot.). A breakdown, as in a
shaft or on an incline. (Barrow-
man)

Wrought iron. The purest form of
iron commonly known in the arts,
containing only about half of 1
per cent of carbon. It is made
either directly from the ore, as in
the Catalan forge or bloomery, or
by purifying (puddling) cast iron
in a reverberatory furnace or ,refin-
ery. (Webster)

Wrought steel. Weld steel. (Web-
ster)

Wulfenite. Lead molybdate, PbMoO*.
Contains 39.3 per cent MoOt. Cal-
cium, chromium, copper, and va-
nadium are sometimes constituents.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Wurtzilite; Elaterite; Tabby ite; Xon-
ite; JEgerite. An asphaltic mineral
which is jet-black by reflected light
and deep-red in thin plates. It sof-
tens in hot water, toughens, and be-
comes more elastic. In a candle
flame it softens and burns with a
bright flame. It is practically insolu-
ble in gasoline of 76° Be., partly
soluble in ether, carbon disulphide,
and turpentine, and less so in carbon
tetrachloride. (U. S. Geol. Surv,)

Wurtzite. A zinc sulphide of the same
composition as sphalerite, ZnS, but
hexagonal in its crystallization. (U.
»' S. Geol. Surv. )

Wych. See Wich.

Wye (Cumb.). The beam-end connec-
tion above the pump-rods of a wind-
ing and pumping engine. (Gresley)

Wyomingite. An aphanophyric igne-
ous rock containing leucite, diopside,
and phlogopite in a glassy base of
much the same composition as ortho-
clase (La Forge). From the Lucite
Hills, Wyoming. This rock was de-
scribed by Zirkel in 1876 and was
the first known occurrence of leucite
in America. (Kemp)

Wythern (Eng.),
(Power)

A vein or lode.

Zacal (Mex.). A miner's cabin; a
storehouse for mining supplies; a
shaft house (C. and M. M. P.). Also
spelled Jacal.

Zalsonte (Sp.). A coarse pay sand or
gravel. (Lucas)

Xanthitane. An alteration product of
sphene (titanite). Its composition
is analogous to the clays, but con-
tains chiefly titanic oxide instead of
silica.

Xanthite. A yellowish variety of Ve-
suvianite. (Webster)

Xanthoconite. Silver-arsenic sulphide,
SAgaS.AsaSs. Contains 61.4 per cent
silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Xanthophyllite. A hydrous silicate of
magnesium, calcium, and aluminum,
occurring in crusts or in implanted
globular forms. (Dana)

Xanthorthite. A yellow altered vari-
ety of allanite that contains consid-
erable water. .(Standard)

Xanthosiderite. A hydrated oxide of
iron, FeaO»2HaO, occurring In fine
needles or fibers, stellate and con-
centric; also as an ocher. Golden-
yellow to brown. {Dana)

Xeaogenites. Posepny's term for min-
eral deposits of later origin than the
wall rock. The name means for-
eigners, and refers to their later in-
troduction. Co*»«are Idiogenites.
(Kemp)

Xen elite. A silicate of aluminum, re-
lated to fibrollte. (Century)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

749

Xenolith. A fragment of other rock or
of an earlier solidified portion of the
same mass inclosed in an igneous
rock; an inclusion; an enclnve. (La
Forge)

Xenomorphic. Rohrbach's textural,
name for those minerals in an igne-
ous rock, whose boundaries are de-
termined by their neighbors. Its
antithesis is automorphic, which see.
Xenomorphic is synonymous with
allotriomorphic, over which it has
priority. (Kemp)

Xenon. A very heavy inert gaseous
element occurring in the atmosphere
in the proportion of one volume in
abojit 20 millions. Symbol, X;
atomic weight 130.2 ; specific gravity,
3.52. (Webster)

Xenotime. Essentially an yttrium
phosphate, YPO4. Cerium and Er-
bium are sometimes present, also
silicon and thorium as in monazite.
(Dana)

X-frame brace. A reinforcement brac-
ing of a square-set in which two
diagonal pieces of timber cross to
form an X. (Sanders, p. 49)

Xihuitl (Mex.). Turquois found by
the Aztecs near the City of Mexico.
(Halse)

Xil6palo (Sp.). Wood opal. (Halse)

Xonalite. A hydrous silicate of cal-
cium, occurring in massive forms of
a white or bluish gray color: (Cen-
tury)

Xylanthrax. Wood-coal; charcoal: so
called in distinction from mineral
coal. (Standard)

Xyloidine. An explosive compound
produced by the action of nitric acid
upon starch or woody fiber, resem-
bling gun cotton. (Century)

Xylopal. See Wood opal.
Y.

Yacente (Sp.). Foot- wall, or floor of
an ore deposit. (Halse)

Yacimiento (Sp.). 1. A mineral de-
posit. See Criadero. 2. The occur-
rence or mode of occurrence.
(Halse)

Yankee. In founding, a molder's lift-
ing-tool having a curved shank.
( Standard )

Yanolite. Same as Axinite. (Stand-
ard)

Yardage. 1. Price paid per yard for
mining coal. 2. The extra compen-
sation a miner receive* in addition

to tho mining price for working in a
narrow place or in deficient coal.
Usually at a certain price per yard
advanced. (Steel)

Yard price. The price paid per yard
driven (in addition to the tonnage
prices) for roads of certain widths
and driven in certain directions (C.
and M. M. P.). See Yardage.

Yard service. Transportation of rock
from the quarry bank until the tim*.
it reaches the main transportation
lines. (Bowles)

Yard work (Forest of Dean). Synony-
mous with Yardage. (Gresley)

Yareta (Bol., Chile, and Peru). A res-
inous moss found at high elevations,
and used as a fuel. (Halse)

Yark (Derb.). To jerk a rope or other
appliance used for lifting or draw-
ing. (Gresley)

Yed (Leic.). See Head, 1.
Yellow arsenic. Orpiment. (Chester)
Yellow copper. Chalcopyrite.
Yellow copperas. See Copiapite.

Yellow earth. Specifically, yellow
ocher. (Webster)

Yellow lead-ore. Wulfenite. (Web-
ster)

Yellow metal. 1. Gold. 2. Muntz
metal. (Webster)

Yellow ocher. A soft earthy variety of
limonite, (Power)

Yellow ore (Corn. ) . Chalcopyrite.
(Raymond)

Yellow orpiment. King's yellow,
(Webster)

Yellow ozokerine. A product resem-
bling vaseline, but less homogeneous,
produced from crude ozocerite. (Ba-
con)

Yellow pyrite. Same as Chalcopyrite.
(Standard)

Yellow ratebane. Orpiment (Web-
ster)

Yellow ultramarine. A pigment con-
sisting of barium chromate. ( Stand-
ard)

Yellow wax. A viscous, semi-solid, dif-
ficultly volatile substance obtained
on distillation of petroleum-still
residuum. (Bacon)

Yelmo (Mex.). Coke fork. (Dwight)
Yenite. See Ilvaite.

750

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Tentnite. A name derived from the
Yentna River, Alaska, and suggested
by J. E. Spurr for certain granitoid
rocks, consisting of oligoclase, acapo-
lite, and biotite, with a few zircons.
The acapoli.te is believed to be an
original mineral. (Kemp)

Yeso (Sp.). 1. Gypsum mineral. 2.
Calcined gypsum ; Y. bianco, whit-
ing; Y. mate, plaster of Paris.
(Halse)

Yesosos (Aguas, Mex.). Copper. ore
in which calcite or fluorspar pre-
dominates as a matrix. (Halse)

Yield. 1. The proportion of coal or ore
obtained in mining ; the product of a
metallurgical process ; extraction ;
recovery. 2. To give way; to crush.
Said of pillars of coal when they
commence to give way or crush.
(Gresley)

Y-levcl. A level mounted in a pair
of Y's: a common form of spirit-
level, used in surveying, etc.

fodo (Sp.)%. Iodine. (Lucas)

Yogoite. A name suggested by Weed
and Pirsson from Yogo peak, one
of the Little Belt Mountains, Mont.,
for a syenitic rock (monzonite) com-
posed of orthoclase and augite in
about equal amount. See also Sani-
dinite and Shonkinite. (Kemp)

Yoking. 1. (Eng.) A collision of
mine cars. (G. C. Greenwell)
2. In , the plural, stakes placed at
regular intervals for the purpose of
marking the boundaries of a mining
claim. (Standard)

Yolk coal; Yolks (Scot). Free or soft
coal. (Barrowman)

Yoredale rocks (Eng.). The upper
beds of the English Carboniferous
limestone series, or those lying be-
tween the Carboniferous limestone
proper and the millstone grit. They
contain celebrated lead-mines.
(Standard)

Yorkshire stone. A building stone of
the English millstone grit. (Stand-
ard)

Young; Youthful. Being in the stage
of increasing vigor and efficiency of
action : said of some streams ; also,
being in the stage of accentuation
of and a tendency toward complex-
ity of form : said of some topography
resulting from land sculpture. Con-
trasted with Mature and Old. (La
Forge)

Young river. In geology, a river
which has begun to form a drainage
system in newly raised or newly

deformed land. It is characterized
by a shallow ungraded channel
bordered by numerous lakes ; by hav-
ing but few short tributaries; and
from variation in the hardness of
its bed rocks, by frequent waterfalls.

Youstone (Eng.). An old term for
Chinese jade, or nephrite. (Page)

Youth. That stage hi the development
of streams when they are increasing
in vigor and efficiency; or in land
sculpture when topographic forms
are being accentuated and are tend-
ing toward complexity; contrasted
with Maturity and Age. (La Forge)
See also Young.

Y-track. A track at approximately
right angles to a line of railroad,
and connected with it by two
switches, the plan of the whole ap-
proaching the form of a Y with a
line joining the ends of its arms:
used in place of a turntable. ( Stand-
ard)

Ytterbite. Same as Gadolinite.

Ytterbium; Neoytterbium. A rare me-
tallic element closely resembling
yttrium. It has a valence of three.
Symbol, Yb; atomic weight, 173.5.
(Webster)

Yttergranat. A calcium-iron garnet
containing a small amount of yttria.
(Dana). A variety of andradite.

Yttrialite. A silicate of thorium and
the yttrium metals chiefly, but it
contains also uranium and other ele-
ments in small quantity. (U. S.
Geol. Surv.)

Yttrium. A trivalent metallic element
found (combined) in gadolinite and
other rare minerals. Symbol, Y;
atomic weight, 89.0. (Webster) Ob-
tained as a dark-gray powder posses-
sing a metallic luster under a bur-
nisher. It decomposes water slowly
in the cold but more quickly on boil-
ing.

Yttrium-garnet. A variety of garnet
containing a small amount of yttri-
um earths. See Yttergranat. (Cen-
tury)

YttroceriteT A hydrous fluoride of ce-
rium, yttrium, erbium, and calcium.
(Dana)

Yttrotantalite. A tantalate and nio-
bate of iron, calcium, yttrium, erbi-
um, cerium, etc., occurring in black-
brown orthorhombic crystals (Dana).
Called also Yttrocolumbite.

Yu (China). Jade. Called also Yuh ;
Yustone (Standard). See Youstone.

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

751

Tungas (Bol.). A region of low plains;
an alluvial basin, often containing
rich placers. (Halse)

Yunqne (Mex.). AnviL (Dwight)
Z.

Zacate (Mex.). Fodder for animals,
as hay, cornstalks, etc (Dwight)

Zaccab. A kind of white earth mixed
with lime used by the natives of
Yucatan for plaster, stucco, etc.
(Webster)

Zaffer; Zaffrc. An impure oxide of co-
balt obtained by a roasting process
in which the sulphur and arsenic
are driven off. (Humble)

Zaffer-blue. Same as Cobalt-blue.

Zaflrina (Sp.). Blue chalcedony.
(Halse)

Zaflro (Sp.). 1. Sapphire. 2. Ultra-
marine; lapis lazuli. (Halse)

Zafra. 1. (Sp.) Gangue; matrix. 2.
The sugar crop in Cuba. (Halse)

Zafrero (Sp.). A workman occupied
in handling waste rock. (Halse)

Zahino (Colom.). Timber used for
shaft lagging. (Halse)

Zambnllidor (Colom.). OnevWho pans
gravel with a large batea. (Lucas)

Zambnllidora (Colom.). An oval pan
with handle. A large batea. (Lu-
cas)

Zambullir (Colom.). To extract the
gold from the bottom of streams
with a large. batea. 'T.,ucas)

Zapa (Colom.). A small intermediate
level driven between two main
levels. (Halse)

Zapapico (Sp.). A pickax; a mat-
tock. (Halse)

Zapato (Sp.). A shoe or stamp; Z.
de freno, a brake shoe. (Halse)

Zar (Persia). Gold. (C. G. W. Lock)

Zaranda ( Sp. ) . 1. Large ore-screen ; a
grizzly. 2. A small sieve us*«d In
assaying. (Halse)

Zarandero (Mex.). One who attends
the screen. (Dwight)

Zaratite. A massive, vitreous, emer-
ald-green, hydrous nickel carbonate,
HiiNisCOn. Occurs usually as an
incrustation (U. S. Geol. Surv.).
Also called Emerald nickel.

Zameo; Zarnioh. Native sulphide of
arsenic, including sandarac and or-
piment (Webster)

Zaroche (Mex.). 1. Gold of low color
containing silver. (Lucas)
2. (Ecuador) Mountain sickness.
See Soroche, 1. (Halse)

Zarzo (Sp., Am.) Timbering; prop-
ping. (Lucas)

Zawn. (Corn.). A cavern. (Ray-
mond)

Zax. A tool for trimming and punc-
turing roofing slates. (Webster)

Zeasite. An old name for a variety of
fire opal. (Chester)

Zebeb (Arabic). Gold. (C. G. W.
Lock)

Zechstein (Ger.). The upper division
of the Permian in Europe. (Web-
ster)

Zefre (Sp.). A safety fuse. (Halse)

Zellweg-er furnace. A long-hearth re-
verberatory furnace used at lola,
.Kans. (Ingalls, p. 112)

Zeolite. A generic term for a group
of minerals occurring in cracks and
cavities of igneous rocks, especially
the more basic lavaa Zeolites are
hydrous silicates of aluminum with
either sodium or calcium or both,
and rarely barium or strontium.
Before the blowpipe most of the
zeolites fuse readily and with strong
intumescence, whence their name,
derived from the Greek, for "boiling
stone." They have little economic
importance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Zeolitization. The process by which a
mineral is converted into zeolite by
alteration, e. g. nepheline into
thompsonite. ( Century )

Zeuxite (Corn.). An obscure mineral,
probably tourmaline. (Chester)

Zeylanite. See Ceylonite. (Standard)

Ziervogel process. The extraction of
silver from sulphide ores or matte
by roasting in such a way as to
form sulphate of silver, leaching this
out with hot water ,and precipitat-
ing the silver by means of metallic
copper. ( Raymond )

Zietrisikite. A brown, fossil wax re-
sembling ozocerite. (Standard)

Zighyr; Zigger; Sicker (Corn.). To
percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water
through a crack. From the Ger-
man, sickern. (Raymond)

752

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Ziment water. Water impregnated
with copper : found in copper mines.
(Standard)

Zinc. 1. A bluish-white, crystalline,
metallic substance, Not found na-
tive. Symbol Zn; atomic weight,
65.37; specific gravity, 7 to 7.2. 2.
To coat or cover with zinc.

Zincaluminite. A light-blue, hydrated
zinc sulphate, with zinc and alumi-
num hydrates, Al^ZneS2Oa,18H2O.,
that crystallizes in the hexagonal
system. (Standard)

Zincblende. See Sphalerite.

Zinc bloom,
oxide.

See Hydrozincite ; Zinc

Zinc box. A box containing zinc for
the precipitation of gold from cyan-
ide solutions. (Rlckard)

Zinc colic. A form of colic thought
to be caused by zinc-oxide poisoning.
(Century)

Zinc dust. Finely-divided zinc, zinc-
oxide, and impurities, incidentally
produced in the manufacture of spel-
ter. It is sometimes used as an in-
ferior paint (zinc -gray). (Ray-
mond)

Zinc gray. See Zinc dust.

Zinc green. Cobalt green. (Webster)

Zincing. The act or process of heat-
ing iron plate with zinc or zinc salts ;
galvanization. ( Standard )

Zincite; Red oxide of zinc. Zinc oxide,
ZnO. Contains 80.3 per cent zinc.
(U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Zincolysis. A mode of decomposition
occasioned by an electrical current;
electrolysis. (Century)

Zincolyte. £ body decomposable by
electricity; an electrolyte. (Ct -
tury)

Zinc ores. Zinc is not found native.
See Calamine, Franklinite, Hydro-
zincite, Nicholsonite, Smithsonite,
Sphalerite, Willemite, Wurtzlte, Zinc-
ite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.)

Zinc oxide. A white pulverulent oxide
ZnO, made by burning zinc in air.
It is used as a pigment, chiefly as a
substitute for white lead. Called
also Flowers of zinc; Nihil album;
Philosopher's wool ; Zinc bloom ; Zinc
white. (Standard)

Zinc scum. The zinc -silver alloy
skimmed from the surface of the
bath in the process of desilverization
of lead by zinc. (Raymond)

Zinc spar. An early name for Smith-
sonite. (Chester)

Zinc spinel. A synonym for Gahnite.
(Chester)

Zinc sulphate. A compound, ZnSO«,
usually obtained by dissolving zinc
in sulphuric acid, or by roasting and
oxidizing certain zinc ores. (Web-
ster)

Zinc vitrioj. 1. A common name for
goslarite (Chester). Zinc sulphate.

Zinc white. Oxide of zinc. (Ray-
mond)

Zinkazurite. A mineral found In
small, blue crystals, probably a
mixture of sulphate of zinc and car-
bonate of copper. (Chester)

Zinkenite. A native lead-antimonite of
sulphur, PbSb,S« (Webster). Also
Zinckenite.

Zinkite. Same as Zincite.

Zinnwaldite. An iron-lithia mica in
form near biotlte. Color pale violet,
yellow to brown and dark gray.
(Dana)

Zippeite. A basic sulphate of Uran-
ium. (Century)

Ziquitumba (Colom.). Unwatering a
a mine, by manual labor, the men
carrying the water from one shaft or
winze to another. (Halse)

Zircon. Zirconium silicate,
When clear and orange-colored it is
used for the gem known as hya-
cinth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Also
called Azorite.

Zirconia. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO«.

Zirconium. A rare element found in
combined form only. A gravteh
crystalline metallic » substance.
Symbol, Zr; atomic weight, 90.6;
specific gravity. 4.15. (Webster)

Zircon light. A light similar to the
calcium light, produced by Incan-
descent zirconla. (Webster)

Zircon-syenite. A name originally
given by Hausmann to certain Nor-
wegian nephelite-syenltes which
were rich In zircons. Later it was
practically used as a synonym for
nephelite-syenite, but Is now obso-
lete. (Kemp)

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

753

Zirkelite. 1. A name proposed by
Wadsworth in 1887 to designate
altered, basaltic glasses, in distinc-
tion from their unaltered or tachy-
litic state. (Kemp)
2. A variety of the thorium-bearing
minerals. (Moses)

Zirlite. A light-yellow, aluminum hy-
drate, A1(OH)S, that Is found amor-
phous, nnd is closely related to gibb-
site. (Standard)

Ziskon. A trade name for an alloy of
aluminum and zinc, containing 25
per cent of the latter metal : used in
making scientific instruments. (Cen-
tury)

Zloto ( Pol ish ) . Gold. ( G. G. W. Lock )

Zobtenite. Roth's name for metamor-
phic rocks with the composition of
gabbros, i. c., rocks riot certainly ig-
neous. The name is derived from the
Zobtenberg, a Silesian mountain.
(Kemp)

Zoic. In geology, containing fossils,
or yielding evidence of contempora-
neous plant or animal life: said of
rocks. (Standard)

Zoisite. A basic orthosilicate of cal-
cium and aluminum, Ca2(AlOH)Al2
(SiO4)3; the aluminum is sometimes
replaced by iron, thus graduating
toward epidote. (Dana)

Zoisitization. The conversion of feld-
spar into zoisite. (Webster)

Zolotnik. A Russian weight equal to
65.83 grains. (Lock)

Zona (Sp.). 1. A layer or band of
mineral in a vein. 2. A zone, belt,
or band of rock limited horizontally
or vertically, and characterized by
certain minerals or fossils. (Halse)

Zonal structure. A term especially
used in microscopic work to describe
those minerals whose cross-sections
show their successive concentric lay-
ers of growth. (Kemp)

Zone. 1. -In geology, used in the same
sense as horizon to indicate a cer-
tain geological level or chronological
position, without reference to the
local attitude or dip of the rock.
(Roy. Com.)

2. An area or region more or less set
off < r characterized as distinct from
surrounding parts, as in a metallif-
erous region, the mineral aone. 3.
In crystallography, a series of faces
whose intersection lines with each
other are all parallel. (Webster)

744O10 O 17 48

Zone of capillarity. An area that
overlies the zone of saturation and
contains capillary voids, some, or all,
of which are filled with water that
is held above the zone of satura-
tion by molecular attraction acting
against gravity. (Mei r)

Zone of discharge. As suggested by J.
W. Finch, the zone embracing that
part of the belt of saturation which
has a means of horizontal escape.
See Gathering zone and Static zone.
(Lindgren, p. 3)

Zone of flowage. As proposed by
"Van Hise, the lower zone of the
outer part of the earth's crust in
which the deformation of rocks is by
granulation or recrystallization, no
opening being produced, or at least
none except of microscopic size. See
Zone of fracture. (Posepny in Gene-
sis of Ore deposits, p. 286)

Zone of fracture. As proposed by Van
Hise, the upper portion of the earth's
crust and in which rocks are de-
formed nlfeinly by fracture. See
Zone of flowage. (Posepny in Gen-
esis of Ore Deposits, p. 286)

Zone of saturation. An area which
contains capillary or supercapillary
voids, or both, that are full of water
that will move under ordinary hy-
drostatic pressure. (Meinzer)

Zones. In a shaft furnace, the differ-
ent portions (horizontal sections)
are called zones, and characterized
according to the reactions which
take place in them, as the zone of
fusion or smelting zone, the reduc-
tion zone, etc. (Raymond)

Zonochlorite. A zeolitic mineral, per-
haps related to thompsonite. (Cen-
tury)

Zoogene. In geology, of, pertaining
to, consisting of, resulting from, or
indicative of animal life or struc-
ture. (Standard)

Zoolite; Zoolith. A fossil animaL
(Webster)

Zorgite. A massive ? anular selenide
of lead and copper in varvinfc
amounts. (Dana)

Zueing. See Zur.

Zundererz (Ger.). Tinder ore; an ore
of antimony occurring in the Saxon
mines in soft, flexible, tinderlike
masses, of a blackish-red color and
little luster. (Page)

754

GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY.

Zungite. A fluosilicate of aluminum
In transparent tetrahedral crystals,
from the Zuni mine, Colorado.
(Webster)

Zur; Zueing; Dezuing (Eng.). The
same as hulking a lode, viz, remov-
ing the soft side for facilitating the
breaking down the harder part there-
of. (Hunt)

Zurlite. A white or green variety of

melilite. (Standard)

Zurr6n (Mex.). A rawhide ore sack
holding about 150 pounds ; a load for
a Tanatero. See Tanate. (Dwight)

Zurronero (Mex.). A laborer who con-
veys ore or waste in bags. (Halse)

Zwieselite. A clove-brown variety of
triplite. (Dana)

Zwitter. A Saxon miner's term for a
variety of greisen. Only of sig-
nificance in connection with tin ores.
(Kemp)

•fr U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1947— O-744010

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