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GLOSSARY 


OF 


TERMS  USED  IN  COAL  MINING. 


BY 


WILLIAM  STUKELBY  GRESLEY, 

ASSOC.   MEM.   INST.   CIVIL  ENGINEERS,   F.G.S.,    MEM.   NORTH  OF   ENGLAND   INSTITUTE  OF 
MINING   AND  MECHANICAL  ENGINEERS,   ETC.   ETC.   ETC. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  NUMEROUS  WOODCUTS  AND  DIAGRAMS. 


LONDON: 

E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,    16,    CHARING    CROSS. 
NEW  YORK:  35,  MURRAY  STREET. 

1883. 


B&uate* 

WITH    SINCERE    AFFECTION   AND   RESPECT    TO    THE 
MEMORY-  OF    THE    LATE 

JOHN  THOMAS  WOODHOUSE,  ESQ., 

H.INST.C.E.,   F.G.S.,  M.N.E.I.M.E.,  M.I..  AND  8.I.,   M.S.E.,   A.I.N.A.,   ETC. 


PEEFACE. 


THE  Compiler  of  the  following  Glossary  of  Terms 
used  in  connection  with  the  mining  of  coal  and  other 
minerals  had  at  first  no  intention  of  publishing  his  work. 
He  merely  collected,  arranged,  and  classified  the 
various  local  and  provincial  mining  terms  and  phrases 
as  they  came  under  his  notice,  for  his  own  personal 
curiosity  and  use.  At  the  request  of  several  friends, 
however,  he  has  decided  to  go  more  minutely  and 
carefully  into  the  subject,  and  has  made  an  attempt  to 
give  to  the  mining  community,  and  others  interested 
in  the  science  of  coal  mining,  the  result  of  a  much 
closer  investigation  into  the  study  of  the  provincialisms 
and  technicalities  of  the  mining  districts  of  this  country ; 
and  although  conscious  of  its  many  defects,  he  now 
ventures  to  offer  to  the  scientific  public  the  accom- 
panying compendium  of  the  terms  employed  in  the 
mining  of  coal  and  other  stratified  minerals. 

It  is  also  hoped  that  many  of  the  terms  have  been 
explained  in  such  a  manner  as  not  only  to  give  a 
meaning,  as  clear  and  concise  as  is  possible  under  the 
circumstances,  but  also  to  convey  to  students  and  others 


VI  PREFACE. 

engaged  in  the  mining  profession  some  information,  in 
detail,  as  to  the  several  methods,  operations,  systems, 
appliances,  statistics,  &c.,  used  in  connection  with  the 
winning,  working,  and  disposal  of  Coal,  which  has  so 
often  been  described  as  the  "  Mainspring  of  Civilisation," 
and  which,  owing  to  the  bountiful  munificence  of  the 
Creator  and  Giver  of  all  good  things,  has  made  Great 
Britain  what  she  is,  viz.  by  far  the  largest  producer, 
hitherto,  of  that  mineral  in  the  world. 

OVEBSEAL,    ASHBT  DE  LA  ZOTJCH, 

December,  1882. 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  introducing  the  reader  to  the  contents  of  this  little 
work,  it  may  be  well  in  the  first  place  to  give  some  ex- 
planation of  the  method  adopted  in  compiling  it,  and 
to  mention  some  of  the  sources  from  whence  many  of  the 
words  and  phrases  have  been  obtained. 

As  many  of  the  terms  treated  of  have  been  gathered 
from  journals,  reports,  and  transactions  of  mining  insti- 
tutes, &c..  it  is  not  improbable  that  several  inaccuracies 
may  be  met  with,  the  meaning  given  not  being  in  all 
cases  so  explicit  as  the  Compiler  could  have  wished  ;  but 
by  the  exercise  of  much  care  and  considerable  labour, 
he  believes  that  they  have  been  reduced  to  a  very  few. 

Any  one  who  will  be  good  enough  to  favour  the 
Compiler  with  terms,  &c.,  omitted  or  hitherto  unknown 
to  him,  or  with  corrected  and  more  accurate  information, 
will  be  greatly  assisting  to  improve,  complete,  and 
enhance  the  value  of  a  subsequent  edition,  should  it  be 
called  for. 

It  has  been  thought  well  to  insert  many  terms  which 
now  are  or  are  rapidly  becoming  obsolete,  because  it 
seemed  unnecessary  and  impossible  to  draw  a  hard  and 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION. 

fast  line  between  them — obsolete  words  being  interest- 
ing if  not  instructive  to  many. 

To  some  terms  a  historical  fact  or  addition  has  been 
included,  by  way  of  imparting  information  to  the 
uninitiated. 

As  to  words  made  use  of  in  great  number  and  variety 
in  reference  to  Strata,  or  the  names  given  to  various 
beds  of  rock  met  with  in  the  course  of  mining,  these 
are  so  intimately  mixed  up  with  many  of  the  terms 
used  underground,  that  to  exclude  them  would  have 
been  unfair. 

With  reference  to  the  fact  that  very  many  terms  have 
more  than  one,  in  some  instances  eight  or  ten,  separate 
meanings,  and  that  a  single  article,  &c.,  may  have  as 
many  as  twelve  or  fourteen  different  names  by  which  it 
is  called,  it  must  be  understood  that  the  numbers 
(1, 2, 3,  &c.)  placed  immediately  after  a  word  refer  to 
corresponding  numbers  under  the  head  of  which  the 
explanation  of  the  particular  term  will  be  found,  e.  g. 
"  The  box  at  the  head  (1)  end  has  only  one  garland  (2) 
upon  it."  By  looking  out  the  word  head  under  No.  1  ex- 
planation, and  garland  under  No.  2  meaning,  will  at 
once  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  system  upon  which 
the  whole  book  is  drawn  up. 

Again,  with  regard  to  machinery  and  mechanical 
appliances  generally,  it  has  been  thought  proper  to 
exclude  all  technical  terms  applied  to  the  various  parts 
of  such  things  as  do  not  refer  especially  to  mining, 
for  instance :  —  the  words  pump,  boiler,  donkey,  fly- 


INTRODUCTION.  IX 

wheel,  points,  spann&r,  cotter,  &c.,    are  none  of  them 
included. 

A  number  of  terms  have  been  obtained  from  the  coal 
districts  of  Pennsylvania  and  elsewhere  in  America,  but 
some  of  them  are  clearly  traceable  to  the  north  of 
England,  whence  doubtless  they  originally  came.  Many 
Belgian,  French,  Prussian,  German,  Italian,  &c.,  terms 
have  been  inserted,  it  being  thought  the  better  plan  to 
leave  out  nothing  that  might  in  any  way  contribute  to 
the  usefulness  of  the  work. 

Turning  to  the  sources  of  information  of  which  the 
compiler  has  been  so  far  able  to  avail  himself,  he 
hereby  desires  to  acknowledge  his  thanks  to  various 
authors  for  giving  many  technical  and  local  terms,  in 
their  various  papers,  addresses,  books,  and  so  forth, 
which  he  has  ventured  to  make  use  of.  The  figures 
accompanying  the  text  have,  with  only  one  or  two 
exceptions,  been  drawn  up  by  the  writer  expressly  for 
the  work,  and  he  only  regrets  that  this  portion  of 
his  labours  has  been  so  imperfectly  performed.  The 
following  are  the  principal  works  and  authors  con- 
sulted: The  Transactions  of  the  North  of  England 
Institute  of  Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers ;  the 
Proceedings  of  the  South  Wales  Institute  of  Engi- 
neers ;  the  Transactions  of  the  Chesterfield  and  Derby- 
shire Institute  of  Engineers;  the  Transactions  of  the 
Mining  Institute  of  Scotland ;  the  Transactions  of  the 
Manchester  Geological  Society ;  the  Transactions  of 
the  Midland  Institute  of  Mining,  Civil,  and  Mechanical 

I 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

Engineers;  the  Annual  Keports  of  H.  M.  Inspectors  of 
Mines;  the  Colliery  Guardian  newspaper ;  Mine  Engi- 
neering, by  G.  0.  Greenwell;  Mine  Engineering,  by 
G.  E.  Andre;  the  Journal  of  the  British  Society  of 
Mining  Students ;  as  well  as  numerous  smaller  works 
chiefly  relating  to  coal  mining.  It  should,  however, 
be  remarked  that  the  compiler  has  himself,  in  the 
course  of  his  professional  duties,  visited  nearly  all  the 
coal-fields  of  Great  Britain,  thus  enabling  him  to 
acquaint  himself  pretty  well  with  many  of  the  terms 
commonly  made  use  of.  To  compile  a  complete  glossary 
of  such  terms  would,  it  is  believed,  occupy  many  years, 
even  if  it  were  possible  to  do  it  at  all. 

In  conclusion  it  should  be  said,  that  besides  the 
terms  and  phrases  used  in  coal  mining,  those  used  in 
connection  with  the  working  of  ironstone,  shale,  fireclay, 
rock-salt,  stone,  &c. — in  short,  stratified  mines,  have 
been  freely  dealt  with. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


B.  Bristol  Coal-field. 
Belg.  Belgium. 

C.  Cumberland  Coal-field. 
Ch.  Cheshire  Salt  Districts. 
01.  Cleveland  Iron  Districts. 

D.  Derbyshire  Coal-field. 

F.  France. 

F.  D.  Forest  of  Dean  Coal-field. 

G.  Gloucestershire  Coal-field. 
I.  Ireland. 

In.  India. 

It.  Italy. 

L.  Lancashire  Coal-field. 

Lei.  Leicestershire  Coal-field. 

M.  Midland  Coal-field. 

N.  North    of  England   (Northumberland   and 

Durham). 

N.  S.  North  Staifordshire. 

N.  S.  W.  New  South  Wales. 

N.  W.  North  Wales. 

Pa.  Pennsylvania,  U.  S.  A. 

Pr.  Prussia. 

S.  Scotland. 

Sh.  Shropshire. 

Som.  Somersetshire. 

S.  S.  South  Staffordshire. 

S.  W.  South  Wales. 

Sw.  Sweden. 

U.  S.  A.  United  States  of  North  America. 

W.  Warwickshire. 

Y.  Yorkshire. 


GLOSSARY 


OP 


TERMS  USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  Ac. 


A. 

ABATTIS  (Lei.).  Walls  or  ranges  of  branch  or  rough 
wood  (cord- wood)  placed  cross  ways  to  keep  the  under- 
ground roads  open  for  ventilation,  &c. 

ABTHEILUNG  (Pr.).  A  fixed  part  or  district  of  a 
mine  assigned  to  the  care  of  a  fire-man  or  deputy. 

ACREAGE  KENT.  Eoyalty  or  rent  paid  by  the  lessee 
for  working  and  disposing  of  minerals  at  the  rate  of  so 
much  per  acre.  Very  frequently  this  rent  is  calculated 
at  so  much  per  foot  thick  of  the  seam  or  mine  per  acre, 
the  measurements  being  taken  on  the  slope  or  plane  of 
the  coal,  &c.,  and  at  right  angles  to  the  dip. 

ADAMANT  (N.  W.). 

ADDLE  (N.).     To  earn. 

ADDLINGS  (N.).     Earnings  or  wages. 

ADIT.  An  underground  level  to  the  surface  from 
the  level  of  the  mine  workings,  or  from  part  of  the  way 

B 


2  A  GLOSSAKY  OF  TEEMS 

down  the  shaft  (Fig.  1),  generally  used  for  drainage 
purposes. 

Fig.  1. 


ADVENTURERS.  The  original  promoters  or  specu- 
lators in  a  search  for  coal,  &c. 

AEROMETERS.    The  air  pistons  of  a  Struve  ventilator. 

AEROPHORE.  The  name  given  to  an  apparatus  which 
will  enable  a  man  to  enter  places  in  mines  filled  with 
explosive  or  other  deadly  gases,  work  there  with 
freedom,  take  with  him  a  light,  and  remain  for  an 
indefinite  time. 

AFTER-DAMP.  The  deadly  gases  resulting  from  an 
explosion  of  fire-damp.  Chiefly  composed  of  carbonic 
acid  gas.  C02  or  carbon  27  per  cent.  +  oxygen  73 
per  cent. 

AGENT.  One  to  whom  the  general  laying  out  and 
supervision  of  the  workings  is  entrusted  by  the  owner  or 
lessee.  He  may  have  a  number  of  separate  collieries 
under  his  care.  The  wages  and  contractor's  prices  are 
regulated  by  him.  Any  addition  or  alteration  in  the 
various  departments  connected  both  with  the  under- 
ground and  surface  works,  machinery,  &c.,  must 
generally  be  sanctioned  by  him.  He  is  responsible  to 
the  owner  as  well  as  under  the  Coal  Mines  Regulation 
Act  for  the  appointment  of  competent  managers, 
engineivrigJits,  deputies,  surveyors,  &c.  See  Viewer. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  3 

AIR.     1.  The  current  of  atmospheric  air  circulating 
through  and  ventilating  the  workings  of  a  mine. 
2.  To  ventilate  any  portion  of  the  workings. 

AIR-BOX.  A  rectangular  wooden  pipe  or  tube  made 
in  lengths  of  say  9  to  15  feet  for  ventilating  a  heading 
or  a  sinking  pit. 

AIR-COURSE.  Any  underground  roadway  used  for 
the  special  purpose  of  ventilation. 

AIR-CROSSING.  A  bridge  which  carries  one  air-course 
over  another.  In  collieries  liable  to  heavy  explosions, 
in  order  to  prevent  as  far  as  possible  the  Hast  from 
destroying  these  air-crossings  and  deranging  the  venti- 
lation, it  is  better  to  avoid  the  use  of  the  ordinary 

Fig.  2. 


timber  or  even  masonry  bridge,  and  to  make  an  entirely 
isolated  air-course  several  yards  above  the  underneath 
road,  and  if  a  seam  of  coal  be  conveniently  situated  in 
which  to  construct  it,  it  will  not  be  an  expensive  plan. 
See  Fig.  2.  (The  dotted  lines  show  the  position  of  an 
ordinary  crossing.) 

AIR-END  WAY.  Headways  or  levels  driven  in  the 
coal  seam  parallel  with  a  main  level,  chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  ventilation  or  for  the  return  air.  They  are 
connected  with  the  main  level  by  openings  or  thirls. 

B  2 


4  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

AIR-GATES  (M.).  Underground  roadways  used  prin- 
cipally for  ventilative  purposes. 

AIR-HEAD.     See  Air-way. 

AIRLESS  END.  The  extremity  of  a  stall  in  long-wall 
workings  in  which  there  is  no  current  of  air,  or  circula- 
tion of  ventilation,  but  which  is  kept  sweet  by  diffusion, 
and  by  the  ingress  and  egress  of  tubs,  men,  &c. 

AIR-LEVEL.  A  level  or  air-way  (return  air-way)  of 
former  workings,  made  use  of  in  subsequent  deeper 
mining  operations  for  ventilating  purposes. 

AIR-PIT.     A  pit-shaft  used  expressly  for  ventilation. 

AIR-SLIT  (Y.).  A  short  head  (1)  driven  more  or  less  at 
right  angles  to,  and  between  other  F.  3 

two  heads  or  levels  for  ventilation 
purposes. 

AIR-SOLLAR.  A  Irattiee  carried 
beneath  the  tram-rails  in  a  heading, 
a,  Fig.  3. 

AIR -WAY.       Any  underground 
gallery  or  passage  through  which  a  portion  of  the  venti- 
lation travels  or  passes. 

ALLOWANCE.  1.  Kefreshment  in  the  shape  of  bread 
and  cheese  and  beer  supplied  by  the  lessees  or  owners  of 
a  mine  to  surveyors  who  dial  the  workings  periodically. 

2.  Ale  sometimes  given  to  workmen  on  having  to 
perform  work  under  unusual  conditions,  e.  g.  when  they 
are  wet  through. 

ALLOWANCE  COAL.    See  Colliers  coals. 

ALL-UPS  (Lei.).  A  mixture  of  every  quality  of  coal, 
excepting  fine  slack,  raised  from  one  seam,  and  sold  as 
such. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  5 

« 

ALL  WORK  (D.).  Term  formerly  used  for  Long- 
wall,  which  see. 

ALTOGETHER-COAL.    Large  and  small  mixed. 

ALUM  SHALE.  Earth  containing  the  mineral  alum, 
beds  of  which  occasionally  occur  in  the  coal  measures, 
sometimes  as  an  underday. 

ANEMOMETER.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
velocity  of  the  ventilating  current  in  mines. 

ANTHRACITE.  A  hard,  clean,  bright,  smokeless,  and 
very  pure  variety  of  coal,  having  a  conchoidal  fracture, 
and  burning  with  little  or  no  flame,  but  containing  very 
great  local  heating  properties.  It  is  much  esteemed 
for  malting  and  steam  raising.  It  frequently  contains 
over  90  per  cent,  of  carbon ;  some  of  the  anthracites  of 
Pembrokeshire  contain  as  much  as  9-i  per  cent.  This 
coal  weighs  from  85  to  99  •  5  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

APPARATUS  (N.).  The  screening  appliances  upon  the 
pit  bank. 

ARCHING.  Brickwork  or  stonework  forming  the  roof 
of  any  underground  roadway. 

ARLES  OR  EARLES  (N.).  Earnest  money  formerly 
allowed  to  colliers  at  the  time  of  hiring  them. 

ASCENSIONAL  VENTILATION.  The  arrangement  of 
the  ventilating  currents  in  such-wise  that  the  heated 
air  shall  continuously  rise  until  reaching  the  bottom  of 
the  upcast  shaft.  Particularly  applicable  to  steep  seams 
or  rearers. 

ASH-BALL  (Sh.).  Mixed  small  fragments  of  greenish 
clay,  quartz,  &c. 


6  A  GLOSSAEY  OF  TERMS 

»  *~ 

ATTLE  (N.).     To  arrange  or  settle. 

AUGER-NOSE  SHELL.  A  clearing  tool  used  in  boring 
for  coal,  &c.,  having  an  auger-shaped  end. 

AVERAGE  CLAUSE.  One  which,  in  granting  leases  of 
minerals  (coal,  ironstone,  and  clay  in  particular),  pro- 
vides that  lessees  may,  during  (say)  every  year  of  the 
term,  make  up  any  deficiency  in  the  quantity  of  coal, 
&c.,  stipulated  to  be  worked,  so  as  to  balance  the  dead 
or  minimum  rent. 

AWARD  (F.  D.).  A  grant  or  lease  of  certain  mine- 
rals. See  Gale. 

B. 

BACK.  1.  A  plane  of  cleavage  in  coal,  &c.,  having 
frequently  a  smooth  parting  and  some  sooty  coal  in- 
cluded in  it. 

2.  The  inner  end  of  a  heading  where  work  is  going 
forward  or  is  stopped. 

3.  (Lei.)  "To  throw  back  into  the  gob  or  waste,  the 
small  slack,  dirt,  &c.,  made  in  holing. 

4.  (Lei.)   To  roll   large  coals  out  of  a  waste  for 
loading  into  trams. 

BACK-BOARD  (Y.).  A  thirl  communicating  with  the 
return  air-course  often  fitted  with  a  regulator. 

BACK-BYE  (N.).  Work  performed  underground  by 
the  deputies  after  examining  their  districts  in  the  pit,  in 
drawing  timbers  in  abandoned  or  worked-out  places, 
repairing  brattices,  doors,  &c.,  and  attending  and  keep- 
ing in  order  the  roadways,  &c. 

BACK-CASING.  A  wall  or  lining  of  dry  bricks  used 
in  sinking  through  drift  deposits,  the  permanent  walling 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  7 

being  built  up  within  it.  In  the  north  of  England  the 
use  of  timber  cribs  and  planking  serves  the  same 
purpose. 

BACK-COMING  (S.).  Working  away  the  pillars  left 
in,  when  getting  coal  inbye. 

BACKEN  (S.  S.).     See  Back  (4). 
BACK-END  (K).  A  portion  of  a  jud. 

BACKING-DEALS.  Deal  boards  or  planking  placed  at 
the  back  of  curbs  for  supporting  the  sides  of  a  shaft 
liable  to  run  (7). 

BACK-LASH.  The  return  or  counter  blast  (1) ;  recoil 
or  backward  suction  of  the  air-current  produced  after 
an  explosion  of  fire- damp. 

BACK-LYE  (S.).  A  siding  or  shunt  on  an  under- 
ground tramway. 

BACK-OVERMAN  (N.).  A  man  whose  duty  it  is  to  see 
to  the  safety  of  a  district  of  underground  workings,  and 
of  the  men  working  in  it  daring  the  back-shift. 

BACK-SHIFT  (N.).  A  second  shift  or  relay  of  hewers 
in  each  day,  usually  commencing  work  a  few  hours  after 
the  drawing  (3)  of  coals  begins. 

BACK-SPLINTING  (S.).  A  system  of  working  a  seam 
of  coal  over  the  goaf  and  across  the  packs  of  a  lower 
one  got  in  advance  upon  the  long-wall  method.  Sack- 
splinting  consists  in  taking  out  the  upper  bed  of  coal  on 
either  side  of  a  gate  road  in  short  faces  of  say  three  or 
four  yards,  leaving  stoops  to  protect  the  roof  and  roads. 

BACK-STAY  (Y.).  A  wrought-iron  forked  bar  attached 
to  the  back  of  trams  when  ascending  an  inclined  plane, 


A  GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


for  throwing  the  trams  off  the  rails  in  the  event  of  a 
rope  or  coupling  giving  way*    See  Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4. 


BAFF-ENDS.  Long  wooden  wedges  for  adjusting 
tubbing  plates  or  cribs  in  sinking  pits  during  the  opera- 
tion of  fixing  the  tubbing. 

BAFFLE  (M.).  To  brush  out  or  mix  fire-damp  with 
air  in  order  to  render  it  non-explosive;  a  dangerous 
practice,  and  not  now  allowed. 

BAFFLER  (N.  S.).  The  lever  with  which  the  throttle- 
valve  of  a  winding  engine  is  worked. 

BAFF-WEEK  (N.).  The  week  next  after  the  pay 
week,  if  wages  are  paid  fortnightly. 

BAG  (S.  S.).  A  quantity  of  fire-damp  suddenly  given 
off  from  the  coal. 

BAG  COAL.  Coal  put  into  coarse  canvas  bags  and 
sold  in  small  quantities. 

BAG  OF  FOULNESS  (N.).  A  cavity  in  a  coal  seam 
filled  with  fire-damp  under  a  high  pressure,  which, 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


9 


Fig.  5. 


when  cut  into,  is  given  off  with  much  force,  and  danger 
of  causing  an  explosion. 

BAILIFF.  Name  formerly  used  for  manager  of  a  mine. 

BAIT  (N.).     Food  taken  by  a  collier  during  his  shift. 

BAIT-POKE  (N.).    A  bag  for  lait. 

BALANCE.  The  counterpoise  or  weights  attached  to 
the  drum  of  a  winding  engine,  to  assist  the  engine  in 
lifting  the  load  out  of  the  pit  bottom,  and  in  helping  it 
to  slacken  speed  when 
the  cage  reaches  the  sur- 
face. It  consists  often  of 
a  bunch  of  heavy  chains 
suspended  in  a  shallow 
shaft,  the  chains  resting 
upon  the  pit  bottom  as 
unwound  off  the  balance- 
drum  attached  to  the 
main  shaft  of  the  engine. 

BALANCE-BOB.  A  large 
beam  or   lever  attached 
to   the    main  rods  of  a 
Cornish  pumping  engine,   carrying, 
on   its  outer  end,   a   counterpoise. 
See  Fig.  5,  a. 

BALANCE-BROW  (N.  S.).  A  self- 
acting  inclined  plane  in  steep  seams, 
which  is  driven  on  the  full  rise  of 
the  mine,  and  down  which  the  tubs 
of  coal  are  lowered  and  the  empties 
elevated  upon  a  kind  of  carriage  or  platform  on  wheels 
actuated  by  a  rope  or  chain  from  above.  See  Fig.  6. 


-/TV 


10  A  GLOSSAKY  OF  TEEMS 

BALANCE-PIT.  The  pit  or  shaft  in  which  a  lalance 
rises  and  falls. 

BALK.  1.  A  more  or  less  sudden  thinning  out  of  a 
seam  of  coal,  not  unfre-  Fig.  7. 

quently  100  yards  in 
width.  See  diagram, 
Fig.  7. 

2.  A  bar  of  timber  for  supporting  the  roof  of  the 
mine,  or  for  carrying  any  heavy  load. 

BALL  IRONSTONE  (S.  S.).  Strata  containing  argilla- 
ceous ironstone  in  the  form  of  nodules,  which  range  in 
weight  up  to  15  or  20  cwt. 

BALLSTONES  (N.  S.)     Ancient  term  for  ironstone. 

BALNSTONE  (N.).     Stone  or  rock  forming  the  roof. 

BAND  (S.  S.).     1.  A  winding  rope  or  chain. 

2.  A  seam  or  thin  stratum  of  stone,  &c.,  often  inter- 
stratified  with  coal. 

3.  (C.)  A  bed  or  seam  of  coal. 

BANDFUL  (S.  S.).  A  cage  or  strictly  speaking  a 
rope  load,  e.g.  a  handful  of  men,  by  colliers  com- 
monly pronounced  ~bontle. 

BANDSMAN  (S.  S.).  A  loader  or  filler  of  coal,  &c., 
underground. 

BANGING-PIECES.    See  Catches. 

BANK.     1.  The  top  of  the  pit,  or  out  of  the  pit. 

2.  The  surface  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 

3.  To  manipulate  coals,  &c.,  on  the  bank. 

4.  The  whole  or  sometimes  only  one  side  or  one  end 
of  a  stall  or  working  place  underground. 

5.  (C.)  A  large  heap  or  stack  of  mineral  on  surface. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


11 


BANK-HEAD.  The  upper  end  of  an  inclined  plane 
next  to  the  engine  or  drum  (2),  made  nearly  level. 
See  Fig.  8. 

Fig.  8. 


BANK-HOOK  (M.).  An  iron  hook  with  which  the 
banksman  pulls  the  full  tubs  off  the  eagres. 

BANKING.  1.  (M.)  Sorting  and  loading  of  coals  at 
lank  (2). 

2.  (C.)  Heaping  up  minerals  on  surface  for  future  sale. 

BANK  LEVEL  (Y.).  The  level  heading  out  of  which 
banks  (4)  are  worked. 

BANK  OUT  (N.).  To  stack  or  stock  coals  at  surface 
when  short  of  wagons,  &c.,  to  load  into. 

BANK  PLATES.  Cast-iron  sheets  with  which  a  heap- 
stead  or  pit  bank  is  laid  or  floored  for  the  more  expedi- 
tious manipulation  of  the  tubs. 

BANK-WORK  (Y.).  A  system  of  working  coal  in 
South  Yorkshire  (shown  in  plan  in  Fig.  9). 


Fig.  9. 


BANKSMAN.     The  man  in  attendance  at  the  pit  top 
for  superintending  the  work  of  banking. 


12  .A  GLOSS  AKY  OF   TERMS 

BANKSWOMAN  (S.  &  N.  W.,  S.,  L.).  A  female 
employed  at  lank  (1)  to  pick  the  stones  from  and 
to  clean  the  coals  for  the  market. 

BANK  TO  BANK.  A  period  occupied  by  a  collier 
between  leaving  the  lank  (1)  and  returning  to  same. 
A  shift. 

BANNOCK  (Sh.).  Brownish  grey  clay  suitable  for 
making  into  firebricks. 

BANNOCK  (S.  S.).    To  hole  on  the  top  of  a  seam. 

BANT  (U.).  A  certain  number  of  men,  usually  three 
or  four,  who  in  former  times,  prior  to  the  introduction 
of  cages  and  conductors,  used  to  ride  up  and  down  in  a 
pit-shaft,  sitting  in  short  loose  pieces  of  chain  attached 
to  a  hemp  rope  in  a  cluster,  with  their  knees  pointing 
inwards  toward  the  centre  of  the  shaft.  There  were 
usually  two  "bants,  the  lower  or  "bottom  lant  which  was 
composed  of  men,  and  the  upper  or  foaley  "bant  which 
was  made  up  of  a  cluster  of  lads  fastened  a  few  feet 
above  the  heads  of  the  men.  There  was  only  one  rope 
used  for  raising  and  lowering  men ;  the  second  was  a 
chain,  which  was  sent  up  empty,  or  without  anything 
attached  to  it,  when  men  were  descending,  and  vice  versa. 

When  the  lant  was  used,  at  some  collieries  the 
winding-ropes  or  rather  chains  were  pulled  close  up  to 
the  sides  of  the  shaft,  and  the  man-rope  drum  (1)  was 
put  in  gear,  the  lant  working  over  a  third  pulley  in  the 
pit  frame.  See  Hold  out!  and  Tucklers. 

BAK.  A  length  of  timber  placed  horizontally  for 
supporting  the  roof.  In  some  cases  bars  of  wrought 
iron,  about  3"  X  1"  X  5',  are  used. 

BAEE.  To  strip  or  cut  by  the  side  of  a  fault, 
boundary  hollows,  &c. 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  13 

BAEFE  SATURDAY  (N.)  The  word  larfe  =  off.  The 
Saturday  upon  which  wages  are  not  paid. 

BARGAIN-WORK  (N.).  Underground  work  done  by 
contract,  e.  g.  heading,  road  laying,  &c. 

BARING.  1.  The  surface  soil  and  useless  strata  over- 
lying a  seam  of  coal,  clay,  ironstone,  &c.,  which  is  being 
worked  by  open-hole,  which  has  to  be  removed  or  bared 
preparatory  to. working  the  mineral. 

2.  (Y.)  Holing,  which  see. 

3.  (Y.)  Using  a  stout  iron  bar  to  get  the  Cleveland 
ironstone  down,  after  blasting. 

BARITELS  (F.).    See  Horse-grin. 

BAROMETER  HOLIDAY  (D.).  Any  day  on  which, 
owing  to  the  very  low  state  of  the  barometer  (for 
instance,  when  it  sinks  below  say  29  inches),  much  fire- 
damp may  naturally  be  expected  to  be  given  off  in  the 
mine,  causing  risk  of  explosion,  no  work  is  carried  on 
underground. 

BARREN  GROUND.  Strata  unproductive  of  seams  of 
coal,  &c.,  of  a  workable  thickness. 

BARRIER.  A  solid  block  or  rib  of  coal,  &c.,  left  un- 
worked  between  two  collieries  or  mines  for  security 
against  accidents  arising  from  the  influx  of  water  from 
one  to  another;  in  width  often  as  much  as  100  yards. 

BARRIER  SYSTEM  (N.).  The  most  modern  and  ap- 
proved method  of  working  a  colliery  by  pillar  and  stall, 
where  solid  ribs  or  "barriers  of  coal  are  left  in  between 
a  set  or  series  of  working  places  ;  the  width  of  such 
barriers  being  from  40  to  50  yards.  See  plan,  Fig.  10. 

BARRING.  1.  The  timbers  in  the  workings  for  keep- 
ing up  the  roof. 

2.  (S.)  The  timber  walling  or  casing  of  pit-shafts. 


14 


A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 


BARROW-MAN.  One  who,  in  former  times,  used  to 
convey  coals  underground  in  a  wheelbarrow  from  the 
working  places  to  the  rolley-ways. 

Fig.  10. 


BARROW- WAY  (N.).     The  underground  roads   along 
which  the  barrow-men  worked. 

BASH  (S.  W.).     To  fill  with  rubbish  the  spaces  from 
which  the  coal  has  been  worked  away. 

Fig.  11. 


a,  Coal  Measures.        b,  Millstone  Grit.        c,  Carbonaceous  Limestone. 

BASIN.     A   coal-field   having  some   resemblance  in 
form  to  that  of  a  basin.     The  Forest  of  Dean  coal- 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC.  15 

field  is  perhaps  the  most  perfectly  basin-shaped  one 
in  Great  Britain.     See  diagram,  Fig.  11. 

BASKET  (L.).  A  measure  of  weight  =  2  cwt.  occa- 
sionally used  in  East  Lancashire. 

BASKETS  (S.  S.).  Shallow  pans  into  which  small  is 
raked  by  fillers  for  loading  into  tubs. 

BASS.     Black  carbonaceous  shale. 

BASSET.     1.  Outcrop,  which  see. 
2.  Shallow  or  rise  side  of  a  working. 

BASSET-EDGE.  The  actual  outcrop  or  boundary  of 
a  seam,  where  it  appears  at  the  surface. 

BAT  (L.,  S.  S.).  See  Baffle.  Batting  out  gas  was 
formerly  a  regular  though  unsafe  thing  to  do. 

BATE  (S.  S.).  To  excavate  or  cut  away  the  floor  of 
a  mine. 

BATE  BARREL  (Lei.).  After  drawing  a  number  of 
barrels  of  water  out  of  a  sump,  the  first  barrel  that 
there  is  not  sufficient  water  to  fill  is  called  the  late 
barrel. 

BATE-WORK  (N.).     Short  work. 
BATT.    See  Bass. 

BAUM-POTS  (Y.).  Calcareous  nodules  found  in  the 
shale  forming  the  roof  of  the  "Halifax  Hard"  coal 
seam. 

BAY.    1.  An  open  space  for  a  goblin  or  waste  between 
two  packs  in  a  long-wall  working. 
2.  (L.)  A  loard,  which  see. 

BAYSHON  (Som.).     An  air  stopping,  which  see. 


16  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

BEANS  (N.).  All  coal  which  will  pass  say  a  half- 
inch  screen  or  mesh. 

BEARERS  (S.).  Women  formerly  employed  to  bear 
or  carry  coals  out  of  the  mines  upon  their  backs  in 
creels,  for  which  they  were  paid  from  Is.  to  Is.  2d.  per 
day,  finding  their  own  creels  and  candles. 

BEARING  DOOR.  A  door  placed  for  the  purpose  of 
directing  and  regulating  the  amount  of  ventilation 
passing  through  an  entire  district  of  the  mine. 

BEARING  IN  (S.).  The  depth  or  distance  under,  of 
the  holing  or  kirving. 

BEARING-UP  PULLEY.  A  pulley  wheel  fixed  in  a 
frame  and  arranged  to  tighten  up  or  take  up  the  slack 
rope  in  endless  rope  haulage. 

BEARING  SYSTEM.  The  employment  in  former  times 
of  females  to  carry  out  upon  their  backs  the  produce 
of  the  mine. 

BEARS  (D.).     Calcareous  clay-ironstone  in  nodules. 

BEATER.  1.  (N.)  An  iron  rod  for  stemming  the  hole 
preparatory  to  firing  a  shot. 

2.  (M.)  A  wooden  mallet  for  consolidating,  or 
making  air-tight,  the  clay,  when  building  wax  walls  or 
dams. 

Fig.  12. 


BECHE  or  BITCH  (N.  E.).  A  hollow  conical-headed 
iron  rod  for  extricating  boring  rods  from  lore  holes  (1). 
See  Fig.  12. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  17 

BED.  1.  The  level  surface  of  rock  upon  which  a 
curb  or  crib  is  laid. 

2.  A  stratum  of  coal,  ironstone,  clay,  &c. 

BELL.     1.  To  signal  by  ringing  a  bell. 

2.  (F.  D.)     See  Sell-mould. 

BELLED.  The  widened  out  portion  of  a  pit  shaft  at 
the  inset  in  order  to  give  plenty  of  room  for  running 
the  trams  past  the  shaft,  and  for  changing  them  in  the 
cages. 

BELL-MOULDS,  BELL-MOUTHS  (Som.).  Conical-shaped 
patches  of  the  roof,  being  probably  the  bases  of  the 
fossils  called  sigillaria,  or  the  roots  of  trees. 

BELL-PIT  (D.).  Pits  working  argillaceous  ironstone 
by  the  system  called  Bell-work,  which  see. 

BELL-SCREW  or  SCREW  BELL.  An  internally 
threaded  bell-shaped  iron  bar,  for  recovering  broken  or 
lost  rods,  &c ,  in  a  deep  lore  hole  (1).  See  Beche. 

BELL  WORK  (D.).  A  system  of  working  ironstone 
rake  measures  by  underground  excavations,  around  the 
pits  or  shafts  in  the  form  p.  13 

of  a  bell  or  cone.  Pits 
are  sunk  about  20  to  40 
yards  apart,  the  iron- 
stone is  then  worked 
away  between  the  pits 
and  lastly  taken  from 
the  sides  of  the  shafts,  thus  forming  them  into  bells. 
See  diagram,  Fig.  13. 

BENCH  (Pa.).  1.  A  small  tram  or  car  of  about  7  cubic 
feet  capacity  used  in  the  breasts  for  carrying  coal  from 
the  face  of  the  workings  to  the  shoot  or  chute  down 

c 


18 


A   GLOSSAEY  OF  TEEMS 


Fig.  14. 


which  it  is  dumped  to  the  gangway  platform  for  reload- 
ing into  larger  cars. 

2.  (Lei.)     To  wedge  the  bottoms  up  below  the  holing. 

3.  A  stratum  of  coal  forming  portion  of  a  seam ;  some 
seams  are  made  up  of  a  number  of  benches  separated  by 
strata  of  shale,  &c. 

BENCHERS  (S.).  Men  who  are  employed  at  the 
bottom  of  inclined  planes  in  the  mine. 

BENCHING.     1.  See  Eoling.    Also  to  break  up  with 
wedges    the    bottom    coals 
when  the  holing  is  done  in 
the    middle   of   the   seam. 
See  Fig.  14. 

2.  (Ch.)  The  lower  por- 
tion of  the  rock-salt  bed 
worked  in  one  operation  (up 
to  12  feet  in  thickness). 

BENCH  WORKING.  The  system  of  working  one  or 
more  seams  or  beds  of  mineral  by  open  working  in 
stages  or  steps  as  shown  in  diagram,  Fig.  15. 

Fig.  15. 


"  BEND  AWAY  "  or  "  AWAY  ! "  (N.)  Raise  the  cage 
in  the  shaft. 

BENK  (D.).     See  Sank  (4). 

BENT  (S.).  Subsidence  of  roof  having  taken  place 
to  rear  of  working  face,  e.g.  a  bent  roof. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  19 

BERGMEISTEE  (Pr.).    An  Inspector  of  mines. 

BETRIEBSFUHRER  (Pr.).  The  mining  engineer  or 
Manager  of  a  coal  mine,  who  is  personally  responsible 
for  the  safety  of  the  workings.  He  sometimes  acts  as 
an  Obersteiger. 

BETRIEBSPLAN  (Pr.).  A  sketch  or  rough  plan  of 
underground  workings,  proposed  to  be  executed  during 
the  next  12  months,  submitted  for  approval  to  the 
Bevierbeamt. 

BIAT  or  BYAT.  A  timber  stay  or  beam  in  a  pit 
shaft 

BIBBLEY  KOCK  (S.S.).   Conglomerate  or  pebbly  rock, 

BIGGIN  (N.).  A  built-up  pillar  of  stone  or  other 
debris  in  a  working  place  or  heading  for  a  support  to 
the  roof,  e.g.  ligging  the  gob  means,  building  a  pack  in 
a  worked-out  place  in  a  pit. 

BILL  DAY  (N".).  That  on  which  viewers  examine 
the  colliery  accounts,  &c. 

BILLET  (Som.).     A  short  prop  or  tree  of  timber. 

BILLY.  1.  (F.  D.)  A  box  for  holding  ironstone, 
carried  by  a  boy  in  the  mine. 

2.  See  Billy  Play/air. 

BILLY  BOY  (S.  W.).  A  lad  who  attends  to  the  work- 
ing of  a  Billy  Playfair. 

BILLY  PLAYFAIR  or  FAIR-PLAY  (S.  W.).  A  man's 
name  given  to  a  mechanical  contrivance  for  weighing 
coal,  consisting  of  an  iron  trough  with  a  sort  of  hopper 
bottom,  into  which  all  the  small  passing  through  the 
screen  is  conducted  and  weighed  off  and  emptied  from 
time  to  time. 

c  2 


20  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

BINCHING.  1.  (Som.)  The  stone  upon  which  a  vein 
of  coal  rests. 

2.  See  Benching,  also  Undercutting. 

BIND  or  BINDS.  1.  Indurated  argillaceous  shale  or 
clay,  very  commonly  forming  the  roof  of  a  coal  seam 
and  frequently  containing  clay  ironstone. 

2.  (N.)     To  hire. 

BINDER.     See  Bind  (1). 

BINDING  (N.).    Hiring  of  men  for  pit  work. 

BING.  1.  (S.)  A  place  where  coals,  &c.,  are  stocked, 
or  debris  tipped  at  surface. 

2.  (S.)  To  put  coals  on  one  side  in  wagons  or  in 
stacks  at  surface. 

BIT.  A  piece  of  steel  placed  in  the  cutting  edge  of  a 
drill. 

BITUMINOUS  COAL.  A  clear  and  free-burning  variety 
of  coal,  or  a  flaming  coal  of  a  fuliginous  character. 

BLACKBAND.  Carbonaceous  Ironstone  in  beds, 
mingled  with  coaly  matter  sufficient  for  its  own 
calcination. 

BLACK-BATT.     Black  carbonaceous  shale. 

BLACK  COTTON  (In.).  Soil  from  6  to  10  feet  in 
thickness  overlying  the  coal  measures,  which  in  dry 
weather  opens  and  cracks  up  like  fissures. 

BLACK-DAMP.  Carbonic  acid  gas,  much  the  same  as 
after-damp.  It  will  not  support  combustion,  and  is 
very  deadly. 

BLACK  DIAMONDS.  A  term  frequently  applied  to 
signify  coal. 

BLACK-JACK  (D.).     A  kind  of  cannel  coal. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  21 

BLACK  MUCK  or  BLACK  MOULD  (L.).  A  dark-brown 
powdery  substance,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
iron ;  found  in  iron  mines. 

BLACK-RING  (S.  S.).  In  a  sinking-pit,  it  means  a 
thin  bed  or  shed  of  coal  as  seen  running  round  the 
shaft  sides,  having  the  appearance  of  a  black  circle 
or  ring. 

BLACKS  (Som.).     Soft  dark-coloured  shale. 
BLACKSTONE  (N.).    Highly  carbonaceous  shale. 

BLAST.  1.  The  sudden  rush  of  fire  and  gas  and  dust 
of  an  explosion  through  the  underground  workings  and 
roadways  of  a  colliery. 

2.  To  cut  or  bring  down  coal,  rocks,  &c.,  by  the 
explosion  of  gunpowder,  dynamite,  &c. 

BLAES  or  BLAIZE  (S.).  A  hard-bedded  sandstone, 
free  from  joints ;  also  a  kind  of  under  clay  with  balls  of 
ironstone ;  also  ordinary  bind. 

BLECK  (N.).    Pitch  or  tar  upon  ropes. 

BLEED.  A  coal  or  other  stratum  is  said  to  Heed  when 
it  gives  off  water  or  gas. 

BLIND.  1.  (F.  D.)    See  After-damp. 

2.  (S.)  To  erect  a  stopping  in  a  bolt-hole  or  other 
underground  roadway. 

BLIND  COAL.  Coal  altered  by  the  heat  of  a  trap 
dyke  into  something  resembling  anthracite. 

BLIND-PIT  (L.).    See  Drop-staple. 

BLIND-ROAD  or  BLIND- WAY  (M.).  Any  underground 
roadway  not  in  use  either  for  drawing  coals,  &c.,  ven- 
tilation, or  for  travelling  along,  having  stoppings  placed 
across  it. 


22  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

BLOCK  COAL.    Coal  in  large  lumps. 
BLOCKY  (B.).    See  Block  Coal. 

BLOW.     1.  To  blast  with  gunpowder,  &c. 

2.  A  dam  or  stopping  is  said  to  How  when  gas  escapes 
through  it. 

3.  (Y.)   A  roof  is  said  to  Now  when  it  commences  to 
break  in  or  weight. 

BLOWER.  1.  A  sudden  emission  or  outburst  of  fire- 
damp in  a  mine,  the  gas  generally  coming  out  of  the 
coal.  They  frequently  continue  to  How  (2)  for  many 
days  or  weeks.  The  pressure  of  the  gas  is  at  first  not 
unfrequently  as  high  as  300  or  400  Ib.  per  sq.  in., 
but  gradually  decreases.  The  quantity  of  gas  given  off 
is  sometimes  of  enormous  volume,  filling  a  great  portion 
of  the  workings  of  an  extensive  colliery  in  a  few  seconds 
only,  and  extinguishing  nearly  every  lamp  in  the  mine. 

2.  A  man  who  blasts  or  fires  shots  in  a  pit,  or  who 
drills  the  holes  and  charges  them,  ready  for  firing. 

BLOW-GEORGE.  A  small  centrifugal  fan  worked  by 
hand,  for  airing  or  ventilating  a  heading  or  pit. 

BLOWING  KOAD  (S.  S.).  Intake  or  fresh-air  road  in  a 
mine. 

BLOWN-OUT  SHOT.  In  blasting,  when  it  occurs  that 
the  coal  or  rock  bears  the  strain  of  the  ignited  explo- 
sive longer  than  the  stemming  in  the  hole,  the  result  is 
called  a  Uown-out  shot,  or  one  that  has  gone  off  but  not 
done  its  work. 

BLOWS  (L.).  Frequent  and  sudden  risings  of  quick- 
sand in  sinking  through  watery  ground. 

BLOW-UP.    1.  An  explosion  of  fire-damp  in  a  mine. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  23 

2.  To  allow  atmospheric  air  to  get  access  to  certain 
places  in  coal  mines,  so  as  to  generate  heat,  and  ulti- 
mately to  cause  gob  fires.  This  is  to  How  up  a 
fire  (4). 

BLUE  BIND.     See  Bind  (I). 

BLUE  CAP.  The  blue  or  brownish-coloured  halo  of 
ignited  gas  (fire-damp  and  air)  on  the  top  of  the  flame 
of  a  safety  lamp.  To  carry  on  work  in  an  atmosphere 
which  shows  a  cap  is  unsafe. 

BLUE  GROUND  (S.  S.).  Strata  of  the  coal  measures, 
consisting  principally  of  beds  of  bind  (1). 

BLUE  METAL  (N.).    See  Bind  (I). 

BLUFT  (Lei.).  To  extinguish  or  put  out  of  sight  a 
candle  or  other  light. 

BLUE  STONE  (S.  W.).  In  Caermarthenshire  it  is  a 
name  for  "bind  (1). 

BOARD  or  BORD.  1.  (N.)  A  wide  heading,  usually 
from  3  to  5  yards. 

2.  ( Y.)  When  a  seam  of  coal  is  worked  parallel  to  the 
natural  joints  or  faces  intersecting  it,  it  is  said  to  be 
worked  loard. 

3.  A  plane  of  cleavage  in  coal,  the  line  of  which  is 
generally  more  or  less  north  and  south. 

4.  A  piece  of  board  with  the  word  Fire  or  Danger,  or 
some  other  notice  in  reference  to  gas,  safety  lamps, 
shot-firing,  dangerous  roof,  &c.,   painted   upon   it,   to 
warn  the  men  and  boys  in  the  workings.     It  is  hung 
by   a  nail  to  a  prop,  or  fixed   in   some  other  con- 
spicuous position,  beyond  or  behind  which  the  danger 
lurks. 


24 


A  GLOSSAEY   OF   TEEMS 


Fig.  16. 


BOAED  AND  PILLAE.  A  system  of  working  coal 
where  the  first  stage  of  exca- 
vation is  accomplished  with 
the  roof  sustained  by  coal. 
The  coal  is  worked  out  to  the 
extent  of  from  say  30  to  60 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  seam. 
Of  course,  this  system  is 
capable  of  very  great  modifi- 
cation, and  the  size  of  pillars 
is  determined  by  the  circum- 
stances under  which  the  system 
is  carried  out.  Fig.  16  is  a 
sketch  plan,  showing  an  arrangement  of  the  workings. 

BOAED  COAL.      Coal    having  a  fibrous  or  woody 
appearance.    Of  the  Secondary 
and  Tertiary  eras. 

BOAED  GATES  (Y.).  Head- 
ings driven  in  pairs  generally 
to  the  rise,  out  of  which  banks 
(4)  or  stalls  are  opened  and 
worked.  See  plan,  Fig.  17. 

BOAED  AND  WALL.  See 
Board  and  Pillar. 

BOAED-EOOM  (S.).  A  head- 
ing driven  board  (2). 

BOAED-WAY'S  COUESE  (N.). 
planes  of  cleavage  of  the  coal. 

BOAT  COAL  (Pa.).    Coal  which  is  loaded  into  boats 
on  canals,  rivers,  &c. 


Fig.  17. 


At  right  angles  to  the 
See  Face  on. 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  25 

BOB.  An  oscillating  bell-crank  or  lever,  through 
which  the  motion  of  an  engine  is  transmitted  to  the 
pump-rods  in  an  engine  or  pumping-pit. 
(See  elevation  of  L  '  bob/  %  18.  J?g' 18* 
There  are  J_  bobs,  L  bobs,  and  V  bobs. 

BOGIE.  1.  (Y.)  A  small  truck  or 
trolly  upon  which  a  kibble  is  carried 
from  a  sinking  pit  top  to  the  spoil  "bank. 

2.  A  weighted  truck  run  foremost 
or  next  to  the  rope  in  a  set  or  train. 

BOLL  (N.).  An  ancient  measure  for  coal,  containing 
9676  *  8  cubic  inches,  or  -^  part  of  a  Ten. 

BOLT  or  BOLT-HOLE  (S.  S.).  A  short  narrow  heading, 
connecting  two  others. 

BOND.  1.  (N.)     Agreement  for  hiring  workmen. 

2.  (F.  D.)  A  wind  (5)  made  by  a  winding  engine. 

3.  (N.  S.)     A  bed,  band,  or  seam  of  ironstone. 

BONE  (Pa.).     Hard  slaty  carbonaceous  beds  of  rock. 

BONNET.  1.  The  overhead  cover  of  a  cage  or  Swing- 
ing lont  usually  constructed  in  the  form  of  a  ridge  tile 
/\  so  as  to  ward  off  the  blows  from  anything  acci- 
dentally falling  down  the  shaft. 

2.  (S.)     See  Sett-mould. 

BONNET  ROLLER,  BONNET  PULLEY,  BONNET  SHEAF. 
See  Eat  Boiler. 

BONT  or  BOND.  The  cage  and  winding  rope  with 
attachments. 

BONTLE  (M.).    A  cage-full  of  men. 
BOOBEY  (Som.).     A  kind  of  box  holding  6  to  8  cwt. 
of  coal  in  which  dirt  or  rubbish  is  sent  to  lank  (1). 


26  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

BOOLIES  (N.).     A  collier's  term  for  brothers. 

BOOT  LEG  (L.).  A  short  pipe  of  leather  through 
which  the  water  is  drawn  from  a  pot-hole  into  a  pump 
of  a  sinking  set  (1). 

BORD  (Y.).  A  road  or  heading  in  a  pit  in  loard  and 
pillar  workings. 

BORDS  AND  LONGWORK  (Y.).  A  system  of  working 
coal  in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  17.  The  modus 
operandi  is  briefly  as  follows : — 

Firstly,  the  main  levels  are  started  on  both  sides  of 
the  shafts  and  carried  towards  the  boundary. 

Secondly,  the  loardgates  are  set  away  in  pairs  to  the 
rise  and  continued  as  far  as  the  boundary,  or  to  within 
a  short  distance  of  a  range  of  upper  levels  and  other 
"boardgates. 

Lastly,  the  whole  of  the  pillars  and  remaining  coal 
are  worked  out  downhill  to  within  a  few  yards  of  the 
levels,  and  ultimately  the  coal  between  the  levels  is 
worked  away. 

BORE.  1.  To  prove,  by  boring  vertical  holes,  the 
character  and  thickness  of  strata. 

2.  The  proportion  of  the  sectional  area  of  a  pipe 
filled  with  running  water.     When  a  pipe  is  discharging 
water  to  its  greatest  capacity,  i.e.   when  the  pipe  is 
quite  full,  it  is  said  to  be  running  full  lore. 

3.  A  Borehole  (1),  (2),  (3). 

BORE-HOLE.  1.  A  hole  made  with  a  drill,  auger  or 
other  tools,  from  1  in.  to  as  much  as  30  ins.  diameter, 
and  to  a  depth  of  several  thousand  feet  (5500  feet 
having  been  attained  at  Potsdam  in  America),  for  ex- 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,  ETC.  27 

ploring  strata  in  search  of  minerals,  for  water  supply, 
and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  hole  bored  into  the  face  of  a  coal      Fis- 
wall  or  stone  drift,  &c.,  for  blasting  purposes. 

3.  Holes  bored  in  ribs  and  pillars  for  prov- 
ing the  position  of  old  workings,  proving 
faults,  letting  off  accumulations  of  gas  or  of 
water. 

BORE  MEAL.  Mud  or  finely  chopped-up 
debris  out  of  a  lore-hole. 

BORIXG-HEAD.  The  group  of  chisels  or 
cutters  by  which  the  strata  are  cut  through 
in  boring.  See  Bore  (1),  Fig.  19. 

BORING  EODS.  Square  iron  rods  of 
Swedish  iron  of  the  toughest  quality,  made 
in  lengths  of  4  or  5  yards,  having  male  and 
female  screws  at  the  extremities  for  con- 
necting them  together  in  a  bore-hole.  See 
Fig.  20. 

BOSH  (Water  Bosh)  (S.W.).  A  tank  or 
tub  out  of  which  horses  drink. 

Fig.  20. 


BOTTLE-JACK.      An    appliance    for    raising    heavy 
weights  in  a  pit. 

BOTTOM.    The  bottom  of  the  shafts  and  roadways, 
&c.,  near  the  shafts. 

BOTTOMER.     The  person  who  loads  the  cages  at  the 
pit  bottom,  and  gives  the  signals  to  bank  (1). 


28  A.  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

BOTTOM  PILLARS.  Large  blocks  of  solid  coal  or 
mine  (1),  left  un worked  round  about  the  pit  shaft.  See 
Shaft  Pillar. 

BOTTOM  STEWARDS  (Y.).     Underground  officials. 

BOTTOMS  (M.).  The  lowermost  portion  or  natural 
division  of  a  seam  of  coal,  &c.  The  holing  is  sometimes 
done  above  the  bottoms,  and  then  they  are  benched  (2),  up. 

BOTJLEUR  (Belg.).  Small  girls  who  collect  the  coals 
into  heaps  in  the  working  places  underground  to  be 
filled  into  trams  by  older  girls. 

BOUTONS  (S.).    Masses  of  roof  stone  or  shale. 

BOUT.  1.  (M.)     A  coil  of  rope  upon  a  drum. 

2.  (Lei.)  A  dinner  or  other  jollification  given  by 
the  owners  or  lessees  of  a  colliery  to  their  colliers  and 
other  workmen  in  honour  of  some  special  event,  e.  g. 
finding  of  coal,  a  coming-of-age,  &c. 

Bow.  The  bent  iron  bar  or  handle  suspending  the 
body  of  a  kibble. 

BOWK.  An  iron  barrel  or  tub  in  which  the  debris 
from  a  sinking  pit  is  raised.  See  Fig.  21.  It  is 
attached  to  the  rope  by  three  short 

Fi?    21 

chains   with   hooks,  and  holds   about 
half  a  ton  of  stuff. 

Box.  The  vehicle  in  which  coals, 
&c.,  are  conveyed  from  the  working 
places  along  the  underground  roadways 
up  the  shaft  and  to  the  unloading 
places  at  bank  (1). 

It  has  a  capacity  of  from  8  to  20  cwt.,  varying 
according  to  the  thickness  of  the  seam  worked,  and  the 
height  and  width  of  the  roads ;  and  weighs  from  3  to 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,  ETC. 


29 


6  cwt.  The  wheels  are  from  10  to  15  inches  in  diameter 
and  made  of  cast  steel,  the  framework  and  bodies  are 
of  ash  and  elm  strengthened  with  iron  ribs  and  plates. 


Fig.  22. 


Fig.  23. 


Fig.  24. 


Figs.  22  and  23  show  a  side  and  an  end  elevation  of  a 
box  as  commonly  constructed. 

Box  BELL.     See  Bell-screw. 

Box  BOTTOMS  (Lei.).  The  small  coal  or  slack  which 
falls  to  the  bottom  of  the  loxes  or  tubs.  It  is  produced 
by  breakage  in  transit  underground,  and  by  sorting  on 
the  lank  (1). 

BOXED  OFF.  Enclosed  or  protected  by  a  wooden 
pipe  or  partition. 

BOXES  (Pa.).  "Wooden  parti- 
tions for  conducting  the  ventila- 
tion from  place  to  place. 

BRACEHEAD.  Wooden  handles 
or  bars  for  raising  and  rotating 
the  rods  when  boring  deep  holes. 
(See  Fig.  24.)  The  handles  are 
firmly  set  in  an  iron  socket, 

forming  the  uppermost  end  of  the  top  rod,  a  short  chain 
being  attached  to  the  ring  on  the  top  by  which  the 
rods  are  suspended  from  the  Irake  staff.  Sometimes 
four  handles  are  employed  set  cross- ways. 


30 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


BRAKE.  1.  A  stout  wooden  lever  to  which  boring 
rods  are  attached,  and  is  worked  by  one  or  more  men. 

2.  (N.  S.)  To  lower  trams  down  dips  (4)  by  means 
of  a  wheel  and  rope. 

BRAKESMAN  (N.).  The  man  who  works  the  winding 
engine. 

BRAKE-STAFF.  See  Brake  (I).  It  has  an  up-and- 
down  motion,  imparted  to  it  either  by  machinery  or  by 
hand. 

BRAKING  (N.).     Working  a  winding  engine. 

BRANCH.  1.  (Som.)  An  underground  road  or  head- 
ing driven  in  measures.  See  diagram,  Fig.  25. 

2.  A  roadway  under- 
ground branched  off  from  a 
level,  &c. 

BRA  SHY.  Short  and  ten- 
der, as  Irashy  bind,  &c. 

BRASS.  Iron  pyrites  in 
coaL  Occurs  generally  in 
lenticular  patches,  small 
veins,  and  scaley  partings. 

BRAT  (N.).  A  thin  bed  or  band  of  coal  mixed  with 
lime  and  iron  pyrites.  * 

BRATTICE.  1.  A  division  or  partition  in  a  shaft, 
heading,  or  other  underground  working  place,  for  pro- 
viding for  ventilation,  &c.  It  divides  the  place  into 
two  parts,  one  for  the  ingress  of  the  fresh  air,  and  one 
for  the  egress  of  the  vitiated  air.  A  brattice  may  be 
constructed  of  brick  or  stone  work,  of  coarse  clothing 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,  ETC. 


31 


nailed  to  timbers,  or  of  sheet-iron  tubes  about  18  inches 
in  diameter,  or  of  boarding.     Figs.  26  and  27  show 


Fig.  27. 


cross  sections  of  four  ways  of  making  a  brattice  in  a 
heading.  Strictly  speaking  the  iron  pipe  system  is  not 
a  brattice. 

2.  (M.)  A  built-up  pillar  of  cordwood  something 
like  a  large  chock  (which  see),  and  serving  a  similar 
purpose.  Called  also  brettice  and  brittice. 

BRATTICE-ROAD.  A  gateroad  through  the  goaf  sup- 
ported by  brattices  (2)  or  timber  packs.  Fig.  28  gives  a 
cross  section  of  a  roadway  of  this  description. 

Fig.  28. 


BRATTICE  WALL.  The  bratticed  side  of  an  aircourse 
or  other  road. 

BRAZZIL  (M.).     See  Brass. 

BREAK.  1.  A  crack  or  small  natural  cavity  or 
fracture  in  the  coal  seam. 


32  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

2.  A  crack,  often  several  inches  in  width,  proceeding 
from  old  workings  or  hollows. 

BREAK  IN  (S.).    To  commence  to  hole. 

BREAKAGE  CLAUSE.  A  clause  inserted  in  some 
mining  leases  providing  for  an  abatement  of  royalty  or 
allowance  on  weight  for  a  certain  weight  of  small  coal  or 
breakage  sent  out  in  every  ton  of  large  coal,  e.g. 
120  Ibs.  in  every  2640  Ibs.  or  collier's  ton. 

BREAKER.  1.  (N.)  A  large  crack  formed  in  the  roof 
next  to  the  goaf.  See  Break  (1). 

2.  (Som.)     A  coal  getter  or  "hewer." 

3.  (I.)     A  collier  who  wedges  down  coal  and  fills  it 
into  tubs. 

BREAKER  BOY  (Pa.).  A  lad  who  attends  to  a  coal- 
breaking  machine. 

BREAKING  BAND  (S.).  A  method  of  setting  or  fixing 
props  in  the  workings,  in  lines  running  diagonally  to  the 
line  of  the  face  or  wall. 

BREAKING-DOWN  MACHINES.  Mechanical  appliances, 
such  as  wedges,  &c.,  worked  by  compressed  air  or  by 
hydraulic  power,  for  bringing  down  the  coals  after  they 
are  holed. 

BREAKING  UP  (CL).  A  system  under  which  a 
skilled  miner  engages  an  unskilled  man,  the  former 
paying  the  latter  a  mere  labourer's  wages  until  he 
becomes  able  to  demand  the  wage  that  experience  has 
made  him  worth. 

BREAK  OFF.  To  drive  a  thirl  or  bolt-hole,  &c.,  out  of 
a  gate-road,  level,  &c. 

BREAK  UP  (M.).    To  cut  away  and  remove  the  floor. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  33 

BREAST.  1.  (Pa.)     A  stall  10  yards  in  width. 

2.  (I.)    A  stall  in  a  steep  seam  from  12  to  18  yards 
wide.     They  are  carried  one  above  another  from  the 
lowest  level  to  the  rise.      Fig. 

29  shows  a  section  of  three  Breasts  Fis-  29- 

with  the  unworked  coal  between 

them. 

3.  (Lei.)     To  take  down  or  get 
a  buttock  of    coal   end  on    [i.e. 
working  it  off  in  a  direction  at  a 

right  angle  with  the  line  of  the  Face  (1)]  in  a  long-wall 
stall  when  the  roof  has  fallen  in  close  up  to  the  working 
face,  thus  preventing  work  going  on  in  the  ordinary 
way. 

BREAST  AND  PILLAR  (Pa.).  A  system  of  working 
anthracite  coal  by  boards  10  yards  in  width,  with 
narrow  pillars  5  yards  wide  between  them,  holed 
through  at  certain  intervals.  See  Board  and  Pillar. 
The  breasts  are  worked  from  the  dip  to  the  rise. 

BREAST-BORE  (S.).  A  borehole  (3)  put  in  parallel 
with  the  seam,  made  and  kept  in  advance  of  a  working- 
place,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  position  of 
old  works,  tapping  water,  letting  off  gas,  &c. 

BREAST-EYES  (L.).     See  Day,  Day-hole. 

BREAST-HEADS.     Natural  joints  in  rock,  coal,  &c. 

BREASTING.  1.  (N.  S.)  A  short  leading  stall,  worked 
at  right  angles  to,  and  forming  the  face  (1),  of  the  main 
levels. 

2.  Wide  heading  or  level. 

BREATHER.  An  apparatus  brought  out  by  a  Mr. 
Fleuss  for  use  in  impure  atmospheres,  enabling  a  man 

D 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


Fig.  30. 


to  enter  and  explore  underground  workings  filled  with 

noxious  gases.     It  consists  of  a  mask  or  mouthpiece,  a 

knapsack,  and  an  elastic  air-reservoir 

or  bag,  and  is  charged  with  oxygen  gas, 

which  the  wearer  inhales,  and,  by  an 

ingenious  arrangement,  breathes  over 

and  over  again  ;  and  consequently  can 

remain  in  gas  for  several  hours  at  a 

time  (Fig.    30).     A   special  form  of 

safety-lamp  is  used  with  the  breather, 

constructed  upon  the  same  principle. 

BREECHING  (M.).     Drawing  loaded 
trams  down  hill  underground. 

BREEDING    FIRES    (S.   S.).     Spon- 
taneous combustion  in  a  mine.     See  Gob  Fire. 

BREESE  (S.).    Fine  slack. 

BRICK  COAL.  Small  and  rough  quality  of  coal 
suitable  for  brick  kilns  and  similar  purposes. 

BRICK  FUEL  (S.  W.).    Patent  Fuel. 

BRICKING.     The  walling  or  casing  of  a  pit-shaft. 

BRIDAL  (S.).  A  contrivance  for  preventing  tubs 
from  overturning  upon  steep  inclined  planes  (1  in  3  or  4). 

BRIDGE.     1.  See  Air  Grossing. 

2.  A  platform  on  wheels  running  upon  rails,  for 
covering  the  mouth  of  a  pit-shaft  when  landing  coal, 
debris,  or  men  at  surface. 

BRIDLE  CHAINS.  Short  chains  by  which  a  cage  is 
attached  to  a  winding  rope.  Either  four  or  six  are  used. 
BRIERS  (N.).  Beams  or  girders  fixed  across  a  shaft 
top. 


USED    IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  35 

BRIGHT-HEADS  (Y.).    Backs  (1)  or  slines. 

BRING-BACK.  To  work  away  the  pillars  of  coal  or 
the  Iroken  from  the  boundary  towards  the  pit  bottom. 

BRIQUETTES  (Belg.).    See  Brick  Fuel. 

BRITCHING  (S.).  Horse's  tackle  used  when  the  tub 
precedes  the  horse  upon  a  steep  incline. 

BRITISH  (S.).     A  kind  of  pack  or  luilding. 

BROADSTONE  BIND,  &c.  Bind  (1)  which  breaks  up 
into  large  blocks  or  slabs. 

BROADWALL  (N.).      See 
Longwall. 

BROBS  (M.).    Short  thick 
timber  props  or  sprags  for 
supporting  the  coal  whilst 
it  is  being  holed.     They  are  set  about  half  way  under 
the  Ming.    See  Fig.  31. 

BROKEN.  That  part  of  a  mine  where  the  mineral 
has  already  been  partially  worked  away,  and  where  the 
remainder  is  in  course  of  being  extracted.  See  Fig.  10. 

BROKEN  GROUND.     Faulty  or  unproductive  measures. 

BROKEN  JUD  (N.).  A  jud  in  course  of  being  worked 
off  from  the  whole. 

BROW.  1.  (L.)  An  underground  roadway  leading  to 
a  working-place,  driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  dip. 

2.  A  low  place  in  the  roof  of  the  mine,  giving 
insufficient  head-room. 

BROW-BAR  (M.).  A  massive  curl  or  beam  of  timber 
fixed  in  the  walling  of  the  shaft  across  the  top  of  the 
insit. 


36 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


BROWN  COAL.  Woody  or  peaty-looking  coal  of  a 
brown  or  black  colour  found  in  the  Secondary  and 
Tertiary  rocks. 

BROW  UP  (L.).  An  inclined  roadway  driven  to  the 
rise.  See  Brow  (1)  and  Upbrow. 

BRUSH.  1.  (M.)  To  mix  gas  with  air  in  the  mine  by 
buffetting  it  with  a  jacket,  &c.  This  is  done  to  render 
it  inexplosive.  It  is  a  very  dangerous  practice,  and  not 
now  allowed. 

2.  (F.  D.)   A  rich  brown  haematite  iron  ore. 

3.  (Som.)  See  Altogether  Coal. 

4.  (S.)  To  take  down  or  rip  the  roof. 

BRUSHERS  (S.).  Men  who  brush  (4)  the  roof,  build 
packs  and  stoppings,  which  work  is  called  Crushing. 

BRUSHING-BED  (S.).    The  stratum  Irushed  or  ripped. 

BRUSKINS  {M.).  Small  coal  in  lumps  about  a  pound 
in  weight  each. 

BUCKET.  The  top  valve  or  clack  of  a  lifting  set  (1) 
of  pumps.  It  is  attached  to  the  lower  end  of  the  rods, 


Fig.  32. 


and  works  within  a  long  pipe  or  barrel. 
Fig.  32  is  a  plan  and  side  view  of  an 
ordinary  pump  bucket. 

BUCKETING.  The  operation  of  taking 
out  a  worn-out  pump  bucket  or  clack,  and 
replacing  it  with  a  new  one,  in  connection 
with  pumps  fixed  in  an  engine-pit,  or 
belonging  to  the  Cornish  system  of  pump- 
ing. 

BUCKET  SWORD.     A  wrought-iron  rod 
to  which  a  pump  bucket  is  attached,  having  at  its  upper 
end  a  knock  ing-off joint. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  37 

BUCKET-TREE.  The  pipe  between  the  working  barrel 
and  the  windbore. 

BUCK  WHEAT  (Pa.).  Anthracite  which  will  pass  a 
screen  varying  in  width  between  -J  and  J  of  an 
inch. 

BUGGIED  (Pa).     Trammed  or  put,  which  see. 

BUGGY  (Pa.).  A  small  car  or  tram  of  about  7  cubic 
feet  capacity,  used  in  the  breasts  for  conveying  the  coal 
from  the  faces  to  a  shoot,  or  chute,  down  which  it  is 
dumped  to  the  gangway  platform  for  reloading  into 
larger  cars. 

BUILDERS-UP.  Men  who  make  packs,  set  timber,  &c., 
in  some  ironstone  mines. 

BUILDING  (S.).  A  built  up  block,  or  pillar  of  stone 
or  coal  to  carry  the  roof. 

BUILDING-STONE  (S.).  Sandstone  or  bind  (1)  suit- 
able for  pack  building. 

BULK.  1.  (B.)     See  Dip. 

2.  Coal  in  large  and  small  lumps  in  large  quantities. 

BULKHEADS.     See  Chock. 

BULL  (N.).  1.  An  iron  rod  for  preparing  a  shot-hole 
in  watery  ground,  and  when  the  hole  has  to  be  lined 
with  clay.  Using  a  bull  is  called  bulling. 

2.  See  Backstays. 

BULL  ENGINE.  A  single-acting  pumping  engine 
constructed  upon  the  direct-acting  principle,  that  is  to 
say,  it  has  no  beam  or  toothed  gearing,  the  cylinder 
being  inverted  and  fixed  directly  over  the  pit-shaft,  the 
pump-rods  forming  a  continuation  of  the  piston-rod. 


38  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

BULLER  SHOT  (S.).  A  second  one  put  in  close  to 
and  to  do  the  work  not  done  by  a  llown-out  shot,  loose 
powder  being  used. 

BULLIONS  (L.).  Nodules  of  clay  ironstone,  iron 
pyrites,  shales,  &c.,  which  generally  enclose  a  fossil. 

BULL- WHEEL  (Pa.).  A  wheel  upon  which  the  rope 
carrying  the  boring  rods  is  coiled  when  boring  by  steam 
machinery. 

BUMP.  A  very  sudden  breaking,  sometimes  accom- 
panied by  a  settling  down,  or  upheaval  of,  the  strata, 
during  the  working  away  of  the  mineral,  accompanied 
by  a  loud  report  or  bumping  noise  heard  in  the  mine. 

BUMPERS  (M.).     See  Catches  (3). 

BUNKERS  (S.W.).  Steam  coal  consumed  on  board  ship. 

BUNTON,  or  BUNTEN.     See  Biat. 

BURDEN  (Pa.).  A  charge  of  gunpowder,  dynamite, 
&c.,  used  in  blasting  coal  or  rock. 

BURE  (F.,  Belg.).     A  coal-pit. 
BURGT  (L.).     Slack,  or  small  coal. 

BURNT-STUFF  (M.).  The  contents  of  a  spoil  lank 
which  has  been  thoroughly  burned  by  spontaneous 
combustion.  [A  good  material,  when  broken  up  and 
riddled,  for  stowing  into  the  sites  of  gob-fires,  and  for 
packing  in  solid  behind  clay  dams  or  stoppings.'] 

BURR  (L.).  Yery  compact  siliceo-ferruginous  sand- 
stone. 

BUSTER  (really  BURSTER).  A  machine  for  breaking 
down  coals,  &c.,  without  the  employment  of  blasting 
powder. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  39 

BUSTLE  (Y.).  Hurry  in  getting  or  working  coal,  or 
in  performing  other  colliery  work. 

BUSTY  (N.). 

BUTTERFLY  VALVE  or  CLACK.  Pump  valves  con- 
structed to  open  as  shewn  by  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  32. 
See  Bucket. 

BUTTOCK.  That  portion  of  a  working  face  of  coal, 
&c.,  next  to  be  taken  down. 

BUTTOCKERS.  Men  who  work  at  the  buttock,  or  break 
out  the  coal  ready  for  the  filers. 

BUTTY.  1.  (M.)  A  man  who  works  a  stall.  He  is  a 
contractor,  and  performs  or  pays  for  the  whole  of  the 
work  done  in  getting  and  sending  out  the  coal,  &c.,  and 
keeping  the  stall  in  proper  and  safe  working  order. 
He  sets  the  timber,  rips  the  gates,  holes,  packs,  fills  coal 
into  tubs,  and  is  responsible  to  the  manager  for  every- 
thing connected  with  his  place  (1),  including  the  quality 
of  the  coal  sent  out.  Sometimes  as  many  as  ten  butties 
work  a  stall;  they  divide  the  money  which  is  left  over 
after  paying  the  holers,  fillers,  and  boys.  They  also 
pay  for  their  own  candles,  smith's  and  carpenter's  work, 
and  find  their  own  picks  and  other  tools.  Often  termed 
a  "Butty  Collier."  See  First  Man,  Joey. 

2.  (M.)  A  man  who  sorts  and  fills  into  trucks,  boats, 
&c.,  the  coals  upon  the  lank  (1),  for  which  he  is  paid 
by  the  ton.     Known  as  a  "  Butty  Banksman." 

3.  (M.)  A  mate,  partner,  friend,  or  fellow- workman. 
BUTTYMAN  (Y.).     Contractors  for  getting  coal,  &c. 

See  Butty. 

BUTTYSHIP  (S.  S.).     The  prevailing  mode  of  raising 


40  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

the  Ten- Yard  coal  seam.  The  contractor  gets,  fills  in 
pit,  and  delivers  coals  to  place  of  sale  (masters  finding 
timber,  engine-power,  and  loaders  into  boats,  &c.), 
finding  all  tools,  horses,  skips,  corn,  candles,  powder, 
pit-beer,  &c. 

BUTTY  SYSTEM  (S.  S.,  N.  S.,  M.).  When  a  pit  is 
worked  by  contract,  it  is  said  to  be  worked  upon  the 
butty  system. 

BYARD.    See  Biat. 

BYE  CHAINS  (S.  W.).  Hauling  ropes  (?)  for  dip  in- 
clined planes. 

BYE-WORK  (M.).  Odd  work,  or  that  which  is  paid 
for  by  the  day,  in  connection  with  the  underground 
roads,  &c.  The  men  who  perform  it  are  called  Bye- 
workmen. 


c. 

CABIN.  A  small  room  fitted  with  wooden  benches, 
a  table,  &c.,  in  which  the  Manager,  and  other  under- 
ground officials  meet  for  consultation,  writing  reports 
on  the  state  of  the  mine  workings,  having  their 
bait,  &c.  In  many  large  collieries  there  are  several 
cabins,  viz. — underviewer's  cabin,  men's  cabin,  lamp 
cabin,  &c.  Also  on  the  pit  bank  there  is  always  a 
banksman  s  cabin. 

CAGE. — The  apparatus  in  which  the  tubs  of  coal,  the 
men,  horses,  and  materials  are  raised  and  lowered  in 
the  shaft.  Cages  are  constructed  to  carry  from  one  to 
eight  tubs  or  from  10  to  90  cwt.  of  coal,  and  are  generally 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,    ETC. 


41 


made  of  steel,  and  run  up  to  3J  tons  in  weight.    A  cage 
for  holding  four  tubs  is  shown  in  Fig.  33. 


Fig.  33. 


Fig.  34. 


CAGE 

CACi 

Guidf 

CAGE  GUIDES.  Vertical  rods  of  pine,  rails  or  rods 
of  steel  or  iron  fixed  to  luntons  in  pit-shafts ;  or  wire 
cables  fixed  or  suspended  and  weighted  at  pit  bottom 
to  prevent  oscillation,  between  which  the  cages  run,  and 
whereby  they  are  prevented  from  striking  one  another 
or  against  any  portion  of  the  shaft  and  the  fittings  con- 
tained therein.  Fig.  31  is  a  plan  showing  a  good 
arrangement  of  such  guide  when  wire  rope  ones  are 
used. 

CAGE  SEAT.  Scaffolding,  sometimes  fitted  with 
strong  springs  or  with  indiarubber  blocks,  to  take  off 
the  shock,  upon  which  the  cage  drops  on  reaching  the 
pit  bottom. 

CAGING  (N.  S.).  The  operation  of  changing  the 
tubs  on  a  cage. 


42  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

CAGE  SHUTS  (S.).    Short  props  or  catches  upon  which 
cages  stand  during  caging.    Fig.  35. 


CAKING  COAL.      Coal 


Fig.  35. 


of  a  bituminous  nature, 
and  has  the  property  of 
agglomerating.  It  is  not 
a  free  or  open  burning 
coal,  and  requires  much 
poking  on  the  fire. 

CALE  (M.).  A  specified  number  of  tubs  taken  into  a 
working  place  during  the  shift. 

CALING  (M.).  Conveying  tubs  into  the  stalls  out  of 
turn — irregularly — so  that  each  is  not  supplied  with  an 
equal  number  during  the  day  from  each  train  or  set. 

CALLER  (N.).  A  miner  who  goes  round  the  villages 
two  hours  or  so  before  work  commences,  to  call  up  the 
men  who  first  descend  the  pit  to  examine  it  in  a 
morning. 

CALLEY-STONE  (Y.).  A  kind  of  gannister,  which 
see. 

CALLIARD  or  GALLIARD  (N.).  A  hard,  smooth,  flinty 
grit-stone. 

CALLOW.     The  "baring  or  cover  of  open  workings. 
CALMSTONE  (S.). 

CANCH  or  CAUNCH  (N.).  That  part  of  the  roof  of  an 
underground  roadway,  which  has  to  be  taken  down,  or 
of  the  floor  to  be  broken  up,  in  order  to  equalize  the 
gradient  of  such  roadway.  Fig.  36  is  a  diagram  show- 
ing the  bottom  canch  I,  and  the  top  one  a,  which  are 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


43 


produced  in  consequence  of  the  fault  slip  throwing  the 
level  of  one  roadway  above  the  other. 

Fig.  36. 


CANK  or  CANKSTONE  (D.  Lei.).     See  Burr. 

CANKER.  The  ochreous  sediment  in  coal-pit  waters, 
being  bicarbonate  of  iron  precipitated  by  the  action  of 
the  air  upon  that  mineral. 

CANNEL.  A  coal  rich  in  hydrogen,  produces  much 
gas,  and  has  a  hard,  dense  structure.  This  word  is 
derived  from  Canwyl,  meaning  a  candle,  from  the 
readiness  with  which  it  lights  and  gives  off  a  steady  flame. 

CANNON-SHOT,    See  Blown-out  Shot. 

CANNONIER  (F.).     See  Fireman. 

CANT.     To  slip  or  heel  over  to  one  side. 

CANTEEN  (N.).  A  small  wooden  barrel  in  which  a 
collier  takes  his  tea,  &c.,  for  refreshment  during  his  skiff. 

CAP.    1.  See  Blue  Cap. 

2.  See  Bar.  Fig.  37. 


3.  An  attachment  between  a  rope  end  and  a  chain, 
&c. :  it  te  riveted  on  to  the  rope.     See  Fig.  37. 
CAPPING.     See  Cap  (3). 


44  A  GLOSSARY  OP   TERMS 

CAB.  I.  (N.  S.)    See  Canter. 

2.  (Pa.)  A  box  or  tram  (holds  75  to  140  cubic  feet  of 
coal). 

CARBONATES.  Black  imperfectly  crystallised  form 
of  diamond  used  for  rock  boring ;  the  abrasion  of  the 
diamond  removes  the  rock  in  an  annular  form,  pro- 
ducing cores,  which  see. 

CARRIAGE.     See  Cage. 

CARROT.  A  solid  cylindrical  specimen  or  core  cut 
in  a  lorehole  (1). 

CART  (Som.,  S.  W.).  A  tram  with  or  without  wheels 
for  conveying  coals  underground  in  thin  seams. 

CARTING  (Som.).  Hauling  coals  underground  in 
thin  seams. 

CART  TRADE  (Som.).     See  Land  Sale. 

CARTRIDGES.  1.  Paper  or  water-proof  cylindrical 
cases  filled  with  gunpowder,  forming  the  charge  for 
blasting.  They  are  usually  about  1£  inches  in  diameter, 
and  contain  a  quarter,  half,  and  three-quarters  of  a 
pound  of  powder. 

2.  Short  cylinders  (about  4  inches  long  and  2  J  inches 
in  diameter)  of  highly  compressed  caustic  lime  made 
with  a  groove  along  the  side,  used  in  breaking  down 
coal.  See  Lime  Cartridge. 

CARVING.  1.  (Lei.)  A  wedge-shaped  vertical  cut  or 
cutting  at  the  fast  end  of  a  stall. 

2.  (Lei.)  The  air-way  formed  along  the  side  of  the 
goaf  between  the  solid  coal  and  a  pack  wall.  See 
Cutting,  Fig.  50. 

CASE  BOOK  (N.).  A  book  kept  at  a  colliery  in 
which  the  name  and  description  of  every  horse  or  pony 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  45 

which  is  off  work  for  24  hours  or  longer,  and  the 
driver's  name,  is  entered.  It  is  examined  periodically 
by  the  viewer,  the  reason  and  cause  of  every  animal 
being  off  work  being  fully  enquired  into. 

CASH  (S.).     Soft  shale  or  Und. 

CAT,  or  CATCH-EARTH  (S.  S.).    A  clunchy  rock. 

CATCHER.  1.  A  safety  or  disengaging  hook  for  over- 
winding. 

2.  (L.)     See  Cage  Shuts. 

3.  Very  strong  beams  in  pit-shafts  (of  oak  or  wrought 
iron)  to  catch  the  rods,  &e.,  of  pumps  in  case  of  a 
break  down,  to  prevent  them  falling  downwards. 

CATCHES.  1.  Iron  levers  or  props  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  a  pit  shaft.  See  Cage  Shuts. 

2.  Iron  stops  fitted  on  a  cage  to  keep  trams  from 
running  off. 

3.  Projecting  blocks  of  wood  attached  to  pump  spears 
for  preventing  damage  in  case  of  a  break  down. 

CATCH  SCAFFOLD.  A  platform  or  cradle  in  a  pit- 
shqft,  placed  a  few  feet  beneath  a  working  scaffold  in 
case  of  accident. 

CATHEADS  (N.).     Nodular  or  ball  ironstone. 

CATRAKES.  Cataracts  of  a  Cornish  pumping  engine, 
first  introduced  by  Boulton  and  Watt. 

CAVILLING  KULES  (N.).  Kules  or  bye-laws  in 
reference  to  cavils  and  wages. 

CAVILS  (N.).  Lots,  drawn  for  quarterly  by  hewers 
for  every  working  place  in  the  pit :  in  the  broken  or  in 
splitting  pillars,  one  pillar  equals  a  cavil. 

CAULDRONS  (S.  W.).    See  Bed  Moulds. 


46  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TEEMS 

GAUM  (CuM.). 

CERTAIN  BENT.    See  Dead  Eent. 

CHAIN-BROW  WAY.  An  underground  inclined  plane 
worked  by  an  endless  chain. 

CHAIN  KOAD.  An  underground  wagon-way  worked 
upon  the  endless  chain  system  of  haulage. 

CHAIR.     See  Cage. 

CHALK  and  PIPE-CLAY  (N.).  An  expression  used 
by  sinkers  and  borers  for  gypsum. 

CHAMBER  AND  PILLAR  (Pa.).    See  Breast  and  Pillar. 

CHALDER  WAGON  (N.).  A  railway  truck  holding 
53  cwt.  of  coals. 

CHALDRON  (N.).  An  ancient  measure  (Ghalder) 
equal  to  2000  Ibs.,  but  53  cwt.  is  now  customary, 
though  seldom  used. 

CHALKING-ON  (N.).  Keeping  an  account  of  the 
number  of  tubs  sent  out  of  a  stall,  &c. 

CERTIFICATED  MANAGER.     See  Manager. 

CHANCE  MEASURE.  Any  seam  or  bed  of  coal  or 
other  rock  occupying  an  unusual  or  foreign  position  in 
the  strata. 

CHANGER  AND  GRATHER  (N.).  A  man  whose  duty  it 
is  to  keep  the  pump  buckets  and  clacks  in  working  order 
about  a  colliery. 

CHAP.  1.  (S.)  A  customary  and  rough  mode  of  judging 
from  the  sound,  of  the  thickness  of  solid  coal  existing 
between  two  places  near  to  each  other.  The  sound  is 
produced  by  knocking  with  a  hammer  on  the  solid  coal. 

2.  (S.)  To  examine  the  face  of  the  coal,  &c.,  for  the 
sake  of  safety,  by  knocking  on  it  lightly. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  47 

CHARGEMAN  (M.).  A  man  specially  appointed  by  the 
manager  to  fire  shots  and  to  look  after  the  blowers  (2). 

CHARGEUE  (Belg.).  A  woman  or  girl  who  loads  coal 
into  trams  in  the  mine. 

CHARTER  (M.).     A  price  per  ton  paid  to  butties. 

CHARTER  MASTER.     Head  butty  or  contractor. 

CHECK.     A.  fault,  which  see. 

CHECK-WEIGHMAN.  A  man  appointed  and  paid  by 
the  colliers  (1)  to  weigh  the  coals  on  reaching  the 
surface.  He  must  have  been  employed  in  the  mine, 
and  must  not  interfere  with  the  ordinary  weighman. 

CHEEK.     A  projecting  mass  of  coal,  &c. 

CHEESES  (D.).  Clay  ironstone  in  cheese-shaped  no- 
dules. 

CHEMIST'S  COAL  (S.).  An  ancient  term  given  to  a 
particular  kind  of  hard  splint  coal  which  used  to  be 
carried  by  women  in  their  shifts  or  chemises  out  of  the 
mines.  The  word  chemise  became  changed  into  chemists. 

CHERKERS  (F.  D.).     See  Catheads. 

CHERRY  COAL.  A  soft,  velvet-black,  caking,  bright 
resinous  coal. 

CHEST  (S.).  A  tank  or  barrel  in  which  water  is 
drawn  from  the  sump. 

CHIMNEY.  A  spout  or  pit  in  the  goaf  of  vertical 
coal-seams. 

CHIMNEY  WORK  (M.).  A  system  of  working  a  great 
thickness  of  beds,  or  pins  of  clay  ironstone,  in  patches 
or  areas  of  from  10  to  30  yards  square,  and  18  or  20 
feet  in  thickness.  The  bottom  beds  are  first  worked 
out,  and  then  the  higher  ones,  by  the  miners  standing 


48 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


upon  the  fallen  debris;  and  so  on  upwards  in  lifts  (3). 
See  Bake.     See  Fig.  38. 

Fig.  38. 


CHINGLE  (S.).     Portion  of  the  coal-seam  used  for 
stowing  purposes. 

CHINKS  (S.).    Holes  in  Irattices. 

CHITTER.  1.  (L.)     A  seam  of  coal  overlying  another 
one  at  a  short  distance. 

2.  (D.)  A  thin  band  or  pin  of  clay  ironstone. 

CHOCK.     A  square  pillar  constructed  of  short  rec- 
tangular blocks  of  hard  wood,  for  supporting  the  roof. 


They  are  generally  built  upon  a  few  inches  of  slack,  or 
rubbish.     See  Fig.  39. 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  49 

CHOGS  (Y.).  Blocks  of  wood  for  keeping  pump-trees 
or  other  vertical  pipes  plumb.  See  Fig.  40. 

CHOKE  DAMP.    See  Black  Damp. 

CHOP  (Som.).     See  Fault. 

CHUMP.     To  drill  a  sliot-hole  by  hand. 

CHURNS  (F.  D.).  Ironstone  workings  in  cavern- 
shaped  excavations.  A  kind  of  rough  chamber  and 
pillar  system  of  working. 

CHUTE  (Pa.).  A  lolt  or  thirl  connecting  a  gangway 
with  a  heading. 

CINDER  COAL.  Coal  near  to  a  trap  or  whin  dyke,  of 
altered  nature,  due  to  the  heat  of  the  lava. 

CIRCLES  (Ch.).  Wavy,  undulating  lines  of  various 
colours  frequently  seen  in  the  sides  of  shafts,  on  the 
pillars,  faces,  and  roof  of  rock-salt  mines.  They  vary 
from  a  few  feet  to  a  few  yards  across,  and  are  caused 
by  the  form  of  the  stratification  of  the  rock  salt,  which 
is  usually  spheroidal,  or  wavy  and  undulating,  being 
cut  through  or  dressed  to  a  plane. 

CIRCLE  SPOUTS.     See  Garland  (1). 

CLACK.  The  lower  valve  of  a  lifting  or  forcing  set 
(1)  of  pumps,  made  something  like  a  bucket,  without 
the  central  rod. 

CLACK-DOOR  PIECE.  A  cast-iron  pipe,  having  a  door- 
way made  in  the  side  of  it  for  giving  access  to  the 
clack.  The  clack-door  is  an  iron  plate  bolted  to  the 
door-piece. 

CLAGGY.    Sticky. 


50  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

CLAMS  or  CLAMMS.  Strong  iron  clamps  for  firmly 
holding  pipes,  ropes,  &c.,  in  shafts,  or  on  inclined 
planes. 

CLANNY.  A  safety-lamp,  the  invention  of  one  Dr. 
Clanny.  First  exhibited  in  Sunderland  in  the  year 
1813.  The  lower  part  of  the  lamp- top  around  the 
flame  is  constructed  of  a  thick  glass  ring,  above  which 
is  the  wire  gauze  chimney.  It  is  a  lamp  which  gives 
a  good  light,  aDd  indicates  freely  the  presence  of  fire- 
damp, but  is  not  so  safe  a  lamp  as  some  others. 

CLAY.  In  mining  language  usually  means  tender 
shale,  or  indurated  clay. 

CLAY  BAND  (S.  W.).  Argillaceous  ironstone  in  thin 
beds,  very  numerous  in  the  lower  coal  measures. 

CLAY  DAM.  1.  (M.)  A  stopping  made  of  puddled  and 
well-beaten  clay,  from  12  in.  to  36  in.  thick,  and  well 
rammed  into  the  roof,  floor,  and  sides  of  the  excavation 
made  to  receive  it. 

2.  A  stopping  consisting  of  two  walls  of  stout  planks 
placed  18  to  24  inches  apart,  and  supported  on  the 
outsides  by  upright  props ;  good  strong  clay  well 
beaten  and  puddled  into  the  space  between  the  walls 
of  planks  forms  a  tolerably  strong  barrier  against  water 
pressure. 

CLAY-HOG  (M.).  Kind  of  wash  faults,  or  lows.  See 
Fig.  70  (No.  2). 

CLAYING.  Lining  a  borehole  (2)  with  clay,  to  keep 
the  powder  dry. 

CLAYING  IRON.    See  Butt  (1). 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  51 

CLAY-IRONSTONE.  A  dull  brown  or  black  compact 
form  of  siderite,  with  a  variable  mixture  of  clay,  and 
usually  also  organic  matter.  Occurs  in  the  carbo- 
niferous and  other  formations  in  the  form  of  either 
nodules,  where  it  has  usually  been  deposited  round 
some  organic  centre,  or  of  beds  interstratified  with 
shales  and  coals. 

CLEADING.    Deal  boarding  for  Itratticing  or  lagging. 

CLEAN.  1.  (N.)  Free  from  firedamp  or  other  noxious 
gases. 

2.  A  coal-seam  is  said  to  be  clean  when  it  is  free 
from  dirt  partings. 

CLEANSER,  or  CLANSER.  An  iron  tube  or  shell,  with 
which  the  lore-meal  is  extracted  from  a  bore-hole  (1). 

CLEAR.    See  Clean. 

CLEARERS  (I.).  Colliers  who  hole  the  coal,  working 
at  distances  of  say  three  or  four  yards  apart  along  the 

face. 

CLEAT.  1.  Natural  jointing  of  coal  seams,  with 
generally  a  north  and  south  direction,  irrespective  of 
dip  or  strike. 

2.  (M.)  A  wooden  wedge  four  or  five  inches  square 
placed  between  the  head  of  a  puncheon  and  the  under- 
side of  a  lar  or  cap. 

CLEATS  (N.).  A  system  of  natural  joints  or  fissures 
running  through  the  great  northern  coal-field  of  Dur- 
ham, &c.,  ranging  N.N.W. 

CLEAVINGS.  Horizontal  divisions  of  beds  of  ccal,  &c., 
or  in  the  direction  of  the  laminae. 

E  2 


52  A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TEEMS 

CLEEK.  1.  (S.)  To  load  cages  at  the  pit-bottom,  or  at 
mid-workings. 

2.  (S.)  A  haulage  clip. 

CLIFF  or  CLIFT  (S.  W.).  Shale  which  is  laminated, 
splitting  easily  along  the  planes  of  deposition.  See 
Bind. 

CLINKER.    See  Cinder  Coal. 
CLIP.     See  Haulage  Clip. 

CLIP  PULLEY.  A  wheel  containing  clips  in  the 
groove  for  gripping  a  wire  rope. 

CLIVVEY.  A  Q-shaped  iron  ring,  by  which  a  chain 
is  attached  to  a  rope  cap  (3). 

CLOD  (D.  Lei.).    Indurated  clay,  not  flaky. 

CLOD-TOPS  (F.  D.).  Overclays,  or  clayey  beds  over- 
lying seams  of  coal. 

CLOG-PACK  (Y.).    See  Chock. 

CLOGS  (M.).  Short  pieces  of  timber  about  24"  x  6" 
X  3"  fixed  between  the  roof  and  a  prop. 

CLOSE  WORK.  1.  Driving  a  tunnel,  or  drifting  be- 
tween two  coal-seams. 

2.  (S.)  See  Narrow  Work 

CLOSING  APPARATUS.  Sliding-doors  or  other  me- 
chanical arrangement  at  the  top  of  an  upcast  shaft  for 
allowing  the  cages,  &c.,  to  pass  up  and  down  without 
disturbing  the  ventilation  of  the  mine.  Fig.  41  shows 
a  side  elevation  of  a  self-acting  arrangement,  in  which 
horizontal  iron  doors  or  slides  are  actuated  by  long 
levers  or  arms  worked  to  and  fro  by  the  cages. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC. 

Fig.  41. 


53 


CLOT.    See  Clod. 

CLOTHING.  Brattice  constructed  of  a  coarse  canvas 
specially  prepared. 

CLUMPEB  (F.  D.).  A  large  mass  of  fallen  stone  in  the 
mine. 

CLUNCH  (M.).     A  kind  of  hard  earthy  Fireclay. 

COAL.  1.  All  vegetable  matter  which  has  been 
changed  under  the  influence  of  ages  of  time,  and  which 
is  capable  of  undergoing  combustion  in  contact  with 
oxygen.  It  is  fossil  fuel — fuel  produced  and  stored  up 
in  bygone  ages,  which  by  chemical  and  physical 
agencies,  with  and  without  the  presence  of  heat  and 
moisture,  has  been  modified  or  resolved  into  the  various 
forms  which  bear  this  name.  It  is  a  compact  black 


54  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

rock  or  mass,  having  a  fracture  usually  of  resinous 
lustre,  usually  friable,  inflammable,  burning  with  flame, 
smoke,  and  smell.  The  substance  of  coal  is  principally 
carbon,  viz.,  74  to  97  per  cent.  The  sp.  gr.  varies 
between  1  •  3  and  1  *  5.  The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of 
solid  coal  equals  74  to  82  Ibs. ;  heaped  coal  from 
45  to  55  Ibs.  It  occupies  from  40  to  50  cubic  feet  per 
ton  in  the  heaped  or  broken  state.  It  occurs  in  beds  or 
seams  intercalated  between  strata  of  shale  clay,  sand- 
stone, &c.,  in  geological  formations  of  Palaeozoic, 
Secondary,  and  Tertiary  age.  The  thickness  of  coal- 
seams  ranges  from  mere  sheds  (3)  to  between  100  and 
200  feet. 

2.  Coal  in  large  lumps,  as  distinguished  from  slack  or 
small. 

COAL  BEARING  (S.).  The  ancient  custom  of  em- 
ploying women  to  carry  out  on  their  backs  the  produce 
of  the  mine. 

COAL  BED.  A  formation  in  which  there  are  one  or 
more  strata  of  coal :  the  stratum  or  strata  of  coal  them- 
selves. 

COAL  BRASSES  (S.  W.).     Iron  pyrites  in  coal  seams. 

COAL  BREAKER  (Pa.).  Machinery  consisting  of  iron 
rolls,  shoots,  and  screening  apparatus  for  preparing 
anthracite  for  the  market. 

COAL-CUTTING  MACHINE.  An  engine  with  mechanism 
combined,  generally  worked  by  compressed  air,  for 
holing  or  undercutting  a  seam  of  coal. 

COAL-DRAWING.  The  operation  of  raising  or  winding 
(1)  coals  at  a  colliery. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  55 

COAL-DROP.  Broad  shallow  inclined  trough,  down 
which  coals  are  discharged  from  waggons  into  the  holds 
of  colliers  (2)  and  other  vessels. 

COAL  DUNS  (F.  D.).     Coal  measure  shales,  &c. 

COAL  DUST.  Very  finely-powdered  dust  suspended 
in  the  air-currents  in  mines,  composed  of  coal  and  other 
finely-divided  substances.  It  is  capable  of  extending 
and  aggravating  an  explosion  of  fire-damp.  When 
mixed  with  even  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  this  gas,  an 
explosive  mixture  is  obtained  under  certain  conditions. 

COAL  FACE.  The  working  face  or  wall  of  a  stall, 
composed  wholly  of  coal. 

COAL-FIELD.  A  district  containing  workable  mines 
of  coal ;  generally  applied  to  areas  composed  chiefly  of 
the  coal  measures,  though  rocks  of  more  recent  date 
may  overlie  them,  or  they  may  be  partially  submarine. 
The  thickness  of  some  coal-fields  is  very  great,  that  of 
Saarbrucken  in  Germany  being  20,000  feet,  South 
Wales,  14,000  feet.  The  number  of  separate  coal-fields 
in  England  is  sixteen,  Scotland  six,  Ireland  five, 
covering  an  aggregate  area  of  something  like  5000 
square  miles.  The  following  figures  represent  the  total 
thickness  of  coal  measures  and  of  the  various  coal  beds 
contained  therein,  in  some  of  the  principal  dis- 
tricts : — 

Coalfield.  Feet.  Feet. 

North  of  England        . .      . .  2 , 100  of  measures,  50  of  Goal 

Midland 3,000  „  45  „ 

Scotland 4,344  „  95  „ 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire     ..  7,000  „  70  „ 

N.Staffordshire 5,000  „  140  „ 

S-            „              1,800  „  50  „ 

Warwickshire       3,000  „  26  „ 


56  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 


Coalfield.  Feet.  Feet. 

Leicestershire       1 , 800  of  measures,  45  of  Coal. 

5,000  „  81  „ 

2,300  „  27  „ 

10,000  „  179  „ 

1,800  „  17  „ 

7,218  „  294  „ 

2,750  „  70  „ 


Bristol  and  Somerset  . . 
Forest  of  Dean      . . 

South  Wales 

Ireland 

Prussia 

Pennsylvania 

India      12,000  „         350 

China  (10, 000  sq.  miles)     ..      —  „  40 


Although  Great  Britain  has  during  the  last  thirteen  or 
fourteen  years  been  producing  over  100,000,000  tons  of 
coal  annually  (156,500,000  during  1882)  from  about 
3,800  collieries,  it  has  been  estimated  that  there 
remains  something  like  135,000,000,000  tons  still 
available,  which  includes  all  coal  seams  above  2  feet  in 
thickness  to  a  depth  of  4000  feet,  after  deducting  40 
per  cent,  for  loss  and  other  contingencies. 

COAL-GETTEK.  One  who  cuts,  holes,  hews,  or  lloivs 
coal  in  the  mine. 

COAL  HAGGER  (N.).  One  who  is  employed  in 
cutting  or  hewing  coal  in  the  pit. 

COAL  HEUGHS  (S.).  Mounds  of  refuse  about  old 
pits.  They  date  as  far  back  as  1545. 

COALING  (M.).  Engaged  in  cutting  [see  Cut  (2)] 
and  getting  coal. 

COAL-MASTEE.  The  owner  or  lessee  of  a  coal-field  or 
colliery,  who  works  it  and  disposes  of  its  produce. 

COAL  MEASURES.  The  upper  division  or  series  oi.  the 
carboniferous  system  of  rocks,  containing  almost  exclu- 
sively the  whole  of  the  coal  of  the  earth. 

COAL  PIPE.  1.  The  carbonised  annular  coating  or 
bark  of  a  fossil  plant. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  57 

2.  A  very  thin  seam  of  shed  of  coal. 

COAL  PRINTS  (N.).    Thin  films  or  patches  of  coal- 
like  matter  interbedded  with  shale,  &c. 
COAL-RAKE  (D.).    A  seam  or  bed  of  coal. 

COAL  EOAD.  An  underground  roadway  or  heading, 
made  or  driven  entirely  within  the  seam,  or  one  having 
a  coal  roof  and  floor  as  well  as  coal  sides. 

COAL  SALAD  (S.  W.).  A  mixture  of  various  sorts  of 
coal. 

COAL  SEAM.     See  Coal  Bed. 

COAL  SHALE  (F.  D.).     See  Coal  Measures. 

COAL  SHED.  A  bed  of  coaly  matter  only  a  few 
inches  in  thickness,  and  therefore  unworkable. 

COAL  SMITS  (Y.).  Worthless,  earthy  coal.  See 
Coal  Smut. 

COAL  SMUT.  A  black,  earthy  coaly  stratum  at  or 
near  the  surface.  The  outcrop  of  a  coal  seam. 

COAL-STONE.     A  kind  of  cannel. 

COAL  WARRANT  (N.  W.).  A  kind  of  elunch  or  fire- 
clay forming  the  floor  of  a  coal  seam. 

COAL  WASHING.     See  Washing  Apparatus. 

COAL  WORK  (N.).  Headings,  &o.,  driven  in  a  seam 
of  coal. 

COB  (D.).  A  small  solid  pillar  of  coal  left  in  a  waste 
as  a  support  for  the  roof. 

COBBLES.     Mound  coal  in  smallish  lumps. 
COBBLING.     Cleaning  the  roads   in  the  pit  of  coals 
which  have  fallen  off  the  trams  during  the  turn  (I). 


58  A   GLOSSAEY  OF  TERMS 

COCKERMEGS.     Timber  props  fixed  in   the  manner 
shown  in  Fig.  42,  to  support  the  coal  during  holing. 


Fig.  42. 


COCKERPOLE.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  horizontally 
between  two  inclined  pieces  which  abut  against  the 
roof  &&&  floor.  See  Fig.  42,  Cockermegs. 

COCKERS.    See  Cockermegs. 
COCKERSPRAGGS.     See  Cockermegs. 

COCKHEAD  (D.).  A  description  of  pack  or  support 
to  the  roof  of  a  waste,  consisting  of  a  goblin  of  slack  or 
rubbish  about  12  feet  in  width,  surmounted  by  a  few 
lumps  of  coal. 

COFFEKING.  Watertight  casing  or  walling  of  a  shaft 
without  the  employment  of  metal  tubbing.  It  consists 
in  lining  the  shaft  to  stop  the  influx  of  feeders  of  water 
where  the  head  of  water  is  not  great  by  means  of  brick- 
work set  in  hydraulic  mortar  backed  with  puddled  clay 
or  with  soil ;  the  water  being  allowed  to  escape  down  a 
wooden  pipe  called  a  plug-box  during  the  putting  in  of 
the  coffering. 

COG.     1.  See  Chock. 

2.  (S.  S.)  A  pack,  which  see. 

COG  AND  KUNG-GIN.     One  of  the  earliest  appliances 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  59 

for  raising  the  coals  and  water  from  coal  pits.-  It  was  a 
kind  of  windlass  fitted  with  a  cog-wheel  and  pinion 
arrangement,  and  worked  by  a  horse  in  much  the  same 
way  as  our  nineteenth  century  horse-gins  are  worked. 

COGGER.     One  who  builds  up  cogs  (I)  (2). 

COGGING  (S.  S.).  The  propping  up  of  the  roof  in 
longivall  stalls. 

COKE-COAL  (N.).  Carbonised  or  partially  burnt  coal 
found  on  the  sides  of  whin  dykes. 

COKING  COAL.  A  coal  having  the  property  of 
being  converted  into  large  and  hard  cokes,  free  from 
sulphur,  &c. 

COLD  FURNACE  (N.).  A  drift  driven  up  into  an  upcast 
shaft  to  convey  the  return  air  into  it  instead  of  passing 
it  over  the  furnace  fire.  This  is  done  to  guard  against 
any  gas  in  the  return  air  firing  (3)  from  the  heat  of 
the  furnace. 

COLD  PIT  (Lei.).  A  downcast  pit.  Called  cold  because 
the  fresh  or  cold  air  comes  down  it. 

COLLAR  (N.).     The  mouth  of  a  pit-shaft. 

COLLAR-CRIB  (N.).  A  strong  oak  polygonal  frame 
fixed  in  a  shaft,  upon  which  the  wooden  wedying  crib  of 
solid  wood  tubbing  is  bedded. 

COLLARING.  Timber  framing  for  steadying  and  sup- 
porting pump  trees  in  a  shaft.  See  Chogs,  Fig.  40. 

COLLIER.  1.  Strictly  speaking,  a  man  who  cuts  or 
hews  coal  with  a  pick,  though  commonly  applied  to  any 
one  who  works  in  or  about  a  colliery. 


60  A   GLOSSAEY   OF  TEEMS 

2.  A  steam  or  sailing  vessel  carrying  a  cargo  of  coals 
from  staithes  and  drops  (2)  coastwise. 

COLLIEK'S  COALS.  A  certain  weight  of  coals  allowed 
periodically  (once  in  a  month  or  six  weeks)  by  the 
owners  to  the  cottiers  (1)  and  other  men  employed  on 
the  works,  who  are  in  most  cases  householders,  as  a 
perquisite.  The  colliers,  however,  are  not  as  a  rule 
paid  for  cutting  and  hauling  these  coals. 

COLLIEK'S  (1)  TON.  A  weight  of  often  several  cwt. 
in  addition  to  the  standard  ton  or  2240  Ibs.  In  former 
times  as  much  as  28  cwt.  was  reckoned  as  one  ton. 

COLLIERY.  A  place  where  coal  is  mined,  with  its 
machinery  and  plant. 

COLLIERY  CONSUMPTION.  The  amount  of  fuel  con- 
sumed in  generating  steam  and  for  other  purposes  in 
and  about  a  colliery  establishment. 

COLLIEEY  WARNINGS.  Telegraphic  messages  de- 
spatched from  the  Government  meteorological  stations 
to  the  principal  colliery  centres  to  warn  the  managers 
of  mines  when  any  sudden  fall  of  the  barometer  is 
taking  place,  in  order  that  extra  vigilance  and  care  may 
be  taken  in  guarding  against  the  effects  of  possible 
sudden  outbursts  of  fire-damp,  or  of  unusually  large 
quantities  of  that  gas  being  given  off  from  old  workings, 
&c.,  as  a  consequence  of  a  reduced  atmospheric 
pressure. 

COLUMN.  1.  The  rising  main  (either  fixed  vertically 
or  inclined)  or  length  of  pump-trees  or  pipes  conveying 
the  water  from  the  mine  to  the  surface. 

2.   Ventilating  column,  which  see. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  61 

3.  See  Carrot. 
COMB  COAL. 

COME  (Come  Water).  The  constant  or  regular  flow 
of  water  in  a  mine  proceeding  from  old  workings  or 
from  watery  rocks. 

COMET  (S.  W.).  An  open-burning  hand  lamp  with  a 
long  torch-like  flame. 

COMING  UP  TO  GRASS  or  COMING  UP  TO  DAY.  A 
common  term  used  by  miners  for  the  word  Basset. 

COMPANY.  A  number  of  butty  colliers  who  work 
and  carry  on  a  stall,  &c. 

COMPOUND  VENTILATION  (N.).  The  system,  first 
practised  by  Buddie,  of  dividing  up  or  splitting  the  air, 
and  of  ventilating  the  workings  of  a  coal  mine  by  giving 
to  each  district  or  panel  a  separate  quantum  of  fresh  air, 
and  conveying  away  the  return  air  to  a  main  return 
direct  from  each  panel. 

CONDUCTORS.     See  Cage  Guides. 

CONE-IN-CONE  COAL.  Steam  or  anthracite  coal 
exhibiting  a  peculiar  fibrous  structure  passing  into  a 
singular  toothed  arrangement  of  the  particles  called 
cone-in-cone  coal  or  crystallised  coal. 

CONICAL  DRUM.  The  rope  roll  or  drum  of  a  winding 
engine  constructed  in  the  form  of  two  truncated  cones 
placed  back  to  back,  the  outer  ends  or  sides  being 
usually  the  smallest  in  diameter.  See  Fig.  43.  The 
winding  ropes  are  wound  and  unwound  in  a  spiral  form, 
and  rest  in  channels  or  grooves  of  iron  riveted  upon  the 


62 


A  GLOSSARY   OP   TEEMS 


Fig.  43. 


lagging.     Drums  of  this  description  are  in  use  chiefly 

at  deep  pits  where  a  large  output  is  required  and  a  high 

speed  of  winding  is  a   necessity. 

They   range  from  say  12  feet  to 

32  feet  in  diameter,  and,  together 

with    the   main   shaft,  weigh  as 

much  as  60  tons.     The  object  of    ^ 

the   spiral  or   scroll    form   is  to 

equalise  the  load  upon  the  engines 

at  all  points   during  the  lift  or 

run,  without  the  employment  of  any  special  balancing 

arrangements,  such  as  chains,  &c. 

CONSEY  (S.).  A  branch  underground  road  in  stoop 
and  room  workings. 

CONVERTING  COAL  (M.).  A  local  name  given  to  a 
coal  suitable  for  steel-making  purposes  at  Sheffield,  &c. 

COOMING  (S.). 

CORES.  The  cylindrical-shaped  samples  of  strata 
produced  by  the  Diamond  system  of  boring  (1).  They 
vary  in  diameter  from  1  to  18  inches,  and  are  obtained 
whole  in  lengths  of  many  feet  under  favourable  cir- 
cumstances. 

CORF-BATTER  or  CORF-BITTER  (N.).  A  lad  who  cleans 
the  dirt  or  mud  off  corves. 

CORF,  CORFLE,  or  CORVE  (N.)  (from  the  Dutch  Korf, 
a  basket).  See  Sox.  But  when  used  for  bringing  up  the 
debris  from  a  sinking  pit  they  are  made  without  wheels, 
and  are  more  like  a  basket.  In  bygone  days  corves 
were  wicker  baskets,  having  wooden  lows  or  handles : 
they  held  about  4J  cwt.  of  coal. 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  63 

CORNERS  (S.  W.).     Bands  of  clay  ironstone. 

CORNISH  PUMPS.  Pumps  arranged  and  worked  upon 
a  system  very  common  in  Cornwall,  and  very  frequently 
applied  to  colliery  drainage.  The  system  consists  in 
having  a  lifting  pump  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit  to  raise 
the  water  out  of  the  sump,  and  a  series  of  force  pumps, 
placed  one  above  another,  to  drive  it  up  by  stages  to 
the  surface  or  adit,  the  whole  of  the  pumps  being 
worked  simultaneously  from  the  main  rod. 

CORPORAL  (M.).  An  overlooker  of  the  pony  boys 
and  others  upon  the  underground  ways  in  a  district. 

CORROIS  (F.).  Clay  or  wax  dams  and  walls  built  up 
to  isolate  the  place  of  a  gob-fire. 

CORVERS  (N.).  Carpenters  who  make  corves.  A 
corver  was  formerly  paid  ^d.  per  score  of  corves 
brought  up  out  of  the  pit,  being  bound  to  find  the  pit 
in  corves  and  keep  all  in  repair. 

COUNTER  CHUTE  (Pa.).  An  empty,  or  worked  out 
breast,  down  which  coals  are  dumped  to  a  lower  level, 
or  gangway. 

COUNTER  COAL  (Pa.).  Coal  worked  from  breasts  or 
boards  to  the  rise  of  a  counter  gangway. 

COUNTER  GANGWAY  (Pa.).  A  level  or  gangway 
driven  at  a  higher  level  than  the  bottom  of  the  shafts, 
or  foot  of  the  slope. 

COUNTER  HEAD  (M.).  An  underground  heading 
driven  parallel  to  another,  and  used  as  the  return  air 
course. 


64  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

COUNTRY  PITS  (F.  D.). 

COUP  (N.).  To  exchange  cavils  with  the  consent  of 
the  overman. 

COUPLE  (M.).  To  conduct  water  which  runs  down 
the  sides  of  shafts  into  water  curbs  or  garlands  (1). 

COUPLING  (Y.).    The  cap  (3)  of  a  rope. 

COUPLINGS.    See  Double  Timber. 

COURSE.  1.  To  conduct  the  ventilation  of  the  col- 
liery backwards  and  forwards  through  the  workings, 
by  means  of  properly  arranged  stoppings  and  regulators. 

Fig.  44. 


JUULJULJ 


In  Fig.  44,  which  gives  a  plan  of  two  panels,  or  blocks 
of  board  and  pillar  workings,  that  set  marked  A  shows 
the  system  of  coursing  known  as  two  and  two,  whilst  in 
B,  the  workings  are  coursed  three  and  three]  that  is 
to  say,  the  ventilation  is  conducted  up  and  down  two 
and  three  boards  respectively,  as  indicated  by  the 
darts. 

2.  (Som.)     A  seam  of  coal. 

COURSING  THE  WASTE.     Threading  the  ventilation 
up  certain  workings  and  down  others. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  65 

COVER  (N.).  The  total  thickness  of  strata  overlying 
the  workings  of  a  seam  of  coal,  &c.  If  a  mine  is 
1800  ft.  deep  at  the  shafts,  the  cover  will  be  1800  ft., 
but  if  the  workings  are  level  and  extend  underneath 
rising  or  falling  ground  at  the  surface,  then  the  cover 
will  be  greater  or  less  as  the  case  may  be. 

COVERING  BOARDS  (Y.).  A  series  of  boards  and 
thirls  formed  on  the  side  of  a  shaft  pillar,  out  of  which 
long-wall  working  is  commenced  on  No.  1  method. 
See  Fig.  92,  Long-wall. 

Cow  (N.).     See  Backstay. 

COWLS  (N.).  Wrought-iron  water-barrels,  or  tanks, 
attached  to  the  winding  ropes,  and  emptied  at  the 
surface,  used  when  the  engines  are  not  winding  (I) 
coals. 

CRACKS  (S.).  Vertical  planes  of  cleavage  in  coal, 
&c.,  running  at  right  angles  to  backs. 

CRACKET  (N.).  A  tool  used  by  colliers  in  getting 
coal. 

CRADLE.  1.  A  moveable  platform  or  scaffold  sus- 
pended by  a  rope  from  the  surface,  upon  which  repairs  or 
other  work  is  performed  in  a  shaft. 

2.  (M.)  A  loop  made  of  a  chain  in  which  a  man  is 
lowered  and  raised  in  a  shaft  not  fitted  with  a  cage. 

CRANE  BOARD  (N.).  A  return  air  course  connected 
directly  with  the  furnace. 

CRANK  (N.  W.).    Small  coal. 

CREASE  (F.  D.).  -  Mountain  limestone  of  ironstone 
workings. 

CREEL  (S.).    A  kind  of  basket  in  which  coals  and 


66  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

debris  were  conveyed  from  the  pit.  They  were  carried 
on  the  backs  of  bearers,  being  steadied  by  a  strap  round 
the  forehead. 

CREEP.  1.  The  gradual  Fis-  45- 

upheaval  of  the  floor  of 
a  mine  towards  the  roof, 
due  to  the  weight  of  the 
cover  and  a  tender  floor. 
The  working  away  of  a 
seam  of  coal  will  often 
produce  creep  in  an  underlying  seam,  as  well  as  a  cor- 
responding subsidence  or  creep  in  one  overlying  it  at 
no  great  distance.  See  Fig.  45. 

2.  A  very  slow  movement  of  a  winding  engine,  when 
the  brake  is  not  sufficiently  applied  to  hold  it  quite 
fast. 

CREEPING.  The  settling  down,  or  natural  subsidence, 
of  the  surface  and  buildings,  &c.,  thereon,  caused  by 
the  extraction  of  mines  to  such  an  extent  as  to  produce 
such  settlement.  Workings  shown  in  Fig.  16  will  not 
create  any  creeping  of  the  surface,  but  as  soon  as  the 
posts  or  pillars  are  worked  away  a  subsidence  may  be 
expected,  the  extent  of  which  will  depend  upon  the 
depth  to  the  coal  worked,  its  thickness,  dip,  the  nature 
of  the  overlying  measures,  and  the  way  in  which  the 
building  or  stowing  is  done. 

CREESHY  (^GREASY)  BLEAS  (S.).  Nodules  of  bitu- 
minous shale  met  with  in  the  soft  roofs  of  some  of  the 
Scotch  collieries.  So  called  from  the  sort  of  unctuous 
smoothness,  which  causes  them  to  fall  out  when  the 
coal  is  worked  away  from  beneath  them. 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  67 

CREPT-BOARDS.  Boards  more  or  less  filled  up  from 
the  effects  of  creep.  See  Fig.  45,  a  a'  a". 

CRESSET.    Afire-lamp,  which  see. 

CRIB.  1.  A  cast-iron  ring  in  a  shaft  upon  which 
tubbing  is  built  up.  See  Wedging  Crib. 

2.  A  wood  ring  upon  which  the  brick  lining  or  walling 
of  a  shaft  is  built.  It  is  Fig.  46. 

constructed  in  segments  (six 
or  eight  to  the  circle)  which 
are  bolted  together  as  shown 
in  Fig.  46,  which  gives  a 
plan  and  elevation  of  one  segment  with  joint  blocks 
and  bolts  complete. 

CRIBBING  (N.  E.).     See  Tubbing. 

CROOK  (B.).  A  self-acting  apparatus  for  running 
the  liudges  on  inclines  in  steep  seam  workings. 

CROP.     1.  See  Outcrop,  Bassett. 

2.  The  roof  coal  or  stone  which  has  to  be  taken  down 
in  order  to  secure  a  safe  roof  in  the  workings. 

CROPPER.  A  shot  placed  at  the  edge  or  rise  side  in 
a  sinking  pit  bottom. 

CROSS  (S.  W.).     See  Cross-cut  (2). 

CROSS-CUT.  1.  A  drift  or  heading  driven  through 
or  across  the  measures  from  one  coal  seam  to  another. 
See  Branch. 

2.  A  headway  which  is  driven  at  an  angle  to  the 
vertical  planes  of  cleavage. 

CROSS  GATES  (Y.).  Short  headings  driven  on  the 
strike  right  and  left  out  of  and  at  right  angles  to  the 
main  gates. 

F  2 


68  A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TERMS 

CROSS-HOLE  (S.  W.).  A  short  lolt  hole  or  cut  through 
communicating  with  two  headings,  for  ventilation  pur- 
poses. 

CROSSING.     1.  See  Air  crossing. 

2.  (N.  W.)    A  Cross-cut. 

CROSS-MEASURES.  A  line  drawn  horizontally  or 
nearly  so,  through  or  across  inclined  strata:  e.g.  a 
branch  or  crutt  is  a  cross-measures  drift  or  heading. 

CROSS  OFF  (CL).     See  Stack  out. 

CROW  COAL.     See  Anthracite. 

CROWN  IN  (Ch.).  The  surface  or  cover  of  a  rock 
salt  mine  is  said  to  crown  in  when  it  falls  in  or  pro- 
duces creep. 

CROWN  or  CROWN-TREE  (K).    See  Bar. 

CROWNINGS  IN  (S.  S.).  The  strata  forming  the  roof 
or  cover. 

CROW'S  FOOT.  An  iron  claw  or  fork,  forming  part 
of  the  boring  tackle  for  deep  boreholes, 
to  which  a  rope  is  attached,  and  by 
which  the  rods  are  lowered  and  raised 
when  changing  the  cutting  tools,  &c. 
See  Fig.  47,  which  is  called  an  open 
runner  (3). 

CROW-STONE  (D.  Y.).    See  Gannister. 

CROZLE  (D.).    To  cake  or  harden. 

CROZZLING.     Aggregation    of   coal 
when  burning. 

CRUSH.  The  breaking  up  or  weighting  of  pillars  of 
coal  due  to  the  pressure  of  the  overlying  rocks  and  to 
the  hardness  of  the  floor. 


USED  IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


69 


Fig.  48. 


CRUST  (Sh.).    Whitish  fine  sandstone. 
CEUTT  (N.  S.).    See  Branch. 

CRTS  GROUND  (F.  D.).  Carboniferous  limestone 
strata  containing  beds  of  iron-ore. 

CUBE  (S.).     See  Furnace. 

CUBE  COAL.  Coal  broken  up  into  cubes  of  about 
one  foot  square  to  suit  the  trade. 

CUFF  AT  (F.).  A  vessel  in  which  coals  are  sometimes 
raised  in  the  shaft,  consisting  of  a 
kind  of  shallow  tub  fitted  with 
4  wheels  and  attached  to  chains 
at  the  sides,  the  coals  being  piled 
up  in  a  conical  form  and  kept 
from  falling  off  by  iron  rings 
placed  round  them  one  above 
another.  See  Fig.  48.  Some 
Cuffats  are  made  as  much  as 
9  feet  deep  and  more  like  the 
English  Boivk. 

CUILLER  (F.).  A  long  wrought-iron  cylindrical 
bucket  in  which  the  debris  made  by  the  boring  in  the 
kind-chandron  system  of  shaft  sinking,  is  brought  to 
the  surface.  Whilst  the  larger  of  the  two  cutting  tools 
employed  in  boring  out  the  shaft  is  at  work,  the  cuiUer 
remains  in  the  bottom  of  the  small  bore  in  the  centre 
of  the  shaft,  which  it  nearly  fits,  and  catches  the  stuff 
as  it  falls  from  the  upper  or  fully  bored  out  portion  of 
the  pit.  Are  made  up  to  12  tons  capacity. 

CULBUTEURS  (Belg.).  Tippers  which  turn  com- 
pletely over  or  round. 


70 


A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 


CULM  (S.  W.).  Inferior  anthracite,  and  the  small  or 
slack  of  smokeless  coal.  The  Kilkenny  coal  of  Ireland. 

CUNDIE  (S.).  The  spaces  from  which  coal  has  been 
worked  out,  partially  filled  with  dirt  and  rubbish 
between  the  buildings  or  packs.  See  Waste. 

CUPOLA.     1.  The  offtake  for  smoke  and  return  air 
erected  at  or  near  to  the  top  of  the  upcast  shaft. 
2.  See  Furnace. 

CURB.    See  Crib. 

CURB  TUBBING.     Solid  wood  tubbing. 

CURBING.    See  Back-casing. 

CURP  (Som.).  The  floor  of  an  underground  way 
which  is  being  taken  or  broken  up.  See  Caunch. 

CURLEY  CANNEL.  Cannel  coal  which  breaks  with  a 
conchoidal  or  curly  fracture.  It  is  often  used  for  oil 
manufacture. 

CURL-STONE  (Sh.).  Ironstone  exhibiting  cone-in- 
cone  formation, 

CURRY-PIT  (Lei.).  A 
hole  or  very  shallow  pit 
sunk  from  an  upper  to  a 
lower  portion  of  a  thick 
seam  of  coal  through 
which  the  return  air 
passes  from  the  stalls  to 
the  air  way,  which  is 
carried  alongside  and 
parallel  to  the  side  of  the 
stalls,  and  sometimes  underneath  the  goaf.  See  plan, 
Fig.  49. 


beneath/Goaf 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  71 

CUT.  1.  (Som.)     A  staple  or  drop-pit,  which  see. 

2.  To  hew  or  hack  coal,  &c.,  with  a  pick. 

3.  (S.)     See  Buttock. 

4.  The  depth  to  which  a  drill  hole  is  put  in   for 
blasting. 

CUT-CHAIN  (S.).  A  system  of  working  underground 
self-acting  inclined  planes  from  several  different  levels 
communicating  with  such  incline,  by  means  of  chains 
of  various  lengths  which  are  regulated  according  to 
the  level  from  which  it  is  intended  to  lower  the 
coals. 

CUT-OUT.  1.  (F.  D.)     See  Crutt  or  Branch. 

2.  When  a  fault  which  dislocates  a  seam  of  coal  more 
than  its  entire  thickness,  the  seam  is  then  said  to  be 
cut-out. 

CUT-OVER  (M.).  To  cut  or  nick  the  seam  of  coal 
in  a  long-wall  working,  over  or  beyond  the  first  joint  or 
cleat,  running  more  or  less  parallel  with  the  face  line. 
This  is  done  in  order  to  extract  the  coal  in  as  large 
lumps  as  possible  without  the  use  of  powder  and  with 
a  minimum  of  labour  in  getting. 

CUT-THROUGH  (N.  S.).  Bolt-holes  put  through  be- 
tween headings  every  18  to  20  yards  in  mines  having 
a  steep  inclination.  See  Dip  (4).  Fig.  54. 

CUTTER.  1.  (S.)  A  fissure  or  natural  crack  in 
strata. 

2.  (Pa.)  Joints  at  right  angles  to  backs. 

CUTTING-OFF  ROAD.     A  slant  road  in  long-wall  work- 


72 


A   GLOSSAEY  OF  TERMS 


Fig.  50. 


ings,  out  of  which  the  stall-gates  are  branched  parallel 
to  the  main  road,  and  which  at  certain  distances  cut 
off  a  range  of  stalls  to  the  rear.  See  Long-wall, 
Fig.  92. 

CUTS   (S.).    Strips  of  coal  worked  off  the  sides  of 
pillars. 

CUTTING.  The  end  or  side 
of  a  stall  next  to  the  solid 
coal,  where  the  coal  is  cut 
with  a  pick  in  a  vertical  line 
to  facilitate  breaking  down. 
See  plan  of  a  cutting,  Fig.  50. 

CUT-UP  (S.).  The  break- 
ing  down  of  the  roof  to  a 
considerable  height. 

CUVELAGE  (F.).     Tubbing,  which  see. 


D. 

D.  C.    Down  cast  (1),  which  see. 

D  LINK.  A  flat  iron  bar  attached  to  chains,  and 
suspended  from  a  hemp  rope  to  a  windlass  at  surface. 
It  is  a  loop  in  which  one  man  is  lowered  and  raised  in 
an  engine-pit.  He  sits  upon  the  flat  bar,  the  chains 
passing  up  in  front  of  him,  and  the  leather  strap  or 
belt  is  fastened  round  the  back  under  the  arms.  See 
Fig.  51.  He  is  free  to  move  his  legs  and  arms,  and  to 
turn  himself  about  in  any  direction,  and  to  perform 
work  with  a  spanner  or  hammer,  &c.  Fig.  52  is  a 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


73 


sketch  of  a  form  of  hook  commonly  used  for  suspending 
the  D  link  to  the  rope. 


Fig.  51. 


Fig.  52. 


•Spring. 


DADDING  (N.).  Mixing  firedamp  with  atmospheric 
air  to  render  it  incapable  of  ignition.  See  Brwh  (1). 

DAM.  1.  An  underground  stopping  or  wall  constructed 
of  masonry  or  of  clay,  by  means  of  which  gas  or  damp, 
and  spontaneous  combustion,  are  prevented  from  es- 
caping and  breaking  out. 

2.  A  solid  brick  or  timber  stopping  for  keeping  back 
accumulations  of  water. 

DAMP.  (From  the  German,  Dampf.)  Carbonic  acid 
gas,  or  a  mixture  of  gas  (fire-damp)  and  air,  incapable 
of  supporting  combustion,  and  therefore  unfit  for 
respiration. 

DAMPED.     Suffocated  by  gas  or  foul  air  in  a  mine. 

DAMPY  (M.).  A  pit  is  said  to  be  dampy  when  the 
air  in  it  is  mixed  with  so  much  carbonic  acid  gas  as  to 
cause  the  lights  to  burn  badly  or  to  go  out. 


74:  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

DAN.  1.  (M.)  A  tub  or  barrel,  sometimes  with  and 
sometimes  without  wheels,  in  which  mine  water  is  con- 
veyed along  underground  roadways  to  be  discharged 
into  the  sump  or  lodge,  or  raised  in  the  cage  to  the 
surface. 

2.  A  small  "box  or  sledge  for  carrying  coal  or  debris 
in  a  mine. 

DANGER-BOARD.    See  Fire-board. 

DANES  (S.).    See  Sat. 

DANT  (N.).    Sooty,  worthless  coal. 

DANTY  (N.).     Disintegrated  coal. 

DARG  (N.).  A  specified  quantity  or  weight  of  mi- 
neral agreed  by  masters  and  men  to  be  worked  during 
a  shift  for  a  certain  sum  of  money. 

DASH  (N.).     See  Dadding. 

DATALLING.     Blowing  down  roof  in  a  mine. 

DATLERS  (L.).  Men  who  work  underground,  not 
being  contractors,  and  are  paid  by  the  day. 

DAUGH  (S.).     Underclay,  or  holing  dirt. 

DAVY.  A  safety  lamp,  invented  by  the  late  Sir 
Humphrey  Davy  in  1815.  It  will  indicate  the  presence 
of  fire-damp  in  a  mine,  which,  when  mixed  with  certain 
proportions  of  atmospheric  air,  becomes  ignited  within 
the  gauze  cylinder  forming  the  "top,"  or  upper  part 
of  the  lamp.  The  flame,  however,  cannot  pass  through 
the  wire  gauze  and  set  fire  to  the  gas  outside.  There 
is  no  glass  used  in  the  construction  of  this  lamp;  it 
consists  simply  of  a  brass  cistern  for  the  oil,  with  wick, 
&c.,  surmounted  by  a  chimney  or  cap  of  iron,  or  copper 
wire  gauze,  having  not  less  than  784  (28  x  28)  aper- 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  75 

tures  to  the  square  inch.  Diameter  of  gauze  is  about 
1^  inch,  and  about  8  ins.  in  height.  The  Davy  is  not 
a  safe  lamp  to  work  with  under  certain  conditions. 

DAY  (Pa.).     The  entrance  to  a  mine  on  a  hill-side. 

DAY-EYES  (N.  W.).  Inclined  planes  driven  from 
the  surface  to  win  and  get  the  mines. 

DAY-HOLE.  Any  heading  or  level  from  the  surface 
communicating  with  the  mine. 

DAY-MEN  (Y.).  Men  employed  in  building  packs, 
and  performing  other  work  in  the  mine,  for  which  they 
are  paid  by  the  day,  or  by  time. 

DAY-SHIFT.  When  a  colliery  is  worked  by  two  shifts, 
or  relays  of  men,  that  which  works  during  the  daytime 
is  called  the  day-shift. 

D.  C.     Downcast  Shaft.     See  Downcast. 

DEAD.  1.  An  unventilated  or  airless  heading  or 
working. 

2.  The  creep  after  subsidence  or  upheaval  has  taken 
place  to  the  full  extent. 

DEAD  GROUND.    A  faulty  or  barren  piece  or  area  of 
coal  strata. 
DEADING  (G.,  Som.).    See  Deadwork. 

DEAD  KENT.  A  certain,  fixed,  or  minimum  rent  paid 
at  specified  times  by  a  lessee  of  a  mine,  whether  minerals 
are  worked  and  sold  or  not. 

DEAD-SMALL  (N.).  The  smallest  coal  which  passes 
through  the  screening  or  separating  apparatus,  being 
almost  as  fine  as  dust. 

DEAD- WORK.     The  work  of  driving  out  into  a  mine 


76  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

for  the  purpose  of  proving  and  preparing  to  work  it,  or 
work  which  at  the  time  produces  little  or  no  profit. 

DECK.  The  platform  or  level  upon  which  the  tubs 
and  men  ride  on  a  cage.  Cages  are  occasionally  made 
with  as  many  as  four  decks. 

DECKING.  The  operation  of  changing  the  tubs  on 
a  cage  at  top  and  bottom  of  a  shaft  There  are 
several  very  ingenious  contrivances  for  performing  this 
by  mechanical  means.  One  is  Fowler's  hydraulic  load- 
ing and  unloading  apparatus,  whereby  each  deck  is 
operated  upon  simultaneously.  The  loaded  tubs  are  at 
some  collieries  withdrawn  from  the  cages  by  steam 
power,  whilst  the  empties  run  into  them  by  gravity. 
See  Onsetting  Machine. 

DEEDS  (N.).  Debris  of  pit  refuse  tipped  upon  the 
spoilbarik. 

DEEP.  Workings  below  the  level  of  the  pit  bottom 
or  main  levels  extending  therefrom. 

DEEP  COAL.  Coal  seams  lying  at  a  depth  below  the 
surface  of  over,  say,  600  or  700  yards. 

DEEP  PIT.  A  pit-shaft  exceeding  400  or  500  yards 
in  depth. 

DELF  (F.D.,  L.).  A  vein,  seam,  mine,  or  bed  of  coal 
or  ironstone. 

DEPUTY.  1.  (N.)  A  man  who  fixes  and  withdraws  the 
timber  supporting  the  roof  of  a  mine,  and  who  attends 
to  the  safety  of  the  roof  and  sides,  builds  stoppings,  puts 
up  bratticing,  and  looks  after  the  safety  of  the  hewers, 
&c.,  generally  one  deputy  to  every  12  workmen. 

2.  (M.)  An  underground   official  who   sees  to  the 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


77 


general  safety  of  a  certain  number  of  stalls  or  of  a 
district,  but  who  does  not  set  the  timber  himself 
although  he  has  to  see  that  it  is  properly  and  suffi- 
ciently done.  He  will  often  have  the  overlooking  of  as 
many  as  100  men  and  boys. 

DEPUTY  SYSTEM  (K).  The  plan  of  having  all  the 
timbering  or  propping  of  the  working  places  performed 
by  deputies  (1)  specially  appointed. 

DERRICK.  A  high  frame  or  head  gear  constructed  of 
timber  poles,  placed  over  a,  lore-hole  (1),  upon  which  is 


Fig.  53. 


fixed  or  hung  a  pulley  or  sheaf  for 
carrying  the  rope  by  which  the  rods 
(2)  are  lifted. 

DETACHING  HOOK.  A  self-acting 
mechanical  contrivance  for  setting 
free  a  winding  rope  from  a  cage,  &c., 
when  the  latter  is  raised  beyond  a 
certain  point  in  the  head  gear;  the 
rope  being  released,  the  cage  re- 
mains suspended  in  the  frame. 

There  have  been  a  number 
invented,  and  a  variety  of  them 
are  in  use.  Fig.  53  is  a  sketch 
showing  the  action  of  one  which 
has  been  much  used. 

DEVIL.     A  lack-stay,  also  a  kind  of  jockey. 

DIAGONAL  STAPLE  (N.).  A  shallow  pit  or  shaft  sunk 
in  a  sloping  or  diagonal  direction  at  the  back  end  of 
the  main  beam  of  a  pumping  engine  in  which  the 
lever-beam  works,  so  that  the  work  of  pumping  may  be 
divided  between  the  two  ends  of  the  main  beam. 


Walker's  Hook. 


78  A  GLOSSARY  OP  TERMS 

DIAL.  1.  A  circumferentor  or  compass  fitted  with 
sights,  spirit  levels,  and  vernier,  for  making  under- 
ground surveys. 

2.  To  survey  with  a  dial  (1)  and  chain.  See 
Dialling. 

DIALLING.  The  operation  of  making  a  survey  with 
the  dial.  There  are  two  ways  of  using  the  instrument 
known  as  loose  needle  and  fast  needle  dialling.  The 
former  is  practised  when  all  the  angles  or  bearings  of  the 
different  roads  are  taken  (when  such  roads  are  free  from 
iron  tram-rails,  &c.,  which  attract  the  needle  of  the  dial 
and  give  erroneous  readings),  by  " reading  the  needle" 
as  it  is  called.  In  the  latter  method  the  needle  is  only 
consulted  in  the  first  sight  or  at  the  commencement  of 
the  survey  (all  iron  being  removed  from  near  the 
instrument),  all  subsequent  angles  being  read  off  from 
the  vernier,  so  that  the  presence  of  iron  has  no  effect 
upon  the  work.  See  Latch. 

DIAMOND  CHISEL.  A  cutting  chisel  used  in  boring 
for  coal,  &c.,  having  a  diamond  or  V  shaped  point. 

DIAMOND  SYSTEM.  Boring  for  coal,  &c.,  with 
diamonds  or  carbonates,  which  are  stones  of  a  coarse 
quality  and  of  a  black  colour.  In  this  system  the  rock 
is  cut  or  removed  by  abrasion,  the  boring  rods  or 
rather  tubes,  for  they  are  hollow,  are  caused  to  revolve 
or  rotate  very  rapidly  (there  being  no  percussive  action 
whatever)  up  to  250  revolutions  per  minute.  Entire 
cores  are  secured  whereby  the  precise  character  of  the 
various  beds  bored  through  are  determined.  The 
debris  or  bore  meal  is  rein-oved  from  the  hole,  as  fast  as 
it  is  made,  by  the  constant  flow  of  a  stream  of  water 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING>    ETC.  79 

forced  down  inside  the  rods  and  carrying  up  the  stuff 
to  the  surface.  The  work  is  performed  by  steam 
machinery,  and  a  very  rapid  progress  is  often  made, 
say  10  feet  per  day  as  an  average  for  a  hole  1000  feet 
deep;  but  of  course  everything  depends  upon  the 
nature  of  the  strata  bored  through  and  the  care  be- 
stowed upon  the  working  of  the  machinery. 

DIBHOLE  (L.).  The  lowest  part  of  a  pit  shaft  below 
the  scaffold  on  which  the  cages  drop.  It  forms  a  water 
lodge  for  the  drainage  of  the  mine,  out  of  which  it  is 
raised  to  the  surface.  See  Sump. 

DICE  (Lei.).  The  layers  in  a  coal  seam  of  a  glossy 
bituminous  nature  which  naturally  break  or  split  up 
into  small  square  pieces  resembling  dice  in  shape. 

DlFFEHENTIAL     PUMPING      ENGINE.       A     Compound 

direct-acting  pumping-engine,  generally  of  the  hori- 
zontal class,  and  usually  fixed  at  the  pit  bottom  for 
forcing  the  water  direct  to  surface.  So  called,  because 
it  is  fitted  with  differential  valve  gear  of  a  very  effec- 
tive and  ingenious  type,  the  invention  of  a  Mr.  Davey 
of  Leeds. 

DILLY  (N.).  A  counter-balance  mounted  upon  two 
pairs  of  tram  wheels  by  means  of  which  the  empty  tubs 
are  carried  up  an  underground  incline  of  a  greater 
inclination  than  1  in  3. 

DILSH  (S.  W.).  Inferior  culm  in  the  shape  of  a  thin 
stratum. 

DIP.     1.  To  slope  downwards  from  the  surface. 

2.  A  heading  or  other  underground  way  driven  to 
the  deep. 

3.  Inclination  of  strata  when  viewed  in  the  direction 


SO 


A  GLOSSABY   OF   TERMS 


of  the  fall  The  amount  of  dip  is  said  to  be  1  in  so 
much,  a  g.  1  in  4.  Or,  so  many  inches  in  the  yard 
(9"  in  the  yard),  or,  in  degrees  (14°). 

4.  (N.  S.)  A  heading  driven  to  the  full  rise  in  steep 
mines.  It  is  usual  to  drive  a  pair  of  dips  about 
10  yards  apart  every  180  yards  or  so,  out  of  the  levels 
which  run  at  right  angles  to  the  crvts,  and  out  of  these 
dips  are  driven  cross  headings  right  and  left  on  the 
strike,  about  10  yards  apart,  commencing  at  the  upper 
end  first  and  working  downwards  (see  Drifting  Back) 
Fig.  54. 

Kg.  54. 


a,  Shafts.  6,  Crnt.  c,  Levels  in  coal,  d,  Dips  (pair  of)  rising  1  in  1. 
e,  Cross  headings.  /,  Face  of  drifting  back,  g,  Return  airway. 
A,  Goaf. 

DIP  JOISTS  (Pa.).     See  Backs. 

DIPPER  (N.).    A  downthrow,  fault,  which  see. 

DIPPING  (S.  W.).    A  dip  (2). 

DIPPLE.    See  Dip  (2). 

DIP  SPLIT.  A  current  of  intake  air  directed  into  or 
down  a  dip  or  deep  district  of  a  mine. 

DINT  (M.)-    See  Bate. 

DIET.  1.  day,  bind,  or  other  useless  rubbish  pro- 
duced in  mining,  and  which  accidentally  is  sent  out  of 
the  pit  mixed  with  the  coal. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  81 

2.  (N.)     Foul  air  or  fire  damp. 

DIET  BED  or  BAND.  A  thin  stratum  of  soft  earthy 
refuse  interbedded  with  coal  seams. 

DISH  (N.).  The  length  or  portion  of  an  underground 
engine  plane  nearest  to  the  pit  bottom,  upon  which  the 
empty  set  stands  before  being  drawn  inbye. 

DISLOCATION.  A  fault  of  fracture  of  the  strata  as 
shown  in  Fig.  60. 

DISTANCE   BLOCKS.     Pitch   pine   blocks  placed   in 
between    the  main  spears  and  the 
side  pump-rods  by  which  the  proper 
distance  between  them  is  adjusted. 
See  Fig.  55. 

DISTRICT.  A  limited  area  of 
underground  workings.  Collieries 
are  usually  divided  into  several  dis- 
tricts. As  far  as  is  possible  each 
should  be  provided  with  a  separate 
split  of  fresh  air  and  a  distinct 
return  air- way  leading  to  the  upcast  shaft.  There  is 
generally  a  deputy  (2)  or  overman  for  every  district. 

DITCH  (Lei.).     To  go  stiff.     To  clog.     To  impede. 

DITCHED  TOP  (Lei.).  A  coal-seam  which  has  a 
hard  unyielding  top,  and  is  with  difficulty  separated 
from  the  roof,  is  said  to  have  a  ditched  top. 

DOB  BY  WAGON  (Y.).  A  cart  into  which  dirt  out  of 
the  mine  is  tipped. 

Do  (doo)  (Lei.  D.).     See  Bout. 
DOCK  (X.). 

G 


82  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

DOG.  An  iron  bar,  spiked  at  the  ends,  with  which 
timbers  are  held  together  or  steadied. 

DOG  AND  CHAIN.    An  iron  lever  with  a  chain  attached 
by  which  props  are  with- 
drawn    from     the    goaf.  Fig.  56. 
Fig.  56  is  a  sketch  show- 
ing  the  way  in  which  a 
dog  and  chain  is  used. 

DOG-BELT  (M.).  A 
strong  broad  piece  of 
leather  buckled  round  / 

the  waist,  to  which  a 
short  piece  of  chain  is  attached,  passing  between  the 
legs  of  the  man  or  boy  drawing  a  dan  (2)  in  the 
workings. 

DOGGEE  (01.).  A  bed  of  inferior  ironstone  overlying 
the  main  seam. 

DOGGY  (S.  S.,  N.).  An  overlooker  of  a  certain 
number  of  boys  and  men  in  a  pit.  See  Corporal. 

DOGS  (Som.).  See  Cage  Shutes,  but  generally  made 
longer  than  in  Fig.  35. 

DOLLY  (S.  S.).  A  cast-iron  weight  suspended  over 
the  men  when  riding  in  the  shaft,  to  act  as  a  counter- 
balance to  the  winding  engine. 

DOMED.    Dipping  away  in  all  directions  from  a  centre. 

DOOK  (S.).  An  underground  inclined  plane  to  the 
deep. 

DOORS.  Wooden  doors,  either  single  or  double,  fixed 
in  underground  roads  of  all  descriptions  to  serve  as 
stoppings.  They  are  always  fixed  so  as  only  to  open 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


83 


towards  the  intake  air.  Every  door  in  a  pit  should  be 
so  hung  and  otherwise  adjusted  that  it  will  close  of  itself. 

DOUBLE-BANK  CAGES  (S.  W.).  Cages  having  two 
decks,  or  a  multiple  of  two,  so  that  decking  may  be  per- 
formed at  two  levels  or  banks. 

DOUBLE  CRIB.  Two  wedging  cribs  placed  one  on  the 
top  of  another. 

DOUBLES  (Som.).  The  repeated  folds  or  overlaps  of 
the  coal  strata  in  the  Kadstock  district.  Fig.  57  is  a 
section  of  a  coal  seam  exhibiting  doubles  in  a  very  marked 
manner. 

Fig.  57. 


DOUBLE  SHIFT.  A  colliery  is  said  to  be  working 
double  shift  when  there  are  two  shifts  of  colliers  (1) 
employed  in  getting  coal. 

DOUBLE  STALL  (S.  W.).     A  system  of  working  coal 

Fig.  58. 


F      ofS^ 

SOLID 
COAL 

1 

^ 

, 

COAf 

\ 

^^ 

fact  <f  Stalk 

\\ 

1 

COAf 

\ 

I 

c 

•:  -  ! 

1 

i 

SOLID 
COAL 

^\\m\\\m\\ 

in  which  the  roof  falls  within  chambers  or  banks  (4) 
of  a  limited  width.     See  plan,  Fig.  58. 

G  2 


84 


A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 


Fig.  59. 


DOUBLE  TIMBER  (S.  W.).  Two  props  and  a  bar 
placed  across  the  tops  of  them,  in  the  form  shown  in 
Fig.  59,  for  giviDg  support  to 
the  roof  and  sides  of  a  heading 
or  way. 

DOUBLE  WORKING  (NY).  Two 
hewers  working  togethei^in  the 
same  heading. 

DOUCE.  To  beat  out  or  ex- 
tinguish an  accidentally  ignited 
jet  of  firedamp. 

DOWN.     Underground.     In  the  pit. 

DOWN  BROW  (L.).     A  dip  incline  underground. 

DOWN-CAST.  1.  The  shaft  through  which  the  intake, 
or  fresh  air,  enters  a  mine,  and  the  one  used  for  winding 
coals  in,  and  in  which  the  pumps  are  generally  fixed. 
It  is  usually  circular  in  form,  though  sometimes  rec- 
tangular and  oval.  Shafts  are  now  sunk  up  to  18  and 
20  ft.  in  diameter  within  the  walling.  The  deepest  in 
Great  Britain  is  939  yards  (Ashton  Moss,  near  Man- 
chester). See  Signs. 

2.  A.  fault  which  throws 
a  coal-seam  downwards. 
See  Down-leap. 

DOWNER  (Som.).  A  rest 
or  cessation  from  work,  say 
half  an  hour  taken  during 
a  shift  or  turn  (1). 

DOWN-LEAP  (M.).    A  dis- 
location of  strata  which  has  caused  a  coal  seam  to  be 
abruptly  cut  off  and  be  brought  below  its  original  level. 


Fig.  60. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  85 

» 

In  going  from  A  to  B  in  Fig.  60  the  line  c  d  will 
represent  a  down-leap. 

DOWN  SPOUTS  (L.).  Pipes  fixed  down  the  sides  of 
a  shaft  for  conducting  water  from  one  garland  (1)  to 
another. 

DOWN-THROW.     See  Down-leap. 

DOWZING  KOD  (Som.).  The  virgula  divinitoria  or 
divining-rod.  Formerly  commonly  used  in  attempting 
to  discover  minerals.  It  consisted  of  a  forked  branch  off 
a  hazel  tree  in  the  form  of  a  Y.  One  ,end  of  the  rod 
was  supposed  to  point  in  the  direction  of  the  mine  when 
carried  in  a  particular  way  over  the  ground  to  be 
examined.  The  person  carrying  the  stick  was  called 
the  dowzer,  and  the  practice  of  using  it  was  known  as 
doivzing.  A  remnant  of  ancient  superstition. 

DRAFT  (S.  W.).  Allowance  coal.  About  360  Ibs. 
per  week  to  every  householder. 

DRAG.  1.  The  frictional  resistance  produced  by  the 
current  of  air  circulating  in  a  mine,  the  amount  of 
which  depends  upon  the  extent  of  rubbing  surface  as  it 
is  called — i.  e.  the  length  x  the  perimeter — of  the  air 
ways.  The  ventilating  pressure  necessary  to  overcome 
the  drag  increases  and  decreases  in  proportion  as  the 
extent  of  rubbing  surface  increases  or  decreases,  and 
varies  in  proportion  as  the  square  of  the  velocity  of  the 
air  current  increases  or  decreases.  Therefore  in  order  to 
double  the  quantity  of  air  passing  through  an  air-way 
the  power  to  produce  it  would  have  to  be  increased 
fourfold,  because  there  would  be  a  fourfold  resistance 
in  the  shape  of  friction  (drag)  to  be  overcome.  In  the 


86  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

same  way  half  as  much  air  would  only  take  one  quarter 
the  pressure. 

2.  See  Back-stay. 

3.  A  scotch  (either  a  short  wooden  or  an  iron  bar) 
placed  between  the  spokes  of  the  wheels  of  trams  to 
check  their  speed  upon  an  inclined  way. 

DRAGON  (S.  S.).  A  kind  of  barrel  in  which  water 
is  raised  from  a  gin  pit. 

DRAGS-MAN  (N.).  A  man  employed  as  a  putter  or 
pusher  of  tubs  about  underground  in  the  working 
places. 

DRAG-TWIST.  A  scraper  with  a  spiral  hook  at  one 
end  with  which  the  lore  meal  is  extracted  from  a  bore 
hole. 

DRAW  (S.  S.).  Strictly  speaking,  the  distance  on 
the  surface  to  which  the  subsidence  or  creep  extends 
beyond  the  workings.  See  Creeping. 

DRAWER  (S.).  One  who  pushes  trams  underground, 
or  drives  a  horse  or  pony  drawing  minerals  to  the  pit 
bottom,  or  on  to  an  engine  plane  or  jig. 

DRAWING.  1.  Eecovering  the  prop  ivood,  chocks,  &c., 
from  the  goaves  for  using  over  again.  This  work  is 
commonly  performed  with  the  use  of  the  Dog  and  Chain, 
which  see. 

2.  Knocking  away  the  sprags  from  beneath  the  coal 
after  holing. 

3.  Kaising  coal,  &c.,  up  a  pit  shaft,  or  up  a  slope  or 
inclined  plane. 

DRAWING  A  JUD  (N.).  Bringing  down  the  face  of 
coal,  previously  set  free  to  fall  by  withdrawing  the 
sprags  after  kirving. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


87 


Fig.  61. 


DRAWING  ENGINE.  The  engine  by  which  the  minerals 
are  raised  from  the  mine,  by  which  the  men  and  materials 
are  lowered  and  raised,  and  by  which  the  water  pro- 
duced in  the  workings  is  sometimes  raised  either  by 
pumps  worked  from  the  same  engine,  or  in  tanks  or 
barrels  attached  to  the  winding  rope  or  riding  in  the 
cages.  See  also  Winding 
Engine. 

DRAW  SMALL.  When  a 
winding  rope,  from  the  effects 
of  wear  and  tear,  has  become 
less  in  diameter  or  in 
thickness  from  that  cause, 
it  is  said  to  be  drawing 
small. 

DREDGE  SUMP  (N.).    A 
small  reservoir  at  the  bottom 
of  a  pumping  shaft,  in  which 
the  water  collects  and  deposits  any  sediment  or  debris, 
and  is  pumped  up  clear.     Fig.  61. 

DRESSANTS  (F.).     Bearers  or  very  steep  lying  seams 
of  coal,  &c.  Fig>  62. 

DRESSER  (M.).  A  tool  used  by 
colliers  and  banksmen  for  splitting  up 
large  lumps  of  coal,  and  for  dressing 
off  dirt  or  brasses  when  cleaning  coals 
for  the  market.  See  Fig.  62. 

DRESSING  (M.).  Trimming  and 
cleaning  up  a  stall  face  after  the  loaders  have  left  off 
work,  and  before  the  holers  commence  work.  This 
work  is  performed  at  night. 


88  A   GLOSSAEY  OF  TEEMS 

DRIFT.  1.  An  underground  gallery  driven  across  or 
obliquely  to  the  planes  of  stratification.  See  Branch. 

2.  An  inclined  plane  driven  entirely  in  a  coal  seam. 
The  work  of  making  a  drift  is  known  in  mining  language 
as  drifting. 

3.  (F.  D.)    A  hard  shale.  • 

4.  (N.)    A  head  (1)  driven  on  the  strike  of  the  coal 
seam. 

DRIFT  AND  PILLAR  (N.  S.).  A  system  of  working 
coal  not  unlike  the  bankwork  of  Yorkshire. 

DRIFTING  BACK  (N.  S.).  The  operation  of  working 
away  the  pillars  towards  the  pit  bottom  in  rearers. 
Drifting  lack  commences  as  soon  as  the  cross  headings 
are  driven  out. 

DRIFTING  CURB.  An  oak  curb  forced  downwards 
through  quicksand,  having  a  circle  of  planks  driven 
down  all  round  at  the  back  of  it  to  keep  out  the  sand 
and  water. 

DRILLING  (U.  S.  A.).  Boring  deep  holes  in  search  of 
coal. 

EEIVE.  To  excavate  horizontally,  or  at  an  inclination, 
places  not  more  than  a  few  yards  in  width  under- 
ground. 

DRIVERS  (M.).  Men  who  break  down  the  coal  in  the 
stalls  with  hammers  and  wedges,  after  the  holing  is 
finished. 

DRIVING.  1.  A  long  narrow  underground  excavation 
or  heading  (1). 

2.  (B.)     A  stone  head  (1)  driven  through  a  fault,  &c. 

DRIVING  BY  LINES.  Keeping  the  axis  of  the  heading 
being  driven  exactly  true  to  a  certain  bearing  or  degree 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


89 


of  the  dial.  Two  lines,  or  strings,  steadied  by  weights 
are  suspended  from  stomps  fixed  in  the  roof  from 
three  to  six  feet  apart ;  the  prolongation  of  the  line 
drawn  between  them  being  the  bearing  or  proper  direc- 
tion, or  point  as  it  is  commonly  called,  of  the  heading. 

DROP.  1.  To  lower  coals  down  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  level  on  the  pit  bank,  or  at  pit  bottom,  when  the 
decking  is  performed  in  one  operation,  or  when  the  cage 
is  only  moved  once  during  decking. 

2.  (N.)    A  shoot  down  which  coals  are  run  into  keels 
or  boats. 

3.  To  allow  the  upper  lift  of  a  seam  of  coal,  &c.,  being 
worked,  to  fall  or  drop  down,  when  the  lower  portion  is 
first  gotten.     See  Fig.  63. 

Fig.  63. 


4.  A  general  reduction  of  wages  in  the  coal  trade. 

DROP  PIT.  A  shallow  pit  shaft  in  a  mine,  in  which 
coals  are  lowered  in  tubs  upon  cages  by  means  of  a  clip 
pulley,  or  brake-wheel,  from  one  seam  to  another,  or, 
where  &  fault  exists,  from  the  higher  to  the  lower  level. 
The  principle  upon  which  it  is  worked  is  similar  to  that 
of  a  self-acting  inclined  plane,  viz.  the  weight  of  the 
coals  dropped  being  greater  than  that  of  the  rope,  and 
friction  of  the  empty  tub  and  appliances. 


90 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


DROP  SHEETS  (N.).  Doors  made  of  canvas,  by  which 
the  ventilating  current  is  directed  and  regulated  through 
the  workings. 

DROSS  (S.).     Very  small  coal-dust,  or  slack. 

DROSSY  COAL  (D.).     Coal  with  iron  pyrites. 

DROWNED-OUT.     Flooded.    Mines  under  water. 

DROWNED  WASTE.     Old  workings  full  of  water. 

DRUB  (Y.). 

DRUM.  1.  That  part  of  the  winding  engines  upon 
which  the  winding-ropes  are  coiled  or  wound.  They 
are  constructed  in  various  forms  (see  end  views  or  plans, 
Fig."  64),  of  diameters  ranging  from  5  to  32  feet,  ac- 
cording to  depth  of  shafts  and  size  of  ropes,  &c.  See 


Fig.  64. 


EH 


H 


9  TV      r> 
J.flat,llcp& 


Internal, 


<5.  Serm>  ComcaL 

Conical  Drum.    The  usual  number  of  revolutions  made 
per  run  is  from  20  to  30. 

2.  The  barrel  or  roll  upon  which  a  self-acting  incline 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  91 

rope  is  coiled,  generally  made  in  the  form  of  No.  1, 
Fig.  64 

3.  (L.)  A  brick,  iron,  or  wooden  cylinder,  with  which 
beds  of  sand  are  sunk  through.  See  Running  the  Drum. 

DRUM-HEAD  (N.).  A  short  heading  formed  to  the  rise 
of  a  level,  or  bank-head,  in  which  the  drum  of  a  self- 
acting  inclined  plane  is  fixed. 

DRUM-HORNS.  Wrought-iron  arms  or  spokes  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  surface  or  periphery  of  flat-rope 
drums,  between  which  the  ropes  coil  or  lap,  the  tips 
being  often  connected  by  a  ring  of  iron  riveted  on. 

DRUM-PULLEY.  A  pulley-wheel  used  in  place  of  a 
drum  (1).  See  Koepe  System,  Fig.  89. 

DRUM-RINGS.  Cast  iron  wheels,  with  projections,  to 
which  are  bolted  the  staves  or  laggings  forming  the 
surface  for  the  ropes  to  lap  upon.  The  outside  rings 
are  shrouded,  to  prevent  the  ropes  from  slipping  off  the 
sides  of  the  drum. 

DRY  (S.).  A  joint  in  the  roof  of  a  coal-seam,  which 
cannot  usually  be  discovered  until  the  roof  falls.  They 
frequently  exist  in  connection  with  lypes. 

DRY  COAL.  That  which  contains  but  little  hydro- 
gen. For  instance,  the  "Aberdare  4  Feet"  seam  of 
Glamorganshire,  a  first-class  steam  coal. 

DRY  SEPARATION.  The  systems  upon  which  coal  is 
screened  and  further  separated  by  taking  out  the  small 
pieces  of  shale,  pyrites,  &c.  (dirt,  1),  by  what  is  called 
the  wind  method,  i.  e.  the  force  of  a  blast  of  air  is  di- 
rected upon  the  screened  coal,  and  thereby  separates  it 
into  various  sizes  due  to  their  specific  gravity.  See 
Wind  Method. 


92  A    GLOSSAKY  OF   TEEMS 

DUAL-ROPE  (Y.).  A  hemp  capstan  rope  upon  which 
men  ride  in  an  engine-pit. 

DUFF.     See  Dross. 

DUKEY  (Som.).  1.  A  large  carriage  or  platform 
running  upon  wheels  on  rails  working  on  a  dip  inclined 
plane  underground,  upon  which  a  number  of  small 
trams  of  coal  are  raised  by  engine-power  at  one  opera- 
tion. So  named  alter  the  double  coach  called  the 
"  Duke  of  Beaufort." 

2.  (S.  W.)  An  inclined  plane  worked  by  engine- 
power. 

DUKE-WAY  (Som.).  The  plan  of  drawing  coals  up  a 
dip  incline  to  the  pit-bottom  by  a  .rope  worked  by  the 
winding -engine  at  surface,  the  other  rope  working  the 
cage  in  the  shaft  simultaneously,  i.  e.  whilst  the  cage  is 
going  up,  the  empty  trams  are  running  down  the 
incline,  and  vice  versa. 

DUKEY-RIDER  (S.  W.).  A  boy  who  accompanies  the 
train  of  trams  running  upon  a  dukey  (2). 

DULL  (B.).  Slack  ventilation.  Insufficient  air  in 
a  pit. 

DUMB  DRIFT.  A  short  tunnel  or  passage  connecting 
the  main  return  airways  of  a  mine  with  the  bottom  of 
the  up-cast  shaft,  in  order  to  prevent  the  return  air 
from  passing  through  and  over  the  ventilating  furnace. 

DUMB  FURNACE.    See  Dumb  Drift  and  Cold  Furnace. 

DUMP  (Pa.).  To  throw  coals,  &c.,  by  tilting  up  the 
car  into,  or  shooting  them  down  a  dip  road  in  a  pit,  or 
upon  the  inclined  plane  of  a  breaker  to  a  loading  stage. 

DUMMY  (N.  S.).    A  low  truck  on  four  wheels  running 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  93 

upon  rails,  and  loaded  with  pig  iron  or  some  other 
heavy  material ;  employed  in  steep  seams  or  rearers  as 
a  balance-weight  to  bring  up  an  empty  tub  (1)  on  an 
inclined  plane  or  a  dip  (4) ;  the  weight  of  the  coals, 
(fee.,  in  the  tub  being  sufficient  to  overcome  the  resist- 
ance of  the  dummy  when  being  braked  down, 

DUNN  BASS  (L.).     A  description  of  Bass. 

DUNS  (G-.).     Argillaceous  shale.     See  Cliff. 

DUNSTONE.  1.  (D.)     Ironstone  in  beds  or  seams. 
2.  (S.  W.)  Hard  kind  oi  fire-clay,  or  under-day. 

DUN- WHIN  (N.).  A  rock  commonly  met  with  in  the 
coal  measures. 

DUST.     1.  Fine  black  powdery  substance  adhering 
to  the  timbers,  &c.,  in  a  coal  mine.     See  Coal  Dust. 
2.  See  Dross. 

DUSTERS  (S.  W.).  Men  employed  in  cleaning  trams 
of  dust  and  dirt  in  and  about  mines. 

DUST  EXPLOSION.  An  explosion  of  coal-dust  mixed 
with  a  small  percentage  of  fire-damp. 

DUTY  (of  a  Cornish  pumping  engine).  The  number 
of  pounds  weight  of  water  raised  one  foot  high  with 
a  consumption  of  112  Ibs.  of  coal. 

DYKE  or  DIKE.  An  intrusive  band  or  vein  of  hard 
rock,  usually  of  igneous  origin.  In  the  north  of  Eng- 
land a  fault  is  often  called  a  dyke.  They  are  not 
always  accompanied  by  a  dislocation  of  the  strata— 
probably  have  their  origin  in  some  deep-seated  con- 
nection with  the  molten  interior  of  the  earth,  out  of 
which  they  have  doubtless  been  ejected  in  the  shape  of 
lava,  at  a  period  subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  the 


94  A   GLOSSARY  OP   TEEMS 

coal  measures — extend  in  almost  straight  lines  through 
the  country,  in  one  case  upwards  of  70  miles.  Though 
generally  taking  a  vertical  line,  like  a  wall,  frequently 
are  discovered  lying  at  different  angles,  and  even  inter- 
bedded  with  seams  of  coal,  &c.,  and  in  almost  all  cases 
when  in  proximity  to  a  trap  dyke,  the  coal  and  other 
rocks  are  partially  coked  and  calcined  from  the  heat  of 
the  lava  when  first  injected  into  the  fissures  it  occupies. 


E. 

EARS  (D.).  Small  iron  loops  or  rings  fixed  on  the 
sides  of  tubs,  &c.,  to  which  side-chains  are  attached. 

EARTH.  A  term  used  for  soft  shaly  or  clayey  ground 
met  with  in  sinking  through  the  coal  measures. 

EARTH  COAL.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Lignite — 
earthy  brown  coal. 

EAT  OUT  (N.).  To  turn  a  heading  or  "holing  to  one 
side  in  order  to  win  the  coal  on  the  other  side  of  a 
fault  without  altering  the  level  course  of  the  heading. 
In  Fig.  65  is  given  a  plan  and  section  showing  two 
cases  of  eating  out  a  fault.  The  side  to  which  the 
heading  must  be  driven  on  meeting  with  the  fault  a  b 
depends  entirely  upon  two  things — the  nature  of  the 
fault  (whether  an  up-throw  or  a  down-throw),  and  the 
dip  of  the  coal  on  the  far  side  of  it.  In  No.  1  case  the 
fault  is  a  down-throw,  coal  dipping  to  the  right ;  and  in 
No.  2  the  fault  is  up,  and  the  dip  to  the  left ;  and  so, 
in  order  to  win  the  coal  beyond  a  b,  the  eating -out  must 
be  done  in  both  cases  on  the  left.  Had,  however,  the 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


95 


dip  in  No.  2  been  reversed,  the  eating -out  heading  must 
have  been  on  the  right  at  or  about  C.  The  fault  being 
of  4  yards  throw,  and  the  dip  1  in  4,  it  follows  that  the 

Fig.  65. 


Sectuon, 


2a 


distance  to  be  followed  alongside  the  fault  before 
meeting  with  the  coal  again,  or  from  d  to  e,  will  be 
16  yards. 

EDGE   COALS,   EDGE   METALS,   EDGE    SEAMS  .(S.). 
Highly  inclined   seams 
of  coal,  or  those  having  Fis-  66> 

a  dip  greater  than  say 
30  degrees.  See  Fig.  66. 

EGG  COAL  (Pa.).  An- 
thracite which  passes 
over  a  2J  inch  screen. 

EMPTIES.     Empty  trams. 

EMPTY  EOPE.     Any  winding  or  hauling  rope  from 
which  the  load  upon  it  has  been  remove 

pnriVEESITY] 

\AJ»  °f_-rtv 


96  A    GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

END.     The  inner  extremity  of  a  head  (1)  or  stall. 

END  or  END-ON.  Working  a  seam  of  coal,  &c.,  at 
right  angles  to  the  cleat,  or  natural  planes  of  cleavage. 

ENDING  (M.).     See  Bolthole. 

ENDLESS  CHAIN.  A  system  of  underground  haulage, 
(used  also  on  the  surface)  in  which  the  trams  are  drawn 
along  the  ways  by  a  chain  worked  by  an  engine  from 
and  to  the  shafts  to  the  branch  roads  or  gates  leading 
to  the  working  places.  They  are  attached  separately  to 
the  main  chain  at  intervals  of  from  10  to  30  yards  ;  the 
speed  of  the  chain  being  about  three  miles  an  hour. 
Applicable  to  mines  not  having  much  inclination. 

ENDLESS  HOPE.  1.  A  system  of  haulage  carried  out* 
and  arranged  in  much  the  same  way  as  the  endless 
chain,  and  especially  applicable  to  seams  having  a 
moderate  inclination.  The  trams  are  attached  to  the 
rope  either  singly,  in  pairs,  or  in  sets  of  30  or  40,  and 
the  speed  is  slow.  For  different  ways  of  attaching 
trams  to  endless  chains  and  ropes  see  Haulage  Clip.  Fig. 
67  is  a  plan  showing  the  endless  rope  system  as  applied 

Fig.  67. 


to  moving  the  trams  about  in  the  vicinity  of  a  shaft 
bottom. 

2.  A   new   system   of  winding,   in  which   the  rope 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  97 

passes  through  the  cages  being  secured  beneath  them  by 
wrought  iron  clamps,  by  shifting  which  the  distance 
between  each  cage  can  be  altered  at  will,  thus  making 
it  possible  to  hoist  at  different  times  from  different 
levels  without  losing  the  advantage  and  economy  of 
balanced  cages.  The  endless  rope  runs  in  a  deeply 
grooved  pulley  driven  by  a  pair  of  engines. 

ENDS  (Y.).  Headings  which  are  driven  on  the  end  or 
end-on. 

ENGINE.  A  collier's  term  for  engine-house  or  build- 
ing, arching,  &c.,  within  which  a  steam-engine  is 
fixed. 

ENGINEER.  1.  (N.)  The  person  at  a  colliery  having 
charge  of  the  whole  of  the  machinery  both  on  surface 
and  underground,  and  of  the  workshops. 

2.  (S.  W.)     The  "brakesman  or  engine-man. 

3.  (M.)     The  mining  engineer  or  viewer. 

ENGINE  PIT.  A  shaft  used  entirely  for  pumping 
purposes. 

ENGINE-KEEPER  (S.).    See  Brakesman. 

ENGINE-MAN.  One  who  works  a  winding,  hauling, 
fan,  pumping  or  other  engine. 

ENGINE  PLANE.  An  underground  ivay  either  level  or 
dipping  iribye  or  outlye  or  both  (undulating)  along 
which  the  tubs  are  conveyed  to  and  from  the  workings 
to  the  pit  bottom  by  engine  power.  See  Endless  Chain, 
Endless  Rope,  Main  Eope,  Tail  Eope. 

ENGINE  TENTER  (N.  S.).    See  Brakesman. 

ENGINEWRIGHT  (M.).  A  thoroughly  practical  man, 
whose  duty  about  a  colliery  is  to  daily  inspect  the 
external  parts  of  the  machinery,  ropes,  and  other 


98  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

appliances,  and  to  see  that  the  same  are  kept  in  efficient 
working  order — who  has  the  control  of  the  smiths,  and 
other  surface  workmen,  and  takes  the  leading  part  in 
superintending  the  erection  or  fitting  up  of  most  of  the 
machinery  and  other  matters  connected  with  the 
mechanical  engineering  of  collieries. 

ESCAPE.  A  second  or  additional  shaft  by  which  the 
men  are  got  out  of  the  mine  in  case  of  accident  to  the 
other  shafts.  Also  an  upcast. 

STAGES  (F.).    See  Face,  Mouthing,  Level 

ETTLE  (N.).    See  Attle. 

EVERLASTING  LAMPS  (N.).  Natural  jets  of  fire-damp 
or  small  blowers  set  fire  to  and  continuing  to  burn  as 
long  as  gas  was  given  off.  One  of  these  lamps  is  said 
to  have  been  burning  for  19  years  in  the  Newcastle  coal 
field.  The  gas  was  conveyed  to  the  surface  in  pipes  and 
there  set  fire  to. 

EXPLOSION.  The  sudden  ignition  of  a  body  of  fire- 
damp  in  a  mine  (often  aggravated  by  an  admixture  of 
coal  dust),  so  often  carrying  death  and  destruction  all 
before  it.  The^fearful  blowing  up  of  the  Oaks  Colliery 
in  South  Yorkshire,  on  the  12th  December,  1866,  when 
371  men  and  lads  were  lost,  is  the  most  disastrous  one 
which  has  ever  taken  place. 

There  appear  also  to  be  two  other  causes  of  explosions 
in  coal  mines,  though  fortunately  probably  seldom 
taking  place,  viz.  1.  The  ignition  of  inflammable  gases 
evolved  from  a  standing  fire  or  burning  or  mouldering 
coal.  2.  The  sudden  ignition  of  bisulphuret  of  carbon, 
which  is  given  off  by  coal  and  explodes  at  a  very  low 
temperature,  even  in  the  absence  of  flame. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  99 

EXTINCTEUR  (F.).  A  machine  of  rather  recent  inven- 
tion which  discharges  on  to  a  burning  mass  of  coal, 
water  charged  with  carbonic  acid  under  a  very  high 
pressure — a  sort  of  soda-water.  A  man  carries  the 
apparatus  on  his  back  and  projects  the  gaseous  water 
by  means  of  a  hose  like  that  of  a  fire-engine. 

EYE  (Y.).    The  mouth  or  top  of  a,  pit-shaft. 

R 

FACE.  1.  The  place  at  which  the  coal  is  actually 
being  worked  away  either  in  a  stall  or  in  a  heading. 

2.  A  cleat  or  lack. 

3.  (L.)   To  place  a  full   tub  in  position  for  being 
lowered  down  a  brow  or  jig. 

FACE  AIKING  (N.).  That  system  of  ventilating  the 
workings  which  excludes  the  airing  of  the  goaves  ;  that 
is  to  say,  nearly  the  whole  of  the  air  is  made  to  sweep 
through  the  pit,  ventilating  the  working  faces  and  main 
roads  only. 

FACE  ON.  The  reverse  of  end  on,  or  working  a  mine 
parallel  to  the  cleat  or  face  (2).  In  order  to  extract  the 
coal  in  the  largest  possible  lumps  it  will  generally  be 
found  advisable  to  keep  the  face  line  of  the  stall  neither 
fully  face  on  nor  end  on,  but  say  half-and-half,  or 
any  other  convenient  angle.  See  Horn  Coal. 

FACING.     See  Cleat. 

FAHRKUNST  (Belg.).  An  apparatus  for  lowering  and 
raising  the  colliers,  &c.,  in  a  shaft.  See  Man  Engine. 

FAIRS  (N.  and  S.).  Shaley  and  slatey  strata  more 
or  less  gritty. 

H  2 


100  A   GLOSSAEY   OF  TEEMS 

FAIRING  (C.).     Kindly  treating  pit  ponies  by  boys. 

FAKE.     See  Faiks. 

FALL.  1.  A  mass  of  roof  or  side  which  has  fallen  in 
in  any  subterranean  working  or  gallery,  resulting  from 
any  cause  whatever.  Immense  falls  take  place  gene- 
rally immediately  after  a  heavy  explosion  of  fire-damp. 

2.  To  blast  or  wedge  down  coal,  &c.,  in  the  process 
of  working  it. 

3.  A  length  of  face  undergoing  holing  or  breaking 
down  for  loading  up. 

4.  To  crumble  or  break  up  small  from  exposure  to 
the  weather ;  clays,  shales,  &c.,  fall. 

FALLEES  (L.).     See  Cage  Shuts. 

FALLING  (N.).  Thin  shaley  beds  of  stone,  &c.,  taken 
down  with  the  coal,  above  which  a  good  roof  may  be 
met  with. 

FALLS  (F.).  Working  by  Falls.  A  system  of 
working  a  thick  seam  of  coal  by  falling  or  breaking 
down  the  upper  part  after  the  lower  portion  has  been 
gotten. 

FAN.  A  centrifugal  mechanical  ventilator  driven  by 
steam  power.  They  are  made  up  to  about  46  feet  in 
diameter.  Several  kinds  are  in  use,  the  Guibal, 
Eammel,  Waddle,  Schiele,  and  others ;  some  of  them 
being  able  to  produce  a  ventilation,  under  favourable 
conditions,  of  between  200,000  and  300,000  cubic  feet 
per  minute.  The  principle  of  the  fan  is  that 
exhaustion  or  suction  of  the  air  out  of  the  mine  is 
produced  by  the  rapid  revolution  of  the  blades  of  the 
machine,  whereby  a  partial  vacuum  is  created,  and  the 
air  from  the  mine  rushes  in  to  fill  it.  Sometimes  two 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  101 

fans  are  placed  side  by  side  and  both  kept  running, 
or  one  in  reserve  in  case  of  accident.  The  engine  also 
to  drive  a  fan  is  generally  in  duplicate.  See  Ventilator. 

FAN  DRIFT.  A  short  tunnel  leading  from  a  short 
distance  from  the  top  of  the  upcast  shaft  to  the  fan 
chamber  or  casing  in  which  the /aft  runs,  along  which 
the  whole  of  the  return  air  is  drawn  by  the  fan.  In  it, 
opening  upwards,  are  occasionally  fixed  some  wooden 
doors,  intended  to  blow  open  in  the  event  of  a  serious 
explosion  taking  place,  and  so  save  the  fan  from 
becoming  seriously  damaged. 

FANGING  (M.).  Bratticing  much  the  same  in  form 
as  trumpeting,  which  see. 

FANNERS  (S.).     A  kind  of  rude  form  of  Uow-george, 

FANS,  and  sometimes  FANGS  (S.  W.).   See  Cage  Shuts. 

FAN-SHAFT.  1.  A  shallow  pit-shaft  sunk  beneath  a 
fan  connecting  it  with  the  fan  drift. 

2.  The  iipcast  shaft  where  a  fan  is  in  use. 

FARE  (S.W.).  Standing  coal,  or  coal  unholed  or  uncut 

FAREWELL  ROCK.  The  Millstone  Grit,  embracing  a 
series  of  strata  unproductive  in  coal,  and  in  which  con- 
glomerate and  coarse  siliceous  grits  often  preponderate. 

FAR-SET  (M,).  To  timber  up  and  spray  the  far  end 
of  a  stall,  preparatory  to  holing. 

FAST.  1.  (L.)  The  first  hard  bed  of  rock  met  with 
after  sinking  through  running  sand  or  quick  ground, 
upon  which  a  wedging  crib  is  generally  laid. 

2.  When  a  heading  or  board  end  is  not  in  com- 
munication with  another  one  by  a  bolt  or  thirl,  but  has 
only  one  open  end,  it  is  said  to  be  fast  or  called  a 
fast  place. 


102 


A  GLOSSABY  OF  TERMS 


Fig.  68. 


FAST  BAT  (L.). 

FAST  END.  The  limit  of  a  stall  in  one  direction,  or 
\\here  the  face  line  of  the  adjoining  stall  is  not  up 
or  level  with,  nor  in  advance 
of  it.  See  Fig.  68.  Three 
stalls  are  here  shown ;  the  face 
of  the  middle  one  is  represented 
by  the  line  a  I ;  the  end  a  is  a 
fast  end ;  that  at  b  is  called 
the  loose  end. 

FAST  NEEDLE.    See  Dialling. 

FAST  SHOT.     A  heavy  or  miss-shot.    See  Shooting 
Fast. 


Fig.  69. 


FAT  COALS.  Those 
which  contain  volatile 
oily  matters;  for  ex- 
ample, the  celebrated 
Cannel  of  Wigan. 

FAULDING  or  FOLD- 
ING-BOARDS (S.).  Cage- 
catches  or  shuts  in  mid- 
workings.  Fig.  69  is  a 
side  elevation,  showing 
the  action  of  the  catches. 

FAULT.  Generally 
means  a  fracture  or  dis- 
turbance of  the  strata 
breaking  the  continuity 
of  the  beds.  There  are 
several  kinds  of  faults,  e.  g.  Faults  of  Dislocation, 
Fig.  70  (1)  ;  of  Denudation  (2)  ;  Upheaval  (3) ;  Trough 


USED  IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


103 


Fault  (4) ;  Keverse  or  Overlap  Fault  (5) ;  Step  Fault 
(6) ;  Thinning  out  (7).  Faults  of  displacement  (1)  are 
sometimes  of  many  hundred  yards  throw,  and  run 
through  the  country  for  many  miles.  Those  of  type  (2) 


(1) 


are  frequently  of  great  extent,  being  several  hundred 
yards  in  width,  and  running  through  miles  of  country ; 
(3),  (4),  and  (5)  are  not  of  common  occurrence ;  but 
(6)  and  (7)  are  types  of  faults  met  with  in  most  coal- 
fields. 

FAULT-SLIP.  The  smooth  surface  of  the  fractured 
rocks  at  a  fault  of  No.  (1),  (4),  and  (6)  types,  always  to 
be  found  in  the  lines  a  &. 

FEATHERS.  Two  long  wedge-shaped  pieces  of  steel 
or  iron  which  are  inserted  at  the  back  of  a  drill  hole  in 
coal,  between  which  a  long  wedge  is  driven  up,  forcing 
the  feathers  apart,  and  thereby  breaking  down  or 
loosening  the  coal. 

FEE  (M.).  To  load  up  the  coal,  &c.,  in  a  heading 
into  tubs. 


104 


A  GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 


FEED.  Forward  motion  imparted  to  the  cutters  or 
drills  of  rock-drilling  or  coal-cutting  machinery,  either 
hand  or  automatic. 

FEEDER.  1.  An  underground  spring  or  regular  flow 
of  water  proceeding  from  the  strata  or  from  old  coal  or 
other  workings. 

2.  A  small  blower. 

FEER  (M.).    One  who  fees. 

FEEL  (S.  S.).  To  examine  the  roof  of  a  thick  seam 
of  coal  with  a  long  stick  or  rod  by  poking  and  knocking 
upon  it. 

FEIGH.     Kefuse  coal  or  waste  slack. 

FENCE-GUARDS  (S.  S.).  Kails  fixed  round  the  mouth 
of  a  pit-shaft,  or  across  the  shaft  at  an  inset  or  at  mid- 
workings  to  keep  people  and  things  from  falling  in. 

FEND  OFF  BOB.     A  beam  hinged  at  one  end  and 

Fig.  71. 


having  a  free  reciprocating  motion,  fixed  at  a  bend  in  a 
shaft  or  upon  an  inclined  plane,  to  regulate  the  motion 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  105 

of  and  to  guide  the  pump  rods  passing  round  the  bend. 
See  Fig.  71. 

FETTLING  (N.).  Cleaning  up  and  putting  tidy  any 
underground  roadway,  &c. 

FIEG  (S.  W.).  A  crack  in  the  roof,  often  letting  in 
water. 

FIELD.  1.  A  term  used  to  signify  a  large  tract  or 
area  of  many  square  miles  of  coal.  See  Coalfield. 

2.  A  colliery,  or  firm  of  colliery  proprietors. 

3.  The  immediate  locality  and  surroundings  of  an 
explosion. 

FIELD  Box  (S.  S.).     A  colliery  accident  club. 

FIELD  CLUB.  A  sick  or  accident  club  or  society 
supported  and  managed  by  the  Owners  or  Lessees  of  a 
colliery. 

FIERY.  Containing  the  explosive  gas  called  fire- 
damp,  which  see. 

FIERY  MINE.  A  colliery  in  which  the  seam  or  seams 
of  coal  being  worked  give  off  considerable  quantities  of 
light  carburetted  hydrogen  gas.  Mines  subject  to 
blowers  are  specially  fiery.  In  England  the  mines  of 
Lancashire,  South  Wales,  Durham,  and  Yorkshire,  are 
the  most  fiery. 

FIGHTING.  When  the  weight  or  pressure  of  the 
ventilating  current  of  air  in  a  mine  becomes  equal  or 
nearly  so  in  both  the  downcast  and  upcast  shafts,  and  no 
appreciable  movement  is  caused  in  the  air,  that  is  to 
say,  when  the  motion  of  the  air  is  first  in  one  direction 
and  then  in  another,  the  pit  is  said  to  be  fighting. 


106  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

FILL.     To  load  trams  in  the  mine. 
FILLER.     One  who  fills  at  a  working  place  or  in  a 
stall 

FILLING.    The  places  where  trams  are  loaded  in  the 


FILTY  (Som.).     A  local  term  for  fire-damp. 

FIND.  A  sinking  or  driving  for  coal,  &c.,  attended 
with  success. 

FINGER  GRIP.  A  tool  used  in  boring  for  gripping 
the  upper  end  of  the  rods. 

FIRE.  1.  A  collier's  term  for  the  explosive  gas  met 
with  in  mines. 

2.  To  blast  with  gunpowder. 

3.  To  explode  or  blow  up.     The  expression  "  the  pit 
has  fired  "  signifies  that  an  explosion  of  fire-damp  has 
taken  place. 

4.  A  gob  fire. 

5.  A  word  painted  upon  a  piece  of  board  and  fixed  in 
the  workings  to  indicate  the  presence  of  gas  or  other 
danger  beyond  it. 

6.  A  word   shouted    out   by   colliers   to   warn  one 
another  when  a  shot  is  fired. 

FIRE  BANK  (M.).  A  spoil-bank  which  takes  fire 
spontaneously. 

FIRE-BOSSES  (U.  S.  A.).  Underground  officials  who 
examine  the  mine  for  gas,  and  inspect  every  safety 
lamp  taken  into  the  colliery  by  the  men. 

FIRE-BOARD.  A  piece  of  board  with  the  word  fire 
painted  upon  it,  and  suspended  to  a  prop,  &c.,  in  the 
workings,  to  caution  men  and  lads  not  to  take  a  naked 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  107 

light  beyond  it,  or  to  pass  it,  without  consent  of  the 
underviewer  or  his  deputies. 

FIRE  BREEDING  (S.  S.).  Any  place  underground 
showing  indications  of  a  gob-fire. 

FIRE-CLAY.  Any  clay  that  will  withstand  a  great 
heat  without  vitrifying.  They  contain  from  60  per 
cent,  to  95  per  cent,  of  silica,  and  2  per  cent,  to  30  per 
cent,  alumina;  lime  or  alkalies  which  act  as  a  flux, 
being  entirely  absent. 

FIEE-CUBE  (S.).  A  rude  kind  of  furnace,  about 
2  feet  by  3  feet. 

FIRE-DAMP.  The  explosive  gas  of  coal  mines.  Light 
carburetted  hydrogen.  The  chemical  formula  is  C2  H4. 
In  every  100  parts  of  this  gas  there  are  generally  96  of 
fire-damp,  3  •  5  of  nitrogen,  and  •  5  of  carbonic  acid  gas. 
Being  of  very  light  specific  gravity  (air  being  1  fire- 
damp =  *562  only),  it  is  naturally-  always  to  be  found 
in  the  highest  points  in  the  workings,  that  is  to  say,  in 
the  cavities  of  the  roof  in  the  goaves,  &c.  Unless 
mixed  with  four  or  five  times  its  volume  of  air  it  will 
not  take  fire  but  extinguishes  a  light.  It  sometimes 
exists  in  the  coal  under  the  enormous  pressure  of  300 
to  400  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

FIRE-ENGINE.  A  pump  worked  by  hand  for  playing 
upon  gob-fires. 

"  FIRE  HEAVY."  Words  marked  upon  the  scale  of  a 
mercurial  barometer  to  indicate  when  much  fire-damp 
may  be  expected  to  be  given  off  in  the  mine,  and  to 
show  that  extra  vigilance  is  required  to  keep  the  venti- 
lation up  to  its  full  power. 


108  A   GLOSSARY  OP   TERMS 

FIRE-LAMP.  1.  A  rough  description  of  iron  basket 
on  three  legs  or  hung  by  chains  from  posts,  in  which 
coals  are  burnt  to  give  light  to  banksmen  where  gas  is 
not  used.  Fig.  72. 

Fig.  72. 


2.  An  iron  bucket  or  basket  of  fire  suspended  in  a 
pit-shaft  (shallow  mine)  to  create  a  draught  or  ventila- 
tion through  the  workings. 

FIRE-MAN.  A  man  whose  duty  it  is  to  examine  with 
a  safety  lamp  the  underground  workings  and  ways,  to 
ascertain  if  gas  exist,  to  see  to  doors,  bratticing,  stop- 
pings, &c.,  being  in  good  order,  and  generally  to  ascer- 
tain that  the  ventilation  of  the  mine  is  efficient. 

FIRE-PAN  (Y.).    A  kind  of  fire-lamp  (2). 

FIRE  KIB  (S.  S.).  A  solid  rib  or  wall  of  coal  left 
un worked  between  sides  of  work  to  keep  off  gob  fires. 

FIRE-STINK.  Smell,  indicating  spontaneous  combus- 
tion in  a  coal  pit. 

FIRE-STONE  (Som.).     Synonymous  with  Fire-day. 

FIRE-TRIER  (M.).     See  Fireman. 

FIRING  A  MINE.  Maliciously  setting  fire  to  a  coal 
pit. 

FIRING-LINE.  A  lighted  candle  attached  to  a  string 
and  drawn  up  over  a  long  pole  stuck  in  loose  rubbish 
on  the  floor  of  the  mine,  until  it  came  in  contact  with 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  109 

fire-damp,  which  was  thereby  exploded  or  fired  in  order 
to  get  rid  of  it.  [A  very  objectionable  way  of  clearing 
the  workings  of  gas  commonly  practised  in  former 
days.] 

FIRING-POINT.  That  at  which  fire-damp  mixed  with 
atmospheric  air  ignites  or  explodes.  When  there  is 
four  times  as  much  air  as  gas  the  explosion  is  very 
feeble  indeed,  but  increases  in  force  as  more  air  is 
added.  9  of  air  and  1  of  gas  causes  the  most  violent 
explosion.  When  the  proportion  is  14  of  air  to  1  of 
gas  the  mixture  ceases  to  ignite. 

FIRST  MAN  (Lei.).  The  head  butty  or  coal  getter  in 
a  stall,  who  is  appointed  by  the  manager  and  is  respon- 
sible for  the  safety  of  the  men  working  under  him,  and 
for  the  proper  working  of  the  coal,  which  includes 
holing,  getting,  filling,  pack  building,  timbering,  &c.  He 
maintains  order  and  regularity  amongst  his  fellow- 
workmen  and  in  carrying  on  the  work  of  stalling. 

FIRST-WEIGHT.  The  first  weight  (2)  which  takes 
place  after  commencing  to  excavate  any  large  area  of 
coal,  &c.,  without  leaving  pillars. 

FIRST  WORKING.  Winning  and  proving  a  seam  of 
coal,  &c.,  by  heading  out  into  it  and  preparing  to  work 
the  coal  out  by  longwall,  banks,  stalls,  broken,  &c.  First 
working  is  chiefly  paid  for  by  measurement,  an  allow- 
ance or  charter  being  added,  upon  the  tonnage.  See 
Second  Working,  Yardage. 

FISH-HEAD.  An  apparatus  for  withdrawing  the 
clacks  of  pumps  through  the  column  (1). 

FISSLE  or  FISTLE  (N.).     To  make  a  faint  crackling 


110  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

noise,  which  takes  place  when  creep  begins  in  the 
workings. 

FITTING  (S.).    The  shafts  and  plant  of  a  colliery. 

FLAG  (Ch.).  A  bed  of  hard  marl  stone  overlying  the 
rock  head  in  salt  mines. 

FLAIKES  (S.).  Shaly  or  fissile  sandstone. 
FLAMPER  (D.).     Clay  ironstone  in  beds  or  seams. 

FLANCH  (N.).  The  flange  or  broad  ends  of  pump 
trees  or  other  iron  pipes  where  joined  to  one  another. 

FLANK  HOLES.  Holes  bored  into  the  sides  of  head- 
ings or  other  underground  workings,  to  test  the  thick- 
ness of  a  rib  or  barrier,  or  the  position  of  old  workings 
likely  or  known  to  contain  water  or  gas,  or  both. 

•  FLANNELS.  Suits  of  stout  white  flannel  clothes  pro- 
vided by  the  masters  for  the  enginewright  and  his 
assistant  for  wearing  in  an  engine-pit  or  other  wet  place 
when  doing  repairs,  &c. ;  also  a  flannel  coat  is  often 
allowed  to  a  lottomer,  a  night  watch,  &c. 

FLAPPER-TOPPED  AIR  CROSSING.  An  air  crossing 
fitted  with  a  double  door  or  valve  giving  direct  com- 
munication between  the  two  air  currents  when  forced 
open  by  the  blast  of  an  explosion.  The  flappers  or  doors 
being  so  arranged  that  they  should  fall  to  or  close  of 
themselves  immediately  the  blast  is  passed,  and  so  restore 
the  ventilation  to  its  ordinary  course.  The  object  of 
the  doors  is  to  preserve  the  overcast  from  damage  in  the 
event  of  the  pit  firing. 

FLAPS.  Eectangular  wooden  valves  about  24  inches 
X  18  inches  x  1J  inch  thick,  hung  vertically  to  the 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  Ill 

framework  of  the  air  chambers  of  the  Nixon  Ventilator. 
See  Ventilator. 

FLASH  (Ch.).  A  subsidence  of  the  surface  due  to 
the  working  of  rock  salt  and  pumping  of  brine. 

FLAT.  1.  (N.)  A  place  underground  at  which  corves 
are  put  upon  the  volleys,  or  where  tubs  are  run  off  and 
on  into  cages. 

2.  (D.)  A  district  or  set  of  stalls  separated  by  faults, 
old  workings,  or  barriers  of  solid  coal. 

FLAT  COALS  (S.).  Seams  of  coal  lying  horizontal  or 
at  a  low  angle. 

FLATMAN  (N.).  One  who  links  the  tubs  together  at 
the  flats  (1)  or  levels. 

FLAT -NOSE  SHELL.    See  Cleanser. 

FLATS.  1.  Subterraneous  beds  or  sheets  of  trap  rock 
or  whin. 

2.  (N.  S.)  Tracts  of  coal-seams  which  lie  at  a  mode- 
rate inclination  in  districts  containing  rearers. 

FLAT  SHEETS.  Iron  plates  laid  as  a  floor  of  the  pit 
bank  (2),  upon  which  the  coal  tubs  are  easily  moved 
about. 

FLAT  SHUTS  (Y.).  Heavy  iron  plates  forming  part 
of  the  Jieapstead. 

FLATTING  (D.).  Drawing  or  leading  coals  under- 
ground with  horses  and  lads. 

FLEEK  (M.).     Coal  or  other  rock  is  said  to  fleek  off 
when  humps  or  masses  of  it  fall  off  from  a  slip  or  fault 
in  the  workings  without  giving  warning,  or  without 
.  much  labour  in  cutting,  &c. 


112  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

FLINT  (Sh.).  Fine  grained  sandstone  suitable  for 
building  purposes. 

FLITCHING  (N.  S.).   Widening  the  sides  of  a  heading. 

FLOAT.  A  clean  rent  or  fissure  in  strata  unaccom- 
panied by  dislocation. 

FLOOR.  1.  The  stratum  of  rock,  &c.,  upon  which  a 
seam  of  coal,  &c.,  immediately  lies. 

2.  That  part  of  any  subterraneous  gallery  upon  which 
you  walk  or  upon  which  a  tramway  is  laid. 

FLOTZ.     The  German  for  seam  or  led. 

FLUE  (S.  W.).    A  furnace,  which  see. 

FLUSH  (M.).    A  small  quantity  of  ignited  fire-damp. 

FLY-DOORS  (N.).  Doors  in  working  roadways,  opening 
either  way. 

FLYING  KEED  (S.  S).  The  thinning  out  or  splitting 
up  in  a  northerly  direction  of  the  "  Thick  coal "  seam. 

FOAL  (N.).    A  small  boy  who  assists  a  putter. 

FOALEY  BANT  (D.).  A  cluster  of  three  or  four  boys 
sitting  in  chain  loops  attached  to  a  hemp  rope  a  few 
feet  above  the  heads  of  a  bunch  of  several  men  (also 
riding  in  chains  attached  to  the  same  rope)  in  which 
position  they  used  formerly  to  ride  up  and  down  a  pit 
shaft. 

FOLLOWING  DIRT  (L.).  Loose  shale,  &c.,  in  a  thin 
bed  forming  the  roof  of  a  coal  seam,  which  has  to  be 
taken  down  in  the  workings  in  order  to  prevent  it  falling 
and  thereby  causing  accidents. 

FOLLOWING-IN.  A  shift  arriving  at  a  working  place 
before  the  previous  one  has  finished  work. 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,  ETC.  113 

FOLLOWING-UP  BANK  (Y.).  A  breadth  of  about  6 
yards  of  coal  taken  off  on  either  side  of  a  leading  lank. 

FOOT.  That  part  of  the  face  of  a  heading  next  the 
floor. 

FOOTRILL,  FUTTERIL,  and  FOOTRAIL.  The  entrance 
to  a  mine  by  means  of  a  level  driven  into  a  hill-side, 
or  a  dip  road,  up  which  coal  is  brought. 

FOTHER  (N.).  A  measure  of  coals,  17f  cwt.,  being 
an  ordinary  cartload  for  one  horse. 

FORCER.  A  pump  by  which  the  water  is  raised  with 
a  ram  or  plunger ;  in  short,  a  force-pump. 

FOUDROYAGE  (F.).     See  Falls. 

FOUL.  A  condition  of  the  atmosphere  of  a  mine,  so 
mixed  by  any  gases  as  to  be  unfit  for  respiration  or 
working  in. 

FOUL  COAL.  Faulty,  or  otherwise  unmarketable 
coal. 

FOULS.  Where  seams  of  coal  disappear  for  a  certain 
space  and  are  replaced  by  some  foreign  matter. 

FOUND.  When  sinking  or  driving  to  find  or  prove  a 
mine  of  coal,  &c.,  as  soon  as  it  is  met  with  it  is  said  to 
have  been  found,  or  ascertained  to  lie  and  be. 

FOUNDATION  (M.).  The  shafts,  machinery,  build- 
ings, railways,  workshops,  &c.,  of  a  colliery,  commonly 
called  a  plant. 

FOSSE  (F.  and  Belg.).     A  colliery  or  coal  pit. 

FOSSIL  (M.).  A  local  term  formerly  used  for  a  par- 
ticular kind  of  rock  bed  met  with  in  sinking.  Cank, 
lignite,  &c.,  were  called  by  this  name. 

FRAME-DAM.  A  solid  stopping  or  dam  in  a  mine 

i 


114:  A   GLOSSARY   OF  TERMS 

constructed  of  timber  balks  in  a  watertight  manner  so 
as  to  entirely  keep  back  and  resist  the  pressure  of  a 
heavy  head  of  water. 

FRAME  TUBBING.  Solid  wood  tubbing,  entirely  com- 
posed of  rings  or  curls  of  wood  about  8"  X  6"  square 
built  up  in  segments  and  wedged  to  keep  it  water- 
tight 

FREE-DRAINAGE  LEVEL.    See  Adit. 

FREE  MINER  (F.  D.).  A  man  born  within  the 
hundred  of  St.  Briavel*,  in  the  county  of  Gloucester, 
who  has  worked  a  year  and  a  day  in  a  mine. 

FREE  SHARE  (Som.).  A  certain  proportion  of  a 
royalty  on  coal,  &c.,  paid  to  lessor  by  lessee. 

FRENZIED  (S.  S.).  Crushed  by  the  creep  or  subsi- 
dence of  the  cover. 

FUR.  A  deposit  of  lime  and  other  minerals  upon  the 
sides  of  pumps,  boilers,  &c. 

FURNACE.  A  large  coal  fire  at  or  near  to  the  bottom 
of  an  upcast  shaft  for  producing  a  current  of  air  for 
ventilating  the  mine.  The  power  of  a  furnace  where 
the  shafts  are  600  yards  deep  and  over,  is  probably 
greater  than  that  of  a  fan  as  ordinarily  constructed. 
As  much  as  400,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute  have 
been  passed  up  a  single  shaft  by  furnace  ventilation. 
It  has  its  disadvantages,  however,  viz.  the  chief  being,  the 
liability  of  sparks  fcom  it  to  ignite  an  explosive  mixture 
in  the  upcastr  and  thereby  cause  an  explosion  in  the 
mine  attended  with  terrible  consequences.  The  excessive 
heat  in  the  shaft,  rendering  it  in  many  cases  unlit  for 
winding  in,  or  for  any  other  than  ventilating  purposes. 
The  liability  of  the  tires  to  get  low  through  the  negli- 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  115 

gence  of  the  fumaceman.  Of  the  heat  of  the  furnace 
to  set  fire  to  the  coal,  &c.,  in  the  locality ;  of  the  shaft- 
fittings  to  take  fire;  the  tubbing,  &c.,  to  become 
dangerously  weak  from  the  effects  of  heat,  wet,  &c. 

FURNACEMAN.  One  whose  sole  occupation  is  to  keep 
the  furnace  going. 

FURTHERANCE  (N.).  An  additional  sum  of  money 
paid  per  score  to  hewers,  putters,  &c.,  as  an  allowance  in 
respect  of  inferior  coal,  a  bad  roof,  &  fault,  &c. 

FUSE  or  FUZE.  A  small  train  of  gunpowder  en- 
closed in  a  hollow  cord  of  hemp,  &c.,  for  firing  off  shots. 


& 

GAD.  An  iron  wedge  used  for  breaking  down  coals, 
&c. 

GAGING  (8.  S.).  A  small  embankment  or  heap  of 
slack  or  rubbish,  made  at  the  entrance  to  a  heading,  &c., 
as  a  nv,-ans  of  foncmg  it  off. 

GAGS.  Chips  of  wood  in  a  sinking  pit  bottom,  or 
sump. 

GAILLETINS  (Belg.).    Bound  coal 

GAIN  (M,).  A  transverse  channel  or  cutting  made 
in  the  sides  of  a  roadway  underground  for  the  insertion 
of  a  dam  or  close  permanent  stopping,  the  object  being 
to  prevent  any  gas  escaping  or  any  air  entering,  and 
to  retain  the  dam  in  a  firm  position. 

GALE  (F.  D.).  A  specified  tract  of  mineral  property 
granted  by  the  Crown  to  a  colliery  proprietor  or  com- 
pany for  working  the  mines. 

I  2 


116 


A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 


GALEE  (F.  D.).     The  owner  of  a  Gale. 

GALLOWS  (N.).  A  crown  tree  with  a  prop  placed 
underneath  each  end  of  it.  See  Fig.  59. 

GANG.  1.  (M.)    To  go ;  to  move  along. 

2.  A  train  or  set  of  pit  tubs  or  trams. 

GANGER  (M.).  One  who  is  employed  at  conveying 
minerals  along  the  gangways  in  or  about  a  mine,  which 
employment  is  known  as  ganging. 

GANG-RIDER.  A  lad  who  rides  with  or  upon  the 
trams  upon  underground  engine  planes,  to  give  signals 
when  necessary,  and  to  work  any  clips,  &c.  See  Haulage 
Clip. 

GANGWAY  (Pa.).  The  main  haulage  road  or  level, 
which  is  driven  on  the  strike  of  the  mine. 

GANNEN  (N.).  A  "board  down  which  coals  are  con- 
veyed in  tubs  running  upon  rails. 

GANNISTER.  A  very  hard  and  compact,  extremely 
siliceous  fire-clay,  being  the  floor  of 
some  of  the  lower  coal  seams  of  the 
Midland  coalfield.  It  is  often  crowded 
with  the  fossil  Stigmaria,  and  is  largely 
made  use  of  for  lining  the  interiors  of 
steel  furnaces,  converters,  &c. 

GARLAND.  1.  A  wooden  or  cast-iron 
curb  set  in  the  walling  of  a  pitshaft  to 
catch  and  conduct  away  into  a  pipe 
or  lodge,  any  water  which  runs  down 
the  shaft  sides.  See  cross  section 
of  a  garland  or  water  curb,  Fig.  73. 

2.  A  wooden  frame,  rectangular  in 
form,  and  strengthened  with  iron  corner-plates,  for 


Fig.  73. 


a.  small  blocks 
of  wood  placed  at 
intervals  round  the 
curb  to  support  the 
upper  ring  6. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


117 


Fig.  74. 


keeping  the  coals  together  upon  the  top  of  a  tram,  &c., 
when  heavy  loading  is  practised  in  a  mine.  Some- 
times two,  and  even  three  are  used 
upon  one  load.  See  end  view,  Fig.  74. 

GAS.  See  Fire-damp.  Generally  any 
mixture  of  this  gas  and  air  in  an  ex- 
plosive condition  is  called  gas. 

GAS  COAL.      That  which  yields  a 
large  quantity  of  illuminating  gas  on 
distillation,  together  with  freedom  from 
sulphur  and  other  impurities.     Cannel  coal  is  generally 
a  good  sort  for  gas-making  purposes. 

GAS  DRAIN.  A  heading  driven  in  a  mine  for  the 
special  purpose  of  carrying  off  or  draining  away^re- 
damp  from  a  goaf  or  other  working.  Sometimes  a 
bore-hole  put  down  from  an  upper  to  a  lower  seam  of 
coal  with  a  similar 
object,  or  a  bore-hole  put 
into  the  floor  to  liberate 
gas,  which  is  known  in 
some  places  to  exist  in 
coal  under  the  enormous 
pressure  of  over  300  Ibs. 
to  the  square  inch. 

GAS-MAN   (U.   S.  A.). 
See  Fireman,  Fire-losses. 

GAS-PIPE  (M.).  A 
short  wooden  pipe  about  4"  x  4"  inside,  having  its  upper 
end  open  to  the  roof  in  the  cavity  to  which  it  is  applied, 
and  the  lower  end  opening  into  the  bratticing  (see 
Fig.  75),  so  that  any  gas  given  off  in  the  roof  is,  by  the 


Fig.  75. 


118  A   GLOSSAKY  OF   TERMS 

air  drawn  up  the  pipe,  diffused  and  carried  away  as 
formed,  and  no  fall  of  roof  at  that  point  can  suddenly 
force  out  gas  previously  accumulated,  upon  naked 
lights. 

GATE  (from  the  Saxon  verb  Gangum,  to  go).  An 
underground  road  connecting  a  stall  with  a  main  road 
or  inclined  plane,  worked  either  by  horses  and  ponies 
or  by  self-acting  incline  ropes  or  chains. 

GATE-END.     The  inbye  end  of  a  gate. 

GATE-END  PLATE  (M.).  A  large  iron  plate  or  sheet 
about  4'  6"  square  and  J"  thick,  upon  which  trams  are 
turned  round  upon  coming  out  of  the  stall  face  to  be 
taken  along  the  gate.  Smaller  plates  are  sometimes 
used,  one  laid  between  the  tram-rails  and  one  on  either 
side  of  it. 

GATE-ROAD  (M.).    See  Gate. 

GATE-WAY  (M.).    See  Gate. 

GATHER  (D.).  To  drive  a  heading  through  disturbed 
or  faulty  ground  in  such  a  way  as  to  meet  with  the 
seam  of  coal,  &c.,  sought,  at  a  convenient  level  or  point 
on  the  opposite  side.  See  Eat-out. 

GAUGE-DOOR.  A  "wooden  door  fixed  in  a  mine  in  an 
airway  for  regulating  the  supply  of  ventilation  neces- 
sary for  a  certain  district,  or  number  of  men,  &c.  Its 
opening  is  adjusted  by  various  means,  and  is  solely  con- 
trolled by  the  underviewer  or  manager. 

GAD  TON  (S.).  A  narrow  channel  or  ricket,  cut  in  the 
floor  of  an  underground  roadway. 

GAUZE  LAMP  (S.).  A  (so-called)  safety-lamp,  for- 
merly commonly  used  in  the  Scotch  coal-pits.  It  is 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  119 

a  kind  of  Davy  lamp,  with  a  gauze  top  about  3  inches 
in  diameter,  and  has  no  brass  frame  to  strengthen  it, 
and  no  glass. 

GAVELLER  (F.  D.).    The  Crown  agent,  or  gale  giver •, 
who  has  power  to  grant  gales  to  free  miners. 

GAWL  (L.).     An  unevenness  in  a  coal  wall. 
GAYETTE  (Belg.).     Large  picked  coals. 
GAYLETTEBIE  (Belg.).     Second  quality  coals. 
GEAR  (N.).     A  collier's   tools,   consisting  of  picks, 
drills,  wedges,  hammer,  shovel,  &c. 

GEARS.  1.  (N.)     See  Double  Timber. 
2.   (N.)  Staging  and  rails  erected  at  quays  over  coal 
drops. 

GEODES  (Lei.).  Large  nodules  of  ironstone,  hollow 
in  the  centre. 

GEORDIE.  A  safety-lamp  invented  by  "the  father 
of  the  railway  system  "  (George  Stephenson)  in  1815. 
He,  although  quite  independently  of  Sir  H.  Davy  (who 
also  invented  a  safety-lamp,  the  Davy),  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  produce  a  lamp  which  would  indicate 
an  explosive  mixture  of  gas  and  air  in  a  mine  without 
causing  an  explosion.  The  Geordie  lamp  is  extinguished 
by  the  presence  of  firedamp.  The  flame  of  this  lamp 
is  surrounded  by  a  glass  cylinder  fitted  with  a  per- 
forated metal  cap,  a  wire  gauze  cylinder  forming  the 
outer  or  essential  part  of  the  arrangement.  The  gas 
enters  the  lamp  through  a  number  of  small  holes  in  the 
base  of  the  lamp-top,  takes  fire  at  the  flame,  and  the 
aft&r-damp  (the  products  of  combustion)  puts  out  the 
light.  It,  however,  gives  a  miserable  light,  and  is  un- 


120  A   GLOSSARY   OF    TERMS 

safe  when  exposed  to  a  high  velocity  in  an  air-current 
charged  with  much  gas. 

GERMAN.  A  straw  filled  with  gunpowder  to  act  as  a 
fuze  in  blasting  operations. 

GET.  1.  To  work  away  or  excavate  by  mining  either 
under  or  above  ground. 

2.  The  produce  or  output,  in  tons,  of  a  colliery  or 
mine  during  a  certain  period,  e.  g.  125,000  tons  in  six 
months. 

GETTING.  Cutting,  falling,  and  loading  up  of  the 
coals,  &c.,  in  a  mine. 

GETTING  BOCK  (S.  S.).  Clay  ironstone  in  the  roof 
of  a  coal-seam,  which  is  worked  in  conjunction  with  the 
coal 

GHOST  (S.  S.).       A  Hue  cap  on  a  candle  or  lamp. 

GIB.  A  short  prop  of  timber  by  which  the  coal  is 
supported  whilst  being  holed,  or  undermined.  See 
Sprag. 

GIN  or  HORSE  GIN.  A  drum  and  framework  carry- 
ing small  pulleys,  &c.,  by  which  the  minerals  and  dirt 
are  raised  from  a  shallow  pit,  not  exceeding  say  35 
yards,  or  from  a  dip  incline  from  surface,  or  one  in  the 
workings.  A  gin  is  also  used  for  raising  the  materials, 
&c.,  in  building  tall  chimneys,  &c. 

GIN-BEAM  (S.  S.).  A  timber  cross-bar  carrying  the 
pulley- wheels  over  the  top  of  a  gin-pit. 

GINGING  (D.).     The  walling  or  lining  of  a  pit-shaft. 

GINNEY.     See  Jinney. 

GIN-PIT.  A  shallow  mine  or  a  pit-shaft,  say  from 
10  to  35  yards  deep,  worked  by  a  gin.  The  coal  is 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,  ETC.  121 

hoisted  in  small  wooden  tubs  or  boxes  without  wheels, 
carrying  about  3  cwt.  each,  and  swinging  loose  in  the 
pit-shaft,  one  up  and  one  down. 

GIN-RACE  or  GIN-RING.  A  wide  excavation  near 
the  top  of  an  underground  inclined  plane  to  the  dip  in 
which  a  gin  is  fixed.  When  on  the  surface  it  means 
the  circular  space  occupied  by  the  gin,  &c. 

GIRDLES  (N.).  Thin  beds  of  sandstone,  &c.,  exposed 
in  a  sinking-pit  or  in  a  lore-hole. 

GLANCE  COAL.  Another  term  for  Anthracite,  which 
see. 

GLASS.     A  collier's  word  for  a  dial. 

GOAF,  or  GOAVE.  That  part  of  a  mine  from  which 
the  coal,  &c.,  has  been  worked  away  and  the  space  more 
or  less  filled  up.  See  Double  Stall,  Fig.  58 ;  also  Head 
(8),  Fig.  80. 

GOB.     1.  Another  word  for  Goaf. 

2.  To   leave   behind  in  the  mine   coal  and  other 
minerals  which  are  not  marketable. 

3.  To  stow  or  pack  full  of  rubbish  any  useless  under- 
ground roadway. 

GOBBIN  or  GOBBING  (Lei.).     See  Goaf. 

GOB-FIRE.  Spontaneous  combustion  underground. 
It  would  seem  in  a  great  measure  to  be  due  to  the 
action  of  iron  pyrites  becoming  oxidized  by  the  co- 
operation of  moisture.  During  the  decomposition  the 
coal  becomes  split  up,  and  exposes  a  larger  surface  to 
the  air ;  the  ferrous  salt  is  then  oxidized  into  the  ferric 
salt,  which  gives  up  its  oxygen  to  the  coal.  In  order 
to  prevent  gob-fires  it  would  appear  necessary  to  exclude 


122  A  GLOSSAEY   OF  TEEMS 

all  currents  of  air,  unless  passed  through  the  place  from 
the  commencement  in  a  strong  current,  so  as  to  act  as 
a  cooling  agent. 

GOB  ROAD.  A  gallery  or  way  in  the  mine  carried 
through  a  goaf.  Many  seams  of  coal,  &c.,  are  worked 
by  what  is  known  as  the  gob-road  system — that  is  to 
say,  all  the  main  and  branch  roadways  are  made  and 
maintained  through  the  exhausted  portions  of  the 
mine,  the  regular  workings  in  which  are  opened  out  and 
carried  forward  from  the  sides  of  the  shaft-pillar.  Mines 
worked  upon  the  long  wall  system  are  generally  worked 
gol-road,  particularly  in  the  Midland  counties  of 
England,  where  the  mines  are  very  flat. 

GOB-WALL  (S.  W.).  A  rough  kind  of  wall  constructed 
of  the  stone  from  the  roof,  &c.,  built  up  and  carried  on 
along  either  side  of  a  gob  road  in  order  to  keep  up  the 
roof  and  maintain  a  good  roadway  through  the  pit. 

GOING.  Being  worked  forward  or  advanced  in  any 
direction,  e.g.  headings  in  course  of  being  worked  or 
cut  are  said  to  be  going. 

GOING  BOAKD  (N.).  A  board  down  which  coals  are 
trammed,  or  one  along  which  the  stuff  from  several 
working  places  is  conveyed  into  the  main  wagon-way. 

GOOSE  (F.  D.).     A  water-barrel  or  tub. 

GOSKINS. 

GOT-ON-KNOBS  (S.  S.).  A  system  formerly  practised 
of  working  the  Thick  coal,  being  a  kind  of  board  and 
pillar  plan,  the  main  roadways  being  first  driven  up  to 
the  boundary. 

GOTTEN  (M.).  Worked  out  or  exhausted  mine 
(1  and  2). 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  123 

GOUTWATEK  (F.  D.).  Mine  water  containing  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen. 

GOWL  (D.).  Roof  and  sides  are  said  to  gowl  or  gowl- 
out  when  they  break  down  and  cause  trouble. 

GRABS  (Pa.).  A  tool  for  extricating  broken  boring 
tools  out  of  a  borehole  (1),  consisting  of  two  iron  side- 
rods  fitted  at  the  lower  ends  with  half  arrow-headed 
points  facing  inwards. 

GRAFTING  SPADE.  A  long  narrow-plated  spade  for 
digging  clay. 

GRAITH  (S.).     Tools  used  by  a  collier  (1). 

GRAPIN  (F.).  A  tool  used  in  the  Kind-Chandron 
system  of  sinking  shafts.  It  is  in  form  like  a  gigantic 
pair  of  scissors,  the  points  of  which  cut  away  and  trim 
up  the  edges  of  the  shaft  in  preparing  a  seat  or  bed  for 
the  moss-box  to  rest  upon. 

GRAPPEL.  A  cutting  tool  for  obtaining  a  solid 
specimen  of  the  rock  bored  into.  See  Carrot. 

GRASS.  The  surface.  The  pit  bank  (1).  The  ex- 
pression "  gone  to  grass  "  means  gone  up  the  pit  or 
gone  to  bank  (1). 

GRATHE  (N.).  To  replace,  repair,  dress,  or  put  in 
order. 

GRATHELY  (N.).    Tidy,  orderly. 

GRATHER  (N.).     See  Changer. 

GRAVEL  WALL  (W.).  The  junction  of  a  coal-seam 
with  overlapping  or  unconformable  Permian,  &c.,  rocks. 

GREEN  KOOF.  A  miner's  term  for  a  roof  which  has 
not  broken  down  or  weighted  at  all. 

GREYS  (Som.).    Hard  siliceous  sandstone. 


124  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

GRIDAW  (S.  W.).  Pulley  Frames  or  Head  Gear, 
which  see. 

GRIMES  (S.  W.).     See  Bell-mould. 

GRIST  (S.  W.).  A  black  coaly  stratum  indicating  a 
probable  vein  of  coal  not  far  off. 

GRISOU  (F.).     See  Fire-damp. 

GRIZZLE.  Inferior  coal  with  an  admixture  of  specks 
and  patches  of  iron  pyrites,  and  often  sooty. 

GROS  MORCEAUX  (Belg.).    Coal  in  very  large  lumps. 

GROUND.  Strata  or  measures.  When  strata  do  not 
contain  coal  or  other  mines  of  sufficient  thickness  or 
value  to  make  them  workable  at  a  profit,  they  are  said 
to  be  barren  or  unproductive  ground.  The  terms  hard 
ground,  soft  ground,  faulty  ground,  broken  ground,  &c., 
are  very  commonly  made  use  of. 

GROUND  BAILIFF  (M.).  Old  term  for  Manager. 
His  duties  were  to  look  after  the  getting  and  sending  to 
bank  (1)  of  the  coal,  keep  the  ventilation  right,  &c. ; 
but  had  generally  nothing  to  do  with  the  machinery 
or  mechanical  department  of  the  colliery. 

GROUND  BLOCKS.  Pulley  blocks  to  which  the 
ground  spears  are  hung. 

GROUND  CRAB.  A  species  of  capstan  used  for 
lowering  the  sinking  set  of  pumps  as  the  shafts  get 
deeper. 

GROUND  KENT.  Bent  paid  for  surface  occupied  by 
the  plant,  &c.,  of  a  colliery  ;  generally  double  the 
usual  agricultural  or  surface-rent. 

GROUND  BOPES.  Hemp  ropes  for  passing  through 
the  ground  blocks  to  the  ground  crabs. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  125 

GROUND  SPEARS.  Wooden  pump-rods  (one  on  each 
side  of  the  set  or  pump  trees),  to  which  the  pumps  in  a 
sinking-pit  are  suspended. 

GROWL  (M.).  Coal  pillars,  &c.,  are  said  to  growl 
when  they  are  undergoing  a  crushing  weight. 

GUELL  (I.).     CoaL 

GUG  (Som.).  A  self-acting  inclined  plane  under- 
ground ;  sometimes  a  dip  incline. 

GUIDES.     1.  See  Cage  Guides. 

2.  A  boring-rod  having  an  enlargement  or  wings  fitted 
to  it  to  suit  the  size  of  the  borehole  (1)  for  steadying 
the  rods  when  a  considerable  depth  has  been  attained. 

GUIDING  BED.  A  thin  band  or  seam  of  coal,  &c.,  in 
a  nip  leading  to  the  regular  seam  on  either  side  of 
it.  See  Fig.  70  (2). 

GULCHING  (N.  S.).  The  moving  and  crackling  noise 
made  by  a  weight  coming  on  underground. 

GUM  (S.).     Free-burning  small  slack  or  duff. 

GUNBOAT  (Pa.).  A  car  or  wagon  holding  from  5  to 
8  tons  of  coal,  used  upon  inclined  planes  or  slopes.  They 
are  filled  by  emptying  the  trams  into  them  at  the  foot 
of  the  slope,  and  empty  themselves  on  reaching  the 
surface,  when  the  coal  runs  down  on  to  screens  for  sepa- 
ration and  cleaning. 

Guss  (B.).  A  short  piece  of  rope  by  which  a  boy 
draws  a  tram  or  sled  in  a  pit. 

GUTTER.  1.  (F.  D.)     An  air-way  through  a  goaf. 

2.  Candles  or  dips,  when  subjected  to  the  warm  air 
of  a  mine,  waste  away  very  rapidly,  and  are  said  to 
gutter  or  sweal. 


126  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

GUTTERING  (Pa.).  A  channel  or  pipe  cut  along  the 
side  of  a  pit  shaft  to  conduct  the  water  not  tubbed  lack 
into  a  lodge  or  sump. 

GUTTER-UP  (M.).    See  Cut-up. 

GUYS.  Strong  wire  ropes  or  cables  attached  near  the 
top  of  headstocks,  and  anchored  at  the  ground  to  keep 
them  steady. 

GWYTHYEN  (S.  W.).     A  vein  or  seam. 


H. 

H-PiECE.     A   strong   pipe   cast   in  the   form  of  a 
letter  H   containing  the  Fj    ?6 

bottom  clack  of  a  forcing 
sett  (1)  of  pumps.  One 
side  communicates  with 
the  plunger,  the  other 
with  the  suction  and 
delivery,  and  has  a  clack 
door  on  it.  See  Fig.  76. 

HACK  (N.).     A.  pick  or  tool  with  which  colliers  cut  or 
hew  the  coal,  and  use  in 

Fig.  77. 

sinking  and  stone  drifting. 
It  weighs  about  7  Ibs. 

HADE.  The  dip,  incli- 
nation,  or  underlie  of  a 
fault,  measured  by  the 
angle  between  a  vertical 
plane  and  the  plane  of  the  fault.  In  Fig.  77  the  dotted 
line  a  b  represents  the  hade  as  distinguished  from  the 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  127 

throw  or  amount  of  displacement  which  is  the  length 
of  the  line  a  c. 

HAGGED  (S.).    Hewn  or  cut. 

HALF-CO UESE.    Half  on  the  level  and  half  on  the  dip. 

HALF- END.     See  Horn  Coal. 

HALF-END  AND  BOARD  (Y.).     See  Horn  Coal. 

HALF-MARROW  (N.).    A  butty  or  partner. 

HALF-MOON.  A  scaffold  nearly  filling  up  one  half 
the  sectional  area  of  a  pit-shaft,  or  in  plan  the  form  of  a 
half-moon,  upon  which  repairs  are  done. 

HAND  DOG.  A  kind  of  spanner  or  wrench  for 
screwing  up  and  disconnecting  the  joints  of  loring  rods 
at  the  surface. 

HANDFUL  (B.  and  Som.).    A  length  of  four  inches. 

HAND  or  HANDLE.  To  work  a  winding,  pumping, 
hauling,  or  other  engine. 

HANDLING  (M.).  Reloading  coals  underground  from 
one  tub  to  another. 

HANG  (B.).     The  He  or  hade  of  o,  fault. 

HANGER  ON.  The  man  who  runs  the  full  trams 
upon  the  cages  and  gives  the  signals  to  lank  (1). 

HANGING  ON.  The  pit  bottom,  level,  or  inset,  at 
which  the  cages  are  loaded. 

HANGING  SPEAR-RODS.  Wooden  pump-rods  adjustable 
by  screws,  &c.,  by  which  a  sinking  sett  of  pumps  is 
suspended  in  a  shaft. 

HARD-HEADING.  A  heading,  tunnel,  or  drift,  driven 
in  stone  or  measures. 

HARDS  (M.).  Coals  of  a  hard  and  close-grained 
character. 


128  A  GLOSSAKY  OF   TEEMS 

HARP  (S.)»    To  fill  a  hutch  with  coal  at  the  face. 
HATCH  (B.).    See  Door. 

HATCHING  (B.).  An  underground  way  or  self-acting 
inclined  plane,  in  a  thin  seam  of  coal,  carried  up  from 
60  to  80  yards  to  the  rise. 

HAT  KOLLERS.     Cast  iron  or   steel  rollers,  shaped 
like     a    hat,    revolving 
upon  a  vertical  pin,  for  FIG.  78. 

guiding  incline  hauling 
ropes  round  curves.  See 
Fig  78, 

HAULAGE  or  HAULING. 
The  drawing  or  convey- 
ing of  the  produce  of  the  mine  from  the  working  places 
to  the  bottom  of  the  winding  pit.  This  work  may  be 
performed  in  the  following  ways : — By  pushing  the 
trams  by  hand,  as  is  done  in  very  small  pits  ;  by  horses 
or  ponies  drawing  several  trams  at  a  time ;  by  self-acting 
inclined  planes  driven  of  course  to  the  rise ;  by 
stationary  engines  worked  by  steam,  compressed  air,  or 
hydraulic  power  working  wire  ropes,  or  chains,  and  by 
locomotives  working  with  compressed  air.  In  most 
mines  some  kind  of  mechanical  haulage  is  to  be  found,  but 
horses  are  invariably  used  as  well,  to  convey  the  trams 
from  the  stalls,  &c.,  on  to  the  main  roads.  Hauling 
coals  a  distance  of  about  three  miles  is  occasionally 
performed.  Horses  to  the  number  of  80  are  sometimes 
to  be  found  assisting  in  hauling  in  one  colliery,  and  over 
2000  tons  of  mineral  are  sometimes  conveyed  to  the  pit 
bottom  in  one  day. 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,  ETC. 


129 


HAULAGE  CLIP.  Levers,  jaws,  wedges,  &c.,  by  which 
trams,  singly  or  in  trains,  are  connected  to  the  hauling 
ropes.  There  are  several  ingenious  and  simple  arrange- 
ments in  use,  some  of  which  are  given  in  Fig.  79. 

Fig.  79. 


HAULIEE.  A  boy  or  man  who  goes  with  a  pony  or 
horse  in  the  pit,  or  who  attends  the  trains  upon  engine 
planes,  &c. 

HAUNT  (Som.).     See  Landsale. 

HAZLE  (N.).  A  tough  mixture  of  sandstone  and 
shale. 

HEAD.  1.  Any  road,  level,  or  other  subterraneous 
passage  driven  or  formed  in  the  solid  coal,  &c.,  for  the 


130 


A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 


purpose  of  proving  and  working  the  mine.  A  common 
size  for  an  ordinary  head  is  6  feet  by  6  feet,  though  the 
sectional  area  depends  entirely  upon  circumstances, 
some  being  as  much  as  70  to  80  square  feet,  the 
smallest  about  8  or  10  square  feet. 

2.  That  part  of  a  face  nearest  to  the  roof. 

3.  (Som.)     Any  length  of  working  faces. 

4.  (S.  S.)     A    shift    or  day's  work  by  the   stint  in 
heading  (2)  out,  or  driving  of  deadwork. 

5.  The  top  end  of  the  "boring  rods  above  the  surface. 

6.  Pressure  of  water  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  or,  of 
so  many  feet. 

7.  To  cut  or  otherwise  form  a  narrow  passage  or  head 

(1). 

8.  A  lift  (3).     See  Fig  80,  showing  a  seam  being 
worked  in  three  "heads. 

Fig.  80. 


9.  See  Motive  Column. 

HEAD-COAL  (S.).     The  upper  portion  of  a  thick  seam 
of  coal  which  is  worked  in  two  or  more  lifts  (3). 

HEADER  (M.).  A  collier  or  coal  cutter  who  drives  a 
head  (1) ;  he  is  paid  by  the  yard  and  also  receives  so 
much  per  ton  upon  the  large  coals  sent  out. 

HEAD-GEAR.     The  pulley-frame  erected  over  a  wind- 
ing shaft  constructed  of  iron  or  timber  or  both,  and 


USED  IN  COAL   MINING,  ETC.  131 

sometimes  reaching  to  72  feet  in  height.     For  boring 
work  it  is  generally  from  30  to  40  feet  high,  though 
as  much  as  80  feet  are  occasionally  employed,  Norway 
fir  being  the  kind  of  timber  used. 
HEADING.     1.    See  Head  (1). 

2.  The  operation  of  driving  a  head  (1). 

3.  (Pa.)  A  level  driven  parallel  to  a  gangway  and 
usually  the  return  airway  of  the  mine. 

4.  (S.)   The  top  portion  above  the  tub  sides  of  the 
load  carried. 

HEAD-ROOM.  Height  as  between  the  floor  and  the 
roof  anything  above  6  feet  is  considered  good  head-room 
in  a  pit. 

HEAD-SIDE  (N.  S.).  The  rise  side  of  a  heading  (1) 
driven  on  the  strike. 

HEADSMAN  (N.).    A  putter  or  haulier,  which  see. 
HEADSTOCKS.     See  Headgear. 

HEAD-TREE  (N.).  A  portion  of  a  crown-tree  about  .12 
inches  in  length. 

HEADWAYS  (N.).  The  direction  of  the  cleat  or 
a  place  (1)  driven  parallel  with  the  cleat,  that  is, 
end-on. 

HEADWAYS  COURSE  (N.).  When  a  set  of  headings  or 
walls  extend  from  side  to  side  of  a  set  of  boards  they  are 
said  to  be  driven  headways  course. 

HEAP  (S.).  To  load  up  a  tub  above  the  top  of 
the  sides. 

HEAP-KEEPER  (N.).  The  head  lariksman  who  looks 
after  the  sorting  and  cleaning  of  the  coals,  and  keeps 
order  about  the  pit  top,  &c. 

K  2 


132  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

HEAP -STEAD.  The  entire  surface  works  about  a 
colliery  shaft;  includes  the  headgear,  loading  and 
screening- arrangements,  winding  and  pumping  engines, 
&c.,  with  their  respective  houses.  The  workshops, 
stores,  &c.,  being  sometimes  built  into  the  same  block 
surrounding  the  pit  top.  Fig.  81  is  a  plan  of  a  neap- 
stead  of  a  large  colliery. 

HEAT.  The  elevated  temperature  produced  by  spon- 
taneous combustion. 

HEATH  or  YERTH  (S.  S.).    Earth. 

HEAVE.     1.  See  Creep. 
2.  A  fault  of  dislocation. 

HEAVY.  The  hollow  sound  produced  when  knocking 
on  a  roof,  &c.,  which  is  giving  way.  An  unsound  or 
dangerous  roof  is  said  to  knock  heavy. 

HEAVY^FIRE  (N.).  An  extensive  and  severe  explo- 
sion. 

HEIVER.     A  coal  cutter  or  hewer. 
HELVE  or  HELVER.     The  handle  of  a  pick  or  maun- 
drill 

HESS  (S.  S.).     Clinker  from  furnaces  of  boilers. 

HEUGHS  or  HEUCHS  (S.).  Ancient  term  for  coal 
seams  or  coal  workings. 

HEWER.     A  collier  who  cuts  coal. 

HIGH  PILLAR.     See  Shaft  Pillar. 

HILL  (N.  M.).     An  underground  inclined  plane. 

HINGING  (Y.).    See  Cap,  re  Ropes. 

HIT.  To  find,  prove,  or  cut  into  a  coal  seam,  fault, 
&c. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC. 


133 


134  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

HITCH.  1.  (S.)  A.  fault  of  dislocation  of  less  throw 
than  the  thickness  of  the  seam  in  which  it  occurs. 

2.  (S.  W.)  To  attach  trams  to  hauling  ropes  by  short 
chains,  &c. 

HITCH  AND  STEP  (S.  W.).    A  system  of  regulating 
the   distance  between 
the  faces  of  stalls  in 
long-wall  work.      See 
Fig.  82. 

HITCHER.  The  man 
who  runs  trams  into  or  out  of  the  cages,  gives  the 
signals  at  lank  (1),  and  attends  at  the  shaft  when  men 
are  riding  in  it. 

HOD  (F.  D.).  A  cart  or  sled  for  conveying  coals  in 
the  stalls  of  thin  seams. 

HOG-BACK.  Sharply  rising  of  the  floor  of  a  coal 
seam. 

HOGGER.  1.  (N.)  Stockings  without  feet,  chiefly 
worn  by  hauliers. 

2.  The  uppermost  pipe  of  a  pumping  sett,  through 
the  side  of  which  water  is  discharged  through  a  wide 
leather  pipe. 

HOIST.  An  elevator  or  lift,  either  single  or  double 
acting,  worked  by  steam  or  hydraulic  power,  for 
raising  the  tubs  of  coal  on  to  the  screening  stage  from 
the  lank  (1)  level. 

HOLD  OUT  !  (D.)  This  was  shouted  by  the 
"banksman  down  a  pit-shaft  to  the  bottomer  when  a  bant 
of  men  were  about  to  descend  the  shaft,  to  let  him 
know  that  he  was  not  to  send  up  a  load  of  coals 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  135 

against  the  bant,  but  merely  the  empty  rope  or  chain, 
in  order  to  avoid  accident  by  collision  known  as 
a  wedding,  which  see. 

HOLE.  1.  To  undercut  a  seam  of  coal,  &c., -by 
chipping  away  the  coal,  &c.,  with  a  pick,  or  by  the 
employment  of  a  machine  worked  by  compressed  air  to 
do  the  same  work. 

2.  A  borehole,  which  see. 

3.  To  make  a  communication  from  one  part  of  a 
mine  to  another. 

HOLES  (N.).  The  different  fiats  (1)  or  stages  from 
which  the  cages  are  loaded  at  the  pit  bottom. 

HOLES  OF  SAWYER  (S.  S.).  Blocks  of  the  Thick  or 
Ten-yard  coal-seam  formed  by  holing,  and  then  cutting 
the  sides  upwards  by  forming  vertical  grooves  between 
the  mass  to  be  brought  down  and  the  sides  of  the  pillars 
to  be  left  unwrought  to  support  the  roof.  [The  term 
sawyer  refers  to  a  particular  band  or  layer  forming 
portion  of  the  Thick  coal.] 

HOI-ING.  1.  The  wedge-shaped  portion  of  a  seam 
or  floor  removed  from  beneath  the  coal  before  it  is 
broken  down.  Sometimes  the  holing  is  made  in  the  top 
of  the  seam,  sometimes  in  or  about  the  middle.  It  is 
only  in  hard  or  moderately  hard  coals  that  holing  to  any 
considerable  depth  or  distance  under  is  necessary ;  but 
in  order  to  produce  coals  in  the  best  possible  shape  or 
size  deep  holing  is  indispensable.  A  hard  seam  should 
be  holed  to  a  depth  of  not  much  less  than  the  thickness 
of  the  seam,  e.  g.  a  six  feet  seam  holed  five  to  six  feet 
under.  See  Bannocking. 

2.  A  short  passage  connecting  two  roads. 


136  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

HOLLOW  KEAMEE  (Pa.).  A  tool  for  straightening 
a  crooked  borehole  (1). 

HOLLOWS.     Old  abandoned  workings. 

HOME  (N.).  In  the  direction  of  the  shafts.  When 
a  certain  quantity  of  air  has  circulated  through  a 
sufficient  length  of  workings  it  is  sent  home  or  direct  to 
the  upcast. 

Hoo  CANNEL.     Impure  earthy  cannel  coal. 

HOOKEE  ON.     See  Hanger  on. 

HOPES  (N.).  Valleys  formed  by  denudation  in  the 
coal  measures  of  the  County  of  Durham. 

HOPPITT.    See  Bowk. 

HOEN  COAL.  Coal  worked  partly  end-on  and  partly 
face-on.  This  is  the  proper  way  to  work  a  hard  seam 
to  the  best  advantage. " 

HOEN-SOCKET  (Pa.).     See  Bellscrew. 

HOESE.    See  D-Link. 

HORSE-BEANS  (Ch.).  A  stratum  of  a  granular  struc- 
ture immediately  overlying  the  rock  salt  beds,  in  which 
the  rock-head  brine  runs. 

HOESE-FETTLEE  (S.  S.).  A  man  who  looks  after  the 
underground  horses  and  ponies. 

HOESE  GIN.    See  Gin. 

HOESE-HEIGHT  (M.).  Distance  between  the  floor  and 
the  roof,  for  a  horse  to  travel  without  knocking  his 
head,  &c. 

HOESE-LOAD  (L.).  A  measure  of  weight  used  in 
some  parts  of  East  Lancashire.  1  horse  load  =  4  cwt 
or  5  horse  loads  to  a  ton. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  137 

HORSE-ROAD.  An  underground  way  worked  by 
horsing. 

HORSES  or  HORSEBACKS.  Natural  channels  cut,  or 
washed  away  by  water,  in  a  coal  seam,  and  filled  up 
with  shale  and  sandstone.  Sometimes  a  bank  or  ridge 
of  foreign  matter  in  a  coal  seam. 

HORSE -TREE.  A  strong  timber  beam  to  carry 
pumps,  &c. 

HORSING.  Drawing  trams  underground  by  horses 
and  ponies. 

HOUSE,  HOUSE-FIRE,  HOUSEHOLD  COAL.  Has  a 
hard  fracture  and  in  burning  leaves  little  ash,  and  that 
of  a  reddish-brown  colour. 

HOWDIE  HORSE  (N.).  A  pit  horse  kept  on  the 
surface  for  use  in  cases  of  emergency. 

How  WAY  !  (N.)    Lower  the  cage  down. 
HUDDOCK  (N.).     The  cabin  of  a  Jceel,  which  see. 

HUDGE  (Som.).  See  Bcnvk.  Also  a  small  lox  or 
tram  without  wheels  running  on  timber  slides,  drawn 
by  a  boy  in  thin  and  steep  seams. 

HUGGER  (N.).    A  Back  or  Cleat. 

HUNCH  (D.). 

HUND  (Pr.),  meaning  dog.  A  rectangular  iron  tram 
or  wagon  on  four  small  wheels  with  a  projecting  pin 
beneath  it  to  run  between  the  rails  (wooden),  and  thus 
guide  the  movement.  Used  as  long  ago  as  1550. 

HUNDRED.     Hundredweight  (cwt). 

HUNKER  (In.).  Yellowish  clay  containing  concre- 
tionary nodules. 


138  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TEEMS 

HUNTING  COAL  (T.).  Eils  and  posts  of  coal  left  for 
second  working.  , 

HURDLE  SCREEN  (S.).  A  temporary  screen  or 
curtain  for  clearing  gas  out  of  a  pit. 

HURLEY  (S.).    A  Hutch. 

HURRIER.     See  Haulier.     Generally  small  boys. 

HURRY.  To  haul,  pull,  or  push  trams  of  coal,  &c.,  in 
a  mine. 

HUTCH  (S.).    See  Box. 

HUTCH  KUNNER  (S.).     Boy  who  draws  hutches. 

HYDRAULIC  PUMPING  ENGINE.  An  apparatus  using 
water  as  its  motive  power,  for  draining  such  portions  of 
the  underground  workings  as  are  below  the  level,  or  to 
the  dip  of  the  shafts ;  for  pumping  water  up  a  shaft  to 
the  surface  pumping  engine,  or  to  a  steam  engine  placed 
part  way  down  the  shaft.  The  principle  of  its  action 
is  that  of  employing  water  at  a  given  head  (6)  to  raise 
a  larger  quantity  against  less  head. 

I. 

IN.  When  a  stall  or  other  working  place  in  a  mine 
is  blocked  up  with  fallen  roof,  &c.,  it  is  said  to  be  in,  or 
to  have  come  in. 

INBYE.  Going  into  the  interior  of  a  mine,  away  from 
the  shafts  or  other  openings.  Fresh  air  and  empty 
tubs  go  iribye. 

INCLINE.  1.  Short  for  Inclined  Plane.  Any  under- 
ground roadway  which  is  driven  at  an  angle  to  the 
horizon.  If  to  the  rise  it  is  worked  by  a  self-acting 
arrangement,  if  to  the  deep  by  a  steam  or  other  engine. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  139 

2.  To  dip  sufficiently  to  form  a  self-acting  incline  (1). 

INCLINE  EOPE  HAULAGE.  A  system  of  haulage  in 
which,  a  single  rope  is  used,  or  where  the  inclination  of 
the  plane  is  such  as  to  allow  of  the  empty  tiibs  drawing 
the  rope  in  after  them. 

INCLINE  DRAW-ENGINE.  A  stationary  surface  in- 
clined-plane engine. 

INDICATOR.  1.  A  mechanical  contrivance  attached 
to  winding,  hauling,  or  other  machinery  which  shows 
the  position  of  the  cages  in  the  shaft  or  the  trams  upon 
an  incline  during  its  journey  or  run. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  showing  the  presence  of  fire- 
damp in  mines.  The  temperature  of  goaves.  The 
speed  of  a  ventilator,  &c.  And  also  for  calculating  the 
power  of  an  engine. 

IN-DOOR  CATCHES.  Strong  beams  in  Cornish  pump- 
ing engine-houses,  to  catch  the  beam  in  case  of  a 
smash,  and  prevent  damage  to  the  engine  itself. 

IN-DOOR  STROKE.  That  stroke  of  a  Cornish  pump- 
ing engine  which  lifts  the  water  in  the  bottom  or 
drawing  lift. 

IN  FORK.  When  pumps  are  working  with  the  water 
having  receded  below  some  of  the  holes  of  the  wind- 
lore,  they  are  said  to  be  in  fork 

INGATE  (N.).     See  Inset. 

IN-GOING.     That  which  is  going  iribye. 

IN-OVER.     See  Iribye. 

INSET.  The  entrance  to  a  mine  at  the  bottom  or 
part  way  down  a  shaft  where  the  cages  are  loaded.  See 
Fig.  69. 


140  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

INSPECTOR.  1.  (N.)  A  man  appointed  to  overlook 
the  'banking  and  screening  department. 

2.  Her  Majesty's  Inspector  of  Mines,  of  whom,  there 
are  several. 

INTAKE.    1.  The  fresh  air  airway  or  road  going  iribye, 
commencing  at  the  bottom  of  the  downcast. 
2.  The  fresh  air  descending  into  a  colliery. 

INTERBEDDED.  When  patches  or  layers  of  strata  or 
of  trap  (having  no  true  relation  to  the  coal  measures) 
lie  between  two  beds,  the  rocks  are  said  to  be  inter- 
bedded,  e.g.  the  sheet  of  intrusive  dolerite  in  the 
Leicestershire  coal-field. 

IRON  MAN.  A  collier's  term  for  a  coal-cutting 
machine. 

IRONSTONE.  A  term  usually  applied  to  argillaceous 
or  clay  ironstone,  containing  from  20  per  cent,  to 
40  per  cent,  of  iron.  It  is  very  commonly  met  with  in 
the  coal  measures,  and  takes  the  form  of  thin  beds  or 
layers  and  of  nodules  or  balls  of  various  sizes  and 
shapes — is  interstratified  with  the  shales  and  clays 
throughout  the  entire  series  of  the  measures.  Sp.  gr. 
about  3.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  from  170  to  190  Ibs. 
The  ironstones  or  ores  of  the  Lias  and  Oolite  series  of 
rocks  are  found  in  beds  as  much  as  from  10  or  20  feet 
thick,  these  ironstones  are  of  less  specific  gravity  than 
the  clay  or  llackland  varieties.  Great  Britain  produces 
annually  something  like  15,000,000  tons  of  ironstones 
of  various  kinds. 

IXOLITE.  A  mineral  found  in  certain  bituminous 
coals. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  141 


J. 

JACK  1.  (N.)  A  lantern-shaped  case  made  of  tin 
in  which  safety  lamps  are  carried  in  strong  currents  of 
ventilation. 

2.  (S.)  One  who  works  underground  at  odd 
work. 

JACKANAPES.     The  small  guide  pulleys  of  a  whim. 

JACK  ENGINE  (N.).  The  engine  for  raising  men, 
debris,  &c.,  in  a  sinking  pit. 

JACK  HOLES  (N.  S.).    See  Cut  through. 

JACK  LAMP.  A  Davy  lamp  with  the  addition  of  a 
glass  cylinder  outside  the  gauze. 

JACK  PIT  (N.).  A  shallow  pit-shaft  in  a  mine  com- 
municating with  an  overcast,  or  at  a  fault. 

JACK-ROLL.     A  windlass  worked  by  hand. 

JACKS.  1.  (N.)  Large  fissures  or  cracks  in  the 
roof. 

2.  (Lei.)  Wood  wedges  6"  x  4"  tapered  at  one  broad 
edge,  so  that  when  driven  up  they  cannot  start 
again. 

JACKY  PIT.     See  Jack  Pit. 

JAD  (Som.).  A  long  and  deep  holing,  cutting,  or 
jud,  made  for  the  purpose  of  detaching  large  blocks 
of  stone  from  their  natural  beds  at  the  Bath-stone 
(Oolitic)  quarries,  or  rather  underground  workings,  at 
Box. 


142  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TEEMS 

JADDING.    The  operation  of  forming  &jad. 

JADDING  PICK.  The  tool  employed  to  cut  a  jad. 
They  are  made  in  sets  of  about  three  or  four,  with 
helves  ranging  from  three  to  six  feet  in  length,  to  enable 
thejads  to  be  cut  to  a  great  depth. 

JAILER  (Som.).  A  small  tub  or  box  in  which  water 
is  carried  in  a  mine. 

JAM  OUT  (S.  S.).  To  cut  or  knock  away  the  spurns 
in  "holing. 

JARS  (Pa.).  A  sliding  joint  in  "boring  rods  for  deep 
holes,  consisting  of  two  long  loops  of  iron  or  steel, 
sliding  one  within  the  other. 

JAY  (D.).     Koof  coal. 

JENKIN  (N.).  An  opening  cut  into  or  a  slice  taken 
off  a  pillar  from  six  to  eight  feet  in  width,  in  the  board 
and  pillar  system  of  working  coal. 

JET.  A  compact,  black,  lustrous,  resinous  variety 
of  lignite,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  It  occurs  chiefly 
in  the  Upper  Lias  clays  of  Yorkshire,  &c.,  in  lenticular 
patches  or  beds,  nodules,  and  irregularly  shaped  masses. 
Is  believed  to  be  formed  of  the  fossilized  stems  of  coni- 
ferous trees.  The  Romans  used  it.  Some  1500  hands 
are  employed  in  the  jet  trade  (mining,  cutting,  polish- 
ing, &c.),  and  the  value  in  1872  is  stated  to  have  been 
88,OOOZ.  Jet  is  mined  by  driving  levels  and  systema- 
tically exploring  the  strata  by  a  kind  of  stoping  or 
overhead  excavating.  English  jet  is  worth  from  300Z. 
to  1300?.  per  ton. 

JIDDY  (L.,  N.  S.).     See  Eunner  (1). 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


143 


JIG.  A  self-acting  incline  worked  by  a  drum  (2)  or 
by  wheels,  with  hemp  or  steel  wire  ropes.  Fig.  83 
shows  a  useful  and  in- 
expensive arrangement  7/MM 
for  lisrht  loads  and  short 


Fig.  83. 


runs. 


See 


Floor- 


Fig.  84. 


JIGBROW    (L.). 
Jig. 

JIGGER.  1.  (S.)  A 
kind  of  coupling  hook 
for  connecting  trams, 
upon  an  incline. 

2.  (Lei.)  See  Onsetter. 

JIG  RUNNER  (T.).    The  man  who  works 
JINNEY.     See  Jig. 

JINNEY  TENTER.  See  Jig 
Runner. 

JITTY  (Lei.).  A  short  slit 
along  which  empties,  horses,  or 
workmen  travel. 

JOCKEY  (M.).  A  self-acting 
apparatus  carried  on  the  front 
tub  of  a  set,  for  releasing  it 
from  the  hauling  rope  at  a 
certain  point.  See  Fig.  84. 

JOEY  (M.).  A  man  specially 

appointed  to  set  timber  in  a  stall  during  the  turn  (1). 
He  is  a  "butty,  and  is  not  paid  for  doing  this  work,  but 
takes  his  turn  at  it  with  the  other  butties  in  his  stall 


144 


A   GLOSSAKT   OF   TERMS 


JOINTS.  Natural  divisions,  cracks,  or  partings  in 
strata. 

JOURNAL.  A  carefully  kept  diary,  schedule,  or 
statistical  account  of  the  various  operations  connected 
with  the  putting  down  of  a  borehole  (1)  in  search  of 
coal,  &c.  The  following  arrangement  of  the  page  for 
such  a  book  may  be  taken  as  a  guide  in  preparing  the 
journal ;  it  is  taken  from  the  work  on  '  Mine  Engineer- 
ing '  by  G.  G.  Andre. 


Descrip- 
tion of 
Strata. 

No.  of 
Speci- 
men 
in 
Case. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Depth 
from 
Sur- 
face. 

Angle 
of 
Dip. 

Diam. 
of 
Hole. 

Descrip- 
tion of 
Tool  em- 
ployed. 

Time 
actually 
occupied 
in 
passing 
through. 

Quantity 
of 
Water 
met 
with. 

Xio,l 

mains.  | 

r 

JOURNEY  (S.  W.).  A  train  or  set  of  trams  all  coupled 
together  running  upon  an  engine  plane:  as  many  as 
forty  sometimes. 

JOWL  or  JOWELL  (N.).     See  Chap. 

JUD.  1.  (N.)  A  block  of  coal  about  four  yards 
square  kirved  and  nicked  ready  for  breaking  down. 

2.  (Som.).  See  Jad. 

JUDGE.     A  staff  used  for  gauging  the  depth  of  the 
holing.      Formerly    a 
boy    who  proved   the 
holing.    Fig.  85. 

JUDGE-RAPPER.  The 
upper  end  of  the  ver- 
tical arm  of  a  judge. 
See  Fig.  85. 

JUMP  (Jump-up,  Jump-down).  1.  An  up-throw  or  a 
down-throw,  fault. 


Fig.  85. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  145 

2.  To  raise  boring-rods  in  a  bore-hole  (1)  and  allow 
them  to  fall  of  their  own  weight. 

JUMPER.  A  hand  drill  used  in  blasting,  having  at 
each  end  a  chisel  edge  and  a  swell  or  bead  in  the  middle 
to  give  it  more  weight. 

JUNKING  (N.).    A  passage  through  a  pillar  of  coal. 

JUSTICE-MAN  (S.).     See  Check-weighman. 


K. 

KANK  (M.).     A  twist  or  snick-snarl  in  a  rope. 

KEEKER  (N.).  An  inspector  over  hewers  or  other 
workmen  underground. 

KEEL  (N.).  (A  Saxon  word  for  a  long  ship).  An  oval 
shaped  strong  and  clumsy  flat-bottomed  vessel  for 
carrying  coals  from  staithes  or  drops  to  ships;  about 
20  tons  capacity. 

KEEL-BULLIES  (N.).  Men  who  navigate  and  ply  the 
puys  of  keels. 

KEEL  DEETERS  or  KEEL  DOCTORS  (N.).  Women 
and  girls  who  sweep  out  keels  and  have  the  sweepings 
as  a  perquisite. 

KEELERS  (N.).     See  Keel-bullies. 

KEEPER.  (Engine-keeper,  Horse-keeper,  &c.)  See 
Brakesman. 

KEEPS  or  KEPS.     See  Cage  Shuts. 

KELF  (D.,  Lei.).  The  vertical  height  of  the  back 
cutting  of  the  holing  at  any  time  during  the  operation 
of  holing  a  stint. 

L 


146 


A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 


KELVE  (I.).    See  Bat. 

KENNEL  (M.).  A  collier's  term  for  cannel,  which 
see. 

KENNER  !  (N.)  An  expression  meaning  time  to  leave 
off  working,  conveyed  into  the  workings  by  shouting, 
rapping,  &c. 

KEP.    See  Kip. 

KEROSENE  SHALE  (N.  S.  W.).    Oil-producing  shale. 

KETCHES  (S.  W.).    See  Backstays. 

KETTLE  (S.).    A  barrel  in  which  men  ride  in  a  shaft. 

KEVILS  (N.).  The  weights  of  coals  sent  out  by  the 
various  hewers  during  a  certain  period. 

KEY.     A  kind  of  spanner  used  in  boring  by  hand. 
Two  kinds  of  keys  are  employed,  one  for  taking  the 
weight  off  the   rods  (2),  at  the 
top    of   the    lorehole   (1),    when  Fig.  86. 

taking  them  off  or  putting  them 
on;   it   fits  the  rods,  which  are 
lowered  back  until  a  box  (screw 
joint  enlargement)  rests  upon  it ;   p 
it  usually  has   an  arm  on  each 
side  to  assist  in  screwing  off  the   j, 
rods.     The  other  is  an  ordinary 
key  which  is  used   for  screwing 
and  unscrewing  the  rods  as  well. 
See  Fig.  86. 

KIBBLE.  See  Bowk,  but  often  made  with  a  bow  or 
handle  and  carrying  over  a  ton  of  debris. 


ETC.  147 

KIBBLES  (S.  S.).     See  Crank. 

KICKER.  A  liberating  catch  made  in  the  form  of  a 
bell  crank  lever  rocking  on  a  horizontal  axis.  Used  in 
Kind's  system  of  deep  boring. 

KICK-UP  (N.).     See  Tipper. 
KIDING  (N.).     See  Holing. 

KILKENNY  COAL  (L).  See  Anthracite.  This  Irish 
coal  weighs  99  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

KILL.  To  mix  atmospheric  air  with  fire-damp  or 
other  gases  so  as  to  make  them  harmless. 

KIND.  Generally  signifies  tender,  soft,  or  easy  to 
work,  e.  g.  a  parting  is  said  to  be  "kind  when  it  allows 
of  an  easy  separation.  Blue  bind  is  called  kind  Hue 
bind  when  it  is  soft  and  jointy  and  easy  to  sink 
through. 

KIND-CHAUDRON  (Belg.).  A  system  of  sinking  pit- 
shafts  through  water-bearing  strata.  It  consists  in 
boring  out  the  shaft  from  the  surface  by  means  of 
apparatus  very  similar  in  kind  to  that  used  for  pro- 
spective borings.  Not  only  is  the  pit  bored  out  but  it  is 
lined  with  metal  tubbing,  and  pumped  dry  without  a 
man  ever  going  down  the  shaft  after  the  water  is  met 
with  until  it  is  passed  through.  The  modus  operandi 
is  somewhat  as  follows.  By  means  of  a  very  large 
boring  tool  a  shaft  about  5  feet  in  diameter  is  first 
bored  out  to  a  certain  depth  which  forms  the  centre  of 
tire  pit  when  fully  enlarged.  The  second  operation  is 
to  bore  out  the  shaft  to  the  full  size  with  a  still  larger 
cutting  tool  (see  Trepan)  which  follows  the  central 

L  2 


148  A   GLOSSAKY  OF  TEEMS 

hole  10  or  20  yards  behind.  The  debris  is  cleared  by 
means  of  a  large  sheet  iron  sludger  called  a  cuiller. 
The  boring  head  is  actuated  through  a  lever  by  steam 
power,  making  from  eight  to  ten  strokes  per  minute, 
and  the  rate  of  advance  averages  about  8  feet  per  day 
in  ordinary  ground.  When  a  suitable  stratum  has  been 
found  upon  which  to  rest  the  tubbing,  a  watertight  ring 
packed  with  moss  is  lowered  into  position  and  upon 
this  are  built  up  the  rings  of  tubbing  placed  one  upon 
another  at  surface,  and  gradually  lowered  into  the  shaft, 
until  the  whole  of  it  (in  some  cases  800  tons)  presses 
and  squeezes  down  upon  the  moss,  forcing  it  against 
the  sides  in  such  wise  as  to  form  a  thoroughly  water- 
tight joint.  The  annular  space  between  the  rings  and 
side  of  the  pit  is  filled  by  means  of  huge  spoons  dis- 
charged by  pistons,  with  beton  or  concrete,  which  when 
set  the  water  is  drawn  out  of  the  interior  of  the  pit,  and 
ordinary,  or  open-bottom  sinking  commenced. 

KIND'S  PLUG.  An  ovoid-shaped  block  of  oak  fixed 
to  a  boring  rod  for  jamming  into  a  lining  tube  of  a  bore- 
hole (I)  in  order  to  withdraw  it. 

KINK.     See  Kanh 

KIP  (N.).  A  level  or  gently  sloping  roadway  going 
cuibye  at  the  extremity  of  an  engine  plane,  upon  which 
the  full  tubs  stand  ready  for  being  sent  up  the 
shaft. 

KIEVE  (N.).  To  hole.  Kirving  is  the  same  as 
holing. 

KIST  (N.).    A  workman's  tool  box.    A  cabin  in  a 

pit. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,    ETC. 


149 


KITCHENS.  Coal  prepared  and  sold  expressly  for 
cooking  purposes  in  ranges,  stoves,  &c. 

KITTY  (N.).  A  length  of  about  4  inches  of  straw 
filled  with  gunpowder  by  which  flame  is  communicated 
to  the  blasting  charge  for  firing  it  off  in  a  drill 
hole. 

KNOCK.    See  Chap. 

KNOCKINGS  (S.  W.).  Signals  made  underground  by 
knocking  oijowling  on  the  coal. 

KNOCK  OFF.     (1.)     The  point  upon  an  engine  plane 
at  which  the  set  is  disconnected  from 
the  rope,  or  where  a  jockey  comes  into 
play. 

2.  A    joint    for    disconnecting    the 
bucket  sword  from  the  pump  rods.     See 
Fig.  87. 

3.  To  do  away  with. 

4.  See  Kenner. 


Fig.  87. 


Hoep  to 
Icupjoint. 
tight* 


KNEELER.  A  quadrant  by  which 
the  direction  of  pump  rods  is  re- 
versed. 

KOEPE  SYSTEM.  Winding  coals  in  shafts  without 
drums,  a  pulley  being  fixed  upon  the  main  shaft  instead. 
The  main  winding  rope  has  a  cage  at  each  end,  and 
merely  passes  half  round  this  drum  pulley.  Under  the 
cages  ordinary  balance  or  tail  ropes  (2)  are  suspended. 
Two  additional,  or  safety  ropes,  are  used,  of  about  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  main  rope — the  cages  being 
attached  to  each  end  and  small  pulleys  placed  in  the 


150 


A   GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS 


head  stocks  carrying  them.     Fig.  88  is  a  rough  diagram 
of  this  system. 

Fig.  88. 


L. 

LACING.  1.  (N.  S.)  Timbers  placed  across  the  tops 
of  lars  or  caps  to  secure  the  roof  between  the  gears. 

2.  Strips  or  light  bars  of  wrought  iron  bent  over  at 
the  ends  and  wedged  in  tight  between  the  lars  and  the 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


151 


roof,  as  shown  in  the  sketch  Fig.  89.  Great  elasticity 
is  in  this  way  given  to  the  iron  rods,  enabling  a  roof 
to  be  very  efficiently  and  economically  secured.  In 

Fig.  89. 


place  of  wooden  bars  or  head  pieces,  wrought-iron  rail- 
way rails  are  sometimes  employed. 

LADDERS  (Som.).  Wooden  slides  with  cross  bars 
placed  between  them  to  give  steadiness,  on  which  hudges 
run  in  steep  seams. 

LADE-HOLE  (Lei.).  A  shallow  hole  cut  in  the  floor 
to  receive  the  drainage,  out  of  which  it  is  laded  in 
buckets. 

LAGGING.    See  Lacing  (1). 

LAGS.  Long  pieces  of  timber  closely  fitted  together 
and  fastened  to  oak  curbs  or  rings  forming  part  of  a  drum 
(3)  used  in  sinking  through  quick  (1)  ground. 

LAID  OFF.  When  operations  at  a  pit  are  entirely 
suspended  by  reason  of  accident  or  trade  exigencies, 
the  pit  is  said  to  be  laid  off. 

LAM  or  LAMB  (W.).    A  kind  of  fire-clay. 

LAMB-SKIN  (S.  W.).  See  Culm.  It  is  sold  as  such  at 
Swansea. 

LAME  (F.).  The  bar  to  which  the  cutting  teeth  of 
a  trepan  are  attached. 


152  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

LAMESKIRTING  (N.).  Widening  or  cutting  off  coal, 
&c.,  from  the  sides  of  underground  roads  in  order  to  give 
more  room. 

LAMINGS  (N.).  Collier's  word  for  accidents  of  almost 
every  description  to  men  and  lads  working  in  or  about 
the  mines. 

LAMP  MEN.  Cleaners,  repairers,  and  those  who  have 
charge  of  the  safety  lamps  at  a  colliery. 

LAMPS.    Signifies  Safety-lamps,  which  see. 

LAMP  STATIONS.  Certain  fixed  places  in  a  mine  at 
which  safety  lamps  are  allowed  to  be  opened  and  re- 
lighted by  men  appointed  for  that  purpose,  or  beyond 
which  on  no  pretence  is  a  naked  light  allowed  to  be 
taken. 

LAND  (F.  D.).  Kising  in  the  direction  of  the  surface 
or  outcropping.  Workings  to  the  rise  of  a  drainage 
level. 

LANDER.  The  man  who  receives  the  loaded  lowJc  or 
trunk  at  the  mouth  of  the  shaft. 

LANDING.  A  level  stage  for  loading  or  unloading 
coals  upon. 

LANDINGS  (S.  W.).  Coals,  &c.,  sent  to  lank — the 
output,  which  see. 

LANDING  SHAFT  (S.  W.).  A  pit  shaft  in  which  coals, 
&c.,  are  raised. 

LANDRY  Box  (N.).  A  wooden  spout  at  the  top  of  a 
pumping  sett  (1)  for  carrying  off  the  water  delivered  by 
the  pumps. 

LAND-SALE.  The  sale  of  coal,  &c.,  loaded  into  carts 
or  wagons  at  the  pit's  mouth_for  local  consumption. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  153 

LAND-SALE  COLLIERIES  (N.).  Those  situated  in 
out-of-the-way  districts,  being  unconnected  with  rail, 
canal,  or  sea,  and  generally  working  thin  or  inferior 
seams. 

LAND-WEIGHT  (L.).  The  pressure  exerted  by  the 
subsidence  of  the  cover. 

LAP.    One  coil  of  rope  upon  a  drum  or  pulley. 

LARGE.  The  largest  lumps  of  coal  sent  to  lank  (1), 
or  all  coal  which  is  hand-picked  or  does  not  pass  over 
screens,  also  the  largest  coals  which  do  pass  over  screens. 
Lumps  weighing  upwards  of  a  ton  are  occasionally  sent 
out  at  some  of  the  hard  or  house-coal  collieries  of 
Leicestershire. 

LAST  LIFT  (N.).  The  last  rib  or  jud  to  come  off  a 
piUar. 

LATCH.  To  make  an  underground  survey  with  a 
dial  and  chain ;  or  to  mark  out  upon  the  surface  with 
the  same  instruments,  the  position  of  the  workings  under- 
neath. 

LATCHTNGS.    Diallings  or  surveys  made  at  a  mine. 

LAT  u  E  !  or  LATTH  !  (M.).  "  Lower  the  cage  down ! " 
or,  "  Lower  down  more  rope ! " 

LATHS.     See  Lacing  (1). 

LAUNDER  or  LAUNDRY.  A  wooden  or  iron  cistern  or 
channel  in  which  mine-water  is  pumped  or  tipped  and 
conducted  away  from  the  pit-top  to  a  water-course  or 
sough. 

LAYERED  (X.).     Choked  up  with  sediment  or  mud. 

LAY  Our  (X.).  To  set  out,  or  put  on  one  side,  trams 
of  coals,  &?.,  which  have  been  improperly  filled  and  for 


154  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

which  the  coal-getters  are  fined,  and  the  coals  in  them 
are  forfeited. 

LEAD.  1.  To  haul  or  draw  coals,  &c.,  either  by  animal 
or  engine  power. 

2.  (Pa.)  A  stage  worked  by  a  mule  or  by  a  loco- 
motive engine,  of  a  maximum  distance  of  say  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile. 

LEADER.  1.  A  cast  or  wrought-iron  ring  or  shoe, 
bolted  to  the  bottom  (often  round  the  outside)  of  a 
brick  cylinder,  a  wooden  drum,  or  a  wrought-iron 
cylinder  when  used  for  sinking  through  quicksand  or 
gravel.  It  enables  the  drum  or  cylinder  to  force  its  way 
through  the  ground. 

2.  (Som.)     The  slip  of  a,  fault. 

3.  Any  particular  or  constant  bed  or  band  of  coal, 
ironstone,  &c.,  in  connection  with  certain  workable  beds, 
serving  as  a  kind  of  datum  line,  so  to  speak,  in  a 
mine. 

4.  (N.)    A  BACK  (1)  or  fissure  in  a  coal  seam. 

LEADING  BANK  (Y.).  A  breadth  of  about  18  yards 
of  coal  taken  out  between  pairs  of  loardgates  to  the  rise 
commencing  from  the  lank  level.  See  Fig.  9  [Bank- 
work]. 

LEADING  MAN.    See  First  Man. 

LEAN  (D.).     Thin,  poor ;  of  inferior  quality. 

LEAP.  A  fault  of  dislocation  or  throw.  There  are 
Leap-ups  and  Leap-downs.  See  Down-leap  and  Up-leap. 

LEA-STONE  (L.).    Laminated  sandstone. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  155 

LEATHER-BED  (M.).  A  tough  leather-like  clayey 
substance  running  in  a  fault  slip,  composed  of  the 
ground-up  and  squeezed  fractured  ends  of  the  coal 
measures.  Seldom  more  than  a  few  inches  in  thick- 
ness. 

LED  (N.).  A  led  tub  means  a  spare  one,  or  one  which 
is  being  loaded  whilst  another  is  being  emptied. 

LEG.  1.  (S.)  A  wooden  prop  supporting  one  end  of 
a  bar. 

2.  (Y.)  (Cleveland.)  A  stone  which  has  to  be 
wedged  out  from  beneath  a  larger  one. 

LEVEL.  A  road  or  way  running  parallel  or  nearly  so 
with  the  strike  of  the  seam,  and  often  used  as  a  water- 
level  for  drainage  purposes. 

LEVEL-FREE  (W.)  Old  coal  or  ironstone  workings  at 
the  outcrop,  worked  by  means  of  a  day  level  driven  into 
the  hillside. 

LEVEL  TONS.  Weight  of  mineral  wrought  in  tons, 
any  odd  cwts.  not  being  taken  into  account. 

LEYS  or  BLUE-LEYS  (L.).     See  Bind. 

LTD.      1.  A  short  piece  of  timber  about  2  feet  long 
placed  atop  of  a  prop  to  support  the  roof. 
2.  (F.  D.)  The  roof  of  an  Ironstone  working. 

LIDSTONE  (F.  D.).     The  roof-stone  of  an  iron  mine. 
LIE.     Having  reference  to  the  dip  of  the  strata. 

LIE-TIME  (S).  A  period  of  rest  or  cessation  from 
work  during  a  shift  or  turn  (1). 

LIFE.     When  in  cutting  or  getting  coal  it  makes  a 


156  A   GLOSSABY  OF   TEEMS 

crackling  or  bursting  noise  and  works  easily,  it  is  said 
to  have  life  in  it,  or  to  be  alive. 

LIFT.  1.  The  vertical  height  travelled  by  the  cage 
in  a  pit-shaft. 

2.  A  column  or  sett  (1)  of  pumps. 

3.  A  certain  thickness  of  coal  worked  in  one  opera- 
tion. 

4.  (N.)  To  clear  gas  out  of  a  working  place. 

5.  To  creep,  as  when  the  floor  rises  up  towards  the 
roof  or  lifts. 

6.  A  broken  jud  (1 ). 

7.  (Pa.)  A  block  of  coal  measuring  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  on  the  strike  by  1000  yards  to  the  rise. 

8.  (F.  D.)    A  rise  in  the  price  of  coal  or  in  miners' 
wages. 

9.  To  break  up,  "bench   (2),  or  blast  coals  from  the 
bottom  of  the  seam  upwards. 

10.  A  certain  vertical  thickness  of  coal  seams  and 
measures,  having  considerable  inclination,  between  or  in 
which  the  workings  are  being  carried  on  to  the  rise, 
all  the   coals  being   raised  from  one  pit  "bottom.     A 
colliery  may  be  composed  of  several  lifts.     See  Eelevee, 
Fig.  110. 

LIFTING  (S.).  Drawing  hutches  out  of  the  working 
places  into  the  main  roads. 

LIFTING  DOGS.    See  Crow's  foot. 

LIFTING  GUAKDS.  Fencing  placed  round  the  mouth 
of  a  pit-shaft,  which  is  lifted  out  of  the  way  for  decking, 
by  the  cages  as  they  reach  the  surface. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  157 

LIFTING  WICKET  (S.  W.).    See  Lifting  guards. 
LIG  (N.).     To  lie  down. 

LIGNITE.  A  coal  of  a  woody  character,  containing 
about  66  per  cent,  of  carbon,  found  in  the  Secondary 
and  Tertiary  rocks. 

LIGHTNING  EXPLOSION.  An  explosion  of  firedamp 
caused  by  an  electric  current  during  a  thunderstorm 
going  into  a  mine  and  igniting  the  gas. 

LILLYCOCK  (M.).     See  Kenner. 

LIME  CARTRIDGE.  A  charge  or  measured  quantity  of 
compressed  dry  caustic  lime  made  up  into  a  cartridge  (2), 
and  used  instead  of  gunpowder  and  in  a  somewhat 
similar  manner  for  breaking  down  coal.  The  cartridge 
is  first  placed  in  the  lore-hole  and  stemmed,  and  then 
water  is  injected  into  the  hole  and  on  to  the  lime. 
Heat  or  steam  is  immediately  produced,  and,  expansion 
taking  place,  the  coal  is  thereby  broken  down  in  a  very 
safe  manner,  as  there  is  no  flame  to  cause  an  explosion 
of  gas,  and  in  a  less  shattered  condition  than  with  the 
use  of  powder. 

LIME  COAL.     Small  coal  suitable  for  lime  burning. 

LIME  PROCESS.  The  method  of  getting  coal  by  the 
use  of  the  lime  cartridge. 

LIMMERS  or  LIMBERS.  Light  wooden  or  iron  shafts 
for  attaching  pit  ponies  to  the  trams,  especially  useful 
in  seams  having  a  considerable  inclination. 

LINER  (Lei.).  A  bar  put  up  between  two  other  bars 
to  assist  in  carrying  the  roof. 


158  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

LINES.  Pieces  of  twine  about  two  or  three  feet  in 
length  weighted  at  the  bottom  end  with  a  small  lump 
of  clay  or  with  a  bit  of  iron,  &c.,  to  steady  them,  and 
suspended  from  hooks  driven  into  wooden  plugs  called 
stomps  (which  see).  Not  less  than  two  (called  a  pair  of 
lines)  are  put  up,  their  object  being  to  keep  the  head- 
ing, &c.,  in  which  they  may  be  placed  in  the  proper 
course  or  point.  A  line  drawn  between  the  centres  of 
these  two  strings  represents  the  bearing  or  point  of  the 
compass  to  be  driven  by,  which  is  determined  by  the 
dial. 

LINING  (D.).     Clay  Ironstone  in  beds  or  bands. 
LINN  and  WOOL  (L.).     Streaky  grey  sandstone. 

LINSEED  EARTH  (Sh.).  Blackish  grey  clay  suitable 
for  making  into  firebricks. 

LINSEY  (L.).  Strong  Bind,  also  streaky  sand- 
stone. 

LIP.  1.  (M.)  The  low  part  of  the  roof  of  a  gate-road 
near  to  the  face ;  taken  down  or  ripped,  as  it  is  called, 
as  the  face  advances. 

2.  The  edge  of  &  fault  slip. 

IJIPEY  BLAES  (S.).    Lumpy  Bind  or  shales. 
LIPPEN  (N.).     To  calculate,  guess,  reckon  upon,  &c. 

LIST.  Mine  Inspector's  term  for  the  schedule  of 
particulars  of  accidents  enumerated  in  his  annual 
Keport  to  the  Government. 

LOADER.  One  who  fills  the  trams  in  the  working 
places. 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC.  159 

LOADER  OFF.  A  man  who  regulates  the  sending  out 
of  the  full  tubs  from  a  long-wall  stall,  gate  end. 

LOADINGS.  Pillars  of  masonry  carrying  a  drum  or 
pulley. 

LOAM.  Any  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  which  is 
neither  distinctly  sandy  nor  clayey. 

LOCKER  (M,).  A  short  iron  or  wooden  bar  for 
scotching  tram  wheels  on  inclined  roads. 

LODE  (S.  S.).     A  seam  or  mine. 

LODGE.  A  subterraneous  reservoir  for  the  drainage  of 
the  mine,  made  at  the  pit  bottom,  in  the  interior  of  the 
workings,  or  at  different  levels  in  the  shaft. 

LODGMENT  (S.).    See  Sump  and  Lodge. 

LOFTHEAD  (N.  S.).  A  cavity  or  vacant  space  in  the 
roof  produced  by  a/oZZ. 

LOFTING.   1.   (S.  W.)   An  old  or  disused  heading 
over  the  top  of  another  one. 
2.  (N.)  See  Lacing. 

LOG  (N.  S.).    See  Dolly. 

LOGGED  up.     Supported  by  trees,  props,  or  puncheons. 

LOOKING  (N.S.).  Examining  the  strata  which  is 
not  walled  up  in  a  sinking-pit. 

LONG  PAY  (S.  W.)    A  system  of  paying  wages. 
LOLLEY  (M.).     See  Locker. 

LONG  PILLAR  WORK.  A  system  of  working  coal 
seams  in  three  separate  operations.  First,  large  pillars, 
one  of  which  is  represented  by  the  square  a,  &,  ct  d, 
Fig.  90,  are  formed.  Secondly,  a  number  of  parallel 
headings  are  driven  through  the  block  ;  and,  lastly,  the 


160 


A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 


ribs  or  narrow  pillars  are  worked  away,  commencing  in 
the  middle  at  e  and  working  both  ways. 

Fig.  90. 


LONG-SHIFT  (S.).  From  say  6  A.M.  on  Sunday  till  6 
A.M.  on  Monday,  the  time  during  which  the  furnaceman 
and  horse-tender  has  to  be  underground  under  certain 
circumstances. 

LONG-TON.  A  weight  of  more  than  20  cwt.  In  canal 
trade  sometimes  25  or  more  cwt.  of  coals  are  allowed  to 
the  ton. 

LONGUES  TAILLES  (F.).     See  Long-wall. 

LONG-WALL.  A  system  of  working  coal  and  ironstone 
in  which  the  whole  of  the  seam  is  gotten  or  worked 
away,  and  no  pillars  left  in  excepting  the  shaft  pillars, 
and  sometimes  main  road  pillars,  the  goaves  being  more 
or  less  filled  up  to  prevent  large  accumulations  of  fire- 
damp. There  are  two  modes  of  working  under  the  long- 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC. 


161 


wall  plan.  No.  1,  to  work  outwards,  commencing  near 
the  shafts  and  taking  out  all  the  coal,  carrying  the 
roads  in  the  goaf*  by  pack  walls  ;  or,  secondly  (No.  2), 


Fig.  91. 


by  driving  out  the  main  roads  to  the  boundary  and  then 
Iringing  lack  the  faces  and  leaving  all  the  goaf  behind.* 
See  plan,  Fig.  91. 

*  In  the  Long-wall  system  the  weight  assists  greatly  in  extracting  the 
coal,  an  advantage  lost  by  other  systems  of  working.     See  Fig.  92, 

Fig.  92. 


showing  how  the  subsidence  of  the  roof  helps  to  break  down  the  coal 
at  the  face. 


162  A    GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

LONG-WEIGHT.     See  Long-ton. 

LONG-WORK.  1.  (Y.)  A  system  of  working  coal  some- 
what in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  17.* 

2.  (Lei.)  Ancient  plan  of  working  the  Main  coal  of 
Moira.  Each  stall  or  long-work  was  about  150  yards  in 
length  (usually  two  in  a  pit),  and  was  worked  by  about 
twenty  butties,  the  coal  being  got  on  the  gob-road 
system. 

LOOKING  (N.  S.).  Examining  the  un walled  sides  of 
a  sinking  pit. 

LOOPS.    See  D  links. 

LOOSE  !  or  LOOSE  ALL  !  (N.)     See  Kenner. 

LOOSE  END.  The  limit  of  a  stall  next  to  the  goaf, 
or  where  the  adjoining  stall  is  in  advance. 

LOOSE  NEEDLE.     See  Dialling. 

LOOSING  (S.  S.).  Lowering  a  cage,  &c.,  into  or  down 
a  shaft  or  pit. 

LORDSHIP  (S.).     Royalty  or  acreage  rent. 

LORRY  (Y.).  A  running  bridge  over  a  sinking  pit 
top  upon  which  the  bowk  is  placed  after  it  is  brought  up 
for  emptying. 

LOSE.  1.  To  work  a  seam  of  coal,  &c.,  up  to  where 
it  dies  out  or  is  faulted  out  of  sight.  This  is  called  losing 
the  coal. 

2.  To  be  unable  to  work  out  a  pillar  on  account  of 
thrust,  creep,  gob-fire,  &c. 

3.  A  pit-shaft  is  said  to  be  lost  when  it  has  run  in  or 
collapsed  beyond  recovery. 

LOUGHS  (L.).     Irregular  cavities  in  iron  mines. 
Low.  1.  (N.)     A  candle  or  other  naked  light  carried 
by  a  miner. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  163 

2.  (F.  D.)  Minor  channels  communicating  with 
horses,  are  termed  lows. 

Low  ROPE  (N.).    A  piece  of  rope  used  as  a  torch. 

LUM.  1.  (N.).  A  chimney  placed  on  the  top  of  an 
upcast  shaft  to  carry  off  the  smoke,  &c.,  and  to  increase 
the  ventilating  current. 

2.  (D.)  A  basin  or  natural  swamp  in  a  coal  seams 
often  running  several  hundred  yards  in  length. 

LUMBEKINGS  (D.).     Bumps  over  old  workings. 
LUMPS  (S.  S.).     Coal  of  largest  size  by  one. 

LURRY.  1.  (Y.)  A  tram  to  which  an  endless  rope  is 
attached,  fixed  at  the  iribye  end  of  the  plane,  forming 
part  of  an  appliance  for  taking  up  the  slack  rope.  See 
Fig.  93. 

Fig.  as. 


2.  A  movable  platform  on  wheels,  the  top  of  which 
is  made  on  a  level  with  the  lank  (1)  or  surface.  It  is 
run  over  the  mouth  of  a  pit-shaft  for  a  bowk  to  be  lowered 
down  upon  when  reaching  the  pit  top. 

LYE  (S.).     A  siding  for  tubs  in  a  mine. 

LYPES  (S.).  Irregularities  in  the  roof  indicating 
danger  from  falls. 


M  2 


164  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 


M. 

MACHINE.  A  weighbridge  or  weighing  machine  upon 
which  wagons,  trams,  carts,  &c.,  are  weighed,  either  with 
or  without  their  loads  of  coals,  &c. 

MACHINE-MAN.  One  who  weighs  coals,  &c.,  and 
keeps  an  account  of  the  number  of  tubs  sent  to  "bank  (1). 

MACHINE  WALL.  The  face  at  which  a  coal-cutting 
machine  works. 

MAIDEN  FIELD  or  GROUND.  A  coalfield,  &c.,  which 
has  not  been  tapped. 

MAIN  DOOR.     See  Bearing  Door. 

MAIN  BOARD-GATE  (Y.).  The  heading  which  is 
driven  to  the  rise  of  the  shaft.  It  is  usual  to  make  it 
larger  in  sectional  area  than  an  ordinary  board-gate. 
See  a,  Fig.  9  [Bank-work]. 

MAIN  ENGINE  (N.).  The  surface  pumping  engine, 
usually  of  the  Cornish  type. 

MAIN  KOAD.  The  principal  underground  way  in  a 
district  along  which  the  produce  of  the  mine  is  conveyed 
to  the  shafts,  generally  forming  the  main  intake  air 
course  of  each  district. 

MAIN  HOPE.  A  system  of  underground  haulage  in 
which  the  weight  of  the  empty  tubs  is  sufficient  to  draw 
the  rope  inbye. 

MAIN  SUIT  (B.).    A  heavy  spring  or  feeder  of  water. 

MAINTENAGE  (F.).  The  face  of  workings  in  rearing 
or  vertical  seams,  consisting  of  a  series  of  little  steps 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  165 

each  about  six  feet  in  height,  and  forming  the  working 
place  of  one  man. 

MAIN  SEPARATION  DOOR.    See  Bearing  Door. 

MAKE  GAS  (M.).  A  seam  of  coal  which  gives  off  fire- 
damp is  said  to  make  gas. 

MAKINGS  (N.).    The  slack  and  dirt  made  in  holing. 

MALM  (Som.).    Loam. 

MANAGER.  An  official  who  has  the  daily  control  and 
supervision  of  a  colliery  or  mine,  both  under  and  above 
ground.  He  usually  has  the  appointment  of  all  the 
sub-officials  employed  underground ;  has  the  setting  out 
and  superintendence  of  all  new  works ;  is  responsible  to 
the  Owner  or  Agent  for  carrying  out  the  requirements 
of  the  Act  of  Parliament,  &c.;  for  keeping  up  an  adequate 
amount  of  ventilation ;  for  having  the  plans,  books,  &c., 
made  and  kept  up  from  time  to  time  ;  and  for  the  general 
maintenance  of  order,  regularity,  and  efficiency  of  every- 
thing connected  with  the  getting  and  output  of  the  coal, 
&c.  He  must  hold  a  Certificate  of  Competency  or  of 
Service  from  the  Government. 

MAN  HOLE.  A  refuge  hole  constructed  in  the  side 
of  an  underground  engine  plane  or  horse  road,  placed 
20  yards  apart  on  engine  planes  and  50  yards  on  horse- 
ways. 

MAN  HUDGE  (G.).  A  kind  of  barrel  or  box  in  which 
men  ride  in  a  pit-shaft. 

MAN-O'-WAR  (S.  S.).  A  small  auxiliary  pillar  of  coal 
left  un worked  in  the  Thick  coal-seam  workings,  as  an 
additional  support,  or  having  some  special  service  in 
regard  to  faulty  coal,  &c. 


166  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

MAN  EOPE.  A  winding  rope  used  exclusively  for 
lowering  and  raising  men  and  animals  at  the  time  when 
tucklers  and  swinging  lont  were  used  and  cages  unknown. 
When  used,  the  coal-drawing  ropes  were  drawn  out  of 
the  way  up  against  the  shaft  sides,  and  the  man  rope 
was  then  swung  into  the  centre  of  the  pit,  having  its 
own  pulley  in  the  head  gear  fixed  between  the  other 
two.  A  separate  drum  (1)  was  employed  for  this  rope, 
put  into  gear  when  required. 

MAN  WAY  (Pa.).    A  lolthole  between  two  chutes. 

MARCH  (S.).    The  boundary  of  the  coal  or  colliery. 

MARCHING  (S.).    Boundary  workings. 

MARCH  PLACE  (S.).  A  heading  working  up  to  or 
alongside  the  march. 

MARK.  Word  applied  to  a  band  of  hemp,  &c., 
wrapped  round  a  winding  rope  to  indicate  to  the  engine- 
man  the  position  of  the  load  in  the  shaft. 

MARL.    Indurated  clay  or  shale,  sometimes  fire-clay. 

MARROW  (N.).    A  mate,  lutty,  or  partner. 

MARSH  GAS.  In  mining  language  synonymous  with 
fire-damp. 

MASSIFS  LONGS  (F.).    Pillars  in  long-wall  workings. 

MASTER  CHARGEMAN.  The  head  sinker  of  a  shift. 
He  prepares  and  fires  (2)  the  shots,  and  looks  after  the 
work  being  properly  done,  and  the  safety  of  the  pit  and 
men  under  him. 

MASTERS.  Colliers'  term  for  the  owners  of  the  works. 
A  pit  is  said  to  be  worked  by  the  masters  when  the  butty 
system  is  not  in  vogue.  Coals  cut  by  men  who  are  paid 
by  the  time  and  not  by  the  ton  or  score  are  called 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  167 

masters9  coals,  and  are  marked  or  chalked  in  a  particular 
way  in  the  pit  to  distinguish  them. 

MATCH.  Gunpowder  put  into  a  piece  of  paper 
several  inches  long,  and  used  as  effuse. 

MATHER  AND  PLATT'S  SYSTEM.  Boring  or  pro- 
specting for  coal,  &c.,  by  steam  machinery  with  a  flat 
hemp  rope  instead  of  rigid  rods.  The  cutters  or  boring- 
head  and  rope  are  raised  by  a  vertical  steam  cylinder, 
and  have  a  free  fall,  varying  in  height  from  2  feet 
6  inches  upwards.  The  weight  of  the  cutting  tools 
with  guide  bar  and  mechanism  for  rotating  the  same  is 
about  a  ton,  but  heavier  for  larger  holes.  Solid  cores, 
showing  the  dip  and  character  of  the  strata  bored 
through,  can  be  brought  to  surface,  and  holes  up  to 
2  and  3  feet  in  diameter  bored  to  a  great  depth. 

MAUL  (N.).     A  drivers  hammer. 

MAUNDKIL.  A  pick  with  two  shanks  and  points  used 
in  getting  coal,  &c. 

MAVIES  (N.).     Possibly,  perhaps. 

MEASURE  (Sh.  S.  S.).    A  bed  or  pin  of  ironstone. 

MEASURES.     Strata.     See  Ground. 

MEASURES  HEAD.  A  heading  or  drift  made  in  various 
strata.  See  Grut. 

MEEND  or  MEAND  (F.  D.).  Old  ironstone  workings 
at  the  outcrop,  some  of  which  were  worked  by  the 
Komans. 

MEET.  To  keep  pace  with :  e.  g.  to  keep  up  the 
supply  of  coals  at  the  pit  bottom  as  fast  as  the  winding 
engine  can  raise  them,  which  is  commonly  called 
meeting  the  turn. 


168  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

MEETING.  1.  A  siding  or  pass-by  on  underground 
roads. 

2.  The  point  in  the  shaft  at  which  the  cages  pass 
one  another  or  meet. 

MEND.  To  load  or  reload  trams  at  the  gate-ends  out 
of  smaller  trams  used  only  in  the  working  faces  in  thin 
seams. 

MENDITS  (F.).    See  Putters. 

MENU  (Belg.).    Slack. 

METAL  (N.).    Indurated  clay  or  shale.    See  Bind. 

METAL  DBIFT  (L.).  A  heading  driven  in  stone.  See 
Crut. 

METAL  MAN  (L.).  One  who  repairs  underground 
roads. 

METAL  EIDGES  (N.).  Pillars  forming  themselves  into 
supports  to  the  roof,  formed  by 
the  creep  in  the  boards.    See 
Fig.  94. 

METALS.  1.  (Ch.)  Marl  beds 
more  or  less  indurated. 


2.  (S.)  Coal  seams,  or  mines   -^^ 
of  coal,  &c. 

METAL  STONE  (N.).  Sandstone  and  shale  mixed. 
METAL  TUBBING.    See  Tubbing. 
MIDDLING  (L.). 

MIDGES  (N.).  Lamps  (not  safety)  carried  by  putters 
&c. 

MID-WORKINGS  (S.).  Workings  with  other  workings 
above  and  below  in  the  same  mine  (3)  or  colliery. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  169 

MINE.  1.  Ironstone,  either  in  thin  bands,  or  in  one 
bed  several  inches  in  thickness. 

2.  A  seam  of  coal. 

3.  A  coal-pit  or  colliery,  or  a  pit  or  place  where  iron- 
stone,   clay,  shale,  rock-salt,  stone,  &c.,  are  worked  or 
mined. 

4.  (S.)     A  cross-measures  drift  or  incline  communi- 
cating with  two  or  more  seams  of  coal,  &c. 

5.  (S.)    A  trial  heading  to  prove  minerals,  &c. 

MINE  EAETH  (N.  S.).  Synonymous  with  ironstone  in 
beds :  a  term  used  as  much  as  200  years  ago. 

MINE  GROUND.  Strata  containing  ironstone  in 
layers. 

MINE  MEASURES  (F.  D.).     See  Mine  ground. 
MINERS'  COAL  TON.    In  Wales,  21  cwts.  of  120  Ibs. 
each. 

MINE  WORK.    An  ironstone  mine  (3)  or  workings. 
MINGE  or  MINGY  COAL.    Coal  of  a  tender  nature. 

MINGLES  (S.).  The  vertical  timbers  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  pulley  frame,  on  the  top  of  which  the  pulleys 
are  fixed. 

MINIMUM  KENT.  The  certain,  dead,  or  fixed  rent 
payable  by  the  Lessee  of  a  colliery,  &c.,  each  half-year, 
whether  he  shall  have  worked  or  disposed  of  any 
minerals  or  not  during  that  period.  The  amount  pay- 
able during  the  sinking  of  the  shafts  and  opening  out 
the  underground  workings  is  usually  less  than  when  the 
mine  has  become  fully  developed. 

MISTRESS  (N.).  A  wooden  or  tin  box,  having  the 
front  open,  in  which  a  candle  is  carried  in  a  pit. 


170  A   GLOSSAEY  OF   TERMS 

MIZEB.  The  chief  tool  used  in  certain  systems  of 
sinking  the  cylinders  of  small  shafts  through  water- 
bearing strata,  to  remove  the  ground  from  beneath  them. 
It  consists  of  an  iron  cylinder,  varying  in  diameter  from 
1  foot  6  inches  to  6  feet,  with  an  opening  on  the  side 
and  a  cutting  lip,  and  which  is  attached  by  a  box-joint 
to  a  set  of  boring  rods,  and  turned  from  above. 

HOBBIES  (S.  S.). 

MONITOR  (U.  S.  A.).    See  Gunboat. 

MONKEY  (Lei.).  An  iron  catch  or  scotch  (1)  fixed  in 
the  floor  of  a  way. 

MONKEY  GANGWAY  (Pa.).  An  air  course  driven 
parallel  with  a  gangway  and  heading  at  a  higher  level, 
and  generally  in  the  top-rock  or  roof,  and  connected 
with  them  by  cross  cuts. 

MORTS  TERRAINS  (F.).  Barren  or  dead  ground.  The 
water-bearing  strata  overlying  the  coal  measures. 

MOSH  (Lei.).  Synonymous  with  smash.  Coal  which 
is  very  nesh  or  tender  is  liable  to  mosTi  down,  or  break 
up  into  slack,  if  roughly  handled,  conveyed  long 
distances,  or  allowed  to  stand  exposed  to  the  weather 
for  a  considerable  time.  A  collier's  term  only. 

Moss  Box.  A  cast  iron  annular  open-topped  box  or 
ring,  placed  in  watertight  ground  for  making  a  water- 
tight seat  or  bed  for  the  tubbing  of  a  Kind-Chaudron 
system  sinking  pit.  The  box  is  filled  with  dry  moss 
and  is  lowered  into  the  pit  with,  or  suspended  from,  the 
tubbing,  the  pressure  of  which,  as  it  settles  down,  causes 
compression  of  the  moss  to  the  perfect  exclusion  of 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  171 

water  from    behind.     It   is   practically   an   enormous 
stuffing-box,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  a  wedging  crib. 

MOTE  or  MOAT.  A  straw  filled  with  gunpowder  for 
igniting  a  shot. 

MOTHEK  OF  COAL.    Sooty  coal. 

MOTHERGATE  (N.).  A  road  in  the  workings  to  be 
eventually  converted  into  a  main  road. 

MOTIVE  COLUMN.  The  length  of  column  of  air  in 
the  downcast  shaft  which  would  be  equal  in  weight  to 
the  difference  of  the  weight  of  the  air  in  downcast  and 
upcast  shafts.  The  power  obtained  by  furnace  ventila- 
tion is  measured  by  the  difference  between  the  weight 
of  the  air  in  the  two  shafts.  To  find  the  motive  column 
the  following  formula  is  given  :  — 


M  =  Motive  column. 

T=  Temperature  of  upcast. 

t=  Temperature  of  downcast. 

D  =  Depth  of  downcast. 

MOTTY  (Y.).    See  Tally. 

MOUTH.     The  top  of  a  pit-shaft  at  the  surface. 

MOUTHING  (S.  S.).    See  Inset. 

MOVE  (N.  W.).  A  roof  which  is  just  about  to  fall  or 
weight. 

MUCK  (Y.).    See  Dirt. 

MUESELER  LAMP.  A  safety  lamp  brought  out  and 
exclusively  used  in  the  collieries  of  Belgium.  It  is 
considered  the  safest  lamp  of  all  the  many  different 
forms  hitherto  constructed.  Its  chief  features  consist 


172  *A  GLOSSARY  OP  TERMS 

in  the  horizontal  gauze  and  conical  metallic  chimney 
with  which  it  is  fitted,  making  it  very  sensitive  to  fire- 
damp, self-extinguishing  in  an  explosive  mixture  or  when 
not  placed  perfectly  upright,  and  is  a 
lamp    which    will    withstand    a    con- 
siderable current  of  air  or  explosive 
mixture  without  going  out  or  causing 
the  flame  to  pass  through  the  gauze 
and  thereby  cause  an  explosion. 

MULNIELLO  (It.).  A  kind  of  quarry 
or  place  in  a  coal  mine  where  stone 
and  debris  are  obtained  for  the  purpose 
of  stowing  or  filling  up  goaves. 

MUSH  [rhyming  with  push]  (Lei.). 
Soft,  sooty,  dirty,  earthy  coal,  &c. 

MUSHY  COAL  (Lei.).  Where  a  sooty 
substance  pervades  coal,  or  where  it  is 
crushed. 

MUSSEL  BAND.  A  bed  of  clay  ironstone  containing 
fossil  bivalve  shells,  anthraeosia,  &c. 

MUTHUNG  (Pr.).  A  concession  of  mines  from  the 
State,  generally  about  612  acres,  described  in  plan  by 
straight  lines  and  in  depth  by  vertical  planes. 


N. 
NAGER  (B.).    A  drill  for  boring  holes  for  shots. 

NAKED  LIGHT.    A  candle  or  any  form  of  lamp  which 
is  not  a  safety  lamp. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


173 


NANNIES  (Y.).    Natural  joints,  cracks,  or  slips  (2)  in 
the  coal  measures.     See  Cleat  (1). 
NAPPES  (Belg.).    Water-bearing  strata. 

NARROWS  (N.).  Galleries  or  roadways  driven  at  right 
angles  to  drifts  (4),  and  not  quite  so  large  in  area. 

NARROW  WORK.  1.  (Pa.)  Headings,  chutes,  cross-cuts, 
gangways,  &c.,  or  the  workings  previous  to  the  removal 
of  the  pillars. 

2.  A  working-place  in  coal  only  a  few  yards  in  width. 

3.  See  Deadwork. 

4.  A  system  of  working  coal  in  Yorkshire.   See  plan, 


Fig.  96. 


Fig.  96. 


NATTLE  (N.).    See  Fissle. 

NATURAL  VENTILATION.  Ventilating  a  mine  without 
either  furnace  or  other  artificial  means ;  the  heat  im- 
parted to  the  air  by  the  strata,  men,  animals,  and 
lights  in  the  mine,  causing  it  to  flow  in  one  direction, 
or  towards  the  deepest  shaft. 

NEEDLE.     A  sharp-pointed  copper  or  brass  rod  with 


174:  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

which  a  small  hole  is  made  through  the  stemming  to 
the  cartridge  in  blasting  operations. 

NESH.     Friable,  soft,  crumbly,  powdery,  dusty. 

NEST-WEISE  (F.  D.).  Iron  ore  which  occurs  in  pockets 
is  said  to  lie  Nest-weise. 

NETHER  COAL  (M.).  The  lower  division  of  a  thick 
seam  of  coal. 

NICK  (N.).     To  cut  or  shear  coal  after  holing. 

NIGHT  SHIFT.  The  set  of  men  who  work  during 
the  night. 

NIGHT  WATCH  (Lei.).  A  trusty  old  collier  who  keeps 
guard  on  the  surface  during  the  night. 

NIP.  1.  (S.  W.)  A  kind  of  fault,  the  roof  and  floor 
coming  nearly  together. 

2.  To  cut  grooves  at  the  ends  of  "bars,  to  make  them 
fit  more  evenly. 

NIPPING-FORK.  A  tool  formed  something  like  a 
spanner,  for  supporting  or  hanging  boring-rods  at  the 
surface  during  the  screwing  on  and  off  of  the  rods. 
See  Key. 

NIPPLE  (M.).  See  Fissle.  A  word  used  to  express 
the  crepitant  noises  made  by  the  settling  down  or 
weighting  of  the  roof. 

NITCH  WHEELS  (S.  S.).  Drums  or  pirns  upon  which 
the  wood-chain  winding  bands  coil. 

NOG.     See  Cog  and  Chock. 

NON-SEAT  (M.).    See  D  Link 

NOOK  (N.).     A  corner  of  a  pillar  of  coal. 

NOOPER  (Lei.).     A  Dresser,  which  see. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  175 

NORTH  END  (Y.).  The  rise  side  of  the  coal  in  North 
Yorkshire. 

NOSE  IN.  A  stratum  is  said  to  nose  in  when  it  dtps 
beneath  the  ground  or  into  a  hill-side  in  a  V  or  nose 
form. 

NOSE  OUT.     A  nose-shape  stratum  cropping  out. 

NOTCH  STICKS  (F.  D.).  Short  pieces  of  stick  notched 
or  nicked,  used  by  miners  as  records  of  the  number  of 
tubs  of  coal,  &c.,  they  send  out  of  the  pit  during  the  day. 

NUBBER  (M.).  A  block  of  wood  about  twelve  inches 
square,  for  throwing  tubs  off  the  road  in  case  the 
couplings  or  ropes  break.  A  boy  places  it  between  the 
rails  as  soon  as  the  full  train  has  passed  oufbye. 

NUTS.  Small  lumps  of  coal  which  will  pass  through 
a  screen  the  bars  of  which  vary  in  width  apart  between 
J  inch  and  2J  inches. 

o. 

OBERBERGAMT  (Pr.).  A  board  or  council  consisting 
of  six  or  seven  members,  which  sanctions  colliery  rules, 
prescribes  as  to  the  duties  of  inspectors,  fiery  mines, 
safety  lamps,  &c.  The  State  has  appointed  five  mining 
boards,  or  Olerbergdmter. 

OBERSTEIGER  (Pr.).  An  underground  overman,  who 
acts  under  the  guidance  of  the  Betriebsfuhrer,  or 
manager. 

OCEAN  COAL  (C.).  Coal-seams  lying  beneath  the  sea. 

OCHRE.     See  Canker. 

ODD-KNOBBING  (S.  S.).  Breaking  off  the  coal  from 
the  sides  in  the  Thick-coal  workings. 


176  A  GLOSSAET   OF   TERMS 

ODD  MAN.  One  who  works  by  time  at  sundry  jobs 
in  the  mine. 

ODD  WORK.  Work  other  than  that  done  by  con- 
tract, such  as  repairing  roads,  constructing  stoppings, 
dams,  &c. 

OFF  (N.).     Worked  out,  gotten,  wrought. 

OFF-GATES  (N.).  Goaf  roadways  in  long-wall  work- 
ings about  120  yards  apart. 

OFF-TAKE.  1.  The  raised  portion  of  an  upcast  shaft 
above  the  surface,  for  carrying  off  smoke  and  steam, 
&c.,  produced  by  the  furnaces  and  engines  underground. 

2.  The  length  of  boring-rods  unscrewed  and  taken  off 
at  the  top  of  the  lore-hole  (1),  depending  upon  the 
height  of  the  head-gear  and  depth  of  the  staple,  or  well. 

OFF-TAKE  KODS.  Auxiliary  wooden  rods  at  the  top 
and  bottom  of  a  winding-shaft,  by  means  of  which  the 
cages  are  guided  and  steadied  during  decking. 

OIL-SHALE.  Shale  containing  such  a  proportion  of 
hydrocarbons  as  to  be  capable  of  yielding  mineral  oil 
on  slow  distillation.  Occurs  in  layers  or  seams  inter- 
stratified  with  other  aqueous  deposits,  as  in  the  Scottish 
coal-fields.  It  consists  of  fissile  argillaceous  layers, 
highly  impregnated  with  bituminous  matter,  passing 
on  one  side  into  common  shale,  on  the  other  into  cannel 
or  parrot  coal.  The  richer  varieties  yield  from  30  to 
40  gallons  of  crude  oil  to  the  ton  of  shale. 

OLD  MEN.  The  former  workers  of  a  mine.  The 
workings  left  by  them  are  called  old  men's  workings,  or, 
as  in  Derbyshire,  The  old  man. 

ON-COST  (S.).  Dead  work  expenses,  being  costs  in- 
curred at  a  mine,  whether  minerals  are  raised  or  not. 


USED  IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  177 

ONE  WAY  (S.  S.).    A  particular  class  of  house  coaL 

ON-SETTEB.  See  Bottomer.  Also  the  man  who  changes 
the  tubs  in  the  cages  at  bank  (2). 

ON-SETTING  MACHINE.  A  mechanical  apparatus  fixed 
at  the  top  and  at  the  bottom  (or  only  at  the  surface)  of 
a  pit-shaft,  on  a  level  with  the  cages,  for  loading  them 
with  the  full  tubs,  and  discharging  the  empties,  or  vice 
versa,  at  one  operation,  thus  effecting  a  great  saving  of 
time  and  manual  labour.  There  are  several  machines 
for  performing  this  important  operation,  viz.,  Fowler's 
hydraulic  apparatus,  by  which  cages  having  three  or 
four  decks  can  be  loaded  and  unloaded  in  a  few  seconds 
without  moving  the  winding -engine  or  decking,  as  it  is 
called,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word.  Another 
machine  takes  the  form  of  an  inclined  framework, 
carrying  the  tubs,  which  the  cage  actuates  on  being 
lowered  on  to  the  props  or  keeps.  A  third  is  worked  by 
a  small  steam  cylinder,  which  tilts  a  platform  carrying 
the  trams,  thus  causing  them  to  run  forward  on  to  the 
caqe.  A  fourth  consists  in  withdrawing  the  full  trams 

V  O 

from  the  cages  by  means  of  a  light  rod  and  a  chain 
worked  by  a  small  steam-engine  fixed  near  the  top  of 
the  screens,  which  are  directly  opposite  the  pit-top, 
thereby  avoiding  almost  all  the  heavy  work  of  pushing 
heavily  loaded  trams  about  on  surface,  which  occasion- 
ally carry  25  cwt.  of  coals,  the  tram  being  9  cwt. 

ON  THE  KUN  (Pa.).  The  ability  to  work  a  seam  of 
coal  which  has  sufficient  inclination  to  cause  the  coal, 
as  worked  away  towards  the  rise,  to  fall  by  gravity  to 
the  gangways  for  loading  up  into  cars,  is  called  working 
coal  on  the  run. 

N 


178  A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TERMS 

OPEN  BOTTOM.  The  bottom  of  a  sinking-pit  open 
directly  to  the  atmosphere  or  surface. 

OPEN-CAST  WORKING  (S.).  A  coal-working  having 
no  roof.  See  Open  Hole. 

OPEN  HOLE.  Coal  or  other  mine  workings  at  the 
surface  or  outcrop,  sometimes  carried  to  a  depth  of  50 
or  60  feet,  forming  a  kind  of  quarry.  See  Bench  Work- 
ing (Fig.  15). 

OPENINGS.  1.  Short  "heads  (1)  driven  at  certain  in- 
tervals between  two  or  more  parallel  heads  or  levels  for 
ventilation.  As  each  opening  is  cut,  the  last  one  is 
built  up  with  bricks  and  mortar,  to  drive  the  air-current 
forward  to  the  face  (1)  of  working. 

2.  (N.)     Backs  (1). 

OPEN  LIGHT.     See  Naked  Light. 

OPEN  OFF.  To  commence  the  working  away  of  a 
seam  of  coal,  &c.,  upon  the  long-wall  system  from  the 
shaft  pillar,  or  it  may  be  the  far  end  of  the  royalty  (1), 
or  from  any  headings  previously  driven  out  for  the 
purpose  of  commencing  such  system,  or  a  modification 
thereof. 

OPEN  OUT.  To  drive  headings  out,  or  commence 
working  in  the  coal,  &c.,  after  sinking  the  shafts. 

OPEN  EOCK.  Any  stratum  capable  of  holding  much 
water,  or  conveying  it  along  its  bed  by  virtue  of  its 
porous  or  open  character. 

OPEN  SHELL-AUGER.  A  coal-boring  tool  for  extract- 
ing clay  and  other  debris  from  the  hole :  it  has  no  valve 
at  the  lower  end. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  179 

OPEN-TOP  TUBBING.  A  length  of  tubbing  having  no 
wedging-crib  oil  the  top  of  it. 

OPEN  WORKINGS.     Workings  carried  on  by  open  hole. 

OUTBREAK  COAL.  An  old  term  for  outcrop  of  a  coal 
seam. 

OUTBURST.  1.  (N.)    A  Slower. 

2.  See  Crop. 

OUTBYE.     In  the  direction  of  the  pit  bottom. 

OUT-CROP.  1.  The  surface-edge  of  any  inclined 
stratum. 

2.  To  incline  upwards,  so  as  to  appear  at  the  surface. 

OUT-DOOK  STROKE.  That  stroke  of  a  Cornish  pump- 
ing-engine  by  which  the  water  is  forced  upwards  by  the 
weight  of  the  descending  pump-rods,  &c. 

OUT-FALL.    A  seam  cropping  out  at  a  lower  level. 
OUT-OVER.     See  Outbye. 

OUT-PUT.  •  The  quantity  of  coal,  &c.,  raised  during 
a  certain  period — for  instance,  6000  tons  per  week. 

OUT-SET.  1.  (N.)  The  walling  of  shafts  built  up 
above  the  original  ground-level. 

2.  A  brick  or  stone  shaft  walling  built  up  within 
tubbing. 

OUT-STROKE.  The  privilege  of  breaking  a  barrier, 
and  working  and  conveying  underground  the  coal  from 
an  adjoining  royalty. 

OUTSTROKE  BENT.  Payment  made  for  the  privilege 
of  working  through  a  barrier,  &c.,  and  conveying  the 
produce  of  the  mine  from  an  adjoining  property. 

OVERBURDEN.  Cover  in  open  workings.     See  Baring. 

N  2 


180  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

OVERCAST.    See  Air-crossing. 
OVER-CROSSING.     See  Air-crossing. 
OVERGATE.     See  Air-crossing. 

OVERGETTINGS.  Minerals  worked  and  sold  from  a 
royalty  in  excess  of  the  certain  quantity  upon  which  a 
rent  or  royalty  at  per  acre  is  paid. 

OVERHAND  STOPING.  A  system  of  working  thick 
seams  of  coal  in  Germany.  The  upper  divisions  are 
wrought  first  and  then  the  lower.  The  word  stoping  is 
one  having  special  reference  to  metalliferous  mining, 
and  not  to  coal. 

OVERLAP  FAULT.  A  peculiar  kind  of  fault  where  a 
seam  is  reversed  or  doubled  back  over  itself.  See 
Fig.  70  (5). 

OVERLIE  (Sorn.).  The  Triassic  or  other  later  for- 
mation of  strata  overlying  the  coal  measures. 

OVERLYING.  Eock  beds  having  no  true  connection 
with  the  coal  measures,  but  which  have  been  deposited 
at  a  subsequent  date :  e.  g.,  some  of  the  traps  of  the 
South  Staffordshire  and  Shropshire  coal-fields. 

OVERMAN,  also  OVERSMAN.  One  who  has  charge  of 
the  workings  whilst  the  men  are  in  the  pit.  He  gets 
his  orders  from  the  underviewer. 

OVER-ROPE.  The  winding  rope  which  passes  from 
the  pulley  over  the  top  of  the  drum  (1). 

OVERTHROW.    1.   (Pa.)     Wooden  air  pipes  for  con- 
necting headings  for  ventilation. 
2.  (Y.)  See  Air-crossing. 

OVER-VENTILATION.     Too  much  air  in  the  workings. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  181 

OVER- WIND.     To  draw  ^a  cage  or  bowk  up  into  the 
deadstocks. 
OXTER  (S.). 

P. 

PACK.  A  rough  wall  or  block  of  coal  or  stone  built 
up  to  support  the  roof.    Fig.  97. 

PACK  BUILDER.    One  who  builds  packs. 
PACKER.     A  man  who  builds  or  constructs  packs. 

Fig.  97. 


JtoacL 


PACK  WALL.  A  wall  of  stone  or  rubbish  built  on 
either  side  a  gate  road,  to  carry  the  roof  and  keep  the 
sides  up.  See  Fig.  97. 

PADDY  (Y.).  An  open  or  non-safety  lamp  carried 
by  men  and  lads  in  the  mines. 

PADDY  PAN  (Lei.).  Skeps  formerly  used  in  swinging 
lont. 

PAIR  OF  GEARS  (N.).     See  Gears. 

PAIR  OF  TIMBERS  (S.  W.).    See  Gears. 

PAIRS  (S.  S.).  Two  pit-shafts  sunk  to  the  Thick 
coal  seam  about  100  yards  apart. 

PAN.  1.  (Som.)  Fire  or  underclay  of  the  Kadstock 
coal  seams. 


182 


A   GLOSSAKY  OF   TERMS 


Fig.  98. 

fULJLJUUUUI 

banaaanL 


2.  (M.)  Sheet-iron  vessels  holding,  say,  J-cwt.,  into 
which  fillers  rake  the  small. 

PANE  (S.  S.).  A  lift  (3)  or  stint  of  coal  measuring 
2  feet  6  inches  high,  6  feet  in  width,  and  6  feet  under 
or  forward. 

PANEL.  A  large  rectangular  block  or  pillar  of  coal, 
measuring,  say,  130  by  100  yards. 

PANEL  WORKING.  A  system  of  working  coal  seams 
which  came  into  use 
about  1810  in  the  North 
of  England.  See  Fig.  98. 
The  colliery  is  divided 
up  into  large  squares  or 
panels,  isolated  or  sur- 
rounded by  solid  ribs  of 
coal,  in  each  of  which  a 
separate  set  of  boards  and 
pillars  is  worked,  and  the 
ventilation  is  kept  dis- 
tinct— that  is,  every  panel 


nnnnnnrii 

has   its  own  intake  and 

return,  the  air  of  one  not  passing  into  the  adjoining  one, 

but  being  carried  direct  to  the  upcast  shaft. 

PAPER  COAL.  Finely  laminated  coal  of  the  Tertiary 
era,  resembling  highly  compressed  leaves. 

PARACHUTE.  1.  K  thin  leather  washer  placed 
between  two  stops  on  the  lower  end  of  boring-rods, 
to  break  the  fall  of  the  rods  in  case  they  are  acciden- 
tally dropped  or  break,  by  preventing  the  water  in  the 
borehole  getting  past  it  beyond  a  certain  velocity.  It 
acts  as  a  kind  of  cushion  or  brake. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  183 

2.  (F.)  A  safety  cage  fitted  up  with  an  ingenious 
arrangement  by  which,  on  the  breaking  of  the  winding- 
rope,  a  wedge  is,  by  the  action  of  springs,  inserted 
between  the  wooden  guides  and  a  part  of  the  cage,  so 
as  to  bring  the  latter  immediately  to  a  standstill. 

PARCEL  (S.  S.).  An  old  term  for  a  ton ;  really  27  cwts. 

PARROT  COAL  (S.,  N.).  A  description  of  cannel  coal, 
so  called  because  when  on  the  fire  it  splits  and  cracks 
up  with  a  chattering  noise,  like  a  parrot  talking. 

PART  CANDLES.  The  use  of  candles  as  well  as 
safety  lamps  in  a  mine. 

PARTING.  1.  (S.  W.)  The  double  roads  (2)  laid  in 
an  inset  or  pit-bottom  arching. 

2.  Any  thin  interstratified  bed  of  earthy  material. 

PASS-BY.  A  siding  in  which  tubs  pass  one  another 
underground.  In  Fig.  99  is  shown  a  plan  of  a  pass- 
by  as  sometimes  constructed  upon  a  self-acting  inclined 
plane. 

Fig.  99. 


^ 

PASS-PIPE.  An  iron  pipe  connecting  the  water  at 
the  back  of  one  set  of  tubbing  with  that  of  another,  or  a 
pipe  only  in  communication  with  one  tub,  and  open 
to  the  interior  of  the  shaft. 

PATCHING  (S.  W.).  Workings  carried  on  at  the 
outcrop  or  by  open  hole,  their  depth  and  extent  being 
limited  by  the  quantity  of  water  met  with  and  the 
amount  of  baring  required. 


181  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

PATCHWORK  (D.).    Synonymous  with  Patching. 

PATENT  FUEL.  Small  coal,  with  an  admixture  of 
from  8  to  10  per  cent,  of  pitch  or  tar,  compressed  by 
machinery  into  bricks  or  blocks  of  a  convenient  size  for 
use  in  the  furnaces  of  boilers,  &c. 

PAVEMENT.  1.  (S.)     The  floor  of  a  mine. 
2.  (S.)     A  kind  of  fireclay,  cluncli,  &c. 

PAY.  The  day  upon  which,  or  the  place  where,  wages 
are  made  up  or  paid.  Going  to  draw  wages  is  called 
"  going  to  the  pay.'9 

-  PEACOCK  COAL  (L.).     Iridescent  coal. 

PEAT  COAL.  A  soft  earthy  variety  of  coal,  of 
Secondary  or  Tertiary  era. 

PEAS.     Small  coals  about  J-inch  or  f-inch  cube. 
PECK.    See  Pick 

PECKING  UP  (S.  S.).  Elevating  or  propping  up  with 
rough  stones,  bricks,  rubbish,  &c. 

PEGGY  (Y.).     Synonymous  with  pick,  which  see. 
PEGS  (F.  D.).    See  Notchsticks. 

PELDON  (S.  S.).  Hard  and  compact  siliceous  rock. 
See  Cank. 

PELDRIN  (N.  S.). 

PENITENT  (F.).  A  fireman  who,  in  early  coal  mining 
days,  was  employed  to  explode  (purposely,  in  order  to 
get  rid  of  it)  the  fire-damp.  So  called  on  account  of  the 
resemblance  of  his  dress  to  that  of  certain  religious 
orders  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

PENNYSTONES.    Bands  of  clay  ironstone. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC. 


185 


PENTHOUSE  or  PENTHUS.  A  wooden  hut  or  covering 
for  the  protection  of  sinkers  in  a  pit  bottom. 

PFEILERBAU  (Pr.).    See  Board  and  Pillar. 

PICK.  1.  A  tool  for  cutting  and  holing  coal,  gene- 
rally weighing  about  5  Ibs.  Fig.  100  shows  several  kinds. 


Fig.  100. 


2.  To  dress  with  a  pick  the  sides  of  a  shaft  or  other 
excavation. 

3.  To  remove  shale,  dirt,  &c.,  from  coals. 
PICK  AWAY  (M.).     To  dip  rapidly. 
PICKED  BEAT  (D.). 

PICKEE.  1.  A  sharp-pointed  cutting  tool  used  as  an 
accessory  to  a  mizer.  It  is  fixed  upon  the  same  rods 
and  above  the  mizer,  and  indicates  the  exact  position 
of  the  latter  when  in  operation. 

2.  (S.)     See  Pricker  (3). 

PICKMAN  (S.  S.).    See  Hewer. 


188 


A  GLOSSAKY  OF   TERMS 


Fig.  101. 


PICK-UP  (M.).     To  reduce  the  stock,  which  see. 

PICK-UPS  (M.).     See  Tipper. 

PICKWORK.     Cutting  coal  with  a  pick     Heading  is 
chiefly  done  by  it. 

PIECE  (S.).     See  Bait. 

PIER-STONE  (S.).   A  very 
hard  variety  of  freestone. 

PIKE.     See  Pick  (1). 

PIKEMAN.     See  Hewer. 

PILING.  Driving  down 
into  quick  ground  iron-shod 
3-inch  battens  of  12  feet  or 
14  feet  in  length,  supported 
by  curbs,  and  forming  a 
circle  larger  than  the  ulti 
mate  size  of  the  shaft  when  <r  q>  Quick  ground, 
walled  up  within.  Fig.  101. 

PILLAR.     A  solid  block  of  coal,  &c.,  varying  in  area 
from  a  few  square  yards  to  several  acres. 

PILLAR  AND  STALL.  A  system  of  working  coal  and 
other  minerals  where  the  first  stage 
of  excavation  is  accomplished  with 
the  roof  sustained  by  coal,  &c. 
Fig.  102  shows  in  plan  one  of  the 
many  various  modes  of  working  in 
this  manner. 

PILLARING    BACK    (N.  S.).     See 
Drifting  Sack. 

PILLAR  MAN  (I.).     A  man  who  builds  stone  packs  in 
the  workings. 


Solid 


Fig.  102. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  187 

PILLAR  KOADS.  Working-roads  or  inclines  in  pillars 
having  a  range  of  long-wall  faces  on  either  side. 

PILLAR  WORKING.  Working  coal  on  much  the  same 
plans  as  Long-pillar  and  Pillar  and  Stall  systems. 

PIMPLEY  (Sh.).  Bind  (1)  containing  ironstone  nodules. 

PINCH.  A  kind  of  crowbar  used  for  breaking  down 
coal,  &c. 

PIN-CRACKS  (Lei.).  Small  fissures  in  coal  seams 
filled  with  water  and  gas. 

PINDY  (I.).  See  Kelve.  A  term  used  in  the  South  of 
Ireland. 

PINNINGS  (N.  S.).     Bratticing  in  headings. 

PINS.     Thin  beds  of  ironstone  of  the  coal  measures. 

PIPED  AIR.  Ventilation  carried  into  the  working 
places  in  pipes.  See  Brattice. 

PIPER  (L.).     A  feeder  of  gas. 

PIPES.     See  Coal  Pipes. 

PIRNS  (S.).     Flat-rope  winding  (1)  drums  (1). 

PIT.     1.  A  colliery,  a  pit-shaft,  a  shallow  hole,  &c. 
2.  The  workings,  inclusive  of  all  roads,  &c.,  situated 
underground. 

PIT  BANK.  The  raised  ground  or  platforms  upon 
which  the  coals  are  sorted  and  screened  at  surface. 

PIT  BARRING  (S.).  Timbers  supporting  the  sides  of 
a  shaft. 

PIT  BOTTOM.  The  inset  and  underground  roads, 
&c.,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  shafts. 

PIT-BOTTOM  STOOP    (S.).     A  large  solid  block  or 


188  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

pillar  of  mines  left  ungotten  around  and  in  support  of 
the  pit-shafts. 

PIT  BROW  (L.).     See  Pit  Bank 

PITCH.     Dip  or  rise  of  a  seam. 

PITCHER  BRASSES  (Sh.).     Indurated  schistose  clay. 

PITCHERS  (N.).  Loaders  in  the  pit  (2),  and  men  who 
take  up  and  relay  the  rails  in  the  workings  and  long-wall 
faces. 

PIT  COAL.  Generally  signifies  the  bituminous 
varieties  of  coal. 

PIT-EYE.     Pit  bottom,  or  the  entrance  into  a  shaft. 

PIT-GATE  (Y.).  Any  place  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  a  colliery  at  which  colliers  hold 
meetings  of  their  own  in  reference  to  wages,  &c. 

PIT-HEAD  MAN.  The  banksman  who  has  charge  of 
the  pit-top. 

PIT  HEAP.     See  Heapstead. 
PIT  HILL.    See  Pit  Bank. 
PIT  Loa  (S.  S.). 

PITMAN.  A  collier  (1) ;  also  one  who  looks  after 
pumps,  &c. 

PIT-PROP.  A  piece  of  fir  timber,  being  part  of  the 
stem  of  a  tree,  varying  in  length  according  to  the 
height  of  the  workings,  and  about  one  inch  in  diameter 
for  every  foot  in  length  :  used  as  a  temporary  support 
for  the  roof. 

PIT  BAILS.  Iron  or  steel  railway  rails  upon  which 
trams  or  tubs  ran  in  a  mine. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  189 

PIT-ROOM.  The  extent  of  the  underground  workings 
in  use  or  available  for  use. 

PIT  KOPE.     Winding  rope. 

PITS  (S.  W.).  Long  open-air  fires  for  converting 
coal  into  rude  coke  for  blast-furnace  purposes. 

PIT-SHAFT.    See  Shaft. 

PITTER.  A  horse  or  pony  suitable  for  underground 
work. 

PIT-TIP.  A  bank  or  heap  upon  which  rubbish  out  of 
the  mine  is  tipped. 

PIT-TOP.     The  mouth  of  a  pit-shaft. 

PIT  WOOD.  The  timber  used  for  propping  the 
roof,  &c. 

PIT  WORK.  The  whole  system  of  pumps  and  pump- 
rods,  &c.,  in  a  pumping  or  engine-pit. 

PLACE.  1.  A  working  place,  or  a  point  at  which  the 
cutting  of  coal,  &c.,  is  being  carried  on. 

2.  A  kind  of  cabin  in  which  tools,  &c.,  are  kept  in 
the  mine,  and  in  which  a  deputy  gets  his  bait  or  snap. 

PLAX.  1.  The  system  upon  which  a  mine  is  worked, 
e.  g.  long-wall 

2.  A  map  or  plan  of  the  underground  workings, 
which  in  Great  Britain  must  be  drawn  to  a  scale  of  not 
less  than  44  yards  to  an  inch,  and  must  show  the  whole 
of  the  workings,  accurately  marked  thereon,  at  least 
every  six  months.  The  term  plan  also  includes  a 
section  of  the  mines  and  of  the  underground  works. 

PLANE.  A  main  road,  either  level  or  inclined,  along 
which  coals,  &c.,  are  conveyed  by  engine-power  or  by 
gravity. 


190  A  GLOSSAEY  OF   TERMS 

PLANE  BACKS  (S.).    See  Back  (1). 

PLANK  (S.  W.).     Strata  drained  of  gas. 

PLANK  DAM.  A  watertight  stopping  fixed  in  a  head- 
ing, constructed  of  balks  of  fir  placed  across  the  passage, 
one  upon  another,  sideways,  and  tightly  wedged. 

PLANK  TUBBING.  Shaft  lining  of  wooden  planks 
driven  down  vertically  behind  wooden  cribs  all  round 
the  shaft,  all  joints  being  tightly  wedged  to  keep  back 
the  water.  See  Fig.  101. 

PLANT.  The  shafts,  engine-houses,  railways,  ma- 
chinery, workshops,  &c.,  of  a  colliery  or  other  mine. 

PLASTER  (D.,  N.S.,  &c.).  Gypsum.  A  fine  granular 
to  compact,  sometimes  fibrous  or  sparry  aggregate  of 
the  mineral  gypsum.  Normally  white,  but  may  be 
coloured  grey,  brown,  yellow,  or  red.  It  occurs  in  beds, 
lenticular  intercalations  and  strings  usually  associated 
with  beds  of  red  marl  or  clay. 

PLASTER-PIT  (D.,  &c.).  A  mine  in  which  gypsum  is 
worked.  The  system  of  working  is  usually  a  rough 
kind  of  pillar  working,  the  pillars  be  ing  left  sufficiently 
large  to  keep  the  surface  from  falling  in.  Plaster  is 
often  worked  by  open  hole. 

PLATE.     See  Bind  (1). 

PLAY.     1.  Signifies  not  at  work  or  standing. 

2.  (N.)     To  work  a  steel  mill. 

3.  Idle — not  at  work  on  account  of  idleness,  or  for 
some  other  particular  cause. 

PLAY  DAY.  A  day  on  which,  on  account  of  shortness 
of  trade,  from  accident,  or  from  other  causes,  minerals 
are  not  worked  and  raised. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


191 


Fig.  103. 


PLAYER.     A  man  who  used  to  work  a  steel  mill. 

PLAY-IN  (Lei.).  To  commence  holing  and  getting  a 
face  of  coal  out  of  the  side  of  a  heading. 

PLENUM.  A  mode  of  ventilating  a  mine  or  a  heading 
by  forcing  fresh  air  into  it. 

PLIES  (S.).     Layers  of  coal  or  other  rocks. 

PLUG  Box.  A  wooden  water- 
pipe  used  in  coffering.  See 
Fig.  103. 

PLUGGED  Cms  (Y.).  A  walling 
crib  carried  by  iron  plugs  (two  to 
each  segment)  fixed  in  the  rock 
two  or  three  feet  in  depth. 

PLUGGING.  Supporting  a  crib 
upon  iron  bars  fixed  in  a  shaft  a>  Shaft  side>  6j  Watcr. 

Side.  bearing   ground,      c,  Solid 

ground,   d,  Walling  of  shaft. 

PLUGMAN.  An  old  term  for  «,  Plug  box.  /,  Water  crib 
engineman.  or  «  garland  »  (i). 

PLUM-BULKING    (S.).     The  full  dip  of  the  coal  seam. 

PLUM  HATCHING  (S.).     The  lull  rise  of  a  coal  bed. 

PLUM  PITCH  (B.).  The  full  rise  or  full  dip  of  the  strata. 

PLUMB  END  (Y.).     See  End. 

PLUMP  FAIR  (S.  S.). 

PLUNGER  CASE.  The  barrel  or  cylinder  in  which  a 
solid  piston  or  plunger  works  in  a  forcing  sett  (1)  of 
pumps. 

PLUNGER  POLE.  The  solid  ram  working  up  and 
down  within  a  plunger  case. 

PLY  (S.  S.).  A  thin  bed  or  band  of  shale,  &c.,  lying 
immediately  over  a  coal  seam. 


OF  THE 

'TJHIVBBSITY; 


192  A  GLOSSARY  OP   TERMS 

POCKET.     1.    See  Bag. 

2.     See  Swelly. 

POINT.  The  bearing  or  direction,  in  reference  to  the 
magnetic  meridian,  in  which  an  underground  road  is 
driven.  See  Driving  ~by  Lines. 

POLE  CASE.     See ^Plunger Case. 

POLL  (S.  W.).  To  clean  the  shale,  &c.,  off  ironstone, 
ready  for  weighing  into  stock. 

PONY-PUTTER  (N.).  A  boy  who  drives  a  pony  in  the 
workings.  He  is  paid  at  per  score,  put  200  yards. 

POPPET-HEAD.    A  shallow  pit  pulley-frame. 

toRCH  (Y.).     The  arching  at  the  pit  bottom  inset. 

PORTEUR  (F.).     See  Hurrier. 

POST.  1.  (N.)  A  solid  block  or  pillar  of  coal. 

2.  (N.)     Sandstone  (fine  grained). 

POST  AND  STALL  (Y.).  A  system  of  working  a  coal 
seam  much  the  same  as  pillar  and  stall. 

POSTING  (Y.).  Extracting  the  posts  (1)  or  working 
the  broken.  See  Fig.  104. 

Fig.  104. 


POSTING-HOLE  (Y.).     See  Bolt. 
POST-STONE.     Sandstone  rather  fine  grained. 


USED   IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  193 

POT-BOTTOMS  (S.).    See  Bell-moulds. 

POT  HOLE  (L.).  A  small  temporary  lodge  in  a 
sinking-pit. 

POT  HOLES.    See  Pot-bottoms. 

POT  MIZER.  A  boring  tool  occasionally  used  in  clays 
mixed  with  pebbles.  It  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  spiral 
cone,  which  is  open  at  the  top  to  receive  the  pebbles 
carried  up  by  the  worm  on  the  outside  and  falling  over 
the  edge  into  the  cone. 

POUND.  1.  An  underground  reservoir  of  water.  See 
Lodge. 

2.  A  large  natural  fissure  or  cavity  in  the 
strata. 

POUNDSTONE  (Sh.).     A  kind  of  underday. 

POUNSON  (N.  W.).  Dense  soft  clay  under- 
lying coal  beds. 

POUT  (N.).  A  tool  used  by  deputies  for  knock- 
ing out  or  drawing  timbers  in  the  workings. 

POXON  KOCK  (Lei.).  A  red  gravelly 
stratum  (Permian  ?)  overlying  coal  measures. 

PRICKER.  1.  A  thin  brass  rod  for  making  a 
hole  in  the  stemming  when  blasting,  for  the 
insertion  of  a  fuze  or  touch,  and  through  which 
aperture  the  flame  obtains  access  to  the  car- 
tridge. 

2.  (S.  S.)  A  long  iron  rod  or  poker  used  for 
loosening  and  bringing  down  the  coals  from 
overhead  in  the  Thick   coal  workings.      See 
Fig.  105. 

3.  A  piece  of  bent  wire  by  which  the  size  of  the 
flame  of  a  safety  lamp  is  regulated,  without  removing 

o 


194  A   GLOSSARY   OP  TERMS 

the  top  of  the  lamp.    It  passes  up  into  the  lamp 
through  the  oil  reservoir  in  a  tube. 

PRICKING  (Lei.).    Soft  coal  or  earth  for  holing  in. 

PRIZE  (Lei.).    To  lift  or  loosen  with  a  lever  „. 

.  7  Fig.  106. 

or  a  pick. 

PROP.  A  wooden  or  cast-iron  temporary 
support  for  the  roof,  reaching  from  the  floor. 
When  of  timber  they  are  generally  used  of  as 
many  inches  in  diameter  as  they  are  feet  in 
length.  Fig.  106  shows  a  cast-iron  prop.  They 
are  not  much  used. 

PROPPING.    The  timbering  of  a  mine. 
PROPS.    See  Keeps. 

PROP-WOOD.  Timber  suitable  for  cutting,  or 
already  cut  into  props.  See  Prop. 

PROSPECTING.  Examining  (by  boring,  sink- 
ing trial  pits,  &c.,  and  geologically  surveying) 
a  tract  of  country  in  search  of  minerals. 

PROTECTOR  LAMP.  A  safety  lamp  the  flame  of  which 
it  is  impossible  to  expose  to  the  outward  atmosphere,  as 
the  fact  of  unlocking  or  rather  unscrewing  it  extin- 
guishes the  light.  (A  Mr.  Teale  of  Manchester  was  the 
inventor  of  this  self-extinguishing  appliance.) 

PROUD  COAL  (S.).  That  which  naturally  splits  off  in 
flakes  or  slabs  when  worked  in  a  particular  manner, 
producing  waste  and  deterioration. 

PROVE.  1.  To  ascertain  by  boring,  driving,  &c.,  the 
position  and  character  of  a  coal  seam,  a  fault,  &c. 

2.  (S.)  To  examine  a  mine  in  search  of  fire-damp, 
&c.,  known  as  proving  the  pit. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC.  195 

FUCKING  or  PUCKS  (S.  W.).    See  Creep. 
PUDDING  BOCK  (Y.).     Conglomerate  or  breccia. 

PUDLOCKS.  Cross  timbers  resting  upon  horse-trees 
against  which  rubbing-boards  work. 

PUISAKD  (F.).    See  Sump. 
PUITS  (F.).    Shafts  or  pits. 

PULL.  1.  To  subside  or  settle  down.    See  Creep. 
2.  The  drag  in  ventilation  of  mines. 

PULLER-OFF  (M.).  A  man  who  takes  the  loaded  trams 
off  the  cages,  or  who  withdraws  the  empties  from  them  at 
the  bottom. 

PULLEY.  The  wheel  over  which  a  winding  rope 
passes  at  the  top  of  the  head-gear. 

PULLEY  FRAME.    See  Head-gear. 

PULLEYING.  Overwinding  or  drawing  up  a  cage  or 
kibble  into  the  pulley-frame. 

PULLING  BACK.    See  Posting. 

PULLING-OVER  HOPE.  A  short  light  hemp  rope  for 
drawing  the  ends  of  winding  ropes  over  the  pulleys  off 
the  drum  (1). 

PUMP  FIST.    The  lower  end  of  a  plunger  case. 

PUMPING.  The  operation  of  filling  a  sludge  pump  by 
an  up-and-down  motion  of  the  rods  or  rope,  called 
pumping  the  sludger. 

PUMP-STOCKS  (L.).     See  Pump-trees. 

PUMP-TREES.  Cast  (wrought  iron  were  formerly  often 
used)  iron  pipes,  generally  nine  feet  in  length,  of  which 

o  2 


196  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

the  column  or  sett  (1)  is  formed,  conveying  the  water 
from  the  pump  up  the  shaft.  They  run  up  to  say  thirty 
inches  in  diameter,  and  are  bolted  together  and  steadied 
by  chogs.  Fig.  40. 

PUNCH  (N.).    See  Pout. 

PUNCH  AND  THIRL  (S.  S.).  A  kind  of  pillar  and  stall 
system  of  coal-getting. 

PUNCHEON  (M.).    See  Prop. 

PUNCH  PROP  (N.).  A  short  timber  prop  set  on  the 
top  of  a  crowntree  or  used  in  holing  as  a  sprag. 

PUT.     1.  To  haul  coal,  &c.,  underground. 
2.  (Som.)  A  box  of  a  capacity  of  from  3  to  6  cwt.  of 
coal,  used  in  thin  seams. 

PUTTER.  See  Haulier.  Age  from  15  to  20  years  ; 
paid  by  the  score  of  tubs,  put,  say  100  yards.  Putters9 
places  are  cavilled  for. 

PUTTING.    See  Haulage. 

PUTS  (N.).  Great  oars  by  which  keels  are  pulled  and 
steered  about. 

PUT  TO  STAND  (S.  S.).  Stoppage  of  coal  drawing  on 
account  of  firestink. 


QUAR  or  CLIFF  QUAR  (F.  D.).    A  kind  of  Bind  (1). 
QUARLS  (N.).     Fire-bricks. 

QUARRY.     An  underground  excavation  formed  in  the 
roof  stone  or  shale  or  in  a  fault,  for  the  purpose  of 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  197 

obtaining  material  for  stowage  or  pack-watts.    A  plan 

only  followed  when  it  is  less  costly  than  to  leave  coal  in 

the    mine,    or    to    bring 

material  from  surface  for  Fis- 107< 

such  purposes.     Fig.  107 

is  a  vertical  section. 


QUARTER  COAL  (Y.),  See 
Colliers'  Coals. 

QUAKTEEING-IN  (L.).    A 

plan  of  building  or  putting 

together  tubbing  plates  from  the  top  downwards,  the 
rings  and  segments  being  bolted  together  as  the  work 
of  excavation  proceeds 

QUICK.     1.  Soft  watery  strata,  such  as  running  sand. 

2.  (S.  S.)  Solid  or  ungotten  coal  forming  the  roof  of  a 
roadway  in  a  Thick  coal  colliery. 

3.  Blasting  powder  is  said  to  be  quick  when  it  burns 
or  goes  off  very  rapidly. 

QUOICENECK  (Sh.).  Greyish  black  clay  with  shining 
surfaces,  and  streaked. 

R 

RACE.  1.  (S.)  See  Journey. 

2.  The  space  in  which  a  drum  (1)  revolves. 

RADDLE  (Y.).  Earthy  Hematite  occurring  in  the 
coal  measures. 

RAFF- YARD  (N.).  A  walled-in  yard  on  the  surface, 
in  which  the  smiths,  wrights,  carpenters,  &c.,  work. 

RAG  AND  CHAIN  PUMP.  One  of  the  earliest  contri- 
vances for  draining  coal  pits,  consisting  of  a  tube  or  pipe 


198  A  GLOSSAKY  OF  TEEMS 

in  which  a  chain,  to  which  bunches  of  rags  were  at 
intervals  attached,  was  caused  by  manual  labour  to 
carry  up  water  in  much  the  same  way  as  our  nineteenth 
century  chain  pumps  do.  These  pumps  were  in  use 
250  years  ago. 

KAILS.  The  iron  or  steel  portion  of  the  permanent 
or  temporary  way  (2).  They  weigh  from  15  to  35  Ibs. 
per  yard  run;  are  usually  from  6  to  15  feet  in  length;  are 

either  ot  9      9         f%       or    _    section;  are 


laid  with  a  gauge  of  from  1  foot  8  inches  to  2  feet 
6  inches.  Main  engine  plane  rails  are  generally  fished. 

Angle  iron  sJ  rails  are  still  in  use,  but  are  rapidly 
disappearing. 

BAIN  (M.).  An  underground  place  is  said  to  rain 
when  water  drops  freely  from  the  roof. 

KAISE.    To  wind  (3)  coals,  &c.,  to  the  surface. 

KAISINGS  (F.  D.).    (See  Get  (2). 

BAIT  or  BATE  (M.).  To  split  off.  Coal  roads,  &c.,  are 
said  to  rait  themselves  when  the  sides  keep  splitting  or 
peeling  off.  Boads  driven  on  the  end  are  more  liable 
to  rait  than  when  driven  face  on. 

BAKE  (D.).  A  series  of  pins  of  clay  ironstone  lying 
within  a  few  feet  or  yards  of  one  another  in  a  seam  of 
bind,  making  a  workable  ironstone. 

BAKE.  1.  (M.)  To  smother  a  ventilating  furnace 
with  fuel,  so  that  it  smoulders  for  many  hours,  and  allows 
the  upcast  shaft  to  cool,  for  the  purpose  of  doing  repairs 
therein,  or  for  other  special  purposes. 


USED  IN  COAL   MINING,  ETC.  199 

2.  (M.)  An  iron  rake  with  a  short  handle,  with 
which  fillers  fill  baskets  or  pans. 

BAKERS.    Shots  placed  round  sumpers. 

BAKING-COAL.  A  large  lump  of  hard  coal  placed 
upon  a  fire  or  ventilating  furnace,  for  the  purpose  of 
just  keeping  it  burning,  or  rather  smouldering,  when  a 
larger  fire  is  not  required. 

BAKING  PROPS.  Short  wooden  props  used  in  sinking 
for  supporting  the  curbs  during  the  excavation  of  the 
sides  of  the  shaft. 

BAM.     See  Plunger  Pole. 

BAMBLE.    See  Falling. 

BAMMELLY  (M.).  Mixed  argillaceous  and  sandy 
rocks. 

BANCE  (S.).  A  pillar  of  coal — a  rarge  stoop.  See 
Room  and  Ranee. 

BANDID  STONE  (C.). 

BAP(S.W.).    SeeJtomp. 

BAP  IN  (Som.).  To  wedge  down  blocks  of  stone  in 
underground  quarries. 

BAPPER.  1.  A  lever  with  a  hammer  attached  at  one 
end,  fixed  at  the  pit  top  or  top  of  an  inclined  plane,  by 

Fig.  108. 

\  \ 

•\\         Bade     \ 


which  signals    are  given  to  and  from  banksman  or 
engineinan.-   See  Fig.  108. 


200  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

2.  (M.)  The  upper  end  of  the  vertical  arm  of  a 
judge. 

RASH  (M.).     Synonymous  with  rait. 

BASHINGS  (S.  W.).    Loose  dirt  or  shaley  beds  of  rock. 

BATCHES  (L.).  Lifts  (3)  of  5  yards  in  length  along  a 
working  face. 

BATTLE  (Lei.).  To  work  (drive  into  or  sink  through) 
with  great  vigour  and  energy. 

BATTLE-JACK  (M.).  Carbonaceous  shale;  also  Eoo 
Cannel. 

BATTLER  (C.). 

BATTLERS  (Y.).    Cannel  coal. 

BEARER  (N.  S.).    See  Edge  Coals. 

BECEIVING  BODS.  Auxiliary  cage  guides  at  insets 
and  at  pit  tops. 

BECK  (L.).     Chips  of  wood  and  other  debris. 

BED  MEASURES.  Generally  refers  to  the  strata  of 
Permian  or  Triassic  age. 

KEDD.  1.  (S.)  To  scour  through,  take  down,  or  to 
rip. 

2.  To  clear  out  pillars  of  coal. 

3.  Pit  rubbish  or  debris. 

BEDD  BING  (S.).     A  spoil  heap  on  the  surface. 
BEDDSMAN  (S.).     One  who  redds  (1),  or  works  at 
night  in  cleaning  up  and  repairing  roadways,  &c. 

BEED  (S.).    See  Cleat  (1). 

BEFUGE  HOLE.  A  place  formed  in  the  side  of  an 
underground  plane  or  horse  road,  about  three  feet  square 
and  five  or  six  feet  high,  in  which  men  can  take  refuge 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


201 


during  the  passing  of  a  train,  or  when  firing  shots. 
They  may  not  be  put  in  more  than  20  yards  apart  on 
engine  planes,  or  50  yards  where  horses  are  employed. 

KEGULATOR.  A  door  in  the  mine,  the  opening  or 
closing  of  which  regulates  the  supply  of  ventilation  to  a 
district. 

KELEVEE  (Pr.).  A  certain  thickness  of  coal  beds  and 
intervening  measures  (varying  between  88  and  160 
yards)  in  inclined  strata,  which  forms  a  lift  (10)  or 
series  of  workings  being  prosecuted  to  the  rise  at  one 
time.  They  are  carried  on  on  both  sides  of  the  shafts 
and  there  are  generally  three  in  course  of  being  worked 
one  above  another  simultaneously,  viz.  the  uppermost 
which  is  nearly  worked  out,  the  middle  one  in  full 


swing,  and  a  lower  one  in  course  of  being  formed  to  take 
the  place  of  the  upper  one.    See  Fig.  109. 


202  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

REMBLAIS.  1.  (F.)  A  system  of  working  a  very 
thick  (sometimes  80  ft.)  seam  in  Central  France.  A 
horizontal  slice  is  first  taken  out  6  feet  6  inches  in 
height  across  the  seam,  and  the  space  filled  up  with 
stone,  &c.,  brought  from  the  surface.  A  second  lift  (3) 
is  then  extracted,  and  so  on. 

2.  (F.)  Synonymous  with  long-wall. 

3.  (F.)  Synonymous  with  goaf. 

RENK  or  KANK  (N.).  A  standard  measurement  of 
length  employed  underground,  being  60  to  80  yards, 
measured  off  periodically  by  an  overman. 

KENT  (S.).    See  Back  (1). 

REPAIRER.  A  man  who  works  in  the  mine,  generally 
at  night,  setting  timbers,  jpae&-building,  road  (2)  laying, 
&c. 

RETURN.  The  air-course  along  which  the  vitiated 
air  of  the  mine  is  returned  or  conducted  back  to  the 
upcast  shaft. 

RETURN  AIR.  The  air  or  ventilation  which  has 
been  passed  through  the  workings. 

REVERSE  FAULT.  See  Overlap.  See  Fault,  Fig.  70 
(5). 

REVIERBEAMT  (Pr.).  ^The  chief  Inspector  of  a  dis- 
trict who  gives  actual  decisions,  subject  to  appeal,  in 
reference  to  mining  questions,  rules,  &c.  He  receives 
every  year  from  the  coal  master  a  plan  of  the  workings 
proposed  to  be  carried  out  during  the  following  year,  to 
which  he  may  object  within  15  days.  He  acts  under 
the  authority  of  the  Oberlergamt. 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC.  203 

KHONE  (S.).  A  trow  or  gutter,  generally  12  feet 
in  length. 

EIB.     1.  A  narrow  strip  or  block  of  solid  coal. 

2.  (S.)     A  seam  or  stratum. 

KIB  AND  PILLAR  (S.  S).  A  system  upon  which  the 
Thick  coal  seam  was  formerly  extensively  mined,  being 
a  kind  of  pillar  and  stall  plan. 

KIBAND -STONE.  Sandstone  in  thin  layers  alternating 
in  colour,  generally  light  and  dark  grey. 

RIBBING.  1.  (L.)    A  strip  of  coal  three  yards  in  width. 

2.  Enlarging  a  heading  or  drift. 

EIBS  (Pa.).     The  sides  of  a  rectangular  pit-shaft. 

EICE  (B.).     See  Lacing  and  Lagging. 

EICING  (N.  S.).     See  Lacing. 

EICKET  or  EICKETING.  1.  (M.)  A  narrow  brattice 
for  ventilation.  See  Fig.  27  (right-hand  side  of). 

2.  (M.)  A  channel  formed  along  the  floor  of  a  mine 
for  drainage  purposes. 

EIDDING.  1.  (N.)     See  Redd. 

2.  (N.)  Separating  ironstone  from  coal  shale. 

EIDDING  PUCKING  (S.  W.).     Cutting  up  a  crept  floor. 

EIDE.  To  be  in  a  cage  or  bowk  whilst  descending  or 
ascending  a  pit-shaft,  or  to  ride  in  trams  on  planes  or 
ways. 

EIDER.  1.  A  guide-frame  for  steading  a  bowk  in  a 
sinking  pit. 

2.  (S.  W.)     Lads  who  ride  upon  the  trams  on  engine 
planes. 

3.  A  name  commonly  given  to  a  thin  seam  of  coal 
overlying  a  thicker  one. 


204  A  GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS 

RIFLING  (S.  S.).  Working  the  upper  portion  of  a  coal 
seam  over  a  waste  or  goaf. 

RING.  1.  A  complete  circle  of  tubbing  plates  placed 
round  a  pit-shaft. 

2.  (N.)  See  Garland  (1). 

KING-CRIB.  A  wedging  crib  upon  which  tubbing  is 
placed,  having  a  gutter  or  ring  cast  round  the  inner 
edge,  to  collect  any  water  that  may  run  down  the  walls 
of  the  shaft. 

RINGER  (D.).    A  hammer  for  driving  wedges. 

KINGER  AND  CHAIN  (M.).     See  Dog  and  Chain. 

BINGES  (N.).    See  Cowls. 

KIP  (M.).     To  cut  or  blast  down  the  roof  or  top. 

RIPPER.     A  man  who  rips. 

KISE.  1.  The  inclination  of  strata  when  viewed  in 
the  direction  opposite  to  the  dip. 

2.  An  increase  of  wages  paid  to  colliers,  &c. 

RISER  (K).     An  upthrow  fault. 

KISE  SPLIT.  A  proportion  of  the  ventilative  current 
sent  into  a  rise  district  of  a  mine. 

KISE  WORKINGS.  Underground  workings  carried  on 
to  the  rise  or  high  side  of  the  shafts. 

RISING  MAIN.    See  Column  in  re  water. 
RIVELAINE  (Belg.).    A  pick  much  used  by  colliers  (1). 
RIVES  IN.     Cracks  open,  or  produces  fissures. 

ROAD.  1.  Any  underground  passage,  way,  or  gal- 
lery. See  Main  Road. 

2.  The  iron  rails,  &c.,  or  Permanent  Way  of  under- 
ground roads  (1). 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,  ETC.  205 

EOAD-HEAD  (S.).     See  Gate-end. 

KOADING.     Eepairing  and  maintaining  roads. 

ROB.  To  cut  away  or  reduce  the  size  of  pillars  of 
coal,  &c. 

BOBBED  OUT  (C.).    Worked  away.    See  Hollows. 

EOBBLE.     A  fault.    See  Horses. 

ROCK.     Generally  means  sandstone. 

ROCK  AND  RIG  (S.  S.).  A  sandstone  full  of  little 
patches  and  shreds  of  coal,  sometimes  mixed  up  in  a 
very  singular  way. 

ROCK  BIND  or  ROCK  BINDEKS.    Sandy  shale. 

ROCK  DRILL.  A  rock-boring  machine  worked  by 
hand  or  by  compressed  air  or  by  steam.  Very  exten- 
sively employed  in  tunnelling,  sinking,  and  driving  stone- 
drifts  in  mines. 

ROCK  FAULT.  A  replacement  of  a  coal  seam  over  a 
greater  or  less  area,  by  some  other  rock,  usually  sand- 
stone. They  may  be  regarded  as  ancient  stream 
courses.  Are  narrow  as  compared  with  their  length, 
and  turn  and  wind  about  as  do  rivers.  See  Fig.  70  (2), 
which  is  a  rock  fault  in  cross  section. 

ROCK  HEAD  (Ch.).  The  uppermost  stratum  of  the 
rock-salt  beds. 

ROCKING  LEVER.    See  BraJcestaff. 

RODDING.  The  operation  of  fixing  or  repairing 
wooden  cage  guides  in  shafts. 

RODS.  1.  Vertical  or  inclined  timbers  for  actuating 
pumps. 

2.  Long  iron  bars  of  Swedish  iron  of  the  toughest 
quality,  for  boring  through  rocks,  &c. 


206  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

3.  See  Cage  Guides. 

KOLL.  1.  An  inequality  in  the  roof  or  floor  of  a 
mine. 

2.  (S.  W.)     The  drum  of  a  winding  engine. 

3.  See  Bump. 

ROLLER.  Small  steel,  iron,  or  wood  wheel,  upon 
which  a  hauling  rope  is  carried  just  above  the  floor. 
They  are  placed  every  8  or  10  yards  along  an  engine 
plane.  They  are  from  4  inches  to  12  inches  in 
diameter,  and  in  length  or  width  from  1  inch  to  24 
inches. 

ROLLEY  (N.).  A  kind  of  truck  running  upon  wheels 
for  carrying  tubs  or  corves,  drawn  by  horses  along  under- 
ground ways. 

ROLLEY-WAY  (N.).  The  underground  road  along 
which  rolleys  are  conveyed. 

ROOF.  The  top  of  any  subterraneous  passage  or 
working. 

ROOFING  (Ch.).  The  upper  5  or  6  feet  of  the  rock-salt 
beds. 

ROOM.  1.  (S.)  A  heading  or  short  stall. 

2.  A  weight  of  7  tons  of  coal,  or  5J-  chaldrons  by 
measure. 

ROOM  AND  RANGE  (S.).  A  system  of  working  coal 
somewhat  similar  to  double  stall,  which  see. 

ROOVE.     To  rub  or  knock  against  the  roof. 

ROPE-ROLL.     The  drum  of  a  winding  engine. 

ROSH  (Lei.).     See  Rait. 

ROTCHE  or  ROCHE  (S.  S.).  A  softish  and  moderately 
friable  sandstone. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  207 

KOUND  COAL.  Coal  in  large  lumps,  either  hand- 
picked  or  after  passing  over  screens  to  take  out  the 
small. 

Kow  (N.  S.).  A  seam  or  bed  (2),  e.  g.  the  "  Bow- 
hurst  "  and  "  Two  Kow  "  coals. 

KOTALTY.  1.  The  mineral  estate  or  area  of  a  colliery, 
or  a  portion  of  such  property.  A  field  of  mining 
operations, 

2.  A  rent  payable  on  coal,  &c.,  worked  from  a 
Royalty  (1).  See  Acreage  Rent. 

BUBBING  SURFACE.  An  expression  used  in  reference 
to  ventilation,  meaning  the  total  area  of  a  given  length 
of  airway,  i.  e.  areas  of  sides,  top,  and  bottom,  all  added 
together. 

KUBBISH.  Fallen  stone  from  the  roof,  holing  dirt  and 
debris  made  in  sinking,  dinting,  &c. 

BUBBLE.   A  coarse  gravelly  loose  stone  or  bed  of  rock. 

BUBBLES.  1.  (F.  D.)     See  Kibbles  and  Nuts. 
2.  (S.W.)     Slack  or  small. 

BUCK  (L.).     The  stock  of  coals  on  the  bank  (1). 
BUDDING  (N.).    See  Redd. 
BUN.     1.  See  Journey. 

2.  To  brake  orjig. 

3.  A  breakaway  upon  an  inclined-plane. 

4.  (Pa.)     The  sliding  and  crushing  of  pillars  of  coal, 
producing  falls  of  roof. 

5.  A  word  commonly  made  use  of  to  express    the 
degree  of  leverage  or  breaking-down  power  of  a  shot. 
When  a  considerable  length  of  wall  face  is  brought  down 


208  A  GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

by  the  action  of  a  single  shot,  the  shot  is  said  to  run 
well. 

6.  To  work  a  winding  or  hauling  engine. 

7.  Soft  ground  is  said  to  run  when  it  becomes  mud  and 
will  not  hold  together  or  stand. 

RUN  COAL.     Soft  bituminous  coal. 
RUNNER.  1.  A  movable  bridge  or  platform  over  the 
mouth  of  a  sinking  pit. 

2.  A  fault  slip. 

3.  A  Crow's-foot,  which  see. 

4.  (Y.).     A  flat  piece  of  timber  placed  above  bars, 
and  connecting  them. 

5.  (Lei.)     The  piece  of  timber  placed  in  a  horizontal 
position  between  the  two  inclined  sprags  in  cocJcermegs. 
See  Fig.  42.     It  is  cut  from  two  to  four  feet  in  length, 
and   assists   greatly  in   steadying   the  sprags  and  to 
keep  up  the  coal  wall. 

RUNNER  ON.    See  Bottomer. 

RUNNING  AMAIN  (S.).  The  breaking  and  running  of 
a  winding  rope  down  into  the  pit-shaft. 

RUNNING  A  MINE  (S.).     Forming  a  drift  (2). 
RUNNING  GUG  (Som.).     A  self-acting  jig. 

RUNNING  LIFT.  A  sinking  sett  (1)  of  pumps  con- 
structed to  lengthen  or  shorten  at  will,  by  means  of  a 
sliding  or  telescopic  windbore. 

RUNNING  MEASURES.  Sands  and  gravels  containing 
much  water. 

RUNNING  THE  DRUM.  The  lowering  or  sinking  of  a 
cylinder  or  drum  through  quick  ground,  to  secure  the 
upper  part  of  a  coal  shaft. 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC.  209 

RUN  RIDER.  A.  lad  who  goes  with  a  train  on  an 
engine  plane. 

RUN  THE  Tow  (S.).  Sliding  down  the  pit-shaft  on 
the  winding  rope.  Running  the  tow  is  a  common  practice 
in  shallow  mines. 

RUSH  (S.).  The  sudden  weighting  of  the  roof  when 
robbing  the  pillars  begins,  and  the  roof  is  a  strong 
one. 

RUSKS  (NV).  Small  slack,  or  that  next  larger  than 
dust  or  dead  small. 

BUTTLES  (Y.).  Shattered  and  faulty  ground  running 
roughly  parallel  to  the  plane  of  &  fault. 


s. 

SADDLEBACK.  A  depression  or  valley  in  strata.  See 
Eoll 

SAFETY  CAGE.  A  cage  fitted  with  an  apparatus  for 
arresting  its  motion  in  the  shaft  in  case  the  winding 
rope  breaks. 

SAFETY  DOOR.  A  strongly-constructed  door  hinged 
to  the  roof  of  the  mine,  and  always  kept  open  and  hung 
near  to  a  main  door,  for  immediate  use  in  case  of 
damage  by  explosion  or  otherwise  to  the  main  door. 

SAFETY  LAMP.  A  miner's  lamp  which  reveals  the 
presence  of  fire-damp  when  the  proportion  of  this  gas  in 
the  atmosphere  of  the  mine  is  such  that  the  mixture 
is  already  very  dangerous,  and  the  moment  of  explosion 
is  near  at  hand.  The  flame  is  generally  surrounded  by 

p 


210 


A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TEEMS 


Fig.  110. 


a  cylindrical  covering  of  wire  gauze,  which  protects  the 
surrounding  atmosphere  from  being  fired,  even  though 
the  gases  within  the  lamp  have  reached  the  explosive 
proportions.     See  Clanny,  Davy,  Geordie, 
Mueseler  (Fig.  110). 

SAFETY  TOOLS.  Consist  of  Catching 
Hooks,  Grappling  Tongs,  Fish-heads,  Bell- 
screws,  and  the  like,  for  recovering  broken 
boring  tools,  picking  up  material,  &c.,  at 
the  bottom  of  boreholes  (1)  and  Kind- 
Chaudron  sinking  pits. 

SAGGER  or  SEGGER.    A  kind  of  fireclay. 

SALTING.  Sprinkling  salt  upon  the 
floors  of  underground  ways  in  very  dry 
mines,  in  order  to  lay  the  dust.  See  Coal 
Dust. 

SAMPSON  POST  (Pa.).  A  stout  wooden  .post  carrying 
the  working  beam  of  a  boring  apparatus. 

SAW.  A  tool  for  removing  irregularities  from  the 
sides  of  boreholes  (1). 

SAWNEY  (M.).  To  lower  full  trams  down  a  road  or 
face  that  dips,  with  a  rope  or  a  chain  for  a  brake,  or 
drag,  passing  round  a  prop,  &c. 

SCALE.  A  small  portion  of  the  ventilative  current 
in  a  mine  passing  through  a  certain-sized  aperture. 

SCALE  DOOE.     See  Regulator. 

SCALLOP.  To  cut  or  break  off  the  sides  of  a  heading 
without  holing  them,  or  using  powder. 

SCAMMED  (N.).     Sooty. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  211 

SCAMY-POST     (N.).      Soft,    short,  jointy    freestone, 
thinly  laminated  and  much  mixed  with  mica. 

SCAEES  (N.).     Thin  laminae  of  iron  pyrites  or  spar  in 
coal. 

SCATTER  (Y.).    A  rumbling  or  falling  noise  in  a  pit- 
shaft. 

SCISSORS  FAULT.     A  fault  of  dislocation  in  which  the 
beds  are  thrown  somewhat  as  shown  in  Fig.  111. 

Fig.  111. 


SCOOP  (Y.).     A  barrel  or  box  used  in  a  gin  pit. 

SCORE.  1.  (N.)  A  standard  number  of  tubs  of  coal 
upon  which  hewers1  and  putters  prices  for  working  are 
paid.  The  score  generally  varies  between  20  to  26 


2.  A  bill  run  up  by  a  collier  (1)  in  "  bad  times  "  for 
the  necessaries  of  life. 

SCOTCH.  1.  A  wooden  stop-block  or  iron  catch 
placed  across  or  between  the  rails  of  underground  road- 
ways, to  keep  the  tubs  from  running  loose,  or  to  hold 
them  when  standing  upon  an  inclined  plane. 

2.  (Lei.)  The  lower  lift  (3)  of  coal  which  is  wedged 
up  in  driving  a  heading  a  few  yards  from  the  lack  (2). 
By  having  a  scotch  formed,  it  enables  four  hewers  to  work 
together  in  driving  a  heading,  say  7  feet  by  6  feet. 

SCOTCH  GAUZE  LAMP.     See  Gauze  Lamp, 

p  2 


212  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

SCOUR  (M.).  To  excavate  or  brush  a  roadway 
through  a  goaf. 

SCOVENS  (S.  S.).    Forks  (?)  for  filling  coal  into  tubs. 

SCOWL  A  BROW  (F.  D.).  To  drive  a  heading  or 
level  by  guesswork. 

SCOWLES  or  SCOULES  (F.  D.).     See  Meend. 

SCRAPER.  A  light  wooden  rod  for  clearing  boremeal 
out  of  a  drill  hole. 

SCRATCHER.  A  boring  tool  for  scraping  or  scratching 
np  the  debris,  to  be  afterwards  removed  by  a  mizer. 

SCREEN.  1.  A  mechanical  apparatus  (a  sort  of  grid- 
iron) for  separating  small  from  large  coals.  It  is  erected 
on  the  surface. 

2.  A  cloth  brattice  or  curtain  hung  across  a  road  in  a 
mine  to  direct  the  ventilation. 

SCRIN  (D.).    Ironstone  in  irregular-shaped  nodules. 
SCROLL  DRUM.     See  Conical  Drum. 

SCRONGE  (S.  W.).  The  loosened  or  broken  strata 
overlying  and  produced  by  workings  underneath. 

SCUD.  1.  (Lei.)  Very  thin  layers  of  soft  matter, 
such  as  clay,  sooty  coal,  &c. 

2.  (M.)     Iron  pyrites  embedded  in  coal  seams. 

SEA  COAL.  That  which  is  conveyed  away  from  the 
collieries  by  sea ;  be  it  house,  steam,  or  manufacturing 
coal. 

SEALING.  Shutting  off  a  pit  or  part  of  a  mine  after  a 
fire  or  an  explosion  by  means  of  stoppings. 

SEAM.     Synonymous  with  bed,  mine,  vein,  row,  band, 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  213 

&c.  Some  seams  are  made  up  of  a  number  of  beds  in- 
terstratified  with  shale,  &c. 

SEAT  (Y.).    The  bottom  or  floor  of  a  mine. 

SEAT  EARTH  (Y.).  Generally  a  kind  of  hard  fire- 
day  forming  the  floor. 

SEATING.  The  masonry  in  which  a  steam  boiler  is 
set. 

SEAT  STONE.    See  Seat  Earth. 

SECOND  WORKING.  The  operation  of  getting  or 
working  out  the  pillars  of  coal  formed  by  the  first 
working;  e.  g.  long-wall,  working  home,  working  the 
broken,  drifting  back,  &c.  Second  working  is  paid  for  by 
the  ton  or  by  the  score  (1). 

SECTION.  1.  A  term  usually  applied  to  a  vertical 
exposure  of  strata. 

2.  A  drawing  or  diagram  of  the  strata  sunk  through 
in  a  pit-shaft  or  inclined  plane,  or  proved  by  boring. 

SEED  BAG  (Pa.).  A  stout  leather  tube  passed  with 
the  tubing  or  lining  of  a  borehole  (1)  into  water-bearing 
ground.  The  annular  space  between  the  tube  and  the 
leather  is  filled  with  flax  seed,  which,  becoming  moist 
with  the  water,  expands,  and  thus  effectually  stops  out 
the  water. 

SEG  (N.).     To  bend  down  in  the  middle. 

SELF-ACTING  INCLINED-PLANE.  An  inclined-plane 
upon  which  the  weight  or  force  of  gravity  acting  upon 
the  full  tubs  is  sufficient  to  overcome  the  resistance  of 
the  empties ;  in  other  words,  the  full  set  (1)  draws  the 
empty  set  up  the  hill.  See  Incline. 

SELF-DETACHING  HOOK.    See  Detaching  Hook 


214  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

SEPAEATION  COAL.  Coals  of  various  sizes  loaded 
separately  into  wagons,  &c.  See  Dry  Separation  and 
Wet  Separation. 

SEPARATION  BOOKS.  Doors  fixed  underground 
(generally  two,  sometimes  three),  between  the  intake 
and  the  return,  near  the  pit  bottom. 

SEPARATION  VALVE.  A  massive  cast-iron  plate  sus- 
pended from  the  roof  of  a  return  air  war/,  through 
which  all  the  return  air  of  a  separate  district  flows, 
allowing  the  air  to  always  flow  past  or  underneath 
it ;  but  in  the  event  of  an  explosion  of  gas  the  force  of 
the  Uast  closes  it  against  its  frame  or  seating,  and  pre- 
vents a  communication  with  other  districts.  The  Uast 
being  over,  the  weight  of  the  valve  causes  it  to  return 
to  its  normal  position,  aud  allows  the  district  to  breathe 
again. 

SEBVE  (N.).  Gas  is  said  to  serve  when  it  issues  more 
or  less  regularly  from  a  fault  slip,  a  break  (1),  &c. 

SET.  1.  (N.)    See  Journey. 

2.  (S.  S.)     To  get  the  sides  off  and  trim  up  a  heading. 

3.  (N.)      To   load  a   tub    unfairly   by  placing   the 
greater  part  of  the  coals  on  the  top  of  it  and  leaving 
the  bottom  part  comparatively  empty. 

4.  (N.)     The  natural  giving  way  of  the  roof  for  want 
of  support. 

5.  To  fix  in  place  a  prop  or  sprag. 

6.  Timbers  fixed   in  a  heading,   &c.,  as  in  Double 
Timber,  which  see. 

7.  To  set  or  make  an  agreement  with  miners  to  do 
certain  work  by  the  bargain :  e.g.  to  set  a  stall. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  215 

SET  COAL  (Lei.).  Coal  near  to  hollows  having  a  hard 
dead  nature. 

SET  OUT  (K).    See  Lay  Out. 

SETT.  1.  A  column  of  pump  trees,  with  buckets  or 
ram,  &c.,  complete. 

2.  The  area  of  mines  worked  (4)  by  a  separate  colliery 
or  firm. 

3.  (M.)     A  measure  of  length  along  the  face  of  a 
stall,  usually  from  say  6  to  10  feet,  by  which  holers  and 
drivers  work  aud  are  paid.     A  certain  number  of  setts 
comprise  a  day's  work. 

4.  Setting  up  a  dial  for  taking  a  bearing  or  sight  (2). 
SETTERS  (N.).     Large  lumps  of  coal  placed  round 

the  sides  of  coal  dealers'  carts,  for  the  purpose  of  piling 
up  a  good  load  in  the  centre. 

SETTINGS  (S.  S.).  Timbers  set  as  shown  in  Fig.  59. 
See  Double  Timber. 

SETTLE  BOARDS.  1.  (N.)  Iron  plates  or  sheets  form- 
ing the  floor  of  a  heapstead,  to  admit  of  the  tubs  being 
pushed  and  turned  about  with  facility. 

2.  (N.)    See  Cage  Shuts. 

SETTS  OFF.     See  Distance  Blocks. 
SHAB  (Som.).     Friable  shaley  rock. 

SHAFT.  1.  A  vertical  pit  or  hole  made  through 
strata  through  which  the  produce  of  the  mine  is 
brought  to  the  surface,  and  through  which  the  ventilation 
is  passed  into  and  out  of  the  workings.  It  is  generally 
the  only  outlet  from  the  mine  to  the  surface.  Shafts 
are  usually  constructed  in  a  circular  form,  though  oval 
and  rectangular  ones  are  not  uncommon.  They  vary 


216  A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TERMS 

iu  diameter  from  say  7  to  20  feet.  The  deepest  shaft 
in  Great  Britain  is  2817  feet,  and  16  feet  in  diameter 
within. 

2.  A  wooden  handle  of  a  pick,  &c. 

3.  (S.  W.)     To  pull  or  draw  at  a  tub. 
SHAFT  FOOT  (S.).    See  Pit  Bottom. 
SHAFT  KIP.    See  Kip. 

SHAFT  LAMP.    See  Comet. 

SHAFT  PILLAR.  Solid  coal  left  unworked  beneath 
colliery  buildings  and  around  the  shafts,  to  support  them 
against  subsidence  and  creep.  The  size  and  form  of 
shaft  pillars  are  regulated  by  the  depth  to,  and  thick- 
ness and  inclination  of,  the  seam  of  coal  to  be  worked. 

SHAFT  BENT.   1.  Eent  paid  for  the  use  of  a  shaft  (1)  for 
raising  the  minerals  from  another  royalty  by  outstroke. 
2.  Interest  on  capital  invested  in  sinking  a  shaft  (1). 

SHAFT-TUNNEL  (N.  S.).  Crutts  or  levels  driven  across 
the  measures  from  shafts  (1)  to  intersect  rearers. 

SHAGGY  METAL  (Ch.).    See  Horse  Beans. 

SHALE.  Strictly  speaking,  all  argillaceous  strata 
that  split  up  or  peel  off  in  thin  laminae.  In  mining 
language  it  is  generally  indurated  clay  or  bind  (1). 

SHAM  DOOR.    A  check  or  regulator  door. 
SHANK  (S.).     A  shallow  shaft  (1)  underground. 

SHARP  (M.).  Hard  and  compact  in  re  rock  or  sand- 
stone. 

SHARP  GAS.  Fire-damp  which  explodes  suddenly 
within  a  safety  lamp  without  showing  any  perceptible 
cap  (1). 


USED    IN    COAL  ^MINING,    ETC.  217 

SHEAKEK.    See  Saw. 

SHEARING.  Cutting  a  vertical  groove  in  coal  similar 
to  holing  at  the  bottom  of  the  seam. 

SHEAR  LEGS.  A  high  wooden  frame  placed  over  an 
engine  or  pumping  shaft  (1),  fitted  with  small  pulleys 
and  rope  for  lifting  heavy  weights  in  the  pit. 

SHEARS  (S.).     A  haulage  clip,  which  see. 

SHED.  1.  (Pa.)     A  kind  of  long  car  or  trolley. 

2.  A  thin  smooth  parting  in  rocks,  having  both  sides 
polished. 

3.  A  very  thin  layer  of  coal. 

SHEETS.  Coarse  cloth  curtains  or  screens  (2)  for 
directing  the  ventilative  current  underground. 

SHELL  BAND.     See  Mussel  Band. 
SHELL  DOOR.     A  temporary  door. 

SHETH.  1.  (N.)    To  course  the  air  in  the  workings. 
2.  A  set  or  panel  of  boards  (1). 

SHETH  DOOR  (N.).  A  door  fixed  in  a  working  going 
headway  course,  for  temporary  purposes  only. 

SHETHING  THE  AIR  (N.).  Ventilating  the  goaves  in 
a  systematic  way. 

SHETHS  (N.).     The  ribs  of  a  chaldron  wagon. 

SHE'S  FIRED  !  An  explosion  of  fire-damp  has  taken 
place  in  the  pit !  See  Squat  Lads  ! 

SHEUGH  or  COAL-SHEUGH  (S.).  A  shaft  (1)  or  coal 
pit. 

SHIDES  (B.  S.).     Pumps  for  draining  mines. 

SHIFT.     1.  A  certain  number  of  hours  of  work;    a 


218  A    GLOSSAKY   OF    TERMS 

certain  proportion  or  change  of  workmen.  See  Double 
Shift. 

2.  A  fault  of  dislocation. 

SHIFTER.     1.  See  Runner  on. 

2.  (N.)     One  who  repairs  roadways  in  a  mine. 

SHIFTWORK.  Work  performed  underground :  e.g. 
timbering,  way  (1)  cleaning,  &c. 

SHIVER.    See  Bind  (1). 

SHIVERED.     Knocked  to  small  by  blasting. 

SHIVERY.  Short  and  tender;  easily  broken  up  or 
worked  (5). 

SHOE-NOSE  SHELL.  A  cleanser  specially  constructed 
for  working  in  hard  ground. 

SHOES.  Steel  or  iron  guides  fixed  to  the  ends  and 
sides  of  cages,  to  fit  and  run  upon  the  conductors. 

SHOE  SHELL.  A  tool  used  in  deep  boring  for  cleans- 
ing out  the  boremeal.  It  has  a  valve  at  the  bottom, 
opening  upwards. 

SHOOTING.     Blasting  in  a  mine. 

SHOOTING  FAST  (L.).  Blasting  without  previously 
holing  or  shearing  the  coal. 

y  «/ 

SHOOTING  THE  GOB  (N.  S.).  Working  the  coal  in 
the  pillars  of  rearers  by  blasting. 

SHORN.    Cut  with  a  pick. 

SHORT  (N.  S.).  Coal  is  short  when  of  a  very  friable 
or  tender  nature. 

SHORTS.  1.  The  contents  of  trams  filled  with  coal,  or 
coal  and  dirt  mixed,  otherwise  than  in  accordance  with 
the  colliery  regulations. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  219 

2.  Deficiency  of  mineral  worked  under  a  lease  during 
any  year  or  other  period  agreed  upon.  In  granting  a 
lease  of  coal,  &c.,  it  is  customary  to  insert  a  clause 
which  provides  that  if  the  quantity  of  coal  raised  from 
the  estate  during  any  year  at  an  acreage  or  tentale  rent 
does  not  amount  to  the  certain  or  minimum  rent,  the 
lessee  may  in  any  subsequent  year  get  and  raise  such 
quantity  of  minerals  as  shall  make  up  the  deficiency 
without  paying  any  more  rent  than  the  minimum. 
Exercising  this  right  is  commonly  known  as  making  up 
shorts. 

SHOUT  STALL  (M.).    See  Single-road  Stall  (Fig.  113). 
SHORT- WORKINGS.    See  Shorts  (2). 

SHOT.  The  firing  off  of  a  cartridge  of  gunpowder, 
dynamite,  &c.,  in  blasting. 

SHOT  FAST.  Coal  which  is  worked  by  blasting,  and 
has  had  a  fast  shot  in  it. 

SHOT  HOLE.  The  borehole  (2)  in  which  the  explo- 
sive substance  is  placed  for  blasting.  It  is  usually 
from  18  inches  to  3  feet  in  depth,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  rock  (including  coal)  being  operated  upon 
and  from  1  inch  to  If  inches  in  diameter.  These  holes 
are  put  in  either  by  hand  or  by  machinery.  There  are 
hand-power  rock  perforating  machines,  both  percussive 
and  rotary  in  action,  also  similarly  acting  machines 
worked  by  steam  and  compressed  air.  Hand-made 
holes  with  the  ordinary  drill  or  jumper  are  always  more 
or  less  three-cornered  in  shape. 

SHOT  LIGHTER  or  SHOT  FIBER.  A  man  specially 
appointed  by  the  manager  of  a  mine  to  fire  off  every 


220  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

phot  in  a  certain  number  of  stalls  or  heads  during  the 
shift  He  shall  not  fire  until  he  has  examined  the 
immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  shot  and  found  it  free 
from  gas  and  otherwise  safe. 

SHOULDER  CUTTING  (S.  S.).  Cutting  the  sides  of  the 
upper  lift  of  a  working  place  in  a  Thick-coal  colliery  next 
the  rib,  preparatory  to  falling  the  coal. 

SHOW.  When  the  flame  of  a  safety  lamp  becomes 
elongated  or  unsteady,  owing  to  the  presence  of  fire- 
damp in  the  air,  it  is  said  to  show. 

SHUT  or  SHUTT.  1.  (S.  S.)     The  crushed  and  broken- 
down  roof  or  overlying  rock  of  a  seam  of  coal. 
2.  Old  workings.     See  Goaf. 
SHUTERS  (S.  S.).    Slue  Bind. 

SHUTTER.  1.  A  movable  sliding  door  having  balance 
weights  attached,  fitted  within  the  outer  casing  of  the 
Guibal  fan,  for  regulating  the  size  of  the  opening  from 
the  fan,  to  suit  the  ventilation  and  economical  working 
of  the  machine. 

2.  The  vibrating  arm  or  door  of  the  Cooke  Ventilator. 
See  Ventilator. 

SHUTS  (S.).    See  Keps. 

SHUTTLES  (L.).  Natural  cracks  running  at  right 
angles  to  the  dip  of  the  strata. 

SHUTTING.    See  Shooting. 

SIDDLE  (N.).  The  inclination  or  dip  of  a  bed  of  coal, 
&c. 

SIDE.     1.  The  more  or  less  vertical  face  or  wall  of 


USED   IN    COAL   MINING,   ETC.  221 

coal  or  goaf  forming  one  side  of  an  underground  working 
place. 

2.  (L.)     A  district. 

SIDE  CHAIN  (M.).  A  chain  hooked  on  to  the  sides 
of  tubs  when  running  upon  an  engine-plane  or  jig,  to 
keep  all  the  tubs  together  in  case  a  coupling 
breaks. 

SIDE  OF  WORK  (S.  S.).  A  kind  of  chamber  or 
panel  in  the  Thick-coal  workings  containing  from  two  to 
twenty  pillars.  Fig.  112  shows  a  plan  of  a  side  of  work. 

Fig.  112. 


SIDE-OVER  (N.),  To  cut  or  drive  in  a  line  with  the 
cleat  through  a  pillar  of  coal  when  working  the 
broken, 

SIDE-WAFER  or  SIDE-WAVER  (N.).     1.  Overhanging 
stones  or  roof  in  underground  roads  liable  to  drop. 
2.  A  fall  of  sagger,  &c. 

SIDING-UP  (N.).  Width  of  a  tub  and  room  for  gears  (1). 

SIGHT  (Eye-sight).  1.  On  reaching  a  pit  bottom, 
the  eyes  require  to  be  allowed  time  to  adjust  themselves 
to  the  darkness.  This  period  is  known  as  taking  time 
to  get  your  sight. 


222 


A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TERMS 


2.  A  bearing  or  angle  taken  with  a  dial  when  making 
an  underground  survey. 

SIGNS  (employed  upon  colliery  working  plans)  : — 


Air  crc&iFuup. sh&vn,  OVUA 

Coal  worked/ „. 

J}ips  of  move 

Direction,  cftiieJlir  current. 


[Wooden, 
( 

( 


Doers  ...  ....... 

Downcast  shaft   ....     shewn  thus 
Faults  ............ 


Furnace 

Regulators 
Staple  or  Drop-pit 

Stoppings 
Upcast  shaft 


r 

,*->. 


SILL.  1.  (N.)  A  face  of  hard  rock:  e.  g.  the  Great 
Whin  Sill. 

2.  (C.  Y.)  Much  the  same  as  Clunch,  Spavin, 
Warrant  &c. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.* 


223 


SlNG.  When  a  freshly  cut-into  seam  of  coal  gives 
off  gas  and  water  with  a  hissing  noise  resembling  the 
boiling  of  a  tea-kettle,  it  is  said  to  sing. 

SINGING  COAL.  A  bed  of  coal  from  which  gas  is 
ordinarily  issuing  from  the  partly-exposed  face  in  the 
mine,  producing  a  hissing  sound,  particularly  if  the 
surface  be  wet.  This  is  the  usual  manner  in  which  gas 
is  given  off  in  mines. 

SINGING  LAMP.  A  safety  lamp  which,  when  placed 
in  an  atmosphere  of  explosive  gas,  gives  out  a  peculiar 
sound  or  note,  the  strength  of  the  note  varying  in  pro- 
portion to  the  percentage  of  fire-damp  present, 

SINGLE-ROAD  STALL  (S.  W.).  A  system  of  working 
coal  as  shown  in  plan,  Fig.  113. 

Fig.  113. 


SINGLE-KOPE  HAULAGE.  That  system  of  under- 
ground haulage  in  which  a  single  rope  is  used,  the 
empty  set  (1)  running  iribye  by  gravity. 

SINK.  1.  To  excavate  strata  downwards  in  a  vertical 
line,  for  the  purpose  of  winning  and  working  minerals. 

2.  To  lore  (1)  or  put  down  a  borehole  (1). 


224  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

SINKER.  A  man  who  works  at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft 
in  course  of  being  sunk.  He  bores  the  shot-holes, 
charges  them  and  fires  them  off,  sends  the  debris  to  bank, 
and  assists  in  putting  in  tubbing,  walling,  pumps,  &c. 

SINKING.  A  pit-shaft  or  shafts  (1)  being  put  down  in 
order  to  work  coal,  &c. 

SINKING  PIT.  A  shaft  in  course  of  being  sunk. 
See  Sink. 

SINKS  (L.).  Natural  cavities  met  with  in  iron 
mines. 

SIT  (M.).  A  coal  face  (1)  or  buttock  is  said  to  sit 
when,  after  the  sprags  have  been  drawn,  it  will  not  fall 
over  and  break  up,  but  merely  cracks  off  and  rests  in 
that  position  until  pulled  over. 

SITS.  1.  (S.)     Creeps  or  subsidences  of  cover. 

2.  A  fall  of  roof. 

SIZE.  In  reference  to  a  fault ;  this  word  means  the 
extent  of  the  displacement  or  the  throw,  which  see. 

SKEEL  (Som.).  A  kind  of  cage  in  which  coals  are 
lowered  down  the  cuts  or  staples. 

SKEP.    A  bucket  or  tub  a  pit-horse  drinks  out  of. 

SKERRIES  (W.).  Greenish-white  micaceous  sand- 
stone. 

SKERRYSTONE  (M.).     Hard,  thin-bedded  sandstone. 

SKEWS  (S.).    See  Lypes. 

SKID  (B.).    See  Eudge. 

SKIDS.  Slides  or  slippers  upon  which  certain  coal- 
cutting  machines  travel  along  the  faces  (1)  whilst  at 
work. 

SKIP,  sometimes  SKEP.  1.  (S.  S.)   Acoaltfraw  or  box. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  225 

2.  See  Cu/at. 

3.  (S.W.) 

SLABS.    Lagging  placed  over  bars. 

SLACK.  Small  coal  which  will  pass  through  a 
screen  (1).  There  is  no  standard  size  distinguishing 
coal  (2)  from  slack. 

SLAG  (N.).    See  Brat. 

SLANT.  An  underground  roadway  driven  more  or 
less  on  the  rise  or  dip  of  the  mine. 

SLAP  (Som.).    See  Slack. 

SLATCH  (Som.).    See  Lathe. 

SLATE  COAL.  A  hard,  dull  variety  of  coal,  not 
unlike  Cannel. 

SLED,  properly  SLEDGE.     See  Cart. 

SLEEK  (B.).  Soft  and  troublesome,  as  applied  to 
the  state  of  the  floor  in  steep  seams. 

SLEW  (D.).    See  Lum. 

SLICKENSIDES.  The  smooth  striated  surface  of  joints 
on  opposite  walls  of  a  fault  or  fissure. 

SLICKS.  Smooth  partings  or  mere  planes  of  division 
in  strata. 

SLIDE.    A  fault. 

SLIDES.  See  Cage  Guides.  Made  either  of  wood  or 
rolled  iron. 

SLIDING  JOINT.  A  boring  rod  made  in  two  portions, 
one  sliding  within  the  other,  to  allow  of  the  concussion 
or  shock  produced  by  the  weight  of  the  falling  rods 
being  modified  or  taken  off  the  cutting  tool  in  very 
deep  boreholes  (1). 

Q 


226  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

SLIDING  SCALE.  A  mode  of  regulating  the  amount 
of  wages  in  mining  districts  by  taking  as  a  basis  for 
calculation  the  market  value  of  coal  or  iron,  the 
amount  rising  and  falling  with  the  state  of  the  trade. 
For  example,  when  pig-iron  sells  for  (say)  60s.  per  ton, 
the  wages  of  underground  men  to  be  (say)  5s.  a  day ;  but 
when  pigs  are  at  70s.,  miners'  wages  shall  be  (say)  5s.  Qd. 
a  day,  or  rising  Qd.  a  day  for  each  rise  of  10s.  in  the 
price  of  iron. 

SLIDING  WINDBORE.  The  bottom  pipe  or  suction- 
piece  of  a  sinking  sett  of  pumps  (pumps  used  in  a  sinking 
pit),  having  a  lining  made  to  slide  or  telescope  within 
it,  to  give  length  without  altering  the  adjustment  of 
the  whole  column  of  pumps. 

SLIG  or  SLIGGEN  (I.).    Shale. 

SLINE  or  SLYNE.  1.  A  facing  or  smooth  parting  or 
joint  in  coal,  &c. 

2.  (M.)     Potholes  in  the  roof. 

SLIP.     1.  A  fault.     See  Fig.  70  (1). 

2.  A  smooth  joint  or  crack  in  strata. 

SLIP  CLEAVAGE  (S.  W.).  The  cleat  of  the  coal  run- 
ning in  planes  parallel  with  slips  (1).  See  Fig.  114. 


SLIP-DYKE  (N.).     See  Slip  and  Fault. 

SLIPE  (S.  S.).    A  skip  without  wheels,  a  sledge. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  227 

SLIPPERS.    See  Shoes. 

SLIP&  (M.).    Full  of  slips  (2). 

SLIPPY  BACKS  (N.).  Vertical  planes  of  cleavage 
occurring  every  four  or  five  inches  in  the  seam  of  coal. 

SLIP  SPEAR  (Pa.).  A  tool  for  extracting  tubing 
from  a  borehole  (1). 

SLIP-THINGS  (S.  S.).  The  more  or  less  vertical 
planes  of  cleavage  in  coal,  &c. 

SLIP-TROUBLE  (S.).    See  .Slip  (1). 

SLIT.  A  short  heading  put  through  to  connect  two 
other  headings. 

SLITTER.     See  Pick 

SLIVERS.  Strips  of  wood  or  iron  fitted  in  between 
the  edges  of  boards  in  wooden  bratticing,  to  make  the 
joints  air-tight. 

SLOOM  (M.).  A  softish  earthy  clay  or  shale  often 
underlying  a  bed  of  coal. 

SLOPE.     1.  See  Slant. 

2.  (Pa.)  The  main  engine-plane  or  inclined  road- 
way driven  in  the  seam  of  coal  worked  from  the  surface 
outcrop,  up  which  the  whole  of  the  produce  of  the  mine 
is  raised  by  the  winding  engine. 

SLOT  (Y.).     To  Me  (1). 

SLOTTINGS  (Y.).  Coal  cut  away  in  the  process  of 
holing. 

SLUDGE  PUMP.  A  short  iron  pipe  or  tube  fitted 
with  a  valve  at  the  lower  end,  with  which  the  boremeal 
is  extracted  from  a  borehole  (I). 

SLUDGER.     See  Sludge  Pump. 

Q  2 


228  A   GLOSSAKT   OF   TEEMS 

SLUM,  SLUMS,  SLUMBS.  1.  (N.  S.)  A  blackish, 
slippery,  indurated  clay. 

2.  A  soft  clayey  or  shaley  bed  of  coal. 

SLYPE  (S.).     See  Sawney. 

SMALL.    See  Slack. 

SMART  FIRE  (N.).     A  severe  though  small  explosion. 

SMART  MONEY  (N.).  A  weekly  allowance  of  money 
given  by  employers  to  workmen  who  get  injured  whilst 
at  work. 

SMELL.  The  early  indication  of  a  fire-stink  percep- 
tible to  the  nose. 

SMIFT.  A  bit  of  touch-paper,  touch-wood,  greased 
candlewick,  or  paper  or  cotton  dipped  in  molten  sulphur, 
attached  by  a  bit  of  clay  or  grease  to  the  outside  end 
of  the  train  of  gunpowder  when  blasting.  Its  object  is 
to  ignite  the  shot  after  giving  the  miner  sufficient  time 
to  retire  to  a  place  of  safety. 

SMITHEM  or  SMYTHAM.  1.  (M.)    Fine  slack. 

2.  Clay  or  shale  between  two  beds  of  coal. 

SMITH  ORE  (F.  D.).     See  Brush  (2). 

SMOKY  PIT  (M.).  An  upcast  shaft  with  a  furnace  at 
the  bottom  of  it. 

SMOOTH  (S.W.).     The  line  of  face  (1)  of  a  stall 

SMOOTH-HEADS  (Y.).     See  Bright-heads. 

SMOOTHS  (S.  W.).  Planes  of  cleavage  more  or  less 
vertical. 

SMUDGE.     See  Smithem  (1). 

SMUT.     See  Coal  Smut. 

SMUTH  or  MUCKS.    Very  inferior  coal. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  229 

SNAP  (M.).    See  Bait. 

SNAPPING  TIME  (M.).  A  short  period  of  rest  during 
a  shift  in  which  a  collier  takes  his  snap. 

SNAPS  (M.).  A  haulage  clip.  See  Fig.  79  for  tail 
rope  clip. 

SNECK  Y.    A  carving  (2)  ? 

SNECKS  (S,).  Appliances  for  diverting  wagons  from 
the  main  line  into  a  siding. 

SNIBBLE  (N.).     See  Locker. 

SNOREHOLES.  The  holes  at  the  bottom  of  a  snore- 
piece  through  which  the  water  enters  to  the  pump. 

SNOREPIECE.  The  lowest  end  of  a  pump  sett  (I) 
through  which  the  water  passes. 

SNUFF.     See  Smift. 

SOAPSTONE  (Y.,  N.W.).  A  variety  of  fireclay,  some- 
times applied  to  Bind  (1). 

SOAMS  (N.).  A  pair  of  cords  about  three  feet  in 
length,  by  which  foals  and  half  marrows  pull  tubs  along 
the  roads. 

SOCKET.  The  innermost  end  of  a  shot  hole  not  blown 
away  after  firing. 

SOCKET  BAR.     See  Beche. 

SODS  (Lei.).     Clay  beneath  coal  seams. 

SOFT.     Tender,  full  of  slips  and  joints,  friable. 

SOFTS  (M.).     Coals  which  easily  break  up. 

SOLE.     A  piece  of  timber  set  underneath  a  prop. 

SORTING  (M.).  Turning  over  by  hand  and  examin- 
ing the  round  coal  as  it  comes  from  the  mine ;  dividing 
it  up  according  to  size  and  quality  into  various  sorts  to 


230  A   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

suit  the  trade,  carefully  throwing  aside  all  inferior  or 
stony  coal. 

Sos  (S.  S.).  To  sink  into  the  floor  under  great 
pressure  from  overlying  strata. 

SOUFFLARD  (F.).     See  Blower. 

SOUNDING.  Knocking  on  the  roof,  &c.,  to  ascertain  if 
it  is  sound  or  safe  to  work  under. 

SOUTENEMENT  (F.).    Propping  and  packing  the  roof. 

SPAN-BEAM.  A  long  wooden  beam  supporting  the 
head  pivot  of  the  drum  axle  of  a  gin,  and  resting  at 
the  extremities  upon  inclined  legs. 

SPARE  (N.).  A  deal  wedge  from  6  to  8  inches  long, 
for  driving  behind  tubbing  plates  when  adjusting  them 
to  the  circle  of  the  shaft. 

SPAVIN  (Y.).  Clunch,  or  ordinary  bottom  or  under- 
day. 

SPEAKING-FLAME  LAMP.     See  Singing  Lamp. 

SPEAR  PLATES.  Wrought-iron  plates  bolted  to  the 
sides  of  spears  where  joined  together.  See  Fig.  115. 

Fig.  115. 


SPEARS.  Wooden  pump-rods  of  Memel  or  pitch  pine 
timber  cut  into  lengths  of  about  40  feet,  and,  for  heavy 
work,  often  measuring  16  inches  square.  Wrought-iron 
pears  are  also  used. 

SPIDERS  (U.  S.  A.).     See  Drum  Rings. 

SPIKING   CURBS.    Light  rings  of   wood  to    which 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  231 

planks  are  spiked,  bevelled  to  suit  the  sweep  of  the 
shaft,  when  plank  tubbing  is  used  in  sinking  through 
water-bearing  ground. 

SPILES.     1.  Narrow-pointed  tubbing  wedges. 

2.  See  Lacing. 

SPILING  (N.).    See  Spiles  (1). 

SPIRAL  DRUM.    See  Conical  Drum. 

SPIRES  (Lei.).  Coal  of  a  hard,  dull,  slaty  nature, 
and  difficult  to  break  up. 

SPIRAL  WORM.  A  tool  for  extricating  broken 
boring  rods.  Fig.  116. 

Fig.  116. 


SPLINT  or  SPLENT  (S.).  A  laminated,  coarse, 
inferior,  dull-looking,  hard  coal,  producing  much  white 
ash ;  intermediate  between  eannel  and  common  pit  coal. 

SPLIT.  1.  A  division  of  the  air-current  underground. 
Each  separate  district  should  have  its  own  split  of  fresh 
air. 

2.  To  divide  the  ventilative  current  after  it  reaches 
the  pit  bottom. 

3.  To  divide  a  pillar  or  post  (1)  by  driving  through 
it  one  or  more  roads. 

SPLITTINGS  (L.).  Two  horizontal  level  headings 
driven  through  a  pillar  in  pillar  workings,  in  order  to 
work  away  the  coal  in  the  pillar. 

SPOIL.  Debris  [stone,  shale,  bad  coal,  dirt,  and  all 
rubbish]  raised  from  the  mine  and  thrown  on  one  side. 


232  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

2.  A  stratum  of  coal  and  dirt  (1)  mixed. 

SPOIL-BANK  or  SPOIL-HEAP.  The  place  on  the  sur- 
face where  spoil  (1)  is  deposited. 

SPOUT  (S.  S.).  A  short  underground  passage  in  the 
Thick-coal  workings  connecting  a  main  road  with  an 
air-head. 

SPOUT-HOLE  (S.  W.).     1.  A  short  siding  upon  which 
trams  are  loaded  in  the  pit. 
2.  See  Bolt. 

SPRAG.  A  short  wooden  prop  set  in  a  slanting 
position  for  keeping  up  the  coal  during  the  operation  of 
holing.  It  is  a  general  rule  that  sprags  shall  be  set  not 
more  than  6  feet  apart. 

SPRING  BEAMS.  Two  stout  parallel  timber  beams 
built  into  a  Cornish  pumping-engine-house,  nearly  on  a 
level  with  the  engine  beam,  for  catching  the  beam,  &c., 
and  preventing  a  smash  in  case  of  a  break  down  in  the 
pit  work 

SPRING  DART.  An  arrow  or  fish-headed  boring  tool 
for  extricating  a  lost  implement,  or  for  withdrawing 
lining  tubes.  Fig.  117. 

Fig.  117. 


SPRING  HOOK.  An  iron  hook  attached  to  the  end  of 
a  winding,  capstan,  or  crab  rope,  fitted  with  a  spring 
for  closing  the  opening,  and  thus  preventing  the  kibble, 
&c.,  from  falling  off. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  233 

SPRING  POLE.  A  fir  pole  having  considerable 
elasticity,  to  which  the  boring  rods  are  suspended  when 
boring  for  coal,  &c.  Also  sometimes  employed  for 
shallow  pumping,  when  it  is  actuated  by  cams  or  cranks 
from  an  engine. 

SPUNNEY  (L.).    See  Jinney. 

SPUKNS  (S.  S.).  Narrow  pillars  or  webs  of  coal 
between  each  holing,  not  cut  away  until  the  last  thing 
before  withdrawing  the  sprags. 

SPUE  KOAD  (S.).  A  branch  way  leading  from  a 
main  level. 

SPURT  (F.  D.).  A  peculiar  kind  of  stone,  much 
disintegrated  and  mixed  with  colouring  matter. 

SQUANDER  (Y.).  To  beat  or  kill  (extinguish)  an 
underground  fire. 

SQUARE  WORK.  1.  (S.  S.)  An  old  system  of  working 
the  Thick  coal  by  getting  the  upper  beds  first  and  then 
the  lower  ones. 

2.  A  system  of  working  a  seam  of  coal  by  cutting  it 
up  into  square  blocks  or  pillars.  See  Stoop  and  Room. 

SQUAT,  LADS  !  "  Fall  flat  down  on  the  floor  I " 
In  the  early  days  of  coal  mining,  before  safety  lamps 
were  much  used  and  ventilating  was  little  understood, 
setting  fire  to  gas  was  a  very  common  thing ;  so,  when- 
ever an  explosion  took  place,  the  colliers  shouted  to  one 
another,  "  Squat,  lads  I "  so  that  by  lying  close  to  the 
floor  they  were  often  able  to  escape  the  fire  and  Hast 
in  a  great  measure,  as  it  passed  over  them.  See  She's 
fired! 


234  A   GLOSSARY  OF   TEEMS 

•    SQUEEZE.     1.  See  Creep. 

2.  See  Nip. 

SQUIB.  A  straw,  rush,  paper,  or  quill  tube  filled 
with  a  priming  of  gunpowder,  which  is  passed  through 
the  touch-hole  into  the  cartridge  or  charge  in  blasting, 
and  ignited  by  means  of  a  smift. 

S-ROPE.  The  winding  (2)  rope  which  passes  round  the 
under  side  of  the  drum  (1)  from  or  to  the  pulley ;  so 
called  because  it  takes  the  form  of  the  letter  S. 

STACK.  To  build  up  coals,  ironstone,  &c.,  into  heaps 
on  the  surface  for  winter  or  other  use 

STACKER.     1.  One  who  stacks  coals,  &c. 

2.  (Lei.)  A  butty  out  of  the  pit  who  looked  after 
the  unloading  of  the  boxes  on  the  bank  (on  behalf  of  the 
coal-getters)  in  the  earlier  days  of  mining. 

STACK  OUT  (M.).  To  dam  off  or  shut  up  the 
entrance  to  a  goaf  by  building  a  wall  of  stone  or  coal 
in  front  of  it. 

ST ADDLE  (M.).  The  foundation  of  a  pack  in  iron- 
stone workings. 

STAGE.     1.  A  platform  upon  which  trams  stand. 

2.  The  pit  bank. 

3.  A  certain  length  of  underground  roadway  worked 
by  one  horse. 

STAGE  PUMPING.  Draining  a  mine  by  means  of  two 
or  more  pumps  placed  at  different  levels  in  the  shafts  or 
workings  in  such  wise  that  each  intermediate  pump 
receives  its  water  from  the  pump  next  below  it,  and 
raises  it  to  the  next  above ;  and  so  on  to  the  surface  or 
adit. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


235 


STAGE  WORKING.  A  system  of  working  minerals 
by  open  hole  in  which  the  various  beds  are  removed  in 
steps  or  stages  in  manner  shown  in  section,  Fig.  118. 

Fig.  118. 


STAIR  PIT  (S.).  A  shallow  shaft  or  staple  in  a  mine 
fitted  with  a  ladder  or  steps. 

STAITHES  (N.).  Depots  in  which  coals  are  placed 
when  they  come  from  collieries  by  wagons,  to  be  ready 
to  be  loaded  into  keels.  They  date  from  1709.  Timber 
forms  the  chief  material  of  construction  of  statthes,  and 
they  are  fitted  up  with  an  arrangement  of  shoots  or 
spouts,  down  which  the  coals  run  into  the  vessels.  See 
cross-section,  Fig.  119.  In  South  Wales  hydraulic 
drops  and  hydraulic  shoots  are  employed  at  the  staithes. 
When  the  former  are  used,  the  coals,  in  boxes,  are 
jibbed  out,  lowered  over  the  vessel's  hatchway,  and 
withdrawn  again  when  empty :  sometimes  a  counter- 
balance weight  is  employed  alone  for  raising  the  empty 
boxes.  With  the  hydraulic  shoots,  a  full  wagon  is  run 
on  to  a  stage  at  the  top  of  the  shoot,  the  rear  end  of  the 
stage  is  raised  or  the  front  end  lowered,  as  the  case  may 
be,  so  as  to  incline  the  wagon  and  cause  the  coal  to  fall 
out  at  the  end  door  (with  which  the  wagons  are  all 
fitted)  on  to  the  shoot.  Counterbalance  shoots  also  are 
commonly  employed  upon  staithes,  wherein  all  the 


236 


A   GLOSS AEY   OF   TERMS 


movements  are  regulated  by  counterbalance  weights, 
the  action  being  very  similar  to  that  of  the  hydraulic 
apparatus  above  referred  to.  The  coals  are  sometimes 

Fig.  119. 


lowered  from  the  mouth  of  the  shoots  into  the  bottoms 
of  the  vessels  by  means  of  an  endless  band  or  chain 
carrying  iron  buckets,  which  are  fed  from  a  hopper  and 
descend  into  the  hold. 

STAKE  (Lei.).  To  fasten  back  or  prop  open  with  a 
piece  of  chain  or  otherwise  the  valves  or  clacks  of  a 
water  barrel  (1),  in  order  that  the  water  may  run  out  of 
it  back  into  the  sump  when  necessary. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  237 

STALACTITES  (Y.).  Icicle-shaped  formations  upon 
the  roof,  produced  by  droppings  of  water  of  a  saline 
nature. 

STALL.  A  working  place  in  a  mine,  varying  in 
length  from  a  few  feet  to  80  yards  or  more,  according 
to  the  thickness  of  the  seam  and  system  of  working 
adopted. 

STALL  AND  EOOM  WORK.  Working  the  coal  in 
compartments,  or  in  isolated  chambers  or  pillars. 

STALL  GATE.  A  gate  road  along  which  the  mineral 
worked  in  a  stall  is  conveyed  to  the  main  road. 

STALLING.  Working  in  a  stall,  in  the  capacity  of  a 
butty  or  contractor. 

STALLMAN.     See  Butty. 

STALL  WORK.     Working  coal,  &c.,  in  stalls. 

STAMPING  MAUNDRIL  (Lei.).    A  heavy  pick 

STANCH  AIR  (Som.).     See  Choke-damp. 

STANCHION.     See  Puncheon. 

STAND.  Does  not  break  down  or  require  timbering. 
A  rock  or  coal  roof  generally  stands  better  than  one 
composed  of  shale  or  clay. 

STANDAGE.  An  underground  lodge  or  reservoir  for 
water  on  its  way  to  the  sump  or  pumps. 

STANDARD.  The  fixed  rate  by  which  colliers'  wages 
are  from  time  to  time  regulated.  See  Sliding  Scale. 

STANDARD  AIR-COURSES  (N.).  The  various  quan- 
tities or  supplies  of  fresh  air  allowed  to  pass  through 
each  district  or  split. 

STANDING.  Not  at  work,  not  going  forward,  idle, 
at  play  (1,  2),  laid  off. 


238  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

STANDING  BOBBY  (N".).  An  exploded  shot  which 
rips  the  coal  but  does  not  blow  the  stemming  out,  and 
expends  itself  in  lacks  (1)  without  doing  its  wo,rk. 

STANDING  FIRE.  A  fire  in  a  mine  continuing  to 
smoulder  for  a  long  time ;  often  many  years. 

STANDING  GAS.  A  body  of  fire-damp  known  to  exist 
in  a  mine,  though  fenced  off. 

STANDING  SET.  A  fixed  lift  of  pumps  in  a  sinking 
pit. 

STANK  (M.).  A  water-tight  stopping ;  generally  a 
well  built  brick  wall. 

STANKING  (Ch.).    See  Stank. 

STAPLE  or  STAPLE  PIT.  A  shallow  shaft  within  a 
mine. 

STAR  REAMER  (Pa.).  A  tool  for  regulating  the 
diameter  of  or  straightening  a  borehole  (1),  made  star- 
shaped  at  the  base. 

START  (N.).  A  lever  for  working  a  gin  to  which 
the  horse  is  attached. 

STATION.  1.  Any  fixed  point  underground  beyond 
which  naked  lights  may  not  be  carried. 

2.  Any  fixed  point  in  a  mine  where  deputies  meet  to 
report  upon  the  condition  of  their  respective  districts 
and  to  consult  together. 

3.  An  opening  into  a  level  heading  out  of  the  side  of 
an  inclined  plane. 

STEAM  COAL.  A  hard,  free-burning,  non-caking, 
white  ash  variety  of  coal.  The  finest  steam  coals  of 
South  Wales  are  moderately  hard  and  almost  smoke- 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


239 


Fig.  120. 


STEAM  JET.  A  system  of  ventilating  a  mine  by 
means  of  a  number  of  jets  of  steam  at  high  pressure 
kept  constantly  blowing  off  from  a  series  of  pipes  in  the 
bottom  of  the  upcast  shaft.  Ventilating  by  this  system 
gives  only  about  30  per  cent,  at  most  of  the  useful 
effect  produced  by  a  fan  or  furnace. 

STEEL  MILL.  An  apparatus  for  obtaining  light  in 
the  workings  of  a  mine  where 
naked  lights  were  considered  un- 
safe. It  was  brought  out  by  one 
Spedding,  of  Whitehaven,  in  1760, 
and  used  up  to  1815,  when  the 
safety  lamp  was  invented.  Its 
object  was  to  produce  a  shower  of 
sparks  by  holding  a  piece  of  flint 
against  the  rapidly-revolving  periphery  of  a  wheel 
about  six  inches  in  diameter,  the  rim  of  which  was 
steel.  See  Fig.  120. 

STEEP  SEAMS.     See  Edge  Coals  and  Bearers. 
STEER  (Lei.).     Steep,  highly  inclined,  dips  fast. 

STEIGER  (Pr.).  See  Fireman.  He  has  the  super- 
vision of  only  one  fixed  part  or  district  of  a  mine. 

STEINING.     The  brick  or  stone  lining  of  a  pit  shaft, 

Fig.  121. 


to  prevent  the  loose  strata  of  the  sides  from  falling  in. 
Three  methods  of  steining  are  shown  in  Fig.  121. 


240  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

STEMMER.     A  copper  rod  used  for  stemming  (2). 

STEMMING  1.  Fine  shale  or  dirt  put  into  a  shot-hole 
after  the  powder,  and  rammed  hard. 

2.  Ramming  or  beating  the  stemming  (1)  solid. 

STENTING  (N.).    See  Stenton. 

STENTON  (N.).  A  short  heading  at  right  angles  to  a 
cross  cut  (2). 

STEP  BANKS  (S.  W.).  Working  places  having  re- 
gular distances  along  the  carvings  or  cuttings  between 
the  ends  of  the  stalls  in  the  long -wall  system. 

STEPPING  (N.).  The  system  of  working  faces  of 
coal  one  in  advance  of  the  next  to  it.  See  Fig.  91 
(upper  range  of  workings). 

STEPS.     See  Step  Banks. 

STERIL  COAL.  Black  shale  or  clay  on  top  of  a  coal 
seam. 

STEWARD  (Y.).     See  Underviewer. 

STIFFENER  (S.  W.).  A  door  for  regulating  the 
ventilation. 

STILLING  (N.).  The  walling  of  a  shaft  within  the 
tubbing  above  the  stone  head  (2). 

STIMPLES  (S.  W.).     Small  timbers.     See  Lacing. 

STINT.  1.  (M.)  A .  measure  of  length  by  which 
colliers  hole  and  cut  coal.  A  stall  face  is  usually 
measured  off  into  a  number  of  stints  or  holing  setts  (3), 
varying  between  4  feet  and  6  feet,  and  each  collier  holes 
a  certain  proportion  of  them  for  his  day's  work, 
according  to  the  length  and  depth  of  the  stint,  and 
hardness  of  the  seam. 


USED  IN   COAL   MINING,  ETC.  241 

2.  (GK)     A  certain  number  of  trams  filled  per  man 
per  day. 

3.  (S.  S.)     A  collier's  day's  work. 

4.  (B.)      To  fix  upon,  or  agree  to,  a  certain  number 
of  trams  being  filled  per  stall  per  day. 

STIRRUPS.  A  screw  joint  suspended  from  the  brake- 
staff  or  spring -pole,  by  which  the  boring  rods  are  adjusted 
to  the  depth  of  the  borehole  (1).  „ 

STOBB.  A  long  steel  wedge  used  in  bringing  down 
coal  after  it  has  been  holed.  See  Feathers. 

STOQK.  1.  Coals  laid  down  at  surface  during  slack 
trade,  or  in  reserve  for  an  extra  demand  at  any 
time. 

2.  The  average  tonnage  sent  out  of  a  working  place 
in  one  day. 

STOCKING  END.  1.  (L.)  The  inner  end  of  a  heading 
at  a  short  distance  from  which  there  is  a  depression  or 
lum  in  the  seam,  which  has  become  more  or  less  filled 
with  water,  causing  the  ventilation  to  be  cut  off  from 
the  lack  (2). 

2.  (Lei.)     A  Geordie. 

STOMP.  1.  (M.)  To  set  a  prop  or  sprag  with  one  end 
let  into  a  slight  hole  cut  out  of  the  floor  or  roof  to 
receive  it. 

2.  A  short  wooden  plug  fixed  in  the  roof,  to  which 
lines  are  hung,  or  to  serve  as  a  bench-mark  for 
surveys. 

STONE.  1.  A  term  commonly  used  for  sandstone, 
post  (2),  or  almost  any  rock  of  a  stony  character. 

E 


242  A  GLOSSAET  OF   TEEMS 

2.  Ironstone,  which  see. 

STONE  COAL.  Anthracite,  in  lumps.  Also  certain 
other  very  hard  varieties  of  coal. 

STONEHEAD.  1.  A  heading  driven  in  stone,  bind, 
measures,  &c. 

2.  (N.)  The  first  hard  stratum  met  with  underlying 
quicksand. 

STONEMAN  (N.).  *0ne  who  is  employed  in  driving 
a  stonehead,  or  who  rips,  timbers,  and  repairs  roads. 

STONE  MINE  (S.).     An  ironstone  pit  or  working. 

STONE  TUBBING.  Water-tight  stone  wallitig  of  a 
shaft,  jointed  and  fastened  at  the  back  with  cement. 

STONE  WOKK  (S.).  Driving  of  drifts  or  galleries  in 
measures.  See  Stonehead  (1). 

STOOK  (N.).  A  pillar  of  coal  about  four  yards 
square,  being  the  last  portion  of  a  full-sized  pillar  to  be 
worked  away  in  board  and  pillar  workings. 

STOOK  AND  FEATHEK.  A  wedge  for  breaking  down 
coal,  worked  by  hydraulic  power,  the  pressure  being 
applied  at  the  extreme  inner  end  of  the  drilled 
hole. 

STOOL  (D.).    To  sit,  which  see. 

STOOLS  (F.  D.).  Sigillarise,  viz.  the  fossil  form  of 
the  stem  of  a  tree,  which  grew  during  the  Coal 
period,  occasionally  met  with  (probably  in  situ)  in 
mines. 

STOOP.  1.  (S.)     See  Ranee. 
2.  (M.)     A  prop  or  puncheon. 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


243 


STOOP  AND  EOOM  (S.).     A  system  of  working  coal 
very  similar  to  pillar  and  stall  (Fig.  122). 

Fig.  122. 

i_n_ 

nnan 


STOOPING  (S.).     Working  away  the  stoops  (1). 

STOOP  KOADS  (S.).  Koads  driven  in  the  solid  or 
whole  coal  on  the  stoop  and  room  system. 

STOPPAGES.  Deductions  from  miners'  wages,  such  as 
rent,  candles,  blacksmith's  work,  field  club,  &c. 

STOPPER  (S.  S.).     See  Stopping. 

STOPPING.  A  solid  stone,  brick,  or  clay  wall  built 
right  across  a  thirl  or  any  other  description  of  road  or 
entrance  to  a  worked-out  place.  They  prevent  the 
access  of  air  to  goaves,  and  cause  it  to  circulate  through 
and  further  into  the  mine;  are  often  plastered  with 
lime  on  the  intake  side  and  packed  at  the  back  with 
sand,  slack,  'burnt  stuff,  or  rubbish.  See  Dam,  Signs. 

STOP  TRUCKS  (S.  W.).   Scotches. 

STOW.  To  pack  away  rubbish  into  goaves,  old 
roads,  &c. 

STOW-BOARD  (N.).  A  "board  or  heading  in  which 
debris  is  stowed. 

STOWSES  (N.).     A  windlass  or  wallow. 

R  2 


244  A  GLOSSAKY  OF  TEEMS 

STRAIGHT  BIT.     A  flat  or  ordinary  chisel  for  "boring. 

STRAIGHT  COAL  (S.  S.).  An  excavation  made  in  the 
Thick  coal,  having  the  solid  coal  left  on  three  sides  of  it. 

STRAIGHT  ENDS  AND  WALLS  (N.  W.).  A  system  of 
working  coal  somewhat  similar  to,  board  and  pillar. 
Straight  ends  are  drifts  or  headings  from  4  feet  6  inches 
to  6  feet  in  width.  Walls  are  pillars  30  feet  wide. 

STRAIGHT  WORK  or  STRAIT  WORK.  The  system  of 
getting  coal  by  headings  or  narrow  work.  See  Course, 
Fig.  44. 

STRAPS  (M.).  Old  iron  way  rails  put  up  between 
the  coal  face  and  the  front  rank  of  props,  in  long-wall 
stalls,  for  supporting  a  tender  roof. 

STRAW.  A  fine  straw  filled  with  gunpowder,  and 
used  as  a  fuse. 

STREBBAU  (Pr.).     The  long-wall  system,  which  see. 

STRET.  1.  (N.  S.)     See  Straight  Work 

2.  (M.)  Solid,  close,  compact:  e.  g.  gobbed  stret, 
packed  stret,  &c. 

STRETCHER  (Y.).     A  prop  or  spray. 

STRIKE.  1.  The  line  at  right  angles  to  the  dip  (3)  ; 
a  level  course. 

2.  To  meet  with,  or  hit  a  fault,  hollows,  &c. 

STRIKE  JOINTS  (U.  S.  A).  Joints  in  strata  parallel 
to  the  strike  (1). 

STRIKING  DEALS.  Planks  fixed  in  a  sloping  direc- 
tion just  within  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  to  guide  the  bowk 
to  the  surface. 

STRIP  (M.)  To  get  coal,  &c.,  alongside  a  fault, 
barrier,  hollows,  &c. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  245 

STEIPPING  (Y.).  A  web  of  coal  worked  off  all  along 
the  face  of  a  stall. 

STRONG.  A  word  having  reference  to  the  character 
of  a  bind  or  metal,  meaning  that  the  argillaceous  is 
largely  mixed  with  the  arenaceous  or  siliceous  material. 

STRUCK  (N.).     Level  full;  strickle  measure. 

STRUM  (N.).  A  kind  of  iron  sieve  placed  round  the 
suction  pipe  of  a  pump,  for  preventing  stones  or  other 
rubbish  passing  into  the  pump. 

STRUVE  VENTILATOR.  A  pneumatic  apparatus  in- 
vented by  a  Mr.  Struve,  consisting  of  two  vessels, 
something  like  gas-holders,  which  are  moved  up  and 
down  in  water.  By  this  means  the  air  is  sucked  out 
of  the  mine  as  required.  See  Ventilator. 

STUFF.     1.  Coals  and  slack,  the  produce  of  the  mine. 

2.  (Sh.)     See  Bind. 

STUMP  (Pa.).  The  block  of  solid  coal  at  the  entrance 
to  a  breast,  having  a  narrow  roadway  on  either  side. 

STUMPING  (L.).  A  kind  of  pillar  and  stall  plan  of 
getting  coal. 

STYTHE.  Carbonic  acid  gas.  A  gas  commonly  given 
off  from  old  workings,  and  one  found  to  result  from  the 
breathing  of  men  and  horses,  the  burning  of  candles 
and  lamp?,  and  from  the  explosion  of  gunpowder  used 
in  blasting.  Shallow  and  badly  ventilated  mines  pro- 
duce stytlie.  See  After-damp  and  Slack-damp. 

SUB  (M.).  Meaning  subsist ;  money  or  wages  paid 
on  account. 

SUCK.     See  Back-lash. 

SULPHUR  (S.  S.).     Old  term  for  fire-damp,  which  see. 


246  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

SUMP  or  SUMPH.  1.  The  bottom  of  shaft  below  the 
lowest  inset. 

2.  A  portion  of  the  shaft  bottom  of  a  sinking  pit  sunk 
down  lower  than  the  other,  forming  a  kind  of  dish  into 
which  the  water  collects,  and  which  is  always  allowed  to 
be  the  deepest  part. 

3.  (N.)     A  portion  of  a  length  of  a  broken  working, 
or  of  a  jud. 

BUMPER.  A  shot  placed  in  or  very  near  to  the  centre 
of  the  bottom  of  a  sinking  pit. 

SUMPT  (S.  S.).     See  Sump. 

SURFEIT  (N.).    Choke-damp. 

SURGE.     To  slip  accidentally. 

SWABSTICK.  A  short  wooden  rod  bruised  into  a  kind 
of  stumpy  brush  at  one  end,  for  cleaning  out  a  drilled 
hole. 

SWAD.     See  Dant. 

SWAG  (L.).     Subsidence  or  weighting  of  the  roof. 

SWALLOW  HOLES  (L.).    See  Sinks. 

SWAMP.  A  depression  or  natural  hollow  in  a  seam. 
See  Lum. 

SWAPE  (N.).    A  great  oar  by  which  keels  are  steered. 

SWAYING  OF  A  BANK  (Y.).  An  expression  commonly 
made  use  of  in  South  Yorkshire,  which  means  that  a 
lank  (4)  is  undergoing  disturbance  in  the  roof,  due  to 
weight  (1,  2). 

SWEAL.  1.  See  Gutter. 

2.  A  candle  is  said  to  sweal  when  the  grease  runs 
down,  owing  to  its  burning  in  a  strong  current  of  air  or 
being  improperly  carried  or  fixed. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  247 

SWEAT  (M.).  The  roof  of  a  mine  is  said  to  sweat 
when  drops  of  water  are  formed  upon  it,  due  to  the 
heating  of  the  waste  or  goaf.  Sweating  is  generally 
the  first  indication  of  &  fire-stink. 

SWEEP-HEAD  PICK  A  pick  the  form  of  the  head  of 
which  is  made  curved  instead  of  elbowed  or  anchored,  as 
other  kinds  are  termed. 

SWEET.  Free  from  fire-damp  or  other  gases,  or  from 
fire-stink. 

SWELL.    A  kind  of  fault.     See  Horses. 

S WELLY,  also  SWALLY,  also  SW^LLY  (N.).  A  thick- 
ening out  of  a  seam  of  coal  over  a  limited  area. 

SWILLIES  (Y.).  Detached  portions  of  coal  strata 
forming  small  basins, — say  not  more  than  one  mile  in 
diameter. 

SWINE-BACK  (S.  W.).    See  Horses. 

SWING.  The  arc  or  curve  described  by  the  point  of 
a  pick  or  maundril  when  being  used  by  a  holer  or  in 
cutting  coal ;  called  the  swing  of  the  pick. 

SWINGING  BONT  or  BANT  (M.).  Before  the  intro- 
duction of  cages  and  conductors,  the  skips  of  coal,  &c., 
and  men  were  raised  and  lowered  swinging  loose  in  the 
shafts.  Very  shallow  mines  are  still  worked  in  this 
manner.  The  word  bont  -means  land,  a  rope  or  chain. 

SWOM  STUFF.  An  old  term  for  certain  alluvial 
deposits  met  with  in  coal  measures. 

SIPHON  or  SIPHON-PIPE.  A  simple,  very  effective, 
and  economical  mode  of  conveying  water  in  a  mine 
over  a  hill,  or  from  one  lodge  to  another,  from  a  higher 


248  A   GLOSSARY   OF    TERMS 

to  a  lower  level.  It  takes  the  form  of  an  iron  pipe 
(w.  i.  tubes  are  perhaps  the  most  suitable),  the  vertical 
height  of  which  must  not  exceed  28  or  30  feet  between 
the  water  to  be  run  off  and  the  summit  of  the  hill,  and 
the  length  of  the  discharge  end  must  exceed  in  height 
that  of  the  suction  end,  or  the  siphon  will  not  work. 


T. 

TACK.  1.  (N.)    See  Spurns. 

2.  (Som.)  A  wooden  scaffold  put  into  a  pit-shaft  for 
temporary  purposes. 

TACKLE.  The  ropes,  chains,  detaching  hooks,  cages 
or  kibbles,  and  other  apparatus  for  raising  coal,  &c.,  in 
pit-shafts. 

TACKLERS  or  TUCKLERS  (Lei.).  Small  chains  put 
round  loaded  corves,  to  keep  the  coal  from  falling 
off. 

TACKLER  SKIP  (S.  S.).  A  kind  of  box  in  which  men 
used  to  ride  in  a  shaft,  used  also  for  carrying  minerals. 
See  Paddy  Pan. 

TACKS  (N.).  The  rock  walls  or  sides  surrounding  a 
number  of  boreholes  (2)  which  in  driving  stone  heading  (1) 
in  fiery  mines  are  drilled  in  the  head-end  or  face,  and 
the  tacks  between  them  are  forced  out  or  cut  away 
without  resorting  to  blasting. 

TACKSMAN  (S.).    The  lessee  of  a  colliery. 

TAGUE.  An  iron  plate  fitted  on  one  side  with  a 
semicircular  projection  or  rib,  and  two  other  short 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  249 

curved  pieces,  suited  to  the  gauge  of  the  tram  rails,  by 
which  the  wheels  of  the  trams  are  guided  from  the 
plate  on  to  the  rails.     See 
Fig.  123.  Fig'123- 

TAIL  BACK.  When  fire- 
damp ignites  at  a  furnace  or 
by  other  means,  and  the 
flame  is  elongated  or  creeps 
backwards  against  the  cur- 
rent of  air,  and  possibly  causes  an  explosion  of  a  large 
body  of  gas,  it  is  said  to  tail  lack  into  the  workings. 

TAIL  CRAB.  A  crab  for  overhauling  and  belaying 
the  tail  rope  (3)  in  pumping  gear. 

TAIL  IN  (M.).  To  run  out  or  terminate  a  length  of 
holing  stints  at  a  buttock  or  other  particular  point  along 
the  stall  face,  or  (if  commencing  to  open-off  stalls)  from 
the  side  of  a  heading. 

TAILLES  CHANSANTES  (F.).  Coal  workings  where 
the  strata  lie  horizontal  or  nearly  so. 

TAILLES  MONTANTES  (F.).  Workings  to  the  rise  or 
in  steep  seams. 

TAIL-PIPE.     The  suction  of  a  pump. 

TAIL  HOPE.  1.  A  round  steel  or  iron  wire  rope 
working  in  conjunction  with,  and  being  an  appendage 
to,  a  main  rope  in  the  system  of  underground  haulage, 
where  the  inclination  of  the  ways  is  only  slight.  By 
the  tail  rope  the  empty  set  is  drawn  inbye'.  They  are 
much  used  in  branch  dip-ways  or  slants,  in  which 
system  they  are  drawn  inbye  by  the  weight  of  the 
empties  or  by  horses,  engine-power  of  course  being 
applied  to  bring  the  full  set  back,  or  outbye. 


250  A   GLOSSAKY   OF   TEEMS 

2.  A  round  wire  rope  attached  to  cages  as  a  balance. 
See  Koepe  System. 

3.  A  round  hemp  rope  used  for  moving  pumps  in 


TAIL-ROPE  SYSTEM  OF  HAULAGE.  This  is  worked 
with  a  single  road  or  line  of  rails,  and  generally  applied 
under  the  following  circumstances.  When  the  average 
gradient  of  the  wagon-way  is  not  sufficient  to  cause  the 
empty  set  to  draw  a  single  rope  in  after  it ;  when  the 
gradient  dipping  outbye  is  not  sufficient  to  establish  a 
self-acting  inclined-plane  system  ;  or  when  the  gradient 
for  the  full  tubs  is  insufficient  to  enable  the  train  to 
draw  a  single  rope  after  it.  The  full  set  is  drawn  out- 
bye  with  a  main  rope,  and  the  empty  set  is  hauled  inbye 
with  a  tail  rope,  both  ends  of  the  set  being  attached  to 
a  rope.  The  engine  has  two  drums,  one  for  each  rope, 
one  always  running  loose  whilst  the  other  is  in  gear. 
The  tail  rope  is  carried  upon  small  sheaves  or  rollers, 
either  on  the  floor  or  towards  the  roof.  The  speed  of 
the  set  does  not  usually  exceed  8  or  10  miles  per  hour. 

TAKE.  1.  The  extent  or  area  of  a  lease  of  mineral 
property — often  several  thousand  acres. 
2.  (L.)     To  show  or  reveal  gas. 
TAKE  OUT  (C.).    To  crop  out. 
TAKEE-OFF  (Y.).     See  Puller-o/. 

TAKE  THE  AIR.  To  make  experiments  with  the 
anemometer,  or  by  other  means  to  ascertain  the  amount 
of  ventilation  passing  through  a  mine.  See  Water 
Gauge. 

TAKING.    A  Take. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  251 

TAKING  OF  PROPS  (L.).  Drawing  the  timber  in  the 
wastes  of  workings. 

TALE  (Som.).  A  day's  work  or  a  day's  output  of 
coal. 

TALLY.  A  mark  or  number  placed  by  a  collier  (1) 
upon  every  tub  of  coals  loaded  and  sent  out  of  his 
working  place.  They  are  usually  little  bits  of  tin  having 
a  number  stamped  upon  them,  and  hung  upon  the  tub 
by  a  short  piece  of  string.  By  counting  the  number  of 
these  tallies  when  taken  off  the  tubs  at  surface,  and 
ascertaining  the  average  weight  of  coal  in  each  tub,  the 
quantity  of  coals  sent  out  of  each  stall  is  arrived  at. 

TALLY-SHOUTEE.  One  who  shouts  out  the  numbers 
on  the  tallies  to  the  weigher. 

TAMP.  To  fill  up  a  borehole  (2)  above  the  charge 
with  some  strongly-resistant  substance,  such  as  shale  or 
dirt  pounded  up  small,  and  rammed  hard  upon  the 
powder  before  firing  off  the  shot. 

TAMPING.  The  stuff  used  to  tamp  with.  "  See 
Stemming. 

TANGERS  (S.  W.).  Timbers  fixed  in  a  particular 
manner  for  supporting  the  sides  of  headings  in  shifting 
or  very  soft  ground. 

TAP.     1.  To  cut  or  bore  into  old  workings  for  the 
purpose  of  liberating  accumulations  of  gas  or  water. 
2.  To  win  coal  in  a  new  district. 

TAPPING  THE  HOLLOWS.  A  common  expression, 
meaning  allowing  water  or  gas  or  both  to  flow  out  of 
disused  ivorkings  (often  under  a  great  pressure) ;  an 


252  A   GLOSS AEY   OP   TERMS 

operation    requiring   great    caution,   and   occasionally 
attended  with  risk. 

T  CHISEL.  A  boring  tool  with  its  cutting  edge  made 
in  the  form  of  the  letter  T,  but  a  little  curved,  T. 

TEEM,  sometimes  TEM.  To  tib  rubbish,  &c.,  down  a 
spoil-bank.  See  Dump. 

TEEMING  TROUGH  (L.).  A  cistern  into  which  the 
water  is  pumped  from  a  mine. 

TEETH-WORK  (S.).  Signifies  working  coal  end  on, 
which  see. 

TELEGRAPHS  (Pa.).  Shoots  which  convey  coal  from 
screens  (1)  to  pockets  at  breakers. 

TEMPER  SCREW  (Pa.).     See  Stirrup. 

TEN  (N.).  A  certain  weight  of  coal  agreed  upon 
between  lessor  and  lessee,  upon  which  a  royalty  is  paid 
at  so  much  per  ten  of  round  and  so  much  per  ten  of 
small.  A  ten  varies  between  48  and  50  tons,  or 
18J  Newcastle  chaldrons  of  53  cwts. 

TENTAIL  KENT  (K)  A  rent  or  royalty  paid  by  a 
lessee  upon  every  ten  of  coals  which  are  worked  in 
excess  of  the  minimum  or  certain  rent. 

TENTER.  A  man  who  has  the  control  or  working  of 
an  engine  or  jig,  or  who  looks  after  the  horses  in  a 
pit. 

THICK  COALS  or  THICK  SEAMS.  Coal  seams  of 
greater  thickness  than  (say)  8  or  10  feet  (sometimes  met 
with  as  much  as  130  feet),  or  those  which  are  worked  in 
two  or  more  stages  or  lifts  (3).  The  Thick  coal  of  South 
Staffordshire  is  about  28  or  30  feet  thick. 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC.  253 

THICKNESS  (of  a  fault).  It  is  measured  by  the  line 
a  &  (Fig.  77).  See  Hade. 

THILL  (N.).     See  Floor. 

THIN  OUT.  A  coal  or  other  seam  of  mineral  is  said 
to  thin  out  when  it  decreases  in  thickness  so  as  to 
become  unworkable  at  a  profit. 

THING.  1.  (N.  S.)     A  straight  facing  from  floor  to 
roof,  and  often  many  yards  in  length. 
2.  (M.)     A  fault  slip. 

THIN  SEAMS,  THIN  COAL.  Coal  seams  (say)  less  than 
3  feet  in  thickness. 

THIRL  or  THIRLING.     Sometimes  Thol&nd  Ihurl. 

1.  See  Cross-hole. 

2.  (Lei.)     To  cut  away  the  last  web  of  coals,  &c., 
separating  two  headings  or  other  workings. 

THREAD.  1.  (M.)     See  Cleat. 

2.  (M.)  A  more  or  less  straight  line  of  stall  faces, 
having  no  cuttings,  loose  ends,  or  fast  ends  or  steps. 

THROUGH  AND  THROUGH  (S.  W.).  The  system  of 
getting  or  cutting  bituminous  coals  without  regard  to 
the  size  of  the  lumps. 

THROUGH  COAL  (S.  W.).     See  Altogether  Coal. 

THROUGHER  (S.).  A  thirl  (1)  put  through  between 
two  headings  which  are  up-stoop. 

THROW.  1.  (Y.)     A  fault  of  dislocation. 
2.  The  vertical  distance  between  the  two  fractured 
ends  of  a  bed  of  coal,  &c.,  at  a  fault.     See  Hade. 
THROWN.     Faulted,  broken  up  by  &  fault. 
THRUST.     Creep  due  to  weight.     When  the  floor  is 


254  A  GLOSSAKY  OF   TEEMS 

harder  than  the  roof,  the  subsidence  of  the  latter  causes 
a  crushing  down  of  pillars. 

THWARTING  (Som.).  A  short  branch  (1)  driven 
between  two  or  more  veins  where  they  are  nearly 
vertical. 

TIE-BACK.  A  beam  serving  a  similar  purpose  as  a 
fend-off  beam,  but  fixed  at  the  opposite  side  of  the  shaft 
or  inclined  road. 

TIGER.     See  Nipping  Fork. 

TIGES  DE  BONDAGE  (F.).    Soring  rods. 

TILL  (I.).     Shale. 

TILLER.  See  Bracehead,  but  made  in  a  rather 
different  form,  and  usually  of  iron. 

TIMBER.  1.  Pitwood,  e.  g.  Props,  bars,  sprays, 
lagging,  &c. 

2.     To  set,  fix,  or  place  timber  (1)  in  a  mine. 

TIMBERER.  One  who  sets  (5)  and  draws  props,  puts 
up  bars  and  lacing  in  the  roadways  and  workings. 

TIME.  Hours  of  work  performed  by  day  men,  la- 
bourers, &c. 

TIN  CAN  SAFETY  LAMP.  A  Davy  lamp  placed 
inside  a  tin  can  or  cylinder  having  a  glass  in  front, 
air-holes  near  the  bottom,  and  open-topped;  thus 
transforming  an  instrument  of  great  danger  in  a  rapid 
current  of  air  into  one  of  great  security. 

TINKER  (D.).     Laminated  carbonaceous  shale. 

TIP.  A  platform  upon  which  a  pair  of  iron  tram 
rails,  fixed  upon  an  axle  and  attached  to  a  lever,  are 


USED  IN  COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


255 


bolted  down,  for  emptying  tubs  into  wagons,  boats,  &c. 
See  Fig.  124. 

Fig.  124. 


TIPPER  or  TIPPLER.  An  apparatus  for  emptying 
tubs  of  coal  on  to  screens  (1).  The  tub  is  placed  in  the 
tippler,  turned  upside  down,  and  brought  back  empty 
to  its  original  position,  with  a  minimum  of  manual 
labour.  It  is  constructed  principally  of  wrought  iron, 
and  usually  fitted  with  a  brake.  See  Fig.  125. 

Fig.  125. 


TIRR.     See  Overburden. 
TOE.     See  Spurn. 

TOKEX.  1.  (S.  W.)     A  thin  bed  of  coal,  &c.,  indi- 
cating a  thicker  seam  at  no  great  distance. 
2.  See  Tatty. 


256  A  GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS 

TOLL  (Ch.).     Eoyalty  on  rock  salt. 

TOOM  (N.).    Empty. 

TOP.  1.  See  Eoof. 

2.  See  Cap  (I)  or  Blue  Cap. 

TOP  HEADS  (S.  S.).  Passages  driven  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Thick  coal  for  draining  off  the  gas  ;  first 
adopted  by  one  James  Eyan  about  the  year  1808. 

TOPIT.  A  kind  of  bracehead,  but  much  smaller, 
which  is  screwed  on  to  the  top  of  boring  rods  when 
withdrawing  them  from  the  hole  (2).  It  is  attached  to 
a  rope  worked  from  &  jack-roll. 

TOPPLE  (S.  W.)  from  TOP-HOLE.  A  working  place 
driven  to  the  rise  of  the  main  levels. 

TOPPLY  (S.).  The  uppermost  layers  of  a  bed  of  coal 
left  for  a  roof. 

TOPS.     See  Top. 

TORRENTS.  Beds  of  quicksand  met  with  below  the 
chalk  marl  in  the  Anzin  coal-field,  in  France. 

TOT  (N.).  A  measure  of  gunpowder  used  in 
blasting. 

TOUCH.     See  Fuze. 

TOUGH  (Sh.).     Grey,  plastic  clay. 

TOUT  VENANT  (Belg.).  Coal  as  landed  on  lank  (1), 
previous  to  screening  (1)  and  sorting. 

Tow.  1.  (Lei.)     Dark,  tough,  earthy  clay  or  shale. 

2.  (S.)     A  winding  rope  of  hemp. 

TRACK  (Pa.).     Underground  railways  or  tramways. 
TRAILER  (N.).     See  Putter. 
TRAIN.     See  Journey. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


257 


TRAIN  BOATS  (T.)  A  number  of  compartments 
hinged  together  in  a  simple  manner  admitting  of  free 
articulation,  in  which  coals  are  carried  on  canals  or 
rivers  from  the  mines  to  the  shipping  ports.  The  train 
may  either  be  propelled  or  towed.  When  towed,  as 
many  as  30  compartments  are  linked  together,  but 
when  propelled  the  train  consists  of  10  compartments 
steered  by  means  of  wire  ropes  along  the  sides,  these 
ropes  being  actuated  by  steam  power.  Each  compart- 
ment has  a  capacity  of  from  35  to  40  tons. 

TRAIN  BOY.  A  lad  who  rides  upon  the  train,  to 
attend  to  the  rope  attachments,  signal  in  case  of  de- 
railment of  tubs,  &c. 

TRAM.  1.  See  Box,  Corf,  Tub,  Sleep.  In  South 
Wales  trams  constructed  wholly  of  wrought  iron  or 
steel  are  much  used  in  the  steam-coal  collieries.  They 
weigh  about  9  cwt.  empty,  and  have  a  carrying 
capacity  of  25  cwt  See  Fig.  126. 


Fig.  126. 


2.  To  haul  or  push  trams  (1)  about  in  a  mine. 

TRAMMER.     See  Haulier,  Putter. 

TRAMMING.     See  Haulage. 

TRAM-PLATE.  Cast-iron  plates  of  [_  section,  weighing 
about  12  Ibs.  to  the  yard,  upon  which  wagons  and 
trams  run.  See  Tram-road. 


258  A    GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

TEAM-ROAD.  A  road  laid  with  tram  rails  or  plates. 
So  called  after  one  Benjamin  Outram,  of  Little  Eton, 
in  Derbyshire,  who  in  1800  used  stones  for  carrying 
the  ends  of  the  metal  plates  or  edge  rails.  The  name 
Outram  was  subsequently  contracted  into  Tram,  hence 
tramway,  trams,  &c. 

TRAM-ROPE.  A  hauling-rope  to  which  the  trams  are 
attached  by  a  clip  or  chain,  either  singly  or  in  sets. 
Bound  steel  ropes  are  always  used. 

TRAP.  1.  (S.)  A  steep  heading  along  which  men 
travel. 

2.  (B.)    See  Lid. 

3.  (Som.)    A  fault  of  dislocation. 

4.  See  Grappel. 

5.  See  Whin. 

TRAP  DOOR.  A  small  door,  kept  locked,  fixed  in  a 
stopping  or  holt,  for  giving  access  to  firemen  and  certain 
others  to  the  return  air-ways,  dams,  or  other  disused 
places  in  a  mine. 

TRAP-DOWN  (B.).  A  fault  which  is  a  down-throw 
one. 

TRAP  DYKE.  A  fault  (not  necessarily  accompanied 
by  a  displacement  of  the  strata)  in  which  the  spaces 
between  the  fractured  edges  of  the  beds  are  filled  up 
by  a  thick  wall  of  igneous  rock  called  trap  (5)  or  whin. 
Frequently  met  with  in  the  collieries  of  the  North  of 
England  and  Scotland.  The  word  Trap  is  derived  from 
the  Swedish  Trappa,  a  stair. 

TRAPPER  (N.).     A  small  boy  employed  underground 


USED   IN  COAL   MINING,   ETC.  259 

in  opening  and  shutting  doors  during  the  passage  of 
tubs  and  horses. 

TRAPS  (S.).  Travelling  roads  for  miners  in  Edge 
Coals  driven  on  the  slope  of  the  seam. 

TRAP-UP  (B.).     A  fault  which  is  an  up-throw  one. 

TRAUNTER  (M.).    A  sprag.    See  Tront. 

TRAVAIL  A  COL  TORDU.  (F.).    See  Holing. 

TRAVELLING  KOAD.  An  underground  passage  or 
way  used  expressly,  though  not  always  exclusively,  for 
men  to  travel  along  to  and  from  their  working  places. 

TREE.     1.  See  Leg  (1),  Puncheon. 
2.  A  pump-tree,  which  see. 

TREE  UP  (S.).  To  set  up  props  or  trees  (1)  in  the 
workings. 

TREPAN.  1.  (F.)  A  boring  chisel  of  the  ordinary 
form. 

2.  The  boring  head  or  tool  used  in  the  Kind-Chaudron 
system  of  sinking  shafts.  It  consists  essentially  of  a 
horizontal  wrought-iron  bar,  to  the  underside  of  which 
are  attached  steeled  teeth,  so  placed,  that  as  the  bar  is 
rotated  round  the  central  axis  of  the  pit,  each  tooth  in 
falling  with  the  bar  through  the  requisite  length  of  the 
stroke,  which  is  from  10  to  20  inches,  cuts  for  itself  an 
annular  portion  of  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  A  large 
and  a  small  trepan  are  used :  the  smaller  one  first  bores 
out  a  hole  from  4  to  6  feet  in  diameter,  according  to 
the  required  size  of  the  shaft,  in  advance  of  the  full 
size  of  the  pit,  into  which  the  debris  falls.  The  trepans 
are  suspended  by  long  wooden  rods,  and  for  a  shaft  of  a 
diameter  of  say  15  feet,  the  larger  one  will  weigh 

s  2 


260 


A   GLOSSAEY   OP   TEEMS 


Fig.  127. 


about  20  tons,  and  the  smaller  say  11  tons.  In  ordinary 
strata  the  average  daily  advance  of  the  boring  will  be 
about  3  feet.  Fig.  127  is  a 
large  trepan. 

TRIG.  A  sprag  used  for 
stopping  or  putting  the  brake 
on  trams,  wagons,  &c. 

TRIMMER.  See  Pricker  (3). 

TRIMMERS  (N.,  S.  W.). 
Men  who  fill  up  the  holds  of 
vessels  (colliers  (2) )  with  the 
coals  discharged  into  them 
from  staithes. 

TRIP.  See  Kick -up  or 
Tipper. 

TRIPLET  (N.).  See  Tipper. 

TROLLEY.     1.  A  Tram. 

2.  (B.)  A  kind  of  Lum,  or  basin-shaped  depression 
in  strata. 

TROMMEL.  To  separate  coal  into  various  sizes  by 
discharging  them  with  the  least  possible  breakage. 

TROMPE.  AVater-blast  apparatus  for  producing  ven- 
tilation by  the  fall  of  water  down  a  pit-shaft.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  pipe,  which  the  water  enters  in  a  funnel- 
shaped  stream,  and  regulates  the  discharge  of  water; 
the  air  enters  chiefly  through  holes  just  below ;  the 
water  breaking  on  a  block  is  forced  through  the  air-pipe 
or  trunk. 

TRONT  (M.).  A  long  sprag  fixed  diagonally  to  the 
face  of  the  coal  wall. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  261 

TROUBLE.    A  Fault. 

TROW  (Lei.).  A  rectangular  wooden  pipe  made  in 
lengths  of  12  or  14  feet,  and  from  3  to  12  inches  square 
inside,  for  conveying  the  water  feeders  down  the  side  of 
a  shaft  to  the  garlands  (1).  Used  also  occasionally  for 
ventilating  a  trial  heading,  staple,  or  other  nook-and- 
corner  in  the  workings. 

TROUSSE  COLLETEE  (F.).  A  narrow  wedging  crib 
placed  beneath  an  ordinary  one. 

TROUSSE  PICOTEE.     An  ordinary  wedging  crib. 

TROUGH  FAULT.  A  wedge- 
shaped  fault,  or,  more  correctly, 
a  mass  of  rock,  coal,  &c.,  let 
down  in  between  two  faults, 
which  faults,  however,  are  not 
necessarily  of  equal  throw  (2). 
See  Fig.  128. 

TRUCK.     See  Tram. 

TRUMPET  LAMP  (N.).  Miner's  term  for  a  Muesder 
or  Belgian  safety-lamp. 

TRUMPETING  (S.  S.).     See  Brattice.    Fig.  27  brick. 

TRUNCHEON  (Som.).  A  sleeper  for  underground 
railways. 

TRUNK.  1.  (M.)  A  wooden  box  or  sledge  or  sled  in 
which  the  debris  is  conveyed  from  a  heading  of  very 
small  sectional  area,  or  up  a  staple. 

2.  (B.)     A  wooden  pipe  or  box  for  conveying  air  in 
the  workings. 

3.  (Y.)     See  Kibble. 

TRUNK  PUMPING-ENGINE.    One  which  commands  the 


262  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

drainage  of  underground  waters  over  a  considerable 
area  of  mines,  being  a  substitute  for  a  number  of 
smaller  and  independent  pumps. 

TRUNT  (N.  S.).     A  heeding  driven  on  a  level. 

TRYING  THE  LAMP.  The  examination  of  the  flame 
of  a  safety  lamp  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  judgment 
as  to  the  quantity  of  fire-damp  mixed  with  the  air. 
When  fire-damp  forms  1  part  out  of  13  of  air,  the 
mixture  becomes  explosive ;  when  9  to  10  parts  of  air 
to  1  of  gas,  the  explosive  force  is  greatest :  5  parts  of 
air  to  1  of  gas  causes  the  most  feeble  explosion. 

TUB.    1.  See  Box,  Corf,  Tram. 
2.  A  complete  length  of  metal  or  timber  tubbing  from 
and  including  the  wedging  crib  upwards. 

TUBBED  BACK.  Springs  or  feeders  of  water  met 
with  in  sinking  pit-shafts  are  said  to  be  tubbed  lack  when 
tubbing  has  been  put  in  to  keep  the  water  from  getting 
into  the  mine. 

TUBBING.  Cast-iron  and  sometimes  timber  lining  or 
ivalling  of  a  pit-shaft  to  keep  back  springs  of  water 
from  flowing  into  a  mine.  See  Plank  tubbing.  Of 
metal  tubbing  there  are  three  kinds  employed,  viz. — 

1.  Ordinary  outside-flanged  tubbing,  put  in  in  seg- 
ments and  wedged  up  water-tight. 

2.  Inside  screwed  tubbing  put  in  in  rings  (1)  and 
segments  bolted  together  and  wedged,  either  built  up 
from  a  wedging  crib  or  lowered  from  the  surface  as  a 
cylinder  through  water-bearing  strata  to  the  stone-head 
(2). 

3.  Complete  rings  or  cylinders  built  up  one  above 


USED  IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


263 


another  at  surface  as  they  are  lowered  into  the  pit, 
bolted  together  at  the  joints,  which  have  inside  flanges. 
See  Fig.  129,  showing  the  three  systems  in  plan  as 
well  as  in  section. 

Cast-iron  tubbing  first  used  in  1792,  at  Wallsend. 

Fig.  129. 


a- 


TUBBING  PLATES.  Cast-iron  segments  forming  por- 
tion of  a  ring  of  tubbing.  See  Fig.  129,  1  and  2,  a  a  ; 
also  enlarged  views,  Fig.  130.  Generally  from  10  to  12 

Fig.  130. 


Frcnb 


plates  form  a  ring  (1).     Thickness  of  the  metal  from 
1  to  2  inches,  according  to  the  pressure  of  water. 

TUBBING  WEDGES.  Small  wooden  wedges  of  pitch 
pine  about  4  inches  in  length,  1^  inches  in  width,  and 
i  inch  in  thickness  at  the  thick  end.  They  are 


264  A   GLOSS AEY   OF   TEEMS 

hammered  in  between  the  joints  of  lulling  plates  until 
no  more  can  be  made  to  enter,  thus  stopping  back 
every  drop  of  water  from  the  shaft. 

TUBING.  The  lining  of  boreholes  (1)  with  wrought- 
iron  tubes  to  keep  the  sides  from  running  in. 

TUB  WAGON  (L.). 

TUB-WAY  (N.).    Tram-rails,  sleepers,  &c. 

TUCKLEES  (Lei.).  Short  chains  formerly  used  for 
raising  and  lowering  men  in  a  shaft.  Three  men  gene- 
rally sat  in  them  at  one  time.  See  Bant,  Tacklers. 

TUGGEB  (B.).  A  short  chain  by  which  boys  draw 
tubs  along. 

TUGGEE  BOY  (B.).  One  who  draws  small  tubs  (1)  or 
sleds  about  underground  by  means  of  a  tugger.  Called 
Tugger-work. 

TUMBLEE.  1.  (N.)  A  stop,  scotch,  or  catch,  affixed 
to  each  deck  of  a  cage  for  keeping  the  tubs  in  place. 

2.  (S.)     See  Tipper. 

3.  (Som.)     See  Kneeler. 

TUMBLING  TOMS.  Tippers  that  turn  completely 
over. 

TUNNA  (Sw.).     See  Bowh,  Kibble. 

TUNNEL  (L.).    See  Crut. 

TUEN.  1.  The  hours  during  which  coals,  &c.,  are 
being  raised  from  the  mine. 

2.  See  Shift. 

3.  To  draw  or  wind  (3)  coals  up  a  shaft  or  up  an 
inclined  plane  to  the  surface. 

4.  Curved  tram  rails  laid  round  a  corner  or  turn, 
often  made  of  cast  iron. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 


265 


5.  (S.)     To  drive  headings  to  form  stoops. 

TUKN  AGAIN  (N.  S.).  A  change  in  the  direction  of 
the  dip  of  the  strata. 

TURN  BARREL  (M.).    See  Jack-roll 

TURNING.     Drilling  a  shot-hole  by  hand. 

TURNING  OUT  (S.  S.).   Bringing  coals  to  the  skips  (1). 

TURN  OUT.  A  siding  or  pass-by  upon  an  under- 
ground rolley-way. 

TURN  PULLEY  (M.).  A  pulley  wheel  fixed  at  the 
inbye  end  of  an  endless  or  tail-rope  hauling  plane,  round 
which  the  rope  returns.  It  may  be  fixed  either  verti- 
cally or  horizontally,  and  is  usually  from  4  to  6  feet  in 
diameter.  See  Lurry  (1),  Fig.  94. 

TURN-STAKES.    See  Stowses. 

TURNTABLE.  A  cast-iron  disc  or  small  horizontal 
platform  revolving  on  a  vertical  axis,  and  supported 
upon  small  wheels,  upon  which  tubs  or  trams  are  turned 
round  upon  the  pit  lank. 

TWIBILL.  A  strong  pick  used  for  stone-work,  with  an 
eye  generally  rectangular. 

TWIN  BOY  (B.).  A  small 
boy  employed  underground 
to  push  trams  along  a  twin- 
way. 

TWIN -WAY  (B.).  Two 
branch  roads  set  away,  one 
on  either  side,  out  of  a  main 
road  to  the  face  of  the 
stalls,  through  which  trams  are  pushed  by  twin  boys. 
See  plan,  Fig.  131. 


Fig.  131. 


266  A   GLOSS AEY   OF   TEEMS 

Two  (S.).    A  cage-i\\\.  of  men. 

TWO-THROWS.  When  in  sinking,  a  depth  of  about 
12  feet  has  been  reached,  and  the  debris  has  to  be  raised 
to  surface  by  two  lifts  or  throws  with  the  shovel  (one 
man  working  above  another).  At  this  point  the  em- 
ployment of  a  hand  windlass  becomes  necessary. 

TYMP.  See  Cap  (2),  Lid.  Usually  about  12  or  15 
inches  in  length. 

TYPES  (S.).    See  Lypes. 


U. 

U.  C.  Upcast  shaft. 

UDGED  (D.).  Loose,  weak,  liable  to  fall,  sounding 
hollow,  or  unsound.  A  roof  or  a  piece  of  side  is  said  to 
knock  udged  when  it  produces  a  dead,  hollow,  unsafe 
sound,  upon  being  knocked  upon  with  a  hammer,  &c. 

UMBRELLA.    See  Bonnet. 

UNDERCAST.  An  air  course  or  wind  road  carried 
underneath  a  wagon  way  or  other  road  by  constructing 
a  kind  of  bridge  made  airtight,  or  by  driving  a  heading 

Fig.  132. 


in  solid  coal,  &c.,  beneath  the  floor,  sinking  or  sloping 
down  at  either  end.     See  Fig.  132. 
UNDERCLAY.     A  bed  of  fireclay,  clunch,  or  other 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  267 

more  or  less  clayey  stratum  lying  immediately  beneath 
a  seam  of  coal,  and  met  with  as  forming  the  floor  of 
almost  every  bed  of  coal.  Many  geologists  consider 
underclays  to  have  been  the  soil  or  surface  upon  which 
the  vegetation,  now  converted  into  coal,  grew,  flourished, 
and  died,  as  they  contain  the  fossil  remains  of  great 
numbers  of  what  are  thought  to  have  been  the  roots  of 
plants,  &c. 

UNDERCLIFF  (S.  W.).  Argillaceous  shale  forming 
the^oor  of  many  coal  seams  in  this  coal-field. 

UNDERCUT.    To  hole  (1)  or  Jcirve. 

UNDEREARTH  (F.  D.).  A  hard  bastard  fireclay 
forming  the  floor  of  a  seam  of  coal. 

UNDEREDGE  STONE  (F.  D.).  The  floor  of  an  iron- 
stone mine. 

UNDER-GETTINGS.    See  Shorts  (2). 

UNDERGOING.     See  Holing,  Kirving. 

UNDER-LEVEL  (01.).  Winning  (1)  the  ironstone  by 
driving  drifts  into  the  hill-sides,  &c.,  instead  of  sinking 
shafts. 

UNDERLOOKER  (L.).  One  who  has  the  care  and 
superintendence  of  the  colliers  or  miners  and  of  the 
workings,  who  receives  his  orders  from  the  manager,  and 
to  whom  the  overmen  and  deputies  report  upon  the  state 
of  the  mine. 

UNDERPINNING.  Building  up  the  walling  of  a  'pit- 
shaft  to  join  that  above  it*. 

UNDERPLY  (S.).  A  band  or  division  of  the  upper 
portion  of  a  thick  seam  of  coal. 

UNDER-ROPE.    See  S-rope. 


268  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

UNDER-SEAMS  (S.).    Lower  or  deeper  coal  seams. 

UNDER  VENTILATION.  Too  little  air  circulating  in 
a  mine  or  working-place  therein. 

UNDERVIEWER  (N.).    See  Underlooker. 

UNGOTTEN.    See  Unwrought. 

UNHOLED  (Y.).  Boardgates  or  other  headings  which 
are  not  driven  through  or  thirled  into  the  adjoining 
roadway. 

UNWATER.  To  pump  mines,  or  districts  in  mines, 
dry. 

UNWROUGHT  or  UNWORKED.  Coal  or  other  mineral 
which  has  not  been  mined  or  worked  away. 

UP.  1.  A  stall  or  heading  is  said  to  be  up  when  it  is 
driven  or  worked  up  to  a  certain  line  (a  fault,  hollows, 
boundary,  &c.),  beyond  which  nothing  further  is  to  be 
worked. 

2.  On  the  lank  (1)  or  on  the  surface. 

UP-BROW  (L.).  An  inclined  plane  worked  to  the 
rise. 

UPCAST.  The  pit-shaft  through  which  the  return  air 
ascends  and  is  got  rid  of.  See  Signs. 

UP-HILL.    A  hoard  or  wicket. 

UP-LEAP  (M.).  A  fault  which  appears  as  an  up- 
throw. See  Fault,  Fig.  70  (1).  From  c  to  d  is  an  up- 
leap. 

UP-OVER  CRIB.  A  wedging  crib  placed  on  the  top 
of  a  length  of  tubbing,  to  tub  (3)  off  the  water  in  a  certain 
stratum. 

UPSET  (S.).  A  holt  hole  or  thirl  (1)  put  through 
between  two  levels  in  edge  coals. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  269 

UP-STANDING  (N.).  The  condition  of  a  goaf  when 
such  portions  of  the  pillars  are  worked  away  as  still  to 
leave  the  roof  supported. 

UP-STOOP  (S.).  When  a  heading  is  driven  to  a  point 
at  which  another  should  be  put  in  or  meet  it  at  right 
angles  out  of  a  parallel  heading  so  as  to  form  a  stoop, 
the  first-named  heading  is  called  up-stoop.  The  headings 
or  rooms  marked  with  the  letter  a  in  Fig.  122  (see  Stoop 
and  Room)  are  up-stoop. 

UP-THROW.    See  Up-leap. 


Y. 

VACUUM.  The  method  of  producing  ventilation  by 
exhausting  the  air  from  the  mine.  See  Fan. 

VEAL  (S.).  A  tank  or  water-barrel  placed  upon  a 
cage  for  emptying  the  sump. 

VEE  (M.).  The  junction  of  two  underground  road- 
ways meeting  in  the  form  of  a  V. 

VEERER  (Som.).    An  old  word  for  Banksman. 

VEES,  VEEZ,  and  VIESE  (S.).  A  kind  of  soft  earth 
in  a  fissure  or  upon  the  sides  of  a  dyke.  See  also 
Leather-led. 

VEIN  (S.  W.).     A  seam  of  coal. 

VEISES  (S.).     Joints  in  the  coal  strata. 

VENT  or  VENT  HOLE.  A  small  passage  made  with 
a  needle  through  the  tamping,  which  is  used  for  ad- 
mitting a  squib,  to  enable  the  charge  to  be  ignited. 

VENTILATING  COLUMN.    See  Motive  Column. 

VENTILATING  PRESSURE.    The  power  or  force  re- 


270  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

quired  to  overcome  the  friction  of  the  air  in  mines. 
This  is  found  to  increase  and  decrease  in  exactly  the 
same  proportion  that  the  area  or  extent  of  the  rubbing 
surface  exposed  to  the  air  increases  or  decreases.  The 
rubbing  surface  depends  upon  the  perimeter  of  the  air- 
ways and  their  length.  See  Drag  (1). 

VENTILATION.  1.  The  atmospheric  air  circulating 
in  a  mine. 

2.  The  art  or  method  of  producing,  distributing, 
maintaining,  conducting,  and  regulating  a  constant  cur- 
rent or  flow  of  atmospheric  air  in  the  shafts,  levels, 
inclines,  staples,  engine-  and  boiler-houses,  stables, 
returns,  flues,  edges  of  goaves,  of  old  workings,  &c.,  so  as 
to  dilute,  and  as  far  as  possible  render  harmless,  the 
noxious  gases  given  off  in  the  mine,  and  in  that  state  to 
convey  them  into  the  atmosphere  at  the  surface.  See 
Natural  Ventilation,  Furnace,  Steam  Jet,  Fan. 

VENTILATOR.  A  mechanical  apparatus  for  producing 
a  current  of  air  underground. 

There  are  about  ten  different  types  at  work,  all  of 
them  being  on  the  exhausting  principle.  They  may  be 
divided  into  two  clearly  and  radically  distinct  classes, 
the  first  consisting  of  the  Guibal,  Kammel,  Waddle, 
and  Schiele  Ventilators,  which  are  centrifugal  fans, 
and  act  by  reason  of  the  partial  vacuum  they  are  able 
to  produce;  and  the  second  consisting  of  machines 
known  as  varying-capacity  ventilators,  and  which  act  in 
a  similar  manner  to  an  air-pump.  They  are  known  as 
the  Nixon,  Struve,  Lemielle,  Cooke,  Hoot,  and  Goffint 
Ventilators  (see  Fig.  133,  which  gives  all  the  above- 
mentioned  ventilators  in  side  elevation,  with  the  excep- 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC. 

Fig.  133. 


271 


Guibal. 


Waddle. 


Rammel. 


Struve. 


Goffint. 


272  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

tions  of  the  Lemielle  and  the  Goffint,  which  are  in 
plan.  The  centrifugal  ventilators  are  chiefly  con- 
structed of  wrought  iron  or  of  steel,  with  cast  metal 
central  bosses,  and  are  made  up  to  46  feet  in  diameter 
(Schiele  up  to  14  feet  6  inches).  Lemielle's  machine 
consists  of  a  vertical  cylinder,  within  which  revolves  a 
second  cylinder  or  drum,  also  vertical,  the  axis  of 
which  is  placed  eccentrically  to  the  outer  one.  Upon 
this  cylinder  are  hinged  doors,  which  act  upon  the  air 
in  a  somewhat  similar  manner  to  what  the  feathering 
float-boards  adopted  in  steamer  paddle-wheels  do  upon 
the  water. 

Cooke's  Ventilator  consists  of  two  horizontal  drums 
mounted  eccentrically  upon  a  shaft :  each  drum  as  it 
revolves  moves  almost  in  contact  with  a  cylindrical 
casing.  A  vibrating  arm  or  shutter  is  hung  by  the 
upper  edge,  and  the  lower  edge  is  kept  closely  in 
contact  with  the  surface  of  the  revolving  eccentric 
cylinder. 

Boot's  Ventilator  is  a  rotary  displacement  machine, 
discharging  the  air  in  four  distinct  volumes  during 
each  revolution.  It  consists  of  two  rotary  pistons 
revolving  in  a  casing.  They  are  constructed  of  wrought 
iron  and  timber,  and  adjustable  packing  blocks  are  pro- 
vided at  each  end  of  the  ventilator  chamber  to  prevent 
slipping  of  the  air. 

The  Nixon  Ventilator  consists  of  an  enormous 
horizontal  double-acting  air-pump,  fitted  with  rect- 
angular pistons  running  to  and  fro  upon  rails.  Upon 
the  fronts  and  backs  of  the  chambers  are  hung  a 
number  of  rectangular  valves  or  flaps,  through  which 
ingress  and  egress  is  given  to  the  air. 


USED  IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  273 

Struve's  Machine  consists  of  two  vertical  air- 
pistons  called  aerometers,  constructed  of  wrought  iron, 
which  reciprocate  vertically  in  annular  tanks  filled  with 
water.  The  inlet  and  outlet  of  the  air  is  regulated  by 
rectangular  valves  in  much  the  same  way  as  in  the 
Nixon  Ventilator. 

The  Goffint  Ventilator  (at  Liege,  Belgium)  consists 
of  a  horizontal  double-acting  piston-pump  like  that  of 
Nixon,  but  differing  in  construction  from  that  machine. 

VIEWER  or  COAL  VIEWER.  The  general  manager 
or  mining  engineer  of  one  or  more  collieries,  who  has 
control  of  the  whole  of  the  underground  works,  and 
also  generally  of  those  upon  the  surface.  Underground 
surveys  and  plans  are  generally  made  and  kept  up  by 
him,  and  the  Manager  acts  under  his  authority  and 
directions.  A  word  not  much  used  now,  and  is  giving 
place  to  Mining  Engineer  and  Agent. 

VISETTE  (R).     See  Slope  or  Incline. 

VORHAUER  (Pr.).  This  word  means  "Old  man  of 
the  stall."  He  corresponds  to  the  first  man  or  ~butty 
collier  of  English  mines. 

VUGHY  ROCK.  A  stratum  of  cellular  structure,  or 
one  containing  many  cavities. 


w. 

WAD  COIL.  A  tool  for  readily  extracting  a  pebble 
or  a  broken  tool  from  the  bottom  of  a  lore-hole  (2),  con- 
sisting of  two  spiral  steel  blades  arranged  something 
like  a  corkscrew.  See  Spiral  Worm. 

WAD-HOOK.    See  Wad  Coil,  Spiral  Worm. 

T 


274  A   GLOSSAEY   OP   TEEMS 

WAFF  (S.).     See  Brush  (1),  Dadding. 
WAFTING  (M.).    See  Brush  (1). 

WAGEMAN  (Lei.).  A  collier  who  is  paid  by  the  day 
for  performing  a  fixed  amount  of  work,  e.  g.  blowing. 
See  Blow  (1). 

WAGON,  sometimes  WAGGON.  See  Box,  Corf,  Hutch, 
Skip  (1),  Tram,  Tub  (1). 

WAGONER  (N.  S.).  A  man  or  boy  who  goes  with  a 
horse  hauling  tubs  underground. 

WAGON- WAY  (N.).  An  underground  engine-plane  or 
horse-road. 

WALLERS  (N.).  Boys  who  pick  out  the  bats  and 
other  rubbish  from  coal  wagons  that  have  fallen 
through  the  screens  (1)  unobserved. 

WAITERS-ON.  Men  employed  at  the  top  of  a  sinking 
pit  to  work  the  running  platform  and  steady  the  kibbles, 
&c. 

WALL.  1.  The  face  (1)  of  a  long-wall  working  or 
stall,  commonly  called  the  coal-wall. 

2.  (N.)     A  rib  of  solid  coal  between  two  boards. 

WALL  ["To  the  Wall"]  (N.).  A  term  signifying 
breadth,  in  reference  to  the  size  of  pillars  in  the  system 
of  working  known  as  Pillar  and  Stall. 

WALL  BARS.  Prop  Wood  usually  cut  flat  to  fix 
against  the  roof,  close  up  to  the  working  face,  where 
the  roof  is  liable  to  break  along  the  line  of  face  (1). 

WALL  CUTTING.  Cutting,  shearing,  and  blasting  oif 
the  sides  of  a  sinking  pit,  preparatory  to  putting  in 
tubbing,  coffering,  or  walling. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  275 

WALLING.  1.  The  brick  or  stone  lining  of  pit-shafts. 
See  Steining, 

2.  (D.)  Stacking  or  setting  up  ironstone,  &c.,  in 
heaps,  preparatory  to  its  being  measured  or  weighed  off. 

WALLING  CRIB.  Oak  cribs  or  curbs  upon  which 
walling  (1)  is  built.  They  are  put  in  every  6  to  10 
yards,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  measures  being 
sunk  through. 

WALLING  STAGE.  A  movable  wooden  scaffold  sus- 
pended from  a  crab  on  the  surface,  upon  which  the 
workmen  stand  when  walling  (1)  and  tubbing  are  being 
put  in,  in  a  shaft. 

WALLOW  (M.).    See  Stowses. 

WALL  PLATE  (Pa.).  Strong  timbers  or  buntons 
wedged  firmly  back  against  the  strata,  and  forming  a 
kind  of  walling  (1)  of  a  pit-snaft. 

WALLS  (S.).  Short  working  faces  or  stalls  (also 
headings  6ft.  in  width)  from  12  to  20  yards  wide. 

WALLSENDS  or  WALLSEND  COALS  (N.,  Y.).  Strictly 
speaking,  an  excellent  description  of  household  coal 
originally  produced  at  a  colliery  near  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  near  to  the  eastern  termination  of  the  great 
Koinan  wall,  and  near  the  sea.  Many  first-class  house 
coals  are  now  termed  Wallsends,  though  they  have  no 
connection  with  the  place  of  that  name. 

WANT  (S.).  A  clean  rent  or  fissure  in  strata  unac- 
companied by  dislocation. 

WAPPING  (Lei.).  A  roughly-made  rope  or  band  of 
hemp  or  spun  yarn. 

WAEGUES  (F.).     See  Horse-gin  and  Gin. 

T  2 


276  A   GLOSSARY   OF    TEEMS 

WARK-BATCH  (Som.).    See  Spoil-lank. 

WARNERS.  Apparatus  consisting  of  a  variety  of 
delicately-constructed  machines  actuated  by  chemical, 
physical,  electrical,  and  mechanical  properties,  for  in- 
dicating the  presence  of  small  quantities  of  fire-damp, 
heat,  &c.,  in  mines;  At  present  most  of  these  ingenious 
contrivances  are  more  suited  to  the  laboratory  than  for 
practical  application  underground. 

WARNING  LAMP.  A  safety  lamp  fitted  with  certain 
delicate  apparatus  for  indicating  very  small  proportions 
of  fire-damp  in  the  atmosphere  of  a  mine.  As  small  a 
quantity  as  0'03  per  cent,  can  be  by  this  means 
determined. 

WARP  (Y.).  Blueish-brown,  finely-laminated  tough 
clay  with  pebbles. 

WARRANT  (L.).  Synonymous  with  Glunch,  Pounson, 
&c. 

WARREN  or  WARREN  EARTH  (L.).  See  Bind, 
Glunch,  &G. 

WASH  (N.).  Drift,  clay,  stones,  &c.  Probably 
ancient  river  courses  or  glacier  grooves  which  have 
furrowed  and  scooped  out  the  surface  in  past  ages.  See 
Hopes. 

WASH  FAULT.  A  portion  of  a  seam  of  coal  replaced 
by  shale  or  sandstone.  See  Fault,  Fig.  70  (2) ;  also  see 
Low  (2). 

WASHING  APPARATUS  OR  MACHINE.  Machinery 
and  appliances  erected  on  the  surface  at  a  colliery, 
generally  in  connection  with  coke  ovens,  for  extracting, 
by  washing  with  water,  the  impurities  mixed  with  the 


USED   IN   COAL  MINING,   ETC. 


277 


coal-dust  or  small  slack.  The  principle  upon  which  the 
process  is  performed  is  that  of  gravitation  or  pre- 
cipitation. 

A  common  form  of  washing  apparatus  consists  of  a 
series  of  long,  gently-sloping  wooden  troughs  or  open- 
topped,  flat-bottomed  pipes,  with  appliances  for  col- 
lecting the  washed  coalv  Streams  of  water  are  caused 
to  flow  along  these  troughs,  carrying  with  them  the 
coal-dust,  which  parts  with  its  impurities  (stone,  shale, 

Fig.  134. 


&c.),  as  they  soon  fall  by  reason  of  their  greater  specific 
gravity,  and  the  coal  passes  off  into  settling-tanks,  the 
water  if  necessary  being  pumped  back  and  used  over  and 
over  again. 

Another  form  of  machine,  which  is  much  more  com- 
pact, consists  of  a  brick  hopper,  constructed  below  the 
surface  level,  into  which  wagons  discharge  the  coal  to 
be  washed.  An  endless  chain  of  buckets,  actuated  by 


278  A   GLOSSARY   OP   TERMS 

an  engine,  raises  the  stuff  and  empties  it  into  iron 
tanks,  wherein  the  process  of  cleaning  is  performed. 
Out  of  these  a  second  endless  chain  of  buckets  raises 
the  washed  and  semi-dried  coal  and  tips  it  over  and 
down  a  shoot  into  wagons  for  removal  to  coke  ovens, 
a  third  series  of  buckets  disposing  of  the  washed-out 
rubbish  from  the  base  of  the  thanks  into  trams  or  tubs 
for  removal  to  spoil-bank.  (See  Fig.  134).  See  Wet 
Separation. 

WASTE.  1.  A  more  or  less  empty  space  between  two 
packs.  See  Goaf. 

2.  (N.)     Very  small  coal  or  slack. 

3.  (N.)    A  Return  Air-way. 

WASTE  COAL.  Coal  obtained  from  out  of  a 
waste  (1). 

WASTEMAN  (M.).  One  who  looks  after  and  keeps 
clean  the  airways  of  a  mine,  and  keeps  the  wax 
dams  in  proper  condition.  He  is  generally  an  oldish 
collier  who  has  had  much  experience. 

WATCHERS  (Lei.).  Experienced  colliers — butties — 
who  take  it  in  turns  to  go  down  the  pit  and  examine 
the  whole  of  the  workings  along  with  a  deputy  every 
Sunday. 

WATER.  Next  to  fire-damp,  this  is  the  most  trouble- 
some and  dangerous  element  met  with  in  mines.  It 
may,  nevertheless,  under  favourable  conditions,  be 
turned  to  great  use  in  assisting  to  drain  those  portions 
of  the  workings  which  are  situated  to  the  dip  of  the 
shafts  or  adits,  through  the  medium. of  the  hydraulic 
pumping-engine  and  the  siphon. 

Below  a  depth  of  from  (say)  900  to  1200  feet  it  is 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  279 

seldom  found  in  any  quantity,  but  salt  water  has  been 
met  with  at  2790  feet  below  the  surface  in  a  coal-pit. 
The  largest  and  strongest  springs  and  feeders  occur 
within  a  few  hundred  feet  of  the  surface,  and  as  many 
as  12,000  gallons  per  minute  have  had  to  be  contended 
with  in  sinking  shafts  in  the  county  of  Durham. 

Brine  is  occasionally  present  in  coal  seams  :  e.  g.  at 
Moira,  in  Leicestershire,  the  water  pumped  from  730 
feet  in  depth  out  of  the  "  main  "  coal  seam  contains  no 
less  than  3700  grains  of  chloride  of  sodium  per  gallon. 
In  order  to  keep  water  out  of  pit-shafts,  several  methods 
of  lining  them  are  adopted,  viz.  Tubbing,  Coffering, 
Kind-Chaudron  system  of  sinking,  and  pumping  ;  and  to 
exclude  it  from  the  underground  workings  and  passages 
a  system  of  Pillar  and  Stall  working  (which  allows  a 
portion  of  the  coal  to  be  extracted,  and  preserves  the 
roof  intact,  and  gives  rise  to  no  weighting  or  subsidence 
of  the  cover  containing  the  water)  must  either  be  fol- 
lowed, or  it  must  be  raised  by  pumps  or  in  tanks,  or 
passed  off  by  adits. 

WATER-BALANCE  MACHINE  (S.W.).  An  antiquated 
method  of  raising  minerals  in  a  pit-shaft  by  water 
power.  The  principle  of  the  apparatus  consists  in  a 
bucket  of  water,  which  was  filled  at  the  surface,  and  by 
its  descent  raised  a  tram  of  20  cwt.  or  so  of  coal,  the 
water  being  run  off  at  the  pit  bottom  each  run  or 
wind  (3). 

WATER  BARREL.  1.  A  wrought-iron  tank  or  cistern 
in  which  the  water  is  raised  from  the  sump  or  from  a 
lodge  in  the  side  of  the  shaft  by  the  winding  engine. 

2.  An  iron  or  wooden  tank  or  box  mounted  upon 


280  A   GLOSSAKY   OF   TEEMS 

four  wheels,  running  on  the  underground  tramways,  and 
hauled  either  by  engine  power  or  by  horses  to  the 
shaft  bottom,  where  the  water  is  discharged  into  the 
sump. 

WATER  BLAST.  The  sudden  escape  of  pent-up  air  in 
rise  workings  under  considerable  pressure  from  a  head 
of  water  which  has  accumulated  in  the  lower 
workings. 

WATER  CARTRIDGE.  Cartridges  of  explosive  sub- 
stances for  blasting  down  coal  in  the  workings.  The 
case  containing  the  powder,  tonite,  &c.,  is  surrounded 
by  an  outer  one  of  water,  which  is  employed  to  destroy 
the  flame  produced  when  the  shot  is  fired,  thereby  les- 
sening the  chance  of  an  explosion  should  gas  be  present 
in  the  place  (I). 

WATER  CURB.    See  Garland  (1). 

WATERED.  Containing  much  water — full  of  springs 
or  feeders :  e.  g.  heavily  watered  mines,  heavily  watered 
measures,  &c. 

WATER  ENGINE  (D.).    A  pumping-engine. 

WATER  GAUGE.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
draff  or  friction  of  air  in  mines.  It  generally  consists 
of  a  glass  tube,  bent  into  the  form  of  the  letter  U,  with 
a  scale  of  inches  and  parts,  by  which  the  difference 
between  the  height  of  the  water  in  one  tube  and  that  in 
the  other  is  measured,  this  difference  being  due  to  the 
difference  of  pressure  of  the  air  in  the  intake  and 
return. 

WATER  HAMMER.  The  hammering  noise  caused  by 
the  intermittent  escape  of  gas  through  water  in  mines. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  281 

WATER  LEAF  (S.).    See  Top  ply. 

WATER  LEVEL.  An  underground  passage  or  head  (1) 
driven  very  nearly  dead-level  or  on  the  strike  (1),  for  the 
purpose  of  draining  off  the  water. 

WATER  LOAD  (S.  W.).  The  head,  or  pressure  per 
square  inch,  of  a  column  of  water  in  pumps,  &c. 

WATER  LODGE.    See  Lodge. 

WATER-PACKER  (Pa.).  A  kind  of  cup-leather  ar- 
rangement fitted  to  the  tubing  of  a  borehole  (1)  in 
watery  ground,  to  keep  back  the  water. 

WAX  (Lei.).  Soft  or  puddled  clay  used  for  dams  (I) 
or  stoppings,  and  in  which  the  colliers  stick  and  carry 
about  their  candles  in  the  mine. 

WAX  DAM  (Lei.).    A  wall  or  dam  (1)  of  clay. 

WAXING  (Lei.).  The  operation  of  plastering  a  waste 
stack  with  wax.  See  Stack  out. 

WAX  WALL  (Lei.).  A  clay  wall  about  ten  inches  in 
thickness  built  up  from  floor  to  roof  alongside  a  gob 
road  a  few  feet  within  the  goaf,  to  keep  back  or  prevent 
fire-stinks,  &c. 

WAY.  1.  (N.  M.)  Any  underground  passage  or 
heading  driven  more  or  less  on  the  level  of  the  coal, 
along  which  the  produce  of  the  mine  is  conveyed  either 
by  horses  or  by  engine  power.  See  Gate,  Road  (1), 
Wagon-way. 

2.  The  rails,  sleepers,  chairs,  keys,  &c.,  upon  which 
tubs  or  corves  run. 

WAY  DIRT  (Lei.).  The  slack,  dust  (2),  and  odd 
lumps  of  coal  which  fall  from  the  tubs  upon  the  roads 
on  their  journey  from  the  working  places  to  the  shafts. 


282  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 

It  is  collected  during  the  night  and  sent  to  lank  (1), 
and  consumed  under  the  boilers. 

WAY  END.  See'  Gate  End.  In  long-wall  workings 
the  colliers  generally  keep  a  supply  of  prop-wood,  a  tool 
and  candle  box,  and  other  requisites  for  carrying  on 
their  work,  and  generally  take  their  bait  or  snap  just 
within  the  way  end. 

WAY  GATE.    See  Gate. 

WAY  HEAD  (M.).  The  end  of  a  way  or  gate  next  to 
the  face. 

WAY  LEAVE.  1.  A  rent  or  royalty  paid  by  the 
owner  or  lessee  of  a  mine  for  conveying  minerals  belong- 
ing to  one  person  through  the  property  of  another 
person.  It  is  usually  fixed  at  so  much  per  ton,  but 
sometimes,  though  rarely,  depending  upon  distance 
conveyed  underground  and  up  the  shafts. 

2.  (N.)  The  right  of  making  and  maintaining 
colliery  railways  through  private  property  which  may 
intervene  between  collieries  and  staithes. 

WEATHER.     To  fall  or  crumble  down  by  exposure  to 
the  atmosphere.     Certain  rocks  of  the  coal  measures, 
such  as  fireclay,  bind,  &c., 
weather  very  rapidly.  Fi§- 135< 

WEB  (M.).      The  face 
(1)  or  wall  of  a  long -wall 
stall  in  course   of  being 
holed  and   broken   down  „: 
for    removal.      The   web 
varies  in  thickness   (ac- 
cording to  the  height  of  the  seam)  from  2  or  3  to 
7   feet.     Fig.   135   shows   a  cross-section  of  a  long- 


USED   IN    COAT.   MINING,    ETC.  283 

wall  stall  with  a  web  of  coals  after  drawing  (2)  the 
timber. 

WEDDING  (D.).  The  accidental  meeting  or  collision 
between  a  loaded  and  an  empty  corf  in  a  pit-shaft 
working  swinging  bont.  Formerly  it  was  not  an  un- 
common thing  for  the  full  corf  or  skip  to  come  up  to 
surface  with  the  empty  corf  entangled  with  it. 

WEDGING  CRIB.  A  curb  or  crib  of  cast  iron  upon 
which  tubbing  is  built  up  and  wedged  tightly  to,  in  order 
to  stop  back  all  water.  Wedging  cribs  are  usually  about 
6  inches  thick  (though  cast  hollow),  and  from  14  to  24 
inches  broad.  More  than  one  are  sometimes  put  in, 
one  on  the  top  of  another.  See  Fig.  136. 

Fig.  136. 
TiMing       . . 

Wedging  Crib      . , 
Wedging  Crib     . . 

Walling      ..     ., 

WEDGINTG  DOWN.  Breaking  down  the  coal  at  the 
face  (1)  with  hammers  and  wedges  instead  of  by 
blasting. 

WEDGING  OUT.  Cropping  or  thinning  out.  See 
Fig.  70  (7). 

WEDGE  KING.     See  Wedging  Crib. 

WEELDBONS  (F.  D.).     Ancient  ironstone  workings. 

WEEP.     See  Bleed. 

WEIGH  (S.  W.).    A  weight  of  10  tons  of  coal,  &c. 

WEIGHER.    A  man  who  takes  account  of  the  weight 


284  A   GLOSSARY   OF   TEEMS 

of  the  contents  of  every  tub,  or  of  a  certain  proportion 
of  the  tubs  of  coal,  &c.,  as  they  leave  the  cage  at  lank 
(1),  or  who  weighs  the  coal,  &c.,  in  railway  wagons, 
carts,  boats,  &c. 

WEIGHING.  The  crushing  or  falling  in  of  the  roof 
more  or  less  rapidly. 

WEIGHMAN.    See  Weigher. 

WEIGHT.  1.  A  settling  or  subsidence  of  the  roof, 
due  to  the  working  away  of  the  coal  seam.  Weights 
are  commonly  of  very  heavy  nature,  and  make  great 
havoc  with  the  pit-props  and  with  the  stalls. 

2.  The  gradual  and  regular  settlement  of  the  roof 
and  cover,  taking  place  as  the  excavation  of  the  seam  of 
coal,  &c.,  goes  forward,  which  by  proper  management 
in  the  working  of  the  coal,  and  attention  to  the  goaf, 
may  generally  be  utilised  in  assisting  in  breaking  down 
the  coal  in  long-wall  faces  ;  in  other  words,  the  weight 
enables  the  coal  when  holed,  to  get  itself.    When,  in  the 
course  of  clearing  out  a  considerable  area  of  a  seam  of 
coal,  &c.,  and  leaving  no  posts  or  pillars  of  solid  coal  to 
support  the  roof,  in  commencing  to  open  off  workings,  a 
weight  (1)  takes  place.     Such  weight  is  called  the  first 
weight,  because  it  is  the  first  crushing  down  of  the  roof, 
&c.,  of  any  magnitude  that  has  occurred  since  begin- 
ning to   form    a  goaf.      With  first-weights    generally 
comes  much  firedamp,  as  well  as  much  difficulty  in 
keeping  the  working  places  safe  to  work  in,  owing  to 
falls.     See    Web,   Fig.    135,  showing    the  serviceable 
action  of  weight  upon  a  long -wall  working  face. 

3.  The  number  of  hundredweights  (cwts.)  which  are 
reckoned  as   one    ton,  as    between    coal-masters  and 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  285 

workmen  (hewers,  trammers,  lanksmen,  &c.).  In  days 
gone  by,  as  many  as  25  to  30  cwt.  were  allowed  to  the 
ton,  to  compensate  for  dirt,  &c.,  sent  out  of  the  pit 
along  with  the  coal.  This  was  called  a  long  ton. 

WEIGHTING.  Undergoing  disturbance  due  to  weight 
(1).  Commonly  known  as  being  on  the  weight. 

WEIZE.  A  band  or  ring  of  spun  yarn,  rope,  gutta- 
percha,  lead,  &c.,  put  in  between  the  flanges  of  pipes 
before  bolting  them  together,  in  order  to  make  a  water- 
tight joint. 

WET  SEPARATION.  The  various  systems  of  cleaning 
coal  at  surface  by  washing,  the  principle  of  them  con- 
sisting in  that  the  various  fragments  of  shale  or  dirt  (1) 
are,  by  reason  of  their  specific  gravity,  effectually 
separated  from  the  coal. 

WETTERAUFSEHER  (Pr.).  A  man  set  aside  for  the 
special  purpose  of  attending  to  the  ventilation.  He 
carefully  examines  the  mine  before  the  other  workmen 
enter,  and  reports  himself  to  the  steiger. 

WETTERMAN  (Pr.).  A  trustworthy  collier  (1),  who  is 
head  man  in  a  stall  or  other  working  place. 

WETTER  SOHLE  (Pr.).     See  Air  Level. 

WEY.  A  certain  weight  of  coals  upon  which  a 
royalty  is  paid :  e.  g.  10  tons  at  Is.  per  ton. 

WHEEL  BRAE  (S.).   A  flat  or  landing  on  the  top  of  a 

&• 

WHEEL-HOUSE  (B.).  A  shed  for  protecting  the  horse- 
gin  on  the  surface. 

WHIM.    A  winding  (1)  drum,  &c.,  worked  by  a  horse. 


286  A   GLOSSARY   OP   TERMS 

WHIMS EY.  An  old  word  for  the  hoisting  apparatus 
at  a  mine,  now  known  as  the  winding  engine,  which 
see. 

WHIN.  1.  A  very  hard,  compact,  dark-coloured, 
intrusive,  igneous  rock,  composed  of  about  50  per  cent, 
of  silica,  and  having  a  sp.  gr.  of  about  3,  with  a  dull 
conchoidal  fracture. 

2.  (S.  N.)  Any  very  hard  resisting  rock  coming  in 
the  way  of  miners. 

WHIN  DYKE.  A  fault  or  fissure  filled  with  whin  and 
the  debris  of  other  rocks,  sometimes  accompanied  by  a 
dislocation  of  the  strata.  The  Cockfield  Fell  Whin  Dyke 
is  probably  the  largest  in  Great  Britain.  It  runs  in 
almost  a  straight  line,  from  near  Carlisle  on  the  west,  to 
the  east  coas.t  a  few  miles  south  of  Whitby  in  Yorkshire. 
Whin  dykes  attain  a  thickness  of  as  much  as  200  feet 
in  some  places.  See  also  Dyke,  Trap. 

WHIN-FLOAT  (S.).  A  kind  of  greenstone,  basalt,  or 
trap,  occurring  in  coal  measures. 

WHIN  GAW  (S.).    Synonymous  with  Whin  Dyke. 
WHINSTONE  (N.).    See  Whin  (1  and  2). 
WHIPSY-DERRY.     See  Derrick. 

WHITE-DAMP.  Carbonic  oxide  (0.  57  C.  43).  A  gas 
occasionally  met  with  in  coal-mines,  which,  although  it 
will  support  combustion  and  is  inflammable,  quickly 
destroys  life. 

WHITE  EOCK  (S.  S.).  Intrusive  dykes  of  Doleritic 
rocks  in  the  coal  measures :  in  external  appearance  it 
closely  resembles  sandstone. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  287 

WHOLE  or  WHOLE  MINE  (N.).  That  portion  of  a 
coal  seam  being  worked  by  driving  headings  into  it 
only,  or  the  state  of  the  mine  before  bringing  lack  the 
pillars,  or  what  is  called  working  the  broken,  com- 
mences. See  Barrier  System  (Fig.  10) ;  also  see  First 
Working. 

WHOLE  CRADLE  (N.).  A  platform  or  scaffold  of 
nearly  the  same  diameter  as  the  pit-shaft,  and  hung 
upon  chains  attached  to  a  crab-rope  from  the  surface. 

WHOLE  FLAT  (N.).    A  panel  or  district  of  whole. 

WHOLE  STALLS  (S.  W.).  Two  or  more  stalls  having 
their  faces  in  line  or  on  a  thread  with  one  another. 

WHURR.  The  buzzing  noise  made  by  the  vanes  of  a 
fan. 

WICHET  (N.  W.).  A  working  place  in  the  shape  of 
a  wide  heading  or  board  (1),  sometimes  60  or  70  feet  in 
width. 

WICKET  (N.  W.).    See  Wichet. 

WICKET  WORK  (N.  W.).  A  kind  of  pillar  and  stall 
system  of  working  a  seam  of  coal,  with  pillars  up  to 
15  yards  and  stalls  up  to  24  yards  wide.  A  plan  (2)  of 
this  description  of  workings  would  much  resemble 
Fig.  113  (see  Single  Eoad  Stall),  the  chief  difference" 
being  that  two  roadways  are  generally  carried  up  each 
wicket. 

WIDE  WORK  (Y.).  A  South  Yorkshire  system  (now 
nearly  obsolete)  of  working  coal.  Sets  of  short  stalls  or 
banks  (4),  7  or  8  yards  in  width,  forming  a  line  of  faces 
about  60  yards,  were  carried  to  the  rise,  about  3  or  4 


288 


A   GLOSSAEY   OF   TERMS 


feet  of  coal  being  left  between  each  lank,  the  main 
road  pillars  being  subsequently  extracted.  See  Plan, 
Fig.  137. 

Fig.  137. 


WILD-FIRE.  An  old  term  used  by  colliers  for  fire- 
damp. 

WILD  GROUND,  WILD  MEASURES,  WILD  STUFF  (S.S., 
SL). 

WIMBLE  (N.).  A  kind  of  auger  and  scoop  combined, 
for  extracting  the  debris  from  lore-holes  (1). 

WIN.  1.  To  sink  a  shaft  or  drive  a  drift  to  a  work- 
able seam  of  coal,  ironstone,  &c.,  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
enable  you  to  effectually  prosecute  the  working  of  it ; 
or  for  the  purpose  of  opening  out  a  district  in  a  mine, 
which,  previously  to  winning  the  mineral,  was  cut  off  by 
a  fault  or  by  some  other  barrier. 

2.  (S.)  Won,  found,  proved,  (I)  tapped,  (2)  sunk 
to,  &c. 

WINCH.  A  kind  of  windlass  or  crab  for  coiling  ropes 
upon. 

WIND.     1.  A  hand- windlass  or  jack-roll. 

2.  The  atmospheric  air  circulating  in  a  mine. 

3.  To  raise  coals,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  winding-engine. 


USED    IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  289 

4.  A  steam-engine  used  purposely  for  lowering  and 
raising  men  in  an  engine  pit  or  pumping-shaft. 

5.  A  single  journey  of  a  cage  from  top  to  bottom  of  a 
shaft,  or  vice  versa. 

WINDBORE.  See  Sliding  Windbore,  but  made  with- 
out the  inner  telescopic  arrangement. 

WIND-GAUGE.  An  anemometer  for  testing  the  velocity 
of  the  wind  (2)  in  mines. 

WINDING.  1.  The  operation  of  raising  by  means  of 
a  steam-engine,  with  ropes  and  cages,  the  produce  of  the 
mine. 

2.  (M.)  Any  underground  road  used  expressly  for 
ventilating  purposes. 

WINDING  ENGINE.  The  apparatus  fixed  within  a 
few  yards  of  the  mouth  of  a  shaft  for  raising  the 
minerals  from  the  bottom,  or  from  various  levels,  to  pit 
top.  It  usually  takes  the  form  of  a  steam-engine,  which 
first  came  into  use  for  this  purpose  about  the  year  1763 
at  Hartley  Colliery. 

The  modern  winding  engine  consists  of  a  pair  of 
steam  cylinders  of  equal  diameter  and  stroke,  placed 
either  vertically  or  horizontal,  the  connecting  rods 
being  coupled  direct  through  cranks  at  right  angles  to 
the  main  shaft,  upon  which  the  drum  (1)  is  constructed, 
and  which  also  carries  the  brake  rim. 

The  following  table  gives  the  principal  dimensions, 
particulars  of  work  performed  by,  and  other  statistics 
in  connection  with  a  few  of  the  most  powerful  winding 
appliances  in  the  world  : — 


290 


A   GLOSSARY   OF   TERMS 


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USED    IN    COAL    MINING,   ETC.  291 

Most  large  winding  engines  are  fitted  with  steam 
brakes,  some  also  with  steam  or  hydraulic  reversing 
gear,  and  with  automatic  cut-off  or  steam  regulating 
gear.  See  Water  Balance,  Koepe  System,  Drum  (1), 
Conical  Drum. 

WINDING  ROPES.  The  ropes  by  which  a  cage,  chair, 
bowk,  kibble,  trunk  (3),  &c.,  are  raised  and  lowered  in  a 
pit-shaft.  They  are  constructed  of  three  different 
materials,  viz.  steel,  iron,  and  hemp  or  manilla,  and  in 
two  forms — round  and  flat.  The  former  are  sometimes 
made  taper  when  of  great  length,  the  thicker  end  being 
of  course  that  nearest  or  fastened  to  the  drum  (1). 

The  best  quality  of  steel-wire  rope,  known  as  plough 
quality,  costs  about  5?.  per  cwt.  Referring  to  the  table 
of  winding  engine^  above,  it  will  be  seen  that  in  Nos.  4 
and  7  instances  the  weight  of  the  winding  rope  is  in 
excess  of  the  load  (cage,  tubs,  and  mineral)  raised. 

WINDING  SHAFT  OR  PIT.  The  pit-shaft  used  chiefly 
for  winding  (1)  purposes. 

WIND  METHOD.  That  system  of  separating  coal  into 
various  sizes,  and  extracting  the  dirt  (1)  from  it,  which 
in  principle  depends  upon  the  specific  gravity  or  size 
of  the  coal,  &c.,  and  the  strength  of  the  current  of  air 
directed  upon  it,  which  is  employed  to  effect  such 
separation. 

WIND  ROAD.  See  Winding  (2). 
WIND  WAY.  See  Winding  (2). 
WING-BORE  (S.).  A  side  or  flank  lore-hole  (3). 

WINNING.  A  sinking  pit,  a  new  coal,  ironstone,  clay, 
shale,  or  other  mine  of  stratified  minerals. 


292 


A   GLOSSAKY   OF   TEEMS 


WINNING  HEADWAYS  (N.).  Heads  (1)  driven  in  the 
coal  seam  at  right  angles  to  drifts  (4). 

WIKE  (W.).     A  hauling  rope. 

WISKET  (L.).  A  light  basket,  weighing  about  25  Ibs., 
used  for  carrying  coals,  &c.,  up  a  shaft. 

WITCHET  (N.  W.).     See  Wichet. 

WON.  In  mining  language  means  proved,  sunk  to, 
and  tested.  Coal  is  won  when  it  is  proved  and  a 
position  attained  so  that  it  can  be  worked  and  conveyed 
to  bank  (1).  Coal  may  be  won  either  by  levels,  by 
drifts,  by  headings  to  the  rise,  or  by  headings  to  the  deep. 

WOOD.  Signifies  pit-props,  bars,  sprags,  chocks, 
lagging,  &c.,  which  are  all  used  in  various  ways  for 
supporting  the  roof  and  sides  of  underground  workings 
and  ways.  The  cost  of  wooding  or  timbering  in  a  col- 
liery ranges  from  say  2d.  to  I0d.  or  Is.  per  ton,  according 
as  the  roof  is  a  good  or  a  bad  one. 

The  most  suitable  kinds  of  wood  for  mining  purposes 
are : — 

For  props,  yellow  or  Norway  pine. 
„    bars,  larch,  ash,  elm,  and  fir. 
„    sprags,  ash  and  fir. 
„    chocks,  any  hard  and  tough  wood. 
„    lagging,  any  tough  and  durable 
odds  and  ends. 

WOOD  CHAIN  (S.  S.).     A  chain  used 
for  raising  the  minerals  up  the  pit-shaft, 
composed  of  five  links  of  iron  in  width, 
with  small  blocks  of  wood  filling  up  the  spaces  in  the 
links.     See  sketch,  Fig.  138. 

WOOD  COAL.     See  Board  Coal. 


Fig.  138. 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,    ETC.  293 

WOODERS  (Y.).     See  Timber ers. 

WOOD  EINGER.     See  Einger  and  Dog  and  Chain. 

WORK  (3L).     1.  A  stall  or  working  place. 

2.  Meaning  get  (2),  in  the  sense  of  whether  a  coal 
gets  or  works  easily  or  with  difficulty. 

3.  When   during  the  operation  of  holing  or  cutting 
coal  a  crackling  or  bursting  sound  is  caused,  the  coal  is 
said  to  work    Also  when  the  roof  shows  signs  of  giving 
way,  and  cracks  with  a  noise,  it  is  said  to  work. 

4.  To  carry  on  the  various  operations  connected  with 
the  mining  of  coal,  &c. 

5.  To  get,  cut  away,  or  excavate  and  remove  any 
bed  or    seam,  or  part    thereof,  of  coal,  ironstone,   or 
other  mine,  whether  underground  or  in  open  work. 

6.  (S.  S.)     A  side  of  work. 

WORKABLE.  1.  A  seam  of  coal  is  generally  called  a 
workable  coal  when  (if  of  good  quality)  its  thickness 
exceeds  18  or  20  inches.  It  may  perhaps  also  be  said 
that  all  mines  of  coal,  &c.,  to  a  depth  of  4000  feet,  are 
workable. 

2.  Any  seam  or  rake  of  ironstone  that  can  be  profit- 
ably mined. 

WORK  Box  (Lei.).     See  Box. 

WORKED  OUT.  A  bed  of  coal,  &c.,  a  pit,  or  a  lift 
(10),  is  called  worked  out  when  all  the  available  mineral 
has  been  extracted. 

WORKING  BARREL.  The  pump  tree  or  cylinder  in 
which  the  'bucket  moves  up  and  down.  It  is  usual  to 
make  it  a  little  less  in  diameter  than  the  ordinary  pipes 
or  trees  (1).  It  is  bored  out  in  a  lathe,  and  if  the  water 


294  A   GLOSSARY   OF    TERMS 

to  be  pumped  is  very  corrosive  or  ochrey,  is  lined  with 
brass. 

WORKING  BEAM.     See  Brake-staff. 

WORKING  COST.  The  cost  per  ton  of  producing 
coal,  &c.,  and  loading  it  into  wagons,  boats,  &c.  It 
includes  all  expenses  in  getting,  haulage,  "banking,  sur- 
face labour,  management,  sales,  timber,  stores,  royalties, 
way  leaves,  rates  and  taxes,  insurance,  colliery  consump- 
tion, bad  debts,  loss  in  wagons  and  stocks,  repairs,  &c., 
interest  on  capital,  replacement  of  machinery,  &e. 

WORKING  FACE.    See  Face  (1). 

WORKING  FURNACE.  A  furnace  supplied  with 
fresh  air  from  the  downcast  pit. 

WORKING  HOME.  Getting  or  working  out  a  seam 
of  coal,  &c.,  from  the  boundary  or  far  end  of  the  pit  (2) 
towards  the  pit  bottom,  thus  leaving  behind  all  goaves, 
fire-stinks,  &c. 

WORKING  ON  AIR.  When  the  holes  in  a  snore-piece 
are  not  completely  covered  with  water,  and  air  is 
sucked  up  with  the  water,  the  pumps  are  said  to  be 
working  on  air. 

WORKING  PLACE.  The  actual  place  in  a  mine  at 
which  the  working  of  the  coal,  &c.  [either  by  driving 
headings  or  by  stall  work],  is  going  on  :  viz.  a  head  end 
or  at  a  working  face. 

WORKING  OUT.  Getting  coal,  &c.,  from  the  shafts 
outwards,  or  in  the  direction  of  the  boundaiy  of  the 
colliery.  The  opposite  to  working  home. 

WORKINGS.  1.  The  portions  of  a  seam  of  coal,  &c. 
worked  away,  which,  of  course,  includes  all  roads,  ways, 


USED   IN   COAL   MINING,   ETC.  295 

levels,  dips,  airways,  &c.,  whether  in  use  or  not,  together 
with  the  stalls,  headings,  goaves,  staples,  &c.  The 
deepest  coal  workings  in  existence  are  said  to  be  3511 
feet — at  Gilly  Colliery,  in  Belgium. 

2.  The  quantity,  tonnage,  or  output  of  minerals 
during  a  certain  period  from  a  certain  lease,  or  a 
district  in  a  pit.  See  Get  (2). 

WORM  or  WORM  COIL.  A  tool,  something  similar 
to  a  wad  hook,  used  for  loosening  tough  clays  at  the 
bottom  of  lore-holes  (2).  See  Wad  Coil  . 

WREATHS  (Lei).  Four  short  pieces  of  hemp  rope 
placed  round  the  legs  of  a  horse  or  pony  and  fastened 
together  above  its  back,  by  which  it  was  formerly 
lowered  into  or  brought  up  out  of  a  pit-shaft. 

WRECK.    See  Bore-meal. 

WRENCH.     See  Key. 

WROUGHT.     Coal,  &c.,  worked  or  gotten. 

WYE  (C.).  The  beam-end  connection  above  the 
pump-rods  of  a  winding  and  pumping  engine. 


Y. 

YARDAGE.  Cutting  coal,  &c.,  by  the  yard  or  fathom. 
In  many  districts  a  price  per  ton  on  the  coals  is  paid, 
in  addition  to  so  much  per  yard. 

YARD-STICK.  An  ash  walking-stick,  3  feet  in  length 
(having  a  notch  or  other  mark  put  upon  it  at  every 
foot),  which  a  manager  or  underviewer  carries  with 
him  in  the  pit,  with  which  he  roughly  measures  any 
lengths  of  work  done  and  other  distances  whenever 


296      TERMS  USED  IN  COAL  MINING,  ETC. 

occasion  arises,  and  with  which  he  chastises  unruly 
lads. 

YARD  WORK  (F.  D.).     Synonymous  with  yardage. 

YARK  (D.).  To  jerk  a  rope  or  other  appliance  used 
for  lifting  or  drawing. 

YED  (Lei.).     See  Head  (1). 

YIELD.  1.  Pillars  of  coal  are  said  to  yield  when 
they  commence  to  give  way  or  crush. 

2.  The  proportion  of  a  coal  seam,  &c.,  actually  sent 
to  lank  (1).  ' 

YOKES.  Short  sawn  timbers  placed  across  Hats  for 
steadying  pump  trees.  See  Chogs,  Fig.  40. 


Z. 

ZONE.  In  coal-mining  phraseology,  this  word 
signifies  a  certain  series  of  coal  seams,  with  their  accom- 
panying shales,  &c.,  which  contain,  for  example,  much 
fire-damp,  called  a  fiery  zone,  or,  if  much  water,  a  watery 
zone.  As  a  rule,  the  fiery  zone  begins  immediately 
below  the  upper  or  water-zone,  which  does  not  usually 
descend  below  (say)  600  feet. 


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BOOKS  RELATING, 

TO 

APPLIED  SCIENCE 

PUBLISHED   BY 

E.  &  F.  N.  SPON, 

LONDON  :    16,  CHARING  CROSS. 

NEW  YORK  :   35,  MURRAY  STREET. 


A  Pocket- Bo  ok  for  Chemists,  Chemical Mamtfacturers, 

Metallurgists,  Dyers,  Distillers,  Brewers,  Sugar  Refiners,  Photographers, 
Stiidents,  etc.,  etc.  By  THOMAS  BAYLEY,  Assoc.  R.C.  Sc.  Ireland,  Ana- 
lytical and  Consulting  Chemist  and  Assayer.  Second  edition,  with 
additions,  437  pp.,  royal  32mo,  roan,  gilt  edges,  5-r. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS  : 

Atomic  Weights  and  Factors — Useful  Data — Chemical  Calculations — Rules  for  .Indirect 
Analysis — Weights  and  Measures  —  Thermometers  and  Barometers  —  Chemical  Physics  — 
Boiling  Points,  etc. — Solubility  of  Substances — Methods  of  Obtaining  Specific  Gravity — Con- 
version of  Hydrometers — Strength  of  Solutions  by  Specific  Gravity — Analysis — Gas  Analysis— 
Water  Analysis — Qualitative  Analysis  and  Reactions — Volumetric  Analysis — Manipulation — 
Mineralogy  —  Assaying  —  Alcohol  —  Beer  —  Sugar  —  Miscellaneous  Technological  matter 
relating  to  Potash,  Soda,  Sulphuric  Acid,  Chlorine,  Tar  Products,  Petroleum,  Milk,  Tallow, 
Photography,  Prices,  Wages,  Appendix,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Mechanician :    A  Treatise  on  the  Construction 

and  Manipulation  of  Tools,  for  the  use  and  instruction  of  Young  Engineers 
and  Scientific  Amateurs,  comprising  the  Arts  of  Blacksmithing  and  Forg- 
ing ;  the  Construction  and  Manufacture  of  Hand  Tools,  and  the  various 
Methods  of  Using  and  Grinding  them  ;  the  Construction  of  Machine  Tools, 
and  how  to  work  them ;  Machine  Fitting  and  Erection  ;  description  of 
Hand  and  Machine  Processes  ;  Turning  and  Screw  Cutting  ;  principles  of 
Constructing  and  details  of  Making  and  Erecting  Steam  Engines,  and  the 
various  details  of  setting  out  work,  etc.,  etc.  By  CAMERON  KNIGHT, 
Engineer.  Containing  1147  illustrations,  and  397  pages  of  letter-press. 
Third  edition,  4to,  cloth,  iSs. 

B 


CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


On  Designing  Belt  Gearing.      By  E.   J.   COWLING 

WELCH,  Mem.  Inst.  Mech.  Engineers,  Author  of  'Designing  Valve 
Gearing.'  Fcap.  8vo,  sewed,  6d. 

A  Handbook  of  Formula,  Tables,  and  Memoranda, 

for  Architectural  Surveyors  and  others  engaged  in  Building.  By  J.  T. 
HURST,  C.E.  Thirteenth  edition,  royal  321110,  roan,  $s. 

"  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the  many  excellent  publications  we  refer  to,  to  say  that  in  our 
opinion  this  little  pocket-book  of  Hurst's  is  the  very  best  of  them  all,  -without  any  exception. 
It  would  be  useless  to  attempt  a  recapitulation  of  the  contents,  for  it  appears  to  contain  almost 
everything  that  anyone  connected  with  building  could  require,  and,  best  of  all,  made  up  in  a 
compact  form  for  carrying  in  the  pocket,  measuring  only  5  in.  by  3  in.,  and  about  $  in.  thick, 
in  a  limp  cover.  We  congratulate  the  author  on  the  success  of  his  laborious  and  practically 
compiled  little  book,  which  has  received  unqualified  and  deserved  praise  from  every  profes- 
sional person  to  whom  we  have  shown  it." —  The  Dublin  Builder. 

The  Cabinet  Maker ;  being  a  Collection  of  the  most 

approved  designs  in  the  Mediaeval,  Louis- Seize,  and  Old  English  styles, 
for  the  use  of  Cabinet  Makers,  Carvers,  &c.  By  R.  CHARLES.  96  plates, 
folio,  half-bound,  icw.  6d. 

Quantity  Surveying..    By  J.  LEANING.    With  42  illus- 
trations, crown  8vo,  cloth,  gs. 

CONTENTS : 


A    complete    Explanation    of   the    London 

Practice. 

General  Instructions. 
Order  of  Taking  Off. 

Modes  of  Measurement  of  the  various  Trades. 
Use  and  Waste. 
Ventilation  and  Warming. 
Credits,  with  various  Examples  of  Treatment. 
Abbreviations. 
Squaring  the  Dimensions. 
Abstracting,  with  Examples  in  illustration  of 

each  Trade. 
Billing. 

Examples  of  Preambles  to  each  Trade. 
Form  for  a  Bill  of  Quantities. 
Do.        Bill  of  Credits. 
Do.        Bill  for  Alternative  Estimate. 
Restorations  and  Repairs,  and  Form  of  Bill. 
Variations  before  Acceptance  of  Tender. 
Errors  in  a  Builder's  Estimate. 


Schedule  of  Prices. 

Form  of  Schedule  of  Prices. 

Analysis  of  Schedule  of  Prices. 

Adjustment  of  Accounts. 

Form  of  a  Bill  of  Variations. 

Remarks  on  Specifications. 

Prices     and     Valuation     of     Work,     with 

Examples  and  Remarks  upon  each  Trade. 
The  Law  as  it  affects  Quantity  Surveyors, 

with  Law  Reports. 
Taking  Off  after  the  Old  Method. 
Northern  Practice. 
The    General    Statement    of    the   Methods 

recommended  by  the  Manchester  Society 

of  Architects  for  taking  Quantities. 
Examples  of  Collections. 
Examples  of  "  Taking  Off"  in  each  Trade. 
Remarks  on  the  Past  and  Present  Methods 

of  Estimating. 


A    Practical    Treatise   on   Heat,  as   applied  to   the 

Useful  Arts]  for  the  Use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  &c.  By  THOMAS 
Box.  With  14 plates.  Third  edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

A   Descriptive    Treatise  on  Mathematical  Drawing 

Instruments:  their  construction,  uses,  qualities,  selection,  preservation, 
and  suggestions  for  improvements,  with  hints  upon  Drawing  and  Colour- 
ing. By  W.  F.  STANLEY,  M.R.I.  Fifth  edition,  with  numerous  illustrations, 
crown  8vo,  cloth,  $s. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


Spons  Architects  and  Builders  Pocket-Book  of  Prices 

and  Memoranda.  Edited  by  W.  YOUNG,  Architect.  Royal  32mo,  roan, 
4*.  6d.  ;  or  cloth,  red  edges,  3^.  6</.  Published  annually.  Tenth  edition. 
Now  ready. 

Long-Span  Railway  Bridges,  comprising  Investiga- 
tions of  the  Comparative  Theoretical  and  Practical  Advantages  of  the 
various  adopted  or  proposed  Type  Systems  of  Construction,  with  numerous 
Formulae  and  Tables  giving  the  weight  of  Iron  or  Steel  required  in 
Bridges  from  300  feet  to  the  limiting  Spans ;  to  which  are  added  similar 
Investigations  and  Tables  relating  to  Short-span  Railway  Bridges.  Second 
and  revised  edition.  By  B.  BAKER,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  Plates ,  crown  8vo, 
cloth,  5J. 

Elementary  Theory  and  Calculation  of  Iron  Bridges 

and  Roofs.  By  AUGUST  RITTER,  Ph.D.,  Professor  at  the  Polytechnic 
School  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Translated  from  the  third  German  edition, 
by  H.  R.  SANKEY,  Capt.  R.E.  With  500  illustrations,  8vo,  cloth,  \$s. 

The  Builder  s  Clerk :  a  Guide  to  the  Management 

of  a  Builder's  Business.     By  THOMAS  BALES.    Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  u.  6d. 

The    Elementary     Principles    of    Carpentry.        By 

THOMAS  TREDGOLD.  Revised  from  the  original  edition,  and  partly 
re-written,  by  JOHN  THOMAS  HURST.  Contained  in  517  pages  of  letter- 
press, and  illustrated  with  48  plates  and  150  wood  engravings.  Third 
edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  i8j. 

Section  I.  On  the  Equality  and  Distribution  of  Forces  —  Section  II.  Resistance  of 
Timber  —  Section  III.  Construction  of  Floors — Section  IV.  Construction  of  Roofs  —  Sec- 
tion V.  Construction  of  Domes  and  Cupolas — Section  VI.  Construction  of  Partitions — 
Section  VII.  Scaffolds,  Staging,  and  Gantries — Section  VIII.  Construction  of  Centres  for 
Bridges — Section  IX.  Coffer-dams,  Shoring,  and  Strutting — Section  X.  Wooden  Bridges 
and  Viaducts — Section  XI.  Joints,  Straps,  and  other  Fastenings — Section  XII.  Timber. 

Our  Factories,    Workshops,   and  Warehoiises :    their 

Sanitary  and  Fire-Resisting  Arrangements.  By  B.  H.  THWAITE,  Assoc. 
Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  With  183  wood  engravings,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  gs. 

Gold :  Its  Occurrence  and  Extraction,  embracing  the 

Geographical  and  Geological  Distribution  and  the  Mineralogical  Charac- 
ters of  Gold-bearing  rocks ;  the  peculiar  features  and  modes  of  working 
Shallow  Placers,  Rivers,  and  Deep  Leads ;  Hydraulicing ;  the  Reduction 
and  Separation  of  Auriferous  Quartz  ;  the  treatment  of  complex  Auriferous 
ores  containing  other  metals  ;  a  Bibliography  of  the  subject  and  a  Glossary 
of  Technical  and  Foreign  Terms.  By  ALFRED  G.  LOCK,  F.R.G.S.  With 
numerous  illustrations  and  maps,  1250  pp.,  super-royal  8vo,  cloth, 

2/.  I2J.  6d. 

B   2 


CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Progressive  Lessons  in  Applied  Science.     By  EDWARD 

SANG,  F.R.S.E.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  each  Part,  3^. 

Part  i.  Geometry  on  Paper — Part  2.  Solidity,  Weight,  and  Pressure — Part  3.  Trigono- 
metry, Vision,  and  Surveying  Instruments. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Coal  Mining.     By  GEORGE 

G.  ANDRE,  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
With  82  lithographic  plates.  2  vols.,  royal  4to,  cloth,  3/.  I2s. 

Sugar  Growing  and  Refining:    a    Comprehensive 

Treatise  on  the  Culture  of  Sugar-yielding  Plants,  and  the  Manufacture, 
Refining,  and  Analysis  of  Cane,  Beet,  Maple,  Milk,  Palm,  Sorghum, 
and  Starch  Sugars,  with  copious  statistics  of  their  production  and  com- 
merce, and  a  chapter  on  the  distillation  of  Rum.  By  CHARLES  G. 
WARNFORD  LOCK,  F.L.S.,  £c.,  and  G.  W.  WIGNER  and  R.  H.  HARLAND, 
FF.C.S.,  FF.I.C.  With  205  illustrations,  8vo,  cloth,  30?. 

Spons"1  Information  for  Colonial  Engineers.     Edited 

by  J.  T.  HURST.     Demy  Svo,  sewed. 

No.  i,  Ceylon.    By  ABRAHAM  DEANE,  C.E.    2s.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Introductory  Remarks — Natural  Productions  —  Architecture  and  Engineering  —  Topo- 
graphy, Trade,  and  Natural  History— Principal  Stations— Weights  and  Measures,  etc.,  etc. 

No.  2.  Southern  Africa,  including  the  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  the 
Dutch  Republics.  By  HENRY  HALL,  F.R.G.S.,  F.R.C.I.  With 
Map.  3-r.  6d. 

CONTENTS  : 

General 

Operatior 

Public  Works  in  Cape  Colony :  "Railways,  Mountain  Roads  and  Passes,  Harbour  Works," 
Bridges,  Gas  Works,  Irrigation  and  Water  Supply,  Lighthouses,  Drainage  and  Sanitary 
Engineering,  Public  Buildings,  Mines— Table  of  Woods  in  South  Africa— Animals  used  for 
Draught  Purposes — Statistical  Notes — Table  of  Distances — Rates  of  Carriage,  etc. 

No.  3.  India.   By  F.  C.  DANVERS,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  With  Map.  qs.6d. 
CONTENTS : 

Physical  Geography  of  India — Building  Materials — Roads — Railways — Bridges — Irriga- 
tion—  River  Works  —  Harbours  —  Lighthouse  Buildings  —  Native  Labour  —  The  Principal 
Trees  of  India — Money — Weights  and  Measures— Glossary  of  Indian  Terms,  etc. 

A    Practical    Treatise   on    Casting  and   Founding, 

including  descriptions  of  the  modern  machinery  employed  in  the  art.  By 
N.  E.  SPRETSON,  Engineer.  Third  edition,  with  82  plates  drawn  to 
scale,  412  pp.,  demy  Svo,  cloth,  iSs. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


The  Clerk  of  Works:  a  Vade-Mecum  for  all  engaged 

in  the  Superintendence  of  Building  Operations.  By  G.  G.  HOSKINS, 
F.R.I.B.A.  Third  edition,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

Tropical  Agriculture;  or,  the  Culture,  Preparation, 

Commerce,  and  Consumption  of  the  Principal  Products  of  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom,  as  furnishing  Food,  Clothing,  Medicine,  etc., 'and  in  their 
relation  to  the  Arts  and  Manufactures ;  forming  a  practical  treatise  and 
Handbook  of  Reference  for  the  Colonist,  Manufacturer,  Merchant,  and 
Consumer,  on  the  Cultivation,  Preparation  for  Shipment,  and  Commercial 
Value,  etc.,  of  the  various  Substances  obtained  from  Trees  and  Plants 
entering  into  the  Husbandry  of  Tropical  and  Sub-Tropical  Regions.  By 
P.  L.  SIMMONDS.  Second  edition,  revised  and  improved,  515  pages, 
Svo,  cloth,  i/.  u. 

Steel:   its    History,   Manufacture,    and   Uses.       By 

J.  S.  JEANS,  Secretary  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute.  860  pages  and 
24  plates  i  Svo,  cloth,  36^. 

American   Foundry  Practice:    Treating   of  Loam, 

Dry  Sand,  and  Green  Sand  Moulding,  and  containing  a  Practical  Treatise 
upon  the  Management  of  Cupolas,  and  the  Melting  of  Iron.  By  T.  D. 
WEST,  Practical  Iron  Moulder  and  Foundry  Foreman.  Second  edition, 
•with  numerous  illustrations,  crown  Svo,  cloth,  los.  6d. 

The  Maintenance  of  Macadamised  Roads.     By  T, 

CODRIXGTON,  M.I.C.E,  F.G.S.,  General  Superintendent  of  County  Roads 
for  South  Wales.  Svo,  cloth,  6s. 

Hydraiilic   Steam   and  Hand  Power  Lifting  and 

Pressing  Machinery.  By  FREDERICK  COLYER,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  M.  Inst.  M.E. 
With  T$ plates,  Svo,  cloth,  iSs. 

P limps  and  Pumping  Machinery.      By  F.  COLYER, 

M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.      With  23  folding  plates,  Svo,  doth,  I2s.  6d. 


Tables  of  the  Principal  Speeds  occurring  in  Mechanical 

Engineering,  expressed  in  metres  in  a  second.  By  P.  KEERAYEFF,  Chief 
Mechanic  of  the  Obouchoff  Steel  Works,  St.  Petersburg ;  translated  by 
SERGIUS  KERN,  M.E.  Fcap.  Svo,  sewed,  6d. 

Girder  Making  and  the  Practice  of  Bridge  Building 

in  Wrought  Iron,  illustrated  by  Examples  of  Bridges,  Piers,  and  Girder 
Work,  etc.,  constructed  at  the  Skerne  Iron  Works,  Darlington,  by 
EDWARD  HUTCHINSON,  M.  Inst.  M.E.  With  35  plates,  demy  Svo, 
cloth,  icxr.  6d. 


CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Spons  Dictionary  of  Engineering,  Civil,  Mechanical, 

Military,  and  Naval;  with  technical  terms  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish,  3100  pp.,  and  nearly  8000  engravings,  in  super-royal  8vo, 
in  8  divisions,  5/.  &s.    Complete  in  3  vols.,  cloth,  5/.  $s.     Bound  in  a 
superior  manner,  half-morocco,  top  edge  gilt,  3  vols.,  6/.  12s. 
Seepage  15. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Origin,  Progress,  Prevention,  and 

Cure  of  Dry  Rot  in  Timber;  with  Remarks  on  the  Means  of  Preserving 
Wood  from  Destruction  by  Sea- Worms,  Beetles,  Ants,  etc.  By  THOMAS 
ALLEN  BRITTON,  late  Surveyor  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works, 
etc.,  etc.  With  10  plates,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  >js.  6d. 

Metrical  Tables.     By  G.  L.  MOLESWORTH,  M.I.C.E. 

32mo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

CONTENTS. 

General — Linear  Measures — Square  Measures — Cubic  Measures — Measures  of  Capacity — 
Weights — Combinations — Thermometers. 

A    Handbook   of  Electrical   Testing.      By   H.    R. 

KEMPE,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers.  New  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged,  -with  81  illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

Electro -Telegraphy.      By  FREDERICK   S.    BEECHEY, 

Telegraph  Engineer.  A  Book  for  Beginners.  Illustrated.  Fcap.  8vo, 
sewed,  6d. 

Handrailing:  by  the  Square  Cut.     By  JOHN  JONES, 

Staircase  Builder.    Fourth  edition,  with  seven  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  3^.  6d. 

Handrailing:  by  the  Sqiiare  Cut.     By  JOHN  JONES, 

Staircase  Builder.     Part  Second,  with  eight  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  3^.  6d. 

The  Gas    Consumer  s  Handy  Book.     By  WILLIAM 

RICHARDS,  C.E.    Illustrated.     i8mo,  sewed,  6d. 

Steam  Heating  for  Buildings ;    or,  Hints  to  Steam 

Fitters,  being  a  description  of  Steam  Heating  Apparatus  for  Warming 
and  Ventilating  Private  Houses  and  large  Buildings ;  with  Remarks  on 
Steam,  Water,  and  Air  in  their  relation  to  Heating  ;  to  which  are  added 
miscellaneous  Tables.  By  J.  W.  BALDWIN,  Steam  Heating  Engineer. 
With  many  illustrations.  Second  edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  iar.  6d. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  S?ON. 


A  Pocket- Bo  ok  of  Usefiil  Formula  and  Memoranda 

for  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers.  By  GUILFORD  L.  MOLESWORTH, 
Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Government  of  India  for 
State  Railways.  With  numerous  illustrations,  744  pp.  Twenty-first 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  32mo,  roan,  6s. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS: 

Surveying,  Levelling,  etc.— Strength  and  Weight  of  Materials— Earthwork,  Brickwork, 
Masonry,  Arches,  etc. — Struts,  Columns,  Beams,  and  Trusses — Flooring,  Roofing,  and  Roof 
Trusses — Girders,  Bridges,  etc. — Railways  and  Roads-fHydraulic  Formulae — Canals.  Sewers, 
Waterworks,  Docks — Irrigation  and  Breakwaters — Gas,  Ventilation,  and  Warming — Heat, 
Light,  Colour,  and  Sound — Gravity :  Centres,  Forces,  and  Powers — Millwork,  Teeth  of 
Wheels,  Shafting,  etc. — Workshop  Recipes — Sundry  Machinery — Animal  Power — Steam  and 
the  Steam  Engine — Water-power,  Water-wheels,  Turbines,  etc. — Wind  and  Windmills — 
Steam  Navigation,  Ship  Building,  Tonnage,  etc. — Gunnery,  Projectiles,  etc. — Weights, 
Measures,  and  Money — Trigonometry,  Conic  Sections,  and  Curves — Telegraphy — Mensura- 
tion— Tables  of  Areas  and  Circumference,  and  Arcs  of  Circles — Logarithms,  Square  and 
Cube  Roots,  Powers — Reciprocals,  etc. — Useful  Numbers — Differential  and  Integral  Calcu- 
lus—Algebraic Signs — Telegraphic  Construction  and  Formulae. 

Spans     Tables    and   Memoranda    for    Engineers; 

selected  and  arranged  by  J.  T.  HURST,  C.E.,  Author  of  'Architectural 
Surveyors'  Handbook,' '  Hurst's  Tredgold's  Carpentry,'  etc.  Fifth  edition, 
641110,  roan,  gilt  edges,  I  j. ;  or  in  cloth  case,  is.  6d. 

This  work  is  printed  in  a  pearl  type,  and  is  so  small,  measuring  only  af  in.  by  z$  in.  by 
i  in.  thick,  that  it  may  be  easily  carried  in  the  waistcoat  pocket. 

"  It  is  certainly  an  extremely  rare  thing  for  a  reviewer  to  be  called  upon  to  notice  a  volume 
measuring  but  25  in.  by  if  in.,  yet  these  dimensions  faithfully  represent  the  size  of  the  handy 
little  book  before  us.  The  volume — which  contains  118  printed  pages,  besides  a  few  blank 
pages  for  memoranda — is,  in  fact,  a  true  pocket-book,  adapted  for  being  carried  in  the  waist- 
coat pocket,  and  containing  a  far  greater  amount  and  variety  of  information  than  most  people 

would  imagine  could  be  compressed  into  so  small  a  space The  little  volume  has  been 

compiled  with  considerable  care  and  judgment,  and  we  can  cordially  recommend  it  to  our 
readers  as  a  useful  little  pocket  companion." — Engineering. 

Analysis,  Technical  Valuation,  Purification  and  Use 

of  Coal  Gas.  By  the  Rev.  W.  R.  BOWDITCH,  M.A.   With  -wood  engravings, 

8vo,  cloth,  izs.  6d. 

Condensation  of  Gas— Purification  of  Gas— Light— Measuring— Place  of  Testing  Gas- 
Test  Candles — The  Standard  for  Measuring  Gas-light — Test  Burners — Testing  Gas  for 
Sulphur — Testing  Gas  for  Ammonia — Condensation  by  Bromine— Gravimetric  Method  of 
taking  Specific  Gravity  of  Gas — Carburetting  or  Naphthalizing  Gas — Acetylene — Explosions 
of  Gas — Gnawing  of  Gaspipes  by  Rats — Pressure  as  related  to  Public  Lighting,  etc. 

A    Practical    Treatise   on   Natural  and  Artificial 

Concrete,  its  Varieties  and  Constructive  Adaptations.  By  HENRY  REID, 
Author  of  the  '  Science  and  Art  of  the  Manufacture  of  Portland  Cement.' 
New  Edition,  with  59  woodcuts  and  5  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  15^. 

Hydrodynamics :  Treatise  relative  to  the  Testing  of 

Water- Wheels  and  Machinery,  with  various  other  matters  pertaining  to 
Hydrodynamics.  By  JAMES  EMERSON.  With  numerous  illustrations, 
360  pp.  Third  edition,  crown  Svo,  cloth,  4_r.  6d. 


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The  Gas  Analyst's  Manual.     By  F.  W.  HARTLEY, 

Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  etc.  With  numerous  illustrations.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth,  6s. 

Gas    Measurement   and   Gas   Meter    Testing.       By 

F.  W.  HARTLEY.  Fourth  edition,  revised  and  extended.  Illustrated, 
crown  Svo,  cloth,  4^. 

The  French- Polishers  Manual.  By  a  French- 
Polisher;  containing  Timber  Staining,  Washing,  Matching,  Improving, 
Painting,  Imitations,  Directions  for  Staining,  Sizing,  Embodying, 
Smoothing,  Spirit  Varnishing,  French-Polishing,  Directions  for  Re- 
polishing.  Third  edition,  royal  32mo,  sewed,  6d. 

Hops,    their    Cultivation^    Commerce,    and    Uses   in 

various  Countries.     By  P.  L.  SIMMONDS.     Crown  Svo,  cloth,  qs.  6d. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Mamtfacticre  and  Distri- 
bution of  Coal  Gas.  By  WILLIAM  RICHARDS.  Demy  4to,  with  numerotis 
wood  engravings  and  29  plates^  cloth,  2&s. 

SYNOPSIS. OF  CONTENTS: 

Introduction — History  of  Gas  Lighting  —  Chemistry  of  Gas  Manufacture,  by  Lewis 
Thompson,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S. — Coal,  with  Analyses,  by  J.  Paterson,  Lewis  Thompson,  and 
G.  R.  Hislop,  Esqrs. — Retorts,  Iron  and  Clay — Retort  Setting — Hydraulic  Main — Con- 
densers—  Exhausters  —  Washers  and  Scrubbers  —  Purifiers — Purification  —  History  of  Gas 
Holder  —  Tanks,  Brick  and  Stone,  Composite,  Concrete,  Cast-iron,  Compound  Annular 
Wrpught-iron  —  Specifications  —  Gas  Holders  —  Station  Meter  —  Governor  —  Distribution — 
Mains — Gas  Mathematics,  or  Formulas  for  the  Distribution  of  Gas,  by  Lewis  Thompson,  Esq. — 
Services — Consumers'  Meters — Regulators — Burners — Fittings — Photometer — Carburization 
of  Gas — Air  Gas  and  Water  Gas — Composition  of  Coal  Gas,  by  Lewis  Thompson,  Esq. — 
Analyses  of  Gas — Influence  of  Atmospheric  Pressure  and  Temperature  on  Gas — Residual 
Products — Appendix — Description  of  Retort  Settings,  Buildings,  etc.,  etc. 

Practical  Geometry  and  Engineering  Drawing ;    a 

Course  of  Descriptive  Geometry  adapted  to  the  Requirements  of  the 
Engineering  Draughtsman,  including  the  .determination  of  cast  shadows 
and  Isometric  Projection,  each  chapter  being  followed  by  numerous 
examples ;  to  which  are  added  rules  for  Shading  Shade-lining,  etc., 
together  with  practical  instructions  as  to  the  Lining,  Colouring,  Printing, 
and  general  treatment  of  Engineering  Drawings,  with  a  chapter  on 
drawing  Instruments.  By  GEORGE  S.  CLARKE,  Lieut.  R.E.,  Instructor 
in  Mechanical  Drawing,  Royal  Indian  Engineering  College.  20 plates, 
4to,  cloth,  15^. 

The   Elements   of    Graphic   Statics.     By   Professor 

KARL  VON  OTT,  translated  from  the  German  by  G.  S.  CLARKE,  Lieut. 
R.E.,  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Drawing,  Royal  Indian  Engineering 
College.  With  93  illustrations,  crown  Svo,  cloth,  5-y. 

The   Principles   of  Graphic   Statics.       By    GEORGE 

SYDENHAM  CLARKE,  Lieut.  Royal  Engineers.  With  112  illustrations. 
4to,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


The  New  Formula  for  Mean  Velocity  of  Discharge 

of  Rivers  and  Canals.  By  W.  R.  KUTTER.  Translated  from  articles  in 
the  '  Cultur-Ingenieur,'  by  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E. 
8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

Practical  Hydraulics  ;  a  Series  of  Rules  and  Tables 

for  the  use  of  Engineers,  etc.,  etc.  By  THOMAS  Box.  Fifth  edition, 
numerotis  plates,  post  8vo,  cloth,  $s. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Hori- 
zontal and  Vertical  Waterwheels,  specially  designed  for  the  use  of  opera- 
tive mechanics.  By  WILLIAM  CULLEN,  Millwright  and  Engineer.  With 
II  plates.  Second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  small  4to,  cloth,  I2s.6d. 

Aid  Book  to  Engineering  Enterprise  Abroad.     By 

EWING  MATHESON,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  The  book  treats  of  Public  Works 
and  Engineering  Enterprises  in  their  inception  and  preliminary  arrange- 
ment ;  of  the  different  modes  in  which  money  is  provided  for  their 
accomplishment ;  and  of  the  economical  and  technical  considerations  by 
which  success  or  failure  is  determined.  The  information  necessary  to 
the  designs  of  Engineers  is  classified,  as  are  also  those  particulars  by 
which  Contractors  may  estimate  the  cost  of  works,  and  Capitalists  the 
probabilities  of  profit.  Illustrated,  2  vols.,  8vo,  I2J-.  6d.  each. 

The   Essential  Elements  of  Practical   Mechanics ; 

based  on  the  Principle  of  Work,  designed  for  Engineering  Students.  By 
OLIVER  BYRNE,  formerly  Professor  of  Mathematics,  College  for  Civil 
Engineers.  Third  edition,  with  148  tuood  engravings,  post  8vo,  cloth, 

CONTENTS : 

Chap.  i.  How  Work  is  Measured  by  a  Unit,  both  with  and  without  reference  to  a  Unit 
of  Time — Chap.  2.  The  Work  of  Living  Agents,  the  Influence  of  Friction,  and  introduces 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  Laws  of  Motion — Chap.  3.  The  principles  expounded  in  the  first  and 
second  chapters  are  applied  to  the  Motion  of  Bodies — Chap.  4.  The  Transmission  of  Work  by 
simple  Machines — Chap.  5.  Useful  Propositions  and  Rules. 

The  Practical  Millwrights  and  Engineers  Ready 

Reckoner;  or  Tables  for  finding  the  diameter  and  power  of  cog-wheels, 
diameter,  weight,  and  power  of  shafts,  diameter  and  strength  of  bolts,  etc. 
By  THOMAS  DIXON.  Fourth  edition,  I2mo,  cloth,  3.?. 

Breweries  and  Mailings  :  their  Arrangement,  Con- 
struction, Machinery,  and  Plant.  By  G.  SCAMELL,  F.R.I.B.A.  Second 
edition,  revised,  enlarged,  and  partly  rewritten.  By  F.  COLYER,  M.I.C.E., 
M.I.M.E.  With  20  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  iSs. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Starchy 

Glucose,  Starch-Sitgar,  and  Dextrine,  based  on  the  German  of  L.  Von 
Wagner,  Professor  in  the  Royal  Technical  School,  Buda  Pesth,  and 
other  authorities.  By  JULIUS  FRANKEL  ;  edited  by  ROBERT  HUTTER, 
proprietor  of  the  Philadelphia  Starch  Works.  With  58  illustrations •, 
344  pp.,  8vo,  cloth,  i8j. 


io  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Mill-gearing,  Wheels,  Shafts, 

Riggers,  etc. ;  for  the  use  of  Engineers.  By  THOMAS  Box.  Third 
edition,  with  1 1  plates.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  'js.  6d. 

Mining  Machinery:  a  Descriptive  Treatise  on  the 

Machinery,  Tools,  and  other  Appliances  used  in  Mining.  By  G.  G. 
ANDRE,  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  Mem.  of  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
Royal  4to,  uniform  with  the  Author's  Treatise  on  Coal  Mining,  con- 
taining 182  plates,  accurately  drawn  to  scale,  with  descriptive  text,  in 

2  VOls.,  cloth,  3/.  I2J. 

CONTENTS  : 

Machinery  for  Prospecting,  Excavating,  Hauling,  and  Hoisting — Ventilation — Pumping — 
Treatment  of  Mineral  Products,  including  Gold  and  Silver,  Copper,  Tin,  and  Lead,  Iron, 
Coal,  Sulphur,  China  Clay,  Brick  Earth,  etc. 

Tables  for  Setting  out  Ciirves  for  Railways,  Canals, 

Roads,  eta,  varying  from  a  radius  of  five  chains  to  three  miles.  By  A. 
KENNEDY  and  R.  W.  HACKWOOD.  Ilhistrated,  32mo,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 


The  Science  and  Art  of  the  Manufactiire  of  Portland 

Cement,  with  observations  on  some  of  its  constructive  applications.  With 
66  illustrations.  By  HENRY  REID,  C.E.,  Author  of  'A  Practical 
Treatise  on  Concrete,'  etc.,  etc.  8vo,  cloth,  i8.r. 

The  Draughtsman  s  Handbook  of  Plan  and  Map 

Drawing;  including  instructions  for  the  preparation  of  Engineering, 
Architectural,  and  Mechanical  Drawings.  With  mimerous  illustrations 
in  the  text,  and  33  plates  (15  printed  in  colours}.  By  G.  G.  ANDRE, 
F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  410,  cloth,  9^. 

CONTENTS  : 

The  Drawing  Office  and  its  Furnishings — Geometrical  Problems — Lines,  Dots,  and  their 
Combinations — Colours,  Shading,  Lettering,  Bordering,  and  North  Points — Scales — Plotting 
— Civil  Engineers'  and  Surveyors'  Plans — Map  Drawing — Mechanical  and  Architectural 
Drawing — Copying  and  Reducing  Trigonometrical  Formulae,  etc.,  etc. 

The  B oiler-maker  s  andiron  Ship-builder  s  Companion, 

comprising  a  series  of  original  and  carefully  calculated  tables,  of  the 
utmost  utility  to  persons  interested  in  the  iron  trades.  By  JAMES  FODEN, 
author  of  '  Mechanical  Tables,'  etc.  Second  edition  revised,  with  illustra- 
tions, crown  8vo,  cloth,  5-r. 

Rock  Blasting:   a  Practical  Treatise  on  the  means 

employed  in  Blasting  Rocks  for  Industrial  Purposes.  By  G.  G.  ANDRE, 
F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  With  56  illustrations  and  12 plates,  8vo,  cloth, 
ioj.  6d. 

Surcharged  and  different  Forms  of  Retaining  Walls. 

By  J.  S.  TATE.    Illustrated,  8vo,  sewed,  2s. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON.  n 


A  Treatise  on  Ropemaking  as  practised  in  public  and 

private  Rope-yards,  with  a  Description  of  the  Manufacture,  Rules,  Tables 
of  Weights,  etc.,  adapted  to  the  Trade,  Shipping,  Mining,  Railways, 
Builders,  etc.  By  R.  CHAPMAN,  formerly  foreman  to. Messrs.  Huddart 
and  Co.,  Limehouse,  and  late  Master  Ropemaker  to  'H.M.  Dockyard, 
Deptford.  Second  edition,  I2mo,  cloth,  3^. 

Laxtons  Builders   and  Contractors    Tables ;    for  the 

use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  Surveyors,  Builders,  Land  Agents,  and 
others.  Bricklayer,  containing  22  tables,  with  nearly  30,000  calculations. 
4to,  cloth,  5-r. 

Laxtons  Builders  and  Contractors  Tables.  Ex- 
cavator, Earth,  Land,  Water,  and  Gas,  containing  53  tables,  with  nearly 
24,000  calculations.  4to,  cloth,  5^. 

Sanitary  Engineering:   a  Guide  to  the  Construction 

of  Works  of  Sewerage  and  House  Drainage,  with  Tables  for  facilitating 
the  calculations  of  the  Engineer.  By  BALDWIN  LATHAM,  C.E.,  M.  Inst. 
C.E.,  F.G.S.,  F.M.S.,  Past-President  of  the  Society  of  Engineers.  Second 
edition,  with  numerous  plates  and  "woodcuts,  8vo,  cloth,  I/,  icw. 

Screw  Cutting  Tables  for  Engineers  and  Machinists, 

giving  the  values  of  the  different  trains  of  Wheels  required  to  produce 
Screws  of  any  pitch,  calculated  by  Lord  Lindsay,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S., 
etc.  Royal  8vo,  cloth,  oblong,  2s. 

Screw    Cutting    Tables,   for  the  use  of  Mechanical 

Engineers,  showing  the  proper  arrangement  of  Wheels  for  cutting  the 
Threads  of  Screws  of  any  required  pitch,  with  a  Table  for  making  the 
Universal  Gas-pipe  Threads  and  Taps.  By  W.  A.  MARTIN,  Engineer. 
Second  edition,  royal  8vo,  oblong,  cloth,  is.,  or  sewed,  6J. 

A  Treatise  on  a  Practical  Method  of  Designing  Slide- 

Valve  Gears  by  Simple  Geometrical  Construction,  based  upon  the  principles 
enunciated  in  Euclid's  Elements,  and  comprising  the  various  forms  of 
Plain  Slide- Valve  and  Expansion  Gearing  ;  together  with  Stephenson's, 
Gooch's,  and  Allan's  Link-Motions,  as  applied  either  to  reversing  or  to 
variable  expansion  combinations.  By  EDWARD  ].  COWLING  \VELCH, 
Memb.  Inst.  Mechanical  Engineers.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 

Cleaning  and  Scouring :  a  Manual  for  Dyers,  Laun- 
dresses, and  for  Domestic  Use.  By  S.  CHRISTOPHER.  i8mo,  sewed,  6</. 

A  Handbook  of  House  Sanitation  ;  for  the  use  of  all 

persons  seeking  a  Healthy  Home,  A  reprint  of  those  portions  of  Mr. 
Bailey-Denton's  Lectures  on  Sanitary  Engineering,  given  before  the 
School  of  Military  Engineering,  which  related  to  the  "Dwelling," 
enlarged  and  revised  by  his  Son,  E.  F.  BAILEY-DENTON,  C.E.,  B.A. 
With  140  illustrations,  Svo,  cloth,  Ss.  6d. 


12  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Treatise  on  Valve-Gears,  with  special  consideration 

of  the  Link-Motions  of  Locomotive  Engines.  By  Dr.  GUSTAV  ZEUNER. 
Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  translated  from  the  German,  with  the 
special  permission  of  the  author,  by  MORITZ  MULLER.  Plates,  8vo, 
cloth,  12s.  6d. 

A  Pocket-Book  for  Boiler  Makers  and  Steam  Users, 

comprising  a  variety  of  useful  information  for  Employer  and  Workman, 
Government  Inspectors,  Board  of  Trade  Surveyors,  Engineers  in  charge 
of  Works  and  Slips,  Foremen  of  Manufactories,  and  the  general  Steam- 
using  Public.  By  MAURICE  JOHN  SEXTON.  Second  edition,  royal 
32mo,  roan,  gilt  edges,  $s. 

The  Strains  upon  Bridge  Girders  and  Roof  Trusses, 

including  the  Warren,  Lattice,  Trellis,  Bowstring,  and 'other  Forms  of 
Girders,  the  Curved  Roof,  and  Simple  and  Compound  Trusses.  By 
THOS.  CARGILL,  C.E.B.A.T.,  C.D.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  Member  of  the 
Society  of  Engineers.  With  64  illustrations,  draiun  and  worked  out  to  scale, 
8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,  con- 
taining Plans  and  Arrangements  of  Details  for  Fixed  Steam  Engines, 
with  Essays  on  the  Principles  involved  in  Design  and  Construction.  By 
ARTHUR  RIGG,  Engineer,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Engineers  and  of 
the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain.  Demy  4to,  copiously  illustrated 

»  with  woodcuts  and  96  plates,  in  one  Volume,  half-bound  morocco,  2.1.  2s.  • 
or  cheaper  edition,  cloth,  25^. 

This  work  is  not,  in  any  sense,  an  elementary  treatise,  or  history  of  the  steam  engine,  but 
is  intended  to  describe  examples  of  Fixed  Steam  Engines  without  entering  into  the  wide 
domain  of  locomotive  or  marine  practice.  To  this  end  illustrations  will  be  given  of  the  most 
recent  arrangements  of  Horizontal,  Vertical,  Beam,  Pumping,  Winding,  Portable,  Semi- 
portable,  Corliss,  Allen,  Compound,  and  other  similar  Engines,  by  the  most  eminent  Firms  in 
Great  Britain  and  America.  The  laws  relating  to  the  action  and  precautions  to  be  observed 
in  the  construction  of  the  various  details,  such  as  Cylinders,  Pistons,  Piston-rods,  Connecting- 
rods,  Cross-heads,  Motion-blocks,  Eccentrics,  Simple,  Expansion,  Balanced,  and  Equilibrium 
Slide-valves,  and  Valve-gearing  will  be  minutely  dealt  with.  In  this  connection  will  be  found 
articles  upon  the  Velocity  of  Reciprocating  Parts  and  the  Mode  of  Applying  the  Indicator, 
Heat  and  Expansion  of  Steam  Governors,  and  the  like.  It  is  the  writer's  desire  to  draw 
illustrations  from  every  possible  source,  and  give  only  those  rules  that  present  practice  deems 
correct. 

Barlow  s   Tables  of  Squares,    Cubes,  Square  Roots, 

Cube  Roots,  Reciprocals  of  all  Integer  Numbers  up  to  10,000.  Post  8vo, 
cloth,  6s. 

Camus  (M.)  Treatise  on  the  Teeth  of  Wheels,  demon- 
strating the  best  forms  which  can  be  given  to  them  for  the  purposes  of 
Machinery,  such  as  Mill-work  and  Clock-work,  and  the  art  of  finding 
their  numbers.  Translated  from  the  French,  with  details  of  the  present 
practice  of  Millwrights,  Engine  Makers,  and  other  Machinists,  by 
ISAAC  HAWKINS.  Third  edition,  with  iS -plates,  8vo,  cloth,  5*. 


PUBLISHED  BY  JE.  &  F.  N.  SPON.  13 


A   Practical   Treatise  on  the   Science  of  Land  and 

Engineering  Surveying,  Levelling,  Estimating  Quantities,  etc.,  with  a 
general  description  of  the  several  Instruments  required  for  Surveying, 
Levelling,  Plotting,  etc.  By  H.  S.  MERRETT.  Third  edition,  41  plates 
with  illustrations  and  tables,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  1 2 s.  6d. 

PRINCIPAL  CONTENTS  : 

Part  i.  Introduction  and  the  Principles  of  Geometry.  Part  2.  Land  Surveying;  com- 
prising General  Observations — The  Chain — Offsets  Surveying  by  the  Chain  only — Surveying 
Hilly  Ground — To  Survey  an  Estate  or  Parish  by  the  Chain  only — Surveying  with  the 
Theodolite — Mining  and  Town  Surveying — Railroad  Surveying — Mapping — Division  and 
Laying  out  of  Land — Observations  on  Enclosures — Plane  Trigonometry.  Part  3.  Levelling — 
Simple  and  Compound  Levelling — The  Level  Book — Parliamentary  Plan  and  Section — 
Levelling  with  a  Theodolite — Gradients — Wooden  Curves — To  Lay  out  a  Railway  Curve — 
Setting  out  Widths.  Part  4.  Calculating  Quantities  generally  for  Estimates — Cuttings  and 
Embankments — Tunnels— Brickwork — Ironwork — Timber  Measuring.  Part  5.  Description 
and  Use  of  Instruments  in  Surveying  and  Plotting — The  Improved  Dumpy  Level — Troughton's 
Level  —  The  Prismatic  Compass  —  Proportional  Compass — Box  Sextant — Vernier — Panta- 
graph — Merrett's  Improved  Quadrant — Improved  Computation  Scale — The  Diagonal  Scale — 
Straight  Edge  and  Sector.  Part  6.  Logarithms  of  Numbers  —  Logarithmic  Sines  and 
Co-Sines,  Tangents  and  Co-Tangents — Natural  Sines  and  Co-Sines — Tables  for  Earthwork, 
for  Setting  out  Curves,  and  for  various  Calculations,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Saws:  the  History,. Development,  Action,  Classifica- 
tion, and  Comparison  of  Saws  of  all  kinds.  By  ROBERT  GRIMSHAW. 
With  220  illustrations,  4to,  cloth,  12s.  6d. 

A   Siipplement  to  the  above ;    containing  additional 

practical  matter,  more  especially  relating  to  the  forms  of  Saw  Teeth  for 
special  material  and  conditions,  and  to  the  behaviour  of  Saws  under 
particular  conditions.  With  120  illustrations,  cloth,  gs. 

A  Guide  for  the  Electric  Testing  of  Telegraph  Cables. 

By  Capt.  V.  HOSKICER,  Royal  Danish  Engineers.  With  illustrations, 
second  edition,  crown  Svo,  cloth,  4^.  6d. 

Laying  and  Repairing  Electric  Telegraph  Cables.    By 

Capt.  V.  HOSKICER,,  Royal  Danish  Engineers.  Crown  Svo,  cloth, 
3J.  6d. 

A  Pocket-Book  of  Practical  Rules  for  the  Proportions 

of  Modern  Engines  and  Boilers  for  Land  and  Marine  purposes.  By  N.  P. 
BURGH.  Seventh  edition,  royal  32010,  roan,  4^-.  6d. 

Table  of  Logarithms  of  the  Natural  Numbers^  from 

i  to  108,000.  By  CHARLES  BABBAGE,  Esq.,  M.A.  Stereotyped  edition, 
royal  Svo,  cloth,  7.5-.  6d. 

To  ensure  the  correctness  of  these  Tables  of  Logarithms,  they  were  compared  with  Callett's, 
Vega's,  Hutton's,  Briggs',  Gardiner's,  and  Taylor's  Tables  of  Logarithms,  and  carefully  read 
by  nine  different  readers ;  and  further,  to  remove  any  possibility  of  an  error  remaining,  the 
stereotyped  sheets  were  hung  up  in  the  Hall  at  Cambridge  University,  and  a  reward  offered 
to  anyone  who  could  find  an  inaccuracy.  So  correct  are  these  Tables,  that  since  their  first 
issue  in  1827  no  error  has  been  discovered. 


14  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


The  Steam  Engine  considered  as  a  Heat  Engine :  a 

Treatise  on  the  Theory  of  the  Steam  Engine,  illustrated  by  Diagrams, 
Tables,  and  Examples  from  Practice.  By  JAS.  H.  COTTERILL,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Applied  Mechanics  in  the  Royal  Naval  College. 
8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

The  Practice  of  Hand  Turning  in  Wood,  Ivory,  Shell, 

etc.,  with  Instructions  for  Turning  such  Work  in  Metal  as  may  be  required 
in  the  Practice  of  Turning  in  Wood,  Ivory,  etc.  ;  also  an  Appendix  on 
Ornamental  Turning.  (A  book  for  beginners.)  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN. 
Second  edition,  with  wood  engravings,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 

CONTENTS : 

On  Lathes — Turning  Tools — Turning  Wood — Drilling — Screw  Cutting — Miscellaneous 
Apparatus  and  Processes — Turning  Particular  Forms — Staining — Polishing — Spinning  Metals 
— Materials — Ornamental  Turning,  etc. 

Health  and  Comfort  in  House  Building,  or  Ventila- 
tion with  Warm  Air  by  Self-Acting  Suction  Power,  with  Review  of  the 
mode  of  Calculating  the  Draught  in  Hot- Air  Flues,  and  with  some  actual 
Experiments.  By  J.  DRYSDALE,  M.D.,  and  J.  W.  HAYWARD,  M.D. 
Second  edition,  with  Supplement,  with  plates,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  *]s.  6d. 

Treatise  on  Watchwork,  Past  and  Present.     By  the 

Rev.  H.  L.  NELTHROPP,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  With  32  illustrations,  crown 
8vo,  cloth,  6s.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Definitions  of  Words  and  Terms  used  in  Watchwork — Tools — Time — Historical  Sum- 
mary— On  Calculations  of  the  Numbers  for  Wheels  and  Pinions;  their  Proportional  Sizes, 
Trains,  etc. — Of  Dial  Wheels,  or  Motion  Work — Length  of  Time  of  Going  without  Winding 
up — The  Verge— The  Horizontal — The  Duplex — The  Lever — The  Chronometer — Repeating 
Watches— Keyless  Watches— The  Pendulum,  or  Spiral  Spring — Compensation — Jewelling  of 
Pivot  Holes — Clerkenwell — Fallacies  of  the  Trade — Incapacity  of  Workmen — How  to  Choose 
and  Use  a  Watch,  etc. 

Spans  Engineers'  and  Contractors   Illustrated  Book 

of  Prices  of  Machines,  Tools,  Ironwork,  and  Contractors'  Material^ 
and  Engineers'  Directory.  Third  edition,  4to,  cloth,  6s. 

Algebra   Self-Taught.      By  W.    P.    HIGGS,    M.A., 

D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  Assoc.  Inst  C.E.,  Author  of  '  A  Handbook  of  the  Differ- 
ential Calculus,'  etc.  Second  edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  zs.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Symbols  and  the  Signs  of  Operation— The  Equation  and  the  Unknown  Quantity- 
Positive  and  Negative  Quantities — Multiplication — Involution — Exponents — Negative  Expo- 
nents— Roots,  and  the  Use  of  Exponents  as  Logarithms — Logarithms — Tables  of  Logarithms 
and  Proportionate  Parts  —  Transformation  of  System  of  Logarithms — Common  Uses  of 
Common  Logarithms — Compound  Multiplication  "and  the  Binomial  Theorem— Division, 
Fractions,  and  Ratio — Continued  Proportion — The  Series  and  the  Summation  of  the  Series — 
Limit  of  Series — Square  and  Cube  Roots — Equations — List  of  Formula,  etc. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


JUST  PUBLISHED. 

In  super-royal  8vo,  1168  pp.,  -with  2400  illustrations,  in  3  Divisions,  cloth,  price 
each  ;  or  i  vol.,  cloth,  a/.  ;  or  half-morocco,  a/.  8s. 

A    SUPPLEMENT 


SPONS'  DICTIONARY  OF  ENGINEERING, 

anb 


EDITED  BY  ERNEST  SPON,  MEMB.  Soc.  ENGINEERS. 

THE  success  which  has  attended  the  publication  of  '  SPONS'  DICTIONARY  OF 
ENGINEERING'  has  encouraged  the  Publishers  to  use  every  effort  tending  to 
keep  the  work  up  to  the  standard  of  existing  professional  knowledge.  As  the 
Book  has  now  been  some  years  before  the  public  without  addition  or  revision, 
there  are  many  subjects  of  importance  which,  of  necessity,  are  either  not 
included  in  its  pages,  or  have  been  treated  somewhat  less  fully  than  their 
present  importance  demands.  With  the  object,  therefore,  of  remedying  these 
omissions,  this  Supplement  is  now  being  issued.  Each  subject  in  it  is  treated 
in  a  thoroughly  comprehensive  way  ;  but,  of  course,  without  repeating  the 
information  already  included  in  the  body  of  the  work. 
The  new  matter  comprises  articles  upon 


Abacus,  Counters,  Speed 
Indicators,  and  Slide 
Rule. 

Agricultural  Implements 
and  Machinery. 

Air  Compressors. 

Animal  Charcoal  Ma- 
chinery. 

Antimony. 

Axles  and  Axle-boxes. 

Barn  Machinery. 

Belts  and  Belting. 

Blasting.     Boilers. 

Brakes. 

Brick  Machinery. 

Bridges. 

Cages  for  Mines. 

Calculus,  Differential  and 
Integral. 

Canals. 

Carpentry. 

Cast  Iron. 

Cement,       Concrete, 
Limes,  and  Mortar. 

Chimney  Shafts. 

Coal  Cleansing  and 
Washing. 


Coal  Mining. 

Coal  Cutting  Machines. 

Coke  Ovens.     Copper. 

Docks.     Drainage. 

Dredging  Machinery. 

Dynamo  -  Electric  and 
Magneto-Electric  Ma- 
chines. 

Dynamometers. 

Electrical  Engineering, 
Telegraphy,  Electric 
Lighting  and  its  prac- 
ticaldetails,Telephones 

Engines,  Varieties  of. 

Explosives.     Fans. 

Founding,  Moulding  and 
the  practical  work  of 
the  Foundry. 

Gas,  Manufacture  of. 

Hammers,  Steam  and 
other  Power. 

Heat.     Horse  Power. 

Hydraulics. 

Hydro-geology. 

Indicators.     Iron. 

Lifts,  Hoists,  and  Eleva- 
tors. 


Lighthouses,  Buoys,  and 
Beacons. 

Machine  Tools. 

Materials  of  Construc- 
tion. 

Meters. 

Ores,  Machinery  and 
Processes  employed  to 
Dress. 

Piers. 

Pile  Driving. 

Pneumatic     Transmis- 
sion. 

Pumps. 

Pyrometers. 

Road  Locomotives. 

Rock  Drills. 

Rolling  Stock. 

Sanitary  Engineering. 

Shafting. 

Steel. 

Steam  Navvy. 

Stone  Machinery. 

Tramways. 

Well  Sinking. 


NOW    COMPLETE. 

With  nearly    1500  illustrations,  in  super-royal    Svo,  in    5   Divisions,   cloth. 
Divisions  I  to  4,  13^.  6d.  each  ;   Division  5,  17.$-.  6d. ;  or  2  vols.,  cloth,  £3  IQJ. 

SPONS'  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

OF  THE 

INDUSTRIAL  ARTS,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  COMMERCIAL 
PRODUCTS. 


EDITED  BY  C.  G.  WARNFORD  LOCK,  F.L.S. 

Among  the  more  important  of  the   subjects  treated  of,   are  the 

following  :  — 

Acids,  207  pp.  220  figs. 

Fur,  5  pp. 

Photography,   13  pp.  20 

Alcohol,  23  pp.  1  6  figs. 

Gas,  Coal,  8  pp. 

figs. 

Alcoholic  Liquors,  13  pp. 

Gems. 

Pigments,  9  pp.  6  figs. 

Alkalies,  89  pp.  78  figs. 

Glass,  45  pp.  77  figs. 

Pottery,  46  pp.  57  figs. 

Alloys.           Alum. 

Graphite,  7  pp. 

Printing  and  Engraving, 

Asphalt.         Assaying. 

Hair,  7  pp. 

20  pp.  8  figs. 

Beverages,  89  pp.  29  figs. 

Hair  Manufactures. 

Rags. 

Blacks. 

Hats,  26  pp.  26  figs. 

Resinous    and     Gummy 

Bleaching  Powder,  15  pp. 

Honey.          Hops. 

Substances,   75  pp.  16 

Bleaching,  51  pp.  48  figs. 

Horn. 

figs. 

Candles,  18  pp.  9  figs. 
Carbon  Bisulphide. 

Ice,  10  pp.  14  figs. 
Indiarubber       Manufac- 

Rope, 16  pp.  17  figs. 
Salt,  31  pp.  23  figs. 

Celluloid,  9  pp. 

tures,  23  pp.  17  figs. 

Silk,  8  pp. 

Cements.       Clay. 

Ink,  17  pp. 

Silk  Manufactures,  9  pp. 

Coal-tar  Products,  44  pp. 

Ivory. 

II  figs. 

14  figs. 

Jute    Manufactures,     1  1 

Skins,  5  pp. 

Cocoa,  8  pp. 

pp.,  II  figs. 

Small  Wares,  4  pp. 

Coffee,  32  pp.  13  figs. 

Knitted      Fabrics  — 

Soap  and  Glycerine,  39 

Cork,  8  pp.  17  figs. 

Hosiery,  15  pp.  13  figs. 

pp.  45  figs. 

Cotton  Manufactures,  62 

Lace,  13  pp.  9  figs. 

Spices,  16  pp. 

pp.  57  figs. 

Leather,  28  pp.  31  figs. 

Sponge,  5  pp. 

Drugs,  38  pp. 

Linen  Manufactures,   16 

Starch,  9  pp.  10  figs. 

Dyeing       and       Calico 

pp.  6  figs. 

Sugar,     155     pp.      134 

Printing,  28  pp.  9  figs. 

Manures,  21  pp.  30  figs. 

figs- 

Dyestuffs,  16  pp. 

Matches,  17  pp.  38  figs. 

Sulphur. 

Electro-Metallurgy,      13 

Mordants,  13  pp. 

Tannin,  1  8  pp. 

pp. 

Narcotics,  47  pp. 

Tea,  12  pp. 

Explosives,  22  pp.  33  figs. 

Nuts,  10  pp. 

Timber,  13  pp. 

Feathers. 

Oils     and     Fatty     Sub- 

Varnish, 15  pp. 

Fibrous   Substances,    92 

stances,  125  pp. 

Vinegar,  5  pp. 

pp.  79  figs. 

Paint. 

Wax,  5  pp. 

Floor-cloth,    1  6    pp.   21 

Paper,  26  pp.  23  figs. 

Wool,  2  pp. 

figs. 

Paraffin,  8  pp.  6  figs. 

Woollen     Manufactures, 

Food  Preservation,  8  pp. 

Pearl  and  Coral,  8  pp. 

58  pp.  39  figs. 

Fruit,  8  pp. 

Perfumes,  10  pp. 

London:  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  16,  Charing  Cross. 

New  York  :   35,  Murray  Street. 


8  5 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES