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2010 California Building Code
California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Volume 1 of Part 2

First Printing: June 2010

ISBN 978-1-58001-974-3

California Building Standards Commission

2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130

Sacramento, CA 95833-2936

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2010 California Building Code contains substantial copyrighted material from the 2009 Intern a-^
tional Building Code, Second Printing, which is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. WithcH^
advance written peraiission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in a^^F
form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation,
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exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. Phone
1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233).

Trademarks: "International Code Council," the "Intemational Code Council" logo and the "Intemational Building Code" are tracH^
marks of the Intemational Code Council, Inc. ^^F

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

PREFACE

This document is Part 2 of 12 parts of the official triennial compilation and publication of the adoptions, amendments
and repeal of administrative regulations to California Code of Regulations, Title 24, also referred to as the California
Building Standards Code. This Part is known as the California Building Code.

The California Building Standards Code is published in its entirety every three years by order of the California legisla-
ture, with supplements published in intervening years. The California legislature delegated authority to various state
agencies, boards, commissions and departments to create building regulations to implement the State's statutes. These
building regulations or standards, have the same force of law, and take effect 180 days after their publication unless oth-
erwise stipulated. The California Building Standards Code applies to occupancies in the State of California as anno-
tated.

A city, county or city and county may establish more restrictive building standards reasonably necessary because of
local cUmatic, geological or topographical conditions. Findings of the local condition(s) and the adopted local building
standard(s) must be filed with the California Building Standards Commission to become effective and may not be effec-
tive sooner than the effective date of this edition of California Building Standards Code. Local building standards that
were adopted and applicable to previous editions of the California Building Standards Code do not apply to this edition
without appropriate adoption and the required filing.

Should you find publication (e.g., typographical) errors or inconsistencies in this code or wish to offer comments
toward improving its format, please address your comments to:

California Building Standards Commission

2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130

Sacramento, CA 95833-2936

Phone:(916)263-0916
Fax: (916) 263-0959

Web Page: www.bsc.ca.gov

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The 2010 California Building Standards Code (Code) was developed through the outstanding collaborative efforts of the Depart-
ment of Housing and Community Development, the Division of State Architect, the Office of the State Fire Marshal, the Office of
Statewide Health Planning and Development, the California Energy Commission, and the Building Standards Commission (Com-
mission).

This collaborative effort included the assistance of the Commission's Code Advisory Committees and many other volunteers that
worked tirelessly to assist the Commission in the production of this Code.

Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger

Members of the Building Standards Commission

Acting Secretary Tom Sheehy - Chair

Isam Hasenin - Vice -Chair Christina Jamison

James Barthman Stephen Jensen

Craig Dailey Michael Paravagna

Susan Dowty Richard Sawhill

Tony Hoffman Steven Winkel

David Walls - Executive Director
Thomas Morrison - Deputy Executive Director

For questions on California state agency amendments; please refer to the contact list on the following page.
2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE lio

California Code of Regulations^ Title 24

California Agency information Contact List

California Energy Commission

Energy Hotline

. . (800) 772-3300
or (916) 654-5106

Building Efficiency Standards
Appliance Efficiency Standards
Compliance Manual/Forms

California State Lands Commission

Marine Oil Terminals

(562)499-6317

California State Library

Resources and Information (916) 654-0261

Government Publication Section (916) 654-0069

Corrections Standards Authority

Local Adult Jail Standards (916) 324-1914

Local Juvenile Facility Standards (916) 324-1914

Department of Consumer Affairs — Acupuncture Board

Office Standards (916) 445-3021

Department of Consumer Affairs — Board of Pharmacy

Pharmacy Standards (916) 574-7900

Department of Consumer Affairs — Bureau ofBarbering
and Cosmetolog y

Barber and Beauty Shop and (916) 574-7570

College Standards (800) 952-5210

Department of Consumer Affairs — Bureau of Home
Furnishings and Thermal Insulation

Insulation Testing Standards (916) 574-2041

Department of Consumer Affairs — Structural Pest
Control Board

Structural Standards (800) 737-8188

(916)561-8708

Department of Consumer Affairs — Veterinary
Medical Board

Veterinary Hospital Standards (916) 263-2610

Department of Food and Agriculture

Meat & Poultry Packing Plant Standards . . . (916) 654-1447
Dairy Standards (916) 654-1447

Department of Public Health

Organized Camps Standards (916) 449-5661

Public Swimming Pools Standards (916) 449-5693

Asbestos Standards (510) 620-2874

Department of Housing and Community Development

Residential — Hotels^ Motels, Apartments

Single-Family Dwellings (916) 445-9471

Permanent Structures in Mobilehome

and Special Occupancy Parks (916) 445-9471

Factory-Built Housing, Manufactured

Housing and Commercial Modular (916) 445-3338

Mobilehomes — Permits & Inspections

Northern Region (916) 255-2501

Southern Region (951) 782-4420

Employee Housing Standards (916) 445-9471

Department of Water Resources

Gray Water Installations Standards

(916)651-9667

Division of the State Architect — Access Compliance

Access Compliance Standards (916) 445-8100

Division of the State Architect — Structural Safety

Public Schools Standards (916) 445-8100

Essential Services Building Standards (916) 445-8100

Community College Standards (916) 445-8100

Division of the State Architect — State Historical
Building Safety Board

Alternative Building Standards (916) 445-8100

Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development

Hospital Standards (916) 440-8409

Skilled Nursing Facility Standards (916) 440-8409

Clinic Standards (916) 440-8409

Permits (916) 440-8409

Office of the State Fire Marshal

Code Development and Analysis (916) 445-8200

Fire Safety Standards (916) 445-8200

Fireplace Standards (916) 445-8200

Day-Care Centers Standards (916) 445-8200

Exit Standards (916) 445-8200

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Distilling the code review process down to a methodical, sequential list of considerations is generally problematic. In many cases,
related provisions from various chapters of the code must be considered simultaneously, or reconsidered later in the process to
arrive at the correct classification or determination. Any number of acceptable alternatives may exist for construction of the building
and its specific features. Each choice provided by the code must be evaluated for its specific impact on other aspects of the build-
ing's analysis. With a basic understanding of the interrelationship of the various chapters, the practiced code user will make an initial
assessment of the building as a first step of the code review process. The following outline may be helpful as a guide for the effective
use of the IBC, with the understanding that final resolution of each step is often dependant on subsequent steps.

The following process begins with a brief discussion of the key administrative areas of the code. The process addressing techni-
cal provisions is divided into two distinct areas of analysis, the nonstructural provisions of the IBC and the structural provisions.
Although reference is not made to all provisions set forth in the IBC, the process is intended to be representative of an approach to
using the IBC in an effective manner.

Administrative Provisions

Prior to any analysis based on the technical provisions of the IBC, it is important that the fundamental administrative aspects of the
code be reviewed. It is critical that the basis of technical decisions be consistent with the approach established in IBC Chapter 1,
including:

• Scope of the IBC

• Intent of the IBC

• Applicability of the IBC

• Duties and powers of the building official

• Alternate materials, designs and methods of construction

Nonstructural Provisions

1, Classify the building for occupancy and construction type. The first step in analyzing a building for code compliance is its
proper classification based on anticipated use(s) and construction features.

Identify the distinct and varied uses of the building. The uses that will occur within the building must be identified, evaluated and
classified into one or more of the distinct occupancy classifications established in the IBC. Some buildings will be classified as sin-
gle-occupancy, where there is only one applicable occupancy classification. Others will be considered as mixed-occupancy due to
the presence of two or more uses that are classified into different occupancy groups.

Sec. 302.1 Classify the building into one or more occupancy groups. Although there are 10 general occupancy groups,
many of the groups are subdivided into sub-groups to allow for a more exacting analysis of the building under consideration.

Sec. 303 Group A

Sec. 304 Group B

Sec. 305 Group E

Sec. 306 Group F

Sec. 307 Group H

Sec. 308 Group I

Sec. 309 Group M

Sec. 310 Group R

Sec. 311 Groups

Sec. 312 Group U

Identify the building's type of construction based on the materials of construction and degree of fire-resistance for the
building's major elements. The primary structural frame, exterior walls, interior walls, floor construction and roof construc-
tion, as applicable, must be evaluated in regard to their degree of fire-resistance and materials of construction in order to classify
the building based upon type of construction.

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE v

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Sec. 602.1 Classify the building into a single type of construction. Five general types of construction have been established
and further subdivided into nine specific construction types. The classification of construction type is based on a combination of
the degree of fire-resistance and the type of materials of the key building elements.

Sec, 602 Type of construction based on materials of construction

Table 601 Type of construction based on fire rating of the building elements

Sec. 603 Combustible materials in Type I and II buildings

Sec. 1505 Verify classification of roof covering. Roof coverings are typically required to provide protection against moderate
or light fire exposures from the exterior. Their minimum required classification is based upon the type of construction of the
building.

2. Determine if the building is to be fully sprinklered. Many of the code provisions vary based upon the presence of an automatic
sprinkler system throughout, or in specific portions of, the building.

Sec. 903.2 Determine if the building requires a fire sprinkler system. Many of the mandates for the installation of a sprin-
kler system are based upon the occupancy or occupancies that occur within the building. The provisions will often require some
degree of occupant load and fire area determination. Other conditions may also trigger a required sprinkler installation, such as
building height or the lack of exterior openings. Table 903.2.13 should also be consulted.

If a sprinkler system is not required, reviev*^ for potential code modifications if a sprinkler system is installed. There are a
significant number of benefits provided by the code if a sprinkler system is installed. An initial analysis of the building will typi-
cally allow for an early determination of the value of such sprinkler benefits, including:

Sec. 504.2 Story and height increase (reduced type of construction)

Sec. 506.3 Allowable area increase (reduced type of construction)

Sec. 507.3 Unlimited area building (reduced type of construction)

Sec. 1018. 1 Elimination of corridor fire-resistance rating

3. Locate the building on the site. The location of the building(s) on the lot is fundamental to the degree of fire exposure to and
from adjoining buildings and lots. In addition, the building's location influences the amount of fire department access that can be
provided from the exterior of the building.

Sec. 503.1.2 Determine the number of buildings on the site. Where two or more buildings are located on the same lot, they can
be evaluated as a single building or multiple buildings. The type of construction requirements may differ based upon which of
the two methods is utilized.

Sec. 602.1 Determine minimum required fire rating of exterior walls. The fire separation distance is the measurement used
in evaluating the necessary fire rating for exterior walls. It is measured from the building to the lot line, to the center line of a pub-
lic way, or to an imaginary assumed line between two buildings on the same lot. Projections and parapets, if applicable, are also
regulated.

Sec. 704.8 Determine exterior opening protection requirements. Openings in exterior walls are regulated by the fire separa-
tion distance and the rating of the exterior wall in which they are located.

Sec. 506.2 Determine frontage increase for allowable area purposes. Utilized primarily for fire department access, open
space adjacent to a building's perimeter provides for an increase in the allowable area.

4. Verify building's construction type by determining the allowable building size. The permitted types of construction are pri-
marily based upon the occupancy classifications involved, the building's height and the building's floor area. Other conditions may
also affect the appropriate construction types, including the building's location on the lot and the intended materials of construction.
In buildings with mixed-occupancy conditions, the methods of addressing the relationship between the multiple occupancies indi-
rectly affect construction type.

Sec. 202 and 502 Calculate actual height of building in both 'feet' and 'stories above grade plane'. The code specifically
describes the method for assigning a building height, measure both in the number of feet and the number of stories above grade
plane. The actual height must be compared with the allowable height to determine if the building's type of construction is accept-
able.

Sec. 504 Determine allowable height permitted for 'feet' and 'stories'

Sec. 505 Determine if mezzanine provisions are applicable

Sec. 504.3 Determine if any rooftop structures are in compliance

Sec. 502 Calculate actual floor area of each story of building. The building area is typically the entire floor area that occurs
within the surrounding exterior walls. The building area for each individual story must be calculated, as well as for the building
as a whole.

vi 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Sec. 507 Determine if building qualifies as an unlimited area building

Sec. 506 Determine allowable area permitted for each story and building as a whole if:

Sec. 506 Single-occupancy building

Sec. 508.2 Multi-occupancy w/accessory occupancies

Sec. 508.3 Multi-occupancy building w/nonseparated occupancies

Sec. 508.4 Multi-occupancy building w/separated occupancies

Sec. 706. 1 Use of fire walls

Sec. 509 Determine if special provisions are to be applied for height and/or area. The general requirements for allowable
height and area may be modified under limited conditions, typically where a parking garage is located in a building with other
occupancies.

5. Identify extent of any special detailed occupancy requirements. Special types of buildings, special uses that occur within
buildings, and special elements of a building are further regulated through specific requirements found in Chapter 4. Since these
provisions are specific in nature, they apply in lieu of the general requirements found elsewhere in the code.

Chapter 4. Determine special detailed requirements based on occupancy. A number of the special provisions are applicable to
a specific occupancy or group of similar occupancies.

Sec. 402 Covered mall buildings

Sec. 403 High-rise buildings

Sec. 404 Atriums

Sec. 405 Underground buildings

Sec. 406 Motor-vehicle-related occupancies

Sec. 407 Group 1-2 occupancies

Sec. 408 Group 1-3 occupancies

Sec. 41 1 Special amusement buildings

Sec. 412 Aircraft-related occupancies

Sec. 415 Group H occupancies

Sec. 419 Live/work units

Sec. 420 Groups I- 1 , R- 1 , R-2 and R-3

Sec. 422 Ambulatory health care facilities

Table 508.2.5 Determine if building contains any incidental accessory occupancies. The uses identified in Table 508.5.2 are
considered as a portion of the occupancy in which they are located, but special conditions required that they be addressed in a
more specific manner.

Sec. 508.2.5 Provide fire separation and/or fire-extinguishing system

6.1dentify and evaluate fire and smoke protective elements. Where fire-resistance-rated construction and/or smoke protection is
mandated by other provisions of the code, the provisions of Chapter 7 identify the appropriate methods for gaining compliance.

Chapter 7. Verify compliance w/details of fire and smoke resistance. The various elements of fire-resistance-rated and
smoke-resistant construction are detailed, including walls, horizontal assemblies, shaft enclosures, including openings such as
doors and windows, as well as the penetration of such elements by conduit, ducts, piping and other items.

Sec. 704

Structural members

Sec. 707

Fire barriers

Sec. 709

Fire partitions

Sec. 710

Smoke barriers

Sec. 711

Smoke partitions

Sec. 712

Horizontal assemblies

Sec. 708

Shaft enclosures

Sec. 713

Penetrations

Sec. 714

Joint systems

Sec. 715

Opening protectives

Sec. 716

Ducts and air transfer openings

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE vii

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

7. Identify additional fire protection systems that may be required. In addition to automatic sprinkler systems, there are several
other types of fire protection systems that may be required in a building.

Sec. 907,2. Determine compliance with fire alarm provisions. Fire alarm systems are typically mandated based upon the
occupancy classification and the number of occupants.

Sec. 905.3. Determine if standpipe system is required. A standpipe system is required in buildings once a specified height is
reached to provide for a more effective means of fighting a fire within the building.

Sec. 905.4.6. Verify location of standpipe hose connections.

8. Identify and evaluate materials utilized as interior floor, wall and ceiling finishes. Finish materials within the building are
primarily regulated for flame spread and smoke development characteristics.

Sec. 803.9. Verify compliance of wall and ceiling finishes. Interior wall and ceiling finishes are regulated based upon the occu-
pancy classification of the space and their location within the means of egress system. The classification may typically be
reduced where sprinkler protection is provided.

Sec. 804.4. Verify compliance of floor finishes. While regulated differently than wall and ceiling finishes, floor finishes com-
prised of fibers are also controlled based upon their use in the egress system, the occupancy classification, and the presence of a
sprinkler system.

9. Evaluate means of egress system based on anticipated occupant loads. The expected occupant load is the basis for the design
of the means of egress system. The egress elements must provide for a direct, continuous, obvious, undiminished and unobstructed
path of travel from any occupiable point in the building to the public way.

Sec. 1004. Determine the design occupant load. Although the primary use of an occupant load is in the design of the building's
means of egress system, occupant load is also occasionally an important factor in occupancy classification, sprinkler system and
fire alarm system requirements, and plumbing fixture counts.

Chapter 10. Verify compliance with means of egress provisions. The means of egress system is intended to provide the primary
occupant protection from fire and other hazards. The system consists of two major components, egress components and egress
design.

Sec. 1005.1 Egress width and distribution

Sec. 1006.3 Emergency lighting

Sec. 1007 Accessible means of egress

Sec. 1008.1.2 Door swing

Sec. 1008.1.9 Door operations

Sec. 1008. l.lOPanic hardware

Sec. 1009.1 Stairway width

Sec. 1009.4 Stairway treads and risers

Sec. 1011 Exit signs

Sec. 1012 Stairway and ramp handrails

Sec. 1013 Guards

Sec. 1014.2 Egress through intervening spaces

Sec. 1014.3 Common path of egress travel

Sec. 1015.1 Number of exit or exit access doorways

Sec. 1015.2 Egress separation

Sec. 1016.1 Travel distance

Sec. 1018.1 Corridor construction

Sec. 1 02 1 Number of exits

Sec. 1022 Vertical exit enclosures

Sec. 1023 Exit passageways

Sec. 1025 Horizontal exits

Sec. 1026 Exterior exit stairways

Sec, 1027 Exit discharge

Sec. 1028 Egress from assembly occupancies

viii 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

10. Identify any special use features of the building. The activities that occur within the building pose varying risks to the occu-
pants. Special conditions are applicable when such activities are anticipated.

Chapter 4. Verify compliance with special detailed requirements. These provisions are often an extension of the general
requirements found elsewhere in the code.

Sec . 4 1 Stages and platforms

Sec. 413 Combustible storage

Sec. 414 Hazardous materials

Sec. 416 Application of flammable finishes

11. Determine areas of building and site required to be accessible. In general, access to persons with disabilities is required for
all buildings.

Chapter 11 A and/or IIB. Verify compliance with accessibility provisions. In order to be considered as accessible, buildings and
their individual elements must comply with the applicable technical provisions of Chapters 1 1 A and/or IIB.

12. Determine extent of other miscellaneous provisions. Additional provisions may be applicable based upon each individual
building and its characteristics.

Sec. 2406.3. Verify safety glazing provided in hazardous locations. Safety glazing must be appropriately identified to ensure
the proper glazing material is installed in areas considered as subject to human impact.

Chapter 12. Interior environment. Provisions regulating ventilation, temperature control, lighting, sound transmission, room
dimensions and surrounding materials associated with interior spaces.

Chapter 14 Exterior walls. Requirements for installation of wall coverings and the permissible use of combustible materials on the
exterior side of exterior walls.

Chapter 24. Glass and glazing. General provisions for the installation of glazing materials and skylights.

Chapter 30, Elevators. Elevator hoistway provisions, including enclosure of hoistway s, emergency operations and hoistway vent-
ing.

Chapter 31. Special construction. A variety of special conditions are addressed, including membrane structures, temporary struc-
tures, pedestrian walkways and tunnels, awnings and canopies, marquees, signs and swimming pool enclosures.

Structural Provisions

General Requirements

1. Design Loads.

The 2009 IBC references the national load standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI
7 — 05) with Supplement Number 2.

Determine the applicable design loads that the building structure is expected to be subjected to. Code prescribed loads are given in
Chapter 16 and the referenced standard, ASCE/SEI 7. The code prescribed minimum live loads are given in IBC Table 1607.1.

The various code prescribed loads are probabilistic in nature. Environmental loads, such as flood, rain, snow, seismic and wind
vary based on the location of the building site. The following table gives the IBC section and ASCE/SEI 7 chapter for various types
of load.

REFERENCED IBC SECTIONS AND ASCE/SEI 7 CHAPTERS FOR LOADS

TYPE OF LOAD

IBC SECTION

ASCE/SEI 7 CHAPTER

Dead loads

Section 1606

Chapter 3

Live loads

Section 1607, Table 1607.1

Chapter 4

Snow loads

Section 1608

Chapter 7

Wind loads

Section 1609

Chapter 6

Soil lateral loads

Section 1610

Chapter 3

Rain loads

Section 1611

Chapter 8

Flood loads

Section 1612

Chapter 51

Earthquake loads

Section 1613

Chapter 11-22

1. Section 1612 references ASCE 24 which references Chapter 5 of ASCE/SEI 7

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

2. Structural Materials.

The structural design begins witli the selection of the type of structural materials to be used to support the building. Structural fram-
ing systems are constructed of concrete, masonry, steel or wood. Some miscellaneous or specialty structures and components, such
as awnings, canopies and cladding, are often constructed of aluminum.

The design of various structural materials is covered in specific material chapters in the code which in turn reference design stan-
dards for the type of material involved. The referenced standards in the 2009 IBC for the structural materials are shown in the
following table:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS'

MATERIAL

IBC/CBC CHAPTER

REFERENCED STANDARD

Concrete

ACI 318—08
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

Aluminum

ADM 1—05
Aluminum Design Manual

Masonry

TMS 402-08/ACI 530-08/ASCE 5-08
Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (MSJC Code)

Steel

AISC 360—05
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

AISC 341—05,

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,

including Supplement No. 1 dated 2006

AISI SlOO— 2007
North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

Wood

AF&PA NDS— 05
National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction with 2005 Supplement

AF&PA SDPWS— 08
Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic

1. The above table shows the main structural design standards for these structural materials. For a complete list of referenced standards, see IBC Chapter 35.
3. Structural Analysis, Design and Detailing.

Once the applicable loads are determined, the structural system of the building must be analyzed to determine the effects of the gov-
erning gravity and lateral loads that act on the structure. The structural system of a typical building consists of the roof and floor sys-
tems, walls, beams and columns, and the foundation. From the structural analysis, the next step is to design the structural members,
elements and systems to provide the minimum level of resistance in accordance with the various load combinations prescribed in
Section 1605.

Once the structural elements and systems are designed, the next step is to detail the load transfer connections to provide a com-
plete load path from the point of origin to the resisting element. In general, the ultimate resisting element of buildings and structures
is the foundation and supporting ground. The final step is to prepare a complete set of construction documents as required by Sec-
tions 107 and 1603. Construction documents are defined in Section 202 as "Written, graphic and pictorial documents prepared or
assembled for describing the design, location and physical characteristics of the elements of a project necessary for obtaining a
building permit." In general, construction documents consist of plans, specifications and calculations.

Section 1603. 1 requires construction documents to show the size, section and relative locations of structural members with floor
levels, column centers and offsets dimensioned. Design loads required by Sections 1603. 1 . 1 through 1603. 1 .9 must be indicated on
the construction documents. If complete construction documents consisting of plans, specifications and calculations are provided,
the items listed in Sections 1603. 1.1 through 1603.9 are generally included.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

The exception permits construction documents for buildings constructed in accordance with the conventional light- frame con-
struction provisions of Section 2308 need only indicate the following:

Floor and roof live loads

Ground snow load, P^.

Basic (3-second gust) wind speed (mph) and wind exposure category.

Seismic design category and site class.

Flood design data where sited in flood hazard areas

Design load-bearing values of soils.

General Requirements

1. Occupancy Category (IBC/CBC Table 1604.5).

Determine the occupancy category of the building based on Table 1604.5.

Where a structure is occupied by two or more occupancies that are not the same occupancy category, the building must be classi-
fied in the highest occupancy category corresponding to the various occupancies.

Where structures have two or more portions that are structurally separated, each separate portion should be separately classified.

Where a separated portion of a structure provides required access or egress from another portion of the building with a higher
occupancy category, both portions of the building must be assigned the higher occupancy category.

Where a separated portion of a structure shares life safety components with another portion of the building with a higher occu-
pancy category, both portions of the building must be assigned the higher occupancy category.

2. Floor and roof live loads (IBC/CBC Table 1607.1).

Determine uniformly distributed and concentrated floor live load for the floor areas of the building in accordance with Section
1603.1.1 and Table 1607.1.

Floor Uve load reduction in accordance with Section 1607.9 should be indicated for each type of live load that is reduced.

Determine the roof live load for roof areas in accordance with Section 1607.1 1.

Roof live load reduction in accordance with Section 1607.1 1.2 should be indicated for roof live loads that are reduced.

3. Snow load (IBC/CBC Section 1608, ASCE/SEI 7 Section 7).

Determine the ground snow load, Pg, based on the location of the building site in accordance with Figure 1608.2 for the contigu-
ous United States and Table 1608.2 for Alaska.

In areas where the ground snow load, Pg, exceeds 10 psf, the following information should be determined:

1. Flat-roof snow load, Pf.

2. Snow exposure factor, Q.

3. Snow load importance factor, /,

4. Thermal factor, C,.

4. Wind speed and wind exposure category.

Determine the following information related to wind loads in accordance with Section 1603.1.4:

1. Basic 3-second gust wind speed (mph).

2. Wind importance factor, /.

3. Wind exposure category (B, C, D). If more than one wind exposure is used, the wind exposure for each wind direction
should be determined.

4. The applicable internal pressure coefficient.

5. The design wind pressure (psf) used for the design of exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed
by the registered design professional should be indicated.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

5. Earthquake design requirements.

Determine the following information related to seismic loads regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lat-
eral-force-resisting system of the building:

1. Seismic importance factor, /, based on occupancy category.

2. Mapped spectral response accelerations, Ss and Sj.

3. Site class.

4. Design spectral response coefficients, Sj;}s ^^^ ^di-

5. Seismic design category.

6. Basic seismic-force-resisting system(s).

7. Design base shear.

8. Seismic response coefficient(s), Q.

9. Response modification factor(s), R.

10. Analysis procedure used.

6. Geotechnical information.

The design load bearing values of soils shall be shown on the construction documents in accordance with Section 1603.1.6.

7. Special loads.

Determine any special loads that are applicable to the design of the building, structure or portions thereof along with the specific
section of the code that addresses the special loading condition in accordance with Section 1603.1.8.

8. Load combinations.

Buildings and other structures and portions thereof are required to be designed to resist the load combinations specified in Sec-
tion 1605.2 or 1605.3 and Chapters 18 through 23, and the special seismic load combinations with overstrength as required by
Section 1605.1 and ASCE/SEI 7.

9. Wind and seismic detailing.

Lateral-force-resisting systems are required to conform to the seismic detailing requirements of the code and ASCE/SEI 7 (exclud-
ing Chapter 14 and Appendix 1 lA) even when wind load effects are greater than seismic load effects. See Section 1604.10.

10. Serviceability.

Structural systems and members shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections and lateral drift. The deflection
of structural members shall not exceed the more restrictive of the limitations of Sections 1604.3.2 through 1604.3.6 or that per-
mitted by Table 1604.3. Structural systems shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deformation and lateral drift due
to earthquake loading in accordance with Section 12.12.1 of ASCE/SEI 7.

11. Foundation.

A foundation system must be designed that provides adequate support for gravity and lateral loads. Walls of buildings of conven-
tional light frame construction, as defined in Section 202, are permitted to be supported by footings constructed in accordance
with Table 1809.7. Otherwise, the foundation system must be designed in accordance with other provisions of Chapter 18. The
following table gives a summary of applicable sections for foundation systems.

FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS

SUBJECT

IBC SECTION

Presumptive load-bearing values of soils

1806, Table 1806.2

Foundation walls, retaining walls and embedded posts & poles

1807

General requirements for foundations

1808

Minimum concrete specified concrete strength

Table 1808.8.1

Minimum concrete cover

Table 1808.8.2

Shallow foundations (footings)

1809

Prescriptive footings for light frame walls

Table 1809.7

Deep foundations

1810

XII

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

A geotechnical investigation is required where required by Section 1803.2 unless the building official determines that a soils
investigation is not required in accordance with the exception. A geotechnical investigation is required for buildings assigned to
Seismic Design Categories C, D, E and F in accordance with Sections 1803.5.11 and 1803.5.12.

12. Excavation, grading and fill

Requirements for excavation, grading and fill related to foundation construction are covered in Section 1804. General require-
ments for site grading are covered in Appendix J.

13. Flood design data.

Where required by Section 1612.5, buildings located in flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3 are required to pro-
vide documentation that includes the following information regardless of whether flood loads govern the design of the building:

1 . In flood hazard areas not subject to high- velocity wave action, the elevation of the proposed lowest floor, including the
basement; and the elevation to which any nonresidential building will be dry flood proofed.

2. In flood hazard areas not subject to high- velocity wave action, the elevation to which any nonresidential building will be dry
floodproofed.

3. In flood hazard areas subject to high- velocity wave action, the proposed elevation of the bottom of the lowest horizontal
structural member of the lowest floor, including the basement.

14. Special inspection.

Where special inspection, special inspection for seismic resistance, or structural testing for seismic resistance is required by Sec-
tion 1704, 1707 or 1708, the registered design professional in responsible charge is required to prepare a statement of special
inspections in accordance with Section 1 705 . The statement of special inspections must be submitted by the permit applicant as a
condition of permit issuance in accordance with Section 106.1.

A statement of special inspections is not required for structures designed and constructed in accordance with the conventional
construction provisions of Section 2308 unless specific components in the structure require special inspection.

The statement of special inspections is permitted to be prepared by a qualified person approved by the building official for con-
struction not designed by a registered design professional.

SPECIAL INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

TYPE OF SPECIAL INSPECTION

APPLICABLE SECTION

REQUIRED VERIFICATION AND INSPECTION

Steel construction

1704.3

Table 1704.3

Concrete construction

1704.4

Table 1704.4

Masonry construction
Level 1
Level 2

1704.5

Table 1704.5.1
Table 1704,5.3

Wood construction

1704.6

Soils

1704.7

Table 1704.7

Driven deep foundations

1704.8

Table 1704.8

Cast in place deep foundations

1704.9

Table 1704.9

Helical pile foundations

1704.10

Vertical masonry foundations

1704.11
1704.5

—

Sprayed fire resistant materials

1704.12

Mastic and intumescent fire resistive coatings

1704.13

Exterior insulation and finish (EIFS) systems

1704.14

Special cases

1704.15

Smoke control systems

1704.16

Where required by the provisions of Section 1709.2 or 1709.3, the owner shall employ a registered design professional to perform structural observations as
defined in Section 1702. At the conclusion of the work included in the permit, the structural observer shall submit a written statement to the building official
that identifies any reported deficiencies that have not been resolved.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

XIII

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

15. Special inspection for wind and seismic resistance.

Section 1706.1 requires special inspections for wind requirements based on wind speed and exposure category as prescribed in
Sections 1706.2 through 1706.4, unless exempted by the exceptions to Section 1704.1.

Section 1707.1 requires special inspections for seismic resistance based on seismic design category as prescribed in Sections
1707.2 through 1707.9, unless exempted by the exceptions of Section 1704.1 or 1705.3.

16. Structural testing for seismic resistance.

Section 1708. 1 requires specific testing and quahfication for seismic resistance as prescribed in Sections 1708.2 through 1708.5,
unless exempted from special inspections by the exceptions of Section 1704.1 and 1705.3:

17. Structural observation.

Where required by the provisions of Section 1710.2 or 1710.3 the owner is required to employ a registered design professional to
perform structural observations as defined in Section 1702. Section 1710.2 requires structural observations for seismic resis-
tance for certain structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F; Section 1710.3 requires structural observations for
wind requirements for certain structures sited where the wind speed exceeds 110 mph.

At the conclusion of the work included in the permit, the structural observer is required to submit a written statement to the
building official that identifies any reported deficiencies that have not been resolved.

Prior to the commencement of observations, the structural observer is required to submit a written statement to the building
official identifying the structural observations.

At the conclusion of the work included in the permit, the structural observer is required to submit a written statement to the
building official indicating what site visits have been made, identifies any deficiencies that have not been resolved.

18. Contractor responsibility.

Section 1709 requires each contractor responsible for the construction of a main wind- or seismic-force-resisting system, desig-
nated seismic system or a wind- or seismic-resisting component listed in the statement of special inspections is required to sub-
mit a written statement of responsibility to the building official and the owner prior to the commencement of work on the system
or component. (The term "designated seismic system" is defined in Section 1 702 and Section 1 1 .2 of ASCE/SEI 7). The contrac-
tor's statement of responsibility is required to acknowledge awareness of the special requirements contained in the statement of
special inspections.

19. Phased approvals.

Construction of foundations or other part of a building is permitted before the construction documents for the whole building or
structure have been submitted, provided adequate information has been filed. The holder of such permit for the foundation or
other part of a building proceeds at their own risk and without assurance that a permit for the entire structure will be granted.

20. Amended construction documents.

Work must be constructed in accordance with the approved construction documents and any changes.made during construction
that are not in compliance with the approved construction documents must be resubmitted for approval as amended construction
documents.

21. Deferred submittals.

Deferred submittals are items that are not submitted at the time of permit application and must have the prior approval of the
building official in accordance with Section 107.3.4.2. The registered design professional in responsible charge is required to hst
the deferred submittals on the construction documents for review by the building official. Documents for deferred submittal
items must be reviewed by the registered design professional in responsible charge who will forward them to the building official
with a notation indicating that they have been reviewed and are in general conformance with the design of the building.

xiv 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

How to Distinguish Between Modei Code Language

and
Caiifornia Amendments

To distinguish between model code language and the incorporated California amendments^ including exclusive California stan-
dards, California amendments will appear in italics.

[BSC] This symbol within a section identifies which State agency (s), by its "acronym" has amended a section of the model code.

Legend of Acronyms of Adopting State Agencies

BSC California Building Standards Commission

SFM Office of the State Fire Marshal

BCD Department of Housing and Community Development

DSA'AC Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance

DSA-SS Division of the State Architect-Structural Safety

DSA-SS/CC Division of the State Architect-Structural Safety/Community Colleges

OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development

CSA Corrections Standards Authority

DPH Department of Public Health

AGR Department of Food and Agriculture

CEC California Energy Commission

CA Department of Consumer Affairs:

Board ofBarbering and Cosmetology
Board of Examiners in Veterinary Medicine
Board of Pharmacy
Acupuncture Board
Bureau of Home Furnishings
Structural Pest Control Board

SL State Librarian

SLC State Lands Commission

DWR Department of Water Resources

Symbols in the margins indicate the status of code changes as follows:

This symbol indicates that a change has been made to a California amendment.

> This symbol indicates California deletion of California language.

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE xv

xvi 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

California Matrix Adoption Tables

Format of the California Matrix Adoption Tables

The matrix adoption tables, which follow, show the user which state agencies have adopted and/or amended given sections of the
model code. The building application determines which state agency's adoptions apply. See Section's 102 through 1 14 for building
applications and enforcement responsibilities.

Agencies are grouped together, based on either local or state enforcement responsibilities. For example, regulations from SFM
are enforced both at the state and local levels; therefore, SFM is listed twice in each adoption table indicating state enforcement
responsibilities and local enforcement responsibilities.

The side headings identify the scope of state agencies' adoption as follows:

Adopt the entire IBC chapter without state amendments.

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row; this means that particular state agency has adopted the entire
model code chapter without any state amendments.

Example:

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DBA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire cliapter

Adopt entire chapter as amended
(amended sections listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Adopt the entire IBC chapter as amended, state-amended sections are listed below:

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row, it means that particular state agency has adopted the entire
model code chapter; with state amendments.

Each state-amended section that the agency has added to that particular chapter is listed. There will be an "X" in the column, by
that particular section, under the agency's acronym, as well as an "X" by each section that the agency has adopted.

Example:

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as amended
(amended sections listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

202

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

XVII

Adopt only those sections that are listed below:

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row, it means that particular state agency is adopting only specific
model code or state-amended sections within this chapter. There will be an "X" in the column under the agency's acronym, as well
as an "X" by each section that the agency has adopted.

Example:

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire cliapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter 1

202

203

xvlil

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

ORDINANCE

The International Codes are designed and promulgated to be adopted by reference by ordinance. Jurisdictions wishing to adopt the
2010 California Building Code as an enforceable regulation governing structures and premises should ensure that certain factual
information is included in the adopting ordinance at the time adoption is being considered by the appropriate governmental body.
The following sample adoption ordinance addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordinance, including the information
required for insertion into the code text.

SAMPLE ORDINANCE FOR ADOPTION OF

THE CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

ORDINANCE NO.

An ordinance of the [JURISDICTION] adopting the 2010 edition of the California Building Code, regulating and governing the condi-
tions and maintenance of all property, buildings and structures; by providing the standards for supplied utilities and facihties and
other physical things and conditions essential to ensure that structures are safe, sanitary and fit for occupation and use; and the con-
demnation of buildings and structures unfit for human occupancy and use and the demolition of such structures in the [JURISDIC-
TION]; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; repealing Ordinance No. of the [JURISDICTION]

and all other ordinances and parts of the ordinances in conflict therewith.

The [GOVERNING BODY] of the [JURISDICTION] does ordain as follows:

Section 1. That a certain document, three (3) copies of which are on file in the office of the [TITLE OF JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF
RECORDS] of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], being marked and designated as the California Building Code, 2010 edition, including
Appendix Chapters [FILL IN THE APPENDIX CHAPTERS BEING ADOPTED] (see California Building Code Section 101.2.1, 2010 edi-
tion), as pubhshed by the International Code Council, be and is hereby adopted as the Building Code of the [JURISDICTION], in the
State of California for regulating and governing the conditions and maintenance of all property, buildings and structures; by provid-
ing the standards for supplied utilities and facilities and other physical things and conditions essential to ensure that structures are
safe, sanitary and fit for occupation and use; and the condemnation of buildings and structures unfit for human occupancy and use
and the demolition of such structures as herein provided; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; and
each and all of the regulations, provisions, penalties, conditions and terms of said Building Code on file in the office of the [JURIS-
DICTION] are hereby referred to, adopted, and made a part hereof, as if fully set out in this ordinance, with the additions, insertions,
deletions and changes, if any, prescribed in Section 2 of this ordinance.

Section 2. The following sections are hereby revised:

Section 101.1. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]

Section 1612.3. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]

Secfion 1612.3. Insert: [DATE OF ISSUANCE]

Section 3412.2. Insert: [DATE IN ONE LOCATION]

Section 3. That Ordinance No. of [JURISDICTION] entitled [FILL IN HERE THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE ORDINANCE OR

ORDINANCES IN EFFECT AT THE PRESENT TIME SO THAT THEY WILL BE REPEALED BY DEFINITE MENTION] and all Other ordinances
or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

Section 4. That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this ordinance is, for any reason, held to be unconstitutional,
such decision shall not affect the vahdity of the remaining portions of this ordinance. The [GOVERNING BODY] hereby declares that it
would have passed this ordinance, and each section, subsection, clause or phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more
sections, subsections, sentences, clauses and phrases be declared unconstitutional.

Section 5. That nothing in this ordinance or in the Building Code hereby adopted shall be construed to affect any suit or proceeding
impending in any court, or any rights acquired, or liability incurred, or any cause or causes of action acquired or existing, under any
act or ordinance hereby repealed as cited in Section 3 of this ordinance; nor shall any just or legal right or remedy of any character be
lost, impaired or affected by this ordinance.

Section 6. That the [JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF RECORDS] is hereby ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be published.
(An additional provision may be required to direct the number of times the ordinance is to be published and to specify that it is to be
in a newspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.)

Section 7. That this ordinance and the rules, regulations, provisions, requirements, orders and matters established and adopted
hereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect [TIME PERIOD] from and after the date of its final passage and adoption.

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE xlx

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 1

CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION. ... 3

DIVISION I CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATION 3

Section

1 . 1 General 3

1.2 Building Standards Commission 5

1.3 Corrections Standards Authority 6

1.4 Department of Consumer Affairs 6

1 .5 Reserved 7

1.6 Department of Food and Agriculture 7

1.7 California Department of Public Health 7

1 . 8 Department of Housing and

Community Development 7

1.8.2 Authority and Abbreviations 7

L8.3 Local Enforcing Agency 8

1.8.4 Permits, Fees, Applications and Inspections. ... 9

1.8.5 Right-of-Entry for Enforcement 10

1 .8.6 Local Modification by

Ordinance or Regulation 10

L8.7 Alternate Materials, Designs, Tests and

Methods of Construction 10

1.8.8 Appeals Board 11

1.8.9 Unsafe Buildings or Structures 12

L8.10 Other Building Regulations 12

1.9 Division of the State Architect 12

1 . 10 Office of Statewide Health Planning and

Development 15

1.11 Office of the State Fire Marshal 16

1.12 State Librarian 20

1.13 Reserved 20

1.14 California State Lands Commission 20

DIVISION II SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION. ... 21

101 General 21

102 Applicability 21

103 Department of Building Safety 22

104 Duties and Powers of Building Officials 22

105 Permits 23

106 Floor and Roof Design Loads 25

107 Submittal Documents 25

108 Temporary Structures and Uses 27

109 Fees 27

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

1 10 Inspections 27

111 Certificate of Occupancy 28

1 12 Service Utilities 29

113 Board of Appeals 29

114 Violations 29

1 15 Stop Work Order 29

116 Unsafe Structures and Equipment 29

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS 39

Section

201 General 39

202 Definitions 39

CHAPTER 3 USE AND OCCUPANCY

CLASSIFICATION 59

Section

301 General 59

302 Classification 59

303 Assembly Group A 59

304 Business Group B 60

305 Educational Group E 60

306 Factory Group F 61

307 High-Hazard Group H 61

308 Institutional Group 1 70

309 Mercantile Group M 71

310 Residential Group R 71

311 Storage Group S 74

312 Utility and Miscellaneous Group U 75

313 Laboratories Group L [SFM] 75

CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL DETAILED

REQUIREMENTS BASED ON

USE AND OCCUPANCY 81

Section

401 Scope 81

402 Covered Mall and Open Mall Buildings 81

403 High-Rise Buildings and Group 1-2
Occupancies Having Occupied Floors
Located more than 75 Feet Above the Lowest
Level of Fire Department Vehicle Access 84

404 Atriums 88

405 Underground Buildings 88

406 Motor- Vehicle-Related Occupancies 89

407 Group 1-2 93

xxi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

408 Group 1-3 96

409 Motion Picture Projection Rooms 99

410 Stages and Platforms 100

411 Special Amusement Buildings 102

412 Aircraft-Related Occupancies 102

413 Combustible Storage 105

414 Hazardous Materials 105

415 Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 109

416 Application of Flammable Finishes 122

417 Drying Rooms 122

418 Organic Coatings 122

419 LiveAVork Units 123

420 Groups R-1, R-2, R-2.1, R-3,

R-3.1andR-4 123

421 Hydrogen Cutoff Rooms 124

422 Ambulatory Health Care Facilities 125

423 Storm Shelters 125

424 Special Provisions for Residential Hotels

[HCD 1 & HCD 1-AC] 125

425 Special Provisions for Licensed

24-Hour Care Facilities in a

Group R-2.1, R-3.1, R-4 [SFM] 125

426 Group 1-4 [SFM] 128

427 Reserved 129

428 Reserved 129

429 Reserved 129

430 Horse Racing Stables [SFM] 129

431 Pet Kennels [SFM] 129

432 Combustion Engines and

Gas Turbines [SFM] 129

433 Fixed Guideway Transit Systems [SFM] 130

434 Explosives [SFM] 133

435 Reserved 136

436 Winery Caves [SFM] 136

437 Reserved 137

438 Reserved 137

439 Public Libraries [SL AND SFM] 137

440 Group C [SFM] 138

441 Reserved 140

442 Group E [SFM] 140

443 Group L [SFM] 141

444 Reserved 144

445 Large Family Day-Care Homes [SFM] 144

xxii

CHAPTER 5 GENERAL BUILDING

HEIGHTS AND AREAS 149

Section

501 General 149

502 Definitions 149

503 General Building Height and

Area Limitations 149

504 Building Height 149

505 Mezzanines 151

506 Building Area Modifications 152

507 Unlimited Area Buildings 153

508 Mixed Use and Occupancy 154

509 Special Provisions 156

CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 163

Section

601 General 163

602 Construction Classification 163

603 Combustible Material in

Type I and II Construction 165

CHAPTER 7 FIRE AND SMOKE

PROTECTION FEATURES 169

Section

701 General 169

702 Definitions 169

703 Fire-Resistance Ratings and Fire Tests 170

704 Fire-Resistance Rating of

Structural Members 171

705 Exterior Walls 173

706 Fire Walls 177

707 Fire Barriers 179

708 Shaft Enclosures 180

709 Fire Partitions 184

710 Smoke Barriers 185

711 Smoke Partitions 185

712 Horizontal Assemblies 186

713 Penetrations 187

714 Fire-Resistant Joint Systems 189

715 Opening Protectives 190

716 Ducts and Air Transfer Openings 194

717 Concealed Spaces 199

718 Fire-Resistance Requirements for Plaster .... 201

719 Thermal- and Sound-Insulating Materials ...201

720 Prescriptive Fire Resistance 202

721 Calculated Fire Resistance 224

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 7A MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
METHODS FOR EXTERIOR
WILDFIRE EXPOSURE 255

Section

701 A Scope, Purpose and Application 255

702A Definitions 256

703A Standards of Quality 256

704A Ignition-Resistant Construction 257

705A Roofing 258

706A Vents 258

707A Exterior Covering 258

708 A Exterior Windows and Doors 260

709A Decking 260

710A Accessory Structures 261

CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR FINISHES 265

Section

801 General 265

802 Definitions 265

803 Wall and Ceiling Finishes 265

804 Interior Floor Finish 268

805 Combustible Materials in Type I

and II Construction 268

806 Decorative Materials and Trim 269

807 Insulation 269

808 Acoustical Ceiling Systems 269

CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS ... 277

Section

901 General 277

902 Definitions 277

903 Automatic Sprinkler Systems 280

904 Alternative Automatic

Fire-Extinguishing Systems 287

905 Standpipe Systems 289

906 Portable Fire Extinguishers 292

907 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems 294

908 Emergency Alarm Systems 308

909 Smoke Control Systems 308

910 Smoke and Heat Vents 315

911 Fire Command Center 317

912 Fire Department Connections 318

913 Fire Pumps 318

914 Emergency Responder Safety Features 319

915 Emergency Responder Radio Coverage 319

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 10 MEANS OF EGRESS 325

Section

1001 Administration 325

1002 Definitions 325

1003 General Means of Egress 326

1004 Occupant Load 329

1005 Egress Width 330

1006 Means of Egress Illumination 330

1007 Accessible Means of Egress 331

1008 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles 334

1009 Stairways 340

1010 Ramps 343

101 1 Exit Signs 344

1012 Handrails 346

1013 Guards 347

1014 Exit Access 348

1015 Exit and Exit Access Doorways 349

1016 Exit Access Travel Distance 351

1017 Aisles 352

1018 Corridors 352

1019 Egress Balconies. 354

1020 Exits 354

1021 Number of Exits and Continuity 354

1022 Exit Enclosures 355

1023 Exit Passageways 357

1024 Luminous Egress Path Markings 357

1025 Horizontal Exits 359

1026 Exterior Exit Ramps and Stairways 360

1027 Exit Discharge 360

1028 Assembly 361

1029 Emergency Escape and Rescue 366

CHAPTER 11 RESERVED 369

CHAPTER 11 A HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY .... 373

Section

1 101 A Application 373

1 102A Building Accessibility 373

1 103A Design and Construction 374

11 04 A Covered Multifamily Dwellings 374

1105 A Garages, Carports and Parking Facilities .... 375

1 106 A Site and Building Characteristics 375

1107A Definitions 375

1 108 A General Requirements for Accessible Parking

and Exterior Routes of Travel 378

xxiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1109A
lllOA
llllA
1112A
1113A

1114A

1115A
1116A
1117A

1118A
1119A
11 20 A
1121A
11 22 A

1123A
1124A

11 25 A
1126A
11 27 A
1128A
11 29 A
1130A

1131A
11 32 A
1133A
11 34 A
1135A
1136A

1137A
1138A
1139A
1140A
1141A
1142A

1143A
11 44 A
1145A
11 46 A

xxiv

Parking Facilities 378

Exterior Routes of Travel 380

Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 380

Curb Ramps on Accessible Routes 381

Walks and Sidewalks on an

Accessible Route 381

Exterior Ramps and Landings on

Accessible Routes 382

Exterior Stairways 383

Hazards on Accessible Routes 384

General Requirements for Accessible
Entrances, Exits, Interior Routes of
Travel and Facility Accessibility 385

Egress and Areas of Refuge 385

Interior Routes of Travel 385

Interior Accessible Routes 385

Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 386

Interior Ramps and Landings on

Accessible Routes 386

Interior Stairways 387

Elevators and Platform

(Wheelchair) Lifts 388

Hazards on Accessible Routes 390

Doors 390

Common Use Facilities 391

Covered Dwelling Units 398

Reserved 398

Accessible Route Within Covered

Multifamily Dwelling Units 398

Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 398

Doors 398

Kitchens 400

Bathing and Toilet Facilities 400

Laundry Rooms 403

Electrical Receptacle,

Switch and Control Heights 403

Other Features and Facilities 405

Reserved 405

Accessible Drinking Fountains 405

Accessible Telephones 405

Accessible Swimming Pools 406

Electrical Receptacle, Switch and

Control Heights 407

Signage 407

Reserved 408

1 147A Reserved 408

1148A Reserved 408

1149A Reserved 408

1 150A Site Impracticality Tests 409

CHAPTER IIB ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, PUBLIC
ACCOMODATIONS,
COMMERICAL BUILDINGS
AND PUBLICLY FUNDED
HOUSING 465

Section

IIOIB Scope 465

1 102B Definitions 465

1103B Building Accessibility 468

1 104B Accessibility for Group A Occupancies 469

1105B Accessibility for Group B Occupancies 472

1106B Accessibility for Group E Occupancies 473

1 107B Factories and Warehouses 474

1 108B Accessibility for Group H Occupancies 474

1 109B Accessibility for Group I Occupancies 475

I I lOB Accessibility for Group M Occupancies 475

I I I IB Accessibility for Group R Occupancies 477

1112B Reserved 479

1113B Reserved 479

1 1 14B Facility Accessibility 479

1 1 1 5B Bathing and Toilet Facilities

(Sanitary Facilities) 480

1 1 16B Elevators and Special Access

(Wheelchair) Lifts 486

1 1 17B Other Building Components 489

1 1 18B Space Allowance and Reach Ranges 497

1 1 19B Special Standards of Accessibility for

Buildings with Historical Significance .... 497

1120B Floor and Levels 497

1121B Transportafion Facilifies 498

1 122B Fixed or Built-in Seating,

Tables and Counters 501

1 123B Access to Employee Areas 502

1 124B Ground and Floor Surfaces 502

1 125B Storage 502

1 126B Vending Machines and Other Equipment .... 502

1 127B Exterior Routes of Travel 503

1 128B Pedestrian Grade Separations

(Overpasses and Underpasses) 504

1 129B Accessible Parking Required 504

1 130B Parking Structures 506

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1131B Passenger Drop-off and Loading Zones 506

1 132B Outdoor Occupancies 506

1 133B General Accessibility for

Entrances, Exits and Paths of Travel 508

1134B Accessibility for Existing Buildings 515

11 35B Historic Preservation — Special Standards
of Accessibility for Buildings with
Historical Significance 516

CHAPTER lie STANDARDS FOR CARD
READERS AT GASOLINE
FUEL-DISPENSING
FACILITIES 587

Section

1 1 1 C Card-Reader Devices at

Fuel-Dispensing Equipment 587

1 102C Application 587

11 03C Number of Accessible

Card-Reading Devices Required 587

1 104C Required Features 587

CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT 593

Section

1201 General 593

1202 Definitions 593

1203 Ventilation 593

1204 Temperature Control 594

1205 Lighting 595

1206 Yards or Courts 595

1207 Sound Transmission 596

1208 Interior Space Dimensions 598

1209 Access to Unoccupied Spaces 599

1210 Surrounding Materials 599

1211 Garage Door Springs 599

1212 Reserved 600

1213 Reserved 600

1214 Reserved 600

1215 Reserved 600

1216 Reserved 600

1217 Reserved 600

1218 Reserved 600

1219 Reserved 600

1220 Reserved 600

1221 Reserved 600

1222 Reserved 600

1223 Reserved 600

1224 Hospitals 600

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

1225 Skilled Nursing and

Intermediate-Care Facilities 628

1226 Clinics 633

1227 Correctional Treatment Centers 636

1228 Reserved 641

1229 Reserved 641

1230 Minimum Standards for

Juvenile Facilities 641

1231 Local Detention 645

1232 Reserved 651

1233 Reserved 651

1234 Reserved 651

1 235 Sanitary Control of Shellfish

(Plants and Operations) 65 1

1236 Laboratory Animal Quarters 651

1237 Wild Animal Quarantine Facilities 652

1238 Reserved 652

1239 Reserved 652

1240 Meat and Poultry Processing Plants 652

1241 Collection Centers and Facilities 654

1242 Renderers 654

1243 Horsemeat and Pet Food Establishments .... 654

1244 Reserved 655

1245 Reserved 655

1246 Reserved 655

1247 Reserved 655

1248 Reserved 655

1249 Reserved 655

1250 Pharmacies 655

1251 Veterinary Facilities 655

1252 Barber Colleges and Shops 656

1253 Schools of Cosmetology,

Cosmetological Establishments and

Satellite Classrooms 656

1254 Acupuncture Offices 657

CHAPTER 13 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 659

CHAPTER 14 EXTERIOR WALLS 663

Section

1401 General 663

1402 Definitions 633

1403 Performance Requirements 663

1404 Materials 664

1405 Installation of Wall Coverings 665

XXV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1406 Combustible Materials on the

Exterior Side of Exterior Walls 669

1407 Metal Composite Materials (MCM) 670

1408 Exterior Insulation and

Finish Systems (EIFS) 671

1409 [DSA-SS and DSA-SS/CC, OSHPD 1,2 & 4]

Additional Requirements for Anchored and
Adhered Veneer 671

CHAPTER 15 ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND

ROOFTOP STRUCTURES 675

Section

1501 General 675

1502 Definitions 675

1503 Weather Protection 675

1504 Performance Requirements 676

1505 Fire Classification 677

1506 Materials 678

1507 Requirements for Roof Coverings 678

1508 Roof Insulation 687

1509 Rooftop Structures 688

1510 Reroofmg 689

1511 [DSA-SS and OSHPD 1, 2 & 41 Seismic

Anchorage of Slate Shingle, Clay and
Concrete Tile Roof Coverings 690

INDEX 691

HISTORY NOTE 731

VOLUME 2

CHAPTER 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5

Section

1601 General 5

1602 Definitions and Notations 5

1603 Construction Documents 6

1604 General Design Requirements 7

1605 Load Combinations 10

1606 Dead Loads 11

1607 Live Loads 11

1608 Snow Loads 17

1609 Wind Loads 20

1610 Soil Lateral Loads 33

161 1 Rain Loads 34

1612 Flood Loads 40

1613 Earthquake Loads 42

1614 Structural Integrity 48

1615 Additional Requirements [DSA-SS/CC] 69

CHAPTER 16A STRUCTURAL DESIGN 79

Section

1601A General 79

1602 A Definitions and Notations 79

1603A Construction Documents 81

1604 A General Design Requirements 82

1605A Load Combinations 84

1606A Dead Loads 86

1607A Live Loads 86

1608A Snow Loads 91

1609A Wind Loads 94

1610A Soil Lateral Loads 104

1611 A Rain Loads 104

1612A Flood Loads 110

1613A Earthquake Loads 112

1614A Structural Integrity 117

1615A Modifications to ASCE 7 119

CHAPTER 17 STRUCTURAL TESTS AND

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 129

Section

1701 General 129

1702 Definitions 129

1703 Approvals 129

1704 Special Inspections 130

1705 Statement of Special Inspections 141

1706 Special Inspections for Wind Requirements . . 143

1707 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance . . 143

1708 Structural Testing for Seismic Resistance. . . . 144

1709 Contractor Responsibility 145

1710 Structural Observations 145

1711 Design Strengths of Materials 145

1712 Alternative Test Procedure 145

1713 Test Safe Load 146

1714 In-situ Load Tests 146

1715 Preconstruction Load Tests 146

1716 Material and Test Standards 147

CHAPTER 17A STRUCTURAL TESTS AND

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 151

Section

1701A General 151

1702A Definitions 151

1703A Approvals 152

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1704A Special Inspections 153

1705 A Statement of Special Inspections 165

1706A Special Inspections for Wind Requirements . . 167

1707 A Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance . . 167

1708 A Structural Testing for Seismic Resistance. ... 168

1709 A Contractor Responsibility 169

1710A Structural Observations 169

171 1 A Design Strengths of Materials 169

1712A Alternative Test Procedure 170

1713A Test Safe Load 170

1714A In-situ Load Tests 170

1715A Preconstruction Load Tests 170

1716A Material and Test Standards 171

CHAPTER 18 SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS 175

Section

1801 General 175

1802 Definitions 175

1803 Geotechnical Investigations 175

1804 Excavation, Grading and Fill 178

1805 Dampproofing and Waterproofing 179

1806 Presumptive Load-Bearing Values of Soils. . . 180

1807 Foundation Walls, Retaining Walls and

Embedded Posts and Poles 181

1808 Foundations 187

1809 Shallow Foundations 189

1810 Deep Foundations 192

CHAPTER 18A SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS .... 207

Section

1801A General 207

1802A Definitions 207

1803 A Geotechnical Investigations , , 208

1804A Excavation, Grading and Fill 211

1805 A Dampproofing and Waterproofing 211

1806 A Presumptive Load-Bearing Values of Soils. . . 213

1 807 A Foundation Walls, Retaining Walls

and Embedded Posts and Poles 213

1808A Foundations 215

1809A Shallow Foundafions 218

1810A Deep Foundations 219

1 8 1 1 A Prestressed Rock and Soil

Foundation Anchors 231

CHAPTER 19 CONCRETE 235

Section

1901 General 235

1902 Definitions 235

1903 Specifications for Tests and Materials 235

1904 Durability Requirements 236

1905 Concrete Quality, Mixing and Placing 236

1906 Formwork, Embedded Pipes and

Construction Joints 238

1907 Details of Reinforcement 238

1908 Modifications to ACI 318 239

1909 Structural Plain Concrete Not Permitted

by OSHPD and DSA-SS 241

1910 Minimum Slab Provisions 242

1911 Anchorage to Concrete — Allowable

Stress Design 242

1912 Anchorage to Concrete — Strength Design . . . 243

1913 Shotcrete 244

1914 Reinforced Gypsum Concrete 245

1915 Concrete-Filled Pipe Columns 245

1916 Additional Requirements [DSA-SS/CC] 246

CHAPTER 19A CONCRETE 253

Section

1902A General 253

1902A Definitions 253

1903 A Specifications for Tests and Materials 255

1904 A Durability Requirements 255

1905 A Concrete Quality, Mixing and Placing 256

1906 A Formwork, Embedded Pipes and

Construction Joints 257

1907 A Details of Reinforcement 257

1908A Modifications to ACI 318 258

1909A Structural Plain Concrete Not Permitted

by OSHPD and DSA-SS 262

1910A Minimum Slab Provisions 262

191 1 A Anchorage to Concrete —

Allowable Stress Design 263

1 9 1 2 A Anchorage to Concrete —

Strength Design 263

1913A Shotcrete 264

1914A Reinforced Gypsum Concrete 265

1915A Concrete-Filled Pipe Columns 265

1916A Concrete, Reinforcement and

Anchor Testing 266

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

xxvil

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1917A Existing Concrete Structures 267

CHAPTER 20 ALUMINUM 271

Section

2001 General 271

2002 Materials 271

2003 Inspection 271

CHAPTER 21 MASONRY 275

Section

2101 General 275

2102 Definitions and Notations 275

2103 Masonry Construction Materials 278

2104 Construction 280

2105 Quality Assurance 280

2106 Seismic Design 281

2107 Allowable Stress Design 282

2108 Strength Design of Masonry 282

2109 Empirical Design of Masonry 282

21 10 Glass Unit Masonry 284

2111 Masonry Fireplaces 284

2112 Masonry Heaters 287

2113 Masonry Chimneys 287

2114 Additional Requirements [DSA-SS/CC] 291

CHAPTER 21A MASONRY 297

Section

2101A General 297

2 102 A Definitions and Notations 298

2 103 A Masonry Construction Materials 301

2104A Construction 302

2105A Quality Assurance 305

2106A Seismic Design 306

2107A Allowable Stress Design 307

2 108 A Strength Design of Masonry 308

2 109 A Empirical Design of Masonry Not Permitted

by OSHPD and DSA-SS 309

21 lOA Glass Unit Masonry 309

21 1 1 A Masonry Fireplaces 309

2112A Masonry Heaters 311

2113A Masonry Chimneys 312

21 14A Nonbearing Walls 316

21 15A Masonry Screen Walls 316

CHAPTER 22 STEEL 319

Section

2201 General 319

2202 Definitions 319

2203 Identification and Protection of Steel

for Structural Purposes 319

2204 Connections 319

2205 Structural Steel 320

2206 Steel Joists 320

2207 Steel Cable Structures 321

2208 Steel Storage Racks 321

2209 Cold-Formed Steel 321

22 1 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame

Construction 321

221 1 Additional Requirements [DSA-SS/CC] 322

CHAPTER 22A STEEL 327

Section

2201A General 327

2202A Definitions 327

2203A Identification and Protection of

Steel for Structural Purposes 327

2204A Connections 327

2205A Structural Steel 328

2206A Steel Joists 330

2207A Steel Cable Structures 331

2208A Steel Storage Racks 331

2209A Cold-Formed Steel 331

2210A Cold-Formed Steel

Light-Framed Construction 331

22 1 1 A Light Modular Steel Moment

Frames for Public Elementary and

Secondary Schools, and

Community Colleges 331

2212A Testing 333

CHAPTER 23 WOOD 337

Section

2301 General 337

2302 Definitions 337

2303 Minimum Standards and Quality 339

2304 General Construction Requirements 343

2305 General Design Requirements for

Lateral-Force-Resisting Systems 354

2306 Allowable Stress Design 357

2307 Load and Resistance Factor Design 358

2308 Conventional Light-Frame Construction 358

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 24 GLASS AND GLAZING 411

Section

2401 General 411

2402 Definitions 411

2403 General Requirements for Glass 411

2404 Wind, Snow, Seismic and

Dead Loads on Glass 411

2405 Sloped Glazing and Skylights 413

2406 Safety Glazing 415

2407 Glass in Handrails and Guards 417

2408 Glazing in Athletic Facilities 417

2409 Glass in Elevator Hoistways and

Elevator Cars 417

CHAPTER 25 GYPSUM BOARD

AND PLASTER 421

Section

2501 General 421

2502 Definitions 421

2503 Inspection 421

2504 Vertical and Horizontal Assemblies 421

2505 Shear Wall Construction 422

2506 Gypsum Board Materials 422

2507 Lathing and Plastering 422

2508 Gypsum Construction 423

2509 Gypsum Board in Showers and

Water Closets 424

2510 Lathing and Furring for Cement

Plaster (Stucco) 424

251 1 Interior Plaster 425

2512 Exterior Plaster 425

2513 Exposed Aggregate Plaster 426

CHAPTER 26 PLASTIC 431

Section

2601 General 431

2602 Definitions 431

2603 Foam Plastic Insulation 431

2604 Interior Finish and Trim 434

2605 Plastic Veneer 435

2606 Light-transmitting Plastics 435

2607 Light-transmitting Plastic Wall Panels 436

2608 Light-transmitting Plastic Glazing 437

2609 Light-transmitting Plastic Roof Panels 437

2610 Light-transmitting Plastic Skylight Glazing . . 438

261 1 Light-transmitting Plastic Interior Signs 439

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

2612 Fiber Reinforced Polymer and

Fiberglass-reinforced Polymer 439

2613 Reflective Plastic Core Insulation 440

CHAPTER 27 ELECTRICAL 443

Section

2701 General 443

2702 Emergency and Standby Power Systems 443

CHAPTER 28 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 447

Section

2801 General 447

CHAPTER 29 PLUMBING SYSTEMS 449

Section

2901 General 449

CHAPTER 30 ELEVATORS AND

CONVEYING SYSTEMS 30

Section

3001 General 30

3002 Hoistway Enclosures 30

3003 Emergency Operations 456

3004 Hoistway Venting 457

3005 Conveying Systems 457

3006 Machine Rooms 458

3007 Fire Service Access Elevator 458

3008 Occupant Evacuation Elevators 459

3009 Special Requirements for Elevators

in Hospitals 460

CHAPTER 31 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 465

Section

3101 General 465

3102 Membrane Structures 465

3103 Temporary Structures 466

3104 Pedestrian Walkways and Tunnels 466

3105 Awnings and Canopies 467

3106 Marquees 468

3107 Signs 468

3 108 Telecommunication and Broadcast Towers . . . 468

3109 Swimming Pool Enclosures and

Safety Devices 468

3110 Automatic Vehicular Gates 472

xxix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 31A RESERVED

473

CHAPTER 31B PUBLIC SWIMMING POOLS ... 477

Section

3101B Scope 477

3102B Definitions 477

3103B Special Pool Classifications 478

3104B Accessibility to the Physically

Handicapped Person 478

3105B Alternate Equipment, Materials and

Methods of Construction 478

3106B Pool Construction 478

3107B Additional Requirements for a

Temporary Training Pool 479

3108B Pool Geometry 479

3109B Permanent Markings 479

31 lOB Steps, Recessed Steps, Ladders and

Recessed Stairs (Treads) 482

3111B Handholds 483

3112B Diving Boards 483

3113B Pool Decks 483

3114B Pool Lighting 483

3115B Bathhouse Dressing,

Shower and Toilet Facilities 484

31 16B Drinking Fountains 484

3117B Hose Bibbs 484

31 18B Enclosure of Pool Area 484

3119B Signs 485

3120B Indoor Pool Ventilation 487

3121B Foundations For Pool Equipment 487

3122B Gas Chlorination Equipment Room 487

3123B General Requirements 487

3124B Turnover Time 487

3125B Recirculation Piping System and

Components 487

3126B Recirculation Pump Capacity 488

3127B Water Supply Inlets 488

3128B Filters (All Types) 488

3129B Rapid Sand Pressure Filters 488

3130B Diatomaceous Earth Filters 489

3131B High-rate Sand Filters 489

3132B Chemical Feeders 489

3133B Disinfectant Feeders 489

3134B Pool Fittings 490

3135B Spa Pool Special Requirements 491

3136B Cleaning Systems 491

XXX

3137B Waste Water Disposal 491

3138B Reserved 491

3139B Reserved 491

3140B Reserved 491

3141B Reserved 491

3142B Reserved 491

3143B Reserved 491

3144B Reserved 491

3145B Reserved 491

3146B Reserved 492

3147B Reserved 492

3148B Reserved 492

3149B Reserved 492

3150B Reserved 492

3151B Reserved 492

3152B Reserved 492

3153B Reserved 492

3154B Reserved 492

3155B Reserved 492

3156B Reserved 492

3157B Reserved 492

3158B Reserved 492

3159B Reserved 492

3160B 492

3161B 492

3162B Anti-Entrapment Devices and Systems 493

CHAPTER 31C RADIATION 499

Section

3101C Scope 499

3102C Radiation Shielding Barriers 499

3 103C Medical Radiographic and

Photofluorographic Installations 499

3104C Medical Therapeutic X-ray Installations 499

CHAPTER 31D FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS 503

Section

3101D Scope 503

3102D Definitions 503

3103B Building and Structures 503

CHAPTER 31E RESERVED 505

CHAPTER 31F MARINE OIL TERMINALS 509

Section

3101F Introduction 509

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3102F Audit and Inspection 510

3103F Structural Loading Criteria 521

3104F Seismic Analysis and

Structural Performance 536

3 1 05F Mooring and Berthing

Analysis and Design 543

3106F Geotechnical Hazards and Foundations 548

3107F Structural Analysis and

Design of Components 552

3108F Fire Prevention, Detection and Suppression. . 566

3109F Piping and Pipelines 570

31 lOF Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 573

3111F Electrical Systems 576

CHAPTER 32 ENCROACHMENTS INTO THE

PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY 581

Section

3201 General 581

3202 Encroachments 581

CHAPTER 33 SAFEGUARDS DURING

CONSTRUCTION 585

Section

3301 General 585

3302 Construction Safeguards 585

3303 Demolition 585

3304 Site Work 585

3305 Sanitary 585

3306 Protection of Pedestrians 586

3307 Protection of Adjoining Property 587

3308 Temporary Use of Streets, Alleys and

Public Property 587

3309 Fire Extinguishers 587

3310 Means of Egress 588

3311 Standpipes 588

3312 Automatic Sprinkler System 588

CHAPTER 34 EXISTING STRUCTURES 591

Section

3401 General 591

3402 Definitions 592

3403 Additions 593

3404 Alterations 593

3405 Repairs 594

3406 Fire Escapes 596

3407 Glass Replacement 596

3408 Change of Occupancy 596

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

3409 Historic Buildings 597

3410 Moved Structures 597

3411 Accessibility for Existing Buildings 597

3412 Compliance Alternatives 599

3413 Existing Group R-1 and Group R-2

Occupancies [SFM] 608

3414 Existing High-Rise Buildings [SFM] 611

3415 Existing Group I Occupancies [SFM] 613

3416 Existing Group L Occupancies [SFM] 614

3417 Earthquake Evaluation and Design for

Retrofit of Existing Buildings 614

3418 Definitions. 617

3419 Seismic Criteria Selectionfor

Existing Buildings 618

3420 Method A 621

3421 Method B 621

3422 Peer Review Requirements 622

3423 Additional Requirements for Public

Schools and Community Colleges 623

CHAPTER 34A EXISTING STRUCTURES 627

Section

3401A General 627

3402A Definitions 627

3403 A Additions 628

3404A Alterations 629

3405A Repairs 630

3406A Fire Escapes 631

3407A Glass Replacement 631

3408A Change of Occupancy 631

3409A Historic Buildings 632

3410A Moved Structures 632

341 1 A Additions, Alterations, Repairs and

Seismic Retrofit to Existing Buildings
or Structures Designed in Accordance
with Pre- 1973 Building Code 632

3412A Compliance Alternatives for Additions,
Alterations, Repairs and Seismic
Retrofit to Existing Structures 632

3413A Modifications to ASCE 41 634

3414A Peer Review Requirements 636

34 15 A Earthquake Monitoring Instruments

for Existing Buildings 637

xxxi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 35 REFERENCED STANDARDS 641

APPENDIX A EMPLOYEE

QUALIFICATIONS 671

Section

A 101 Building Official Qualifications 671

A102 Referenced Standards 671

APPENDIX B BOARD OF APPEALS 675

Section

BlOl General 675

APPENDIX C GROUP U— AGRICULTURAL

BUILDINGS 679

Section

ClOl General 679

C102 Allowable Height and Area 679

C103 Mixed Occupancies 679

C104 Exits 679

APPENDIX D FIRE DISTRICTS 683

Section

DlOl General 683

D102 Building Restrictions 683

D103 Changes to Buildings 684

D104 Buildings Located Partially in the

Fire District 684

D105 Exceptions to Restrictions in Fire District . . . 684

D106 Referenced Standards 685

APPENDIX E RESERVED 689

APPENDIX F RODENTPROOFING 693

Section

FlOl General 693

APPENDIX G FLOOD-RESISTANT

CONSTRUCTION 697

Section

GlOl Administration 697

G102 Applicability 697

G103 Powers and Duties 697

G104 Permits 698

G105 Variances 698

G201 Definitions 699

G301 Subdivisions 700

G401 Site Improvement 700

xxxii

G501 Manufactured Homes 700

G601 Recreational Vehicles 700

G701 Tanks 701

G801 Other Building Work 701

G901 Temporary Structures and

Temporary Storage 701

GlOOl Utility and Miscellaneous Group U 701

Gl 101 Referenced Standards 702

APPENDIX H SIGNS 705

Section

HlOl General 705

H102 Definitions 705

H103 Location 705

H104 Identification 705

H105 Design and Construction 706

H106 Electrical 706

H107 Combustible Materials 706

H108 Animated Devices 706

H109 Ground Signs 706

HllO Roof Signs 707

Hill Wall Signs 707

H112 Projecting Signs 707

H113 Marquee Signs 708

H114 Portable Signs 708

H115 Referenced Standards 708

APPENDIX I PATIO COVERS 711

Section

1101 General 711

1102 Definitions 711

1103 Exterior Openings 711

1104 Structural Provisions 711

APPENDIX J GRADING 715

Section

JlOl General 715

J102 Definitions 715

J103 Permits Required 715

J 104 Permit Application and Submittals 715

J105 Inspections 716

J106 Excavations 716

J107 Fills 719

J108 Setbacks 721

J109 Drainage and Terracing 721

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Jl 10 Erosion Control 721

Jl 1 1 Referenced Standards 721

APPENDIX K ADMINISTRATIVE

PROVISIONS 723

Section

KlOl Scope 723

K102 Definitions 723

K103 Structural Stability 724

K104 Evacuation Locations 724

K105 Space within the Building 724

K106 Decks and Balconies That are

Evacuation Locations 724

K107 Rooftop Evacuation Locations 727

K108 Attics That are Evacuation Locations 727

K109 Alternate Means of Protection 727

INDEX 691

HISTORY NOTE 731

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE xxxili

xxxiv 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 1 - SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire ciiapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Division 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1 .5 (Reserved)

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9.1

1.9.2.1

1.9.2.2

1.10.1

1.10.2

1.10.3

1.10.4

1.11

1.12

1.13 (Reserved)

1.14

Division II -Administration

101.1 -101.4.5

101.4.6, Exception

102.1

102.1.1

102.2-102.4

102.4.1

102.4.2

102.5-104.1

104.2-104.4

104.5-104.8

104.9

104.10-104.11.2

104.11.3-104.11.4

105.1

105.1.1-105.2

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 1 - SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Division W-cont'd

105.2 Building: 1 -13

105.2.1 -105.2.2

105,2.3

105.3-105.3.1

105.3.2

105.4

105.5

105.6-105.7

106.1

106.1.1

106.1.2

106.2-106.3

107.1 -107.3

107.3.4.2

107.4

107.5

108.1 -108.4

109

110.1 -110.3

110.3.1-110.3.3

110.3.4-110.3.6

110.3.8-110.3.10

110.4-110.6

111.1

111.2

111.3-111.4

112

113

114.1 -114.2

114.2-114.3

115-116

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 1

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

DIVISION I
CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATION

SECTION 1.1
GENERAL

1.1.1 Title, These regulations shall be known as the California
Building Code, may be cited as such and will be referred to
herein as '*this code." The California Building Code is Part 2 of
twelve parts of the official compilation and publication of the
adoption amendment and repeal of building regulations to the
California Code of Regulations, Title 24, also referred to as the
California Building Standards Code. This part incorporates by
adoption the 2009 International Building Code of the Interna-
tional Code Council with necessary California amendments.

1.1.2 Purpose, The purpose of this code is to establish the mini-
mum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and
general welfare through structural strength, means of egress
facilities, stability, access to persons with disabilities, sanita-
tion, adequate lighting and ventilation and energy conservation;
safety to life and property from fire and other hazards attributed
to the built environment; and to provide safety to fire fighters and
emergency responders during emergency operations.

1.1.3 Scope* The provisions of this code shall apply to the con-
struction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement,
repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, maintenance,
removal and demolition of every building or structure or any
appurtenances connected or attached to such buildings or
structures throughout the State of California.

L 1.3,1 Nonstate-regulated buildings, structures and
applications. Except as modified by local ordinance pursu-
ant to Section LI. 8, the following standards in the Califor-
nia Code of Regulations, Title 24, Parts 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,
10 and 11 shall apply to all occupancies and applications
not regulated by a state agency.

1.1.3.2 State-regulated buildings, structures and applica-
tions. The model code, state amendments to the model code,
and/or state amendments where there are no relevant model
code provisions shall apply to the following buildings,
structures, and applications regulated by state agencies as
referenced in the Matrix Adoption Tables and as specified in
Sections 1.2 through 1.14, except where modified by local
ordinance pursuant to Section LI. 8. When adopted by a
state agency, the provisions of this code shall be enforced by
the appropriate enforcing agency, but only to the extent of
authority granted to such agency by the state legislature.

Note: See Preface to distinguish the model code provi-
sions from the California provisions.

1. State -owned buildings, including buildings con-
structed by the Trustees of the California State
University, and to the extent permitted by Cali-
fornia laws, buildings designed and constructed
by the Regents of the University of California,

and regulated by the Building Standards Com-
mission. See Section L2 for additional scope \ \
provisions.

2. Local detention facilities regulated by the Cor-
rections Standards Authority. See Section 1.3 for I I
additional scope provisions.

3. Barbering, cosmetology or electrolysis estab-
lishments, acupuncture offices, pharmacies, vet-
erinary facilities and structural pest control
locations regulated by the Department of Con-
sumer Affairs. See Section 1.4 for additional I I
scope provisions.

4. Energy efficiency standards regulated by the
California Energy Commission. See Section 1.5 II
for additional scope provisions.

5. Dairies and places of meat inspection regulated
by the Department of Food and Agriculture. See
Section 1.6 for additional scope provisions. I I

6. Organized camps, laboratory animal quarters,
public swimming pools, radiation protection,
commissaries serving mobile food preparation
vehicles and wild animal quarantine facilities
regulated by the Department of Public Health. I I
See Section 1. 7 for additional scope provisions. I I

7. Hotels, motels, lodging houses, apartment
houses, dwellings, dormitories, condominiums,
shelters for homeless persons, congregate resi-
dences, employee housing, factory-built housing
and other types of dwellings containing sleeping
accommodations with or without common toilets

or cooking facilities. See Section 1.8.2.1.1 for I I
additional scope provisions.

8. Accommodations for persons with disabilities in
buildings containing newly constructed covered
multifamily dwellings, new common use spaces
serving existing covered multifamily dwellings,
additions to existing buildings where the addi-
tion alone meets the definition of "COVERED
MULTIFAMILY DWELLING, " and common-
use spaces serving covered multifamily dwell-
ings, which are regulated by the Department of
Housing and Community Development. See Sec-
tion L8.2. 1.2 for additional scope provisions.

9. Permanent buildings and permanent accessory
buildings or structures constructed within
mobilehome parks and special occupancy parks
regulated by the Department of Housing and
Community Development. See Section 1.8.2.1.3
for additional scope provisions.

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SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

10. Accommodations for persons with disabilities
regulated by the Division of the State Architect
See Section 1.9.1 for additional scope provi-
sions.

11. Public elementary and secondary schools, com-
munity college buildings and state-owned or
state-leased essential service buildings regu-
lated by the Division of the State Architect. See
Section 1.9.2 for additional scope provisions.

12. Qualified historical buildings and structures and
their associated sites regulated by the State His-
torical Building Safety Board with the Division
of the State Architect See Section 1.9.3 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

13. General acute care hospitals, acute psychiatric
hospitals, skilled nursing and/or intermediate
care facilities, clinics licensed by the Department
of Public Health and correctional treatment cen-
ters regulated by the Office of Statewide Health
Planning and Development. See Section 1.10 for
additional scope provisions.

14. Applications regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal include, but are not limited to, the
following in accordance with Section 1.11:

14.1 , Buildings or structures used or intended
for use as an:

1. Asylum, jail, prison

2. Mental hospital, hospital, home for
the elderly, children's nursery,
children's home or institution,
school or any similar occupancy of
any capacity

3. Theater, dancehall, skating rink,
auditorium, assembly hall, meet-
ing hall, nightclub, fair building or
similar place of assemblage where
50 or more persons may gather
together in a building, room or
structure for the purpose of amuse-
ment, entertainment, instruction,
deliberation, worship, drinking or
dining, awaiting transportation, or
education

4. Small family day-care homes,
large family day-care homes, resi-
dential facilities and residential
facilities for the elderly, residential
care facilities

5. State institutions or other state-
owned or state-occupied buildings

6. High rise structures

7. Motion picture production studios

8. Organized camps

9. Residential structures

14.2. Tents, awnings or other fabric enclosures
used in connection with any occupancy

14.3. Fire alarm devices, equipment and sys-
tems in connection with any occupancy

14.4. Hazardous materials, flammable and
combustible liquids

14.5. Public school automatic fire detection,
alarm and sprinkler systems

14.6. Wildland-urban interface fire areas

1 5. Public libraries constructed and renovated using
funds from the California Library Construction
and Renovation Bond Act of 1988 and regulated
by the State Librarian. See Section 1.12 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

1 6. Graywater systems regulated by the Department
of Water Resources. See Section 1.13 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

17. For applications listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated
by the Division of the State Architect— Access
Compliance, outdoor environments and uses
shall be classified according to accessibility uses
described in Chapters 11 A, IIB and IIC.

18. Marine Oil Terminals regulated by the Califor-
nia State Lands Commission. See Section 1.14
for additional scope provisions.

L1.4 Appendices. Provisions contained in the appendices of
this code shall not apply unless specifically adopted by a state
agency or adopted by a local enforcing agency in compliance
with Health and Safety Code Section 18901 et seq. for Build-
ing Standards Law, Health and Safety Code Section 1 7950 for
State Housing Law and Health and Safety Code Section
13869.7 for Fire Protection Districts. See Section 1.1.8 of this
code.

1.L5 Referenced codes. The codes, standards and publica-
tions adopted and set forth in this code, including other codes,
standards and publications referred to therein are, by title and
date of publication, hereby adopted as standard reference doc-
uments of this code. When this code does not specifically cover
any subject related to building design and construction, recog-
nized architectural or engineering practices shall be
employed. The National Fire Codes, standards, and the Fire
Protection Handbook of the National Fire Protection Associa-
tion are permitted to be used as authoritative guides in deter-
mining recognized fire prevention engineering practices.

1.1.6 Nonbuilding standards, orders and regulations.

Requirements contained in the International Building Code, or
in any other referenced standard, code or document, which are
not building standards as defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 18909, shall not be construed as part of the provisions
of this code. For nonbuilding standards, orders and regula-
tions, see other titles of the California Code of Regulations.

1.1.7 Order of precedence and use,

1,1,7,1 Differences, In the event of any differences between
these building standards and the standard reference docu-
ments, the text of these building standards shall govern.

•

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1.1.7.2 Specific provisions. Where a specific provision var-
ies from a general provision, the specific provision shall
apply.

1.1.7.3 Conflicts, When the requirements of this code con-
flict with the requirements of any other part of the California
Building Standards Code, Title 24, the most restrictive
requirements shall prevail.

1.1.8 City, county or city and county amendments, additions
or deletions. The provisions of this code do not limit the author-
ity of city, county, or city and county governments to establish
more restrictive and reasonably necessary differences to the
provisions contained in this code pursuant to complying with
Section 1.1.8.1. The effective date of amendments, additions or
deletions to this code by a city, county, or a city and county filed
pursuant to Section 1.1.8.1 shall be the date filed. However, in
no case shall the amendments, additions or deletions to this
code be efi'ective any sooner than the effective date of this code.

Local modifications shall comply with Health and Safety
Code Section 18941,5 for Building Standards Law, Health and
Safety Code Section 17958 for State Housing Law or Health
and Safety Code Section 13869. 7 for Fire Protection Districts.

1.1.8.1 Findings and filings,

L The city, county, or city and county shall make
express findings for each amendment, addition or
deletion based upon climatic, topographical or geo-
logical conditions.

Exception: Hazardous building ordinances and
programs mitigating unreinforced masonry build-
ings.

2. The city, county, or city and county shall file the
amendments, additions or deletions expressly marked
and identified as to the applicable findings. Cities,
counties, cities and counties, and fire departments
shall file the amendments, additions or deletions, and
the findings with the California Building Standards
Commission at 2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130,
Sacramento, CA 95833.

3, Findings prepared by fire protection districts shall be
ratified by the local city, county or city and county and
filed with the California Department of Housing and
Community Development, Division of Codes and
Standards, P.O. Box 1407, Sacramento, CA
95812-1407 or 1800 3rd Street, Room 260, Sacra-
mento, CA 95811.

1.1.9 Effective date of this code. Only those standards
approved by the California Building Standards Commission
that are effective at the time an application for building permit
is submitted shall apply to the plans and specifications for, and
to the construction performed under, that permit. For the effec-
tive dates of the provisions contained in this code, see the His-
tory Note page of this code.

1.1.10 Availability of codes. At least one complete copy each of
Titles 8, 19, 20, 24 and 25 with all revisions shall be maintained
in the office of the building official responsible for the adminis-
tration and enforcement of this code. Each state department
concerned and each city, county, or city and county shall have

an up-to-date copy of the code available for public inspection.
See Health and Safety Code Section 18942(d)(1) and (2),

1.1.11 Format, This part fundamentally adopts the Interna-
tional Building Code by reference on a chapter-by -chapter
basis. Such adoption is reflected in the Matrix Adoption Table
of each chapter of this part. When the Matrix Adoption Tables
make no reference to a specific chapter of the International
Building Code such chapter of the International Building Code
is not adopted as a portion of this code.

1.1.12 Validity, If any chapter, section, subsection, sentence,
clause or phrase of this code is for any reason held to be uncon-
stitutional, contrary to statute, exceeding the authority of the
state as stipulated by statutes or otherwise inoperative, such
decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion of
this code.

SECTION 1.2
BUILDING STANDARDS COMMISSION

1,2,1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated,

1. State buildings for all occupancies.

Application — State buildings (all occupancies),
including buildings constructed by the Trustees of the
California State University and the Regents of the
University of California where no state agency has
the authority to adopt building standards applicable
to such buildings.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section
18934,6.

Reference — Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 2.5, commencing with Section 18901.

2. University of California, California State Universities
and California Community Colleges,

Application — Standards for lighting for parking lots
and primary campus walkways at the University of
California, California State Universities and Califor-
nia Community Colleges.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Government Code Section 14617.

Reference — Government Code Section 14617,

3. Existing state-owned buildings, including those owned
by the University of California and by the California
State University,

Application — Building seismic retrofit standards
including abating falling hazards of structural and
nonstructural components and strengthening of build-
ing structures. See also Division of the State Architect.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section
16600.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 16600
through 16604.

4, Unreinforced masonry-bearing wall buildings.

Application — Minimum seismic strengthening stan-
dards for buildings specified in Appendix Chapter A 1
of the California Existing Building Code, except for
buildings subject to building standards adopted pur-
suant to Health and Safety Code (commencing) with
Section 17910.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section
18934.6.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 18901
through 18949.

1.2.1.1 State building. For purposes of this code, a "state
building " is a structure for which a state agency or state
entity has authority to construct, alter, enlarge, replace,
repair or demolish.

1.2.1.2 Enforcement. [CSU, UC, Judicial Council and
CDCR] State agencies or state entities authorized to con-
struct state buildings may appoint a building official who is
responsible to the agency for enforcement of the provisions
of the California Building Standards Code.

Exception: State buildings regulated by other sections of
this code remain the enforcement responsibility of the
designated entities.

1.2.1.3 Enforcement. Reserved for DGS.

1.2.2 Alternative materials, design and methods of construc-
tion and equipment. The provisions of this code are not
intended to prevent the installation of any material or to pro-
hibit any design or method of construction not specifically pre-
scribed by this code, provided that any such alternative has
been approved. An alternative material, design or method of
construction shall be approved where the building official finds
that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the
intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material,
method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the
equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength,
effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety.

1.2.2.1 Research reports. Supporting data, where neces-
sary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not
specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid
research reports from approved sources.

1.2.2.2 Tests. Whenever there is insufficient evidence of
compliance with the provisions of this code, or evidence that
a material or method does not conform to the requirements
of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alterna-
tive materials or methods, the building official shall have
the authority to require tests as evidence of compliance to be
made at no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods shall be

as specified in this code or by other recognized test standards.
In the absence of recognized and accepted test methods, the
building official shall approve the testing procedures. Tests
shall be performed by an approved agency. Reports of such
tests shall be retained by the building official for the period
required for retention of public records.

SECTION 1.3
CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AUTHORITY

1.3,1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Local detention facilities.

Enforcing agency — Corrections Standards Authority.

Authority cited — Penal Code Section 6030; Welfare and
Institutions Code Sections 207.1, 210 and 885.

Reference — Penal Code Section 6030; Welfare and Institu-
tions Code Sections 207.1, 210 and 885.

SECTION 1A
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS

1.4.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

1. Board ofBarbering and Cosmetology.

Application — Any establishment or mobile unit
where barbering, cosmetology or electrolysis is being
performed.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 7312.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
7303, 7303.1, 7312 and 7313.

2. Acupuncture Board.

Application — Acupuncture ofiices.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4933.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4928, 4928.1 and 4933.

3. Board of Pharmacy.

Application — Pharmacies.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4005.

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SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4005,4127.7 and 4201.

Veterinary Medical Board,

Application — Veterinary facilities.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4808.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4800, 4800.1, 4808 and 4809 J.

Structural Pest Control Board,

Application — structural pest control locations.

Enforcing agency — Structural Pest Control Board.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 8525.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
8520, 8520.1 and 8525.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 1660,
18897.2, 110065, 112165, 113710, 114304, 115061, <
116050, 121795 and 131200. I I

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 1650,
1660, 18897.2, 18897.4, 18897.7, 100150, 110065, <
113705, 113710, 114825, 114965, 115061, 116050,
116503, 112165, 121795 and 131200. I I

SECTION 1.8

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING

AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

1,8 J Purpose. The purpose of this code is to establish the mini-
mum requirements necessary to protect the health, safety and
general welfare of the occupants and the public by governing
accessibility, erection, construction, reconstruction, enlarge- I I
ment, conversion, alteration, repair, moving, removal, demoli-
tion, occupancy, use, height, court, area, sanitation,
ventilation, maintenance and safety to life and property from \ \
fire and other hazards attributed to the built environment.

SECTION 1.5
Reserved

SECTION 1.6
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

1.6.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Dairies and places of meat and poultry
inspection.

Enforcing agency — Department of Food and Agriculture.

Authority cited — Food and Agricultural Code Sections
18735, 18960, 19384, 33481 and 33731.

Reference — Food and Agricultural Code Sections 18735,
18960, 19384, 33481 and 33731.

SECTION 1.7
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

1,7,1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

California Department of Public Health

Application — Organized camps, laboratory animal
quarters, public swimming pools, radiation protection
and producing facilities, commissaries serving mobile
food preparation vehicles, wild animal quarantine facili-
ties, shellfish facilities and food establishments.

Enforcing agency — The California Department of Pub-
lic Health and the local health agencies.

SECTION 1.8.2
AUTHORITY AND ABBREVIATIONS

1.8.2,1 General. The Department of Housing and Commu-
nity Development is authorized by law to promulgate and
adopt building standards and regulations for several types
of building applications. These applications are grouped
and identified by abbreviation in the Matrix Adoption
Tables to show which model code sections and amendments
are applicable to each application. The applications under
the authority of the Department of Housing and Community
Development are listed in Sections 1.8,2.1.1 through
1.8.2.13.

Note: See the California Residential Code for detached
one- and two family dwellings and townhouses.

1.8.2.1.1 Housing construction. Application-Hotels,
motels, lodging houses, apartment houses, dwellings,
dormitories, condominiums, shelters for homeless per-
sons, congregate residences, employee housing, fac-
tory-built housing and other types of dwellings
containing sleeping accommodations with or without
common toilet or cooking facilities including accessory
buildings, facilities, and uses thereto. Sections of this
code which pertain to applications listed in this section
are identified in the Matrix Adoption Table using the
abbreviation "HCD 1."

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
the Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
17040, 17050, 17920.9, 17921, 17921.3, 17921.6,
17921.10, 17922, 17922.6, 17922.12, 17927, 17928,
17959.6, 18300, 18552, 18554, 18620, 18630,
18640, 18670, 18690, 18691, 18865, 18871.3,
18871.4, 18873, 18873.1, 18873.2, 18873.3,
18873.4, 18873.5, 18938.3, 18944.11 and 19990;
and Government Code Section 12955.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 17000
through 17062,5, 17910 through 17995.5, 18200
through 18700, 18860 through 18874, and Sections
19960 through 19997; and Government Code Sec-
tions 12955,1 and 12955,1.1.

1,8,2,1,2 Housing accessibility. Application - Covered
I I multifamily dwellings as defined in Chapter llA includ-

ing, but .not limited to, lodging houses, dormitories,
timeshares, condominiums, shelters for homeless per-
sons, congregate residences, apartment houses, dwell-
ings, employee housing, factory-built housing and other
types of dwellings containing sleeping accommodations
with or without common toilet or cooking facilities.

Sections of this code identified in the Matrix Adoption
Table by the abbreviation ''HCD 1-AC" require specific
I I accommodations for ''Persons with disabilities" as

defined in Chapter HA. The application of such provi-
sions shall be in conjunction with other requirements of
* I this code and apply only to newly constructed ''Covered

I multifamily dwellings " as defined in Chapter llA of the

California Building Code. "HCD 1-AC" applications
include, but are not limited to, the following:

L All newly constructed "Covered multifamily
dwellings" as defined in Chapter 11 A.

2. New "Common use areas" as defined in Chapter
HA serving existing covered multifamily dwell-
ings.

3. Additions to existing buildings, where the addition
alone meets the definition of "Covered multifamily

I I dwellings" as defined in Chapter HA.

4. Common use areas serving covered multifamily
dwellings.

5. Where any portion of a building 's exterior is pre-
served, but the interior of the building is removed,
including all structural portions of floors and ceil-
ings, the building is considered a new building for
determining the application of Chapter HA,

''HCD 1-AC" building standards generally do not
apply to public use areas or public accommodations
such as hotels and motels. Public use areas, public
accommodations and housing which is publicly funded

> as defined in Chapter 2 of this code are subject to the

Division of the State Architect (DSA-AC) and are refer-

I I enced in Section 1,9,1,

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
the Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment,

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
17040, 17050, 17920.9, 17921, 17921.3, 17921,6,
17921.10, 17922; 17922.6, 17922,12, 17927, 17928,
17959,6, 18300, 18552, 18554, 18620, 18630,
18640, 18670, 18690, 18691, 18865, 18871,3,
18871,4, 18873, 18873,1, 18873.2, 18873.3,
18873.4, 18873.5, 18938.3, 18944.11 and 19990;
and Government Code Section 12955. L

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 17000
through 17062,5, 17910 through 17995.5, 18200
through 18700, 18860 through 18874, and 19960
through 19997; and Government Code Sections
12955,1 and 12955,1.1,

1,8,2.1,3 Permanent buildings in mobilehome parks
and special occupancy parks, Application-Permanent
buildings, and permanent accessory buildings or struc-
tures, constructed within mobilehome parks and special
occupancy parks that are under the control and ownership
of the park operator. Sections of this code which pertain to
applications listed in this section are identified in the
Matrix Adoption Table using the abbreviation "HCD 2,"

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
other local agency responsible for the enforcement of
Health and Safety Code Division 13, Part 2.1 com-
mencing with Section 18200 for mobilehome parks
and Health and Safety Code Division 13, Part 2.3
commencing with Section 18860 for special occu-
pancy parks or the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
17040, 17050, 17920.9, 17921, 17921.3, 17921.6,
17821.10, 17922, 17922.6, 17922,12, 17927, 17928,
17959.6, 18300, 18552, 18554, 18620, 18630,
18640, 18670, 18690, 18691, 18865, 18871,3,
18871.4, 18873, 18873.1, 18873.2, 18873.3,
18873,4, 18873.5, 18938.3, 18944.11 and 19990;
and Government Code Section 12955.1.

SECTION 1.8.3
LOCAL ENFORCING AGENCY

1,8.3,1 Duties and powers. The building department of
every city, county or city and county shall enforce all the
provisions of law, this code, and the other rules and regula-
tions promulgated by the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development pertaining to the installation, erection,
construction, reconstruction, movement, enlargement, con- \ \
version, alteration, repair, removal, demolition or arrange-
ment of apartment houses, hotels, motels, lodging houses \ \
and dwellings, including accessory buildings, facilities and
uses thereto.

The provisions regulating the erection and construction
of dwellings and appurtenant structures shall not apply to
existing structures as to which construction is commenced
or approved prior to the effective date of these regulations.
Requirements relating to use, maintenance and occupancy
shall apply to all dwellings and appurtenant structures
approved for construction or constructed before or after the
effective date of this code.

For additional information regarding the use and occu-
pancy of existing buildings and appurtenant structures, see

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

•I

«r

California Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chap-
ter 1, Subchapter 1, commencing with Article 1, Section 1.

1.8,3.2 LawSy rules and regulations. Other than the build-
ing standards contained in this code, and notwithstanding
other provisions of law, the statutory authority and location
of the laws, rules and regulations to be enforced by local
enforcing agencies are listed by statute in Sections 1.8.3. 2 A
through 1.8.3.2.5 below:

1.8.3.2.1 State Housing Law. Refer to the State Housing
Law, California Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 1.5 commencing with Section 17910 and California
Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 1, for the erec-
tion, construction, reconstruction, movement, enlarge-
ment, conversion, alteration, repair, removal, demolition
or arrangement of apartment houses, hotels, motels,
lodging houses and dwellings, including accessory
buildings, facilities and uses thereto,

1.8.3.2.2 Mobilehome Parks Act. Refer to the
Mobilehome Parks Act, California Health and Safety
Code, Division 13, Part 2.1, commencing with Section
18200 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25, Divi-
sion 1, Chapter 2, commencing with Section 1000 for
mobilehome park administrative and enforcement
authority, permits, plans, fees, violations, inspections and
penalties both within and outside mobilehome parks.

Exception: Mobilehome parks where the Department
of Housing and Community Development is the
enforcing agency.

1.8.3.2.3 Special Occupancy Parks Act. Refer to the
Special Occupancy Parks Act, California Health and
Safety Code, Division 13, Part 2.3, commencing with
Section 18860 and California Code of Regulations, Title
25, Division 1, Chapter 2.2, commencing with Section
2000 for special occupancy park administrative and
enforcement authority, permits, fees, violations, inspec-
tions and penalties both within and outside of special
occupancy parks.

Exception: Special occupancy parks where the
Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment is the enforcing agency.

1.8.3.2.4 Employee Housing Act. Refer to the Employee
Housing Act, California Health and Safety Code, Divi-
sion 13, Part 1, commencing with Section 17000 and
California Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1,
Chapter 1, Subchapter 3, commencing with Section 600
for employee housing administrative and enforcement
authority, permits, fees, violations, inspections and pen-
alties.

108.3.2.5 Factory-Built Housing Law. Refer to the Fac-
tory-Built Housing Law, California Health and Safety
Code, Division 13, Part 6 commencing with Section
19960 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, commencing with
Section 3000 for factory-built housing administrative
and enforcement authority, permits, fees, violations,
inspections and penalties.

SECTION 1.8.4

PERMITS, FEES,

APPLICATIONS AND INSPECTIONS

1.8.4.1 Permits. A written construction permit shall be
obtained from the enforcing agency prior to the erection,
construction, reconstruction, installation, moving or alter-
ation of any building or structure.

Exceptions:

1 . Work exempt from permits as specified in Chapter

1, Administration, Division II, Section 105.2, I I

2. Changes, alterations or repairs of a minor nature
not affecting structural features, egress, sanita-
tion, safety or accessibility as determined by the
enforcing agency.

Exemptions from permit requirements shall not be deemed
to grant authorization for any work to be done in any manner
in violation of other provisions of law or this code.

1.8.4.2 Fees. Subject to other provisions of law, the govern-
ing body of any city, county or city and county may prescribe
fees to defray the cost of enforcement of rules and regula-
tions promulgated by the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development The . amount of the fees shall not
exceed the amount reasonably necessary to administer or
process permits, certificates, forms or other documents, or
to defray the costs of enforcement For additional informa-
tion, see the State Housing Law, Health and Safety Code,
Division 13, Part 1.5, Section 17951 and California Code of
Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1,
Article 3, commencing with Section 6.

1.8.4.3 Plan review and time limitations. Subject to other
provisions of law, provisions related to plan checking, pro-
hibition of excessive delays and contracting with or employ-
ment of private parties to perform plan checking are set
forth in the State Housing Law, Health and Safety Code Sec-
tion 17960.1, and for employee housing, in Health and
Safety Code Section 17021.

1.8.4.3.1 Retention of plans. The building department of
every city, county or city and county shall maintain an
official copy, microfilm, electronic or other type of photo-
graphic copy of the plans of every building, during the
life of the building, for which the department issued a
building permit.

Exceptions:

1. Single or multiple dwellings not more than two
stories and basement in height.

2. Garages and other structures appurtenant to
buildings listed in Exception 1.

3. Farm or ranch buildings appurtenant to build-
ings listed in Exception 1.

4. Any one-story building where the span between
bearing walls does not exceed 25 feet (7620
mm), except a steel frame or concrete building.

All plans for common interest developments as defined
in Section 1351 of the California Civil Code shall be
retained. For additional information regarding plan

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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retention and reproduction of plans by an enforcing
agency, see Health and Safety Code Sections 19850
I I through 19852,

1,8,4,4 Inspections, Construction or work for which a per-
mit is required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and such construction or work shall remain accessi-
ble and exposed for inspection purposes until approved.
Approval as a result of an inspection shall not be construed
to be an approval of a violation of the provisions of this code
or other regulations of the Department of Housing and
Community Development. Required inspections are listed

I in Chapter 1, Administration, Division //, Sections 110.3,1
through 110.3.6, 110.3.8, 110.3.9 and 110.3,10.

SECTION 1.8.5
RIGHT-OF-ENTRY FOR ENFORCEMENT

1,8.5,1 General Subject to other provisions of law, officers
and agents of the enforcing agency may enter and inspect
public and private properties to secure compliance with the
rules and regulations promulgated by the Department of
Housing and Community Development. For limitations and
additional information regarding enforcement, see the foU
lowing:

1. For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 1.8.3.2,1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part L5, com-
mencing with Section 17910 and California Code of
Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks
Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.2 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part
2.1, commencing with Section 18200 and California
Code of Regulations y Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2,
commencing with Section 1000.

3. For applications subject to the Special Occupancy
Parks Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.3 of this
code, refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 2.3, commencing with Section 18860 and Cali-
fornia Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1,
Chapter 2.2, commencing with Section 2000.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing
Act as referenced in Section 1,8.3.2.4 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part 1,
commencing with Section 1 7000 and California Code
of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 3, commencing with Section 600.

5. For applications subject to the Factory-Built Hous-
ing Law as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.5 of this
code, refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 6, commencing with Section 19960 and Califor-
nia Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter
3, Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 3000.

SECTION 1.8.6

LOCAL MODIFICATION BY

ORDINANCE OR REGULATION

1.8.6.1 General. Subject to other provisions of law, a city,
county or city and county may make changes to the
provisions adopted by the Department of Housing and
Community Development, If any city, county or city and
county does not amend, add or repeal by local ordinances
or regulations the provisions published in this code or other
regulations promulgated by the Department of Housing and
Community Development, those provisions shall be appli-
cable and shall become effective 180 days after publication
by the California Building Standards Commission, Amend-
ments, additions and deletions to this code adopted by a city,
county or city and county pursuant to California Health and
Safety Code Sections 17958.5, 17958.7 and 18941.5,
together with all applicable portions of this code, shall also
become effective 180 days after publication of the Califor-
nia Building Standards Code by the California Building
Standards Commission.

1.8.6.2 Findings, filings and rejections of local modifica-
tions. Prior to making any modifications or establishing
more restrictive building standards, the governing body
shall make express findings and filings, as required by Cali-
fornia Health and Safety Code Section 1 7958. 7, showing
that such modifications are reasonably necessary due to
local climatic, geological or topographical conditions. No
modification shall become effective or operative unless the
following requirements are met:

1. The express findings shall be made available as a
public record.

2. A copy of the modification and express finding, each
document marked to cross-reference the other, shall
be filed with the California Building Standards Com-
mission for a city, county, or city and county and with
the Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment for fire protection districts.

3. The California Building Standards Commission has
not rejected the modification or change.

Nothing in this section shall limit the authority of fire pro-
tection districts pursuant to California Health and Safety
Code Section 13869.7(a).

SECTION L8.7

ALTERNATE MATERIALS, DESIGNS,

TESTS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

1.8,7,1 General. The provisions of this code, as adopted by
the Department of Housing and Community Development
are not intended to prevent the use of any alternate material,
appliance, installation, device, arrangement, design or
method of construction not specifically prescribed by this
code. Consideration and approval of alternates shall com-
ply with Section 1.8. 7.2 for local building departments and
Section 1.8. 7.3 for the Department of Housing and Commu-
nity Development

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SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

«f,

1.8.7.2 Local building departments. The building depart-
ment of any city, county or city and county may approve
alternates for use in the erection, construction, reconstruc-
tion, movement, enlargement, conversion, alteration,
repair, removal, demolition or arrangement of an apartment
house, hotel, motel, lodging house, dwelling or an acces-
sory structure, except for the following:

1. Structures located in mobilehome parks as defined in
California Health and Safety Code Section 18214.

2. Structures located in special occupancy parks as
defined in California Health and Safety Code Section
18862.43.

3. Factory-built housing as defined in California Health
and Safety Code Section 19971.

1.8.7.2.1 Approval of alternates. The consideration and
approval of alternates by a local building department
shall comply with the following procedures and limita-
tions:

1. The approval shall be granted on a case-by-case
basis.

2. Evidence shall be submitted to substantiate claims
that the proposed alternate, in performance, safety
and protection of life and health, conforms to, or is
at least equivalent to, the standards contained in
this code and other rules and regulations promul-
gated by the Department of Housing and Commu-
nity Development.

3. The local building department may require tests
performed by an approved testing agency at the
expense of the owner or owner's agent as proof of
compliance.

4. If the proposed alternate is related to accessibility
in covered multifamily dwellings or in facilities
serving "Covered multifamily dwellings" as
defined in Chapter 11 A, the proposed alternate
must also meet the threshold set for "Equivalent
facilitation" as defined in Chapter 11 A.

For additional information regarding approval of
alternates by a building department pursuant to the State
Housing Law, see California Health and Safety Code
Section 17951(e) and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1.

1.8.7.3 Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment. The Department of Housing and Community Devel-
opment may approve alternates for use in the erection,
construction, reconstruction, movement, enlargement, con-
version, alteration, repair, removal or demolition of an
apartment house, hotel, motel, lodging house, dwelling or
an accessory thereto. The consideration and approval of
alternates shall comply with the following:

1 . The department may require tests at the expense of the
owner or owner's agent to substantiate compliance
with the California Building Standards Code,

2. The approved alternate shall, for its intended pur-
pose, be at least equivalent in performance and safety
to the materials, designs, tests or methods of con-
struction prescribed by this code.

SECTION L8.8
APPEALS BOARD

1.8.8.1 General. Every city, county or city and county shall
establish a local appeals board and a housing appeals
board. The local appeals board and housing appeals board
shall each be comprised of at least five voting members that
shall serve at the pleasure of the city, county or city and
county. Appointees shall not be employees of the jurisdic-
tion and shall be qualified and specifically knowledgeable
in the California Building Standards Codes and applicable
local ordinances.

1.8.8.2 Definitions. The following terms shall for the pur-
poses of this section have the meaning shown.

HOUSING APPEALS BOARD. The board or agency of
a city, county or city and county which is authorized by
the governing body of the city, county or city and county
to hear appeals regarding the requirements of the city,
county or city and county relating to the use, mainte-
nance and change of occupancy of buildings and struc-
tures, including requirements governing alteration,
additions, repair, demolition and moving. In any area in
which there is no such board or agency, ''Housing
appeals board'' means the local appeals board having
jurisdiction over the area,

LOCAL APPEALS BOARD. The board or agency of a
city, county or city and county which is authorized by the
governing body of the city, county or city and county to
hear appeals regarding the building requirements of the
city, county or city and county. In any area in which there
is no such board or agency, ''Local appeals board"
means the governing body of the city, county or city and
county having jurisdiction over the area.

1.8.8.3 Appeals. Except as otherwise provided in law, any
person, firm or corporation adversely affected by a deci-
sion, order or determination by a city, county or city and
county relating to the application of building standards
published in the California Building Standards Code, or
any other applicable rule or regulation adopted by the
Department of Housing and Community Development, or
any lawfully enacted ordinance by a city, county or city and
county, may appeal the issue for resolution to the local
appeals board or housing appeals board as appropriate.

The local appeals board shall hear appeals relating to
new building construction and the housing appeals board
shall hear appeals relating to existing buildings.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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SECTION 1.8.9
UNSAFE BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES

1,8,9 J Authority to enforce. Subject to other provisions of
law, the administration, enforcement, actions, proceedings,
abatement, violations and penalties for unsafe buildings
and structures are contained in the following statutes and
regulations:

L For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part 1.5, com-
mencing with Section 17910 and California Code of
Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks
Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.2 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part
2.1, commencing with Section 18200 and California
Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2,
commencing with Section 1000.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing
Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.4 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part 1,
commencing with Section 1 7000 and California Code
of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 3, commencing with Section 600.

5. For applications subject to the Factory-Built Hous-
ing Law as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.5 of this
code, refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 6, commencing with Sectionl9960 and Califor-
nia Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter
3, Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 3000.

1,8.9,2 Actions and proceedings. Subject to other provi-
sions of law, punishments, penalties and fines for violations
of building standards are contained in the following statutes
and regulations:

1. For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part 1.5, com-
mencing with Section 17910 and California Code of
Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 1, commencing with Section 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks
Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.2 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part
2.1, commencing with Section 18200 and California
Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2,
commencing with Section 1000.

fornia Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1,
Chapter 2.2, commencing with Section 2000.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing
Act as referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.4 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code, Division 13, Part 1,
commencing with Section 17000 and California Code
of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 3, commencing with Section 600.

SECTION 1.8.10
OTHER BUILDING REGULATIONS

1,8.10 A Existing structures. Subject to the requirements of
California Health and Safety Code Sections 17912,
179203, 17922, 17922.3, 17958.8 and 17958.9, the provi-
sions contained in Chapter 34 relating to existing structures
shall only apply as identified in the Matrix Adoption Table
under the authority of the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development as listed in Sections 1.8.2. LI through
1.8.2.1 .3 of this code.

1.8.10.2 Moved structures. Subject to the requirements of
California Health and Safety Code Sections 17922.3 and
17958.9, the provisions contained in Chapter 34 relating to
a moved residential structure shall only apply as identified
in the Matrix Adoption Table under the authority of the
Department of Housing and Community Development as
listed in Sections 1.8.2.1.1 through 1.8.2.1.3 of this code.

SECTION 1.9
DIVISION OF THE STATE ARCHITECT

1.9.1 Division of the State Architect — Access Compliance.

General. The purpose of this code is to ensure that barrier-free
design is incorporated in all buildings, facilities, site work and
other improvements to which this code applies in compliance
with state law to ensure that these improvements are accessible
to and usable by persons with disabilities. Additions, alter-
ations and structural repairs in all buildings and facilities shall
comply with these provisions for new buildings, except as oth-
erwise provided and specified herein.

The provisions of these regulations shall apply to any porta-
ble buildings leased or owned by a school district, and shall
also apply to temporary and emergency buildings and facili-
ties. Temporary buildings and facilities are not of permanent
construction but are extensively used or are essential for public
use for a period of time. Examples of temporary buildings or
facilities covered include, but are not limited to: reviewing
stands, temporary classrooms, bleacher areas, exhibit areas,
temporary banking facilities, temporary health screening ser-
vices or temporary safe pedestrian passageways around a con-
struction site.

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In addition, to incorporate standards at least as restrictive
as those required by the federal government for barrier-free
design under (1) Title III (Public Accommodations and Com-
mercial Facilities), Subpart D (New Construction and Alter-
ation) and Appendix A (Americans with Disabilities Act
Standards for Accessible Design) (see 28 C.F.R., Part 36), and
(2) Title II (Public Entities), Section 35.151 (New Construction
and Alterations) (see 28 C.F.R., Part 35) both from the Ameri-
cans with Disabilities Act ofl 990, and (3) under the Fair Hous-
ing Amendments Act of 1988. Some of these regulations may be
more stringent than state law in order to meet the federal
requirement.

1.9.1.1 Application, See Government Code commencing
with Section 4450.

Publicly funded buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs
and related facilities shall be accessible to and usable by
persons with disabilities as follows:

1.9.1.1.1 All buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs and
related facilities constructed in the state by the use of
state, county or municipal funds, or the funds of any
political subdivision of the state.

1.9.1.1.2 All buildings, structures and facilities that are
leased, rented, contracted, sublet or hired by any munici-
pal, county or state division of government, or by a spe-
cial district.

1.9.1.1.3 All publicly funded buildings used for congre-
gate residences or for one- or two-family dwelling unit
purposes shall conform to the provisions applicable to
living accommodations.

1.9.1.1.4 All existing publicly funded buildings and facil-
ities when alterations, structural repairs or additions are
made to such buildings or facilities. For detailed require-
ments on existing buildings, see Chapter IIB, Division
IV.

1.9.1.1.5 With respect to buildings, structures, sidewalks,
curbs and related facilities not requiring a building per-
mit, building standards published in the California
Building Standards Code relating to access for persons
with disabilities and other regulations adopted pursuant
to Government Code Section 4450, and in effect at the
time construction is commenced, shall be applicable.

1.9.1.2 Application, See Health and Safety Code commenc-
ing with Section 19952.

All privately funded public accommodations, as defined
and commercial facilities, as defined, shall be accessible to
persons with disabilities as follows:

Exception: Certain types of privately funded multistory
buildings do not require installation of an elevator to
provide access above and below the first floor. See Chap-
ter 1 IB.

1.9,1,2,1 Any building, structure, facility, complex or
improved area, or portions thereof which are used by the
general public.

1.9.1.2.2 Any sanitary facilities which are made avail-
able for the public, clients or employees in such accom-
modations or facilities,

1.9.1.2.3 Any curb or sidewalk intended for public use
that is constructed in this state with private funds.

1.9.1.2.4 All existing privately funded public accommo-
dations when alterations, structural repairs or additions
are made to such public accommodations as set forth
unde r Chap ter IIB.

1.9.1.3 Application — Public housing and private housing
available for public use. See Government Code Sections
4450 and 12955.1(d).

1.9.1.4 Enforcing agency,

1.9.1.4.1 The director of the Department of General Ser-
vices where state funds are utilized for any project or
where funds of counties, municipalities or other political
subdivisions are utilized for the construction of elemen-
tary, secondary or community college projects.

1.9.1.4.2 The governing bodies where funds of counties,
municipalities or other political subdivisions are utilized
except as otherwise provided above.

1.9.1.4.3 The building department of every city, county
or city and county within the territorial area of its city,
county or city and county, where private funds are uti-
lized. ''Building department" means the department,
bureau or officer charged with the enforcement of laws or
ordinances regulating the erection or construction, or
both the erection and construction, of buildings.

1.9.1.5 Special conditions for persons with disabilities
requiring appeals action ratification. Whenever reference is
made in these regulations to this section, the findings and
determinations required to be rendered by the local enforc-
ing agency shall be subject to ratification through an
appeals process.

1.9.1.6 Authority cited — Government Code Section 4450.

1.9.1.7 Reference cited — Government Code Sections 4450
through 4461 and 12955.1(d) and Health and Safety Code
Sections 18949.1, 19952 through 19959.

1,9,2 Division of the State Architect — Structural Safety.

1.9,2,1 DSA-SS Division of the State Architect-Structural
Safety.

Application — Public elementary and secondary
schools, community colleges and state-owned or
state-leased essential services buildings.

Enforcing agency — The Division of the State Archi-
tect — Structural Safety (DSA-SS) has been delegated the
responsibility and authority by the Department of Gen-
eral Services to review and approve the design and
observe the construction of public elementary and sec-
ondary schools, community colleges and state-owned or
state -leased essential services buildings.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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Authority cited — Education Code Sections 17310 and
81142 and Health and Safety Code Section 16022.

Reference — Education Code Sections 17280 through
17317, and 81 130 through 81 147 and Health and Safety
Code Sections 16000 through 16023,

1.9.2.1.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1 . Title 24, Part i, California Code of Regulations:

1.1 Sections 4-301 through 4-355, Group 1,
Chapter 4, for public elementary and second-
ary schools and community colleges.

1.2 Sections 4-201 through 4-249, Chapter 4, for
state-owned or state-leased essential services
buildings.

2. Title 24y Part 2, California Code of Regulations:

[applies to public elementary and secondary
schools, community colleges and state-owned or
state-leased essential services building(s)]:

I I 2.1. Sections 1.1 and 1.9.2 ofChapterl, Division I.

2.2. Sections 102.1, 102.2, 102.3, 102.4, 102.5,
I I 104.9, 104.10 and 104.11 of Chapter 1, Divi-

I I sionlL

1.9.2.1.2 Applicable building standards, California
Building Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,
11 and 12, California Code of Regulations, for school
buildings, community colleges and state-owned or
state-leased essential service buildings.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by the Division of the State Architect — Struc-
tural Safety, shall apply to the applications listed in Sec-

II tion 1.9.2.1.

The Division of the State Architect — Structural
Safety adopts the following building standards in Title
24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17 A, 18A,
19A, 20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
and Appendix J.

1.9.2.1.3 Amendments. Division of the State Archi-
tect — Structural Safety amendments in this code appear
preceded with the acronym [DSA-SS].

Exceptions:

1. Chapters 16A, 17 A, 18A, 19 A, 21 A, and22A—
Amendments appearing in these chapters with-
out an acronym have been co-adopted by
DSA-SS and OSHPD.

2. Chapter 34, Sections 3115-3421— DSA-SS
adopts these sections without the use of the
DSA-SS acronym.

1.9.2.1.4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference
is made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17,
18, 19, 21 and 22, the respective sections in Chapters
16A, 17 A, 18A, 19A, 21 A and22A shall apply instead.

1.9.2.2 DSA-SS/CC Division of the State Architect- Struc-
tural Safety/Community Colleges

Application — Community Colleges. The Division of the
State Architect has been delegated the authority by the
Department of General Services to promulgate alternate
building standards for application to community col-
leges, which a community college may elect to use in lieu
of standards promulgated by DSA-SS in accordance with
Section 1.9.2.L

Enforcing agency — Division of the State Architect-
Structural Safety/Community Colleges (DSA-SS/CC)

The Division of the State Architect has been delegated
the authority by the Department of General Services to
review and approve the design and oversee construction
of community colleges electing to use the alternative
building standards as provided in this section.

Authority cited — Education Code Section 81053.

Reference — Education Code Sections 81052, 81053,
and 81130 through 81147.

1.9.2.2.1 Applicable administrative standards,

1, Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:

LI. Sections 4-301 through 4-355, Group 1,
Chapter 4.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations:

2.1. Sections 1.1 and 1.9.2 of Chapter 1, Divi-
sion I.

2.2. Sections 102.1, 102.2, 102.3, 102.4, 102.5,
104.9, 104.10 and 104.11 of Chapter 1,
Division 11.

1.9.2.2.2 Applicable building standards. California
Building Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,
11 and 12, California Code of Regulations.

The Division of the State Architect-Structural
Safety/Community Colleges [DSA-SS/CC] adopts the
following building standards in Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 A, 18A, 19,
20, 21, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and
Appendix J.

1.9.2.2.3 Amendments. Division of the State Archi-
tect — Structural Safety/Community Colleges amend-
ments in this code appear preceded with the acronym
[DSA-SS/CC].

Exceptions:

1. Chapters 1 7 A, and 1 8A— Amendments appear-
ing in these chapters without an acronym have
been co-adopted by DSA-SS, DSA-SS/CC, and
OSHPD.

2. Chapter 34, Sections 3115-3421— DSA-SS/CC
adopts these sections without the use of the
DSA-SS/CC acronym.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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1,9,2.2,4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference
is made within this code to sections in Chapters 17 and
18, the respective sections in Chapters 17 A and 18A shall
apply instead.

SECTION 1.10
OFFICE OF STATEWIDE HEALTH
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1,10,1 OSHPD 1, Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — General acute care hospitals and acute psy-
chiatric hospitals, excluding distinct part units or distinct
part freestanding buildings providing skilled nursing or
intermediate care services. For structural regulations:
Skilled nursing facilities and/or intermediate care facilities
except those skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care
facilities of single-story, Type V, wood or light steel-frame
construction.

Enforcing agency — Office of Statewide Health Planning
and Development (OSHPD). The office shall enforce the
Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance regula-
tions and the regulations of the Office of the State Fire Mar-
shal for the above stated facility types.

1.10.1.1 Applicable administrative standards*

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapters 6 and 7.

2, Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions LI and 1.10, Chapter 1, Division I, and Sections
101-116, Chapter 1, Division 11.

1.10.1.2 Applicable building standards, California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 1.10.1.

OSHPD 1 adopts the following building standards in Title

24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17 A, ISA, 19A,

20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34A, 35 and
Appendix J.

1.10.1.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 1.10,1, amendments appear in this code
preceded with the acronym [OSHPD 1], unless the entire
chapter is applicable.

1.10.1.4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference is
made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19,

21, 22 and 34, the respective sections in Chapters 16A, 17 A,
ISA, 19A, 21 A, 22A and 34A shall apply instead.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129850,

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 19958,
127010, 127015, 129680, 1275 and 129675 through
130070,

1.10.2 OSHPD 2. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Skilled nursing facilities and intermediate
care facilities, including distinct part skilled nursing and
intermediate care services on a general acute care or acute
psychiatric hospital license, provided either are in a sepa-
rate unit or a freestanding building. For structural regula-
tions: Single-story, Type V skilled nursing facility and/or
intermediate care facilities utilizing wood or light
steel-frame construction.

Enforcing agency — Office of Statewide Health Planning
and Development (OSHPD), The office shall also enforce
the Division of the State Architect— Access Compliance reg-
ulations and the regulations of the Office of the State Fire
Marshal for the above-stated facility type.

1.10.2.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 1.1 and 1.10, Chapter 1, Division 1, and Sections
101-116, Chapter 1, Division 11.

1.10.2.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11,

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 1,10,2.

OSHPD 2 adopts the following building standards in
Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and Appendix J.

1.10.2.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 1.10,2, amendments appear in this code
preceded with the acronym [OSHPD 2].

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129850.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129680,

1.10.3 OSHPD 3. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Licensed clinics and any freestanding build-
ing under a hospital license where outpatient clinical ser-
vices are provided.

Enforcing agency — Local building department,

1,10.3.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7,

2, Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 1. 1 and 1.10, Chapter 1, Division I, and Sections
101-116, Chapter 1, Division 11.

II
<

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

LIO.3.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
I I ing Standards Code, Title24, Parts!, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 11.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
I I in Section 1.10.3.

OSHPD 3 adopts the following building standards in
Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and Appendix J .

1,1033 Identification of amendments. For applications

I I listed in Section 1.103, amendments appear in this code

without the acronym [OSHPD 3]. Adoptions are shown in

> the adoption matrix.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015 and 1226

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 129885 and 1226, Government Code Section
54350 and State Constitution Article 11, Section 7.

1.10.4 OSHPD 4. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Correctional treatment centers.

Enforcing agency — Ojfice of Statewide Health Planning
and Development (OSHPD). The office shall also enforce
the Division of the State Architect^Access Compliance reg-
ulations and the regulations of the Office of the State Fire
Marshal for the above -stated facility types,

1.10.4.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-

Htions 1 . 1 and 1.10, Chapter 1, Division 1, and Sections
101-116, Chapter 1, Division 11. ^

1.10.4.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
I I ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5,9, 10 and 11.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
I I in Section 1.10.4.

OSHPD 4 adopts the following building standards in Title
24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17 A, 18A, 19A,

20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34A, 35 and
Appendix J.

1.10.4.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
I I listed in Section 1.10.4, amendments appear in this code

preceded with the acronym [OSHPD 4], unless the entire

> chapter is applicable.

1.10.4.4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference is
made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19,

21, 22 and 34, the respective sections in Chapters 16A, 1 7 A,
18 A, 19 A, 21 A, 22 A and 34 A shall apply instead.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015 and 129790.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129675 through 130070.

SECTION 1.11
OFFICE OF THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL

1.11.1 SFM — Office of the State Fire Marshal. Specific scope
of application of the agency responsible for enforcement, the
enforcement agency and the specific authority to adopt and
enforce such provisions of this code, unless otherwise stated.

Application:

Institutional, educational or any similar occupancy. Any

building or structure used or intended for use as an asylum,
jail, mental hospital, hospital, sanitarium, home for the aged,
children's nursery, children's home, school or any similar
occupancy of any capacity.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Assembly or similar place of assemblage. Any theater,
dancehall, skating rink, auditorium, assembly hall, meeting
hall, nightclub, fair building or similar place of assemblage
where 50 or more persons may gather together in a building,
room or structure for the purpose of amusement, entertain-
ment, instruction, deliberation, worship, drinking or dining,
awaiting transportation, or education.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143,

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Small family day-care homes.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections

1597.45, 1597.54, 13143 and 17921.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
Large family day-care homes.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections

1597.46, 1597.54 and 17921.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residentialfacilities and residential facilities for the elderly.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13133.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Any state institution or other state-owned or state-occupied
building.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13108.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
High-Rise structures.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13211.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
Motion picture production studios.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.1.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Organized camps.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 18897.3.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residential All hotels, motels, lodging houses, apartment
houses and dwellings, including congregate residences and
buildings and structures accessory thereto.

Multiple-story structures existing on January 1, 1975, let for
human habitation, including and limited to, hotels, motels and
apartment houses, less than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the low-
est floor level having building access, wherein rooms used for
sleeping are let above the ground floor

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143.2
and 17921.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residential care facilities. Certified family care homes,
out-of-home placement facilities, halfway houses, drug and/or
alcohol rehabilitation facilities and any building or structure
used or intended for use as a home or institution for the housing
of any person of any age when such person is referred to or
placed within such home or institution for protective social
care and supervision services by any governmental agency.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.6.

I I Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Tents, awnings or other fabric enclosures used in connection
with any occupancy.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13116.

> Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Fire alarm devices, equipment and systems in connection
with any occupancy.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13114.

I I Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Hazardous materials.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.9.

I I Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Flammable and combustible liquids.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.6.

I I Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Public School Automatic Fire Detection, Alarm and Sprin-
kler Systems.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143
and California Education Code Article 7.5, Sections
17074.50, 17074.52 and 17074.54.

Reference — Government Code Section 11152.5, Health
and Safety Code Section 13143 and California Education
Code Chapter 12.5, Leroy F. Greene School Facilities Act of
1998, Article 1.

Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Area,

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143,
13108.5(a) and 18949.2(b) and (c) and Government Code
Section 51189.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143, Gov-
ernment Code Sections 51176, 51177, 51178 and 51179
and Public Resources Code Sections 4201 through 4204.

1.11,2 Duties and powers of the enforcing agency,

1.11,2.1 Enforcement,

1.11.2.1.1 The responsibility for enforcement of building
standards adopted by the State Fire Marshal and pub-
lished in the California Building Standards Code relat-
ing to fire and panic safety and other regulations of the
State Fire Marshal shall, except as provided in Section
1.11.2.1.2, be as follows:

1. The city, county or city and county with jurisdic-
tion in the area affected by the standard or regula-
tion shall delegate the enforcement of the building
standards relating to fire and panic safety and
other regulations of the State Fire Marshal as they
relate to Group R-3 occupancies, as described in
Section 310.1 of Part 2 of the California Building
Standards Code, to either of the following. ■

1.1. The chief of the fire authority of the city,
county or city and county, or an authorized
representative.

1.2. The chief building official of the city,
county or city and county, or an authorized
representative.

2. The chief of any city or county fire department or of
any fire protection district, and authorized repre-
sentatives, shall enforce within the jurisdiction the
building standards and other regulations of the
State Fire Marshal, except those described in Item
1 or 4.

3. The State Fire Marshal shall have authority to
enforce the building standards and other regula-
tions of the State Fire Marshal in areas outside of
corporate cities and districts providing fire pro-
tection services.

4. The State Fire Marshal shall have authority to
enforce the building standards and other regula-
tions of the State Fire Marshal in corporate cities
and districts providing fire protection services on
request of the chief fire official or the governing
body.

5. Any fee charged pursuant to the enforcement
authority of this section shall not exceed the esti-
mated reasonable cost of providing the service for
which the fee is charged pursuant to Section 66014
of the Government Code.

1.11.2.1.2 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13108, and except as otherwise provided in this section,
building standards adopted by the State Fire Marshal
published in the California Building Standards Code
relating to fire and panic safety shall be enforced by the
State Fire Marshal in all state-owned buildings,
state -occupied buildings, and state institutions through-
out the state. Upon the written request of the chief fire
official of any city, county or fire protection district, the

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

State Fire Marshal may authorize such chief fire official
and his or her authorized representatives, in their geo-
graphical area of responsibility, to make fire prevention
inspections of state-owned or state-occupied buildings,
other than state institutions, for the purpose of enforcing
the regulations relating to fire and panic safety adopted
by the State Fire Marshal pursuant to this section and
building standards relating to fire and panic safety pub-
lished in the California Building Standards Code. Autho-
rization from the State Fire Marshal shall be limited to
those fire departments or fire districts which maintain a
fire prevention bureau staffed by paid personnel.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13108,
any requirement or order made by any chief fire official
who is authorized by the State Fire Marshal to make fire
prevention inspections of state-owned or state-occupied
buildings, other than state institutions, may be appealed
to the State Fire Marshal The State Fire Marshal shall,
upon receiving an appeal and subject to the provisions of
Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 18945) of Part 2.5
of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code, determine
if the requirement or order made is reasonably consistent
with the fire and panic safety regulations adopted by the
State Fire Marshal and building standards relating to
fire and panic safety published in the California Building
Code.

Any person may request a code interpretation from the
State Fire Marshal relative to the intent of any regulation
or provision adopted by the State Fire Marshal When the
request relates to a specific project, occupancy or build-
ing, the State Fire Marshal shall review the issue with the
appropriate local enforcing agency prior to rendering
such code interpretation.

1.11,2,1.3 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13112, any person who violates any order, rule or regu-
lation of the State Fire Marshal is guilty of a misde-
meanor punishable by a fine of not less than $100.00 or
more than $500.00, or by imprisonment for not less than
six months, or by both. A person is guilty of a separate
offense each day during which he or she commits, contin-
ues or permits a violation of any provision of, or any
order, rule or regulation of, the State Fire Marshal as
contained in this code.

Any inspection authority who, in the exercise of his or
her authority as a deputy State Fire Marshal, causes any
legal complaints to be filed or any arrest to be made shall
notify the State Fire Marshal immediately following such
action.

1.11,2,2 Right of entry. The fire chief of any city, county or
fire protection district, or such person 's authorized repre-
sentative, may enter any state institution or any other
state-owned or state -occupied building for the purpose of
preparing afire suppression preplanning program or for the
purpose of investigating any fire in a state-occupied build-
ing.

The State Fire Marshal, his or her deputies or salaried
assistants, the chief of any city or county fire department or
fire protection district and his or her authorized representa-

tives may enter any building or premises not used for dwell-
ing purposes at any reasonable hour for the purpose of
enforcing this chapter The owner, lessee, manager or oper-
ator of any such building or premises shall permit the State
Fire Marshal, his or her deputies or salaried assistants and
the chief of any city or county fire department or fire protec-
tion district and his or her authorized representatives to
enter and inspect them at the time and for the purpose stated
in this section.

1.11.2.3 More restrictive fire and panic safety building
standards,

1.11.2.3.1 Any fire protection district organized pursu-
ant to Health and Safety Code Part 2.7 (commencing
with Section 13800) of Division 12 may adopt building
standards relating to fire and panic safety that are more
stringent than those building standards adopted by the
State Fire Marshal and contained in the California
Building Standards Code. For these purposes, the dis-
trict board shall be deemed a legislative body and the
district shall be deemed a local agency. Any changes or
modifications that are more stringent than the require-
ments published in the California Building Standards
Code relating to fire and panic safety shall be subject to
Section 1.L8.L I I

1.11.2.3.2 Any fire protection district that proposes to
adopt an ordinance pursuant to this section shall, not
less than 30 days prior to noticing a proposed ordinance
for public hearing, provide a copy of that ordinance,
together with the adopted findings made pursuant to Sec-
tion 1.11.2.3.1, to the city, county, or city and county I I
where the ordinance will apply. The city, county, or city
and county may provide the district with written com-
ments, which shall become part of the fire protection dis-
trict' s public hearing record.

1.11.2.3.3 The fire protection district shall transmit the
adopted ordinance to the city, county, or city and county
where the ordinance will apply. The legislative body of
the city, county, or city and county may ratify, modify or
deny an adopted ordinance and transmit its determina-
tion to the district within 15 days of the determination.
Any modification or denial of an adopted ordinance shall
include a written statement describing the reasons for
any modifications or denial No ordinance adopted by
the district shall be effective until ratification by the city,
county, or city and county where the ordinance will
apply. Upon ratification of an adopted ordinance, the
city, county or city and county shall file a copy of the find-
ings of the district, and any findings of the city, county, or
city and county, together with the adopted ordinance
expressly marked and identified to which each finding
refers, in accordance with Section 1.1.8.1(3). ' '

1.11.2.4 Request for alternate means of protection.

Requests for approval to use an alternative material, assem-
bly or materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment or means of protection
shall be made in writing to the enforcing agency by the
owner or the owner's authorized representative and shall be
accompanied by a full statement of the conditions. Sufficient

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

evidence or proof shall be submitted to substantiate any
claim that may be made regarding its conformance. The
enforcing agency may require tests and the submission of a
test report from an approved testing organization as set
forth in Title 19, California Code of Regulation, to substan-
tiate the equivalency of the proposed alternative means of
protection.

When a request for alternate means of protection involves
hazardous materials, the authority having jurisdiction may
consider implementation of the findings and recommenda-
tions identified in a Risk Management Plan (RMP) devel-
oped in accordance with Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.5,
Article 3.

Approval of a request for use of an alternative material,
assembly of materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment or means of protection
made pursuant to these provisions shall be limited to the
particular case covered by request and shall not be con-
strued as establishing any precedent for any future request.

1,11.2.5 Appeals, When a request for an alternate means of
protection has been denied by the enforcing agency, the
applicant may file a written appeal to the State Fire Marshal
for consideration of the applicant's proposal. In consider-
ing such appeal, the State Fire Marshal may seek the advice
of the State Board of Fire Services. The State Fire Marshal
shall, after considering all of the facts presented, including
any recommendations of the State Board of Fire Services,
determine if the proposal is for the purposes intended, at
least equivalent to that specified in these regulations in
quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability
and safety, and shall transmit such findings and any recom-
mendations to the applicant and to the enforcing agency.

1.11,3 Construction documents,

1.11.3.1 Public schools. Plans and specifications for the
construction, alteration or addition to any building owned,
leased or rented by any public school district shall be sub-
mitted to the Division of the State Architect.

1.11.3.2 Movable walls and partitions. Plans or diagrams
shall be submitted to the enforcing agency for approval
before the installation of, or rearrangement of, any movable
wall or partition in any occupancy. Approval shall be
granted only if there is no increase in the fire hazard.

1.11.3.3 New construction high-rise buildings.

1. Complete plans or specifications, or both, shall be
prepared covering all work required to comply with
new construction high-rise buildings. Such plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the enforcing
agency having jurisdiction.

2. All plans and specifications shall be prepared under
the responsible charge of an architect or a civil or
structural engineer authorized by law to develop con-
struction plans and specifications, or by both such
architect and engineer. Plans and specifications shall
be prepared by an engineer duly qualified in that
branch of engineering necessary to perform such ser-
vices. Administration of the work of construction
shall be under the charge of the responsible architect

or engineer except that where plans and
specifications involve alterations or repairs, such
work of construction may be administered by an engi-
neer duly qualified to perform such services and hold-
ing a valid certificate under Chapter 7 (commencing
with Section 65700) of Division 3 of the Business and
Professions Code for performance of services in that
branch of engineering in which said plans, specifica-
tions and estimates and work of construction are
applicable.

This section shall not be construed as preventing the
design of fire-extinguishing systems by persons holding a
C- 16 license issued pursuant to Division 3, Chapter 9, Busi-
ness and Professions Code. In such instances, however, the
responsibility charge of this section shall prevail.

1.11.3.4 Existing high-rise buildings,

1. Complete plans or specifications, or both, shall be
prepared covering all work required by Section 3412
for existing high-rise buildings. Such plans or specifi-
cations shall be submitted to the enforcing agency
having jurisdiction.

2. When new construction is required to conform with
the provisions of these regulations, complete plans or
specifications, or both, shall be prepared in accor-
dance with the provisions of this subsection. As used
in this section, "new construction " is not intended to
include repairs, replacements or minor alterations
which do not disrupt or appreciably add to or affect
the structural aspects of the building.

1.11.3.5 Retention of plans. Refer to Building Standards
Law, Health and Safety Code Sections 19850 and 1 985 1 for
permanent retention of plans.

1.11.4 Fees.

1.11.4.1 Other fees. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code
Section 1 3 146.2, a city, county or district which inspects a
hotel, motel, lodging house or apartment house may charge
and collect a fee for the inspection from the owner of the
structure in an amount, as determined by the city, county or
district, sufficient to pay its costs of that inspection.

1.11.4.2 Large family day-care. Pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 1597.46, Large Family Day-Care
Homes, the local government shall process any required
permit as economically as possible, and fees charged for
review shall not exceed the costs of the review and permit
process.

1.11.4.3 High-Rise. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code
Section 13217, High-Rise Structure Inspection: Fees and
costs, a local agency which inspects a high-rise structure
pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13217 may
charge and collect a fee for the inspection from the owner of
the high-rise structure in an amount, as determined by the
local agency, sufficient to pay its costs of that inspection.

1.11.4.4 Fire clearance preinspection. Pursuant to Health
and Safety Code Section 13235, Fire Clearance
Preinspection, fee, upon receipt of a request from a prospec-
tive licensee of a community care facility, as defined in Sec-
tion 1502, of a residential care facility for the elderly, as

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

defined in Section 1569.2, or of a child day care facility, as
defined in Section 1596. 750, the local fire enforcing agency,
as defined in Section 13244, or State Fire Marshal, which-
ever has primary jurisdiction, shall conduct a preinspection
of the facility prior to the final fire clearance approval At
the time of the preinspection, the primary fire enforcing
agency shall price consultation and interpretation of the fire
safety regulations and shall notify the prospective licensee
of the facility in writing of the specific fire safety regulations
which shall be enforced in order to obtain fire clearance
approval. A fee equal to, but not exceeding, the actual cost of
the preinspection may be charged for the preinspection of a
facility with a capacity to serve 25 or fewer persons, A fee
equal to, but not exceeding, the actual cost of the
preinspection may be charged for a preinspection of a facil-
ity with a capacity to serve 26 or more persons,

1.11.4.5 Care facilities. The primary fire enforcing agency
shall complete the final fire clearance inspection for a com-
munity care facility, residential care facility for the elderly,
or child day care facility within 30 days of receipt of the
request for the final inspection, or as of the date the prospec-
tive facility requests the final prelic ensure inspection by the
State Department of Social Services, whichever is later

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13235, a
preinspection fee equal to, but not exceeding, the actual cost
of the preinspection may be charged for a facility with a
capacity to serve 25 or less clients. A fee equal to, but not
exceeding, the actual cost of the preinspection may be
charged for a preinspection of a facility with a capacity to
serve 26 or more clients.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13131.5, a
reasonable final inspection fee, not to exceed the actual cost
of inspection services necessary to complete a final inspec-
tion may be charged for occupancies classified as residen-
tial care facilities for the elderly (RCFE).

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 1569.84,
neither the State Fire Marshal nor any local public entity
shall charge any fee for enforcing fire inspection regulations
pursuant to state law or regulation or local ordinance, with
respect to residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFE)
which service six or fewer persons.

1.11.4.6 Requests of the Office of the State Fire Marshal,

Whenever a local authority having jurisdiction requests
that the State Fire Marshal perform plan review and/or
inspection services related to a building permit, the applica-
ble fees for such shall be payable to the Office of the State
Fire Marshal.

1,11,5 Inspections, Work performed subject to the provisions
of this code shall comply with the inspection requirements of
Sections 109.1, 109.3, 109.3.4, 109.3.5, 109.3.6, 109.3.8,
109.3.9, 109.3.10 109.5 and 109.6 as adopted by the Office of
the State Fire Marshal.

1,11,5,1 Existing Group I -1 or R occupancies. Licensed
24 -hour care in a Group I-l orR occupancy in existence and
originally classified under previously adopted state codes
shall be reinspected under the appropriate previous code,
provided there is no change in the use or character which
would place the facility in a different occupancy group.

1.11.6 Certificate of Occupancy, A Certificate of Occupancy
shall be issued as specified in Section 111. \

Exception: Group R, Division 3 and Group U occupancies.

1.11.7 Temporary structures and uses. See Section 107. <

1.11.8 Service utilities. See Section 112. \ \\

1.11.9 Stop work order. See Section 115. I I <

1.11.10 Unsafe buildings, structures and equipment. See Sec- <
tion 116. I '

SECTION 1.12
STATE LIBRARIAN

1,12.1 Specific scope of. application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Public library construction and renovation
using funds from the California Library Construction and
Renovation Bond Act of 1988.

Enforcing agency — State librarian.

Authority cited — Education Code Sections 19950 through
19981.

Reference — Education Code Sections 19950 through
19981.

SECTION 1.13
Reserved

SECTION 1.14
CALIFORNIA STATE LANDS COMMISSION

1,14,1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Marine oil terminals.

Enforcing agency — California State Lands Commission.

Authority cited — Public Resources Code Section 8755.

Reference — Public Resources Code Section 8755.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DIVISION II
SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

Sections adopted or amended by state agencies are specifically
indicated by an agency banner or identified in the Matrix
Adoption Table,

SECTION 101
GENERAL

101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the California
Building Code of the State of Calif ornia, hereinafter referred to
as "this code."

101.2 Scope. The provisions of this code shall apply to the con-
struction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement,
repair, equipment, used and occupancy, location, maintenance,
removal and demolition of every building or structure or any
appurtenances connected or attached to such buildings or
structures.

Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and
multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more
than three stories above grade plane in height with a sepa-
rate means of egress and their accessory structures shall
comply with the California Building Code.

101.2.1 Appendices. Provisions in the appendices shall not
apply unless specifically adopted.

101.3 Intent. The purpose of this code is to establish the mini-
mum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and
general welfare through structural strength, means of egress
facilities, stability, sanitation, adequate light and ventilation,
energy conservation, and safety to life and property from fire
and other hazards attributed to the built environment and to
provide safety to firefighters and emergency responders during
emergency operations.

> 101.4 Referenced codes. The other codes listed in Sections
101.4.1 through 101.4.6 and referenced elsewhere in this code
shall be considered part of the requirements of this code to the
prescribed extent of each such reference.

101.4.1 Gas. The provisions of the International Fuel Gas
Code shall apply to the installation of gas piping from the
point of delivery, gas apphances and related accessories as
covered in this code. These requirements apply to gas piping
systems extending from the point of delivery to the inlet
connections of appliances and the installation and operation
of residential and commercial gas appliances and related
accessories.

101.4.2 Mechanical. The provisions of the International
Mechanical Code shall apply to the installation, alterations,
repairs and replacement of mechanical systems, including
equipment, appliances, fixtures, fittings and/or appurte-
nances, including ventilating, heating, cooUng, air-condi-
tioning and refrigeration systems, incinerators and other
energy-related systems.

101.4.3 Plumbing. The provisions of the International
Plumbing Code shall apply to the installation, alteration.

repair and replacement of plumbing systems, including
equipment, appliances, fixtures, fittings and appurtenances,
and where connected to a water or sewage system and all
aspects of a medical gas system. The provisions of the Inter-
national Private Sewage Disposal Code shall apply to pri-
vate sewage disposal systems.

101.4.4 Property maintenance. The provisions of the
International Property Maintenance Code shall apply to
existing structures and premises; equipment and facilities;
light, ventilation, space heating, sanitation, life and fire
safety hazards; responsibilities of owners, operators and
occupants; and occupancy of existing premises and struc-
tures.

101.4.5 Fire prevention. The provisions of the Interna-
tional Fire Code shall apply to matters affecting or relating
to structures, processes and premises from the hazard of fire
and explosion arising from the storage, handling or use of
structures, materials or devices; from conditions hazardous
to life, property or public welfare in the occupancy of struc-
tures or premises; and from the construction, extension,
repair, alteration or removal of fire suppression and alarm
systems or fire hazards in the structure or on the premises
from occupancy or operation.

101.4.6 Energy. The provisions of the California Energy
Code, Title 24, Part 6 shall apply to all matters governing the
design and construction of buildings for energy efficiency.

Exception: [OSHPD 1,2&4] Not required by OSHPD.

SECTION 102
APPLICABILITY

102.1 General. Where there is a conflict between a general
requirement and a specific requirement, the specific require-
ment shall be applicable. Where, in any specific case, different
sections of this code specify different materials, methods of
construction or other requirements, the most restrictive shall
govern.

102,1.1 Additional requirements, [OSHPD i, 2, 3, & 4,
DSA-SS & DSA-SS/CC] See Chapter I, Division /, Section
1. 1,7.

102.2 Other laws. The provisions of this code shall not be
deemed to nullify any provisions of local, state or federal law.

102.3 Application of references. References to chapter or sec-
tion numbers, or to provisions not specifically identified by
number, shall be construed to refer to such chapter, section or
provision of this code.

102.4 Referenced codes and standards. The codes and stan-
dards referenced in this code shall be considered part of the
requirements of this code to the prescribed extent of each such
reference. Where differences occur between provisions of this
code and referenced codes and standards, the provisions of this
code shall apply.

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102.4.1 Code References. [OSHPD 1,2,3& 4, DSA-SS &
DSA'SS/CC] All reference to International Codes or other
similar codes in referenced standards shall be replaced by
equivalent provisions in the California Building Standard
Codes.

102.4.2 Reference in Standards. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4,
DSA-SS & DSA-SS/CC] All references listed in reference
standards shall be replaced by referenced standards listed
in Chapter 35 of this code, where applicable, and shall
include all amendments to the reference standards in this
code,

102.5 Partial invalidity. In the event that any part or provision
of this code is held to be illegal or void, this shall not have the
effect of making void or illegal any of the other parts or provi-
sions.

102.6 Existing structures. The legal occupancy of any struc-
ture existing on the date of adoption of this code shall be per-
mitted to continue without change, except as is specifically
covered in this code, the California Building Code or the Cali-
fornia Fire Code, or as is deemed necessary by the building
official for the general safety and welfare of the occupants and
the public.

SECTION 103
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SAFETY

103.1 Creation of enforcement agency. The Department of
Building Safety is hereby created and the official in charge
thereof shall be known as the building official.

103.2 Appointment. The building official shall be appointed
by the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction.

103.3 Deputies. In accordance with the prescribed procedures
of this jurisdiction and with the concurrence of the appointing
authority, the building official shall have the authority to
appoint a deputy building official, the related technical offi-
cers, inspectors, plan examiners and other employees. Such
employees shall have powers as delegated by the building offi-
cial. For the maintenance of existing properties, see the Cali-
fornia Building Code.

SECTION 104
DUTIES AND POWERS OF BUILDING OFFICIAL

104.1 General. The building official is hereby authorized and
directed to enforce the provisions of this code. The building
official shall have the authority to render interpretations of this
code and to adopt policies and procedures in order to clarify the
application of its provisions. Such interpretations, policies and
procedures shall be in compliance with the intent and purpose
of this code. Such policies and procedures shall not have the
effect of waiving requirements specifically provided for in this
code.

104.2 Applications and permits. The building official shall
receive applications, review construction documents and issue
permits for the erection, and alteration, demolition and moving

of buildings and structures, inspect the premises for which such
permits have been issued and enforce compliance with the pro-
visions of this code.

104.3 Notices and orders. The building official shall issue all
necessary notices or orders to ensure compliance with this
code.

104.4 Inspections. The building official shall make all of the
required inspections, or the building official shall have the
authority to accept reports of inspection by approved agencies
or individuals. Reports of such inspections shall be in writing
and be certified by a responsible officer of such approved
agency or by the responsible individual. The building official is
authorized to engage such expert opinion as deemed necessary
to report upon unusual technical issues that arise, subject to the
approval of the appointing authority.

104.5 Identification. The building official shall carry proper
identification when inspecting structures or premises in the
performance of duties under this code.

104.6 Right of entry. Where it is necessary to make an inspec-
tion to enforce the provisions of this code, or where the build-
ing official has reasonable cause to beUeve that there exists in a
structure or upon a premises a condition which is contrary to or
in violation of this code which makes the structure or premises
unsafe, dangerous or hazardous, the building official is autho-
rized to enter the structure or premises at reasonable times to
inspect or to perform the duties imposed by this code, provided
that if such structure or premises be occupied that credentials
be presented to the occupant and entry requested. If such struc-
ture or premises is unoccupied, the building official shall first
make a reasonable effort to locate the owner or other person
having charge or control of the structure or premises and
request entry. If entry is refused, the building official shall have
recourse to the remedies provided by law to secure entry.

104.7 Department records. The building official shall keep
official records of applications received, permits and certifi-
cates issued, fees collected, reports of inspections, and notices
and orders issued. Such records shall be retained in the official
records for the period required for retention of public records.

104.8 Liability. The building official, member of the board of
appeals or employee charged with the enforcement of this
code, while acting for the jurisdiction in good faith and without
malice in the discharge of the duties required by this code or
other pertinent law or ordinance, shall not thereby be rendered
liable personally and is hereby relieved from personal liability
for any damage accruing to persons or property as a result of
any act or by reason of an act or omission in the discharge of
official duties. Any suit instituted against an officer or
employee because of an act performed by that officer or
employee in the lawful discharge of duties and under the provi-
sions of this code shall be defended by legal representative of
the jurisdiction until the final termination of the proceedings.
The building official or any subordinate shall not be liable for
cost in any action, suit or proceeding that is instituted in pursu-
ance of the provisions of this code.

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104.9 Approved materials and equipment. Materials, equip-
ment and devices approved by the building official shall be
constructed and installed in accordance with such approval.

104.9.1 Used materials and equipment. The use of used
materials which meet the requirements of this code for new
materials is permitted. Used equipment and devices shall
not be reused unless approved by the building official.

104.10 Modifications. Wherever there are practical difficul-
ties involved in carrying out the provisions of this code, the
building official shall have the authority to grant modifications
for individual cases, upon application of the owner or owner's
representative, provided the building official shall first find that
special individual reason makes the strict letter of this code
impractical and the modification is in compliance with the
intent and purpose of this code and that such modification does
not lessen health, accessibility, life and fire safety, or structural
requirements. The details of action granting modifications
shall be recorded and entered in the files of the department of
building safety.

104.11 Alternative materials, design and methods of con-
struction and equipment. The provisions of this code are not
intended to prevent the installation of any material or to pro-
hibit any design or method of construction not specifically pre-
scribed by this code, provided that any such alternative has
been approved. An alternative material, design or method of
construction shall be approved where the building official finds
that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the
intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material,
method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the
equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength,
effectiveness, ^r^ resistance, durability and safety.

104.11.1 Research reports. Supporting data, where neces-
sary to assist in the approval of materials or assemblies not
specifically provided for in this code, shall consist of valid
research reports from approved sources.

104.11.2 Tests. Whenever there is insufficient evidence of
comphance with the provisions of this code, or evidence
that a material or method does not conform to the require-
ments of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for
alternative materials or methods, the building official shall
have the authority to require tests as evidence of comphance
to be made at no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods
shall be as specified in this code or by other recognized test
standards. In the absence of recognized and accepted test
methods, the building official shall approve the testing pro-
cedures. Tests shall be performed by an approved agency.
Reports of such tests shall be retained by the building offi-
cial for the period required for retention of public records.

104.11.3 Peer review. [OSHPD 1&4] When peer review is
required, it shall be performed pursuant to Section 3414A.

104.11.4 Earthquake monitoring instruments. [OSHPD 1

& 4] The enforcement agency may require earthquake mon-
itoring instruments for any building that receives approval
of an alternative system for the Lateral Force Resisting Sys-
tem (LFRS). There shall be a sufficient number of instru-
ments to characterize the response of the building during an
earthquake and shall include at least one tri-axial free field

instrument or equivalent. A proposal for instrumentation
and equipment specifications shall be forwarded to the
enforcement agency for review and approval. The Owner of
the building shall be responsible for the implementation of
the instrumentation program. Maintenance of the instru-
mentation and removal/processing of the records shall be
the responsibility of the enforcement agency or its desig-
nated agent

SECTION 105
PERMITS

105.1 Required. Any owner or authorized agent who intends
to construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, demolish, or change
the occupancy of a building or structure, or to erect, install,
enlarge, alter, repair, remove, convert or replace any electrical,
gas, mechanical or plumbing system, the installation of which
is regulated by this code, or to cause any such work to be done,
shall first make apphcation to the building official and obtain
the required permit.

105.1.1 Annual permit. In lieu of an individual perm/r for
each alteration to an already approved electrical, gas,
mechanical or plumbing installation, the building official is
authorized to issue an annual /?^nn/f upon application there-
for to any person, firm or corporation regularly employing
one or more qualified tradepersons in the building, structure
or on the premises owned or operated by the applicant for
the permit.

105.1.2 Annual permit records. The person to whom an
diXmudil permit is issued shall keep a detailed record of alter-
ations made under such dinmxdX permit. The building official
shall have access to such records at all times or such records
shall be filed with the building official as designated.

105.2 Work exempt from permit. Exemptions from permit
requirements of this code shall not be deemed to grant authori-
zation for any work to be done in any manner in violation of the
provisions of this code or any other laws or ordinances of this
jurisdiction. Permits shall not be required for the following:

Building:

1. One-story detached accessory structures used as
tool and storage sheds, playhouses and similar uses,
provided the floor area does not exceed 120 square
feet (11 m2).

2. Fences not over 6 feet (1829 mm) high.

3. Oil derricks.

4. Retaining walls that are not over 4 feet (1219 mm) in
height measured from the bottom of the footing to
the top of the wall, unless supporting a surcharge or
impounding Class I, II or IIIA liquids.

5. Water tanks supported directly on grade if the
capacity does not exceed 5,000 gallons (18 925 L)
and the ratio of height to diameter or width does not
exceed 2:1.

6. Sidewalks and driveways not more than 30 inches
(762 mm) above adjacent grade, and not over any

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basement or story below and are not part of an
accessible route.

7. Painting, papering, tiling, carpeting, cabinets, coun-
ter tops and similar finish work.

8. Temporary motion picture, television and theater
stage sets and scenery.

9. Prefabricated swimming pools accessory to a Group
R-3 occupancy that are less than 24 inches (610 mm)
deep, do not exceed 5,000 gallons ( 1 8 925 L) and are
installed entirely above ground.

10. Shade cloth structures constructed for nursery or
agricultural purposes, not including service sys-
tems.

1 1 . Swings and other playground equipment accessory
to detached one- and two-family dwellings.

12. Window awnings supported by an exterior wall that
do not project more than 54 inches (1372 mm) from
the exterior wall and do not require additional sup-
port of Groups R-3 and U occupancies.

13. Nonfixed and movable fixtures, cases, racks, coun-
ters and partitions not over 5 feet 9 inches (1753
mm) in height.

Electrical:

Repairs and maintenance: Minor repair work, includ-
ing the replacement of lamps or the connection of
approved portable electrical equipment to approved per-
manently installed receptacles.

Radio and television transmitting stations: The provi-
sions of this code shall not apply to electrical equipment
used for radio and television transmissions, but do apply
to equipment and wiring for a power supply and the
installations of towers and antennas.

Temporary testing systems: A permit shall not be
required for the installation of any temporary system
required for the testing or servicing of electrical equip-
ment or apparatus.

Gas:

1. Portable heating appliance.

2. Replacement of any minor part that does not alter
approval of equipment or make such equipment
unsafe.

Mechanical:

1. Portable heating appliance.

2. Portable ventilation equipment.

3. Portable cooling unit.

4. Steam, hot or chilled water piping within any heating
or coohng equipment regulated by this code.

5. Replacement of any part that does not alter its
approval or make it unsafe.

6. Portable evaporative cooler.

7. Self-contained refrigeration system containing 10
pounds (5 kg) or less of refrigerant and actuated by
motors of 1 horsepower (746 W) or less.

Plumbing:

1. The stopping of leaks in drains, water, soil, waste or
vent pipe, provided, however, that if any concealed
trap, drain pipe, water, soil, waste or vent pipe
becomes defective and it becomes necessary to
remove and replace the same with the new material,
such work shall be considered as new work and a per-
mit shall be obtained and inspection made as provided
in this code.

2. The clearing of stoppages or the repairing of leaks in
pipes, valves or fixtures and the removal and reinstal-
lation of water closets, provided such repairs do not
involve or require the replacement or rearrangement
of valves, pipes or fixtures.

105.2.1 Emergency repairs. Where equipment replace-
ments and repairs must be performed in an emergency situa-
tion, the permit application shall be submitted within the
next working business day to the building official

105.2.2 Repairs. Application or notice to the building offi-
cial is not required for ordinary repairs to structures,
replacement of lamps or the connection of approved porta-
ble electrical equipment to approved permanently installed
receptacles. Such repairs shall not include the cutting away
of any wall, partition or portion thereof, the removal or cut-
ting of any structural beam or load-bearing support, or the
removal or change of any required means of egress, or rear-
rangement of parts of a structure affecting the egress
requirements; nor shall ordinary repairs include addition to,
alteration of, replacement or relocation of any standpipe,
water supply, sewer, drainage, drain leader, gas, soil, waste,
vent or similar piping, electric wiring or mechanical or other
work affecting public health or general safety.

105.2.3 Public service agencies. A permit shall not be
required for the installation, alteration or repair of genera-
tion, transmission, distribution or metering or other related
equipment that is under the ownership and control of public
service agencies by established right.

105.3 Application for permit. To obtain a permit, the appli-
cant shall first file an application therefor in writing on a form
furnished by the department of building safety for that purpose.
Such application shall:

1 . Identify and describe the work to be covered by th^ per-
mit for which application is made.

2. Describe the land on which the proposed work is to be
done by legal description, street address or similar
description that will readily identify and definitely locate
the proposed building or work.

3. Indicate the use and occupancy for which the proposed
work is intended.

4. Be accompanied by construction documents and other
information as required in Section 107.

5. State the valuation of the proposed work.

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6. Be signed by the applicant, or the applicant's authorized
agent.

7. Give such other data and information as required by the
building official.

105.3.1 Action on application. The building official shall
examine or cause to be examined applications for permits
and amendments thereto within a reasonable time after fil-
ing. If the application or the construction documents do not
conform to the requirements of pertinent laws, the building
official shall reject such application in writing, stating the
reasons therefor. If the building official is satisfied that the
proposed work conforms to the requirements of this code
and laws and ordinances applicable thereto, the building
official shall issue a permit therefor as soon as practicable.

105.3.2 Time limitation of application. An application for
a permit for any proposed work shall be deemed to have
been abandoned 1 80 days after the date of filing, unless such
appUcation has been pursued in good faith or a permit has
been issued; except that the building official is authorized to
grant one or more extensions of time for additional periods
not exceeding 90 days each. The extension shall be
requested in writing and justifiable cause demonstrated.
[OSHPD I, 2, & 4] Time limitation shall be in accordance
with Title 24, Part 1, Chapter 7, Section 7-129.

105.4 Validity of permit. The issuance or granting of 2i permit
shall not be construed to be ?i permit for, or an approval of, any
violation of any of the provisions of this code or of any other
ordinance of the jurisdiction. Permits presuming to give
authority to violate or cancel the provisions of this code or
other ordinances of the jurisdiction shall not be valid. The issu-
ance of a permit based on construction documents and other
data shall not prevent the building official from requiring the
correction of errors in the construction documents and other
data. The building official is also authorized to prevent occu-
pancy or use of a structure where in violation of this code or of
any other ordinances of this jurisdiction.

105.5 Expiration. Every permit issued shall become invalid
unless the work on the site authorized by such permit is com-
menced within 180 days after its issuance, or if the work autho-
rized on the site by suchpermit is suspended or abandoned for a
period of 180 days after the time the work is commenced. The
building official is authorized to grant, in writing, one or more
extensions of time, for periods not more than 180 days each.
The extension shall be requested in writing and justifiable
cause demonstrated.

105.6 Suspension or revocation. The building official is
authorized to suspend or revoke 2l permit issued under the pro-
visions of this code wherever the permit is issued in error or on
the basis of incorrect, inaccurate or incomplete information, or
in violation of any ordinance or regulation or any of the provi-
sions of this code.

105.7 Placement of permit. The building permit or copy shall
be kept on the site of the work until the completion of the pro-
ject.

SECTION 106
FLOOR AND ROOF DESIGN LOADS

106.1 Live loads posted. Where the live loads for which each
floor or portion thereof of a commercial or industrial building
is or has been designed to exceed 50 psf (2.40 kN/m^), such
design live loads shall be conspicuously posted by the owner in
that part of each story in which they apply, using durable signs.
It shall be unlawful to remove or deface such notices

106 J J Snow Load Posting, [OSHPD 12,3& 4, DSA-SS
& DSA-SS/CC] Snow loads used in design shall be posted
as for live loads.

106.L2 Load Posting Responsibility. [OSHPD 1, 2 & 4] II

The owner or governing board shall be responsible for
keeping the actual load below the allowable limits.

106.2 Issuance of certificate of occupancy. A certificate of
occupancy required by Section 111 shall not be issued until the
floor load signs, required by Section 106. 1, have been installed.

106.3 Restrictions on loading. It shall be unlawful to place, or
cause or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building,
structure or portion thereof, a load greater than is permitted by
this code.

SECTION 107
SUBMITTAL DOCUMENTS

107.1 General. Submittal documents consisting of construc-
tion documents, statement of special inspections, geotechnical
report and other data shall be submitted in two or more sets
with each permit application. The construction documents
shall be prepared by a registered design professional where
required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in which the project
is to be constructed. Where special conditions exist, the build-
ing official is authorized to require additional construction doc-
uments to be prepared by a registered design professional.

Exception: The building official is authorized to waive the
submission of construction documents and other data not
required to be prepared by a registered design professional
if it is found that the nature of the work applied for is such
that review of construction documents is not necessary to
obtain compliance with this code.

107.2 Construction documents. Construction documents
shall be in accordance with Sections 107.2. 1 through 107.2.5.

107.2.1 Information on construction documents. Con-
struction documents shall be dimensioned and drawn upon
suitable material. Electronic media documents are permit-
ted to be submitted when approved by the building official.
Construction documents shall be of sufficient clarity to indi-
cate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed
and show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of
this code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regula-
tions, as determined by the building official.

107.2.2 Fire protection system shop drawings. Shop draw-
ings for the fire protection system(s) shall be submitted to
indicate conformance to this code and the construction docu-
ments and shall be approved prior to the start of system instal-
lation. Shop drawings shall contain all information as
required by the referenced installation standards in Chapter 9.

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107.2.3 Means of egress. The construction documents shall
show in sufficient detail the location, construction, size and
character of all portions of the means of egress in compli-
ance with the provisions of this code. In other than occupan-
cies in Groups R-2, R-3, and I-l, the construction
documents shall designate the number of occupants to be
accommodated on every floor, and in all rooms and spaces.

107.2.4 Exterior wall envelope. Construction documents
for all buildings shall describe the exterior wall envelope in
sufficient detail to determine compliance with this code.
The construction documents shall provide details of the
exterior wall envelope as required, including flashing, inter-
sections with dissimilar materials, comers, end details, con-
trol joints, intersections at roof, eaves or parapets, means of
drainage, water-resistive membrane and details around
openings.

The construction documents shall include manufac-
turer's installation instructions that provide supporting doc-
umentation that the proposed penetration and opening
details described in the construction documents maintain
the weather resistance of the exterior wall envelope. The
supporting documentation shall fully describe the exterior
wall system which was tested, where applicable, as well as
the test procedure used.

107.2.5 Site plan. The construction documents submitted
with the application for permit shall be accompanied by a
site plan showing to scale the size and location of new con-
struction and existing structures on the site, distances from
lot lines, the established street grades and the proposed fin-
ished grades and, as applicable, flood hazard areas,
floodways, and design flood elevations; and it shall be
drawn in accordance with an accurate boundary line survey.
In the case of demolition, the site plan shall show construc-
tion to be demolished and the location and size of existing
structures and construction that are to remain on the site or
plot. The building official is authorized to waive or modify
the requirement for a site plan when the application for per-
mit is for alteration or repair or when otherwise warranted.

107.2.5.1 Design flood elevations. Where design flood
elevations are not specified, they shall be established in
accordance with Section 1612.3.1.

107.3 Examination of documents. The building official shall
examine or cause to be examined the accompanying submittal
documents and shall ascertain by such examinations whether
the construction indicated and described is in accordance with
the requirements of this code and other pertinent laws or ordi-
nances.

107.3.1 Approval of construction documents. When the
building official issues a permit, the construction documents
shall be approved, in writing or by stamp, as "Reviewed for
Code Compliance." One set of construction documents so
reviewed shall be retained by the building official. The other
set shall be returned to the applicant, shall be kept at the site
of work and shall be open to inspection by the building offi-
cial or a duly authorized representative.

107.3.2 Previous approvals. This code shall not require
changes in the construction documents, construction or des-

ignated occupancy of a structure for which a lawful permit
has been heretofore issued or otherwise lawfully autho-
rized, and the construction of which has been pursued in
good faith within 180 days after the effective date of this
code and has not been abandoned.

107.3.3 Phased approval. The building official is autho-
rized to issue ei permit for the construction of foundations or
any other part of a building or structure before the construc-
tion documents for the whole building or structure have
been submitted, provided that adequate information and
detailed statements have been filed complying with perti-
nent requirements of this code. The holder of such permit
for the foundation or other parts of a building or structure
shall proceed at the holder's own risk with the building oper-
ation and without assurance that a permit for the entire
structure will be granted.

107.3.4 Design professional in responsible charge.

107.3.4.1 General. When it is required that documents
be prepared by a registered design professional, the
building official shall be authorized to require the owner
to engage and designate on the building permit applica-
tion a registered design professional who shall act as the
registered design professional in responsible charge. If
the circumstances require, the owner shall designate a
substitute registered design professional in responsible
charge who shall perform the duties required of the origi-
nal registered design professional in responsible charge.
The building official shall be notified in writing by the
owner if the registered design professional in responsible
charge is changed or is unable to continue to perform the
duties.

The registered design professional in responsible
charge shall be responsible for reviewing and coordinat-
ing submittal documents prepared by others, including
phased and deferred submittal items, for compatibility
with the design of the building.

107.3.4.2 Deferred submittals. For the purposes of this
section, deferred submittals are defined as those portions
of the design that are not submitted at the time of the
application and that are to be submitted to the building
official within a specified period.

Deferral of any submittal items shall have the prior
approval of the building official. The registered design
professional in responsible charge shall list the deferred
submittals on the construction documents for review by
the building official. Documents for deferred submittal
items shall be submitted to the registered design profes-
sional in responsible charge who shall review them and
forward them to the building official with a notation indi-
cating that the deferred submittal documents have been
reviewed and been found to be in general conformance to
the design of the building. The deferred submittal items
shall not be installed until the deferred submittal docu-
ments have been approved by the building official.
[OSHPD 7, 2, & 4] Deferred submittals shall be in
accordance with Title 24, Part 1, Chapter 7, Section
7-126.

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107.4 Amended construction documents. Work shall be
installed in accordance with the approved construction docu-
ments, and any changes made during construction that are not
in compliance with the approved construction documents shall
be resubmitted for approval as an amended set of construction

I ' documents. [OSHPD 1,2 & 4] Change in the work shall be in
accordance with Title 24, Part h Chapter 7, Section 7-153.

107.5 Retention of construction documents. One set of

approved construction documents shall be retained by the
building official for a period of not less than 1 80 days from date
of completion of the permitted work, or as required by state or
local laws.

SECTION 108
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES AND USES

108.1 General. The building official is authorized to issue a
permit for temporary structures and temporary uses. Such per-
mits shall be limited as to time of service, but shall not be per-
mitted for more than 180 days. The building official is
authorized to grant extensions for demonstrated cause.

108.2 Conformance. Temporary structures and uses shall con-
form to the structural strength, fire safety, means of egress,
accessibility, light, ventilation and sanitary requirements of
this code as necessary to ensure public health, safety and gen-
eral welfare.

108.3 Temporary power. The building official is authorized to
. give permission to temporarily supply and use power in part of

an electric installation before such installation has been fully
completed and the final certificate of completion has been
issued. The part covered by the temporary certificate shall
comply with the requirements specified for temporary lighting,
heat or power in NFPA 70.

108.4 Termination of approval. The building official is autho-
rized to terminate such permit for a temporary structure or use
and to order the temporary structure or use to be discontinued.

SECTION 109
FEES

109.1 Payment of fees. A permit shall not be valid until the
fees prescribed by law have been paid, nor shall an amendment
to di permit be released until the additional fee, if any, has been
paid.

109.2 Schedule of permit fees. On buildings, structures, elec-
trical, gas, mechanical, and plumbing systems or alterations
requiring a permit, a fee for each permit shall be paid as
required, in accordance with the schedule as established by the
applicable governing authority.

109.3 Building permit valuations. The applicant for di permit
shall provide an estimated /?^wzzY value at time of application.
Permit valuations shall include total value of work, including
materials and labor, for which the permit is being issued, such
as electrical, gas, mechanical, plumbing equipment and perma-
nent systems. If, in the opinion of the building official, the valu-
ation is underestimated on the application, the permit shall be
denied, unless the applicant can show detailed estimates to

meet the approval of the building official. Final building perm//
valuation shall be set by the building official.

109.4 Work commencing before permit issuance. Any person
who commences any work on a building, structure, electrical,
gas, mechanical or plumbing system before obtaining the neces-
sary ;7erm/Y5 shall be subject to a fee established by the building
official that shall be in addition to the vequiicd permit fees.

109.5 Related fees. The payment of the fee for the construc-
tion, alteration, removal or demolition for work done in
connection to or concurrently with the work authorized by a
building permit shall not relieve the applicant or holder of the
permit from the payment of other fees that are prescribed by
law.

109.6 Refunds. The building official is authorized to establish
a refund policy.

SECTION 110
INSPECTIONS

110.1 General. Construction or work for which a permit is
required shall be subject to inspection by the building official
and such construction or work shall remain accessible and
exposed for inspection purposes until approved. Approval as a
result of an inspection shall not be construed to be an approval
of a violation of the provisions of this code or of other ordi-
nances of the jurisdiction. Inspections presuming to give
authority to violate or cancel the provisions of this code or of
other ordinances of the jurisdiction shall not be valid. It shall be
the duty of the permit applicant to cause the work to remain
accessible and exposed for inspection purposes. Neither the
building official nor the jurisdiction shall be liable for expense
entailed in the removal or replacement of any material required
to allow inspection.

110.2 Preliminary inspection. Before issuing a permit, the
building official is authorized to examine or cause to be exam-
ined buildings, structures and sites for which an application has
been filed.

110.3 Required inspections. The building official, upon noti-
fication, shall make the inspections set forth in Sections
110.3.1 through 110.3.10.

110.3.1 Footing and foundation inspection. Footing and
foundation inspections shall be made after excavations for
footings are complete and any required reinforcing steel is
in place. For concrete foundations, any required forms shall
be in place prior to inspection. Materials for the foundation
shall be on the job, except where concrete is ready mixed in
accordance with ASTM C 94, the concrete need not be on
the job.

110.3.2 Concrete slab and under-floor inspection. Con-
crete slab and under-floor inspections shall be made after
in-slab or under-floor reinforcing steel and building service
equipment, conduit, piping accessories and other ancillary
equipment items are in place, but before any concrete is
placed or floor sheathing installed, including the subfloor.

110.3.3 Lowest floor elevation. In flood hazard areas, upon
placement of the lowest floor, including the basement, and
prior to further vertical construction, the elevation certifica-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

tion required in Section 1612.5 shall be submitted to the
building official.

110.3.4 Frame inspection. Framing inspections shall be
made after the roof deck or sheathing, all framing,
fireblocking and bracing are in place and pipes, chimneys
and vents to be concealed are complete and the rough elec-
trical, plumbing, heating wires, pipes and ducts are
approved.

110.3.5 Lath and gypsum board inspection. Lath and
gypsum board inspections shall be made after lathing and
gypsum board, interior and exterior, is in place, but before
any plastering is applied or gypsum board joints and fasten-
ers are taped and finished.

Exception: Gypsum board that is not part of a fire-resis-
tance-rated assembly or a shear assembly.

110.3.6 Fire- and smoke-resistant penetrations. Protec-
tion of joints and penetrations in fire-resistance-rated
assemblies, smoke barriers and smoke partitions shall not
be concealed from view until inspected and approved.

110.3.7 Energy efficiency inspections. Inspections shall
be made to determine compliance with Chapter 13 and shall
include, but not be limited to, inspections for: envelope
insulation/?- and L'^- values, fenestration [/-value, duct sys-
tem 7?- value, and HVAC and water-heating equipment effi-
ciency.

110.3.8 Other inspections. In addition to the inspections
specified above, the building official is authorized to make
or require other inspections of any construction work to
ascertain compliance with the provisions of this code and
other laws that are enforced by the department of building
safety.

110.3.9 Special inspections. For special inspections, see
Section 1704.

110.3.10 Final inspection. The final inspection shall be
made after all work required by the building permit is com-
pleted.

110.4 Inspection agencies. The building official is authorized
to accept reports of approved inspection agencies, provided
such agencies satisfy the requirements as to qualifications and
reliability.

110.5 Inspection requests. It shall be the duty of the holder of
the building permit or their duly authorized agent to notify the
building official when work is ready for inspection. It shall be
the duty of the /?^rmiY holder to provide access to and means for
inspections of such work that are required by this code.

110.6 Approval required. Work shall not be done beyond the
point indicated in each successive inspection without first
obtaining the approval of the building official. The building
official, upon notification, shall make the requested inspections
and shall either indicate the portion of the construction that is
satisfactory as completed, or notify the permit holder or his or
her agent wherein the same fails to comply with this code. Any
portions that do not comply shall be corrected and such portion
shall not be covered or concealed until authorized by the build-
ing official.

SECTION 111
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY

111.1 Use and occupancy. No building or structure shall be
used or occupied, and no change in the existing occupancy
classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall
be made, until the building official has issued a certificate of
occupancy therefor as provided herein. Issuance of a certificate
of occupancy shall not be construed as an approval of a viola-
tion of tiie provisions of this code or of other ordinances of the
jurisdiction.

Exception: Certificates of occupancy are not required for
work exempt from permits under Section 105.2.

111.2 Certificate issued. After the building official inspects
the building or structure and finds no violations of the provi-
sions of this code or other laws that are enforced by the depart-
ment of building safety, the building official shall issue a
certificate of occupancy that contains the following:

1 . The building permit number.

2. The address of the structure.

3. The name and address of the owner.

4. A description of that portion of the structure for which
the certificate is issued.

5. A statement that the described portion of the structure
has been inspected for compliance with the require-
ments of this code for the occupancy and division of
occupancy and the use for which the proposed occu-
pancy is classified.

6. The name of the building official.

1. The edition of the code under which the permit was
issued.

8. The use and occupancy, in accordance with the provi-
sions of Chapter 3.

9. The type of construction as defined in Chapter 6.

10. The design occupant load.

11. If an automatic sprinkler system is provided, whether
the sprinkler system is required.

12. Any special stipulations and conditions of the building
permit.

111.3 Temporary occupancy. The building official is autho-
rized to issue a temporary certificate of occupancy before the
completion of the entire work covered by the permit, provided
that such portion or portions shall be occupied safely. The
building official shall set a time period during which the tempo-
rary certificate of occupancy is valid.

111.4 Revocation. The building official is authorized to, in
writing, suspend or revoke a certificate of occupancy or com-
pletion issued under the provisions of this code wherever the
certificate is issued in error, or on the basis of incorrect infor-
mation supplied, or where it is determined that the building or
structure or portion thereof is in violation of any ordinance or
regulation or any of the provisions of this code.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

SECTION 112
SERVICE UTILITIES

112.1 Connection of service utilities. No person shall make
connections from a utility, source of energy, fuel or power to
any building or system that is regulated by this code for which a
permit is required, until released by the building official,

112.2 Temporary connection. The building official shall have
the authority to authorize the temporary connection of the
building or system to the utility source of energy, fuel or power.

112.3 Authority to disconnect service utilities. The building
official shall have the authority to authorize disconnection of
utility service to the building, structure or system regulated by
this code and the referenced codes and standards set forth in
Section 101.4 in case of emergency where necessary to elimi-
nate an immediate hazard to life or property or when such util-
ity connection has been made without the approval required by
Section 112.1 or 112.2. The building official shall notify the
serving utility, and wherever possible the owner and occupant
of the building, structure or service system of the decision to
disconnect prior to taking such action. If not notified prior to
disconnecting, the owner or occupant of the building, structure
or service system shall be notified in writing, as soon as practi-
cal thereafter.

SECTION 113
BOARD OF APPEALS

113.1 General. In order to hear and decide appeals of orders,
decisions or determinations made by the building official rela-
tive to the application and interpretation of this code, there shall
be and is hereby created a board of appeals. The board of
appeals shall be appointed by the applicable governing author-
ity and shall hold office at its pleasure. The board shall adopt
rules of procedure for conducting its business.

113.2 Limitations on authority. An application for appeal
shall be based on a claim that the true intent of this code or the
rules legally adopted thereunder have been incorrectly inter-
preted, the provisions of this code do not fully apply or an
equally good or better form of construction is proposed. The
board shall have no authority to waive requirements of this
code.

113.3 Qualifications. The board of appeals shall consist of
members who are qualified by experience and training to pass
on matters pertaining to building construction and are not
employees of the jurisdiction.

SECTION 114
VIOLATIONS

114.1 Unlawful acts. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm
or corporation to erect, construct, alter, extend, repair, move,
remove, demolish or occupy any building, structure or equip-
ment regulated by this code, or cause same to be done, in con-
flict with or in violation of any of the provisions of this code.

114.2 Notice of violation. The building official is authorized to
serve a notice of violation or order on the person responsible
for the erection, construction, alteration, extension, repair,

moving, removal, demolition or occupancy of a building or
structure in violation of the provisions of this code, or in viola-
tion of 3i permit or certificate issued under the provisions of this
code. Such order shall direct the discontinuance of the illegal
action or condition and the abatement of the violation.

114.3 Prosecution of violation. If the notice of violation is not
complied with promptly, the building official is authorized to
request the legal counsel of the jurisdiction to institute the
appropriate proceeding at law or in equity to restrain, correct or
abate such violation, or to require the removal or termination of
the unlawful occupancy of the building or structure in violation
of the provisions of this code or of the order or direction made
pursuant thereto.

114.4 Violation penalties. Any person who violates a provi-
sion of this code or fails to comply with any of the requirements
thereof or who erects, constructs, alters or repairs a building or
structure in violation of the approved construction documents
or directive of the building official, or of di permit or certificate
issued under the provisions of this code, shall be subject to pen-
alties as prescribed by law.

SECTION 115
STOP WORK ORDER

115.1 Authority. Whenever the building official finds any
work regulated by this code being performed in a manner either
contrary to the provisions of this code or dangerous or unsafe,
the building official is authorized to issue a stop work order.

115.2 Issuance. The stop work order shall be in writing and
shall be given to the owner of the property involved, or to the
owner's agent, or to the person doing the work. Upon issuance
of a stop work order, the cited work shall immediately cease.
The stop work order shall state the reason for the order, and the
conditions under which the cited work will be permitted to
resume.

115.3 Unlawful continuance. Any person who shall continue
any work after having been served with a stop work order,
except such work as that person is directed to perform to
remove a violation or unsafe condition, shall be subject to pen-
alties as prescribed by law.

SECTION 116
UNSAFE STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT

116.1 Conditions. Structures or existing equipment that are or
hereafter become unsafe, insanitary or deficient because of
inadequate means of egress facilities, inadequate light and ven-
tilation, or which constitute a fire hazard, or are otherwise dan-
gerous to human life or the public welfare, or that involve
illegal or improper occupancy or inadequate maintenance,
shall be deemed an unsafe condition. Unsafe structures shall be
taken down and removed or made safe, as the building official
deems necessary and as provided for in this section. A vacant
structure that is not secured against entry shall be deemed
unsafe.

116.2 Record. The building official shall cause a report to be
filed on an unsafe condition. The report shall state the occu-
pancy of the structure and the nature of the unsafe condition.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

116.3 Notice. If an unsafe condition is found, the building offi-
cial shall serve on the owner, agent or person in control of the
structure, a written notice that describes the condition deemed
unsafe and specifies the required repairs or improvements to be
made to abate the unsafe condition, or that requires the unsafe
structure to be demolished within a stipulated time. Such notice
shall require the person thus notified to declare immediately to
the building official acceptance or rejection of the terms of the
order.

116.4 Method of service. Such notice shall be deemed prop-
erly served if a copy thereof is (a) dehvered to the owner per-
sonally; (b) sent by certified or registered mail addressed to the
owner at the last known address with the return receipt
requested; or (c) delivered in any other manner as prescribed by
local law. If the certified or registered letter is returned showing
that the letter was not delivered, a copy thereof shall be posted
in a conspicuous place in or about the structure affected by such
notice. Service of such notice in the foregoing manner upon the
owner's agent or upon the person responsible for the structure
shall constitute service of notice upon the owner.

116.5 Restoration. The structure or equipment determined to
be unsafe by the building official is permitted to be restored to a
safe condition. To the extent that repairs, alterations or addi-
tions are made or a change of occupancy occurs during the res-
toration of the structure, such repairs, alterations, additions or
change of occupancy shall comply with the requirements of
Section 105.2.2 and Chapter 34.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

201.3

201.4

202

Access Aisle

Accessibility

Accessible

Accessible Element

Accessible Means of Egress

Accessible Route

Accessible Route of Travel

Accessible Space

Adaptability

Adaptable Dwelling Unit

Addition

Administrative Authority

Aged Home or Institution

Aisle

Aisle, Employee Areas

Alteration (or Alter)

Alternate Card Reader

ANSI

Approved (with notes)

Approved (w/o notes)

Approved Listing Agency

Approved Testing Agency

Area of Refuge

Assembly Area

Assistive Device

Automatic Door

Bathroom

Bedridden Person

Building

Building (with exception)

Building (w/o exceptions and
notes)

Building Entrance on an
Accessible Route

Building, Existing

Building Official

Care and Supervision

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BBC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Catastrophically Injured

CCR

Cellular Concrete

Child-Care Center

Child or Children

Chronically III

Circulation Path

Clear

Clear Floor Space

Closed-Circuit Telephone

Commercial Facilities

Common Use Areas

Comply With

Concrete, Cellular

Congregate Living Health
Facility (CLHF)

Congregate Residence

Covered Multifamily Dwellings

Cross Slope

Curb Cut

Curb Ramp

Day-Care

Day-Care Home, Large Family

Day-Care Home, Small Family

Department

Detached Single-Family
Dwellling

Detectable Warning

Directional Sign

Disability

Disabled

Dormitory

Dwelling Unit

Efficiency Dwelling Unit

Electric Vehicle

Element

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Elevator, Passenger

Enforcement

Enforcing Agency

Entrance

Equivalent Facilitation

Existing Buildings

Exit

Facility (or Facilities)

Family

Fire-Retardant Treated Wood

Free-Standing Pedestal

Full-Time Care

Grab Bar

Grade (Adjacent Ground
Elevation)

Ground Floor

Guard (or Guardrail)

Handrail

Hazardous Substance

Health Care Provider

High-Rise Building

Historical Buildings

Hotel or Motel

If, lf...Then

Impact Insulation Class (IIC)

Independent Entity

Infant

International Symbol of
Accessibility

Kick Plate

Laboratory

Laboratory Suite

Level Accessible Area

Level Area

Lift, Platform (Wheelchair)

Listed

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BBC

SFWI

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
annended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Listing Agency

Lobby

Lodging House

Marked Crossing

May

Mentally Retarded Persons,
Profoundly or Severely

Modernization Project

Motel

Motion Picture and Television
Production Studio Sound
Stage, Approved Production
Facilities and Production
Locations

Multistory Dwelling Unit

M ultiple-Accommodation
Toilet Facility

New Public School Campus

Newly Constructed

NFPA

Nonambulatory Persons

Noncombustible

Normal

Nosing (or Nose)

Occupiable Space

Open Riser

Operable Part

Organized Camps

Passage Door

Passenger Elevator

Passive Solar Energy
Collector

Path of Travel

Pedestrian

Pedestrian Grade Separation

Pedestrian Ramp

Pedestrian Way

Permanent

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Permanent Portable Building

Permit

Person with Disabilities

Platform

Platform (Wheelchair) Lift

Portable Building

Portable Building, Exempted

Powder Room

Power-Assisted Door

Primary Entry

Primary-Entry Level

Professional Office of a Health
Care Provider

Protective Social Care Facility

Public Accommodation

Public Entrance

Public-Use Areas

Public Way

Publicly Funded

Qualified Historical Building
(or Property)

Ramp

Reasonable Portion

Recommended

Remodeling

Repair

Residential Care Facility for
the Chronically III (RCF/CI)

Residential Care Facility for

the Elderly (RCFE)

Residential Facility (RF)

Restraint

Restricted Entrance

Riser

Running Slope

Sanitary Facility

Service Entrance

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Shall

Shopping Center or Shopping
Mall

Should

Sidewalk

Signage

Single-Accommodation
Sanitary Facility

Site

Site Development

Sleeping Accommodations

Slope

Sound Transmission Class
(STC)

Space

Special Access/Lift

Specified Public
Transportation

Stage

Stair

Stainway

State-Owned/Leased Building

Story

Story, First

Structural Frame

Structure

Tactile

Technically Infeasible

Temporary

Terminally III

Testing Agency

Text Telephone

Transient Lodging

Transit Boarding Platform

Tread

Type of Motor Fuel

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Unreasonable Hardship

Vehicular or Pedestrian Arrival
Points

Vehicular Way

Waiting Room

Walk

Wheelchair

Wheelchair Occupant
(or Wheelchair User)

Wheelchair Space

Winery Caves

Work Station

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

38 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2

DEFINITIONS

SECTION 201
GENERAL

201.1 Scope. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following
words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code, have the
meanings shown in this chapter.

201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present tense
include the future; words stated in the masculine gender
include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes
the plural and the plural, the singular.

201.3 Terms deOned in other codes. Where terms are not
defined in this code and are defined in the California Fuel Gas
Code, California Fire Code, California Mechanical Code or
California Plumbing Code, such terms shall have the meanings
ascribed to them as in those codes.

201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not defined
through the methods authorized by this section, such terms
shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context
implies.

I For applications listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, where terms are not defined through
the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall have
ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context implies, Web-
ster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage, Unabridged, shall be considered as providing
ordinarily accepted meanings.

SECTION 202
DEFINITIONS

AAC MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

ACCESSIBLE. [DSA-AC, HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Sec-
tion 1107A.1-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B,

ACCESS AISLE. [DSA-ACJSee Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBILITY. [DSA-AC & HCD l-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.1-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE. [DSA-AC & HCD l-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.1-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE ELEMENT. [DSA-AC] See Chapter 1 IB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter llA, Section 1107A.1-A.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE OF TRAVEL. [DSA-AC] See Chap-
ter 1 IB, Section 11 02B.

ACCESSIBLE SPACE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

ACCREDITATION BODY. See Section 2302.1.

ADAPTABILITY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

ADAPTABLE DWELLING UNIT. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter llA, Section 1107AJ-A.

ADDITION. An extension or increase in floor area or height
of a building or structure.

[DSA-AC] "Addition" is an extension, expansion or
increase in floor area or height of a building, facility or struc-
ture.

ADHERED MASONRY VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

ADOBE CONSTRUCTION. See Section 2102.1.

Adobe, stabilized. See Section 2102.1.

Adobe, unstabilized. See Section 2102.1.
[F] AEROSOL. See Section 307.2.

Level 1 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

Level 2 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

Level 3 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

[F] AEROSOL CONTAINER. See Section 307.2.

AGED HOME OR INSTITUTION See Section 310.2. I

AGGREGATE. See Section 1502.1. I

AGRICULTURAL, BUILDING. A structure designed and
constructed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, live-
stock or other horticultural products. This structure shall not be
a place of human habitation or a place of employment where
agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor
shall it be a place used by the public.

AIR-INFLATED STRUCTURE. See Section 3102.2.

AIRSUPPORTED STRUCTURE. See Section 3102.2.

Double skin. See Section 3102.2.

Single skin. See Section 3102.2.
AISLE. See Section 1002.1.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

AISLE ACCESS WAY. See Section 1002.1.

AISLE, EMPLOYEE AREAS. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB,
Section 1102B.

[F] ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See Section
902.1,

[F] ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. See Section
902.1.

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN. See Section 1602.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

ALTERATION OR ALTER. Any construction or renovation
to an existing structure other than repair or addition.

[DSA-AC] "Alteration or alter" is any change, addition or
modification in construction or occupancy or structural repair
or change in primary function to an existing structure made by^
on behalf of or for the use of a public accommodation or com-
mercial facility. Alterations include, but are not limited to,
remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation, reconstruction, his-
toric restoration, changes or rearrangement of the structural
parts or elements, and changes or rearrangement in the plan
configuration of walls and full-height partitions.

ALTERNATE CARD READER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
lie, Section IIOIC.I

ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. See Section 1002.1.

AMBULATORY HEALTH CARE FACILITY. Buildings or
portions thereof used to provide medical, surgical, psychiatric,
nursing or similar care on a less than 24-hour basis to individu-
als who are rendered incapable of self-preservation.

ANCHOR. See Section 2102.1.

ANCHOR BUILDING. See Section 402.2.

ANCHORED MASONRY VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

ANNULAR SPACE. See Section 702.1.

[F] ANNUNCIATOR. See Section 902.1.

ANSI [DSA-AC] means the American National Standards
Institute.

APPROVED. Acceptable to the code official or authority hav-
ing jurisdiction.

[DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] "Approved" means meeting
the approval of the enforcing agency, except as otherwise
provided by law, when used in connection with any system,
material, type of construction, fixture or appliance as the
result of investigations and tests conducted by the agency, or
by reason of accepted principles or tests by national author-
ities or technical, health or scientific organizations or agen-
cies.

Notes: [HCD 1 & HCD 2]

1. See Health and Safety Code Section 17920 for
"Approved" as applied to residential construction
and buildings or structures accessory thereto, as ref-

I I erenced in Section 1.8.2.1.1.

2. See Health and Safety Code Section 17921.1 for
"Approved" as applied to the use of hotplates in resi-

I I dential construction referenced in Section 1.8.2.1.1.

3. See Health and Safety Code Section 17921.3 for
"Approved" as applied to low-flush water closets in
residential construction, as referenced in Section

I I 1.8.2,1.1.

4. See Health and Safety Code Section 19966 for
"Approved" as applied to factory-built housing as

I I referenced in Section 1.8.3.2.5.

5. See Health and Safety Code Section 18201 for
"Approved" as applied to mobilehome parks as ref-

I I erenced in Section L8.2.L3.

6. See Health and Safety Code Section 18862.1 for
"Approved" as applied to special occupancy parks as
referenced in Section 1.8.2.1.3.

APPROVED AGENCY. See Section 1702.1.

APPROVED USTING AGENCY, [HCD I & HCD 2] Any

agency approved by the enforcing agency, unless otherwise
provided by law, which is in the business of listing and labeling
and which makes available at least an annual published report
of such listings in which specific information is included that
the product has been tested to recognized standards and found
to comply.

APPROVED TESTING AGENCY, [HCD 1, HCD 2 &
DSA-AC] Any agency, which is determined by the enforcing
agency, except as otherwise provided by law, to have adequate
personnel and expertise to carry out the testing of systems,
materials, types of construction, fixtures or appliances.

APPROVED FABRICATOR. See Section 1702.1.

APPROVED SOURCE. An independent person, firm or cor-
poration, approved by the building official, who is competent
and experienced in the application of engineering principles to
materials, methods or systems analyses.

ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA. See Section 2102. 1 .

AREA (for masonry). See Section 2102.1.

Bedded. See Section 2102.1.

Gross cross-sectional. See Section 2102.1.

Net cross-sectional. See Section 2102.1.

AREA, BUILDING. See Section 502.1.

AREA OF REFUGE. See Section 1002.1.

ARE AWAY. A subsurface space adjacent to a building open at
the top or protected at the top by a grating or guard.

ASSEMBLY AREA. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES. See Section 3 10.2, "Res-
idential Care/Assisted living facilities."

ASSISTIVE DEVICE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
11 A, Section 1107A.1-A.

ATRIUM. See Section 404.1.1.

ATTIC. The space between the ceiling beams of the top story
and the roof rafters.

[F] AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE.

See Section 902.1.

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC). See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

[F] AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1.

AUTOMATIC DOOR. [DSA-AC, HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107AJ-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM.

See Section 902.1.

[F] AUTOMATIC SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM. See

Section 902.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

[F] AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. See Section
902.1.

[F] AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. See Section
902.1.

AWNING. An architectural projection that provides weather
protection, identity or decoration and is wholly supported by
the building to which it is attached. An awning is comprised of
a lightweight frame structure over which a covering is attached.

BACKING. See Section 1402.1.

[F] BALED COTTON. See Section 307.2.

[F] BALED COTTON, DENSELY PACKED. See Section
307.2.

BALLAST. See Section 1502.1.

[F] BARRICADE. See Section 307.2.

Artificial barricade. See Section 307.2.

Natural barricade. See Section 307.2.

BASE FLOOD. See Section 1612.2.

BASE FLOOD ELEVATION. See Section 1612.2.

BASEMENT (for other than flood loads). See Section 502. 1 .

BASEMENT (for flood loads). See Section 1612.2.

BATHROOM. [DSA^AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.2-B,

BEARING WALL STRUCTURE. See Section 1614.2.

BED JOINT. See Section 2102.1.

II BEDRIDDEN PERSON. See Section 310.2.

BLEACHERS. See Section 1002.1.

BOARDING HOUSE. See Section 310.2.

[F] BOILING POINT. See Section 307.2.

BOND BEAM. See Section 2102.1.

^ BRACED WALL LINE. See Section 2302.1.

BRACED WALL PANEL. See Section 2302.1.

BRICK. See Section 2102.1.

Calcium silicate (sand lime brick). See Section 2102.1.

Clay or shale. See Section 2102.1.

Concrete. See Section 2102.1.

BUILDING. Any structure used or intended for supporting or
sheltering any use or occupancy.

Exception: [HCD 1, BCD 2 & BCD 1-AC] For applica-
I I tions listed in Section 1.8.2 regulated by the Department of
Housing and Community Development, ''Building" shall
not include the following:

1. Any mobilehome as defined in Health and Safety
Code Section 18008.

2. Any manufactured home as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 18007.

3. Any commercial modular as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 18001.8 or any special purpose
commercial modular as defined in Section 18012.5.

4. Any recreational vehicle as defined in Section Health
and Safety Code 18010.

5. Any multifamily manufactured home as defined in I I
Health and Safety Code Section 18008.7.

For additional information, see Health and Safety Code
Section 18908.

Note: Building shall have the same meaning as defined in
Health and Safety Code Section 1 7920 and 18908 for the appli-
cations specified in Section 1.11.

BUILDING ENTRANCE ON AN ACCESSIBLE ROUTE.

[DSA'AC& HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 1 1 A, Section 1107A.2-B.

BUILDING, EXISTING. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] A

building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
which a legal building permit has been issued.

BUILDING ELEMENT. See Section 702. 1 . I

BUILDING LINE. The line established by law, beyond which
a building shall not extend, except as specifically provided by
law.

BUILDING OFFICIAL. The officer or other designated
authority charged with the administration and enforcement of
this code, or a duly authorized representative.

BUILT-UP ROOF COVERING. See Section 1502.1. ^

CABLE-RESTRAINED, AIR-SUPPORTED STRUC-
TURE. See Section 3102.2.

CANOPY. A permanent structure or architectural projection
of rigid construction over which a covering is attached that pro-
vides weather protection, identity or decoration, and shall be
structurally independent or supported by attachment to a build-
ing on one end and by not less than one stanchion on the outer
end.

[F] CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS.

See Section 902.1.

CARE AND SUPERVISION See Section 310.2. \ \

CAST STONE. See Section 2102.1.

CATASTROPHICALLY INJURED. See Section 310.2. I I

CCR [DSA-AC] means the California Code of Regulations.

[F] CEILING LIMIT. See Section 902.1.

CEILING RADIATION DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

CELL. See Section 408.1.1.

CELL (masonry). See Section 2102.1.

CELL COMPLEX. See Section 408.1.1.

CELL TIER. See Section 408.1.1.

CELLULAR CONCRETE. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] A lightweight
product consisting ofportland cement and selected gas-form-
ing chemicals or foaming agents which create homogeneous
voids in the hardened concrete.

CEMENT PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

CENTRAL CONTROL BUILDING. See Section 408.1.1. \ \

CERAMIC FIBER BLANKET. See Section 721.1.1.

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE. See Section 1702.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

I CHILD CARE FACILITIES. See Section 308.3.1.
CHILD OR CHILDREN, See Section 310.2.
CHILD CARE CENTER. See Section 310.2.
CHIMNEY. See Section 2102.1.
CHIMNEY TYPES. See Section 2102.1.

High-heat appliance type. See Section 2102.1.

Low-heat appliance type. See Section 2102,1.

Masonry type. See Section 2102.1,

Medium-heat appliance type. See Section 2102.1.

I I CHRONICALLY ILL See Section 310.2.

CIRCULATION PATH. [DSA-AC, HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] CLEAN AGENT. See Section 902.1.

CLEANOUT. See Section 2102.1.

CLEAR. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

CLEAR FLOOR SPACE, [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEPHONE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

I CLINIC, OUTPATIENT. See Section 304. 1 . 1 .

[F] CLOSED SYSTEM. See Section 307.2.

COLLAR JOINT. See Section 2102.1.

COLLECTOR. See Section 2302.1,

^ COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER. See Section
702,1.

[F] COMBUSTIBLE DUST. See Section 307.2,

[F] COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. See Section 307.2,

[F] COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. See Section 307.2.

Class IL See Section 307,2.

Class IIIA. See Section 307,2.^

Class IIIB. See Section 307.2.

COMMERCIAL FACILITIES [DSA-AC] are facilities that
are intended for nonresidential use and whose operations will
affect commerce, including factories, warehouses, office build-
ings and other buildings in which employment may occur
Commercial facilities shall not include railroad locomotives,
railroad freight cars, railroad cabooses, railroad cars covered
under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or
facilities that are covered or expressly exempted from coverage
under the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 (42 USC
3601-3631, etseq).

COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. See Section

1002.1.

COMMON USE AREAS. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter llA, Section 1107A.3-C, and Chapter 11 B, Section 1102B.

COMPLY WITH [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

[F] COMPRESSED GAS. See Section 307.2.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MASONRY. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

CONCRETE, CARBONATE AGGREGATE. See Section
721.1.1.

CONCRETE, CELLULAR. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See Section
721.1.1. See ** Cellular concrete."

CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE. See Sec

tion 721.1.1.

CONCRETE, PERLITE. See Section 721.1.1.

CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT. See Section 721.1,1.

CONCRETE, SILICEOUS AGGREGATE. See Section
721.1.1.

CONCRETE, VERMICULITE. See Section 721.1.1.

CONGREGATE LIVING FACILITIES. See Section 3 10.2.

CONGREGATE LIVING HEALTH FACILITY (CLHF). See

Section 310.2.

CONGREGATE RESIDENCE. See Section 310.2.

CONNECTOR. See Section 2102.1.

[F] CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. See Section
902,1.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. Written, graphic and
pictorial documents prepared or assembled for describing the
design, location and physical characteristics of the elements of
a project necessary for obtaining a building permit.

CONSTRUCTION TYPES. See Section 602.

Type I. See Section 602.2.
Type II. See Section 602.2.
Type IH. See Section 602.3.
Type IV. See Section 602.4.
Type V. See Section 602.5.

[F] CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM. See

Section 415.2.

[F] CONTROL AREA. See Section 307.2.

CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIAL. A

self-compacted, cementitious material used primarily as a
backfill in place of compacted fill.

CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION.

See Section 2302.1.

CORRIDOR. See Section 1002.1.

CORROSION RESISTANCE. The ability of a material to
withstand deterioration of its surface or its properties when
exposed to its environment.

[F] CORROSIVE. See Section 307.2,

COURT. An open, uncovered space, unobstructed to the sky,
bounded on three or more sides by exterior building walls or
other enclosing devices.

COVER. See Section 2102.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

COVERED MALL BUILDING. See Section 402.2.

Mall. See Section 402.2.

Open mall. See Section 402.2.

Open mall building. See Section 402.2.

COVERED MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS. [DSA-AC &
HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.3-C

CRIPPLE WALL. See Section 2302.1.

CROSS SLOPE. [DSA-AC & HCD l-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section I107A.3-C, and Chapter IIB, Section I102B,

[F] CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 307.2.

CURB CUT. [DSA'AC & HCD l-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Sec-
tion 1107A,3-Q and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

CURB RAMP. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 1 lA, Sec-
tion 1107A.3-C, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

DALLE GLASS. See Section 2402.1.

DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

DANGEROUS. See Section 3402.1.

[F] DAY BOX. See Section 307.2.

DAY-CARE. See Section 310.2.

DAY-CARE HOME, LARGE FAMILY. See Section 310.2.

DAY-CARE HOME, SMALL FAMILY. See Section 310.2.

DAY ROOM. See Section 408. LI .

DEAD LOADS. See Section 1 602. 1 .

DECORATIVE GLASS. See Section 2402.1.

[F] DECORATIVE MATERIALS. All materials applied
over the building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or
other effect (such as curtains, draperies, fabrics, streamers and
surface coverings), and all other materials utilized for decora-
tive effect (such as batting, cloth, cotton, hay, stalks, straw,
vines, leaves, trees, moss and similar items), including foam
plastics and materials containing foam plastics. Decorative
materials do not include floor coverings, ordinary window
shades, interior finish and materials 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) or
less in thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a
substrate.

DEEP FOUNDATION. See Section 1802.1.

[F] DEFLAGRATION. See Section 307.2.

[F] DELUGE SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

DEPARTMENT. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] The Department of Hous-
ing and Community Development.

DESIGN DISPLACEMENT. See Section 1908.1.1.

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION. See Sec

tion 1613.2.

DESIGN FLOOD. See Section 1612.2.
DESIGN FLOOD ELEVATION. See Section 1612.2.
DESIGN STRENGTH. See Section 1602.1.
DESIGNATED SEISMIC SYSTEM. See Section 1702.1.
[F] DETACHED BUILDING. See Section 415.2.

DETACHED SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLING. [HCD 1 &

HCD 2] Any single-family dwelling which is separated from
adjacent property lines by 3 feet (914 mm) or more or is sepa-
rated from adjacent buildings by 6 feet (1829 mm) or more.

DETAILED PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALL.

See Section 1908.1.1.

DETECTABLE WARNING. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

Chapter HA, Section 1107A.4-D, and Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

[F] DETECTOR, HEAT. See Section 902.1.

[F] DETONATION. See Section 307.2.

DETOXIFICATION FACILITY. See Section 308.3.1.

DIAPHRAGM. See Sections 1602.1 and 2302.1.

Diaphragm, blocked. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, boundary. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, chord. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, flexible. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, rigid. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, unblocked. See Section 2302.1.
DIMENSIONS. See Section 2102.1.

Actual. See Section 2102.1.

Nominal. See Section 2102.1.

Specified. See Section 2102.1.

DIRECTIONAL SIGN. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] A pub-
licly displayed notice which indicates by use of words or sym-
bols a recommended direction or route of travel.

DISABILITY. [DSA-AC] is (1) a physical or mental impair-
ment that limits one or more of the major life activities of an
individual, (2) a record of such an impairment, or (3) being
regarded as having such an impairment.

DISABLED. [DSA-AC] See ''Disability."

[F] DISPENSING. See Section 307.2.

DOOR, BALANCED. See Section 1002.1.

DORMITORY. See Sections 3 10.2 and 408. LI. I

DRAFTSTOP. See Section 702.1.

DRAG STRUT. See Section 2302.1.

DRILLED SHAFT. See Section 1802.1.

Socketed drilled shaft. See Section 1802.1.

[F] DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See

Section 902.1.

DRY FLOODPROOFING. See Section 1612.2.

DURATION OF LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

DWELLING. A building that contains one or two dwelling
units used, intended or designed to be used, rented, leased, let
or hired out to be occupied for living purposes.

DWELLING UNIT. A single unit providing complete, inde-
pendent living facilities for one or more persons, including per-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

manent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and
sanitation.

[DSA-AC <fe BCD I'AC] See Chapter 1 1 A, Section
1107A.4-D, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

EFFICIENCY DWELLING UNIT. [HCD I] A dwelling unit
containing only one habitable room and includes an efficiency
unit as defined by Health and Safety Code Section 1 7958. 1, See
Section 1208,4.

EGRESS COURT. See Section 1002.1.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE. See Section 406.7.

ELEMENT. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ELEVATOR, PASSENGER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB,
Section 1102B. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See ''PASSENGER ELEVA-
TOR.''

I ELEVATOR GROUP. See Section 902.1.

[F] EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

[F] EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. See Section
415.2.

EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. See

Section 1002.1.

[F] EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICA-

TIONS. See Section 902.1.

ENFORCEMENT. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] The applicable section
of the Health and Safety Code is repeated here for clarity and
reads as follows:

Section 17920. "Enforcement'' means diligent effort to
secure compliance, including review of plans and permit
applications, response to complaints, citation of violations,
and other legal process. Except as otherwise provided in
this party "enforcement" may, but need not, include inspec-
tions of existing buildings on which no complaint or permit
application has been filed, and effort to secure compliance
as to these existing buildings.

I ENFORCING AGENCY [DSA-AC, HCD 1, HCD 2, SFM &
I OSHPD 1,2, 3 & 4]. The designated department or agency as
specified by statute or regulation.

ENTRANCE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

EQUIPMENT PLATFORM. See Section 502.1.

EQUIVALENT FACILITATION [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.5-E, and Chapter IIB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

ESSENTL\L FACILITIES. See Section 1602.1.

[F] EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. See Section 415,2.

EXISTING BUILDINGS. [DSA-AC] See "Building, exist-
ing."

EXISTING CONSTRUCTION. See Section 1612.2.

EXISTINGSTRUCTURE. See Sections 1612.2 and3402.1.

EXIT. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT ACCESS. See Section 1002.1.

I EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY. See Section 1002. 1 .

EXIT DISCHARGE. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OR See Section 1002.1.

EXIT ENCLOSURE. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT, HORIZONTAL. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT PASSAGEWAY. See Section 1002.1.

EXPANDED VINYL WALL COVERING. See Section
802.1.

[F] EXPLOSION. See Section 307.2.

[F] EXPLOSIVE. See Section 307.2.

High explosive. See Section 307.2.

Low explosive. See Section 307.2.

Mass detonating explosives. See Section 307.2.

UN/DOTn Class 1 Explosives. See Section 307.2.

Division l.I. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.2. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.3. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.4. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.5. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.6. See Section 307.2.

EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEM (EIFS).

See Section 1402.1.

EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEM
(EIFS) WITH DRAINAGE. See Section 1402.1.

EXTERIOR SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.

EXTERIOR WALL. See Section 1402.1.

EXTERIOR WALL COVERING. See Section 1402.1.

EXTERIOR WALL ENVELOPE. See Section 1402.1.

F RATING. See Section 702.1.

FABRIC PARTITION. See Section 1602.1.

FABRICATED ITEM. See Section 1702.1.

[F] FABRICATION AREA. See Section 415.2.

FACILITY (OR FACILITIES). [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

Chapter llA, Section 1107A.6-F, and Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

FACTORED LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

FAMILY [HCD 1] is an individual or two or more persons who
are related by blood or marriage; or otherwise live together in
a dwelling unit.

FIBER CEMENT SIDING. See Section 1402.1.

FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER. See Section 2602.1.

Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer. See Section 2602.1.

FIBERBOARD. See Section 2302. 1 .

FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. See Section 902.1.

[F] FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

[F] FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

FIRE AREA. See Section 902.1.

FIRE BARRIER. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE COMMAND CENTER. See Section 902.1.

FIRE DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1.

FIRE DOOR. See Section 702.1.

FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. See Section 1002. 1 .

[F] FIRE LANE. A road or other passageway developed to
allow the passage of fire apparatus. A. fire lane is not necessar-
ily intended for vehicular traffic other than fire apparatus.

FIRE PARTITION. See Section 702.1.

FIRE PROTECTION RATING. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

FIRE RESISTANCE. See Section 702.1.

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING. See Section 702.1.

FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEM. See Section 702.1.

FIRE-RETARDANT TREATED WOOD, [SFM] See Section
2303.2.

[F] FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. See Section 902.1.

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE. See Section 702.1.

FIRE WALL. See Section 702.1.

FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

FIREBLOCKING. See Section 702.1.

FIREPLACE. See Section 2102.1.

FIREPLACE THROAT. See Section 2102.1.

[F] FIREWORKS. See Section 307.2.

Fireworks, 1.3G. See Section 307.2,

Fireworks, 1.4G. See Section 307.2.
FIXED BASE OPERATOR (FBO). See Section 412.2.
FLAME SPREAD. See Section 802.1.
FLAME SPREAD INDEX. See Section 802.1.
[F] FLAMMABLE GAS. See Section 307.2.
[F] FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. See Section 307.2.
[F] FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 307.2.

Class lA. See Section 307.2.

Class IB. See Section 307.2.

Class IC. See Section 307.2.
[F] FLAMMABLE MATERIAL. See Section 307.2.
[F] FLAMMABLE SOLID. See Section 307.2.
[F] FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. See Section 415.2.
[F] FLASH POINT. See Section 307.2.
FLIGHT. See Section 1002.1.

FLOOD OR FLOODING. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD DAMAGE-RESISTANT MATERIALS. See Sec-
tion 1612.2.

FLOOD HAZARD AREA. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD HAZARD AREA SUBJECT TO HIGH-VELOC-
ITY WAVE ACTION. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM). See Section

1612.2.

FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY. See Section 1612.2.

FLOODWAY. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOR AREA, GROSS. See Section 1002.1.

FLOOR AREA, NET. See Section 1002.1.

FLOOR FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

FLY GALLERY. See Section 410.2.

[F] FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS. See Section
902.1.

FOAM PLASTIC INSULATION. See Section 2602.1.

FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. See Section
1002.1.

FOOD COURT. See Section 402.2.

FOUNDATION PIER. See Section 2102.1.

FRAME STRUCTURE. See Section 1614.2.

FREE-STANDING PEDESTAL, [DSA-AC] See Chapter
IIQ Section IIOIC.I.

FULL-TIME CARE. See Section 310.

[F] GAS CABINET. See Section 415.2.

[F] GAS ROOM. See Section 415.2.

[F] GASEOUS HYDROGEN SYSTEM. See Section 42 1 .2.

GLASS FIBERBOARD. See Section 721.1.1.

GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBER. See Section 2302.1.

GRAB BAR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.7-G, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

GRADE (Adjacent Ground Elevation) [DSA-AC] [HCD
1-AC] is the lowest point of elevation of the finished surface of
the ground, paving or sidewalk within the area between the
building and the property line or, when the property line is more
than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the building, between the building
and a line 5 feet (1524 mm) from the building. See Health and
Safety Code Section 199553(d).

GRADE FLOOR OPENING. A window or other opening
located such that the sill height of the opening is not more than
44 inches (1118 mm) above or below the finished ground level
adjacent to the opening.

GRADE (LUMBER). See Section 2302.1.

GRADE PLANE. See Section 502. L

GRANDSTAND. See Section 1002.1.

GRIDIRON. See Section 410.2.

GROSS LEASABLE AREA. See Section 402.2.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

GROUND FLOOR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
1 1 A, Section 1 107 AJ-G,

GROUTED MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Grouted hollow-unit masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Grouted multiwythe masonry. See Section 2102.1.

II GUARD [DSA-AQ HCD 1& HCD 2] OR GUARDRAIL. Set

Section 1002.1.

GYPSUM BOARD. See Section 2502.1.

GYPSUM PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

HABITABLE SPACE. A space in a building for living, sleep-
ing, eating or cooking. Bathrooms, toilet rooms, closets, halls,
storage or utility spaces and similar areas are not considered
habitable spaces.

[F] HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS. See

Section 902.1.

[F] HANDLING. See Section 307.2. "
HANDRAIL. See Section 1002. 1 .
HARDBOARD. See Section 2302.1.
[F] HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section 307.2.

[F] HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM).

See Section 415.2.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. [SFM] Hazardous Substance
is a substance which, by reason of being explosive, flammable,
toxic, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritant or otherwise
harmful, is likely to cause injury.

HEAD JOINT. See Section 2102.1.

HEALTH CARE PROVIDER. [DSA-AC] See ''Professional
Office of a Health Care Provider" in Chapter IIB, Section
11023.

[F] HEALTH HAZARD. See Section 307.2.

HEIGHT, BUILDING. See Section 502.1.

HEIGHT, WALLS. See Section 2102.1.

I HELICAL PILE. See Section 1802.1.

HELIPORT. See Section 412.2.

HELISTOP. See Section 412.2.

I HIGH-RISE BUILDING. [SFM] See Section 403.1 J.

[F] HIGHLY TOXIC. See Section 307.2.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS. Buildings that are hsted in or eligi-
ble for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or
designated as historic under an appropriate state or local law
(see Sections 3409 and 3411.9).

HISTORICAL BUILDINGS. [DSA-AC] See ''Qualified his-
torical building or property,*' C.C.R., Title 24, Part 8.

II HOLDING FACILITY. See Section 408.1.1.
HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

HOSPITALS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS. See Section
308.3.1.

HOTEL OR MOTEL [HCD I & HCD 2] is any building con-
taining six or more guest rooms intended or designed to be
used, or which are used, rented or hired out to be occupied, or
which are occupied for sleeping purposes by guests.

HOUSING UNIT. See Section 408.1.1.

[F] HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 415.2.

[F] HPM ROOM. See Section 415.2.

HURRICANE-PRONE REGIONS. See Section 1609.2.

[F] HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOM. See Section 421.2.

IF. IF... THEN [DSA-AC] See Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

[F] IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND
HEALTH (IDLH). See Section 415 2.

IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC). See Chapter 12, Sec-
tion 1207.2.

IMPACT LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

[F] INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. See Section 307.2.

INDEPENDENT ENTITY [DSA-AC] is a not-for-profit prod-
uct safety testing and certification organization, dedicated to
testing for public safety. An independent entity would operate
for the testing, certification and quality assessment of products,
systems and services.

[F] INERT GAS. See Section 307.2.

INFANT See Section 310.2.

[F] INITIATING DEVICE. See Section 902.1.

INSPECTION CERTIFICATE. See Section 1702.1.

INTERIOR FINISH. See Section 802.1.

INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH. See Section 802.1.

[F] INTERIOR FLOOR- WALL BASE. See Section 802 1.

INTERIOR SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.

INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH. See Section
802.1.

INTERLAYMENT. See Section 1502.1.

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESSIBILITY.
[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.9-I,
and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

INTUMESCENT FIRE-RESISTANT COATINGS. See

Section 1702.1.

JOINT. See Section 702.1.

JURISDICTION. The governmental unit that has adopted
this code under due legislative authority.

KICK PLATE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.11-K, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

LABEL. An identification apphed on a product by the manu-
facturer that contains the name of the manufacturer, the func-
tion and performance characteristics of the product or material,

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

and the name and identification of an approved agency and that
indicates that the representative sample of the product or mate-
rial has been tested and evaluated by an approved agency (see
Section 1703.5 and "Inspection certificate," "Manufacturer's
designation" and "'Mark'').

LABELED. Equipment, materials or products to which has
been affixed a label, seal, symbol or other identifying mark of a
nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency or
other organization concerned with product evaluation that
maintains periodic inspection of the production of the
above-labeled items and whose labeling indicates either that
the equipment, material or product meets identified standards
or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

[HCD 1 & HCD 2] "Labeled" means equipment or materi-
als to which has been attached a label, symbol or other iden-
tifyi^S f^^rk of an organization, approved by the
Department, that maintains a periodic inspection program
of production of labeled products, installations, equipment,
or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer indi-
cates compliance with appropriate standards or perfor-
mance in a specified manner.

LABORATORY. [SFM] A room, building or area where the
use and storage of hazardous materials are utilized for testing,
analysis, instruction, research or developmental activities.

LABORATORY SUITE. [SFM] See Section 443.2

LEVEL ACCESSIBLE AREA, [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIC,
Section IIOIC.L

LEVEL AREA. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107AJ2-L, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

LIFT, PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR). [DSA-AC & HCD

1-AC] See *' Platform (Wheelchair) Lift" Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.16-P, and Chapter 11 B, Section 1102B.

LIGHT-DIFFUSING SYSTEM. See Section 2602.1.

LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION. A type of construction
whose vertical and horizontal structural elements are primarily
formed by a system of repetitive wood or cold-formed steel
framing members.

LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTIC ROOF PANELS.

See Section 2602.1.

LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTIC WALL PANELS.

See Section 2602.1.

LIMIT STATE. See Section 1602.1.

[F] LIQUID. See Section 415.2.

[F] LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. See Section 415.2.

[F] LIQUID USE, DISPENSING AND MIXING ROOM.

See Section 415,2.

LISTED. Equipment, materials, products or services included
in a list published by an organization acceptable to the code
official and concerned with evaluation of products or services
that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed
equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services and
whose listing states either that the equipment, material, product
or service meets identified standards or has been tested and
found suitable for a specified purpose.

[HCD 1 & HCD 2] "listed" means all products that appear in I I
a list published by an approved testing or listing agency. For
additional information, see Health and Safety Code Section
17920(h).

For applications listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office I I
of the State Fire Marshal, "listed" shall also mean equipment
or materials accepted by the state fire marshal as conforming
to the provisions of the State Fire Marshal's regulations and
which are included in a list published by the State Fire Mar-
shal.

LISTING AGENCY [HCD 1& HCD 2] An agency approved II

by the department that is in the business of listing and labeling
products, materials, equipment and installations tested by an
approved testing agency, and that maintains aperiodic inspec-
tion program on current production of listed products, equip-
ment and installations, and that, at least annually, makes
available a published report of these listings. For additional
information, see Health and Safety Code Section 17920(i).

LIVE LOADS. See Section 1 602. 1 .

LIVE LOADS (ROOF). See Section 1602. L

LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD).

See Section 1602.1.

LOAD EFFECTS. See Section 1 602. 1 .

LOAD FACTOR. See Section 1602.1.

LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

LOBBY [HCD i, HCD 2 & SFM] An area not defined as a
waiting room at the entrance of a building through which per-
sons must pass.

LODGING HOUSE. [HCD I] Any building or portion thereof
containing not more than five guest rooms where rent is paid in
money, goods, labor or otherwise.

LOT. A portion or parcel of land considered as a unit.

LOT LINE. A line dividing one lot from another, or from a
street or any public place.

[F] LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). See Section
415.2.

LOWEST FLOOR. See Section 1612.2.

MAIN WINDFORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM. See Section
1702.1.

[F] MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. See Section 902.1.

MANUFACTURER'S DESIGNATION. An identification
applied on a product by the manufacturer indicating that a
product or material complies with a specified standard or set of
rules (see also "Inspection certificate," ''LabeV and ''Mark'').

MARK. An identification applied on a product by the manu-
facturer indicating the name of the manufacturer and the func-
tion of a product or material (see also "Inspection certificate,"
"Laber and "Manufacturer's designation").

MARKED CROSSING. [DSA-AC & HCD I-AC] See Chapter
11 A, Section 1107A.13-M, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

MARQUEE. A permanent roofed structure attached to and
supported by the building and that projects into the pubHc
right-of-way.

MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Ashlar masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Coursed ashlar. See Section 2102.1.

Glass unit masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Plain masonry. See Section 2102.1,

Random ashlar. See Section 2102.1.

Reinforced masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Solid masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Unreinforced (plain) masonry. See Section 2102.1.
MASONRY UNIT. See Section 2102.1.

Clay. See Section 2102.1.

Concrete. See Section 2102.1.

Hollow. See Section 2102.1.

Solid. See Section 2102.1.

MASTIC FIRE-RESISTANT COATINGS. See Section
1702.1.

MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE GROUND
MOTION. See Section 1613.2.

MAY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter I IB, Section 1102B.

MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1.

MECHANICAL-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES.

See Section 406.3.2.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SCREEN. See Section
1502.1.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS. See Section 1613.2.

MEMBRANE-COVERED CABLE STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

MEMBRANE-COVERED FRAME STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

MEMBRANE PENETRATION. See Section 702.1.

MEMBRANE-PENETRATION FIRESTOP. See Section
702.1.

I MENTAL HOSPITALS. See Section 308.3.1.

MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS, PROFOUNDLY OR
SEVERELY. See Section 310.2,

MERCHANDISE PAD. See Section 1002.1.

METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL (MCM). See Section
1402.1.

METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL (MCM) SYSTEM.

See Section 1402.1.

METAL ROOF PANEL. See Section 1502.1.
METAL ROOF SHINGLE. See Section 1502.1.
MEZZANINE. See Section 502.1.
MICROPILE. See Section 1802.1.

MINERAL BOARD. See Section 721.1.1.

MINERAL FIBER. See Section 702.1.

MINERAL WOOL. See Section 702.1.

MODERNIZATION PROJECT. [SFM] Modernization Pro-
ject is any construction effort that has an estimated total cost in
excess of $200,000.00 that is in- tended to modify a permanent
school building or structure and or the addition of a new school
building or structure used to serve or house students from kin-
dergarten through twelfth grade (K-12). Modernization efforts
shall apply strictly to a public school that was established prior
to July 1, 2002, and is funded pursuant to the Education Code,
Section 17074.56, and Education Code commencing with Sec-
tion 1 7070.10. Modernization projects that are to be completed
in more than one phase may defer the installation of the auto-
matic fire detection and alarm systems until the final phase of
the modernization project. Solely for the purposes of Educa-
tion Code Section 17074.20, routine maintenance and repair
work shall not be considered a modernization project.

MODIFIED BITUMEN ROOF COVERING. See Section

1502.1.

MORTAR. See Section 2102.1.

MORTAR, SURFACE-BONDING. See Section 2102.1.

MOTEL. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See ''Hotel or Motel" I I

MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION
STUDIO SOUND STAGES, APPROVED PRODUCTION
FACILITIES AND PRODUCTION LOCATIONS. See Chap-
ter 46, California Fire Code.

MULTIPLE-ACCOMMODATION TOILET FACILITY
[DSA-AC] is a room that has more than one sanitary fixture, is
intended for the use of more than one person at a time and
which usually is provided with privacy compartments or
screens shielding some fixtures from view. A bathroom serving
a hotel guest room and a privacy toilet in small offices, stores
and similar locations are not included in this category. <

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. See Section
902.1.

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section
902.1.

MULTISTORY DWELLING UNIT [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]
See Chapter llA, Section 1107AJ3-M. <

NAILING, BOUNDARY. See Section 2302.1.

NAILING, EDGE. See Section 2302.1.

NAILING, FIELD. See Section 2302.1.

NATURALLY DURABLE WOOD. See Section 2302.1.

Decay resistant. See Section 2302.1.

Termite resistant. See Section 2302.1.

NEWLY CONSTRUCTED. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

Chapter llA, Section 1107A.14-N.

NEW PUBLIC SCHOOL CAMPUS. [SFM] New public
school campus is an educational institution established on or
after July 1, 2002 that houses and or serves students from kin-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

dergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) and is funded pursuant
to the Education Code, commencing with Section 17070.10.

NFPA [DSA-AC] is the National Fire Protection Association.

NOMINAL LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

NOME^AL SIZE (LUMBER), See Section 2302.1.

NONAMBULATORY PERSONS. See Section 310.2.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE, [SFM] Noncombustible as applied to
building construction material means a material which, in the
form in which it is used, is either one of the following:

1. Material of which no part will ignite and burn when sub-
jected to fire. Any material passing ASTME 136 shall be
considered noncombustible.

2. Material having a structural base of noncombustible
material as defined in Item 1 above, with a surfacing
material not over V^ inch (3.2 mm) thick which has a
flame-spread index of 50 or less.

"Noncombustible " does not apply to surface finish materi-
als. Material required to be noncombustible for reduced clear-
ances to flues, heating appliances or other sources of high
temperature shall refer to material conforming to Item 1. No
material shall be classed as noncombustible which is subject to
increase in combustibility or flame- spread index, beyond the
limits herein established, through the effects of age, moisture or
other atmospheric condition.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

NORMAL [HCD 1 & HCD 2] Conforming to a pattern or
standard regarded as usual or typical.

[F] NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(NTP). See Section 415.2.

I I NOSING (OR NOSE). See Section 1002.1[DSA-AC, HCD
1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.14-N, and Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

I NOTIFICATION ZONE. See Section 902.1.

[F] NUISANCE ALARM. See Section 902.1.
I NURSING HOMES. See Section 308.3.1.

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY. See Section 1602.1.

OCCUPANT LOAD. See Section 1002.1.

OCCUPIABLE SPACE. A room or enclosed space designed
for human occupancy in which individuals congregate for
amusement, educational or similar purposes or in which occu-
pants are engaged at labor, and which is equipped with means
of egress and light and ventilation facilities meeting the
requirements of this code.

OPEN PARKING GARAGE. See Section 406.3.2.

OPEN RISER. [DSA-AC Sl HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.15-O, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] OPEN SYSTEM. See Section 307.2.

OPERABLE PART. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

[F] OPERATING BUILDING. See Section 307.2.

ORDINARY PRECAST STRUCTURAL WALL. See Sec-
tion 1908.1.1.

ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUC-
TURAL WALL. See Section 1908.1.1.

ORDINARY STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
WALL. See Section 1908.1.1.

[F] ORGANIC PEROXIDE. See Section 307.2.

Class I. See Section 307.2.

Class IL See Section 307.2.

Class in. See Section 307.2.

Class IV. See Section 307.2.

Class V. See Section 307.2.

Unclassified detonable. See Section 307.2.

ORGANIZED CAMPS. See Section 440.

ORTHOGONAL. See Section 1613.2.

OTHER STRUCTURES. See Section 1602.1.

OWNER. Any person, agent, firm or corporation having a
legal or equitable interest in the property.

[F] OXIDIZER. See Section 307.2.

Class 4. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1. See Section 307.2.

[F] OXIDIZING GAS. See Section 307.2.

PANEL (PART OF A STRUCTURE). See Section 1602.1.

PANIC HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1.

PARTICLEBOARD. See Section 2302.1.

PASSAGE DOOR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PASSENGER ELEVATOR. [DSA-AC] See ''Elevator, passen-
ger in Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

[HCD 1 & HCD 2] "Passenger Elevator" is an elevator
used primarily to carry persons. For additional informa-
tion, see California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Division 1,
Chapter 4.

PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR. [HCD 1 & HCD

2] Uses architectural components, rather than mechanical
components, to provide heating or cooling for a building inte-
rior.

PATH OF TRAVEL. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

PEDESTRIAN. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PEDESTRIAN GRADE SEPARATION. [DSA-AC] See

Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PEDESTRIAN RAMP [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

PEDESTRIAN WAY. [DSA-AC & HCD UAC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107 A, 16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B,

PENETRATION FIRESTOR See Section 702.1.

PENTHOUSE. See Section 1 502. 1 .

PERMANENT [DSA-AC] shall mean facilities which, are
intended to be used for periods longer than those designated in
this code under the definition of "Temporary."

PERMANENT PORTABLE BUILDING. [SFM] A portable
building that is used to serve or house students and is certified
as a permanent building on a new public school campus by the
public school administration shall comply with the require-
ments of new campus buildings.

PERMIT. An official document or certificate issued by the
authority having jurisdiction which authorizes performance of
a specified activity.

PERSON. An individual, heirs, executors, administrators or
assigns, and also includes a firm, partnership or corporation, its
or their successors or assigns, or the agent of any of the afore-
said.

PERSONS WITH DISABLITIES. [DSA-AC & HCD I-AC]
See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.16'P.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT. See Section 1002.1,

[F] PHYSICAL HAZARD. See Section 307.2.

[F] PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD
LEVEL. See Section 415.2.

, PINRAIL. See Section 410.2.

PLASTIC, APPROVED. See Section 2602.1.

PLASTIC GLAZING. See Section 2602.1.

^ PLATFORM. See Section 410.2.

PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR) LIFT [DSA-AC & HCD
1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

PORTABLE BUILDING. [SFM] Portable Building is a class-
room building or structure of modular design and construction
that houses and or serves student, regardless of occupancy
classification, from kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12)
and is funded pursuant to the Education Code, commencing
with Section 1 7070. 1 and meets all of the following criteria:

• The portable building or structure is designed and con-
structed to be relocatable and transportable over public
streets.

• The portable building or structure is designed and con-
structed for relocation without detaching the roof or the
floor from the building or structure.

• The portable building or structure is sited upon a tempo-
rary foundation in a manner that is designed to permit
easy removal.

• The portable building or structure has a floor area of
2,000 square feet or less when measured from the extent
of the exterior walls.

• The portable building shall be removed within three
years of installation or the school administration may

request a three year extension pursuant to Education
Code Section 17074.54 (a) and (b).

PORTABLE BUILDING, EXEMPTED. [SFM] A portable
building as defined in Section 202 as referenced by California
Education Code Section 17074.54, that is certified by the pub-
lic school administration as being sited on campus for less than
three years.

POSITIVE ROOF DRAINAGE. See Section 1502.1.

POWDER ROOM. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 1 lA,
Section 1107A.16-P.

POWER-ASSISTED DOOR [DSA-AC] is a door used for
human passage with a mechanism that helps to open the door,
or relieves the opening resistance of a door, upon the activation
of a switch or a continued force applied to the door itself.

PREFABRICATED WOOD I- JOIST. See Section 2302. 1 .

PRESTRESSED MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

PRIMARY ENTRY. [HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.16-R

PRIMARY ENTRY LEVEL. [HCD I-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.16-R

PRIMARY FUNCTION. See Section 3402.1.

PRIMARY STRUCTURAL FRAME. The primary structural
frame shall include all of the following structural members:

1. The columns;

2. Structural members having direct connections to the col-
umns, including girders, beams, trusses and spandrels;

3. Members of the floor construction and roof construction
having direct connections to the columns; and

4. Bracing members that are essential to the vertical stabil-
ity of the primary structural frame under gravity loading
shall be considered part of the primary structural frame
whether or not the bracing member carries gravity loads.

PRISM. See Section 2102.1.

PROFESSIONAL OFFICE OF A HEALTH CARE PRO-
VIDER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PROSCENIUM WALL. See Section 410.2.

PROTECTIVE SOCIAL CARE FACILITY. [SFM] A facility
housing persons, who are referred, placed or caused to be
placed in the facility, by any governmental agency and for
whom the services, or a portion thereof, are paid for by any
governmental agency. These occupancies shall include, but are
not limited to, those commonly referred to as ''assisted living
facilities,'' ''social rehabilitation facilities," "certified family
care homes,'' "out-of-home placement facilities," and "half-
way houses."

PUBUC ACCOMMODATION [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2]

includes^ but is not limited to, any public use building or facility
that may be classified into one or more of the following catego-
ries:

1. Places of public lodging.

2. Establishments serving food or drink open to public use.

3. Places of exhibition or entertainment open to public use.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

4. Places of public gathering.

5. Sales or rental establishments open to public use,

6. Service establishments open to public use.

7. Stations used for public transportation.

8. Places of public display or collection.

9. Places of public recreation.

10. Places of public education.

11. Social service center establishments open to public use.

12. Places of exercise or recreation open to public use.

Examples of public accommodations for purposes of this
code shall include, but not be limited to, the following private
entities:

1. An inn, hotel, motel or other place of public lodging, ex-
cept for a lodging house located within a building that
contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and
that is actually occupied by the proprietor of such es-
tablishment as the residence of such proprietor

2. A restaurant, bar or other establishment serving food
or drink.

3. A motion picture house, theater, concert hall, stadium
or other place of exhibition or entertainment.

4. An auditorium, convention center, lecture hall or other
place of public gathering.

5. A bakery, grocery store, clothing store, hardware store,
shopping center, or other sales or rental establishment.

6. A laundromat, dry cleaner, bank, barber shop, beauty
shop, travel service, shoe repair service, funeral parlor,
gas station, office of an accountant or lawyer, phar-
macy, insurance office, professional office of a health
care provider, hospital or other service establishment.

7. A terminal, depot or other station used for specified
public transportation.

8. A museum, library, gallery or other place of public dis-
play or collection.

9. A park, zoo, amusement park or other place of recre-
ation.

10. A nursery, elementary, secondary, undergraduate or
postgraduate private school, or other place of educa-
tion.

11. A day care center, senior citizen center, homeless shel-
ter, food bank, adoption agency or other social service
center establishment.

12. A gymnasium, health spa, bowling alley, golf course or
other place of exercise.

13. A church.

14. An office building.

15. A public curb or sidewalk.

PUBLIC ENTRANCE [DSA-AQ HCD 1-AC] An entrance
that is not a service entrance or a restricted entrance.

PUBLIC-USE AREAS. [DSA~AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter 11 A, Section 11 07 A. 16-P, and Chapter 1 IB, Sectionll02B.

> PUBLIC WAY. See Section 1002. 1 .

PUBLICLY FUNDED. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] For the purposes
of housing, alt buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs and
related facilities constructed in the state and used or intended
to be used as a public use area, as defined in Section
11 07 A. 16-P, shall comply with the accessibility standards of
Chapter IIB of this code when state, county or municipal
funds, or funds of any political subdivision of the state are used.

[F] PYROPHORIC. See Section 307.2.

[F] PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. See Section 307.2, <

QUALIFIED HISTORICAL BUILDING (or PROPERTY),

[DSA-AC] See C.C.R. Title 24, Part 8.

RAMP. See Section 1002.1.

[DSA-AC & HCD I- AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.18-R and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B. ^

RAMP-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES. See Sec-
tion 406.3.2.

REASONABLE PORTION [DSA-AC] shall mean that seg-
ment of a building, facility, area, space or condition, which
would normally be necessary if the activity therein is to be
accessible by persons with disabilities.

RECOMMEND. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] Does not require
mandatory acceptance, but identifies a suggested action that
shall be consideredfor the purpose of providing a greater degree
of accessibility to persons with disabilities.

[F] RECORD DRAWINGS. See Section 902 1.

REFLECTIVE PLASTIC CORE FOIL INSULATION.

An insulation material packaged in rolls, that is less than 0.5
inches thick, with at least one exterior low emittance surface
(0.1 or less) and a core material containing voids or cells.

REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL. An individual
who is registered or licensed to practice their respective design
profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the pro-
fessional registration laws of the state or jurisdiction in which
the project is to be constructed.

REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL IN RESPON-
SIBLE CHARGE. A registered design professional engaged
by the owner to review and coordinate certain aspects of the
project, as determined by the building official, for compatibil-
ity with the design of the building or structure, including
submittal documents prepared by others, deferred submitted
documents and phased submittal documents.

RELIGIOUS WORSHIP, PLACE OF. A building or portion
thereof intended for the performance of religious services.

REMODELING. [DSA-AC] See "Alteration or Alter.''

REPAIR. The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an exist-
ing building for the purpose of its maintenance.

REROOFING. See Section 1502.1.

RESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT HANGAR. See Section 412.2,

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE CHRONI-
CALLY ILL (RCF/CI). See Section 310.2.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE ELDERLY
(RCFE). See Section 310.2.

<
II

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

I I RESIDENTIAL FACILITY (RF). See Section 310.2.

RESISTANCE FACTOR. See Section 1602. 1 .

RESTRAINT [SFM] Restraint shall mean the physical reten-
tion of a person within a room, cell or cell block by any means,
or within the exterior walls of a building by means of locked
doors inoperable by the person restrained. Restraint shall also
mean the physical binding, strapping or similar restriction of
any person in a chair, walker, bed or other contrivance for the
purpose of deliberately restricting the free movement of ambu-
latory persons.

Restraint shall not be construed to include nonambulatory
persons nor shall it include the use of bandage material, strip
sheeting or other fabrics or materials (soft ties) used to restrain
persons in hospital-type beds or wheelchairs to prevent injury,
provided an approved method of quick release is maintained.
Facilities employing the use of soft ties, however, shall be clas-
sified as a building used to house nonambulatory persons.

Restraint shall not be practiced in licensed facilities classi-
I I fied as Group R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4 occupancies unless con-
structed as a Group 1-3 occupancy. For Group 1-3 Occupancies
I I see Section 408. 1.1.

RESTRICTED ENTRANCE [HCD i, HCD 2 & HCD
1-AC] is an entrance that is made available for common use on
a controlled basis, but is not public use, and that is not a service
entrance.

RETRACTABLE AWNING. See Section 3105.2.

RISER, [DSA'ACy HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.18-R, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ROOF ASSEMBLY. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF COVERING. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF COVERING SYSTEM. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF DECK. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF RECOVER. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF REPAIR. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF REPLACEMENT. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF VENTILATION. See Section 1502.1.

ROOFTOP STRUCTURE. See Section 1502.1.

RUBBLE MASONRY. See Section 2102. L

Coursed rubble. See Section 2102.1.

Random rubble. See Section 2102.1.

Rough or ordinary rubble. See Section 2102.1.

RUNNING BOND. See Section 2102.1.

RUNNING SLOPE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

I SALLYPORT. See Section 408 . 1 . 1 .

SANITARY FACILITY, [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] Any sin-
gle water closet, urinal, lavatory, bathtub or shower, or a com-
bination thereof, together with the room or space in which they
are housed.

SCISSOR STAIR. See Section 1002.1.

SCUPPER. See Section 1502.1.

SECONDARY MEMBERS. The following structural mem-
bers shall be considered secondary members and not part of the
primary structural frame:

1 . Structural members not having direct connections to the
columns;

2. Members of the floor construction not having direct con-
nections to the columns; and

3. Bracing members other than those that are part of the j!7n-
mary structural frame,

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY. See Section 1613.2.

SEISMIC-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM. See Section
1613.2.

SELF-CLOSING. See Section 702.1.

[F] SERVICE CORRIDOR. See Section 415.2.

SERVICE ENTRANCE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] An

entrance intended primarily for the delivery of goods or ser-
vices.

SHAFT. See Section 702.1.

SHAFT ENCLOSURE. See Section 702.1.

SHALL [DSA-AC], See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION. See Section 1802.1.

SHEAR WALL. See Sections 2102.1 and 2302.1.

Detailed plain masonry shear wall. See Section 2102.1.

Intermediate prestressed masonry shear wall. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

Intermediate reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section

2102.1.

Ordinary plain masonry shear wall. See Section 2 102. 1 .

Ordinary plain prestressed masonry shear wall. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

Ordinary reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

Perforated shear wall. See Section 2302.1.

Perforated shear wall segment. See Section 2302.1.

Special prestressed masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

Special reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

SHELL. See Section 2102.1.

SHOPPING CENTER (OR SHOPPING MALL). [DSA-AC,

HCD 2] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

SHOULD, [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See ''Recommend:' [DSA-AC]
See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

SIDEWALK, [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] A surfaced pedestrian
way contiguous to a street used by the public, (As differentiated
from the definition of ''Walk" in Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.23-W, and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

SIGNAGE [DSA'AC] is displayed verbal, symbolic, tactile,
and/or pictorial information.

SINGLE-ACCOMMODATION SANITARY FACILITY
I I [DSA-ACy HCD I'AC] A room that has not more than one of
each type of sanitary fixture^ is intended for use by only one per-
son at a time, has no partition around the toilet and has a door
that can be locked on the inside by the room occupant.

SINGLE-PLY MEMBRANE. See Section 1502.1.

[F] SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section
902.1.

SITE. [DSA'AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] A parcel of land bounded
by a property line or a designated portion of a public right-
of-way.

SITE CLASS. See Section 1613.2.

SITE COEFFICIENTS. See Section 1613.2.

SITE DEVELOPMENT [DSA-AC&HCD 1-AC] ''On-site''
and ''off- site" work, including^ but not limited to, walks, side-
walks, ramps, curbs, curb ramps, parking facilities, stairs,
planting areas, pools, promenades, exterior gathering or
assembly areas and raised or depressed paved areas.

SITE-FABRICATED STRETCH SYSTEM. See Section
802.1.

SKYLIGHT, UNIT. A factory-assembled, glazed fenestration
unit, containing one panel of glazing material that allows for
natural lighting through an opening in the roof assembly while
preserving the weather-resistant barrier of the roof.

SKYLIGHTS AND SLOPED GLAZING. Glass or other
transparent or translucent glazing material installed at a
slope of 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or more from vertical. Glazing
material in skylights, including unit skylights, solariums,
sunrooms, roofs and sloped walls, are included in this defini-
tion.

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS. [DSA-AC & HCD
I'AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.19-S, and Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

SLEEPING UNIT. A room or space in which people sleep,
which can also include permanent provisions for living, eating,
and either sanitation or kitchen facilities but not both. Such
rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not
sleeping units.

SLOPE. [DSA-AC & HCD I- AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.19-S

SMALL MANAGEMENT YARD. See Section 408.1.1.

[F] SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1.

SMOKE BARRIER. See Section 702.1.

SMOKE COMPARTMENT. See Section 702.1.

SMOKE DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

[F] SMOKE DETECTOR. See Section 902.1.

SMOKE-DEVELOPED INDEX. See Section 802.1.

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. See Sec

tion 1002.1.

SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURE. See Section 902.1.

[F] SOLID. See Section 415.2.

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC). [HCD I <& HCD
2] See Chapter 12, Section 1207.2.

SPACE. [DSA-AC & HCD 2] A definable area, e.g., a room,
toilet room, hall, assembly area, entrance, storage room,
alcove, courtyard, or lobby.

SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. See Section 41 1.2.

SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA. See Section 1612.2.

SPECIAL INSPECTION. See Section 1702.1.

SPECIAL INSPECTION, CONTINUOUS. See Section
1702.1.

SPECIAL INSPECTION, PERIODIC. See Section 1702. 1 .

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL WALL. See Section 1908.1.1.

SPECIFIED. See Section 2102.1.

SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
MASONRY if' J. See Section 2102.1.

SPECIFIED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. [DSA-AC] See

Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

SPLICE. See Section 702.1.

SPRAYED FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS. See Section
1702.1.

STACK BOND. See Section 2102.1.

STAGE. See Section 410.2.

STAIR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. See Section 1002.1.

[F] STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF. See Section
902.1.

Class I system. See Section 902.1.

Class II system. See Section 902.1.

Class III system. See Section 902.1.
[F] STANDPIPE, TYPES OF. See Section 902.1.

Automatic dry. See Section 902.1.

Automatic wet. See Section 902.1.

Manual dry. See Section 902.1.

Manual wet. See Section 902.1.

Semiautomatic dry. See Section 902.1.

START OF CONSTRUCTION. See Section 1612.2.

STATE-OWNED/LEASED BUILDING. [SFM] State-
Owned/Leased Building is a building or portion of a building
that is owned, leased or rented by the state. State-leased build-
ings shall include all required exits to a public way serving
such leased area or space. Portions of state- leased buildings
that are not leased or rented by the state shall not be included

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

within the scope of this section unless such portions present an
exposure hazard to the state-leased area or space.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION, COLD-FORMED. See Section
2202.1.

STEEL JOIST. See Section 2202.1.

STEEL MEMBER, STRUCTURAL. See Section 2202.1.

STEEP SLOPE. A roof slope greater than two units vertical in
12 units horizontal (17-percent slope).

STONE MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Ashlar stone masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Rubble stone masonry. See Section 2102,1.

[F] STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section

415.2.

STORM SHELTER. See Section 423.2.

Community storm shelter. See Section 423.2,

Residential storm shelter. See Section 423.2.

STORY. That portion of a building included between the upper
surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor or roof next
above (also see "Basement" ''Mezzanine'" and Section 502.1).
It is measured as the vertical distance from top to top of two
successive tiers of beams or finished floor surfaces and, for the
topmost story, from the top of the floor finish to the top of the
ceiling joists or, where there is not a ceiling, to the top of the
roof rafters.

[DSA'AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

STORY ABOVE GRADE PLANE. Any story having its fin-
ished floor surface entirely above grade plane, or in which the
finished surface of the floor next above is:

1. More than 6 feet (1829 mm) above grade plane \ or

2. More than 12 feet (3658 mm) above the finished ground
level at any point.

STORZ FIRST, [DSA-ACJSee Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B,

STRENGTH. See Section 2102.1.

Design strength. See Section 2102.1.

Nominal strength. See Sections 1602.1 and 2102.1.

Required strength. See Sections 1602.1 and 2102.1.

STRENGTH DESIGN. See Section 1602.1.

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER. See Section
2302.1.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL). See Section 2302.1.

Parallel strand lumber (PSL). See Section 2302.1.

STRUCTURAL FRAME, [DSA-AC] See Chapter I IB, Sec-
tion 1102B,

STRUCTURAL GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER. See

Section 2302.1.

STRUCTURAL OBSERVATION. See Section 1702.1.
STRUCTURE. That which is built or constructed.
SUBDIAPHRAGM. See Section 2302.1.

SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE. See Section 1612.2.

SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT. See Section 1612.2.

SUBSTANTIAL STRUCTURAL DAMAGE. See Section
3402.1.

SUITE. See Section 1002.1.

SUNROOM. See Section 1202.1.

[F] SUPERVISING STATION. See Section 902.1.

[F] SUPERVISORY SERVICE. See Section 902.1.

[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. See

Section 902.1.

SWIMMING POOLS. See Section 3109.2.

T RATING. See Section 702.1.

TACTILE, [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] Describes an object that
can be perceived using the sense of touch.

TECHNICALLY INFEASIBLE. See Section 3402.1.

[DSA-AC] ''Technically infeasible " means, with respect to an
alteration of a building or a facility, that it has little likelihood
of being accomplished because existing structural conditions
would require removing or altering a load-bearing member
which is an essential part of the structural frame; or because
other existing physical or site constraints prohibit modification
or addition of elements, spaces or features which are in full and
strict compliance with the minimum requirements for new con-
struction and which are necessary to provide accessibility.

TEMPORARY [DSA-AC] shall mean buildings and facilities
intended for use at one location for not more than one year and
seats intended for use at one location for not more than 90
days.

TENT. A structure, enclosure or shelter, with or without side-
walls or drops, constructed of fabric or pliable material sup-
ported in any manner except by air or the contents it protects.

TERMINALLY ILL, See Section 310.2.

TESTING AGENCY, [HCD 1 & HCD 2] An agency approved
by the department as qualified and equipped for testing of
products, materials, equipment and installations in accor-
dance with nationally recognized standards. For additional
information, see Health and Safety Code Section 1 7920(m).

TEXT TELEPHONE, [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1I02B.

THERMAL ISOLATION. See Section 1202.1.

THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL. See Section 2602.1.

THERMOSETTING MATERIAL. See Section 2602.1.

THIN-BED MORTAR. See Section 2102.1.

THROUGH PENETRATION. See Section 702.1.

THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM. See

Section 702.1.

TIE-DOWN (HOLD-DOWN). See Section 2302. 1 .
TIE, LATERAL. See Section 2102.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

•i

TIE, WALL. See Section 2102.1.

TILE. See Section 2102.1.

TILE, STRUCTURAL CLAY. See Section 2102.1.

[F] TIRES, BULK STORAGE OE See Section 902.1.

TOWNHOUSE. A single-family dwelling unit constructed in
a group of three or more attached units in which each unit
extends from the foundation to roof and with open space on at
least two sides.

[F] TOXIC. See Section 307.2.

TRANSIENT. See Section 310.2.

I TRANSIENT AIRCRAFT. See Section 412.2.

I TRANSIENT LODGING. [DSA-AQ HCD I- AC] See Chap-
I terllA, Section 1107A20-Z and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B,

TRANSIT BOARDING PLATFORM. [DSA-AC] See Chap-
ter 11 B, Section 1102B.

TREAD, [DSA-AC & HCD I-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.20-T, and Chapter UB, Section 1102B,

TREAD DEPTH. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

TREAD RUN [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

TREATED WOOD. See Section 2302 1 .

Fire-retardant-treated wood. See Section 2302.1.

Preservative-treated wood. See Section 2302.1.

TRIM. See Section 802.1.

[F] TROUBLE SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

TYPE OF MOTOR FUEL. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIQ Sec-
tion IIOICI.

UNDERLAYMENT. See Section 1502.1.

UNREASONABLE HARDSHIP [DSA-AC] exists when the
enforcing agency finds that compliance with the building stan-
dard would make the specific work of the project affected by the
building standard unfeasible, based on an overall evaluation of
the following factors:

1. The cost of providing access.

2. The cost of all construction contemplated.

3. The impact of proposed improvements on financial fea-
sibility of the project,

4. The nature of the accessibility which would be gained or
lost.

5. The nature of the use of the facility under construction
and its availability to persons with diasbilities.

The details of any finding of unreasonable hardship shall be
recorded and entered in the files of the enforcing agency.

[F] UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. See Section

307.2.

Class 4. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1. See Section 307.2.

[F] USE (MATERIAL). See Section 415.2.

VAPOR-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE. A material or cover-
ing having a permeance rating of 5 perms (52.9 xlO"'^ kg/Pa ■ s • m^)
or greater, when tested in accordance with the dessicant method
using Procedure A of ASTM E 96. A vapor-permeable material
permits the passage of moisture vapor.

VAPOR RETARDER CLASS. A measure of a material or
assembly's ability to limit the amount of moisture that passes
through that material or assembly. Vapor retarder class shall be
defined using the desiccant method of ASTM E 96 as follows:

Class I: 0.1 perm or less.

Class II: 0.1 < perm < 1.0 perm.

Class III: 1.0 < perm < 10 perm.

VEHICLE BARRIER SYSTEM. See Section 1602.1.

VEHICULAR GATE. See Section 31 10.2.

VEHICULAR OR PEDESTRIAN ARRIVAL POINTS.
[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.22-V

VEHICULAR WAY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

VENTILATION. The natural or mechanical process of sup-
plying conditioned or unconditioned air to, or removing such
air from, any space.

VINYL SIDING. See Section 1402.1.

[F] VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE.

See Section 902.1.

WAITING ROOM. [SFM] Waiting Room is a room or area
normally provided with seating and used for persons waiting.

WALK. [DSA-AC &, HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A23-W, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

WALKWAY, PEDESTRIAN. A walkway used exclusively as
a pedestrian trafficway.

WALL. See Section 2102.1.

Cavity wall. See Section 2102.1.

Composite wall. See Section 2102.1.

Dry-stacked, surface-bonded wall. See Section 2102.1.

Masonry-bonded hollow wall. See Section 2102.1.

Parapet wall. See Section 2102.1.

I
II

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

WALL, LOAD-BEARING. Any wall meeting either of the
following classifications:

1 . Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 1 00
pounds per linear foot (1459 N/m) of vertical load in
addition to its own weight.

2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than
200 pounds per linear foot (2919 N/m) of vertical load in
addition to its own weight.

WALL, NONLOAD-BEARING. Any wall that is not a load-
bearing wall.

WALL PIER. See Section 1908.1.1.

[F] WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1. See Section 307.2.
WATER-RESISTIVE BARRIER. See Section 1402.1.
WEATHER-EXPOSED SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.
WEB. See Section 2102.1.

[F] WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See

Section 902.1.

WHEELCHAIR, [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] A chair mounted
on wheels to be propelled by its occupant manually or with the
aid of electric power, of a size and configuration conforming to
the recognized standard models of the trade,

WHEELCHAIR OCCUPANT (or WHEELCHAIR USER)
[DSA-AC] is an individual who, due to a physical impairment
or disability, utilizes a wheelchair for mobility.

WHEELCHAIR SPACE [HCD UAC] Space for a single
wheelchair and its occupant

WIND-BORNE DEBRIS REGION. See Section 1609.2.

WINDER. See Section 1002.1.

WINERY CAVES. See Section 436.

WIRE BACKING. See Section 2502.1.

[F] WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section
902.1.

WOOD SHEAR PANEL. See Section 2302. L

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL. See Section 2302.1.

Composite panels. See Section 2302,1.

Oriented strand board (OSB). See Section 2302.1.

Plywood. See Section 2302.1.

[F] WORKSTATION. See Section 415.2.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

WYTHE. See Section 2102.1.

YARD. An open space, other than a court, unobstructed from
the ground to the sky, except where specifically provided by
this code, on the lot on which a building is situated.

[F] ZONE. See Section 902.1.

I ZONE, NOTIFICATION. See Section 902. 1 .

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 3 - USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DBA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

302.1

302.1.3

303.1

303.2

303.3

304.1

304.1.1 Clinic, Outpatient

305.1

305.2 w/ Exception

306.2

306.4 - 306.4.4

307.1

Table 307.1(1) Footnoted

Table 307.1 (2) Footnote e

307.1.1

308.1

308.2

308.3

308.3.1 Child-care facilities

308.3.1 Detoxification facilities

308.3.1 Hospitals and Mental
hospitals

308.3.1 Nursing Homes

308.3.2 Exception

308.4

308.5

308.5.1

308.5.2

308.5.2.1

310.1

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 3 - USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DBA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

310.2

Aged Home or Institution

Bedridden Person

Care and Supervision

Catastrophically Injured

Child-Care Center

Child or Children

Chronically III

Congregate Living Health
Facility (CLHF)

Congregate Residence

Day-Care

Day-Care Home, Family

Day-Care Home, Large
Family

Day-Care Home, Small Family

310.2 Dormitory

Full-Time Care

Infant

Mentally Retarded Persons,
Profoundly or Severely

Nonambulatory Persons

Residential Care Facility for
the Chronically III (RCF/CI)

Residential Care Facility for
the Elderly (RCFE)

Residential Facility (RF)

Terminally III

310.3

313

313.1

The Office of the State Fire MarshaVs adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 3

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

SECTION 301
GENERAL

301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the
classification of all buildings and structures as to use and occu-
pancy.

SECTION 302
CLASSIFICATION

302.1 GeneraL Structures or portions of structures shall be
classified with respect to occupancy in one or more of the
groups listed below. A room or space that is intended to be
occupied at different times for different purposes shall comply
with all of the requirements that are applicable to each of the
purposes for which the room or space will be occupied. Struc-
tures with multiple occupancies or uses shall comply with Sec-
tion 508. Where a structure is proposed for a purpose that is not
specifically provided for in this code, such structure shall be
classified in the group that the occupancy most nearly resem-
bles, according to the fire safety and relative hazard involved.

1. Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3,
A-4 and A-5

2. Business (see Section 304): Group B

3. Educational (see Section 305): Group E

4. Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1
and F-2

5. High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3,
H-4 and H-5

6. Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-l, 1-2, 1-3 and

1-4

7. Laboratory (see Section 202): Group B, unless classi-
fied as Group L (see Section 443) or Group H (see Sec-
tion 307).

8. Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M

9. [SFM] Organized Camps (see Section 440): Group
CIO,

10. [SFM] Research Laboratories (see Section 443):
Group L

IL Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-2.1,
R-3,/?-i.7andR-4

12. Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2

13. Utility and Miscellaneous (see Section 312): Group U

[SFM] Existing buildings housing existing protective social
care homes or facilities established prior to 1972 (see Section
3413).

302.L1 Reserved

302.1.2 Reserved

302.1.3 Pharmacies; veterinary facilities; bartering, cos-
metology or electrolysis establishments; and acupuncture
offices. See Chapter 12.

SECTION 303
ASSEMBLY GROUP A

303.1 Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for the gathering of persons for purposes such
as civic, social or religious functions; recreation, food or drink
consumption or awaiting transportation or motion picture and
television production studio sound stages, approved produc-
tion facilities and production locations.

Exceptions:

1. A building or tenant space used for assembly pur-
poses with an occupant load of less than 50 persons
shall be classified as a Group B occupancy.

2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with an
occupant load of less than 50 persons and accessory
to another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B
occupancy or as part of that occupancy.

3. A room or space used for assembly purposes that is
less than 750 square feet (70 m^) in area and accessory
to another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B
occupancy or as part of that occupancy.

4. Assembly areas that are accessory to Group E occu-
pancies are not considered separate occupancies
except when applying the assembly occupancy
requirements of Chapter IIB.

5. Accessory religious educational rooms and religious
auditoriums with occupant loads of less than 100 are
not considered separate occupancies.

Assembly occupancies shall include the following:

A-1 Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended for
the production and viewing of the performing arts or
motion pictures including, but not limited to:

Motion picture and television production studio
sound stages, approved production facilities and
production locations, (with live audiences).

Motion picture theaters

Symphony and concert halls

Television and radio studios admitting an audience

Theaters

A-2 Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink con-
sumption including, but not limited to:

Banquet halls
Night clubs

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Restaurants
Taverns and bars

A-3 Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or
amusement and other assembly uses not classified else-
where in Group A including, but not limited to:

Amusement arcades
Art galleries
Bowling alleys
Community halls
Courtrooms

Dance halls (not including food or drink consump-
tion)
Exhibition halls
Funeral parlors

Gymnasiums (without spectator seating)
Indoor swimming pools (without spectator seating)
Indoor tennis courts (without spectator seating)
Lecture halls
Libraries
Museums

Places of religious worship
Pool and billiard parlors
Waiting areas in transportation terminals

A-4 Assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sporting
events and activities with spectator seating including,
but not limited to:

Arenas
Skating rinks
Swimming pools
Tennis courts

A-5 Assembly uses intended for participation in or viewing
outdoor activities including, but not limited to:

Amusement park structures

Bleachers

Grandstands

Stadiums

303.2 Fixed guMeway transit systems. [SFM] Fixed guideway
transit system buildings shall conform to the requirements of
this code for their occupancy classification in addition to the
provisions set forth in Section 433.

303.3 Subterranean spaces for winery facilities in natural or
manmade caves. [SFM] For fire and life safety requirements,
see Section 436.

SECTION 304
BUSINESS GROUP B

304.1 Business Group B. Business Group B occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transac-
tions, including storage of records and accounts. Business
occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Airport traffic control towers
I I Ambulatory health care facilities serving five or fewer

patients (see Section 308.3.2 for facilities serving more

than five patients)
Animal hospitals, kennels and pounds
Banks

Barber and beauty shops
Car wash

Civic administration

Clinic — outpatient [SFM] (not classified as Group 1-2. 1)
Dry cleaning and laundries: pick-up and delivery stations

and self-service
Educational occupancies for students above the 1 2th grade
Electronic data processing

Laboratories: testing, research and [SFM] instruction
Motor vehicle showrooms
Post offices
Print shops
Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists,

physicians, engineers, etc.)
Radio and television stations
Telephone exchanges
Training and skill development not within a school or

academic program

304.1.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

CLINIC, OUTPATIENT. Buildings or portions thereof
used to provide medical care on less than a 24-hour basis to
individuals who are not classified as nonambulatory or bed-
ridden or rendered incapable of self-preservation by the ser-
vices provided.

SECTION 305
EDUCATIONAL GROUP E

305.1 Educational Group E. Educational Group E occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, by more than six persons at any one time for
educational purposes through the 12th grade. Religious educa-
tional rooms and religious auditoriums, which are accessory to
places of religious worship in accordance with Section 303.1
and have occupant loads of less than 100, shall be classified as
A-3 occupancies.

Exception: [SFM] A residence used as a home school for
the children who normally reside at the residence. Such resi-
dences shall remain classified as Group R-2, or Group R-3
occupancies.

305.2 Day care. The use of a building or structure, or portion
thereof, for educational, supervision or personal care services
for more than six children 2 years of age and older, shall be
classified as a Group E occupancy.

Exception: [SFM] A Day-care facility not otherwise classi-
fied as an R-3 occupancy, where occupants are not capable
of responding to an emergency situation without physical
assistance from the staff shall be classified as Group 1-4.

!<•

t»

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

SECTION 306
FACTORY GROUP F

306.1 Factory Industrial Group E Factory Industrial Group
F occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or
structure, or a portion thereof, for assembling, disassembling,
fabricating, finishing, manufacturing, packaging, repair or pro-
cessing operations that are not classified as a Group H hazard-
ous or Group S storage occupancy.

306.2 Factory Industrial F-1 Moderate-hazard Occupancy.

Factory industrial uses which are not classified as Factory
Industrial F-2 Low Hazard shall be classified as F-1 Moderate
Hazard and shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Aircraft (manufacturing, not to include repair)

Appliances

Athletic equipment

Automobiles and other motor vehicles

Bakeries

Beverages: over 16-percent alcohol content

Bicycles

Boats

Brooms or brushes

Business machines

Cameras and photo equipment

Canvas or similar fabric

Carpets and rugs (includes cleaning)

Clothing

Construction and agricultural machinery

Disinfectants

Dry cleaning and dyeing

Electric generation plants

Electronics

Engines (including rebuilding)

Food processing

Furniture

Hemp products

Jute products

Laundries

Leather products

Machinery

Metals

Millwork (sash and door)

[SFM] Motion picture and television production studio
Sound Stages, Approved Production Facilities and
production locations (without live audiences)

Musical instruments

Optical goods

Paper mills or products

Photographic film

Plastic products

Printing or publishing

Recreational vehicles

Refuse incineration

Shoes

Soaps and detergents

Textiles

Tobacco
Trailers
Upholstering
Wood; distillation
Woodworking (cabinet)

306.3 Factory Industrial F-2 Low-hazard Occupancy. Fac-
tory industrial uses that involve the fabrication or manufactur-
ing of noncombustible materials which during finishing,
packing or processing do not involve a significant fire hazard
shall be classified as F-2 occupancies and shall include, but not
be limited to, the following:

Beverages: up to and including 16-percent alcohol content

Brick and masonry

Ceramic products

Foundries

Glass products

Gypsum

Ice

Metal products (fabrication and assembly)

306.4 Places of meat and poultry inspection, [AGR]

306.4.1 Meat and poultry processing plants. [AGR] See

Section 1240.

306.4.2 Collection centers and facilities. [AGR] See Sec-
tion 1241.

306.4.3 Renderers. [AGR] See Section 1242.

306.4.4 Horsemeat and pet food establishments. [AGR]

See Section 1243,

SECTION 307
HIGH-HAZARD GROUP H

[F] 307.1 High-hazard Group H. High-hazard Group H
occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or
structure, or a portion thereof, that involves the manufactur-
ing, processing, generation or storage of materials that consti-
tute a physical or health hazard in quantities in excess of those
allowed in control areas complying with Section 414, based
on the maximum allowable quantity limits for control areas
set forth in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2). Hazardous occu-
pancies are classified in Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5
and shall be in accordance with this section, the requirements
of Secfion 415 and the California Fire Code. Hazardous mate-
rials stored, or used on top of roofs or canopies shall be classi-
fied as outdoor storage or use and shall comply with the
California Fire Code.

Exceptions: The following shall not be classified as Group
H, but shall be classified as the occupancy that they most
nearly resemble.

1. Buildings and structures occupied for the applica- .
tion of flammable finishes, provided that such build-
ings or areas conform to the requirements of Section
416 and the California Fire Code.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

2. Wholesale and retail sales and storage of flammable
and combustible liquids in mercantile occupancies
conforming to the California Fire Code.

3. Closed piping system containing flammable or
combustible liquids or gases utilized for the opera-
tion of machinery or equipment.

4. Cleaning establishments that utiUze combustible hq-
uid solvents having a flash point of 140°F (60°C) or
higher in closed systems employing equipment listed
by an approved testing agency, provided that this
occupancy is separated from all other areas of the
building by \-\\o\xrfire barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or 1-hour horizontal assem-
blies constructed in accordance with Section 111, ox
both.

5. Cleaning establishments that utilize a liquid solvent
having a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C).

6. Liquor stores and distributors without bulk storage .

7. Refrigeration systems.

8. The storage or utilization of materials for agricul-
tural purposes on the premises.

9. Stationary batteries utilized for facility emergency
power, uninterrupted power supply or telecommuni-
cation facilities, provided that the batteries are pro-
vided with safety venting caps and ventilation is

provided in accordance with the California Mechani-
cal Code.

10. Corrosives shall not include personal or household
products in their original packaging used in retail
display or conunonly used building materials.

11. Buildings and structures occupied for aerosol stor-
age shall be classified as Group S-1, provided that
such buildings conform to the requirements of the
California Fire Code.

12. Display and storage of nonflammable solid and
nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazard-
ous materials in quantities not exceeding the maxi-
mum allowable quantity per control area in Group
M or S occupancies complying with Section
414.2.5.

13. The storage of black powder, smokeless propellant
and small arms primers in Groups M and R-3 and
special industrial explosive devices in Groups B, F,
M and S, provided such storage conforms to the
quantity limits and requirements prescribed in the
California Fire Code.

14. [SFM] Group L occupancies as defined in section
443.1.

307.1.1 Hazardous materials. Hazardous materials in any
quantity shall conform to the requirements of this code,
including Section 414, and the California Fire Code.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

[F] TABLE 307.1(1)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^ '

m,n,p

MATERIAL

CLASS

GROUP WHEN

THE MAXIMUM

ALLOWABLE

QUANTITY IS

EXCEEDED

STORAGE'*

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS'^

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS'*

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Combustible liquid'^' '

niA

IIIB

H-2orH-3
H-2orH-3

N/A

120^^'^
330d.e

13,200^' f

N/A

120^

330^

13,200*^

N/A

30^

80^

3,300^

Combustible fiber

Loose
Baled^

H-3

(100)
(1,000)

N/A

(100)
(1,000)

N/A

(20)
(200)

N/A

Consumer fireworks
(Class C, Common)

1.4G

H-3

125^'^''

N/A

Cryogenics, flammable

N/A

H-2

N/A

45d

N/A

45d

N/A

10^

Cryogenics, inert

N/A

Cryogenics, oxidizing

N/A

H-3

N/A

45d

N/A

45^

N/A

10^

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3
Division 1.4
Division 1.4G
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

H-1
H-1
H-1 or H-2
H-3
H-3
H-1
H-1

ie,g
ie,g

5^'g
50^' g

125d,e,l
ie,g

(l)e,g

(5)-'S

(50)^' g

N/A

(l)e,g

N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.25^
0.252

502

N/A
0.252

N/A

(0.25)2
(0.25)2

(1)2

(50)2

N/A

(0.25)2

N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.252
0.252

N/A
N/A
0.252

N/A

(0.25)2
(0.25)2

(1)2

•N/A

N/A

(0.25)2

N/A

Flanmiable gas

Gaseous
Liquefied

H-2

N/A

N/A
(150)^'^

l,000f'^

N/A

N/A
(150)^-^

1,000^'^

N/A

Flammable liquid*^

lA
IB and IC

H-2
or H-3

N/A

30d.e

120^1'^

N/A

30^
120^

N/A

lO'^
30^

Flammable liquid,
combination (1 A, IB, IC)

N/A

H-2
or H-3

N/A

120^'^'^

N/A

120d.h

N/A

30<i.h

Flammable solid

N/A

H-3

125^'^

N/A

125^ .

N/A

25^

N/A

Inert gas

Gaseous
Liquefied

N/A
N/A

NL
NL

N/A
N/A

Organic peroxide

UD
I

II
III
IV
V

H-1
H-2
H-3
H-3

N/A
N/A

p. 8
5d,e

50*'^

125^^'^

(l)-'g

(5)^'-

(50)^'^

(125)^'^

NL
NL

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.252
1^
50^
125^*
NL
NL

(0.25)2

(1)

(50)^

(125)d

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.252
1^
10^

25^
NL
NL

(0.25)2

(25)^
NL
NL

Oxidizer

4
3k

2
1

H-1

H-2 or H-3

H-3

N/A

ie.g
10d,e

250^'^
4,000^' f

(l)^'g

(10)^'^

(250)^'^

(4,000)^' f

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.252

250*^

4,000^

(0.25)2

(2)^

(250)^

(4,000)f

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.252
2^
50^

i,ooof

(0.25)2

(50)^1
(l,000)f

(continued)

[F] TABLE 307.1(1)— continued
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^ J' '

Z
>

MATERIAL

CLASS

GROUP WHEN
THE MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
QUANTITY IS
EXCEEDED

STORAGE''

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS'*

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS"

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet
at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Oxidizing gas

Gaseous
Liquefied

H-3

N/A
N/A

N/A
(150)^'^

1,500^'^

N/A

N/A
N/A

N/A
(150)^'^

1,500^'^

N/A

N/A
N/A

Pyrophoric material

N/A

H-2

4e,g

(4)e.g

50^' e

(1)^

108

Unstable (reactive)

4
3
2
1

H-1

H-lorH-2

H-3

N/A

ie,g
5d.e
50d.e

(l)e,g

(5)^'^
(50)^'^

108

50d.e

250^'^
NL

0.258

50^

(0.25)8
(1)V
(50)d

2e,g
10d,e

250^*'^

0.258
1^
10^

(0.25)8
(1)^
(lO)d
NL

Water reactive

3
2
1

H-2
H-3

N/A

5d,e
50d,e

(5)^'^

(50)^' «

N/A
N/A
N/A

5^
50^
NL

(5)^
(50)^

N/A
N/A
N/A

1^
10^

(1)'
(10)^

C/)

>
z
a

o
o
o

•V

>
z
o

r
>

CO
CO

For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.028 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.
NL = Not Limited; N/A = Not Applicable; UD = Unclassified Detonable

a. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.

b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage.

c. The quantities of alcoholic beverages in retail and wholesale sales occupancies shall not be limited providing the liquids are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1 .3 gallons. In retail and wholesale sales
occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water- miscible liquids with the remainder of the solutions not
being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons.

d. [SFM] Inotherthan Group L occupancies, maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 .
Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, day boxes, gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures or in listed safety cans in accordance with Section
2703.9.10 of the California Fire Code. Where Note d also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

f. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1.1.

g. Permitted only in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
h. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area of Class lA, IB or IC flammable liquids.

i. The maximum allowable quantity shall not apply to fuel oil storage complying with Section 603.3.2 of the California Fire Code.

j. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column.

k. A maximum quantity of 200 pounds of solid or 20 gallons of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is allowed when such materials are necessary for maintenance purposes, operation or sanitation of equipment. Storage contain-
ers and the manner of storage shall be approved.

1. Net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks. Where the net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks is not known, 25 percent of the gross weight of the fireworks, including packaging,
shall be used.

m,For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703. 1.2 of the California Fire Code.

n. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 414.2.5, see Tables 414.2.5(1) and 414.2.5(2).

o. Densely packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISO 8115 shall not be included in this material class.

p. The following shall not be included in determining the maximum allowable quantities;

1 . Liquid or gaseous fuel in fuel tanks on vehicles.

2. Liquid or gaseous fuel in fuel tanks on motorized equipment operated in accordance with this code.

3. Gaseous fuels in piping systems and fixed appliances regulated by the California Fuel Gas Code.

4. Liquid fuels in piping systems and fixed appliances regulated by the California Mechanical Code.

O
O

o
a
m

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

[F] TABLE 307.1(2)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL POSING A HEALTH HAZARD^ "'=''' ^

MATERIAL

STORAGE'*

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS^

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS^

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)®'*

Liquid gallons
(pounds)®'*

Gas (cubic feet
at NTP)®

Solid
pounds®

Liquid gallons
(pounds)®

Gas (cubic feet
at NTP)®

Solid
pounds®

Liquid gallons
(pounds)®

Corrosive

5,000

500

810'^'S

5,000

500

810<^'S

1,000

100

Highly toxic

(loy

20^

(loy

20^

(3)'

Toxic

500

(500)^

810f

500

(500)'

810^

125

(125)

For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.028 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

a. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.

b. In retail and wholesale sales occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics, containing not more than 50 per-
cent by volume of water-miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solutions not being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such materials are pack-
aged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons.

c. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 414.2.5, see Tables 414.2.5(1) and 414.2.5(2).

d. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage.

e. [SFM] In other than Group L occupancies, maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1.1. Where Note f also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

f. Quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures as specified in the California Fire Code.
Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

g. A single sylinder containing 150 pounds or less or anhydrous ammonia in a single control area in a nonspriklered building shall be considered a maximum allow-
able quantity. Two cylinders, each containing 150 pounds or less in a single control area, shall be considered a maximum allowable quantity provided the building
is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

h. Allowed only when stored in approved exhausted gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures as specified in the California Fire Code.

i. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column.

j. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703.1.2 of th& California Fire Code.

[F] 307.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

AEROSOL. A product that is dispensed from an aerosol con-
tainer by a propellant.

Aerosol products shall be classified by means of the calcula-
tion of their chemical heats of combustion and shall be desig-
nated Level 1, 2 or 3.

Level 1 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
of combustion that is less than or equal to 8,600 British ther-
mal units per pound (Btu/lb) (20 kJ/g).

Level 2 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
of combustion that is greater than 8,600 Btu/lb (20 kJ/g), but
less than or equal to 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g).

Level 3 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
combustion that is greater than 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g).

AEROSOL CONTAINER. A metal can or a glass or plastic
bottle designed to dispense an aerosol. Metal cans shall be lim-
ited to a maximum size of 33.8 fluid ounces (1000 ml). Glass or
plastic bottles shall be limited to a maximum size of 4 fluid
ounces (118 ml).

BALED COTTON. A natural seed fiber wrapped in and
secured with industry accepted materials, usually consisting of
burlap, woven polypropylene, polyethylene or cotton or sheet
polyethylene, and secured with steel, synthetic or wire bands or
wire; also includes linters (lint removed from the cottonseed)
and motes (residual materials from the ginning process).

BALED COTTON, DENSELY PACKED. Cotton made into
banded bales with a packing density of at least 22 pounds per
cubic foot (360 kg/m^), and dimensions complying with the
following: alengthof 55 inches (1397 ±20 mm), a width of 21

inches (533.4 ± 20 mm) and a height of 27.6 to 35.4 inches (701
to 899 mm).

BARRICADE. A structure that consists of a combination of
walls, floor and roof, which is designed to withstand the rapid
release of energy in an explosion and which is fully confined, par-
tially vented or fully vented; or other effective method of shielding
from explosive materials by a natural or artificial barrier.

Artificial barricade. An artificial mound or revetment a
minimum thickness of 3 feet (914 mm).

Natural barricade. Natural features of the ground, such as
hills, or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding
exposures that require protection cannot be seen from the
magazine or building containing explosives when the trees
are bare of leaves.

BOILING POINT. The temperature at which the vapor pres-
sure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure of 14,7 pounds
per square inch (psi) (101 kPa) gage or 760 mm of mercury.
Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material
in question, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boil-
ing point, for the purposes of this classification, the 20-percent
evaporated point of a distillation performed in accordance with
ASTM D 86 shall be used as the boiling point of the Hquid.

CLOSED SYSTEM. The use of a solid or Hquid hazardous
material involving a closed vessel or system that remains closed
during normal operations where vapors emitted by the product
are not liberated outside of the vessel or system and the product
is not exposed to the atmosphere during normal operations; and
all uses of compressed gases. Examples of closed systems for
solids and liquids include product conveyed through a piping
system into a closed vessel, system or piece of equipment.

COMBUSTIBLE DUST. Finely divided solid material that is
420 microns or less in diameter and which, when dispersed in
air in the proper proportions, could be ignited by a flame, spark

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

or other source of ignition. Combustible dust will pass through
a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve.

COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. Readily ignitable and free-burn-
ing materials in a fibrous or shredded form, such as cocoa fiber,
cloth, cotton, excelsior, hay, hemp, henequen, istle, jute, kapok,
oakum, rags, sisal, Spanish moss, straw, tow, wastepaper, cer-
tain synthetic fibers or other like materials. This definition does
not include densely packed baled cotton.

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. A liquid having a closed cup
flash point at or above lOO^F (SS'^C). Combustible liquids shall
be subdivided as follows:

Class 11. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above
100°F (38°C) and below 140°F (60°C).

Class IIIA. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or
above 140T (60°C) and below 200°F (93T).

Class IIEB. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or
above 200T (93°C).

The category of combustible liquids does not include com-
pressed gases or cryogenic fluids.

COMPRESSED GAS. A material, or mixture of materials, that:

1. Is a gas at 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 pounds per square
inch atmosphere (psia) (101 kPa) of pressure; and

2. Has a boiling point of 68°F (20X) or less at 14.7 psia
(101 kPa) which is either liquefied, nonliquefied or in
solution, except those gases which have no other health-
or physical-hazard properties are not considered to be
compressed until the pressure in the packaging exceeds
41 psia (282 kPa) at 68°F (20°C).

The states of a compressed gas are categorized as follows:

1. Nonliquefied compressed gases are gases, other than
those in solution, which are in a packaging under the
charged pressure and are entirely gaseous at a tempera-
ture of 68°F (20°C).

2. Liquefied compressed gases are gases that, in a packag-
ing under the charged pressure, are partially liquid at a
temperature of 68T (20X).

3. Compressed gases in solution are nonliquefied gases that
are dissolved in a solvent.

4. Compressed gas mixtures consist of a mixture of two or
more compressed gases contained in a packaging, the
hazard properties of which are represented by the proper-
ties of the mixture as a whole.

CONTROL AREA. Spaces within a building where quanti-
ties of hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum allow-
able quantities per control area are stored, dispensed, used or
handled. See also the definition of "Outdoor control area" in
the California Fire Code.

CORROSIVE. A chemical that causes visible destruction of,
or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at
the point of contact. A chemical shall be considered corrosive
if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the method
described in DOTn 49 CFR, Part 173.137, such a chemical
destroys or changes irreversibly the structure of the tissue at the

point of contact following an exposure period of 4 hours. This
term does not refer to action on inanimate surfaces.

CRYOGENIC FLUID. A liquid having a boiling point lower
than -ISO^'F (-101°C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmo-
sphere (psia) (an absolute pressure of 101 kPa).

DAY BOX. A portable magazine designed to hold explosive
materials constructed in accordance with the requirements for
a Type 3 magazine as defined and classified in Chapter 33 of
the California Fire Code.

DEFLAGRATION. An exothermic reaction, such as the
extremely rapid oxidation of a flammable dust or vapor in air,
in which the reaction progresses through the unbumed material
at a rate less than the velocity of sound. A deflagration can have
an explosive effect.

DETONATION. An exothermic reaction characterized by the
presence of a shock wave in the material which establishes and
maintains the reaction. The reaction zone progresses through
the material at a rate greater than the velocity of sound. The
principal heating mechanism is one of shock compression.
Detonations have an explosive effect.

DISPENSING. The pouring or transferring of any material
from a container, tank or similar vessel, whereby vapors, dusts,
fumes, mists or gases are liberated to the atmosphere.

EXPLOSION. An effect produced by the sudden violent
expansion of gases, which may be accompanied by a shock
wave or disruption, or both, of enclosing materials or struc-
tures. An explosion could result from any of the following:

1. Chemical changes such as rapid oxidation, deflagration
or detonation, decomposition of molecules and runaway
polymerization (usually detonations).

2. Physical changes such as pressure tank ruptures.

3. Atomic changes (nuclear fission or fusion).

EXPLOSIVE. A chemical compound, mixture or device, the
primary or common purpose of which is to function by explo-
sion. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite, black
powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety
fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord, igniters and display
fireworks, 1.3G (Class B, Special).

The term "explosive" includes any material determined to be
within the scope of USC Title 18: Chapter 40 and also includes
any material classified as an explosive other than consumer
fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common) by the hazardous materi-
als regulations of DOTn 49 CFR Parts 100-185.

High explosive. Explosive material, such as dynamite,
which can be caused to detonate by means of a No. 8 test
blasting cap when unconfined.

Low explosive. Explosive material that will bum or defla-
grate when ignited. It is characterized by a rate of reaction
that is less than the speed of sound. Examples of low explo-
sives include, but are not limited to, black powder; safety
fuse; igniters; igniter cord; fuse lighters; fireworks, 1.3G
(Class B, Special) and propellants, 1.3C.

Mass-detonating explosives. Division 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5
explosives alone or in combination, or loaded into various
types of ammunition or containers, most of which can be

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

expected to explode virtually instantaneously when a small
portion is subjected to fire, severe concussion, impact, the
impulse of an initiating agent or the effect of a considerable
discharge of energy from without. Materials that react in
this manner represent a mass explosion hazard. Such an
explosive will normally cause severe structural damage to
adjacent objects. Explosive propagation could occur imme-
diately to other items of ammunition and explosives stored
sufficiently close to and not adequately protected from the
initially exploding pile with a time interval short enough so
that two or more quantities must be considered as one for
quantity-distance purposes.

UN/DOTn Class 1 explosives. The former classification
system used by DOTn included the terms "high" and "low"
explosives as defined herein. The following terms further
define explosives under the current system applied by
DOTn for all explosive materials defined as hazard Class 1
materials. Compatibility group letters are used in concert
with the division to specify further limitations on each divi-
sion noted (i.e., the letter G identifies the material as a pyro-
technic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic
substance and similar materials).

Division 1.1. Explosives that have a mass explosion haz-
ard. A mass explosion is one which affects almost the
entire load instantaneously.

Division 1.2. Explosives that have a projection hazard
but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.3. Explosives that have a fire hazard and
either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard
or both, but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1,4. Explosives that pose a minor explosion
hazard. The explosive effects are largely confined to the
package and no projection of fragments of appreciable
size or range is to be expected. An external fire must not
cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the
entire contents of the package.

Division 1.5. Very insensitive explosives. This division
is comprised of substances that have a mass explosion
hazard, but that are so insensitive there is very little prob-
ability of initiation or of transition from burning to deto-
nation under normal conditions of transport.

Division 1.6. Extremely insensitive articles which do not
have a mass explosion hazard. This division is comprised
of articles that contain only extremely insensitive deto-
nating substances and which demonstrate a negligible
probability of accidental initiation or propagation.

FIREWORKS. Any composition or device for the purpose of
producing a visible or audible effect for entertainment purposes
by combustion, deflagration or detonation that meets the defini-
tion of 1.4G fireworks or 1.3G fireworks as set forth herein.

Fireworks, 1.3G. (Formerly Class B, Special Fireworks.)
Large fireworks devices, which are explosive materials,
intended for use in fireworks displays and designed to pro-
duce audible or visible effects by combustion, deflagration
or detonation. Such 1 .3G fireworks include, but are not lim-
ited to, firecrackers containing more than 130 milligrams (2
grains) of explosive composition, aerial shells containing

more than 40 grams of pyrotechnic composition, and other
display pieces which exceed the limits for classification as
L4G fireworks. Such 1.3G fireworks are also described as
fireworks, UN0335 by the DOTn.

Fireworks, 1.4G. (Formerly Class C, Common Fireworks.)
Small fireworks devices containing restricted amounts of
pyrotechnic composition designed primarily to produce visi-
ble or audible effects by combustion. Such 1.4G fireworks
which comply with tiie construction, chemical composition
and labeling regulations of the DOTn for fireworks, UN0336,
and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
as set forth in CPSC 16 CFR: Parts 1500 and 1507, are not
explosive materials for the purpose of this code.

FLAMMABLE GAS. A material that is a gas at 68T (20°C)
or less at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmosphere (psia) (101
kPa) of pressure [a material that has a boiling point of 68°F
(20''C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa)] which:

1. Is ignitableat 14.7 psia (101 kPa) when in a mixture of 13
percent or less by volume with air; or

2. Has a flammable range at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) with air of
at least 12 percent, regardless of the lower limit.

The limits specified shall be determined at 14.7 psi (101 kPa)
of pressure and a temperature of 68°F (20°C) in accordance
with ASTME 681.

FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. A Uquefied compressed
gas which, under a charged pressure, is partially liquid at a tem-
perature of 68°F (20°C) and which is flammable.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID. A liquid having a closed cup flash
point below 100°F (38°C). Flammable hquids are further cate-
gorized into a group known as Class I liquids. The Class I cate-
gory is subdivided as follows:

Class lA. Liquids having a flash point below 73°F (23°C)
and a boiling point below 100°F (38°C).

Class IB. Liquids having a flash point below 73°F (23°C)
and a boiling point at or above 100°F (38''C).

Class IC. Liquids having a flash point at or above 73°F
(23°C) and below lOO^F (38°C).

The category of flammable liquids does not include com-
pressed gases or cryogenic fluids.

FLAMMABLE MATERIAL. A material capable of being
readily ignited from common sources of heat or at a temperature
of600T(316°C)orless.

FLAMMABLE SOLID. A solid, otiier than a blasting agent
or explosive, that is capable of causing fire through friction,
absorption or moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or
retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which has
an ignition temperature below 212°F (lOO^C) or which bums
so vigorously and persistently when ignited as to create a seri-
ous hazard. A chemical shall be considered a flammable solid
as determined in accordance with the test method of CPSC 16
CFR; Part 1500.44, if it ignites and bums with a self-sustained
flame at a rate greater than 0.1 inch (2.5 mm) per second along
its major axis.

FLASH POINT. The minimum temperature in degrees Fahren-
heit at which a liquid will give off sufficient vapors to form an

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

ignitable mixture with air near the surface or in the container, but
will not sustain combustion. The flash point of a liquid shall be
determined by appropriate test procedure and apparatus as spec-
ified in ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93 or ASTM D 3278.

HANDLING. The deliberate transport by any means to a point
of storage or use.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. Those chemicals or substances
that are physical hazards or health hazards as defined and classi-
fied in this section and the California Fire Code, whether the
materials are in usable or waste condition.

HEALTH HAZARD. A classification of a chemical for which
there is statistically significant evidence that acute or chronic
health effects are capable of occurring in exposed persons. The
term "health hazard" includes chemicals that are toxic or highly
toxic, and corrosive.

HIGHLY TOXIC. A material which produces a lethal dose or
lethal concentration that falls within any of the following catego-
ries:

1 . A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 mil-
Ugrams or less per kilogram of body weight when admin-
istered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300
grams each.

2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200
milhgrams or less per kilogram of body weight when
administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if
death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino
rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50)
in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or
vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume or
dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for 1
hour (or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats
weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

Mixtures of these materials with ordinary materials, such as
water, might not warrant classification as highly toxic. While
this system is basically simple in apphcation, any hazard evalua-
tion tiiat is required for the precise categorization of this type of
material shall be performed by experienced, technically compe-
tent persons.

INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. Materials that, when
mixed, have the potential to react in a manner that generates
heat, fumes, gases or byproducts which are hazardous to life or
property.

INERT GAS. A gas that is capable of reacting with other mate-
rials only under abnormal conditions such as high tempera-
tures, pressures and similar extrinsic physical forces. Within
the context of the code, inert gases do not exhibit either physi-
cal or health properties as defined (other than acting as a simple
asphyxiant) or hazard properties other than those of a com-
pressed gas. Some of the more conmion inert gases include
argon, helium, krypton, neon, nitrogen and xenon.

OPEN SYSTEM. The use of a solid or liquid hazardous mate-
rial involving a vessel or system that is continuously open to the
atmosphere during normal operations and where vapors are
liberated, or the product is exposed to the atmosphere during
normal operations. Examples of open systems for solids and

Uquids include dispensing from or into open beakers or con-
tainers, dip tank and plating tank operations.

OPERATING BUILDING. A building occupied in conjunc-
tion with the manufacture, transportation or use of explosive
materials. Operating buildings are separated from one another
with the use of intraplant or intraline distances.

ORGANIC PEROXIDE. An organic compound that contains
the bivalent -0-0- structure and which may be considered to be
a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both
of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic radi-
cal. Organic peroxides can pose an explosion hazard (detona-
tion or deflagration) or they can be shock sensitive. They can
also decompose into various unstable compounds over an
extended period of time.

Class I. Those formulations that are capable of deflagration
but not detonation.

Class 11. Those formulations that bum very rapidly and that
pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

Class III. Those formulations that bum rapidly and that
pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

Class IV. Those formulations that bum in the same manner
as ordinary combustibles and that pose a minimal reactivity
hazard.

Class V. Those formulations that bum with less intensity
than ordinary combustibles or do not sustain combustion
and that pose no reactivity hazard.

Unclassified detonable. Organic peroxides that are capable
of detonation. These peroxides pose an extremely high
explosion hazard through rapid explosive decomposition.

OXIDIZER. A material that readily yields oxygen or other
oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate com-
bustion of combustible materials and, if heated or contami-
nated, can result in vigorous self-sustained decomposition.

Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reaction
due to contamination or exposure to thermal or physical shock
and that causes a severe increase in the burning rate of combus-
tible materials with which it comes into contact. Additionally,
the oxidizer causes a severe increase in the burning rate and can
cause spontaneous ignition of combustibles.

Class 3. An oxidizer that causes a severe increase in the
buming rate of combustible materials with which it comes
in contact.

Class 2. An oxidizer that will cause a moderate increase in
the buming rate of combustible materials with which it
comes in contact.

Class 1. An oxidizer that does not moderately increase the
buming rate of combustible materials.

OXIDIZING GAS. A gas that can support and accelerate
combustion of other materials.

PHYSICAL HAZARD. A chemical for which there is evi-
dence that it is a combustible liquid, cryogenic fluid, explosive,
flammable (solid, liquid or gas), organic peroxide (solid or liq-
uid), oxidizer (solid or liquid), oxidizing gas, pyrophoric

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

(solid, liquid or gas), unstable (reactive) material (solid, liquid
or gas) or water-reactive material (solid or liquid).

PYROPHORIC. A chemical with an autoignition tempera-
ture in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54.4°C).

PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. A chemical mixture that
produces visible light displays or sounds through a self-propa-
gating, heat-releasing chemical reaction which is initiated by
ignition.

TOXIC. A chemical falling within any of the following cate-
gories:

1 . A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more
than 50 milligrams per kilogram, but not more than 500
milligrams per kilogram of body weight when adminis-
tered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300
grams each.

2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more
than 200 milligrams per kilogram, but not more than
1,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when
administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less
if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of
albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50)
in air of more than 200 parts per million, but not more
than 2,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or
more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 mil-
ligrams per liter of mist, fume or dust, when adminis-
tered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if death
occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between
200 and 300 grams each.

UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. A material, other
than an explosive, which in the pure state or as commercially
produced, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense
or become self-reactive and undergo other violent chemical
changes, including explosion, when exposed to heat, friction
or shock, or in the absence of an inhibitor, or in the presence of
contaminants, or in contact with incompatible materials.
Unstable (reactive) materials are subdivided as follows:

Class 4. Materials that in themselves are readily capable of
detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reac-
tion at normal temperatures and pressures. This class
includes materials that are sensitive to mechanical or local-
ized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures.

Class 3. Materials that in themselves are capable of detona-
tion or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but
which require a strong initiating source or which must be
heated under confinement before initiation. This class
includes materials that are sensitive to thermal or mechani-
cal shock at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 2. Materials that in themselves are normally unstable
and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not det-
onate. This class includes materials that can undergo chemi-
cal change with rapid release of energy at normal
temperatures and pressures, and that can undergo violent
chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 1. Materials that in themselves are normally stable but
which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and
pressure.

WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL. A material that
explodes; violently reacts; produces flammable, toxic or other
hazardous gases; or evolves enough heat to cause autoignition
or ignition of combustibles upon exposure to water or mois-
ture. Water-reactive materials are subdivided as follows:

Class 3. Materials that react explosively with water without
requiring heat or confinement.

Class 2. Materials that react violently with water or have the
ability to boil water. Materials that produce flammable,
toxic or other hazardous gases or evolve enough heat to
cause autoignition or ignition of combustibles upon expo-
sure to water or moisture.

Class 1. Materials that react with water with some release of
energy, but not violently.

[F] 307.3 High-hazard Group H-1. Buildings and structures
containing materials that pose a detonation hazard shall be
classified as Group H-1. Such materials shall include, but not
be limited to, the following:

Detonable pyrophoric materials

Explosives:

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3

Exception: Materials that are used and maintained in
a form where either confinement or configuration will
not elevate the hazard from a mass fire to mass explo-
sion hazard shall be allowed in H-2 occupancies.

Division 1.4

Exception: Articles, including articles packaged for
shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regula-
tions, or unpackaged articles used in process opera-
tions that do not propagate a detonation or
deflagration between articles shall be allowed in H-3
occupancies.

Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable

Oxidizers, Class 4

Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 3 detonable and Class 4

[F] 307.4 High-hazard Group H-2. Buildings and structures
containing materials that pose a deflagration hazard or a hazard
from accelerated burning shall be classified as Group H-2.
Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the follow-
ing:

Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids which
are used or stored in normally open containers or sys-
tems, or in closed containers or systems pressurized at
more than 15 psi (103.4 kPa) gage.

Combustible dusts

Cryogenic fluids, flammable

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Flammable gases

Organic peroxides, Class I

Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally open
containers or systems, or in closed containers or systems
pressurized at more than 15 psi (103 kPa) gage

Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases, nondetonable

Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 3, nondetonable

Water-reactive materials, Class 3

[F] 307.5 High-hazard Group H-3. Buildings and structures
containing materials that readily support combustion or that
pose a physical hazard shall be classified as Group H-3, Such
materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Class I, II or III A flammable or combustible liquids that
are used or stored in normally closed containers or
systems pressurized at 15 pounds per square inch gauge
(103.4 kPa) or less

Combustible fibers, other than densely packed baled cotton

Consumer fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common)

Cryogenic fluids, oxidizing

Ranmiable solids

Organic peroxides. Class II and III

Oxidizers, Class 2

Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally
closed containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per
square inch gauge (103 kPa) or less

Oxidizing gases

Unstable (reactive) materials, Class 2

Water-reactive materials, Class 2

[F] 307.6 High-hazard Group H-4. Buildings and structures
which contain materials that are health hazards shall be classi-
fied as Group H-4. Such materials shall include, but not be lim-
ited to, the following:

Corrosives

Highly toxic materials

Toxic materials

[F] 307.7 High-hazard Group H-5 structures. Semiconduc-
tor fabrication facilities and comparable research and develop-
ment areas in which hazardous production materials (HPM)
are used and the aggregate quantity of materials is in excess of
those hsted in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2) shall be classified
as Group H-5. Such facilities and areas shall be designed and
constructed in accordance with Section 415.8.

[F] 307.8 Multiple hazards. Buildings and structures containing
a material or materials representing hazards that are classified in
one or more of Groups H- 1 , H-2, H-3 and H-4 shall conform to the
code requirements for each of the occupancies so classified.

SECTION 308
INSTITUTIONAL GROUP I

308.1 Institutional Group I. Institutional Group I occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, in which people are cared for or live in a super-
vised environment, having physical limitations because of
health or age are harbored for medical treatment or other care

or treatment, or in which people are detained for penal or cor-
rectional purposes or in which the liberty of the occupants is
restricted. Institutional occupancies shall be classified as
Group I- 1 , 1-2, 1-3 or 1-4. Restraint shall not he permitted in any
building except in Group 1-3 occupancies constructed for such
use, see Section 408.1.1. II

Where occupancies house both ambulatory and nonambula-
tory persons, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.

308.2 Group I-l.A^^fM5^rf. (SeeGroupR-2J SectionSlO.l) \l

308.3 Group 1-2. This occupancy shall include buildings and
structures used for medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or
custodial care for persons who are not capable of self-preserva-
tion or classified as nonambulatory or bedridden. This group
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Child care facilities
Detoxification facilities
Hospitals
Mental hospitals
Nursing homes

308.3.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

CHILD CARE FACILITIES. Facilities that provide
care on a 24-hour basis to more than six children under 2
years of age.

DETOXIFICATION FACILITIES. Facilities that
serve patients who are provided treatment for substance
abuse on a 24-hour basis and who are incapable of
self-preservation or classified as nonambulatory or bed-
ridden or who are harmful to themselves or others.

HOSPITALS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS. Build-
ings or portions thereof used on a 24-hour basis for the
medical, psychiatric, obstetrical or surgical treatment of
inpatients who are incapable of self-preservation or clas-
sified as nonambulatory or bedridden .

NURSING HOMES. Nursing homes are long-term care
facilities on a 24-hour basis, including both intermediate
care facilities and skilled nursing facihties, serving more
than five persons and any of the persons are incapable of
self-preservation or classified as nonambulatory or bed-
ridden.

308.3.2 Group 1-2.1 Ambulatory health care facility. A

healthcare facility that receives persons for outpatient med-
ical care that may render the patient incapable of unassisted
self-preservation and where each tenant space accommo-
dates more than five such patients.

[OSHPD 3] Exception: For structural regulations, these
buildings shall be considered as Business Group B occu-
pancy.

308.4 Group 1-3. This occupancy shall include buildings or
portions or buildings and structures that are inhabited by one or
more persons who are under restraint. An 1-3 facility is occu-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

pied by persons who are restrained. This group shall include,
but not be limited to, the following:

Correctional centers

Detention centers

Jails

Prisons

Reformatories

Juvenile halls

Buildings of Group 1-3 shall be classified as one of the occu-
pancy conditions indicated in Sections 308.4.1 through
308.4.5 (see Section 408.1).

308.4.1 Condition 1. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed from
sleeping areas, and other spaces where access or occupancy
is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress without
restraint. A Condition 1 facility is permitted to be con-
structed as Group R.

308.4.2 Condition 2. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed from
sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke compartment
to one or more other smoke compartments. Egress to the
exterior is impeded by locked exits.

308.4.3 Condition 3. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed within
individual smoke compartments, such as within a residen-
tial unit comprised of individual sleeping units and group
activity spaces, where egress is impeded by remote-con-
trolled release of means of egress from such a smoke com-
partment to another smoke compartment.

308.4.4 Condition 4. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is restricted from
an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is provided to
permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and
other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to
other smoke compartments.

308.4.5 Condition 5. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is restricted from
an occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release is pro-
vided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity
spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compart-
ment to other smoke compartments.

308.5 Group 1-4, day care facilities. This group shall include
buildings and structures occupied by persons of any age who
receive custodial care for less than 24 hours by individuals
other than parents or guardians, relatives by blood, marriage or
adoption, and in a place other than the home of the client cared
for. A facility such as the above with six or fewer clients shall be
classified as a Group R-3 or shall comply with the California
Residential Code. Places of worship during religious functions
are not included.

308.5.1 Adult ^j-care facility. A facility that provides
accommodations for less than 24 hours for more than five
unrelated adults and provides supervision Siud personal care
services shall be classified as Group 1-4.

308.5.2 Child day-care facility. A faciUty that provides
supervision and personal care on less than a 24-hour basis

for more than six children under 2 years of age shall be clas-
sified as Group 1-4.

Exception: A child day care facility that provides care
for more than six but no more than 100 children under 2
years of age, where the rooms in which the children are
cared for are located on a level of exit discharge serving
such rooms and each of these child care rooms has an
exit door directly to the exterior, shall be classified as
Group E.

308,5.2,1 Special provisions. See Section 442.4 for
daycares located above or below the first story.

SECTION 309
MERCANTILE GROUP M

309.1 Mercantile Group M. Mercantile Group M occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure or a
portion thereof, for the display and sale of merchandise and
involves stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental to
such purposes and accessible to the public. Mercantile occu-
pancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Department stores

Drug stores

Markets

Motor fuel-dispensing facilities

Retail or wholesale stores

Sales rooms

309.2 Quantity of hazardous materials. The aggregate quan-
tity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombusti-
ble liquid hazardous materials stored or displayed in a single
control area of a Group M occupancy shall not exceed the
quantities in Table 414.2.5(1).

SECTION 310
RESIDENTIAL GROUP R

310.1 Residential Group R. Residential Group R includes,
among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion
thereof, for sleeping purposes when not classified as an Institu-
tional Group I or when not regulated by the California Residen-
tial Code. Residential occupancies shall include the following:

R-1 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units where
the occupants are primarily transient in nature, including:

Boarding houses (transient)

Hotels (transient)

Motels (transient)

[HCD 1] Efficiency dwelling units (transient)

Congregate living facilities (transient) or congregate resi-
dences (transient) with 10 or fewer occupants are permitted to
comply with the construction requirements for Group R-3.

R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more
than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily per-
manent in nature, including:

Apartment houses

Boarding houses (nontransient)

Convents

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Dormitories

Fraternities and sororities
Hotels (nontransient)
I Live/work units
Monasteries
Motels (nontransient)
Vacation timeshare properties
[HCD 1] Efficiency dwelling units (nontransient)

I I Congregate living facilities or congrgate residences with 16
or fewer occupants are permitted to comply with the construc-
tion requirements for Group R-3.

R-2A This occupancy shall include buildingSy structures or
parts thereof housing clients, on a 24-hour basis, who
because of age, mental disability or other reasons, live in a
supervised residential environment that provides personal
care services.

This occupancy may contain more than six nonambula-
tory and/or bedridden clients. (See Section 425 Special Pro-
visions for Licensed 24-Hour Care Facilities in a Group
R-2.1, R-3.1 or R-4 Occupancy). This group shall include,
but not be limited to, the following:

Assisted living facilities such as:

Residential care facilities,

Residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFEs),

Adult residential facilities,

Congregate living health facilities,

Group homes,

Residential care facilities for the chronically ill,

Congregate living health facilities for the terminally ill.

Social rehabilitation facilities such as:

Halfway houses,

Community correctional centers.

Community correction reentry centers.

Community treatment programs.

Work furlough programs,

Alcoholism or drug abuse recovery or treatment facilities.

R-3 Residential occupancies where the occupants are primar-
ily permanent in nature and not classified as Group R-1, R-2,
I I R-2.1, R-3.1, R-4 or I, including:

> Buildings that do not contain more than two dwelling units.

Adult care facilities that provide accommodations for six or
fewer clients of any age for less than 24 hours. Licensing
categories that may use this classification include, but are
not limited to: Adult Day Programs.

Child care facilities that provide accommodations for six or
fewer clients of any age for less than 24 hours. Licensing
categories that may use this classification include, but are
not limited to:

Day-Care Center for Mildly III Children,

Infant Care Center and School Age Child Day-Care Center

Family Day -Care Homes that provide accommodations for
14 or fewer children, in the provider's own home for less
than 24-hours.

Congregate living facilities or congregate residences with
16 or fewer persons.

Adult care and child care facilities that are within a sin-
gle-family home are permitted to comply with the California
Residential Code.

R-3,1 [HCD 1] This occupancy group may include facilities
licensed by a governmental agency for a residentially based
24-hour care facility providing accommodations for six or
fewer clients of any age. Clients may be classified as ambu-
latory, nonambulatory or bedridden. A Group R-3.1 occu-
pancy shall meet the requirements for construction as
defined for Group R-3, except as otherwise provided for in
Section 425 Special Provisions For Licensed 24-Hour Care
Facilities in a Group R-2.1, R-3.1 or R-4 Occupancy. This \ \
group may include:

Adult residential facilities

Congregate living health facilities

Foster family homes

Group homes

Intermediate care facilities for the developmentally

disabled habilitative
Intermediate care facilities for the developmentally

disabled nursing
Nurseries for the full-time care of children under the age

of six, but not including ''infants'' as defined in

Section 310
Residential care facilities for the elderly
Small family homes and residential care facilities for

the chronically ill

Exception: Group Homes licensed by the Department of
Social Services which provide nonmedical board, room
and care for six or fewer ambulatory children or children
two years of age or younger, and which do not have any
nonambulatory clients shall not be subject to regulations
found in Section 425.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143 with
respect to these exempted facilities, no city, county or public
district shall adopt or enforce any requirement for the pre-
vention of fire or for the protection of life and property
against fire and panic unless the requirement would be
applicable to a structure regardless of the special occu-
pancy. Nothing shall restrict the application of state or local
housing standards to such facilities if the standards are
applicable to residential occupancies and are not based on
the use of the structure as a facility for ambulatory children.
For the purpose of this exception, ambulatory children does
not include relatives of the licensee or the licensee 's spouse.

R-4 Residential occupancies shall include buildings arranged
for occupancy as residential care/assisted living facilities
including more than six ambulatory clients^ excluding staff.

Group R-4 occupancies shall meet the requirements for con-
struction as defined for Group R-3, except as otherwise pro-
vided for in this code or shall comply with the California
Residential Code provided the building is protected by an auto-
matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section
903.2.8.

This occupancy classification may include a maximum six
nonambulatory or bedridden clients (see Section 425 Special
Provisions for Licensed 24-Hour Care Facilities in a Group

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

R-2.1, R-3.1 orR-4 Occupancy), Group R-4 occupancies shall
include the following:

Assisted living facilities such as:

Residential care facilities,

Residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFEs),

Adult residential facilities,

Congregate living health facilities.

Group homes.

Social rehabilitation facilities such as:

Halfway houses,

Community correctional centers,

Community correction reentry centers.

Community treatment programs.

Work furlough programs,

Alcoholism or drug abuse recovery or treatment facilities.

310.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

AGED HOME OR INSTITUTION, A facility used for the
housing of persons 65 years of age or older in need of care and
supervision. (See definition of "care and supervision'')

BEDRIDDEN PERSON. A person, requiring assistance in
turning and repositioning in bed, or being unable to independ-
ently transfer to and from bed, except in facilities with appro-
priate and sufficient care staff, mechanical devices if
necessary, and safety precautions as determined in Title 22 reg-
ulations, by the Director of Social Services or his or her desig-
nated representative.

The Director of Social Services or his or her designated rep-
resentative shall make the determination of the bedridden sta-
tus of persons with developmental disabilities, in consultation
with the Director of Developmental Services or his or her des-
ignated representative.

The Director of Social Services or his or her designated rep-
resentative shall make the determination of the bedridden sta-
tus of all other persons with disabilities who are not
developmentally disabled.

BOARDING HOUSE. A building arranged or used for lodg-
ing for compensation, with or without meals, and not occupied
as a single-family unit.

CARE AND SUPERVISION Any one or more of the follow-
ing activities provided by a person or facility to meet the needs
of the clients:

Assistance in dressing, grooming, bathing and other

personal hygiene.
Assistance with taking medication.
Central storing and/or distribution of medications.
Arrangement of and assistance with medical and dental care.
Maintenance of house rules for the protection of clients.
Supervision of client schedules and activities.
Maintenance and/or supervision of client cash resources or

property.
Monitoring food intake or special diets.
Providing basic services required by applicable law and

regulation to be provided by the licensee in order to

obtain and maintain a community-care facility license.

CATASTROPHICALLY INJURED, As termed, means a per-
son whose origin of disability was acquired through trauma or
nonde generative neurologic illness, for whom it has been
determined by the Department of Health Services Certification
and Licensing that active rehabilitation would be beneficial.

CHILD-CARE CENTER. Any facility of any capacity other
than a large or small family day -care home as defined in these
regulations in which less than 24-hour-per-day nonmedical
supervision is provided for children in a group setting.

CHILD OR CHILDREN, A person or persons under the age
of 18 years.

CHRONICALLY ILL See 'Terminally ill."

CONGREGATE LIVING HEALTH FACILITY (CLHF), As

termed, is a residential home with a capacity of no more than
six beds, which provides inpatient care, including the following
basic services: medical supervision, 24-hour skilled nursing
and supportive care, pharmacy, dietary, social recreational,
and at least provides services for persons who are diagnosed
with a terminal illness or who are catastrophically and severely
disabled.

CONGREGATE LIVING FACILITIES. A building or part
thereof that contains sleeping units where residents share bath-
room and/or kitchen facilities.

CONGREGATE RESIDENCE, Any building or portion
thereof that contains facilities for living, sleeping and sanita-
tion, as required by this code, and may include facilities for eat-
ing and cooking, for occupancy by other than a family. A
congregate residence may be a shelter, convent, monastery,
dormitory, fraternity or sorority house, but does not include
jails, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels or lodging houses.

DAY CARE, For the purposes of these regulations, mean the
care of persons during any period of a 24-hour day where per-
manent sleeping accommodations are not provided.

Note: ''Daycare " shall not be construed to preclude the use
of cots or mats for napping purposes, provided all employ-
ees, attendants and stajf personnel are awake and on duty in
the area where napping occurs.

DAY-CARE HOME, FAMILY, A home that regularly provides
care, protection and supervision for 14 or fewer children, in the
provider's own home, for periods of less than 24 hours per day,
while the parents or guardians are away, and is either a large
family day -care home or a small family day -care home,

DAY-CARE HOME, LARGE FAMILY, A provider's own
home which is licensed to provide day care for periods less than
24 hours per day for nine to 14 persons, including children
under the age of 10 years who reside at the home.

DAY-CARE HOME, SMALL FAMILY, A home which pro-
vides family day-care to eight or fewer children, including chil-
dren under the age of 10 years who reside at the home, in the
provider's own home, for periods of less than 24 hours per day.
Small family day -care homes are exempted from state fire and
life safety regulations other than those state and local stan-
dards applicable to Group R-3 occupancies. (See Health and
Safety Code, Section 13143 (b).)

DORMITORY. A space in a building where group sleeping
accommodations are provided in one room, or in a series of

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

closely associated rooms, for persons not members of the same
family group, under joint occupancy and single management,
as in college dormitories or fraternity houses.

FULL-TIME CARE. Shall mean the establishment and rou-
tine care of persons on an hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
or permanent basis, whether for 24'hours per day or less, and
where sleeping accommodations are provided.

INFANT. For the purpose of these regulations, shall mean any
child who because of age only, is unable to walk and requires
the aid of another person to evacuate the building. In no case
I shall the term "infant" mean a child 2 years of age or older

MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS, PROFOUNDLY OR
SEVERELY. Shall mean any retarded person who is unable to
evacuate a building unassisted during emergency conditions.

Note: The determination as to such incapacity shall be
made by the Director of the State Department of Public
Health or his or her designated representative pursuant to
Health and Safety Code Section 13131.3.

NONAMBULATORY PERSONS. Persons unable to leave a
building unassisted under emergency conditions. It includes,
but is not limited to, persons who depend on mechanical aids
such as crutches, walkers and wheelchairs and any person who
is unable to physically and mentally respond to a sensory sig-
nal approved by the state fire marshal or an oral instruction
relating to fire danger.

The determination of ambulatory or nonambulatory status of
persons with developmental disabilities shall be made by the
Director of Social Services or his or her designated representa-
tive, in consultation with the director of Developmental Services
or his or her designated representative. The determination of
ambulatory or nonambulatory status of all other disabled per-
sons placed after January 1, 1984, who are not developmentally
disabled shall be made by the Director of Social Services or his
or her designated representative.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE CHRONI-
CALLY ILL (RCF/CI). As termed, means a housing arrange-
ment with a maximum capacity of 25 residents that provides a
range of services to residents who have chronic, life-threaten-
ing illnesses.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE ELDERLY
(RCFE). As defined in Health and Safety Code Section 1569.2,
shall mean a facility with a housing arrangement chosen vol-
untarily by persons 60 years of age or over, or their authorized
representative, where varying levels and intensities of care and
supervision, protective supervision or personal care are pro-
vided, based on their varying needs, as determined in order to
be admitted and to remain in the facility. Persons under 60
years of age with compatible needs, as determined by the
Department of Social Services in regulations, may be allowed
to be admitted or retained in a residential- care facility for the
elderly.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133, regula-
tions of the state fire marshal pertaining to Group R, Division 2
Occupancies classified as residential facilities (RF) and resi-
dential-care facilities for the elderly (RCFE) shall apply uni-
formly throughout the state and no city, county, city and county,
including a charter city or charter county, or fire protection

district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or local rule or
regulation relating to fire and panic safety which is in consis-
tent with these regulations. A city, county, city and county,
including a charter city or charter county may pursuant to
Health and Safety Code Section 13143.5, or afire protection
district may pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13869. 7, adopt standards more stringent than those adopted by
the state fire marshal that are reasonably necessary to accom-
modate local climate, geological, or topographical conditions
relating to roof coverings for residential-care facilities for the
elderly.

RESIDENTIAL FACILITY (RF). As defined in Section 1502
of the Health and Safety Code, shall mean any family home,
group care facility or similar facility determined by the director
of Social Services, for 24-hour nonmedical care of persons in
need of personal services, supervision, or assistance essential
for sustaining the activities of daily living or for the protection
of the individual. Such facilities include small family homes
and social rehabilitation facilities.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133, regula-
tions of the state fire marshal pertaining to Group R Occupan-
cies classified as residential facilities (RF) and
residential-care facilities for the elderly (RCFE) shall apply
uniformly throughout the state and no city, county, city and
county, including a charter city or charter county, or fire pro-
tection district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or local
rule or regulation relating to fire and panic safety which is in
consistent with these regulations. A city, county, city and
county, including a charter city or charter county may pursuant
to Health and Safety Code Section 13143.5, or a fire protection
district may pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13869. 7, adopt standards more stringent than those adopted by
the state fire marshal that are reasonably necessary to accom-
modate local climate, geological, or topographical conditions
relating to roof coverings for residential-care facilities for the
elderly.

TERMINALLY ILL. As termed for an individual, means the
individual has a life expectancy of six months or less as stated
in writing by his or her attending physician and surgeon.

TRANSIENT, Occupancy of a dwelling unit or sleeping unit
for not more than 30 days.

310.3 Large Family Day-Care Homes. See Section 445.

SECTION 311
STORAGE GROUP S

311.1 Storage Group S. Storage Group S occupancy includes,
among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion
thereof, for storage that is not classified as a hazardous occu-
pancy.

311.2 Moderate-hazard storage. Group S-1. Buildings
occupied for storage uses that are not classified as Group S-2,
including, but not limited to, storage of the following:

Aerosols, Levels 2 and 3

Aircraft hangar (storage and repair) I

Bags: cloth, burlap and paper

Bamboos and rattan

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Baskets

Belting: canvas and leather

Books and paper in rolls or packs

Boots and shoes

Buttons, including cloth covered, pearl or bone

Cardboard and cardboard boxes

Clothing, woolen wearing apparel

Cordage

Dry boat storage (indoor)

Furniture

Furs

Glues, mucilage, pastes and size

Grains

Horns and combs, other than celluloid

Leather

Linoleum

Lumber

Motor vehicle repair garages complying with the maximum

allowable quantities of hazardous materials listed in

Table 307.1(1) (see Section 406.6)
Photo engravings
Resilient flooring
Silks
Soaps
Sugar

Tires, bulk storage of
Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and snuff
Upholstery and mattresses
Wax candles

311.3 Low-hazard storage, Group S-2. Includes, among oth-
ers, buildings used for the storage of noncombustible materials
such as products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with or
without single thickness divisions; or in paper wrappings. Such
products are permitted to have a negUgible amount of plastic
trim, such as knobs, handles or film wrapping. Group S-2 stor-
age uses shall include, but not be limited to, storage of the fol-
lowing:

Asbestos

Beverages up to and including 16-percent alcohol in metal,

glass or ceramic containers
Cement in bags
Chalk and crayons

Dairy products in nonwaxed coated paper containers
Dry cell batteries
Electrical coils
Electrical motors
Eriipty cans
Food products

Foods in noncombustible containers
Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers
Frozen foods
Glass

Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible Hquids
Gypsum board
Inert pigments
Ivory
Meats

Metal cabinets

Metal desks with plastic tops and trim
Metal parts

Metals

Mirrors

Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers

Parking garages, open or enclosed

Porcelain and pottery

Stoves

Talc and soapstones

Washers and dryers

SECTION 312
UTILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U

312,1 GeneraL Buildings and structures of an accessory char-
acter and miscellaneous structures not classified in any specific
occupancy shall be constructed, equipped and maintained to
conform to the requirements of this code commensurate with
the fire and life hazard incidental to their occupancy. Group U
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Agricultural buildings

Aircraft hangars, accessory to a one- or two-family

residence (see Section 412.5)
Bams
Carports

Fences more than 6 feet (1829 mm) high
Grain silos, accessory to a residential occupancy
Greenhouses
Livestock shelters
Private garages
Retaining walls
Sheds
Stables
Tanks
Towers

SECTION 313
LABORATORIES GROUP L [SFM]

313,1 Laboratories Group L. [SFM] Group L occupancy
includes the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof,
containing one or more laboratory suites as defined in Section

443.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

76 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

403

403.1

403.1.1

403.2

403.2.1

403.2.1.1

403.3

403.4.6

403.4.6.1

403.4.8.1

403.5.4

403.6

403.7

404.6

404.10

406.1.5

406.2.2

406.7

406.7.1

406.7.2

406.7.3

406.7.4

407.2.2

407.10

407.10.4

408.1.1

Cell

Cell Complex

Cell Tiers

Central Control Building

Day Room

Dormitory

Holding Facility

Housing Unit

Restraint

Small Management yard

.....

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS ON USE AND

OCCUPANCY— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire ciiapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

408.1.2

408.1.2.2

408.3.6 - 408.3.6.5

408.3.8

408.3.8.2

408.5.1

408.8.1

408.11

408.12

408.13

408.14-408.14.5

410.2 Platform and Stage

412.3.6

414.5

414.5.6

415.9-415.10.3

419.7

420

420.1

420.4

420.4.1

420.4.1.1

420.4.1.2

420.4.2

420.4.3

420.4.3.1

420.4.4

420.5

420.6

424.1

425

426

430

431

432

433

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS ON USE AND

OCCUPANCY— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1"AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

434

436

439

440

442

443

445

.. ..

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

80 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 4

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED
ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

SECTION 401
SCOPE

401.1 Detailed use and occupancy requirements. In addition
to the occupancy and construction requirements in this code,
the provisions of this chapter apply to the special uses and
occupancies described herein.

SECTION 402
COVERED MALL AND OPEN MALL BUILDINGS

402.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
buildings or structures defined herein as covered mall buildings
not exceeding three floor levels at any point nor more than three
stories above grade plane. Except as specifically required by
this section, covered mall buildings shall meet applicable pro-
visions of this code.

Exceptions:

1. Foyers and lobbies of Groups B, R-1 and R-2 are not
required to comply with this section.

2. Buildings need not comply with the provisions of this
section when they totally comply with other applica-
ble provisions of this code.

402.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

ANCHOR BUILDING. An exterior perimeter building of a
group other than H having direct access to a covered mall build-
ing but having required means of egress independent of the
mall.

COVERED MALL BUILDING. A single building enclosing
a number of tenants and occupants, such as retail stores, drink-
ing and dining establishments, entertainment and amusement
facilities, passenger transportation terminals, offices and other
similar uses wherein two or more tenants have a main entrance
into one or more malls. For the purpose of this chapter, anchor
buildings shall not be considered as a part of the covered mall
building. The term '"covered mall building" shall include open
mall buildings as defined below.

Mall. A roofed or covered common pedestrian area within a
covered mall building that serves as access for two or more
tenants and not to exceed three levels that are open to each
other. The term "mall" shall include open malls as defined
below.

Open mall. An unroofed common pedestrian way serving a
number of tenants not exceeding three levels. Circulation at
levels above grade shall be permitted to include open exte-
rior balconies leading to exits discharging at grade.

Open mall building. Several structures housing a number
of tenants, such as retail stores, drinking and dining estab-

lishments, entertainment and amusement facilities, offices,
and other similar uses, wherein two or more tenants have a
main entrance into one or more open malls. For the purpose
of Chapter 4 of the International Building Code, anchor
buildings are not considered as a part of the open mall build-
ing.

FOOD COURT. A public seating area located in the mall that
serves adjacent food preparation tenant spaces.

GROSS LEASABLE AREA. The total floor area designed
for tenant occupancy and exclusive use. The area of tenant
occupancy is measured from the centerlines of joint partitions
to the outside of the tenant walls. All tenant areas, including
areas used for storage, shall be included in calculating gross
leasable area.

402.3 Lease plan. Each covered mall building owner shall pro-
vide both the building and fire departments with a lease plan
showing the location of each occupancy and its exits after the
certificate of occupancy has been issued. No modifications or
changes in occupancy or use shall be made from that shown on
the lease plan without prior approval of the building official.

402 A Means of egress. Each tenant space and the covered mall
building shall be provided with means of egress as required by
this section and this code. Where there is a conflict between the
requirements of this code and the requirements of this section,
the requirements of this section shall apply.

402.4.1 Determination of occupant load. The occupant
load permitted in any individual tenant space in a covered
mall building shall be determined as required by this code.
Means of egress requirements for individual tenant spaces
shall be based on the occupant load thus determined.

402.4.1.1 Occupant formula. In determining required
means of egress of the mall, the number of occupants for
whom means of egress are to be provided shall be based
on gross leasable area of the covered mall building
(excluding anchor buildings) and the occupant load fac-
tor as determined by the following equation.

OLF= (0.00007) (GLA) + 25
where:

(Equation 4-1)

OLF = The occupant load factor (square feet per per-
son).

GLA = The gross leasable area (square feet).

Exception: Tenant spaces attached to a covered mall
building but with a means of egress system that is
totally independent of the covered mall building shall
not be considered as gross leasable area for determin-
ing the required means of egress for the covered mall
building.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

402.4.1.2 OLF range. The occupant load factor {OLF)
is not required to be less than 30 and shall not exceed 50.

402.4.1.3 Anchor buildings. The occupant load of
anchor buildings opening into the mall shall not be
included in computing the total number of occupants for
the mall.

402.4.1.4 Food courts. The occupant load of a food
court shall be determined in accordance with Section
1004. For the purposes of determining the means of
egress requirements for the mall, the food court occupant
load shall be added to the occupant load of the covered
mall building as calculated above.

402.4.2 Number of means of egress. Wherever the dis-
tance of travel to the mall from any location within a tenant
space used by persons other than employees exceeds 75
feet (22 860 mm) or the tenant space has an occupant load
of 50 or more, not less than two means of egress shall be
provided.

402.4.3 Arrangements of means of egress. Assembly
occupancies with an occupant load of 500 or more shall be
so located in the covered mall building that their entrance
will be immediately adjacent to a principal entrance to the
mall and shall have not less than one-half of their required
means of egress opening directly to the exterior of the cov-
ered mall building,

402.4,3.1 Anchor building means of egress. Required
means of egress for anchor buildings shall be provided
independently from the mall means of egress system.
The occupant load of anchor buildings opening into the
mall shall not be included in determining means of egress
requirements for the mall. The path of egress travel of
malls shall not exit through anchor buildings. Malls ter-
minating at an anchor building where no other means of
egress has been provided shall be considered as a
dead-end mall.

402.4.4 Distance to exits. Within each individual tenant
space in a covered mall building, the maximum distance of
travel from any point to an exit or entrance to the mall shall
not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

The maximum distance of travel from any point within a
mall to an exit shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

402.4.5 Access to exits. Where more than one exit is
required, they shall be so arranged that it is possible to travel
in either direction from any point in a mall to separate exits.
The minimum width of an exit passageway or corridor from
a mall shall be 66 inches (1676 mm).

Exception: Dead ends not exceeding a length equal to
twice the width of the mall measured at the narrowest
location within the dead-end portion of the mall.

402.4.5.1 Exit passageways. Where exit passageways
provide a secondary means of egress from a tenant space,
doorways to the exit passageway shall be protected by
1-hour^r^ door assemblies that are self- or automatic-
closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section
715.4.8.3.

402.4.6 Service areas fronting on exit passageways.

Mechanical rooms, electrical rooms, building service areas
and service elevators are permitted to open directly into exit
passageways, provided the exit passageway is separated
from such rooms with not less than 1-hour^r^ barriers con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both. The xmnimumfire protection rating of openings in the
fire barriers shall be 1 hour.

402.5 Mall width. For the purpose of providing required egress,
malls are permitted to be considered as corridors but need not
comply with the requirements of Section 1005.1 of this code
where the width of the mall is as specified in this section.

402.5.1 Minimum width. The minimum width of the mall
shall be 20 feet (6096 mm). The mall width shall be suffi-
cient to accommodate the occupant load served. There shall
be a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) clear exit width to a
height of 8 feet (2438 nmi) between any projection of a ten-
ant space bordering the mall and the nearest kiosk, vending
machine, bench, display opening, food court or other
obstruction to means of egress travel.

402.5.2 Minimum width open mall. The minimum floor
and roof opening width above grade shall be 20 feet (9096
mm) in open malls.

402.6 Types of construction. The area of any covered mall
building, including anchor buildings, of Types I, II, III and IV
construction, shall not be limited provided the covered mall
building and attached anchor buildings and parking garages
are surrounded on all sides by a permanent open space of not
less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) and the anchor buildings do not
exceed three stories above grade plane. The allowable height
and area of anchor buildings greater than three stories above
grade plane shall comply with Section 503, as modified by
Sections 504 and 506. The construction type of open parking
garages and enclosed parking garages shall comply with Sec-
tions 406.3 and 406.4, respectively.

402.6.1 Reduced open space. The permanent open space of
60 feet (18 288 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced to not
less than 40 feet (12 192 mm), provided the following requ-
irements are met:

1 . The reduced open space shall not be allowed for more
than 75 percent of the perimeter of the covered mall
building and anchor buildings.

2. The exterior wall facing the reduced open space shall
have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 3 hours.

3. Openings in the exterior wall facing the reduced open
space shall have opening protectives with a minimum
fire protection rating of 3 hours.

4. Group E, H, I or R occupancies are not within the cov-
ered mall building or anchor stores.

402.7 Fire-resistance-rated separation. Fire-resistance-
rated separation is not required between tenant spaces and the
mall. Fire-resistance-rated separation is not required between a
food court and adjacent tenant spaces or the mall.

402.7.1 Attached garage. An attached garage for the storage
of passenger vehicles having a capacity of not more than nine

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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persons and open parking garages shall be considered as a
separate building where it is separated from the covered mall
building by not less than 2-hom fire barriers constructed in
accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

Exception: Where an open parking garage or enclosed
parking garage is separated from the covered mall build-
ing or anchor building a distance greater than 10 feet
(3048 mm), the provisions of Table 602 shall apply.
Pedestrian walkways and tunnels that attach the open
parking garage or enclosed parking garage to the cov-
ered mall building or anchor building shall be con-
structed in accordance with Section 3104.

402.7.2 Tenant separations. Each tenant space shall be
separated from other tenant spaces by a fire partition com-
plying with Section 709. A tenant separation wall is not
required between any tenant space and the mall.

402.7.3 Anchor building separation. An anchor building
shall be separated from the covered mall building by fire
walls complying with Section 706.

Exception: Anchor buildings of not more than three sto-
ries above grade plane that have an occupancy classifi-
cation the same as that permitted for tenants of the
covered mall building shall be separated by 2-hour
fire-resistive ^re barriers complying with Section 707.

402.7.3.1 Openings between anchor building and
mall. Except for the separation between Group R-1
sleeping units and the mall, openings between anchor
buildings of Type lA, IB, IIA and IIB construction and
the mall need not be protected.

402.8 Interior finish. Interior wall and ceiling finishes within
the mall and exits shall have a minimumyZam^ spread index and
smoke-developed index of Class B in accordance with Chapter
8. Interior floor finishes shall meet the requirements of Section

804.

[F] 402.9 Automatic sprinkler system. The covered mall
building and buildings connected shall be equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1, which shall comply with the following:

1 . The automatic sprinkler system shall be complete and
operative throughout occupied space in the covered mall
building prior to occupancy of any of the tenant spaces.
Unoccupied tenant spaces shall be similarly protected
unless provided with approved alternative protection.

2. Sprinkler protection for the mall shall be independent
from that provided for tenant spaces or anchors. Where
tenant spaces are supplied by the same system, they shall
be independently controlled.

Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be
required in spaces or areas of open parking garages con-
structed in accordance with Section 406.3.

[F] 402.9.1 Standpipe system. The covered mall building
shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe system as
required by Section 905.3.3.

402.10 Smoke control. Where a covered mall building con-
tains an atrium, a smoke control system shall be provided in
accordance with Section 404.5.

Exception: A smoke control system is not required in cov-
ered mall buildings when an atrium connects only two sto-
ries.

402.11 Kiosks. Kiosks and similar structures (temporary or
permanent) shall meet the following requirements:

1. Combustible kiosks or other structures shall not be
located within the mall unless constructed of any of the
following materials:

1.1. Fire-retardant-treated wood complying with
Section 2303,2.

1.2. Foam plastics having a maximum heat-release
rate not greater than 100 kilowatts (105 Btu/h)
when tested in accordance with the exhibit booth
protocol in UL 1975.

1.3. Aluminum composite material (ACM) having a
flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450
when tested as an assembly in the maximum
thickness intended for use in accordance with
ASTM E 84 or UL 723.

2. Kiosks or similar structures located within the mall shall
be provided with approved fire suppression detection
devices.

3. The minimum horizontal separation between kiosks or
groupings thereof and other structures within the mall
shall be 20 feet (6096 mm).

4. Each kiosk or similar structure or groupings thereof shall
have a maximum area of 300 square feet (28 m^).

402.12 Children's playground structures. Structures
intended as children's playgrounds that exceed 10 feet (3048
mm) in height and 150 square feet (14 m^) in area shall comply
with Sections 402.12,1 through 402.12.4.

402.12.1 Materials. Children's playground structures shall
be constructed of noncombustible materials or of combusti-
ble materials that comply with the following:

1. Fire-retardant-treated wood.

2. Light-transmitting plastics complying with Section
2606.

3. Foam plastics (including the pipe foam used in
soft-contained play equipment structures) having a
maximum heat-release rate not greater than 100
kilowatts when tested in accordance with UL 1975.

4. Aluminum composite material (ACM) meeting the
requirements of Class A interior finish in accordance
with Chapter 8 when tested as an assembly in the
maximum thickness intended for use.

5. Textiles and films complying with the flame propa-
gation performance criteria contained in NFPA 70 1 .

6. Plastic materials used to construct rigid components
of soft-contained play equipment structures (such as
tubes, windows, panels, junction boxes, pipes, slides

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

and decks) exhibiting a peak rate of heat release not
exceeding 400 kW/m^ when tested in accordance
with ASTM E 1354 at an incident heat flux of 50
kW/m^ in the horizontal orientation at a thickness of
6 mm.

7. Ball pool balls, used in soft-contained play equipment
structures, having a maximum heat-release rate not
greater than 100 kilowatts when tested in accordance
with UL 1975. The minimum specimen test size shall
be 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm) by an
average of 21 inches (533 mm) deep, and the balls
shall be held in a box constructed of galvanized steel
poultry netting wire mesh.

8. Foam plastics shall be covered by a fabric, coating or
film meeting the flame propagation performance cri-
teria of NFPA 701.

9. The floor covering placed under the children's play-
ground structure shall exhibit a Class I interior floor
finish classification, as described in Section 804,
when tested in accordance with NFPA 253.

402.12.2 Fire protection. Children's playground structures
located within the mall shall be provided with the same level
of approved fire suppression and detection devices required
for kiosks and similar structures.

402.12.3 Separation. Children's playground structures
shall have a minimum horizontal separation from other
structures within the mall of 20 feet (6090 mm).

402.12.4 Area limits. Children's playground structures
shall not exceed 300 square feet (28 m^) in area, unless a
special investigation has demonstrated adequate fire
safety.

402.13 Security grilles and doors. Horizontal sliding or verti-
cal security grilles or doors that are a part of a required means of
egress shall conform to the following:

1. They shall remain in the full open position during the
period of occupancy by the general public.

2. Doors or grilles shall not be brought to the closed posi-
tion when there are 10 or more persons occupying spaces
served by a single exit or 50 or more persons occupying
spaces served by more than one exit.

3. The doors or grilles shall be openable from within with-
out the use of any special knowledge or effort where the
space is occupied.

4. Where two or more exits are required, not more than
one-half of the exits shall be permitted to include either a
horizontal sliding or vertical rolling grille or door.

[F] 402.14 Standby power. Covered mall buildings exceeding
50,000 square feet (4645 m^) shall be provided with standby
power systems that are capable of operating the emergency
voice/alarm communication system.

[F] 402.15 Emergency voice/alarm communication sys-
tem. Covered mall buildings exceeding 50,000 square feet
(4645 m^) in total floor area shall be provided with an emer-
gency voice/alarm communication system. Emergency
voice/alarm communication systems serving a mall, required

or otherwise, shall be accessible to the fire department. The
system shall be provided in accordance with Section
907.5.2.2.

402.16 Plastic signs. Plastic signs affixed to the storefront of
any tenant space facing the mall shall be limited as specified in
Sections 402.16.1 through 402.16.5.2.

402.16.1 Area. Plastic signs shall not exceed 20 percent of
the wall area facing the mall.

402.16.2 Height and width. Plastic signs shall not exceed a
height of 36 inches (914 mm), except that if the sign is verti-
cal, the height shall not exceed 96 inches (2438 mm) and the
width shall not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

402.16.3 Location. Plastic signs shall be located a mini-
mum distance of 18 inches (457 mm) from adjacent tenants.

402.16.4 Plastics other than foam plastics. Plastics other
than foam plastics used in signs shall be light-transmitting
plastics complying with Section 2606.4 or shall have a
self-ignition temperature of 650'^F (343°C) or greater when
tested in accordance with ASTM D 1929, and di flame
spread index not greater than 75 and smoke-developed
index not greater than 450 when tested in the manner
intended for use in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723
or meet the acceptance criteria of Secfion 803.1.2.1 when
tested in accordance with NFPA 286.

402.16.4.1 Encasement. Edges and backs of plastic
signs in the mall shall be fully encased in metal.

402.16.5 Foam plastics. Foam plastics used in signs shall
have flame-retardant characteristics such that the sign has a
maximum heat-release rate of 150 kilowatts when tested in
accordance with UL 1975 and the foam plastics shall have
the physical characteristics specified in this section. Foam
plastics used in signs installed in accordance with Section
402.16 shall not be required to comply with the flame
spread and smoke-developed indexes specified in Section
2603.3.

402.16.5.1 Density. The minimum density of foam plas-
tics used in signs shall not be less than 20 pounds per
cubic foot (pcf) (320 kg/m^).

402.16.5.2 Thickness. The thickness of foam plastic
signs shall not be greater than V2 inch (12.7 mm).

[F] 402.17 Fire department access to equipment. Rooms or
areas containing controls for air-conditioning systems, auto-
matic fire-extinguishing systems or other detection, suppression
or control elements shall be identified for use by the fire depart-
ment.

SECTION 403

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS AND GROUP 1-2

OCCUPANCIES HAVING OCCUPIED FLOORS

LOCATED MORE THAN 75 FEET ABOVE THE

LOWEST LEVEL OF FIRE DEPARTMENT

VEHICLE ACCESS

403.1 Applicability. New high-rise buildings and new Group
1-2 occupancies having occupied floors located more than 75

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

feet above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access
shall comply with Sections 403.2 through 403.6.

Exception: The provisions of Sections 403.2 through 403.6
shall not apply to the following buildings and structures:

1 . Airport traffic control towers in accordance with Sec-
tion 412.3.

2. Open parking garages in accordance with Section
406.3.

3. Buildings with a Group A-5 occupancy in accordance
with Section 303.1.

4. Special industrial occupancies in accordance with
Section 503.1.1.

5. Buildings such as power plants, lookout towers, stee-
ples, grain houses and similar structures with non-
continuous human occupancy, when so determined
by the enforcing agency.

For existing high-rise buildings, see Section 3414 and for
existing Group R occupancies, see Section 3413.13.

For the purpose of this section, in determining the level from
which the highest occupied floor is to be measured, the enforc-
ing agency should exercise reasonable judgment, including
consideration of overall accessibility to the building by fire
department personnel and vehicular equipment. When a build-
ing is located on sloping terrain and there is building access on
more than one level, the enforcing agency may select the level
that provides the most logical and adequate fire department
access.

403 A, 1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

HIGH-RISE BUILDING. In other than Group 1-2 occu-
pancies "high-rise buildings" as used in this code:

1. *' Existing high-rise structure" means a high-rise
structure, the construction of which is commenced or
completed prior to July 1, 1974.

2. '* High-rise structure" means every building of any
type of construction or occupancy having floors used
for human occupancy located more than 75 feet
above the lowest floor level having building access
(see Section 403.1.2), except buildings used as hospi-
tals as defined in Health and Safety Code Section
1250.

3. "New high-rise structure" means a high-rise struc-
ture, the construction of which is commenced on or
after July 1, 1974,

HIGH-RISE BUILDING ACCESS, An exterior door
opening conforming to all of the following :

1. Suitable and available for fire department use.

2. Located not more than 2 feet (610 mm) above the
adjacent ground level.

3. Leading to a space, room or area having foot traffic
communication capabilities with the remainder of the
building.

4. Designed to permit penetration through the use of fire
department forcible-entry tools and equipment unless
other approved arrangements have been made with
the fire authority having jurisdiction.

NEW HIGH-RISE BUILDING. A high-rise structure, the
construction of which is commenced on or after July 1,
1974. For the purpose of this section, construction shall be
deemed to have commenced when plans and specifications
are more than 50 percent complete and have been presented
to the local jurisdiction prior to July 1, 1974. Unless all pro-
visions of this section have been met, the construction of
such buildings shall commence on or before January 1,
1976.

403.2 Construction. The construction of high-rise buildings
shall comply with the provisions of Sections 403.2.1 through
403.2.4.

403.2.1 Reduction in fire-resistance rating. The fire-
resistance-rating reductions listed in Sections 403.2.1.1
and 403.2.1.2 shall be allowed in buildings that have sprin-
kler control valves equipped with supervisory initiating
devices and water-flow initiating devices for each floor.

Exception: Buildings, or portions of buildings, classi-
fied as a Group H-1, H-2 or H-3 occupancy.

403.2.1.1 Type of construction. The following reduc-
tions in the mmmmm fire-resistance rating of the build-
ing elements in Table 601 shall be permitted as follows:

1. For buildings not greater than 420 feet (128 m) in
building height, the fire-resistance rating of the
building elements in Type lA construction shall be
permitted to be reduced to the minimum//r^-r^^/5-
tance ratings for the building elements in Type IB .

Exception: The VQqixirtd fire-resistance rating
of the Structural Frame shall not be permitted
to be reduced.

2. In other than Group F-1, M and S-1 occupancies,
\hQ fire-resistance rating of the building elements
in Type IB construction shall be permitted to be
reduced to iht fire-resistance ratings in Type IIA.

Exception: The required fire-resistance rating
of the structural frame shall not be permitted to
be reduced.

3. The building height and building area limitations
of a building containing building elements with
x^ducQd fire-resistance ratings shall be permitted
to be the same as the building without such reduc-
tions.

403.2.1.2 Shaft enclosures. For buildings not greater
than 420 feet (128 m) in building height, the required
fire-resistance rating of iho. fire barriers enclosing verti-
cal shafts, other than exit enclosures and elevator
hoistway enclosures, is permitted to be reduced to 1 hour
where automatic sprinklers are installed within the shafts
at the top and at alternate floor levels.

403.2.2 Seismic considerations.

ations, see Chapter 16.

For seismic consider-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

403.2.3 Structural integrity of exit enclosures and eleva-
tor hoistway enclosures. For high-rise buildings of occu-
pancy category III or IV in accordance with Section 1604.5,
and for all buildings that are more than 420 feet (128 m) in
building height, exit enclosures and elevator hoistway
enclosures shall comply with Sections 403.2.3.1 through
403.2.3.4.

403.2.3.1 Wall assembly. The wall assemblies making
up the exit enclosures and elevator hoistway enclosures
shall meet or exceed Soft Body Impact Classification
Level 2 as measured by the test method described in
ASTMC1629/C1629M.

403.2.3.2 Wall assembly materials. The face of the wall
assemblies making up the exit enclosures and elevator
hoistway enclosures that are not exposed to the interior
of the exit enclosure or elevator hoistway enclosure shall
be constructed in accordance with one of the following
methods:

1. The wall assembly shall incorporate not less than
two layers of impact-resistant construction board
each of which meets or exceeds Hard Body Impact
Classification Level 2 as measured by the test
method described in ASTM C 1629/C 1629M.

2. The wall assembly shall incorporate not less than
one layer of impact-resistant construction material
that meets or exceeds Hard Body Impact Classifi-
cation Level 3 as measured by the test method
described in ASTM C 1629/C 1629M.

3. The wall assembly incorporates multiple layers of
any material, tested in tandem, that meet or exceed
Hard Body Impact Classification Level 3 as mea-
sured by the test method described in ASTM C
1629/C 1629M.

403.2.3.3 Concrete and masonry walls. Concrete or
masonry walls shall be deemed to satisfy the require-
ments of Sections 403.2.3.1 and 403.2.3.2.

403.2.3.4 Other wall assemblies. Any other wall assem-
bly that provides impact resistance equivalent to that
required by Sections 403.2.3.1 and 403.2.3.2 for Hard
Body Impact Classification Level 3, as measured by the
test method described in ASTM C 1629/C 1629M, shall
be permitted.

403.2.4 Sprayed fire-resistant materials (SFRM). The

bond strength of the SFRM installed throughout the build-
ing shall be in accordance with Table 403.2.4.

TABLE 403.2.4
MINIMUM BOND STRENGTH

HEIGHT OF BUILDING^

SFRM MINIMUM BOND STRENGTH

Up to 420 feet

430 psf

Greater than 420 feet

1,000 psf

For Sr. 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot (psf) = 0.0479 kWAnl
a. Above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

[F] 403.3 Automatic sprinkler system. Buildings and struc-
tures shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and a secondary

water supply where required by Section 903.3.5.2. A sprinkler
water-flow alarm-initiating device and a control valve with a
supervisory signal-initiating device shall be provided at the
lateral connection to the riser for each floor

Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be
required in open parking garages in accordance with Sec-
tion 406.3.

[F] 403.3.1 Number of sprinkler risers and system
design. Each sprinkler system zone in buildings that are
more than 420 feet (128 m) in building height shall be sup-
plied by a minimum of two risers. Each riser shall supply
sprinklers on alternate floors. If more than two risers are
provided for a zone, sprinklers on adjacent floors shall not
be supplied from the same riser.

[F] 403.3.1.1 Riser location. Sprinkler risers shall be
placed in exit enclosures that are remotely located in
accordance with Section 1015.2.

[F] 403.3.2 Water supply to required fire pumps.

Required fire pumps shall be supplied by connections to a
minimum of two water mains located in different streets.
Separate supply piping shall be provided between each con-
nection to the water main and the pumps. Each connection
and the supply piping between the connection and the
pumps shall be sized to supply the flow and pressure
required for the pumps to operate.

Exception: Two connections to the same main shall be
permitted provided the main is valved such that an inter-
ruption can be isolated so that the water supply will con-
tinue without interruption through at least one of the
connections.

403.4 Emergency systems. The detection, alarm and emer-
gency systems of high-rise buildings shall comply with Sec-
tions 403.4.1 through 403.4.8.

[F] 403.4.1 Smoke detection. Smoke detection shall be
provided in accordance with Section 907.2.13.1.

[F] 403.4.2 Fire alarms systems. A fire alarm system shall
be provided in accordance with Section 907.2.13.

[F] 403.4.3 Emergency voice/alarm communication sys-
tem. An emergency voice/alarm communication system
shall be provided in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.

[F] 403.4.4 Emergency responder radio coverage. Emer-
gency responder radio coverage shall be provided in accor-
dance with Section 510 of the International Fire Code.

[F] 403.4.5 Fire command. A fire command center com-
plying with Section 911 shall be provided in a location
approved by the fire department.

403.4,6 Smoke control

403,4.6 J Smoke control system. High-rise buildings
shall be provided with a passive or active smoke control
system or combination thereof in accordance with Sec-
tion 909.

[F] 403.4.7 Standby power. A standby power system com-
plying with Chapter 27 shall be provided for standby power
loads specified in Section 403.4,7.2.

<•

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 403.4.7.1 Special requirements for standby power
systems. If the standby system is a generator set inside a
building, the system shall be located in a separate room
enclosed with 2-hour ^ir^ barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 7 1 2, or both. System
supervision with manual start and transfer features shall
be provided at the fire command center.

[F] 403.4.7.2 Standby power loads. The following are
classified as standby power loads:

1. Power and lighting for the fire command center
required by Section 403.4.5;

2. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equip-
ment for smokeproof enclosures; and

3. Standby power shall be provided for elevators in
accordance with Sections 1007.4, 3003, 3007 and
3008.

[F] 403.4.8 Emergency power systems. An emergency
power system complying with Chapter 27 shall be provided
for emergency power loads specified in Section 403.4.8.1.

[F] 403.4.8.1 Emergency power loads. The following
are classified as emergency power loads:

1. Exit signs and means of egress illumination
required by Chapter 10;

2. Elevator car lighting;

3. Emergency voice/alarm communications systems;

4. Automatic fire detection systems;

5. Fire alarm systems; and

6. Electrically powered fire pumps.

403.5 Means of egress and evacuation. The means of egress
in high-rise buildings shall comply with Sections 403.5.1
through 403.5.6.

403.5.1 Remoteness of exit stairway enclosures. The

required exit stairway enclosures shall be separated by a dis-
tance not less than 30 feet (9144 mm) or not less than
one-fourth of the length of the maximum overall diagonal
dimension of the building or area to be served, whichever is
less. The distance shall be measured in a straight line
between the nearest points of the exit stairway enclosures.
In buildings with three or more exit stairway enclosures, at
least two of the exit stairway enclosures shall comply with
this section. Interlocking or scissor stairs shall be counted
as one exit stairway.

403.5.2 Additional exit stairway. For buildings other than
Group R-2 that are more than 420 feet (128 m) in building
height, one additional exit stairway meeting the require-
ments of Sections 1009 and 1022 shall be provided in addi-
tion to the minimum number of exits required by Section
1021.1. The total width of any combination of remaining
exit stairways with one exit stairway removed shall not be
less than the total width required by Section 1005. 1. Scissor

stairs shall not be considered the additional exit stairway
required by this section.

Exception: An additional exit stairway shall not be
required to be installed in buildings having elevators
used for occupant self-evacuation in accordance with
Section 3008.

403.5.3 Stairway door operation. Stairway doors other
than the exit discharge doors shall be permitted to be locked
from the stairway side. Stairway doors that are locked from
the stairway side shall be capable of being unlocked simul-
taneously without unlatching upon a signal from the fire
command center. Upon failure of electrical power to the
locking mechanism the door shall unlock

403.5.3.1 Stairway communication system. A tele-
phone or other two-way communications system con-
nected to an approved constantly attended station shall
be provided at not less than every fifth floor in each stair-
way where the doors to the stairway are locked.

403.5.4 Smokeproof exit enclosures. Every exit enclosure
in high-rise buildings shall comply with Sections 909.20
and 1022.9. Every required level exit stairway in Group 1-2
occupancies serving floors more than 75 feet (22 860 mm)
above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access
shall comply with Sections 909.20 and 1022.9.

403.5.5 Luminous egress path markings. Luminous
egress path markings shall be provided in accordance with
Section 1024.

403.5.6 Emergency escape and rescue. Emergency escape
and rescue openings required by Section 1029 are not
required.

403.6 Elevators. Elevator installation and operation in
high-rise buildings shall comply with Chapter 30 and Sections
403.6.1 and 403.6.2.

Enclosed elevator lobbies shall be provided in accordance
with Section 708.14.1. Exceptions 3, 5, 6 and 8 shall only be
permitted where approved by the Fire Chief in accordance with
Section 1.11.2.1.1 orin accordance with Section LI 1.2.1.2 for
all state-owned buildings y state-occupied buildings, and state
institutions throughout the state.

403.6.1 Fire service access elevator. In buildings with an
occupied floor more than 120 feet (36 576 mm) above the
lowest level of fire department vehicle access, a minimum
of one fire service access elevator shall be provided in accor-
dance with Section 3007.

403.6.2 Occupant evacuation elevators. Where installed
in accordance with Section 3008, passenger elevators for
general public use shall be permitted to be used for occupant
self-evacuation.

403.7 Existing high-rise buildings. For existing high-rise
buildings, see Section 3414.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

SECTION 404
ATRIUMS

404.1 General. In other than Group H occupancies, and where
permitted by Exception 5 in Section 708.2, the provisions of
this section shall apply to buildings or structures containing
vertical openings defined herein as "Atriums."

404.1.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for
the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meaning shown herein.

ATRIUM. An opening connecting two or more stories
other than enclosed stairways, elevators, hoistways, escala-
tors, plumbing, electrical, air-conditioning or other equip-
ment, which is closed at the top and not defined as a mall.
Stories, as used in this definition, do not include balconies
within assembly groups or mezzanines that comply with
Section 505.

404.2 Use. The floor of the atrium shall not be used for other
than low fire hazard uses and only approved materials and dec-
orations in accordance with the International Fire Code shall
be used in the atrium space.

Exception: The atrium floor area is permitted to be used for
any approved use where the individual space is provided
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1.

[F] 404.3 Automatic sprinkler protection. An approved
automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout the
entire building.

Exceptions:

1 . That area of a building adjacent to or above the atrium
need not be sprinklered provided that portion of the
building is separated from the atrium portion by not
less than 2-\\o\xy fire barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

2. Where the ceiling of the atrium is more than 55 feet
(16 764 mm) above the floor, sprinkler protection at
the ceiling of the atrium is not required.

[F] 404.4 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Section 907.2.14.

404.5 Smoke control. A smoke control system shall be
installed in accordance with Section 909.

Exception: Smoke control is not required for atriums that
connect only two stories.

404.6 Enclosure of atriums. Atrium spaces shall be separated
from adjacent spaces by a 1-]\o\xt fire barrier constructed in
accordance with Section 707 or a horizontal assembly con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

Exceptions:

1 . A glass wall forming a smoke partition where auto-
matic sprinklers are spaced 6 feet (1829 mm) or less
along both sides of the separation wall, or on the room
side only if there is not a walkway on the atrium side,
and between 4 inches and 12 inches (102 mm and 305
mm) away from the glass and designed so that the

entire surface of the glass is wet upon activation of the
sprinkler system without obstruction. The glass shall
be installed in a gasketed frame so that the framing
system deflects without breaking (loading) the glass
before the sprinkler system operates.

2. A glass-block wall assembly in accordance with Sec-
tion 2110 and having a ^/^-honr fire protection rating.

3. In other than Group I and R-2.I occupancies, /he
adjacent spaces of any thvoQ floors of the atrium shall
not be required to be separated from the atrium where
such spaces are accounted for in the design of the
smoke control system.

[F] 404.7 Standby power. Equipment required to provide
smoke control shall be connected to a standby power system in
accordance with Section 909.11.

404.8 Interior finish. The interior finish of walls and ceilings
of the atrium shall not be less than Class B with no reduction in
class for sprinkler protection.

404.9 Travel distance. In other than the lowest level of the
atrium, where the required means of egress is through the
atrium space, the portion of exit access travel distance within
the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm). The
travel distance requirements for areas of buildings open to the
atrium and where access to the exits is not through the atrium,
shall comply with the requirements of Section 1016.

404.10 Group I and R'2,1 occupancy means of egress.

Required means of egress from sleeping rooms in Group I and
R-2. 1 occupancies shall not pass through the atrium.

SECTION 405
UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS

405.1 General. The provisions of this section apply to building
spaces having a floor level used for human occupancy more
than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the finished floor of the lowest
level of exit discharge.

Exceptions:

1 . One- and two-family dwellings, sprinklered in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.3.

2. Parking garages with automatic sprinkler systems in
compliance with Section 405.3.

3. Fixed guide way transit systems.

4. Grandstands, bleachers, stadiums, arenas and similar
facilities.

5. Where the lowest story is the only story that would
qualify the building as an underground building and
has an area not exceeding 1,500 square feet (139 m^)
and has an occupant load less than 10.

6. Pumping stations and other similar mechanical
spaces intended only for limited periodic use by ser-
vice or maintenance personnel.

7. [SFM] Winery Caves having a floor level used for I I
human occupancy 30 feet (9144 mm) or less below the
lowest level of exit discharge.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

405.2 Construction requirements. The underground portion
of the building shall be of Type I construction.

[F] 405.3 Automatic sprinkler system. The highest level of
exit discharge serving the underground portions of the building
and all levels below shall be equipped with an automatic sprin-
kler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Water-flow switches and control valves shall be supervised in
accordance with Section 903.4.

405.4 Compartmentation. Compartmentation shall be in
accordance with Sections 405.4.1 through 405.4.3.

405.4.1 Number of compartments. A building having a
floor level more than 60 feet (18 288 mm) below the finished
floor of the lowest level of exit discharge shall be divided
into a minimum of two compartments of approximately
equal size. Such compartmentation shall extend through the
highest level of exit discharge serving the underground por-
tions of the building and all levels below.

Exception: The lowest story need not be compartmented
where the area does not exceed 1,500 square feet (139
m^) and has an occupant load of less than 10.

405.4.2 Smoke barrier penetration. The compartments
shall be separated from each other by a smoke barrier in
accordance with Section 710. Penetrations between the two
compartments shall be limited to plumbing and electrical
piping and conduit that are firestopped in accordance with
Section 713. Doorways shall be protected by fire door
assemblies that are automatic-closing by smoke detection in
accordance with Section 715.4.8.3 and are installed in
accordance with NFPA 105 and Section 715.4.3. Where
provided, each compartment shall have an air supply and an
exhaust system independent of the other compartments.

405.4.3 Elevators. Where elevators are provided, each com-
partment shall have direct access to an elevator. Where an ele-
vator serves more than one compartment, an elevator lobby
shall be provided and shall be separated from each compart-
ment by a smoke barrier in accordance with Section 710.
Doors shall be gasketed, have a drop sill and be auto-
matic-closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section
715.4.8.3.

[F] 405.5 Smoke control system. A smoke control system
shall be provided in accordance with Sections 405.5.1 and
405.5.2.

[F] 405.5.1 Control system. A smoke control system is
required to control the migration of products of combustion
in accordance with Section 909 and the provisions of this
section. Smoke control shall restrict movement of smoke to
the general area of fire origin and maintain means of egress
in a usable condition.

[F] 405.5.2 Compartment smoke control system. Where
compartmentation is required, each compartment shall have
an independent smoke control system. The system shall be
automatically activated and capable of manual operation in
accordance with Sections 907.2.18 and 907.2.19.

[F] 405.6 Fire alarm systems. A fire alarm system shall be
provided where required by Sections 907.2.18 and 907.2.19.

405.7 Means of egress. Means of egress shall be in accordance
with Sections 405.7.1 and 405.7.2.

405.7.1 Number of exits. Each floor level shall be provided
with a minimum of two exits. Where compartmentation is
required by Section 405.4, each compartment shall have a
minimum of one exit and shall also have an exit access door-
way into the adjoining compartment.

405.7.2 Smokeproof enclosure. Every required stairway
serving floor levels more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the
finished floor of its level of exit discharge shall comply with
the requirements for a smokeproof enclosure as provided in
Section 1022.9.

[F] 405.8 Standby power. A standby power system complying
with Chapter 27 shall be provided standby power loads speci-
fied in Section 405.8.1.

[F] 405.8.1 Standby power loads. The following loads are
classified as standby power loads:

1 . Smoke control system.

2. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equipment
for smokeproof enclosures.

3. Fire pumps.

Standby power shall be provided for elevators in accor-
dance with Section 3003.

[F] 405.8.2 Pick-up time. The standby power system shall
pick up its connected loads within 60 seconds of failure of
the normal power supply.

[F] 405.9 Emergency power. An emergency power system
complying with Chapter 27 shall be provided for emergency
power loads specified in Section 405.9.1.

[F] 405.9.1 Emergency power loads. The following loads
are classified as emergency power loads:

1. Emergency voice/alarm communications systems.

2. Fire alarm systems.

3. Automatic fire detection systems.

4. Elevator car lighting.

5. Means of egress and exit sign illumination as required
by Chapter 10.

[F] 405.10 Standpipe system. The underground building shall
be equipped throughout with a standpipe system in accordance
with Section 905.

SECTION 406
MOTOR-VEHICLE-RELATED OCCUPANCIES

406.1 Private garages and carports.

406.1.1 Classification. Buildings or parts of buildings clas-
sified as Group U occupancies because of the use or charac-
ter of the occupancy shall not exceed 1 ,000 square feet (93
m^) in area or one story in height except as provided in Sec-
tion 406.1.2. Any building or portion thereof that exceeds
the limitations specified in this section shall be classified in
the occupancy group other than Group U that it most nearly
resembles.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

406.1.2 Area increase. Group U occupancies used for the
storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles where no
repair work is completed or fuel is dispensed are permitted
to be 3,000 square feet (279 m^) when the following provi-
sions are met:

1 . For a mixed occupancy building, the exterior wall and
opening protection for the Group U portion of the
building shall be as required for the major occupancy
of the building. For such a mixed occupancy building,
the allowable floor area of the building shall be as per-
mitted for the major occupancy contained therein.

2. For a building containing only a Group U occupancy,
the exterior wall shall not be required to have a
fire-resistance rating and the area of openings shall
not be limited when the//r^ separation distance is 5
feet (1524 mm) or more.

More than one 3,000-square-foot (279 m^) Group U
occupancy shall be permitted to be in the same building,
provided each 3,000-square-foot (279 m^) area is separated
by^r^ walls complying with Section 706.

406.1.3 Garages and carports. Carports shall be open on at
least two sides. Carport floor surfaces shall be of approved
noncombustible material. Carports not open on at least two
sides shall be considered a garage and shall comply with the
provisions of this section for garages.

Exception: Asphalt surfaces shall be permitted at
ground level in carports.

The area of floor used for parking of automobiles or other
vehicles shall be sloped to facilitate the movement of liquids
to a drain or toward the main vehicle entry doorway.

406.1.4 Separation. Separations shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1. The private garage shall be separated from the dwell-
ing unit and its attic area by means of a minimum
V2-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board applied to the
garage side. Garages beneath habitable rooms shall be
separated from all habitable rooms above by not less
than a Vg-inch (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum board or
equivalent. Door openings between a private garage
and the dwelling unit shall be equipped with either
solid wood doors or solid or honeycomb core steel
doors not less than IVg inches (34.9 rrnn) thick, or
doors in compliance with Section 715.4.3. Openings
from a private garage directly into a room used for
sleeping purposes shall not be permitted. Doors shall
be self-closing and self-latching.

2. Ducts in a private garage and ducts penetrating the
walls or ceilings separating the dwelling unit from the
garage shall be constructed of a minimum 0.019-inch
(0.48 mm) sheet steel and shall have no openings into
the garage.

3. A separation is not required between a Group R-3 and
U carport, provided the carport is entirely open on two
or more sides and there are not enclosed areas above.

406.1.5 Automatic garage door openers. Automatic
garage door openers, if provided, shall be listed in accor-

dance with UL 325. See Health and Safety Code Sections
19890 and 19891 for additional provisions for residential
garage door openers.

406.2 Parking garages.

406.2.1 Classification. Parking garages shall be classified
as either open, as defined in Section 406.3, or enclosed and
shall meet the appropriate criteria in Section 406.4. Also see
Section 509 for special provisions for parking garages.

406.2.2 Clear heiglit. The clear height of each floor level in
vehicle and pedestrian traffic areas shall not be less than 7
feet (2134 mm). [HCD l-AQ DSA-AC] The clear height of
vehicle and pedestrian areas required to he accessible shall
comply with Chapter llAor Chapter 11 By as applicable.

406.2.3 Guards. Guards shall be provided in accordance
with Section 1013. Guards serving as vehicle barrier sys-
tems shall comply with Sections 406.2.4 and 1013.

406.2.4 Vehicle barrier systems. Vehicle barrier systems
not less than 2 feet 9 inches (835 mm) high shall be placed at
the end of drive lanes, and at the end of parking spaces
where the vertical distance to the ground or surface directly
below is greater than 1 foot (305 mm). Vehicle barrier sys-
tems shall comply with the loading requirements of Section
1607.7.3.

Exception: Vehicle storage compartments in a mechani-
cal access parking garage.

406.2.5 Ramps. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as
required exits unless pedestrian facihties are provided.
Vehicle ramps that are utilized for vertical circulation as
well as for parking shall not exceed a slope of 1:15 (6.67
percent).

406.2.6 Floor surface. Parking surfaces shall be of concrete
or similar noncombustible and nonabsorbent materials.

The area of floor used for parking of automobiles or other
vehicles shall be sloped to facilitate the movement of liquids
to a drain or toward the main vehicle entry doorway.

Exceptions:

1. Asphalt parking surfaces shall be permitted at
ground level.

2. Floors of Group S-2 parking garages shall not be
required to have a sloped surface.

406.2.7 Mixed occupancy separation. Parking garages
shall be separated from other occupancies in accordance
with Section 508.1.

406.2.8 Special hazards. Connection of a parking garage
with any room in which there is a fuel-fired appliance shall
be by means of a vestibule providing a two-doorway separa-
tion.

Exception: A single door shall be allowed provided the
sources of ignition in the appliance are at least 18 inches
(457 mm) above the floor.

406.2.9 Attached to rooms. Openings from a parking
garage directly into a room used for sleeping purposes shall
not be permitted.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

406.3 Open parking garages.

406.3.1 Scope. Except where specific provisions are made
in Sections 406.3.2 through 406.3.13, other requirements of
this code shall apply.

406.3.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

MECHANICAL-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES.

Open parking garages employing parking machines, lifts,
elevators or other mechanical devices for vehicles moving
from and to street level and in which public occupancy is
prohibited above the street level.

OPEN PARKING GARAGE. A structure or portion of a
structure with the openings as described in Section
406.3.3.1 on two or more sides that is used for the parking or
storage of private motor vehicles as described in Section
406.3.4.

RAMP-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES. Open
parking garages employing a series of continuously rising
floors or a series of interconnecting ramps between floors
permitting the movement of vehicles under their own power
from and to the street level.

406.3.3 Construction. Open parking garages shall be of
Type I, II or IV construction. Open parking garages shall
meet the design requirements of Chapter 16. For vehicle
barrier systems, see Section 406.2.4.

406.3.3.1 Openings. For natural ventilation purposes,
the exterior side of the structure shall have uniformly dis-
tributed openings on two or more sides. The area of such
openings in exterior walls on a tier must be at least 20
percent of the total perimeter wall area of each tier. The
aggregate length of the openings considered to be pro-
viding natural ventilation shall constitute a minimum of
40 percent of the perimeter of the tier. Interior walls shall
be at least 20 percent open with uniformly distributed
openings.

Exception: Openings are not required to be distrib-
uted over 40 percent of the building perimeter where
the required openings are uniformly distributed over
two opposing sides of the building.

406.3.4 Uses. Mixed uses shall be allowed in the same
building as an open parking garage subject to the provisions
of Sections 402.7.1, 406.3.13, 508.1, 509.3, 509.4 and
509.7.

406.3.5 Area and height. Area and height of open parking
garages shall be limited as set forth in Chapter 5 for Group
S-2 occupancies and as further provided for in Section
508.1.

406.3.5.1 Single use. When the open parking garage is
used exclusively for the parking or storage of private
motor vehicles, with no other uses in the building, the
area and height shall be permitted to comply with Table
406.3.5, along with increases allowed by Section
406.3.6.

Exception: The grade-level tier is permitted to con-
tain an office, waiting and toilet rooms having a total
combined area of not more than 1,000 square feet (93
m^). Such area need not be separated from the open
parking garage.

In open parking garages having a spiral or sloping
floor, the horizontal projection of the structure at any
cross section shall not exceed the allowable area per
parking tier. In the case of an open parking garage hav-
ing a continuous spiral floor, each 9 feet 6 inches (2896
mm) of height, or portion thereof, shall be considered a
tier.

The clear height of a parking tier shall not be less than
7 feet (2134 mm), except that a lower clear height is per-
mitted in mechanical-access open parking garages
where approved by the building official.

406.3.6 Area and height increases. The allowable area and
height of open parking garages shall be increased in accor-
dance with the provisions of this section. Garages with sides
open on three-fourths of the building's perimeter are permit-
ted to be increased by 25 percent in area and one tier in
height. Garages with sides open around the entire building's
perimeter are permitted to be increased by 50 percent in area
and one tier in height. For a side to be considered open under
the above provisions, the total area of openings along the
side shall not be less than 50 percent of the interior area of
the side at each tier and such openings shall be equally dis-
tributed along the length of the tier.

TABLE 406.3.5
OPEN PARKING GARAGES AREA AND HEIGHT

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

AREA PER TIER
(square feet)

HEIGHT (in tiers)

Ramp access

Mechanical access

Automatic sprinkler system

Yes

Unlimited

12 tiers

18 tiers

IIA

50,000

10 tiers

15 tiers

IIB

50,000

8 tiers

12 tiers

50,000

4 tiers

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

Allowable tier areas in Table 406.3.5 shall be increased
for open parking garages constructed to heights less than
the table maximum. The gross tier area of the garage shall
not exceed that permitted for the higher structure. At least
three sides of each such larger tier shall have continuous
horizontal openings not less than 30 inches (762 mm) in
clear height extending for at least 80 percent of the length of
the sides and no part of such larger tier shall be more than
200 feet (60 960 mm) horizontally from such an opening. In
addition, each such opening shall face a street or yard acces-
sible to a street with a width of at least 30 feet (9 144 mm) for
the full length of the opening, and standpipes shall be pro-
vided in each such tier.

Open parking garages of Type 11 construction, with all
sides open, shall be unlimited in allowable area where the
building height does not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). For a
side to be considered open, the total area of openings along
the side shall not be less than 50 percent of the interior area
of the side at each tier and such openings shall be equally
distributed along the length of the tier. All portions of tiers
shall be within 200 feet (60 960 mm) horizontally from such
openings or other natural ventilation openings as defined in
Section 406.3.3.1. These openings shall be permitted to be
provided in courts with a minimum dimension of 20 feet
(6096 mm) for the full width of the openings.

406.3.7 Fire separation distance. Exterior walls and open-
ings in exterior walls shall comply with Tables 601 and 602,
The distance to an adjacent lot line shall be determined in
accordance with Table 602 and Section 705.

406.3.8 Means of egress. Where persons other than parking
attendants are permitted, open parking garages shall meet
the means of egress requirements of Chapter 10. Where no
persons other than parking attendants are permitted, there
shall not be less than two 3 6-inch- wide (914 mm) exit stair-
ways. Lifts shall be permitted to be installed for use of
employees only, provided they are completely enclosed by
noncombustible materials.

406.3.9 Standpipes. Standpipes shall be installed where
required by the provisions of Chapter 9.

406.3.10 Sprinkler systems. Where required by other pro-
visions of this code, automatic sprinkler systems and
standpipes shall be installed in accordance with the provi-
sions of Chapter 9.

406.3.11 Enclosure of vertical openings. Enclosure shall
not be required for vertical openings except as specified in
Section 406.3.8.

406.3.12 Ventilation. Ventilation, other than the percentage
of openings specified in Section 406.3.3,1, shall not be
required.

406.3.13 Prohibitions. The following uses and alterations
are not permitted:

1 . Vehicle repair work.

2. Parking of buses, trucks and similar vehicles.

3. Partial or complete closing of required openings in
exterior walls by tarpaulins or any other means.

4. Dispensing of fuel.

406.4 Enclosed parking garages.

406.4.1 Heights and areas. Enclosed vehicle parking
garages and portions thereof that do not meet the definition
of open parking garages shall be limited to the allowable
heights and areas specified in Table 503 as modified by Sec-
tions 504, 506 and 507. Roof parking is permitted.

406.4.2 Ventilation. A mechanical ventilation system shall
be provided in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code.

406.5 Motor fuel-dispensing facilities.

406.5.1 Construction. Motor fuel-dispensing facilities
shall be constructed in accordance with the California Fire
Code and Sections 406.5.1 through 406.5.3.

406.5.2 Vehicle fueling pad. The vehicle shall be fueled on
noncoated concrete or other approved paving material hav-
ing a resistance not exceeding 1 megohm as determined by
the methodology in EN 1081.

406.5.3 Canopies. Canopies under which fuels are dis-
pensed shall have a clear, unobstructed height of not less
than 1 3 feet 6 inches (4115 mm) to the lowest proj ecting ele-
ment in the vehicle drive-through area. Canopies and their
supports over pumps shall be of noncombustible materials,
fire-retardant-treated wood complying with Chapter 23,
wood of Type IV sizes or of construction providing 1-hour
fire resistance. Combustible materials used in or on a can-
opy shall comply with one of the following:

1. Shielded from the pumps by a noncombustible ele-
ment of the canopy, or wood of Type IV sizes;

2. Plastics covered by aluminum facing having a mini-
mum thickness of 0.010 inch (0.30 mm) or corro-
sion-resistant steel having a minimum base metal
thickness of 0.016 inch (0.41 mm). The plastic shall
have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a
smoke-developed index of 450 or less when tested in
the form intended for use in accordance with ASTM E
84 or UL 723 and a self-ignition temperature of 650°F
(343 °C) or greater when tested in accordance with
ASTM D 1929; or

3. Panels constructed of light- transmitting plastic mate-
rials shall be permitted to be installed in canopies
erected over motor vehicle fuel-dispensing station
fuel dispensers, provided the panels are located at
least 10 feet (3048 mm) from any building on the
same lot and face yards or streets not less than 40 feet
(12 192 nmi) in width on the other sides. The aggre-
gate areas of plastics shall not exceed 1,000 square
feet (93 m^). The maximum area of any individual
panel shall not exceed 100 square feet (9.3 m^).

406.5.3.1 Canopies used to support gaseous hydrogen
systems. Canopies that are used to shelter dispensing
operations where flammable compressed gases are
located on the roof of the canopy shall be in accordance
with the following:

1. The canopy shall meet or exceed Type I construc-
tion requirements.

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SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

2. Operations located under canopies shall be limited
to refueling only,

3. The canopy shall be constructed in a manner that
prevents the accumulation of hydrogen gas.

406.6 Repair garages.

406.6.1 General. Repair garages shall be constructed in
accordance with the California Fire Code and Sections

406.6.1 through 406.6.6. This occupancy shall not include
motor fuel-dispensing facilities, as regulated in Section
406.5.

406.6.2 Mixed uses. Mixed uses shall be allowed in the
same building as a repair garage subject to the provisions of
Section 508.1.

406.6.3 Ventilation. Repair garages shall be mechanically
ventilated in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code. The ventilation system shall be controlled at the
entrance to the garage.

406.6.4 Floor surface. Repair garage floors shall be of con-
crete or similar noncombustible and nonabsorbent materi-
als.

Exception: Slip-resistant, nonabsorbent, interior
floor finishes having a critical radiant flux not more
than 0.45 W/cm^, as determined by NFPA 253, shall be
permitted.

406.6.5 Heating equipment. Heating equipment shall be
installed in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code.

[F] 406.6.6 Gas detection system. Repair garages used for
repair of vehicles fueled by nonodorized gases, such as
hydrogen and nonodorized LNG, shall be provided with an
approved flammable gas detection system.

[F] 406.6.6.1 System design. The flammable gas detec-
tion system shall be calibrated to the types of fuels or
gases used by vehicles to be repaired. Tlie gas detection
system shall be designed to activate when the level of
flammable gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower explosive
limit. Gas detection shall also be provided in lubrication
or chassis repair pits of garages used for repairing
nonodorized LNG-fueled vehicles.

[F] 406.6.6.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection
system shall result in all of the following:

1. Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm sig-
nals in the repair garage.

2. Deactivation of all heating systems located in the
repair garage.

3. Activation of the mechanical ventilation system,
where the system is interlocked with gas detec-
tion.

[F] 406.6.6.3 Failure of the gas detection system. Fail-
ure of the gas detection system shall result in the deacti-
vation of the heating system, activation of the
mechanical ventilation system when the system is inter-
locked with the gas detection system and cause a trouble
signal to sound in an approved location.

406 J Electric Vehicle, [SFM]

406.7 J Electric Vehicle, An automotive-type vehicle for
highway use, such as passenger automobiles, buses, trucks,
vans and the like, primarily powered by an electric motor
that draws current from a rechargeable storage battery, fuel
cell, photovoltaic array or other source of electric current.
For the purpose of this chapter, electric motorcycles and
similar type vehicles and off- road self-propelled electric
vehicles such as industrial trucks, hoists, lifts, transports,
golf carts, airline ground support equipment, tractors,
boats and the like, are not included.

406.7.2 Charging, In any building or interior area used for
charging electric vehicles, electrical equipment shall be
installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code,

406.7.3 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventilation, when
required by the California Electrical Code shall be provided
at a rate as required by Article 625 or as required by Section
1203 of the California Building Code whichever is greater.
The ventilation system shall include both the supply and
exhaust equipment and shall be permanently installed and
located to intake supply air from the outdoors, and vent the
exhaust directly to, the outdoors without conducting the
exhaust air through other spaces within the building.

Exception: Positive pressure ventilation systems shall
only be allowed in buildings or areas that have been
designed and approved for that application,

406. 7.4 Electrical Interface. The electrical supply circuit to
electrically powered mechanical ventilation equipment
shall be interlocked with the recharging equipment used to
supply the vehicle(s) being charged, and shall remain ener-
gized during the entire charging cycle. Electric vehicle
recharging equipment shall be marked or labeled in accor-
dance with the California Electrical Code.

Exceptions:

1. Exhaust ventilation shall not be required in areas
with an approved engineered ventilation system,
which maintains a hydrogen gas concentration at
less than 25 percent of the lower flammability
limit,

2. Mechanical exhaust ventilation for hydrogen shall
not be required where the charging equipment uti-
lized is installed and listed for indoor charging of
electric vehicles without ventilation.

SECTION 407
GROUP 1-2

407.1 General. Occupancies in Group 1-2 and 1-2.1 shall com-
ply with the provisions of Sections 407.1 through 407.9 and
other applicable provisions of this code.

407.2 Corridors. Corridors in occupancies in Group 1-2 and
1-2. 1 shall be continuous to the exits and separated from other
areas in accordance with Section 407.3 except spaces conform-
ing to Sections 407.2.1 through 407.2.4.

407.2.1 Waiting and similar areas. Waiting areas and sim-
ilar spaces constructed as required for corridors shall be

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SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

permitted to be open to a corridor, only where all of the fol-
lowing criteria are met:

1 . The spaces are not occupied for patient sleeping units,
treatment rooms, hazardous or incidental use areas
listed in Table 508.2.5.

2. The open space is protected by an automatic smoke
detection system installed in accordance with Section

907.2.6.2.

3. The corridors onto which the spaces open, in the
same smoke compartment, are protected by an auto-
matic smoke detection system installed in accordance
with Section 907.2.6.2, and the smoke compartment
in which the spaces are located is equipped through-
out with quick-response sprinklers in accordance
with Section 903.3.2.

4. The space is arranged so as not to obstruct access to
the required exits.

5. Each space is located to permit direct visual supervi-
sion by the facility staff.

407.2.2 Nurses' stations. Spaces for doctors' and nurses'
charting, communications and related clerical areas shall be
permitted to be open to the corridor, when such spaces are
constructed as required for corridors. [SFM] Nurses' sta-
tions in new and existing facilities, see the California Code
of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter
1, Article 3, Section 3.11(d) for storage and equipment
requirements.

407.2.3 Mental health treatment areas. Areas wherein
mental health patients who are not capable of self-preserva-
tion are housed, or group meeting or multipurpose therapeu-
tic spaces other than incidental accessory occupancies in
accordance with Section 508.2.5, under continuous super-
vision by facility staff, shall be permitted to be open to the
corridor, where the following criteria are met:

1 . Each area does not exceed 1 ,500 square feet (140 m^).

2. The area is located to permit supervision by the facil-
ity staff.

3. The area is arranged so as not to obstruct any access to
the required exits.

4. The area is equipped with an automatic fire detection
system installed in accordance with Section 907.2.

5. Not more than one such space is permitted in any one
smoke compartment.

6. The walls and ceilings of the space are constructed as
required for corridors.

407.2.4 Gift shops. Gift shops less than 500 square feet
(46.5 m^) in area shall be permitted to be open to the corri-
dor provided the gift shop and storage areas are fully
sprinklered and storage areas are protected in accordance
with Section 508.2.5.

407.3 Corridor walls. Corridor walls shall be constructed as
fire partitions in accordance with Section 709.

407.3.1 Corridor doors. Corridor doors in fully
sprinklered buildings, other than those in a wall required to

be rated by Section 508.2.5 or for the enclosure of a vertical
opening or an exit, shall not have a r&quircd fire protection
rating, but shall provide an effective barrier to limit the
transfer of smoke and shall be equipped with positive latch-
ing. Roller latches are not permitted. Other doors shall con-
form to Section 715.4, In Group 1-2 Occupancies,
self-closing or automatic-closing devices are not required
on corridor doors to patient sleeping rooms, treatment
rooms, and offices located in areas specified in Sections
1224 and 1225, excluding offices specified in Sections
1224.21 and 1225.8.

407,3,1.1 Swing of corridor doors. Corridor doors,
other than those equipped with self-closing or auto-
matic-closing devices shall not swing into the required
width of corridors.

407.3.2 Locking devices. Locking devices that restrict
access to the patient room from the corridor, and that are
operable only by staff from the corridor side, shall not
restrict the means of egress from the patient room except for
patient rooms in mental health facilities.

407.3.3 Glazing. In fully sprinklered buildings, fixed fully
tempered or laminated glass in wood or metal frames may
be used in corridor walls, provided the glazed area does not
exceed 25 percent of the areas of the corridor wall of the
room. The total area of glass in corridor walls is not limited
when the glazing is fixed ^/4-inch-thick (6.4 mm) wired glass
in steel frames and the size of individual glazed panel does
not exceed 1,296 square inches (0.836 m^).

407 A Smoke barriers. Smoke barriers shall be provided to
subdivide every story used by patients for sleeping or treatment
and to divide other stories with an occupant load of 50 or more
persons, into at least two smoke compartments. Such stories
shall be divided into smoke compartments with an area of not
more than 22,500 square feet (2092 m^) and the travel distance
from any point in a smoke compartment to a smoke barrier
door shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm). The smoke barrier
shall be in accordance with Sections 710 and 909.5.

Exceptions:

1, This requirement shall not apply to Group 1-2.1 less
than 10,000 ft^ (929 m^).

2. An area in an adjoining occupancy shall be permitted
to serve as a smoke compartment for a Group 1-2.1
facility if the following criteria are met:

2.1. The separating wall and both compartments
meet the requirements of 407,4.

2.2. The Group 1-2.1 is less than 22,500 ft^ (2100
m^).

2.3. Access from the Group 1-2.1 to the other occu-
pancy is unrestricted.

407.4.1 Refuge area. At least 30 net square feet (2.8 m^) per
patient shall be provided within the aggregate area of corri-
dors, patient rooms, treatment rooms, lounge or dining
areas and other low-hazard areas on each side of each smoke
barrier On floors not housing patients confined to a bed or
litter, at least 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) per occupant shall

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

be provided on each side of each smoke barrier for the total
number of occupants in adjoining smoke compartments.

4^1 A2 Independent egress. At least two means of egress
shall be provided from each smoke compartment created by
smoke barriers. Means of egress may pass through adja-
cent compartments provided it does not return through the
smoke compartment from which means of egress origi-
nated.

407.4.3 Horizontal assemblies. Horizontal assemblies
supporting smoke barriers required by this section shall be
designed to resist the movement of smoke and shall comply
with Section 712.9.

[F] 407.5 Automatic sprinkler system. Every facility as spec-
ified herein wherein more than six clients or patients are
housed or cared for on the premises on a 24-hour-
per-day-basis shall have installed and maintained in an opera-
ble condition in every building or portion thereof where clients
or patients are housed, an automatic sprinkler system of a type
approved by the state fire marshal. The provisions of this sub-
section shall apply to every person^ firm or corporation estab-
lishing, maintaining or operating a hospital, children's home,
children 's nursery or institution, or a home or institution for
the care of aged or persons with dementia or other cognitive
impairments, or any institution for persons with mental illness
or persons with developmental disabilities and any nursing or
convalescent home, and to any state-owned or state-occupied
building used for any of the types of facilities specified herein.

Exceptions:

1. This section shall not apply to homes or institutions
for the 24-hour-per-day care of ambulatory children
if all of the following conditions are satisfied:

1.1. The buildings or portions thereof in which
children are housed are not more than two
stories in height and are constructed and
maintained in accordance with regulations
adopted by the state fire marshal.

1.2. The buildings or portions thereof housing
more than six such children shall have in-
stalled and maintained in an operable condi-
tion therein, a fire alarm system of a type
approved by the state fire marshal Such sys-
tem shall be activated by detectors respond-
ing to invisible particles of combustion other
than heat, except that detectors used in clos-
ets, usable under-fioor areas, storage rooms,
bathrooms, attached garages, attics, ple-
nums, laundry rooms and rooms of similar
use, may be heat-responsive devices.

1.3. The building or portions thereof do not house
persons with mental illness or children with
developmental disabilities.

2. This section shall not apply to any one-story building
or structure of an institution or home for the care of
the aged providing 24-hour-per-day care if such
building or structure is used or intended to be used for
the housing of no more than six ambulatory aged per-
sons. Such buildings or institutions shall have

installed and maintained in an operable condition
herein afire alarm system of a type approved by the
state fire marshal Such system shall be activated by
detectors responding to either visible or invisible par-
ticles of combustion other than heat, except that
detectors used in closets, usable under-fioor areas,
storage rooms, bathrooms, attached garages, attics,
plenums, laundry rooms and rooms of similar use,
may be heat-responsive devices.

3. This section shall not apply to occupancies or any
alterations thereto conforming to the construction
provisions of this exception which were under con-
struction or in existence on March 4, 1972. "Under
construction" as used in this exception shall mean
that actual work had been performed on the construc-
tion site and shall not be construed to mean that the
hospital, home, nursery, institution, sanitarium or
any portion thereof, was or is in the planning stage.
The provisions of this exception shall apply to those
buildings or structures having bearing walls and
structural fiame protected in accordance with the
provisions of Column Type lA of Table 601.

4. In detention facilities where inmates are not
restrained.

The provisions of this section shall not apply to any facility
used to house six or less persons on the premises.

407, 5 A When a new addition is to be made to an
unsprinklered building or structure as permitted by this sub-
section, such new addition shall be sprinklered as required
by this section and shall be separated from the existing
building or structures by not less than a two-hour fire-resis-
tive fire barrier

When a sprinkler system is added to an existing
unsprinklered building or structure, the sprinklered area(s)
shall be separated from the remainder of the building by not
less than a one-hour fire-resistive fire barrier

The provisions of this section do not apply to any facility
used to house six or less persons on the premises.

[F] 407.6 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Section 907.2.6.

[F] 407.7 Automatic fire detection. See Section 907.2.6.2.

407.8 Secured yards. Grounds are permitted to be fenced and
gates therein are permitted to be equipped with locks, provided
that safe dispersal areas having 30 net square feet (2.8 m^) for
bed and Utter patients and 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) for ambu-
latory patients and other occupants are located between the
building and the fence. Such provided safe dispersal areas shall
not be located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the building
they serve. Each safe dispersal area shall have a minimum of
two exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe dis-
persal area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one
exit unit of 22 inches (559 mm) for each 500 persons to be
accommodated, and no exit shall be less than 44 inches (1118
mm) in width. Gates shall not be installed across corridors or
passageways leading to such dispersal areas unless they com-
ply with egress requirements. Keys to gate locks shall be pro-
vided in accordance with the California Fire Code.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

407.9 Hyperbaric facilities. Hyperbaric facilities in Group 1-2
occupancies shall meet the requirements contained in Chapter
20ofNFPA99.

407.10 Special Hazards,

407.10 J Storage and handling of flammable, combustible
liquids and hazardous materials shall be in accordance with
the California Fire Code.

407.10.2 All exterior openings in a boiler room or room
containing central heating equipment, if located below
openings in another story, or if less than 10 feet (3048 mm)
from other doors or windows of the same building, shall be
protected by afire assembly having a three-fourths -hour fire
protection rating.

407.10.3 Safety padding. See Sections 308,1 and 408 J 4.

407.10.4 Floor Surfaces. Rooms occupied by patients
whose personal liberties are restrained shall have non-
combustible floor surfaces see Sections 308.1 and 804.4.2.

SECTION 408
GROUP 1-3

408.1 General. Occupancies in Group 1-3 shall comply with
the provisions of Sections 408.1 through 408.10 and other
apphcable provisions of this code (see Section 308.4).

408.1.1 Definition. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

CELL. A housing unit in a detention or correctional facility
for the confinement of not more than two inmates or prison-
ers.

CELL COMPLEX. A cluster or group of cells or dormito-
ries in a jail, prison or other detention facility, together with
rooms used for accessory purposes, all of which open into
the cell complex, and are used for functions such as dining,
counseling, exercise, classrooms, sick call, visiting, storage,
staff offices, control rooms or similar functions, and inter-
connecting corridors all within the cell complex.

CELL TIERS. Cells, dormitories and accessory spaces.
Cell tiers are located one level above the other, and do not
exceed two levels per floor. A cell tier shall not be consid-
ered a story or mezzanine.

CENTRAL CONTROL BUILDING. A secure building
within a prison where the fire and life safety systems, com-
munication systems, security systems and exterior lighting
systems are monitored and where security operations neces-
sitate the remote locking of required means of egress or at
the door with a key to maintain a high security area.

DAY ROOM. A room which is adjacent to a cell, or cell tier,
or dormitory and which is used as a dining, exercise or other
activity room for inmates.

DORMITORY. An area occupied by no less than three
inmates.

HOLDING FACILITY. A detention or correctional facility
or area where inmates, staff and public are not housed but
are restrained.

HOUSING UNIT. An area intended to lodge inmates on a
24-hour basis where accommodations are provided for
sleeping.

RESTRAINT. The physical retention of a person within a
room, cell or holding facility by any means, or within a
building by means of locked doors.

SALLYPORT. A security vestibule with two or more doors
or gates where the intended purpose is to prevent continuous
and unobstructed passage by allowing the release of only
one door or gate at a time.

SMALL MANAGEMENT YARD. An exterior exercise
yard within a Group 1-3 prison used for inmate exercise for a
maximum of 2 hours per day, constructed in accordance
with Section 408.1.2.3.

408.1.2 Construction. Group 1-3 Occupancies shall be
housed in buildings of Type I A or Type IB.

Exception: Such occupancies may be housed in
one -story buildings of Type 11 A, Type HI A or Type VA
construction provided the floor area does not exceed
5,200 square feet (483 m^) between fire walls of two-hour
fire-resistive construction with openings protected by
fire assemblies having 1- and V /2-hour fire -protection
rating.

408.1.2.1 Nonbearing walls and partitions interior.

Nonbearing cell or dormitory walls within cell com-
plexes shall be of noncombustible construction.

408.L2.2 Cells with open bars. In buildings protected
throughout by an automatic sprinkler system and auto-
matic fire detection system, corridor doors or walls of
cells and dormitories, may be of open bars, perforated
metal, grilles, or other similar construction.

408.2 Other occupancies. Buildings or portions of buildings
in Group 1-3 occupancies where security operations necessitate
the locking of required means of egress shall be permitted to be
classified as a different occupancy. Occupancies classified as
other than Group 1-3 shall meet the applicable requirements of
this code for that occupancy provided provisions are made for
the release of occupants at all times.

Means of egress from detention and correctional occupan-
cies that traverse other use areas shall, as a minimum, conform
to requirements for detention and correctional occupancies.

Exceptions:

1. It is permissible to exit through a horizontal exit into
other contiguous occupancies that do not conform to
detention and correctional occupancy egress provi-
sions but that do comply with requirements set forth
in the appropriate occupancy, as long as the occu-
pancy is not a Group H use.

2. Regardless of the provisions of Section 508, laundry
areas and kitchens including associated dining areas,
where commercial/institutional equipment is used
shall be separated from the remainder of the building
by construction capable of resisting the passage of
smoke.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

5. For the purpose of occupancy separation only pris-
oner docks directly accessory to courtrooms need not
he separated from a courtroom,

408.3 Means of egress. Except as modified or as provided for
in this section, the provisions of Chapter 10 shall apply.

408.3.1 Door width. Doors to resident sleeping units shall
have a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm).

4083, U Cell doors shall open outwardly or slide later-
ally.

408.3.2 Sliding doors. Where doors in a means of egress are
of the horizontal-shding type, the force to slide the door to its
fully open position shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N) with a
perpendicular force against the door of 50 pounds (220 N).

408.3.3 Guard tower doors. A hatch or trap door not less
than 16 square feet (610 m^) in area through the floor and
having minimum dimensions of not less than 2 feet (610
mm) in any direction shall be permitted to be used as a por-
tion of the means of egress from guard towers.

408.3.4 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways that conform to
the requirements of Section 1009.9 are permitted for access
to and between staff locations.

408.3.5 Ship ladders. Ship ladders shall be permitted for
egress from control rooms or elevated faciHty observation
rooms in accordance with Section 1009.11.

408.3.6 Exit discharge.

408.3,6,1 Exits are permitted to discharge into a fenced
or walled courtyard. Enclosed yards or courts shall be of
a size to accommodate all occupants, a minimum of 50
feet (15 240 mm) from the building with a net area of 3
square feet (1.4 m^) per person. A gate shall be provided
from the safe dispersal area to allow for the necessary
relocation of occupants.

4083.6,2 Exterior fenced enclosures and fenced enclo-
sures utilized for recreational or activity purposes, used
for exit termination for more than 20 persons, and which
do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall have not less
than two exits.

408.3.6.3 Fenced enclosure utilized for recreational or
activity purposes only, for more than 49 people, and
which do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall be pro-
vided with not less than two exits.

408.3.6.4 Fenced enclosures located on roofs of build-
ings one or more stories in height shall be provided with
not less than two exits regardless of occupant load.

408.3.6.5 Fenced enclosures utilized for Central Control
Buildings not normally occupied and not accessed by
inmates or the general public are permitted to have only
one exit from the fenced enclosure. These fenced enclo-
sures shall only be occupied during emergency response
conditions by not more than 29 prison staff occupants.
Access to the fenced area shall be controlled remotely or
at the gate with a key.

408.3.7 Sallyports. A sallyport shall be permitted in a
means of egress where there are provisions for continuous

and unobstructed passage through the sallyport during an
emergency egress condition.

408.3.8 Exit enclosures.

408.3.8.1. One of the required exit enclosures in each
building shall be permitted to have glazing installed in
doors and interior walls at each landing level providing
access to the enclosure, provided that the following con-
ditions are met:

1. The exit enclosure shall not serve more than four
floor levels.

2. Exit doors shall not be less than '^l^-hoxxifire door
assemblies complying with Section 715.4

3. The total area of glazing at each floor level shall
not exceed 5,000 square inches (3 m^) and individ-
ual panels of glazing shall not exceed 1,296 square
inches (0.84 m^).

4. The glazing shall be protected on both sides by an
automatic sprinkler system. The sprinkler system
shall be designed to wet completely the entire sur-
face of any glazing affected by fire when actuated.

5. The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame and
installed in such a manner that the framing system
will deflect without breaking (loading) the glass
before the sprinkler system operates.

6. Obstructions, such as curtain rods, drapery tra-
verse rods, curtains, drapes or similar materials
shall not be installed between the automatic sprin-
klers and the glazing.

408.3.8.2 Where the number and arrangement of exits
complies with the requirements of Chapter 10, other
stairways which occur within the secure area of the
detention facility and are not used for required exiting
hut are used primarily for the movement of inmates and
security staff need not extend to the exterior.

408.3.9 Dead-end balconies. Exit balconies serving cell
tiers shall not extend more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) beyond
an exit stairway.

408.4 Locks. Egress doors are permitted to be locked in accor-
dance with the applicable use condition. Doors from a refuge
area to the exterior are permitted to be locked with a key in lieu
of locking methods described in Section 408.4.1. The keys to
unlock the exterior doors shall be available at all times and the
locks shall be operable from both sides of the door. Security
hardware may be used on any fire-rated door.

408.4.1 Remote release. Remote release of locks on doors
in a means of egress shall be provided with reliable means of
operation, remote from the resident living areas, to release
locks on all required doors. In Occupancy Conditions 3 or 4,
the arrangement, accessibility and security of the release
mechanism(s) requked for egress shall be such that with the
minimum available staff at any time, the lock mechanisms
are capable of being released within 2 minutes.

Exception: Provisions for remote locking and unlocking
of occupied rooms in Occupancy Condition 4 are not
required provided that not more than 10 locks are neces-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

sary to be unlocked in order to move occupants from one
smoke compartment to a refuge area within 3 minutes.
The opening of necessary locks shall be accomplished
with not more than two separate keys.

408.4.2 Power-operated doors and locks. Power-operated
sliding doors or power-operated locks for swinging doors
shall be operable by a manual release mechanism at the
door, and either emergency power or a remote mechanical
operating release shall be provided.

Exception: Emergency power is not required in facilities
with 10 locks or less complying with the exception to
Section 408.4.1.

408.4.3 Redundant operation. Mechanically operated
sliding doors or mechanically operated locks shall be pro-
vided with a mechanically operated release mechanism at
each door and shall be provided with a remote release con-
trol.

408.4.4 Relock capability. Doors remotely unlocked under
emergency conditions shall not automatically relock when
closed unless specific action is taken at the remote location
to enable doors to relock.

408.5 Protection of vertical openings. Any vertical opening
shall be protected by a shaft enclosure in accordance with Sec-
tion 708, or shall be in accordance with Section 408.5.1.

408.5.1 Floor openings. The open space in front of a cell
tier and connected chases, not exceeding two tiers in height,
shall not be considered a vertical shaft and need not meet
the fire-resistive shaft enclosure requirements of Section
708.

408.5.2 Shaft openings in communicating floor levels.

Where a floor opening is permitted between communicat-
ing floor levels of a housing unit in accordance with Section
408.5.1, plumbing chases serving vertically staked individ-
ual cells contained with the housing unit shall be permitted
without a shaft enclosure.

408.6 Smoke barrier. Occupancies in Group 1-3 shall have
smoke barriers complying with Sections 408.8 and 710 to
divide every story occupied by residents for sleeping, or any
other story having an occupant load of 50 or more persons, into
at least two smoke compartments.

Exception: Spaces having a direct exit to one of the follow-
ing, provided that the locking arrangement of the doors
involved complies with the requirements for doors at the
smoke barrier for the use condition involved:

1. K public way,

2. A building separated from the resident housing area
by a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly or 50 feet
(15 240 mm) of open space,

3. A secured yard or court having a holding space 50
feet (15 240 mm) from the housing area that provides
6 square feet (0.56 m^) or more of refuge area per
occupant, including residents, staff and visitors.

4. Holding facility.

408.6.1 Smoke compartments. The maximum number of
residents in any smoke compartment shall be 200. The

travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier from any room
door required as exit access shall not exceed 150 feet (45
720 mm). The travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier
from any point in a room shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960
mm).

408.6.2 Refuge area. At least 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) per
occupant shall be provided on each side of each smoke bar-
rier for the total number of occupants in adjoining smoke
compartments. This space shall be readily available wher-
ever the occupants are moved across the smoke barrier in a
fire emergency.

408.6.3 Independent egress. A means of egress shall be
provided from each smoke compartment created by smoke
barriers without having to return through the smoke com-
partment from which means of egress originates.

408.7 Security glazing. In occupancies in Group 1-3, windows
and doors in 1-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707, fire partitions constructed in accordance with
Section 709 and smoke barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 710 shall be permitted to have security glazing
installed provided that the following conditions are met.

1. Individual panels of glazing shall not exceed 1,296
square inches (0.84 m^).

2. The glazing shall be protected on both sides by an auto-
matic sprinkler system. The sprinkler system shall be
designed to, when actuated, wet completely the entire
surface of any glazing affected by fire.

3. The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame and installed in
such a manner that the framing system will deflect with-
out breaking (loading) the glass before the sprinkler sys-
tem operates.

4. Obstructions, such as curtain rods, drapery traverse rods,
curtains, drapes or similar materials shall not be installed
between the automatic sprinklers and the glazing.

408.8 Subdivision areas. Each cell complex shall be separated
from other cell complexes or other spaces by a smoke-tight par-
tition.

408.8. 1 Smoke-tight doors. Doors in openings in partitions I
required to be smoke tight by Section 408.8 shall be sub-
stantial doors, of construction that will resist the passage of
smoke. Latches and door closures are not required on cell
doors.

408.9 Windowless buildings. For the purposes of this section,
a windowless building or portion of a building is one with
nonopenable windows, windows not readily breakable or with-
out windows. Windowless buildings shall be provided with an
engineered smoke control system to provide a tenable environ-
ment for exiting from the smoke compartment in the area of fire
origin in accordance with Section 909 for each windowless
smoke compartment.

[F] 408.10 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be
provided in accordance with Section 907.2.6.3.

408,11 Emergency and standby power systems. Special electri-
cal systems, exit illumination, power installations and alternate
on-site electrical supplies shall be provided for every building or
portion of a building housing 10 or more inmates in a detention

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

or correctional facility in accordance with the provisions of the
California Electrical Code, There shall be a source of emer-
gency power in all detention facilities capable of providing mini-
mal lighting in all housing units, activity areas, corridors, stairs
and central control points, and to maintain fire and life safety,
security, communications and alarm systems.

408.12 Windows, In security areas within cell complexes
sprinklered throughout, the area of glazing in one-hour corridor
walls and smoke barrier walls shall not be restricted, provided:

1. All openings are protected by fixed glazing listed and
labeled for afire-protection of at least % hour; or

2. Fixed security glazing set in noncombustible frames.
Shall comply with the minimum requirements of one of
the following test standards: ASTM F 1233-98, Class III
glass, or; California Department of Corrections, CDC
860-94d, or KP, White Laboratory, Inc., HPW-TP-
0500.02, Forced Entry Level IlL

3. In lieu of the sizes set forth in CBC, the size and area of
glazed assemblies shall conform to the following:

Windows required to have a three-fourths -hour fire-resistive
rating or windows protected by fixed security glazing, as delin-
eated in Items 1 and 2 above, may have an area not greater than
84 square feet (7.8 m^) with neither width nor height exceeding
12 feet (3658 mm).

408.13 Safety padding. Padding material used on walls, floors
I and ceilings in Group I and R-2.1 occupancies shall be of an

approved type tested in accordance with the procedures estab-
lished by State Fire Marshal Standard 12-8- 1 00, Room Fire
Test for Wall and Ceiling Materials, California Code of Regu-
lations, Title 24, Part 12.

408.14 Small management yards.

408.14.1 General The provisions of Sections 408.14.1
through 408.14.4 shall apply to small management yards.
Small management yards may be used by a maximum of two
occupants at any one time for a maximum of 2 hours per day.

408.14.2 Construction. Small management yards shall be
constructed in accordance with all of the following:

1. Constructed of Type IB noncombustible materials.

2. Fence material shall be noncombustible.

3. Have a maximum area of 150 square feet (14 m^).

4. Yard area covering shall not exceed 75 square feet (7
m^) or a maximum of 50 percent of the fenced enclosure.

5. Electrical lighting or devices of any type shall not be
permitted within the yard.

Exception: Low voltage devices dedicated for the
operation of toilets.

408.14.3 Fire protection system provisions.

408.14.3.1 Automatic sprinkler systems. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with
Section 903.1.1

Exception: Small management yards where a dis-
tance of 10 feet (3048 mm) is maintained from all
buildings or structures and 4 feet (1220 mm) is main-
tained from containment fencing.

408.14.3.2 Fire alarm systems. An approved fire alarm
system shall be provided in accordance with Section 907.

Exception: Small management yards where a dis-
tance of 10 feet (3048 mm) is maintained from all
buildings or structures and 4 feet (1220 mm) is main-
tained from containment fencing.

408.14.4 Means of egress. Except as modified or as pro-
vided for in this section, the provisions of Section 408.3 and
Chapter 10 shall apply. Small management yards shall com-
ply with all of the following:

1. Staff-controlled manual released locks shall be pro-
vided.

2. Staff escorting inmates to and from small manage-
ment yards shall be equipped with radios and per-
sonal alarms to notify central control in case of a fire.

3. The safe dispersal area as defined by Section 1027.6
shall not be reduced due to placement of these yards.

4. An exit, remote from the main entrance is required in
the containment fencing.

408.14.5 Special provisions. Inmate exercise clothing and
toilet paper tissue shall be the only combustibles materials
permitted in small management yards.

SECTION 409
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ROOMS

409.1 General. The provisions of Sections 409.1 through
409.5 shall apply to rooms in which ribbon-type cellulose ace-
tate or other safety film is utilized in conjunction with electric
arc, xenon or other light-source projection equipment that
develops hazardous gases, dust or radiation. Where cellulose
nitrate film is utilized or stored, such rooms shall comply with
NFPA 40.

409.1.1 Projection room required. Every motion picture
machine projecting film as mentioned within the scope of
this section shall be enclosed in a projection room. Appurte-
nant electrical equipment, such as rheostats, transformers
and generators, shall be within the projection room or in an
adjacent room of equivalent construction.

409.2 Construction of projection rooms. Every projection
room shall be of permanent construction consistent with the
construction requirements for the type of building in which the
projection room is located. Openings are not required to be pro-
tected.

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The room shall have a floor area of not less than 80 square
feet (7.44 m^) for a single machine and at least 40 square feet
(3.7 m^) for each additional machine. Each motion picture pro-
jector, floodlight, spotlight or similar piece of equipment shall
have a clear working space of not less than 30 inches by 30
inches (762 mm by 762 mm) on each side and at the rear
thereof, but only one such space shall be required between two
adjacent projectors. The projection room and the rooms appur-
tenant thereto shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6
inches (2286 mm). The aggregate of openings for projection
equipment shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of the wall
between the projection room and the auditorium. Openings
shall be provided with glass or other approved material, so as to
close completely the opening.

409.3 Projection room and equipment ventilation. Ventila-
tion shall be provided in accordance with the California
Mechanical Code.

409.3.1 Supply air. Each projection room shall be provided
with adequate air supply inlets so arranged as to provide
well-distributed air throughout the room. Air inlet ducts
shall provide an amount of air equivalent to the amount of
air being exhausted by projection equipment. Air is permit-
ted to be taken from the outside; from adjacent spaces
within the building, provided the volume and infiltration
rate is sufficient; or from the building air-conditioning sys-
tem, provided it is so arranged as to provide sufficient air
when other systems are not in operation.

409.3.2 Exhaust air. Projection rooms are permitted to be
exhausted through the lamp exhaust system. The lamp
exhaust system shall be positively interconnected with the
lamp so that the lamp will not operate unless there is the
required airflow. Exhaust air ducts shall terminate at the
exterior of the building in such a location that the exhaust air
cannot be readily recirculated into any air supply system.
The projection room ventilation system is permitted to also
serve appurtenant rooms, such as the generator and rewind
rooms.

409.3.3 Projection machines. Each projection machine
shall be provided with an exhaust duct that will draw air
from each lamp and exhaust it directly to the outside of the
building. The lamp exhaust is permitted to serve to exhaust
air from the projection room to provide room air circulation.
Such ducts shall be of rigid materials, except for a flexible
connector approved for the purpose. The projection lamp or
projection room exhaust system, or both, is permitted to be
combined but shall not be interconnected with any other
exhaust or return system, or both, within the building.

409.4 Lighting control. Provisions shall be made for control
of the auditorium lighting and the means of egress lighting sys-
tems of theaters from inside the projection room and from at
least one other convenient point in the building.

409.5 Miscellaneous equipment. Each projection room shall
be provided with rewind and film storage facilities.

SECTION 410
STAGES AND PLATFORMS

410.1 Applicability. The provisions of Sections 4 10.1 through
410.7 shall apply to all parts of buildings and structures that
contain stages or platforms and similar appurtenances as herein
defined.

410.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

FLY GALLERY. A raised floor area above a stage from which
the movement of scenery and operation of other stage effects
are controlled.

GRIDIRON. The structural framing over a stage supporting
equipment for hanging or flying scenery and other stage
effects.

PINRAIL. A rail on or above a stage through which belaying
pins are inserted and to which lines are fastened.

PLATFORM. A raised area within a building used for wor-
ship, the presentation of music, plays or other entertainment;
the head table for special guests; the raised area for lecturers
and speakers; boxing and wrestling rings; theater-in-the-round
stages; and similar purposes wherein there are no overhead
hanging curtains, drops, scenery or stage effects other than
lighting and sound. A temporary platform is one installed for
not more than 30 days.

PROSCENIUM WALL. The wall that separates the stage
from the auditorium or assembly seating area.

STAGE. A space within a building utilized for entertainment
or presentations, which includes overhead hanging curtains,
drops, scenery or stage effects other than lighting and sound.

410.3 Stages. Stage construction shall comply with Sections
410.3.1 through 410.3.7.

410.3.1 Stage construction. Stages shall be constructed of
materials as required for floors for the type of construction
of the building in which such stages are located.

Exceptions:

1 . Stages of Type IIB or IV construction with a nomi-
nal 2-inch (51 mm) wood deck, provided that the
stage is separated from other areas in accordance
with Section 410.3.4.

2. In buildings of Types IIA, IIIA and VA construc-
tion, a fire-resistance-rated floor is not required,
provided the space below the stage is equipped
with an automatic flre-extinguishing system in
accordance with Section 903 or 904,

3 . In all types of construction, the finished floor shall be
constructed of wood or approved noncombustible
materials. Openings through stage floors shall be
equipped with tight-fitting, solid wood trap doors
with approved safety locks.

410.3.1.1 Stage height and area. Stage areas shall be
measured to include the entire performance area and
adjacent backstage and support areas not separated from
the performance area by fire-resistance-rated construc-

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tion. Stage height shall be measured from the lowest
point on the stage floor to the highest point of the roof or
floor deck above the stage.

410.3.2 Galleries^ gridirons, catwall^s and pinrails.

Beams designed only for the attachment of portable or fixed
theater equipment, gridirons, galleries and catwalks shall be
constructed of approved materials consistent with the
requirements for the type of construction of the building;
and a fire-resistance rating shall not be required. These
areas shall not be considered to be floors, stories, mezza-
nines or levels in applying this code.

Exception: Floors of fly galleries and catwalks shall be
constructed of any approved material.

410.3.3 Exterior stage doors. Where protection of open-
ings is required, exterior exit doors shall be protected with
fire door assemblies that comply with Section 715. Exterior
openings that are located on the stage for means of egress or
loading and unloading purposes, and that are likely to be
open during occupancy of the theater, shall be constructed
with vestibules to prevent air drafts into the auditorium.

410.3.4 Proscenium wall. Where the stage height is greater
than 50 feet (15 240 nam), all portions of the stage shall be
completely separated from the seating area by a proscenium
wall with not less than a 2-hour fire-resistance rating
extending continuously from the foundation to the roof.

410.3.5 Proscenium curtain. Where a proscenium wall is
required to have di fire-resistance rating, the stage opening
shall be provided with a fire curtain complying with NFFA
80 or an approved water curtain complying with Section
903.3.1.1 or, in facilities not utilizing the provisions of
smoke-protected assembly seating in accordance with Sec-
tion 1028.6.2, a smoke control system con^lying with Sec-
tion 909 or natural ventilation designed to maintain the
smoke level at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above the floor of the
means of egress,

410.3.6 Scenery. Combustible materials used in sets and
scenery shall meet the fire propagation performance criteria
of NFPA 701, in accordance with Section 806 and the Cali-
fornia Fire Code. Foam plastics and materials containing
foam plastics shall comply with Section 2603 and the Cali-
fornia Fire Code.

410.3.7 Stage ventilation. Emergency ventilation shall be
provided for stages larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) in
floor area, or with a stage height greater than 50 feet (15 240
mm). Such ventilafion shall comply with Secdon 410.3.7.1

or 410.3.7.2.

410.3.7.1 Roof vents. Two or more vents constructed to
open automatically by approved heat-activated devices
and with an aggregate clear opening area of not less than
5 percent of the area of the stage shall be located near the
center and above the highest part of the stage area. Sup-
plemental means shall be provided for manual operation
of the ventilator. Curbs shall be provided as required for
skylights in Section 2610.2. Vents shall be labeled.

[F] 410.3.7.2 Smoke control. Smoke control in accor-
dance with Section 909 shall be provided to maintain the
smoke layer interface not less than 6 feet (1829 mm)
above the highest level of the assembly seating or above
the top of the proscenium opening where a proscenium
wall is provided in compliance with Section 410.3.4.

410.4 Platform construction. Permanent platforms shall be
constructed of materials as required for the type of construction
of the building in which the permanent platform is located. Per-
manent platforms are permitted to be constructed of fire-retar-
dant-treated wood for Types I, II and IV construction where the
platforms are not more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the
main floor, and not more than one-third of the room floor area
and not more than 3,000 square feet (279 m^) in area. Where the
space beneath the permanent platform is used for storage or any
purpose other than equipment, wiring or plumbing, the floor
assembly shall not be less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated
construction. Where the space beneath the permanent platform
is used only for equipment, wiring or plumbing, the underside
of the permanent platform need not be protected.

410.4.1 Temporary platforms. Platforms installed for a
period of not more than 30 days are permitted to be con-
structed of any materials permitted by the code. The space
between the floor and the platform above shall only be used
for plumbing and electrical wiring to platform equipment.

410.5 Dressing and appurtenant rooms. Dressing and appur-
tenant rooms shall comply with Sections 410.5.1 through
410.5.3.

410.5.1 Separation from stage. The stage shall be sepa-
rated from dressing rooms, scene docks, property rooms,
workshops, storerooms and compartments appurtenant to
the stage and other parts of the building hy fire barriers con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both. The mimmxxm fire-resistance rating shall be 2 hours
for stage heights greater than 50 feet (15 240 mm) and 1
hour for stage heights of 50 feet (15 240 mm) or less.

410.5.2 Separation from each other. Dressing rooms,
scene docks, property rooms, workshops, storerooms and
compartments appurtenant to the stage shall be separated
from each other by not less than l-\io\XY fire barriers con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both.

410.5.3 Stage exits. At least one approved means of egress
shall be provided from each side of the stage and from each
side of the space under the stage. At least one means of
escape shall be provided from each fly gallery and from the
gridiron. A steel ladder, alternating tread device or spiral
stairway is permitted to be provided from the gridiron to a
scuttle in the stage roof.

[F] 410.6 Automatic sprinkler system. Stages shall be
equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in
accordance with Chapter 9. Sprinklers shall be installed under
the roof and gridiron and under all catwalks and galleries over

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101

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

the stage. Sprinklers shall be installed in dressing rooms, per-
former lounges, shops and storerooms accessory to such
stages.

Exceptions:

1 . Sprinklers are not required under stage areas less than
4 feet (1219 mm) in clear height that are utilized
exclusively for storage of tables and chairs, provided
the concealed space is separated from the adjacent
spaces by not less than Vg-inch (15.9 mm) Type X
gypsum board.

2. Sprinklers are not required for stages 1,000 square
feet (93 m^) or less in area and 50 feet (15 240 mm) or
less in height where curtains, scenery or other com-
bustible hangings are not retractable vertically. Com-
bustible hangings shall be limited to a single main
curtain, borders, legs and a single backdrop.

3. Sprinklers are not required within portable orchestra
enclosures on stages.

[F] 410.7 Standpipes. Standpipe systems shall be provided in
accordance with Section 905.

SECTION 411
SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS

411.1 GeneraL Special amusement buildings having an occu-
pant load of 50 or more shall comply with the requirements for
the appropriate Group A occupancy and Sections 411.1
through 41 1 .8. Amusement buildings having an occupant load
of less than 50 shall comply with the requirements for a Group
B occupancy and Sections 411.1 through 411.8.

Exception: Amusement buildings or portions thereof that
are without walls or a roof and constructed to prevent the
accumulation of smoke.

For flammable decorative materials, see the California Fire
Code.

411.2 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the
purpose of this section and as used elsewhere in this code, have
the meaning shown herein.

SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. A special amuse-
ment building is any temporary or permanent building or por-
tion thereof that is occupied for amusement, entertainment or
educational purposes and that contains a device or system that
conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, around or
over a course in any direction so arranged that the means of
egress path is not readily apparent due to visual or audio dis-
tractions or is intentionally confounded or is not readily avail-
able because of the nature of the attraction or mode of
conveyance through the building or structure.

[F] 411.3 Automatic fire detection. Special amusement build-
ings shall be equipped with an automatic fire detection system
in accordance with Section 907.

[F] 411.4 Automatic sprinkler system. Special amusement
buildings shall be equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Where
the special amusement building is temporary, the sprinkler
water supply shall be of an approved temporary means.

Exception: Automatic sprinklers are not required where
the total floor area of a temporary special amusement
building is less than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) and the
travel distance from any point to an exit is less than 50 feet
(15 240 mm).

[F] 411.5 Alarm. Actuation of a single smoke detector, the
automatic sprinkler system or other automatic fire detection
device shall immediately sound an alarm at the building at a
constantly attended location from which emergency action can
be initiated including the capability of manual initiation of
requirements in Section 907.2.12.2.

[F] 411.6 Emergency voice/alarm communications system.

An emergency voice/alarm communications system shall be
provided in accordance with Sections 907.2.12 and 907.5.2.2,
which is also permitted to serve as a public address system and
shall be audible throughout the entire special amusement
building.

411.7 Exit marking. Exit signs shall be installed at the
required exit or exit access doorways of amusement buildings
in accordance with this section and Section 1011. Approved
directional exit markings shall also be provided. Where mir-
rors, mazes or other designs are utilized that disguise the path
of egress travel such that they are not apparent, approved and
listed low-level exit signs that comply with Section 101 1 .4, and
directional path markings listed in accordance with UL 1994,
shall be provided and located not more than 8 inches (203 mm)
above the walking surface and on or near the path of egress
travel. Such markings shall become visible in an emergency.
The directional exit marking shall be activated by the automatic
fire detection system and the automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 907.2.12.2.

411.7.1 Photo luminescent exit signs. Where photo lumi-
nescent exit signs are installed, activating light source and
viewing distance shall be in accordance with the listing and
markings of the signs.

411.8 Interior finish. The interior finish shall be Class A in
accordance with Section 803.1.

SECTION 412
AIRCRAFT-RELATED OCCUPANCIES

412.1 General. Aircraft-related occupancies shall comply
with Sections 412.1 through 412.7 and the California Fire
Code.

412.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

FIXED BASE OPERATOR (FBO). A commercial business
granted the right by the airport sponsor to operate on an airport
and provide aeronautical services, such as fueling, hangaring,
tie-down and parking, aircraft rental, aircraft maintenance and
flight instruction.

HELIPORT. An area of land or water or a structural surface
that is used, or intended for the use, for the landing and taking
off of helicopters, and any appurtenant areas that are used, or
intended for use, for heliport buildings or other heliport facili-
ties.

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HELISTOR The same as "heliport," except that no fueling,
defueling, maintenance, repairs or storage of helicopters is
permitted,

RESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT HANGAR. An accessory

building less than 2,000 square feet ( 1 86 m^) and 20 feet (6096
mm) in building height constructed on a one- or two-family
property where aircraft are stored. Such use will be considered
as a residential accessory use incidental to the dwelling.

TRANSIENT AIRCRAFT. Aircraft based at another loca-
tion and at the transient location for not more than 90 days.

412.3 Airport traffic control towers.

412.3.1 General. The provisions of Sections 412.3.1
through 412.3.6 shall apply to airport traffic control towers
not exceeding 1 ,500 square feet (140 m^) per floor occupied
only for the following uses:

1. Airport traffic control cab.

2. Electrical and mechanical equipment rooms.

3. Airport terminal radar and electronics rooms.

4. Office spaces incidental to the tower operation.

5 . Lounges for employees, including sanitary facilities.

412.3.2 Type of construction. Airport traffic control tow-
ers shall be constructed to comply with the height and area
Hmitations of Table 412.3.2.

TABLE 412.3.2

HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS FOR AIRPORT

TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS

TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION

HEIGHT^
(feet)

MAXIMUM AREA
(square feet)

Unlimited

1,500

240

1,500

IIA

100

1,500

IIB

1,500

niA

1,500

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml
a. Height to be measured from grade plane to cab floor

412.3.3 Egress. A minimum of one exit stairway shall be
permitted for airport traffic control towers of any height pro-
vided that the occupant load per floor does not exceed 15.
The stairway shall conform to the requirements of Section
1009. The stairway shall be separated from elevators by a
minimum distance of one-half of the diagonal of the area
served measured in a straight Hne. The exit stairway and ele-
vator hoistway are permitted to be located in the same shaft
enclosure, provided they are separated from each other by a
4-hour ^r^ barrier having no openings. Such stairway shall
be pressurized to a minimum of 0.15 inch of water column
(43 Pa) and a maximum of 0.35 inch of water column (101
Pa) in the shaft relative to the building with stairway doors
closed. Stairways need not extend to the roof as specified in
Section 1 009. 1 1 . The provisions of Section 403 do not apply.

Exception: Smokeproof enclosures as set forth in Sec-
tion 1022.9 are not required where required stairways
are pressurized.

[F] 412.3.4 Automatic fire detection systems. Airport traf-
fic control towers shall be provided with an automatic fire
detection system installed in accordance with Section 907.2.

[F] 412.3.5 Standby power. A standby power system that
conforms to Chapter 27 shall be provided in airport traffic
control towers more than 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
Power shall be provided to the following equipment:

1. Pressurization equipment, mechanical equipment
and hghting.

2. Elevator operating equipment.

3. Fire alarm and smoke detection systems.

412.3.6 Accessibility. [DSA-AC] In air traffic control tow-
ers, an accessible route shall not be required to serve the cab
and the equipment areas on the floor immediately below the
cab.

412 A Aircraft hangars. Aircraft hangars shall be in accor-
dance with Sections 412.4.1 through 412.4.6.

412.4.1 Exterior walls. Exterior walls located less than 30
feet (9144 mm) from lot lines or sl public way shall have a
fire-resistance rating not less than 2 hours.

412.4.2 Basements. Where hangars have basements, floors
over basements shall be of Type lA construction and shall be
made tight against seepage of water, oil or vapors. There
shall be no opening or communication between basements
and the hangar. Access to basements shall be from outside
only.

412.4.3 Floor surface. Floors shall be graded and drained
to prevent water or fuel from remaining on the floor. Floor
drains shall discharge through an oil separator to the sewer
or to an outside vented sump.

Exception: Aircraft hangars with individual lease
spaces not exceeding 2,000 square feet (186 m^) each in
which servicing, repairing or washing is not conducted
and fuel is not dispensed shall have floors that are graded
toward the door, but shall not require a separator.

412.4.4 Heating equipment. Heating equipment shall be
placed in another room separated by 2-hour fire barriers
constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both. Entrance shall be from the outside or by means of a
vestibule providing a two-doorway separation.

Exceptions:

1 . Unit heaters and vented infrared radiant heating
equipment suspended at least 10 feet (3048 mm)
above the upper surface of wings or engine enclo-
sures of the highest aircraft that are permitted to be
housed in the hangar and at least 8 feet (2438 mm)
above the floor in shops, offices and other sections
of the hangar communicating with storage or ser-
vice areas.

2. A single interior door shall be allowed, provided
the sources of ignition in the appliances are at least
18 inches (457 mm) above the floor.

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412.4.5 Finishing. The process of "doping," involving use
of a volatile flammable solvent, or of painting, shall be car-
ried on in a separate detached building equipped with auto-
matic fire-extinguishing equipment in accordance with
Section 903.

412.4.6 Fire suppression. Aircraft hangars shall be pro-
vided with a fire suppression system designed in accordance
with NFPA 409, based upon the classification for the hangar
given in Table 412.4.6.

Exception: When a fixed base operator has separate
repair facilities on site. Group II hangars operated by a
fixed base operator used for storage of transient aircraft
only shall have a fire suppression system, but the system
is exempt from foam requirements.

412.4.6.1 Hazardous operations. Any Group III air-
craft hangar according to Table 412.4.6 that contains
hazardous operations including, but not limited to, the
following shall be provided with a Group I or II fire sup-
pression system in accordance with NFPA 409 as appli-
cable:

1. Doping.

2. Hot work including, but not limited to, welding,
torch cutting and torch soldering.

3. Fuel transfer.

4. Fuel tank repair or maintenance not including
defueled tanks in accordance with NFPA 409,
inerted tanks or tanks that have never been fueled.

5. Spray finishing operations.

6. Total fuel capacity of all aircraft within the
unsprinklered single /ire area in excess of 1,600
gallons (6057 L).

7. Total fuel capacity of all aircraft within the maxi-
mum single fire area in excess of 7,500 gallons (28

390 L) for a hangar with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

412.4.6.2 Separation of maximum single fire areas. Max-
imum single fire areas established in accordance with han-
gar classification and construction type in Table All A. 6
shall be separated by 2-hour^r^ walls constructed in accor-
dance with Section 706.

412.5 Residential aircraft hangars. Residential aircraft han-
gars as defined in Section 412.2 shall comply with Sections
412.5.1 through 412.5.2.

412.5.1 Fire separation. A hangar shall not be attached to a
dwelling unless separated by a fire barrier having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Such separa-
tion shall be continuous from the foundation to the under-
side of the roof and unpierced except for doors leading to the
dwelling unit. Doors into the dwelling unit must be
equipped with self-closing devices and conform to the
requirements of Section 715 with at least a 4-inch (102 mm)
noncombustible raised sill. Openings from a hanger directly
into a room used for sleeping purposes shall not be permit-
ted.

412.5.2 Egress. A hangar shall provide two means of egress.
One of the doors into the dwelling shall be considered as
meeting only one of the two means of egress.

[F] 412.5.3 Smoke alarms. Smoke alarms shall be pro-
vided within the hangar in accordance with Section
907.2.21.

412.5.4 Independent systems. Electrical, mechanical and
plumbing drain, waste and vent (DWV) systems installed
within the hangar shall be independent of the systems
installed within the dwelling. Building sewer lines shall be
permitted to be connected outside the structures.

Exception: Smoke detector wiring and feed for electri-
cal subpanels in the hangar.

[F] TABLE 412.4.6
HANGAR FIRE SUPPRESSION REQUIREMENTS^ '^ '^

MAXIMUM SINGLE
FIRE AREA, SQ. FT.

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

IIA

IIB

IIIA

NIB

^40,001

Group I

40,000

Group II

30,000

Group III

Group II

Group n

Group II

20,000

Group III

Group m

Group n

Group II

15,000

Group m

Group III

Group II

Group III

Group II

Group III

Group II

12,000

Group m

Group III

Group n

Group II

8,000

Group III

Group ni

Group III

Group II

5,000

Group III

Group m

Group III

Group m

Group in

Group III

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^

a. Aircraft hangars with a door height greater than 28 feet shall be provided with fire suppression for a Group I hangar regardless of maximum fire area.

b. Groups shall be as classified in accordance with NFPA 409.

c. Membrane structures complying with Section 3102 shall be classified as a Group IV hangar.

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412.5.5 Height and area limits. Residential aircraft han-
gars shall not exceed 2,000 square feet (186 m^) in area and
20 feet (6096 mm) in building height.

[F] 412.6 Aircraft paint hangars. Aircraft painting opera-
tions where flammable liquids are used in excess of the maxi-
mum allowable quantities per control area listed in Table
307.1(1) shall be conducted in an aircraft paint hangar that
complies with the provisions of Sections 412.6.1 through
412.6.6.

[F] 412.6.1 Occupancy group. Aircraft paint hangars shall
be classified as Group H-2. Aircraft paint hangars shall
comply with the applicable requirements of this code and
the California Fire Code for such occupancy.

412.6.2 Construction. The aircraft paint hangar shall be of
Type I or II construction.

[F] 412.6.3 Operations. Only those flammable hquids nec-
essary for painting operations shall be permitted in quantities
less than the maximum allowable quantities per control area
in Table 307.1(1). Spray equipment cleaning operations shall
be conducted in a liquid use, dispensing and mixing room.

[F] 412.6.4 Storage. Storage of flammable liquids shall be
in a liquid storage room.

[F] 412.6.5 Fire suppression. Aircraft paint hangars shall
be provided with fire suppression as required by NFPA 409,

412.6.6 Ventilation. Aircraft paint hangars shall be pro-
vided with ventilation as required in the California Mechan-
ical Code,

412.7 Heliports and helistops. Heliports and helistops shall
be permitted to be erected on buildings or other locations where
they are constructed in accordance with Sections 412.7.1
through 412.7.4.

412.7.1 Size. The landing area for helicopters less than
3,500 pounds (1588 kg) shall be a minimum of 20 feet (6096
mm) in length and width. The landing area shall be sur-
rounded on all sides by a clear area having a minimum aver-
age width at roof level of 15 feet (4572 mm) but with no
width less than 5 feet (1524 mm).

412.7.2 Design. Helicopter landing areas and the supports
thereof on the roof of a building shall be noncombustible
construction. Landing areas shall be designed to confine any
flammable liquid spillage to the landing area itself and pro-
visions shall be made to drain such spillage away from any
exit or stairway serving the helicopter landing area or from a
structure housing such exit or stairway. For structural design
requirements, see Section 1605.4.

A\2.13 Means of egress. The means of egress from heli-
ports and helistops shall comply with the provisions of
Chapter 10. Landing areas located on buildings or structures
shall have two or more means of egress. For landing areas
less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in length or less than 2,000
square feet (186 m^) in area, the second means of egress is
permitted to be a fire escape, alternating tread device or lad-
der leading to the floor below.

412.7.4 Rooftop heliports and helistops. Rooftop heli-
ports and hehstops shall comply with NFPA 418.

SECTION 413
COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE

413.1 General. High-piled stock or rack storage in any occu-
pancy group shall comply with the California Fire Code,

413.2 Attic, under-floor and concealed spaces. Attic,
under-floor and concealed spaces used for storage of combusti-
ble materials shall be protected on the storage side as required
for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. Openings shall
be protected by assemblies that are self-closing and are of
noncombustible construction or solid wood core not less than
IV4 inch (45 mm) in thickness.

Exceptions:

1 . Areas protected by approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tems,

2. Group R-3 and U occupancies.

SECTION 414
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

[F] 414.1 General. The provisions of Sections 414.1 through
414.7 shall apply to buildings and structures occupied for the
manufacturing, processing, dispensing, use or storage of haz-
ardous materials.

[F] 414.1.1 Other provisions. Buildings and structures
with an occupancy in Group H shall also comply with the
applicable provisions of Section 415 and the California Fire
Code, For Group L occupancies see Section 443.

[F] 414.1.2 Materials. The safe design of hazardous mate-
rial occupancies is material dependent. Individual material
requirements are also found in Sections 307 and 415, and in
the California Mechanical Code and the California Fire
Code,

[F] 414.1.2.1 Aerosols. Level 2 and 3 aerosol products
shall be stored and displayed in accordance with the Cal-
ifornia Fire Code. See Section 31 1.2 and the California
Fire Code for occupancy group requirements.

[F] 414.1.3 Information required. A report shall be submit-
ted to the building official identifying the maximum expected
quantities of hazardous materials to be stored, used in a
closed system and used in an open system, and subdivided to
separately address hazardous material classification catego-
ries based on Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2). The methods of
protection from such hazards, including but not limited to
control areas, fire protection systems and Group H occupan-
cies shall be indicated in the report and on the construction
documents. The opinion and report shall be prepared by a
qualified person, firm or corporation approved by the build-
ing official and provided without charge to the enforcing
agency.

For buildings and structures with an occupancy in Group
H, separate floor plans shall be submitted identifying the
locations of anticipated contents and processes so as to
reflect the nature of each occupied portion of every building
and structure.

[F] 414.2 Control areas. Control areas shall comply with Sec-
tions 414.2.1 through 414.2.5 and the California Fire Code.

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414.2.1 Construction requirements. Control areas shall
be separated from each other by ^re barriers constructed in
accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

[F] 414.2.2 Percentage of maximum allowable quantities.

The percentage of maximum allowable quantities of hazard-
ous materials per control area permitted at each floor level
within a building shall be in accordance with Table 414.2.2.

[F] 414.2.3 Number. The maximum number of control areas
within a building shall be in accordance with Table 414.2.2.

4\4J1A Fire-resistance-rating requirements. The re-

quiredfire-resistance rating for fire barriers shall be in accor-
dance with Table 414.2.2. The floor assembly of the control
area and the construction supporting the floor of the control
area shall have a minimum 2-houT fire- resistance rating.

Exception: The floor assembly of the control area and
the construction supporting the floor of the control area
are allowed to be 1-hour fire-resistance rated in buildings
of Types IIA, IIIA and VA construction, provided that
both of the following conditions exist:

1 . The building is equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1; and

2. The building is three stories or less above grade
plane.

[F] 414.2.5 Hazardous material in Group M display and
storage areas and in Group S storage areas. The aggre-
gate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or
noncombustible liquid hazardous materials permitted
within a single control area of a Group M display and stor-
age area, a Group S storage area or an outdoor control area
is permitted to exceed the maximum allowable quantities
per control area specified in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2)
without classifying the building or use as a Group H occu-
pancy, provided that the materials are displayed and stored
in accordance with the California Fire Code and quantities

do not exceed the maximum allowable specified in Table
414.2.5(1).

In Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses,
indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall
not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control
area as indicated in Table 414.2.5(2), provided that the
materials are displayed and stored in accordance with the
California Fire Code,

The maximum quantity of aerosol products in Group M
occupancy retail display areas, storage areas adjacent to
retail display areas and retail storage areas shall be in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 414.3 Ventilation. Rooms, areas or spaces of Group H in
which explosive, corrosive, combustible, flammable or
highly toxic dusts, mists, fumes, vapors or gases are or may be
emitted due to the processing, use, handling or storage of
materials shall be mechanically ventilated as required by the
California Fire Code and the California Mechanical Code.

Ducts conveying explosives or flammable vapors, fumes or
dusts shall extend directly to the exterior of the building with-
out entering other spaces. Exhaust ducts shall not extend into or
through ducts and plenums.

Exception: Ducts conveying vapor or fumes having flamma-
ble constituents less than 25 percent of their lower flammable
Hmit (LFL) are permitted to pass through other spaces.

Emissions generated at workstations shall be confined to the
area in which they are generated as specified in the California
Fire Code and the California Mechanical Code.

The location of supply and exhaust openings shall be in
accordance with the California Mechanical Code. Exhaust air
contaminated by highly toxic material shall be treated in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

A manual shutoff control for ventilation equipment required
by this section shall be provided outside the room adjacent to
the principal access door to the room. The switch shall be of the
break-glass type and shall be labeled: VENTILATION SYS-
TEM EMERGENCY SHUTOFF.

[F] TABLE 414.2.2
DESIGN AND NUMBER OF CONTROL AREAS

■ ■■■■

FLOOR LEVEL

PERCENTAGE OF THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA°

NUMBER OF CONTROL
AREAS PER FLOOR

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING
FOR FIRE BARRIERS IN HOURS'^

Above grade
plane

Higher than 9

7-9

5
4
3
2
1

12.5
12.5
12.5
50
75
100

1
2
2
2
2
2
3
4

2
2
2
2
2

Below grade
plane

Lower than 2

Not Allowed

a. Percentages shall be of the maximum allowable quantity per control area shown in Tables 307. 1(1 ) and 307. 1 (2), with all increases allowed in the notes to those
tables.

b. Fire barriers shall include walls and floors as necessary to provide separation from other portions of the building.

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[F] TABLE 414.2.5(1)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER INDOOR AND OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA IN GROUP M AND S OCCUPANCIES

NONFLAMMABLE SOLIDS AND NONFLAMMABLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS'' ^'^

CONDITION

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA

Material^

Class

Solids
pounds

Liquids
gallons

A. Health-hazard materials — nonflammable and noncombustible solids and liquids

1 . Corrosives^' ^

Not Applicable

9,750

975

2. Highly toxics

Not Applicable

20b>c

2b, c

3. Toxics^' '^

Not Applicable

1,000

100

B. Physical-hazard materials — nonflammable and noncombustible soUds and liquids

1. Oxidizers''''^

Not Allowed

l,150s

115

2,250^^

225

18,000^'j

1,800*'J

2. Unstable (reactives)''' '^

Not Allowed

550

1,150

115

Not Limited

3. Water (reactives)

3b, c

550

2b, c

1,150

115

Not Limited

For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

a. Hazard categories are as specified in the California Fire Code,

b. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 1 00 percent in buildings that are sprinklered in accordance with Section 903 .3 . 1.1. When Note c also applies, the
increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

c. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, in accordance with the California Fire Code. When Note
b also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

d. See Table 414.2.2 for design and number of control areas.

e. Allowable quantities for other hazardous material cat^ories shall be in accordance with Section 307.

f. Maximum quantities shall be increased 100 percent in outdoor control areas.

g. Maximum amounts are permitted to be increased to 2,250 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or
packager and do not exceed 10 pounds each.

h. Maximum amounts are permitted to be increased to 4,500 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or

packager and do not exceed 10 pounds each,
i. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
j. Quantities are unlimited in an outdoor control area.

TABLE [F] 414.2.5(2)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALES OCCUPANCIES PER CONTROL AREA^

TYPE OF LIQUID

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons)

Sprinklered in accordance with note b
densities and arrangements

Sprinklered in accordance with Tables

3404.3.6.3(4) through 3404.3.6.3(8) and Table

3404.3.7.5.1 of the California Fire Code

Nonsprinklered

Class lA

Class IB, IC, II and IIIA

7,500^

15,000^=

1,600

Class niB

Unlimited

13,200

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/ml

a. Control areas shall be separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire barrier wall.

b. To be considered as sprinklered, a building shall be equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system with a design providing minimum densities
as follows:

1. For uncartoned commodities on shelves 6 feet or less in height where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quantities are those permitted with a mini-
mum sprinkler design density of Ordinary Hazard Group 2.

2. For cartoned, palletized or racked commodities where storage is 4 feet 6 inches or less in height and where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quanti-
ties are those permitted with a minimum sprinkler design density of 0.21 ^llon per minute per square foot over the most remote 1,500-square-foot area.

c. Where wholesale and retail sales or storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities are allowed to be increased by 2 percent for
each 1,000 square feet of area in excess of 50,000 square feet, up to a maximum of 100 percent of the table amounts. A control area separation is not required. The
cumulative amounts, including amounts attained by having an additional control area, shall not exceed 30,000 gallons.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

107

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[F] 414.4 Hazardous material systems. Systems involving
hazardous materials shall be suitable for the intended applica-
tion. Controls shall be designed to prevent materials from
entering or leaving process or reaction systems at other than the
intended time, rate or path. Automatic controls, where pro-
vided, shall be designed to be fail safe.

I I [F] 414.5 Inside storage, dispensing, handling and use. The

inside storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials in
excess of the maximum allowable quantities per control area of
Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2) shall be in accordance with Sec-
tions 414.5.1 through 414.5.5 of this code and the California
Fire Code.

[F] 414.5.1 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be
provided in accordance with the California Fire Code as
required by Table 414.5.1 where quantities of hazardous
materials specified in that table exceed the maximum allow-
able quantities in Table 307.1(1) or where a structure, room
or space is occupied for purposes involving explosion haz-
ards as required by Section 4 15 or the California Fire Code,

[F] 414.5.2 Monitor control equipment. Monitor control
equipment shall be provided where required by the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

[F] 414.5.3 Automatic fire detection systems. Group H
occupancies shall be provided with an automatic fire detec-
tion system in accordance with Section 907.2.

[F] 414.5.4 Standby or emergency power. Where mechan-
ical ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control,
alarm, detection or other electrically operated systems are
required, such systems shall be provided with an emergency
or standby power system in accordance with Chapter 27.

Exceptions:

1 . Mechanical ventilation for storage of Class IB and
Class IC flammable and combustible liquids in
closed containers not exceeding 6.5 gallons (25 L)
capacity.

2. Storage areas for Class 1 and 2 oxidizers.

3. Storage areas for Class II, III, IV and V organic
peroxides.

4. Storage, use and handling areas for asphyxiant,
irritant and radioactive gases.

5. For storage, use and handling areas for highly toxic
or toxic materials, see Sections 3704.2.2.8 and
3704.3.4.2 of the California Fire Code.

6. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treat-
ment systems and temperature control systems
shall not be required where an approved fail-safe
engineered system is installed.

[F] 414.5.5 Spill control, drainage and containment.

Rooms, buildings or areas occupied for the storage of solid
and liquid hazardous materials shall be provided with a
means to control spillage and to contain or drain off spillage
and fire protection water discharged in the storage area
where required in the California Fire Code. The methods of
spill control shall be in accordance with the California Fire
Code.

414,5.6 Hazardous material handling. The handling of
hazardous materials shall be in accordance with California
Fire Code Section 2703.10.

[F] 414.6 Outdoor storage, dispensing and use. The outdoor
storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials shall be in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 414.6.1 Weather protection. Where weather protection
is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material stor-
age or use areas, such areas shall be considered outdoor
storage or use when the weather protection structure com-
plies with Sections 414.6.1.1 through 414.6.1.3.

[F] 414.6.1.1 Walls. Walls shall not obstruct more than
one side of the structure.

Exception: Walls shall be permitted to obstruct por-
tions of multiple sides of the structure, provided that
the obstructed area does not exceed 25 percent of the
structure's perimeter.

[F] 414.6.1.2 Separation distance. The distance from
the structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means
of egress to a public way shall not be less than the dis-
tance required for an outside hazardous material storage
or use area without weather protection.

[F] 414.6.13 Noncombustible construction. The overhead
structure shall be of approved noncombustible constmction
with a maximum area of 1,500 square feet (140 m^).

Exception: The increases permitted by Section 506
apply.

[F] 414.7 Emergency alarms. Emergency alarms for the
detection and notification of an emergency condition in Group
H occupancies shall be provided as set forth herein.

[F] 414.7.1 Storage. An approved manual emergency
alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas
used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency
alarm-initiating devices shall be installed outside of each
interior exit or exit access door of storage buildings, rooms
or areas. Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device
shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants of an emergency
situation involving hazardous materials.

[F] 414.7.2 Dispensing, use and handling. Where hazard-
ous materials having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accor-
dance with NFPA 704 are transported through corridors or
exit enclosures, there shall be an emergency telephone sys-
tem, a local manual alarm station or an approved alarm-ini-
tiating device at not more than 150-foot (45 720 mm)
intervals and at each exit and exit access doorway through-
out the transport route. The signal shall be relayed to an
approved central, proprietary or remote station service or
constantly attended on-site location and shall also initiate a
local audible alarm.

[F] 414.7.3 Supervision. Emergency alarm systems shall
be supervised by an approved central, proprietary or remote
station service or shall initiate an audible and visual signal at
a constantly attended on-site location.

108

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[F] TABLE 414.5.1
EXPLOSION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS^

MATERIAL

CLASS

EXPLOSION CONTROL METHODS

Barricade construction

Explosion (deflagration) venting

or explosion (deflagration)

prevention systems'^

HAZARD CATEGORY

Combustible dusts^

Not Required

Required

Cryogenic flammables

Not Required

Required

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1 .3
Division 1.4
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Required
Required
Not Required
Not Required
Required
Required

Not Required
Not Required
Required
Required
Not Required
Not Required

Flammable gas

Gaseous
Liquefied

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

Flammable liquid

lA^

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

Organic peroxides

U
I

Required
Required

Not Permitted
Not Permitted

Oxidizer liquids and solids

Required

Not Permitted

Pyrophoric gas

Not Required

Required

Unstable (reactive)

3 Detonable
3 Nondetonable

Required

Not Required

Not Permitted

Required

Water-reactive liquids and solids

3
2g

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

SPECIAL USES

Acetylene generator rooms

Not Required

Required

Grain processing

Not Required

Required

Liquefied petroleum gas-distribution facilities

Not Required

Required

Where explosion hazards exist^

Detonation
Deflagration

Required
Not Required

Not Permitted
Required

a. See Section 414.1.3.

b. See the California Fire Code.

c. As generated during manufacturing or processing. See definition of "Combustible dust" in Chapter 3.

d. Storage or use.

e. In open use or dispensing.

f. Rooms containing dispensing and use of hazardous materials when an explosive environment can occur because of the characteristics or nature of the hazardous
materials or as a result of the dispensing or use process.

g. A method of explosion control shall be provided when Class 2 water-reactive materials can form potentially explosive mixtures.

SECTION 415
GROUPS H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 AND H-5

[F] 415.1 Scope. The provisions of Sections 415.1 through
415.8 shall apply to the storage and use of hazardous materials
in excess of the maximum allowable quantities per control area
listed in Section 307.1. Buildings and structures with an occu-
pancy in Group H shall also comply with the applicable provi-
sions of Section 414 and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in the
code, have the meanings shown herein.

[F] CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM. A gas

detection system where the analytical instrument is maintained

in continuous operation and sampling is performed without
interruption. Analysis is allowed to be performed on a cyclical
basis at intervals not to exceed 30 minutes.

[F] DETACHED BUILDING. A separate single-story build-
ing, without a basement or crawl space, used for the storage or
use of hazardous materials and located an approved distance
from all structures.

[F] EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. An approved
location on the premises where signals from emergency equip-
ment are received and which is staffed by trained personnel.

[F] EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. An appliance or piece of
equipment that consists of a top, a back and two sides providing
a means of local exhaust for capturing gases, fumes, vapors and

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

109

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mists. Such enclosures include laboratory hoods, exhaust fume
hoods and similar appliances and equipment used to locally
retain and exhaust the gases, fumes, vapors and mists that could
be released. Rooms or areas provided with general ventilation,
in themselves, are not exhausted enclosures.

[F] FABRICATION AREA. An area within a semiconductor
fabrication faciUty and related research and development areas
in which there are processes using hazardous production mate-
rials. Such areas are allowed to include ancillary rooms or areas
such as dressing rooms and offices that are directly related to
the fabrication area processes.

[F] FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. The concentra-
tion of flammable constituents in air that exceed 25 percent of
their lower flammable limit (LFL).

[F] GAS CABINET. A fully enclosed, noncombustible enclo-
sure used to provide an isolated environment for compressed
gas cylinders in storage or use. Doors and access ports for
exchanging cylinders and accessing pressure-regulating con-
trols are allowed to be included.

[F] GAS ROOM. A separately ventilated, fully enclosed room
in which only compressed gases and associated equipment and
supplies are stored or used.

[F] HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM).

A solid, liquid or gas associated with semiconductor manufac-
turing that has a degree-of-hazard rating in health,
flammability or instability of Class 3 or 4 as ranked by NFPA
704 and which is used directly in research, laboratory or pro-
duction processes which have as their end product materials
that are not hazardous.

[F] HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. An HPM liquid that is
defined as either a Class I flammable liquid or a Class II or
Class IIIA combustible liquid.

[F] HPM ROOM. A room used in conjunction with or serving
a Group H-5 occupancy, where HPM is stored or used and
which is classified as a Group H-2, H-3 or H-4 occupancy.

[F] IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND
HEALTH (BDLH). The concentration of air-borne contami-
nants which poses a threat of death, immediate or delayed per-
manent adverse health effects, or effects that could prevent
escape from such an environment. This contaminant concentra-
tion level is established by the National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) based on both toxicity and
flammability. It generally is expressed in parts per million by
volume (ppm v/v) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m^). If ade-
quate data do not exist for precise establishment of IDLH con-
centrations, an independent certified industrial hygienist,
industrial toxicologist, appropriate regulatory agency or other
source approved by the building official shall make such deter-
mination.

[F] LIQUID. A material that has a melting point that is equal to
or less than 68 °F (20°C) and a boiling point that is greater than
68T (20°C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia)
(101 kPa). When not otherwise identified, the term "liquid"
includes both flammable and combustible liquids.

[F] LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. A room classified as a
Group H-3 occupancy used for the storage of flammable or
combustible liquids in a closed condition.

[F] LIQUID USE, DISPENSING AND MIXING ROOM.

A room in which Class I, II and IIIA flammable or combustible
liquids are used, dispensed or mixed in open containers.

[F] LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). The minimum
concentration of vapor in air at which propagation of flame will
occur in the presence of an ignition source. The LFL is some-
times referred to as "LEL" or "lower explosive limit."

[F] NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(NTP). A temperature of 70°F (21° C) and a pressure of 1 atmo-
sphere [14.7 psia (101 kPa)].

[F] PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD
LEVEL, A concentration of air-bome contaminants, normally
expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m^), that represents the concentration at which persons can
sense the presence of the contaminant due to odor, irritation or
other quick-acting physiological response. When used in
conjunction with the permissible exposure limit (PEL) the physio-
logical warning threshold levels are those consistent with the classi-
fication system used to estabUsh the PEL. See the definition of
"Permissible exposure limit (PEL)" in the California Fire Code,

[F] SERVICE CORRIDOR. A fully enclosed passage used
for transporting HPM and purposes other than required means
of egress.

[F] SOLID. A material that has a melting point, decomposes or
sublimes at a temperature greater than 68°F (20°C).

[F] STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.

1 . The keeping, retention or leaving of hazardous materials
in closed containers, tanks, cylinders or similar vessels, or

2. Vessels supplying operations through closed connec-
tions to the vessel.

[F] USE (MATERIAL). Placing a material into action, includ-
ing sohds, liquids and gases.

[F] WORKSTATION. A defined space or an independent prin-
cipal piece of equipment using HPM within a fabrication area
where a specific function, laboratory procedure or research
activity occurs. Approved or listed hazardous materials storage
cabinets, flammable liquid storage cabinets or gas cabinets serv-
ing a workstation are included as part of the workstation. A
workstation is allowed to contain ventilation equipment, fire
protection devices, detection devices, electrical devices and
other processing and scientific equipment.

[F] 415.3 Fire separation distance. Group H occupancies
shall be located on property in accordance with the other provi-
sions of this chapter. In Groups H-2 and H-3, not less than 25
percent of the perimeter wall of the occupancy shall be an exte-
rior wall.

Exceptions:

1. Liquid use, dispensing and mixing rooms having a
floor area of not more than 500 square feet (46.5 m^)
need not be located on the outer perimeter of the
building where they are in accordance with the Cali-
fornia Fire Code and NFPA 30.

110

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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2. Liquid storage rooms having a floor area of not more
than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) need not be located on
the outer perimeter where they are in accordance with
the California Fire Code and NFPA 30.

3. Spray paint booths that comply with the California
Fire Code need not be located on the outer perimeter.

[F] 4153.1 Group H occupancy minimum fire separa-
tion distance. Regardless of any other provisions, buildings
containing Group H occupancies shall be set back to the
minimum fire separation distance as set forth in Items 1
through 4 below. Distances shall be measured from the
walls enclosing the occupancy to lot lines, including those
on 2i public way. Distances to assumed lot lines established
for the purpose of determining exterior wall and opening
protection are not to be used to establish the minimum ^re
separation distance for buildings on sites where explosives
are manufactured or used when separation is provided in
accordance with the quantity distance tables specified for
explosive materials in the California Fire Code.

1 . Group H- 1 . Not less than 75 feet (22 860 nun) and not
less than required by the California Fire Code.

Exceptions:

1. Fireworks manufacturing buildings sepa-
rated in accordance with NFPA 1 124.

2. Buildings containing the following materi-
als when separated in accordance with Table
415.3.1:

2.1. Organic peroxides, unclassified
detonable.

2.2. Unstable reactive materials, Class 4.

2.3. Unstable reactive materials. Class 3
detonable.

2.4. Detonable pyrophoric materials.

2. Group H-2. Not less than 30 feet (9144 mm) where
the area of the occupancy exceeds 1,000 square feet
(93 m^) and it is not required to be located in a
detached building.

3. Groups H-2 and H-3. Not less than 50 feet (15 240
mm) where a detached building is required (see Table
415.3.2).

4. Groups H-2 and H-3. Occupancies containing materi-
als with explosive characteristics shall be separated as
required by the California Fire Code. Where separa-
tions are not specified, the distances required shall not
be less than the distances required by Table 415.3.1.

[F] 415.3,2 Detached buildings for Group H-1, H-2 or
H-3 occupancy. The storage of hazardous materials in
excess of those amounts Usted in Table 415.3.2 shall be in
accordance with the applicable provisions of Sections 415.4
and 415.5. Where a detached building is required by Table
415.3.2, there are no requirements for wall and opening pro-
tection based on fire separation distance.

[F] 415.4 Special provisions for Group H-1 occupancies.

Group H-1 occupancies shall be in buildings used for no other
purpose, shall not exceed one story in height and be without
basements, crawl spaces or other under-floor spaces. Roofs
shall be of lightweight construction with suitable thermal insu-
lation to prevent sensitive material from reaching its decompo-
sition temperature. Group H-1 occupancies containing
materials that are in themselves both physical and health haz-
ards in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantities
per control area in Table 307.1.(2) shall comply with require-
ments for both Group H-1 and H-4 occupancies.

[F] 415.4.1 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for organic peroxides, pyrophoric materials and unsta-
ble (reactive) materials shall be of liquid- tight, noncombust-
ible construction.

[F] 415.5 Special provisions for Groups H-2 and H-3 occu-
pancies. Groups H-2 and H-3 occupancies containing quanti-
ties of hazardous materials in excess of those set forth in Table
415.3.2 shall be in buildings used for no other purpose, shall
not exceed one story in height and shall be without basements,
crawl spaces or other under-floor spaces.

Groups H-2 and H-3 occupancies containing water-reactive
materials shall be resistant to water penetration. Piping for con-
veying liquids shall not be over or through areas containing
water reactives, unless isolated by approved liquid-tight con-
struction.

Exception: Fire protection piping=

[F] 415.5.1 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for organic peroxides, oxidizers, pyrophoric materi-
als, unstable (reactive) materials and water-reactive solids
and liquids shall be of liquid-tight, noncombustible con-
struction,

[F] 415.5.2 Waterproof room. Rooms or areas used for the
storage of water-reactive solids and liquids shall be con-
structed in a manner that resists the penetration of water
through the use of waterproof materials. Piping carrying
water for other than approved automatic fire sprinkler sys-
tems shall not be within such rooms or areas.

[F] 415.6 Group H-2. Occupancies in Group H-2 shall be con-
structed in accordance with Sections 415.6.1 through 415.6.4
and the California Fire Code.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

111

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[F] TABLE 415.3.1
MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCES FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL^

MINIMUM DISTANCE (feet)

Lot lines" and Inhabited buildings'"

Separation of magazines**' ®' '

Pounds over

Pounds not over

Barricaded''

Unbarricaded

140

180

110

220

125

250

140

280

150

300

170

340

100

190

380

100

125

200

400

125

150

215

430

150

200

235

470

200

250

255

510

250

300

270

540

300

400

295

590

400

500

320

640

500

600

340

680

600

700

355

710

700

800

375

750

800

900

390

780

900

1,000

400

800

1,000

1,200

425

850

1,200

1,400

450

900

1,400

1,600

470

940

1,600

1,800

490

980

1,800

2,000

505

1,010

2,000

2,500

545

1,090

2,500

3,000

580

1,160

104

3,000

4,000

635

1,270

116

4,000

5,000

685

1,370

122

5,000

6,000

730

1,460

130

6,000

7,000

770

1,540

136

7,000

8,000

800

1,600

144

8,000

9,000

835

1,670

150

9,000

10,000

865

1,730

156

10,000

12,000

875

1,750

164

12,000

14,000

885

1,770

174

14,000

16,000

900

1,800

180

16,000

18,000

940

1,880

188

18,000

20,000

975

1,950

196

(continued)

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TABLE 415.3,1— continued
MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCES FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

MINIMUM DISTANCE (feet)

QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL^

Lot tines'' and inhabited buildings'"

Separation of magazines**'®'*

Pounds over

Pounds not over

Barricaded^

Unbarricaded

20,000

25,000

1,055

2,000

210

25,000

30,000

1,130

2,000

224

30,000

35,000

1,205

2,000

238

35,000

40,000

1,275

2,000

248

40,000

45,000

1,340

2,000

258

45,000

50,000

1,400

2,000

270

50,000

55,000

1,460

2,000

280

55,000

60,000

1,515

2,000

290

60,000

65,000

1,565

2,000

300

65,000

70,000

1,610

2,000

310

70,000

75,000

1,655

2,000

320

75,000

80,000

1,695

2,000

330

80,000

85,000

1,730

2,000

340

85,000

90,000

1,760

2,000

350

90,000

95,000

1,790

2,000

360

95,000

100,000

1,815

2,000

370

100,000

110,000

1,835

2,000

390

110,000

120,000

1,855

2,000

410

120,000

130,000

1,875

2,000

430

130,000

140,000

1,890

2,000

450

140,000

150,000

1,900

2,000

470

150,000

160,000

1,935

2,000

490

160,000

170,000

1,965

2,000

510

170,000

180,000

1,990

2,000

530

180,000

190,000

2,010

550

190,000

200,000

2,030

570

200,000

210,000

2,055

590

210,000

230,000

2,100

630

230,000

250,000

2,155

670

250,000

275,000

2,215

720

275,000

300,000

2,275

770

For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml

a. The number of pounds of explosives listed is the number of pounds of trinitrotoluene (TNT) or the equivalent pounds of other explosive.

b. The distance hsted is the distance to lot line, including lot lines at public ways.

c. For the purpose of this table, an inhabited building is any building on the same lot that is regularly occupied by people. Where two or more buildings containing
explosives or magazines are located on the same lot, each building or magazine shall comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited buildings and,
in addition, they shall be separated from each other by not less than the distance shown for "Separation of magazines," except that the quantity of explosive materi-
als contained in detonator buildings or magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said detonator buildings or magazines from buildings or magazines con-
taining other explosive materials. If any two or more buildings or magazines are separated from each other by less than the specified "Separation of Magazines"
distances, then such two or more buildings or magazines, as a group, shall be considered as one building or magazine, and the total quantity of explosive materials
stored in such group shall be treated as if the explosive were in a single building or magazine located on the site of any building or magazine of the group, and shall
comply with the minimum distance specified from other magazines or inhabited buildings.

d. B arricades shall effectively screen the building containing explosives from other buildings, public ways or magazines. Where mounds or revetted walls of earth are
used for barricades, they shall not be less than 3 feet in thickness. A straight line from the top of any side wall of the building containing explosive materials to the
eave line of any other building, magazine or a point 12 feet above the centerline of a public way shall pass through the barricades.

e. Magazine is a building or structure, other than an operating building, approved for storage of explosive materials. Portable or mobile magazines not exceeding 120
square feet in area need not comply with the requirements of this code, hcwever, all magazines shall comply with the International Fire Code.

f . The distance listed is permitted to be reduced by 50 percent where approved natural or artificial barriers are provided in accordance with the requirements in Note d.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

113

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[F] TABLE 415.3.2
DETACHED BUILDING REQUIRED

A DETACHED BUILDING IS REQUIRED WHEN THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL EXCEEDS THAT LISTED HEREIN

Material

Class

Solids and Liquids (tonsf '^

Gases (cubic feet)^'*

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1 .3
Division 1.4
Division 1.4^^
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity

1
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity

Not Applicable

Oxidizers

Class 4

Maximum Allowable Quantity

Unstable (reactives) detonable

Class 3 or 4

Maximum Allowable Quantity

Oxidizer, liquids and solids

Class 3
Class 2

1,200
2,000

Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Organic peroxides

Detonable
Class I
Class II

Class III

Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity

Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Unstable (reactives) nondetonable

Class 3
Class 2

2,000
10,000

Water reactives

Class 3
Class 2

1
25

Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Pyrophoric gases

Not Applicable

2,000

For SI: 1 ton = 906 kg, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg.

a. For materials that are detonable, the distance to other buildings or lot lines shall be as specified in Table 41 5.3. 1 based on trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalence of the
material. For materials classified as explosives, see Chapter 33 the California Fire Code. For all other materials, the distance shall be as indicated in Section
415.3.1.

b. "Maximum Allowable Quantity" means the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Table 307.1(1).

c. Limited to Division 1.4 materials and articles, including articles packaged for shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms (BATF) regulations or unpackaged articles used in process operations that do not propagate a detonation or deflagration between articles, providing
the net explosive weight of individual articles does not exceed 1 pound.

[F] 415.6.1 Combustible dusts, grain processing and
storage. The provisions of Sections 415.6.1.1 through
415.6.1.6 shall apply to buildings in which materials that
produce combustible dusts are stored or handled. Buildings
that store or handle combustible dusts shall comply with the
applicable provisions of NFPA 61, NFPA 85, NFPA 120,
NFPA 484, NFPA 654, NFPA 655 and NFPA 664, and the
California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.1.1 Type of construction and height excep-
tions. Buildings shall be constructed in compliance with
the height and area limitations of Table 503 for Group
H-2; except that where erected of Type I or II construc-
tion, the heights and areas of grain elevators and similar
structures shall be unlimited, and where of Type IV con-
struction, the maximum height shall be 65 feet (19 812
mm) and except further that, in isolated areas, the maxi-
mum height of Type IV structures shall be increased to
85 feet (25 908 mm).

[F] 415.6.1.2 Grinding rooms. Every room or space
occupied for grinding or other operations that produce
combustible dusts shall be enclosed with fire barriers
constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizon-
tal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section
712, or both. The vmvimmxi fire-resistance rating shall

be 2 hours where the area is not more than 3,000 square
feet (279 m^), and 4 hours where the area is greater than
3,000 square feet (279 m^).

[F] 415.6.1.3 Conveyors. Conveyors, chutes, piping and
similar equipment passing through the enclosures of
rooms or spaces shall be constructed dirt tight and vapor
tight, and be of approved noncombustible materials
complying with Chapter 30.

[F] 415.6.1.4 Explosion control. Explosion control
shall be provided as specified in the California Fire
Code, or spaces shall be equipped with the equivalent
mechanical ventilation complying with the California
Mechanical Code.

[F] 415.6.1.5 Grain elevators. Grain elevators, malt
houses and buildings for similar occupancies shall not be
located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of interior lot lines or
structures on the same lot, except where erected along a
railroad right-of-way.

[F] 415.6.1.6 Coal pockets. Coal pockets located less
than 30 feet (9144 mm) from interior lot lines or from
structures on the same lot shall be constructed of not less
than Type IB construction. Where more than 30 feet
(9 1 44 mm) from interior lot lines, or where erected along
a railroad right-of-way, the minimum type of construc-

114

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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tion of such structures not more than 65 feet (19 812 mm)
in building height shall be Type IV.

[F] 415.6.2 Flammable and combustible liquids. The

storage, handling, processing and transporting of flamma-
ble and combustible liquids in Groups H-2 and H-3 occu-
pancies shall be in accordance with Sections 415.6.2.1
through 415,6.2.10, the California Mechanical Code and
the California Fire Code,

[F] 415.6.2.1 Mixed occupancies. Where the storage
tank area is located in a building of two or more occupan-
cies and the quantity of liquid exceeds the maximum
allowable quantity for one control area, the use shall be
completely separated from adjacent occupancies in
accordance with the requirements of Section 508.4.

[F] 415.6.2.1.1 Height exception. Where storage
tanks are located within a building no more than one
story above grade plane, the height limitation of Sec-
tion 503 shall not apply for Group H.

[F] 415.6.2.2 Tank protection. Storage tanks shall be
noncombustible and protected from physical damage.
Fire barriers or horizontal assemblies or both around the
storage tank(s) shall be permitted as the method of pro-
tection from physical damage.

[F] 415.6.2.3 Tanks. Storage tanks shall be approved
tanks conforming to the requirements of the California
Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.4 Suppression. Group H shall be equipped
throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tem, installed in accordance with Section 903.

[F] 415.6.2.5 Leakage containment. A liquid-tight con-
tainment area compatible with the stored liquid shall be
provided. The method of spill control, drainage control
and secondary containment shall be in accordance with
the California Fire Code.

Exception: Rooms where only double-wall storage
tanks conforming to Section 415.6.2.3 are used to
store Class I, II and IIIA flammable and combustible
liquids shall not be required to have a leakage contain-
ment area.

[F] 415.6.2.6 Leakage alarm. An approved automatic
alarm shall be provided to indicate a leak in a storage
tank and room. The alarm shall sound an audible signal,
15 dBa above the ambient sound level, at every point of
entry into the room in which the leaking storage tank is
located. An approved sign shall be posted on every entry
door to the tank storage room indicating the potential
hazard of the interior room environment, or the sign shall
state: WARNING, WHEN ALARM SOUNDS, THE
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE ROOM MAY BE
HAZARDOUS. The leakage alarm shall also be super-
vised in accordance with Chapter 9 to transmit a trouble
signal.

[F] 415.6.2.7 Tank vent. Storage tank vents for Class I,
II or IIIA liquids shall terminate to the outdoor air in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.8 Room ventilation. Storage tank areas stor-
ing Class I, II or IIIA liquids shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation. The mechanical ventilation sys-
tem shall be in accordance with the California Mechani-
cal Code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.9 Explosion venting. Where Class I Uquids
are being stored, explosion venting shall be provided in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.10 Tank openings other than vents. Tank
openings other than vents from tanks inside buildings
shall be designed to ensure that liquids or vapor concen-
trations are not released inside the building.

[F] 415.6.3 Liquefied petroleum gas facilities. The con-
struction and installation of liquefied petroleum gas facili-
ties shall be in accordance with the requirements of this
code, the California Fire Code, the California Mechanical
Code, the California Plumbing Code and NFPA 58.

[F] 415.6.4 Dry cleaning plants. The construction and
installation of dry cleaning plants shall be in accordance
with the requirements of this code, the California Mechani-
cal Code, the California Plumbing Code and NFPA 32. Dry
cleaning solvents and systems shall be classified in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.7 Groups H-3 and H-4. Groups H-3 and H-4 shall be
constructed in accordance with the applicable provisions of
this code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.7.1 Flammable and combustible liquids. The

storage, handling, processing and transporting of flamma-
ble and combustible liquids in Group H-3 occupancies shall
be in accordance with Section 415.6.2.

[F] 415.7.2 Gas rooms. When gas rooms are provided, such
rooms shall be separated from other areas by not less than
l-hoxix fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section
707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance
with Section 712, or both.

[F] 415.7.3 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for corrosive liquids and highly toxic or toxic materials
shall be of liquid-tight, noncombustible construction.

[F] 415.7.4 Separation — highly toxic solids and liquids.

Highly toxic solids and liquids not stored in approved haz-
ardous materials storage cabinets shall be isolated from
other hazardous materials storage by not less than 1-hour
fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or
horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 712, or both.

[F] 415.8 Group H-5.

[F] 415.8.1 General. In addition to the requirements set
forth elsewhere in this code. Group H-5 shall comply with
the provisions of Sections 415.8.1 through 415.8.11 and the
California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.2 Fabrication areas.

[F] 415,8.2.1 Hazardous materials in fabrication areas.

[F] 415.8.2.1.1 Aggregate quantities. The aggregate
quantities of hazardous materials stored and used in a

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single fabrication area shall not exceed the quantities
set forth in Table 415.8.2.1.1.

Exception: The quantity limitations for any haz-
ard category in Table 415.8.2.1.1 shall not apply
where the fabrication area contains quantities of
hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum
allowable quantities per control area established
by Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2).

[F] 415.8.2.1.2 Hazardous production materials.

The maximum quantities of hazardous production
materials (HPM) stored in a single fabrication area
shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities
per control area established by Tables 307.1(1) and
307.1(2).

[F] 415.8.2.2 Separation. Fabrication areas, whose
sizes are limited by the quantity of hazardous materials
allowed by Table 415.8.2.1.1, shall be separated from
each other, from corridors and from other parts of the
building by not less than 1-hour fire barriers con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712,
or both.

Exceptions:

1. Doors within such^r^ barrier walls, including
doors to corridors, shall be only self-closing
fire door assemblies having a fire protection
rating of not less than V4 hour.

2. Windows between fabrication areas and corri-
dors are permitted to be fixed glazing listed and
labeled for difire protection rating of at least V4
hour in accordance with Section 715,

[F] 415.8.2.3 Location of occupied levels. Occupied
levels of fabrication areas shall be located at or above the
first story above grade plane,

[F] 415.8.2.4 Floors. Except for surfacing, floors within
fabrication areas shall be of noncombustible construc-
tion.

Openings through floors of fabrication areas are per-
mitted to be unprotected where the interconnected levels
are used solely for mechanical equipment directly
related to such fabrication areas (see also Section

415.8.2.5).

Floors forming a part of an occupancy separation shall
be liquid tight.

[F] 415.8.2.5 Shafts and openings through floors. Ele-
vator shafts, vent shafts and other openings through
floors shall be enclosed when required by Section 708.
Mechanical, duct and piping penetrations within a fabri-
cation area shall not extend through more than two

floors. The annular space around penetrations for
cables, cable trays, tubing, piping, conduit or ducts shall
be sealed at the floor level to restrict the movement of air.
The fabrication area, including the areas through which
the ductwork and piping extend, shall be considered a
single conditioned environment.

[F] 415.8.2.6 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventila-
tion at the rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute per
square foot [0.005 1 mV(s • m^)] of floor area shall be pro-
vided throughout the portions of the fabrication area
where HPM are used or stored. The exhaust air duct sys-
tem of one fabrication area shall not connect to another
duct system outside that fabrication area within the
building.

A ventilation system shall be provided to capture and
exhaust gases, fumes and vapors at workstations.

Two or more operations at a workstation shall not be
connected to the same exhaust system where either one
or the combination of the substances removed could con-
stitute a fire, explosion or hazardous chemical reaction
within the exhaust duct system.

Exhaust ducts penetrating occupancy separations
shall be contained in a shaft of equivalent fire-resis-
tance-rated construction. Exhaust ducts shall not pene-
trate //r^ walls.

Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.

[F] 415.8.2.7 Transporting hazardous production
materials to fabrication areas. HPM shall be trans-
ported to fabrication areas through enclosed piping or
tubing systems that comply with Section 415.8.6.1,
through service corridors complying with Section
415.8.4, or in corridors as permitted in the exception to
Section 415.8.3. The handling or transporting of HPM
within service corridors shall comply with the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.2.8 Electrical.

[F] 415.8.2.8.1 General. Electrical equipment and
devices within the fabrication area shall comply with
NFPA 70. The requirements for hazardous locations
need not be applied where the average air change is at
least four times that set forth in Section 415.8.2.6 and
where the number of air changes at any location is not
less than three times that required by Section
415.8.2.6. The use of recirculated air shall be permit-
ted.

[F] 415.8.2.8.2 Workstations. Workstations shall not
be energized without adequate exhaust ventilation.
See Section 415.8.2.6 for workstation exhaust venti-
lation requirements.

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[F] TABLE 415.8.2.1.1
QUANTITY LIMITS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN A SINGLE FABRICATION AREA IN GROUP H-5^

HAZARD CATEGORY

SOLIDS
(pounds per square feet)

LIQUIDS
(gallons per square feet)

GAS
(feet^ @ NTP/square feet)

PHYSICAL-HAZARD MATERIALS

Combustible dust

Noteb

Not Applicable

Combustible fiber Loose
Baled

Noteb
Notes b, c

Not Applicable

Combustible liquid II

niA
niB

Combination Class I, II and IIIA

Not Applicable

0.01

0.02

Not Limited

0.04

Not Applicable

Cryogenic gas Flammable
Oxidizing

Not Applicable

Noted
1.25

Explosives

Noteb

Flammable gas Gaseous
Liquefied

Not Applicable

Noted
Noted

Flammable liquid lA
IB
IC

Combination Class lA, IB and IC
Combination Class 1, 11 and IIIA

Not Applicable

0.0025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.04

Not Applicable

Flammable solid

0.001

Not Applicable

Organic peroxide

Unclassified detonable
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V

Noteb

0.025

0.1

Not Limited

Not limited

Not Applicable

Oxidizing gas Gaseous
Liquefied

Combination of gaseous
and liquefied

Not Applicable

1.25
1.25

1.25

Oxidizer Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Combination Class 1, 2, 3

Note b
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

Noteb
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

Not Applicable

Pyrophoric material

Noteb

0.00125

Notes d and e

Unstable reactive Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Noteb

0.025

0.1

Not Limited

Noteb

0.0025

0.01

Not Limited

Noteb

Not Limited

Water reactive Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Noteb

0.25

Not Limited

0.00125

0.025

Not Limited

Not Applicable

HEALTH-HAZARD MATERIALS

Corrosives

Not Limited

Highly toxic

Not Limited

Noted

Toxics

Not Limited

Noted

For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 4.882 kg/m^ 1 gallon per squaie foot = 40.7 L/m^ 1 cubic foot @ NTP/square foot = 0.305 m^ @ NTP/m\
1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml

a. Hazardous materials within piping shall not be included in the calculated quantities.

b. Quantity of hazardous materials in a single fabrication shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2).

c. Densely packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISO 8115 shall not be included in this material class.

d. The aggregate quantity of flammable, pyrophoric, toxic and highly toxic gases shall not exceed 9,000 cubic feet at NTP.

e. The aggregate quantity of pyrophoric gases in the building shall not exceed the amounts set forth in Table 415.3.2.

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[F] 415.8.3 Corridors. Corridors shall comply with Chap-
ter 10 and shall be separated from fabrication areas as speci-
fied in Section 415.8.2.2. Corridors shall not contain HPM
and shall not be used for transporting such materials, except
through closed piping systems as provided in Section
415.8.6.3.

Exception: Where existing fabrication areas are altered
or modified, HPM is allowed to be transported in existing
corridors, subject to the following conditions:

1. Corridors. Corridors adjacent to the fabrication
area where the alteration work is to be done shall
comply with Section 1018 for a length determined
as follows:

1.1. The length of the common wall of the cor-
ridor and the fabrication area; and

1.2. For the distance along the corridor to the
point of entry of HPM into the corridor
serving that fabrication area.

2. Emergency alarm system. There shall be an emer-
gency telephone system, a local manual alarm sta-
tion or other approved alarm-initiating device
within corridors at not more than 150- foot (45 720
mm) intervals and at each exit and doorway. The
signal shall be relayed to an approved central, pro-
prietary or remote station service or the emergency
control station and shall also initiate a local audible
alarm.

3. Pass-throughs. Self-closing doors having a fire
protection rating of not less than 1 hour shall sepa-
rate pass-throughs from existing corridors,
Pass-throughs shall be constructed as required for
the corridors and protected by an approved auto-
matic fire-extinguishing system.

[F] 415.8.4 Service corridors.

[F] 415.8.4.1 Occupancy. Service corridors shall be
classified as Group H-5.

[F] 415.8.4.2 Use conditions. Service corridors shall be
separated from corridors as required by Section
415.8.2.2. Service corridors shall not be used as a
required corridor.

[F] 415.8.4.3 Mechanical ventilation. Service corridors
shall be mechanically ventilated as required by Section
415.8.2.6 or at not less than six air changes per hour,
whichever is greater.

[F] 415.8.4.4 Means of egress. The maximum distance
of travel from any point in a service corridor to an exit,
exit access corridor or door into a fabrication area shall
not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). Dead ends shall not
exceed 4 feet (1219 mm) in length. There shall be not less
than two exits, and not more than one-half of the required
means of egress shall require travel into a fabrication
area. Doors from service corridors shall swing in the
direction of egress travel and shall be self-closing.

[F] 415.8.4.5 Minimum vndth. The minimum clear
width of a service corridor shall be 5 feet (1524 mm), or

33 inches (838 nmi) wider than the widest cart or truck
used in the corridor, whichever is greater.

[F] 415.8.4.6 Emergency alarm system. Emergency
alarm systems shall be provided in accordance with this
section and Sections 414.7.1 and 414.7.2. The maximum
allowable quantity per control area provisions shall not
apply to emergency alarm systems required for HPM.

[F] 415.8.4.6.1 Service corridors. An emergency
alarm system shall be provided in service corridors,
with at least one alarm device in each service corridor.

[F] 415.8.4.6.2 Exit access corridors and exit enclo-
sures. Emergency alarms for exit access corridors
and exit enclosures shall comply with Section
414.7.2.

[F] 415.8.4.6.3 Liquid storage rooms, HPM rooms
and gas rooms. Emergency alarms for liquid storage
rooms, HPM rooms and gas rooms shall comply with
Section 414.7,1.

[F] 415.8.4.6.4 Alarm-initiating devices. An

approved emergency telephone system, local alarm
manual pull stations, or other approved alarm-initiat-
ing devices are allowed to be used as emergency
alarm-initiating devices.

[F] 415.8.4.6.5 Alarm signals. Activation of the
emergency alarm system shall sound a local alarm
and transmit a signal to the emergency control station.

[F] 415.8.5 Storage of hazardous production materials.

[F] 415.8.5.1 General. Storage of HPM in fabrication
areas shall be within approved or listed storage cabinets
or gas cabinets or within a workstation. The storage of
HPM in quantities greater than those listed in Section
1 804.2 of the California Fire Code shall be in liquid stor-
age rooms, HPM rooms or gas rooms as appropriate for
the materials stored. The storage of other hazardous
materials shall be in accordance with other applicable
provisions of this code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.5.2 Construction.

[F] 415.8.5.2.1 HPM rooms and gas rooms. HPM

rooms and gas rooms shall be separated from other
areas hy fire barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 712, or both. The minimum
fire-resistance rating shall be 2 hours where the area
is 300 square feet (27.9 m^) or more and 1 hour where
the area is less than 300 square feet (27.9 m^).

[F] 415.8.5.2.2 Liquid storage rooms. Liquid stor-
age rooms shall be constructed in accordance with the
following requirements:

1. Rooms in excess of 500 square feet (46.5 m^)
shall have at least one exterior door approved
for fire department access.

2. Rooms shall be separated from other areas by
fire barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 7 12, or both.

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ThQ fire-resistance rating shall be not less than 1
hour for rooms up to 150 square feet (13.9 m^) in
area and not less than 2 hours where the room is
more than 150 square feet (13.9 m^) in area.

3. Shelving, racks and wainscotting in such areas
shall be of noncombustible construction or
wood of not less than 1-inch (25 mm) nominal
thickness.

4. Rooms used for the storage of Class I flamma-
ble liquids shall not be located in a basement.

[F] 415.8.5.2.3 Floors. Except for surfacing, floors of
HPM rooms and liquid storage rooms shall be of
noncombustible liquid-tight construction. Raised grat-
ing over floors shall be of noncombustible materials.

[F] 415.8.5.3 Location. Where HPM rooms, liquid stor-
age rooms and gas rooms are provided, they shall have at
least one exterior wall and such wall shall be not less than
30 feet (9 144 mm) from lot lines, including lot lines adja-
cent to public ways.

[F] 415.8.5.4 Explosion control. Explosion control
shall be provided where required by Section 414.5.1,

[F] 415.8.5.5 Exits. Where two exits are required from
HPM rooms, liquid storage rooms and gas rooms, one
shall be directly to the outside of the building.

[F] 415.8.5.6 Doors. Doors in difire harrier wall, includ-
ing doors to corridors, shall be self-closing fire door
assemblies having a fire-protection rating of not less
than V4 hour.

[F] 415.8.5.7 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventila-
tion shall be provided in liquid storage rooms, HPM
rooms and gas rooms at the rate of not less than 1 cubic
foot per minute per square foot (0.044 L/s/m^) of floor
area or six air changes per hour, whichever is greater, for
categories of material.

Exhaust ventilation for gas rooms shall be designed to
operate at a negative pressure in relation to the surround-
ing areas and direct the exhaust ventilation to an exhaust
system.

[F] 415.8.5.8 Emergency alarm system. An approved
emergency alarm system shall be provided for HPM
rooms, liquid storage rooms and gas rooms.

Emergency alarm-initiating devices shall be installed
outside of each interior exit door of such rooms.

Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device
shall sound a local alarm and transmit a signal to the
emergency control station.

An approved emergency telephone system, local
alarm manual pull stations or other approved alarm-initi-
ating devices are allowed to be used as emergency
alarm-initiating devices.

[F] 415.8.6 Piping and tubing.

[F] 415.8.6.1 General. Hazardous production materials
piping and tubing shall comply with this section and
ASMEB31.3.

[F] 415.8.6.2 Supply piping and tubing.

[F] 415.8.6.2.1 HPM having a health-hazard rank-
ing of 3 or 4. Systems supplying HPM liquids or
gases having a health-hazard ranking of 3 or 4 shall be
welded throughout, except for connections, to the
systems that are within a ventilated enclosure if the
material is a gas, or an approved method of drainage
or containment is provided for the connections if the
material is a liquid.

[F] 415.8.6.2.2 Location in service corridors. Haz-
ardous production materials supply piping or tubing
in service corridors shall be exposed to view.

[F] 415.8.6.2.3 Excess flow control. Where HPM
gases or liquids are carried in pressurized piping
above 15 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (103.4
kPa), excess flow control shall be provided. Where
the piping originates from within a liquid storage
room, HPM room or gas room, the excess flow con-
trol shall be located within the liquid storage room,
HPM room or gas room. Where the piping originates
from a bulk source, the excess flow control shall be
located as close to the bulk source as practical.

[F] 415.8.6.3 Installations in corridors and above
other occupancies. The installation of HPM piping and
tubing within the space defined by the walls of corridors
and the floor or roof above, or in concealed spaces above
other occupancies, shall be in accordance with Section
415.8.6.2 and the following conditions:

1 . Automatic sprinklers shall be installed within the
space unless the space is less than 6 inches (152
mm) in the least dimension.

2. Ventilation not less than six air changes per hour
shall be provided. The space shall not be used to
convey air from any other area.

3. Where the piping or tubing is used to transport
HPM liquids, a receptor shall be installed below
such piping or tubing. The receptor shall be
designed to collect any discharge or leakage and
drain it to an approved location. The 1-hour enclo-
sure shall not be used as part of the receptor.

4. HPM supply piping and tubing and nonmetallic
waste lines shall be separated from the corridor
and from occupancies other than Group H-5 by
fire barriers that have di fire-resistance rating of
not less than 1 hour. Where gypsum wallboard is
used, joints on the piping side of the enclosure are
not required to be taped, provided the joints occur
over framing members. Access openings into the
enclosure shall be protected by approved fire pro-
tection-rated assemblies.

5. Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely
activated fail-safe emergency shutoff valves shall
be installed on piping and tubing other than waste
lines at the following locations:

5.1. At branch connections into the fabrication
area.

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5.2. At entries into corridors.

Exception: Transverse crossings of the
corridors by supply piping that is
enclosed within a ferrous pipe or tube for
the width of the corridor need not comply
with Items 1 through 5.

[F] 415.8.6.4 Identification. Piping, tubing and HPM
waste lines shall be identified in accordance with ANSI
A13.1 to indicate the material being transported.

[F] 415.8.7 Continuous gas detection systems. A continu-
ous gas detection system shall be provided for HPM gases
when the physiological warning threshold level of the gas is
at a higher level than the accepted PEL for the gas and for
flammable gases in accordance with Sections 415.8.7. 1 and
415.8.7.2.

[F] 415.8.7.1 Where required. A continuous gas detec-
tion system shall be provided in the areas identified in
Sections 415.8.7.1.1 through 415.8.7.1.4.

[F] 415.8.7.1.1 Fabrication areas. A continuous gas
detection system shall be provided in fabrication
areas when gas is used in the fabrication area.

[F] 415.8.7.1.2 HPM rooms. A continuous gas
detection system shall be provided in HPM rooms
when gas is used in the room.

[F] 415.8.7.1.3 Gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures
and gas rooms. A continuous gas detection system
shall be provided in gas cabinets and exhausted enclo-
sures. A continuous gas detection system shall be pro-
vided in gas rooms when gases are not located in gas
cabinets or exhausted enclosures.

[F] 415.8.7.1.4 Corridors. When gases are trans-
ported in piping placed within the space defined by
the walls of a corridor and the floor or roof above the
corridor, a continuous gas detection system shall be
provided where piping is located and in the corridor.

Exception: A continuous gas detection system is
not required for occasional transverse crossings of
the corridors by supply piping that is enclosed in a
ferrous pipe or tube for the width of the corridor.

[F] 415.8.7.2 Gas detection system operation. The

continuous gas detection system shall be capable of
monitoring the room, area or equipment in which the gas
is located at or below all the following gas concentra-
tions:

1. Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)
values when the monitoring point is within an
exhausted enclosure, ventilated enclosure or gas

cabinet.

2. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) levels when the
monitoring point is in an area outside an exhausted
enclosure, ventilated enclosure or gas cabinet.

3. For flammable gases, the monitoring detection
threshold level shall be vapor concentrations in
excess of 25 percent of the lower flammable limit
(LFL) when the monitoring is within or outside an

exhausted enclosure, ventilated enclosure or gas
cabinet.

4. Except as noted in this section, monitoring for
highly toxic and toxic gases shall also comply with
Chapter 37 of the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.7.2.1 Alarms. The gas detection system
shall initiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to the
emergency control station when a short-term hazard
condition is detected. The alarm shall be both visual
and audible and shall provide warning both inside and
outside the area where the gas is detected. The audible
alarm shall be distinct from all other alarms.

[F] 415.8.7.2.2 Shutoff of gas supply. The gas detec-
tion system shall automatically close the shutoff valve
at the source on gas supply piping and tubing related
to the system being monitored for which gas is
detected when a short-term hazard condition is
detected. Automatic closure of shutoff valves shall
comply with the following:

1 . Where the gas detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a gas
cabinet or exhausted enclosure, the shutoff valve
in the gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure for the
specific gas detected shall automatically close.

2. Where the gas detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a
room and compressed gas containers are not in
gas cabinets or an exhausted enclosure, the
shutoff valves on all gas lines for the specific
gas detected shall automatically close.

3. Where the gas detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a
piping distribution manifold enclosure, the
shutoff valve supplying the manifold for the
compressed gas container of the specific gas
detected shall automatically close.

Exception: Where the gas detection sampling
point initiating the gas detection system alarm is at
the use location or within a gas valve enclosure of a
branch line downstream of a piping distribution
manifold, the shutoff valve for the branch line
located in the piping distribution manifold enclo-
sure shall automatically close.

[F] 415.8.8 Manual fire alarm system. An approved man-
ual fire alarm system shall be provided throughout buildings
containing Group H-5. Activation of the alarm system shall
initiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to the emergency
control station. The fire alarm system shall be designed and
installed in accordance with Section 907.

[F] 415.8.9 Emergency control station. An emergency
control station shall be provided in accordance with Sec-
tions 415.8.9.1 through 415.8.9.3.

[F] 415.8.9.1 Location. The emergency control station
shall be located on the premises at an approved location
outside the fabrication area.

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[F] 415.8.9.2 Staffing. Trained personnel shall continu-
ously staff the emergency control station.

[F] 415.8.9.3 Signals. The emergency control station
shall receive signals from emergency equipment and
alarm and detection systems. Such emergency equip-
ment and alarm and detection systems shall include, but
not be limited to, the following where such equipment or
systems are required to be provided either in this chapter
or elsewhere in this code:

1. Automatic sprinkler system alarm and monitoring
systems.

2. Manual fire alarm systems.

3. Emergency alarm systems.

4. Continuous gas detection systems.

5. Smoke detection systems.

6. Emergency power system.

7. Automatic detection and alarm systems for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq-
uids required in Section 1805.2.3.4 of the Califor-
nia Fire Code,

8. Exhaust ventilation flow alarm devices for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq-
uids cabinet exhaust ventilation systems required
in Section 1805.2.3.4 of the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.10 Emergency power system. An emergency
power system shall be provided in Group H-5 occupancies
where required in Section 415.8.10.1. The emergency
power system shall be designed to supply power automati-
cally to required electrical systems when the normal electri-
cal supply system is interrupted.

[F] 415.8.10.1 Required electrical systems. Emer-
gency power shall be provided for electrically operated
equipment and connected control circuits for the follow-
ing systems:

1. HPM exhaust ventilation systems.

2. HPM gas cabinet ventilation systems.

3. HPM exhausted enclosure ventilation systems.

4. HPM gas room ventilation systems.

5. HPM gas detection systems.

6. Emergency alarm systems.

7. Manual fire alarm systems.

8. Automatic sprinkler system monitoring and
alarm systems.

9. Automatic alarm and detection systems for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive
liquids required in Section 1805.2.3.4 of the Cal-
ifornia Fire Code.

10. Flow alarm switches for pyrophoric liquids and
Class 3 water-reactive liquids cabinet exhaust
ventilation systems required in Section
1805.2.3.4 of the California Fire Code.

1 1 , Electrically operated systems required elsewhere
in this code or in the California Fire Code appli-
cable to the use, storage or handling of HPM.

[F] 415.8.10.2 Exhaust ventilation systems. Exhaust
ventilation systems are allowed to be designed to operate
at not less than one-half the normal fan speed on the
emergency power system where it is demonstrated that
the level of exhaust will maintain a safe atmosphere.

[F] 415.8.11 Automatic sprinkler system protection in
exhaust ducts for HPM.

[F] 415.8.11.1 Exhaust ducts for HPM. An approved
automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in exhaust
ducts conveying gases, vapors, fumes, mists or dusts
generated from HPM in accordance with this section and
the California Mechanical Code,

[F] 415.8.11.2 Metallic and noncomhustible nonme-
tallic exhaust ducts. An approved automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided in metallic and noncomhustible
nonmetallic exhaust ducts when all of the following con-
ditions apply:

1 . Where the largest cross-sectional diameter is equal
to or greater than 10 inches (254 mm).

2. The ducts are within the building.

3. The ducts are conveying flammable gases, vapors
or fumes.

[F] 415.8.11.3 Combustible nonmetallic exhaust
ducts. Automatic sprinkler system protection shall be
provided in combustible nonmetallic exhaust ducts
where the largest cross-sectional diameter of the duct is
equal to or greater than 10 inches (254 mm).

Exceptions:

1 . Ducts listed or approved for applications with-
out automatic fire sprinkler system protection.

2. Ducts not more than 12 feet (3658 mm) in
length installed below ceiling level.

[F] 415.8,11.4 Automatic sprinkler locations. Sprin-
kler systems shall be installed at 12-foot (3658 mm)
intervals in horizontal ducts and at changes in direction.
In vertical ducts, sprinklers shall be installed at the top
and at alternate floor levels.

415.9 Group H occupancies located above the 10th story,

415,9.1 Fire - smoke harrier. Any story containing a Group
H occupancy above the 10th story shall be subdivided by a
fire-smoke barrier constructed as afire barrier having afire
resistance rating of not less than 2 hours and shall also com-
ply with the smoke barrier requirements of Section 710. The
2-hour fire-smoke barrier shall be in accordance with Sec-
tions 415,9.1.1 through 415,9,1,5.

415.9.1.1 The 2 -hour fire -smoke barrier shall be contin-
uous from exterior wall to exterior wall,

415.9.1.2 The fire-smoke barrier shall divide the story so
that the square footage on each side of the 2 -hour
fire- smoke barrier is not less than 30 percent of the total
floor area.

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415,9,13 A minimum of one door opening shall be pro-
vided in the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier for emergency
access,

415.9.1.4 Each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier
shall be designed as a separate smoke zone designed in
accordance with Section 909.6.

415.9.1.5 The area on each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke
barrier shall be served by a minimum of one exit enclo-
sure in accordance with Section 1022.

415,10 Elevators and elevator lobbies above the 10th story.

Any story containing a Group H occupancy above the 1 0th
story shall be provided with elevators and elevator lobbies in
accordance with Sections 415.10.1 through 415.10.3.

415.10.1 An elevator that serves every story of the building
shall be provided on each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke bar-
rier.

415.10.2 An elevator lobby shall be provided on each side of
the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier at each floor in accordance with
Section 708.14.1. Exceptions to 708.14.1 shall not apply.

415.10.3 The elevator and its associated elevatorlobbies
and elevator machine rooms shall be pressurized in accor-
dance with Section 909.6.

SECTION 416
APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES

[F] 416.1 GeneraL The provisions of this section shall apply to
the construction, installation and use of buildings and struc-
tures, or parts thereof, for the spraying of flammable paints,
varnishes and lacquers or other flammable materials or mix-
tures or compounds used for painting, varnishing, staining or
similar purposes. Such construction and equipment shall com-
ply with the California Fire Code.

[F] 416.2 Spray rooms. Spray rooms shall be enclosed with
not less than l-ho\xx fire barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 712, or both. Roors shall be water-
proofed and drained in an approved manner.

[F] 416.2.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of spray rooms
shall be smooth and shall be so constructed to permit the free
passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior and to facili-
tate washing and cleaning, and shall be so designed to confine
residues within the room. Aluminum shall not be used.

[F] 416,3 Spraying spaces. Spraying spaces shall be venti-
lated with an exhaust system to prevent the accumulation of
flammable mist or vapors in accordance with the California
Mechanical Code. Where such spaces are not separately
enclosed, noncombustible spray curtains shall be provided to
restrict the spread of flammable vapors.

[F] 416.3.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of spraying
spaces shall be smooth and continuous without edges; shall
be so constructed to permit the free passage of exhaust air
from all parts of the interior and to facilitate washing and
cleaning; and shall be so designed to confine residues within
the spraying space. Aluminum shall not be used.

[F] 416.4 Spray booths. Spray booths shall be designed, con-
structed and operated in accordance with the California Fire
Code.

[F] 416.5 Fire protection. An automatic fire-extinguishing
system shall be provided in all spray, dip and inunersing spaces
and storage rooms and shall be installed in accordance with
Chapter 9.

SECTION 417
DRYING ROOMS

[F] 417.1 General. A drying room or dry kiln installed within a
building shall be constructed entirely of approved
noncombustible materials or assemblies of such materials reg-
ulated by the approved rules or as required in the general and
specific sections of Chapter 4 for special occupancies and
where applicable to the general requirements of Chapter 28.

[F] 417.2 Piping clearance. Overhead heating pipes shall have
a clearance of not less than 2 inches (51 mm) from combustible
contents in the dryer.

[F] 417.3 Insulation. Where the operating temperature of the
dryer is 175°F (79°C) or more, metal enclosures shall be insu-
lated from adjacent combustible materials by not less than 12
inches (305 mm) of airspace, or the metal walls shall be lined
with V4-inch (6.35 mm) insulating mill board or other approved
equivalent insulation.

[F] 417.4 Fire protection. Drying rooms designed for
high-hazard materials and processes, including special occu-
pancies as provided for in Chapter 4, shall be protected by an
approved automatic fire-extinguishing system complying with
the provisions of Chapter 9.

SECTION 418
ORGANIC COATINGS

[F] 418.1 Building features. Manufacturing of organic coat-
ings shall be done only in buildings that do not have pits or
basements.

[F] 418.2 Location. Organic coating manufacturing opera-
tions and operations incidental to or connected therewith shall
not be located in buildings having other occupancies.

[F] 418.3 Process mills. Mills operating with close clearances
and that process flanunable and heat- sensitive materials, such
as nitrocellulose, shall be located in a detached building or
noncombustible structure.

[F] 418.4 Tank storage. Storage areas for flammable and com-
bustible liquid tanks inside of structures shall be located at or
above grade and shall be separated from the processing area by
not less than 2-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 712, or both.

[F] 418.5 Nitrocellulose storage. Nitrocellulose storage shall
be located on a detached pad or in a separate structure or a room
enclosed with no less than l-honxfire barriers constructed in
accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

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[F] 418.6 Finished products. Storage rooms for finished prod-
ucts that are flammable or combustible liquids shall be separated
from the processing area by not less than 2-hovx fire harriers
constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assem-
blies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

SECTION 419
LIVE/WORK UNITS

419.1 General. A live/work unit is a dwelling unit or sleeping
unit in which a significant portion of the space includes a non-
residential use that is operated by the tenant and shall comply
with Sections 419.1 through 419.8.

Exception: Dwelling or sleeping units that include an
office that is less than 10 percent of the area of the dwell-
ing unit shall not be classified as a live/work unit.

419.1.1 Limitations. The following shall apply to all
live/work areas:

1. The live/work unit is permitted to be a maximum of
3,000 square feet (279 m^);

2. The nonresidential area is permitted to be a maximum
50 percent of the area of each live/work unit;

3. The nonresidential area function shall be limited to
the first or main floor only of the live/work unit; and

4. A maximum of five nonresidential workers or
employees are allowed to occupy the nonresidential
area at any one time.

419.2 Occupancies. Live/work units shall be classified as a
Group R-2 occupancy. Separation requirements found in Sec-
tions 420 and 508 shall not apply within the live/work unit
when the live/work unit is in compliance with Section 419.
High-hazard and storage occupancies shall not be permitted in
a live/work unit. The aggregate area of storage in the nonresi-
dential portion of the live/work unit shall be limited to 10 per-
cent of the space dedicated to nonresidential activities.

419.3 Means of egress. Except as modified by this section, the
provisions for Group R-2 occupancies in Chapter 10 shall
apply to the entire live/work unit.

419.3.1 Egress capacity. The egress capacity for each ele-
ment of the live/work unit shall be based on the occupant
load for the function served in accordance with Table
1004.1.1.

419.3.2 Sliding doors. Where doors in a means of egress are
of the horizontal-sliding type, the force to slide the door to
its fully open position shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N)
with a perpendicular force against the door of 50 pounds

(220 N).

419.3.3 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways that conform to
the requirements of Section 1009.9 shall be permitted.

419.3.4 Locks. Egress doors shall be permitted to be locked
in accordance with Exception 4 of Section 1008.1.9.3.

419.4 Vertical openings. Floor openings between floor levels
of a live/work unit are permitted without enclosure.

419.5 Fire protection. The live/work unit shall be provided
with a monitored fire alarm system where required by Section

907,2.9 and an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 903.2.8.

419.6 Structural. Floor loading for the areas within a
live/ work unit shall be designed to conform to Table 1607.1
based on the function within the space.

419.7 Accessibility. Accessibility shall be designed in accor-
dance with Chapters IIA and/or I IB, when applicable,

419.8 Ventilation. The applicable requirements of the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code shall apply to each area within the
live/work unit for the function within that space.

SECTION 420
GROUPS R-1, R-2, R-2.1, R-3, R-XI and R-4

420.1 General. Occupancies in Groups R-1, R-2, R-2.1, R-3,
R-3J and R-4 shall comply with the provisions of this section
and other applicable provisions of this code.

420.2 Separation walls. Walls separating dwelling units in the
same building, walls separating sleeping units in the same
building and walls separating dwelling or sleeping units from
other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building
shall be constructed as fire partitions in accordance with Sec-
tion 709.

420.3 Horizontal separation. Floor assemblies separating
dwelling units in the same buildings, floor assemblies separat-
ing sleeping units in the same building and floor assemblies
separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies
contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as
horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 712.

420.4 Carbon monoxide alarms, [HCD 7, HCD 2 & HCD
1-AC]

420.4 J Carbon monoxide alarms. For new construction,
an approved carbon monoxide alarm shall be installed in
dwelling units and in sleeping units within which fuel-burn-
ing appliances are installed; and in dwelling units that have
attached garages.

420,4,1,1 Power supply. For new construction, required
carbon monoxide alarms shall receive their primary
power from the building wiring where such wiring is
served from a commercial source and shall be equipped
with a battery back-up. Alarm wiring shall be directly
connected to the permanent building wiring without a
disconnecting switch other than as required for
overcurrent protection.

Exceptions:

1. In dwelling units where there is no commercial
power supply, the carbon monoxide alarm may
be solely battery operated.

2. In existing dwelling units, a carbon monoxide
alarm is permitted to be solely battery operated
where repairs or alterations do not result in the
removal of wall and ceiling finishes or there is
no access by means of attic, basement or crawl
space.

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3. Other power sources recognized for use by
NFPA 720,

420.4 J. 2 Interconnection, Where more than one car-
bon monoxide alarm is required to be installed within the
dwelling unit or within a sleeping unit, the alarm shall be
interconnected in a manner that activation of one alarm
shall activate all of the alarms in the individual unit.

Exception: Interconnection is not required in existing
dwelling units or within sleeping units where repairs
do not result in the removal of wall and ceiling fin-
ishes, there is no access by means of attic, basement
or crawl space, and no previous method for intercon-
nection existed.

420.4.2 Where required in existing dwellings or sleeping
units. Where a permit is required for alterations, repairs or
additions exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), existing
dwellings or sleeping units that have attached garages or
fuel-burning appliances shall be provided with a carbon
monoxide alarm in accordance with Section 420.4.1. Car-
bon monoxide alarms shall only be required in the specific
dwelling unit or sleeping unit for which the permit was
obtained.

420.4.3 Alarm requirements. Single- and multiple-station
carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed as complying with
the requirements of UL 2034. Carbon monoxide detectors
shall be listed as complying with the requirements of UL
2075. Carbon monoxide alarms and carbon monoxide
detectors shall be installed in accordance with this code, the
current edition of NFPA 720 "Standard for the Installation
of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equip-
ment" and the manufacturer's installation instructions.
Other carbon monoxide alarm and detection devices as rec-
ognized in NFPA 720 are also acceptable.

Carbon monoxide alarms required by Sections 420.4.1
and 420.4.2 shall be installed in the following locations:

1. Outside of each separate dwelling unit sleeping area
in the immediate vicinity of the bedroom(s).

2. On every level of a dwelling unit including basements.

3. For R-1 only.

a. On the ceiling of sleeping units with perma-
nently installed fuel-burning appliances.

420,4,3,1 Multiple-purpose alarms. Carbon monoxide
alarms combined with smoke alarms shall comply with
Section 420.4, all applicable standards, and require-
ments for listing and approval by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, for smoke alarms.

420.4.4 Visible alarms. In buildings meeting the definition
of "COVERED MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS" in accor-
dance with Chapter HA and with fuel-burning appliances
and/or attached garages as described in Section 420.4. 1, all
required carbon monoxide alarms shall be provided with
the capability to support visible alarm notification appli-
ances in accordance with NFPA 720 and Chapter IIB.

420.5 Licensed 24-hour care facilities in a Group R-2,1,
R-3.1 or R-4 occupancy. See Section 425 for Special Provi-
sions for licensed 24-hour care facilities in a Group R-2.1,
R-3. 1, or R-4 occupancy.

420.6 Existing Group R Occupancies, See Chapter 34.

SECTION 421
HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOMS

[F] 421.1 General. When required by the California Fire
Code, hydrogen cutoff rooms shall be designed and con-
structed in accordance with Sections 42 LI through 421.8.

[F] 421.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

[F] GASEOUS HYDROGEN SYSTEM. An assembly of
piping, devices and apparatus designed to generate, store, con-
tain, distribute or transport a nontoxic, gaseous hydrogen-con-
taining mixture having at least 95 -percent hydrogen gas by
volume and not more than 1 -percent oxygen by volume. Gas-
eous hydrogen systems consist of items such as compressed
gas containers, reactors and appurtenances, including pressure
regulators, pressure relief devices, manifolds, pumps, com-
pressors and interconnecting piping and tubing and controls.

[F] HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOM. A room or space that is
intended exclusively to house a gaseous hydrogen system.

[F] 421.3 Location. Hydrogen cutoff rooms shall not be
located below grade.

[F] 421.4 Design and construction. Hydrogen cutoff rooms
shall be classified with respect to occupancy in accordance
with Section 302. 1 and separated from other areas of the build-
ing by not less than 1-hour^re barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 7 1 2, or both; or as required by Section
508.2, 508.3 or 508.4, as applicable.

[F] 421.4.1 Opening protectives. Doors within ihtfire bar-
riers, including doors to corridors, shall be self-closing in
accordance with Section 715. Interior door openings shall
be electronically interlocked to prevent operation of the
hydrogen system when doors are opened or ajar or the room
shall be provided with a mechanical exhaust ventilation sys-
tem designed in accordance with Section 421.4.1.1.

[F] 421,4.1.1 Ventilation alternative. When an exhaust
system is used in lieu of the interlock system required by
Section 421.4.1, exhaust ventilation systems shall oper-
ate continuously and shall be designed to operate at a
negative pressure in relation to the surrounding area. The
average velocity of ventilation at the face of the door
opening with the door in the fully open position shall not
be less than 60 feet per minute (0.3048 m/s) with a mini-
mum of 45 feet per minute (0.2287 m/s) at any point in
the door opening.

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[F] 421.4.2 Windows. Operable windows in interior walls
shall not be permitted. Fixed windows shall be permitted
when in accordance with Section 715.

[F] 421.5 Ventilation. Cutoff rooms shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation in accordance with the applicable pro-
visions for repair garages in Chapter 5 of the California
Mechanical Code.

[F] 421.6 Gas detection system. Hydrogen cutoff rooms shall
be provided with an approved flammable gas detection system
in accordance with Sections 421.6.1 through 421.6.3.

[F] 421.6.1 System design. The flammable gas detection
system shall be listed for use with hydrogen and any other
flammable gases used in the room. The gas detection system
shall be designed to activate when the level of flammable
gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower flammability limit
(LFL) for the gas or mixtures present at their anticipated
temperature and pressure.

[F] 421.6.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection sys-
tem shall result in all of the following:

1 . Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm signals
both inside and outside of the cutoff room.

2. Activation of the mechanical ventilation system.

[F] 421.6.3 Failure of the gas detection system. Failure of
the gas detection system shall result in activation of the
mechanical ventilation system, cessation of hydrogen gen-
eration and the sounding of a trouble signal in an approved
location.

[F] 421.7 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Chapter 9 of the California Fire
Code,

[F] 421.8 Standby power. Mechanical ventilation and gas
detection systems shall be connected to a standby power sys-
tem in accordance with Chapter 27.

SECTION 422
AMBULATORY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

422.1 General. Occupancies classified as Group B ambulatory
health care facilities shall comply with the provisions of Sec-
tions 422.1 through 422.6 and other applicable provisions of
this code.

422.2 Smoke barriers. Smoke barriers shall be provided to
subdivide every ambulatory care facility greater than 10,000
square feet (929 m^) into a minimum of two smoke compart-
ments per story. The travel distance from any point in a smoke
compartment to a smoke barrier door shall not exceed 200 feet
(60 960 mm). The smoke barrier shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 710.

422.3 Refuge area. At least 30 net square feet (2.8 m^) per
nonambulatory patient shall be provided within the aggregate
area of corridors, patient rooms, treatment rooms, lounge or
dining areas and other low-hazard areas on each side of each
smoke barrier

422.4 Independent egress. A means of egress shall be pro-
vided from each smoke compartment created by smoke barri-
ers without having to return through the smoke compartment
from which means of egress originated.

422.5 Automatic sprinkler systems. Automatic sprinkler sys-
tems shall be provided for ambulatory care faciUties in accor-
dance with Section 903.2.2.

422.6 Fire alarm systems. A fire alarm system shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Section 907.2.2.1.

SECTION 423
STORM SHELTERS

423.1 General. In addition to other applicable requirements in
this code, storm shelters shall be constructed in accordance
with ICC-500.

423.1,1 Scope. This section applies to the construction of
storm shelters constructed as separate detached buildings or
constructed as safe rooms within buildings for the purpose
of providing safe refuge from storms that produce high
winds, such as tornados and hurricanes. Such structures
shall be designated to be hurricane shelters, tornado shel-
ters, or combined hurricane and tornado shelters.

423.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

STORM SHELTER. A building, structure or portions(s)
thereof, constructed in accordance with ICC 500 and desig-
nated for use during a severe wind storm event, such as a hurri-
cane or tornado.

Community storm shelter. A storm shelter not defined as a
^'Residential Storm Shelter."

Residential storm shelter. A storm shelter serving occu-
pants of dwelling units and having an occupant load not
exceeding 16 persons.

SECTION 424

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL HOTELS

[HCD 1 & HCD 1-AC]

424,1 Locking mail receptacles, A locking mail receptacle for
each residential unit shall be provided in all residential hotels
pursuant to the requirements specified in Health and Safety
Code Section 17958.3.

SECTION 425

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LICENSED 24'HOUR

CARE FACILITIES IN A GROUP R'2, 1, R'3. 1, R-4

[SFM]

425,1 Scope, The provisions of this section shall apply to
24-hour care facilities in a Group R-2.1y R-3.1 or R-4 occu-
pancy licensed by a governmental agency.

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425.2 General The provisions in this section shall apply in
addition to general requirements in this code.

I I 425,2.1 Restraint shall not be practiced in a Group R-2,1,
R-3. 1 or R-4 Occupancies.

Exception: Occupancies which meet all the require-
ments for a Group 1-3 Occupancy,

425.2.2 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133,
regulations of the state fire marshal pertaining to occupan-
cies classified as Residential Facilities (RF) and Residential
Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE) shall apply uni-
formly throughout the state and no city, county, city and
county, including a charter city or charter county, or fire
protection district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or
local rule or regulation relating to fire and panic safety
which is inconsistent with these regulations. A city, county,
city and county, including a charter city or charter county
may pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143.5,
or a fire protection district may pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 13869.7, adopt standards more strin-
gent than those adopted by the state fire marshal that are
reasonably necessary to accommodate local climate, geo-
logical or topographical conditions relating to roof cover-
ings for Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly.

Exception: Local regulations relating to roof coverings
in facilities licensed as a residential care facility for the
elderly (RCFE) per Health and Safety Code Section
13133.

425.3 Building height and area provisions,

I I 425.3.1 Group R-2. 1, R-3. 1 and R-4 shall be constructed in
accordance with Table 503.

425.3.2 Limitations six or less clients. Group R-3.1 occu-
pancies where clients are housed above the first story, hav-
ing more than two stories in height or having more than
3,000 square feet (279 m^) of floor area above the first story
shall not be of less than one-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction throughout

In Group R3.1 occupancies housing a bedridden client,
the client sleeping room shall not be located above or below
the first story.

Exception: Clients who become bedridden as a result of
a temporary illness as defined in Health and Safety Code
Sections 1566.45, 1568.0832 and 1569.72. A temporary
illness is an illness, which persists for 14 days or less. A
bedridden client may be retained in excess of the 14 days
upon approval by the Department of Social Services and
may continue to be housed on any story in a Group R-3. 1
occupancy classified as a licensed residential facility.

Every licensee admitting or retaining a bedridden resi-
dent shall, within 48 hours of the resident's admission or
retention in the facility, notify the local fire authority with
jurisdiction of the estimated length of time the resident will
retain his or her bedridden status in the facility.

425.3.3 Limitations seven or more clients. Group R-4 occu-
pancies where nonambulatory clients are housed above the
first story and there is more than 3,000 square feet (279 m^)
of floor area above the first story or housing more than 16

clients above the first story shall be constructed of not less
than one-hour fire-resistance-rated construction through-
out.

425,3.4 Nonambulatory elderly clients. Group R-4 occu-
pancies housing nonambulatory elderly clients shall be of
not less than one-hour fire-resistance-rated construction
throughout.

425.4 Type of construction provisions.

425.4.1 Group R-2.1, occupancies are not permitted in \ \
nonfire-resistance-rated construction, see Health and
Safety Code Section 13131.5.

425.5 Fire-resistance-rated construction provisions.

425.5.1 Smoke barriers required. Group R-2.1 and R-4
occupancies licensed as a Residential Care Facility (RCF)
with individual floor areas over 6,000 square feet (557 m^)
per floor, shall be provided with smoke barriers, con-
structed in accordance with Section 710.

Group R-2. 1 occupancies housing bedridden clients shall
be provided with smoke barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 710 regardless of the number of clients. I I

When smoke barriers are required, the area within a
smoke compartment shall not exceed 22,500 square feet
(2090 m^) nor shall its travel distance exceed 200 feet (60
960 mm). Such smoke barriers shall divide the floor as
equally as possible.

425.5.2 Smoke partitions. Group R-2.1 occupancies where
smoke partitions are required, framing shall be covered
with noncombustible materials having an approved thermal
barrier with an index of not less than 15 in accordance with
FM 4880, UL 1040, NFPA 286 or UL 1 715.

425.5.3 Independent egress. At least two means of egress
shall be provided from each smoke compartment created by
smoke barriers. Means of egress may pass through adjacent
compartments provided it does not return through the smoke
compartment from which means of egress originated.

425. 6 Interior finish provisions,

425.6,1 Interior wall and ceiling finish. Group R-3.1 occu-
pancies housing a bedridden client shall comply with inte-
rior wall and ceiling finish requirements specified for Group
1-2 occupancies in Table 803.9.

425. 7 Fire protection system provisions.

425.7.1 Automatic sprinkler systems in Group R-2,1 ^
R-3.1 and R-4 occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system
shall be installed where required in Section 903.

425. 7.2 Fire alarm systems in Group R-2.1 and R-4 occu-
pancies. An approved fire alarm system shall be installed
where required in Section 907.

425.7.3 Smoke alarms in Groups R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4
occupancies. Smoke alarms shall be installed where
required in Section 907.2.1 1.1 .

425.7.4 Hearing impaired. See Section 907.5.2.3.

425.8 Means of egress provisions.

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•<

425.8.1 General In addition to the general means of egress
requirements of Chapter 10, this section shall apply to
Group R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4 occupancies.

425.8.2 Number of exits.

425.8.2.1 Group R-2.1, R-3.1 and R-4 occupancies shall
have a minimum of two exits.

Exception: Ancillary use areas or occupancies shall
have egress as required by Section 1021.

425.8.3 Egress arrangements.

425.8.3.1 Egress through adjoining dwelling units shall
not be permitted.

425.8.3.2 Group R'3.1 occupancies housing non-
ambulatory clients. In a Group R-3.1 occupancy, bed-
rooms used by nonambulatory clients shall have access
to at least one of the required exits which shall conform to
one of the following:

1. Egress through a hallway or area into a bedroom
in the immediate area which has an exit directly to
the exterior and the corridor/hallway is con-
structed consistent with the dwelling unit interior
walls. The hallway shall be separated from com-
mon areas by a solid wood door not less than 7%
inch (35 mm) in thickness, maintained self-closing
or shall be automatic closing by actuation of a
smoke detector installed in accordance with Sec-
tion 715.4.8.

2. Egress through a hallway which has an exit
directly to the exterior. The hallway shall be sepa-
rated from the rest of the house by a wall con-
structed consistent with the dwelling unit interior
walls and opening protected by a solid wood door
not less than 7% inch (35 mm) in thickness, main-
tained self -closing or shall be automatic closing by
actuation of a smoke detector installed in accor-
dance with Section 715.4.8.

3. Direct exit from the bedroom to the exterior shall
be of a size as to permit the installation of a door
not less than 3 feet (914 mm) in width and not less
than 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) in height. When
installed, doors shall be capable of opening at
least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the
clear width of the exit way is not less than 32 inches
(813 mm).

4. Egress through an adjoining bedroom which exits
to the exterior.

425.8.3.3 Group R-3.1 occupancies housing only one
bedridden client. In Group R-3.1 occupancies housing a
bedridden client and not provided with an approved
automatic sprinkler system, all of the following shall
apply:

1. In Group R-3.1 occupancies housing a bedridden
client, a direct exit to the exterior of the residence
shall be provided from the client sleeping room,

2. Doors to a bedridden client's sleeping room shall
be of a self-closing, positive latching 7-% inch

solid wood door. Such doors shall be provided
with a gasket so installed as to provide a seal
where the door meets the jam on both sides and
across the top. Doors shall be maintained
self-closing or shall be automatic closing by actu-
ation of a smoke alarm in accordance with Section
715.4.8.

3. Group R-3. 1 occupancies housing a bedridden cli-
ent, shall not have a night latch, dead bolt, security
chain or any similar locking device installed on
any interior door leading from a bedridden cli-
ent's sleeping room to any interior area such as a
corridor, hallway and or general use areas of the
residence in accordance with Chapter 10.

4. The exterior exit door to a bedridden client's
sleeping room shall be operable from both the
interior and exterior of the residence.

5. Every required exit doorway from a bedridden cli-
ent sleeping room shall be of a size as to permit the
installation of a door not less than 3 feet (914 mm)
in width and not less than 6 feet 8 inches (2032
mm) in height. When installed in exit doorways,
exit doors shall be capable of opening at least 90
degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear
width of the exit way is not less than 32 inches (813
mm).

Note: A sliding glass door can be used as an exterior
exit doorway as long as it is operable from the inside
and outside and the clear width of the exit way is not
less than 32 inches (813 mm).

425.8.3.4 Intervening rooms. A means of exit shall not
pass through more than one intervening room. A means
of egress shall not pass through kitchens, storerooms,
closets, garages or spaces used for similar purposes.

Exception: Kitchens which do not form separate
rooms by construction.

425.8.4 Corridors.

425.8.4.1 Unless specified by Section 425.8.4, corridors
serving Group R-2.1 and Group R-4 occupancies shall
comply with Section 1018. L

425.8.4.2 The minimum clear width of a corridor shall
be as follows:

1. Group R-2.1 occupancies shall have 60 inches
(1524 mm) on floors housing nonambulatory cli-
ents and 44 inches (1118 mm) on floors housing
only ambulatory clients.

2. Group R-4 occupancies shall have 44 inches
(1118 mm) on floors housing clients.

Exceptions:

1 . Corridors serving an occupant load of 10
or less shall not be less than 36 inches
(914 mm) in width.

2. Corridors serving ambulatory persons
only and having an occupant load of 49

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II
II

or less shall not be less than 36 inches
(914 mm) in width,

3. Group R-4 occupancies shall have 36
inches (914 mm) on floors housing cli-
ents.

In Group R-2,1 occupancies provided with fire sprin-
klers throughout and which are required to have rated
corridors, door closers need not be installed on doors to
client sleeping rooms.

425,8,4,3 In a Group R-2.1 and Group R-4 occupancies
having smoke barriers, cross-corridor doors in corri-
dors 6 feet (1829 mm) or less in width shall have, as a
minimum, a door 36 inches (914 mm) in width.

425.8.5 Changes in level. In Group R-3.1 occupancies
housing nonambulatory clients interior changes in level up
to 0.25 inch (6 mm) may be vertical and without edge treat-
ment. Changes in level between 0.25 inch (6 mm) and 0.5
inch (12. 7 mm) shall be beveled with a slope no greater than
1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50 percent slope).
Changes in level greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) shall be
accomplished by means of a ramp.

425.8.6 Stairways,

425.8.6.1 Group R-2.1 and Group R-4 occupancies
housing more than six nonambulatory clients above the
first floor shall be provided with two vertical exit enclo-
sures. Stairway enclosures shall be in compliance with
Section 1020. Exceptions to Section 1020 shall not apply
in facilities licensed as a 24-hour care facility,

425.8.6.2 Group R-3.1 occupancies may continue to use
existing stairways (except for winding and spiral stair-
ways which are not permitted as a required means of
egress) provided the stairs have a maximum rise of 8
inches (203 mm) with a minimum run of 9 inches (229
mm). The minimum stairway width may be 30 inches
(762 mm).

425.8.7 Floor separation. Group R-3.1 occupancies shall
be provided with a nonflre resistance constructed floor sep-
aration at stairs which will prevent smoke migration
between floors. Such floor separation shall have equivalent
construction of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) gypsum wallboard on
one side of wall framing.

Exceptions:

1. Occupancies with at least one exterior exit from
floors occupied by clients.

2. Occupancies provided with automatic fire sprin-
kler systems complying with Chapter 9.

425.8,7,1 Doors within floor separations. Doors within
such floor separations shall be tight fitting solid wood at
least P/g inches (35 mm) in thickness. Door glazing shall
not exceed 1296 square inches (32 918 mm^) with no
dimension greater than 54 inches (1372 mm). Such doors
shall be positive latching, smoke gasketed and shall be
automatic-closing by smoke detection,

425.8.8 Fences and gates. Grounds of a Residential Care
Facility for the Elderly serving Alzheimer clients may be

fenced and gates therein equipped with locks, provided safe
dispersal areas are located not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm)
from the buildings. Dispersal areas shall be sized to provide
an area of not less than 3 square feet (0.28 m^) per occupant.
Gates shall not be installed across corridors or passage-
ways leading to such dispersal areas unless they comply
with egress requirements.

425.8.9 Basement exits. One exit is required to grade level
when the basement is accessible to clients.

425.8.10 Delayed egress locks. See Section 1008,1.8.6.

425.9 Request for alternate means of protection for facilities
housing bedridden clients. Request for alternate means of pro-
tection shall apply to Sections 425 through 425.9. Request for
approval to use an alternative material, assembly or materials,
equipment, method of construction, method of installation of
equipment, or means of protection shall be made in writing to
the local fire authority having jurisdiction by the facility, client
or the client's authorized representative. Sufficient evidence
shall be submitted to substantiate the need for an alternate
means of protection.

The facility, client or the client's representative or the local
fire authority having jurisdiction may request a written opinion
from the State Fire Marshal concerning the interpretation of
the regulations promulgated by the State Fire Marshal for a
particular factual dispute. The State Fire Marshal shall issue
the written opinion within 45 days following the request.

Approval of a request for use of an alternative material,
assembly or materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment, or means of protection
made pursuant to this section shall be limited to Group R, 3. 1
occupancies housing a bedridden client.

Approvals made by the local fire authority having jurisdic-
tion and the written opinion by the State Fire Marshal shall be
applicable only to the requesting facility and shall not be con-
strued as establishing any precedent for any future request by
that facility or any other facility.

425.10 Temporarily bedridden clients. Clients who become
temporarily bedridden as defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 1569. 72, as enforced by the Department of Social Ser-
vices, may continue to be housed on any story in Group R-2.1, \ \
R-3. 1 or R-4 occupancies classified as Residential Care Facili-
ties for the Elderly (RCFE). Every Residential Care Facility for
the Elderly (RCFE) admitting or retaining a bedridden resi-
dent shall, within 48 hours of the resident 's admission or reten-
tion in the facility, notify the local fire authority with
jurisdiction of the estimated length of time the resident will
retain his or her bedridden status in the facility.

SECTION 426
GROUP h4 [SFM]

426,1 Group 1-4 special provisions. Rooms classified as
Group 1-4 shall not be located above or below the first story.

Exceptions: ,

L Basements or stories having floor levels located
within 4 feet (1219 mm), measured vertically, from
adjacent ground level at the level of exit discharge,

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provided the basement or story has exterior exit doors
at that level.

2. In buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler
system throughout, rooms used for kindergarten,
first- and second-grade children or for day-care pur-
poses may be located on the second story, provided
there are at least two exterior exit doors, or other
egress systems complying with Section 1017 with two
exits, for the exclusive use of such occupants. Egress
systems for the exclusive use of such occupants shall
be maintained until exit discharge at grade is
attained,

3, Group 1-4 child-care facilities may be located above
the first story in buildings of Type I construction and
in Types Il-A and lll-A construction, subject to the
limitation of Section 503 when:

3.1. Group 1-4 childcare facilities with children
under the age of seven or containing more
than 12 children per story shall not be located
above the fourth floor; and

3.2. The entire story in which the Group 1-4
child-care facility is located is equipped with
an approved manual fire alarm and
smoke-detection system, (See the Fire Code.)
Actuation of an initiating device shall sound
an audible alarm throughout the entire story.
When a building fire alarm system is required
by other provisions of this code or the Fire
Code, the alarm system shall be connected to
the building alarm system. An approved
alarm signal shall sound at an approved loca-
tion in the Group 1-4 child-care facility to in-
dicate afire alarm or sprinkler flow condition
in other portions of the building; and

3.3 Group 1-4 child-care facilities, if more than
1,000 square feet (92.9 m^) in area, is divided
into at least two compartments of approxi-
mately the same size by a smoke barrier with
door openings protected by smoke- and
draft-control assemblies having afire-protec-
tion rating of not less than 20 minutes. Smoke
barriers shall have a fire-resistive rating of
not less than one hour. In addition to the re-
quirements of Section 508,3.3, occupancy
separations between Group 1-4 child-care
and other occupancies shall be constructed as
smoke barriers. Door openings in the smoke
barrier shall be tightfittinq, with gaskets in-
stalled as required by Section 710, and shall
be automatic closing by actuation of the auto-
matic sprinklers, fire alarm or smoke-detec-
tion system,

3.4, Each compartment formed by the smoke bar-
rier has not less than two exits or exit access
doors, one of which is permitted to pass
through the adjoining compartment; and

3,5 Where two or more exits or exit access are re-
quired at least one shall not share a common |
path of travel,

3.6, The building is equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout.

SECTION 427
Reserved

SECTION 428
Reserved

SECTION 429
Reserved

SECTION 430
HORSE RACING STABLES [SFM]

430.1 For automatic sprinkler and fire alarm system require-
ments applying to each building, bam or structure which is
used by an association regulated by the California Horse Rac-
ing Board for the stabling of horses or human habitation, and
the stable area grounds, including any additional location
where any excess horses are stabled see Title 4, Division 4,
Article 17, Section 1927.

SECTION 431
PET KENNELS [SFM]

431.1 These regulations shall apply to every building or fire
area in which a pet dealer, cis defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 122125, maintains a kennel.

431.2 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved automatic
sprinkler system complying with California Fire Code Section
903 shall be installed.

Exception: Where afire alarm system that is connected to a
central reporting station that alerts the local fire depart-
ment in case of fire.

SECTION 432

COMBUSTION ENGINES AND GAS TURBINES

[SFM]

432.1 General, The installation of combustion engines and gas
turbines shall be in accordance with NFPA-3 7 and this chapter

432.2 Separation,

432.2.1 Construction, Every room in which is installed a
combustion engine or gas turbine shall be separated from
the remainder of the building by not less than a one-hour fire
barrier,

432.2.2 Exterior openings. When doors, windows or lou-
vered openings are located below openings in another story
or less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from doors, windows or lou-
vered openings of the same building, they shall be protected

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by afire assembly having a ^/4-hour rating. Such fire assem-
blies shall be fixed, automatic or self-closing.

432,2.2.1 Interior openings. In other than buildings
I I housing Group I and R-2. 1 occupancies, interior open-

ings shall be allowed in buildings protected by an auto-
matic fire sprinkler system throughout.

432.2.3 Location. Combustion engines and gas turbines
used for emergency power shall not be located in a room or
area used for any other purpose other than equipment and
controls related to the generation and distribution of emer-
gency power

432.2.4 Special hazards. The handling and use of flamma-
ble or combustible liquids shall comply with the California
Fire Code.

SECTION 433
FIXED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS [SFM]

433.1 General.

433.1.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
buildings or structures defined as stations for fixed guide-
way transit systems and shall supersede other similar
requirements in other sections of this code.

433.1.2 Definitions. For the purpose of this section, certain
terms are defined as follows:

AT-GRADE STATION. Any at-grade or unroofed station
other than an elevated or underground station.

ELEVATED STATION. A station greater than one story
not otherwise defined as an at-grade or underground sta-
tion.

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PANEL (EMP). The

location where all necessary on-site control and communi-
cation facilities are consolidated for effective response to
emergency situations.

ENCLOSED STATION. A station or portion thereof that
does not meet the definition of an open station.

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS (FIRE HAZARD/FIRE
RISK ASSESSMENT). An analysis that evaluates all vari-
ous factors that affect the fire safety of the system or compo-
nent. A written report of the analysis shall indicate the fire
protection method(s) recommended that demonstrates a
level of fire safety commensurate with this standard.

FIXED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEM (the system). An

automated driverless or manually controlled electrified
transportation system, utilizing a fixed guideway, operating
on right-of-way for the mass movement of passengers and
consisting of its fixed guideway s, transit vehicles and other
rolling stock; power system; buildings; maintenance facili-
ties; stations; transit vehicle yard; and other stationary and
movable apparatus, equipment, appurtenances and struc-
tures.

GUIDEWAY. That portion of the system on which the tran-
sit vehicles operate.

OPEN STATION. A station that is constructed in such a
manner that it is open to the atmosphere, and smoke and
heat are allowed to disperse directly into the atmosphere.
The following enclosed areas in open stations are permitted
but limited to:

L Ticket/pass booths not exceeding 150 square feet
(13.9 m'^) in area.

2. Mechanical and electrical spaces typically not used
for human occupancy and necessary for the operation
of a fixed guideway transit system. Such spaces shall
be limited to two per level

3. Restrooms not exceeding 150 square feet (13.9 m^) in
area. A maximum of four restrooms are permitted per
level.

OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (OCC) (CENTRAL
CONTROL). The operation center where the authority con-
trols and coordinates the system-wide movement of passen-
gers and trains from which communication is maintained
with supervisory and operating personnel of the authority,
and with participating agencies when required.

POINT OF SAFETY. An enclosed fire exit that leads to a
public way or safe location outside the structure, or an
at-grade point beyond any enclosing structure, or other
area that affords adequate protection for passengers.

POWER SUBSTATION. The location of electric equip-
ment that does not generate electricity but receives and con-
verts or transforms generated energy to usable electric
energy.

STATION. A place designated for the purpose of loading
and unloading passengers, including patron service areas
and ancillary spaces associated with the same structure.

STATION PLATFORM. The area of a station used primar-
ily for loading and unloading transit vehicle passengers.

UNDERGROUND STATION. A station or that part of a
station located beneath the surface of the earth or of the
water

433.2 Types of Construction.

433.2.1 Unless otherwise specified in this section, buildings
or portions of buildings classed as stations of fixed
guideway transit systems shall be minimum Type lA, Type IB
or Type II-A construction and shall not exceed in area or
height the limits specified in Table 503.

Underground stations shall be a minimum Type I or Type
I-B constructions.

Open stations may be of Type II-B construction and shall
not exceed in area or height as required by Table 503 for
Type II-A.

Exception: At-grade structures of open stations with an
occupancy load not exceeding 300 persons may be of any
construction type permitted by this code.

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433.2,2 Mixed occupancies.

433.2.2.1 Stations of fixed guideway transit systems shall
be separated from other occupancies in accordance with
Table 508.4 for Group A Occupancies.

433.2.2.2 The following areas shall be separated from
public areas by a two-hour fire barrier:

L Electrical control rooms y auxiliary electrical
rooms and associated battery rooms

2. Trash rooms

3. Train control rooms and associated battery rooms

4. Fan rooms

5. Emergency generator rooms

433.2.2.3 Within station structures^ all power substa-
tions shall be separated from all other areas by a
three-hour fire barrier with no openings to public areas,

433.3 Access and exit facilities.

433.3.1 Occupant load. The occupant load for a transit sta-
tion shall be based on the emergency condition requiring
evacuation of that station to a point of safety. The station
occupant load shall be the sum of the number of persons in
the calculated train load of trains entering a station plus the
entraining load of persons awaiting train(s), during a speci-
fied time period. Notwithstanding, the minimum occupant
load shall not be less than the maximum capacity load of a
train which would occupy the entire length of the station
platform on a single track. Exiting shall be provided for
occupant loads recalculated upon increase in service and/
or every five years.

433.3.1.1 Calculated train load. The calculated train
load is the number of passengers on trains simulta-
neously entering the station on all tracks in normal traf-
fic direction during the peak 15 -minute period.

The following limitations to the calculated train load
shall be applied:

1. No more than one train will unload at any one
track to a platform during an emergency.

2. The load on any single train is limited to the maxi-
mum train capacity.

433.3.1.2 Entraining load (on platform awaiting train).

The entraining load is equal to the number of passengers
that would accumulate on the platform in the time period
equivalent to two headways or 12 minutes during the
peak 15 -minute period, whichever time period is greater.

This entraining load is constrained as stated as follows:

1. Special consideration shall be given to stations
servicing areas where events occur that establish
occupant loads not included in normal passenger
loads. These would include such areas as civic
centers, sports complexes and convention centers.

2. At multiplatform stations, each platform shall be
considered separately. Arrival of trains from all

normal traffic directions, plus their entraining
loads, shall be considered.

3. At concourses, mezzanines or multilevel stations,
simultaneous platform loads shall be considered
for all exit lanes passing through that area.

433.3,2 Exits required.

433.3.2.1 Number of exits. Stations shall have at least
two exits placed a distance apart equal to not less than
one half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal
dimension of the station. Enclosed station platforms
shall have a minimum of one exit within 20 feet (6096
mm) from each end. Underground station platforms shall
have a minimum of one enclosed exit within 20 feet (6096
mm) from each end. Routes from platform ends into the
underground guideway shall not be considered as exits
for calculating exiting requirements.

433.3.2.2 Capacity of exits and station evacuation time.

433.3.2.2.1 Exit capacities shall be calculated on the
basis of22-inch-wide (559 mm) exit lanes at the clear
and narrowest point except that individual handrails
may project into the required width as permitted by
Chapter 10. Fractional lanes shall not be counted in
measuring exit capacities except that 12 inches (305
mm) added to one or more lanes shall be counted as
one-half a lane. Escalators 32 inches (813 mm) in
width may be considered as IV2 lanes.

433.3.2.2.2 There shall be sufficient means of exit to
evacuate the station occupant load from the station
platforms in four minutes or less.

433.3.2.2.3 The station shall also be designed to per-
mit evacuation from the most remote point on the plat-
form to a point of safety in six minutes or less. \ \

433.3.2.2.4 In at-grade or elevated structures so
designed that the station platform is open to the ele-
ments and, when the concourse is below or protected
from the platform by distance or materials as deter-
mined by an appropriate engineering analysis, that
concourse may be defined as a point of safety, with
Fire Code Official concurrence.

433.3.2.2.5 To calculate evacuation time, the walking
travel time should be tabulated using the longest exit
route and travel speeds. To this time should be added
the following factors:

1. The waiting time at the vertical elements at
platform level minus the longest walking travel
time at platform level

2. The waiting time at the fare collection barriers
minus the waiting time at the platform vertical
circulation elements.

3. The waiting time at the vertical or horizontal
circulation elements from mezzanine to grade
minus the waiting time at the platform vertical
circulation elements or fare collection barrier,
whichever is greater.

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4. The waiting time, if any, at any additional con-
striction minus the greatest previous waiting
time, (Repeat for all additional constrictions,)

Note: The total of any of the factors in Items 1
through 4 above cannot be less than zero.

433.3.3 Exit width and exit lanes.

433,3,3,1 The capacity in persons per minute (ppm),
patron travel speeds in feet per minute (jpm) and require-
mentsfor exit lanes shall be as follows:

1. Platforms, corridors and ramps of 1 foot vertical
for 20 feet horizontal (5 percent slope) or less: Exit
corridors, platforms and ramps shall be a mini-
mum clear width of 5 feet (1524 mm). In computing
the number of exit lanes available, 1 foot 6 inches
(457 mm) shall be deducted at each platform edge
and 1 foot (305 mm) at each side wall

Per exit lane:

Capacity - 50 ppm

Travel speed - 200 Jpm

2. Stairs, stopped escalators and ramps of over 1 foot
vertical for 20 feet horizontal (5 percent slope):
Exit ramps shall be a minimum clear width of 6 feet
(1829 mm). Stopped escalators may be considered
as a means of egress, provided they are of nominal
2 feet 8 inches (813 mm) width.

Per exit lane ''up'' direction:

Capacity - 35 ppm

Travel speed - 50Jpm^

Per exit lane ''down" direction:

Capacity - 40 ppm

Travel speed - SOJpm"^

3. Doors and gates: Gates fitted with approved panic
hardware and opening in the direction of exit
travel, with minimum nominal width of 3 feet (914
mm) shall be permitted in exit calculation.

Per doors and gate:

Capacity ~ 50 ppm per exit lane

4. Fare collection gates: Fare collection gates, when
deactivated, shall provide a minimum 20 inches
(508 mm) clear unobstructed aisle. Console shall
not exceed 40 inches (1016 mm) in height.

Per gate:

Capacity - 50 ppm

Note: Examples of exiting analysis may be found in
Appendix C ofNFPA 130, 1995 edition, Standard for
Fixed Guideway Transit Systems.

"^Indicates vertical component of travel speed.

433.3.4 Arrangement of exits,

433,3,4,1 Vertical circulation elements shall be com-
prised of stairs or stair/escalator combinations. Escala-
tors shall not account for more than half of the units of

exit at any one level in the public area. Escalators must
be paired in combination with stairs to be included in
exiting capacity calculations.

433,3,4,2 Because of the possibility of maintenance or
malfunction, one escalator at each station shall be con-
sidered as being out of service in calculating egress
requirements. The escalator chosen shall be that one
having the most adverse effect on exiting capacities,

433.3.5 Distance to exits. No point of the station platform(s)
or mezzanine(s) shall be more than 300 feet (91 440 mm)
from a point of safety,

433.3.6 Other exits required/guideway access,

433.3.6.1 Access/egress between guideway and plat-
forms shall be provided as follows:

1 . Stairs or ramps, 2 feet 10 inches (864 mm) in width
minimum, or other arrangement having equiva-
lent capacity, shall be provided at each end of the
platform, arranged to provide access/egress to
guideway level.

2. Except in underground stations, the access points
between the guideway and the platform, and the
exit from the platform may be integrated.

433.3.6.2 In enclosed stations, escalator and stairway
enclosures are not required in the public areas of multi-
level transit stations among platform, mezzanine and
concourse when the station is provided with an emer-
gency ventilation system.

433.3. 7 Emergency lighting and exit signs,

433,3, 7,1 Emergency lighting and exit signs shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Chapter 10.

Exception: Open stations at grade need not provide
emergency lighting or exit signs.

433,4 Special provisions,

433.4.1 Automatic sprinkler system. See Section 903. 2.17.1,

433.4.2 Station guideway deluge system. See Section
903.2.17.1.

433.4.3 Standpipe systems. See Section 905.3.10.

433.4.4 Emergency management panel (EMP), An EMP

shall be required for enclosed and underground stations.
Location of the EMP shall be determined by the Fire Code
Official. The EMP shall include but not be limited to the fol-
lowing:

1 . Indication of manual pull boxes and automatic smoke
detectors

2. Indication of alarm signals from all suppression sys-
tems

3. Capabilities for using station paging system

4. Emergency telephone

5. Escalator controls

6. Emergency ventilation controls

7. Station schematics

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433.4,5 Emergency ventilation systems.

433.4.5.1 General, Emergency ventilation shall be pro-
vided for enclosed and underground stations for the pro-
tection of passengers, employees and emergency
personnel.

433.4.5.2 These systems shall be designed as follows:

1. A stream of noncontaminated air is provided to
passengers in apath(s) of egress away from a train
fire; and

2. Airflow rates produced toward a train fire in a
path of egress are sufficient to prevent back layer-
ing of smoke; and

3. The temperature in a path of egress away from a
train fire is limited to MO'^F (60°C), or less; and

4. The design heat release rate produced by a train
fire shall be used to design the emergency ventila-
tion system.

433.4.5.3 Ventilation shaft terminals at-grade shall be
located to prevent recirculation as follows:

L Openings for blast relief shafts, and under platform
and smoke exhaust shafts at-grade shall be sepa-
rated by a minimum horizontal distance of 40 feet
(12 192 mm) from any station entrance, elevator
hoistway enclosure, surface emergency stair door-
way, unprotected outside air intake or other open-
ing, or from each other. Exhaust outlets that are not
used for intakes may be adjacent to each other.

2. Where this distance is not practical, the horizontal
distance may be reduced to 15 feet (4572 mm) if
the closest blast relief or under platform and
smoke exhaust shaft terminal is raised a minimum
of 10 feet (3048 mm) above the station entrance,
emergency stair doorway and unprotected outside
air intake or other opening, or the underplatform
and smoke exhaust shaft terminal is raised a mini-
mum of 10 feet (3048 mm) above the blast relief
shaft terminal.

3. Ventilation of stations shall not terminate at grade
on any vehicle roadway.

433.4.5.4 Emergency ventilation fans.

433.4.5.4.1 Ventilation fans used for emergency ser-
vice, their motors, dampers and all related compo-
nents exposed to the ventilation airflow shall be
designed to operate in an ambient atmosphere of
482 °F (250°C)for a period of at least one hour Venti-
lation fans and related components shall be capable
of withstanding the maximum anticipated plus/minus
pressure transients induced by train operations.

433.4.5.4.2 Local fan motor starters and related
operating control devices for emergency ventilation
equipment shall be isolated from the ventilation air-
flow by a separation having afire-resistance rating of
at least one hour.

433.4.5.4.3 Thermal overload protective devices
shall not be provided on motor controls of fans used
for emergency ventilation.

433.4.5.4.4 The power supply for fans essential for
emergency ventilation service shall consist of two
separate electrical feeders. Each feeder shall origi-
nate from a different source (substation) and shall be
separated physically to the extent possible. Automatic
transfer shall be provided in the event the normal sup-
ply source fails.

433.4.5.4.5 Operation and fail-safe verification for
proper operation of emergency fans shall be affected
from the operation control center with indication pro-
vided for all modes of operation for each fan.

433.4.5.5 Emergency ventilation control.

433.4.5.5.1 Local controls shall override remote
control. Local control shall be capable of operating
the fans in all modes in the event the remote controls
become inoperative.

433.4.5.5.2 Emergency ventilation systems shall be
supervised and/or controlled in all operating modes
locally (motor control center and/or fan unit) and
remotely at both the OCC and the station EMP.

433.4.5.5.3 Fan running shall be provided by sensing
devices for each fan for operation in both the supply
and exhaust directions.

433.4.5.5.4 Trouble status signals shall be annunci-
ated in the local control room. A summarized trouble
signal shall be annunciated at OCC and EMP.

433.4.5.6 Ventilation systems and ancillary areas.

Ancillary area ventilation systems shall be arranged so that
air is not exhausted into station public occupancy areas.

433.5 Fire Alarm and Communication Systems. See Section
907.2.26.

SECTION 434
EXPLOSIVES [SFM]

434.1 General construction requirements. Magazines shall be
constructed in conformity with the provisions of these regula-
tions, or may be of substantially equivalent construction satis-
factory to the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.
Reasonable allowances shall be made for storage facilities in
existence prior to the adoption of these regulations. No allow-
ance, however, shall be made for storage facilities which con-
stitute a distinct hazard to life and property.

434.2 Ventilation and weather resistance. Magazines for the
storage of explosives shall be sufficiently ventilated and
weather resistant and when used for the storage of Class A
explosives (other than black powder, blasting agents, blasting
caps and electric blasting caps), they shall also be of bul-
let-resistant construction unless deemed exempt by the enforc-
ing agency having jurisdiction.

Note: The recommendation for ventilation as contained in
Pamphlet No. I, Institute of Makers of Explosives, 1965 edi-
tion, is evidence of good practice.

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434.3 Construction for separation between primers and flam-
mable liquids. Primers shall be separated from flammable liq-
uids by a one-hour fire-resistive occupancy separation.

Exception: A separation need not be provided for small
arms ammunition primers when such primers are located a
distance of not less than 25 feet (7620 mm) from flammable
liquids.

434.4 Construction of Type I Magazine. Type I magazines
shall be of bullet-resistant construction. Plans shall be submit-
ted to the enforcing agency having jurisdiction for approval
prior to construction.

434.4.1 General. Use of the following materials and meth-
ods of construction shall be evidence of compliance with
this requirement:

1. Masonry units not less than 8 inches (203 mm) in
thickness with all hollow spaces filled with weak
cement, well-tamped sand, or equivalent material; or

2. Reinforced concrete not less than 6 inches (152 mm)
in thickness; or

3. Steel walls of minimum No. 14 manufacturers. Stan-
dard gage (0.0747 inch) (1.9 mm) to No. 6 manufac-
turers. Standard gage (0.1943 inch) (4.9 mm) may be
used, provided there are two layers spaced at least 6
inches (152 mm) apart with all hollow spaces filled
with weak cement, well-tamped sand or equivalent
material; or

4. One layer of No. 6 manufacturer's standard gage
(0.1943 inch) (4.9 mm) or heavier; steel lined on the
interior with a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) of
wood; or

5. Two layers of No. 6 manufacturer's standard gage
(0.1943 inch) (4. 9 mm) or heavier steel spaced a min-
imum V2 inch (12.7 mm) apart and lined on the inte-
rior with a minimum of 2 inches (51 mm) of wood; or

6. Two layers of wood, at least 2 inches (51 mm) nomi-
nal thickness each, spaced a minimum 4 inches (102
mm) apart with the hollow space filled with weak
cement, well-tamped sand or equivalent material

7. Wood used shall conform to the following:

Wood shall be of tongue-and- grooved lumber or plywood.
Wood shall be covered, on the exterior side, with metal to
provide protection against flying embers and sparks.

434.4.2 Doors. Doors shall be of bullet-resistant construc-
tion. Each door is to be equipped with:

1. Two mortise locks;

2. Two padlocks fastened in separate hasps and staples;

3. A combination of a mortise lock and a padlock;

4. A mortise lock that requires two keys to open; and

5. A three-point lock.

Padlocks must have at least five tumblers and a
case-hardened shackle of at least %-inch (9.5 mm) diame-
ter Padlocks must be protected with not less than ^/4-inch
(6.4 mm) steel hoods constructed so as to prevent sawing or
lever action on the locks, hasps and staples. These require-

ments do not apply to magazine doors that are adequately
secured on the inside by means of a bolt, lock or bar that
cannot be actuated from the outside.

434.4.3 Floors. Floors of magazines shall be securely fas-
tened in place and shall be capable of withstanding the
loads imposed.

434.4.4 Roofs. Roofs shall be securely fastened in place and
they shall be bullet resistant, if required by the fire chief hav-
ing jurisdiction,

434.4.5 Ventilation openings. Ventilation openings shall he
screened to prevent the entrance of sparks and they shall be
protected in a manner that will maintain the bullet resis-
tance of the magazine.

434.4.6 Interiors. Magazine interiors shall be of a smooth
finish without cracks or crevices with all nails, screws, bolts
and nuts countersunk. Exposed metal capable of emitting
sparks shall be covered so as not to come in contact with
packages of explosives.

434.4. 7 Location. No Type I magazine, or portion thereof,
shall be located under a high-voltage power line (750 volts
or more). For the purposes of this section, ''under*' shall
include an open space of not less than the height of the
power line from the ground at right angles to the walls of the
magazine.

434.5 Buildings used for mixing of blasting agents. Buildings
used for the mixing of blasting agents shall conform to the
requirements of Sections 434.5 and 434.6, unless otherwise ||
specifically approved by the enforcing agency having jurisdic-
tion.

434.5.1 Construction. Buildings shall be of all noncombus-
tible construction or of sheet metal on wood studs.

434.5.2 Separation. The layout of the mixing building shall
be such so as to provide physical separation between the fin-
ished product storage and the mixing and packaging opera-
tions.

434.5.3 Storage areas. Floors in storage areas and in the
processing plant shall be of concrete or other noncombusti-
ble material. Isolated fuel storage shall be provided to avoid
contact between molten ammonium nitrate and fuel in case
offire.

434.5.4 Ventilation. The building shall be well ventilated in
accordance with Section 434.2.

434.5.5 Heat. Heat, if used, shall be provided exclusively
from a unit outside of the building.

434.5.6 Venting. Explosion venting shall be provided when
required by the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.

434.6 Building construction storage. Blasting agents may be
stored in the manner set forth in Title 19, California Code of
Regulations, Subchapter 10, Article 3, or in one-story ware-
houses (without basements), which shall be:

1. Of noncombustible or one-hour fire-resistive construc-
tion;

2. Constructed so as to eliminate floor drains and piping
into which molten materials could flow and be confined
in case offire;

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3. Weather resistant;

I 4. Well ventilated in accordance with Section 434.2; and

5. Equipped with a substantially constructed and lockable
door which shall be kept securely locked, except when
the facility is open for business,

434. 7 Electrical requirements for Type I magazines. Maga-
zines shall not be provided with either heat or light, except
upon the approval of the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.
Electrical installation^ when permitted, shall be in accordance
with the California Electrical Code for Type II, Division I loca-
tions.

434.8 Mixing room blasting agents. All electrical switches,
controls, motors and lights, if located in the mixing room, shall
be installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code
for Type II, Division I locations.

434.9 Storage of special effects materials. The storage of not
more than 750 pounds (340 kg) of special effects materials
shall be in a building or a room conforming to the requirements
of Group H, Division I Occupancies as defined in this part. In
addition, the following shall apply to every special effects
materials storage building or room:

1. The building shall be sprinklered as required in Chapter
9.

2. It shall be deemed that the storage of special effects
materials creates an atmosphere of flammable dust.

3. Two or more permanent openings having an area of not
less than 100 square inches (64 500 mm^) shall be
located in the exterior wall to provide natural ventila-
tion. These openings shall be protected by screens or
louvers covered with ^/4-inch (6.4 mm) wire mesh screen.

4. Walls, floor ceiling, shelves and benches shall have a
smooth nonmetallic surface which can be easily cleaned
with a minimum of brushing or scrubbing,

5. Each entrance door shall be posted on the outside with
signs stating, "Authorized Personnel Only" and "No
Smoking. "

6. Assembling and manufacturing are prohibited in special
effects storage rooms or buildings.

7. The room shall be located above grade in a one-story
building or on the top floor of a multistory building or
may be a separate building.

8. The room or building shall have a minimum floor area of
80 square feet (7.4 m^) with no dimension less than 8 feet
(2438 mm).

9. Electric wiring, lighting and heating shall be of a type
approved for use in hazardous locations.

434.10 Mixing room or building. Buildings or rooms in which
more than 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of special effects materials are
present at any time shall be constructed with at least one wall of
explosion-relief type. The relief wall should be placed so as to
be of least hazard to persons in adjacent buildings.

434,10,1 Explosive venting. When explosive venting is
required, the venting area will be calculated on I square

foot (0.0929 m^)for each 35 cubic feet (0.99 m^) of building
or roof area.

434.10.2 Egress, All rooms or buildings shall have ade-
quate aisle space and at least two exits separated by a dis-
tance equal to at least one-fifth the perimeter of the room.
Openings in fire walls shall be equipped with approved,
self-closing fire doors. All exit doors shall open outward and
be equipped with approved panic hardware.

Exception: Cubicles 100 square feet (9.3 m^) or less and
occupied by not more than two persons working within
12 feet (3658 mm) of an unobstructed passageway may
have one exit.

434.10.3 Room finishes. Floors, walls, interior surfaces
and equipment shall be of a finish and color that will indi-
cate the presence of dust and spilled material They shall be
smooth finished for easy cleaning.

434.10.4 HVAC, Heating and cooling shall be by the indi-
rect method using water, steam, electric heaters or other
indirect methods.

Note: Floor registers shall not be permitted.

434.10.5 Electrical, All electrical wiring and equipment
shall be acceptable for the hazard involved and installed in
accordance with Hazardous Locations, California Electri-
cal Code.

434.10.6 Grounding, Effective bonding and grounding
means shall be provided to prevent accumulation of static
charges where static charges are a hazard, as set forth in the
California Electrical Code.

434.10.7 Pressure relief valves. Hydraulic or air presses
and hand jacks shall be provided with pressure- relief valves
so arranged and set that the material being processed will
not be subjected to pressure likely to cause it to explode.
Dies and plugged press equipment shall not be cleared by
striking blows that may detonate or start the material burn-
ing,

434.10.8 Dust control. Dust from special effects materials
shall not be exhausted to the atmosphere. Where vacuum
dust collections systems are used, they shall comply with the
following requirements:

1. Adequate filters must be installed between the source
vacuum and the point of pickup to prevent explosive
special effects materials from entering the vacuum
pump or exhauster.

2. The dust-collection system shall be designed to pre-
vent pinch points threaded fittings exposed to the haz-
ardous dust and sharp turns, dead ends, pockets, etc.,
in which special effects materials may lodge and
accumulate outside the collecting chamber.

3. The entire vacuum collection system shall be made
electrically continuous and be grounded to a maxi-
mum resistance of 5 ohms.

4. Chambers in which the dusts are collected shall not
be located in the operating area unless adequate
shields for the maximum quantity of material in the
collector are furnished for personnel protection.

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5. No more than two rooms may be serviced by a com-
mon connection to a vacuum collection chamber.
Where interconnections are used, means should be
employed to prevent propagation of an incident via
the collection piping.

6. When collecting the more sensitive special effects
materials, such as black powder, lead azide, etc., a
"wet'' collector which moistens the dust close to the
point of intake and maintains the dust wet until
removed for disposal shall be used. Wetting agents
shall be compatible with the explosives.

7. Dusts shall be removed from the collection chamber
as often as necessary to prevent overloading. The
entire system shall be cleaned at a frequency that will
eliminate hazardous concentrations of dusts in pipes,
tubing and/or ducts.

434.10.9 Fans, Squirrel cage blowers should not be used for
exhausting hazardous fumes, vapors or gases. Only nonfer-
rous fan blades are permitted for fans located within the
ductwork and through which hazardous materials are
exhausted. Motors shall be located outside the duct.

434.10.10 Work stations. Work stations for small amounts
of special effects materials [less than 1 pound (0.454 kg)]
shall be separated by distance, barrier or other means, so
fire in one station will not ignite material in the next work
station. When necessary, each operator shall be protected
by a personnel shield located between the operator and the
material being processed. This shield and its support shall
be a test design to withstand a blast from the maximum
amount of special effects materials allowed behind it.

434.10.11 Shielding, When shields or structures are needed
to protect personnel, the following requirement shall be fol-
lowed when specific weights of special effects materials in
the amount of 1 pound (0.454 kg) or more are involved:

Weight of Explosive Structure of Shield Wall

Shield wall constructed of concrete
not less than 12 inches (305 mm)
thick which is reinforced near both
sides by rods not less than V2 inch
(12. 7 mm) in diameter located on
maximum centers of 12 inches (305
mm) both horizontally and vertically.
The rods must be staggered on
opposite faces.

The shield wall for the protection of
workers must be designed in such a
manner to protect against the efforts
of not less than 25 percent overload
above the expected maximum charge
to be processed.

1-15 pounds
(0.454-6.8 kg)

More than 15 pounds
(6.8 kg)

Notes:

1. One inch (25 mm) of mild steel is equivalent to 1 foot (305 mm) of rein-
forced concrete.

2. Explosives shall be located not less than 36 inches (914 mm) from the
wall and 24 inches (610 mm) above the floor.

If this personnel protection wall for the required opera-
tion involving large quantities of special effects materials
becomes so large that it is impractical, the operator must

perform the operations by remote control or be protected by
a suitably constructed shelter designed with a safety factor
of not less than 4 to withstand the overpressure from the
maximum amount of explosives in process.

SECTION 435
RESERVED

SECTION 436
WINERY CAVES [SFM]

436.1 Scope, The use of subterranean space for winery facili-
ties in natural or manmade caves shall be in accordance with
this section.

436.2 Definitions,

436.3 General, For definitions of ASSEMBLY, FIRE APPLI-
ANCE and NONCOMBUSTIBLE, see Chapter 2.

436.4 Limited application. For the purpose of Section 436, cer-
tain terms are defined as follows:

TYPE 1 WINERY CAVES are natural or manmade caves
used solely for storage and/or processing of wine at a win-
ery facility. Type I winery caves are not accessible to the
public.

TYPE 2 WINERY CAVES are natural or manmade caves
used for the storage and/or processing of wine at a winery
facility. Type 2 winery caves are accessible to the public on
guided tours only,

TYPE 3 WINERY CAVES are natural or manmade caves
used for the storage and/or processing of wine at a winery
facility. Type 3 winery caves are accessible to the public on
guided tours and contain assembly use areas.

436.5 Permits, For permits to operate Type 2 and 3 winery
caves, see Section 105. <

436.6 Fire apparatus access roads. Fire apparatus access
roads shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with
the California Fire Code, Section 503.

436.7 Construction requirements,

436.7.1 Allowable area. The area of winery caves shall not
be limited if constructed entirely ofnoncombustible materi-
als. Winery caves constructed with combustible materials
shall be limited in area so that no point is more than 150 feet
(45 720 mm) from an exit.

436.7.2 Interior construction. The walls and ceilings of
winery caves shall not contain hidden or concealed spaces.

436.8 General requirements.

436.8.1 Public tours. Tours for the public shall be continu-
ously guided by staff knowledgeable in the location of exits
and the use of emergency notification devices.

436.8.2 Standby personnel. Per the California Fire Code,
Section 2404.20, when, in the opinion of the fire chief, it is
essential for public safety, the owner, agent or lessee shall
employ one or more qualified persons, as required and
approved by the chief, to be on duty at such place. Such indi-
viduals shall be in uniform or otherwise easily identifiable.

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Standby personnel shall be subject to the fire chief's
orders at all times when so employed and shall remain on
duty during the times such places are open to the public or
when such activity is being conducted.

Before the start of any activity requiring standby person-
nel, such individuals shall:

1. Inspect the required fire appliances to ensure they are
in the proper place and in good working order,

2, Inspect all exits to verify accessibility and proper
operation.

While on duty, such individuals shall not be required or
permitted to perform any duties other than those specified
by the fire chief.

I I 436,8,3 Open-flame devices. The use of candles and other
open-flame devices shall be in accordance with California
Fire Code Section 308. 1. 7.

436.9 Portable fire extinguishers and other fire appliances.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be located to be readily acces-
sible. Its type, location and spacing throughout the facility
shall be in accordance with the provisions of Title 19, Chapter
3 and California Fire Code Section 906. L Other fire appli-
ances shall be maintained at the site as required by the fire
chief.

436.10 Fire alarm systems. An approved manual fire alarm
system conforming with the provisions of the California Fire
Code, Section 907.2.1 shall be provided in all Type 3 winery
caves.

436.11 Exits,

436.11.1 Distribution, Exits shall be located remotely from
each other and arranged to minimize any possibility that
more than one may be blocked off by any one fire or other
emergency condition.

436.11.2 Number, Winery caves shall be provided with a
minimum of two exits.

Assembly areas of Type 3 winery caves shall be provided
with exits as required by the California Building Code for
Group A Occupancies.

436.12 Exit illumination,

436.12.1 General, Exits shall be illuminated to a minimum
intensity of not less than 1 foot-candle (10.76 Ix) at floor
level whenever the winery cave is occupied. Fixtures provid-
ing exit illumination shall be supplied from a dedicated cir-
cuit or source of power used only for exit illumination.

436.12.2 Separate sources of power. The power supply for
exit illumination may be provided by the premises ' wiring
system. In the event of its failure, illumination shall be auto-
matically provided from an emergency system in Types 2
and 3 winery caves. Emergency systems shall be supplied
from storage batteries or an on-site generator set, and the
system shall be installed in accordance with the require-
ments of the California Electrical Code,

436.13 Exit signs. Exit signs shall be installed at required exits
and where otherwise necessary to clearly indicate the exits
from assembly areas in Type 3 winery caves.

436.14 Maximum occupant load. Occupant load require-
ments in the assembly areas of Type 3 winery caves shall be in
accordance with Section 1004.

436.15 Seating arrangements. Seating arrangements in the
assembly areas of Type 3 winery caves shall be in accordance
with California Fire Code, Section 1028.9. I '

SECTION 437
RESERVED

SECTION 438
RESERVED

SECTION 439
PUBLIC LIBRARIES [SL AND SFM]

Public libraries funded from the California Library Construc-
tion and Renovation Act of 1988.

439.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Automatic sprinkler sys-
tems shall be installed in:

1. New facilities, including additions;

2. Existing facilities to which a project adds the lesser of
5,000 square feet (465 m^) or 10 percent of the size of the
existing facility, if the existing facility does not already
have an automatic sprinkler system.

439.2 System monitoring requirement All fire protection sys-
tems shall be monitored by afire alarm supervising station in
accordance with the NFPA 72.

439.3 Book return slots. Any interior book return with a slot
piercing the exterior wall shall have a separate sprinkler head
and be enclosed in fire-rated construction.

439.4 Automatic sprinkler and extinguishing systems. For

public libraries constructed with funds awarded under the Cal-
ifornia Reading and Literacy Improvement and Public Library
Construction and Renovation Bond Act of 2000:

1, Fire sprinkler system requirement All libraries funded
for new construction, including additions, shall have
automatic fire sprinkler systems installed.

2, Fire sprinkler system requirement for renovations of
existing facilities. If there is no automatic fire sprinkler
system in the existing facility, grant recipients shall be
required to install afire sprinkler system throughout the
existing facility.

3, Fire sprinkler system types. The grant recipient may
choose, on approval by the local fire authority, from
wet-pipe, dry-pipe orpre-action systems, utilizing listed
standard, early suppression fast response (ESFR), or
on/off type sprinkler heads.

4, Book return rooms and slots. Book return rooms with
slots in exterior walls shall have an automatic sprinkler
head and be of approved fire-resistive construction.
Book return slots and book drops shall have an addi-
tional automatic sprinkler head when shielded from the
room sprinkler head.

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5. System monitoring requirement All fire protection sys-
tems shall be monitored by afire alarm supervising sta-
tion in accordance with the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) 72.

6. Alternate fire-extinguishing systems for specialized
areas. When approved by the fire authority having juris-
diction, other types of approved automatic fire-extin-
guishing systems may be utilized as an alternate to
sprinklers in the following areas: rare book rooms, cen-
tral computer rooms and telecommunication rooms,

7. Automatic sprinkler system plan requirement. Fire
sprinkler system drawings shall use the furniture plan as
a background for coordination with furniture and book
stack location and height.

SECTION 440
GROUP C[SFM]

440.1 Group C Occupancies defined.

440.1.1 Organized camps. For the purposes of these regula-
tions, Group C Occupancies shall mean "organized
camps" as defined in Section 18897, Health and Safety
Code,

440.1.1.1 Description. An organized camp is a site with
programs and facilities established for the primary pur-
pose of providing an outdoor group living experience
with social, spiritual, educational or recreational objec-
tives, for five days or more during one or more seasons of
the year

The term "organized camp " does not include a motel,
tourist camp, trailer park, resort, hunting camp, auto
court, labor camp, penal or correctional camp,
child-care institution or home-finding agency nor does it
include any charitable or recreational organization
which complies with the rules and regulations for recre-
ational trailer parks provided for by Section 18301 (b).
Health and Safety Code.

440.1.2 Tents and tent structures. For the purpose of this
chapter, a tent or tent structure is defined as any shelter of
which 25 percent or more of the walls or roof, or both, are
constructed of, or covered or protected by, a canvas or any
other fabric material.

440.2 Purpose and intent. The provisions of this section are
established to provide fire and life safety in organized camps,
but at the same time preserve the basic concept of outdoor liv-
ing. It is the intent of this section that organized camps shall be
considered as a separate and distinct occupancy.

440.3 Basic building and structures.

440.3.1 Building classification. Every building or structure
shall be classified into the occupancy group they most
nearly resemble and be constructed in accordance with
appropriate occupancy requirements specified in this part.

Exceptions:

I. Tents, tent structures, and buildings and struc-
tures that do not exceed 25 feet (7620 mm) in any

lateral dimension and where such building or
structure is not more than one story.

2. For fire safety, buildings or structures on the pre-
mises of an organized camp which are used for
sleeping purposes, regardless of their similarity to
other occupancy groups, shall conform to the pro-
visions of Sections 440.4, 440.5, 440.6 and 440. 7.

3, For fire safety, buildings and structures which are
not used for sleeping purposes shall conform to the
provisions of Section 440.7, which shall supersede
any similar provisions contained in this part.

440.3.2 Occupant load. The living shelter whether a build-
ing, structure, tent and tent structure, or cabin, shall provide
a minimum of 30 square feet (2.8 m^) of superficial floor
area per person for single-tier bed units, and 20 square feet
(1.9 m^) of superficial floor area per person for two-tier bed
units. More than two tiers per bed unit are prohibited. There
shall be at least 3 feet (914 mm) of lateral distance between
beds.

Exception: Intermittent short-term organized camps are
not required to provide shelter facilities but, if provided,
they shall comply with this section.

440.4 General.

440.4.1 Buildings intended for sleeping. Buildings and
structures used or intended for sleeping purposes which do
not exceed any one of the limitations set forth below shall
conform to the provisions of Sections 440.5 and 440.7.

L One story in height

2. Twenty- five feet ( 7620 mm) in any lateral dimension

Exception: This provision shall not apply to build-
ings or structures conforming to construction pro-
visions of this section in effect prior to January 1,
1985.

3. Maximum housing of 12 persons

440.4.2 Limitations. Buildings and structures used or
intended for sleeping purposes, including those so used in
whole or in part by staff personnel, and which exceed any
one of the limitations set forth in Section 440.4.1, shall con-
form to the provisions of Sections 440.5 and 440.7.

Exception: Buildings or structures used exclusively for
living and sleeping purposes by resident custodial or
caretaker personnel only may be constructed in accor-
dance with the provisions of these regulations for a
Group R, 3 Occupancy.

440.5 Special buildings, tents and tent structures.

440.5.1 Special buildings. In addition to the provisions of
Section 440. 7, special buildings conforming to the limita-
tions specified in Section 440.4,1 shall conform to the fol-
lowing:

1. The fiame- spread end-point rating of all interior fm-
ish materials shall not exceed 200.

2. Every room or area housing more than eight persons
shall be provided with not less than two approved
exits, each of which shall be direct to the exterior and

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shall not be less than 32 inches (813 mm) in clear
width and 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) in height. Rooms
or areas housing eight or less persons shall be pro-
vided with at least one such exit direct to the exterior.

3. Every exit door shall be openable from the inside
without the use of any key, special knowledge or
effort,

4. Exit doors need not be hung to swing in the direction
of exit travel Where exit doors are hung to swing in
the direction of exit travel, a landing conforming to
the provisions of Section 1008.1.5 shall be provided.

5. When the distance (measured vertically) between the
ground level and the floor level exceeds 8 inches (203
mm), a stairway from each exit shall be provided.
Steps shall have a rise of not more than 8 inches (203
mm) and a run of not less than 9 inches (229 mm).
Such stairway shall be at least as wide as the door it
serves.

Exception: In lieu of a stairway, a ramp having a
slope of not more than 1 foot (305 mm) of rise for
each 8 feet (2438 mm) of run may be provided.

6. When the floor level at any door opening of any build-
ing or structure is more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the adjacent ground level, handrails or guard-
rails shall be provided on the landing, balcony or
porch, and on every stairway or ramp to ground level.

7. Buildings and structures or groups of buildings and
structures shall be separated from each other by not
less than 10 feet (3048 mm). This section shall not
apply to existing buildings and structures of existing
Group C Occupancies.

440.5.2 Tents and tent structures. In addition to the provi-
sions of Section 440.7, tents and tent structures, or groups
thereof, shall conform to the provisions of Section 440.5,
except as follows:

1. Regardless of any other provisions of this section,
heating of tents and tent structures shall be prohibited
unless written permission is obtained from the fire
chief.

2. All canvas or other fabric material shall be treated
and maintained in a flame-retardant condition.

Exceptions:

1. Tents in existence prior to January 1, 1979, pro-
vided the following conditions are met:

1.1. Tents shall not exceed 80 square feet (7.4
m^) in area.

1.2. No electrical devices, except flashlights,
are installed or used in the tents.

1.3. Tents are not located closer than 30 feet
(9144 mm) to any open fire.

1.4. Smoking is prohibited in the tents.

1.5. All other applicable provisions of this arti-
cle are met.

2. Canvas or materials used exclusively to protect
windows and similar openings in walls.

3. Canvas or materials used as a windbreak enclo-
sure of not more than three sides and open to the

sky.

Note: It is not the intent of Section 440.5.2 that strict
adherence to the width and height requirements of exit
openings be enforced for exits from tents.

440.6 Building and structures for sleeping. Buildings and
structures, or portions thereof used or intended for sleeping
purposes and which exceed the height, area or capacity limita-
tions specified in Section 440.4.1 shall conform to the provi-
sions of this section.

440.6.1 Area, height and type of construction. Buildings
and structures, or portions thereof, shall not exceed the lim-
its of area, height and type of construction specified in these
regulations for a Group R-2. 1 occupancy. Such buildings \ \
and structures shall not be of less than one-hour fire-resis-
tive construction throughout.

440.6.2 Location on property. The fire-resistive protection
of exterior walls and openings, as determined by location
on property, shall be in accordance with the provisions of
these regulations for a Group R-2.1 occupancy. \ I

440.6.3 Exits. Stairs, exits and smoke-proof enclosures
shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter 10.

440.6.4 Enclosure of vertical openings. Exits shall be
enclosed as specified in Chapter 10. Elevator shafts, vent
shafts and other vertical openings shall be enclosed and
enclosures shall be as set forth in Chapter 7.

440.6.5 Fire-extinguishing systems* Automatic fire -extin-
, guishing systems, standpipes, and basement pipe inlets

shall be installed when and as specified in Chapter 9 for
buildings, based on the occupancy they most nearly resem-
ble.

440.6.6 Automatic fire alarm system. See Section 907.

440.7 Special requirements. The provisions of this section
shall apply to the premises and to all buildings and structures
of all organized camps.

440.7.1 Electrical. The installation of all electrical wiring
shall conform to the applicable provisions of the California
Electrical Code.

440.7.2 Heating equipment. Heating equipment, and the
installation thereof shall conform to the provisions of the
California Mechanical Code.

440.7.3 Motion picture booths. Motion picture machine
booths shall conform to the requirements of Section 409.

440.7.4 Interior finish. Interior finish shall conform to the
requirements of Chapter 8, except as permitted in Section
440.5.1, hem 1.

440.7.5 Heater room openings. All exterior openings in
rooms containing central heating equipment, low-pressure
boilers or water-heating boilers used as part of the heating
system, if located below openings in another story, or if less
than 10 feet (3048 mm) from other doors or windows of the

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same building, shall be protected by afire assembly having
a three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating. Such fire assem-
blies shall be fixed, automatic or self-closing.

Exception: The requirement for three-fourths-hour fire
assembly protection of openings may be deleted if the
entire room is protected by an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem conforming to the provisions of Section 903.

440.7.6 Heating rooms. Every room containing cen-
tral-heating equipment, low-pressure boiler or water-heat-
ing boiler used as part of the heating system shall be
separated from the rest of the building by a one-hour
fire-resistive fire barrier with all openings protected as set
forth in Section 707.6.

Exceptions:

1. Boilers or central heating plants where the largest
piece of fuel equipment does not exceed 400,000
Btu per hour (135 kW) input.

2. When any such opening is protected by a pair of
fire doors, the inactive leaf shall be normally
secured in the closed position and shall be
openable only by use of a tool. An astragal shall be
provided and the active leaf shall be self-closing.

440.7.7 Exits, For purposes of determining occupant load
for exit requirements, see Section 440.3.2.

440.7.8 Liquefied petroleum gas. The construction and
installation of all tanks, cylinders, equipment and systems
used or intended for use in conjunction with any liquefied
petroleum gas shall conform to the provisions of the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code and the California Fire Code.

440. 7.9 Air-conditioning and ventilation systems. Heating
units used as an integral part of an air-conditioning and
ventilation system shall be installed in accordance with Sec-
tions 440. 7. 2, 440. 7.3 and 440. 7. 6.

440,8 Camp fire alarm. Every organized camp shall provide
and maintain a device or devices suitable for sounding afire
alarm. Such device or devices may be of any type acceptable to
the enforcing agency provided they are distinctive in tone from
all other signaling devices or systems and shall be audible
throughout the camp premises. When an automatic fire alarm
system is provided, as required by Section 440.6.6, all signal-
ing devices required by this section shall be of the same type as
that used in the automatic system.

SECTION 441
RESERVED

SECTION 442
GROUP E[SFM]

442,1 Location on property. All buildings housing Group E
occupancies shall front directly on a public street or an exit dis-
charge not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) in width. The exit dis-
charge to the public street shall be a minimum 20-foot-wide
(6096 mm) right-of-way, unobstructed and maintained only as
access to the public street. At least one required exit shall be
located on the public street or on the exit discharge.

442.2 Separate means of egress systems required. Every room
with an occupant load of 300 or more shall have one of its exits
or exit-access doorways lead directly into a separate means of
egress system that consists of not less than two paths of exit
travel which are separated by a smoke barrier in accordance
with Section 710 in such a manner to provide an atmospheric
separation that precludes contamination of both paths of exit
travel by the same fire. Not more than two required exits or
exit-access doorways shall enter into the same means of egress
system.

442.3 Fences and gates. School grounds may be fenced and
gates therein may be equipped with locks, provided that safe
dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m^) per occupant
are located between the school and the fence. Such required
safe dispersal areas shall not be located less than 50 feet (15
240 mm) from school buildings.

Every public and private school shall conform with Section
32020 of the Education Code which states:

The governing board of every public school district, and the
governing authority of every private school, which maintains
any building used for the instruction or housing of school
pupils on land entirely enclosed (except for building walls) by
fences of walls, shall, through cooperation with the local law
enforcement and fire -protection agencies having jurisdiction
of the area, make provision for the erection of gates in such
fences or walls. The gates shall be of sufficient size to permit the
entrance of the ambulances, police equipment and fire-fighting
apparatus used by the law enforcement and fire -protection
agencies. There shall be no less than one such access gate and
there shall be as many such gates as needed to assure access to
all major buildings and ground areas. If such gates are to be
equipped with locks, the locking devices shall be designed to
permit ready entrance by the use of the chain or bolt-cutting
devices with which the local law enforcement and fire-protec-
tion agencies may be equipped.

442.4 Special provisions. Rooms used by kindergarten, first-,
or second-grade pupils, and Group E day care, shall not be
located above or below the first story.

Exceptions:

1. Kindergarten, first-, or second-grade pupils, or day
care may be located in basements or stories having
floor levels located within 4 feet (1219 mm), mea-
sured vertically, from the adjacent ground level at the
level of exit discharge, provided the basement or story
has exterior exit doors at that level.

2. In buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler
system throughout, rooms used for kindergarten,
first- and second-grade children or for day -care pur-
poses may be located on the second story, provided
there are at least two exterior exit doors, or other
egress systems complying with Section 1017 with two
exits, for the exclusive use of such occupants. Egress
systems for the exclusive use of such occupants shall
be maintained until exit discharge at grade is
attained.

3. Group E day-care facilities may be located above the
first story in buildings of Type I-A, Type I-B, Type II- A

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and Ill-A construction, subject to the limitation of
Section 503 when:

3. 1. Facilities with children under the age of seven
or containing more than 12 children per story
shall not be located above the fourth floor;
and

3.2. The entire story in which the day-care facility
is located is equipped with an approved man-
ual fire alarm and smoke-detection system.
Actuation of an initiating device shall sound
an audible alarm throughout the entire story.

When a building fire alarm system is re-
quired by other provisions of this code, the
alarm system shall be interconnected and
sound the day-care fire alarm system; and

3.3. The day -care facility, if more than 1,000
square feet (92.9 m^) in area, is divided into at
least two compartments of approximately the
same size by a smoke barrier in accordance

I I with Section 710, In addition to the require-

ments of Section 508, occupancy separations
between daycare and other occupancies shall
be constructed as smoke barriers. Door open-
ings in the smoke barrier shall be tight fitting,
with gaskets installed as required by Section
J I 715.4.3.1 and shall be automatic closing by

actuation of the fire sprinklers, fire alarm or

I I smoke detection system; and

3.4. Each compartment formed by the smoke bar-
rier has not less than two exits or exit-access
doors, one of which is permitted to pass
through the adjoining compartment, and

3.5. At least one exit or exit-access door from the
day -care facility shall be into a separate
means of egress with not less than two paths of
exit travel, which are separated in such a
manner to provide an atmospheric separa-
tion.

3.6. The building is equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout.

442,5 Special hazards. School classrooms constructed after
January 1, 1990, not equipped with automatic sprinkler sys-
tems, which have metal grilles or bars on all their windows and
do not have at least two exit doors within 3 feet (914 mm) of
each end of the classroom opening to the exterior of the build-
ing or to a common hallway used for evacuation purposes,
shall have an inside release for the grilles or bars on at least
one window farthest from the exit doors. The window or win-
dows with the inside release shall be clearly marked as emer-
gency exits.

442,5,1 Class 1, II or II I- A flammable liquids shall not be
placed, stored or used in Group E occupancies, except in
approved quantities as necessary in laboratories and class-
rooms and for operation and maintenance as set forth in the
California Fire Code.

SECTION 443
GROUP L [SFM]

443.1 Scope, The provisions of this section shall apply to build-
ings or structures, or portions thereof, containing one or more
Group L laboratory suites as defined in Section 443.2.

443.2 Definitions,

LABORATORY SUITE, A laboratory suite is a space within a
building or structure, which may include multiple laboratories,
offices, storage, equipment rooms or similar support functions,
where the aggregate quantities of hazardous materials stored
and used do not exceed the quantities set forth in Table
443.7.3.1.

[F] LIQUID TIGHT FLOOR, A nonpermeable barrier capa-
ble of containing hazardous material liquids without degrada-
tion.

443.3 Laboratory suite requirements,

443.3.1 The gross square footage of an individual labora-
tory suite shall not exceed 10,000 sqft (929 m^).

443.3.2 An individual laboratory suite shall not serve more
than a single tenant.

Exception: A laboratory suite controlled by a single
responsible party.

443.4 Construction

443.4.1 Separation of laboratory suites,

443.4.1.1 Laboratory suites shall be separated from
other occupancies in accordance with Table 508.4.

443.4.1.2 Laboratory suites shall be separated from
other laboratory suites by a fire barrier having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1-hour.

443.4. 1.3 Laboratory suites shall be separated from con-
trol areas by a minimum 2-hour fire-resistance rating in
accordance with Sections 707 and 712. \\

Exception: Laboratory suites shall be separated from
control areas by a minimum 1 -hour fire-resistance
rating on floor levels below the 4'^ story.

443.4. 1.4 Horizontal separation. The floor construction
of the laboratory suite and the construction supporting
the floor of the laboratory suite shall have a minimum
2-hour fire-resistance rating in accordance with Section
712.

Exceptions:

1. The floor construction of the laboratory suite
and the construction supporting the floor of the
laboratory suite are allowed to be 1-hour
fire-resistance rated in buildings of Type II A,
IIIA and VA construction.

2. When an individual laboratory suite occupies
more than one story, the intermediate floors
contained within the suite shall comply with the
requirements of Table 601.

443.4.2 Structural design occupancy category,

443,4,2.1 Buildings containing Group L occupancies
with an occupant load greater than 500 for colleges or

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adult education facilities, or other buildings with an
occupant load greater than 5,000 shall be classified as
Occupancy Category III in accordance with Chapters 16
and 16A.

443.4,2,2 Other buildings containing Group L occupan-
cies shall be classified as Occupancy Category II in
accordance with Chapters 16 and 16 A.

443,43 Fire barrier and fire-smoke barrier,

443.4.3.1 Fire barrier. Afire barrier having afire resis-
tance rating of not less than 2-hours shall divide any
story containing more than one laboratory suite above
the 4^^ story.

443.4.3.1.1 Fire barriers shall be continuous from
exterior wall to exterior wall,

443.4.3.1.2 The fire barrier shall divide the floor so
that the square footage on each side of the 2 -hour fire
barrier is not less than 30 percent of the total floor
area, and

443.4.3.1.3 The number of laboratory suites on each
side of the 2-hour fire barrier shall not be less than 25
percent of the total number of laboratory suites on the
floor,

443.4.3.2 Fire-smoke harrier. Any story containing a
Group L occupancy above the 10^^ story shall be subdi-
vided by afire-smoke barrier constructed as afire bar-
rier having a fire resistance rating of not less than
2-hours and shall also comply with the smoke barrier
requirements of Section 710,

The 2-hour fire- smoke barrier shall be in accordance
with Sections 443,4,3 through 443.4,3.2.3.

443.4.3.2.1 A minimum of one door opening shall be
provided in the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier for emer-
gency access.

443.4.3.2.2 Each side of the 2-hour fire- smoke bar-
rier shall be designed as a separate smoke zone
designed in accordance with Section 909.6.

443.4.3.2.3 The area on each side of the 2-hour fire-
smoke barrier shall be served by a minimum of one
exit enclosure in accordance with Section 1022.

443.4.4 Emergency response equipment area. An area for
emergency response equipment shall be provided on each
floor in an approved location. The area shall be a minimum
of 50 square feet (4.6 m^), accessed from outside the labora-
tory suite and identified with signage

443.4.5 Liquid tight floor. All portions of the laboratory
suite where hazardous materials may be present shall be
provided with a liquid tight floor. Where the floor is
designed to provide spill control or secondary containment
the floor shall be designed in accordance with California
Fire Code section 2704.2.

443.4.6 Emergency power. An emergency power system
shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 27.

443.4,6,1 Required systems. Emergency power shall be
provided for all electrically operated equipment, systems
and connected control circuits including:

L Mechanical ventilation systems. See section 443.4. 7.

2. Emergency alarm and monitoring systems.

3. Temperature control systems required to prevent
unsafe process excursions or chemical reactions.

4. Treatment systems and scrubbers,

5. Egress lighting,

6. Electrically operated systems required elsewhere
in this code and the California Fire Code.

443,4 J Ventilation,

443.4.7.1 Compatibility, Incompatible materials shall
not be conveyed in the same duct system. Combined
products in mechanical exhaust ducts shall not create a
physical hazard or reaction that could degrade the duct
material. The building official may require a technical
report in accordance with Section 443.7.1.

443.4.7.2 Fire dampers, smoke dampers and combina-
tion fire/smoke dampers. Fire dampers, smoke dampers
or fire/smoke dampers shall not be permitted in product
conveying and other mechanical exhaust duct systems
used to maintain a safe laboratory environment When the
exhaust duct penetrates the laboratory suite boundary the
exhaust duct shall be located within a horizontal assembly
having afire resistance rating equal to the fire barrier.

443.4.7.3 Duct materials. Product conveying and other
mechanical exhaust duct systems used to maintain a safe
laboratory environment shall be constructed in accor-
dance with Chapters 5 and 6 of the California Mechani-
cal Code,

443.4.7.4 Laboratory suite exhaust air.

443.4.7.4.1 Exhaust air from laboratory suites shall
not be recirculated.

443.4.7.4.2 Laboratory suite exhaust air shall be
independently ducted to a point outside the building
or a rooftop structure.

Exceptions:

1. Exhaust ducts serving a single laboratory
suite.

2. Exhaust ducts serving separate laboratory
suites on the same story may be connected to
a common duct within a fire rated vertical
shaft when the sub-duct extends vertically I
upward at least 22 inches.

3. Exhaust ducts serving separate laboratory
suites on the basement through the 4^ story
may be connected to a common duct within a
fire rated vertical shaft when the sub-duct
extends vertically upward at least 22 inches. I

4. Exhaust ducts serving separate laboratory
suites on the 5^^ story and above may be con-
nected to a common duct that does not exceed

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100 vertical feet within afire rated vertical
shaft when the subducts extends vertically
upward at least 22 inches. Ducts serving the
5^^ story and above shall be separate fi^om the
duct serving the 4^^ story and below, but may
be within the same fire rated shaft.

443 A J ,4,3 Laboratory suite exhaust ducts shall not
penetrate the 2-hour fire barrier required by Section

443.4.3.

Exception: Where the exhaust duct is enclosed in a
2 'hour shaft in accordance with Section 708.

443.4.7.5 Ventilation rates. Mechanical exhaust ventila-
tion systems shall provide a minimum ventilation rate not
less than 1 cubic feet per minute per square foot
[0. 00508 mV(S'm^)] of floor area, or 6 air exchanges per
hour, whichever is greater. Systems shall operate contin-
uously at the designed ventilation rate.

443.4.7.6 Mechanical ventilation systems on emer-
gency power. When operating on emergency power, the
ventilation rate may be reduced to a level sufficient to
maintain a differential pressure negative to the sur-
rounding area.

443.4.7.7 Mechanical ventilation system balancing.

Mechanical ventilation systems shall be designed and
balanced such that during normal and emergency condi-
tions the door opening forces comply with the require-
ments of Sections 1008.1.3 andll33B.2.5 as applicable.
Emergency conditions shall include: supply fan shut-
down or failure, closing of smoke dampers or combina-
tion fire/smoke dampers, or emergency power

443,5. Fire protection systems. See Chapter 9.

443.6 Means of egress,

443.6.1 Access to exits. Every portion of a laboratory suite
containing hazardous materials and having a floor area of
500 square feet (19 m^) or more shall have access to not less
than two separate exits or exit-access doorways in accor-
dance with Section 1015.2.

443.6.2 Door swing. All exit and exit-access doors serving
areas with hazardous materials shall swing in the direction
of exit travel, regardless of the occupant load served.

443.6.3 Panic hardware. Exit and exit access doors from
areas with hazardous materials shall not be provided with a
latch or lock unless it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware.

443.6.4 Buildings more than four stories. A minimum of
one exit shall be provided to serve the floor on each side of
the 2-hour fire barrier and shall comply with the provisions
of Chapter 10.

443.6.5 Corridors. Corridors shall comply with Section
1017 and shall have opening protection in accordance with
Tables 715.4, 715.5 and 715.5.4,

443. 7 Hazardous materials.

443.7.1 Technical report. The enforcing agency may
require a technical opinion and report to identify and
develop methods of protection from the hazards presented
by the hazardous materials. A qualified person, firm or cor-

poration, approved by the enforcing agency, shall prepare
the opinion and report, and shall be provided without
charge to the enforcing agency. The opinion and report may
include, but is not limited to, the preparation of a hazardous
material management plan (HMMP); chemical analysis;
recommendations for methods of isolation, separation, con-
tainment or protection of hazardous materials or processes,
including appropriate engineering controls to be applied;
the extent of changes in the hazardous behavior to be antici-
pated under conditions of exposure to fire or from hazard
control procedures; and the limitations or conditions of use
necessary to achieve and maintain control of the hazardous
materials or operations. The report shall be entered into the
files of the code enforcement agencies. Proprietary and
trade secret information shall be protected under the laws of
the state or jurisdiction having authority.

443.7.2 Multiple hazards. When a hazardous material has
multiple hazards, all hazards shall be addressed and con-
trolled in accordance with the provisions of this code.

443.7.3 Percentage of maximum allowable quantities. The

percentage of the maximum allowable quantity of hazard-
ous materials per laboratory suite permitted for each story
level within a building shall be in accordance with Table
443.7.3.1.

TABLE 443.7.3.1
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS QUANTITY PER LABORATORY SUITE

PERCENTAGE
OF MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
QUANTITY PER
LABORATORY
SUIT^'"

NUMBER OF LAB SUITES PER FLOOR
BASED ON CONSTRUCTION TYPE

STORY

Type
lA

Type
IB

Type

IIA,

lUA, IV

Type

IIB, IIIB,

Type
VB

Above
grade
plane

Above
20

15 to 20

n, 12,
13,14

7, 8, 9,
10

4,5

100

Below
grade
plane

75'

■ 10

3 and
below

UL = Unlimited, NP= Not permitted

a. Percentages shall be of the maximum allowable quantity per laboratory
suite shown in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2). Allowable hazardous material
increases for buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system shall not be applicable to Group L occupancies.

b. When an individual laboratory suite occupies more than one story, the more
restrictive percentage of the maximum allowable quantity per laboratory
suite shall apply.

c. The total aggregate quantity of flammable liquids on the first story below
grade shall be limited to the maximum total aggregate quantity for Group B
occupancy control areas.

d. The total aggregate quantity of flammable liquids on the second story level
below grade shall be limited to a maximum total aggregate quantity for
Group B occupancy control areas.

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443.7.4 Handling and transportation. The handling and
transportation of hazardous materials shall be in accor-
dance with Section 2703 of the California Fire Code.

443.7.5 Transportation of hazardous materials above the
10^^ story. Transportation of hazardous materials above the
1(}^ story shall be limited to 5 percent of the maximum
allowable quantities of Tables 307.1 (1) and 307.1(2.)
Quantities are permitted to be increased 100 percent in
buildings with an approved automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Materials where foot-
note g of Table 307.1(1) applies shall not be increased.

443,8, Elevators and elevator lobbies above the W^ story. Any

story containing a Group L occupancy above the 10^^ story
shall be provided with elevators and elevator lobbies in accor-
dance with Sections 443.8.1 through 443.8,3.

443.8.1 An elevator that serves every story of the building
shall be provided on each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke bar-
rier

443.8.2 An elevator lobby shall be provided on each side of
the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier at each floor in accordance
with Section 708.14.1. Exceptions to 708.14.1 shall not
apply.

443.8.3 The elevator and its associated elevator lobbies and
elevator machine rooms shall be pressurized in accordance
with Section 909.6.

443,9 Existing Group L (Formerly Group H-8) occupancieSy
I I additions, alterations, or repairs. See Section 3416.

SECTION 444
Reserved

SECTION 445
LARGE FAMILY DAY-CARE HOMES [SFM]

445.1 Large family day -care homes,

445.2 For purposes of clarification, Health and Safety Code
Section 1597.46 is repeated.

(a) A city, county, or city and county shall not prohibit large
family day care homes on lots zoned for single-family dwell-
ings, but shall do one of the following:

(1) Classify these homes as a permitted use of residential
property for zoning purposes.

(2) Grant a nondiscretionary permit to use a lot zoned for
a single -family dwelling to any large family day -care
home that complies with local ordinances prescribing
reasonable standards, restrictions and requirements
concerning spacing and concentration, traffic control,
parking and noise control relating to such homes, and
complies with subdivision (d) and any regulations
adopted by the state fire marshal pursuant to that subdi-
vision. Any noise standards shall be consistent with local
noise ordinances implementing the noise element of the
general plan and shall take into consideration the noise
level generated by children. The permit issued pursuant
to this paragraph shall be granted by the zoning adminis-

trator, if any, or if there is no zoning administrator by the
person or persons designated by the planning agency to
grant such permits, upon the certification without a
hearing.

(3) Require any large family day -care home to apply for
a permit to use a lot zoned for single-family dwellings.
The zoning administrator, if any, or if there is no zoning
administrator, the person or persons designated by the
planning agency to handle the use permits shall review
and decide the applications. The use permit shall be
granted if the large family day care home complies with
local ordinances, if any, prescribing reasonable stan-
dards, restrictions and requirements concerning spacing
and concentration, traffic control, parking and noise
control relating to such homes, and complies with subdi-
vision (d) and any regulations adopted by the state fire
marshal pursuant to that subdivision.

Any noise standards shall be consistent with local
noise ordinances implementing the noise element of the
general plan and shall take into consideration the noise
levels generated by children.

The local government shall process any required per-
mit as economically as possible, and fees charged for
review shall not exceed the costs of the review and permit
process. Not less than 10 days prior to the date on which
the decision will be made on the application, the zoning
administrator or person designated to handle such use
permits shall give notice of the proposed use by mail or
delivery to all owners shown on the last equalized assess-
ment roll as owning real property within a 100-foot
radius of the exterior boundaries of the proposed large
family day care home. No hearing on the application for
a permit issued pursuant to this paragraph shall be held
before a decision is made unless a hearing is requested
by the applicant or other affected person. The applicant
or other affected person may appeal the decision. The
appellant shall pay the cost, if any of the appeal.

(b) A large family day-care home shall not be subject to the
provisions of Division 13 (commencing with Section 21000)
of the Public Resources Code.

(c) Use of a single-family dwelling for the purposes of a
large family day -care home shall not constitute a change of
occupancy for purposes of Part 1.5 (commencing with Sec-
tion 17910) of Division 13 (State Housing Law), or for pur-
poses of local building and fire codes.

(d) Large family day- care homes shall be considered as sin-
gle-family residences for the purposes of the State Uniform
Building Standards Code and local building and fire codes,
except with respect to any additional standards specifically
designed to promote the fire and life safety of the children in
these homes adopted by the State Fire Marshal pursuant to
this subdivision.

445,3 Smoke alarms. Large family day-care homes shall be
equipped with State Fire Marshal approved and listed single
station residential type smoke alarms. The number and place-
ment of smoke alarms shall be determined by the enforcement
authority.

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SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

445.4 Fire extinguishers. Large and small family day-care
homes shall he equipped with a portable fire extinguisher hav-
ing a minimum 2A10BC rating,

> I I 445.5 Fire alarm devices. See Section 907.2.6.4.

445.6 Compliance. Every large-family day -care home shall
comply with the provisions for Group R-3 occupancies and, if
appropriate, Section 426.1. For the purposes of Section 426.1,
the first story shall be designated as the floor used for residen-
tial occupancy nearest to the street level which provides pri-
mary access to the building.

Enforcement of the provisions shall be in accordance with
the Health and Safety Code Sections 13145 and 13146. No city,
county, city and county, or district shall adopt or enforce any
building ordinance or local rule or regulation relating to the
subject of fire and life safety in large-family day-care homes
which is inconsistent with those standards adopted by the State
Fire Marshal, except to the extent the building ordinance or
local rule or regulation applies to single-family residences in
which day care is not provided.

445.7 Special hazards. Every unenclosed gas-fired water
heater or furnace which is within the area used for child care in
a large family day-care home shall be protected in such a way
as to prevent children from making contact with those appli-
ances.

Exception: This does not apply to kitchen stoves or ovens.

I I 445.8 Exiting. See Section 1015.7.

m-'

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 145

146 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire ciiapter

Adopt entire cliapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Table 503

503.1

504.2

506.3

506.4.1

506.5.2

507.3

507.10

508.2.4

Table 508.2.5

508.3.3

Table 508.4

509.2

509.10

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

147

148 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 5

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

SECTION 501
GENERAL

501.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter control the height
and area of structures hereafter erected and additions to exist-
ing structures,

[F] 501.2 Address identification. New and existing buildings
shall be provided with approved address numbers or letters.
Each character shall be a minimum 4 inches (102 mm) high and
a minimum of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) wide. They shall be installed
on a contrasting background and be plainly visible from the
street or road fronting the property. ^^Tlere access is by means
of a private road and the building address cannot be viewed
from the public way, a monument, pole or other approved sign
or means shall be used to identify the structure.

SECTION 502
DEFINITIONS

502.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

AREA, BUILDING. The area included within surrounding
exterior walls (or exterior walls and fire walls) exclusive of
vent shafts and courts. Areas of the building not provided with
surrounding walls shall be included in the building area if such
areas are included within the horizontal projection of the roof
or floor above.

BASEMENT. A story that is not a story above grade plane (see
''Story above grade plane'' in Section 202).

The definition of "Basement" does not apply to the provi-
sions of Section 1612 for flood loads (see "Basement" in Sec-
tion 1612.2).

EQUIPMENT PLATFORM. An unoccupied, elevated plat-
form used exclusively for mechanical systems or industrial
process equipment, including the associated elevated walk-
ways, stairs, alternating tread devices and ladders necessary to
access the platform (see Section 505.5).

GRADE PLANE. A reference plane representing the average
of finished ground level adjoining the building at exterior
walls. Where the finished ground level slopes away from the
exterior walls, the reference plane shall be established by the
lowest points within the area between the building and the lot
line or, where the lot line is more than 6 feet (1829 mm) from
the building, between the building and a point 6 feet (1 829 mm)
from the building.

HEIGHT, BUILDING. The vertical distance from grade
plane to the average height of the highest roof surface.

MEZZANINE. An intermediate level or levels between the
floor and ceiling of any story and in accordance with Section
505.

SECTION 503

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHT AND

AREA LIMITATIONS

503.1 General. The building height and area shall not exceed
the limits specified in Table 503 based on the type of construc-
tion as determined by Section 602 and the occupancies as
determined by Section 302 except as modified hereafter. Each
portion of a building separated by one or mox^fire walls com-
plying with Section 706 shall be considered to be a separate
building.

Exception: [HCD 1] Limited-density owner-built rural
dwellings may be of any type of construction which will pro-
vide for a sound structural condition. Structural hazards
which result in an unsound condition and which may consti-
tute a substandard building are delineated by Section
17920.3 of the Health and Safety Code.

503.1.1 Special industrial occupancies. Buildings and
structures designed to house special industrial processes
that require large areas and unusual building heights to
accommodate craneways or special machinery and equip-
ment, including, among others, rolling mills; structural
metal fabrication shops and foundries; or the production
and distribution of electric, gas or steam power, shall be
exempt from the building height and area limitations of
Table 503.

, 503.1.2 Buildings on same lot. Two or more buildings on
the same lot shall be regulated as separate buildings or shall
be considered as portions of one building if the building
height of each building and the aggregate building area of
the buildings are within the limitations of Table 503 as mod-
ified by Sections 504 and 506. The provisions of this code
applicable to the aggregate building shall be applicable to
each building.

503.1.3 Type I construction. Buildings of Type I construc-
tion permitted to be of unlimited tabular building heights
and areas are not subject to the special requirements that
allow unlimited area buildings in Section 507 or unlimited
building height in Sections 503.1.1 and 504.3 or increased
building heights and areas for other types of construction.

SECTION 504
BUILDING HEIGHT

504.1 General. The building height permitted by Table 503
shall be increased in accordance with this section.

Exception: The building height of one-story aircraft han-
gars, aircraft paint hangars and buildings used for the manu-
facturing of aircraft shall not be limited if the building is
provided with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in
accordance with Chapter 9 and is entirely surrounded by
public ways or yards not less in width than one and one-half
times the building height.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

149

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

TABLE 503
ALLOWABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS^
Building height limitations shown in feet above grade plane. Story limitations shown as stories above
Building area limitations shown in square feet, as determined by the definition of "Area, building "

grade plane,
per story

GROUP

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPEI

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPEV

HEIGHTffeet)

160

STORIES(S)
AREA (A)

A-1

S
A

UL
UL

5
UL

3
15.500

2
8.500

3
14.000

2
8.500

3
15.000

2
11.500

1
5.500

A-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

3
15.500

2
9.500

3
14.000

2
9.500

3
15.000

2
11.500

6.000

A-3

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

3
15.500

2
9.500

3
14.000

2
9.500

3
15.000

2
11.500

1
6.000

A-4

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

3
15.500

2
9.500

3
14.000

2
9.500

3
15.000

2
11.500

1
6.000

A-5

S
A

UL
UL

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

5
37.500

3
23.000

5
28.500

3
19.000

5
36.000

3
18.000

2
9.000

S
A

UL
UL

5
UL

3
26.500

2
14.500

3
23.500

2
14.500

3
25.500

1
18.500

1
9.500

F-1

S
A

UL
UL

4
25.000

2
15.500

3
19.000

2
12.000

4
33.500

2
14.000

1
8.500

F-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

5
37.500

3
23.000

4
28.500

3
18.000

5
50.500

3
21.000

2
13.000

H-1

1
2L000

1
16.500

1
11.000

1
7.000

I
9.500

1
7.000

1
10.500

1
7.500

H-2^

S
A

20
2L000

3
16.500

2
11.000

1
7.000

2
9.500

1
7.000

2^
10.500

1
7.500

I
3,000

H-3''

S
A

20
UL

6
60.000

4
26.500

2
14.000

4
17-500

2
13.000

4
25.500

2
10.000

1
5.000

H-4

S
A

20
UL

7
UL

5
37.500

3
17.500

5
28.500

3
17,500

5
36.000

3
18.000

2
6.500

H-5

4
UL

3
37.500

3
23.000

3
28.500

3
19.000

3
36.000

3
18.000

2
9.000

I-2//-2./

S
A

UL
UL

2
15.000

11.000

12.000

1
12.000

1
9.500

NP
NP

1-3^

S
A

UL
UL

2
15J00

NP
NP

1-4

S
A

UL
UL

60.500

3
26.500

2
13.000

3
23.500

2
13.000

3
25.500

1
18.500

1
9.000

S
A

20
UL

60.000

5
37.500

3
17.500

5
28.500

3
17.500

5
36.000

3
18.000

2
6J00

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
21.500

2
12.500

4
18.500

2
12.500

4
20.500

3
14.000

1
9.000

R-1

UL
UL

11
UL

4
24.000

4
16.000

4
24.000

4
16.000

4
20.500

3
12.000

2
7,000

R-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
24.000

4
16.000

4
24.000

4
16.000

4
20.500

3
12.000

2
7.000

R-2J

5
A

UL
UL

6'
55,000

3'
19,000

NP
NP

3'
16.500

NP
NP

3'
10.500

NP
NP

R-3/R-3.1

S
A

UL
UL

4
UL

3
UL

' 3
UL

R-4

11^
UL

4S
24.000

, 4'
16,000

24.000

4'
16.000

4'
20.500

3^
12.000

7.000

S-1

S
A

UL
UL

11
48,000

4
26.000

2
17.500

3
26.000

2
17.500

4
25.500

3
14.000

1
9.000

S,2b,c

S
A

UL
UL

79.000

5
39.000

3
26.000

4
39.000

3
26.000

5
38.500

4
21.000

2
13.500

S
A

UL
UL

5
35.500

4
19.000

2
8.500

3
14.000

2
8.500

4
18,000

2
9,000

1
5.500

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m'.

A = building area per story, S = stories above grade plane, UL = Unlimited, NP = Not permitted.

a. See the following sections for general exceptions to Table 503:

1. Section 504.2, Allowable building height and story increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.

2. Section 506.2, Allowable building area increase due to street frontage.

3. Section 506.3, Allowable building area increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.

4. Section 507, Unlimited area buildings.

b. For open parking structures, see Section 406,3.

c. For private garages, see Section 406. 1.

d. See Section 415.5 for limitations.

e. [SFMl See Section 408.1.1 for specific exceptions for one-story Type HA, Type IlIA or Type VA construction.

f Restraint shall not be permitted in any building except in Group 1-3 occupancies constructed for such use (see Section 408.1.2}.

g. Nonambulatory persons shall be limited to the first two stories.

h. Nonambulatory persons shall be limited to the first five stories.

i. Nonambulatory elderly clients are not permitted in buildings of these types of construction. See Sections 425.3.3 and 425.3.4.

150

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

504.2 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a build-
ing is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the value
specified in Table 503 for maximum building height is
increased by 20 feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of
stories is increased by one. Increases are permitted in addition
to the building area increase in accordance with Section 506.2.
In other than Group A, E, H, /, L, andR occupancies, high-rise
buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regu-
lated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, these increases are
permitted in addition to the area increase in accordance with
Section 506.3. For Group R-2 buildings of Type VA construc-
tion equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with Section 903. 3. LI, the value
specified in Table 503 for maximum building height is
increased by 20 feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of
stories is increased by one, but shall not exceed 60 feet (1 8 288
mm) or four stories, respectively, these increases are permitted
in addition to the area increase in accordance with Section
506.3.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings, or portions of buildings, classified as a
Group 1-2 occupancy of Type IIB, EI, IV or V con-
struction.

2. Buildings, or portions of buildings, classified as a
Group H-1, H-2, H-3 or H-5 occupancy.

3. Fire-resistance rating substitution in accordance
with Table 601, Noted.

4. [SFM] Buildings, or portions of buildings, classified
as a Group L occupancy.

5. [SFM] Buildings, or portions of buildings, classified
as a Licensed Group R-2.1 or R-4 occupancy.

504.3 Roof structures. Towers, spires, steeples and other roof
structures shall be constructed of materials consistent with the
required type of construction of the building except where
other construction is permitted by Section 1509.2.4. Such
structures shall not be used for habitation or storage. The struc-
tures shall be unlimited in height if of noncombustible materi-
als and shall not extend more than 20 feet (6096 mm) above the
allowable building height if of combustible materials (see
Chapter 15 for additional requirements).

SECTION 505
MEZZANINES

505.1 General. A mezzanine or mezzanines in compliance
with Section 505 shall be considered a portion of the story in
which it is contained. Such mezzanines shall not contribute to
either the building area or number of stories as regulated by
Section 503.1. The area of the mezzanine shall be included in
determining the fire area defined in Section 902. The clear
height above and below the mezzanine floor construction shall
not be less than 7 feet (2134 mm).

505.2 Area limitation. The aggregate area of a mezz.anine or
mezzanines within a room shall not exceed one-third of the
floor area of that room or space in which they are located. The
enclosed portion of a room shall not be included in a determina-

tion of the floor area of the room in which the mezzanine is
located. In determining the allowable mezzanine area, the area
of the mezzanine shall not be included in the floor area of the
room.

Exceptions:

1. The aggregate area of mezzanines in buildings and
structures of Type I or II construction for special
industrial occupancies in accordance with Section
503. 1 . 1 shall not exceed two-thirds of the floor area of
the room.

2. The aggregate area of mezzanines in buildings and
structures of Type I or II construction shall not exceed
one-half of the floor area of the room in buildings and
structures equipped throughout with an approved
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1 and an approved emergency
voice/alarm communication system in accordance
with Section 907.5.2.2.

505.3 Egress. Each occupant of a mezzanine shall have access
to at least two independent means of egress where the common
path of egress travel exceeds the limitations of Section 1014.3.
Where a stairway provides a means of exit access from a mez-
zanine, the maximum travel distance includes the distance trav-
eled on the stairway measured in the plane of the tread nosing.
Accessible means of egress shall be provided in accordance
with Section 1007.

Exception: A single means of egress shall be permitted in
accordance with Section 1015.1.

505.4 Openness. A mezzanine shall be open and unobstructed
to the room in which such mezzanine is located except for walls
not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, columns and posts.

Exceptions:

1 . Mezzanines or portions thereof are not required to be
open to the room in which the mezzanines are located,
provided that the occupant load of the aggregate area
of the enclosed space does not exceed 10.

2. A mezzanine having two or more means of egress is
not required to be open to the room in which the mez-
zanine is located if at least one of the means of egress
provides direct access to an exit from the mezzanine
level.

3. Mezzanines or portions thereof are not required to be
open to the room in which the mezzanines are located,
provided that the aggregate floor area of the enclosed
space does not exceed 10 percent of the mezzanine
area.

4. In industrial facilities, mezzanines used for control
equipment are permitted to be glazed on all sides.

5. In occupancies other than Groups H and I, that are no
more than two stories above grade plane and
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, a mezza-
nine having two or more means of egress shall not be
required to be open to the room in which the mezza-
nine is located.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

151

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

505.5 Equipment platforms. Equipment platforms in buildings
shall not be considered as a portion of the floor below. Such
equipment platforms shall not contribute to either the building
area or the number of stories as regulated by Section 503. 1. The
area of the equipment platform shall not be included in determin-
ing the fire area An accordance with Section 903. Equipment
platforms shall not be a part of any mezzanine and such plat-
forms and the walkways, stairs, alternating tread devices and
ladders providing access to an equipment platform shall not
serve as a part of the means of egress from the building.

505.5.1 Area limitations. The aggregate area of all equip-
ment platforms within a room shall not exceed two- thirds of
the area of the room in which they are located. Where an
equipment platform is located in the same room as a mezza-
nine, the area of the mezzanine shall be determined by Sec-
tion 505.2 and the combined aggregate area of the
equipment platforms and mezzanines shall not exceed
two-thirds of the room in which they are located.

[F] 505.5.2 Fire suppression. Where located in a building
that is required to be protected by an automatic sprinkler
system, equipment platforms shall be fully protected by
sprinklers above and below the platform, where required by
the standards referenced in Section 903.3.

505.5,3 Guards. Equipment platforms shall have guards
where required by Section 1013,1.

SECTION 506
BUILDING AREA MODIFICATIONS

506.1 General. The building areas limited by Table 503 shall
be permitted to be increased due to frontage (I^) and automatic
sprinkler system protection (/J in accordance with the follow-
ing:

A,={A,+[A,x/,] + [A,x/J}

(Equation 5-1)

where:

A^ = Allowable building area per story (square feet).

Aj = Tabular building area per story in accordance with
Table 503 (square feet).

If = Area increase factor due to frontage as calculated in
accordance with Section 506.2.

I, = Area increase factor due to sprinkler protection as cal-
culated in accordance with Section 506.3.

506.2 Frontage increase. Every building shall adjoin or have
access to a public way to receive a building area increase for
frontage. Where a building has more than 25 percent of its per-
imeter on di public way or open space having a minimum width
of 20 feet (6096 mm), the frontage increase shall be determined
in accordance with the following:

(Equation 5-2)

/^-[F/P-0.25]W/30

where:

I ^ = Area increase due to frontage.

F = Building perimeter that fronts on a public way or open
space having 20 feet (6096 mm) open minimum width
(feet).

P = Perimeter of entire building (feet).

W = Width of public way or open space (feet) in accordance
with Section 506.2.1.

506.2.1 Width limits. The value of W shall be at least 20
feet (6096 mm). Where the value of W varies along the per-
imeter of the building, the calculation performed in accor-
dance with Equation 5-2 shall be based on the weighted
average of each portion of exterior wall and open space
where the value of Wis greater than or equal to 20 feet (6096
mm). Where the value of W exceeds 30 feet (9144 mm), a
value of 30 feet (9144 mm) shall be used in calculating the
weighted average, regardless of the actual width of the open
space. Where two or more buildings are on the same lot, W
shall be measured from the exterior face of a building to the
exterior face of an opposing building, as applicable.

Exception: The value of W divided by 30 shall be per-
mitted to be a maximum of 2 when the building meets all
requirements of Section 507 except for compHance with
the 60-foot (18 288 mm) public way or y<2r<i requirement,
as applicable.

506.2.2 Open space limits. Such open space shall be either
on the same lot or dedicated for public use and shall be
accessed from a street or approved fire lane.

506.3 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a build-
ing is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the building
area limitation in Table 503 is permitted to be increased by an
additional 200 percent (I, = 2) for buildings with more than one
story above grade plane and an additional 300 percent (/^ = 3)
for buildings with no more than one story above grade plane. In
other than Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies, high-rise
buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regu-
lated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, these increases are
permitted in addition to the height and story increases in accor-
dance with Section 504.2. For Group R-2 buildings of Type VA
construction equipped throughout with an approved automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, these
increases are permitted in addition to the height increase in
accordance with Section 504.2.

Exception: The building area limitation increases shall not
be permitted for the following conditions:

1, The automatic sprinkler system increase shall not
apply to buildings with an occupancy in Group H-1.

2. The automatic sprinkler system increase shall not
apply to the building area of an occupancy in Group
H-2 or H-3. For buildings containing such occupan-
cies, the allowable building area shall be determined
in accordance with Section 508.4.2, with the sprinkler
system increase applicable only to the portions of the
building not classified as Group H-2 or H-3.

3. Fire-resistance rating substitution in accordance
with Table 601, Noted.

4, ISFM] The automatic sprinkler system increase shall
not apply to buildings with an occupancy in Group L

506.4 Single occupancy buildings with more than one story.

The total allowable building area of a single occupancy build-

152

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

ing with more than one story above grade plane shall be deter-
mined in accordance with this section. The actual aggregate
building area at all stories in the building shall not exceed the
total allowable building area.

Exception: A single basement need not be included in the
total allowable building area, provided such basement does
not exceed the area permitted for a building with no more
than one story above grade plane.

506,4.1 Area determination. In other than Group A, E, H, I
L and R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applica-
tions listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, the total allowable building area of a single
occupancy building with more than one story above grade
plane shall be determined by multiplying the allowable build-
ing area per story (Aa), as determined in Section 506. 1 , by the
number of stories above grade plane as listed below:

1. For buildings with two stories above grade plane,
multiply by 2;

2. For buildings with three or more stories above grade
plane, multiply by 3; and

3. No story shall exceed the allowable building area per
story (A J, as determined in Section 506.1, for the
occupancies on that story.

Exception: Unlimited area buildings in accordance with
Section 507.

For Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies, high-rise
buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 reg-
ulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, the total
allowable building area of a single occupancy building with
more than one story above grade plane shall be determined
by multiplying the allowable building area per story (Aa),
as determined in Section 506.1, by the number of stories
above grade plane as listed below:

1. For buildings with two or more stories above grade
plane, multiply by 2;

2. No story shall exceed the allowable building area per
story (Aa), as determined in Section 506.1, for the
occupancies on that story.

Exception: Unlimited area buildings in accor-
dance with Section 507.

506.5 Mixed occupancy area determination. The total allow-
able building area for buildings containing mixed occupancies
shall be determined in accordance with the applicable provi-
sions of this section. A single basement need not be included in
the total allowable building area, provided such basement does
not exceed the area permitted for a building with no more than
one story above grade plane.

506.5.1 No more than one story above grade plane. For

buildings with no more than one story above grade plane
and containing mixed occupancies, the total building area
shall be determined in accordance with the applicable provi-
sions of Section 508.1.

506.5.2 More than one story above grade plane. For

buildings with more than one story above grade plane and

containing mixed occupancies, each story shall individually
comply with the applicable requirements of Section 508.1.

For other than Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies,
high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Section
1.11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, build-
ings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total
building area shall be such that the aggregate sum of the
ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allow-
able area of such stories based on the appUcable provisions
of Section 508.1 shall not exceed 3.

For Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies, high-rise
buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 reg-
ulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, buildings with
more than two stories above grade plane, the total building
area shall be such that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the
actual area of each story divided by the allowable area of
such stories based on the applicable provisions of Section
508.1 shall not exceed 2.

SECTION 507
UNLIMITED AREA BUILDINGS

507.1 General. The area of buildings of the occupancies and
configurations specified herein shall not be limited.

507.2 Nonsprinklered, one story. The area of a Group F-2 or
S-2 building no more than one story in height shall not be lim-
ited when the building is surrounded and adjoined by public
ways or yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.3 Sprinklered, one story. The area of a Group B, F, M or S
building no more than one story above grade plane shall not be
limited when the building is provided with an automatic sprin-
kler system throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1
and is surrounded and adjoined hy public ways or yards not less
than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

Exception: Buildings and structures of Types I and 11 con-
struction for rack storage facilities that do not have access by
the public shall not be hmited in height, provided that such
buildings conform to the requirements of Sections 507.3,
903.3.1.1 and Chapter 23 of the California Fire Code.

507.3.1 Mixed occupancy buildings vt^ith Groups A-1

and A-2. Group A-1 and A-2 occupancies of other than
Type V construction shall be permitted within mixed occu-
pancy buildings of unlimited area complying with Section
507.3, provided:

1. Group A-1 and A-2 occupancies are separated from
other occupancies as required for separated occupan-
cies in Section 508.4.4 with no reduction allowed in
iht fire-resistance rating of the separation based upon
the installation of an automatic sprinkler system',

2. Each area of the portions of the building used for
Group A-1 or A-2 occupancies shall not exceed the
maximum allowable area permitted for such occu-
pancies in Section 503.1; and

3. All exit doors from Group A-1 and A-2 occupancies
shall discharge directly to the exterior of the building.

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507.4 Two story. The area of a Group B, F, M or S building no
more than two stories above grade plane shall not be limited
when the building is equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and is
surrounded and adjoined by public ways or yards not less than
60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.5 Reduced open space. The public ways or yards of 60
feet (18 288 mm) in width required in Sections 507.2, 507.3,
507.4, 507.6 and 507. 1 1 shall be permitted to be reduced to not
less than 40 feet (12 192 mm) in width provided all of the fol-
lowing requirements are met:

1 . The reduced width shall not be allowed for more than 75
percent of the perimeter of the building.

2. The exterior walls facing the reduced width shall have a
minimum fire-resistance rating of 3 hours.

3. Openings in the exterior walls facing the reduced width
shall have opening protectives with a minimum/ir^/?^-
tection rating of 3 hours.

507.6 Group A-3 buildings of Type II construction. The area
of a Group A-3 building no more than one story above grade
plane, used as a place of religious worship, community hall,
dance hall, exhibition hall, gymnasium, lecture hall, indoor
swimming pool or tennis court of Type II construction, shall
not be limited when all of the following criteria are met:

1 . The building shall not have a stage other than a platform.

2. The building shall be equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1.

3. The building shall be surrounded and adjoined by public
ways ox yards not less than 60 feet ( 1 8 288 mm) in width.

507.7 Group A-3 buildings of Types III and IV construc-
tion. The area of a Group A-3 building no more than one story
above grade plane, used as o. place of religious worship, com-
munity hall, dance hall, exhibition hall, gymnasium, lecture
hall, indoor swimming pool or tennis court of Type III or IV
construction, shall not be limited when all of the following cri-
teria are met:

1 . The building shall not have a stage other than a platform.

2. The building shall be equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1.

3 . The assembly floor shall be located at or within 2 1 inches
(533 mm) of street or grade level and all exits are pro-
vided with ramps complying with Section 1010.1 to the
street or grade level.

4. The building shall be surrounded and adjoined by public
ways ox yards not less than 60 feet (18288 mm) in width.

507.8 Group H occupancies. Group H-2, H-3 and H-4 occu-
pancies shall be permitted in unUmited area buildings containing
Group F and S occupancies, in accordance with Sections 507.3
and 507.4 and the limitations of this section. The aggregate floor
area of the Group H occupancies located at the perimeter of the
unlimited area building shall not exceed 10 percent of the area of
the building nor the area limitations for the Group H occupancies
as specified in Table 503 as modified by Section 506.2, based

upon the percentage of the perimeter of each Group H floor area
that fronts on a street or other unoccupied space. The aggregate
floor area of Group H occupancies not located at the perimeter of
the building shall not exceed 25 percent of the area limitations
for the Group H occupancies as specified in Table 503. Group H
occupancies shall be separated from the rest of the unlimited
area building and from each other in accordance with Table
508.4. For two-story unUmited area buildings, the Group H
occupancies shall not be located more than one story above
grade plane unless permitted by the allowable height in stories
and feet as set forth in Table 503 based on the type of construc-
tion of the unlimited area building.

507.9 Aircraft paint hangar. The area of a Group H-2 aircraft
paint hangar no more than one story above grade plane shall
not be limited where such aircraft paint hangar complies with
the provisions of Section 412.6 and is surrounded and adjoined
hy public ways ox yards not less in width than one and one-half
times the building height,

507.10 Group E buildings. The area of a Group E building no
more than one story above grade plane, of Type IL4, III A or IV
construction, shall not be limited when all of the following cri-
teria are met:

1. Each classroom shall have not less than two means of
egress, with one of the means of egress being a direct exit
to the outside of the building complying with Section
1020.

2. The building is equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3. The building is surrounded and adjoined hy public ways
or yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.11 Motion picture theaters. In buildings of Type 11 con-
struction, the area of a motion picture theater located on the
first story above grade plane shall not be limited when the
building is provided with an automatic sprinkler system
throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and is sur-
rounded and adjoined by public ways or yards not less than 60
feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.12 Covered mall buildings and anchor stores. The area
of covered mall buildings and anchor stores not exceeding
three stories in height that comply with Section 402.6 shall not
be limited.

SECTION 508
MIXED USE AND OCCUPANCY

508.1 General. Each portion of a building shall be individually
classified in accordance with Section 302,1. Where a building
contains more than one occupancy group, the building or por-
tion thereof shall comply with the applicable provisions of Sec-
tion 508.2, 508.3 or 508.4, or a combination of these sections.

Exceptions:

1. Occupancies separated in accordance with Section
509.

2. Where required by Table 415.3.2, areas of Group
H-1, H-2 and H-3 occupancies shall be located in a
separate and detached building or structure.

154

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3. Uses within live/work units, complying with Section
419, are not considered separate occupancies.

508.2 Accessory occupancies. Accessory occupancies are
those occupancies that are ancillary to the main occupancy of the
building or portion thereof. Accessory occupancies shall com-
ply with the provisions of Sections 508.2.1 through 508.2.5.3.

508.2.1 Area limitations. Aggregate accessory occupan-
cies shall not occupy more than 10 percent of the building
area of the story in which they are located and shall not
exceed the tabular values in Table 503, without building
area increases in accordance with Section 506 for such
accessory occupancies.

508.2.2 Occupancy classification. Accessory occupancies
shall be individually classified in accordance with Section
302. 1 . The requirements of this code shall apply to each por-
tion of the building based on the occupancy classification of
that space.

508.2.3 Allowable building area and height. The allowable
building area and height of the building shall be based on the
allowable building area and height for the main occupancy in
accordance with Section 503.1. The height of each accessory
occupancy shall not exceed the tabular values in Table 503,
without increases in accordance with Section 504 for such
accessory occupancies. The building area of the accessory
occupancies shall be in accordance with Section 508.2.1.

508.2.4 Separation of occupancies. No separation is
required between accessory occupancies and the main
occupancy.

Exceptions:

1. Group H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, 7-2, 12,1 1-3 and L
occupancies shall be separated from all other occu-
pancies in accordance with Section 508.4.

2. Incidental accessory occupancies required to be
separated or protected by Section 508.2.5.

3. Group R-1, R-2, R-2,1 and R-3 dwelling units and
sleeping units shall be separated from other dwell-
ing or sleeping units and from accessory occupan-
cies contiguous to them in accordance with the
requirements of Section 420.

508.2.5 Separation of incidental accessory occupancies.

The incidental accessory occupancies listed in Table
508.2.5 shall be separated from the remainder of the build-
ing or equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing sys-
tem, or both, in accordance with Table 508.2.5.

Exception: Incidental accessory occupancies within and
serving a dwelling unit are not required to comply with
this section.

508.2.5.1 Fire- resistance-rated separation. Where
Table 508.2.5 specifies a fire-resistance-rated separa-
tion, the incidental accessory occupancies shall be sepa-
rated from the remainder of the building by difire barrier
constructed in accordance with Section 707 or a horizon-
tal assembly constructed in accordance with Section
712, or both. Construction supporting 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated fire barriers or horizontal assemblies used

for incidental accessory occupancy separations in build-
ings of Type JIB, IIIB and VB construction are not
required to be fire-resistance rated unless required by
other sections of this code.

508.2.5.2 Nonfire-resistance-rated separation and
protection. Where Table 508.2.5 permits an automatic
fire-extinguishing system without difire barrier, the inci-
dental accessory occupancies shall be separated from the
remainder of the building by construction capable of
resisting the passage of smoke. The walls shall extend
from the top of the foundation or floor assembly below to
the underside of the ceiling that is a component of a
fire-resistance-rated floor assembly or roof assembly
above or to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing,
deck or slab above. Doors shall be self- or automatic-
closing upon detection of smoke in accordance with Sec-
tion 7 15.4.8.3. Doors shall not have air transfer openings
and shall not be undercut in excess of the clearance per-
mitted in accordance with NFPA 80. Walls surrounding
the incidental accessory occupancy shall not have air
transfer openings unless provided with smoke dampers
in accordance with Section 711.7.

508.2.5.3 Protection. Except as specified in Table
508.2.5 for certain incidental accessory occupancies,
where an automatic fire-extinguishing system or an
automatic sprinkler system is provided in accordance
with Table 508.2.5, only the space occupied by the inci-
dental accessory occupancy need be equipped with such
a system.

508.3 Nonseparated occupancies. Buildings or portions of
buildings that comply with the provisions of this section shall
be considered as nonseparated occupancies.

508.3.1 Occupancy classification. Nonseparated occupan-
cies shall be individually classified in accordance with Sec-
tion 302. 1 . The requirements of this code shall apply to each
portion of the building based on the occupancy classifica-
tion of that space except that the most restrictive applicable
provisions of Section 403 and Chapter 9 shall apply to the
building or portion thereof in which the nonseparated occu-
pancies are located.

508.3.2 Allowable building area and height. The allow-
able building area and height of the building or portion
thereof shall be based on the most restrictive allowances for
the occupancy groups under consideration for the type of
construction of the building in accordance with Section
503,1.

508.3.3 Separation. No separation is required between
nonseparated occupancies.

Exceptions:

1. Group H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, 1-2, 1-2.1 IS and L
occupancies shall be separated from all other occu-
pancies in accordance with Section 508.4.

2. Group R-1, R-2, R-2.1 and R-3 dwelling units and
sleeping units shall be separated from other dwell-
ing or sleeping units and from other occupancies
contiguous to them in accordance with the require-
ments of Section 420.

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TABLE 508.2.5
INCIDENTAL ACCESSORY OCCUPANCIES

ROOM OR AREA

SEPARATION AND/OR PROTECTION

Furnace room where any piece of equipment is over 400,000 Btu per hour input

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system"

Rooms with boilers where the largest piece of equipment is over 15 psi and 10
horsepower

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system''

Refrigerant machinery room

1 hour or provide automatic sprinkler system'^

Hydrogen cutoff rooms, not classified as Group H

1 hour in Group B, F, M, S and U occupancies; 2 hours in
Group A, E, I and R occupancies.

Incinerator rooms

2 hours and automatic sprinkler system

Paint shops, not classified as Group H, located in occupancies other than Group
F

2 hours; or 1 hour and provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system

Laboratories and vocational shops, not classified as Group H, located in a Group
1-2 and 1-2. 1 occupancy

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system^

[SFM] Rooms or areas with special hazards such as laboratories, vocational
shops and other such areas not classified as Group H, located in Group E
occupancies where hazardous materials in quantities not exceeding the
maximum allowable quantity are used or stored.

1 hour

Laundry rooms over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system""

Storage rooms over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system"

Group 1-2 and 1-2.1 waste and linen collection rooms

1 hour^

Waste and linen collection rooms over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic fire-extinguishing system"

Stationary storage battery systems having a liquid electrolyte capacity of more
than 50 gallons, or a lithium-ion capacity of 1,000 pounds used for facility
standby power, emergency power or uninterrupted power supplies

1 hour in Group B, F, M, S and U occupancies; 2 hours in
Group A, E, I and R occupancies."

Rooms containing fire pumps in nonhigh-rise buildings

2 hours; or 1 hour and provide automatic sprinkler system
throughout the building

Rooms containing fire pumps in high-rise buildings

2 hours

For SI; 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 pound per square inch (psi) = 6.9 kPa, 1 British thermal unit (Btu) per hour = 0.293 watts, 1 horsepower = 746 watts,

1 gallon = 3.785 L.
a. [SFM] Fire barrier protection and automatic sprinkler protection required throughout the fire area in 1-2 and 1-2 A occupancies as indicated.

508.4 Separated occupancies. Buildings or portions of build-
ings that comply with the provisions of this section shall be
considered as separated occupancies.

508.4.1 Occupancy classification. Separated occupancies
shall be individually classified in accordance v^ith Section
302.1. Each separated space shall comply with this code
based on the occupancy classification of that portion of the
building.

508.4.2 Allowable building area. In each story, the build-
ing area shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the actual
building area of each separated occupancy divided by the
allowable building area of each separated occupancy shall
not exceed 1.

508.4.3 Allowable height. Each separated occupancy shall
comply with the building height limitations based on the
type of construction of the building in accordance with Sec-
tion 503.1.

Exception: Special provisions permitted by Section
509.

508.4.4 Separation. Individual occupancies shall be sepa-
rated from adjacent occupancies in accordance with Table

508.4.

508.4.4.1 Construction. Required separations shall be
fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707
or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with
Section 712, or both, so as to completely separate adja-
cent occupancies.

SECTION 509
SPECIAL PROVISIONS

509.1 General. The provisions in this section shall permit the
use of special conditions that are exempt from, or modify, the
specific requirements of this chapter regarding the allowable
heights and areas of buildings based on the occupancy classifi-
cation and type of construction, provided the special condition
complies with the provisions specified in this section for such
condition and other applicable requirements of this code. The
provisions of Sections 509.2 through 509.8 are to be consid-
ered independent and separate from each other.

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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TABLE 508.4
REQUIRED SEPARATION OF OCCUPANCIES (HOURS)

OCCUPANCY

A^E

1-4, R-2.7

1-2, /-2.r

1-3

R-1, R-2,

f?-3, R-3.1,

R-4

F-2, S-2'', U

B,F-19,M,
S-1

H-1

H-2

H-3, H-4,
H-5

A^E

1-4, R-2.1

1-2,1-2 J

—

R-1, R-2, R-3,
R-3.h R-4

2^=

F-2, S-2^ U

—

B,F-1,M,

S-1

—

H-1

—

H-2

—

H-3, H-4, H-5

—

ie,f

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml

S = Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

NS = Buildings not equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

N = No separation requirement.

NP - Not permitted.

a. For Group H-5 occupancies, see Section 903.2.5.2.

b. The required separation from areas used only for private or pleasure vehicles shall be reduced by 1 hour but to not less than 1 hour.

c. See Section 406.1,4.

d. Commercial kitchens need not be separated from the restaurant seating areas that they serve.

e. Separation is not required between occupancies of the same classification.

f. For H-5 occupancies, see Section 415.8.2.2.

g. [SFM] Group I and Fl occupancies and Group R-2.1 and F-1 occupancies shall have a 3 -hour separation.

509.2 Horizontal building separation allowance. A building
shall be considered as separate and distinct buildings for the
purpose of determining area limitations, continuity of fire
walls, limitation of number of stories and type of construction
where all of the following conditions are met:

1 . The buildings are separated with a horizontal assembly
having a minimum 3-hour fire-resistance rating.

2. The building below the horizontal assembly is no more
than one story above grade plane.

3. The building below the horizontal assembly is of Type
lA construction.

4. Shaft, stairway, ramp and escalator enclosures through
the horizontal assembly shall have not less than a 2-hour
fire-resistance rating with opening protectives in accor-
dance with Section 715.4.

Exception: Where the enclosure walls below the hor-
izontal assembly have not less than a 3-\io\xx fire-resis-
tance rating with opening protectives in accordance
with Section 715.4, the enclosure walls extending
above the horizontal assembly shall be permitted to
have a l-hom fire-resistance rating, provided:

1 . The building above the horizontal assembly is
not required to be of Type I construction;

2. The enclosure connects less than four stories;
and

3. The enclosure opening protectives above the
horizontal assembly have a minimum 1-hour
fire protection rating.

5. The building or buildings above the horizontal assembly
shall be permitted to have multiple Group A occupancy
uses, each with an occupant load of less than 300, or
Group B, M, R or S occupancies.

6. The building below the horizontal assembly shall be pro-
tected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and shall
be permitted to be any of the following occupancies:

6.1. Group S-2 parking garage used for the parking
and storage of private motor vehicles;

6.2. Multiple Group A, each with an occupant load of
less than 300;

6.3. Group B;

6.4. Group M;

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6.5. Group R; and

6.6. Uses incidental to the operation of the building
(including entry lobbies, mechanical rooms,
storage areas and similar uses).

7. The maximum building height in feet (mm) shall not
exceed the limits set forth in Section 503 for the building
having the smaller allowable height as measured from
the grade plane,

509.3 Group S-2 enclosed parking garage with Group S-2
open parking garage above. A Group S-2 enclosed parking
garage with no more than one story above grade plane and
located below a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be classi-
fied as a separate and distinct building for the purpose of deter-
mining the type of construction where all of the following
conditions are met:

1 . The allowable area of the building shall be such that the
sum of the ratios of the actual area divided by the allow-
able area for each separate occupancy shall not exceed 1 .

2. The Group S-2 enclosed parking garage is of Type I or II
construction and is at least equal to the fire-resistance
requirements of the Group S-2 open parking garage.

3 . The height and the number of tiers of the Group S-2 open
parking garage shall be limited as specified in Table
406.3.5.

4. The floor assembly separating the Group S-2 enclosed
parking garage and Group S-2 open parking garage shall
be protected as required for the floor assembly of the
Group S-2 enclosed parking garage. Openings between
the Group S-2 enclosed parking garage and Group S-2
open parking garage, except exit openings, shall not be
required to be protected.

5. The Group S-2 enclosed parking garage is used exclu-
sively for the parking or storage of private motor vehi-
cles, but shall be permitted to contain an office, waiting
room and toilet room having a total area of not more than
1,000 square feet (93 m^), and mechanical equipment
rooms incidental to the operation of the building.

509.4 Parking beneath Group R. Where a maximum one story
above grade plane Group S-2 parking garage, enclosed or open,
or combination thereof, of Type I construction or open of Type
rV construction, with grade entrance, is provided under a build-
ing of Group R, the number of stories to be used in determining
the minimum type of construction shall be measured from the
floor above such a parking area. The floor assembly between the
parking garage and the Group R above shall comply with the
type of construction required for the parking garage and shall
also provide a fire-resistance rating not less than the mixed
occupancy separation required in Section 508.4.

509.5 Group R-1 and R-2 buildings of Type IIIA construc-
tion. The height limitation for buildings of Type IIIA construc-
tion in Groups R-1 and R-2 shall be increased to six stories and
75 feet (22 860 mm) where the first floor assembly above the
basement has a. fire-resistance rating of not less than 3 hours
and the floor area is subdivided by 2-hour fire-resistance-rated
fire walls into areas of not more than 3,000 square feet (279
m2).

509.6 Group R-1 and R-2 buildings of Type IIA construc-
tion. The height limitation for buildings of Type IIA construc-
tion in Groups R-1 and R-2 shall be increased to nine stories
and 100 feet (30 480 mm) where the building is separated by
not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from any other building on
the lot and from lot lines, the exits are segregated in an area
enclosed by a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated^re wall and the first
floor assembly has afire-resistance rating of not less than 1 Vj
hours.

509.7 Open parking garage beneath Groups A, I, B, M and

R. Open parking garages constructed under Groups A, I, B, M
and R shall not exceed the height and area limitations permitted
under Section 406.3. The height and area of the portion of the
building above the open parking garage shall not exceed the
limitations in Section 503 for the upper occupancy. The height,
in both feet and stories, of the portion of the building above the
open parking garage shall be measured from grade plane and
shall include both the open parking garage and the portion of
the building above the parking garage.

509.7.1 Fire separation. Fire barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712 between the
parking occupancy and the upper occupancy shall corre-
spond to the r&quired fire-resistance rating prescribed in
Table 508.4 for the uses involved. The type of construction
shall apply to each occupancy individually, except that
structural members, including main bracing within the open
parking structure, which is necessary to support the upper
occupancy, shall be protected with the more restrictive
fire-resistance-rated assemblies of the groups involved as
shown in Table 601. Means of egress for the upper occu-
pancy shall conform to Chapter 10 and shall be separated
from the parking occupancy by fire barriers having at least a
2-hour fire-resistance rating as required by Section 706
with self-closing doors complying with Section 7 15 or hori-
zontal assemblies having at least a 2-hour fire-resistance
rating as required by Section 712, with self-closing doors
complying with Section 715. Means of egress from the open
parking garage shall comply with Section 406.3.

509.8 Group B or M with Group S-2 open parking garage.

Group B or M occupancies located no higher than the first story
above grade plane shall be considered as a separate and distinct
building for the purpose of determining the type of construc-
tion where all of the following conditions are met:

1. The buildings are separated with a horizontal assembly
having a minimum l-hour fire-resistance rating,

2. The occupancies in the building below the horizontal
assembly are limited to Groups B and M.

3. The occupancy above the horizontal assembly is limited
to a Group S-2 open parking garage,

4. The building below the horizontal assembly is of Type I
or II construction but not less than the type of construc-
tion required for the Group S-2 open parking garage
above.

5. The height and area of the building below the horizontal
assembly does not exceed the limits set forth in Section

503.

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6. The height and area of the Group S-2 open parking
garage does not exceed the limits set forth in Section
406.3. The height, in both feet and stories, of the Group
S-2 open parking garage shall be measured from grade
plane and shall include the building below the horizontal
assembly.

7. Exits serving the Group S-2 open parking garage dis-
charge directly to a street or public way and are separated
from the building below the horizontal assembly by
2-\\o\xv fire barriers constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 707 or 2-hour horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 712, or both.

509.9 Multiple buildings above Group S-2 parking garages.

Where two or more buildings are provided above the horizon-
tal assembly separating a Group S-2 open or closed parking
garage from the buildings above in accordance with the special
provisions in Sections 509.2, 509.3 or 509.8, the buildings
above the horizontal assembly shall be regarded as separate
and distinct buildings from each other and shall comply with all
other provisions of this code as applicable to each separate and
distinct building.

509.10 Group R. [SFM] Buildings housing protective social-
care homes or in occupancies housing inmates who are not
restrained need not be of one-hour fire- resistive construction
when not more than two stories in height. In no case shall indi-
vidual floor areas exceed 3,000 square feet (279 m^). The
fire-resistive protection of the exterior walls shall not be less
than one hour where such walls are located within 5 feet (1524
mm) of the property line. Openings within such walls are not
permitted. Openings in exterior nonrated walls need not be
protected.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

159

160 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 6 - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire ciiapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Table 601

Table 602

603.1

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.1 1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

161

162 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 6

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 601
GENERAL

601.1 Scope, The provisions of this chapter shall control the
classification of buildings as to type of construction.

SECTION 602
CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION

602.1 General. Buildings and structures erected or to be
erected, altered or extended in height or area shall be classified
in one of the five construction types defined in Sections 602.2
through 602.5, The building elements shall have d. fire-resis-
tance rating not less than that specified in Table 601 and exte-
rior walls shall have sl fire-resistance rating not less than that
specified in Table 602. Where required to have ^fire-resistance
rating by Table 601, building elements shall comply with the
applicable provisions of Section 703.2. The protection of open-

ings, ducts and air transfer openings in building elements shall
not be required unless required by other provisions of this code.

602.1.1 Minimum requirements. A building or portion
thereof shall not be required to conform to the details of a
type of construction higher than that type which meets the
minimum requirements based on occupancy even though
certain features of such a building actually conform to a
higher type of construction.

602.2 Types I and II. Types I and II construction are those
types of construction in which the building elements listed in
Table 601 are of noncombustible materials, except as permitted
in Section 603 and elsewhere in this code.

602.3 Type III. Type III construction is that type of construc-
tion in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materi-
als and the interior building elements are of any material
permitted by this code. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing
complying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exte-
rior wall assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.

TABLE 601
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (hours)

BUILDING ELEMENT

TYPE!

TYPEN

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPEV

A*^

Primary structural framed
(see Section 202)

Bearing walls
Exterior^' g
Interior

3
3a

2
2^

1
1

2
1

2
1/HT

1
1

Nonbearing walls and partitions
Exterior

See Table 602

Nonbearing walls and partitions
Interior^

See Section 602.4.6

Floor construction and secondary
members (see Section 202)

Roof construction and secondary
members (see Section 202)

iVj''

lb,c

O'^

lb,c

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Roof supports: Fire-resistance ratings of primary structural frame and bearing walls are permitted to be reduced by 1 hour where supporting a roof only.

i)7. Except in Group A, E, F- 1, H, /, L, M, R-l,R-2, R-2. 1 and S-1 occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regulatedby the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, fire protection of structural members shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof
construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected mem-
bers.

b2. For Group A, E, I, L, R-1, R-2, and R-2. 1 occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regulatedby the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, fire protection of members other than the structural frame shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the
roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected
members.

b3. One-story portions of Group A and E assembly occupancies the roof-framing system of Type 11 A or Type 111 A construction may be of unprotected construction
when such roof-framing system is open to the assembly area and does not contain concealed spaces.

c. In all occupancies, heavy timber shall be allowed where a 1-hour or less fire-resistance rating is required.

d. An approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 shall be allowed to be substituted for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction, pro-
vided such system is not otherwise required by other provisions of the code or used for an allowable area increase in accordance with Section 506.3 or an allowable
height increase in accordance with Section 504.2. The l-hour substitution for the fire resistance of exterior walls shall not be permitted.

e. Not less than the fire-resistance rating required by other sections of this code.

f. Not less than the fire-resistance rating based on fire separation distance (see Table 602).

g. Not less than the fire-resistance rating as referenced in Section 704.10

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

163

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

602.4 Type IV. Type IV construction (Heavy Timber, HT) is
that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of
noncombustible materials and the interior building elements
are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces. The
details of Type IV construction shall comply with the provi-
sions of this section. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing
complying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exte-
rior wall assemblies with a 2-hour rating or less. Minimum
solid sawn nominal dimensions are required for structures built
using Type IV construction (HT). For glued-laminated mem-
bers the equivalent net finished width and depths correspond-
ing to the minimum nominal width and depths of solid sawn
lumber are required as specified in Table 602.4.

602.4.1 Columns. Wood columns shall be sawn or glued
laminated and shall not be less than 8 inches (203 mm),
nominal, in any dimension where supporting floor loads and
not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nominal in width and not
less than 8 inches (203 mm) nominal in depth where sup-
porting roof and ceiling loads only. Columns shall be con-

tinuous or superimposed and connected in an approved
manner.

602.4.2 Floor framing. Wood beams and girders shall be of
sawn or glued-laminated timber and shall be not less than 6
inches (152 mm) nominal in width and not less than 10
inches (254 mm) nominal in depth. Framed sawn or
glued-laminated timber arches, which spring from the floor
line and support floor loads, shall be not less than 8 inches
(203 mm) nominal in any dimension. Framed timber trusses
supporting floor loads shall have members of not less than 8
inches (203 mm) nominal in any dimension.

602.4.3 Roof framing. Wood-frame or glued-laminated
arches for roof construction, which spring from the floor
line or from grade and do not support floor loads, shall have
members not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nominal in width
and have not less than 8 inches (203 mm) nominal in depth
for the lower half of the height and not less than 6 inches
(152 mm) nominal in depth for the upper half. Framed or
glued-laminated arches for roof construction that spring

TABLE 602
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR WALLS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE^ »

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE ^ X
(feet)

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPANCY
GROUP H^ L

OCCUPANCY
GROUP F-1,M,S-1

OCCUPANCY
GROUP A, B, E, F-2, 1, R^ S-29, U'^' "

x<5^

All

5<x<10

lA
Others

2
1

1
1

10<x<30

IA,IB
IIB,VB
Others

2
1
1

l'^

x>30

All

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Load-bearing exterior walls shall also comply with the fire-resistance rating requirements of Table 601.

b. For special requirements for Group U occupancies, see Section 406. 1 .2.

c. See Section 706. 1 . 1 for party walls.

d. Open parking garages complying with Section 406 shall not be required to have a fire-resistance rating.

e. The fire-resistance rating of an exterior wall is determined based upon the fire separation distance of the exterior wall and the story in which the wall is located.

f. For special requirements for Group H occupancies, see Section 415.3.

g. For special requirements for Group S aircraft hangars, see Section 412.4.1.

h. Group R-3 and Group U occupancies when used as accessory to Group R-3 occupancies, shall not be required to have afire-resistance rating where the fire sepa-
ration distance is 5 feet or more; or when equipped throughout with an automatic residential fire sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3 the
fire-resistance rating shall not be required where the fire separation distance is 3 feet or more.

TABLE 602.4
WOOD MEMBER SIZE

MINIMUM NOMINAL SOLID SAWN SIZE

MINIMUM GLUED-LAMINATED NET SIZE

Width, inch

Depth, inch

Width, Inch

Depth, inch

. 63/,

10V2

8V4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

164

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

from the top of walls or wall abutments, framed timber
trusses and other roof framing, which do not support floor
loads, shall have members not less than 4 inches (102 mm)
nominal in width and not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nomi-
nal in depth. Spaced members shall be permitted to be com-
posed of two or more pieces not less than 3 inches (76 mm)
nominal in thickness where blocked solidly throughout
their intervening spaces or where spaces are tightly closed
by a continuous wood cover plate of not less than 2 inches
(5 1 nmi) nominal in thickness secured to the underside of
the members. Splice plates shall be not less than 3 inches (76
mm) nominal in thickness. Where protected by approved
automatic sprinklers under the roof deck, framing members
shall be not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nominal in width.

602.4.4 Floors. Roors shall be without concealed spaces.
Wood floors shall be of sawn or glued-laminated planks,
splined or tongue-and-groove, of not less than 3 inches (76
mm) nominal in thickness covered with 1-inch (25 nmi)
nominal dimension tongue-and-groove flooring, laid cross-
wise or diagonally, or 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) particleboard or
planks not less than 4 inches (102 mm) nominal in width set
on edge close together and well spiked and covered with
1-inch (25 mm) nominal dimension flooring or ^V32-inch
(12 mm) wood structural panel or 0.5-inch (12.7 mm)
particleboard. The lumber shall be laid so that no continu-
ous line of joints will occur except at points of support.
Floors shall not extend closer than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) to
walls. Such 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) space shall be covered by a
molding fastened to the wall and so arranged that it will not
obstruct the swelling or shrinkage movements of the floor.
Corbeling of masonry walls under the floor shall be permit-
ted to be used in place of molding.

602.4.5 Roofs. Roofs shall be without concealed spaces and
wood roof decks shall be sawn or glued laminated, splined
or tongue-and-groove plank, not less than 2 inches (5 1 mm)
nominal in thickness, 1 Vg-inch-thick (32 mm) wood struc-
tural panel (exterior glue), or of planks not less than 3 inches
(76 mm) nominal in width, set on edge close together and
laid as required for floors. Other types of decking shall be
permitted to be used if providing equivalent yzr^g resistance
and structural properties.

602.4.6 Partitions. Partitions shall be of solid wood con-
struction formed by not less than two layers of 1-inch (25
mm) matched boards or laminated construction 4 inches
(102 mm) thick, or of 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion.

602.4.7 Exterior structural members. Where a horizontal
separation of 20 feet (6096 mm) or more is provided, wood
columns and arches conforming to heavy timber sizes shall
be permitted to be used externally.

602.5 Type V. Type V construction is that type of construction
in which the structural elements, exterior walls and interior
walls are of any materials permitted by this code.

SECTION 603

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN TYPE I

AND II CONSTRUCTION

603.1 Allowable materials. Combustible materials shall be
permitted in buildings of Type I or II construction in the follow-
ing applications and in accordance with Sections 603.1.1
through 603.1.3:

1. Thermal and acoustical insulation, other than foam
plastics, having di flame spread index of not more than

25.

Exceptions:

1. Insulation placed between two layers of
noncombustible materials without an interven-
ing airspace shall be allowed to have aflame
spread index of not more than 100.

2. Insulation installed between a finished floor
and solid decking without intervening airspace
shall be allowed to have aflame spread index of
not more than 200.

2. Foam plastics in accordance with Chapter 26.

3. Roof coverings that have an A, B or C classification.

4. Interior floor finish and floor covering materials
installed in accordance with Section 804.

5. Millwork such as doors, door frames, window sashes
and frames.

6. Interior wall and ceiling finishes installed in accor-
dance with Sections 801 and 803.

7. Trim installed in accordance with Section 806.

8. Where not installed over 15 feet (4572 mm) above
grade, show windows, nailing or furring strips and
wooden bulkheads below show windows, including
their frames, aprons and show cases.

9. Finish flooring installed in accordance with Section
805.

10. Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices or similar
places occupied by one tenant only and that do not
establish a corridor serving an occupant load of 30 or
more shall be permitted to be constructed of fire -retar-
dant-treated wood, 1-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction or of wood panels or similar light construction
up to 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.

11. Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with
Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively.

12. Combustible exterior wall coverings, balconies and
similar projections and bay or oriel windows in accor-
dance with Chapter 14.

13. Blocking such as for handrails, millwork, cabinets and
window and door frames.

14. Light-transmitting plastics as permitted by Chapter 26.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

165

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

1 5 . Mastics and caulking materials applied to provide flex-
ible seals between components of exterior wall con-
struction.

16. Exterior plastic veneer installed in accordance with
Section 2605.2.

17. Nailing or furring strips as permitted by Section
803.11.

18. Heavy timber as permitted by Note c to Table 601 and
Sections 602.4.7 and 1406.3.

19. Aggregates, component materials and admixtures as
permitted by Section 703.2.2.

20. Sprayed fire-resistant materials and intumescent and
mastic fire-resistant coatings, determined on the basis
of fire -resistance tests in accordance with Section
703.2 and installed in accordance with Sections

1704.12 and 1704.13, respectively.

21. Materials used to protect penetrations in fire-resis-
tance-rated assemblies in accordance with Section 713.

22. Materials used to protect joints in fire-resistance-rated
assemblies in accordance with Section 714.

23. Materials allowed in the concealed spaces of buildings
of Types I and II construction in accordance with Sec-
tion 717.5.

24. Materials exposed within plenums complying with
Section 602 of the California Mechanical Code.

25. Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be permitted in:

25.1. Nonbearing partitions where the required
fire-resistance rating is 2 hours or less.

25.2. Nonbearing exterior walls where no fire rating
is required.

25.3. Roof construction, including girders, trusses,
framing and decking.

Exception: In buildings of Type lA construc-
tion exceeding two stories above grade plane,
fire-retardant-treated wood is not permitted in
roof construction when the vertical distance
from the upper floor to the roof is less than 20
feet (6096 mm).

603.1.1 Ducts. The use of nonmetallic ducts shall be per-
mitted when installed in accordance with the limitations of
the California Mechanical Code.

603.1.2 Piping. The use of combustible piping materials
shall be permitted when installed in accordance with the
limitations of the California Mechanical Code and the Cali-
fornia Plumbing Code.

603.1.3 Electrical. The use of electrical wiring methods
with combustible insulation, tubing, raceways and related
components shall be permitted when installed in accor-
dance with the limitations of the California Electrical Code.

166

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 7 - FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

Adopting agency

BBC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (aniended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

702,1

Fire-smoke Barrier

705.2.3

705.5

705.8.5

Table 706.3.9

Table 706.4

Table 707.3.9

708.2

708.14.1

709.1

709.4

710.5

711.2

711.7

715.4.3

715.4.4

715.4.4.1

715.4.6.1

715.4.7.3

715.4.8.3

716.2.2

716.5.2

716.5.4

716.5.4.1

716.6.1

716.6.2

716.6.3

717.3.3

717.4.3

717.5

719.1

719.7

720.2

720.2.1

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section LIL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

167

168 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 7

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

SECTION 701
GENERAL

701.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the
materials, systems and assemblies used for structural^r^ resis-
tance and fire- resistance-rated construction separation of adja-
cent spaces to safeguard against the spread of fire and smoke
within a building and the spread of fire to or from buildings.

SECTION 702
DEFINITIONS

702.1 DeHnitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter, and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

ANNULAR SPACE. The opening around the penetrating
item.

BUILDING ELEMENT. A fundamental component of build-
ing construction, listed in Table 601, which may or may not be
of fire-resistance-rated construction and is constructed of
materials based on the building type of construction.

CEILING RADLVTION DAMPER. A listed device installed
in a ceiling membrane of a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or
roof/ceiling assembly to limit automatically the radiative heat
transfer through an air inlet/outlet opening.

COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER. A listed
device installed in ducts and air transfer openings designed to
close automatically upon the detection of heat and resist the
passage of flame and smoke. The device is installed to operate
automatically, controlled by a smoke detection system, and
where required, is capable of being positioned from a fire com-
mand center.

DAMPER. See ''Ceiling radiation damper'' ''Combination
fire/smoke damper^ "Fire damper'' and "Smoke damper."

DRAFTSTOP. A material, device or construction installed to
restrict the movement of mi within open spaces of concealed
areas of building components such as crawl spaces, floor/ceil-
ing assemblies, roof/ceiling assemblies and attics,

F RATING. The time period that the through-penetration
firestop system limits the spread of fire through the penetration
when tested in accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479.

FIRE BARRIER. A fire-resistance-rated wall assembly of
materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which conti-
nuity is maintained.

FIRE DAMPER. A listed device installed in ducts and air
transfer openings designed to close automatically upon detec-
tion of heat and resist the passage of flame. Fire dampers are
classified for use in either static systems that will automatically
shut down in the event of a fire, or in dynamic systems that con-
tinue to operate during a fire. A dynamic ^zre damper is tested
and rated for closure under elevated temperature airflow.

FIRE DOOR. The door component of Sifire door assembly.

FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. Any combination of Sifire door,
frame, hardware and other accessories that together provide a
specific degree of fire protection to the opening.

FIRE PARTITION. A vertical assembly of materials
designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are pro-
tected.

FIRE PROTECTION RATING. The period of time that an
opening protective will maintain the ability to confine a fire as
determined by tests prescribed in Section 715. Ratings are
stated in hours or minutes,

FIRE RESISTANCE. That property of materials or then-
assemblies that prevents or retards the passage of excessive
heat, hot gases or flames under conditions of use.

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING. The period of time a build-
ing element, component or assembly maintains the ability to
confine a fire, continues to perform a given structural function,
or both, as determined by the tests, or the methods based on
tests, prescribed in Section 703.

FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEM. An assemblage of
specific materials or products that are designed, tested and
fire-resistance rated in accordance with either ASTM E 1 966 or
UL 2079 to resist for a prescribed period of time the passage of
fire through joints made in or between fire-resistance-rated
assemblies.

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE. The distance measured
from the building face to one of the following:

1 . The closest interior lot line\

2. To the centerline of a street, an alley or public way; or

3 . To an imaginary line between two buildings on the prop-
erty.

The distance shall be measured at right angles from the face
of the wall.

FIRE-SMOKE BARRIER. A fire-resistance-rated wall
assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in
which continuity is maintained in accordance with Section 707
and that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement
of smoke in accordance with Section 710.

FIRE WALL. A fire-resistance-rated wall having protected
openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends contin-
uously from the foundation to or through the roof, with suffi-
cient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse
of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.

FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY. A window constructed and
glazed to give protection against the passage of fire.

FIREBLOCKING. Building materials or materials for use as
fireblocking, installed to resist the free passage of flame to
other areas of the building through concealed spaces.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

169

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

FLOOR FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. A combination of 2ifire
door, a frame, hardware and other accessories installed in a hor-
izontal plane, which together provide a specific degree of fire
protection to a through-opening in a fire-resistance-rated floor

(see Section 712.8).

HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY. A fire-resistance-rated floor
or roof assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of
fire in which continuity is maintained.

JOINT. The linear opening in or between adjacent fire-resis-
tance-rated assemblies that is designed to allow independent
movement of the building in any plane caused by thermal, seis-
mic, wind or any other loading.

MEMBRANE PENETRATION. An opening made through
one side (wall, floor or ceiling membrane) of an assembly.

MEMBRANE-PENETRATION FIRESTOP. A material,
device or construcfion installed to resist for a prescribed time
period the passage of flame and heat through openings in a pro-
tective membrane in order to accommodate cables, cable trays,
conduit, tubing, pipes or similar items.

MINERAL FIBER. Insulation composed principally of fibers
manufactured from rock, slag or glass, with or without binders.

MINERAL WOOL. Synthetic vitreous fiber insulation made
by melting predominately igneous rock or furnace slag, and
other inorganic materials, and then physically forming the melt
into fibers.

PENETRATION FIRESTOP. A through-penetration
firestop or a membrane-penetration firestop,

SELF-CLOSING. As applied to difire door or other opening
protective, means equipped with an device that will ensure
closing after having been opened.

SHAFT. An enclosed space extending through one or more
stories of a building, connecting vertical openings in succes-
sive floors, or floors and roof.

SHAFT ENCLOSURE. The walls or construction forming
the boundaries of a shaft.

SMOKE BARRIER. A continuous membrane, either vertical
or horizontal, such as a wall, floor or ceiling assembly, that is
designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.

SMOKE COMPARTMENT. A space within a building
enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and
bottom.

SMOKE DAMPER. A listed dtVict installed in ducts and air
transfer openings designed to resist the passage of smoke. The
device is installed to operate automatically, controlled by a
smoke detection system, and where required, is capable of
being positioned from a fire command center.

SPLICE. The result of a factory and/or field method of joining
or connecting two or more lengths of 2i fire-resistant joint sys-
tem into a continuous entity.

T RATING. The time period that the penetration firestop sys-
tem, including the penetrating item, limits the maximum tem-
perature rise to 325°F (163°C) above its initial temperature
through the penetration on the nonfire side when tested in
accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479.

THROUGH PENETRATION. An opening that passes
through an entire assembly.

THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM. An

assemblage of specific materials or products that are designed,
tested and fire-resistance rated to resist for a prescribed period
of time the spread of fire through penetrations. The F and T rat-
ing criteria for penetration firestop systems shall be in accor-
dance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479. See definitions of "F
rating" and "T rating."

SECTION 703
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS AND FIRE TESTS

703.1 Scope. Materials prescribed herein for fire resistance
shall conform to the requirements of this chapter.

703.2 Fire-resistance ratings. The fire-resistance rating of
building elements, components or assemblies shall be deter-
mined in accordance with the test procedures set forth in
ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 or in accordance with Section 703.3.
Where materials, systems or devices that have not been tested
as part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly are incorporated into
the building element, component or assembly, sufficient data
shall be made available to the building official to show that the
required fire-resistance rating is not reduced. Materials and
methods of construction used to protect joints and penetrations
in fire-resistance-rated building elements, components or
assemblies shall not reduce the v^c^mro^d fire-resistance rating.

Exception: In determining the fire-resistance rating of
exterior bearing walls, compliance with the ASTM E 1 19 or
UL 263 criteria for unexposed surface temperature rise and
ignition of cotton waste due to passage of flame or gases is
required only for a period of time corresponding to the
required fire-resistance rating of an exterior nonbearing
wall with the samey?r^ separation distance, and in a build-
ing of the same group. When the fire-resistance rating
determined in accordance with this exception exceeds the
fire-resistance rating determined in accordance with ASTM
E 1 19 or UL 263, the fire exposure time period, water pres-
sure and application duration criteria for the hose stream test
of ASTM E 119 or UL 263 shall be based upon the
fire-resistance rating determined in accordance with this
exception.

703.2.1 Nonsymmetrical wall construction. Interior walls
and partitions of nonsymmetrical construction shall be
tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and the
diS^ign^d fire-resistance rating shall be the shortest duration
obtained from the two tests conducted in compliance with
ASTM E 119 or UL 263. When evidence is furnished to
show that the wall was tested with the least fire-resistant side
exposed to the furnace, subject to acceptance of the building
official, the wall need not be subjected to tests from the
opposite side (see Section 705.5 for exterior walls).

703.2.2 Combustible components. Combustible aggre-
gates are permitted in gypsum and portland cement concrete
mixtures for fire-resistance-rated construction. Any compo-
nent material or admixture is permitted in assemblies if the
resulting tested assembly meets the fire-resistance test
requirements of this code.

170

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

703.2.3 Restrained classification. Fire-resistance-rated
assemblies tested under ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 shall not be
considered to be restrained unless evidence satisfactory to
the building official is furnished by the registered design
professional showing that the construction qualifies for a
restrained classification in accordance with ASTM E 1 19 or
UL 263. Restrained construction shall be identified on the
plans.

703.3 Alternative methods for determining fire resistance.

The application of any of the alternative methods listed in this
section shall be based on the fire exposure and acceptance crite-
ria specified in ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263, The required^r^ resis-
tance of a building element, component or assembly shall be
permitted to be established by any of the following methods or
procedures:

1. Fire-resistance designs documented in sources.

2. Prescriptive designs of fire-resistance-rated building
elements, components or assemblies as prescribed in
Section 720.

3. Calculations in accordance with Section 721.

4. Engineering analysis based on a comparison of building
element, component or assemblies designs having
fire-resistance ratings as determined by the test proce-
dures set forth in ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263.

5. Alternative protection methods as allowed by Section
104.11.

703.4 Noncombustibility tests. The tests indicated in Sections
703.4.1 and 703.4.2 shall serve as criteria for acceptance of
building materials as set forth in Sections 602.2, 602.3 and

602.4 in Type I, II, III and IV construcfion. The term
"noncombustible" does not apply to the flame spread charac-
teristics of interior finish or trim materials. A material shall not
be classified as a noncombustible building construction mate-
rial if it is subject to an increase in combustibility or flame
spread beyond the limitations herein established through the
effects of age, moisture or other atmospheric conditions.

703.4.1 Elementary materials. Materials required to be
noncombustible shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E
136.

703.4.2 Composite materials. Materials having a structural
base of noncombustible material as determined in accor-
dance with Section 703.4.1 with a surfacing not more than
0. 125 inch (3.18 mm) thick that has di flame spread index not
greater than 50 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84
or UL 723 shall be acceptable as noncombustible materials.

703.5 Fire-resistance-rated glazing. Fire-resistance-rated
glazing, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL
263 and complying with the requirements of Section 707, shall
be permitted. Fire-resistance-rated glazing shall bear a label or
other identification showing the name of the manufacturer, the
test standard and the identifier "W-XXX," where the "XXX" is
ih^ fire-resistance rating in minutes. Such label or identifica-
tion shall be issued by, an agency and shall be permanently
affixed to the glazing.

703.6 Marking and identification. Fire walls, fire barriers,
fire partitions, smoke barriers and smoke partitions or any

other wall required to have protected openings or penetrations
shall be effectively and permanently identified with signs or
stenciling. Such identification shall:

1 . Be located in accessible concealed floor, floor-ceihng or

attic spaces;

2. Be repeated at intervals not exceeding 30 feet (914 mm)
measured horizontally along the wall or partition; and

3. Include lettering not less than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in
height, incorporating the suggested wording: "FIRE
AND/OR SMOKE BARRIER— PROTECT ALL
OPENINGS," or other wording.

Exception: Walls in Group R-2 occupancies that do
not have a removable decorative ceiling allowing
access to the concealed space.

SECTION 704

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING OF

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

704.1 Requirements. Th& fire-resistance ratings of structural
members and assemblies shall comply with this section and the
requirements for the type of construction as specified in Table
601. ^\iQ fire-resistance ratings shaU not be less than the rat-
ings required for the fire-resistance-rated assemblies supported
by the structural members.

Exception: Fire barriers, fire partitions, smoke barriers
and horizontal assemblies as provided in Sections 101.5,
109 A, 110 A and 712.4, respectively.

704.2 Column protection. Where columns are required to be
fire-resistance rated, the entire column shall be provided indi-
vidual encasement protection by protecting it on all sides for
the full column length, including connections to other struc-
tural members, with materials having the rtquimd fire -resis-
tance rating. Where the column extends through a ceiling, the
encasement protection shall be continuous from the top of the
foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below through the ceiling
space to the top of the column.

704.3 Protection of the primary structural frame other
than columns. Members of the primary structural frame other
than columns that are required to have afire-resistance rating
and support more than two floors or one floor and roof, or sup-
port a load-bearing wall or a nonload-bearing wall more than
two stories high, shall be provided individual encasement pro-
tection by protecting them on all sides for their full length,
including connections to other structural members, with mate-
rials having the rcquiiQd fire-resistance rating.

Exception: Individual encasement protection on all sides
shall be permitted on all exposed sides provided the extent
of protection is in accordance with the required yzr^-r^5/5-
tance rating, as determined in Section 703.

704.4 Protection of secondary members. Secondary mem-
bers that are required to have afire-resistance rating shall be
protected by individual encasement protection, by the mem-
brane or ceiling of a horizontal assembly in accordance with
Section 712, or by a combination of both.

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704.4.1 Light-frame construction. King studs and bound-
ary elements that are integral elements in load-bearing
walls of light-frame construction shall be permitted to have
required fire-resistance ratings provided by the membrane
protection provided for the load-bearing wall,

704.5 Truss protection. The required thickness and construc-
tion of fire-resistance-rated assemblies enclosing trusses shall
be based on the results of full-scale tests or combinations of
tests on truss components or on approved calculations based on
such tests that satisfactorily demonstrate that the assembly has
the required ^re resistance.

704.6 Attachments to structural members. The edges of
lugs, brackets, rivets and bolt heads attached to structural mem-
bers shall be permitted to extend to within 1 inch (25 mm) of the
surface of the fire protection.

704.7 Reinforcing. Thickness of protection for concrete or
masonry reinforcement shall be measured to the outside of the
reinforcement except that stirrups and spiral reinforcement ties
are permitted to project not more than 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) into
the protection.

704.8 Embedments and enclosures. Pipes, wires, conduits,
ducts or other service facilities shall not be embedded in the
required fire protective covering of a structural member that is
required to be individually encased.

704.9 Impact protection. Where the fire protective covering
of a structural member is subject to impact damage from mov-
ing vehicles, the handling of merchandise or other activity, the
fire protective covering shall be protected by comer guards or
by a substantial jacket of metal or other noncombustible mate-
rial to a height adequate to provide full protection, but not less
than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the finished floor.

Exception: Comer protection is not required on concrete
columns in open or enclosed parking garages.

704.10 Exterior structural members. Load-bearing struc-
tural members located within the exterior walls or on the out-
side of a building or stmcture shall be provided with the highest
fire -resistance rating as determined in accordance with the fol-
lowing:

1. As required by Table 601 for the type of building ele-
ment based on the type of constmction of the building;

2. As required by Table 601 for exterior bearing walls
based on the type of constmction; and

3. As required by Table 602 for exterior walls based on the
fire separation distance.

704.11 Bottom flange protection. Fire protection is not
required at the bottom flange of lintels, shelf angles and plates,
spanning not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) whether part of the
primary stmctural frame or not, and from the bottom flange of
lintels, shelf angles and plates not part of the primary stmctural
frame, regardless of span.

704.12 Seismic isolation systems. Fire-resistance ratings for
the isolation system shall meet iht fire-resistance rating required
for the columns, walls or other stmctural elements in which the
isolation system is installed in accordance with Table 601 . Isola-
tion systems required to have a fire-resistance rating shall be
protected with approved materials or constmction assemblies

designed to provide the same degree oifire resistance as the
stmctural element in which it is installed when tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 (see Section 703.2).

Such isolation system protection applied to isolator units
shall be capable of retarding the transfer of heat to the isolator
unit in such a manner that the required gravity load-carrying
capacity of the isolator unit will not be impaired after exposure
to the standard time-temperature curve fire test prescribed in
ASTM E 119 or UL 263 for a duration not less than that
required for ihe fire-resistance rating of the stmcture element
in which it is installed.

Such isolation system protection applied to isolator units
shall be suitably designed and securely installed so as not to
dislodge, loosen, sustain damage or otherwise impair its ability
to accommodate the seismic movements for which the isolator
unit is designed and to maintain its integrity for the purpose of
providing the required fire-resistance protection.

704.13 Sprayed fire-resistant materials (SFRM). Sprayed
fire-resistant materials (SFRM) shall comply with Sections
704.13.1 through 704.13.5.

704.13.1 Fire-resistance rating. The appHcation of SFRM
shall be consistent with the fire-resistance rating and the
listing, including, but not limited to, minimum thickness
and dry density of the applied SFRM, method of applica-
tion, substrate surface conditions and the use of bonding
adhesives,^ sealants, reinforcing or other materials.

704.13.2 Manufacturer's installation instructions. The

application of SFRM shall be in accordance with the manu-
facturer's installation instmctions. The instmctions shall
include, but are not limited to, substrate temperatures and
surface conditions and SFRM handling, storage, mixing,
conveyance, method of application, curing and ventilation.

704.13.3 Substrate condition. The SFRM shall be applied
to a substrate in compliance with Sections 704.13.3.1
through 704.13.3.2.

704.13.3.1 Surface conditions. Substrates to receive
SFRM shall be free of dirt, oil, grease, release agents,
loose scale and any other condition that prevents adhesion.
The substrates shall also be free of primers, paints and
encapsulants other than those fire tested and listed by a
nationally recognized testing agency. Primed, painted or
encapsulated steel shall be allowed, provided that testing
has demonstrated that required adhesion is maintained.

704.13.3.2 Primers, paints and encapsulants. Where
the SFRM is to be applied over primers, paints or
encapsulants other than those specified in the listing, the
material shall be field tested in accordance with ASTM E
736. Where testing of the SFRM with primers, paints or
encapsulants demonstrates that required adhesion is
maintained, SFRM shall be permitted to be appHed to
primed, painted or encapsulated wide flange steel shapes
in accordance with the following conditions:

1. The beam flange width does not exceed 12 inches
(305 mm); or

2. The column flange width does not exceed 16
inches (400 mm); or

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3 . The beam or column web depth does not exceed 1 6
inches (400 mm).

4. The average and minimum bond strength values
shall be determined based on a minimum of five
bond tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E
736. Bond tests conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 736 shall indicate a minimum average
bond strength of 80 percent and a minimum indi-
vidual bond strength of 50 percent, when com-
pared to the bond strength of the SFRM as applied
to clean uncoated Vg-inch-thick (3-mm) steel plate.

704.13.4 Temperature. A minimum ambient and substrate
temperature of 40°F (4.44°C) shall be maintained during
and for a minimum of 24 hours after the application of the
SFRM, unless the manufacturer's installation instructions
allow otherwise.

704.13.5 Finished condition. The finished condition of
SFRM applied to structural members or assemblies shall
not, upon complete drying or curing, exhibit cracks, voids,
spalls, delamination or any exposure of the substrate. Sur-
face irregularities of SFRM shall be deemed acceptable.

SECTION 705
EXTERIOR WALLS

705.1 General. Exterior walls shall comply with this section.

705.2 Projections. Cornices, eave overhangs, exterior balco-
nies and similar projections extending beyond the exterior wall
shall conform to the requirements of this section and Section
1406. Exterior egress balconies and exterior exit stairways
shall also comply with Sections 1019 and 1026, respectively.
Projections shall not extend beyond the distance determined by
the following three methods, whichever results in the lesser
projection:

1. A point one-third the distance from the exterior face of
the wall to the lot line where protected openings or a
combination of protected and unprotected openings are
required in the exterior wall

2 . A point one-half the distance from the exterior face of the
wall to the lot line where all openings in the exterior wall
are permitted to be unprotected or the building is
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
installed under the provisions of Section 705.8.2.

3. More than 12 inches (305 mm) into areas where open-
ings are prohibited.

Buildings on the same lot and considered as portions of one
building in accordance with Section 705.3 are not required to
comply with this section.

705.2.1 Type I and II construction. Projections from walls
of Type I or II construction shall be of noncombustible
materials or combustible materials as allowed by Sections
1406.3 and 1406.4.

705.2.2 Type III, IV or V construction. Projections from
walls of Type III, IV or V construction shall be of any
approved material.

705.2.3 Combustible projections. Combustible projec-
tions located where openings are not permitted or where
protection of openings is required shall be of at least 1-hour
fire-resistance-rated construction, Type IV construction,
fire-retardant-treated wood or as required by Section

1406.3.

Exception: Type YB construction shall be allowed for
combustible projections in R-3 occupancies with afire
separation distance greater than or equal to 2 feet.

705.3 Buildings on the same lot. For the purposes of deter-
mining the required wall and opening protection and roof-cov-
ering requirements, buildings on the same lot shall be assumed
to have an imaginary line between them.

Where a new building is to be erected on the same lot as an
existing building, the location of the assumed imaginary line
with relation to the existing building shall be such that the exte-
rior wall and opening protection of the existing building meet
the criteria as set forth in Sections 705.5 and 705.8.

Exception: Two or more buildings on the same lot shall
either be regulated as separate buildings or shall be consid-
ered as portions of one building if the aggregate area of such
buildings is within the limits specified in Chapter 5 for a sin-
gle building. Where the buildings contain different occu-
pancy groups or are of different types of construction, the
area shall be that allowed for the most restrictive occupancy
or construction.

705.4 Materials. Exterior walls shall be of materials permitted
by the building type of construction.

705.5 Fire-resistance ratings. For other than Group A, E, H, I,
L and R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applica-
tions listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, exterior walls shall be fire-resistance rated in
accordance with Tables 601 and 602 and this section. The
required fire-resistance rating of exterior walls with a fire sepa-
ration distance of greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be rated
for exposure to fire from the inside. The required fire-resis-
tance rating of exterior walls a fire separation distance of less
than or equal to 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be rated for exposure
to fire from both sides.

For Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies, high-rise build-
ings, and other applications listed in Section 1.11 regulated by
the Office of the State Fire Marshal, exterior walls shall be
fire -resistance rated in accordance with Tables 601 and 602
and this section. The required fire-resistance rating of exterior
walls shall be rated for exposure to fire from both sides.

705.6 Structural stability. The wall shall extend to the height
required by Section 705.1 1 and shall have sufficient structural
stability such that it will remain in place for the duration of time
indicated by the reqnked fire-resistance rating.

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705.7 Unexposed surface temperature. Where protected
openings are not limited by Section 705.8, the limitation on the
rise of temperature on the unexposed surface of exterior walls
as required by ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 shall not apply. Where
protected openings are limited by Section 705.8, the limitation
on the rise of temperature on the unexposed surface oi exterior
walls as required by ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 shall not apply
provided that a correction is made for radiation from the unex-
posed exterior wall surface in accordance with the following
formula:

A, = A + {AfX FJ (Equation 7-1)

where:

A^ ~ Equivalent area of protected openings.

A = Actual area of protected openings.

Aj = Area of exterior wall surface in the story under consid-
eration exclusive of openings, on which the tempera-
ture limitations of ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 for walls are
exceeded.

F^^ = An "equivalent opening factor" derived from Figure
705.7 based on the average temperature of the unex-
posed wall surface and X\\q fire-resistance rating of the
wall.

705.8 Openings. Openings in exterior walls shall comply with
Sections 705.8.1 through 705.8.6.

705.8.1 Allowable area of openings. The maximum area of
unprotected and protected openings permitted in an exterior
wall in any story of a building shall not exceed the percent-
ages specified in Table 705.8.

Exceptions:

1. In other than Group H occupancies, unlimited
unprotected openings are permitted in the first
story above grade either:

1.1. Where the wall faces a street and has difire
separation distance of more than 15 feet
(4572 mm); or

1.2. Where the wall faces an unoccupied space.
The unoccupied space shall be on the same
lot or dedicated for public use, shall not be
less than 30 feet (9144 mm) in width and
shall have access from a street by a posted
fire lane in accordance with the Interna-
tional Fire Code.

2. Buildings whose exterior bearing walls, exterior
nonbearing walls and exterior primary structural
frame are not required to be fire-resistance rated
shall be permitted to have unlimited unprotected
openings.

200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Average temperature of unexposed surface (°F)

For SI: °C = [(T) - 32] / 1.8.

FIGURE 705.7
EQUIVALENT OPENING FACTOR

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TABLE 705.8
MAXIMUM AREA OF EXTERIOR WALL OPENINGS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE AND DEGREE OF OPENING PROTECTION

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE
(feet)

DEGREE OF OPENING PROTECTION

ALLOWABLE AREA^

to less than 3''''^

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

Not Permitted

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)^

Not Permitted

Protected (?)

Not Permitted

3 to less than 5^^'^

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

Not Permitted

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)^

15%

Protected (P)

15%

5 to less than 10^- ^

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

10%^

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, Sy

25%

Protected (P)

25%

10 to less than 15^' f'g

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

15%^

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)'

45%

Protected (P)

45%

15 to less than 20^' s

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

25%

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)*

75%

Protected (P)

75%

20 to less than 25^'^

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

45%

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)^

No Limit

Protected (P)

No Limit

25 to less than 30^' ^

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

70%

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)*

No Limit

Protected (P)

No Limit

30 or greater

Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS)

No Limit

Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S)^

Not Required

Protected (P)

Not Required

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

UP, NS = Unprotected openings in buildings not equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 .
UP, S - Unprotected openings in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 .
P = Openings protected with an opening protective assembly in accordance with Section 705,8.2.

a. Values indicated are the percentage of the area of the exterior wall, per story.

b. For the requirements for fire walls of buildings with differing heights, see Section 706.6.1.

c. For openings in a fire wall for buildings on the same lot, see Section 706.8.

d. The maximum percentage of unprotected and protected openings shall be 25 percent for Group R-3 occupancies.

e. Unprotected openings shall not be permitted for openings with a fire separation distance of less than 15 feet for Group H-2 and H-3 occupancies.

f. The area of unprotected and protected openings shall not be limited for Group R-3 occupancies, with afire separation distance of 5 feet or greater.

g. The area of openings in an open parking structure with a fire separation distance of 10 feet or greater shall not be limited.
h. Includes buildings accessory to Group R-3.

i. Not applicable to Group H-1, H-2 and H-3 occupancies.

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705.8.2 Protected openings. Where openings are required
to be protected, fire doors and fire shutters shall comply
with Section 7 15.4 and fire window assemblies shall comply
with Section 715.5.

Exception: Opening protectives are not required where
the building is equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1
and the exterior openings are protected by a water curtain
using automatic sprinklers approved for that use.

705.8.3 Unprotected openings. Where unprotected open-
ings are permitted, windows and doors shall be constructed
of any approved materials. Glazing shall conform to the
requirements of Chapters 24 and 26.

705.8.4 Mixed openings. Where both unprotected and pro-
tected openings are located in the exterior wall in any story
of a building, the total area of openings shall be determined
in accordance with the following:

(Ap/ ap) + {A J a,) < 1 (Equation 7-2)

where:

Ap = Actual area of protected openings, or the equivalent
area of protected openings, A^ (see Section 705.7).

ap - Allowable area of protected openings.

A„ = Actual area of unprotected openings.

a„ = Allowable area of unprotected openings.

705.8.5 Vertical separation of openings. Openings in exte-
rior walls in adjacent stories shall be separated vertically to
protect against fire spread on the exterior of the buildings
where the openings are within 5 feet (1524 mm) of each
other horizontally and the opening in the lower story is not a
protected opening with a fire protection rating of not less
than % hour. Such openings shall be separated vertically at
least 3 feet (914 mm) by spandrel girders, exterior walls or
other similar assemblies that have afire-resistance rating of
at least 1 hour or by flame barriers that extend horizontally
at least 30 inches (762 mm) beyond the exterior wall. Flame
barriers shall also have afire-resistance rating of at least 1
hour. The unexposed surface temperature limitations speci-
fied in ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 shall not apply to the flame
barriers or vertical separation unless otherwise required by
the provisions of this code.

Exceptions:

1. This section shall not apply to buildings that are
three stories or less above grade plane.

2. This section shall not apply to buildings equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3. Open parking garages.

705.8.6 Vertical exposure. For buildings on the same lot,
opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not
less than V4 hour shall be provided in every opening that is
less than 15 feet (4572 mm) vertically above the roof of an
adjacent building or structure based on assuming an imagi-
nary Hne between them. The opening protectives are
required where the fire separation distance between the

imaginary line and the adjacent building or structure is less
than 15 feet (4572 mm).

Exceptions:

1. Opening protectives are not required where the
roof assembly of the adjacent building or structure
has afire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour
for a minimum distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) from
the exterior wall facing the imaginary line and the
entire length and span of the supporting elements
for the fire-resistance-rated roof assembly has a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

2. Buildings on the same lot and considered as por-
tions of one building in accordance with Section
705.3 are not required to comply with Section
705.8.6.

705.9 Joints. Joints made in or between exterior walls required
by this section to have a fire-resistance rating shall comply
with Section 714.

Exception: Joints in exterior walls that are permitted to
have unprotected openings.

705.9.1 Voids. The void created at the intersection of a
floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall assem-
bly shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.4.

705.10 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations by air
ducts and air transfer openings in fire-resistance-rated exterior
walls required to have protected openings shall comply with
Section 716.

Exception: Foundation vents installed in accordance with
this code are permitted.

705.11 Parapets. Parapets shall be provided on exterior walls
of buildings.

Exceptions: A parapet need not be provided on an exterior
wall where any of the following conditions exist:

1 . The wall is not required to be fire-resistance rated in
accordance with Table 602 because of fire separation
distance.

2. The building has an area of not more than 1,000
square feet (93 m^) on any floor.

3. Walls that terminate at roofs of not less than 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated construction or where the roof,
including the deck or slab and supporting construc-
tion, is constructed entirely of noncombustible mate-
rials.

4. One-hour fire-resistance-rated exterior walls that ter-
minate at the underside of the roof sheathing, deck or
slab, provided:

4.1. Where the roof /ceiling framing elements are
parallel to the walls, such framing and ele-
ments supporting such framing shall not be of
less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction for a width of 4 feet (1220 mm) for
Groups R and U and 10 feet (3048 mm) for
other occupancies, measured from the interior
side of the wall.

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4.2. Where roof/ceiling framing elements are not
parallel to the wall, the entire span of such
framing and elements supporting such fram-
ing shall not be of less than 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction.

4.3. Openings in the roof shall not be located
within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the 1-hour fire-re-
sistance-rated exterior wall for Groups R and
U and 10 feet (3048 mm) for other occupan-
cies, measured from the interior side of the
wall.

4.4. The entire building shall be provided with not
less than a Class B roof covering.

5. In Groups R-2 and R-3 where the entire building is
provided with a Class C roof covering, the exterior
wall shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of
the roof sheathing or deck in Type III, IV and V con-
struction, provided:

5 . 1 . The roof sheathing or deck is constructed of
approved noncombustible materials or of
fire-retardant-treated wood for a distance of 4
feet (1220 mm); or

5.2. The roof is protected with 0.625-inch (16
nun) Type X gypsum board directly beneath
the underside of the roof sheathing or deck,
supported by a minimum of nominal 2-inch
(5 1 mm) ledgers attached to the sides of the
roof framing members for a minimum dis-
tance of 4 feet (1220 mm).

6. Where the wall is permitted to have at least 25 percent
of the exterior wall areas containing unprotected
openings based on fire separation distance as deter-
mined in accordance with Section 705.8.

705.11.1 Parapet construction. Parapets shall have the
S2imQ fire-resistance rating as that required for the support-
ing wall, and on any side adjacent to a roof surface, shall
have noncombustible faces for the uppermost 18 inches
(457 mm), including counterflashing and coping materials.
The height of the parapet shall not be less than 30 inches
(762 mm) above the point where the roof surface and the
wall intersect. Where the roof slopes toward a parapet at a
slope greater than two units vertical in 12 units horizontal
(16.7-percent slope), the parapet shall extend to the same
height as any portion of the roof within difire separation dis-
tance where protection of wall openings is required, but in
no case shall the height be less than 30 inches (762 mm).

SECTION 706
FIRE WALLS

706.1 GeneraL Each portion of a building separated by one or
moxQ fire walls that comply with the provisions of this section
shall be considered a separate building. The extent and location
of ^nch fire walls shall provide a complete separation. Where a
fire wall also separates occupancies that are required to be sep-
arated by difire harrier wall, the most restrictive requirements
of each separation shall apply.

706.1.1 Party walls. Any wall located on a lot line between
adjacent buildings, which is used or adapted for joint service
between the two buildings, shall be constructed as difire wall
in accordance with Section 706. Party walls shall be con-
structed without openings and shall create separate build-
ings.

Exception: Openings in a party wall separating an
anchor building and a mall shall be in accordance with
Section 402.7.3.1.

706.2 Structural stability. Fire walls shall have sufficient
structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of
construction on either side without collapse of the wall for the
duration of time indicated by the VQC\}mQd fire-resistance rat-
ing.

706.3 Materials. Fire walls shall be of any approved
noncombustible materials.

Exception: Buildings of Type V construction.

706.4 Fire-resistance rating. Fire walls shall have di fire-resis-
tance rating of not less than that required by Table 706.4.

TABLE 706.4
FIRE WALL FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS

GROUP

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

A,B,E,H-4J,R-l,R-2,/?-2.7,

F-l,H-3^H-5,M,S-l

H-l,H-2

F-2, S-2, R-3, R-4

a. In Type II or V construction, walls shall be permitted to have a 2-hour
fire-resistance rating.

b. For Group H-1, H-2 or H-3 buildings, also see Sections 415.4 and 415.5.

706.5 Horizontal continuity. Fire walls shall be continuous
from exterior wall to exterior wall and shall extend at least 18
inches (457 nun) beyond the exterior surface of exterior walls.

Exceptions:

1. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of combustible exterior sheathing or sid-
ing provided the exterior wall has a fire-resistance
rating of at least 1 hour for a horizontal distance of at
least 4 feet (1220 mm) on both sides of the//r^ wall.
Openings within such exterior walls shall be pro-
tected by opening protectives having 2i fire protection
rating of not less than V4 hour.

2. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of noncombustible exterior sheathing,
exterior siding or other noncombustible exterior fin-
ishes provided the sheathing, siding, or other exterior
noncombustible finish extends a horizontal distance
of at least 4 feet (1220 mm) on both sides of ih^fire
wall.

3. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of noncombustible exterior sheathing
where the building on each side of the/^re wall is pro-

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tected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

706.5.1 Exterior walls. Where th& fire wall intersects exte-
rior walls, the fire -resistance rating and opening protection
of the exterior walls shall comply with one of the following:

1. The exterior walls on both sides of the fire wall shall
have a l-houv fire-resistance rating with ^-hour pro-
tection where opening protection is required by Sec-
tion 705.8. The fire-resistance rating of the exterior
wall shall extend a minimum of 4 feet (1220 mm) on
each side of the intersection of the//r^ wall to exterior
wall. Exterior wallintQTScctions at fire walls that form
an angle equal to or greater than 180 degrees (3.14
rad) do not need exterior wall protection.

2. Buildings or spaces on both sides of the intersecting
fire wall shall assume to have an imaginary lot line at
the fire wall and extending beyond the exterior of the
fire wall. The location of the assumed line in relation
to the exterior walls and the fire wall shall be such that
the exterior wall and opening protection meet the
requirements set forth in Sections 705.5 and 705.8.
Such protection is not required for exterior walls ter-
minating Sit fire walls that form an angle equal to or
greater than 180 degrees (3.14 rad).

706.5.2 Horizontal projecting elements. Fire walls shall
extend to the outer edge of horizontal projecting elements
such as balconies, roof overhangs, canopies, marquees and
similar projections that are within 4 feet (1220 mm) of the
fire wall.

Exceptions:

1 . Horizontal projecting elements without concealed
spaces, provided the exterior wall behind and
below the projecting element has not less than
1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a dis-
tance not less than the depth of the projecting ele-
ment on both sides of the fire wall. Openings
within such exterior walls shall be protected by
opening protectives having a fire protection rating
of not less than V4 hour.

2. Noncombustible horizontal projecting elements
with concealed spaces, provided a minimum
1-hour fire-resistance-rated wall extends through
the concealed space. The projecting element shall
be separated from the building by a minimum of
1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a dis-
tance on each side of the fire wall equal to the depth
of the projecting element. The wall is not required
to extend under the projecting element where the
building exterior wall is not less than 1-hour
fire-resistance rated for a distance on each side of
the fire wall equal to the depth of the projecting
element. Openings within such exterior walls shall
be protected by opening protectives having afire
protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

3. For combustible horizontal projecting elements
with concealed spaces, the fire wall need only
extend through the concealed space to the outer

edges of the projecting elements. The exterior wall
behind and below the projecting element shall be
of not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction for a distance not less than the depth of
the projecting elements on both sides of the fire
wall. Openings within such exterior walls shall be
protected by opening protectives having a
fire-protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

706.6 Vertical continuity. Fire walls shall extend from the
foundation to a termination point at least 30 inches (762 mm)
above both adjacent roofs.

Exceptions:

1. Stepped buildings in accordance with Section
706.6.1.

2. Two-hour fire-resistahce-rated walls shall be permit-
ted to terminate at the underside of the roof sheathing,
deck or slab, provided:

2.1. The lower roof assembly within 4 feet (1220
mm) of the wall has not less than a 1-hour
fire-resistance rating and the entire length
and span of supporting elements for the rated
roof assembly has afire-resistance rating of
not less than 1 hour.

2.2. Openings in the roof shall not be located
within 4 feet (1220 mm) of the fire wall.

2.3. Each building shall be provided with not less
than a Class B roof covering.

3. Walls shall be permitted to terminate at the underside
of noncombustible roof sheathing, deck or slabs
where both buildings are provided with not less than a
Class B roof covering. Openings in the roof shall not
be located within 4 feet (1220 mm) of the fire wall.

4. In buildings of Type III, IV and V construction, walls
shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of
combustible roof sheathing or decks, provided:

4.1. There are no openings in the roof within 4 feet
(1220 mm) of the fire wall,

4.2. The roof is covered with a minimum Class B
roof covering, and

4.3. The roof sheathing or deck is constructed of
fire-retardant-treated wood for a distance of 4
feet ( 1 220 mm) on both sides of the wall or the
roof is protected with %-inch (15.9 mm) Type
X gypsum board directly beneath the under-
side of the roof sheathing or deck, supported
by a minimum of 2-inch (51 mm) nominal
ledgers attached to the sides of the roof fram-
ing members for a minimum distance of 4 feet
(1220 mm) on both sides of the fire wall.

5. In buildings designed in accordance with Section
509.2, fire walls located above the 3-hour horizontal
assembly required by Section 509.2, Item 1 shall be
permitted to extend from the top of this horizontal
assembly.

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706.6.1 Stepped buildings. Where Sifire wall serves as an
exterior wall for a building and separates buildings having
different roof levels, such wall shall terminate at a point not
less than 30 inches (762 mm) above the lower roof level,
provided the exterior wall for a height of 15 feet (4572 nam)
above the lower roof is not less than 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction from both sides with openings pro-
tected by fire assemblies having a fire protection rating of
not less than % hour.

Exception: Where the^r^ wall terminates at the under-
side of the roof sheathing, deck or slab of the lower roof,
provided:

1 . The lower roof assembly within 10 feet (3048 mm)
of the wall has not less than a l-hour fire-resis-
tance rating and the entire length and span of sup-
porting elements for the rated roof assembly has a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

2. Openings in the lower roof shall not be located
within 10 feet (3048 mm) of thQ fire wall.

706.7 Combustible framing in fire walls. Adjacent combusti-
ble members entering into a concrete or masonry fire wall from
opposite sides shall not have less than a 4-inch (102 mm) dis-
tance between embedded ends. Where combustible members
frame into hollow walls or walls of hollow units, hollow spaces
shall be solidly filled for the full thickness of the wall and for a
distance not less than 4 inches (102 mm) above, below and
between the structural members, with noncombustible materi-
als approved for fireblocking.

706.8 Openings. Each opening through afire wall shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 715.4 and shall not exceed
156 square feet (15 m^). The aggregate width of openings at
any floor level shall not exceed 25 percent of the length of the
wall.

Exceptions:

1 . Openings are not permitted in party walls constructed
in accordance with Section 706.1.1.

2. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) where both buildings are equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1.

706.9 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire walls shall comply
with Section 713.

706.10 Joints. Joints made in or between ^r^ walls shall com-
ply with Section 714.

706.11 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts and air trans-
fer openings shall not penetrate fire walls.

Exception: Penetrations by ducts and air transfer openings
of fire walls that are not on a lot line shall be allowed pro-
vided the penetrations comply with Section 716. The size
and aggregate width of all openings shall not exceed the lim-
itations of Section 706.8.

SECTION 707
FIRE BARRIERS

707.1 General. Fire barriers installed as required elsewhere in
this code or the International Fire Code shall comply with this
section.

707.2 Materials. Fire barriers shall be of materials permitted
by the building type of construction.

707.3 Fire-resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating of fire
barriers shall comply with this section.

707.3.1 Shaft enclosures. Tht fire-resistance rating of the
fire barrier separating building areas from a shaft shall com-
ply with Section 708.4.

707.3.2 Exit enclosures. The fire-resistance rating of the
fire barrier separating building areas from an exit shall com-
ply with Section 1022.1.

707.3.3 Exit passageway. The fire-resistance rating of the
fire barrier separating building areas from an exit passage-
way shall comply with Section 1023.3.

707.3.4 Horizontal exit. The fire-resistance rating of the
separation between building areas connected by a horizon-
tal exit shall comply with Section 1025.1.

707.3.5 Atriums. The fire-resistance rating of the fire bar-
rier separating atriums shall comply with Section 404.6.

707.3.6 Incidental accessory occupancies. The fire bar-
rier separating incidental accessory occupancies from other
spaces in the building shall have afire-resistance rating of
not less than that indicated in Table 508.2.5.

707.3.7 Control areas. Fire barriers separating control
areas shall have afire-resistance rating of not less than that
required in Section 414.2.4.

707.3.8 Separated occupancies. Where the provisions of
Section 508.4 are applicable, the fire barrier separating
mixed occupancies shall have afire-resistance rating of not
less than that indicated in Table 508.4 based on the occupan-
cies being separated.

707.3.9 Fire areas. The^r^ barriers or horizontal assem-
blies, or both, separating a single occupancy into different
fire areas shall have afire-resistance rating of not less than
that indicated in Table 707.3.9. The fire barriers or horizon-
tal assemblies, or both, separating^zr^ areas of mixed occu-
pancies shall have afire-resistance rating of not less than the
highest value indicated in Table 707.3.9 for the occupancies
under consideration.

TABLE 707.3.9

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE

BARRIER ASSEMBLIES OR HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES

BETWEEN FIRE AREAS

OCCUPANCY GROUP

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

H-l,H-2

F-1,H-3,S-1

A, B, E, F-2, H-4, H-5,
I,L, M,R,S-2

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707.4 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required fire-resistance-rated shaft or ejcif enclosure, or separa-
tion, such walls shall comply with the requirements of Section
705 for exterior walls and the fire-resistance-rated enclosure or
separation requirements shall not apply.

Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance
rated in accordance with Secfion 1019 for exterior egress
balconies, Section 1022.6 for exit enclosures and Section
1026.6 for exterior exit ramps and stairways.

707.5 Continuity. Fire barriers shall extend from the top of the
floor/ceihng assembly below to the underside of the floor or
roof sheathing, slab or deck above and shall be securely
attached thereto. Such fire barriers shall be continuous through
concealed spaces, such as the space above a suspended ceiling.

707.5.1 Supporting construction. The supporting con-
struction for afire barrier shall be protected to afford the
veqairQd fire-resistance rating of tht fire barrier supported.
Hollow vertical spaces within a fire barrier shall be
fireblocked in accordance with Section 717.2 at every floor
level.

Exceptions:

1. The maximum required fire -resistance rating for
assemblies supporting fire barriers separating
tank storage as provided for in Section 415.6.2.1
shall be 2 hours, but not less than required by Table
601 for the building construction type.

2. Shaft enclosures shall be permitted to terminate at
a top enclosure complying with Section 708.12.

3. Supporting construction for 1-houv fire barriers
required by Table 508.2.5 in buildings of Type
IIB, IIIB and VB construction is not required to be
fire-resistance rated unless required by other sec-
tions of this code.

707.6 Openings. Openings in afire barrier shall be protected
in accordance with Section 715. Openings shall be limited to a
maximum aggregate width of 25 percent of the length of the
wall, and the maximum area of any single opening shall not
exceed 156 square feet (15 m^). Openings in exit enclosures
and exit passageways shall also comply with Sections 1022.3
and 1023.5, respectively.

Exceptions:

1. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) where adjoining floor areas are equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) or an aggregate width of 25 percent of the length
of the wall where the opening protective is afire door
serving an exit enclosure.

3. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) or an aggregate width of 25 percent of the length
of the wall where the opening protective has been
tested in accordance with ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 and
has a minimumfire-resistance rating not less than the
fire -resistance rating of the wall.

4. Fire window assemblies permitted in atrium separa-
tion walls shall not be limited to a maximum aggre-
gate width of 25 percent of the length of the wall.

5. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) or an aggregate width of 25 percent of the length
of the wall where the opening protective is afire door
assembly in afire barrier separating an exit enclosure
from an exit passageway in accordance with Section
1022.2.1.

707.7 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire barriers shall comply
with Section 713.

707.7.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations into an exit
enclosure or an ex/r passageway shall be allowed only when
permitted by Section 1022.4 or 1023.6, respectively.

707.8 Joints. Joints made in or b&twccnfire barriers, and joints
made at the intersection of fire barriers with underside of the
floor or roof sheathing, slab or deck above, shall comply with
Section 714.

707.9 Duets and air transfer openings. Penetrations in afire
barrier by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply with
Section 716.

SECTION 708
SHAFT ENCLOSURES

708.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to
shafts required to protect openings and penetrations through
floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies. Shaft enclosures
shall be constructed as^r^ barriers in accordance with Section
707 or horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 712,
or both.

708.2 Shaft enclosure required. Openings through a
floor/ceiling assembly shall be protected by a shaft enclosure
complying with this section.

Exceptions:

1 . A shaft enclosure is not required for openings totally
within an individual residential dwelling unit and
connecting four stories or less.

2. In other than Groups 1-2, 1-2 J, and 1-3, a shaft enclo-
sure is not required in a building equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 for an escalator opening or
stairway that is not a portion of the means of egress
protected according to Item 2.1 or 2.2.

2.1 . Where the area of the floor opening between
stories does not exceed twice the horizontal
projected area of the escalator or stairway and
the opening is protected by a draft curtain and
closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with
NFPA 13. In other than Groups B and M, this
application is limited to openings that do not
connect more than four stories,

2.2. Where the opening is protected by approved
power-operated automatic shutters at every
penetrated floor. The shutters shall be of
noncombustible construction and have a

180

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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

fire-resistance rating of not less than 1.5
hours. The shutter shall be so constructed as to
close immediately upon the actuation of a
smoke detector installed in accordance with
Section 907.3 and shall completely shut off
the well opening. Escalators shall cease oper-
ation when the shutter begins to close. The
shutter shall operate at a speed of not more
than 30 feet per minute ( 1 52.4 mm/s) and shall
be equipped with a sensitive leading edge to
arrest its progress where in contact with any
obstacle, and to continue its progress on re-
lease therefrom,

3. A shaft enclosure is not required for penetrations by
pipe, tube, conduit, wire, cable and vents protected
in accordance with Section 713.4.

4. A shaft enclosure is not required for penetrations by
ducts protected in accordance with Section 716.6.
Grease ducts shall be protected in accordance with
the California Mechanical Code,

5. In other than Group H occupancies, a shaft enclo-
sure is not required for floor openings complying
with the provisions for atriums in Section 404.

6. A shaft enclosure is not required for approved
masonry chimneys where annular space is
fireblocked at each floor level in accordance with
Section 717.2.5.

7. In other than Groups 1-2, 1-2.1 and 1-3, a shaft enclo-
sure is not required for a floor opening or an air
transfer opening that complies with the following:

7.1. Does not connect more than two stories.

7.2. Is not part of the required means of egress sys-
tem.

7.3. Is not concealed within the construction of a
wall or a floor/ceiling assembly.

7.4. Is not open to a corridor in Group I and R oc-
cupancies.

7.5. Is not open to a corridor on nonsprinklered
floors in any occupancy.

7.6. Is separated from floor openings and air trans-
fer openings serving other floors by construc-
tion conforming to required shaft enclosures.

7.7. Is limited to the same smoke compartment.

8. A shaft enclosure is not required for automobile
ramps in open and enclosed parking garages con-
structed in accordance with Sections 406.3 and
406.4, respectively.

9. A shaft enclosure is not required for floor openings
between a mezzanine and the floor below.

10. A shaft enclosure is not required for joints protected
by a fire-resistant joint system in accordance with
Section 714.

11. A shaft enclosure shall not be required for floor
openings created by unenclosed stairs or ramps in
accordance with Exception 3 or 4 in Section 1016.1.

12. Floor openings protected by floor fire doors in
accordance with Section 712.8.

13. In Group 1-3 occupancies, a shaft enclosure is not
required for floor openings in accordance with Sec-
tion 408.5.

14. A shaft enclosure is not required for elevator
hoistways in open or enclosed parking garages that
serve only the parking garage.

15. In open or enclosed parking garages a shaft enclo-
sure is not required to enclose mechanical exhaust or
supply duct systems when such duct system is con-
tained within and serves only the parking garage,

16. Where permitted by other sections of this code.

708.3 Materials. The shaft enclosure shall be of materials per-
mitted by the building type of construction.

708.4 Fire-resistance rating. Shaft enclosures shall have a
fire -resistance rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting
four stories or more, and not less than 1 hour where connecting
less than four stories. The number of stories connected by the
shaft enclosure shall include any basements but not any mezza-
nines. Shaft enclosures shall have a. fire-resistance rating not
less than the floor assembly penetrated, but need not exceed 2
hours. Shaft enclosures shall meet the requirements of Section
703.2.1.

708.5 Continuity. Shaft enclosures shall be constructed as^r^
barriers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assem-
blies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or both, and
shall have continuity in accordance with Section 707.5 for fire
barriers or Section 712.4 for horizontal assemblies as applica-
ble.

708.6 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required shaft enclosure, such walls shall comply with the
requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls and the
fire-resistance-rated enclosure requirements shall not apply.

Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance
rated in accordance with Section 1019.2 for exterior egress
balconies. Section 1022.6 for exit enclosures and Section
1026.6 for exterior exit ramps and stairways.

708.7 Openings. Openings in a ^haft enclosure shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 7 1 5 as required for fire barri-
ers. Doors shall be self- or automatic-closing by smoke
detection in accordance with Section 715.4.8.3.

708.7.1 Prohibited openings. Openings other than those
necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted
in shaft enclosures.

708.8 Penetrations. Penetrations in a shaft enclosure shall be
protected in accordance with Section 713 as required for fire
barriers.

708.8.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations other than
those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be per-
mitted in shaft enclosures.

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708.9 Joints. Joints in a shaft enclosure shall comply with Sec-
tion 714.

708.10 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations of a
shaft enclosure by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply
with Section 716.

708.11 Enclosure at the bottom. Shafts that do not extend to
the bottom of the building or structure shall comply with one of
the following:

1 . They shall be enclosed at the lowest level with construc-
tion of the ^ame fire-resistance rating as the lowest floor
through which the shaft passes, but not less than the rat-
ing required for.the shaft enclosure.

2. They shall terminate in a room having a use related to the
purpose of the shaft. The room shall be separated from
the remainder of the building by fire barriers constructed
in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 7 12, or both. The
fire-resistance rating and opening protectives shall be at
least equal to the protection required for the shaft enclo-
sure.

3. They shall be protected by approved fire dampers
installed in accordance with their listing at the lowest
floor level within the shaft enclosure.

Exceptions:

1. The fire-resistance-rated room separation is not
required, provided there are no openings in or pen-
etrations of the shaft enclosure to the interior of the
building except at the bottom. The bottom of the
shaft shall be closed off around the penetrating
items with materials permitted by Section 717.3.1
for draftstopping, or the room shall be provided
with an approved automatic fire suppression sys-
tem.

2. A shaft enclosure containing a refuse chute or
laundry chute shall not be used for any other pur-
pose and shall terminate in a room protected in
accordance with Section 708.13.4.

3. The fire-resistance-rated room separation and the
protection at the bottom of the shaft are not
required provided there are no combustibles in the
shaft and there are no openings or other penetra-
tions through the shaft enclosure to the interior of
the building.

708.12 Enclosure at the top. A shaft enclosure that does not
extend to the underside of the roof sheathing, deck or slab of the
building shall be enclosed at the top with construction of the

ssime fire-resistance rating as the topmost floor penetrated by
the shaft, but not less than the. fire-resistance rating required for
the shaft enclosure.

708.13 Refuse and laundry chutes. Refuse and laundry
chutes, access and termination rooms and incinerator rooms
shall meet the requirements of Sections 708.13.1 through
708.13.6.

Exception: Chutes serving and contained within a single

dwelling unit.

708.13.1 Refuse and laundry chute enclosures. A shaft
enclosure containing a refuse or laundry chute shall not be
used for any other purpose and shall be enclosed in accor-
dance with Section 708.4. Openings into the shaft, includ-
ing those from access rooms and termination rooms, shall
be; protected in accordance with this section and Section
715. Openings into chutes shall not be located in corridors.
Doors shall be self- or automatic-closing upon the actuation
of a smoke detector in accordance with Section 715.4.8.3,
except that heat-activated closing devices shall be permitted
between the shaft and the termination room.

708.13.2 Materials. A shaft enclosure containing a refuse
or laundry chute shall be constructed of materials as permit-
ted by the building type of construction.

708.13.3 Refuse and laundry chute access rooms. Access

openings for refuse and laundry chutes shall be located in
rooms or compartments enclosed by not less than 1-hour
fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or
horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 712, or both. Openings into the access rooms shall be
protected by opening protectives having a fire protection
rating of not less than % hour. Doors shall be self- or auto-
matic-closing upon the detection of smoke in accordance
with Section 715.4.8.3.

708.13.4 Termination room. Refuse and laundry chutes
shall discharge into an enclosed room separated from the
remainder of the building by not less than l-hour^re barri-
ers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or horizon-
tal assemblies constructed in accordance with Section 712,
or both. Openings into the termination room shall be pro-
tected by opening protectives having di fire protection rating
of not less than V4 hour. Doors shall be self- or auto-
matic-closing upon the detection of smoke in accordance
with Section 715.4.8.3. Refuse chutes shall not terminate in
an incinerator room. Refuse and laundry rooms that are not
provided with chutes need only comply with Table 508.2.5 .

708.13.5 Incinerator room. Incinerator rooms shall com-
ply with Table 508.2.5.

708.13.6 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved auto-
matic sprinkler system shall be installed in accordance with
Section 903.2.11.2.

708.14 Elevator, dumbwaiter and other hoistways. Elevator,
dumbwaiter and other hoistway enclosures shall be con-
structed in accordance with Section 708 and Chapter 30.

708.14.1 Elevator lobby. An enclosed elevator lobby shall
be provided at each floor where an elevator shaft enclosure
connects more than two stories in Group A, E, H, I, L, R-1,
R-2 andR-2,1 occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other
applications listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of
the State Fire Marshal, and more than three stories for all
other occupancies. The lobby enclosure shall separate the
elevator shaft enclosure doors from each floor by fire parti-
tions. In addition to the requirements in Section 709 for fire
partitions, doors protecting openings in the elevator lobby
enclosure walls shall also comply with Section 715.4.3 as
required for corridor walls and penetrations of the elevator
lobby enclosure by ducts and air transfer openings shall be

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protected as required for corridors in accordance with Sec-
tion 716.5.4.1. Elevator lobbies shall have at least one
means of egress complying with Chapter 10 and other pro-
visions within this code.

Exceptions:

1 . Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required at the
street floor, provided the entire street floor is
equipped with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Elevators not required to be located in a shaft in
accordance with Section 708.2 are not required to
have enclosed elevator lobbies.

3. Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required where
additional doors are provided at the hoistway
opening in accordance with Section 3002.6. Such
doors shall be tested in accordance with UL 1784
without an artificial bottom seal.

4. Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required where
the building is protected by an automatic sprinkler
system installed in accordance with Section
903,3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. This exception shall not
apply to the following:

4.1. Group A occupancies;

4.2. Group E occupancies;
43, Group H occupancies;

4.4. Group I occupancies;

4.5. Group L occupancies;

4.6. Group R-1, R-2 and R-2.1 occupancies;
and

4. 7. High-rise buildings.

5. Smoke partitions shall be permitted in Heu of fire
partitions to separate the elevator lobby at each
floor where the building is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.3. LI or 903.3. 1.2. In
addition to the requirements in Section 711 for
smoke partitions, doors protecting openings in the
smoke partitions shall also comply with Sections
711.5.2, 711.5.3, and 715.4.8 and duct penetra-
tions of the smoke partitions shall be protected as
required for corridors in accordance with Section
716.5.4.1.

6. [SFM] When approved, in other than Group 1-2
occupancies enclosed elevator lobbies are not
required where the elevator hoistway is pressur-
ized in accordance with Section 708.14.2.

7. Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required where
the elevator serves only open parking garages in
accordance with Section 406.3.

8. [SFM] Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required
where the hoistway door has afire-protection rat-
ing as required by Section 708. 7 and the hoistway

door opening is also protected by a listed and
labeled smoke containment system complying with
ICC ES AC 77.

See Section 403.6 for additional requirements for high-
rise buildings.

708.14.1.1 Areas of refuge. Areas of refuge shall be pro-
vided as required in Section 1007.

708.14.2 Enclosed elevator lobby. Where elevator hoist-
way pressurization is provided in lieu of required enclosed
elevator lobbies, the pressurization system shall comply
with this section.

708.14.2.1 Pressurization requirements. Elevator
hoistways shall be pressurized to maintain a minimum
positive pressure of 0.10 inches of water (25 Pa) and a
maximum positive pressure of 0.25 inches of water (67
Pa) with respect to adjacent occupied space on all floors.
This pressure shall be measured at the midpoint of each
hoistway door, with all elevator cars at the floor of recall
and all hoistway doors on the floor of recall open and all
other hoistway doors closed. The opening and closing of
hoistway doors at each level must be demonstrated dur-
ing this test. The supply air intake shall be from an out-
side, uncontaminated source located a minimum
distance of 20 feet (6096 nmi) from any air exhaust sys-
tem or outlet.

708.14.2.2 Rational analysis. A rational analysis com-
plying with Section 909.4 shall be submitted with the
construction documents.

708.14.2.3 Ducts for system. Any duct system that is
part of the pressurization system shall be protected with
the ssimt fire-resistance rating as required for the eleva-
tor shaft enclosure.

708.14.2.4 Fan system. The fan system provided for the
pressurization system shall be as required by this section.

708.14.2.4.1 Fire resistance. When located within
the building, the fan system that provides the pressur-
ization shall be protected with the ssltrq fire-resis-
tance rating required for the elevator shaft enclosure.

708.14.2.4.2 Smoke detection. The fan system shall
be equipped with a smoke detector that will automati-
cally shut down the fan system when smoke is
detected within the system.

708.14.2.4.3 Separate systems. A separate fan sys-
tem shall be used for each elevator hoistway.

708.14.2.4.4 Fan capacity. The supply fan shall
either be adjustable with a capacity of at least 1 ,000
cf m (.47 1 9 mVs) per door, or that specified by a regis-
tered design professional to meet the requirements of
a designed pressurization system.

708.14.2.5 Standby power. The pressurization system
shall be provided with standby power from the same
source as other required emergency systems for the
building.

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708.14.2.6 Activation of pressurization system. The

elevator pressurization system shall be activated upon
activation of the building fire alarm system or upon acti-
vation of the elevator lobby smoke detectors. Where both
a building fire alarm system and elevator lobby smoke
detectors are present, each shall be independently capa-
ble of activating the pressurization system.

708.14.2.7 Special inspection. Special inspection for
performance shall be required in accordance with Sec-
tion 909.18.8. System acceptance shall be in accordance
with Section 909.19.

708.14.2.8 Marliing and identification. Detection and
control systems shall be marked in accordance with Sec-
tion 909.14.

708.14.2.9 Control diagrams. Control diagrams shall
be provided in accordance with Section 909.15.

708.14.2.10 Control panel. A control panel complying
with Section 909.16 shall be provided.

708.14.2.11 System response time. Hoistway pressur-
ization systems shall comply with the requirements for
smoke control system response time in Section 909.17.

SECTION 709
FIRE PARTITIONS

709.1 General. The following wall assemblies shall comply
with this section.

1. Walls separating dwelling units in the same building as
required by Section 420.2.

2. Walls separating sleeping units in the same building as
required by Section 420.2.

3 . Walls separating tenant spaces in covered mall buildings
as required by Section 402.7.2.

4. Corridor walls as required by Section 1018.1.

5. Elevator lobby separation as required by Section
708.14.1.

6. Walls separating enclosed tenant spaces in high-rise
buildings and in buildings of Types /, II A, III A, IV or V A
construction of Group A, E, H, I, L and R-2.1 occupan-
cies and other applications listed in Section LI I regu-
lated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal

709.2 Materials. The walls shall be of materials permitted by
the building type of construction.

709.3 Fire-resistance rating. Fire partitions shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

Exceptions:

1 . Corridor walls permitted to have a V2 horn fire -resis-
tance rating by Table 1018.1.

2. Dwelling unit and sleeping unit separations in build-
ings of Type IIB, IIIB and VB construction shall have
fire-resistance ratings of not less than Vj hour in
buildings equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1.

709.4 Continuity. Fire partitions shall extend from the top of
the foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below to the under-
side of the floor or roof sheathing, slab or deck above or to the
fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof /ceiling assembly
above, and shall be securely attached thereto. If the partitions
are not continuous to the sheathing, deck or slab, and where
constructed of combustible construction, the space between the
ceiling and the sheathing, deck or slab above shall be
fireblocked or draftstopped in accordance with Sections 717.2
and 717.3 at the partition line. The supporting construction
shall be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating
of the wall supported, except for walls separating tenant spaces
in covered mall buildings, walls separating dwelling units,
walls separating sleeping units and corridor walls in buildings
of Type IIB, IIIB and VB construction.

Exceptions:

1. The wall need not be extended into the crawl space
below where the floor above the crawl space has a
minimum 1-hour fire-resistance rating.

2. Where the room-side fire-resistance-rated membrane
of the corridor is carried through to the underside of
the floor or roof sheathing, deck or slab of a fire-resis-
tance-rated floor or roof above, the ceiling of the cor-
ridor shall be permitted to be protected by the use of
ceiling materials as required for a 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated floor or roof system.

3. Where the corridor ceiling is constructed as required
for the corridor walls, the walls shall be permitted to
terminate at the upper membrane of such ceiling
assembly.

4. The fire partitions separating tenant spaces in a cov-
ered mall building, complying with Section 402.7,2,
are not required to extend beyond the underside of a
ceiling that is not part of a fire-resistance-rated assem-
bly. A wall is not required in attic or ceiling spaces
above tenant separation walls.

5. Fireblocking or draftstopping is not required at the
partition line in Group R-2 buildings that do not
exceed four stories above grade plane, provided the
attic space is subdivided by draftstopping into areas
not exceeding 3,000 square feet (279 m^) or above
every two dwelling units, whichever is smaller.

6. Fireblocking or draftstopping is not required at the
partition line in buildings equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system installed throughout in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, provided that
automatic sprinklers are installed in all combustible
floor/ceiling and roof /ceiling spaces.

709.5 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required fire-resistance-rated separation, such walls shall com-
ply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls, and
the fire-resistance-rated separation requirements shall not
apply.

'it

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•

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709.6 Openings. Openings in afire partition shall be protected
in accordance with Section 715.

709.7 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire partitions shall com-
ply with Section 713.

709.8 Joints. Joints made in or between fire partitions shall
comply with Section 714.

709.9 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in afire
partition by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply with
Section 716.

SECTION 710
SMOKE BARRIERS

710.1 General. Smoke barriers shall comply with this section.

710.2 Materials. Smoke barriers shall be of materials permit-
ted by the building type of construction.

710.3 Fire-resistance rating, A l-hour fire-resistance rating
is required for smoke barriers.

Exception: Smoke barriers constructed of minimum
0.10-inch-thick (2.5 mm) steel in Group 1-3 buildings.

710.4 Continuity. Smoke barriers shall form an effective
membrane continuous from outside wall to outside wall and
from the top of the foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below
to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing, deck or slab
above, including continuity through concealed spaces, such as
those found above suspended ceilings, and interstitial struc-
tural and mechanical spaces. The supporting construction shall
be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating of the
wall or floor supported in buildings of other than Type IIB, IIIB
or VB construction.

Exception: Smoke-barrier walls are not required in intersti-
tial spaces where such spaces are designed and constructed
with ceilings that provide resistance to the passage of fire
and smoke equivalent to that provided by the smoke-barrier
walls.

710.5 Openings. Openings in a smoke barrier shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 715.

Exceptions:

1. In Group 1-2, where doors are installed across corri-
dors, a pair of opposite-swinging doors without a cen-
ter mullion shall be installed having vision panels
with fire-protection-rated glazing materials in
fire-protection-rated frames, the area of which shall
not exceed that tested. The doors shall be close fitting
within operational tolerances, and shall not have
undercuts in excess of V4-inch, louvers or grilles. The
doors shall have head and jamb stops, astragals or
rabbets at meeting edges and shall be automatic-clos-
ing by smoke detection in accordance with Section
715.4.8.3. Where permitted by the door manufac-
turer's listing, positive-latching devices are not
required.

2. In Group 1-2, horizontal sliding doors installed in
accordance with Section 1008.1.4.3 and protected in
accordance with Section 715.

710.6 Penetrations. Penetrations of smoke barriers shall com-
ply with Section 713.

710.7 Joints. Joints made in or between smoke barriers shall
comply with Section 714.

710.8 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in a
smoke barrier by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply
with Section 716.

SECTION 711
SMOKE PARTITIONS

711.1 General. Smoke partitions installed as required else-
where in the code shall comply with this section.

711.2 Materials. The walls shall be of materials permitted by
the building type of construction. In Group 1-2 and 1-2 J, smoke
partitions shall have framing covered with noncombustible
materials having an approved thermal barrier with an index of
not less than 15 in accordance with FM4880, UL 1040, NFPA
286 or UL 1715,

711.3 Fire-resistance rating. Unless required elsewhere in the
code, smoke partitions are not required to have afire-resistance
rating.

711.4 Continuity. Smoke partitions shall extend from the top
of the foundation or floor below to the underside of the floor or
roof sheathing, deck or slab above or to the underside of the
ceiling above where the ceiling membrane is constructed to
limit the transfer of smoke.

711.5 Openings. Windows shall be sealed to resist the free pas-
sage of smoke or be automatic-closing upon detection of smoke.
Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with this section.

711.5.1 Louvers. Doors in smoke partitions shall not
include louvers.

711.5.2 Smoke and draft control doors. Where required
elsewhere in the code, doors in smoke partitions shall meet
the requirements for a smoke and draft control door assem-
bly tested in accordance with UL 1784. The air leakage rate
of the door assembly shall not exceed 3 .0 cubic feet per min-
ute per square foot (0.015424 mV(s • m^)) of door opening at
0. 10 inch (24.9 Pa) of water for both the ambient tempera-
ture test and the elevated temperature exposure test. Installa-
tion of smoke doors shall be in accordance with NFPA 105.

711.5.3 Self- or automatic-closing doors. Where required
elsewhere in the code, doors in smoke partitions shall be
self- or automatic-closing by smoke detection in accordance
with Section 715.4.8.3.

711.6 Penetrations and joints. The space around penetrating
items and in joints shall be filled with an approved material to
limit the free passage of smoke.

711.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. The space around a
duct penetrating a smoke partition shall be filled with an
approved material to limit the free passage of smoke. Air trans-
fer openings in smoke partitions shall be provided with a smoke
damper complying with Section 716.3.2.2. For Group A, E, H,
I, L and R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applica-
tions listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State

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Fire Marshal, duct openings in smoke partitions shall also be
provided with a smoke damper complying with Section
I I 716.3.2.2.

Exceptiony:

1. Where the installation of a smoke damper will inter-
fere with the operation of a required smoke control
system in accordance with Section 909, approved
alternative protection shall be utilized.

2. [SFM] Smoke dampers are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constructed of steel not
less than 0. 019-inch (0.40 mm) in thickness and there
are no openings serving the corridor.

SECTION 712
HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES

712.1 General. Floor and roof assemblies required to have a
fire-resistance rating shall comply with this section.
Nonfire-resistance-rated floor and roof assemblies shall com-
ply with Section 713.4.2.

712.2 Materials. The floor and roof assemblies shall be of
materials permitted by the building type of construction.

712.3 Fire-resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating of
floor and roof assemblies shall not be less than that required by
the building type of construction. Where the floor assembly
separates mixed occupancies, the assembly shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than that required by Section

508.4 based on the occupancies being separated. Where the
floor assembly separates a single occupancy into different^/"^
areas, the assembly shall have di fire-resistance rating of not
less than that required by Section 707.3.9. Horizontal assem-
blies separating dwelling units in the same building and hori-
zontal assemblies separating sleeping units in the same
building shall be a minimum of 1-hour fire-resistance-rated
construction.

Exception: Dwelling unit and sleeping unit separations in
buildings of Type IIB, IIIB and VB construction shall have
fire-resistance ratings of not less than V2 hour in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

712.3.1 Ceiling panels. Where the weight of lay-in ceiling
panels, used as part of fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or
roof/ceiling assemblies, is not adequate to resist an upward
force of 1 pound per square foot (48 Pa), wire or other
approved devices shall be installed above the panels to pre-
vent vertical displacement under such upward force.

712.3.2 Access doors. Access doors shall be permitted in
ceilings of fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and roof/ceil-
ing assemblies provided such doors are tested in accordance
with ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 as horizontal assembhes and
labeled by an approved agency for such purpose.

712.3.3 Unusable space. In 1-hour fire-resistance-rated
floor assemblies, the ceiling membrane is not required to be
installed over unusable crawl spaces. In 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated roof assemblies, the floor membrane is not
required to be installed where unusable attic space occurs
above.

712.4 Continuity. Assemblies shall be continuous without
openings, penetrations or joints except as permitted by this sec-
tion and Sections 708.2, 713.4, 714 and 1022.1. Skylights and
other penetrations through a fire-resistance-rated roof deck or
slab are permitted to be unprotected, provided that the struc-
tural integrity of the fire-resistance-rated roof assembly is
maintained. Unprotected skylights shall not be permitted in
roof assemblies required to be fire-resistance rated in accor-
dance with Section 704.10. The supporting construction shall
be protected to afford the requk&d fire- resistance rating of the
horizontal assembly supported.

Exception: In buildings of Type IIB, IIIB or VB construc-
tion, the construction supporting the horizontal assembly is
not required to be fire-resistance-rated at the following:

1 . Horizontal assemblies at the separations of incidental
uses as specified by Table 508.2.5, provided the
required fire-resistance rating does not exceed 1
hour.

2. Horizontal assemblies at the separations of dwelling
units and sleeping units as required by Section 420.3.

3. Horizontal assemblies at smoke barriers constructed
in accordance with Section 710.

712.5 Penetrations. Penetrations of horizontal assemblies
shall comply with Section 713.

712.6 Joints. Joints made in or between horizontal assemblies
shall comply with Section 714. The void created at the intersec-
tion of a floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall
assembly shall be protected in accordance with Section 7 14.4.

712.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in hori-
zontal assemblies by ducts and air transfer openings shall com-
ply with Section 716.

712.8 Floor fire door assemblies. Floor ^re door assemblies
used to protect openings in fire-resistance-rated floors shall be
tested in accordance with NFPA 288, and shall achieve a
fire -resistance rating not less than the assembly being pene-
trated. Floor fire door assemblies shall be labeled by an
approved agency. The label shall be permanently affixed and
shall specify the manufacturer, the test standard and the
fire-resistance rating.

712.9 Smoke barrier. Where horizontal assemblies are
required to resist the movement of smoke by other sections of
this code in accordance with the definition of smoke barrier,
penetrations and joints in such horizontal assemblies shall be
protected as required for smoke barriers in accordance with
Sections 713.5 and 714.6. Regardless of the number of stories
connected by elevator shaft enclosures, doors located in eleva-
tor shaft enclosures that penetrate the horizontal assembly shall
be protected by enclosed elevator lobbies complying with Sec-
tion 708.14.1. Openings through horizontal assemblies shall
be protected by shaft enclosures complying with Section 708.
Horizontal assemblies shall not be allowed to have unprotected
vertical openings.

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SECTION 713
PENETRATIONS

713.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall govern the
materials and methods of construction used to protect through
penetrations and membrane penetrations of horizontal assem-
blies and fire-resistance-rated wall assemblies.

713.1.1 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations of
fire-resistance-rated walls by ducts that are not protected
with dampers shall comply with Sections 713.2 through
713.3.3. Penetrations of horizontal assemblies not pro-
tected with a shaft as permitted by Exception 4 of Section
708.2, and not required to be protected with fire dampers by
other sections of this code, shall comply with Sections 7 13.4
through 713.4.2.2. Ducts and air transfer openings that are
protected with dampers shall comply with Section 716.

713.2 Installation details. Where sleeves are used, they shall
be securely fastened to the assembly penetrated. The space
between the item contained in the sleeve and the sleeve itself
and any space between the sleeve and the assembly penetrated
shall be protected in accordance with this section. Insulation
and coverings on or in the penetrating item shall not penetrate
the assembly unless the specific material used has been tested
as part of the assembly in accordance with this section.

713.3 Fire-resistance-rated walls. Penetrations into or
through y^r^ walls, fire barriers, smoke barrier walls and^zr^
partitions shall comply with Sections 713.3.1 through 713.3.3.
Penetrations in smoke barrier walls shall also comply with
Section 713.5.

713.3.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of
fire-resistance-rated walls shall comply with Section
713.3.1.1 or 713.3.1.2.

Exception: Where the penetrating items are steel, fer-
rous or copper pipes, tubes or conduits, the annular
space between the penetrating item and the fire-resis-
tance-rated wall is permitted to be protected as follows:

1. In concrete or masonry walls where the penetrat-
ing item is a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal
diameter and the area of the opening through the
wall does not exceed 144 square inches (0.0929
m^), concrete, grout or mortar is permitted where it
is installed the full thickness of the wall or the
thickness required to maintain ih^ fire-resistance
rating', or

2. The material used to fill the annular space shall
prevent the passage of flame and hot gases suffi-
cient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to
ASTM E 119 or UL 263 time-temperature fire
conditions under a minimum positive pressure dif-
ferential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water at the loca-
tion of the penetration for the time period
equivalent to thQ fire-resistance rating of the con-
struction penetrated.

713.3.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetra-
tions shall be installed as tested in an approved fire-resis-
tance-rated assembly.

713.3.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system.

Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved
penetration firestop system installed as tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479, with a minimum
positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of
water and shall have an F rating of not less than the
TQquiiQd fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated.

713.3.2 Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations
shall comply with Section 713.3.1. Where walls or parti-
tions are required to have afire-resistance rating, recessed
fixtures shall be installed such that the required fire-resis-
tance will not be reduced.

Exceptions:

1. Membrane penetrations of maximum 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel
electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square
inches (0.0103 m^) in area, provided the aggregate
area of the openings through the membrane does
not exceed 100 square inches (0.0645 m^) in any
100 square feet (9.29 m^) of wall area. The annular
space between the wall membrane and the box
shall not exceed Vg inch (3.1 mm). Such boxes on
opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be sepa-
rated by one of the following:

1 . 1 . By a horizontal distance of not less than 24
inches (610 mm) where the wall or parti-
tion is constructed with individual
noncommunicating stud cavities;

1 .2. By a horizontal distance of not less than the
depth of the wall cavity where the wall cav-
ity is filled with cellulose loose-fill,
rockwool or slag mineral wool insulation;

1.3. By solid fireblocking in accordance with
Section 717.2.1;

1.4. By protecting both outlet boxes with listed
putty pads; or

1.5. By other listed materials and methods.

2. Membrane penetrations by listed electrical boxes
of any material, provided such boxes have been
tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies
and are installed in accordance with the instruc-
tions included in the listing. The annular space
between the wall membrane and the box shall not
exceed Vg inch (3.1 mm) unless listed otherwise.
Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or parti-
tion shall be separated by one of the following:

2.1. By the horizontal distance specified in the
listing of the electrical boxes;

2.2. By solid fireblocking in accordance with
Section 717.2.1;

2.3. By protecting both boxes with listed putty
pads; or

2.4. By other listed materials and methods.

3- Membrane penetrations by electrical boxes of any
size or type, which have been listed as part of a

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wall opening protective material system for use in
fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are installed
in accordance with the instructions included in the
listing.

4. Membrane penetrations by boxes other than elec-
trical boxes, provided such penetrating items and
the annular space between the wall membrane and
the box, are protected by an approved membrane
penetration firestop system installed as tested in
accordance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479, with a
minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01
inch (2.49 Pa) of water, and shall have an F and T
rating of not less than the xtqxmedi fire-resistance
rating of the wall penetrated and be installed in
accordance with their listing.

5 . The annular space created by the penetration of an
automatic sprinkler, provided it is covered by a
metal escutcheon plate.

713.3.3 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible penetrating
items shall not connect to combustible items beyond the
point of firestopping unless it can be demonstrated that the
fire-resistance integrity of the wall is maintained.

713.4 Horizontal assemblies. Penetrations of a floor,
floor/ceiling assembly or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceil-
ing assembly not required to be enclosed in a shaft by Section
708.2 shall be protected in accordance with Sections 713.4.1
through 713.4.2.2.

713.4.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetrations of
the fire-resistance-rated floor, floor/ceiling assembly or the
ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly shall comply
with Sections 713.4.1.1 through 713.4.1.4. Penetrations in
horizontal smoke barriers shall also comply with 713.5.

713.4.1.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations
of fire-resistance-rated horizontal assemblies shall com-
ply with Section 713.4.1.1.1 or 713.4.1.1.2.

Exceptions:

1 . Penetrations by steel, ferrous or copper conduits,
pipes, tubes or vents or concrete or masonry
items through a single fire-resistance- rated floor
assembly where the annular space is protected
with materials that prevent the passage of flame
and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste
when subjected to ASTM E 119 or UL 263
time-temperature fire conditions under a mini-
mum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch
(2.49 Pa) of water at the location of the penetra-
tion for the time period equivalent to the
fire-resistance rating of the construction pene-
trated. Penetrating items with a maximum 6-inch
(152 mm) nominal diameter shall not be limited
to the penetration of a single fire-resis-
tance-rated floor assembly, provided the aggre-
gate area of the openings through the assembly
does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900 mm^)
in any 100 square feet (9.3 m^) of floor area.

2. Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel,
ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents

with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal
diameter, provided the concrete, grout or mor-
tar is installed the full thickness of the floor or
the thickness required to maintain the
fire-resistance rating. The penetrating items
shall not be limited to the penetration of a single
concrete floor, provided the area of the opening
through each floor does not exceed 144 square
inches (92 900 mm^).

3. Penetrations by listed electrical boxes of any
material, provided such boxes have been tested
for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and
installed in accordance with the instructions
included in the listing.

713.4.1.1.1 Installation. Through penetrations shall
be installed as tested in the approved fire-resis-
tance-rated assembly.

713.4.1.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system.

Through penetrations shall be protected by an
approved through-penetration firestop system
installed and tested in accordance with ASTM E 814
or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differ-
ential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa). The system shall
have an F rating/T rating of not less than 1 hour but not
less than the required rating of the floor penetrated.

Exception: Floor penetrations contained and
located within the cavity of a wall above the floor
or below the floor do not require a T rating.

713,4,1.2 Membrane penetrations. Penetrations of
membranes that are part of a horizontal assembly shall
comply with Section 713.4.1.1.1 or 713.4.1.1.2. Where
floor/ceiling assemblies are required to have 2i fire-resis-
tance rating, recessed fixtures shall be installed such that
the required yzre resistance will not be reduced.

Exceptions:

1. Membrane penetrations by steel, ferrous or
copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents, or con-
crete or masonry items where the annular space
is protected either in accordance with Section
713.4.1.1 or to prevent the free passage of
flame and the products of combustion. The
aggregate area of the openings through the
membrane shall not exceed 100 square inches
(64 500 mm^) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m^) of
ceihng area in assemblies tested without pene-
trations.

2. Ceiling membrane penetrations of maximum
2-hour horizontal assemblies by steel electrical
boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches (10
323 mm^) in area, provided the aggregate area
of such penetrations does not exceed 100
square inches (44 500 mm^) in any 100 square
feet (9.29 m^) of ceiling area, and the annular
space between the ceiling membrane and the
box does not exceed 7g inch (3.2 mm).

3. Membrane penetrations by electrical boxes of
any size or type, which have been listed as part

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of an opening protective material system for
use in horizontal assemblies and are installed in
accordance with the instructions included in the
listing.

4. Membrane penetrations by listed electrical
boxes of any material, provided such boxes
have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated
assemblies and are installed in accordance with
the instructions included in the listing. The
annular space between the ceiling membrane
and the box shall not exceed Vg inch (3.2 mm)
unless listed otherwise.

5 . The annular space created by the penetration of
a fire sprinkler, provided it is covered by a
metal eschutcheon plate.

713.4.1.3 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetra-
tions of horizontal assemblies by ducts and air transfer
openings shall comply with Section 716.

713.4.1.4 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible pene-
trating items shall not connect to combustible materials
beyond the point of firestopping unless it can be demon-
strated that the fire-resistance integrity of the horizontal
assembly is maintained.

713.4.2 Nonfire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetrations
of nonfire-resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies
or the ceiling membrane of a nonfire-resistance- rated
roof/ceiling assembly shall meet the requirements of Section
708 or shall comply with Section 713.4.2.1 or 713.4.2.2.

713.4.2.1 Noncombustible penetrating items. Non-
combustible penetrating items that connect not more
than three stories are permitted, provided that the annu-
lar space is filled to resist the free passage of flame and
the products of combustion with an approved
noncombustible material or with a fill, void or cavity
material that is tested and classified for use in
through-penetration firestop systems.

713.4.2.2 Penetrating items. Penetrating items that con-
nect not more than two stories are permitted, provided
that the annular space is filled with an approved material
to resist the free passage of flame and the products of
combustion.

713.5 Penetrations in smoke barriers. Penetrations in smoke
barriers shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of
UL 1479 for air leakage. The air leakage rate of the penetration
assemblies measured at 0.30 inch (7.47 Pa) of water in both the
ambient temperature and elevated temperature tests, shall not
exceed:

1. 5.0 cfm per square foot (0.025m^ / s ■ m^) of penetration
opening for each through-penetration firestop system; or

2. A total cumulative leakage of 50 cfm (0.024mVs) for any
100 square feet (9.3 m^) of wall area, or floor area.

SECTION 714
FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEMS

714.1 General. Joints installed in or between fire-resis-
tance-rated walls, floor or floor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or
roof/ceiling assemblies shall be protected by an approved
fire-resistant joint system designed to resist the passage of fire
for a time period not less than the TQquk&d fire-resistance rat-
ing of the wall, floor or roof in or between which it is installed.
Fire-resistant joint systems shall be tested in accordance with
Section 714.3. The void created at the intersection of a
floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall assembly
shall be protected in accordance with Section 714.4.

Exception: Fire -resistant joint systems shall not be required
for joints in all of the following locations:

1. Floors within a single (iwe//mg MmY.

2. Floors where the joint is protected by a shaft enclo-
sure in accordance with Section 708.

3. Floors within atriums where the space adjacent to the
atrium is included in the volume of the atrium for
smoke control purposes.

4. Floors within malls.

5. Floors and ramps within open and enclosed parking
garages or structures constructed in accordance with
Sections 406.3 and 406.4, respectively.

6. Mezzanine floors.

7 . Walls that are permitted to have unprotected openings.

8. Roofs where openings are permitted.

9. Control joints not exceeding a maximum width of
0.625 inch (15.9 mm) and tested in accordance with
ASTME119orUL263.

714.2 Installation. Fire-resistant joint systems shall be
securely installed in or on the joint for its entire length so as not
to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair its ability to accommo-
date expected building movements and to resist the passage of
fire and hot gases.

714.3 Fire test criteria. Fire-resistant joint systems shall be
tested in accordance with the requirements of either ASTM E
1966 or UL 2079. Nonsymmetrical wall joint systems shall be
tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and the assigned
fire-resistance rating shall be the shortest duration obtained
from the two tests. When evidence is furnished to show that the
wall was tested with the least fire-resistant side exposed to the
furnace, subject to acceptance of the building official, the wall
need not be subjected to tests from the opposite side.

Exception: For exterior walls with a horizontal^re separa-
tion distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm), the joint system
shall be required to be tested for interior fire exposure only.

714.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Where fire
resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies are required,
voids created at the intersection of the exterior curtain wall
assemblies and such floor assemblies shall be sealed with an
approved system to prevent the interior spread of fire. Such sys-
tems shall be securely installed and tested in accordance with
ASTM E 2307 to prevent the passage of flame for the time
period at least equal to the fire-resistance rating of the floor

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assembly and prevent the passage of heat and hot gases suffi-
cient to ignite cotton waste. Height and fire-resistance require-
ments for curtain wall spandrels shall comply with Section

705.8.5.

714.4.1 Exterior curtain wall/nonfire-resistance-rated
floor assembly intersections. Voids created at the intersec-
tion of exterior curtain wall assemblies and nonfire-resis-
tance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assemblies shall be sealed
with an approved material or system to retard the interior
spread of fire and hot gases between stories,

714.5 Spandrel wall. Height and fire-resistance requirements
for curtain wall spandrels shall comply with Section 705.8.5.
Where Section 705.8.5 does not require a fire-resistance-rated
spandrel wall, the requirements of Section 714.4 shall still apply
to the intersection between the spandrel wall and the floor.

714.6 Fire-resistant joint systems in smoke barriers.

Fire-resistant joint systems in smoke barriers, and joints at the
intersection of a horizontal smoke barrier and an exterior cur-
tain wall, shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of
UL 2079 for air leakage. The air leakage rate of the joint shall
not exceed 5 cfm per lineal foot (0.00775 mVs • m) of joint at
0.30 inch (7.47 Pa) of water for both the ambient temperature
and elevated temperature tests.

SECTION 715
OPENING PROTECTIVES

715.1 General. Opening protectives required by other sections
of this code shall comply with the provisions of this section.

715.2 Fire-resistance-rated glazing. Fire-resistance-rated
glazing tested as part of a fire-resistance-rated wall assembly in
accordance with ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263 and labeled in accor-
dance with Section 703.5 shall be permitted in fire doors and

fire window assemblies in accordance with their listings and
shall not otherwise be required to comply with this section.

715.3 Alternative methods for determining fire protection
ratings. The application of any of the alternative methods
listed in this section shall be based on the fire exposure and
acceptance criteria specified in NFPA 252, NFPA 257 or UL 9.
The required ^r^ resistance of an opening protective shall be
permitted to be established by any of the following methods or
procedures:

1. Designs documented in approved sources.

2. Calculations performed in an approved manner.

3. Engineering analysis based on a comparison of opening
protective designs having fire protection ratings as
determined by the test procedures set forth in NFPA 252,
NFPA 257 or UL 9.

4. Alternative protection methods as allowed by Section
104.11.

715.4 Fire door and shutter assemblies. Approved ^r^ door
and fire shutter assemblies shall be constructed of any material
or assembly of component materials that conforms to the test
requirementsofSection715.4.1, 715.4.2 or 715.4.3 and the^re
protection rating indicated in Table 715.4. Fire door frames
with transom Hghts, sidelights or both shall be permitted in
accordance with Section 715.4.5. Fire door assemblies and
shutters shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of
this section and NFPA 80.

Exceptions:

1. Labeled protective assemblies that conform to the
requirements of this section or UL lOA, UL 14B and
UL 14C for \m-c\did fire door assemblies.

2. ¥\oox fire door assemblies in accordance with Section
712.8.

TABLE 715.4
FIRE DOOR AND FIRE SHUTTER FIRE PROTECTION RATINGS

TYPE OF ASSEMBLY

REQUIRED ASSEMBLY RATING
(hours)

MINIMUM FIRE DOOR AND FIRE
SHUTTER ASSEMBLY RATING (hours)

Fire walls and fire barriers having a required fire-resistance
rating greater than 1 hour

IV,

3
3a

IV,
IV.

Fire barriers having a required fire-resistance rating of 1 hour:
Shaft, exit enclosure and exit passageway walls
Other fire barriers

1
1

Fire partitions:
Corridor walls

Other fire partitions

1
0.5

Exterior walls

2 -
1

Smoke barriers

a. Two doors, each with a fire protection rating of 1 V2 hours, installed on opposite sides of the same opening in a fire wall, shall be deemed equivalent in fire protection
rating to one 3-hour fire door.

b. For testing requirements, see Section 715.4.3.

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715.4.1 Side-hinged or pivoted swinging doors. Fire door
assemblies with side-hinged and pivoted swinging doors
shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 252 or UL IOC.
After 5 minutes into the NFPA 252 test, the neutral pressure
level in the furnace shall be established at 40 inches (1016
mm) or less above the sill.

715.4.2 Other types of assemblies. Fire door assemblies
with other types of doors, including swinging elevator doors
and fire shutter assemblies, shall be tested in accordance
with NFPA 252 or UL lOB. The pressure in the furnace shall
be maintained as nearly equal to the atmospheric pressure as
possible. Once established, the pressure shall be maintained
during the entire test period.

715.4.3 Door assemblies in corridors and smoke barri-
ers. Fire door assemblies required to have a mimmvim fire
protection rating of 20 minutes where located in corridor
walls or smoke barrier walls having afire-resistance rating
in accordance with Table 715.4 shall be tested in accordance
with NFPA 252 or UL IOC without the hose stream test.

Exceptions:

1 . Viewports that require a hole not larger than 1 inch
(25 mm) in diameter through the door, have at least
a 0.25-inch-thick (6.4 mm) glass disc and the
holder is of metal that will not melt out where sub-
ject to temperatures of 1,700T (927''C),

2. Corridor door assembUes in occupancies of Group
1-2 shall be in accordance with Section 407.3.1.

3 . Unprotected openings shall be permitted for corri-
dors in multitheater complexes where each motion
picture auditorium has at least one-half of its
required exit or exit access doorways opening
directly to the exterior or into an ejc// passageway.

4. Horizontal sliding doors in smoke barriers that
comply with Sections 408.3 and 408.8.4 in occu-
pancies in Group 1-3.

5. Cell or room doors, including cell or room doors
with integral side-lites that are part of the door
assembly in Group IS occupancies which open
into a required exit corridor within a cell complex.

715.4.3.1 Smoke and draft control. Fire door assem-
blies shall also meet the requirements for a smoke and
draft control door assembly tested in accordance with
UL 1784. The air leakage rate of the door assembly shall
not exceed 3.0 cubic feet per minute per square foot
(0.01524 mVs • m^) of door opening at 0.10 inch (24.9
Pa) of water for both the ambient temperature and ele-
vated temperature tests. Louvers shall be prohibited.
Installation of smoke doors shall be in accordance with
NFPA 105.

715.4.3.2 Glazing In door assemblies. In a 20-minute
fire door assembly, the glazing material in the door itself
shall have a minimum fire-protection-rated glazing of 20
minutes and shall be exempt from the hose stream test.
Glazing material in any other part of the door assembly,
including transom lights and sidelights, shall be tested in

accordance with NFPA 257 or UL 9, including the hose
stream test, in accordance with Section 715.5.

715.4.4 Doors in exit enclosures and exit passageways.

Fire door assembUes in exit enclosures and exit passage-
ways shall have a maximum transmitted temperature end
point of not more than 450T (250°C) above ambient at the
end of 30 minutes of standard fire test exposure.

Exception: The maximum transmitted temperature rise
is not required in buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1.

715.4.4.1 Glazing in doors. Fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing in excess of 100 square inches (0.065 m^) shall be
permitted in fire door assemblies when tested as compo-
nents of the door assemblies and not as glass lights, and
shall have a maximum transmitted temperature rise of
450°F (250°C) in accordance with Section 715.4.4.

Exception: The maximum transmitted temperature
rise is not required in buildings equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1.

715.4.5 Fire door frames with transom lights and side-
lights. Door frames with transom lights, sidelights, or both,
shall be permitted where a ^l^-\\o\xxfire protection rating or
less is required in accordance with Table 7 1 5 .4. Where difire
protection rating exceeding V4-hour is required in accor-
dance with Table 715.4, fire door frames with transom
lights, sidelights, or both, shall be permitted where installed
with fire-resistance-rated glazing tested as an assembly in
accordance with ASTM El 19 or UL 263.

715.4.6 Labeled protective assemblies. Fire door assem-
blies shall be labeled by an approved agency. The labels
shall comply with NFPA 80, and shall be permanently
affixed to the door or frame.

715.4.6.1 Fire door labeling requirements. Fire doors
shall be labeled showing the name of the manufacturer or
other identification readily traceable back to the manu-
facturer, the name or trademark of the third-party inspec-
tion agency, the fire protection rating and, where
required foxfire doors in ^jc// enclosures and ^xiY passage-
ways by Section 715.4.4, the maximum transmitted tem-
perature end point. Smoke and draft control doors
complying with UL 1784 shall be labeled as such and
shall also comply with Section 715.4.6.3. Labels shall be
approved and permanently affixed. The label shall be
applied at the factory or location where fabrication and
assembly are performed.

Exception: In Group 1-3 doors which are required to
be 45 minutes or higher shall be fire-rated assemblies
or certified by the manufacturer as being equivalent
to the required standard,

715.4.6.2 Oversized doors. Oversized fire doors shall
bear an oversized y?r^ door label by an approved agency
or shall be provided with a certificate of inspection fur-
nished by an approved testing agency. When a certificate
of inspection is furnished by an approved testing agency,
the certificate shall state that the door conforms to the

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191

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

requirements of design, materials and construction, but
has not been subjected to the fire test.

715.4.6.3 Smoke and draft control door labeling
requirements. Smoke and draft control doors comply-
ing with UL 1784 shall be labeled in accordance with
Section 715.4.6. 1 and shall show the letter "S" on the fire
rating label of the door. This marking shall indicate that
the door and frame assembly are in compliance when
listed or labeled gasketing is also installed.

715.4.6.4 Fire door frame labeling requirements. Fire
door frames shall be labeled showing the names of the
manufacturer and the third-party inspection agency.

715.4.7 Glazing material. Fire-protection-rated glazing
conforming to the opening protection requirements in Sec-
tion 715.4 shall be permitted in^r^ door assemblies.

715.4.7.1 Size limitations. Fire-protection-rated glazing
used in fire doors shall comply with the size limitations
ofNFPASO.

Exceptions:

1. Fire-protection-rated glazing in fire doors
located in fire walls shall be prohibited except
where serving in afire door in a horizontal exit,
a self-closing swinging door shall be permitted
to have a vision panel of not more than 100
square inches (0.065 m^) without a dimension
exceeding 10 inches (254 mm).

2. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall not be
installed in fire doors having a V/j-hom fire
protection rating intended for installation in
fire barriers, unless the glazing is not more than

100 square inches (0.065 m^) in area.

715.4.7.2 Exit and elevator protectives. Approved
fire-protection-rated glazing used in fire door assemblies
in elevator and exit enclosures shall be so located as to
furnish clear vision of the passageway or approach to the
elevator, ramp or stairway.

715.4.7.3 Labeling. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall
bear a label or other identification showing the name of
the manufacturer, the test standard and information
required in Section 715.5.9.1 that shall be issued by an
approved agency and shall be permanently affixed to the
glazing.

715.4.7.3.1 Identification. For fire protection-rated
glazing, the label shall bear the following four-part
identification: "D - H or NH - T or NT - XXX." "D"
indicates that the glazing shall be used in fire door
assemblies and that the glazing meets the fire protec-
tion requirements of NFPA 252. *'H" shall indicate
that the glazing meets the hose stream requirements of
NFPA 252. "NH" shall indicate that the glazing does
not meet the hose stream requirements of the test. "T"
shall indicate that the glazing meets the temperature
requirements of Section 715.4.4.1. "NT" shall indi-
cate that the glazing does not meet the temperature
requirements of Section 715,4.4.1. The placeholder

"XXX" shall specify the fire-protection-rating
period, in minutes.

715.4.7.4 Safety glazing. Fire-protection-rated glazing
installed in fire doors in areas subject to human impact in
hazardous locations shall comply with Chapter 24.

715.4.8 Door closing. Fire doors shall be self- or auto-
matic-closing in accordance with this section.

Exceptions:

1. Fire doors located in common walls separating
sleeping units in Group R-1 shall be permitted
without automatic- or self-closing devices.

2. The elevator car doors and the associated hoistway
enclosure doors at the floor level designated for
recall in accordance with Section 3003.2 shall be
permitted to remain open during Phase I emer-
gency recall operation.

715.4.8.1 Latch required. Unless otherwise specifically
permitted, single ^re doors and both leaves of pairs of
side-hinged swinging y?r^ doors shall be provided with
an active latch bolt that will secure the door when it is
closed.

715.4.8.2 Automatic-closing fire door assemblies.

Automatic-closing fire door assemblies shall be
self-closing in accordance with NFPA 80.

715.4.8.3 Smoke-activated doors. Automatic-closing
doors installed in the following locations shall be auto-
matic-closing by the actuation of smoke detectors
installed in accordance with Section 907.3 or by loss of
power to the smoke detector or hold-open device. Doors
that are automatic-closing by smoke detection shall not
have more than a 10-second delay before the door starts
to close after the smoke detector is actuated:

1 . Doors installed across a corridor.

2. Doors that protect openings in exits or corridors
required to be of fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion.

3. Doors that protect openings in walls that are
capable of resisting the passage of smoke in
accordance with Section 508.2.5.2.

4. Doors installed in smoke barriers in accordance
with Section 710.5.

5. Doors installed in fire partitions in accordance
with Section 709.6.

6. Doors installed in afire wall in accordance with
Section 706.8.

7. Doors installed in shaft enclosures in accordance
with Section 708.7.

8. Doors installed in refuse and laundry chutes and
access and termination rooms in accordance with
Section 708.13.

9. Doors installed in the walls for compartmentation
of underground buildings in accordance with Sec-
tion 405,4.2:

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

10. Doors installed in the elevator lobby walls of
underground buildings in accordance with Sec-
tion 405.4.3.

1 1 . Doors installed in smoke partitions in accordance
with Section 711.5.3.

12. [SFM] Doors installed in walls required to be
fire rated in accordance with Section 508.2.2.

13. [SFM] Doors installed in walls required to be
fire rated in accordance with Section 508.3.3.

In Group 1-2 occupancies smoke activated doors
installed in the above locations shall be automatic clos-
ing by actuation of the fire alarm system, or actuation of
smoke detectors installed in accordance with Section
907. 10 y or activation of the sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.1.

715.4.8.4 Doors in pedestrian ways. Vertical sliding or
vertical rolling steel fire doors in openings through
which pedestrians travel shall be heat activated or acti-
vated by smoke detectors with alarm verification.

715.4.9 Swinging fire siiutters. Where fire shutters of the
swinging type are installed in exterior openings, not less
than one row in every three vertical rows shall be arranged to
be readily opened from the outside, and shall be identified
by distinguishing marks or letters not less than 6 inches (152
mm) high.

715.4.10 Rolling fire shutters. Where fire shutters of the
rolling type are installed, such shutters shall include
approved automatic-closing devices.

715.5 Fire-protection-rated glazing. Glazing in fire window
assemblies shall be fire-protection rated in accordance with this
section and Table 715.5. Glazing infire door assemblies shall
comply with Section 715.4.7, Fire-protection-rated glazing shall
be tested in accordance with and shall meet the acceptance crite-
ria of NFPA 257 or UL 9. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall also
comply with NFPA 80. Openings in nonfure-resistance-rated
exterior wall assembhes that require protection in accordance
with Section 705.3, 705.8, 705.8.5 or 705.8.6 shall have a
fire-protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

Exceptions:

1. Wired glass in accordance with Secfion 715.5.4.

2. Fire protection-rated glazing in 0.5-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated partitions is permitted to have an
0.33-hour fire-protection rating.

715.5.1 Testing under positive pressure. NFPA 257 or UL
9 shall evaluate fire-protection-rated glazing under positive
pressure. Within the first 10 minutes of a test, the pressure in
the furnace shall be adjusted so at least two-thirds of the test
specimen is above the neutral pressure plane, and the neutral
pressure plane shall be maintained at that height for the bal-
ance of the test.

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 715.5
FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY FIRE PROTECTION RATINGS

TYPE OF ASSEMBLY

REQUIRED

ASSEMBLY

RATING (hours)

MINIMUM FIRE

WINDOW

ASSEMBLY

RATING (hours)

Interior walls:

Fire walls

All

NP^

Fire barriers

>1
1

Npa

Smoke barriers

Fire partitions

Exterior walls

>1
1

1V2

Party wall

All

NP = Not Permitted.

a. Not permitted except as specified in Section 715.2.

715.5.2 Nonsymmetrical glazing systems. Nonsymmetri-
cal fire-protection-rated glazing systems in fire partitions,
fire barriers or in exterior walls with afire separation dis-
tance of 5 feet (1524 mm) or less pursuant to Section 705
shall be tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and
the assigned fire protection rating shall be the shortest dura-
tion obtained from the two tests conducted in compliance
with NFPA 257 or UL 9.

715.5.3 Safety glazing. Fire-protection-rated glazing
installed in fire window assemblies in areas subject to
human impact in hazardous locations shall comply with
Chapter 24.

715.5.4 Wired glass. Steel window frame assemblies of
0.125-inch (3.2 mm) minimum solid section or of not less
than nominal 0.048-inch- thick (1,2 mm) formed sheet steel
members fabricated by pressing, mitering, riveting, inter-
locking or welding and having provision for glazing with
V4-inch (6.4 mm) wired glass where securely installed in the
building construction and glazed with V4-inch (6.4 mm)
labeled wired glass shall be deemed to meet the require-
ments for a ^/^-hourfire window assembly. Wired glass pan-
els shall conform to the size limitations set forth in Table
715.5.4.

TABLE 715.5.4
LIMITING SIZES OF WIRED GLASS PANELS

OPENING FIRE

PROTECTION

RATING

MAXIMUM

AREA

(square inches)

MAXIMUM
HEIGHT
(inches)

MAXIMUM
WIDTH
(inches)

3 hours

iVj-hour doors in
exterior walls

1 and 1 V9 hours

100

Vu hour

1,296

20 minutes

Not Limited

Fire window

assemblies

1,296

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mnf .

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

715.5.5 Non wired glass. Glazing other than wired glass in
fire window assemblies shall be fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing installed in accordance with and complying with the size
limitations set forth in NFPA 80.

715.5.6 Installation. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall be
in the fixed position or be automatic-closing and shall be
installed in approved fi*ames.

715.5.7 Window muUions. Metal mullions that exceed a
nominal height of 1 2 feet (3658 mm) shall be protected with
materials to afford the same fire-resistance rating as
required for the wall construction in which the protective is
located.

715.5.8 Interior fire window assemblies. Fire-protec-
tion-rated glazing used in fire window assemblies located in
fire partitions and fire barriers shall be limited to use in
assemblies with a vixdixmrnm fire-resistance rating of 1 hour
in accordance with this section.

715.5.8.1 Where V4-hour fire protection window
assemblies permitted. Fire-protection-rated glazing
requiring 45 -minute opening protection in accordance
with Table 715.5 shall be limited to fire partitions
designed in accordance with Section 709 andj^r^ barri-
ers utilized in the applications set forth in Sections
707.3,6 and 707.3.8 where ih& fire-resistance rating does
not exceed 1 hour.

715.5.8.2 Area limitations. The total area of windows
shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of a common wall
with any room,

715.5.9 Labeling requirements. Fire-protection-rated
glazing shall bear a label or other identification showing the
name of the manufacturer, the test standard and information
required in Section 715.5.9.1 that shall be issued by an
approved agency and shall be permanently affixed to the
glazing,

715.5.9.1 Identification. For fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing, the label shall bear the following two-part identifica-
tion: "OH - XXX." "OH" indicates that the glazing
meets both the fire protecrion and the hose-stream
requirements of NFPA 257 or UL 9 and is permitted to be
used in openings. "XXX" represents the fire-protection
rating period, in minutes, that was tested.

SECTION 716
DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS

716.1 General. The provisions of this section shall govern the
protection of duct penetrations and air transfer openings in
assemblies required to be protected.

716.1.1 Ducts that penetrate fire-resistance-rated
assemblies without dampers. Ducts that penetrate fire-
resistance-rated assemblies and are not required by this sec-
tion to have dampers shall comply with the requirements of
Sections 713.2 through 713.3.3. Ducts that penetrate hori-
zontal assemblies not required to be contained within a shaft
and not required by this section to have dampers shall com-
ply with the requirements of Sections 713.4 through
713.4.2.2.

716.1.1.1 Ducts that penetrate nonfire-resis-
tance-rated assemblies. The space around a duct pene-
trating a nonfire-resistance-rated floor assembly shall
comply with Section 716.6.3.

716.2 Installation. Fire dampers, smoke dampers, combina-
tion fire/smoke dampers and ceiling radiation dampers located
within air distribution and smoke control systems shall be
installed in accordance with the requirements of this section,
the manufacturer's installation instructions and the dampers'
listing.

716.2.1 Smoke control system. Where the installation of a
fire damper will interfere with the operation of a required
smoke control system in accordance with Section 909,
approved alternative protection shall be utilized. Where
mechanical systems including ducts and dampers utilized
for normal building ventilation serve as part of the smoke
control system, the expected performance of these systems
in smoke control mode shall be addressed in the rational
analysis required by Section 909.4.

716.2.2 Hazardous exhaust ducts. Fire dampers for haz-
ardous exhaust duct systems shall comply with the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code,

716.3 Damper testing, ratings and actuation. Damper test-
ing, ratings and actuation shall be in accordance with Sections
716.3.1 through 716.3.3.

716.3.1 Damper testing. Dampers shall be listed and bear
the label of an approved testing agency indicating compli-
ance with the standards in this section. Fire dampers shall
comply with the requirements of UL 555 . Only fire dampers
labeled for use in dynamic systems shall be installed in heat-
ing, ventilation and air-conditioning systems designed to
operate with fans on during a fire. Smoke dampers shall
comply with the requirements of UL 555S. Combination
fire/smoke dampers shall comply with the requirements of
both UL 555 and UL 555S. Ceiling radiation dampers shall
comply with the requirements of UL 555C.

716.3.2 Damper rating. Damper ratings shall be in accor-
dance with Sections 716.3.2.1 through 716.3.2.3.

716.3.2.1 Fire damper ratings. Fire dampers shall have
the minimum fire protection rating specified in Table
716.3.2.1 for the type of penetration.

TABLE 716.3.2.1
FIRE DAMPER RATING

TYPE OF
PENETRATION

MINIMUM DAMPER RATING
(hours)

Less than 3 -hour fire-resistance-rated
assemblies

1.5

3 -hour or greater fire-resistance-rated
assemblies

716.3.2.2 Smoke damper ratings. Smoke damper leak-
age ratings shall not be less than Class 11. Elevated tem-
perature ratings shall not be less than 250°F (121°C).

716.3.2.3 Combination fire/smoke damper ratings.

Combination fire/smoke dampers shall have the mini-
mum ^r^g protection rating specified foxfire dampers in
Table 716.3.2.1 for the type of penetration and shall also

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have a minimum Class II leakage rating and a minimum
elevated temperature rating of 250°F (12PC).

716.3.3 Damper actuation. Damper actuation shall be in
accordance with Sections 716.3.3.1 through 716.3.3.4 as
applicable.

716.3.3.1 Fire damper actuation device. The fire
damper actuation device shall meet one of the following
requirements:

1 . The operating temperature shall be approximately
50°F (10°C) above the normal temperature within
the duct system, but not less than 160T (7rC).

2. The operating temperature shall be not more than
350°F (177°C) where located in a smoke control
system complying with Section 909.

716.3.3.2 Smolce damper actuation. The smoke
damper shall close upon actuation of a listed smoke
detector or detectors installed in accordance with Section
907.3 and one of the following methods, as applicable:

1 . Where a smoke damper is installed within a duct, a
smoke detector shall be installed in the duct within
5 feet (1524 mm) of the damper with no air outlets
or inlets between the detector and the damper. The
detector shall be listed for the air velocity, temper-
ature and humidity anticipated at the point where it
is installed. Other than in mechanical smoke con-
trol systems, dampers shall be closed upon fan
shutdown where local smoke detectors require a
minimum velocity to operate.

2. Where a smoke damper is installed above smoke
barrier doors in a smoke barrier, a spot-type
detector listed for releasing service shall be
installed on either side of the smoke barrier door
opening.

3. Where a smoke damper is installed within an air
transfer opening in a wall, a spot-type detector
listed fox releasing service shall be installed within
5 feet (1524 mm) horizontally of the damper,

4. Where a smoke damper is installed in a corridor
wall or ceiling, the damper shall be permitted to be
controlled by a smoke detection system installed in
the corridor,

5. Where a total-coverage smoke detector system is
provided within areas served by a heating, ventila-
tion and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, smoke
dampers shall be permitted to be controlled by the
smoke detection system.

716.3.3.3 Combination fire/smoke damper actuation.

Combination fire/smoke damper actuation shall be in
accordance with Sections 7 16.3.3.1 and 716.33.2. Com-
bination fire/smoke dampers installed in smoke control
system shaft penetrations shall not be activated by local
area smoke detection unless it is secondary to the smoke
management system controls.

716.3.3.4 Ceiling radiation damper actuation. The

operating temperature of a ceiling radiation damper
actuation device shall be 50°F (27. 8°C) above the normal

temperature within the duct system, but not less than
160°F(71°C).

716.4 Access and identification. Fire and smoke dampers
shall be provided with an approved means of access, which is
large enough to permit inspection and maintenance of the
damper and its operating parts. The access shall not affect the
integrity of fire-resistance-rated assemblies. The access open-
ings shall not reduce iho. fire-resistance rating of the assembly.
Access points shall be permanently identified on the exterior
by a label having letters not less than V2 inch (12.7 mm) in
height reading: FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER, SMOKE DAMPER
or FIRE DAMPER. Access doors in ducts shall be tight fitting
and suitable for the required duct construction.

716.5 Where required. Fire dampers, smoke dampers and
combination fire/smoke dampers shall be provided at the loca-
tions prescribed in Sections 716.5.1 through 716.5.7 and
7 16.6. Where an assembly is required to have both^zr^ dampers
and smoke dampers, combination fire/smoke dampers or difire
damper and a smoke damper shall be required.

716.5.1 Fire walls. Ducts and air transfer openings permit-
ted in fire walls in accordance with Section 706.1 1 shall be
protected with listed fire dampers installed in accordance
with their listing.

716.5.1.1 Horizontal exits. A listed smoke damper
designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided
at each point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a
fire wall that serves as a horizontal exit.

716.5.2 Fire barriers. In other than Group A, E, H, /, L and

R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applications
listed in Section 1.1 1 regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal. Ducts and air transfer openings of fire barriers
shall be protected with approved fire dampers installed in
accordance with their listing. Ducts and air transfer open-
ings shall not penetrate exit enclosures and exit passage-
ways except as permitted by Sections 1022.4 and 1023.6,
respectively.

Exception: Fire dampers are not required at penetra-
tions of^r^ barriers where any of the following apply:

1. Penetrations are tested in accordance with ASTM
E 1 19 or UL 263 as part of the fire-resistance-rated
assembly.

2. Ducts are used as part of an approved smoke con-
trol system in accordance with Section 909 and
where the use of Sifire damper would interfere with
the operation of a smoke control system.

3. Such walls are penetrated by ducted HVAC sys-
tems, have a r^quived fire-resistance rating of 1
hour or less, are in areas of other than Group H and
are in buildings equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1. For the purposes of this exception, a <
ducted HVAC system shall be a duct system for
conveying supply, return or exhaust air as part of
the structure's HVAC system. Such a duct system
shall be constructed of sheet steel not less than No.

26 gage thickness and shall be continuous from the

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air-handling appliance or equipment to the air out-
let and inlet terminals.

[SFM] For Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancieSy
high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Section
1,11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, ducts
and air transfer openings of fire barriers shall be protected
with approved fire and smoke dampers installed in accor-
dance with their listing. Ducts and air transfer openings
shall not penetrate exit enclosures and exit passageways
I I except as permitted by Sections 1 022 A and 1 023. 6, respec-
tively.

Exceptions:

1. Fire dampers are not required at penetrations of
fire barriers where penetrations are tested in
accordance with ASTM El 19 as part of the
fire-resistance rated assembly.

2. Fire and smoke dampers are not required where
ducts are used as part of an approved smoke con-
trol system in accordance with Section 909 and
where the use of a fire or smoke damper would
interfere with the operation of a smoke control sys-
tem.

716.5.2.1 Horizontal exits. A listed smoke damper
designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided
at each point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a
fire barrier that serves as a horizontal exit.

716.5.3 Shaft enclosures. Shaft enclosures that are permit-
ted to be penetrated by ducts and air transfer openings shall
be protected with approved fire and smoke dampers
installed in accordance with their listing.

Exceptions:

1. Fire dampers are not required at penetrations of
shafts where:

1.1. Steel exhaust subducts are extended at
least 22 inches (559 mm) vertically in
exhaust shafts, provided there is a continu-
ous airflow upward to the outside; or

1.2. Penetrations are tested in accordance with
ASTM E 119 or UL 263 as part of the
fire-resistance-rated assembly; or

1.3. Ducts are used as part of an approved
smoke control system designed and
installed in accordance with Section 909
and where the fire damper will interfere
with the operation of the smoke control
system; or

1.4. The penetrations are in parking garage
exhaust or supply shafts that are separated
from other building shafts by not less than
2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction.

2. In Group B and R occupancies equipped through-
out with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1, smoke dampers are
not required at penetrations of shafts where:

2. 1 . Kitchen, clothes dryer, bathroom and toilet
room exhaust openings are installed with
steel exhaust subducts, having a minimum
wall thickness of 0.187-inch (0.4712 mm)
(No. 26 gage);

2.2. The subducts extend at least 22 inches (559
mm) vertically; and

2.3. An exhaust fan is installed at the upper ter-
minus of the shaft that is powered continu-
ously in accordance with the provisions of
Section 909. 1 1, so as to maintain a contin-
uous upward airflow to the outside.

3. Smoke dampers are not required at penetration of
exhaust or supply shafts in parking garages that are
separated from other building shafts by not less
than 2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction.

4. Smoke dampers are not required at penetrations of
shafts where ducts are used as part of an approved
mechanical smoke control system designed in
accordance with Section 909 and where the smoke
damper will interfere with the operation of the
smoke control system.

5. Fire dampers and combination fire/smoke damp-
ers are not required in kitchen and clothes dryer
exhaust systems when installed in accordance with
the California Mechanical Code.

716.5.4 Fire partitions. In other than Group A, E, I and R
occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other applications
listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, ducts and air transfer openings that penetrate ^zr^
partitions shall be protected with listed fire dampers
installed in accordance with their listing.

Exceptions: In occupancies other than Group H and L, | |<
fire dampers are not required where any of the following
apply:

1. Corridor walls in buildings equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and the duct is
protected as a through penetration in accordance
with Section 713.

2. Tenant partitions in covered mall buildings where
the walls are not required by provisions elsewhere
in the code to extend to the underside of the floor or
roof sheathing, slab or deck above.

3. The duct system is constructed of approved mate-
rials in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code and the duct penetrating the wall complies
with all of the following requirements:

3.1. The duct shall not exceed 100 square
inches (0.06 m^).

3.2. The duct shall be constructed of steel a
minimum of 0.0217 inch (0.55 mm) in
thickness.

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3.3. The duct shall not have openings that com-
municate the corridor ^ith adjacent spaces
or rooms.

3 .4. The duct shall be installed above a ceiling.

3.5. The duct shall not terminate at a wall regis-
ter in the fire-resistance-rated wall.

3.6. A minimum 12-inch-long (305 mm) by
0.060-inch-thick (1.52 mm) steel sleeve
shall be centered in each duct opening. The
sleeve shall be secured to both sides of the
wall and all four sides of the sleeve with
minimum lV2-inch by lV2-ii^ch by
0.060-inch (38 mm by 38 mm by L52 mm)
steel retaining angles. The retaining angles
shall be secured to the sleeve and the wall
with No. 10 (M5) screws. The annular
space between the steel sleeve and the wall
opening shall be filled with mineral wool
batting on all sides.

For Group A, E, I and R occupancies, high-rise buildings,
and other applications listed in Section Lll regulated by the
Office of the State Fire Marshal, ducts and air transfer open-
ings that penetrate fire partitions shall be protected with
listed fire dampers installed in accordance with their listings.

Exceptions:

1. Fire dampers are not required in corridor pene-
trations where the duct is constructed of steel not
less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) in thickness, pro-
tected as a through penetration in accordance
with Section 713 and there are no openings serv-
ing the corridor.

2. Fire dampers are not required where the duct sys-
tem is constructed of approved materials in accor-
dance with the California Mechanical Code and
the duct penetrating the wall complies with all of
the following requirements:

2.1 For other than corridors in Group 1-2
occupancies the duct shall not exceed 100
square inches (0.6 m^).

2.2 The duct shall be constructed of steel a
minimum of 0.0217 inch (0.55 mm) in
thickness.

2. 3 The duct shall not have openings that com-
municate the corridor with adjacent
spaces or rooms.

2.4 The duct shall be installed above a ceiling.

2.5 The duct shall not terminate at a wall reg-
ister in the fire-resistance rated wall

2.6 The duct shall be protected as a through
penetration in accordance with Section 713
or shall comply with the all of the following:

1. A minimum 124nch-long (305 mm) by
0.060-inch-thick (1.52 mm) steel
sleeve shall be centered in each duct
opening.

2. The sleeve shall be secured to both
sides of the wall and for all four sides
of the sleeve with minimum V /2-inch
by V /2-inch by 0.060-inch (38 mm by
38 mm by 1.52 mm) steel retaining
angles.

3. The retaining angles shall be secured
to the sleeve and the wall with No. 10
(M5) screws.

4. The annular space between the steel
sleeve and the wall opening shall be
filled with mineral wool batting on all
sides.

716.5.4.1 Corridors. In other than Group A, E, H, I, L
and R occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other appli-
cations listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office of
the State Fire Marshal, a listed smoke damper designed
to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each
point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a corridor
enclosure required to have smoke and draft control doors
in accordance with Section 715.4.3.

Exceptions:

1. Smoke dampers are not required where the
building is equipped throughout with an
approved smoke control system in accordance
with Section 909, and smoke dampers are not
necessary for the operation and control of the
system.

2. Smoke dampers are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constructed of
steel not less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) in
thickness and there are no openings serving the
corridor.

[SFM] For Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies,
high-rise buildings, and other applications listed in Sec-
tion 1.11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Mar-
shal, a listed smoke damper designed to resist the
passage of smoke shall also be provided at each point a
duct or air transfer opening penetrates afire-resistance
rated corridor enclosure required to have smoke and
draft doors in accordance with Section 715.4.3.

Exceptions:

1. Smoke dampers are not required where ducts
are used as part of an approved mechanical
smoke control system designed in accordance
with Section 909 and where the smoke damper
will interfere with the operation of the smoke
control system.

2. Smoke damper are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constructed of
steel not less than 0.019 inch (0.48mm) in thick-
ness and there are no openings serving the cor-
ridor.

716.5.5 Smoke barriers. A listed smoke damper designed
to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point
a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a smoke barrier.

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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

Smoke dampers and smoke damper actuation methods shall
comply with Section 716.3.3.2.

Exception: Smoke dampers are not required where the
openings in ducts are limited to a single smoke compart-
ment and the ducts are constructed of steel.

716.5.6 Exterior walls. Ducts and air transfer openings in
fire-resistance-rated exterior walls required to have pro-
tected openings in accordance with Section 705.10 shall be
protected with listed fire dampers installed in accordance
with their listing.

716.5.7 Smoke partitions. A listed smoke damper d^signQd.
to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point
that an air transfer opening penetrates a smoke partition.
Smoke dampers and smoke damper actuation methods shall
comply with Section 716.3.3.2.

Exception: Where the installation of a smoke damper
will interfere with the operation of a required smoke con-
trol system in accordance with Section 909, approved
alternative protection shall be utilized.

716.6 Horizontal assemblies. Penetrations by ducts and air
transfer openings of a floor, floor/ceihng assembly or the ceil-
ing membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly shall be protected by
a shaft enclosure that complies with Section 708 or shall com-
ply with Sections 716.6.1 through 716.6.3.

716.6.1 Through penetrations. In occupancies other than
Groups 1-2 and 1-3, a duct constructed of approved materials
in accordance with the California Mechanical Code that
penetrates a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling assembly
that connects not more than two stories is permitted without
shaft enclosure protection, provided a listed fire damper is
installed at the floor line or the duct is protected in accor-
dance with Section 713.4. For air transfer openings, see
Exception 7 to Section 708.2.

Exception: A duct is permitted to penetrate three floors
or less without difire damper at each floor, provided such
duct meets all of the following requirements:

1 . The duct shall be contained and located within the
cavity of a wall and shall be constructed of steel
having a minimum wall thickness of 0.187 inches
(0.4712 mm) (No. 26 gage).

2. The duct shall open into only one dwelling or
sleeping unit and the duct system shall be continu-
ous from the unit to the exterior of the building.

3. The duct shall not exceed 4-inch (102 mm) nomi-
nal diameter and the total area of such ducts shall
not exceed 100 square inches (0.065 m^) in any
100 square feet (9.3 m^) of floor area.

4. The annular space around the duct is protected
with materials that prevent the passage of flame
and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste
where subjected to ASTM E 119 or UL 263
time-temperature conditions under a minimum
positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa)

of water at the location of the penetration for the
time period equivalent to \h& fire-resistance rating
of the construction penetrated.

5. Grille openings located in a ceiling of a fire-resis-
tance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly
shall be protected with a listed ceiling radiation
damper installed in accordance with Section
716.6.2.1.

716.6.2 Membrane penetrations. Ducts and air transfer
openings constructed of approved materials in accordance
with the California Mechanical Code that penetrate the ceil-
ing membrane of a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or
roof/ceiling assembly shall be protected with one of the fol-
lowing:

1. A shaft enclosure in accordance with Section 708.

2. A listed ceiling radiation damper installed at the ceil-
ing line where a duct penetrates the ceiling of a
fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling
assembly.

3. A listed ceiling radiation damper installed at the ceil-
ing line where a diffuser with no duct attached pene-
trates the ceiling of a fire-resistance-rated
floor/ceiling or roof/ceihng assembly.

716.6.2.1 Ceiling radiation dampers. Ceiling radiation
dampers shall be tested as part of a fire-resistance-rated
floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly in accordance with
ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263. Ceiling radiation dampers shall
be installed in accordance with the details listed in the
fire-resistance-rated assembly and the manufacturer's
installation instructions and the listing. Ceiling radiation
dampers are not required where either of the following
applies:

1 . Tests in accordance with ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263
have shown that ceiling radiation dampers are not
necessary in order to maintain ihQ fire -resistance
rating of the assembly.

2. Where exhaust duct penetrations are protected in
accordance with Section 113AA.2, are located
within the cavity of a wall and do not pass through
another dwelling unit or tenant space.

716.6.3 Nonfire-resistance-rated floor assemblies. Duct
systems constructed of approved materials in accordance
with the California Mechanical Code that penetrate
nonfire-resistance-rated floor assemblies shall be protected
by any of the following methods:

1. A shaft enclosure in accordance with Section 708.

2. The duct connects not more than two stories, and the
annular space around the penetrating duct is pro-
tected with an approved noncombustible material that
resists the free passage of flame and the products of
combustion.

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3. The duct connects not more than three stories, and the
annular space around the penetrating duct is protected
with an approved noncombustible material that resists
the free passage of flame and the products of combus-
tion and ?ifire damper is installed at each floor line.

Exception: Fire dampers are not required in ducts
within individual residential dwelling units.

716.7 Flexible ducts and air connectors. Flexible ducts and
air connectors shall not pass through any fire-resistance-rated
assembly. Flexible air connectors shall not pass through any
wall, floor or ceiling.

SECTION 717
CONCEALED SPACES

717.1 General. Fireblocking and draftstopping shall be
installed in combustible concealed locations in accordance
with this section. Fireblocking shall comply with Section
717.2. Draftstopping in floor/ceiling spaces and attic spaces
shall comply with Sections 717.3 and 717.4, respectively. The
permitted use of combustible materials in concealed spaces of
buildings of Type I or II construction shall be limited to the
applications indicated in Section 717.5.

717.2 Fireblocking. In combustible construction, fireblocking
shall be installed to cut off concealed draft openings (both ver-
tical and horizontal) and shall form an effective barrier between
floors, between a top story and a roof or attic space.
Fireblocking shall be installed in the locations specified in Sec-
tions 717.2.2 through 111. 2.1.

Ill, 2 A Fireblocking materials. Fireblocking shall consist
of the following materials:

1. Two-inch (51 mm) nominal lumber.

2. Two thicknesses of 1-inch (25 mm) nominal lumber
with broken lap joints.

3. One thickness of 0.719-inch (18.3 mm) wood struc-
tural panels with joints backed by 0.719-inch (18.3
mm) wood structural panels.

4. One thickness of 0.75-inch (19.1 mm) particleboard
with joints backed by 0.75-inch (19 mm)
particleboard.

5. One-half-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

6. One-fourth-inch (6.4 mm) cement-based millboard.

7. Batts or blankets of mineral wool, mineral fiber or
other approved materials installed in such a manner as
to be securely retained in place.

717.2.1.1 Batts or blankets of mineral wool or mineral
fiber. Batts or blankets of mineral wool or mineral fiber
or other approved nonrigid materials shall be permitted
for compliance with the 10- foot (3048 mm) horizontal
fireblocking in walls constructed using parallel rows of
studs or staggered studs.

717.2.1.2 Unfaced fiberglass. Unfaced fiberglass batt
insulation used as fireblocking shall fill the entire cross

section of the wall cavity to a minimum height of 16
inches (406 mm) measured vertically. When piping, con-
duit or similar obstructions are encountered, the insula-
tion shall be packed tightly around the obstruction.

717.2.1.3 Loose-fill insulation material. Loose-fill
insulation material, insulating foam sealants and caulk
materials shall not be used as a fireblock unless specifi-
cally tested in the form and manner intended for use to
demonstrate its abiUty to remain in place and to retard the
spread of fire and hot gases.

717.2.1.4 Fireblocking integrity. The integrity of
fireblocks shall be maintained.

717.2.1.5 Double stud walls. Batts or blankets of min-
eral or glass fiber or other approved nonrigid materials
shall be allowed as fireblocking in walls constructed
using parallel rows of studs or staggered studs.

717.2.2 Concealed wall spaces. Fireblocking shall be pro-
vided in concealed spaces of stud walls and partitions,
including furred spaces, and parallel rows of studs or stag-
gered studs, as follows:

1. Vertically at the ceiling and floor levels.

2. Horizontally at intervals not exceeding 10 feet (3048
mm).

717.2.3 Connections between horizontal and vertical
spaces. Fireblocking shall be provided at interconnections
between concealed vertical stud wall or partition spaces and
concealed horizontal spaces created by an assembly of floor
joists or trusses, and between concealed vertical and hori-
zontal spaces such as occur at soffits, drop ceilings, cove
ceilings and similar locations.

717.2.4 Stairways. Fireblocking shall be provided in con-
cealed spaces between stair stringers at the top and bottom
of the run. Enclosed spaces under stairs shall also comply
with Section 1009.6.3.

717.2.5 Ceiling and floor openings. Where required by
Exception 6 of Section 708,2, Exception 1 of Section
713.4.1.2 or Section 713.4.2, fireblocking of the annular
space around vents, pipes, ducts, chimneys and fireplaces at
ceilings and floor levels shall be installed with a material
specifically tested in the form and manner intended for use
to demonstrate its ability to remain in place and resist the
free passage of flame and the products of combustion.

717.2.5.1 Factory-built chimneys and fireplaces. Fac-
tory-built chimneys and fireplaces shall be fireblocked in
accordance with UL 103 and UL 127.

717.2.6 Architectural trim. Fireblocking shall be
installed within concealed spaces of exterior wall finish
and other exterior architectural elements where permitted
to be of combustible construction as specified in Section
1406 or where erected with combustible frames, at maxi-
mum intervals of 20 feet (6096 mm), so that there will be
no open space exceeding 100 square feet (9.3 m^). Where
wood furring strips are used, they shall be of approved

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199

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wood of natural decay resistance or preservative-treated
wood. If noncontinuous, such elements shall have closed
ends, with at least 4 inches (102 mm) of separation between

sections.

Exceptions:

1. Fireblocking of cornices is not required in sin-
gle-family dwellings. Fireblocking of cornices of a
two-family dwelling is required only at the line of
dwelling unit separation.

2. Fireblocking shall not be required where installed
on noncombustible framing and the face of the
exterior wall finish exposed to the concealed space
is covered by one of the following materials:

2.1. Aluminum having a minimum thickness of
0,019 inch (0.5 mm).

2.2. Corrosion-resistant steel having a base
metal thickness not less than 0.016 inch
(0.4 mm) at any point.

2.3. Other approved noncombustible materials.

717.2.7 Concealed sleeper spaces. Where wood sleepers
are used for laying wood flooring on masonry or concrete
fire-resistance-rated floors, the space between the floor slab
and the underside of the wood flooring shall be filled with an
approved material to resist the free passage of flame and
products of combustion or fireblocked in such a manner that
there will be no open spaces under the flooring that will
exceed 100 square feet (9.3 m^) in area and such space shall
be filled solidly under permanent partitions so that there is
no communication under the flooring between adjoining
rooms.

Exceptions:

1. Fireblocking is not required for slab-on-grade
floors in gymnasiums.

2. Fireblocking is required only at the juncture of
each alternate lane and at the ends of each lane in a
bowling facility.

717.3 Draftstopping in floors. In combustible construction,
draftstopping shall be installed to subdivide floor/ceiling
assemblies in the locations prescribed in Sections 717.3.2
through 717.3.3.

717.3.1 Draftstopping materials. Draftstopping materials
shall not be less thanVj-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board,
Vg-inch (9.5 mm) wood structural panel, Vg-inch (9.5 mm)
particleboard, 1-inch (25-mm) nominal lumber, cement
fiberboard, batts or blankets of mineral wool or glass fiber,
or other approved materials adequately supported. The
integrity of draftstops shall be maintained.

717.3.2 Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. Draftstopping
shall be provided in floor/ceiling spaces in Group R-1 build-
ings, in Group R-2 buildings with three or more dwelling
units, in Group R-3 buildings with two dwelling units and in
Group R-4 buildings. Draftstopping shall be located above

and in line with the dwelling unit and sleeping unit separa-
tions.

Exceptions:

1. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2, pro-
vided that automatic sprinklers are also installed in
the combustible concealed spaces.

717.3.3 Other groups. In other groups, draftstopping shall
be installed so that horizontal floor areas do not exceed
1,000 square feet (93 m^).

Exceptions:

1. In other than Group A, E, H, I, L and R-2. 1 occu-
pancies, high-rise buildings, and other applica-
tions listed in Section 1.11 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, draftstopping is not
required in buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1.

2. In Group A, E, H, I and L occupancies, high-rise
buildings, and other applications listed in Section
1.11 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Mar-
shal, where an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3,1.1 is installed, the
area between draft stops may be 3,000 square feet
(279 m^)and the greatest horizontal dimension
may be 100 feet (30 480 mm).

717 A Draftstopping in attics. In combustible construction,
draftstopping shall be installed to subdivide attic spaces and
concealed roof spaces in the locations prescribed in Sections
717.4.2 and 717.4,3. Ventilation of concealed roof spaces shall
be maintained in accordance with Section 1203.2.

717.4.1 Draftstopping materials. Materials utiHzed for
draftstopping of attic spaces shall comply with Section
717.3.1.

717.4.1.1 Openings. Openings in the partitions shall be
protected by self-closing doors with automatic latches
constructed as required for the partitions.

717.4.2 Groups R-1 and R-2. Draftstopping shall be pro-
vided in attics, mansards, overhangs or other concealed roof
spaces of Group R-2 buildings with three or more dwelling
units and in all Group R-1 buildings. Draftstopping shall be
installed above, and in line with, sleeping unit and dwelling
unit separation walls that do not extend to the underside of
the roof sheathing above.

Exceptions:

1 . Where corridor walls provide a sleeping unit or
dwelling unit separation, draftstopping shall only
be required above one of the corridor walls.

200

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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

2. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3. In occupancies in Group R-2 that do not exceed
four stories above grade plane, the attic space
shall be subdivided by draftstops into areas not
exceeding 3,000 square feet (279 m^) or above
every two dwelling units, whichever is smaller.

4. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2, pro-
vided that automatic sprinklers are also installed in
the combustible concealed spaces.

717.4.3 Other groups. Draftstopping shall be installed in
attics and concealed roof spaces, such that any horizontal
area does not exceed 3,000 square feet (279 m^).

Exception:

1. In other than Group A, E, H, I and L and R-2,1
occupancies, high-rise buildings, and other appli-
cations listed in Section 1.1 1 regulated by the
Office of the State Fire Marshal, draftstopping is
not required in buildings equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. In Group A, E, H, I L and R-2 A occupancies,
high-rise buildings, and other applications listed
in Section 1,11 regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, where an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 is
installed, the area between draft stops may be
9,000 square feet (836 m^)and the greatest hori-
zontal dimension may be 100 feet (30 480 mm).

717.5 Combustible materials in concealed spaces in Type I or
II construction. Combustible materials shall not be permitted in
concealed spaces of buildings of Type I or It construction.

Exceptions:

1. Combustible materials in accordance with Section
603.

2. Combustible materials exposed within plenums com-
plying with Section 602 of the California Mechanical
Code.

3. Class A interior finish materials classified in accor-
dance with Section 803.

4. Combustible piping within partitions or shaft enclo-
sures installed in accordance with the provisions of
this code.

5. Combustible piping within concealed ceiling spaces
installed in accordance with the California Mechani-
cal Code and the California Plumbing Code.

6. Combustible insulation and covering on pipe and tub-
ing, installed in concealed spaces other than plenums,
complying with Section 719.7.

SECTION 718

FIRE-RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS

FOR PLASTER

718.1 Thickness of plaster. The minimum thickness of gyp-
sum plaster or portland cement plaster used in a fire-resis-
tance-rated system shall be determined by the prescribed fire
tests. The plaster thickness shall be measured from the face of
the lath where applied to gypsum lath or metal lath.

718.2 Plaster equivalents. For fire-resistance purposes, V2
inch (12.7 mm) of unsanded gypsum plaster shall be deemed
equivalent to V4 inch (19.1 mm) of one-to-three gypsum sand
plaster or 1 inch (25 mm) of portland cement sand plaster.

718.3 Noncombustible furring. In buildings of Type I and II
construction, plaster shall be applied directly on concrete or
masonry or on approved noncombustible plastering base and
furring.

718.4 Double reinforcement. Plaster protection more than 1
inch (25 mm) in thickness shall be reinforced with an addi-
tional layer of approved lath embedded at least % inch (19.1
mm) from the outer surface and fixed securely in place.

Exception: Solid plaster partitions or where otherwise
determined by fire tests.

718.5 Plaster alternatives for concrete. In reinforced concrete
construction, gypsum plaster or portland cement plaster is per-
mitted to be substituted for V2 inch (12.7 mm) of the required
poured concrete protection, except that a minimum thickness of
Vg inch (9.5 mm) of poured concrete shall be provided in rein-
forced concrete floors and 1 inch (25 mm) in reinforced concrete
columns in addition to the plaster finish. The concrete base shall
be prepared in accordance with Section 2510.7.

SECTION 719
THERMAL- AND SOUND-INSULAJING MATERIALS

719.1 General. Insulating materials, including facings such as
vapor retarders and vapor-permeable membranes, similar cov-
erings and all layers of single and multilayer reflective foil
insulations, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
Where a flame spread index or a smoke-developed index is
specified in this section, such index shall be determined in
accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723. Any material that is
subject to an increase in flame spread index or smoke-devel-
oped index beyond the limits herein established through the
effects of age, moisture or other atmospheric conditions shall
not be permitted.

Exceptions:

1. Fiberboard insulation shall comply with Chapter 23.

2. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with Chapter 26.

3. Duct and pipe insulation and duct and pipe coverings
and linings in plenums shall comply with the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code.

4. All layers of single and multilayer reflective plastic
core insulation shall comply with Section 2613.

719.2 Concealed installation. Insulating materials, where
concealed as installed in buildings of any type of construction.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

201

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

shall have a flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray
applied, complying with the requirements of Section 719.6,
shall only be required to meet the smoke-developed index of
not more than 450.

719.2.1 Facings. Where such materials are installed in con-
cealed spaces in buildings of Type III, IV or V construction,
the flame spread and smoke-developed limitations do not
apply to facings, coverings, and layers of reflective foil insu-
lation that are installed behind and in substantial contact with
the unexposed surface of the ceiUng, wall or floor finish.

Exception: All layers of single and multilayer reflective
plastic core insulation shall comply with Section 2613.

719.3 Exposed installation. Insulating materials, where
exposed as installed in buildings of any type of construction,
shall have a flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray
applied complying with the requirements of Section 719.6
shall only be required to meet the smoke-developed index of
not more than 450.

719.3.1 Attic floors. Exposed insulation materials installed
on attic floors shall have a critical radiant flux of not less
than 0.12 watt per square centimeter when tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E 970.

719.4 Loose-fill insulation. Loose-fill insulation materials
that cannot be mounted in the ASTM E 84 or UL 723 apparatus
without a screen or artificial supports shall comply with the
flame spread and smoke-developed limits of Sections 719.2
and 719.3 when tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation shall not be
required to be tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S 102.2,
provided such insulation complies with the requirements of
Section 719.2 or 719.3, as applicable, and Section 719,6.

719.5 Roof insulation. The use of combustible roof insulation
not complying with Sections 719.2 and 719.3 shall be permit-
ted in any type of construction provided it is covered with
approved roof coverings directly appUed thereto.

719.6 Cellulose loose-fill insulation. Cellulose loose-fill insu-
lation shall comply with CPSC 16 CFR, Part 1209 and CPSC
16 CFR, Part 1404. Each package of such insulating material
shall be clearly labeled in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR, Part
1209 and CPSC 16 CFR, Part 1404.

719.7 Insulation and covering on pipe and tubing. Insula-
tion and covering on pipe and tubing shall have a flame spread
index of not more than 25 and a smoke-developed index of not
more than 450.

Exception: Insulation and covering on pipe and tubing
installed in plenums shall comply with the California
Mechanical Code.

SECTION 720
PRESCRIPTIVE FIRE RESISTANCE

720,1 General. The provisions of this section contain prescrip-
tive details of fire-resistance-rated building elements, compo-
nents or assemblies. The materials of construction listed in
Tables 720.1(1), 720.1(2), and 720.1(3) shall be assumed to
have the fire-resistance ratings prescribed therein. Where
materials that change the capacity for heat dissipation are
incorporated into a fire-resistance-rated assembly, fire test
results or other substantiating data shall be made available to
the building official to show that the required fire-resis-
tance-rating time period is not reduced.

720.1.1 Thickness of protective coverings. The thickness
of fire-resistant materials required for protection of struc-
tural members shall be not less than set forth in Table
720.1(1), except as modified in this section. The figures
shown shall be the net thickness of the protecting materials
and shall not include any hollow space in back of the protec-
tion.

720.1.2 Unit masonry protection. Where required, metal
ties shall be embedded in bed joints of unit masonry for pro-
tection of steel columns. Such ties shall be as set forth in
Table 720. 1 ( 1 ) or be equivalent thereto .

720.1.3 Reinforcement for cast-in-place concrete col-
umn protection. Cast-in-place concrete protection for steel
columns shall be reinforced at the edges of such members
with wire ties of not less than 0. 1 8 inch (4.6 mm) in diameter
wound spirally around the columns on a pitch of not more
than 8 inches (203 mm) or by equivalent reinforcement.

720.1.4 Plaster application. The finish coat is not required
for plaster protective coatings where they comply with the
design mix and thickness requirements of Tables 720.1(1),
720.1(2) and 720.1(3).

720.1.5 Bonded prestressed concrete tendons. For mem-
bers having a single tendon or more than one tendon installed
with equal concrete cover measured from the nearest surface,
the cover shall not be less than that set forth in Table 720. 1(1).
For members having multiple tendons installed with variable
concrete cover, the average tendon cover shall not be less than
that set forth in Table 720.1(1), provided:

1 . The clearance from each tendon to the nearest exposed
surface is used to determine the average cover.

2. In no case can the clear cover for individual tendons
be less than one-half of that set forth in Table
720.1(1). A minimum cover of % inch (19.1 mm) for
slabs and 1 inch (25 mm) for beams is required for any
aggregate concrete.

3 . For the purpose of establishing Sifire-resistance rating,
tendons having a clear covering less than that set forth
in Table 720.1(1) shall not contribute more than 50
percent of the required ultimate moment capacity for
members less than 350 square inches (0,226 m^) in
cross-sectional area and 65 percent for larger mem-
bers. For structural design purposes, however, tendons
having a reduced cover are assumed to be fully effec-
tive.

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720,2 Cellular concrete. [HCD 1 & HCD 2]

720,2.1 Use and application. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] Con-

trolled-density cellular concrete, when used or applied,
shall be in accordance with the use of materials in Bulletin
No. 65 of the Federal Housing Administration^ United
States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Exceptions:

1, Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 3.2,
33, 3.4 and 3.6 in Section 3, Bulletin No. 65 provi-
sions relating to proportioning, mixing and test-
ing, in the following shall apply to this chapter.

1.1. Field-control weighings for control of the
wet-unit weight shall be made. The design
wet-unit weight for field control of the con-
crete shall be based on previously estab-
lished data for the relation bet^^een the
wet-unit weight and the air-dry-unit
weight at 28 days for the mix being placed.
Field-control weighings for determining
the wet-unit weight shall be made at the
mixer discharge and at the point of deposit.
There should be one pair of weighings per
batch for batch-type mixers unless equip-
ment is provided with scales allowing the
operator to adequately weigh materials.
For continuous weight-instrumented
batch mixers, there should be one pair of
weighings per 10 cubic yards (7.65 m^).
The gain in unit weight between the mixer
discharge and point of deposit shall not
exceed 5 percent. The wet-unit weight at
the point of deposit of the concrete shall
not exceed plus 5 percent of the design
wet-unit weight. A variation exceeding
plus 5 percent of the design wet-unit weight
shall require a modification of the mix pro-
portions, a change of materials or a
change in the mixing procedure.

1.2. When tests are required by the enforcing
agency, they shall be performed in the fol-
lowing manner: Two test cylinders, for
compressive strength tests, shall be made
for each 8,000 square feet (743 m^) of sur-
face area placed. A minimum of two test
cylinders shall be made each day. Each
strength test result shall be the average of
two cylinders from the same sample tested
at 28 days or at a specified earlier date.

1.3. The minimum air-dry density shall be 90
pounds per cubic foot (1,440 kg/m^). The
minimum design compressive strength
shall be 1,000 psi (6,890 kPa) when the
curing procedure specified herein is
applied. The minimum design compressive
strength shall be 1,250 psi (8,619 kPa) if
the slab is placed in a covered area of a
building and a specified curing medium is
not applied. The specified design compres-
sive strength shall be increased 20 percent

when the specified strength is greater than
1,000 psi (6,890 kPa) and the slab is
placed in a covered area of a building and
a specified curing medium is not applied.

1.4, The cellular concrete shall be sampled at
the point of deposit in accordance with the
applicable procedures of ASTM C 172,
Sampling Fresh Concrete. Cylinder molds
shall be either 3 inches by 6 inches (76 mm
by 152 mm) or 6 inches by 12 inches (152
mm by 305 mm). Lightly tap the sides of the
mold with a rubber hammer while filling
the mold instead ofrodding the mix. Moist
cure the specimens for seven days at
73.4°F (40.8''C) plus or minus 3°F
(L7^C). At the age of seven days, remove
the specimens from the moist condition
and store in a temperature of 73.4°F
(40.8°C) plus or minus 3''F (1.7°C) and a
relative humidity of 50 plus or minus 10
percent for 21 days; remove and air dry
until the time of test at 28 days. The com-
pressive strength test shall be in accor-
dance with ASTM C 39, Compressive
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Speci-
mens. Determine the air-dry-unit weight at
28 days.

2. Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 4.1
and 4.2 in Section 4 of Bulletin No. 65, relating to
placing, finishing and curing, the following shall
apply to these regulations.

2.1. The concrete shall be placed, finished and
cured to produce a level, smooth surface.
The concrete shall be placed in a single
layer to a minimum thickness ofV/2 inches
(38 mm). The deviation from apian shall
not exceed V4 inch (6 mm) in any 10 feet
(3048 mm). The final finish of the concrete
shall be suitable for the application of the
specified wear- resistant covering. Cracks
wider than V^ inch (3 mm) shall be
repaired.

2.2. Install a water-resistant membrane
between wood or plywood subfioors and
the cellular concrete to prevent leakage of
the concrete and wetting of the subfloor.
The membrane shall consist of waterproof
paper or plastic sheets conforming to
ASTM C 1 71, Sheet Materials for Curing
Concrete, or Type 15 roofmg felt conform-
ing to ASTM D 226, D 250 or D 227, or
Federal Specification UUB790, Building
Paper Vegetable Fiber: (Kraft, Water-
proofed, Water Repellent and Fire-resis-
tant) Type 1, Grade B. The sheets shall be
securely fastened to the subfloor.

3. Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 6.1
and 6.2 in Section 6, of Bulletin No. 65, relating to
applicator qualifications and warranty, these sub-
sections are omitted from this chapter.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

203

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(1)

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS'"

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (Inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

1 . Steel columns
and all of primary
trusses

1-1.1

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members 6" x 6" or
greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel).^

IV,

1-1.2

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members 8" x 8" or
greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel).^

IV,

1-1.3

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members
12" X 12" or greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel).^

1-1.4

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members 6" x 6"
or greater.^

IV,

M.5

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members 8" x 8"
or greater.^

1-1.6

Sihceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members
1 2" X 12" or greater.^

1-2,1

Clay or shale brick with brick and mortar fill.^

2V4

1-3.1

4" hollow clay tile in two 2" layers; "^1" mortar between tile and column; ^l{ metal
mesh 0.046" wire diameter in horizontal joints; tile fill.^

—

1-3.2

2" hollow clay tile; ^Z/' mortar between tile and column; Vg" metal mesh 0.046" wire
diameter in horizontal joints; Hmestone concrete fill;^ plastered with %" gypsum
plaster.

—

1-3.3

T hollow clay tile with outside wire ties 0.08" diameter at each course of tile or Vg"
metal mesh 0.046" diameter wire in horizontal joints; limestone or trap-rock
concrete filP extending 1" outside column on all sides.

—

1-3.4

2" hollow clay tile with outside wire ties 0.08" diameter at each course of tile with or
without concrete fill; V4" mortar between tile and column.

—

1-4.1

Cement plaster over metal lath wire tied to V4" cold-rolled vertical channels with
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 3" to 6" on center. Plaster mixed
1:2 V2 by volume, cement to sand.

—

2V2b

1-5.1

Vermiculite concrete, 1 :4 mix by volume over paperbacked wire fabric lath wrapped
directly around column with additional 2" x 2" 0.06570.065" (No. 16/16 B.W. gage)
wire fabric placed V4" from outer concrete surface. Wire fabric tied with 0.049" (No.
18 B.W. gage) wire spaced 6" on center for inner layer and 2" on center for outer
layer.

—

1-6.1

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster over metal lath wrapped around column and
furred 1 V4" from column flanges. Sheets lapped at ends and tied at 6" intervals with
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) tie wire. Plaster pushed through to flanges.

IV,

—

1-6.2

PerUte or vermiculite gypsum plaster over self-furring metal lath wrapped directly
around column, lapped 1" and tied at 6" intervals with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage)
wire. "^

IV4

—

1-6.3

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath applied to V4" cold-rolled
channels spaced 24" apart vertically and wrapped flatwise around column.

IV,'

—

1-6.4

Periite or vermiculite gypsum plaster over two layers of ^l{ plain full-length gypsum
lath appUed tight to column flanges. Lath wrapped with 1" hexagonal mesh of No.
20 gage wire and tied with doubled 0.035" diameter (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties
spaced 23" on center. For three-coat work, the plaster mix for the second coat shall
not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 2V2 cubic feet of aggregate for the 3-hour
system.

2V,

—

(continued)

204

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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TABLE 720.1(1)— continued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS""

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

1-6.5

Perlite or vermiculate gypsum plaster over one layer of ^f{' plain full-length gypsum
lath applied tight to column flanges. Lath tied with doubled 0.049" (No. 18 B.W.
gage) wire ties spaced 23" on center and scratch coat wrapped with 1" hexagonal
mesh 0.035" (No. 20 B.W. gage) wire fabric. For three-coat work, the plaster mix for
the second coat shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to Dl^ cubic feet of
aggregate.

1-7.1

Multiple layers of V2" gypsum wallboard^ adhesively'' secured to column flanges and
successive layers. Wallboard applied without horizontal joints. Comer edges of each
layer staggered. Wallboard layer below outer layer secured to column with doubled
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel wire ties spaced 15" on center. Exposed comers
taped and treated.

1-7.2

Three layers of ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard.'^ First and second layer held in place
by Vg" diameter by 1%" long ring shank nails with ^/^g" diameter heads spaced 24"
on center at comers. Middle layer also secured with metal straps at mid-height and
18" from each end, and by metal comer bead at each corner held by the metal straps.
Third layer attached to comer bead with 1" long gypsum wallboard screws spaced
12" on center.

1. Steel columns
and all of
primary tmsses
(continued)

1-7.3

Three layers of ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard,*^ each layer screw attached to 1^/g"
steel studs 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) at each comer of column.
Middle layer also secured with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) double-strand steel wire
ties, 24" on center. Screws are No. 6 by 1" spaced 24" on center for inner layer, No.
6 by l^/g" spaced 12" on center for middle layer and No. 8 by 2V4" spaced 12" on
center for outer layer.

1V«

1-8.1

Wood-fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1:1 by weight gypsum-to-sand aggregate
applied over metal lath. Lath lapped 1" and tied 6" on center at all end, edges and
spacers with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel tie wires. Lath appUed over V2" spacers
made of ^1^' furring channel with 2" legs bent around each comer. Spacers located 1"
from top and bottom of member and a maximum of 40" on center and wire tied with
a single strand of 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel tie wires. Comer bead tied to the
lath at 6" on center along each comer to provide plaster thickness.

1-9.1

Minimum W8x35 wide flange steel colunm (w/d > 0.75) with each web cavity filled
even with the flange tip with normal weight carbonate or siliceous aggregate
concrete (3,000 psi minimum compressive strength with 145 pcf ± 3 pcf unit
weight). Reinforce the concrete in each web cavity with a minimum No. 4 deformed
reinforcing bar installed vertically and centered in the cavity, and secured to the
column web with a minimum No. 2 horizontal deformed reinforcing bar welded to
the web every 18" on center vertically. As an altemative to the No. 4 rebar, V/'
diameter by 3" long headed studs, spaced at 12" on center vertically, shall be welded
on each side of the web midway between the column flanges.

See

Note

2-1.1

2. Webs or
flanges of
steel beams and
girders

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete (not including
sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel) with 3" or finer metal mesh placed 1" from
the finished surface anchored to the top flange and providing not less than 0.025
square inch of steel area per foot in each direction.

2-1.2

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 2-1.1 with 3" or finer
metal mesh placed 1" from the finished surface anchored to the top flange and
providing not less than 0.025 square inch of steel area per foot in each direction.

2V,

2-2.1

Cement plaster on metal lath attached to V4" cold-rolled channels with 0.04" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 3" to 6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 V2 by volume,
cement to sand.

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

205

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1 (1)-<;ontinued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS'"

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FfRE-RESISTANCE

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE

PERIODS (inches)

ITEM

PROTECTED

NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

hour

Vermiculite gypsum plaster on a metal lath cage, wire tied to 0.165" diameter (No. 8

2-3.1

B.W. gage) steel wire hangers wrapped around beam and spaced 16" on center.
Metal lath ties spaced approximately 5" on center at cage sides and bottom.

—

Two layers of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'^ are attached to U-shaped brackets

spaced 24" on center. 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) 1%" deep by 1"

galvanized steel runner channels are first installed parallel to and on each side of the

top beam flange to provide a ^l{ clearance to the flange. The channel runners are

attached to steel deck or concrete floor construction with approved fasteners spaced

12" on center. U-shaped brackets are formed from members identical to the channel

runners. At the bent portion of the U-shaped bracket, the flanges of the channel are

cut out so that l^/g" deep comer channels can be inserted without attachment parallel

to each side of the lower flange.

2-4.1

As an alternate, 0.021" thick (No. 24 carbon sheet steel gage) l"x 2" runner and
comer angles may be used in lieu of channels, and the web cutouts in the U-shaped
brackets may be omitted. Each angle is attached to the bracket with V2"-long No. 8

—

1V4

2. Webs or

self-drilling screws. The vertical legs of the U-shaped bracket are attached to the

flanges of steel

mnners with one Vj" long No. 8 self-drilling screw. The completed steel framing

beams and

provides a l^l{ and 1 V2" space between the inner layer of wallboard and the sides

girders

and bottom of the steel beam, respectively. The inner layer of wallboard is attached

(continued)

to the top mnners and bottom comer channels or comer angles with 1 V/'-long No. 6
self-drilling screws spaced 16" on center. The outer layer of wallboard is applied
with 1 ^"-long No. 6 self-drilling screws spaced 8" on center. The bottom comers
are reinforced with metal comer beads.

Three layers of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'' attached to a steel suspension system

as described immediately above utilizing the 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel

gage) 1" X 2" lower comer angles. The framing is located so that a 27^" and 2" space

is provided between the inner layer of wallboard and the sides and bottom of the

beam, respectively. The first two layers of wallboard are attached as described

2-4.2

immediately above. A layer of 0.035" thick (No. 20 B.W. gage) 1" hexagonal
galvanized wire mesh is applied under the soffit of the middle layer and up the sides
approximately 2". The mesh is held in position with the No. 6 l^/g"-long screws
installed in the vertical leg of the bottom comer angles. The outer layer of wallboard
is attached with No. 6 2V4"-long screws spaced 8" on center. One screw is also
installed at the mid-depth of the bracket in each layer. Bottom comers are finished as
described above.

3. Bonded

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-Ughtweight and siUceous*" aggregate concrete

2 'A

IV.

pretensioned

Beams or girders

fc^c

i. 12

^ '2

reinforcement in

3-1.1

prestressed

I'A

concrete^

Solid slabs''

J. 12

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-lightweight and siliceous^ aggregate concrete

Unrestrained members:

4-1.1

Solid slabs^

—

4. Bonded or

Beams and girders^

unbonded

8" wide

4'/,

1^/4

post-tensioned

greater than 12" wide

tendons in

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-lightweight and siliceous aggregate

prestressed

Restrained members:''

concrete^' '

4-1.2

Solid slabs''
Beams and girders'

IV4

—

8" wide

IV4

—

greater than 12" wide

IV4

IV7

—

{continued)

206

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(1)— continued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS""

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (Inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

hour

5. Reinforcing
steel in reinforced
concrete columns,
beams girders and
trusses

5-1.1

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members 12" or
larger, square or round. (Size limit does not apply to beams and girders monolithic
with floors.)

SiHceous aggregate concrete, members 12" or larger, square or round. (Size limit
does not apply to beams and girders monolithic with floors.)

IV,
IV,

IV,

IV,
IV,

6. Reinforcing
steel in reinforced
concrete joists^

6-1.1
6-1.2

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete.
Siliceous aggregate concrete.

IV4

1V4

IV,

7. Reinforcing and
tie rods in floor
and roof slabs'

7-1.1
7-1.2

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete.
Siliceous aggregate concrete.

IV4

1
1

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mnf , 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m^, 1 pound per cubic foot = 16.02 kgAn^.

a. Reentrant parts of protected members to be filled solidly.

b. Two layers of equal thickness with a ^/^-inch airspace between.

c. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in Table 720. 1(1), gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be
permitted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard and the joints on the face layer are reinforced,
and the entire surface is covered with a minimum of V|g-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

d. An approved adhesive qualified under ASTM E 1 19 or UL 263.

e. Where lightweight or sand-lightweight concrete having an oven-dry weight of 1 1 pounds per cubic foot or less is used, the tabulated minimum cover shall be per-
mitted to be reduced 25 percent, except that in no case shall the cover be less than % inch in slabs or IV2 inches in beams or girders.

f. For solid slabs of siliceous aggregate concrete, increase tendon cover 20 percent.

g. Adequate provisions against spalling shall be provided by U-shaped or hooped stirrups spaced not to exceed the depth of the member with a clear cover of 1 inch,
h. Prestressed slabs shall have a thickness not less than that required in Table 720.1(3) for the respective fire-resistance time period.

i. Fire coverage and end anchorages shall be as follows: Cover to the prestressing steel at the anchor shall be ^/2 inch greater than that required away from the anchor.
Minimum cover to steel-bearing plate shall be 1 inch in beams and % inch in slabs.

j. For beam widths between 8 inches and 12 inches, cover thickness shall be permitted to be determined by interpolation.

k. Interior spans of continuous slabs, beams and girders shall be permitted to be considered restrained.

1. For use with concrete slabs having a comparable fire endurance where members are framed into the structure in such a manner as to provide equivalent perfor-
mance to that of monolithic concrete construction.

m. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein listed.

n. No additional insulating material is required on the exposed outside face of the column flange to achieve a 1-hour fire-resistance rating.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

207

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^'°

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FAC^

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

l.Brickof clay or
shale

1-1.1

Solid brick of clay or shale'^.

4.9

3.8

2.7

1-1.2

Hollow brick, not filled.

5.0

4.3

3.4

2.3

1-1.3

Hollow brick unit wall, grout or filled with perlite vermiculite or expanded shale
aggregate.

6.6

5.5

4.4

3.0

1-2.1

4" nominal thick units at least 75 percent solid backed with a hat-shaped metal
furring channel ^Z/' thick formed from 0.021" sheet metal attached to the brick
wall on 24" centers with approved fasteners, and ^l{' Type X gypsum wallboard
attached to the metal furring strips with T'-long Type S screws spaced 8" on
center.

—

2. Combination of
clay brick and
load-bearing
hollow clay tile

2-1.1

A" solid brick and 4" tile (at least 40 percent solid).

—

2-1.2

4" solid brick and 8" tile (at least 40 percent solid).

—

3. Concrete
masonry units

3-l.lf'S

Expanded slag or pumice.

4.7

4.0

3.2

2.1

3-1.2f'S

Expanded clay, shale or slate.

5.1

4.4

3.6

2.6

3-1.3^

Limestone, cinders or air-cooled slag.

5.9

5.0

4.0

2.7

3-1.4^'^

Calcareous or siliceous gravel.

6.2

5.3

4.2

2.8

4. Solid concrete^'^

4-1.1

Sihceous aggregate concrete.

7.0

6.2

5.0

3.5

Carbonate aggregate concrete.

6.6

5.7

4.6

3.2

Sand-lightweight concrete.

5.4

4.6

3.8

2.7

Lightweight concrete.

5.1

4.4

3.6

2.5

5. Glazed or
unglazed facing
tile, nonload-
bearing

5-1.1

One T unit cored 15 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 25 percent
maximum with "^f^' mortar-filled collar joint. Unit positions reversed in alternate
courses.

—

5-1.2

One 2" unit cored 15 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 40 percent
maximum with %" mortar-filled collar joint. Unit positions side with V/ gypsum
plaster. Two wythes tied together every fourth course with No. 22 gage
corrugated metal ties.

—

5-1.3

One unit with three cells in wall thickness, cored 29 percent maximum.

—

5-1.4

One T unit cored 22 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 41 percent
maximum with V/ mortar-filled collar joint. Two wythes tied together every
third course with 0.030" (No. 22 galvanized sheet steel gage) corrugated metal
ties.

—

5-1.5

One 4" unit cored 25 percent maximum with V/ gypsum plaster on one side.

4V,

—

5-1.6

One 4" unit with two cells in wall thickness, cored 22 percent maximum.

5-1.7

One 4" unit cored 30 percent maximum with '^i" vermiculite gypsum plaster on
one side.

—

4V,

—

5-1.8

One 4" unit cored 39 percent maximum with V/' gypsum plaster on one side.

—

4V,

(continued)

208

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^ °'

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

' MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS

FACE-TO-FACE''

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

6. Solid gypsum
plaster

6-1.1

V by 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) vertical cold-rolled channels, 16"
on center with 2.6-pound flat metal lath applied to one face and tied with 0.049"
(No. 18 B.W. Gage) wire at 6" spacing. Gypsum plaster each side mixed 1:2 by
weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

6-1.2

V/' by 0.05" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) cold-rolled channels 16" on center
with metal lath applied to one face and tied with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire
at 6" spacing. Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster each side. For three-coat
work, the plaster mix for the second coat shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum
to 2V2 cubic feet of aggregate for the 1-hour system.

—

2V2^

6-1.3

V4" by 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) vertical cold-rolled channels, 16"
on center with ^/g" gypsum lath applied to one face and attached with sheet metal
clips. Gypsum plaster each side mixed 1:2 by weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

6-2.1

Studless with V2" full-length plain gypsum lath and gypsum plaster each side.
Plaster mixed 1:1 for scratch coat and 1:2 for brown coat, by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

6-2.2

Studless with V2" full-length plain gypsum lath and perlite or vermiculite gypsum
plaster each side.

—

2V2^

6-2.3

Studless partition with ^/g" rib metal lath installed vertically adjacent edges tied
6" on center with No. 18 gage wire ties, gypsum plaster each side mixed 1:2 by
weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

7. Solid perlite
and Portland
cement

7-1.1

Perlite mixed in the ratio of 3 cubic feet to 100 pounds of portland cement and
machine applied to stud side of 1 V2" mesh by 0.058-inch (No. 17 B.W. gage)
paper-backed woven wire fabric lath wire-tied to 4"-deep steel trussed wireJ studs
16" on center. Wire ties of 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) galvanized steel wire 6" on
center vertically.

—

3V,^

—

8. Solid neat wood
fibered gypsum
plaster

8-1.1

V4" by 0.055-inch (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) cold-rolled channels, 12" on
center with 2.5-pound flat metal lath applied to one face and tied with 0.049"
(No. 18 B.W, gage) wire at 6" spacing. Neat gypsum plaster applied each side.

—

9. Solid wallboard
partition

9-1.1

One full-length layer V2" Type X gypsum wallboard^ laminated to each side of 1"
full-length V-edge gypsum coreboard with approved laminating compound.
Vertical joints of face layer and coreboard staggered at least 3".

—

10. Hollow
(studless) gypsum
wallboard
partition

10-1.1

One full-length layer of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard^ attached to both sides of
wood or metal top and bottom runners laminated to each side of 1" x 6"
full-length gypsum coreboard ribs spaced 2" on center with approved laminating
compound. Ribs centered at vertical joints of face plies and joints staggered 24"
in opposing faces. Ribs may be recessed 6" from the top and bottom.

—

I'U^

10-1.2

1" regular gypsum V-edge full-length backing board attached to both sides of
wood or metal top and bottom runners with nails or 1^/g" dry wall screws at 24"
on center. Minimum width of rumors 1^/g". Face layer of V2" regular full-length
gypsum wallboard laminated to outer faces of backing board with approved
laminating compound.

—

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

209

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^ *>

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

ILNoncombustible
studs — interior
partition with plaster
each side

11-1.1

31/4" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) steel studs spaced 24" on center.
Vg" gypsum plaster on metal lath each side mixed 1 :2 by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

11-1.2

3^8^ X 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) approved nailablei" studs spaced
24" on center. Vg" neat gypsum wood-fibered plaster each side over %" rib
metal lath nailed to studs with 6d common nails, 8" on center. Nails driven 1 V/'
and bent over.

—

5Vs

—

11-1.3

4" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped steel studs at 16"
on center. On each side approved resilient clips pressed onto stud flange at 16"
vertical spacing, V4" pencil rods snapped into or wire tied onto outer loop of
clips, metal lath wire- tied to pencil rods at 6" intervals, 1" perlite gypsum
plaster, each side.

—

11-1.4

2V2" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) steel studs spaced 16" on center.
Wood fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1 : 1 by weight gypsum to sand aggregate
applied on V4-pound metal lath wire tied to studs, each side. V4" plaster applied
over each face, including finish coat.

—

4'/4''

12. Wood studs
interior partition
with plaster each
side

12-1.1''"^

T X 4" wood studs 16" on center with ^l{ gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached by 4d common nails bent over or No. 14 gage by 1 V4" by V4" crown
width staples spaced 6" on center. Plaster mixed hlVj for scratch coat and 1:3
for brown coat, by weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

5V3

12-1.21

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with metal lath and %" neat wood-fibered
gypsum plaster each side. Lath attached by 6d cormnon nails, 7" on center.
Nails driven 1 1/4" and bent over.

—

51/2^

—

12-1.31

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with ^/g" perforated or plain gypsum lath and
V2" gypsum plaster each side. Lath nailed with 1 Vg" by No. 13 gage by ^^54"
head plasterboard blued nails, 4" on center. Plaster mixed 1 :2 by weight,
gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

5V4

12-1.41

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with %" Type X gypsum lath and 1/2"
gypsum plaster each side. Lath nailed with 1 Vg" by No. 13 gage by 1^/54" head
plasterboard blued nails, 5" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

51/4

13.Noncombustible
studs — interior
partition with
gypsum wallboard
each side

13-1.1

0.018" (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped studs 24" on center
with one full-length layer of ^l{ Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied vertically
attached with 1" long No. 6 dry wall screws to each stud. Screws are 8" on
center around the perimeter and 12" on center on the intermediate stud. The
wallboard may be applied horizontally when attached to 3^/g" studs and the
horizontal joints are staggered with those on the opposite side. Screws for the
horizontal application shall be 8" on center at vertical edges and 12" on center
at intermediate studs.

—

13-1.2

0.018" (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped studs 25" on center
with two full-length layers of 1/2" Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied vertically
each side. First layer attached with l"-long, No. 6 dry wall screws, 8" on center
around the perimeter and 12" on center on the intermediate stud. Second layer
applied with vertical joints offset one stud space from first layer using iVg"
long. No. 6 drywall screws spaced 9" on center along vertical joints, 12" on
center at intermediate studs and 24" on center along top and bottom runners.

—

3%^

—

13-1.3

0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) approved nailable metal studs^ 24" on
center with full-length ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied vertically and
nailed 7" on center with 6d cement-coated common nails. Approved metal
fastener grips used with nails at vertical butt joints along studs.

—

{continued)

210

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ''

»>p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE''

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

U.Wood
studs — interior
partition with
gypsum wallboard
each side

14.1,lh,ni

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with two layers of Vg" regular gypsum
wallboard^ each side, 4d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center first layer, 5d
cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center second layer with laminating
compound between layers, joints staggered. First layer applied full length
vertically, second layer applied horizontally or vertically.

—

14-1.2'-'"

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with two layers V2" regular gypsum wallboard^
applied vertically or horizontally each side'', joints staggered. Nail base layer
with 5d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center face layer with 8d cooler" or
wallboard" nails at 8" on center.

—

5'/,

14.131, m

2" X 4" wood studs 24" on center with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied
vertically or horizontally nailed with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on
center with end joints on nailing members. Stagger joints each side.

—

4V,

14-1.4'

2" X 4" fire-retardant-treated wood studs spaced 24" on center with one layer of
Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied with face paper grain (long dimension)
parallel to studs. Wallboard attached with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on
center.

—

14-1.5''"^

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with two layers ^/g" Type X gypsum
wallboard^ each side. Base layers applied vertically and nailed with 6d cooler"
or wallboard" nails at 9" on center. Face layer apphed vertically or horizontally
and nailed with 8d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on center. For nail-adhesive
application, base layers are nailed 6" on center. Face layers applied with coating
of approved wallboard adhesive and nailed 12" on center.

—

14- L6'

T X 3" fire-retardant-treated wood studs spaced 24" on center with one layer of
Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard^ applied with face paper grain (long dimension)
at right angles to studs. Wallboard attached with 6d cement-coated box nails
spaced 7" on center.

—

15. Exterior or
interior walls

15-1. 1''""

Exterior surface with %" drop siding over ^i^ gypsum sheathing on 2" x 4"
wood studs at 16" on center, interior surface treatment as required for
1 -hour-rated exterior or interior 2" x 4" wood stud partitions. Gypsum sheathing
nailed with P/4" by No. 1 1 gage by '^l^^' head galvanized nails at 8" on center.
Siding nailed with 7d galvanized smooth box nails.

—

Varies

15-1.2''-"

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with metal lath and V/' cement plaster on each
side. Lath attached with 6d common nails 7" on center driven to 1" minimum
penetration and bent over. Plaster mix 1:4 for scratch coat and 1:5 for brown
coat, by volume, cement to sand.

—

15-1.3''"^

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with %" cement plaster (measured from the
face of studs) on the exterior surface with interior surface treatment as required
for interior wood stud partitions in this table. Plaster mix 1 :4 for scratch coat and
1:5 for brown coat, by volume, cement to sand.

—

Varies

15-1.4

3%" No. 16 gage noncombustible studs 16" on center with'^/g" cement plaster
(measured from the face of the studs) on the exterior surface with interior
surface treatment as required for interior, nonbearing, noncombustible stud
partitions in this table. Plaster mix 1 :4 for scratch coat and 1 :5 for brown coat,
by volume, cement to sand.

—

Varies^

{continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

211

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1 (2)-^ontinued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^-^p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE**

(Inches)

hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

15-1.5"^

27/' X 3^/4" clay face brick with cored holes over V2" gypsum sheathing on
exterior surface of 1" x 4" wood studs at 16" on center and two layers ^/g" Type
X gypsum wallboard^ on interior surface. Sheathing placed horizontally or
vertically with vertical joints over studs nailed 6" on center with P/4" x No. 1 1
gage by ^/i/' head galvanized nails. Inner layer of wallboard placed horizontally
or vertically and nailed 8" on center with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails. Outer
layer of wallboard placed horizontally or vertically and nailed 8" on center with
8d cooler" or wallboard" nails. All joints staggered with vertical joints over
studs. Outer layer joints taped and finished with compound. Nail heads covered
with joint compound. 0.035 inch (No. 20 galvanized sheet gage) corrugated
galvanized steel wall ties ^1^'' by 6Vg" attached to each stud with two 8d cooler"
or wallboard" nails every sixth course of bricks.

15-1.61'"^

T X 6" fire-retardant- treated wood studs 16" on center. Interior face has two
layers of ^l{ Type X gypsum with the base layer placed vertically and attached
with 6d box nails 12" on center. The face layer is placed horizontally and
attached with 8d box nails 8" on center at joints and 12" on center elsewhere.
The exterior face has a base layer of ^l{ Type X gypsum sheathing placed
vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and 12" on center elsewhere.
An approved building paper is next applied, followed by self-furred exterior lath
attached with 2V2", No. 12 gage galvanized roofing nails with a Vg" diameter
head and spaced 6" on center along each stud. Cement plaster consisting of a V2"
brown coat is then applied. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of 1:3 by
weight, cement to sand with 10 pounds of hydrated Ume and 3 pounds of
approved additives or admixtures per sack of cement. The brown coat is mixed
in the proportion of 1 :4 by weight, cement to sand with the same amounts of
hydrated lime and approved additives or admixtures used in the scratch coat.

8V4

15. Exterior or
interior walls
(continued)

15-1.7^'^

2" X 6" wood studs 16" on center. The exterior face has a layer of ^/g" Type X
gypsum sheathing placed vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and
12" on center elsewhere. An approved building paper is next applied, followed
by 1" by No. 18 gage self -furred exterior lath attached with 8d by 272" l^i^g
galvanized roofing nails spaced 6" on center along each stud. Cement plaster
consisting of a 72" scratch coat, a bonding agent and a Vj" brown coat and a
finish coat is then apphed. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of 1:3 by
weight, cement to sand with 10 pounds of hydrated Ume and 3 pounds of
approved additives or admixtures per sack of cement. The brown coat is mixed
in the proportion of 1 :4 by weight, cement to sand with the same amounts of
hydrated lime and approved additives or admixtures used in the scratch coat.
The interior is covered with ^l{ gypsum lath with 1" hexagonal mesh of 0.035
inch (No. 20 B.W. gage) woven wire lath furred out Vi/' and 1" perUte or
vermicuhte gypsum plaster. Lath nailed with 1 73" by No. 13 gage by '^54" head
plasterboard glued nails spaced 5" on center. Mesh attached by IV4" by No. 12
gage by %" head nails with Vg" furrings, spaced 8" on center. The plaster mix
shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 27^ cubic feet of aggregate.

83/«

15-1.8''"^

2" X 6" wood studs 16" on center. The exterior face has a layer of ^/g" Type X
gypsum sheathing placed vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and
12" on center elsewhere. An approved building paper is next applied, followed
by 1 72" by No. 17 gage self -furred exterior lath attached with 8d by 2V2" long
galvanized roofing nails spaced 6" on center along each stud. Cement plaster
consisting of a 72" scratch coat, and a ^f^ brown coat is then applied. The
plaster may be placed by machine. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of
1:4 by weight, plastic cement to sand. The brown coat is mixed in the proportion
of 1:5 by weight, plastic cement to sand. The interior is covered with ^/g"
gypsum lath with 1" hexagonal mesh of No. 20 gage woven wire lath furred out
V15" and 1" perhte or vermiculite gypsum plaster. Lath nailed with 1 7g" by No.
13 gage by ^^^4" ^^^<^ plasterboard glued nails spaced 5" on center. Mesh
attached by 1%" by No. 12 gage by ^l{ head nails with Vg" furrings, spaced 8"
on center. The plaster mix shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 272 <^ubic
feet of aggregate.

8V«

{continued)

212

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^ °'P

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE''

(inches)

4 hour 3 hour 2 hour 1 hour

15-1.9

4" No. 18 gage, nonload-bearing metal studs, 16" on center, with 1" portland
cement lime plaster [measured from the back side of the ^/4-pound expanded
metal lath] on the exterior surface. Interior surface to be covered with 1" of
gypsum plaster on ^/4-pound expanded metal lath proportioned by weight — 1:2
for scratch coat, 1:3 for brown, gypsum to sand. Lath on one side of the partition
fastened to V4" diameter pencil rods supported by No. 20 gage metal clips,
located 16" on center vertically, on each stud. 3" thick mineral fiber insulating
batts friction fitted between the studs.

15-1.10

Steel studs 0.060" thick, 4" deep or 6" at 16" or 24" centers, with V2" Glass Fiber
Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) on the exterior surface. GFRC is attached with flex
anchors at 24" on center, with 5" leg welded to studs with two V2"-long
flare-bevel welds, and 4" foot attached to the GFRC skin with Vg" thick GFRC
bonding pads that extend 2V2" beyond the flex anchor foot on both sides. Interior
surface to have two layers of V2" Type X gypsum wallboard.^ The first layer of
wallboard to be attached with l"-long Type S buglehead screws spaced 24" on
center and the second layer is attached with l^/8"-long Type S screws spaced at
12" on center. Cavity is to be filled with 5" of 4 pcf (nominal) mineral fiber batts.
GFRC has 1 V2" returns packed with mineral fiber and caulked on the exterior.

15-1.11

15. Exterior or
interior walls
(continued)

Steel studs 0.060" thick, 4" deep or 6" at 16" or 24" centers, respectively, with
V2" Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) on the exterior surface. GFRC is
attached with flex anchors at 24" on center, with 5" leg welded to studs with two
V2"-long flare-bevel welds, and 4" foot attached to the GFRC skin with ^/g"- thick
GFRC bonding pads that extend 2 V2" beyond the flex anchor foot on both sides.
Interior surface to have one layer of ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard^, attached
with 1 V4"-long Type S buglehead screws spaced 12" on center. Cavity is to be
filled with 5" of 4 pcf (nominal) mineral fiber batts. GFRC has 1 V2" returns
packed with mineral fiber and caulked on the exterior.

6V«

15-1.12^

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior and
exterior sides covered with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide, applied
horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 2V4"
Type S dry wall screws, spaced 12" on center. Cavity to be filled with 5V2"
mineral wool insulation.

6Va

15-1.13^

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior and
exterior sides covered with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide, applied
vertically with all joints over framing or blocking and fastened with 2V4" Type S
dry wall screws, spaced 12" on center. R-19 mineral fiber insulation installed in
stud cavity.

6V^

15-1. 14^

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior and
exterior sides covered with ^l{ Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide, applied
horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 2^1^'
Type S dry wall screws, spaced 7" on center.

6V4

15-1.151

2" X 4" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior and
exterior sides covered with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard and sheathing,
respectively, 4' wide, apphed horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over
studs, and fastened with 2V4" Type S drywall screws, spaced 12" on center.
Cavity to be filled with 3'/2" mineral wool insulation.

4V.

15-1. 16^

2" X 6" wood studs at 24" centers with double top plates, single bottom plate;
interior and exterior side covered with two layers of ^/g" Type X gypsum
wallboard, 4' wide, applied horizontally with vertical joints over studs. Base
layer fastened with 2V4" Type S drywall screws, spaced 24" on center and face
layer fastened with Type S drywall screws, spaced 8" on center, wallboard joints
covered with paper tape and joint compound, fastener heads covered with joint
compound. Cavity to be filled with 5 V2" mineral wool insulation.

(continued)

I'U

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

213

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ^ ^ p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE'*

(inches)

4 hour 3 hour 2 hour 1 hour

15-2.1^

S^/g" No. 16 gage steel studs at 24" on center or T x 4" wood studs at 24" on
center. Metal lath attached to the exterior side of studs with minimum 1" long
No. 6 dry wall screws at 6" on center and covered with minimum ^Z/' thick
Portland cement plaster. Thin veneer brick units of clay or shale complying with
ASTM C 1088, Grade TBS or better, installed in running bond in accordance
with Section 1405.10. Combined total thickness of the portland cement plaster,
mortar and thin veneer brick units shall be not less than \^i^\ Interior side
covered with one layer of ^/g" thick Type X gypsum wallboard attached to studs
with 1" long No. 6 dry wall screws at 12" on center.

15-2.2^

15. Exterior or
interior walls
(continued)

SVg" No. 16 gage steel studs at 24" on center or 2" x 4" wood studs at 24" on
center. Metal lath attached to the exterior side of studs with minimum 1" long
No. 6 drywall screws at 6" on center and covered with minimum '^1" thick
Portland cement plaster. Thin veneer brick units of clay or shale complying with
ASTM C 1088, Grade TBS or better, installed in running bond in accordance
with Section 1405.10. Combined total thickness of the portland cement plaster,
mortar and thin veneer brick units shall be not less than 2". Interior side covered
with two layers of %" thick Type X gypsum wallboard. Bottom layer attached to
studs with 1" long No. 6 drywall screws at 24" on center. Top layer attached to
studs with 1 Vg" long No. 6 drywall screws at 12" on center.

15-2.3^^

3Vg" No. 16 gage steel studs at 16" on center or 2" x 4" wood studs at 16" on
center. Where metal lath is used, attach to the exterior side of studs with
minimum 1" long No. 6 drywall screws at 6" on center. Brick units of clay or
shale not less than 2Vg" thick complying with ASTM C 216 installed in
accordance with Section 1405.6 with a minimum 1" air space. Interior side
covered with one layer of ^/g" thick Type X gypsum wallboard attached to studs
with 1" long No. 6 drywall screws at 12" on center.

15-2.4^

BVg" No. 16 gage steel studs at 16" on center or 2" x 4" wood studs at 16" on
center. Where metal lath is used, attach to the exterior side of studs with
minimum 1" long No. 6 drywall screws at 6" on center. Brick units of clay or
shale not less than 2%" thick complying with ASTM C 216 installed in
accordance with Section 1405.6 with a minimum 1" air space. Interior side
covered with two layers of ^/g" thick Type X gypsum wallboard. Bottom layer
attached to studs with 1" long No. 6 drywall screws at 24" on center. Top layer
attached to studs with 1^/g" long No. 6 drywall screws at 12" on center.

6V«

I'U

16. Exterior walls
rated for fire
resistance from
the inside only in
accordance with
Section 705.5.

16-1.1^1

2" x 4" wood studs at 16" centers with double top plates, single bottom plate;
interior side covered with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide, applied
horizontally unblocked, and fastened with 27/' Type S drywall screws, spaced
12" on center, wallboard joints covered with paper tape and joint compound,
fastener heads covered with joint compound. Exterior covered with Vg" wood
structural panels, applied vertically, horizontal joints blocked and fastened with
6d common nails (bright) — 12" on center in the field, and 6" on center panel
edges. Cavity to be filled with l^l^ mineral wool insulation. Rating established
for exposure from interior side only.

(continued)

214

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS «■<» p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED
THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"
, (Inches)

4 hour

3 hour

2 hour

1 hour

16. Exterior walls
rated for fire
resistance from
the inside only in
accordance with
Section 705.5.
(continued)

16-1.2*1

2" X 6" (51 nun x 152 mm) wood studs at 16 " centers with double top plates, single
bottom plate; interior side covered with Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide,
applied horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs and fastened with
2V4" Type S dry wall screws, spaced 12" on center, wallboard joints covered with
paper tape and joint compound, fastener heads covered with joint compound, exterior
side covered with ^/i/' wood structural panels fastened with 6d common nails (bright)
spaced 12" on center in the field and 6" on center along the panel edges. Cavity to be
filled with 5 V2" mineral wool insulation. Rating established from die gypsum-covered
side only.

—

6^/l6

16-1.3

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" centers with double top plates, single bottom plates;
interior side covered with ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4' wide, applied
vertically with all joints over framing or blocking and fastened with 2V4" Type S
dry wall screws spaced 7" on center. Joints to be covered with tape and joint
compound. Exterior covered with Vg" wood structural panels, applied vertically
with edges over framing or blocking and fastened with 6d common nails (bright)
at 12" on center in the field and 6" on center on panel edges. R-19 mineral fiber
insulation installed in stud cavity. Rating established from the gypsum-covered
side only.

—

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mm?, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m^.

a. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration shall be permitted to be used as alternate festeners to nails for attachment to wood framing.

b. Thickness shown for brick and clay tile is nominal thicknesses unless plastered, in which case thicknesses are net. Thickness shown for concrete masonry and clay
masonry is equivalent thickness defined in Section 72 1 .3 . 1 for concrete masonry and Section 721 .4. 1 . 1 for clay masonry. Where all cells are solid grouted or filled
with silicone-treated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, the equivalent thickness
shall be the thickness of the block or brick using specified dimensions as defined in Chapter 2 1 . Equivalent thickness may also include the thickness of applied plas-
ter and lath or gypsum wallboard, where specified.

c. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75 percent of the gross cross-sec-
tional area measured in the same plane.

d. Shall be used for nonbearing purposes only

e. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in this table, gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be permit-
ted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard, and the joints on the face layer are reinforced and
the entire surface is covered with a minimum of 7,6-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

f. The fire-resistance time period for concrete masonry units meeting the equivalent thicknesses required for a 2-hour fire-resistance rating in Item 3, and having a
thickness of not less than 7^/g inches is 4 hours when cores which are not grouted are filled with silicone-treated perlite loose- fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill
insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, sand or slag having a maximum particle size of ^/g inch.

g. The fu'e-resistance rating of concrete masonry units composed of a combination of aggregate types or where plaster is applied directly to the concrete masonry
shall be determined in accordance with ACI 216.1/TMS 0216. Lightweight aggr^ates shall have a maximum combined density of 65 pounds per cubic foot.

h. See also Note b. The equivalent thickness shall be permitted to include the thickness of cement plaster or 1 .5 times the thickness of gypsum plaster applied in accor-
dance with the requirements of Chapter 25.

i. Concrete walls shall be reinforced with horizontal and vertical temperature reinforcement as required by Chapter 19.

j. Studs are welded truss wire studs with 0.18 inch (No. 7 B.W. gage) flange wire and 0.18 inch (No. 7 B.W. gage) truss wires.

k. Nailable metal studs consist of two channel studs spot welded back to back with a crimped web forming a nailing growe.

1. Wood structural panels shall be permitted to be installed between the fire protection and the wood studs on either the interior or exterior side of the wood frame
assemblies in this table, provided the length of the fasteners used to attach the fire protection is increased by an amount at least equal to the thickness of the wood
structural panel.

m. The design stress of studs shall be reduced to 78 percent of allowable F'^ with the maximum not greater than 78 percent of the calculated stress with studs having a
slendemess ratio l/d of 33.

n. For properties of cooler or wallboard nails, see ASTM C 514, ASTM C 547 or ASTM F 1667.

o. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein listed.

p. NCMA TEK 5-8A shall be permitted for the design of fire walls.

q. The design stress of studs shall be equal to a maximum of 100 percent of the allowable F^^ calculated in accordance with Section 2306.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

215

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(3)
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

1. Siliceous
aggregate concrete

1-Ll

Slab (no ceiling required). Minimum cover over
nonprestressed reinforcement shall not be less than

7.0

6.2

5.0

3.5

—

2. Carbonate
aggregate concrete

2-1.1

6.6

5.7

4.6

3.2

—

3. Sand-lightweight concrete

3-1.1

5.4

4.6

3.8

2.7

4. Lightweight concrete

4-1.1

5.1

4.4

3.6

2.5

5. Reinforced
concrete

5-1.1

Slab with suspended ceiling of vermiculite gypsum
plaster over metal lath attached to V4" cold-rolled
channels spaced 12" on center. Ceiling located 6"
minimum below joists.

—

5-2.1

Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'^ attached to 0.018
inch (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) by %" deep by
2^/3" hat-shaped galvanized steel channels with
r'-long No. 6 screws. The channels are spaced 24"
on center, span 35" and are supported along their
length at 35" intervals by 0.033" (No. 21 galvanized
sheet gage) galvanized steel flat strap hangers
having formed edges that engage the lips of the
channel. The strap hangers are attached to the side
of the concrete joists with V32" by IV/ long
power-driven fasteners. The wallboard is installed
with the long dimension perpendicular to the
channels. All end joints occur on channels and
supplementary channels are installed parallel to the
main channels, 12" each side, at end joint
occurrences. The finished ceiling is located
approximately 12" below the soffit of the floor slab.

—

2V,

—

6. Steel joists constructed with
a poured reinforced concrete
slab on metal lath forms or
steel form units'*' ^

6-1.1

Gypsum plaster on metal lath attached to the bottom
cord with single No. 16 gage or doubled No. 18
gage wire ties spaced 6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2
for scratch coat, 1:3 for brown coat, by weight,
gypsum-to-sand aggregate for 2-hour system. For
3-hour system plaster is neat.

2V4

—

■—

6-2.1

VermicuUte gypsum plaster on metal lath attached to
the bottom chord with single No. 16 gage or doubled
0.049-inch (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties 6" on center.

—

6-3.1

Cement plaster over metal lath attached to the
bottom chord of joists with single No. 16 gage or
doubled 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties spaced
6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat, 1:3
for brown coat for 1-hour system and 1:1 for scratch
coat, 1:1 V2 for brown coat for 2-hour system, by
weight, cement to sand.

—

6-4.1

Ceiling of Vg" Type X wallboard*^ attached to Vg"
deep by 2%" by 0.021 inch (No. 25 carbon sheet
steel gage) hat-shaped furring channels 12" on
center with 1" long No. 6 wallboard screws at 8" on
center. Channels wire tied to bottom chord of joists
with doubled 0.049 inch (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire or
suspended below joists on wire hangers.^

—

6-5.1

Wood-fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1:1 by weight
gypsum to sand aggregate applied over metal lath.
Lath tied 6" on center to %" channels spaced 13 Vj"
on center. Channels secured to joists at each
intersection with two strands of 0.049 inch (No. 18
B.W. gage) galvanized wire.

—

(continued)

216

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1 (3)-^ontinued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

7. Reinforced concrete slabs
and joists with hollow clay tile
fillers laid end to end in rows
2V2 " or more apart;
reinforcement placed between
rows and concrete cast around
and over tile.

7-1.1

^/g" gypsum plaster on bottom of floor or roof
construction.

—

7-1.2

None

—

57^^

—

8. Steel joists constructed with
a reinforced concrete slab on
top poured on a V2" deep steel
deck.^

8-1.1

Vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath attached
to V cold-rolled channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center.

2V,i

—

9. 3" deep cellular steel deck
with concrete slab on top. Slab
thickness measured to top.

9-1.1

Suspended ceiling of vermiculite gypsum plaster
base coat and veimicuhte acoustical plaster on metal
lath attached at 6" intervals to '^l^' cold-rolled
channels spaced 12" on center and secured to 1 ^l{'
cold-rolled channels spaced 36" on center with
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage) wire. 1 V2" channels
supported by No. 8 gage wire hangers at 36" on
center. Beams within envelope and with a 2V2"
airspace between beam soffit and lath have a 4-hour
rating.

—

\\^

—

10. lV2"-deep steel roof deck
on steel framing. Insulation
board, 30 pcf density,
composed of wood fibers with
cement binders of thickness
shown bonded to deck with
unified asphalt adhesive.
Covered with a Class A or B
roof covering.

10-1.1

Ceiling of gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached to V/' furring channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center. V/
channel saddle tied to 2" channels with doubled
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage) wire ties. 2" channels
spaced 36" on center suspended 2" below steel
framing and saddle-tied with 0.165" (No. 8 B.W.
gage) wire. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight,
gypsum- to- sand aggregate.

—

11.1 V2"-deep steel roof deck
on steel-framing wood fiber
insulation board, 17.5 pcf
density on top applied over a
15 -lb asphalt-saturated felt.
Class A or B roof covering.

11-1.1

Ceiling of gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached to V4" furring channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center. %"
channels saddle tied to 2" channels with doubled
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage) wire ties. 2" channels
spaced 36" on center suspended 2" below steel
framing and saddle tied with 0.165" (No. 8 B.W.
gage) wire. Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat and
1:3 for brown coat, by weight, gypsum-to-sand
aggregate for 1-hour system. For 2-hour system,
plaster mix is 1:2 by weight, gypsum- to- sand
aggregate.

—

IV,

—

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

217

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1 (3)~continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

12. 1 V2" deep steel roof deck
on steel-framing insulation of
rigid board consisting of
expanded perlite and fibers
impregnated with integral
asphalt waterproofing; density
9 to 12 pcf secured to metal
roof deck by V2" wide ribbons
of waterproof, cold-process
liquid adhesive spaced 6"
apart. Steel joist or light steel
construction with metal roof
deck, insulation, and Class A
or B built-up roof covering.^

12-1.1

Gypsum- vermiculite plaster on metal lath wire tied
at 6" intervals to ^1^' furring channels spaced 12" on
center and wire tied to T runner channels spaced
32" on center. Runners wire tied to bottom chord of
steel joists.

—

13. Double wood floor over
wood joists spaced 16" on
center.""'"

13-1.1

Gypsum plaster over ^/g" Type X gypsum lath. Lath
initially applied with not less than four 1 Vg" by No.
13 gage by ^^1^^' head plasterboard blued nails per
bearing. Continuous stripping over lath along all
joist lines. Stripping consists of 3" wide strips of
metal lath attached by 1 Vj" by No. 1 1 gage by V2"
head roofing nails spaced 6" on center. Alternate
stripping consists of 3" wide 0.049" diameter wire
stripping weighing 1 pound per square yard and
attached by No. 16 gage by 1 V2" by V4" crown width
staples, spaced 4" on center. Where alternate
stripping is used, the lath nailing may consist of two
nails at each end and one nail at each intermediate
bearing. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight,
gypsum-to-sand aggregate.

—

13-1.2

Cement or gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
fastened with \^i" by No. 1 1 gage by Vjg" head
barbed shank roofing nails spaced 5" on center.
Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat and 1:3 for brown
coat, by weight, cement to sand aggregate.

—

13-1.3

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath
secured to joists with 1 V2" by No. 1 1 gage by '^l^^^'
head barbed shank roofing nails spaced 5" on center.

—

13-1.4

V2" Type X gypsum wallboard'^ nailed to joists with
5d cooler^ or wallboard^ nails at 6" on center. End
joints of wallboard centered on joists.

—

14. Plywood stressed skin
panels consisting of V8"-thick
interior C-D (exterior glue)
top stressed skin on 1" x 6"
nominal (minimum) stringers.
Adjacent panel edges joined
with 8d common wire nails
spaced 6" on center. Stringers
spaced 12" maximum on
center.

14-1.1

V2"-thick wood fiberboard weighing 15 to 18
pounds per cubic foot installed with long dimension
parallel to stringers or Vg" C-D (exterior glue)
plywood glued and/or nailed to stringers. Nailing to
be with 5d cooler^ or wallboard'' nails at 12" on
center. Second layer of V2" Type X gypsum
wallboard"" applied with long dimension
perpendicular to joists and attached with 8d cooler^
or wallboard^ nails at 6" on center at end joints and
8" on center elsewhere. Wallboard joints staggered
with respect to fiberboard joints.

—

(continued)

218

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

hour

15. Vermicuhte concrete slab
proportioned 1:4 (portland
cement to vermiculite
aggregate) on a 1 V2"-deep
steel deck supported on
individually protected steel
framing. Maximum span of
deck 6'- 10" where deck is less
than 0.019 inch (No. 26
carbon steel sheet gage) or
greater. Slab reinforced with
4" X 8" 0.109/0.083" (No. ^2/^4
B.W. gage) welded wire mesh.

15-1.1

None

—

16. Perlite concrete slab
proportioned 1 :6 (portland
cement to perlite aggregate)
on a 1 V/'-deep steel deck
supported on individually
protected steel framing. Slab
reinforced with 4" x 8"
0.109/0.083" (No. i2/i4 B.W.
gage) welded wire mesh.

16-1.1

None

—

3V,J

—

17. Periite concrete slab
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite aggregate)
on a ^/i5"-deep steel deck
supported by steel joists 4' on
center. Class A or B roof
covering on top.

17-1.1

Perlite gypsum plaster on metal lath wire tied to ^1^"
furring channels attached with 0.065" (No. 16 B.W.
gage) wu-e ties to lower chord of joists.

—

— -

18. Perlite concrete slab
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite aggregate)
on 1 V4"-deep steel deck
supported on individually
protected steel framing.
Maximum span of deck 6'- 10"
where deck is less than 0.019"
(No. 26 carbon sheet steel
gage) and 8'-0" where deck is
0.019" (No. 26 carbon sheet
steel gage) or greater. Slab
reinforced with 0.042" (No. 19
B.W. gage) hexagonal wire
mesh. Class A or B roof
covering on top.

18-1.1

None

2V4P

—

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

219

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1 (3>-contmued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^''

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4 hour

3 hour

2 hour

1 hour

4 hour

3 hour

2 hour

1 hour

19. Floor and beam
construction consisting of
3"-deep cellular steel floor
unit mounted on steel
members with 1:4
(proportion of portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) perlite-concrete
floor slab on top.

19-1.1

Suspended envelope ceiling of perlite
gypsum plaster on metal lath attached to
3/4" cold-rolled channels, secured to 1 V2"
cold-rolled channels spaced 42" on center
supported by 0.203 inch (No. 6 B.W. gage)
wire 36" on center. Beams in envelope with
3" minimum airspace between beam soffit
and lath have a 4-hour rating.

—

20. Perlite concrete
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) poured to Vg"
thickness above top of
corrugations of l^/ig^'-deep
galvanized steel deck
maximum span 8'-0" for
0.024" (No. 24 galvanized
sheet gage) or 6' 0" for
0.019" (No. 26 galvanized
sheet gage) with deck
supported by individually
protected steel framing.
Approved polystyrene
foam plastic insulation
board having a flame
spread not exceeding 75
(1" to 4" thickness) with
vent holes that
approximate 3 percent of
the board surface area
placed on top of perlite
slurry. A 2' by 4' insulation
board contains six 2V4"
diameter holes. Board
covered with 27/
minimum perlite concrete
slab.

20-1.1

None

—

Varies

—

(continued)

220

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^ 'i

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

(continued)
20. Slab reinforced with mesh
consisting of 0.042" (No. 19
B.W. gage) galvanized steel
wire twisted together to form
2" hexagons with straight
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage)
galvanized steel wire woven
into mesh and spaced 3".
Alternate slab reinforcement
shall be permitted to consist of
4" X 8", 0.109/0.238" (No. 12/4
B.W. gage), or 2" X 2",
0.083/0.083" (No. 14/14 B.W.
gage) welded wire fabric. Class
A or B roof covering on top.

20-1.1

None

—

Varies

—

21. Wood joists, wood I-joists,
floor trusses and flat or pitched
roof trusses spaced a maximum
24" o.c. with V2" wood
structural panels with exterior
glue applied at right angles to
top of joist or top chord of
trusses with 8d nails. The wood
structural panel thickness shall
not be less than nominal Vj"
nor less than required by
Chapter 23.

21-1.1

Base layer ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard applied
at right angles to joist or truss 24" o.c. with 1 V4"
Type S or Type W dry wall screws 24" o.c. Face
layer ^/g" Type X gypsum wallboard or veneer
base applied at right angles to joist or truss
through base layer with 1%" Type S or Type W
dry wall screws 12" o.c. at joints and intermediate
joist or truss. Face layer Type G drywall screws
placed 2" back on either side of face layer end
joints, 12" o.c.

—

Varies

—

22. Steel joists, floor trusses
and flat or pitched roof trusses
spaced a maximum 24" o.c.
with V2" wood structural panels
with exterior glue applied at
right angles to top of joist or
top chord of trusses with No. 8
screws. The wood structural
panel thickness shall not be less
than nominal V2" nor less than
required by Chapter 23.

22-1.1

Base layer Vg" Type X gypsum board applied at
right angles to steel framing 24" on center with 1"
Type S drywall screws spaced 24" on center. Face
layer Vg" Type X gypsum board applied at right
angles to steel framing attached through base
layer with iVg" Type S drywall screws 12" on
center at end joints and intermediate joints and
1 V2" Type G drywall screws 12 inches on center
placed 2" back on either side of face layer end
joints. Joints of the face layer are offset 24" from
the joints of the base layer.

—

Varies

—

IV4

23. Wood I-joist (minimum
joist depth 97/ with a
minimum flange depth of ^^/ig"
and a minimum flange cross-
sectional area of 2.3 square
inches) at 24" o.c. spacing with
1 inch by 4 inch (nominal)
wood furring strip spacer
applied parallel to and covering
the bottom of the bottom flange
of each member, tacked in
place. 2" mineral wool
insulation, 3.5 pcf (nominal)
installed adjacent to the bottom
flange of the I-joist and
supported by the 1" x 4"
furring strip spacer.

23-1.1

V2" deep single leg resilient channel 16" on center
(channels doubled at wallboard end joints), placed
perpendicular to the furring strip and joist and
attached to each joist by 1%" Type S drywall
screws, ^/g" Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered at least 4' and fastened with 1 Vg" Type
S drywall screws spaced 7" on center. Wallboard
joints to be taped and covered with joint
compound.

—

Varies

—

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

221

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^ '^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

24. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V/ with a
minimum flange depth of 1 ^f"
and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 5.25
square inches; minimum web
thicknessofV)@24"o.c.,
1 V2" mineral wool insulation
(2.5 pcf — nominal) resting on
hat-shaped furring channels.

24-1.1

Minimum 0.026" thick hat-shaped channel 16"
o.c. (channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by 1%" Type S drywall screws. Vg"
Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered and fastened with 1 Vg" Type S
drywall screws spaced 12" o.c. in the field and
8" o.c. at the wallboard ends. Wallboard joints
to be taped and covered with joint compound.

—

Varies

—

25. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 97/ with a
minimum flange depth of 1 ^l{'
and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 5.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness of Vj/') @ 24" o.c,
1 V2" mineral wool insulation
(2.5 pcf — nominal) resting on
resilient channels.

25-1.1

Minimum 0.019" thick resilient channel 16" o.c.
(channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by 1%" Type S drywall screws. Vg"
Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered and fastened with 1" Type S drywall
screws spaced 12" o.c. in the field and 8" o.c. at
the wallboard ends. Wallboard joints to be taped
and covered with joint compound.

—

Varies

—

26. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 97/ with a
minimum flange thickness of
1 V2" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 2.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V)@ 24" o.c.

26-1.1

Two layers of V2" Type X gypsum wallboard
applied with the long dimension perpendicular
to the I-joists with end joints staggered. The
base layer is fastened with \^l{ Type S drywall
screws spaced 12" o.c. and the face layer is
fastened with 2" Type S drywall screws spaced
12" o.c. in the field and 8" o.c. on the edges.
Face layer end joints shall not occur on the same
I-joist as base layer end joints and edge joints
shall be offset 24" from base layer joints. Face
layer to also be attached to base layer with 1 Vj"
Type G drywall screws spaced 8" o.c. placed 6"
from face layer end joints. Face layer wallboard
joints to be taped and covered with joint
compound.

—

Varies

—

27. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V2" with a
minimum flange depth of
1 ^ Vig" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 1.95
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V) @ 24" o.c.

27-1.1

Minimum 0.019" thick resilient channel 16" o.c.
(channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by 1%" Type S drywall screws. Two
layers of ^}{ Type X gypsum wallboard appUed
with the long dimension perpendicular to the
I-joists with end joints staggered. The base layer
is fastened with 1 V4" Type S drywall screws
spaced 12" o.c. and the face layer is fastened
with iVg" Type S drywall screws spaced 12"
o.c. Face layer end joints shall not occur on the
same I-joist as base layer end joints and edge
joints shall be offset 24" from base layer joints.
Face layer to also be attached to base layer with
1 V2" Type G drywall screws spaced 8" o.c.
placed 6" from face layer end joints. Face layer
wallboard joints to be taped and covered with
joint compound.

—

Varies

—

(continued)

222

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^^

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

28. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 97/' with a
minimum flange depth of
1 V2" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 2.25
square inches; minimum web
thicknessofV)@24"o.c.
Unfaced fiberglass insulation
is installed between the
I-joists supported on the
upper surface of the flange by
stay wires spaced 12" o.c.

28-1.1

Base layer of %" Type C gypsum wallboard
attached directly to I-joists with 1^/g" Type S
dry wall screws spaced 12" o.c. with ends
staggered. Minimum 0.0179" thick hat-shaped
Vg-inch furring channel 16" o.c. (channels
doubled at wallboard end joints), placed
perpendicular to the joist and attached to each
joist by 1 Vg" Type S dry wall screws after the
base layer of gypsum wallboard has been
applied. The middle and face layers of ^/g" Type
C gypsum wallboard applied perpendicular to
the channel widi end joints staggered. The
middle layer is fastened with 1" Type S dry wall
screws spaced 12" o.c. The face layer is applied
parallel to the middle layer but with the edge
joints offset 24" from those of the middle layer
and fastened with 1^/g" Type S dry wall screws
8" o.c. The joints shall be taped and covered
with joint compound.

—

Varies

—

2V4

—

29. Channel-shaped 18 gage
steel joists (minimum depth
8") spaced a maximum 24"
o.c. supporting
tongue-and-groove wood
structural panels (nominal
minimum %" thick) applied
perpendicular to framing
members. Structural panels
attached with l-Vg" Type
S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c.

29-1.1

Base layer %" Type X gypsum board applied
perpendicular to bottom of framing members
with 1 Vg" Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c.
Second layer Vg" Type X gypsum board
attached perpendicular to framing members with
1 Vg" Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c. Second
layer joints offset 24" from base layer. Third
layer ^/g" Type X gypsum board attached
perpendicular to framing members with l?l{
Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c. Third layer
joints offset 12" from second layer joints.
Hat-shaped Vg-inch rigid furring channels
applied at right angles to framing members over
third layer with two l?l{ Type S-12 screws at
each framing member. Face layer ^/g" Type X
gypsum board applied at right angles to furring
channels with lVg"Type S screws spaced 12"
o.c.

—

Varies

—

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

223

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

Table 720.1(3) Notes.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283m^
1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 pound per lineal foot = 1.4882 kg/m.

a. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration shall be permitted to be used as alternate festeners to nails for attachment to wood framing.

b. When the slab is in an unrestrained condition, minimum reinforcement cover shall not be less than 1^/g inches for 4-hour (siliceous aggregate only); 1 V4 inches for
4- and 3-hour; 1 inch for 2-hour (siliceous aggregate only); and ^1^ inch for all other restrained and unrestrained conditions.

c. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in this table, gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be permit-
ted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard, and the joints on the face layer are reinforced and
the entire surface is covered with a minimum of Vi^-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

d. Slab thickness over steel joists measured at the joists for metal lath form and at the top of the form for steel form units.

e. (a) The maximum allowable stress level for H-Series joists shall not exceed 22,000 psi.

(b) The allowable stress for K-Series joists shall not exceed 26,000 psi, the nominal depth of such joist shall not be less than 1 inches and the nominal joist weight
shall not be less than 5 pounds per lineal foot.

f. Cement plaster with 15 pounds of hydrated lime and 3 pounds of approved additives or admixtures per bag of cement.

g. Gypsum wallboard ceilings attached to steel framing shall be permitted to be suspended with 1 Vj-inch cold-formed carrying channels spaced 48 inches on center,
which are suspended with No. 8 SWG galvanized wire hangers spaced 48 inches on center. Cross-furring channels are tied to the carrying channels with No. 18
SWG galvanized wire hangers spaced 48 inches on center. Cross-furring channels are tied to the carrying channels with No. 1 8 SWG galvanized wire (double
strand) and spaced as required for direct attachment to the framing. This alternative is also applicable to those steel framing assemblies recognized under
Note q.

h. Six-inch hollow clay tile with 2-inch concrete slab above.

i. Four-inch hollow clay tile with 1 Vj-inch concrete slab above.

j. Thickness measured to bottom of steel form units.

k. Five-eighths inch of vermiculite gypsum plaster plus V2 inch of approved vermiculite acoustical plastic.

1. Furring channels spaced 12 inches on center.

m. Double wood floor shall be permitted to be either of the following:

(a) Subfloor of 1-inch nominal boarding, a layer of asbestos paper weighing not less than 14 pounds per 100 square feet and a layer of 1-inch nominal
tongue-and-groove finished flooring; or

(b) Subfloor of 1-inch nominal tongue-and-groove boarding or ^V32-inch wood structural panels with exterior glue and a layer of 1-inch nominal
tongue-and-groove finished flooring or '%2"i^'^h wood structural panel finish flooring or a layer of Type I Grade M- 1 particleboard not less than Vg-inch thick.

n. The ceiling shall be permitted to be omitted over unusable space, and flooring shall be permitted to be omitted where unusable space occurs abwe.

o. For properties of cooler or wallboard nails, see ASTM C 514, ASTM C 547 or ASTM F 1667.

p. Thickness measured on top of steel deck unit.

q. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein listed.

SECTION 721
CALCULATED FIRE RESISTANCE

721.1 GeneraL The provisions of this section contain proce-
dures by which \htfire resistance of specific materials or com-
binations of materials is established by calculations. These
procedures apply only to the information contained in this sec-
tion and shall not be otherwise used. The calculated^r^ resis-
tance of concrete, concrete masonry and clay masonry
assemblies shall be permitted in accordance with ACI
216.1/TMS 0216. The calculated^re resistance of steel assem-
blies shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 5 of ASCE
29. The calculated y?re resistance of exposed wood members
and wood decking shall be permitted in accordance with Chap-
ter 16 of ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for
Wood Construction (NDS),

721.1.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

CERAMIC FIBER BLANKET. A mineral wool insula
tion material made of alumina-silica fibers and weighing 4
to 10 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) (64 to 160 kg/m^).

CONCRETE, CARBONATE AGGREGATE. Concrete
made with aggregates consisting mainly of calcium or mag-
nesium carbonate, such as limestone or dolomite, and con-
taining 40 percent or less quartz, chert or flint.

CONCRETE, CELLULAR. A lightweight insulating
concrete made by mixing a preformed foam with portland

cement slurry and having a dry unit weight of approxi-
mately 30 pcf (480 kg/m^).

CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE. Con-
crete made with aggregates of expanded clay, shale, slag or
slate or sintered fly ash or any natural lightweight aggregate
meeting ASTM C 330 and possessing equivalent fire-resis-
tance properties and weighing 85 to 115 pcf (1360 to 1840
kg/m3).

CONCRETE, PERLITE. A lightweight insulating con-
crete having a dry unit weight of approximately 30 pcf
(480 kg/m^) made with perlite concrete aggregate. Perlite
aggregate is produced from a volcanic rock which, when
heated, expands to form a glass-like material of cellular
structure.

CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT. Concrete made
with a combination of expanded clay, shale, slag, slate,
sintered fly ash, or any natural lightweight aggregate meet-
ing ASTM C 330 and possessing equivalent fire-resistance
properties and natural sand. Its unit weight is generally
between 105 and 120 pcf (1680 and 1920 kg/m^).

CONCRETE, SILICEOUS AGGREGATE. Concrete
made with normal-weight aggregates consisting mainly of
silica or compounds other than calcium or magnesium car-
bonate, which contains more than 40-percent quartz, chert
or flint.

CONCRETE, VERMICULITE. A lightweight insulating
concrete made with vermiculite concrete aggregate which is

224

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

laminated micaceous material produced by expanding the
ore at high temperatures. When added to a portland cement
slurry the resulting concrete has a dry unit weight of approx-
imately 30 pcf (480 kg/m3).

GLASS FIBERBOARD. Fibrous glass roof insulation
consisting of inorganic glass fibers formed into rigid boards
using a binder. The board has a top surface faced with
asphalt and kraft reinforced with glass fiber.

MINERAL BOARD. A rigid felted thermal insulation
board consisting of either felted mineral fiber or cellular
beads of expanded aggregate formed into flat rectangular
units.

721.2 Concrete assemblies. The provisions of this section
contain procedures by which the fire -resistance ratings of con-
crete assemblies are established by calculations.

1212 A Concrete walls. Cast-in-place and precast concrete
walls shall comply with Section 121. 2.1. \. Multiwy the con-
crete walls shall comply with Section 721.2.1.2. Joints
between precast panels shall comply with Section
721 .2. 1 .3. Concrete walls with gypsum wallboard or plaster
finish shall comply with Section 721.2.1.4.

721.2.1.1 Cast-in-place or precast walls. The mini-
mum equivalent thicknesses of cast-in-place or precast
concrete walls foxfire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4
hours are shown in Table 721.2.1.1. For solid walls with
flat vertical surfaces, the equivalent thickness is the same
as the actual thickness. The values in Table 721.2.1.1
apply to plain, reinforced or prestressed concrete walls.

TABLE 721.2.1.1

MINIMUM EQUIVALENT THICKNESS OF CAST-IN-PLACE OR

PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS, LOAD-BEARING OR

NONLOAD-BEARING

CONCRETE
TYPE

MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS (inches)
FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING OF

1-hour

iVg-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

Siliceous

3.5

4.3

5.0

6.2

7.0

Carbonate

3.2

4.0

4.6

5.7

6.6

Sand-Lightweight

2.7

3.3

3.8

4.6

5.4

Lightweight

2.5

3.1

3.6

4.4

5.1

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.2.1.1.1 Hollow-core precast wall panels. For

hollow-core precast concrete wall panels in which the
cores are of constant cross section throughout the
length, calculation of the equivalent thickness by
dividing the net cross-sectional area (the gross cross
section minus the area of the cores) of the panel by its
width shall be permitted.

721.2.1.1.2 Core spaces filled. Where all of the core
spaces of hollow-core wall panels are filled with
loose-fill material, such as expanded shale, clay, or
slag, or vermiculite or perlite, iho, fire-resistance rat-
ing of the wall is the same as that of a solid wall of the
same concrete type and of the same overall thickness.

INSIDE WYTHE
CARBONATE

INSIDE WYTHE
SILICEOUS

THICKNESS OF INSIDE WYTHE. INCHES

a. OUTSIDE WYTHE

JH O E CARBONATE

OUTSIDE WYTHE
SILICEOUS

THICKNESS OF INSIDE WYTHE OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.2.1.2
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS OF
TWO-WYTHE CONCRETE WALLS

721.2.1.1.3 Tapered cross sections. The thickness of
panels with tapered cross sections shall be that deter-
mined at a distance 2t or 6 inches (152 mm), which-
ever is less, from the point of minimum thickness,
where t is the minimum thickness.

721.2.1.1.4 Ribbed or undulating surfaces. The

equivalent thickness of panels with ribbed or undulat-
ing surfaces shall be determined by one of the follow-
ing expressions:

For s > At, the thickness to be used shall be t

For s < 2f, the thickness to be used shall be t^

For At> s> 2t, the thickness to be used shall be

r +

(Equation 7-3)

where:

s - Spacing of ribs or undulations.

/ = Minimum thickness.

t^ ~ Equivalent thickness of the panel calculated
as the net cross-sectional area of the panel di-
vided by the width, in which the maximum
thickness used in the calculation shall not ex-
ceed 2t.

721.2.1.2 Multiwythe walls. For walls that consist of
two wythes of different types of concrete, the fire-resis-
tance ratings shall be permitted to be determined from

Figure 721.2.1.2,

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

225

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.2.1.2(1)
VALUES OF /?„°5^ FOR USE IN EQUATION 7-4

TYPE OF MATERIAL

THICKNESS OF MATERIAL (Inches)

1V,

5V,

6V,

Siliceous aggregate
concrete

5.3

6.5

8.1

9.5

11.3

13.0

14.9

16.9

18.8

20.7

22.8

25.1

Carbonate aggregate
concrete

5.5

7.1

8.9

10.4

12.0

14.0

16.2

18.1

20.3

21.9

24.7

27.2^^

Sand-lightweight
concrete

6.5

8.2

10.5

12.8

15.5

18.1

20.7

23,3

26.0^^

Notec

Lightweight concrete

6.6

8.8

11.2

13.7

16.5

19.1

21.9

24.7

27.8'^

Notec

Insulating concrete^

9.3

13.3

16.6

18.3

23.1

26.5^

Notec

Note c

Notec

Airspace^

—

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per cubic foot = 16.02 kgto^.

a. Dry unit weight of 35 pcf or less and consisting of cellular, perlite or vermiculite concrete.

b. The /?„°^^ value for one 7/' to 3 7/ airspace is 3.3. The R^-^^ value for two V2" to 3 7/' airspaces is 6.7.

c. The fire-resistance rating for this thickness exceeds 4 hours.

721.2.1.2.1 Two or more wythes. The fire-resistance
rating for wall panels consisting of two or more wythes
shall be permitted to be determined by the formula:

R = (R^o.59 + 1^^0.59 + ^ ^ + ^^0.59) 1 .7 (Equation 7-4)

where:

R = The fire endurance of the assembly, minutes.

i?i, /?2, and /?n = The fire endurances of the individual
wythes, minutes. Values ofRj^^^ for use in Equation 7-4
are given in Table 721.2.1.2(1). Calculated ^r^-r^^w-
tance ratings are shown in Table 721.2.1.2(2).

TABLE 721 .2.1 .2(2)
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS BASED ON fl^^^

flMWINUTES

^0.59

60
120
180

240

11.20
16.85

21.41
25.37

a. Based on Equation 7-4.

721.2.1.2.2 Foam plastic insulation. The fire-resis-
tance ratings of precast concrete wall panels consist-
ing of a layer of foam plastic insulation sandwiched
between two wythes of concrete shall be permitted to
be determined by use of Equation 7-4. Foam plastic
insulation with a total thickness of less than I inch (25
mm) shall be disregarded. The J?„ value for thickness
of foam plastic insulation of 1 inch (25 mm) or
greater, for use in the calculation, is 5 minutes; there-
fore /?„059 ^ 2.5.

721.2.1.3 Joints between precast wall panels. Joints
between precast concrete wall panels which are not insu-
lated as required by this section shall be considered as
openings in walls. Uninsulated joints shall be included in
determining the percentage of openings permitted by
Table 705.8. Where openings are not permitted or are

required by this code to be protected, the provisions of
this section shall be used to determine the amount of joint
insulation required. Insulated joints shall not be consid-
ered openings for purposes of determining compliance
with the allowable percentage of openings in Table
705.8.

721.2.1.3.1 Ceramic fiber joint protection. Figure
721.2.1.3.1 shows thicknesses of ceramic fiber blan-
kets to be used to insulate joints between precast con-
crete wall panels for various panel thicknesses and for
joint widths of Vg inch (9.5 nun) and 1 inch (25 mm)
for fire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours. For
joint widths between Vg inch (9.5 mm) and 1 inch (25
mm), the thickness of ceramic fiber blanket is allowed
to be determined by direct interpolation. Other tested
and labeled materials are acceptable in place of
ceramic fiber blankets.

721.2.1.4 Walls with gypsum wallboard or plaster fin-
ishes. The fire-resistance rating of cast-in-place or pre-
cast concrete walls with finishes of gypsum wallboard or
plaster applied to one or both sides shall be permitted to
be calculated in accordance with the provisions of this
section.

721.2.1.4.1 Nonfire-exposed side. Where the finish
of gypsum wallboard or plaster is applied to the side
of the wall not exposed to fire, the contribution of the
finish to the total fire-resistance rating shall be deter-
mined as follows: The thickness of the finish shall
first be corrected by multiplying the actual thickness
of the finish by the applicable factor determined from
Table 721.2.1.4(1) based on the type of aggregate in
the concrete. The corrected thickness of finish shall
then be added to the actual or equivalent thickness of
concrete SLiidfire-resistance rating of the concrete and
finish determined from Table 721.2.1.1, Figure
721.2.1.2 or Table 721.2.1.2(1).

226

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

CO
CO
LU

1 INCH MAXIMUM REGARDLESS
OF OPENING RATING

-CERAMIC FIBER
BLANKET

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

4 5 6 7

PANEL THICKNESS, INCHES

WIDTH

CARBONATE OR

■ SILICEOUS AGGREGATE

CONCRETE

SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT

OR LIGHTWEIGHT

CONCRETE

FIGURE 721 .2.1 .3.1
CERAMIC FIBER JOINT PROTECTION

721.2.1.4.2 Fire-exposed side. Where gypsum wall-
board or plaster is applied to the fire-exposed side of
the wall, the contribution of the finish to the total
fire-resistance rating shall be determined as follows:
The time assigned to the finish as established by Table
721.2.1.4(2) shall be added to \hQ fire-resistance rat-
ing determined from Table lll.lAA or Figure
721.2.1.2, or Table 721.2.1.2(1) for the concrete
alone, or to the rating determined in Section
721.2.1.4.1 for the concrete and finish on the
nonfire-exposed side.

721.2.1.4.3 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall
having no finish on one side or different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation pro-
cedures of Sections 111. 2 AAA and 721.2. L4.2 shall
be performed twice, assuming either side of the wall
to be the fire-exposed side. Tho, fire-resistance rating
of the wall shall not exceed the lower of the two val-
ues.

Exception: For an exterior wall with difire separa-
tion distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm) the fire
shall be assumed to occur on the interior side only.

721.2.1.4.4 Minimum concrete fire-resistance rat-
ing. Where finishes applied to one or both sides of a
concrete wall contribute to ih^ fire-resistance rating,
the concrete alone shall provide not less than one-half
of the total x^qxm^d fire-resistance rating. Addition-
ally, the contribution to ih^fire resistance of the finish
on the nonfire-exposed side of a load-bearing wall
shall not exceed one-half the contribution of the con-
crete alone.

721.2.1.4.5 Concrete finishes. Finishes on concrete
walls that are assumed to contribute to the total

fire-resistance rating of the wall shall comply with the
installation requirements of Section 721.3.2.5.

721.2.2 Concrete floor and roof slabs. Reinforced and
prestressed floors and roofs shall comply with Section
721.2.2.1. Multicourse floors and roofs shall comply with
Sections 721.2.2.2 and 721.2.2.3, respectively.

721.2.2.1 Reinforced and prestressed floors and
roofs. The minimum thicknesses of reinforced and pre-
stressed concrete floor or roof slabs ior fire-resistance
ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours are shown in Table 72 1 .2.2. 1 .

TABLE 721 .2.2.1
MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS (Inches)

CONCRETE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hour)

IV,

Siliceous

3.5

4.3

5.0

6.2

7.0

Carbonate

3.2

4.0

4.6

5.7

6.6

Sand-lightweight

2.7

3.3

3.8

4.6

5.4

Lightweight

2.5

3.1

3.6

4.4

5.1

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.2.2.1.1 Hollow-core prestressed slabs. For hol-
low-core prestressed concrete slabs in which the cores
are of constant cross section throughout the length,
the equivalent thickness shall be permitted to be
obtained by dividing the net cross-sectional area of
the slab including grout in the joints, by its width.

721.2.2.1.2 Slabs with sloping soffits. The thickness
of slabs with sloping soffits (see Figure 721.2.2.1.2)
shall be determined at a distance It or 6 inches (152
mm), whichever is less, from the point of minimum
thickness, where t is the minimum thickness.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

227

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.2.1.4(1)
MULTIPLYING FACTOR FOR FINISHES ON NONFIRE-EXPOSED SIDE OF WALL

TYPE OF FINISH APPLIED TO CONCRETE OR
CONCRETE MASONRY WALL

TYPE OF AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE OR CONCRETE MASONRY

Concrete: siliceous

or carbonate

Concrete Masonry:

siliceous or carbonate;

solid clay brick

Concrete: sand-lightweight
Concrete Masonry: clay tile;
hollow clay brick; concrete
masonry units of expanded
shale and <20% sand

Concrete: lightweight

Concrete Masonry:

concrete masonry units

of expanded shale,

expanded clay,
expanded slag, or
pumice < 20% sand

Concrete Masonry:
concrete masonry units

of expanded slag,
expanded clay, or pumice

Portland cement-sand plaster

1.00

0.75^

0.75«

0.50^

Gypsum-sand plaster

1.25

1.00

Gypsum- vermiculite or perlite plaster

1.75

1.50

1.25

Gypsum wallboard

3.00

2.25

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. For Portland cement-sand plaster % inch or less in thickness and applied directly to the concrete or concrete masonry on the nonfire-exposed side of the wall, the
multiplying factor shall be 1 .00.

TABLE 721.2.1.4(2)
TIME ASSIGNED TO FINISH MATERIALS ON FIRE-EXPOSED SIDE OF WALL

FINISH DESCRIPTION

TIME (minute)

Gypsum wallboard
^/g inch
V2 inch
Vg inch
2 layers of Vg inch

1 layer Vg inch, 1 layer Vj inch

2 layers V2 inch

10
15
20
25
35
40

Type X gypsum wallboard
V2 inch
^/g inch

25
40

Portland cement-sand plaster applied directly to concrete masonry

See Note a

Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath
V4 inch
Vg inch
1 inch

20
25
30

Gypsum sand plaster on Vg-inch gypsum lath
^2 inch
^/g inch
V4 inch

35
40
50

Gypsum sand plaster on metal lath
V4 inch
"^/g inch
1 inch

50
60
80

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The actual thickness of portland cement-sand plaster, provided it is Vg inch or less in thickness, shall be permitted to be included in determining the equivalent
thickness of the masonry for use in Table 721.3.2.

228

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

DETERMINE THICKNESS HERE

2f OR 6 INCHES.
WHICHEVER IS LESS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.2.1.2

DETERMINATION OF SLAB THICKNESS

FOR SLOPING SOFFITS

721.2.2.1.3 Slabs with ribbed soffits. The thickness
of slabs with ribbed or undulating soffits (see Figure
72 1 .2.2. 1 .3) shall be determined by one of the follow-
ing expressions, whichever is applicable:

For s > At, the thickness to be used shall be t

For s < It, the thickness to be used shall be t^

For At> s> It, the thickness to be used shall be

V ^

t-\-

-1

(Equation 7-5)

where:

s = Spacing of ribs or undulations.

t = Minimum thickness.

t^ = Equivalent thickness of the slab calculated as
the net area of the slab divided by the width, in
which the maximum thickness used in the cal-
culation shall not exceed 2t.

mm£ct$ymmm&Km cALcxsimm of eooivAtENT tHicKNgss

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.2.1 .3
SLABS WITH RIBBED OR UNDULATING SOFFITS

721.2.2.2 Multicourse floors. The fire-resistance rat-
ings of floors that consist of a base slab of concrete with a
topping (overlay) of a different type of concrete shall
comply with Figure 721.2.2.2.

721.2.2.3 Multicourse roofs. ThQ fire-resistance ratings
of roofs which consist of a base slab of concrete with a

topping (overlay) of an insulating concrete or with an
insulating board and built-up roofing shall comply with
Figures 721.2.2.3(1) and 721.2.2.3(2).

721.2.2.3.1 Heat transfer. For the transfer of heat,
three-ply built-up roofmg contributes 10 minutes to

IhQ fire -resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating
for concrete assemblies such as those shown in Figure
721.2.2.3(1) shall be increased by 10 minutes. This
increase is not applicable to those shown in Figure

721.2.2.3(2).

721.2.2.4 Joints in precast slabs. Joints between adja-
cent precast concrete slabs need not be considered in cal-
culating the slab thickness provided that a concrete
topping at least 1 inch (25 mm) thick is used. Where no
concrete topping is used, joints must be grouted to a
depth of at least one-third die slab thickness at the joint,
but not less than 1 inch (25 mm), or the joints must be
made fire resistant by other approved methods.

721.2.3 Concrete cover over reinforcement. The mini-
mum thickness of concrete cover over reinforcement in con-
crete slabs, reinforced beams and prestressed beams shall
comply with this section.

721.2.3.1 Slab cover. The minimum thickness of con-
crete cover to the positive moment reinforcement shall
comply with Table 721.2.3(1) for reinforced concrete
and Table 721.2.3(2) for prestressed concrete. These
tables are applicable for solid or hollow-core one-way or
two-way slabs with flat undersurfaces. These tables are
applicable to slabs that are either cast in place or precast.
For precast prestressed concrete not covered elsewhere,
the procedures contained in PCI MNL 124 shall be
acceptable.

CARBONATE BASE

SILICEOUS BASE

12345 ' 12345

THICKNESS OF NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

CARBONATE OVERLAY

SILICEOUS OVERLAY

THICKNESS OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB. INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.2.2

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR TWO-COURSE

CONCRETE FLOORS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

229

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

CELLULAR CONCRETE

< CONCRETE*. <■

CARBONATE BASE

SILICEOUS BASE S AND-LIGKTWEIGHT BA SE

(a) og

2 4 2 4 2

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

PERLITE CONCRETE

A CONCRETE -

]^ O CARBONATE BASE

ir-

SILICEOUS BASE

SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE

('>) 9

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

VERMICULITE CONCRETE

". CONCRETE ' - "•

SILICEOUS BASE

SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE
4c

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.2.2.3(1)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR CONCRETE

ROOF ASSEMBLIES

- STANDARD 3-PLY
BUILT-UP ROOFING

\\\\\\ MINERAL BOARD \\\\\V
' - *■ ■• -CONCRETE * <

SILICEOUS BASE SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE

234 "1234 "12

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

7////yGLASS FIBER BOARb/////y

STANDARD 3-PLY
BUILD-UP ROOFING

- CONCRETE - <•

CARBONATE BASE

SILICEOUS BASE SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB. INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.2.3(2)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR CONCRETE

ROOF ASSEMBLIES

721.2.3.2 Reinforced beam cover. The minimum thick-
ness of concrete cover to the positive moment reinforce-
ment (bottom steel) for reinforced concrete beams is
shown in Table 721 .2.3(3) for fire -resistance ratings of 1
hour to 4 hours.

721.2.3.3 Prestressed beam cover. The minimum thick-
ness of concrete cover to the positive moment
prestressing tendons (bottom steel) for restrained and
unrestrained prestressed concrete beams and stemmed
units shall comply with the values shown in Tables
721.2.3(4) and 721.2.3(5) for fire-resistance ratings of 1
hour to 4 hours. Values in Table 721.2.3(4) apply to
beams 8 inches (203 mm) or greater in width. Values in
Table 721.2.3(5) apply to beams or stems of any width,
provided the cross-section area is not less than 40 square
inches (25 806 mm^). In case of differences between the
values determined from Table 721.2.3(4) or 721.2.3(5),
it is permitted to use the smaller value. The concrete
cover shall be calculated in accordance with Section
721.2.3.3.1. The minimum concrete cover for
nonprestressed reinforcement in prestressed concrete
beams shall comply with Section 721.2.3.2.

721.2.3.3.1 Calculating concrete cover. The con-
crete cover for an individual tendon is the minimum
thickness of concrete between the surface of the ten-
don and the fire-exposed surface of the beam, except
that for ungrouted ducts, the assumed cover thick-
ness is the minimum thickness of concrete between
the surface of the duct and the fire-exposed surface
of the beam. For beams in which two or more ten-
dons are used, the cover is assumed to be the average
of the minimum cover of the individual tendons. For
corner tendons (tendons equal distance from the bot-
tom and side), the minimum cover used in the calcu-
lation shall be one-half the actual value. For
stemmed members with two or more prestressing
tendons located along the vertical centerline of the
stem, the average cover shall be the distance from the
bottom of the member to the centroid of the tendons.
The actual cover for any individual tendon shall not
be less than one-half the smaller value shown in
Tables 721.2.3(4) and 721.2.3(5), or 1 inch (25 mm),
whichever is greater.

721.2.4 Concrete columns. Concrete columns shall com-
ply with this section.

TABLE 721.2.4
MINIMUM DIMENSION OF CONCRETE COLUMNS (inches)

TYPES OF
CONCRETE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

3«

4^^

Siliceous

Carbonate

Sand-lightweight

87,

IOV2

For SI: 1 inch = 25 mm.

a. The minimum dimension is permitted to be reduced to 8 inches for rectangu-
lar columns with two parallel sides at least 36 inches in length.

b. The minimum dimension is permitted to be reduced to 10 inches for rectan-
gular columns with two parallel sides at least 36 inches in length.

230

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .2.3(1)
COVER THICKNESS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR OR ROOF SLABS (inches)

CONCRETE AGGREGATE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

Unrestrained

Siliceous

l'/4

l^/s

Carbonate

IV4

Sand-lightweight or lightweight

IV4

l'/4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

TABLE 721.2.3(2)
COVER THICKNESS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOOR OR ROOF SLABS (inches)

CONCRETE AGGREGATE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

Unrestrained

1V,

Siliceous

IV,

IV4

2V4

Carbonate

iVs

2V,

2V4

Sand-lightweight or lightweight

17,

2V4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

TABLE 721 .2.3(3)

MINIMUM COVER FOR MAIN REINFORCING BARS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS'"

(APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPES OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE)

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED^

BEAM width"
(inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

1V,

Restrained

>10

l>/4»
'/4

Unrestrained

>10

1V4

IV4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Tabulated values for restrained assemblies apply to beams spaced more than 4 feet on center. For restrained beams spaced 4 feet or less on center, minimum cover
of V4 inch is adequate for ratings of 4 hours or less.

b. For beam widths between the tabulated values, the minimum cover thickness can be determined by direct interpolation.

c. The cover for an individual reinforcing bar is the minimum thickness of concrete between the surface of the bar and the fire-exposed surface of the beam. For beams
in which several bars are used, the cover for comer bars used in the calculation shall be reduced to one-half of the actual value. The cover for an individual bar must
be not less than one-half of the value given in Table 721.2.3(3) nor less than % inch.

TABLE 721.2.3(4)
MINIMUM COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS 8 INCHES OR GREATER IN WIDTH

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED^

CONCRETE
AGGREGATE TYPE

BEAM WIDTH'*
(inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

IV,

Restrained

Carbonate or siliceous

Sand lightweight

8
>12

IV2

IV,

1 ^2

1 '2
1 '2

IV,
IV,
IV,
IV,

IV,
IV,
IV,

2V2^

2^
IV

Unrestrained

Carbonate or siliceous

Sand lightweight

8
>12

1V2

IV,
IV,

1 u

1 ^2

1 '2
1 '1

2V,
2

5^
2V,
3V4

3
2V,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Tabulated values for restrained assemblies apply to beams spaced more than 4 feet on center. For restrained beams spaced 4 feet or less on center, minimum cover
of % inch is adequate for 4-hour ratings or less.

b. For beam widths between 8 inches and 12 inches, minimum cover thickness can be determined by direct interpolation.

c. Not practical for 8-inch- wide beam but shown for purposes of interpolation.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

231

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .2.3(5)
MINIMUM COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS OF ALL WIDTHS

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED^

CONCRETE
AGGREGATE TYPE

BEAM AREA*"
A (square inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

1V.

Restrained

All

40<A<150

IV.

2V.

Carbonate or
siliceous

150<A<300

IV,

IV.

IV4

2V.

300 < A

IV.

Sand lightweight

150 < A

IV.

Unrestrained

All

40<A<150

2V.

Carbonate or
siliceous

150<A<300

IV.

1^/4

2V.

—

300 < A

IV.

3^=

Sand lightweight

150 < A

1V2

IV.

3^=

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

b. The cross-sectional area of a stem is permitted to include a portion of the area in the flange, provided the width of the flange used in the calculation does not exceed
three times the average width of the stem.

c. U-shaped or hooped stirrups spaced not to exceed the depth of the member and having a minimum cover of 1 inch shall be provided.

TABLE 721 .3.2
MINIMUM EQUIVALENT THICKNESS (Inches) OF BEARING OR NONBEARING CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS'"-'''

TYPE OF AGGREGATE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

1V4

IV,

3V,

Pumice or expanded slag

1.5

1.9

2.1

2.5

2.7

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.5

4.7

Expanded shale, clay or slate

1.8

2.2

2.6

2.9

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.9

5.1

Limestone, cinders or unexpanded slag

1.9

2.3

2.7

3.1

3.4

3.7

4.0

4.3

4.5

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.5

5.7

5.9

Calcareous or siliceous gravel

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

3.9

4.2

4.5

4.8

5.0

5.3

5.5

5.8

6.0

6.2

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Values between those shown in the table can be determined by direct interpolation.

b. Where combustible members are framed into the wall, the thickness of solid material between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between
members set in from opposite sides, shall not be less than 93 percent of the thickness shavn in the table.

c. Requirements of ASTM C 55, ASTM C 73, ASTM C 90 or ASTM C 744 shall apply

d. Minimum required equivalent thickness corresponding to the hourly fire-resistance rating for units with a combination of aggregate shall be determined by linear
interpolation based on the percent by volume of each aggregate used in manufacture.

721.2.4.1 Minimum size. The minimum overall dimen-
sions of reinforced concrete columns fox fire-resistance
ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours for exposure to fire on all
sides shall comply with this section.

721.2.4.1.1 Concrete strength less than or equal to
12,000 psi. For columns made with concrete having a
specified compressive strength, / '^, of less than or
equal to 12,000 psi (82.7 MPa), the minimum dimen-
sion shall comply with Table 721.2.4.

721.2.4.1.2 Concrete strength greater than 12,000
psi. For columns made with concrete having a speci-
fied compressive strength,/'^, greater than 12,000 psi
(82.7 MPa), for fire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4
hours the minimum dimension shall be 24 inches (610
mm).

721.2.4.2 Minimum cover for R/C columns. The mini-
mum thickness of concrete cover to the main longitudi-
nal reinforcement in columns, regardless of the type of
aggregate used in the concrete and the specified com-

pressive strength of concrete,/'^, shall not be less than 1
inch (25 mm) times the number of hours of required fire
resistance or 2 inches (51 mm), whichever is less.

721.2.4.3 Tie and spiral reinforcement. For concrete
columns made with concrete having a specified com-
pressive strength,/'^, greater than 12,000 psi (82.7 MPa),
tie and spiral reinforcement shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1 . The free ends of rectangular ties shall terminate
with a 135-degree (2.4 rad) standard tie hook.

2. The free ends of circular ties shall terminate with a
90-degree (1.6 rad) standard tie hook.

3. The free ends of spirals, including at lap splices,
shall terminate with a 90-degree (1 .6 rad) standard
tie hook.

The hook extension at the free end of ties and spirals
shall be the larger of six bar diameters and the extension
required by Section 7.1.3 of ACI 318. Hooks shall pro-
ject into the core of the column.

232

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FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.4.1(1)
FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS OF CLAY MASONRY WALLS

MATERIAL TYPE

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT THICKNESS FOR FIRE RESISTANCE^' "• "^ (inches)

1 hour

2 hour

3 hour

4 hour

Solid brick of clay or shale^

2.7

3.8

4.9

6.0

Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, unfilled

2,3

3.4

4.3

5.0

Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, grouted or filled with
materials specified in Section 721.4,1.1.3

3.0

4.4

5.5

6.6

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Equivalent thickness as determined from Section 721.4.1.1.

b. Calculated fire resistance between the hourly increments listed shall be determined by linear interpolation.

c. Where combustible members are framed in the wall, the thickness of solid material between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between
members set in from opposite sides, shall not be less than 93 percent of the thickness shewn.

d. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75 percent of the gross cross-sec-
tional area measured in the same plane.

TABLE 721.4.1(2)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR BEARING STEEL FRAME

BRICK VENEER WALLS OR PARTITIONS

WALL OR PARTITION ASSEMBLY

PLASTER SIDE
EXPOSED (hours)

BRICK FACED SIDE
EXPOSED (hours)

Outside facing of steel studs:

V2" wood fiberboard sheathing next to studs, ^1^" airspace formed with

^74" X 1 %" wood strips placed over the fiberboard and secured to the studs;

metal or wire lath nailed to such strips, 3^/4" brick veneer held in place by filling ^1^"

airspace between the brick and lath with mortar. Inside facing of studs: ^"unsanded

gypsum plaster on metal or wire lath attached to ^/jg" wood strips secured to edges of the

studs.

1.5

Outside facing of steel studs:

1" insulation board sheathing attached to studs, 1" airspace, and 3^/4" brick veneer

attached to steel frame with metal ties every 5th course. Inside facing of studs: %"

sanded gypsum plaster (1:2 mix) applied on metal or wire lath attached directly to the

studs.

1.5

Same as above except use ^/g" vermiculite — gypsum plaster or 1" sanded gypsum plaster
(1:2 mix) applied to metal or wire.

Outside facing of steel studs:

V2" gypsum sheathing board, attached to studs, and 3V4" brick veneer attached to steel
frame with metal ties every 5th course. Inside facing of studs: V2" sanded gypsum plaster
(1:2 mix) applied to V2" perforated gypsum lath securely attached to studs and having
strips of metal lath 3 inches wide applied to all horizontal joints of gypsum lath.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.2.4.4 Columns built into walls. The minimum
dimensions of Table 72 1 .2.4 do not apply to a reinforced
concrete column that is built into a concrete or masonry
wall provided all of the following are met:

1 . ThQ fire-resistance rating for the wall is equal to or
greater than the required rating of the column;

2. The main longitudinal reinforcing in the column
has cover not less than that required by Section
721.2.4.2; and

3. Openings in the wall are protected in accordance
with Table 715.4.

Where openings in the wall are not protected as
required by Section 715,4, the minimum dimension of
columjis required to have a fire-resistance rating of 3
hours or less shall be 8 inches (203 mm), and 10 inches

(254 nmi) for columns required to have d^fire-resistance
rating of 4 hours, regardless of the type of aggregate used
in the concrete.

imiA.S Precast cover units for steel columns. See

Section 721.5.1.4.

721.3 Concrete masonry. The provisions of this section con-
tain procedures by which thtfire-resistance ratings of concrete
masonry are established by calculations.

721.3.1 Equivalent thickness. The equivalent thickness of
concrete masonry construction shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of this section.

721.3.1.1 Concrete masonry unit plus finishes. The

equivalent thickness of concrete masonry assemblies,
Tg^, shall be computed as the sum of the equivalent thick-
ness of the concrete masonry unit, T^, as determined by

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

233

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

Section721.3.1.2, 721.3.1.3 or 721.3.1.4, plus the equiv-
alent thickness of finishes, T^p determined in accordance
with Section 721.3.2:

-T^ + Z

(Equation 7-6)

721.3.1.2 Ungrouted or partially grouted construc-
tion. T^ shall be the value obtained for the concrete
masonry unit determined in accordance with ASTM C
140.

721.3.1.3 Solid grouted construction. The equivalent
thickness, T^, of solid grouted concrete masonry units is
the actual thickness of the unit.

721.3.1.4 Airspaces and cells filled with loose-fill
material. The equivalent thickness of completely filled
hollow concrete masonry is the actual thickness of the
unit when loose-fill materials are: sand, pea gravel,
crushed stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 require-
ments; pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay,
expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or cin-
ders that comply with ASTM C 33 1 ; or perlite or vermic-
ulite meeting the requirements of ASTM C 549 and
ASTM C 5 16, respectively.

721.3.2 Concrete masonry walls. The fire-resistance rat-
ing of walls and partitions constructed of concrete masonry
units shall be determined from Table 721.3.2. The rating
shall be based on the equivalent thickness of the masonry
and type of aggregate used.

721.3.2.1 Finish on nonfire-exposed side. Where plas-
ter or gypsum wallboard is applied to the side of the wall
not exposed to fire, the contribution of the finish to the
total fire-resistance rating shall be determined as fol-
lows: The thickness of gypsum wallboard or plaster shall
be corrected by multiplying the actual thickness of the
finish by applicable factor determined from Table
721.2.1.4(1). This corrected thickness of finish shall be
added to the equivalent thickness of masonry and the
fire-resistance rating of the masonry and finish deter-
mined from Table 721.3.2.

721.3.2.2 Finish on fire-exposed side. Where plaster or
gypsum wallboard is applied to the fire-exposed side of
the wall, the contribution of the finish to the total
fire-resistance rating shall be determined as follows: The
time assigned to the finish as established by Table
721.2.1.4(2) shall be added to ih& fire-resistance rating
determined in Section 721.3.2 for the masonry alone, or
in Section 721.3,2.1 for the masonry and finish on the
nonfire-exposed side.

721.3.2.3 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall hav-
ing no finish on one side or having different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation proce-
dures of this section shall be performed twice, assuming
either side of the wall to be the fire-exposed side. The
fire-resistance rating of the wall shall not exceed the
lower of the two values calculated.

Exception: For exterior walls with difire separation
distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm) the fire shall
be assumed to occur on the interior side only.

721.3.2.4 Minimum concrete masonry fire-resistance
rating. Where the finish applied to a concrete masonry
wall contributes to ii^ fire-resistance rating, the masonry
alone shall provide not less than one-half the total
v^quirtd fire-resistance rating.

721.3.2.5 Attachment of finishes.

ishes shall be as follows:

Installation of fin-

1. Gypsum wallboard and gypsum lath applied to
concrete masonry or concrete walls shall be
secured to wood or steel furring members spaced
not more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center (o.c).

2. Gypsum wallboard shall be installed with the long
dimension parallel to the furring members and
shall have all joints finished.

3. Other aspects of the installation of finishes shall
comply with the applicable provisions of Chapters
7 and 25.

721,3,3 Multiwythe masonry walls. The fire-resistance
rating of wall assemblies constructed of multiple wythes of
masonry materials shall be permitted to be based on the
fire-resistance rating period of each wythe and the continu-
ous airspace between each wythe in accordance with the fol-
lowing formula:

/?^ = (/?j0.59 + /^^0.59

(Equation 7-7)

where:

Rj^ - F/re-re^/5^flwc^ ra^m^ of the assembly (hours).

Rj, R2, ..., /?„ = Fire-resistance rating of wythes for 1, 2, «
(hours), respectively.

A;, A2, ...., A„ = 0.30, factor for each continuous airspace
for 1, 2, ...n, respectively, having a depth of
V2 inch (12,7 mm) or more between
wythes.

721.3.4 Concrete masonry lintels. Fire-resistance ratings for
concrete masonry lintels shall be determined based upon the
nominal thickness of the lintel and the minimum thickness of
concrete masonry or concrete, or any combination thereof,
covering the main reinforcing bars, as determined accord-
ing to Table 721.3.4, or by approved alternate methods.

TABLE 721.3.4

MINIMUM COVER OF LONGITUDINAL

REINFORCEMENT IN FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED

REINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY LINTELS (Inches)

NOMINAL WIDTH
OF LINTEL (inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

IV.

■2

—

IV.

IV,

I'U

10 or greater

IV,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

7213.5 Concrete masonry columns. The fire-resistance
rating of concrete masonry columns shall be determined
based upon the least plan dimension of the column in accor-
dance with Table 72 1 .3.5 or by approved alternate methods.

234

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.3.5

MINIMUM DIMENSION OF

CONCRETE MASONRY COLUMNS (inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

8 inches

10 inches

12 inches

14 inches

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.4 Clay brick and tile masonry. The provisions of this sec-
tion contain procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of
clay brick and tile masonry are established by calculations.

721.4.1 Masonry walls. The fire-resistance rating of
masonry walls shall be based upon the equivalent thickness
as calculated in accordance with this section. The calcula-
tion shall take into account finishes applied to the wall and
airspaces between wythes in multiwythe construction.

721.4.1.1 Equivalent thickness. The. fire-resistance rat-
ings of walls or partitions constructed of solid or hollow
clay masonry units shall be determined from Table
721.4.1(1) or 721.4.1(2). The equivalent thickness of the
clay masonry unit shall be determined by Equation 7-8
when using Table 721.4.1(1). The fire-resistance rating
determined from Table 721,4.1(1) shall be permitted to
be used in the cdXcxxXdXedi fire-resistance rating procedure
in Section 721.4.2.

T=VJLH

where:

(Equation 7-8)

T^ = The equivalent thickness of the clay masonry unit

(inches).

V^ = The net volume of the clay masonry unit (inch^).

L = The specified length of the clay masonry unit
(inches).

H = The specified height of the clay masonry unit
(inches).

721.4.1.1.1 Hollow clay units. The equivalent thick-
ness, r^, shall be the value obtained for hollow clay
units as determined in accordance with Equation 7-8.
The net volume, V„, of the units shall be determined
using the gross volume and percentage of void area
determined in accordance with ASTM C 67.

721.4.1.1.2 Solid grouted clay units. The equivalent
thickness of solid grouted clay masonry units shall be
taken as the actual thickness of the units.

721.4.1.1.3 Units with filled cores. The equivalent
thickness of the hollow clay masonry units is the
actual thickness of the unit when completely filled
with loose-fill materials of: sand, pea gravel, crushed
stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 requirements;
pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay,
expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or
cinders in compHance with ASTM C 33 1 ; or perlite or
vermiculite meeting the requirements of ASTM C
549 and ASTM C 516, respectively.

721.4.1.2 Plaster finishes. Where plaster is applied to
the wall, the total fire-resistance rating shall be deter-
mined by the formula:

where:

(Equation 7-9)

R = The fire- resistance rating of the assembly (hours).

i?„ = The fire-resistance rating of the individual wall
(hours),

pi = Coefficient for thickness of plaster.

Values for R,^^-^^ for use in Equation 7-9 are given in
Table 721.4.1(3). Coefficients for thickness of plaster
shall be selected from Table 721.4.1(4) based on the
actual thickness of plaster applied to the wall or parti-
tion and whether one or two sides of the wall are plas-
tered.

721.4.1.3 Multiwythe walls with airspace. Where a
continuous airspace separates multiple wythes of the
wall or partition, the total fire-resistance rating shall be
determined by the formula:

^ rP 0.59 + /^^0.59 +_ +^^0.59+ ^^) 1.7

where:
R

(Equation 7-10)

= The fire-resistance rating of the assem-
bly (hours).

/?!, /?2 ^<i K ~ The fire-resistance rating of the individ-
ual wythes (hours).

as = Coefficient for continuous airspace.

Values for R^^-^^ for use in Equation 7-10 are given in
Table 721.4.1(3). The coefficient for each continuous
airspace of V2 inch to 3V2 inches (12.7 to 89 mm) separat-
ing two individual wythes shall be 0.3.

TABLE 721 .4.1 (3)
VALUES OF /? 59

^^0.59

/? (hours)

1.0

1.50

1.91

2.27

TABLE 721.4.1(4)
COEFFICIENTS FOR PLASTER, p/^

THICKNESS OF
PLASTER (inch)

ONE SIDE

TWO SIDE

0.3

0.6

0.37

0.75

0.45

0.90

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Values listed in table are for 1:3 sanded gypsum plaster.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

235

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .4.1 (5)
REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS

NOMINAL

LINTEL WIDTH

(inches)

MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT COVER
FOR FIRE RESISTANCE (Inch)

1 hour

2 hour

3 hour

4 hour

IV,

10 or more

IV,

iv.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
NP = Not permitted.

TABLE 721.4.1(6)
REINFORCED CLAY MASONRY COLUMNS

COLUMN SIZE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING
(hour)

Minimum column dimension (inches)

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721,4.1.4 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall hav-
ing no finish on one side or having different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation proce-
dures of this section shall be performed twice, assuming
either side to be the fire-exposed side of the wall. Th& fire
resistance of the wall shall not exceed the lower of the
two values determined.

Exception: For exterior walls with 2ifire separation
distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm), the fire shall
be assumed to occur on the interior side only.

721.4.2 Multiwythe walls. The fire-resistance rating for
walls or partitions consisting of two or more dissimilar
wy thes shall be permitted to be determined by the formula:

/? = (/?,0-59+i?2^.59

where:
R

+ ...+/?/59)

0.59\ 1.7

(Equation 7-11)

= The fire-resistance rating of the assembly
(hours).

Rj, R2 and R^ = The fire -resistance rating of the individual
wythes (hours).

Values for RJ^-^^ for use in Equation 7-11 are given in

Table 721.4.1(3).

721.4.2.1 Multiwythe walls of different material. For

walls that consist of two or more wythes of different
materials (concrete or concrete masonry units) in combi-
nation with clay masonry units, thefire- resistance rating
of the different materials shall be permitted to be deter-
mined from Table 721.2.1.1 for concrete; Table 721.3.2
for concrete masonry units or Table 721.4.1(1) or
721.4.1(2) for clay and tile masonry units.

721.4.3 Reinforced clay masonry lintels. Fire-resistance
ratings for clay masonry lintels shall be determined based
on the nominal width of the lintel and the minimum cover-
ing for the longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with
Table 721.4.1(5).

721.4.4 Reinforced clay masonry columns. Thefire -resis-
tance ratings shall be determined based on the last plan

dimension of the column in accordance with Table
721.4.1(6). The minimum cover for longitudinal reinforce-
ment shall be 2 inches (51 mm).

721.5 Steel assemblies. The provisions of this section contain
procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of steel assem-
blies are established by calculations.

721.5.1 Structural steel columns. The fire-resistance rat-
ings of steel columns shall be based on the size of the ele-
ment and the type of protection provided in accordance with
this section.

721.5.1.1 General. These procedures establish a basis for
determining ihefire resistance of column assemblies as a
function of the thickness of fire-resistant material and, the
weight, W, and heated perimeter, D, of steel colunons. As
used in these sections, Wis the average weight of a struc-
tural steel column in pounds per linear foot. The heated
perimeter, Z), is the inside perimeter of the fire-resistant
material in inches as illustrated in Figure 721.5.1(1).

^SS^S^SH

rrr'r'M-i ••^•;.^-^.i^

MiMtfiiiiii

p^r-^— -■i.v-""'^'"

D=4bf+2d-2tw

D=2(a+d)

D=2(bf+d)

FIGURE 721.5.1(1)

DETERMINATION OF THE HEATED PERIMETER

OF STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS

721.5.1.1.1 Nonload-bearing protection. The appli-
cation of these procedures shall be Umited to colunm
assemblies in which the fire-resistant material is not
designed to carry any of the load acting on the column.

721.5.1.1.2 Embedments. In the absence of substan-
tiating fire-endurance test results, ducts, conduit, pip-
ing, and similar mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
installations shall not be embedded in any required
fire-resistant materials.

721.5.1.1.3 Weight-to-perimeter ratio. Table
721.5.1(1) contains weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios
(W/D) for both contour and box fire-resistant profiles,
for the wide flange shapes most often used as colunms.
For different fire-resistant protection profiles or col-
umn cross sections, the weight- to-heated-perimeter
ratios {W/D) shall be determined in accordance with
the definitions given in this section.

721.5.1.2 Gypsum wallboard protection. The fire
resistance of structural steel columns with weight-
to-heated-perimeter ratios {W/D) less than or equal to
3.65 and which are protected with Type X gypsum wall-
board shall be permitted to be determined from the fol-
lowing expression:

R = 12>Q

h{W'ID)

(Equation 7-12)

236

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

where:
R =
h =
D =

W =

Fire resistance (minutes).

Total thickness of gypsum wallboard (inches).

Heated perimeter of the structural steel column
(inches).

Total weight of the structural steel column and
gypsum wallboard protection (pounds per linear
foot).

W-\-50hD/U4.

721.5.1.2.1 Attachment. The gypsum wallboard
shall be supported as illustrated in either Figure
721.5.1(2) foi fire-resistance ratings of 4 hours or
less, or Figure 72 1 .5 . 1 (3) for fire-resistance ratings of
3 hours or less.

*<D

^ OL-

-No.8x1/2- SHEET STEEL
. SCREWS SPACED 12-o.c.

SNAP-LOCK PITTSBURGH SEAM

CORNER JOINT DETAILS (A)

FIGURE 721 .5.1(2)

GYPSUM WALLBOARD PROTECTED STRUCTURAL STEEL

COLUMNS WITH SHEET STEEL COLUMN COVERS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 305 mm.

1. Structural steel column, either wide flange or tubular shapes.

2. Type X gypsum wallboard in accordance with ASTM C 36. For single-layer
applications, the wallboard shall be applied vertically with no horizontal
joints. For multiple-layer applications, horizontal joints are permitted at a
minimum spacing of 8 feet, provided that the joints in successive layers are
staggered at least 12 inches. The total required thickness of wallboard shall
be determined on the basis of the specified fire-resistance rating and the
weight-to-heated-perimeter ratio (W/D) of the column. For fire-resistance
ratings of 2 hours or less, one of the required layers of gypsum wallboard
may be applied to the exterior of the sheet steel column covers with 1-inch-
long Type S screws spaced 1 inch from the wallboard edge and 8 inches on
center. For such installations, 0.0149-inch minimum thickness galvanized
steel comer beads with 1 72-inch legs shall be attached to the wallboard with
Type S screws spaced 12 inches on center.

3. For fire-resistance ratings of 3 hours or less, the column covers shall be fabri-
cated from 0.0239-inch minimum thickness galvanized or stainless steel.
For 4-hour fire-resistance ratings, the column covers shall be fabricated from
0.0239-inch minimum thickness stainless steel. The column covers shall be
erected with the Snap Lock or Pittsburgh joint details.

For fire-resistance ratings of 2 hours or less, column covers fabricated
from 0.0269-inch minimum thickness galvanized or stainless steel shall be
permitted to be erected with lap joints. The lap joints shall be permitted to be
located anywhere around the perimeter of the column cover. The lap joints
shall be secured with V^- inch-long No. 8 sheet metal screws spaced 12
inches on center.

The column covers shall be provided with a minimum expansion clear-
ance of Vg inch per linear foot between the ends of the cover and any restrain-
ing construction.

"^ D

3 LAYERS = 1 7/8" OR 1 1/2" 4 LAYERS = 2 1/2" OR 2"

FIGURE 721.5.1(3)

GYPSUM WALLBOARD PROTECTED STRUCTURAL STEEL

COLUMNS WITH STEEL STUD/SCREW ATTACHMENT SYSTEM

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = -305 mm.

1 . Structural steel column, either wide flange or tubular shapes.

2. 1^/g-inch deep studs fabricated from 0.0179-inch minimum thickness galva-
nized steel with 1 Vjg or 1 ''/ig-inch legs. The length of the steel studs shall be
V2 inch less than the height of the assembly.

3. Type X gypsum wallboard in accordance with ASTM C 36. For single-layer
applications, the wallboard shall be appHed vertically with no horizontal
joints. For multiple-layer applications, horizontal joints are permitted at a
minimum spacing of 8 feet, provided that the joints in successive layers are
staggered at least 12 inches. The total required thickness of wallboard shall
be determined on the basis of the specified fire-resistance rating and the
weight-to-heated-perimeter ratio (W/D) of the column.

4. Galvanized 0.0149-inch minimum thickness steel corner beads with
lV2-inch legs attached to the wallboard with 1 -inch-long Type S screws
spaced 12 inches on center.

5. No. 18 SWG steel tie wires spaced 24 inches on center.

6. Sheet metal angles with 2-inch legs fabricated from 0.0221 -inch minimum
thickness galvanized steel.

7. Type S screws, 1 inch long, shall be used for attaching the first layer of wall-
board to the steel studs and the third layer to the sheet metal angles at 24 inches
on center. Type S screws P/4-inch long shall be used for attaching the second
layer of wallboard to the steel studs and the fourth layer to the sheet metal
angles at 12 inches on center. Type S screws 2^/^ inches long shall be used for
attaching the third layer of wallboard to the steel studs at 12 inches on center.

721.5.1.2.2 Gypsum wallboard equivalent to con-
crete. The determination of the fire resistance of
structural steel columns from Figure 721.5.1(4) is
permitted for various thicknesses of gypsum wall-
board as a function of the weight-to-heated-perimeter
ratio (W/D) of the column. For structural steel col-
umns with weight- to-heated-perimeter ratios (W/D)
greater than 3.65, the thickness of gypsum wallboard
required for specified fire-resistance ratings shall be
the same as the thickness determined for a W14 x 233
wide flange shape.

721.5.1.3 Sprayed fire-resistant materials. The fire
resistance of wide-flange structural steel columns pro-
tected with sprayed fire-resistant materials, as illustrated
in Figure 72 1 .5 . 1 (5), shall be permitted to be determined
from the following expression:

R=^[C,(W/D)-\-C^]h

where:

R = Fire resistance (minutes).

(Equation 7-13)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

237

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

h = Thickness of sprayed fire-resistant material
(inches).

D - Heated perimeter of the structural steel column
(inches).

Ci and C2 = Material-dependent constants.

W = Weight of structural steel columns (pounds per lin-
ear foot).

The fire resistance of structural steel columns pro-
tected with intumescent or mastic fire-resistant coatings
shall be determined on the basis of fire-resistance tests in
accordance with Section 703.2.

•■4

r Am*

11/2

.y^^'^Z^

"^""^""^

5^*

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5;

3.0

3,5

WElGHT-1^04^E>5CrED-PERfMET£R IWiO^i^

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per linear foot/inch = 0.059 kg/ra/mm.

FIGURE 721.5.1(4)

FIRE RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS

PROTECTED WITH VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF

TYPE X GYPSUM WALLBOARD

a. The W/D ratios for typical wide flange columns are listed in Table
721.5.1(1). For other column shapes, the WD ratios shall be determined in
accordance with Section 720.5.1.1.

FIGURE 721.5.1(5)

WIDE FLANGE STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS WITH

SPRAYED FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS

721.5.1.3.1 Material-dependent constants. The

material-dependent constants, Ci and C2, shall be
determined for specific fire-resistant materials on
the basis of standard fire endurance tests in accor-
dance with Section 703.2. Unless evidence is sub-
mitted to the building official substantiating a
broader application, this expression shall be limited
to determining tht fire resistance of structural steel
columns with weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios
(W/D) between the largest and smallest columns for
which standard fire-resistance test results are avail-
able.

721.5.1.3.2 Identification. Sprayed fire-resistant
materials shall be identified by density and thickness
required for a grvcn fire-resistance rating.

721.5.1.4 Concrete-protected columns. The fire resis-
tance of structural steel columns protected with con-
crete, as illustrated in Figure 72 1 .5. 1 (6) (a) and (b), shall
be permitted to be determined from the following expres-
sion:

R=Ro{l-^ 0.03 J (Equation 7-14)

where:

R, = 10 (W/D) 0-7 -H 17 (/i»V)te'-2) X [1 -K 26 {H/p,c^ (L + h)m

As used in these expressions:

R = Fire endurance at equilibrium moisture conditions
(minutes).

R^ = Fire endurance at zero moisture content (minutes).

m = Equilibrium moisture content of the concrete by
volume (percent).

W = Average weight of the steel column (pounds per
linear foot).

D = Heated perimeter of the steel column (inches).

h - Thickness of the concrete cover (inches),

kc = Ambient temperature thermal conductivity of the
concrete (Btu/hr ft ^F).

H = Ambient temperature thermal capacity of the steel
column = 0. 1 1 W (Btu/ ft °F).

p^ = Concrete density (pounds per cubic foot).

c^ = Ambient temperature specific heat of concrete
(Btu/lb T).

L = Interior dimension of one side of a square concrete
box protection (inches).

721.5.1.4.1 Reentrant space filled. For wide-flange
steel columns completely encased in concrete with all
reentrant spaces filled [Figure 721.5. l(6)(c)], the
thermal capacity of the concrete within the reentrant
spaces shall be permitted to be added to the thermal
capacity of the steel column, as follows:

H=0MW-\-(p,cJl44)(bfd-A,)
where:

(Equation 7-15)

bf = Flange width of the steel column (inches).

238

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

d = Depth of the steel column (inches).

A, = Cross-sectional area of the steel column
(square inches).

i"h'\

(a)

(b)

(c)

PRECAST

CONCRETE

ENCASED

COLUMN

STRUCTURAL

WIDE-FLANGE

COVERS

TUBE

SHAPE

FIGURE 721.5.1(6)
CONCRETE PROTECTED STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS^'^

,. When the inside perimeter of the concrete protection is not square, L shall be

taken as the average of L, andL2. When the thickness of concrete cover is not

constant, h shall be taken as the average of /i, and /I2.
I. Joints shall be protected with a minimum 1 inch thickness of ceramic fiber

blanket but in no case less than one-half the thickness of the column cover

(see Section 720.2.1.3).

D=2{w^)*2iW'i^)

POD

D
D
D

■•Pui

aoD

DDD

ana

DiDao

BOB

DDDp

W SHAPE COtUfi^N

rnmi-pm COLUMN smucTuRAL tumcowm

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.5.1(7)

CONCRETE OR CLAY MASONRY PROTECTED

STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS

d = Depth of a wide flange column, outside diameter of pipe column, or out-
side dimension of structural tubing column (inches).
t^ = Thickness of web of wide flange column (inches).
w - Width of flange of wide flange column (inches).

721.5.1.4.2 Concrete properties unknown. If spe-
cific data on the properties of concrete are not avail-
able, the values given in Table 721.5.1(2) are
permitted.

721.5.1.4.3 Minimum concrete cover. For structural
steel column encased in concrete with all reentrant
spaces filled, Figure 721.5,l(6)(c) and Tables
721.5.1(7) and 721.5.1(8) indicate the thickness of
concrete cover required for various fire-resistance
ratings for typical wide-flange sections. The thick-
nesses of concrete indicated in these tables also apply
to structural steel columns larger than those listed.

721.5.1.4.4 Minimum precast concrete cover. For

structural steel columns protected with precast con-
crete column covers as shown in Figure
721.5. l(6)(a), Tables 721.5,1(9) and 721.5.1(10)
indicate the thickness of the column covers required

for various fire-resistance ratings for typical
wide-flange shapes. The thicknesses of concrete
given in these tables also apply to structural steel col-
umns larger than those listed.

721.5.1.4.5 Masonry protection. Th^fire resistance
of structural steel columns protected with concrete
masonry units or clay masonry units as illustrated in
Figure 721.5.1(7), shall be permitted to be deter-
mined from the following expression:

R = 0A1 (W/D)o-^ + [0.285 (T.'VK^^)]
[1.0 + 42.7 {{A/d^ n)/(0.25/7 + T,)]'-']

(Equation 7-16)

where:

R = Fire-resistance rating of column assembly
(hours).

W = Average weight of steel column (pounds per
foot).

D = Heated perimeter of steel column (inches)
[see Figure 721.5.1(7)].

Tg = Equivalent thickness of concrete or clay ma-
sonry unit (inches) (see Table 721.3.2 Note a
or Section 721.4.1).

K = Thermal conductivity of concrete or clay ma-
sonry unit (Btu/hr • ft • ^F) [see Table 72 1 .5 . 1 (3)] .

A^ = Cross- sectional area of steel column (square
inches).

d^ = Density of the concrete or clay masonry unit
(pounds per cubic foot).

p = Inner perimeter of concrete or clay masonry
protection (inches) [see Figure 721.5.1(7)].

721.5.1.4.6 Equivalent concrete masonry thick-
ness. For structural steel columns protected with con-
crete masonry, Table 721.5.1(5) gives the equivalent
thickness of concrete masonry required for various
fire -resistance ratings for typical column shapes. For
structural steel columns protected with clay masonry,
Table 721.5.1(6) gives the equivalent thickness of
concrete masonry required for various fire-resistance
ratings for typical column shapes.

721.5.2 Structural steel beams and girders. The

fire-resistance ratings of steel beams and girders shall be
based upon the size of the element and the type of protection
provided in accordance with this section.

721.5.2.1 Determination of fire resistance. These pro-
cedures establish a basis for determining resistance of
structural steel beams and girders which differ in size
from that specified in approved fire-resistance-rated
assemblies as a function of the thickness of fire-resistant
material and the weight ( W) and heated perimeter (D) of
the beam or girder. As used in these sections, W is the
average weight of a structural steel member in pounds
per linear foot (plf). The heated perimeter, D, is the inside
perimeter of the fire-resistant material in inches as illus-
trated in Figure 721.5.2.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

239

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.5.1(1)
WD RATIOS FOR STEEL COLUMNS

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

W14X233

2.49

3.65

W10X112

1.78

2,57

x211

2.28

3.35

xlOO

1.61

2.33

xl93

2.10

3.09

X 88

1.43

2.08

xl76

1.93

2.85

X 77

1.26

1.85

xl59

1.75

2.60

X 68

1.13

1.66

xl45

1.61

2.39

X 60

1.00

1.48

xl32

1.52

2.25

X 54

0.91

1.34

xl20

1.39

2.06

X 49

0.83

1.23

xl09

1.27

1.88

X 45

0.87

1.24

X 99

1.16

1.72

X 39

0.76

1.09

X 90

1.06

1.58

X 33

0.65

0.93

X 82

1.20

1.68

X 74

1.09

1.53

W8x67

1.34

1.94

X 68

1.01

1.41

x58

1.18

1.71

X 61

0.91

1.28

x48

0.99S

1.44

X 53

0.89

1.21

x40

0.83

1.23

X 48

0.81

1.10

X 35

0.73

1.08

X 43

0.73

0.99

X 31

0.65

0.97

X 28

0.67

0.96

W12X190

2.46

3.51

X 24

0.58

0.83

xl70

2.22

3.20

X 21

0.57

0.77

xl52

2.01

2.90

X 18

0.49

0.67

xl36

1.82

2.63

xl20

1.62

2.36

W6x25

0.69

1.00

xl06

1.44

2.11

x20

0.56

0.82

X 96

1.32

1.93

xl6

0.57

0.78

X 87

1.20

1.76

xl5

0.42

0.63

X 79

1.10

1.61

xl2

0.43

0.60

X 72

1.00

1.48

X 9

0.33

0.46

X 65

0.91

1.35

X 58

0.91

1.31

W5X19

0.64

0.93

X 53

0.84

1.20

xl6

0.54 ^

0.80

X 50

0.89

1.23

X 45

0.81

1.12

W4xl3

0.54 0.79

X 40

0.72

LOO

For SI: 1 pound per linear foot per inch = 0.059 kg/m/mm.

240

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .5.1 (2)
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

PROPERTY

NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE

STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Thermal conductivity (k^)

0.95 Btu/hr ■ ft ■ °F

0.35 Btu/hr • f t • T

Specific heat (c^)

0.20 Btu/lb T

Density (FJ

145 Ib/ft^

llOlb/ft^

Equilibrium (free) moisture
content (m) by volume

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 Ib/f^ = 16.0185 kg/m^ Btu/hr • ft • °F = 1.731 W/(m ■ K).

TABLE 721.5.1(3)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CONCRETE OR CLAY

MASONRY UNITS

DENSITY (dj OF UNITS (Ib/ft^)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (K) OF UNITS (Btu/hr ft T)

Concrete Masonry Units

0.207

0.228

0.252

0.278

100

0.308

105

0.340

110

0.376

115

0.416

120

0.459

125

0.508

130

0.561

135

0.620

140

0.685

145

0.758

150

0.837

Clay Masonry Units

120

1.25

130

2.25

For SI: 1 pound per cubic foot = 16.0185 kg/m^ Btu/hr • ft • °F = 1.731 W/(m • K).

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

241

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .5.1 (4)

WEIGHT-TO-HEATED-PERIMETER RATIOS (W/D)

FOR TYPICAL WIDE FLANGE BEAM AND GIRDER SHAPES

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

W36 X 300

2.47

3.33

W24 X 68

0.92

1.21

x280

2.31

3.12

X 62

0.92

1.14

x260

2.16

2.92

X 55

0.82

1.02

x245

2.04

2.76

x230

1.92

2.61

W21 X 147

1.83

2.60

x210

1.94

2.45

X132

1.66

2.35

xl94

1.80

2.28

xl22

1.54

2.19

xl82

1.69

2.15

xlll

1.41

2.01

xl70

1.59

2.01

xlOl

1.29

1.84

xl60

1.50

1.90

X 93

1.38

1.80

xl50

1.41

1.79

X 83

1.24

1.62

X135

1.28

1.63

X 73

1.10

1.44

X 68

1.03

1.35

W33 X 241

2.11

2.86

X 62

0.94

1.23

x221

1.94

2.64

X 57

0.93

1.17

X201

1.78

2.42

X 50

0.83

1.04

X152

1.51

1.94

X 44

0.73

0.92

X141

1.41

1.80

xl30

1.31

1.67

W18X 119

1.69

2.42

xll8

1.19

1.53

X106

1.52

2.18

X 97

1.39

2.01

W30X211

2.00

2.74

X 86

1.24

1.80

xl91

1.82

2.50

X 76

1.11

1.60

X173

1.66

2.28

X 71

1.21

1.59

xl32

1.45

1.85

X 65

1.11

1.47

xl24

1.37

1.75

X 60

1.03

1.36

X116

1.28

1.65

X 55

0.95

1.26

xlOS

1.20

1.54

X 50

0.87

1.15

X 99

1.10

1.42

X 46

0.86

1.09

X 40

0.75

0.96

W27X178

1.85

2.55

X 35

0.66

0.85

xl61

1.68

2.33

X146

1.53

2.12

W16X100

1.56

2.25

xll4

1.36

1.76

X 89

1.40

2.03

xl02

1.23

1.59

X 77

1.22

1.78

X 94

1.13

1.47

X 67

1.07

1.56

X 84

1.02

1.33

X 57

1.07

1,43

X 50

0.94

1.26

X 45

0.85

1.15

W24 X 162

1.85

2.57

X 40

0.76

1.03

X146

1.68

2.34

X 36

0.69

0.93

xl31

1.52

2.12

X 31

0.65

0.83

xll7

1.36

1.91

X 26

0.55

0.70

X104

1.22

1.71

X 94

1.26

1.63

W14X132

1.83

3.00

X 84

1.13

1.47

xl20

1.67

2.75

X 76

1.03

1.34

X109

1.53

2.52

(continued)

242

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.5.1(4)— continued

WEIGHT-TO-HEATED-PERIMETER RATIOS {W/D)

FOR TYPICAL WIDE FLANGE BEAM AND GIRDER SHAPES

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

CONTOUR
PROFILE

BOX
PROFILE

W14x 99

1.39

2.31

WlOx 30

0.79

1.12

X 90

1.27

2.11

X 26

0.69

0.98

X 82

1.41

2.12

X 22

0.59

0.84

X 74

1.28

1.93

X 19

0.59

0.78

X 68

1.19

1.78

X 17

0.54

0.70

X 61

1.07

1.61

X 15

0.48

0.63

X 53

1.03

1.48

X 12

0.38

0.51

X 48

0.94

1.35

X 43

0.85

1.22

W8 X 67

1.61

2.55

X 38

0.79

1.09

X 58

1.41

2.26

X 34

0.71

0.98

X 48

1.18

1.91

X 30

0.63

0.87

X 40

LOO

1.63

X 26

0.61

0.79

X 35

0.88

1.44

X 22

0.52

0.68

X 31

0.79

1.29

X 28

0.80

1.24

W12x 87

1.44

2.34

X 24

0.69

1.07

X 79

1.32

2.14

X 21

0.66

0.96

X 72

1.20

1.97

X 18

0.57

0.84

X 65

1.09

1.79

X 15

0.54

0.74

X 58

1.08

1.69

X 13

0.47

0.65

X 53

0.99

1.55

X 10

0.37

0.51

X 50

1.04

1.54

X 45

0.95

1.40

W6 X 25

0.82

1.33

X 40

0.85

1.25

X 20

0.67

1.09

X 35

0.79

1.11

X 16

0.66

0.96

X 30

0.69

0.96

X 15

0.51

0.83

X 26

0.60

0.84

X 12

0.51

0.75

X 22

0.61

0.77

X 9

0.39

0.57

X 19

0.53

0.67

X 16

0.45

0.57

W5 X 19

0.76

1.24

X 14

0.40

0.50

X 16

0.65

1.07

W10X112

2.14

3.38

W4 X 13

0.65

1.05

xlOO

1.93

3.07

X 88

1.70

2.75

X 77

1.52

2.45

X 68

1.35

2.20

X 60

1.20

1.97

X 54

1.09

1.79

X 49

0.99

1.64

X 45

1.03

1.59

X 39

0.94

1.40

X 33

0.77

1.20

For SI: Pounds per linear foot per inch = 0.059 kg/m/mm.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

243

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .5.1 (5)
FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MASONRY PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS

COLUMN
SIZE

CONCRETE

MASONRY DENSITY

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CONCRETE MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, T^ (inches)

COLUMN
SIZE

CONCRETE

MASONRY DENSITY

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CONCRETE MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, r^Onches)

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

W14x82

0.74

1.61

2.36

3.04

W10x68

0.72

1.58

2.33

3.01

100

0.89

1.85

2.67

3.40

100

0.87

1.83

2.65

3.38

110

0.96

1.97

2.81

3.57

110

0.94

1.95

2.79

3.55

120

1.03

2.08

2.95

3.73

120

1.01

2.06

2.94

3.72

W14x68

0.83

1.70

2.45

3.13

W10x54

0.88

1.76

2.53

3.21

100

0.99

1.95

2.76

3.49

100

1.04

2.01

2.83

3.57

110

1.06

2.06

2.91

3.66

110

1.11

2.12

2.98

3.73

120

1.14

2.18

3.05

3.82

120

1.19

2.24

3.12

3.90

W14x53

0.91

1.81

2.58

3.27

WIO X 45

0.92

1.83

2.60

3.30

100

1.07

2.05

2.88

3.62

100

1.08

2.07

2.90

3.64

110

1.15

2.17

3.02

3.78

110

1.16

2.18

3.04

3.80

120

1.22

2.28

3.16

3.94

120

1.23

2.29

3.18

3.96

W14x43

1.01

1.93

2.71

3.41

W10X33

1.06

2.00

2.79

3.49

100

1.17

2.17

3.00

3.74

100

1.22

2.23

3.07

3.81

110

1.25

2.28

3.14

3.90

110

1.30

2.34

3.20

3.96

120

1.32

2.38

3.27

4.05

120

1.37

2.44

3.33

4.12

W12x72

0.81

1.66

2.41

3.09

W8x40

0.94

1.85

2.63

3.33

100

0.91

1.88

2.70

3.43

100

1.10

2.10

2.93

3.67

110

0.99

1.99

2.84

3.60

110

1.18

2.21

3.07

3.83

120

1.06

2.10

2.98

3.76

120

1.25

2.32

3.20

3.99

W12x58

0.88

1.76

2.52

3.21

W8x31

1.06

2.00

2.78

3.49

100

1.04

2.01

2.83

3.56

100

1.22

2.23

3.07

3.81

110

1.11

2.12

2.97

3.73

110

1.29

2.33

3.20

3.97

120

1.19

2.23

3.11

3.89

120

1.36

2.44

3.33

4.12

W12x50

0.91

1.81

2.58

3.27

W8x24

1.14

2.09

2.89

3.59

100

1.07

2.05

2.88

3.62

100

1.29

2.31

3.16

3.90

110

1.15

2.17

3.02

3.78

110

1.36

2.42

3.28

4.05

120

1.22

2.28

3.16

3.94

120

1.43

2.52

3.41

4.20

W12x40

1.01

1.94

2.72

3.41

W8xl8

1.22

2.20

3.01

3.72

100

1.17

2.17

3.01

3.75

100

1.36

2.40

3.25

4.01

110

1.25

2.28

3.14

3.90

110

1.42

2.50

3.37

4.14

120

1.32

2.39

3.27

4.06

120

1.48

2.59

3.49

4.28

(continued)

244

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.5.1(5)— continued
FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MASONRY PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS

NOMINAL TUBE

SIZE

(inches)

CONCRETE IVIASONRY

DENSITY, POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED
EQUIVALENT THICKNESS
FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE
RATING OF CONCRETE
MASONRY PROTECTION
ASSEMBLY, T^ (inches)

NOMINAL PIPE

SIZE

(inches)

CONCRETE MASONRY
DENSITY, POUNDS
PER CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED
EQUIVALENT THICKNESS
FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE
RATING OF CONCRETE
MASONRY PROTECTION
ASSEMBLY, 7^ (inches)

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

4 X 4 X V2 wall
thickness

0.93

1.90

2.71

3.43

4 double extra

strong 0.674

wall thickness

0.80

1.75

2.56

3.28

100

1.08

2.13

2.99

3.76

100

0.95

1.99

2.85

3.62

110

1.16

2.24

3.13

3.91

110

1.02

2.10

2.99

3.78

120

1.22

2.34

3.26

4.06

120

1.09

2.20

3.12

3.93

4 X 4 X ^/g wall
thickness

1.05

2.03

2.84

3.57

4 extra strong
0.337 wall
thickness

1.12

2.11

2.93

3.65

100

1.20

2.25

3.11

3.88

100

1.26

2.32

3.19

3.95

110

1.27

2.35

3.24

4.02

110

1.33

2.42

3.31

4.09

120

1.34

2.45

3.37

4.17

120

1.40

2.52

3.43

4.23

4 X 4 X V4 wall
thickness

1.21

2.20

3.01

3.73

4 standard
0.237 wall
thickness

1.26

2.25

3.07

3.79

100

1.35

2.40

3.26

4.02

100

1.40

2.45

3.31

4.07

110

1,41

2.50

3.38

4.16

110

1.46

2.55

3.43

4.21

120

1.48

2.59

3.50

4.30

120

1.53

2.64

3.54

4.34

6 X 6 X V2 wall
thickness

0.82

1.75

2.54

3.25

5 double extra

strong 0.750

wall thickness

0.70

1.61

2.40

3.12

100

0.98

1.99

2.84

3.59

100

0.85

1.86

2.71

3.47

110

1.05

2.10

2.98

3.75

110

0.91

1.97

2.85

3.63

120

1.12

2.21

3.11

3.91

120

0.98

2.02

2.99

3.79

6 X 6 X Vg wall
thickness

0.96

1.91

2.71

3.42

5 extra strong
0.375 wall
thickness

1.04

2.01

2.83

3.54

100

1.12

2.14

3.00

3.75

100

1.19

2.23

3.09

3.85

110

1.19

2.25

3.13

3.90

110

1.26

2.34

3.22

4.00

120

1.26

2.35

3.26

4.05

120

1.32

2.44

3.34

4.14

6 X 6 X V4 wall
thickness

1.14

2.11

2.92

3.63

5 standard
0.258 wall
thickness

1.20

2.19

3.00

3.72

100

1.29

2.32

3.18

3.93

100

1.34

2.39

3.25

4.00

110

1.36

2.43

3.30

4.08

110

1.41

2.49

3.37

4.14

120

1.42

2.52

3.43

4.22

120

1.47

2.58

3.49

4.28

8 X 8 X V2 wall
thickness

0.77

1.66

2.44

3.13

6 double extra

strong 0.864

wall thickness

0.59

1.46

2.23

2.92

100

0.92

1.91

2.75

3.49

100

0.73

1.71

2.54

3.29

110

1.00

2.02

2.89

3.66

110

0.80

1.82

2.69

3.47

120

1.07

2.14

3.03

3.82

120

0.86

1.93

2.83

3.63

8 X 8 X Vg wall
thickness

0.91

1.84

2.63

3.33

6 extra strong
0.432 wall
thickness

0.94

1.90

2.70

3.42

100

1.07

2.08

2.92

3.67

100

1.10

2.13

2.98

3.74

110

1.14

2.19

3.06

3.83

110

1.17

2.23

3.11

3.89

120

1.21

2.29

3.19

3.98

120

1.24

2.34

3.24

4.04

8 X 8 X V4 wall
thickness

1.10

2.06

2.86

3.57

6 standard
0.280 wall
thickness

1.14

2.12

2.93

3.64

100

1.25

2.28

3.13

3.87

100

1.29

2.33

3.19

3.94

1.32

2.38

3.25

4.02

110

1.36

2.43

3.31

4.08

120

1.39

2.48

3.38

4.17

120

1.42

2.53

3.43

4.22

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per cubic feet = 16.02 kgAnl

Note: Tabulated values assume 1-inch air gap between masonry and steel section.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

245

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.5.1(6)
FIRE RESISTANCE OF CLAY MASONRY PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS

COLUMN SIZE

CLAY

MASONRY

DENSITY,

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CLAY MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, T^ (inches)

COLUMN SIZE

CLAY

MASONRY

DENSITY,

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CLAY MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, T^ (inches)

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

W14x82

120

1.23

2.42

3.41

4.29

W10x68

120

1.27

2.46

3.26

4.35

130

1.40

2.70

3.78

4.74

130

1.44

2.75

3.83

4.80

W14x68

120

1.34

2.54

3.54

4.43

W10x54

120

1.40

2.61

3.62

4.51

130

1.51

2.82

3.91

4.87

130

1.58

2.89

3.98

4.95

W14x53

120

1.43

2.65

3.65

4.54

W10x45

120

1.44

2.66

3.67

4.57

130

1.61

2.93

4.02

4.98

130

1.62

2.95

4.04

5.01

W14X43

120

1.54

2.76

3.77

4.66

W10X33

120

1.59

2.82

3.84

4.73

130

1.72

3.04

4.13

5.09

130

1.77

3.10

4.20

5.13

W12X72

120

1.32

2.52

3.51

4.40

W8x40

120

1.47

2.70

3.71

4.61

130

1.50

2.80

3.88

4.84

130

1.65

2.98

4.08

5.04

W,12 X 58

120

1.40

2.61

3.61

4.50

W8x31

120

1.59

2.82

3.84

4,73

130

1.57

2.89

3.98

4.94

130

1.77

3.10

4.20

5.17

W12X50

120

1.43

2.65

3.66

4.55

W8x24

120

1.66

2.90

3.92

4.82

130

1.61

2.93

4.02

4.99

130

1.84

3.18

4.28

5.25

W12x40

120

1.54

2.77

3.78

4.67

W8xl8

120

1.75

3.00

4.01

4.91

130

1.72

3.05

4.14

5.10

130

1.93

3.27

4.37

5.34

STEEL TUBING

STEEL PIPE

NOMINAL TUBE
SIZE (inches)

CLAY

MASONRY

DENSITY,

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CLAY MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, 7^ (inches)

NOMINAL PIPE
SIZE (inches)

CLAY

MASONRY

DENSITY,

POUNDS PER

CUBIC FOOT

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT
THICKNESS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE

RATING OF CLAY MASONRY
PROTECTION ASSEMBLY, T^ (inches)

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

1-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

4 X 4 X V2 wall
thickness

120

1,44

2.72

3.76

4.68

4 double extra

strong 0.674

wall thickness

120

1.26

2.55

3.60

4.52

130

1.62

3.00

4.12

5.11

130

1.42

2.82

3.96

4.95

4x4x^/8 wall
thickness

120

1.56

2.84

3.88

4.78

4 extra strong

0.337
wall thickness

120

1.60

2.89

3.92

4.83

130

1.74

3.12

4.23

5.21

130

1.77

3.16

4.28

5.25

4 X 4 X V4 wall
thickness

120

1.72

2.99

4.02

4.92

4 standard

0.237

wall thickness

120

1.74

3.02

4.05

4.95

130

1.89

3.26

4.37

5.34

130

1.92

3.29

4.40

5.37

6 X 6 X V2 wall
thickness

120

1.33

2.58

3.62

4.52

5 double extra

strong 0.750

wall thickness

120

1.17

2.44

3.48

4.40

130

1.50

2,86

3.98

4.96

130

1.33

2.72

3.84

4.83

6 X 6 X Vg wall
thickness

120

1.48

2.74

3.76

4.67

5 extra strong

0.375
wall thickness

120

1.55

2.82

3.85

4.76

130

1.65

3.01

4.13

5.10

130

1.72

3.09

4.21

5.18

6 X 6 X V4 wall
thickness

120

1.66

2.91

3.94

4.84

5 standard

0.258

wall thickness

120

1.71

2.97

4.00

4.90

130

1.83

3.19

4.30

5.27

130

1.88

3.24

4.35

5.32

8 X 8 X V2 wall
thickness

120

1.27

2.50

3.52

4.42

6 double extra

strong 0.864

wall thickness

120

1.04

2.28

3.32

4.23

130

1.44

2.78

3.89

4.86

130

1.19

2.60

3.68

4.67

8 X 8 X 3/g wall
thickness

120

1.43

2.67

3.69

4.59

6 extra strong

0.432
wall thickness

120

1.45

2.71

3.75

4.65

130

1.60

2.95

4.05

5.02

130

1.62

2.99

4.10

5.08

8 X 8 X V4 wall
thickness

120

1.62

2.87

3.89

4.78

6 standard

0.280

wall thickness

120

1.65

2.91

3.94

4.84

130

1.79

3.14

4.24

5.21

130

1.82

3.19

4.30

5.27

246

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE 721 .5.1 (7)
MINIMUM COVER (inch) FOR STEEL COLUMNS
ENCASED IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE^
[FIGURE 721.5.1(6)(c)]

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

W14 X 233

xl76

X132

X 90

X 61

X 48

X 43

W12X152

X 96

X 65

X 50

X 40

WlOx 88

X 49

X 45

X 39

X 33

W8 X 67

X 58

X 48

X 31

X 21

X 18

W6 X 25

X 20

X 16

X 15

X 9

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

1V,

IV,

2V,

3V,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The tabulated thicknesses are based upon the assumed properties of nor-
mal-weight concrete given in Table 721.5.1(2).

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721 .5.1 (8)

MINIMUM COVER (inch) FOR STEEL COLUMNS

ENCASED IN STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE^

[FIGURE 721. 5.1 (6)(c)]

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (HOURS)

1V,

W14X233

1V2

xl93

IV,

X 74

X 61

X 43

i'4

W12X 65

IV,

X 53

X 40

IV,

W10X112

IV,

X 88

X 60

X 33

IV,

W8 X 35

IV,

X 28

X 24

2V,

X 18

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The tabulated thicknesses are based upon the assumed properties of struc-
tural lightweight concrete given in Table 721.5.1(2).

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

247

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.5.1(9)
MINIMUM COVER (inch) FOR STEEL COLUMNS
IN NORMAL-WEIGHT PRECAST COVERS^
[FIGURE 721. 5.1 (6)(a)]

TABLE 721.5.1(10)

MINIMUM COVER (inch) FOR STEEL COLUMNS

IN STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT PRECAST COVERS^

[FIGURE 721. 5.1 (6)(a)]

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

1V,

W14X233

iv,

I'/a

IV,

x211

3V,

xl76

xl45

xl09

2V,

X 99

X 61

3V,

X 43

4V,

W12X190

1%.

IV,

3'/,

xl52

xl20

X 96

X 87

2 7,

3V,

X 58

4V,

X 40

W10X112

IV,

3V,

X 88

X 77

2V,

X 54

3'/,

X 33

4V,

W8 X 67

X 58

2V,

37,

X 48

X 28

X 21

X 18

W6 X 25

2V,

3V,

4'/,

X 20

X 16

X 12

X 9

STRUCTURAL
SHAPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

W14X233

IV,

X176

X145

2V,

xl32

X109

X 99

X 68

3V,

X 43

W12X190

IV,

xl52

X136

xl06

2V,

X 96

3'/,

X 87

X 65

X 40

W10X112

IV,

xlOO

2V,

X 88

X 77

3V,

X 60

X 39

X 33

W8 X 67

IV,

X 48

3'/,

X 35

X 28

X 18

2V,

W6 X 25

IV,

3V2

X 15

2V,

X 9

3V,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The tabulated thicknesses are based upon the assumed properties of nor-
mal-weight concrete given in Table 721.5.1(2).

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The tabulated thicknesses are based upon the assumed properties of struc-
tural lightweight concrete given in Table 721.5.1(2).

248

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

"^^■^ "■■"■■'"■■ii"^ ■■

b-mftM-mi^

a^2ci+%

FIGURE 721 .5.2
DETERMINATION OF THE HEATED PERIMETER
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS

721.5.2.1.1 Weight-to-heated perimeter. The

weight- to-heated-perimeter ratios (W/D), for both
contour and box fire-resistant protection profiles, for
the wide flange shapes most often used as beams or
girders are given in Table 721.5.1(4). For different
shapes, the weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios (W/D)
shall be determined in accordance with the definitions
given in this section.

721.5.2.1.2 Beam and girder substitutions. Except
as provided for in Section 721.5.2.2, structural steel
beams in approved fire-resistance-rated assemblies
shall be considered the minimum permissible size.
Other beam or girder shapes shall be permitted to be
substituted provided that the weight-to-heated-perime-
ter ratio (W/D) of the substitute beam is equal to or
greater than that of the beam specified in the approved
assembly.

721.5.2.2 Sprayed fire-resistant materials. The provi-
sions in this section apply to structural steel beams and
girders protected with sprayed fire-resistant materials.
Larger or smaller beam and girder shapes shall be permit-
ted to be substituted for beams specified in approved unre-
strained or restrained fire-resistance-rated assemblies,
provided that the thickness of the fire-resistant material is
adjusted in accordance with the following expression:

K = K {{W, ID,)^ 0.60] / [(^2 ID^) + 0.60]

(Equation 7-17)

where:

h = Thickness of sprayed fire-resistant material in
inches.

W = Weight of the structural steel beam or girder in
pounds per linear foot.

D = Heated perimeter of the structural steel beam in
inches.

Subscript 1 refers to the beam and fire-resistant mate-
rial thickness in the approved assembly.

Subscript 2 refers to the substitute beam or girder and
the required thickness of fire-resistant material.

The fire resistance of structural steel beams and gird-
ers protected with intumescent or mastic fire-resistant

coatings shall be determined on the basis of fire-resis-
tance tests in accordance with Section 703.2.

721.5.2.2.1 Minimum thickness. The use of Equa-
tion 7-17 is subject to the following conditions:

1. The weight-to-heated-perimeter ratio for the
substitute beam or girder (W/D 2) shall not be
less than 0.37.

2. The thickness of fire protection materials calcu-
lated for the substitute beam or girder (Tj) shall
not be less than Vg inch (9.5 mm).

3 . The unrestrained or restrained beam rating shall
not be less than 1 hour.

4. When used to adjust the material thickness for a
restrained beam, the use of this procedure is
limited to steel sections classified as compact in
accordance with the AISC Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, (AISC 360-05).

721.5.2.3 Structural steel trusses. The fire resistance of
structural steel trusses protected with fire-resistant mate-
rials sprayed to each of the individual truss elements
shall be permitted to be determined in accordance with
this section. The thickness of the fire-resistant material
shall be determined in accordance with Section
721.5.1.3. The weight-to-heated-perimeter ratio (W/D)
of truss elements that can be simultaneously exposed to
fire on all sides shall be determined on the same basis as
columns, as specified in Section 721.5.1.1. The weight-
to-heated-perimeter ratio (W/D) of truss elements that
directly support floor or roof assembly shall be deter-
mined on the same basis as beams and girders, as speci-
fied in Section 721.5.2.1.

The fire resistance of structural steel trusses protected
with intumescent or mastic fire-resistant coatings shall
be determined on the basis of fire-resistance tests in
accordance with Section 703.2.

721.6 Wood assemblies. The provisions of this section contain
procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of wood
assemblies are established by calculations.

721.6.1 General. This section contains procedures for cal-
culating the fire-resistance ratings of walls, floor/ceiling
and roof/ceiling assemblies based in part on the standard
method of testing referenced in Section 703.2.

721.6.1.1 Maximum fire-resistance rating. Fire resis-
tance ratings calculated for assemblies using the meth-
ods in Section 721 .6 shall be Umited to a maximum of 1
hour.

721.6.1.2 Dissimilar membranes. Where dissimilar
membranes are used on a wall assembly, the calculation
shall be made from the least fire-resistant (weaker) side.

721.6.2 Walls, floors and roofs. These procedures apply to
both load-bearing and nonload-bearing assemblies.

721.6.2.1 Fire-resistance rating of wood frame assem-
blies. The fire-resistance rating of a wood frame assem-
bly is equal to the sum of the time assigned to the
membrane on the fire-exposed side, the time assigned to

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

249

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

the framing members and the time assigned for addi-
tional contribution by other protective measures such as
insulation. The membrane on the unexposed side shall
not be included in determining the fire resistance of the
assembly.

721.6.2.2 Time assigned to membranes. Table
721.6.2(1) indicates the time assigned to membranes on
the fire-exposed side.

721.6.2.3 Exterior walls. For an exterior wall with afire
separation distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm), the
wall is assigned a rating dependent on the interior mem-
brane and the framing as described in Tables 721.6.2(1)
and 721.6.2(2). The membrane on the outside of the
nonfire-exposed side of exterior walls with afire separa-
tion distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm) may consist
of sheathing, sheathing paper and siding as described in
Table 721.6.2(3).

721.6.2.4 Floors and roofs. In the case of a floor or roof,
the standard test provides only for testing for fire expo-
sure from below. Except as noted in Section 703.3, Item
5, floor or roof assemblies of wood framing shall have an
upper membrane consisting of a subfloor and finished
floor conforming to Table 721,6.2(4) or any other mem-
brane that has a contribution to fire resistance of at least
15 minutes in Table 721.6.2(1).

721.6.2.5 Additional protection. Table 721.6.2(5) indi-
cates the time increments to be added to the fire resis-
tance where glass fiber, rockwool, slag mineral wool or
cellulose insulation is incorporated in the assembly.

721.6.2.6 Fastening. Fastening of wood frame assem-
blies and the fastening of membranes to the wood fram-
ing members shall be done in accordance with Chapter

23.

721.6.3 Design of fire-resistant exposed wood members.

l^hc fire-resistance rating, in minutes, of timber beams and
columns with a minimum nominal dimension of 6 inches
(152 mm) is equal to:

Beams: 2.5 AZb [4 -2{b/d)\ for beams which may be
exposed to fire on four sides.

(Equation 7-18)

l.SAZb [4 -{h/d)\ for beams which may be
exposed to fire on three sides.

(Equation 7-19)

Columns: 2.54ZJ [3 -{dA))\ for columns which may be
exposed to fire on four sides

(Equation 7-20)

2.54Z^ [3 -{d/2b)\ for columns which may be
exposed to fire on three sides.

(Equation 7-21)

where:

b = The breadth (width) of a beam or larger side of a
column before exposure to fire (inches).

d = The depth of a beam or smaller side of a column
before exposure to fire (inches).

Z = Load factor, based on Figure 721.6.3(1).

TABLE 721.6.2(1)
TIME ASSIGNED TO WALLBOARD MEMBRANES^ '*'=•**

DESCRIPTION OF FINISH

TIME^ (minutes)

^/g-inch wood structural panel bonded with
exterior glue

^^/32-inch wood structural panel bonded with
exterior glue

^%2"i^ch wood structural panel bonded with
exterior glue

Vg-inch gypsum wallboard

Vj-inch gypsum wallboard

^4-inch gypsum wallboard

Vj-inch Type X gypsum wallboard

%-inch Type X gypsum wallboard

Double ^/s-inch gypsum wallboard

Va-inch + V^-inch gypsum wallboard

Double V2-inch gypsum wallboard

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. These values apply only when membranes are installed on framing members
which are spaced 16 inches o.c.

b. Gypsum wallboard installed over framing or furring shall be installed so that
all edges are supported, except %-inch Type X gypsum wallboard shall be
permitted to be installed horizontally with the horizontal joints staggered 24
inches each side and unsupported but finished.

c. On wood frame floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assemblies, gypsum board shall
be installed with the long dimension perpendicular to framing members and
shall have all joints finished.

d. The membrane on the unexposed side shall not be included in determining the fire
resistance of the assembly. When dissimilar membranes are used on a wall assem-
bly, the calculation shall be made from the least fire-resistant (weaker) side.

e. The time assigned is not a finished rating.

721.6.3.1 Equation 7-21. Equation 7-21 applies only
where the unexposed face represents the smaller side of
the column. If a column is recessed into a wall, its full
dimension shall be used for the purpose of these calcula-
tions.

721.6.3.2 Allowable loads. Allowable loads on beams
and columns are determined using design values given in
AF&PA NDS.

721.6.3.3 Fastener protection. Where minimum 1-hour
fire resistance is required, connectors and fasteners shall
be protected from fire exposure by 1 V2 inches (38 mm) of
wood, or other approved covering or coating for a 1-hour
rating. Typical details for commonly used fasteners and
connectors are shown in AITC Technical Note 7.

721.6.3.4 Minimum size. Wood members are limited to
dimensions of 6 inches (152 mm) nominal or greater.
Glued-laminated timber beams utilize standard laminat-
ing combinations except that a core lamination is
removed. The tension zone is moved inward and the
equivalent of an extra nominal 2-inch-thick (51 mm)
outer tension lamination is added.

250

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

TABLE 721.6.2(2)
TIME ASSIGNED FOR CONTRIBUTION OF WOOD FRAME ^ *> *=

DESCRIPTION

TIME ASSIGNED TO FRAME (minutes)

Wood studs 16 inches o.c.

Wood floor and roof joists 16 inches o.c.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. This table does not apply to studs or joists spaced more than 16 inches o.c.

b. All studs shall be nominal 2x4 and all joists shall have a nominal thickness of at least 2 inches.

c. Allowable spans for joists shall be determined in accordance with Sections 2308.8, 2308.10.2 and 2308.10.3.

TABLE 721.6.2(3)
MEMBRANE^ ON EXTERIOR FACE OF WOOD STUD WALLS

SHEATHING

PAPER

EXTERIOR FINISH

Vg-inch T & G lumber

Lumber siding

Vj^-inch exterior glue wood structural panel

Sheathing paper

Wood shingles and shakes

Vj-inch gypsum wallboard

V4-inch wood structural panels — exterior type

Vg-inch gypsum wallboard

V4-inch hardboard

Vj-inch fiberboard

Metal siding
Stucco on metal lath
Masonry veneer
Vinyl siding

None

—

Vg-inch exterior-grade wood structural panels

For SI: 1 pound/cubic foot = 16.0185 kg/ml

a. Any combination of sheathing, paper and ©tterior finish is permitted.

TABLE 721 .6.2(4)
FLOORING OR ROOFING OVER WOOD FRAMING^

ASSEMBLY

STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS

SUBFLOOR OR ROOF DECK

FINISHED FLOORING OR ROOFING

Floor

Wood

^V32-inch wood structural panels or
^VieinchT&G softwood

Hardwood or softwood flooring on building paper resilient
flooring, parquet floor felted-synthetic fiber floor coverings,
carpeting, or ceramic tile on ^/g-inch-thick panel-type underlay

Ceramic tile on 1 V4-inch mortar bed

Roof

Wood

^V32-inch wood structural panels or
^ViginchT&G softwood

Finished roofing material with or without insulation

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. This table applies only to wood joist construction. It is not applicable to wood truss construction.

TABLE 721.6.2(5)
TIME ASSIGNED FOR ADDITIONAL PROTECTION

DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL PROTECTION

FIRE RESISTANCE (minutes)

Add to the fire-resistance rating of wood stud walls if the spaces between the studs are completely filled
with glass fiber mineral wool batts weighing not less than 2 pounds per cubic foot (0.6 pound per square
foot of wall surface) or rockwool or slag material wool batts weighing not less than 3.3 pounds per cubic
foot (1 pound per square foot of wall surface), or cellulose insulation having a nominal density not less
than 2.6 pounds per cubic foot.

For SI: 1 pound/cubic foot = 16.01 85 kg/ml

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

251

FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION FEATURES

1.60

1.50

1.40

Z 1.30

1.20

1.10

1 COLUM

>^K^4<m

BEAMS

-CdLUM

SIS ^

'^^

^s.

^s,

40 60 80 70 m m 100

LOAD ON MEMBERS ^VV PERCENT OF DESIC^ lOAD

FIGURE 721.6.3(1)
LOAD FIGURE

/r^= The effective length factor as noted in Figure 721.6.3(2).
/ = The unsupported length of columns (inches).

BUCKLING MODES

<^Yi

77>

THEORETICAL Kg VALUE

0.5

0.7

1.0

2.0

RECOMMENDED DESIGN Ke
WHEN IDEAL CONDITIONS
APPROXIMATED

0.65

0.80

1.2

1.0

2.10

2.4

END CONDITION CODE

f
?

ROTATION FIXED, TRANSLATION FIXED
ROTATION FREE, TRANSLATION FIXED

ROTATION FIXED. TRANSLATION FREE
ROTATION FREE, TRANSLATION FREE

FIGURE 721.6.3(2)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS

252

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 7A - MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DBA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire ciiapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (annended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

253

254 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 7 A [SFM]

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR
EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

SECTION 701 A
SCOPE, PURPOSE AND APPLICATION

701 A J Scope, This chapter applies to building materials, sys-
tems and/or assemblies used in the exterior design and con-
struction of new buildings located within a Wildland-Urban
Interface Fire Area as defined in Section 702A.

701A,2 Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to establish
minimum standards for the protection of life and property by
increasing the ability of a building located in any Fire Hazard
Severity Zone within State Responsibility Areas or any
Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Area to resist the intrusion of
flames or burning embers projected by a vegetation fire and
contributes to a systematic reduction in conflagration losses.

701A.3 Application. New buildings located in any Fire Hazard
> Severity Zone or any Wildland- Urban Interface Fire Area des-
ignated by the enforcing agency constructed after the applica-
tion date shall comply with the provisions of this chapter

Exceptions:

1. Buildings of an accessory character classified as a
Group U occupancy and not exceeding 120 square
feet in floor area, when located at least 30 feet from an
applicable building,

2. Buildings of an accessory character classified as
Group U occupancy of any size located least 50 feet
from an applicable building.

3. Buildings classified as a Group U Agricultural Build-
ing, as defined in Section 202 of this code (see also
Appendix C- Group U Agricultural Buildings), when
located at least 50 feet from an applicable building.

4. Additions to and remodels of buildings originally
constructed prior to the applicable application date.

701A.3.1 Application date and where required. New build-
ings for which an application for a building permit is sub-
mitted on or after July I, 2008 located in any Fire Hazard
Severity Zone or Wildland Interface Fire Area shall comply
with all sections of this chapter, including all of the follow-
ing areas:

1. All unincorporated lands designated by the State
Board of Forestry and Fire Protection as State
Responsibility Area (SRA) including:

1.1. Moderate Fire Hazard Severity Zones

1.2. High Fire Hazard Severity Zones

1.3. Very -High Fire Hazard Severity Zones

2. Land designated as Very-High Fire Hazard Severity
Zone by cities and other local agencies.

3. Land designated as Wildland Interface Fire Area by
cities and other local agencies.

Exceptions:

1. New buildings located in any Fire Hazard
Severity Zone within State Responsibility
Areas, for which an application for a build-
ing permit is submitted on or after January
1, 2008, shall comply with all sections of this
chapter.

2. New buildings located in any Fire Hazard
Severity Zone within State Responsibility
Areas or any Wildland Interface Fire Area
designated by cities and other local agen-
cies for which an application for a building
permit is submitted on or after December 1,
2005 but prior to July 1, 2008, shall only
comply with the following sections of this
chapter:

2.1. Section 705 A -Roofing

2.2. Section 7 06 A -Attic Ventilation

7 01 A.4 Inspection and certification. Building permit applica-
tions and final completion approvals for buildings within the
scope and application of this chapter shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1. Building permit issuance. The local building official
shall, prior to construction, provide the owner or appli-
cant a certification that the building as proposed to be
built complies with all applicable state and local build-
ing standards, including those for materials and con-
struction methods for wildfire exposure as described in
this chapter. Issuance of a building permit by the local
building official for the proposed building shall be con-
sidered as complying with this section.

2. Building permit final. The local building official shall,
upon completion of construction, provide the owner or
applicant with a copy of the final inspection report that
demonstrates the building was constructed in compli-
ance with all applicable state and local building stan-
dards, including those for materials and construction
methods for wildfire exposure as described in this chap-
ter. Issuance of a certificate of occupancy by the local
building official for the proposed building shall be con-
sidered as complying with this section.

701A.5 Vegetation management compliance. Prior to build-
ing permit final approval, the property shall be in compliance
with the vegetation management requirements prescribed in
California Fire Code Section 4906, including California Pub-
lic Resources Code 4291 or California Government Code Sec-

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

255

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

tion 51 182. Acceptable methods of compliance inspection and
documentation shall be determined by the enforcing agency
and may include any of the following:

1. Local, state or federal fire authority or designee autho-
rized to enforce vegetation management requirements

2. Enforcing agency

3. Third party inspection and certification authorized to
enforce vegetation management requirements

4. Property owne r certification authorized by the enfo rcing
agency

SECTION 702A
DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this chapter, certain terms are defined
below:

CDF DIRECTOR means the Director of the California
Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.

EXTERIOR COVERING. The exposed siding or cladding
material applied to the exterior side of an exterior wall, roof
eave soffit, floor projection or exposed underfloor framing.

FIRE PROTECTION PLAN is a document prepared for a
specific project or development proposed for a Wildland Urban
Interface Fire Area. It describes ways to minimize and mitigate
potential for loss from wildfire exposure.

The Fire Protection Plan shall be in accordance with this
I I chapter and the California Fire Code, Chapter 49. When
required by the enforcing agency for the purposes of granting
modifications, a fire protection plan shall be submitted. Only
locally adopted ordinances that have been filed with the Cali-
fornia Building Standards Commission or the Department of
Housing and Community Development in accordance with
I I Section 1.1.8 shall apply.

FIRE HAZARD SEVERITY ZONES are geographical areas
designated pursuant to California Public Resources Codes
Sections 4201 through 4204 and classified as Very High, High,
or Moderate in State Responsibility Areas or as Local Agency
Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones designated pursuant to
California Government Code, Sections 51175 through 51189.
See California Fire Code Article 86,

The California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 1280,
entitles the maps of these geographical areas as "Maps of the
Fire Hazard Severity Zones in the State Responsibility Area of
California."

HEAVY TIMBER, A type of construction classification speci-
fied in Section 602. For use in this chapter, heavy timber shall
be sawn lumber or glue laminated wood with the smallest mini-
mum nominal dimension of 4 inches (102 mm). Heavy timber
walls or floors shall be sawn or glue-laminated planks splined,
tongue-and' grove, or set close together and well spiked,

IGNITION-RESISTANT MATERIAL. A type of building
material that resists ignition or sustained flaming combustion
sufficiently so as to reduce losses from wildland-urban inter-
face conflagrations under worst-case weather and fuel condi-
tions with wildfire exposure of burning embers and small

flames, as prescribed in Section 703A and SFM Standard
1 2 - 7 A- 5, Ignition-Resistant Material.

LOCAL AGENCY VERY HIGH FIRE HAZARD SEVER^
ITYZONE means an area designated by a local agency upon
the recommendation of the CDF Director pursuant to Govern-
ment Code Sections 51177(c), 51178 and 5118 that is not a
state responsibility area and where a local agency, city, county,
city and county, or district is responsible for fire protection.

LOG WALL CONSTRUCTION A type of construction in
which exterior walls are constructed of solid wood members
and where the smallest horizontal dimension of each solid
wood member is at least 6 inches (152 mm).

RAFTER TAIL. The portion of roof rafter framing in a sloping
roof assembly that projects beyond and overhangs an exterior
wall

ROOF EAVE. The lower portion of a sloping roof assembly
that projects beyond and overhangs an exterior wall at the
lower end of the rafter tails. Roof eaves may be either "open'*
or *' enclosed." Open roof eaves have exposed rafter tails and
an unenclosed space on the underside of the roof deck.
Enclosed roof eaves have a boxed-in roof eave sojfitwith a hor-
izontal underside or sloping rafter tails with an exterior cover-
ing applied to the underside of the rafter tails.

ROOF EAVE SOFFIT An enclosed boxed-in soffit under a
roof eave with exterior covering material applied to the soffit
framing creating a horizontal surface on the exposed under-
side.

STATE RESPONSIBILITY AREA means lands that are clas-
sified by the Board of Forestry pursuant to Public Resources
Code Section 4125 where the financial responsibility of pre-
venting and suppressing forest fires is primarily the responsi-
bility of the state.

WILDFIRE is any uncontrolledfire spreading through vegeta-
tive fuels that threatens to destroy life, property, or resources as
defined in Public Resources Code Sections 4103 and 4104.

WILDFIRE EXPOSURE is one or a combination of radiant
heat, convective heat, direct fiame contact and burning embers
being projected by vegetation fire to a structure and its immedi-
ate environment.

WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE FIRE AREA is a geo-
graphical area identified by the state as a ''Fire Hazard Sever-
ity Zone'' in accordance with the Public Resources Code
Sections 4201 through 4204 and Government Code Sections
51 1 75 through 51189, or other areas designated by the enforc-
ing agency to be at a significant risk from wildfires. See Section
706 A for the applicable referenced sections of the Government
Code and the Public Resources Code.

SECTION 703 A
STANDARDS OF QUALITY

703 A. 1 General Building material, systems, assemblies and
methods of construction used in this chapter shall be in accor-
dance with Section 70S A.

703 A,2 Qualification by testing. Material and material assem-
blies tested in accordance with the requirements of Section

256

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

703 A shall be accepted for use when the results and conditions
of those tests are met. Product evaluation testing of material
and material assemblies shall be approved or listed by the State
Fire Marshal, or identified in a current report issued by an
approved agency,

703A.3 Approved agency. Product evaluation testing shall be
performed by an approved agency as defined in Section 1702.
The scope of accreditation for the approved agency shall
include building product compliance with this code,

703A,4 Labeling, Material and material assemblies tested in
accordance with the requirements of Section 703 A shall bear
an identification label showing the fire test results. That identi-
fication label shall be issued by a testing and/or inspecting
agency approved by the State Fire Marshal.

1. Identification mark of the approved testing and/or
inspecting agency

2. Contact and identification information of the manufac-
turer

3. Model number or identification of the product or material

4. Pre-test weathering specified in this chapter

5. Compliance standard as described under Section
703 AJ

703 A. 5 Weathering and surface treatment protection,

703A.5.1 General Material and material assemblies tested
in accordance with the requirements of Section 703 A shall
maintain their fire test performance under conditions of use,
when installed in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.

703A,5,2 Weathering. Fire-retardant-treated wood and
fire -retardant- treated wood shingles and shakes shall meet
the fire test performance requirements of this chapter after
being subjected to the weathering conditions contained in
the following standards, as applicable to the materials and
the conditions of use.

703A.5.2.1 Fire-retardant-treated wood. Fire-retar-
dant-treated wood shall be tested in accordance with
ASTM D 2898, "Standard Practice for Accelerated
Weathering of Fire-Retardant Treated Wood for Fire
Testing (Method A) " and the requirements of Section
2303,2,

703A.5.2.2 Fire-retardant-treated wood shingles and
shakes. Fire- retardant- treated wood shingles and shakes
shall be approved and listed by the State Fire Marshal in
accordance with Section 208(c), Title 19 California
Code of Regulations.

703A.5.3 Surface treatment protection. The use of paints,
coatings, stains or other surface treatments are not an
approved method of protection as required in this chapter.

703 A.6 Alternates for materials, design, tests and methods of
construction. The enforcing agency is permitted to modify the
provisions of this chapter for site-specific conditions in accor-
dance with Section 1.11.2,4, When required by the enforcing
agency for the purposes of granting modifications, a fire pro-
tection plan shall be submitted in accordance with the Califor-
nia Fire Code, Chapter 49.

703 A.7 Standards of quality. The State Fire Marshal stan-
dards for exterior wildfire exposure protection listed below and
as referenced in this chapter are located in the California Ref-
erenced Standards Code, Part 12 and Chapter 35 of this code.

SFM Standard 12-7A-1, Exterior Wall Siding and Sheath-
ing, Afire resistance test standard consisting of a 150 kW
intensity direct flame exposure for a 10-minute duration,

SFM Standard 12-7 A-2, Exterior Windows. A fire resis-
tance test standard consisting of a 150 kW intensity direct
flame exposure for a 8-minute duration.

SFM Standard 12-7 A-3y Horizontal Projection Underside
Afire resistance test standard consisting of a 300 kW inten-
sity direct flame exposure for a 10-minute duration.

SFM Standard 12-7 A- 4, Decking, A two-part test consist-
ing of a heat release rate (Part A) deck assembly combustion
test with an under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct
flame for a 3 -minute duration, and a (Part B) sustained deck
assembly combustion test consisting of a deck upper surface
burning ember exposure with a 12 mph wind for 40 minutes
using a 2,2lb (1kg) burning "Class A " size 12 "xl2 "x 2,25 "
(300 mm x 300 mm x 57 mm) roof test brand,

SFM Standard 12-7A-4Ay Decking Alternate Method A. A
heat release rate deck assembly combustion test with an
under deck exposure of 80 kW intensity direct flame for a
3-minute duration,

SFM Standard 12-7 AS, Ignition-resistant Material. A
generic building material surface burning flame spread test
standard consisting of an extended 30 minute ASTME84 or
UL 723 test method as is used for fire-retardant-treated
wood.

SECTION 704A
IGNITION-RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION

704A.1 General. The materials prescribed herein for ignition
resistance shall conform to the requirements of this chapter

704A.2 Ignition-resistant material Ignition-resistant mate-
rial shall be determined in accordance with the test procedures
set forth in SFM Standard 12-7 A-5 "Ignition-Resistant Mate-
rial" or in accordance with this section.

704A.3 Alternative methods for determining ignition-resis-
tant material. Any one of the following shall be accepted as
meeting the definition of ignition-resistant material:

1. Noncombustible material. Material that complies with
the definition for noncombustible materials in Section
202,

2. Fire-retardant-treated wood. Fire-retardant-treated
wood identified for exterior use that complies with the
requirements of Section 2303.2.

3. Fire-retardant-treated wood shingles and shakes.
Fire-retardant-treated wood shingles and shakes, as
defined in Section 1505.6 and listed by State Fire Mar-
shal for use as ''Class B" roof covering, shall be
accepted as an ignition-resistant wall covering material
when installed over solid sheathing.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

257

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

SECTION 705A
ROOFING

705 A, 1 General Roofs shall comply with the requirements of
Chapter 7 A and Chapter 15. Roofs shall have a roofing assem-
bly installed in accordance with its listing and the manufac-
turer's installation instructions,

705 A,2 Roof coverings. Where the roof profile allows a space
between the roof covering and roof decking, the spaces shall be
constructed to prevent the intrusion of flames and embers, be
firestopped with approved materials or have one layer of mini-
mum 72 pound (32.4 kg) mineral-surfaced nonperforated cap
sheet complying with ASTM D 3909 installed over the combus-
tible decking.

705AJ Roof valleys. Where valley flashing is installed, the
flashing shall be not less than 0.019-inch (0.48 mm) No. 26
gage galvanized sheet corrosion-resistant metal installed over
not less than one layer of minimum 72 pound (32.4 kg) min-
eral-surfaced nonperforated cap sheet complying with ASTM
D 3909, at least 36-inch-wide (914 mm) running the full length
of the valley.

705 A,4 Roof gutters. Roof gutters shall be provided with the
means to prevent the accumulation of leaves and debris in the
gutter

SECTION 706A
VENTS

706A.1 General, Where provided, ventilation openings for
enclosed attics, enclosed eave soffit spaces, enclosed rafter
spaces formed where ceilings are applied directly to the under-
side of roof rafters, and underfloor ventilation shall be in
accordance with Section 1203 and Sections 706 A. 1 through
706 A. 3 to resist building ignition from the intrusion of burning
embers and flame through the ventilation openings.

706 A,2 Requirements, Ventilation openings for enclosed
attics, enclosed eave soffit spaces, enclosed rafter spaces
formed where ceilings are applied directly to the underside of
roof rafters, and underfloor ventilation openings shall be fully
covered with metal wire mesh, vents, other materials or other
devices that meet the following requirements:

1. The dimensions of the openings therein shall be a mini-
mum ofV}^-inch (1.6 mm) and shall not exceed Vg-inch
(3.2mm).

2. The materials used shall be noncombustible.

Exception: Vents located under the roof covering,
along the ridge of roofs, with the exposed surface of
the vent covered by noncombustible wire mesh, may
be of combustible materials.

3. The materials used shall be corrosion resistant.

706A,3 Ventilation openings on the underside of eaves and
cornices: Vents shall not be installed on the underside of eaves
and cornices.

Exceptions:

1. The enforcing agency may accept or approve special
eave and cornice vents that resist the intrusion of
flame and burning embers.

Vents complying with the requirements of Section
706A.2 may be installed on the underside of eaves and
cornices in accordance with either one of the follow-
ing conditions:

2.1. The attic space being ventilated is fully pro-
tected by an automatic sprinkler system in-
stalled in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1
or,

2.2. The exterior wall covering and exposed un-
derside of the eave are of noncombustible ma-
terial, or ignition-resistant-materials as
determined in accordance with SFM Stan-
dard 12-7 A- 5 Ignition-Resistant Material and
the vent is located more than 12 feet from the
ground or walking surface of a deck, porch,
patio or similar surface.

SECTION 707 A
EXTERIOR COVERING

707 A, 1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall govern the
materials and construction methods used to resist building
ignition and/or safeguard against the intrusion of flames
resulting from small ember and short-term direct flame contact
exposure.

707 A,2 General* The following exterior covering materials
and/or assemblies shall comply with this section:

1. Exterior wall covering material

2. Exterior wall assembly

3. Exterior exposed underside of roof eave overhangs

4. Exterior exposed underside of roof eave soffits

5. Exposed underside of exterior porch ceilings

6. Exterior exposed underside of floor projections

7. Exterior underfloor areas
Exceptions:

1 . Exterior wall architectural trim, embellishments, fas-
cias, and gutters

2. Roof or wall top cornice projections and similar
assemblies

3. Roof assembly projections over gable end walls

4. Solid wood rafter tails and solid wood blocking
installed between rafters having minimum dimension
2 inch (50.8 mm) nominal

5. Deck walking surfaces shall comply with Section
709A.4 only

707 A3 Exterior walls. The exterior wall covering or wall
assembly shall comply with one of the following requirements:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. Heavy timber exterior wall assembly

4. Log wall construction assembly

258

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE EXPOSURE

5. Wall assemblies that meet the performance criteria in
accordance with the test procedures for a 10-minute
direct flame contact exposure test set forth in SFM Stan-
dard 12-7 A4

Exception: Any of the following shall be deemed to meet the
assembly performance criteria and intent of this section:

L One layer of Vg-inch Type X gypsum sheathing
applied behind the exterior covering or cladding on
the exterior side of the framing

2. The exterior portion of a 1 -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly designed for exterior fire exposure
including assemblies using the gypsum panel and
sheathing products listed in the Gypsum Association
Fire Resistance Design Manual

707A.3J Extent of exterior wall covering. Exterior wall
coverings shall extend from the top of the foundation to the
roof and terminate at 2 inch (50.8 mm) nominal solid wood
blocking between rafters at all roof overhangs y or in the case
of enclosed eaves, terminate at the enclosure,

707 AA Open roof eaves. The exposed roof deck on the under-
side of unenclosed roof eaves shall consist of one of the follow-
ing:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. One layer ofVg-inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind an exterior covering on the underside exterior of
the roof deck

4. The exterior portion of a 1 -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly applied to the underside of the roof deck
designed for exterior fire exposure including assemblies
using the gypsum panel and sheathing products listed in
the Gypsum Association Fire Resistance Design Manual

Exceptions: The following materials do not require protec-
tion:

L Solid wood rafter tails on the exposed underside of
open roof eaves having a minimum nominal dimen-
sion of 2 inch (50,8 mm)

2. Solid wood blocking installed between rafter tails on
the exposed underside of open roof eaves having a
minimum nominal dimension of 2 inch (50.8 mm)

3. Gable end overhangs and roof assembly projections
beyond an exterior wall other than at the lower end of
the rafter tails

4. Fascia and other architectural trim boards

707 A,5 Enclosed roof eaves and roof eave soffits. The exposed
underside of enclosed roof eaves having either a boxed-in roof
eave soffit with a horizontal underside, or sloping rafter tails
with an exterior covering applied to the underside of the rafter
tails, shall be protected by one of the following:

L Noncombustible material

2, Ignition-resistant material

3, One layer ofVg-inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind an exterior covering on the underside of the raf-
ter tails or soffit

4, The exterior portion of a 1 -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly applied to the underside of the rafter tails
or soffit including assemblies using the gypsum panel
and sheathing products listed in the Gypsum Association
Fire Resistance Design Manual

5, Boxed-in roof eave soffit assemblies with a horizontal
underside that meet the performance criteria in accor-
dance with the test procedures set forth in SFM Standard
I2-7A-3

Exceptions: The following materials do not require protec-
tion:

1. Gable end overhangs and roof assembly projections
beyond an exterior wall other than at the lower end of
the rafter tails

2. Fascia and other architectural trim boards

707 A,6 Exterior porch ceilings. The exposed underside of
exterior porch ceilings shall be protected by one of the follow-
ing:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. One layer ofVg-inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind the exterior covering on the underside of the ceil-
ing

4. The exterior portion of a I -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly applied to the underside of the ceiling
assembly including assemblies using the gypsum panel
and sheathing products listed in the Gypsum Association
Fire Resistance Design Manual

5. Porch ceiling assemblies with a horizontal underside
that meet the performance criteria in accordance with
the test procedures set forth in SFM Standard 12-7 A- 3

Exception: Architectural trim boards.

707AJ Floor projections. The exposed underside of a cantile-
vered floor projection where a floor assembly extends over an
exterior wall shall be protected by one of the following:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. One layer ofVg-inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind an exterior covering on the underside of the floor
projection

4. The exterior portion of a 1 -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly applied to the underside of the floor pro-
jection including assemblies using the gypsum panel and
sheathing products listed in the Gypsum Association
Fire Resistance Design Manual

5. The underside of a floor projection assembly that meet
the performance criteria in accordance with the test pro-
cedures set forth in SFM Standard 12-7 A-3

Exception: Architectural trim boards.

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707 A,8 Underfloor protection. The underftoor area of ele-
vated or overhanging buildings shall be enclosed to grade in
accordance with the requirements of this chapter or the under-
side of the exposed underfloor shall consist of one of the follow-
ing:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. One layer of%-inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind an exterior covering on the underside of the floor
projection

4. The exterior portion of a 1 -hour fire resistive exterior
wall assembly applied to the underside of the floor
including assemblies using the gypsum panel and
sheathing products listed in the Gypsum Association
Fire Resistance Design Manual

5. The underside of a floor assembly that meets the perfor-
mance criteria in accordance with the test procedures
set forth in SFM Standard 12-7 A- 3

Exception: Heavy timber structural columns and beams do
not require protection.

707A.S Underside of appendages. When required by the
enforcing agency the underside of overhanging appendages
shall be enclosed to grade in accordance with the requirements
of this chapter or the underside of the exposed underfloor shall
consist of one of the following:

1. Noncombustible material

2. Ignition-resistant material

3. One layer of %- inch Type X gypsum sheathing applied
behind an exterior covering on the underside of the floor
projection

5. The underside of a floor assembly that meets the perfor-
mance criteria in accordance with the test procedures
set forth in SFM Standard 12-7A-3

Exception: Heavy timber structural columns and beams do
not require protection.

SECTION 708A
EXTERIOR WINDOWS AND DOORS

708AJ General

708A.2 Exterior glazing. The following exterior glazing mate-
rials and/or assemblies shall comply with this section:

1. Exterior windows

2. Exterior glazed doors

3. Glazed openings within exterior doors

4. Glazed openings within exterior garage doors

5. Exterior structural glass veneer

708A,2.1 Exterior windows and exterior glazed door
assembly requirements. Exterior windows and exterior
glazed door assemblies shall comply with one of the follow-
ing requirements:

L Be constructed ofmultipane glazing with a minimum
of one tempered pane meeting the requirements of
Section 2406 Safety Glazing, or

2. Be constructed of glass block units, or

3. Have afire-resistance rating of not less than 20 min-
utes when tested according to NFPA 257, or

4. Be tested to meet the performance requirements of
SFM Standard 12-7A-2

708A.2.2 Structural glass veneer. The wall assembly
behind structural glass veneer shall comply with Section
707A.3.

708A.3 Exterior doors. Exterior doors shall comply with one
of the following :

L The exterior surface or cladding shall be of noncombus-
tible or ignition-resistant material, or

2. Shall be constructed of solid core wood that comply with
the following requirements:

2.1. Stiles and rails shall not be less than P/g inches
thick.

2.2, Raised panels shall not be less than V/^ inches
thick, except for the exterior perimeter of the
raised panel that may taper to a tongue not less
than % inch thick.

3. Shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 20
minutes when tested according to NFPA 252.

4. Shall be tested to meet the performance requirements of
SFM Standard 12-7 A- 1.

708A3.1 Exterior door glazing. Glazing in exterior doors
shall comply with Section 708A.2.L

SECTION 709A
DECKING

709 A. 1 General. The walking surface material of decks,
porches, balconies and stairs shall comply with the require-
ments of this section.

709A.2 Where required. The walking surface material of
decks, porches, balconies and stairs shall comply with the
requirements of this section when any portion of such surface is
within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the building.

709A.3 Decking Surfaces. The walking surface material of
decks, porches, balconies and stairs shall be constructed with
one of the following materials:

1. Ignition-resistant material that complies with the perfor-
mance requirements of both SFM Standard 12-7 A-4 and
SFM Standard 12-7 A-5.

2. Exterior fire retardant treated wood

3. Noncombustible material

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4. Any material that complies with the performance
requirements of SFM Standard 12-7 A-4 A when attached
exterior wall covering is also either noncomhustible or
ignition-resistant material

Exception: Wall material may be of any material that other-
wise complies with this chapter when the decking surface
material complies with the performance requirements
ASTM E 84 with a Class B flame spread rating.

SECTION 710A
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

710A,1 General. Accessory and miscellaneous structures,
other than buildings covered by Section 701 A3, which pose a
significant exterior exposure hazard to applicable buildings
during wildfires shall be constructed to conform to the ignition
resistance requirements of this section,

710A.2 Applicability, The provisions of this section shall apply
to trellises, arbors, patio covers, carports, gazebos and similar
structures of an accessory or miscellaneous character.

Exceptions:

1. Decks shall comply with the requirements of Section
709A.

2. Awnings and canopies shall comply with the require-
ments of Section 3105.

710A.3 Where required. Accessory structures shall comply
with the requirements of this section,

7 10 A3. 1 Attached accessory structures shall comply with
the requirements of this section.

710A.3,2 When required by the enforcing agency, detached
accessory structures within 50 feet of an applicable building
shall comply with the requirements of this section.

710A.4. Requirements. When required by the enforcing
agency accessory structures shall be constructed ofnoncom-
bustible or ignition-resistant materials.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 261

262 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 8 - INTERIOR FINISHES

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

PSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

GEO

■
CA

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire ciiapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Table 803.9

804.4

804.4.1

804.4.2

806.5

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section I. II.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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264 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 8

INTERIOR FINISHES

SECTION 801
GENERAL

801.1 Scope. Provisions of this chapter shall govern the use of
materials used as interior finishes, trim and decorative materi-
als.

801.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish. The provisions of Sec-
tion 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke
development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based
on occupancy classification.

801.3 Interior floor flnish. The provisions of Section 804
shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor fin-
ish materials based on occupancy classification.

[F] 801.4 Decorative materials and trim. Decorative materi-
als and trim shall be restricted by combustibility and the flame
propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701, in accordance
with Section 806.

801.5 Applicability. For buildings in flood hazard areas as
established in Section 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and deco-
rative materials below the design flood elevation shall be
flood-damage-resistant materials.

801.6 Application. Combustible materials shall be permitted
to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior
surfaces of buildings.

801.7 Windows. Show windows in the exterior walls of the
first story above grade shall be permitted to be of wood or of
unprotected metal framing.

801.8 Foam plastics. Foam plasties shall not be used as inte-
rior finish except as provided in Section 803.4. Foam plastics
shall not be used as interior trim except as provided in Section
806.3 or 2604.2. This section shall apply both to exposed foam
plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile
or vinyl facing or cover.

measurements of the spread of flame versus time for a material
tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723.

INTERIOR FINISH. Interior finish includes interior wall
and ceiling finish and interior floor finish.

INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH. The exposed floor surfaces of
buildings including coverings applied over a finished floor or
stair, including risers.

[F] INTERIOR FLOOR- WALL BASE. Interior floor finish
trim used to provide a functional and/or decorative border at the
intersection of walls and floors.

INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH. The exposed
interior surfaces of buildings, including but not limited to:
fixed or movable walls and partitions; toilet room privacy parti-
tions; columns; ceilings; and interior wainscoting, paneling or
other finish applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical
correction, surface insulation, structural fire resistance or simi-
lar purposes, but not including trim.

SITE-FABRICATED STRETCH SYSTEM. A system, fab
ricated on site and intended for acoustical, tackable or aesthetic
purposes, that is comprised of three elements: (a) a frame (con-
structed of plastic, wood, metal or other material) used to hold
fabric in place, (b) a core material (infill, with the correct prop-
erties for the application), and (c) an outside layer, comprised
of a textile, fabric or vinyl, that is stretched taunt and held in
place by tension or mechanical fasteners via the frame.

SMOKE-DEVELOPED INDEX. A comparative measure,
expressed as a dimensionless number, derived from measure-
ments of smoke obscuration versus time for a material tested in
accordance with ASTM E 84.

TRIM. Picture molds, chair rails, baseboards, handrails, door
and window frames and similar decorative or protective mate-
rials used in fixed applicafions.

SECTION 802
DEFINITIONS

802.1 General. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

EXPANDED VINYL WALL COVERING. Wall covering
consisting of a woven textile backing, an expanded vinyl base
coat layer and a nonexpanded vinyl skin coat. The expanded
base coat layer is a homogeneous vinyl layer that contains a
blowing agent. During processing, the blowing agent decom-
poses, causing this layer to expand by forming closed cells. The
total thickness of the wall covering is approximately 0.055 inch
to 0.070 inch (L4 mm to 1.78 mm).

FLAME SPREAD. The propagation of flame over a surface.

FLAME SPREAD INDEX. A comparative measure,
expressed as a dimensionless number, derived from visual

SECTION 803
WALL AND CEILING FINISHES

803.1 General. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall
be classified for fire performance and smoke development in
accordance with Section 803. 1 . 1 or 803. 1.2, except as shown in
Sections 803.2 through 803.13. Materials tested in accordance
with Section 803. 1 .2 shall not be required to be tested in accor-
dance with Section 803.1.1.

803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials. Interior
wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accor-
dance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723. Such interior finish
materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accor-
dance with their flame spread and smoke-developed
indexes.

Class A: Flame spread index 0-25; smoke-developed
index 0-450.

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INTERIOR FINISHES

Class B: Flame spread index 26-75; smoke-developed
index 0-450.

Class C: Flame spread index 76-200; smoke-devel-
oped index 0-450.

Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Sec-
tion 803.1.2.

803.1.2 Room corner test for interior wall or ceiling fin-
ish materials. Interior wall or ceiling finish materials shall
be permitted to be tested in accordance with NFPA 286.
Interior wall or ceiling finish materials tested in accordance
with NFPA 286 shall comply with Section 803.1.2.1.

803.1.2.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 286. During
the 40 kW exposure, the interior finish shall comply with
Item 1. During the 160 kW exposure, the interior finish
shall comply with Item 2. During the entire test, the inte-
rior finish shall comply with Items 3 and 4.

1. During the 40kW exposure, flames shall not
spread to the ceiling.

2. During the 160 kW exposure, the interior finish
shall comply with the following:

2.1. Flame shall not spread to the outer extrem-
ity of the sample on any wall or ceiling.

2.2. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall
not occur.

3 . The peak rate of heat release throughout the NFPA
286 test shall not exceed 800 kW.

4. The total smoke released throughout the NFPA
286 test shall not exceed 1,000 m^.

803.1.3 Room comer test for textile wall coverings and
expanded vinyl wall coverings. Textile wall coverings and
expanded vinyl wall coverings shall meet the criteria of Sec-
tion 803. 1 .3.1 when tested in the manner intended for use in
accordance with the Method B protocol of NFPA 265 using
the product-mounting system, including adhesive.

803.1.3.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA 265. During
the 40 kW exposure the interior finish shall comply with
Item 1. During the 150 kW exposure, the interior finish
shall comply with Item 2. During the entire test, the inte-
rior finish shall comply with Item 3.

1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not
spread to the ceiling.

2. During the 150 kW exposure, the interior finish
shall comply with the following:

2.1. Flame shall not spread to the outer extremi-
ties of the samples on the 8-foot by 12-foot
(203 mm by 305 mm) walls.

2.2. Flashover, as described in NFPA 265, shall
not occur.

3. The total smoke released throughout the NFPA
265 test shall not exceed 1,000 m^.

803.1.4 Acceptance criteria for textile and expanded
vinyl wall or ceiling coverings tested to ASTM E 84 or

UL 723. Textile wall and ceiling coverings and expanded
vinyl wall and ceiling coverings shall have a Class A flame
spread index in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723 and
be protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 or 903.3. 1 .2. Test speci-
men preparation and mounting shall be in accordance with
ASTM E 2404.

803.2 Thickness exemption. Materials having a thickness less
than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of
walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed portions of struc-
tural members complying with the requirements for buildings
of Type IV construction in Section 602.4 shall not be subject to
interior finish requirements.

803.4 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not be used as inte-
rior finish except as provided in Section 2603.9. This section
shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics
used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used as interior wall fin-
ish materials, textile wall coverings, including materials having
woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface
and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the
manner intended for use, using the product mounting system,
including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of
Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.

803.6 Textile ceiling coverings. Where used as interior ceiling
finish materials, textile ceiling coverings, including materials
having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar
surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested
in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting
system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the require-
ments of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4.

803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings. Where used as interior
wall finish materials, expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be
tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mount-
ing system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the
requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.

803.8 Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings. Where used as inte-
rior ceiling finish materials, expanded vinyl ceiling coverings
shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product
mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with
the requirements of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4.

803.9 Interior finish requirements based on group. Interior
wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index not
greater than that specified in Table 803.9 for the group and
location designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials
tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and meeting the accep-
tance criteria of Section 803.1.2.1, shall be permitted to be used
where a Class A classification in accordance with ASTM E 84
or UL 723 is required.

803.10 Stability. Interior finish materials regulated by this
chapter shall be applied or otherwise fastened in such a manner
that such materials will not readily become detached where
subjected to room temperatures of 200°F (93 °C) for not less
than 30 minutes.

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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TABLE 803.9
INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH REQUIREMENTS BY OCCUPANCV^

GROUP

sprinklered'

nonsprinklered

Exit enclosures and
exit passageways®' ^

Corridors

Rooms and
enclosed spaces'^

Exit enclosures and
exit passageways®' ^

Corridors

Rooms and
enclosed spaces'^

A-1 & A-2

A-3^ A-4, A-5

B,E,M,R-1

R-4

H,L

1-2,7-2.7

Bh.i

1-3

1-4

Bh,i

R-2

7?-2.7

R-3

No restrictions

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m2.
NP = Not permitted [SFM]

a. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted for wainscotting or paneling of not more than 1 ,000 square feet of applied surface area in the grade lobby where
applied directly to a noncombustible base or over furring strips applied to a noncombustible base and fireblocked as required by Section 803.1 1.1.

b. In exit enclosures of buildings less than three stories above grade plane of other than Group 1-3, Class B interior finish for nonsprinklered buildings and Class C
interior finish for sprinklered buildings shall be permitted.

c. Requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces shall be based upon spaces enclosed by partitions. Where a fire-resistance radng is required for structural elements,
the enclosing partitions shall extend from the floor to the ceiling. Partitions that do not comply with this shall be considered enclosing spaces and the rooms or
spaces on both sides shall be considered one. In determining the applicable requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces, the specific occupancy thereof shall be the
governing factor regardless of the group classification of the building or structure.

d. Lobby areas in Group A-1, A-2 and A-3 occupancies shall not be less than Class B materials.

e. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in places of assembly with an occupant load of 300 persons or less.

f. For places of rehgious worship, wood used for ornamental purposes, trusses, paneling or chancel furnishing shall be permitted.

g. Class B material is required where the building exceeds two stories.

h. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in administrative spaces,
i. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in rooms with a capacity of four persons or less.

j. Class B materials shall be permitted as wainscotting extending not more than 48 inches above the finished floor in corridors.
k. Finish materials as provided for in other sections of this code.

1. Applies when the exit enclosures, exit passageways, corridors or rooms and enclosed spaces are protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

803.11 Application of interior finish materials to fire-resis-
tance-rated structural elements. Where interior finish mate-
rials are applied on walls, ceilings or structural elements
required to have a fire-resistance rating or to be of
noncombustible construction, they shall comply with the pro-
visions of this section.

803.11.1 Direct attachment and furred construction.

Where walls and ceilings are required by any provision in
this code to be of fire-resistance-rated or noncombustible
construction, the interior finish material shall be applied
directly against such construction or to furring strips not
exceeding 1 V4 inches (44 nmi) applied directly against such
surfaces. The intervening spaces between such furring
strips shall comply with one of the following:

1. Be filled with material that is inorganic or non-
combustible;

2. Be filled with material that meets the requirements
of a Class A material in accordance with Section
803.1.1 or 803.1.2; or

3. Be fireblocked at a maximum of 8 feet (2438 mm)
in any direction in accordance with Section 717.

803.11.2 Set-out construction. Where walls and ceilings
are required to be of fire-resistance-rated or noncombustible
construction and walls are set out or ceilings are dropped
distances greater than specified in Section 803.11.1, Class
A finish materials, in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or
803.1 .2, shall be used except where interior finish materials
are protected on both sides by an automatic sprinkler system
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, or
attached to noncombustible backing or furring strips
installed as specified in Section 803.11.1. The hangers and
assembly members of such dropped ceilings that are below
the main ceiling line shall be of noncombustible materials,

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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INTERIOR FINISHES

except that in Types III and V construction, fire-retar-
dant-treated wood shall be permitted. The construction of
each set-out wall shall be of fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion as required elsewhere in this code.

803.11.3 Heavy timber construction. Wall and ceiling fin-
ishes of all classes as permitted in this chapter that are
installed directly against the wood decking or planking of
Type IV construction or to wood furring strips applied
directly to the wood decking or planking shall be
fireblocked as specified in Section 803.11.1.

803.11.4 Materials. An interior wall or ceiling finish that is
not more than V4 inch (6.4 mm) thick shall be applied
directly against a noncombustible backing.

Exceptions:

1. Noncombustible materials.

2. Materials where the qualifying tests were made
with the material suspended or furred out from the
noncombustible backing.

803.12 High-density polyetliylene (HDPE). Where
high-density polyethylene is used as an interior finish, it shall
comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2.

803.13 Site-fabricated stretch systems. Where used as inte-
rior wall or interior ceiling finish materials, site-fabricated
stretch systems shall be tested in the manner intended for use,
and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.1 or
803. 1.2. If the materials are tested in accordance with ASTM E
84 or UL 723, specimen preparation and mounting shall be in
accordance with ASTM E 2573.

SECTION 804
INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH

804.1 General. Interior floor finish and floor covering materi-
als shall comply with Sections 804.2 through 804.4.1.

Exception: Floor finishes and coverings of a traditional
type, such as wood, vinyl, linoleum or terrazzo, and resilient
floor covering materials that are not comprised of fibers.

804.2 Classification. Interior floor finish and floor covering
materials required by Section 804.4. 1 to be of Class I or II
materials shall be classified in accordance with NFPA 253. The
classification referred to herein corresponds to the classifica-
tions determined by NFPA 253 as follows: Class I, 0.45
watts/cm^ or greater; Class II, 0.22 watts/cm^ or greater.

804.3 Testing and identification. Interior floor finish and
floor covering materials shall be tested by an agency in accor-
dance with NFPA 253 and identified by a hang tag or other suit-
able method so as to identify the manufacturer or supplier and
style, and shall indicate the interior floor finish or floor cover-
ing classification according to Section 804.2. Carpet-type floor
coverings shall be tested as proposed for use, including
underlayment. Test reports confirming the information pro-
vided in the manufacturer's product identification shall be fur-
nished to the building official upon request.

804.4 Interior floor finish requirements. In all other occu-
pancies except 1-3, interior floor flnish and floor covering
materials in exit enclosures, exit passageways, corridors and

rooms or spaces not separated from corridors by full-height
partitions extending from the floor to the underside of the ceil-
ing shall withstand a minimum critical radiant flux as specified
in Section 804.4.1. For Group 1-3 occupancies see Section
804.4,2.

804.4.1 Minimum critical radiant flux. Interior floor fin-
ish and floor covering materials in exit enclosures, ^x/r pas-
sageways and corridors shall not be less than Class I in
Groups 1-2 and R-2. 1 and not less than Class II in Groups A, I
B, E, H, 1-4, L, M, R-1, R-2 and S. In all areas, floor covering
materials shall comply with ASTM Standard E 648, and K
having a specific optical density smoke rating not to exceed
450 per ASTM E 662.

Exception: Where a building other than a Group 1-3 is | I"
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, Class
n materials are permitted in any area where Class I mate-
rials are required, and materials complying with ASTM
Standard E 648, and having a specific optical density
smoke rating not to exceed 450 per ASTM E 662 are per-
mitted in any area where Class II materials are required.

804.4.2 Group 1-3 Occupancy floor surfaces. Interior floor
finish and floor coverings occupied by inmates or patients
whose personal liberties are restrained shall be noncom-
bustible.

Exception: Noncombustible floor finish and floor cover-
ings in areas where restraint is not used may have carpet
or other floor covering materials applied in areas pro-
tected by an automatic sprinkler system and meeting
ASTM Standard E 648, and having a specific optical
density smoke rating not to exceed 450 per ASTM E 662,
The carpeting and carpet padding shall be tested as a
unit in accordance with floor covering radiant panel test
meeting class i and has a critical radiant flux limit of not
less than 0.45 watt per centimeter square. The carpeting
and padding shall be identified by a hang-tag or other
suitable method as to manufacturer and style and shall
indicate the classification of the material based on the
limits set forth above.

SECTION 805
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN
TYPES I AND II CONSTRUCTION

805.1 Application. Combustible materials installed on or
embedded in floors of buildings of Type I or II construction
shall comply with Sections 805.1.1 through 805.1.3.

Exception: Stages and platforms constructed in accordance
with Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively.

805.1.1 Subfloor construction. Floor sleepers, bucks and
nailing blocks shall not be constructed of combustible mate-
rials, unless the space between the fire-resistance-rated
floor assembly and the flooring is either solidly filled with
noncombustible materials or fireblocked in accordance with
Section 717, and provided that such open spaces shall not
extend under or through permanent partitions or walls.

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805.1.2 Wood finish flooring. Wood finish flooring is per-
mitted to be attached directly to the embedded or
fireblocked wood sleepers and shall be permitted where
cemented directly to the top surface of fire-resistance-rated
floor assemblies or directly to a wood subfloor attached to
sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1.

805.1.3 Insulating boards. Combustible insulating boards
not more than V2 inch (12.7 mm) thick and covered with fin-
ish flooring are permitted where attached directly to a
noncombustible floor assembly or to wood subflooring
attached to sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1.

[F] SECTION 806
DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND TRIM

[F] 806.1 General requirements. In occupancies in Groups A,
E, I and R-1 and dormitories in Group R-2, curtains, draperies,
hangings and other decorative materials suspended from walls
or ceilings shall meet the flame propagation performance crite-
ria of NFPA 701 in accordance with Section 806.2 or be
noncombustible.

In Groups I-l and 1-2, combustible decorative materials
shall meet the flame propagation criteria of NFPA 701 unless
the decorative materials, including, but not limited to, photo-
graphs and paintings, are of such limited quantities that a haz-
ard of fire development or spread is not present. In Group 1-3,
combustible decorative materials are prohibited.

Fixed or movable walls and partitions, paneling, wall pads
and crash pads applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical
correction, surface insulation or other purposes shall be consid-
ered interior finish if they cover 10 percent or more of the wall
or of the ceiling area, and shall not be considered decorative
materials or furnishings.

In Group B and M occupancies, fabric partitions suspended
from the ceiling and not supported by the floor shall meet the
flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with
Section 806.2 and NFPA 701 or shall be noncombustible.

[F] 806.1.1 Noncombustible materials. The permissible
amount of noncombustible decorative material shall not be
limited.

[F] 806.1.2 Combustible decorative materials. The per-
missible amount of decorative materials meeting the flame
propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701 shall not
exceed 10 percent of the specific wall or ceiling area to
which it is attached.

Exceptions:

1. In auditoriums in Group A, the permissible
amount of decorative material meeting the flame
propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701
shall not exceed 75 percent of the aggregate wall
area where the building is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 and where the material is
installed in accordance with Section 803. 11.

2. The amount of fabric partitions suspended from
the ceiling and not supported by the floor in Group
B and M occupancies shall not be limited.

[F] 806.2 Acceptance criteria and reports. Where required
by Section 806.1, decorative materials shall be tested by an
agency and meet the flame propagation performance criteria of
NFPA 701 or such materials shall be noncombustible. Reports
of test results shall be prepared in accordance with NFPA 701
and furnished to the building official upon request.

[F] 806.3 Foam plastic. Foam plastic used as trim in any occu-
pancy shall comply with Section 2604.2.

[F] 806.4 Pyroxylin plastic. Imitation leather or other material
consisting of or coated with a pyroxylin or similarly hazardous
base shall not be used in Group A occupancies.

[F] 806.5 Interior trim. Material, other than foam plastic used
as interior trim, shall have a minimum Class B flame spread
and 450 smoke -developed index in Group 1-3 and for all other
occupancies Class C flame spread and smoke-developed index
when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723, as
described in Section 803.1.1. Combustible trim, excluding
handrails and guardrails, shall not exceed 10 percent of the spe-
cific wall or ceiling area in which it is attached.

[F] 806.6 Interior floor- wall base. Interior floor-wall base
that is 6 inches (152 mm) or less in height shall be tested in
accordance with Section 804.2 and shall not be less than Class
II. Where a Class I floor finish is required, the floor- wall base
shall be Class I.

Exception: Interior trim materials that comply with Section
806.5.

SECTION 807
INSULATION

807.1 Insulation. Thermal and acoustical insulation shall
comply with Section 719.

SECTION 808
ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS

808.1 Acoustical ceiling systems. The quality, design, fabrica-
tion and erection of metal suspension systems for acoustical
tile and lay-in panel ceiUngs in buildings or structures shall
conform with generally accepted engineering practice, the pro-
visions of this chapter and other applicable requirements of this
code.

808.1.1 Materials and installation. Acoustical materials
complying with the interior finish requirements of Section
803 shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations and applicable provisions for applying
interior finish,

808.1.1.1 Suspended acoustical ceilings. Suspended
acoustical ceiling systems shall be installed in accor-
dance with the provisions of ASTM C 635 and ASTM C
636.

808.1.1.2 Fire-resistance-rated construction. Acousti-
cal ceiling systems that are part of fire-resistance-rated
construction shall be installed in the same manner used
in the assembly tested and shall comply with the provi-
sions of Chapter 7.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

269

270 2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLC

1"AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

901.6.2

902.1

Fire Appliance

Sprinkler Alarm

Sprinkler System

Standpipe System, Classes of

903.2

903.2.1.2

903.2.1.3

903.2.3

903.2.3.1

903.2.3.1.1

903.2.3.1.1.1

903.2.3.1.2

903.2.3.1.3

903.2.4.1

903.2.5.4

903.2.6

903.2.6.1

903.2.6.2

903.2.7

903.2.7.1

903.2.8

903.2.10

Table 903.2.11.6

903.2.13

903.2.14

903.2.14.1

903.2.14.2

903.2.15

903.2.15.1

903.2.16

903.216.1

903.2.17

903.2.17.1

903.2.17.2

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

271

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DBA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

SS/CC

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

903.2.17.2.1

903.2.17.2.2

903.2.17.2.3

903.2.17.2.4

903.2.17.2.5

903.2.17.2.6

903.2.18

903.3.1.1

903.3.1.1.1

903.3.1.2

903.3.2

903.3.5

903.3.5.2

903.3.7

903.3.8

903.4.2

903.4.3

904.5

904.6

904.7

904.8

904.9

904.10

904.11

905.3

905.3.1

905.3.6

905.3.8

905.3.9

905.3.10

905.3.10.1

905.4

905.5

(continued)

272

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire cliapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

906.1

906.2

Table 906.3(1)

906.3.2

Table 906.3(2)

906.3.4

907.1.2

907.1.3

907.1.4

907.1.5

907.2

907.2.1

907.2.1.1

907.2.1.2

907.2.2

907.2.2.2

907.2.3

907.2.3.1

907.2.3.2

907.2.3.3

907.2.3.4

907.2.3.5

907.2.3.6

907.2.3.6.1

907.2.3.6.2

907.2.3.7

907.2.3.7.1

907.2.3.7.2

907.2.3.7.3

907.2.3.7.4

907.2.3.7.5

907.2.3.8

907.2.3.9

907.2.3.9.1

907.2.3.9.2

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

273

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

907.2.5.1

907.2.6

907.2.6.1

907.2.6.2

907.2.6.2.1

907.2.6.2.2

907.2.6.3.3

907.2.6.3.4

907.2.6.4

907.2.8

907.2.9

907.2.9.1

907.2.9.3

907.2.11

907.2.11.1

907.2.11.2

907.2.11.2.1

907.2.11.2.2

907.2.11.3

907.2.11.4

907.2.11.5

907.2.13

907.2.13.1

907.2.13.1.1

907.2.13.1.2

907.2.13.2

907.2.24

907.2.24.1

907.2.24.2

907.2.24.3

907.2.24.4

907.2.24.4.1

907.2.24.4.2

907.2.24.4.3

907.2.25

(continued)

274

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire cliapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

907.2.25.1

907.2.25.2

907.2.26

907.2.26.1

907.2.26.2

907.2.26.3

907.2.26.4

907.2.26.4.1

907.2.26.4.2

907.2.27

907.2.28

907.2.28.1

907.3

907.3.1

907.3.2

907.3.2.1

907.3.2.2

907.3.2.3

907.4.1

907.4.2.1

907.4.2.2

907.4.2.5

907.4.2.6

907.5.2.1

907.5.2.1.1

907.5.2.1.2

907.2.5.2.1.3

907.5.2.2

907.5.2.3

907.5.2.3.1

907.5.2.3.2

907.5.2.3.3

Table 907.5.2.3.3

907.5.2.3.4

907.5.2.3.5

907.5.2.4

907.5.2.5

907.6.3

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

275

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 9 - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS— continued

Adopting agency

BBC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

907.6.3.1

907.6.3.1.1

907.6.3.2

907.6.3.3

907.6.5

907.6.5.2

907.7

909.5.2

909.12

909.16.1

909.20.1

909.20.2.1

909.20.2.2

909.20.2.3

909.20.2.4

909.20.2.5

909.20.4

909.20.4.1

909.20.4.2

910.1

910.3.1

911.1

911.1.5

912.3

912.5

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section J.I J.

276

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 9

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

SECTION 901
GENERAL

901.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall specify where
fire protection systems are required and shall apply to the
design, installation and operation oifire protection systems.

901.2 Fire protection systems. Fire protection systems shall
be installed, repaired, operated and maintained in accordance
with this code and the California Fire Code.

Any fire protection system for which an exception or reduc-
tion to the provisions of this code has been granted shall be con-
sidered to be a required system.

Exception: Any fire protection system or portion thereof
not required by this code shall be permitted to be installed
for partial or complete protection provided that such system
meets the requirements of this code.

901.3 Modifications. No person shall remove or modify any
fire protection system installed or maintained under the provi-
sions of this code or the California Fire Code without approval
by the building official.

901.4 Threads. Threads provided for fire department connec-
tions to sprinkler systems, standpipes, yard hydrants or any
other fire hose connection shall be compatible with the connec-
tions used by the local fire department.

901.5 Acceptance tests. Fire protection systems shall be
tested in accordance with the requirements of this code and
the California Fire Code. When required, the tests shall be
conducted in the presence of the building official. Tests
required by this code, the California Fire Code and the stan-
dards listed in this code shall be conducted at the expense of
the owner or the owner's representative. It shall be unlawful to
occupy portions of a structure until the required ^re protec-
tion systems within that portion of the structure have been
tested and approved.

901.6 Supervisory service. Where required, fire protection
systems shall be monitored by an supervising station in accor-
dance with NFPA 72.

901.6.1 Automatic sprinkler systems. Automatic sprin-
kler systems shall be monitored by an approved supervising
station.

Exceptions:

1 . A supervising station is not required for automatic
sprinkler systems protecting one- and two-family
dwellings.

2. Limited area systems serving fewer than 20 sprin-
klers.

901.6.2 Fire alarm systems. Fire alarm systems required
by the provisions of Section 907.2 of this code and Sections
907.2 and 907.3 of the California Fire Code shall be moni-
tored by an approved supervising station in accord^mce with
Section 907.6.5.

Exceptions:

1. Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms
required by Section 907.2.11.

2. Group 1-3 occupancies shall be monitored in
accordance with Section 907.2.6.3.4.

3. Supervisory service is not required for automatic
sprinkler systems in one- and two-family dwell-
ings.

901.6.3 Group H. Manual fire alarm, automatic fire-extin-
guishing and emergency alarm systems in Group H occu-
pancies shall be monitored by an approved supervising
stafion.

Exception: When approved by the building official,
on-site monitoring at a constantly attended location shall
be permitted provided that notifications to the fire
department will be equal to those provided by an
approved supervising station.

901.7 Fire areas. Where buildings, or portions thereof, are
divided inio fire areas so as not to exceed the limits established
for requiring a fire protection system in accordance with this
chapter, swch fire areas shall be separated hy fire barriers con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assem-
blies constructed in accordance with Section 712, or both,
having Sifire-resistance rating of not less than that determined
in accordance with Section 707.3.9.

SECTION 902
DEFINITIONS

902.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter, and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

[F] ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A fire alarm
system component such as a bell, horn, speaker, light or text
display that provides audible, tactile or visible outputs, or any
combination thereof.

[F] ALARM SIGNAL. A signal indicating an emergency
requiring immediate action, such as a signal indicative of fire.

[F] ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. A feature of
automatic fire detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted
alarms wherein smoke detectors report alarm conditions for a
minimum period of time, or confirm alarm conditions within a
given time period, after being automatically reset, in order to be
accepted as a valid alarm-initiation signal.

[F] ANNUNCIATOR. A unit containing one or more indica-
tor lamps, alphanumeric displays or other equivalent means in
which each indication provides status information about a cir-
cuit, condition or location.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

277

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

[F] AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A

notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing.

[F] AUTOMATIC. As applied to fire protection devices, a
device or system providing an emergency function without the
necessity for human intervention and activated as a result of a
predetermined temperature rise, rate of temperature rise or
combustion products.

[F] AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM.

An approved system of devices and equipment which automat-
ically detects a fire and discharges an aj^prave J fire-extinguish-
ing agent onto or in the area of a fire.

[F] AUTOMATIC SMOKE DETECTION SYSTEM. A fire
alarm system that has initiation devices that utilize smoke
detectors for protection of an area such as a room or space with
detectors to provide early warning of fire.

[F] AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. An automatic
sprinkler system, for fire protection purposes, is an integrated
system of underground and overhead piping designed in accor-
dance with fire protection engineering standards. The system
includes a suitable water supply. The portion of the system
above the ground is a network of specially sized or hydrauli-
cally designed piping installed in a structure or area, generally
overhead, and to which automatic sprinklers are connected in a
systematic pattern. The system is usually activated by heat
from a fire and discharges water over the fire area.

[F] AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. The root mean
square, A-weighted sound pressure level measured over a
24-hour period, or the time any person is present, whichever
time period is less.

[F] CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS,

A system supplying carbon dioxide (CO2) from a pressurized
vessel through fixed pipes and nozzles. The system includes a
manual- or automatic-actuating mechanism.

[F] CEILING LIMIT. The maximum concentration of an
air-borne contaminant to which one may be exposed, as pub-
lished in DOL 29 CFR Part 1910.1000.

[F] CLEAN AGENT. Electrically nonconducting, volatile or
gaseous fire extinguishant that does not leave a residue upon
evaporation.

[F] CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. A desig-
nated location at a facility staffed by trained personnel on a
continuous basis where alarm or supervisory signals are moni-
tored and facilities are provided for notification of the fire
department or other emergency services.

[F] DELUGE SYSTEM. A sprinkler system employing open
sprinklers attached to a piping system connected to a water sup-
ply through a valve that is opened by the operation of a detec-
tion system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. When
this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and dis-
charges from all sprinklers attached thereto.

[F] DETECTOR, HEAT. A fire detector that senses heat-
either abnormally high temperature or rate of rise, or both.

[F] DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. A

powder composed of small particles, usually of sodium bicar-
bonate, potassium bicarbonate, urea-potassium-based bicar-

bonate, potassium chloride or monoammonium phosphate,
with added particulate material supplemented by special treat-
ment to provide resistance to packing, resistance to moisture
absorption (caking) and the proper flow capabihties.

[F] ELEVATOR GROUP. A grouping of elevators in a build-
ing located adjacent or directly across from one another that
responds to a common hall call button(s).

[F] EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. A system to provide
indication and warning of emergency situations involving haz-
ardous materials.

[F] EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICA-
TIONS. Dedicated manual or automatic facilities for originat-
ing and distributing voice instructions, as well as alert and
evacuation signals pertaining to a fire emergency, to the occu-
pants of a building.

[F] FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See "Manual fire alarm
box."

[F] FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. A system component
that receives inputs from automatic and manual fire alarm
devices and may be capable of supplying power to detection
devices and transponder(s) or off-premises transmitter(s). The
control unit may be capable of providing a transfer of power to
the notification appliances and transfer of condition to relays or
devices.

[F] FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. A signal initiated by a fire
alarm-initiating device such as a manual fire alarm box, auto-
matic fire detector, waterflow switch or other device whose
activation is indicative of the presence of a fire or fire signature.

[F] FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. A system or portion of a com-
bination system consisting of components and circuits
arranged to monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm or
supervisory signal-initiating devices and to initiate the appro-
priate response to those signals.

FIRE APPLIANCE, The apparatus or equipment provided or
installed for use in the event of an emergency.

[F] FIRE AREA. The aggregate floor area enclosed and
bounded by fire walls, ^r^ barriers, exterior walls or horizon-
tal assemblies of a building. Areas of the building not provided
with surrounding walls shall be included in the fire area if such
areas are included within the horizontal projection of the roof
or floor next above.

[F] FIRE COMMAND CENTER. The principal attended or
unattended location where the status of detection, alarm com-
munications and control systems is displayed, and from which
the system(s) can be manually controlled.

[F] FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. A device designed
to detect the presence of a frre signature and to initiate action.

[F] FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. Approved devices,
equipment and systems or combinations of systems used to
detect a fire, activate an alarm, extinguish or control a fire, con-
trol or manage smoke and products of a fire or any combination

thereof

[F] FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. Building and fire control
functions that are intended to increase the level of life safety for
occupants or to control the spread of harmful effects of fire.

278

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

[F] FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A special system
discharging a foam made from concentrates, either mechani-
cally or chemically, over the area to be protected.

[F] HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A

fire-extinguishing system using one or more atoms of an ele-
ment from the halogen chemical series: fluorine, chlorine, bro-
mine and iodine.

[F] INITIATING DEVICE. A system component that origi-
nates transmission of a change-of-state condition, such as in a
smoke detector, manual fire alarm box or supervisory switch.

[F] MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. A manually operated
device used to initiate an alarm signal.

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. Two or

more single- station alarm devices that are capable of intercon-
nection such that actuation of one causes all integral or separate
audible alarms to operate. It also can consist of one single-sta-
tion alarm device having connections to other detectors or to a
manual fire alarm box.

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. Two or more
single-station alarm devices that are capable of interconnection
such that actuation of one causes the appropriate alarm signal
to operate in all interconnected alarms.

[F] NOTIFICATION ZONE. See "Zone, notification."

[F] NUISANCE ALARM. An alarm caused by mechanical
failure, malfunction, improper installation or lack of proper
maintenance, or an alarm activated by a cause that cannot be
determined.

[F] RECORD DRAWINGS. Drawings ("as builts") that doc-
ument the location of all devices, appliances, wiring
sequences, wiring methods and connections of the components
of a fire alarm system as installed.

[F] SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. An assembly
incorporating the detector, the control equipment and the
alarm- sounding device in one unit, operated from a power sup-
ply either in the unit or obtained at the point of installation.

[F] SMOKE ALARM. A single- or multiple-station alarm
responsive to smoke.

[F] SMOKE DETECTOR. A listed device that senses visible
or invisible particles of combustion.

SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURE. An exit stairway designed
and constructed so that the movement of the products of com-
bustion produced by a fire occurring in any part of the building
into the enclosure is limited.

SPRINKLER ALARM [SL] is a local alarm unit assembly or
apparatus approved for the service and so constructed and
installed that any flow of water from a sprinkler system equal to
or greater than that from a single automatic sprinkler will
result in an audible alarm signal on the premises.

SPRINKLER SYSTEM, [SL] for fire protection purposes, is
an integrated system of underground and overhead piping
designed in accordance with fire protection engineering stan-
dards. The installation includes a water supply, such as a grav-
ity tank, fire pump, reservoir or pressure tank and/or
connection by underground piping to a city main. The portion
of the sprinkler system above ground is a network of specially

sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a building,
structure or area, generally overhead, and to which sprinklers
are connected in a systematic pattern. The system includes a
controlling valve and a device for actuating alarm when the
system is in operation. The system is usually activated by heat
from afire and discharges water over the fire area.

[F] STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF. Standpipe
classes are as follows:

Class I system. A system providing 2V2-inch (64 mm) hose
connections to supply water for use by fire departments and
those trained in handUng heavy fire streams, [SL] Class I is
a dry standpipe system without a directly connected water
supply and equipped with 2^ /2-inch (63.5 mm) outlets for use
by the fire department or trained personnel

Class II system. A system providing IVs-inch (38 mm)
hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the
building occupants or by the fire department during initial
response. [SL] Class II is a wet standpipe system directly
connected to a water supply and equipped with l^/2-inch
(38.1 mm) outlets and hose intended for use by the building
occupants.

Class III system. A system providing lV2-inch (38 mm)
hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants
and 2V2-inch (64 mm) hose connections to supply a larger
volume of water for use by fire departments and those
trained in handling heavy fire streams. [SL] Class III is a
combination standpipe system directly connected to a water
supply and equipped with both V /2-inch (38 mm) outlets for
use by the building occupants and 2^ /2-inch (64 mm) outlets
for use by the fire department or trained personnel, or
2V2-inch (64 mm) and V/2-inch (38 mm) outlets when a
P /2-inch (38 mm) hose is required. Hose connections for
Class III systems may be made through 2^ /2-inch (63.5 mm)
hose valves with easily removable 2^/2-inch by V/2-inch (64
mm by 38 mm) reducers.

[F] STANDPIPE, TYPES OF. Standpipe types are as follows:

Automatic dry. A dry standpipe system, normally filled
with pressurized air, that is arranged through the use of a
device, such as dry pipe valve, to admit water into the
system piping automatically upon the opening of a hose
valve. The water supply for an automatic dry standpipe
system shall be capable of supplying the system demand.

Automatic wet. A wet standpipe system that has a water
supply that is capable of supplying the system demand auto-
matically.

Manual dry. A dry standpipe system that does not have a
permanent water supply attached to the system. Manual dry
standpipe systems require water from a fire department
pumper to be pumped into the system through the fire
department connection in order to meet the system demand.

Manual wet. A wet standpipe system connected to a water
supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the
system but does not have a water supply capable of deliv-
ering the system demand attached to the system.
Manual-wet standpipe systems require water from a fire
department pumper (or the like) to be pumped into the
system in order to meet the system demand.

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Semiautomatic dry. A dry standpipe system that is
arranged through the use of a device, such as a deluge valve,
to admit water into the system piping upon activation of a
remote control device located at a hose connection. A
remote control activation device shall be provided at each
hose connection. The water supply for a semiautomatic dry
standpipe system shall be capable of supplying the system
demand.

[F] SUPERVISING STATION. A facility that receives sig-
nals and at which personnel are in attendance at all times to
respond to these signals.

[F] SUPERVISORY SERVICE. The service required to
monitor performance of guard tours and the operative condi-
tion of fixed suppression systems or other systems for the pro-
tection of life and property.

[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. A signal indicating the need
of action in connection with the supervision of guard tours, the
fire suppression systems or equipment or the maintenance fea-
tures of related systems.

[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. An

initiation device, such as a valve supervisory switch,
water-level indicator or low-air pressure switch on a dry-pipe
sprinkler system, whose change of state signals an off-normal
condition and its restoration to normal of a fire protection or
life safety system, or a need for action in connection with guard
tours, fire suppression systems or equipment or maintenance
features of related systems.

[F] TIRES, BULK STORAGE OR Storage of tires where the
area available for storage exceeds 20,000 cubic feet (566 m^).

[F] TROUBLE SIGNAL. A signal initiated by the fire alarm
system or device indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit or
component.

[F] VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A

notification appHance that alerts by the sense of sight.

[F] WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A

solution of water and potassium-carbonate-based chemical,
potassium-acetate-based chemical or a combination thereof,
forming an extinguishing agent.

[F] WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. A system or a
part of a system that can transmit and receive signals without
the aid of wire.

[F] ZONE. A defined area within the protected premises. A
zone can define an area from which a signal can be received, an
area to which a signal can be sent or an area in which a form of
control can be executed.

[F] ZONE, NOTIFICATION. An area within a building or
facility covered by notification appliances which are activated
simultaneously.

SECTION 903
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

[F] 903.1 General. Automatic sprinkler systems shall comply
with this section.

[F] 903.1.1 Alternative protection. Alternative automatic
fire-extinguishing systems complying with Section 904
shall be permitted in lieu of automatic sprinkler protection
where recognized by the applicable standard and approved
by the fire code official.

[F] 903.2 Where required. Approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tems in new buildings and structures shall be provided in the
locations described in Sections 903.2.1 through 903.2.12.

[F] 903.2.1 Group A. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be provided throughout buildings and portions thereof used
as Group A occupancies as provided in this section. For
Group A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4 occupancies, the automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided throughout the floor area
where the Group A-1, A-2, A-3 or A-4 occupancy is
located, and in all floors from the Group A occupancy to,
and including, the nearest level of exit discharge serving the
Group A occupancy. For Group A-5 occupancies, the auto-
matic sprinkler system shall be provided in the spaces indi-
cated in Section 903.2.1.5.

[F] 903.2.1.1 Group A-1. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group A-1 occupancies
where one of the following conditions exists:

1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115
m2);

2 . The//r^ area has an occupant load of 300 or more;

3. The fire area is located on a floor other than a level
of exit discharge serving such occupancies; or

4. The//r^ area contains a mulfitheater complex.

[F] 903.2.1,2 Group A-2. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group A-2 occupancies
where one of the following conditions exists:

1. The fire area exceeds 5,000 square feet (464.5
m2);

2. The fire area has an occupant load of 100 or more;
or

3. The fire area is located on a floor other than a level
of exit discharge serving such occupancies.

4. The structure exceeds 5,000 square feet (465 m^),
contains more than one fire area containing a
Group A-2 occupancy, and is separated into two
or more buildings by fire walls of less than four
hour fire resistance rating without openings.

[F] 903.2.1.3 Group A-3. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group A-3 occupancies
where one of the following conditions exists:

1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115

2. The fire area has an occupant load of 300 or more;
or

3 . The//r^ area is located on a floor other than a level
of exit discharge serving such occupancies.

4. The structure exceeds 12,000 square feet (1155
m^), contains more than one fire area containing
exhibition and display rooms, and is separated

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into two or more buildings by fire walls of less than
four hour fire resistance rating without openings,

[F] 903.2.1.4 Group A-4. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group A-4 occupancies
where one of the following conditions exists:

1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115

2. The^r^ area has an occupant load of 300 or more;
or

3. The fire area is located on a floor other than a level
of exit discharge serving such occupancies.

[F] 903.2.1.5 Group A-5. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group A-5 occupancies in
the following areas: concession stands, retail areas, press
boxes and other accessory use areas in excess of 1,000
square feet (93 m^).

[F] 903.2.2 Group B ambulatory health care facilities.

An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout
all fire areas containing a Group B ambulatory health care
faciUty occupancy when either of the following conditions
exists at any time:

1. Four or more care recipients are incapable of self-
preservation.

2. One or more care recipients who are incapable of self-
preservation are located at other than the level of exit
discharge serving such an occupancy.

3. In rooms or areas with special hazards such as labo-
ratories, vocational shops and other such areas
where hazardous materials in exempt amounts are
used or stored.

4. Throughout any Group E structure greater than
20,000 square feet (1155 m^) in area, which contains
more than one fire area, and which is separated into
two or more buildings by fire walls of less than four-
hour fire resistance rating without openings.

[¥] 903.2,3 Group E. Except as provided for in Section
903.2.3.1 for a new public school campus, an automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided for Group E occupancies
as follows:

1. Throughout all Group E fire areas greater than
12,000 square feet (1115 m^) in area.

2. Throughout every portion of educational buildings
below the lowest level of exit discharge serving that
portion of the building.

Exception: An automatic sprinkler system is not
required in any area below the lowest level of exit
discharge serving that area where every classroom
throughout the building has at least one exterior
exit door at ground level.

3. In rooms or areas with special hazards such as labo-
ratories, vocational shops and other such areas
where hazardous materials in quantities not exceed-
ing the maximum allowable quantity are used or
stored.

4. Throughout any Group E structure greater than
12,000 square feet (1115 m^) in area, which contains \ \
more than one fire area, and which is separated into
two or more buildings by fire walls of less than four
hour fire resistance rating without openings.

903,2.3 J Public schools — automatic sprinkler system
requirements.

903.2.3.1.1 New public school campus. An approved \ |<
automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in all
buildings of a new public school campus as defined in
Section 202 regardless of occupancy classification.

Exceptions:

1. Exempted portable buildings.

2. Ticket booths and athletic field storage
buildings that are less than 500 square feet
in floor area and located a minimum of 100
feet from all other buildings.

3. Shade or lunch shelters that are incapable of
trapping heat, smoke or other by-products
of combustion and located a minimum of 20
feet from all other buildings.

4. Shade or lunch shelters that are constructed
of noncombustible materials and located a
minimum of 20 feet from all other buildings.

903.2.3.1.1.1 Sprinklers shall be installed in
spaces where the ceiling creates a "ceiling-ple-
num" or space above the ceiling is utilized for \ \
environmental air. <C

903.2.3.1.2 Permanent portable buildings. A porta-
ble building that is used to serve or house students
and is certified, as a permanent building on a new
public school campus by the public school adminis-
tration shall comply with the requirements of Section
903.2.3.1.1. I I

903.2.3.1.3 Fire-resistive substitution for new cam-
pus, A new public school campus as defined in Section
202 shall be entitled to include in the design and con-
struction documents all of the applicable fire-resistive
construction substitutions as permitted by this code.

[F] 903.2.4 Group F-1. An automatic sprinkler system
shall be provided throughout all buildings containing a
Group F-1 occupancy where one of the following condi-
tions exists:

1. A Group F-1 fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m2).

2. A Group F-l fire area is located more than three sto-
ries above grade plane.

3. The combined area of all Group F-l fire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
square feet (2230 m^).

[F] 903.2.4.1 WoodvForking operations. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all Group
F-l occupancy fire areas that contain woodworking
operations in excess of 2,500 square feet (232 m^) in area

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which generate finely divided combustible waste or use
finely divided combustible materials, [SFM] Afire wall
of less than four-hour fire-resistance rating, or any fire
wall with openings, shall not be used to establish sepa-
rate fire areas without openings.

[F] 903.2.5 Group H. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be
provided in high-hazard occupancies as required in
Sections 903.2.5.1 through 903.2.5.3.

[F] 903.2.5.1 General. An automatic sprinkler system
shall be installed in Group H occupancies.

[F] 903.2.5.2 Group H-5. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be installed throughout buildings containing
Group H-5 occupancies. The design of the sprinkler
system shall not be less than that required by this code for
the occupancy hazard classifications in accordance with
Table 903.2.5.2. Where the design area of the sprinkler
system consists of a corridor protected by one row of
sprinklers, the maximum number of sprinklers required
to be calculated is 13.

[F] TABLE 903.2.5.2
GROUP H-5 SPRINKLER DESIGN CRITERIA

LOCATION

OCCUPANCY HAZARD
CLASSIFICATION

Fabrication areas

Ordinary Hazard Group 2

Service corridors

Ordinary Hazard Group 2

Storage rooms without dispensing

Ordinary Hazard Group 2

Storage rooms with dispensing

Extra Hazard Group 2

Corridors

Ordinary Hazard Group 2

[F] 903.2.5.3 Pyroxylin plastics. An automatic sprin-
kler system shall be provided in buildings, or portions
thereof, where cellulose nitrate film or pyroxylin plastics
are manufactured, stored or handled in quantities
exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg).

903,2,5,4 Group H occupancies located above the 10*^
story. The fire sprinkler system shall be designed and
zoned to provide separate indication upon water-flow for
each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier above the K}^
story.

[F] 903.2.6 Group I. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be provided throughout buildings with a Group I fire area.

Exceptions:

1. Those areas exempted by Section 407.5 of the
California Building Code.

2. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13113
(d), Group 1-2 occupancies, or any alterations
thereto, located in Type lA construction in exis-
tence on March 4, 1972.

903,2,6,1 Group 1-2, In an existing, unsprinklered
Group 1-2, nurses' station open to fire-resistive exit
access corridors shall be protected by an automatic
sprinkler system located directly above the nurses'

station. It shall be permitted to connect the automatic
sprinkler system to the domestic water service.

903,2,6,2 Group 1-3, Every building, or portion thereof,
where inmates are restrained shall be protected by an
automatic sprinkler system conforming to NFPA 13. The
main sprinkler control valve or valves and all other
control valves in the system shall be locked in the open
position and electrically supervised so that at least an
audible and visual alarm will sound at a constantly
attended location when valves are closed. The sprinkler
branch piping serving cells may be embedded in the
concrete construction.

Exception: Sprinklers are not required in cells hous-
ing two or fewer inmates and the building shall be
considered sprinklered throughout when all the fol-
lowing criteria are met:

1. Automatic fire sprinklers shall be mounted out-
side the cell a minimum of 6 feet (1829 mm) on
center and 12 inches (305 mm) from the wall
with quick response sprinkler heads. Where
spacing permits, the head shall be centered
over the cell door opening.

2. The maximum amount of combustibles, exclud-
ing linen and clothing, shall be maintained at
three pounds per inmate.

3. For local detention facilities, each individual
housing cell shall be provided with a two-way
inmate or sound- actuated audio monitoring
system for communication directly to the con-
trol station serving the cell(s).

4. The provisions of the exception in Section
804.4.2 shall not apply.

[F] 903.2.7 Group M. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be provided throughout buildings containing a Group M
occupancy where one of the following conditions exists:

1. A Group Mfire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m^).

2. A Group Mfire area is located more than three stories
above grade plane.

3. The combined area of all Group Mfire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
square feet (2230 m^).

4. A Group M occupancy is used for the display and sale
of upholstered furniture.

5. The structure exceeds 24,000 square feet (465 m^),
contains more than one fire area containing a Group
M occupancy, and is separated into two or more
buildings by fire walls of less than 4- hour fire resis-
tance rating without openings.

[F] 903.2.7.1 High-piled storage. An automatic sprin-
kler system shall be provided in accordance with the
California Fire Code in all buildings of Group M where
storage of merchandise is in high-piled or rack storage
arrays.

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[F] 903.2.8 Group R. An automatic sprinkler system
installed in accordance with Section 903.3 shall be provided
throughout all buildings with a Group Rfire area.

Exceptions:

1. Existing Group R-3 occupancies converted to
Group R-3.1 occupancies not housing bedridden
clients, not housing nonambulatory clients above
the first floor and not housing clients above the
second floor.

2. Existing Group R-3 occupancies converted to
Group R-3, 1 occupancies housing only one
bedridden client and complying with Section
425.8.3.3.

3. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13113
occupancies housing ambulatory children only,
none of whom are mentally ill or mentally
retarded, and the buildings or portions thereof in
which such children are housed are not more than
two stories in height, and buildings or portions
thereof housing such children have an automatic
fire alarm system activated by approved smoke
detectors.

4. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13143.6 occupancies licensed for protective
social care which house ambulatory clients only,
none of whom is a child (under the age of 18
years), or who is elderly (65 years of age or over).

When not used in accordance with Section 504.2 or 506.3
an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.2 shall be allowed in Group R-2. 1 occupan-
cies.

An automatic sprinkler system designed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.3 shall not be utilized in Group R-2.1
or R-4 occupancies.

[F] 903.2.9 Group S-1. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be provided throughout all buildings containing a Group
S-1 occupancy where one of the following conditions
exists:

1. A Group S-1 fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet
(1115 m^).

2. A Group S- 1 fire area is located more than three sto-
ries above grade plane.

3. The combined area of all Group S-1 fire areas on all
floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000
square feet (2230 m^).

4. A Group S-1 fire area used for the storage of com-
mercial trucks or buses where the fire area exceeds
5,000 square feet (464 m^).

[F] 903.2.9.1 Repair garages. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided throughout all buildings used as
repair garages in accordance with Section 406, as shown:

1 . Buildings having two or more stories above grade
plane, including basements, with a fire area
containing a repair garage exceeding 10,000
square feet (929 m^).

2. Buildings no more than one story above grade
plane, with 2ifire area containing a repair garage
exceeding 12,000 square feet (1115 m^).

3. Buildings with repair garages servicing vehicles
parked in basements.

4. A Group S-1 fire area used for the repair of
commercial trucks or buses where the fire area
exceeds 5,000 square feet (464 m^).

[F] 903.2.9.2 Bulk storage of tires. Buildings and struc-
tures where the area for the storage of tires exceeds
20,000 cubic feet (566 m^) shall be equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1.

[F] 903.2.10 Group S-2 enclosed parking garages. An

automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout
buildings classified as enclosed parking garages in accor-
dance with Section 406.4 as follows:

1. Where ih^fire area of the enclosed parking garage
exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115 m^); or

2. Where the enclosed parking garage is located beneath
other groups.

[F] 903.2.10.1 Commercial parking garages. An auto-
matic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout
buildings used for storage of commercial trucks or buses
where ih^fire area exceeds 5,000 square feet (464 m^).

[F] 903.2.11 Specific building areas and hazards. In all

occupancies an automatic sprinkler system shall be installed
for building design or hazards in the locations set forth in
Sections 903.2.11.1 through 903.2.11.6.

Exception: Groups R-3 and U.

[F] 903.2.11.1 Stories without openings. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be installed throughout all stories,
including basements, of all buildings where the floor
area exceeds 1,500 square feet (139.4 m^) and where
there is not provided at least one of the following types of
exte rior wall openings :

1. Openings below grade that lead directly to ground
level by an exterior stairway complying with
Section 1009 or an outside ramp complying with
Section 1010. Openings shall be located in each 50
linear feet (15 240 mm), or fraction thereof, of
exterior wall in the story on at least one side. The
required openings shall be distributed such that the
lineal distance between adjacent openings does
not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm).

2. Openings entirely above the adjoining ground
level totaling at least 20 square feet (1.86 m^) in
each 50 linear feet (15 240 mm), or fraction
thereof, of exterior wall in the story on at least one
side. The required openings shall be distributed
such that the lineal distance between adjacent
openings does not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm).

[F] 903.2.11.1.1 Opening dimensions and access.

Openings shall have a minimum dimension of not less
than 30 inches (762 mm). Such openings shall be

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accessible to the fire department from the exterior and
shall not be obstructed in a manner that fire fighting or
rescue cannot be accomplished from the exterior.

[F] 903.2.11.1.2 Openings on one side only. Where
openings in a story are provided on only one side and
the opposite wall of such story is more than 75 feet (22
860 mm) from such openings, the story shall be
equipped throughout with an approved automatic
sprinkler system, or openings as specified above shall
be provided on at least two sides of the story,

[F] 903.2.11.1.3 Basements. Where any portion of a
basement is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm)
from openings required by Section 903.2.11.1, the
basement shall be equipped throughout with an
approved automatic sprinkler system.

[F] 903.2.11.2 Rubbish and linen chutes. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be installed at the top of rubbish
and linen chutes and in their terminal rooms. Chutes
extending through three or more floors shall have addi-
tional sprinkler heads installed within such chutes at
alternate floors. Chute sprinklers shall be accessible for
servicing.

[F] 903.2.11.3 Buildings 55 feet or more in height. An

automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout
buildings with a floor level having an occupant load of
30 or more that is located 55 feet (16 764 mm) or more
above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

Exceptions:

1. Airport control towers.

2. Open parking structures.

3. Occupancies in Group F-2.

[F] 903.2.11.4 Ducts conveying hazardous exhausts.

Where required by the California Mechanical Code,
automatic sprinklers shall be provided in ducts
conveying hazardous exhaust, or flammable or combus-
tible materials.

Exception: Ducts in which the largest cross-sectional
diameter of the duct is less than 1 inches (254 mm) .

[F] 903.2.11.5 Commercial cooking operations. An

automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in commer-
cial kitchen exhaust hood and duct system where an
automatic sprinkler system is used to comply with
Section 904.

[F] 903.2.11.6 Other required suppression systems. In

addition to the requirements of Section 903.2, the provi-
sions indicated in Table 903.2.11.6 also require the
installation of a fire suppression system for certain build-
ings and areas.

[F] 903.2.12 During construction. Automatic sprinkler
systems required during construction, alteration and demo-
lition operations shall be provided in accordance with
Chapter 14 of the California Fire Code.

903.2.13 Reserved.

[F] TABLE 903.2.11 .6
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

SECTION

SUBJECT

402.9

Covered malls

403.2,403.3

High-rise buildings and Group 1-2
occupancies having occupied floors located
more than 75 feet above the lowest level of
fire department vehicle access

404.3

Atriums

405.3

Underground structures

407.5

Group 1-2

410.6

Stages

411.4

Special amusement buildings

412.4.6,412.4.6.1,
412.6.5

Aircraft hangars

415.6.2.4

Group H-2

416.4

Flammable fmishes

417.4

Drying rooms

507

Unlimited area buildings

508.2.5

Incidental accessory occupancies

1028.6.2.3

Smoke-protected assembly seating

430

Horse racing stables

431

Pet kennels

439

Public libraries

CFC

Sprinkler system requirements as set forth in
Section 903.2.1 1.6 of the California Fire
Code

For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.023 m^

[F] 903,2 J 4 Motion picture and television production
studio sound stages, approved production facilities and
production locations.

[F] 903.2.14.1 Existing sound stages and approved
production facilities. All existing sound stages and
approved production facilities equipped with an auto-
matic fire sprinkler system shall be maintained in accor-
dance with the provisions of California Fire Code
Chapter 9.

[F] 903.2.14.2 New sound stages. All new sound stages
shall be equipped with an approved automatic fire sprin-
kler system. The system shall be installed in accordance
with the provisions of the California Fire Code Chapter 9
and shall meet the minimum design requirements of an
Extra Hazard, Group 2 system.

[F] 903.2.15 Automatic sprinkler system — existing high-
rise buildings. See Section 3414.27. I I

903.2.15.1 Existing Group R-l andR'2 high-rise build-
ings fire-extinguishing systems. See Section 34 13. 13. 3. 3. ||

[F] 903.2.16 Group L occupancies. An automatic sprinkler
system shall be installed throughout buildings housing
Group L occupancies. Sprinkler system design for research

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laboratories and similar areas of a Group L occupancy
shall not be less than that required for Ordinary Hazard
Group 2 with a design area of not less than 3,000 square feet
(279 m').

In mixed occupancies, portions of floors or buildings not
classified as Group L occupancies shall be provided with
sprinkler protection designed of not less than that required
for Ordinary Hazard Group 1 with a design area of not less
than 3,000 square feet (279 m^).

903.2,16.1 Group L occupancies located above the W^
story. The automatic sprinkler system shall be designed
and zoned to provide separate indication upon
water-flow for each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier
above the 10^^ story,

903,2,17 Fixed guideway transit systems,

903.2.17.1 Automatic sprinkler system. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be installed in all stations of fixed
guideway transit systems.

Exceptions:

1. Guideway s when the closest sprinkler heads to
the guideway are within 3 feet (914 mm) of the
edge, over the platform, and spaced 6 feet
(1829 mm) on center parallel to the guideway

2. Station agent booths not exceeding 150 square
feet (13.9 m^) in area, when provided with an
approved smoke detector connected to the
building fire alarm system

3. Power substations

4. Machinery rooms, electrical rooms and train
control rooms protected by an approved auto-
matic fixed fire-extinguishing system

5. Open stations

6. Station platform areas open to three or more
sides

903.2.17.2 Station guideway deluge system. Under-
ground stations and stations in open cuts with walls 5
feet (1524 mm) above he top of the running rail and with
a raised platform shall be provided with an
under-vehicle guideway manually activated deluge
sprinkler system. In open cut stations, such system shall
be provided in guideway s which are situated between a
raised platform edge and a retaining wall.

903.2.17.2.1 Systems shall be provided along the
entire length of track at each station platform.

903.2.17.2.2 Deluge nozzles with caps shall be
located in the approximate center of track with spac-
ing designed to completely wet the undersides of the
vehicle at the applied density.

903.2.17.2.3 System density shall be a minimum of
0.19 gallon per minute (gpm) per square foot (0.72
L/m per m^)for the design area. When more than one
zone is provided, two adjacent zones are required to
be considered operating for calculating purposes.

903.2.17.2.4 Deluge systems shall be directly con-
nected to a water supply capable of supplying the
required flow rate for a minimum 30-minute duration.

903.2.17.2.5 Controls or manually operable valves
shall be in a location acceptable to the Fire Code Offi-
cial. All deluge systems shall be monitored by the sta-
tion fire alarm system,

903.2.17.2.6 Each valve shall be monitored by a sepa-
rate circuit. The alarm panel shall be located in an
area normally occupied by station personnel or sig-
nals shall be transmitted to the operations control
center (OCC).

903.2.18 Group U private garages and carports accessory
to Group R-3 occupancies. Carports with habitable space
above and attached garages, accessory to Group R-3 occu-
pancies, shall be protected by residential fire sprinklers in
accordance with this section. Residential fire sprinklers
shall be connected to, and installed in accordance with, an
automatic residential fire sprinkler system that complies
with Section R313 of the California Residential Code or
with NFPA 13D. Fire sprinklers shall be residential sprin-
klers or quick-response sprinklers, designed to provide a
minimum density of 0.05 gpm/ft^ (2.04 mm/min) over the
area of the garage and/or carport, but not to exceed two
sprinklers for hydraulic calculation purposes. Garage
doors shall not be considered obstructions with respect to
sprinkler placement.

Exception: An automatic residential fire sprinkler
system shall not be required when additions or alter-
ations are made to existing carports and/or garages that
do not have an automatic residential fire sprinkler
system installed in accordance with this section.

[F] 903.3 Installation requirements. Automatic sprinkler sys-
tems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Sec-
tions 903.3.1 through 903.3.6.

[F] 903.3.1 Standards. Sprinkler systems shall be designed
and installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1,
903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3.

[F] 903.3.1.1 NFPA 13 sprinkler systems. Where the
provisions of this code require that a building or portion
thereof be equipped throughout with an automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with this section, sprinklers
shall be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA
13 except as provided in Section 903.3.1.1.1.

[F] 903.3.1.1.1 Exempt locations. In other than
Group 1-2, 1-2.1 and 1-3 occupancies, automatic
sprinklers shall not be required in the following rooms
or areas where such rooms or areas are protected with
an approved automatic fire detection system in accor-
dance with Section 907.2 that will respond to visible
or invisible particles of combustion. Sprinklers shall
not be omitted from any room merely because it is
damp, of fire-resistance-rated construction or con-
tains electrical equipment.

1. Any room where the application of water, or
flame and water, constitutes a serious life or fire
hazard.

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2. Any room or space where sprinklers are consid-
ered undesirable because of the nature of the
contents, when approved by the fire code offi-
cial.

3. Fire service access elevator machine rooms and
machinery spaces.

4. Spaces or areas in telecommunications build-
ings used exclusively for telecommunications
equipment, and associated electrical power
distribution equipment, provided those spaces
or areas are equipped throughout with an auto-
matic smoke detection system in accordance
with Section 907.2 and are separated from the
remainder of the building by not less than
1 -hour fire barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707 or not less than 2-hour hori-
zontal assemblies constructed in accordance
with Section 712, or both.

[F] 903.3.1.2 NFPA 13R sprinkler systems. Where
allowed in buildings of Group R, up to and including four
stories in height, automatic sprinkler systems shall be
installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13R as
amended in Chapter 35.

[F] 903.3.1.2.1 Balconies and decks. Sprinkler pro-
tection shall be provided for exterior balconies, decks
and ground floor patios of dwelling units where the
building is of Type V construction, provided there is a
roof or deck above. Sidewall sprinklers that are used
to protect such areas shall be permitted to be located
such that their deflectors are within 1 inch (25 nam) to
6 inches (152 mm) below the structural members and
a maximum distance of 14 inches (356 mm) below the
deck of the exterior balconies and decks that are con-
structed of open wood joist construction.

[F] 903.3.1.3 NFPA 13D sprinkler systems. Where
allowed, automatic sprinkler systems installed in one-
and two-family dwellings and townhouses shall be
installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13D.

[F] 903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers.

Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this
code, quick-response or residential automatic sprinklers
shall be installed in the following areas in accordance with
Section 903.3.1 and their listings:

1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment
containing patient sleeping units in Group 1-2 in
accordance with this code.

2. Dwelling units, and sleeping units in Group R occu-
pancies.

3. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13.

[F] 903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers
shall be installed with due regard to obstructions that will
delay activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern.
Automatic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered
kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands, or equipment
that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a 3-foot

(914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between automatic
sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible fibers.

Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods
protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance
with Section 904.

[F] 903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall
be automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in
this code.

[F] 903.3.5 Water supplies. Water suppUes for automatic
sprinkler systems shall comply with this section and the
standards referenced in Secfion 903.3.1. The potable water
supply shall be protected against backflow in accordance
with Health and Safety Code Section 13114.7.

[F] 903.3.5.1 Domestic services. Where the domestic
service provides the water supply for the automatic
sprinkler system, the supply shall be in accordance with
this section.

[F] 903.3.5.1.1 Limited area sprinkler systems.

Limited area sprinkler systems serving fewer than 20
sprinklers on any single connection are permitted to
be connected to the domestic service where a wet
automatic standpipe is not available. Limited area
sprinkler systems connected to domestic water sup-
plies shall comply with each of the following require-
ments:

1. Valves shall not be installed between the
domestic water riser control valve and the
sprinklers.

Exception: An approved indicating control
valve supervised in the open position in
accordance with Secfion 903.4.

2. The domestic service shall be capable of sup-
plying the simultaneous domestic demand and
the sprinkler demand required to be hydrauli-
cally calculated by NFPA 13, NFPA 13R or
NFPA 13D.

[F] 903.3.5.1.2 Residential combination services. A

single combination water supply shall be allowed pro-
vided that the domestic demand is added to the sprin-
kler demand as required by NFPA 13R.

[F] 903.3.5.2 Secondary water supply. A secondary
on-site water supply shall be provided for high-rise
buildings and Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied
floors located more than 75 feet above the lowest level of
fire department vehicle access in Seismic Design Cate-
gory C, D, E or F as determined by this code. The
secondary water supply shall have a usable capacity of
not less than the hydraulically calculated sprinkler
demand plus 100 GPMforthe inside hose stream allow-
ance, for a duration of not less than 30 minutes or as
determined by the sprinkler system design occupancy
hazard classification in accordance with NFPA 13,
whichever is greater The Class I standpipe system
demand shall not be required to be included in the
secondary on-site water supply calculations. In no case

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shall the secondary on-site water supply be less than
15,000 gallons.

Exception: Existing buildings.

[F] 903.3.6 Hose threads. Fire hose threads and fittings
used in connection with automatic sprinkler systems shall
be as prescribed by the fire code official.

9033,7 Fire department connections. The location of fire
department connections shall be approved by the fire code
official.

903,3,8 Floor control valves. Floor control valves and
waterflow detection assemblies shall be installed at each
floor where any of the following occur:

1. Buildings where the floor level of the highest story is
located more than 30 feet above the lowest level of fire
department vehicle access

2. Buildings that are four or more stories in height

3. Buildings that are two or more stories below the high-
est level of fire department vehicle access

Exception: Group R-3 and R-3A occupancies floor
control valves and waterflow detection assemblies shall
not be required,

[F] 903.4 Sprinkler system supervision and alarms. All

valves controlling the water supply for automatic sprinkler sys-
tems, pumps, tanks, water levels and temperatures, critical air
pressures and waterflow switches on all sprinkler systems shall
be electrically supervised by a listed fire alarm control unit.

Exceptions:

1. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting one- and
two-family dwellings.

2. Limited area systems serving fewer than 20 sprin-
klers.

3. Automatic sprinkler systems installed in accordance
with NFP A 1 3R where a common supply main is used
to supply both domestic water and the automatic
sprinkler system, and a separate shutoff valve for the
automatic sprinkler system is not provided.

4. Jockey pump control valves that are sealed or locked
in the open position.

5. Control valves to commercial kitchen hoods, paint
spray booths or dip tanks that are sealed or locked in
the open position.

6. Valves controlling the fuel supply to fire pump
engines that are sealed or locked in the open position.

7. Trim valves to pressure switches in dry, preaction and
deluge sprinkler systems that are sealed or locked in
the open position.

[F] 903.4.1 Monitoring. Alarm, supervisory and trouble
signals shall be distinctly different and shall be automati-
cally transmitted to an approved supervising station or.

when approved by the fire code official, shall sound an
audible signal at a constantly attended location.

Exceptions:

1. Underground key or hub valves in roadway boxes
provided by the municipality or public utility are
not required to be monitored.

2. Backflow prevention device test valves located in
limited area sprinkler system supply piping shall
be locked in the open position. In occupancies
required to be equipped with a fire alarm system,
the backflow preventer valves shall be electrically
supervised by a tamper switch installed in accor-
dance with NFPA 72 and separately annunciated.

[F] 903.4.2 Alarms. One exterior approved audible device
shall be connected to every automatic sprinkler system in an
approved location. Such sprinkler waterflow alarm devices
shall be activated by waterflow equivalent to the flow of a
single sprinkler of the smallest orifice size installed in the
system. Where a building fire alarm system is installed,
actuation of the automatic sprinkler system shall actuate the
building fire alarm system. Visible alarm notification appli-
ances shall not be required except when required by section
907.

[F] 903.4.3 Floor control valves. Approved supervised
indicating control valves shall be provided at the point of
connection to the riser on each floor in high-rise buildings
and Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied floors located
more than 75 feet above the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access.

[F] 903.5 Testing and maintenance. Sprinkler systems shall
be tested and maintained in accordance with the California
Fire Code.

SECTION 904

ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC

FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

[F] 904.1 General. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems,
other than automatic sprinkler systems, shall be designed,
installed, inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with
the provisions of this section and the applicable referenced
standards.

[F] 904.2 Where required. Automatic fire-extinguishing sys-
tems installed as an alternative to the required automatic sprin-
kler systems of Section 903 shall be approved by the fire code
official. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall not be con-
sidered alternatives for the purposes of exceptions or reduc-
tions allowed by other requirements of this code.

[F] 904.2.1 Commercial hood and duct systems. Each
required commercial kitchen exhaust hood and duct system
required by Section 609 of the California Fire Code or of the
California Mechanical Code to have a Type I hood shall be
protected with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing
system installed in accordance with this code.

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[F] 904,3 Installation. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems
shall be installed in accordance with this section.

[F] 904.3.1 Electrical wiring. Electrical wiring shall be in
accordance with the California Electrical Code.

[F] 904.3.2 Actuation. Automatic fire-extinguishing
systems shall be automatically actuated and provided with a
manual means of actuation in accordance with Section
904.11.1.

[F] 904.3.3 System interlocking. Automatic equipment
interlocks with fuel shutoffs, ventilation controls, door
closers, window shutters, conveyor openings, smoke and
heat vents and other features necessary for proper operation
of the fire-extinguishing system shall be provided as
required by the design and installation standard utilized for
the hazard.

[F] 904.3.4 Alarms and warning signs. Where alarms are
required to indicate the operation of automatic fire-extin-
guishing systems, distinctive audible and visible alarms and
warning signs shall be provided to warn of pending agent
discharge. Where exposure to automatic-extinguishing
agents poses a hazard to persons and a delay is required to
ensure the evacuation of occupants before agent discharge,
a separate warning signal shall be provided to alert occu-
pants once agent discharge has begun. Audible signals shall
be in accordance with Section 907.6.2.

[F] 904.3.5 Monitoring. Where a building fire alarm
system is installed, automatic fire-extinguishing systems
shall be monitored by the building fire alarm system in
accordance with NFPA 72.

[F] 904.4 Inspection and testing. Automatic fire-extinguish-
ing systems shall be inspected and tested in accordance with
the provisions of this section prior to acceptance.

[F] 904.4.1 Inspection. Prior to conducting final accep-
tance tests, the following items shall be inspected:

1 . Hazard specification for consistency with design haz-
ard.

2. Type, location and spacing of automatic- and man-
ual-initiating devices.

3. Size, placement and position of nozzles or discharge
orifices.

4. Location and identification of audible and visible
alarm devices.

5. Identification of devices with proper designations.

6. Operating instructions.

[F] 904.4.2 Alarm testing. Notification appliances,
connections to fire alarm systems and connections to
approved supervising stations shall be tested in accordance
with this section and Section 907 to verify proper operation.

[F] 904.4.2.1 Audible and visible signals. The audi-
bility and visibility of notification appliances signaUng
agent discharge or system operation, where required,
shall be verified.

[F] 904.4.3 Monitor testing. Connections to protected
premises and supervising station fire alarm systems shall be

tested to verify proper identification and retransmission of
alarms from automatic fire-extinguishing systems.

[F] 904.5 Wet-chemical systems. Wet-chemical extinguish-
ing systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically
inspected and tested in accordance with California Code of
Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 5 and NFPA 17 A | |
and their listing.

[F] 904.6 Dry-chemical systems. Dry-chemical extinguishing
systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected
and tested in accordance with California Code of Regulations,
Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 5 and NFPA 17 and their listing. | |

[F] 904.7 Foam systems. Foam-extinguishing systems shall be
installed, maintained, periodically inspected and tested in
accordance with California Code of Regulations, Title 19,
Division 1, Chapters, NFPA 1 1 and NFPA 16 and their listing.

[F] 904.8 Carbon dioxide systems. Carbon dioxide extin-
guishing systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically
inspected and tested in accordance with California Code of
Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 5 and N¥FA 12 and
their listing.

[F] 904.9 Halon systems. Halogenated extinguishing systems
shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected and tested
in accordance with California Code of Regulations, Title 19,
Division 1, Chapter 5 and NFPA 12A and their listing.

[F] 904.10 Clean-agent systems. Clean-agent fire-extinguish-
ing systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically
inspected and tested in accordance with California Code of
Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 5 and NFPA 2001
and their listing.

[F] 904.11 Commercial cooking systems. Commercial cook-
ing equipment that produces grease laden vapors shall be pro-
vided with a Type 1 Hood, in accordance with the California
Mechanical Code, and an automatic fire extinguishing system
that is listed and labeled for its intended use as follows:

1. Wet chemical extinguishing system, complying with UL
300

2. Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems

3. Automatic fire sprinkler systems

All existing dry chemical and wet chemical extinguishing
systems shall comply with UL 300,

Exception: Public schools kitchens, without deep-fat fryers,
shall be upgraded to a UL 300 compliant system during
state funded modernization projects that are under the juris-
diction of the Division of the State Architect.

All systems shall be installed in accordance with the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code, appropriate adopted standards, their
listing and the manufacturer's installation instructions.

Exception: Factory-built commercial cooking recircu-
lating systems that are tested, listed, labeled and installed in
accordance with UL 71 OB.

[F] 904.11.1 Manual system operation. A manual actua-
tion device shall be located at or near a means of egress from
the cooking area a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) and a
maximum of 20 feet (6096 mm) from the kitchen exhaust

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system. The manual actuation device shall be installed not
more than 48 inches (1200 mm) or less than 42 inches (1067
mm) above the floor and shall clearly identify the hazard
protected. The manual actuation shall require a maximum
force of 40 pounds (178 N) and a maximum movement of 14
inches (356 mm) to actuate the fire suppression system.

Exception: Automatic sprinkler systems shall not be
required to be equipped with manual actuation means.

[F] 904.11.2 System interconnection. The actuation of the
fire suppression system shall automatically shut down the
fuel or electrical power supply to the cooidng equipment.
The fuel and electrical supply reset shall be manual.

[F] 904.11.3 Carbon dioxide systems. When carbon
dioxide systems are used, there shall be a nozzle at the top of
the ventilating duct. Additional nozzles that are symmetri-
cally arranged to give uniform distribution shall be installed
within vertical ducts exceeding 20 feet (6096 mm) and hori-
zontal ducts exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm). Dampers shall
be installed at either the top or the bottom of the duct and
shall be arranged to operate automatically upon activation
of the fire-extinguishing system. Where the damper is
installed at the top of the duct, the top nozzle shall be imme-
diately below the damper. Automatic carbon dioxide
fire-extinguishing systems shall be sufficiently sized to
protect against all hazards venting through a common duct
simultaneously.

[F] 904.11.3.1 Ventilation system. Commercial-type
cooking equipment protected by an automatic carbon
dioxide-extinguishing system shall be arranged to shut
off the ventilation system upon activation.

[F] 904.11.4 Special provisions for automatic sprinkler
systems. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting commer-
cial-type cooking equipment shall be supplied from a sepa-
rate, readily accessible, indicating-type control valve that is
identified.

[F] 904.11,4.1 Listed sprinklers. Sprinklers used for
the protection of fryers shall be tested in accordance with
UL 199E, listed for that application and installed in
accordance with their listing.

SECTION 905
STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

[F] 905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new
buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire
hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall
be approved and shall be compatible with fire department hose
threads. The location of fire department hose connections shall
be approved. In buildings used for high-piled combustible stor-
age, fire protection shall be in accordance with the California
Fire Code.

[F] 905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be
installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 14.

[F] 905.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be
installed where required by Sections 905.3.1 through
905.3.70.7 and in the locations indicated in Sections 905.4,
905.5 and 905.6. Standpipe systems are allowed to be com-
bined with automatic sprinkler systems.

Exception: Standpipe systems are not required in Group
R-3 occupancies.

[F] 905.3.1 Height. In other than Group R-S and R-3.1
occupancies, class III standpipe systems shall be installed
throughout at each floor w,here any of the following occur:

1. buildings where the floor level of the highest story is
located more than 30 feet (9 144 mm) above the lowest
level of fire department vehicle access

2. Buildings that are four or more stories in height

3. Buildings where the floor level of the lowest story is
located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the high-
est level of fire department vehicle access

4. Buildings that are two or more stories below the high-
est level of fire department vehicle access

Exceptions:

1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3. L2.

2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages where the highest floor is located
not more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) above the
lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

3. Class 1 manual dry standpipes are allowed in open
parking garages that are subject to freezing
temperatures, provided that the hose connections
are located as required for Class II standpipes in
accordance with Section 905.5.

4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system.

5. In determining the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access, it shall not be required to consider:

5.1. Recessed loading docks for four vehicles
or less; and

5.2. Conditions where topography makes
access from the fire department vehicle to
the building impractical or impossible.

[F] 905.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes
shall be provided in nonsprinklered Group A buildings
having an occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons.

Exceptions:

1. Open-air-seating spaces without enclosed spaces.

2. Class I automatic dry and semiautomatic dry
standpipes or manual wet standpipes are allowed

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in buildings where the highest floor surface used
for human occupancy is 75 feet (22 860 mm) or
less above the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access.

[F] 905.3.3 Covered mall buildings. A covered mall
building shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe
system where required by Section 905.3.1. Covered mall
buildings not requireB to be equipped with a standpipe
system by Section 905.3.1 shall be equipped with Class I
hose connections connected to the automatic sprinkler
system sized to deliver water at 250 gallons per minute (946.4
L/min) at the most hydrauUcally remote hose connection
while concurrently supplying the automatic sprinkler system
demand. The standpipe system shall be designed not to
exceed a 50 pounds per square inch (psi) (345 kPa) residual
pressure loss with a flow of 250 gallons per minute (946.4
L/min) from the fire department connection to the hydrauU-
cally most remote hose connection. Hose connections shall
be provided at each of the following locations:

1. Within the mall at the entrance to each exit passage-
way or corridor.

2. At each floor-level landing within enclosed stairways
opening directly on the mall.

3. At exterior public entrances to the mall.

4. At other locations as necessary so that the distance to
reach all portions of a tenant space does not exceed
200 feet (60 960 mm) from a hose connection.

[F] 905.3.4 Stages. Stages greater than 1,000 square feet in
area (93 m^) shall be equipped with a Class III wet standpipe
system with lV2-inch and 2V2-inch (38 nmi and 64 mm)
hose connections on each side of the stage.

Exception: Where the building or area is equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, a
lV2-inch (38 mm) hose connection shall be installed in
accordance with NFPA 13 or in accordance with NFPA
14 for Class II or III standpipes.

[F] 905.3.4.1 Hose and cabinet. The 1 Vj-inch (38 mm)
hose connections shall be equipped with sufficient
lengths of 1 Vj-inch (38 mm) hose to provide fire protec-
tion for the stage area. Hose connections shall be
equipped with an approved adjustable fog nozzle and be
mounted in a cabinet or on a rack.

[F] 905.3.5 Underground buildings. Underground build-
ings shall be equipped throughout with a Class I automadc
wet or manual wet standpipe system.

[F] 905.3.6 Helistops and heliports. Buildings with a
helistop or heliport that are equipped with a standpipe shall
extend the standpipe to the roof level on which the helistop
or heliport is located in accordance with Section 1 107.5 of
the California Fire Code.

[F] 905.3.7 Marinas and boatyards. Standpipes in
marinas and boatyards shall comply with Chapter 45 of the
California Fire Code.

[F] 905.3,8 Smokeproof enclosures. For smokeproof
enclosures see Section 909.20,

[F] 905.3,9 Group 1-3, Housing units within cell complexes
where 50 or more inmates are restrained, shall be provided
with Class I wet standpipes. In addition, Class I wet
standpipes shall be located so that it will not be necessary to
extend hose lines through interlocking security doors and
any doors in smoke-barrier walls, horizontal fire walls or
fire barrier walls. Standpipes located in cell complexes may
be placed in secured pipe chases.

[F] 905,3, 1 Fixed guideway transit systems. Underground
stations shall be provided with a class III standpipe system
designed to comply with the following:

1 . A utomatically supply 65 pounds pe r square inch (psi)
for each outlet.

2. Supply a 250 gpm (946 Um)flow to each of the two
most remote 2^/2 inch (64 mm) outlets when pressur-
ized through the fire department connection(s).

[F] 905,3,10,1 All other stations shall be provided with a
class I manual wet standpipe system; a manual dry class
I standpipe system may be allowed in areas subject to
freezing.

Exception: Open at-grade stations with unrestricted
fire department access need not be provided with a
standpipe system.

[F] 905.4 Location of Class I standpipe hose connections.

Class I standpipe hose connections shall be provided in all of
the following locations:

1. In every required stairway, a hose connection shall be
provided for each floor level above or below grade. Hose
connections shall be located at an intermediate floor
level landing between floors, unless otherwise approved
by the fire code official. See Section 909.20.23 for addi-
tional provisions in smokeproof enclosures.

2. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit opening of a
horizontal exit.

Exception: Where floor areas adjacent to a horizon-
tal exit are reachable from exit stairway hose con-
necfion by a nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm)
of hose as measured along the path of travel, a hose
connection shall not be required at the horizontal
exit.

3. In every exit passageway, at the entrance from the exit
passageway to other areas of a building.

Exception: Where floor areas adjacent to an ex/f pas-
sageway are reachable from exit stairway hose con-
nections by a 30-foot (9144 mm) hose stream from a
nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of hose, a
hose connection shall not be required at the entrance
from the exit passageway to other areas of the build-
ing.

4. In covered mall buildings, adjacent to each exterior pub-
lic entrance to the mall and adjacent to each entrance
from an exit passageway or exit corridor to the mall.

5. Where the roof has a slope less than four units vertical in
12 units horizontal (33.3-percent slope), each standpipe
shall be provided with a hose connection located either

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on the roof or at the highest landing of a stairway with
stair access to the roof. An additional hose connection
shall be provided at the top of the most hydraulically
remote standpipe for testing purposes.

6. Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered floor
or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a hose
connection or the most remote portion of a sprinklered
floor or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a
hose connection, the fire code official is authorized to
require that additional hose connections be provided in
approved locations. The distances from a hose connec-
tion shall be measured along the path of travel.

[F] 905.4.1 Protection. Risers and laterals of Class I
standpipe systems not located within an enclosed stairway
or pressurized enclosure shall be protected by a degree of
fire resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures
in the building in which they are located.

Exception: In buildings equipped throughout with an
approved automatic sprinkler system, laterals that are
not located within an enclosed stairway or pressurized
enclosure are not required to be enclosed within
fire-resistance-rated construction.

[F] 905.4.2 Interconnection. In buildings where more than
one standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be intercon-
nected in accordance with NFPA 14.

[F] 905.5 Location of Class II standpipe hose connections.

Class n standpipe hose connections shall be accessible and
located so that all portions of the building are within 30 feet
(9144 mm) of a listed variable stream fog nozzle attached to
100 feet (30 480 mm) of hose.

[F] 905.5.1 Groups A-1 and A-2. In Group A-1 and A-2
occupancies with occupant loads of more than 1,000, hose
connections shall be located on each side of any stage, on
each side of the rear of the auditorium, on each side of the
balcony and on each tier of dressing rooms.

[F] 905.5.2 Protection. Fire-resistance-rated protection of
risers and laterals of Class II standpipe systems is not
required.

[F] 905.5.3 Class II system 1-inch hose. A minimum
1-inch (25 mm) hose shall be permitted to be used for hose
stations in light-hazard occupancies where investigated and
listed for this service and where approved by the fire code
official.

[F] 905.6 Location of Class III standpipe hose connections.

Class III standpipe systems shall have hose connections
located as required for Class I standpipes in Section 905.4 and
shall have Class II hose connections as required in Section
905.5.

[F] 905.6.1 Protection. Risers and laterals of Class III
standpipe systems shall be protected as required for Class I
systems in accordance with Section 905.4.1.

[F] 905.6.2 Interconnection. In buildings where more than
one Class III standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be
interconnected in accordance with NFPA 14.

[F] 905,7 Cabinets. Cabinets containing fire-fighting equip-
ment such as standpipes, fire hoses, fire extinguishers or fire
department valves shall not be blocked from use or obscured
from view.

[F] 905.7.1 Cabinet equipment identification. Cabinets
shall be identified in an approved manner by a permanently
attached sign with letters not less than 2 inches (51 mm)
high in a color that contrasts with the background color,
indicating the equipment contained therein.

Exceptions:

1. Doors not large enough to accommodate a written
sign shall be marked with a permanentiy attached
pictogram of the equipment contained therein.

2. Doors that have either an approved visual identifi-
cation clear glass panel or a complete glass door
panel are not required to be marked.

[F] 905.7.2 Locking cabinet doors. Cabinets shall be
unlocked.

Exceptions:

1. Visual identification panels of glass or other
approved transparent frangible material that is
easily broken and allows access.

2. Approved locking arrangements.

3. Group 1-3.

[F] 905.8 Dry standpipes. Dry standpipes shall not be
installed.

Exception: Where subject to freezing and in accordance
with NFPA 14.

[F] 905.9 Valve supervision. Valves controlling water sup-
plies shall be supervised in the open position so that a change in
the normal position of the valve will generate a supervisory sig-
nal at the supervising station required by Section 903.4. Where
a fire alarm system is provided, a signal shall also be transmit-
ted to the control unit.

Exceptions:

1 . Valves to underground key or hub valves in roadway
boxes provided by the municipality or public utility
do not require supervision.

2. Valves locked in the normal position and inspected as
provided in this code in buildings not equipped with a
fire alarm system.

[F] 905.10 During construction. Standpipe systems required
during construction and demolition operations shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Section 331 1.

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SECTION 906
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

[F] 906.1 Where required. Portable fire extinguishers shall be
installed in the following locations.

1. In new and existing Group A, B, E, F, H, I, L, M, R-1,
R-2, R-2.h R-3.1 R-4 and S occupancies.

2. Within 30 feet (9 144 mm) of commercial cooking equip-
ment.

3. In areas where flammable or combustible liquids are
stored, used or dispensed.

4. On each floor of structures under construction, except
Group R-3 occupancies, in accordance with Section
1415.1 of the California Fire Code,

5. Where required by the California Fire Code sections
indicated in Table 906.1.

6. Special-hazard areas, including but not limited to labora-
tories, computer rooms and generator rooms, where
required by the fire code official.

7. Large and small family day-care homes shall be
equipped with a portable fire extinguisher having a mini-
mum 2A10BC rating,

8. Where required by California Code of Regulations, Title
19, Division 1.

[F] TABLE 906.1

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED PORTABLE FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS IN THE CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

[F] TABLE 906.1— continued

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED PORTABLE FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS IN THE CALIFORNIA FIRE CODE

IPC SECTION

SUBJECT

303.5

Asphalt kettles

307.5

Open burning

308.1.3

Open flames — torches

309.4

Powered industrial trucks

1105.2

Aircraft towing vehicles

1105.3

Aircraft welding apparatus

1105.4

Aircraft fuel-servicing tank vehicles

1105.5

Aircraft hydrant fuel-servicing vehicles

1105.6

Aircraft fuel-dispensing stations

1107.7

Heliports and helistops

1208.4

Dry cleaning plants

1415.1

Buildings under construction or demolition

1417.3

Roofing operations

1504.4.1

Spray-fmishing operations

1505.4.2

Dip-tank operations

1506.4.2

Powder-coating areas

1904.2

Lumberyards/woodworking facilities

1908.8

Recycling facilities

1909.5

Exterior lumber storage

IFC SECTION

SUBJECT

2003.5

Organic-coating areas

2106.3

Industrial ovens

2205.5

Motor fuel-dispensing facilities

2210.6.4

Marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities

2211.6

Repair garages

2306.1

Rack storage

2404.12

Tents and membrane structures

2508.2

Tire rebuilding/storage

2604.2.6

Welding and other hot work

2903.6

Combustible fibers

3403.2.1

Flammable and combustible liquids, general

3404.3.3.1

Indoor storage of flammable and combustible
liquids

3404.3.7.5,2

Liquid storage rooms for flammable and
combustible liquids

3405.4.9

Solvent disdllation units

3406.2.7

Farms and construction sites — flammable and
combusdble liquids storage

3406.4.10.1

Bulk plants and terminals for flammable and
combusdble liquids

3406.5.4.5

Commercial, industrial, governmental or
manufacturing establishments— fuel dispensing

3406.6.4

Tank vehicles for flanmiable and combustible
liquids

3606.5.7

Flammable solids

3808.2

LP-gas

4504.4

Marinas

(continued)

[F] 906.2 General requirements. Portable fire extinguishers
shall be selected, installed and maintained in accordance with
this section and California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Divi-
sion 1, Chapter 3.

Exceptions:

1. The travel distance to reach an extinguisher shall not
apply to the spectator seating portions of Group A-5
occupancies.

2. Thirty-day inspections shall not be required for porta-
ble fire extinguishers that are supervised by a listed
and approved electronic monitoring device, provided
that all of the following conditions are met:

2.1. Electronic monitoring shall confirm that
extinguishers are properly positioned, prop-
erly charged and unobstructed.

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2.2. Loss of power or circuit continuity to the elec-
tronic monitoring device shall initiate a trou-
ble signal.

2.3. The extinguishers shall be installed inside of a
building or cabinet in a noncorrosive environ-
ment.

2.4. Electronic monitoring devices and supervi-
sory circuits shall be tested when extinguisher
maintenance is performed.

2.5. A written log of required hydrostatic test dates
for extinguishers shall be maintained by the
owner to verify that hydrostatic tests are con-
ducted at the frequency required by Califor-
nia Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division I,
Chapter 3.

3. In Group 1-3, portable fire extinguishers shall be per-
mitted to be located at staff locations.

[F] 906.3 Size and distribution. The size and distribution of
portable fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with Sections
906.3.1 through 906.3.4.

[F] 906.3.1 Class A fire hazards. The minimum sizes and
distribution of portable fire extinguishers for occupancies
that involve primarily Class A fire hazards shall comply
with Table 906.3(1).

[F] TABLE 906.3(1)
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR CLASS A FIRE HAZARDS

^ [F] TABLE 906.3(2)

FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS WITH

DEPTHS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.25 INCH

LIGHT

(Low)

HAZARD

OCCUPANCY

ORDINARY

(Moderate)

HAZARD

OCCUPANCY

EXTRA

(High)

HAZARD

OCCUPANCY

Minimum Rated Single

Extinguisher

2-A^

2-A

4-A^

Maximum Floor Area
Per Unit of A

3,000
square feet

1,500
square feet

1,000
square feet

Maximum Floor Area
for Extinguisher''

11,250
square feet

Maximum Travel
Distance to Extinguisher

75 feet

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m?, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

a. Two 2V2-gallon water-type extinguishers shall be deemed the equivalent of
one 4-A rated extinguisher.

b. California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 3 concerning
application of the maximum floor area criteria.

c. Two water-type extinguishers each with a 1-A rating shall be deemed the
equivalent of one 2-A rated extinguisher for Light (Low) Hazard Occupan-

[F] 906.3.2 Class B fire hazards. Portable fire extinguishers
for occupancies involving flammable or combustible liquids
with depths less than or equal to 0.25 -inch (6.35 mm) shall be
selected and placed in accordance with Table 906.3(2).

Portable fire extinguishers for occupancies involving
flammable or combustible liquids with a depth of greater
than 0.25-inch (6.35 mm) shall be selected and placed in
accordance with California Code of Regulations, Title 19,
Division 1, Chapter 3.

TYPE OF
HAZARD

BASIC MINIMUM
EXTINGUISHER RATING

MAXIMUM TRAVEL DISTANCE
TO EXTINGUISHERS (feet)

Light (Low)

5-B

10-B

30
50

Ordinary

(Moderate)

10-B
20-B

30
50

Extra (High)

40-B
80-B

30
50

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

Note: For requirements on water-soluble flammable liquids and alternative
sizing criteria, see Section 5.5 of California Code of Regulations, Title 19,
Division 1, Chapter 3.

[F] 906.3.3 Class C fire hazards. Portable fire extinguishers
for Class C fire hazards shall be selected and placed on the
basis of the anticipated Class A or B hazard.

[F] 906.3.4 Class D fire hazards. Portable fire extinguishers
for occupancies involving combustible metals shall be
selected and placed in accordance with California Code of
Regulations, Title 19, Division 1, Chapter 3.

[F] 906.4 Cooking grease fires. Fire extinguishers provided
for the protection of cooking grease fires shall be of an
approved type compatible with the automatic fire-extinguish-
ing system agent and in accordance with Section 904. 1L5 of
the California Fire Code.

[F] 906.5 Conspicuous location. Portable fire extinguishers
shall be located in conspicuous locations where they will be
readily accessible and immediately available for use. These
locations shall be along normal paths of travel, unless the fire
code official determines that the hazard posed indicates the
need for placement away from normal paths of travel.

[F] 906.6 Unobstructed and unobscured. Portable fire
extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view. In
rooms or areas in which visual obstruction cannot be com-
pletely avoided, means shall be provided to indicate the loca-
tions of extinguishers.

[F] 906.7 Hangers and brackets. Hand-held portable fire
extinguishers, not housed in cabinets, shall be installed on the
hangers or brackets supplied. Hangers or brackets shall be
securely anchored to the mounting surface in accordance with
the manufacturer's installation instructions.

[F] 906.8 Cabinets. Cabinets used to house portable fire
extinguishers shall not be locked.

Exceptions:

1. Where portable fire extinguishers subject to mali-
cious use or damage are provided with a means of
ready access.

2. In Group 1-3 occupancies and in mental health areas
in Group 1-2 occupancies, access to portable fire
extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked or to be
located in staff locations provided the staff has keys.

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[F] 906.9 Extinguisher installation. The installation of porta-
ble fire extinguishers shall be in accordance with Sections
906.9.1 through 906.9.3.

[F] 906.9.1 Extinguishers weighing 40 pounds or less.

Portable fire extinguishers having a gross weight not
exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed so that their
tops are not more than 5 feet (1524 mm) above the floor.

[F] 906.9.2 Extinguishers weighing more than 40
pounds. Hand-held portable fire extinguishers having a
gross weight exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed
so that their tops are not more than 3.5 feet (1067 mm) above
the floor.

[F] 906.9.3 Floor clearance. The clearance between the
floor and the bottom of installed hand-held portable fire
extinguishers shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm).

[F] 906.10 Wheeled units. Wheeled fire extinguishers shall be
conspicuously located in a designated location.

SECTION 907
FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS

[F] 907.1 General. This section covers the application, instal-
lation, performance and maintenance of fire alarm systems and
their components.

[F] 907,1.1 Construction documents. Construction docu-
ments for fire alarm systems shall be of sufficient clarity to
indicate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed
and show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of
this code, the California Fire Code, and relevant laws, ordi-
nances, rules and regulations, as determined by the fire code
official.

[F] 907.1.2 Fire alarm shop drawings. Shop drawings for
fire alarm systems shall be submitted for review and
approval prior to system installation, and shall include, but
not be limited to, all of the following:

L A floor plan that indicates the use of all rooms.

2. Locations of alarm-initiating devices.

3. Locations of alarm notification appliances, includ-
ing candela ratings for visible alarm notification
appliances.

4. Location of fire alarm control unit, transponders and
notification power supphes.

5. Annunciators.

6. Power connection.

7. Battery calculations.

8. Conductor type and sizes.

9. Voltage drop calculations.

10. Manufacturers' data sheets indicating model num-
bers and listing information for equipment, devices
and materials.

1 1 . Details of ceiling height and construction.

12. The interface of fire safety control functions.

13. Classification of the supervising station.

14. All plans and shop drawings shall use the symbols
identified in NFPA 1 70, Standard for Fire Safety
and Emergency Symbols.

Exception: Other symbols are allowed where approved
by the enforcing agency

[F] 907.1.3 Equipment. Systems and components shall be
California State Fire Marshal listed and approved in accor-
dance with California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Divi-
sion 1 for the purpose for which they are installed.

907 A A Fire-walls and fire barrier walls. For the purpose
of Section 907 fire walls and fire barrier walls shall not
define separate buildings.

907,1.5 Fire alarm use, A fire alarm system shall not be
used for any purpose other than fire warning or mass notifi-
cation and where permitted by NFPA 72.

[F] 907.2 Where required — new buildings and structures.

An approved fire alarm system installed in accordance with the
provisions of this code and NFPA 72 shall be provided in new
buildings and structures in accordance with Sections 907.2. 1
through 907.2.23 and provide occupant notification in accor-
dance with Section 907.5, unless other requirements are pro-
vided by another section of this code.

A minimum of one manual fire alarm box shall be provided
in an approved location to initiate a fire alarm signal for fire
alarm systems employing automatic fire detectors or waterflow
detection devices. Where other sections of this code allow
elimination of fire alarm boxes due to sprinklers, or automatic
fire alarm systems, a single fire alarm box shall be installed at a
location approved by the enforcing agency.

Exceptions:

1. The manual fire alarm box is not required for fire
alarm control units dedicated to elevator recall con-
trol, supervisory service and fire sprinkler monitor-
ing.

2. The manual fire alarm box is not required for Group
R-2 occupancies unless required by the fire code offi-
cial to provide a means for fire watch personnel to ini-
tiate an alarm during a sprinkler system impahment
event. Where provided, the manual fire alarm box
shall not be located in an area that is accessible to the
public.

3. The manual fire alarm box is not required to be
installed when approved by the fire code official.

[F] 907.2.1 Group A. A manual fire alarm system that acti-
vates the occupant notification system in accordance with
Section 907.5 shall be installed in Group A occupancies
having an occupant load of 300 or more.

Portions of Group E occupancies occupied for assembly
purposes with an occupant load of less than 1,000, shall be
provided with a fire alarm system as required for the Group
E occupancy.

Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes are not required
where the building is equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1 and the occupant notification apph-

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ances will activate throughout the notification zones
upon sprinkler waterflow.

Every Group A building used for educational purposes
shall be provided with a manual or automatic fire alarm
system. This provision shall apply to, but shall not neces-
sarily be limited to, every community college and univer-
sity.

Exception: Privately owned trade or vocational schools
or any firm or company which provides educational
facilities and instructions for its employees.

[F] 907.2.1.1 System initiation in Group A occupan-
cies with an occupant load of 1,000 or more. Activa-
tion of the fire alarm in Group A occupancies with an
occupant load of 1,000 or more shall initiate a signal
using an emergency voice/alarm communications
system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2. Group A
occupancies with an occupant load of 10,000 or more,
see Section 907.2.1.2.

Exception: Where approved, the prerecorded
announcement is allowed to be manually deactivated
for a period of time, not to exceed 3 minutes, for the
sole purpose of allowing a live voice announcement
from an approved, constantly attended location,

[F] 907.2,1.2 Public address system. Pursuant to Health
and Safety Code Section 13108.9, for all buildings or
structures constructed on or after July 1, 1991, which are
intended for public assemblies of 10,000 or more
persons a public address system with an emergency
backup power system shall be required,

[F] 907.2.2 Group B. A manual fire alarm system shall be
installed in Group B occupancies where one of the
following conditions exists:

1. The combined Group B occupant load of all floors is
500 or more.

2. The Group B occupant load is more than 100 persons
above or below the lowest level of exit discharge,

3. The Group Bfire area contains a Group B ambulatory
health care facility.

4. Group B occupancies containing educational facili-
ties, see Section 907.2,2.2.

[F] 907,2.2.1 Group B ambulatory health care facili-
ties. Fire areas containing Group B ambulatoi*y health
care facilities shall be provided with an electronically
supervised automatic smoke detection system installed
within the ambulatory health care facility and in public
use areas outside of tenant spaces, including public
corridors and elevator lobbies.

Exception: Buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-

tion 903.3.1.1, provided the occupant notification
appliances will activate throughout the notification
zones upon sprinkler waterflow.

907.2.2.2 Group B Educational facilities. Every Group I I
B building used for educational purposes shall be
provided with a manual or automatic fire alarm system. \ |<
This provision shall apply to, but shall not necessarily be
limited to, every community college and university, <

Exception: Privately owned trade or vocational
schools or any firm or company which provides edu-
cational facilities and instructions for its employees.

[F] 907.2.3 Group E. A manual and automatic fire alarm
system shall be installed in Group E Occupancies with an
occupant load of 50 or more persons or containing more
than one classroom or one or more rooms used for day care
purposes, in accordance with this Section.

Where automatic sprinkler systems or automatic detec-
tors are installed, such systems or detectors shall be
connected to the building fire alarm system.

Exceptions:

1. Manual fire alarm boxes shall not be required in
Group E occupancies where an approved auto-
matic fire alarm system installed in accordance
with this section, and manual activation is
provided from a normally occupied location.

2. Manual fire alarm boxes shall not be required in
Group E occupancies where the building is
equipped throughout with an approved automatic
sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903 .3 . 1 . 1 , the occupant notification appli-
ances will activate on sprinkler water flow and
manual activation is provided from a normally
occupied location.

907.2.3.1 System connection. Where more than one fire \ \
alarm control unit is used at the school campus, they
shall be interconnected and shall operate all notification
appliances.

Exception: Interconnection of fire alarm control units
is not required when all the following are provided: I I

1. Buildings that are separated a minimum of 20
feet (6096 mm) and in accordance with the Cal-
ifornia Building Code; and

2. There is a method of two way communication I I
between each classroom and the school admin-
istrative office approved by the fire enforcing
agency; and

3. A method of manual activation of each fire
alarm system is provided.

907.2.3.2 Assemblies located within a Group E occu-
pancy. Assembly occupancies with an occupant load of
less than 1,000 and located within a Group E occupancy
campus or building shall be provided with a fire alarm
system as required for the Group E occupancy.

907.2.3.3 Notification. The fire alarm system notifica-
tion shall comply with the requirements of Section 907.5,

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907.2.3.4 Annunciation. Annunciation of the fire alarm
system shall comply with the requirements of Section
907.63.1.

907.2.3.5 Monitoring. School fire alarm systems shall be
monitored in accordance with Section 907.6.5.2.

907.2.3.6 Automatic fire alarm system. Automatic
detection shall be provided in accordance with this
section.

907.2.3.6.1 Smoke detectors. Smoke detectors shall
be installed at the ceiling of every room and in "ceil-
ing-plenums" utilized for environmental air Where
the ceiling is attached directly to the underside of the
roof structure, smoke detectors shall be installed on
the ceiling only.

Exception: Where the environment or ambient
conditions exceed smoke detector installation
guidelines; heat detectors or fire sprinklers shall
be used.

907.2.3.6.2 Heat detectors. Heat detectors shall be
installed in combustible spaces where sprinklers or
smoke detectors are not installed.

907.2,3.7 Public school,

>l I 907.2.3.7.1 New public school campus. An auto-

matic fire alarm system shall be provided in all new
public school campus as defined in Section 202

> regardless of occupancy classification.

> 907.2.3. 7,2 Modernization project. An automatic fire
alarm system shall be provided in all modernization

> projects as defined in Section 202.

>| I 907.2.3. 7,3 Permanent-portable buildings. An auto-

matic fire alarm system shall be provided in all new
public school permanent-portable buildings.

I I Exception: Exempted Portable Buildings.

907.2.3.7.4 Permanent-portable building modern-
ization project. An automatic fire alarm system shall
be provided in permanent-portable buildings which
undergo a modernization project.

Exception: Exempted portable buildings.

907.2.3. 7.5 Day-care f Group E or Group 1-4 located
on a public school campus. An automatic fire alarm
system shall be provided in all buildings used as or
containing a Group E or Group 1-4 day-care.

907.2.3.8 Private schools. An automatic fire alarm
system shall be provided in new buildings of private
schools.

Exception: Automatic detection devices are not
required where an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tem is installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1
and the occupant notification appliances will activate
on sprinkler water flow and manual activation is pro-
vided from a normally occupied location.

907.2.3,9 Day-care, Group E.

907.2.3.9.1 An automatic fire alarm system shall be
provided in all buildings used as or containing a
Group E day-care.

Exception: Automatic detection devices are not
required where an approved automatic sprinkler
system is installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 and the occupant notification appli-
ances will activate on sprinkler water flow and
manual activation is provided from a normally
occupied location.

907.2.3.9.2 Smoke detectors shall be installed in
every room used for sleeping or napping.

[F] 907.2.4 Group F. A manual fire alarm system that acti-
vates the occupant notification system in accordance with
Section 907.5 shall be installed in Group F occupancies
where both of the following conditions exist:

1. The Group F occupancy is two or more stories in
height; and

2. The Group F occupancy has a combined occupant
load of 500 or more above or below the lowest level of
exit discharge.

[F] 907.2.5 Group H. A manual fire alarm system that acti-
vates the occupant notification system shall be installed in
Group H-5 occupancies and in occupancies used for the
manufacture of organic coatings. An automatic smoke
detection system that activates the occupant notification
system shall be installed for highly toxic gases, organic
peroxides and oxidizers in accordance with Chapters 37, 39
and 40, respectively, of the California Fire Code.

907,2,5,1 Group H occupancies located above the 10*^
story. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be required on each
side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier and at each exit
above the 10^^ story.

[F] 907.2.6 Group I, A manual fire alarm system that acti-
vates the occupant notification system shall be installed in
Group I occupancies. An automatic smoke detection system
that activates the occupant notification system shall be
provided in accordance with Sections 907.2.6.1, 907.2.6.2
and 907.2.6.3.3;

> Exceptions:

1. Large family day-care. <

2. Occupant notification systems are not required to
be activated where private mode signaling
installed in accordance with NFPA 72 is approved
by the fire code official.

[F] 907.2.6.1 Group I-l. Reserved.

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[F] 907.2.6.1.1 Smoke alarms. Single- and multi-
ple-station smoke alarms shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 907.2. 11.

[F] 907.2.6.2 Group 1-2 and Group 1-2 J. A manual and
automatic fire alarm system shall be installed in Group
1-2 and 1-2.1 occupancies. Where automatic fire
suppression systems or smoke detectors are installed,
such systems or detectors shall be connected to the
building fire alarm system.

Exception: Where an entire facility is used for the
housing of persons, none of whom are physically or
mentally handicapped or nonambulatory, and are
between the ages of 18 and 64, the buildings or struc-
tures comprising such facility shall be exempt from
the provisions of this subsection relating to the instal-
lation of an automatic fire alarm system.

907.2.6.2.1 Notification, The fire alarm notification
system shall be in accordance with Section 907.5.2.5.

907.2.6.2.2 Automatic fire detection. Smoke detec-
tors shall be provided in accordance with this section.

1. In patient and client sleeping rooms. Actuation
of such detectors shall cause a visual display on
the corridor side of the room in which the detec-
tor is located and shall cause an audible and
visual alarm at the respective nurses ' station. A
nurse call system listed for this function is an
acceptable of providing the audible and visual
alarm at the respective nurses ' station and cor-
ridor room display. Operation of the smoke
detector shall not include any alarm verifica-
tion feature.

Exception: In patient and client rooms
equipped with existing automatic door
closers having integral smoke detector, the
integral detector is allowed to substitute for
the room smoke detector, provided it meets
all the required alerting functions.

2. Group 1-2 nurses' stations. A minimum of one
(1) smoke detector shall be installed at the
nurses ' station and centrally located.

3. In waiting areas and corridors onto which they
open, in the same smoke compartment, in
accordance with Section 407.2.1.

[F] 907.2.6.3 Group 1-3 occupancies. Group 1-3 occu-
pancies shall be equipped with a manual fire alarm
system and automatic smoke detection system installed
for alerting staff.

[F] 907.2.6.3.1 System initiation. Actuation of an
automatic fire-extinguishing system, a manual fire
alarm box or a fire detector shall initiate an approved
fire alarm signal which automatically notifies staff.

[F] 907.2.6.3.2 Manual fire alarm boxes. Manual
fire alarm boxes are not required to be located in
accordance with Section 907.4.2 where the fire alarm
boxes are provided at staff-attended locations having

direct supervision over areas where manual fire alarm
boxes have been omitted.

907.2.6.3.2.1 Manual fire alarm boxes in
detainee areas. Manual fire alarm boxes are
allowed to be locked in areas occupied by detain-
ees, provided that staff members are present within
the subject area and have keys readily available to
operate the manual fire alarm boxes.

[F] 907.2.6.3.3 Automatic smoke detection system.

An automatic smoke detection system shall be
installed throughout resident housing areas, including
sleeping units and contiguous day rooms, group activ-
ity spaces and other common spaces normally acces-
sible to inmates.

Exceptions:

1. Other approved smoke detection arrange-
ments may be used to prevent damage or
tampering or for other purposes provided
the function of detecting any fire is fulfilled
and the location of the detectors is such that
the speed of detection will be equivalent to
that provided by the spacing and location
required in accordance with NFPA 72 as
referenced in Chapter 35. This may include
the location of detectors in return air ducts
from cells, behind grilles or in other loca-
tions. Spot type, combination duct and open
area smoke detectors may be used when
located not more than 14 inches (356mm)
from the return air grill For initiation and
annunciation purposes, these detectors may
be combined in groups of four. The fire code
official having jurisdiction, however, must
approve the proposed equivalent perfor-
mance of the design.

2. For Department of Corrections, prison cell
or cell complex automatic smoke detection
system shall not be required when all of the
following conditions are met:

1. All rooms, including the inmate cells
are provided with an automatic sp rin-
kler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1.

. 2. Building is continuously staffed by a
correctional officer at all times.

3. The exception to Section 903.2.6.2
shall not apply.

907.2,6,3.4 System annunciation, A staff alerting fire
alarm shall sound at all staff control stations on the
floor of activation and an audible and visual signal
shall be indicated on an annunciator at the facility
control center upon activation of any automatic extin-
guishing system, automatic detection system, or any
smoke detector or manual actuating or initiating
device. In addition, where there are staff-control sta-
tions on the floor, an audible, visual and manual
alarm shall be located in each staff control station.

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Fire and trouble signals of fire alarm systems and
sprinkler water-flow and supervisory signals of extin-
guishing systems shall be annunciated in an area des-
ignated as the facility control center which shall be
constantly attended by staff personnel. All such sig-
nals shall produce both an audible signal and visual
display at the facility control center indicating the
building, floor zone or other designated area from
which the signal originated in accordance with Sec-
tion 907.6.3.

All local detention facilities within the scope of
Section 6031 A of the Penal Code shall have a auto-
matic smoke detection system. A manual fire
alarm-initiating device shall be installed in all guard
control stations and shall be capable of alerting per-
sonnel in a central control point to the presence of fire
or smoke within the facility.

907,2.6,4, Large family day-care. Every large family
day-care home shall be provided with at least one
manual device at a location approved by the authority
having jurisdiction. Such device shall actuate a fire
alarm signal, which shall be audible throughout the
facility at a minimum level ofl5db above ambient noise
level. These devices need not be interconnected to any
other fire alarm device, have a control panel or be elec-
trically supervised or provided with emergency power.
Such device or devices shall be attached to the structure
and may be of any type acceptable to the enforcing
agency, provided that such devices are distinctive in tone
and are audible throughout the structure.

[F] 907.2J Group M. A manual fire alarm system that acti-
vates the occupant notification system in accordance with
Section 907.5 shall be installed in Group M occupancies
where one of the following conditions exists:

1 . The combined Group M occupant load of all floors is
500 or more persons.

2. The Group M occupant load is more than 1 00 persons
above or below the lowest level of exit discharge.

Exceptions:

1. A manual fire alarm system is not required in
covered mall buildings complying with Section
402.

2 . Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the
building is equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1 and the occupant notification
appliances will automatically activate throughout
the notification zones upon sprinkler waterflow.

[F] 907.2.7.1 Occupant notification. During times that
the building is occupied, the initiation of a signal from a
manual fire alarm box or from a waterflow switch shall
not be required to activate the alarm notification appli-
ances when an alarm signal is activated at a constantly
attended location from which evacuation instructions
shall be initiated over an emergency voice/alarm
communication system installed in accordance with
Section 907.5.2,2.

[F] 907.2.8 Group R-1. Fire alarm systems and smoke
alarms shall be installed in Group R-1 occupancies as
required in Sections 907.2.8.1 through 907.2.8.3.

[F] 907.2.8.1 Manual fire alarm system. A manual fire
alarm system that activates the occupant notification
system in accordance with Section 907.5 shall be
installed in Group R-1 occupancies.

Exceptions:

1. A manual fire alarm system is not required in
buildings not more than two stories in height
where all individual sleeping units and contigu-
ous attic and crawl spaces to those units are sep-
arated from each other and public or common
areas by at least l-hour fire partitions and each
individual sleeping unit has an exit directly to a
public way, exit court or yard.

2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required
throughout the building when all of the follow-
ing conditions are met:

2.1. The building is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system
installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2;

2.2. The notification appliances will acti-
vate upon sprinkler waterflow; and

2.3. At least one manual fire alarm box is
installed at an approved location.

[F] 907.2.8.2 Automatic smoke detection system. An

automatic smoke detection system that activates the
occupant notification system in accordance with Section
907.5 shall be installed throughout all interior corridors
serving sleeping units.

Exception: An automatic smoke detection system is
not required in buildings that do not have interior cor-
ridors serving sleeping units and where each sleeping
unit has a means of egress door opening directiy to an
exit or to an exterior exit access that leads directly to
an exit.

[F] 907.2.8.3 Smoke alarms. Single- and multiple-
station smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance
with Section 907.2.11.

[F] 907.2.9 Group R-2 andR-2,1. Fire alarm systems and
smoke alarms shall be installed in Group R-2 and R-2.1
occupancies as required in Sections 907.2.9.1 and
907.2.9.3.

[F] 907.2.9.1 Manual fire alarm system. A manual fire
alarm system that activates the occupant notification
system in accordance with Section 907.5 shall be
installed in Group R-2 occupancies where:

1 . Any dwelling unit or sleeping unit is located three
or more stories above the lowest level of exit
discharge;

2. Any dwelling unit or sleeping unit is located more
than one story below the highest level of exit

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discharge of exits serving the dwelling unit or
sleeping unit; or

3. The building contains more than 16 dwelling units
or sleeping units.

4. Congregate living facilities or congregate resi-
dences with more than 16 occupants.

Exceptions:

1 . A fire alarm system is not required in buildings
not more than two stories in height where all
dwelling units or sleeping units and contiguous
attic and crawl spaces are separated from each
other and public or common areas by at least
I -hour fire partitions and each dwelling unit or
sleeping unit has an exit directly to a public
way, exit court or yard.

2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where
the building is equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and
the occupant notification appliances will auto-
matically activate throughout the notification
zones upon a sprinkler waterflow.

3. A fire alarm system is not required in buildings
that do not have interior corridors serving
dwelling units and are protected by an approved
automatic sprinkler system installed in accor-
dance with Section 903.3. 1.1 or 903.3.1.2, pro-
vided that dwelling units either have a means of
egress door opening directly to an exterior exit
access that leads directly to the exits or are
served by open-ended corridors designed in
accordance with Section 1026.6, Exception 4.

[F] 907.2.9.2 Smoke alarms. Single- and multiple-
station smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance
with Section 907.2.11.

[F] 907,2,9,3 Licensed Group R-2,1 occupancies.

Licensed Group R-2.1 occupancies housing more than
six nonambulatory, elderly clients shall be provided with
an approved manual and automatic fire alarm system.

Exceptions: Buildings housing nonambulatory cli-
ents on the first story only and which are protected
throughout by the following:

L An approved and supervised automatic sprin-
kler system, as specified in Sections 903. 3. LI
or 903.3.L2y which upon activation will initiate
the fire alarm system to notify all occupants.

2. A manual fire alarm system.

3. Smoke alarms required by Section 907.2.1 L

[F] 907.2.10 Group R-4. Fire alarm systems and smoke
alarms shall be installed in Group R-4 occupancies as
required in Sections 907.2.10.1 through 907.2.10.3.

[F] 907.2.10.1 Manual fire alarm system. A manual
fire alarm system that activates the occupant notification
system in accordance with Section 907.5 shall be
installed in Group R-4 occupancies.

Exceptions:

1. A manual fire alarm system is not required in
buildings not more than two stories in height
where all individual sleeping units and contigu-
ous attic and crawl spaces to those units are sep-
arated from each other and public or common
areas by at least I -hour fire partitions and each
individual sleeping unit has an exit directly to a
public way, exit court or yard.

2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required
throughout the building when the following
conditions are met:

2.L The building is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system
installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3. 1.2;

2.2. The notification appliances will acti-
vate upon sprinkler waterflow; and

2.3. At least one manual fire alarm box is
installed at an approved location.

3. Manual fire alarm boxes in resident or patient
sleeping areas shall not be required at exits
where located at all nurses' control stations or
other constantly attended staff locations, pro-
vided such stations are visible and continuously
accessible and that travel distances required in
Section 907.4.2.1 are not exceeded.

[F] 907.2.10.2 Automatic smoke detection system. An

automatic smoke detection system that activates the
occupant notification system in accordance with Section
907.5 shall be installed in corridors, waiting areas open
to corridors and habitable spaces other than sleeping
units and kitchens.

Exceptions:

1. Smoke detection in habitable spaces is not
required where the facility is equipped through-
out with an automatic sprinkler system installed
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. An automatic smoke detection systerii is not
required in buildings that do not have interior
corridors serving sleeping units and where
each sleeping unit has a means of egress door
opening directly to an exit or to an exterior exit
access that leads directly to an exit.

[F] 907.2.10,3 Smoke alarms. Single- and
multiple-station smoke alarms shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 907.2.11.

[F] 907.2.11 Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms.

Listed single- and multiple-station smoke alarms complying
with UL 217 shall be installed in accordance with Sections
907.2.11.1 through 907.2.11.4 and NFPA 72.

Exception: For Group R occupancies. A fire alarm
system with smoke detectors located in accordance with
this section may be installed in lieu of smoke alarms.
Upon actuation of the detector, only those notification

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appliances in the dwelling unit or guest room where the
detector is actuated shall activate.

[F] 907.2.11.1 Group R-1. Single- or multiple-station
smoke alarms shall be installed in all of the following
locations in Group R-1:

1. In sleeping areas.

2. In every room in the path of the means of egress
from the sleeping area to the door leading from the
sleeping unit,

3. In each story within the sleeping unit, including
basements. For sleeping units with split levels and
without an intervening door between the adjacent
levels, a smoke alarm installed on the upper level
shall suffice for the adjacent lower level provided
that the lower level is less than one full story below
the upper level

[F] 907.2.11.2 Groups R-2,/?-2.i, R-3,/?-J./ and R-4 .

Single- or multiple- station smoke alarms shall be
installed and maintained in Groups R-2, R-2.1, R-3,
R-3.1 and R-4 regardless of occupant load at all of the
following locations:

1. On the ceiling or wall outside of each separate
sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of
bedrooms.

2. In each room used for sleeping purposes.

Exception: Single- or multiple- station smoke
alarms in Group I-l shall not be required where
smoke detectors are provided in the sleeping
rooms as part of an automatic smoke detection

system.

3. In each story within a dwelling unit, including
basements but not including crawl spaces and
uninhabitable attics. In dwellings or dwelling units
with split levels and without an intervening door
between the adjacent levels, a smoke alarm
installed on the upper level shall suffice for the
adjacent lower level provided that the lower level
is less than one full story below the upper level.

4. In a Group R-3.1 occupancy y in addition to the
above, smoke alarms shall be provided throughout
the habitable areas of the dwelling unit except
kitchens.

907,2 JL2 J Group 1-4 occupancies. Large family
day-care homes ^ shall be equipped with State Fire
Marshal approved and listed single station residen-
tial type smoke alarms.

907.2.11,2,2 Group R-3.1. In all facilities housing a
bedridden client, smoke alarms shall receive their
primary power from the building wiring when such
wiring is served from a commercial source and shall
be equipped with a battery backup. Smoke alarms
shall be electrically interconnected so as to cause all
smoke alarms to sound a distinctive alarm signal
upon actuation of any single smoke alarm. Such
alarm signal shall be audible throughout the facility
at a minimal level ofl5db above ambient noise level.

These devices need not be interconnected to any other
fire alarm device, have a control panel, or be electri-
cally supervised or provided with emergency power

[F] 907.2.11.3 Interconnection. Where more than one
smoke alarm is required to be installed within an indi-
vidual dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-1, R-2,
R-3, R-3.1 or R-4, the smoke alarms shall be intercon-
nected in such a manner that the activation of one alarm
will activate all of the alarms in the individual unit. The
alarm shall be clearly audible in all bedrooms over back-
ground noise levels with all intervening doors closed.

[F] 907.2.11.4 Power source. In new construction and in
newly classified Group R-3 A Occupancies, required
smoke alarms shall receive their primary power from the
building wiring wKere such wiring is served from a
commercial source and shall be equipped with a battery
backup. Smoke alarms with integral strobes that are not
equipped with battery backup shall be connected to an
emergency electrical system. Smoke alarms shall emit a
signal when the batteries are low. Wiring shall be perma-
nent and without a disconnecting switch other than as
required for overcurrent protection.

Exception: Smoke alarms are not required to be
equipped with battery backup where they are con-
nected to an emergency electrical system.

907,2.11,5 Existing Group R-3 Occupancies. See the

California Residential Code or Chapter 46 of the Cali-
fornia Fire Code.

[F] 907.2.12 Special amusement buildings. An automatic
smoke detection system shall be provided in special amuse-
ment buildings in accordance with Sections 907.2.12.1
through 907.2.12.3.

[F] 907.2,12.1 Alarm. Activation of any single smoke
detector, the automatic sprinkler system or any other
automatic fire detection device shall immediately sound
an alarm at the building at a constantly attended location
from which emergency action can be initiated, including
the capability of manual initiation of requirements in
Section 907.2.12.2.

[F] 907.2.12.2 System response. The activation of two
or more smoke detectors, a single smoke detector
equipped with an alarm verification feature, the auto-
matic sprinkler system or other approved fire detection
device shall automatically:

L Cause illumination of the means of egress with
light of not less than 1 foot-candle (1 1 lux) at the
walking surface level;

2. Stop any conflicting or confusing sounds and
visual distractions;

3 . Activate an approved directional exit marking that
will become apparent in an emergency; and

4. Activate a prerecorded message, audible
throughout the special amusement building,
instructing patrons to proceed to the nearest exit.
Alarm signals used in conjunction with the prere-
corded message shall produce a sound which is

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distinctive from other sounds used during normal
operation.

[F] 907.2.12.3 Emergency voice/alarm communica-
tion system. An emergency voice/alarm communication
system, which is also allowed to serve as a public address
system, shall be installed in accordance with. Section
907.5.2.2 and be audible throughout the entire special
amusement building,

[F] 907.2.13 High-rise buildings and Group 1-2 occupan-
cies having occupied floors located more than 75 feet
above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.

High-rise buildings and Group 1-2 occupancies having
occupied floors located more than 75 feet above the lowest
level of fire department vehicle access shall be provided
with an automatic smoke detection system in accordance
with Section 907.2.13.1, a fire department communication
system in accordance with Section 907.2.13.2 and an emer-
gency voice/alarm conmiunication system in accordance
with Section 907.5.2.2.

Exceptions:

1 . Airport traffic control towers in accordance with

Sections 907.2.22 and 412,

2. Open parking garages in accordance with Section
406.3.

3. Buildings with an occupancy in Group A-5 in
accordance with Section 303.1.

4. Low-hazard special occupancies in accordance
with Section 503.1.1.

5. In Group 1-2 and R-2.1 occupancies, the alarm
shall sound at a constantly attended location and
general occupant notification shall be broadcast by
the emergency voice/alarm communication
system.

[F] 907.2.13.1 Automatic smoke detection. Automatic
smoke detection in high-rise buildings shall be in accor-
dance with Sections 907.2.13.1.1 and 907.2.13.1.2.

[F] 907.2.13.1.1 Area smoke detection. Area smoke
detectors shall be provided in accordance with this
section. Smoke detectors shall be connected to an
automatic fire alarm system. The activation of any
detector required by this section shall operate the
emergency voice/alarm communication system in
accordance with Section 907.5.2.2. Smoke detectors
shall be located as follows:

1. In each mechanical equipment, electrical,
transformer, telephone equipment or similar
room which is not provided with sprinkler pro-
tection.

2. In each elevator machine room and in elevator
lobbies.

[F] 907.2.13.1.2 Duct smoke detection. Smoke
detectors listed for use in air duct systems shall be
provided in accordance with this section and the Cali-

fornia Mechanical Code. The activation of any detec-
tor required by this section shall initiate a visible and
audible supervisory signal at a constantly attended
location. Duct smoke detectors complying with Sec- <
tion 907.3.1 shall be located as follows:

1 . In the main return air and exhaust air plenum of
each air-conditioning system having a capacity
greater than 2,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm)
(0.94 m^/s). Such detectors shall be located in a
serviceable area downstream of the last duct
inlet.

2. At each connection to a vertical duct or riser
serving two or more stories from a return air
duct or plenum of an air-conditioning system.
In Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies, a smoke
detector is allowed to be used in each return air
riser carrying not more than 5,000 cfm (2.4
mVs) and serving not more than 10 air-inlet
openings.

[F] 907.2.13.2 Fire department communication
system. Where a wired communication system is
approved in lieu of a radio coverage system in accor-
dance with Section 510 of the California Fire Code, the
wired fire department communication system shall be
designed and installed in accordance \yith NFPA 72 and
shall operate between a fire command center complying
with Section 911, elevators, elevator lobbies, emergency
and standby power rooms, fire pump rooms, areas of
refuge and inside enclosed exit stairways. The fire
department communication device shall be provided at
each floor level within the enclosed exit stairway.

[F] 907.2.14 Atriums connecting more than two stories.

A fire alarm system shall be installed in occupancies with an
atrium that connects more than two stories, with smoke
detection installed throughout the atrium. The system shall
be activated in accordance with Section 907.5. Such occu-
pancies in Group A, E or M shall be provided with an emer-
gency voice/alarm communication system complying with
the requirements of Section 907.5.2.2.

[F] 907.2.15 High-piled combustible storage areas. An

automatic smoke detection system shall be installed
throughout high-piled combustible storage areas where
required by Section 2306.5 of the California Fire Code.

[F] 907.2.16 Aerosol storage uses. Aerosol storage rooms
and general-purpose warehouses containing aerosols shall
be provided with an approved manual fire alarm system
where required by the California Fire Code.

[F] 907.2.17 Lumber, wood structural panel and veneer
mills. Lumber, wood structural panel and veneer mills shall
be provided with a manual fire alarm system.

[F] 907.2.18 Underground buildings with smoke control
systems. Where a smoke control system is installed in an
underground building in accordance with this code, auto-
matic smoke detectors shall be provided in accordance with
Section 907,2.18.1.

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[F] 907.2.18.1 Smoke detectors. A minimum of one
smoke detector listed for the intended purpose shall be
installed in the following areas:

1. Mechanical equipment, electrical, transformer,
telephone equipment, elevator machine or similar
rooms.

2. Elevator lobbies,

3. The main return and exhaust air plenum of each
air-conditioning system serving more than one
story and located in a serviceable area downstream
of the last duct inlet.

4. Each connection to a vertical duct or riser serving
two or more floors from return air ducts or
plenums of heating, ventilating and air-condi-
tioning systems, except that in Group R occupan-
cies, a listed smoke detector is allowed to be used
in each return air riser carrying not more than
5,000 cfm (2.4 mVs) and serving not more than 10
air-inlet openings.

[F] 907.2.18.2 Alarm required. Activation of the smoke
control system shall activate an audible alarm at a
constantly attended location.

[F] 907.2.19 Deep underground buildings. Where the
lowest level of a structure is more than 60 feet (18 288 mm)
below the finished floor of the lowest level of exit discharge,
the structure shall be equipped throughout with a manual
fire alarm system, including an emergency voice/alarm
communication system installed in accordance with Section
907.5.2.2.

[F] 907.2.20 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall build-
ings exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645 m^) in total floor
area shall be provided with an emergency voice/alarm
communication system. An emergency voice/alarm
communication system serving a mail, required or other-
wise, shall be accessible to the fire department. The system
shall be provided in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.

[F] 907.2.21 Residential aircraft hangars. A minimum of
one single- station smoke alarm shall be installed within a
residential aircraft hangar as defined in Section 412.3.1 and
shall be interconnected into the residential smoke alarm or
other sounding device to provide an alarm which will be
audible in all sleeping areas of the dwelling.

[F] 907.2.22 Airport traffic control towers. An automatic
smoke detection system that activates the occupant notifica-
tion system in accordance with Section 907.5 shall be
provided in airport control towers in all occupiable and
equipment spaces.

Exception: Audible appliances shall not be installed
within the control tower cab,

[F] 907.2.23 Battery rooms. An automatic smoke detec-
tion system shall be installed in areas containing stationary
storage battery systems with a liquid capacity of more than
50 gallons (189 L).

907,2,24 Motion picture and television production studio
sound stages and approved production facilities.

907.2.24.1 Sound stages — solid-ceiling sets and plat-
forms. Where required by Chapter 48 of the California
Fire Code, all interior solid-ceiling sets over 600 square
feet (55. 7m^) in area, and platforms (when provided) over
600 square feet (55. 7 m^) in area and which exceed 3 feet
(914 mm) in height shall be protected by an approved heat
detector system. Heat detectors shall be spaced 30 feet
(9144 mm) on center or as required by the manufacturer's
installation instructions. The fire alarm system shall be
connected to an approved supervising station in accor-
dance with Section 907.6.5 or a local alarm which will
give an audible signal at a constantly attended location.

907.2.24.2 Production locations — solid-ceiling sets
and platforms. Where required by Chapter 48 of the
California Fire Code in buildings with existing fire
protection systems and where production intends to
construct solid-ceiling sets over 600 square feet (55. 7
m^) in area, and platforms over 600 square feet (55. 7 m^)
in area and which exceed 3 feet (914 mm) in height shall
be protected by one of the following:

An approved heat detector system. Heat detectors
shall be spaced 30 feet (9144 mm) on center or as
required by the manufacturer's installation instructions.
The fire alarm system shall be connected to an approved
supervising station in accordance with Section 907.6.5
or a local alarm which will give an audible signal at a
constantly attended location.

907.2.24.3 Fire alarm control units. Fire alarm control
units shall be California State Fire Marshal listed and
shall be utilized in accordance with their listing. Control
units are permitted to be temporarily supported by sets,
platforms or pedestals.

907.2.24.4 Heat detectors,

907.2.24.4.1 Heat detection required by this section
shall be defined as a portable system as it is intended
to be reinstalled when platforms or sets are changed.

907.2.24.4.2 Heat detectors shall be secured to stan-
dard outlet boxes and are allowed to be temporarily
supported by sets, platforms or pedestals.

907.2.24.4.3 Heat detectors shall be provided for
solid-ceiling sets and platforms where required by
Sections 4805.3 and 4811.14.

907.2,25 Group C occupancies (organized camps),

907.2.25.1 General, Every building and structure used
or intended for sleeping purposes shall be provided with
an automatic smoke-detection system.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings and structures in existence and in
operation prior to January 1, 1985.

2. Tents, tent structures and buildings and struc-
tures that do not exceed 25 ft (7620 mm) in any
lateral dimensions and where such building or
structure is not more than one story.

907.2.25.2 Camp fire alarm. Every organized camp
shall provide and maintain audible appliances, or

if
if

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devices suitable for sounding a fire alarm. Such audible
appliances or devices may be of any type acceptable to
the enforcing agency provided they are distinctive in tone
from all other signaling devices or systems and shall be
audible throughout the camp premises. When an auto-
matic fire alarm system is provided, as required by
Section 440.6.6 of the California Building Code, all
audible appliances required by this section shall be of the
same type as that used in the automatic system.

907,2.26 Fixed guideway transits systems fire alarm and
communication systems,

907.2.26.1 General, Every fixed guideway transit station
shall be provided with an approved emergency
voice/alarm communication system in accordance with
NFPA 72. The emergency voice/alarm communication
system, designed and installed so that damage to any one
speaker will not render any paging zone of the system
inoperative.

Exception: Open stations

907.2.26.2 System components. Each station fire alarm
system shall consist of:

1. Fire alarm control unit at a location as permitted
by the enforcing agency.

2. An alarm annunciator(s). The annunciator (s)
shall be located at a point acceptable to the
enforcing agency. The annunciator(s) shall indi-
cate the type of device and general location of
alarm. All alarm, supervisory and trouble signals
shall be transmitted to the local annunciator(s)
and the operations control center.

3. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be provided
throughout passenger platforms and stations.

Exception: Two-way emergency communication
reporting devices (emergency telephones) are
allowed to be used in lieu of manual fire alarm
boxes as permitted by the enforcing agency. Such
devices shall provide two-way communication
between the operations control center and each
device. Such devices shall be located as required
for manual fire alarm boxes, and shall be dis-
tinctly identified by signs, coloring or other
means acceptable to the enforcing agency.

4. Automatic smoke detectors in all ancillary spaces.

Exceptions:

1 . Ancillary spaces protected by an approved
fixed automatic extinguishing system; or

2. Ancillary spaces protected by quick-
response sprinklers.

5. Automatic control of exiting components.

907.2.26.3 Emergency voice/alarm communication
system. Each station shall be provided with a an emer-
gency voice/alarm communication system capable of
transmitting voice , recorded or electronically generated
textual messages to all areas of the station. The system(s)
shall be configured such that the messages can be initi-

ated from either the Emergency Management Panel
(EMP) or the operations control center. | |

907,2,26,4 Emergency telephones. A dedicated
two-way emergency communication phone system | i
designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72
shall be provided in all underground stations to facilitate
direct communications for emergency response between
remote locations and the EMP.

907.2.26.4.1 Remote emergency phones shall be I I
located at ends of station platforms, each hose outlet
connection and station valve rooms.

907.2.26.4.2 Provisions shall be made in the design of
this two-way emergency communication phone sys- \ \
temfor extensions of the system to the next passenger
station or guideway portal.

907.2.27 Winery caves. An approved manual fire alarm
system conforming to the provisions of Section 907.2 shall
be provided in all Type 3 winery caves.

907.2.28 Group L. A manual fire alarm system shall be
installed throughout buildings containing Group L occu-
pancies. When Group L occupancies are located in mixed
use buildings, at least one manual fire alarm shall be <
located in the Group L occupancy.

907.2,28,1 Group L occupancies located above the W^
story. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be required on each
side of the 2 -hour fire- smoke barrier and at each exit
above the 10'^ story.

[F] 907.3 Fire safety functions. Automatic fire detectors uti-
lized for the purpose of performing fire safety functions shall
be connected to the building's fire alarm control unit where a
fire alarm system is installed. Detectors shall, upon actuation, |<
perform the intended function and activate the alarm notifica-
tion appliances or activate a visible and audible supervisory
signal at a constantly attended location. In buildings not
equipped with a fire alarm system, the automatic fire detector
shall be powered by normal electrical service and, upon actua-
tion, perform the intended function. The detectors shall be
located in accordance with NFPA 72.

[F] 907.3.1 Duct smoke detectors. Smoke detectors HC
installed in ducts shall be listed fox the air velocity, tempera-
ture and humidity present in the duct. Duct smoke detectors
shall be connected to the building's fire alarm control unit
when a fire alarm system is installed. Activation of a duct
smoke detector shall initiate a visible and audible supervi-
sory signal at a constantly attended location and shall
perform the intended fire safety function in accordance with
this code and the California Mechanical Code. Duct smoke
detectors shall not be used as a substitute for required open
area detection.

Exceptions:

1. The supervisory signal at a constantly attended
location is not required where duct smoke detec-
tors activate the building's alarm notification
appliances.

2. In occupancies not required to be equipped with a
fire alarm system, actuation of a smoke detector

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shall activate a visible and an audible signal in an
approved location. Smoke detector trouble condi-
tions shall activate a visible or audible signal in an
approved location and shall be identified as air
duct detector trouble,

[F] 907.3.2 Delayed egress locks. Where delayed egress
locks are installed on means of egress doors in accordance
with Section 1008.1.9.6, an automatic smoke detection
system shall be installed as required by this section and
Section 1008 J, 9. 7.

907.3.2.1 In other than Group I, R~2.I and Group R-4
occupancies for single-story buildings smoke detectors
shall be installed at ceilings throughout all occupied
areas and mechanical/electrical spaces. For
multiple- story buildings smoke detectors shall be
installed throughout all occupied areas and mechan-
ical/electrical spaces for the story where delayed egress
devices are installed. Additional detectors are required
on adjacent stories where occupants of those stories
utilize the same means of egress.

907.3.2.2 For Group I and R-2,1 occupancies. Smoke
detectors shall be installed at ceilings throughout all
occupied areas and mechanical/electrical spaces of
smoke -compartments where delayed egress devices are
installed. Additional detectors are required in adjacent
smoke-compartments where occupants of those
compartments utilize the same means of egress.

907.3.2.3 For Group R-4, Occupancies licensed as resi-
dential care facilities for the elderly, and housing clients
with Alzheimer's disease or dementia residential facili-
ties, smoke detectors shall be installed at ceilings
throughout all occupiable rooms and areas and mechan-
ical/electrical rooms and spaces.

[F] 907.3.3 Elevator emergency operation. Automatic
fire detectors installed for elevator emergency operation
shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of
ASME A 17.1 and NFPA 72.

[F] 907.3.4 Wiring. The wiring to the auxiliary devices and
equipment used to accomphsh the above fire safety func-
tions shall be monitored for integrity in accordance with
NFPA 72.

[F] 907.4 Initiating devices. Where manual or automatic
alarm initiation is required as part of a fire alarm system, the
initiating devices shall be installed in accordance with Sections
907.4.1 through 907.4.3.

[F] 907.4.1 Protection of fire alarm control unit. In areas
that are not continuously occupied, a single smoke detector
shall be provided at the location of each fire alarm control
unit, notification appliance circuit power extenders, and
supervising station transmitting equipment.

Exception: Where ambient conditions prohibit installa-
tion of a smoke detector, a heat detector shall be
permitted.

[F] 907.4.2 Manual fire alarm boxes. Where a manual fire
alarm system is required by another section of this code, it

shall be activated by fire alarm boxes installed in accordance
with Sections 907.4.2.1 through 907.4.2.5.

[F] 907,4.2.1 Location. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be
located not more than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the
entrance to each exit. Additional manual fire alarm boxes
shall be located so that travel distance to the nearest box
does not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

Exception: When individual dwelling units are
served by a single exit stairway, additional boxes at
other than the ground floor may be omitted.

[F] 907.4.2.2 Height. The height of the manual fire
alarm boxes shall be a minimum of 42 inches (1067 mm)
and a maximum of 48 inches (1372 mm) measured verti-
cally, from the floor level to the highest point of the acti-
vating handle or lever of the box. Manual fire alarm
boxes shall also comply with Section 1117B.6, Item 4.

Exception: [DSA-AC] In existing buildings there is
no requirement to retroactively relocate existing man-
ual fire alarm boxes to a minimum of 42 inches (1067
mm) and a maximum of 48 inches (1219 mm) from the
floor level to the activating handle or lever of the box.

[F] 907.4.2.3 Color. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be red
in color.

[F] 907.4.2.4 Signs. Where fire alarm systems are not
monitored by a supervising station, an approved perma-
nent sign shall be installed adjacent to each manual fire
alarm box that reads: WHEN ALARM SOUNDS CALL
FIRE DEPARTMENT.

Exception: Where the manufacturer has permanently
provided this information on the manual fire alarm
box.

[F] 907.4.2.5 Protective covers. The fire code official is
authorized to require the installation of listed manual fire
alarm box protective covers to prevent malicious false
alarms or to provide the manual fire alarm box with
protection from physical damage. The protective cover
shall be transparent or red in color with a transparent face
to permit visibility of the manual fire alarm box. Each
cover shall include proper operating instructions. A
protective cover that emits a local alarm signal shall not
be installed unless approved. Protective covers shall not
project more than that permitted by Section 1003.3.3.

907.4,2,6 Operation. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be
operable with one hand including boxes with protective
covers.

[F] 907.4.3 Automatic smoke detection. Where an auto-
matic smoke detection system is required it shall utilize
smoke detectors unless ambient conditions prohibit such an
installation. In spaces where smoke detectors cannot be
utilized due to ambient conditions, approved antomaiic heat
detectors shall be permitted.

907.4.3.1 Automatic sprinkler system. For conditions
other than specific fire safety functions noted in Section
907.3, in areas where ambient conditions prohibit the
installation of smoke detectors, an automatic sprinkler
system installed in such areas in accordance with Section

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903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and that is connected to the fire
alarm system shall be approved as automatic heat detec-
tion.

[F] 907.5 Occupant notification systems. A fire alarm system
shall annunciate at the panel and shall initiate occupant notifi-
cation upon activation, in accordance with Sections 907.5.1
through 907.5.2.3.4. Where a fire alarm system is required by
another section of this code, it shall be activated by:

1. Automatic fire detectors.

2. Sprinkler waterflow devices.

3. Manual fire alarm boxes.

4. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems.

Exception: Where notification systems are allowed else-
where in Section 907 to annunciate at a constantly attended
location.

[F] 907.5.1 Presignal feature. A presignal feature shall not
be installed unless approvedhy the fire code official and the
fire department. Where a presignal feature is provided, a
signal shall be annunciated at a constantly attended location
approvedhy the fire department, in order that occupant noti-
fication can be activated in the event of fire or other emer-
gency.

[F] 907.5,2 Alarm notification appliances. Alaim notifi-
cation appliances shall be provided and shall be listed for
their purpose.

[F] 907.5.2.1 Audible alarms. Audible alarm notifica-
tion appliances shall be provided and emit a distinctive
sound that is not to be used for any purpose other than
that of a fire alarm.

In Group 1-2 occupancies, audible appliances located
inpatient areas shall be only chimes or similar sounding
appliances for alerting staff. See Section 907.6.5.

Exception: Visible alarm notification appliances
shall be allowed in lieu of audible alarm notification
appliances in patient SiVQas, of Group 1-2 occupancies.

907.5.2.1.1 Average sound pressure. The audible
alarm notification appliances shall provide a sound
pressure level of 15 decibels (dBA) above the average
ambient sound level or 5 dBA above the maximum
sound level having a duration of at least 60 seconds,
whichever is greater, in every occupiable space
within the building. The minimum sound pressure
levels shall be: 75 dBA in occupancies in Group R; 90
dBA in mechanical equipment rooms and 60 dBA in
other occupancies.

907.5.2.1.2 Maximum sound pressure. The maxi-
mum sound pressure level for audible alarm notifica-
tion appliances shall be 110 dBA at the minimum
hearing distance from the audible appliance. Where
the average ambient noise is greater than 95 dBA, vis-
ible alarm notification appliances shall be provided in
accordance with NFPA 72 and audible alarm notifica-
tion appliances shall not be required.

907.5.2.1.3 Audible alarm signal. The audible signal
shall be the standard fire alarm evacuation signal.

ANSI S3. 41 Audible Emergency Evacuation Signal,
''three pulse temporal pattern," as described in NFPA
72.

Exception: The use of the existing evacuation sig-
naling scheme shall be permitted where approved
by the enforcing agency.

907.5.2.2 Emergency voice/alarm communication
systems. Emergency voice/alarm communication
systems required by this code shall be designed and
installed in accordance with NFPA 72. The operation of
any automatic fire detector, sprinkler waterflow device
or manual fire alarm box shall automatically sound an
alert tone followed by voice instructions giving approved
information and directions for a general or staged evacu-
ation in accordance with the building's fire safety and
evacuation plans required by Section 404. In high-rise
buildings and Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied
floors located more than 75 feet above the lowest level of
fire department vehicle access, the system shall operate
on a minimum of the alarming floor, the floor above and
the floor below. Speakers shall be provided throughout
the building by paging zones. At a minimum, paging
zones shall be provided as follows:

1. Elevator groups.

2. Exit stairways.

3. Each floor.

4. Areas of refuge as defined in Section 1002.1.

Exception: In Group 1-2 andR-2.1 occupancies, the
alarm shall sound in a constantly attended area and a
general occupant notification shall be broadcast over
the overhead page.

[Fl 907.5.2.2.1 Manual override. A manual override
for emergency voice communication shall be pro-
vided on a selective and all-call basis for all paging
zones.

[F] 907.5.2.2.2 Live voice messages. The emergency
voice/alarm communication system shall also have
the capability to broadcast live voice messages by
paging zones on a selective and all-call basis.

[F] 907.5.2.2.3 Alternate uses. The emergency
voice/alarm communication system shall be allowed
to be used for other announcements, provided the
manual fire alarm use takes precedence over any other
use.

[F] 907.5.2,2.4 Emergency power. Emergency
voice/alarm communications systems shall be pro-
vided with an approved emergency power source.

[F] 907.5.2.3 Visible alarms. Visible alarm notification
appliances shall be provided in accordance with Sections
907.5.2.3.1 through 907.5,2.3.5.

Exceptions:

1. In other than Group 1-2 and 1-2 A, visible alarm
notification appliances are not required in alter-
ations, except where an existing fire alarm sys-

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tern is upgraded or replaced, or a new fire alarm
system is installed.

2. Visible alarm notification appliances shall not
be required in enclosed exit stairways, exterior
exit stairs and exterior exit ramps.

3. Visible alarm notification appliances shall not
be required in elevator cars.

[F] 907.5.2.3.1 Public and common use areas. Visi-
ble alarm notification appliances shall be provided in
public use areas and common use areas, including but
not limited to:

1. Sanitary facilities including restrooms, bath-
rooms and shower rooms

2. Corridors

3. Music practice rooms

4. Band rooms

5. Gymnasiums

6. Multipurpose rooms
Z Occupational shops

8. Occupied rooms where ambient noise impairs
hearing of the fire alarm

9. Lobbies

10. Meeting rooms

11. Classrooms

[F] 907.5.2.3.2 Employee work areas. Whereufc
employee work areas have audible alarm coverage,
the notification appliance circuits serving the
employee work areas shall be initially designed with a
minimum of 20-percent spare capacity to account for
the potential of adding visible notification appliances
in the future to accommodate hearing impaired
employee(s).

[F] 907.5.2.3.3 Groups R-1 and R-2.L Group R-1
and R-2.1 dwelling units or sleeping units in accor-
dance with Table 907.5.2.3.3 shall be provided with a
visible alarm notification appliance, activated by both
the in-room smoke alarm and the building fire alarm
system.

[F] 907.5.2.3.4 Group R-2. In Group R-2 occupan-
cies required by Section 907 to have a fire alarm
system, all dwelling units and sleeping units shall
be provided with the capability to support visible
alarm notification appliances in accordance with
NFPA 72,

907,5.2,3.5 Groups R-2,1, R-3.1 andR-4, Protective
social care facilities which house persons who are
hearing impaired, shall be provided with notification
appliances for the hearing impaired installed in
accordance with NFPA 72 and which shall activated
upon initiation of the fire alarm system or the smoke
alarms.

[F] TABLE 907.5.2.3.3
VISIBLE ALARMS

NUMBER OF SLEEP UNITS

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS WITH
VISIBLE ALARMS

6 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 150

151 to 200

201 to 300

301 to 400

401 to 500

' 501 to 1,000

5% of total

1,001 and over

50 plus 3 for each 100 over 1 ,000

[SFM] [DSA-AC]Also see Chapter IIB Section llllB.4.5, Tables llB-3
and llB-4.

907.5.2.4 Group E Schools. An audible alarm notifica-
tion appliance shall be mounted on the exterior of build-
ings to alert occupants in and around the playground
area.

907.5.2.5 Groups 1-2 and 1-2,1. Audible appliances
shall be used in nonpatient areas. Visible appliances are
allowed to be used in lieu of audible appliances inpatient
occupied areas. Audible appliances located in patient
areas shall be only chimes or similar sounding appli-
ances for alerting staff.

In occupancies housing nonambulatory persons
where restraint is practiced, stafi^and attendants shall be
provided and housed or located in such a manner that
such supervisory personnel will also be alerted upon
activation of the fire alarm system or any detector
required by this section.

[F] 907.6 Installation. A fire alarm system shall be installed in
accordance with this section and NFPA 72.

[F] 907.6.1 Wiring. Wiring shall comply with the require-
ments of California Electrical Code and NFPA 72. Wireless
protection systems utilizing radio-frequency transmitting
devices shall comply with the special requirements for
supervision of low-power wireless systems in NFPA 72.

[F] 907.6.2 Power supply. The primary and secondary
power supply for the fire alarm system shall be provided in
accordance with NFPA 72.

Exception: Back-up power for single-station and
multiple-station smoke alarms as required in Section
907.2.11.4.

[F] 907.6.3 Zones. Fire alarm systems shall be divided into
zones where required by this section. For the purposes of
annunciation and notification, zoning shall be in accor-
dance with the following:

L Where the fire-protective signaling system serves
more than one building, each building shall be con-
sidered as a separate zone.

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«r

2. Each floor of a building shall be considered as a sepa-
rate zone,

3. Each section of floor of a building that is separated by
fire walls or by horizontal exits shall be considered as
a separate zone.

4. Each zone shall not exceed 22,500 square feet (2090
m^). The length of any zone shall not exceed 300 feet
(91 440 mm) in any direction.

Exception: Automatic sprinkler system zones
shall not exceed the area permitted by NFPA 13.

5. For Group IS occupancies each cell complex shall
be considered a separate zone.

6. For Group H and L occupancies above the 1 0^^ story,
each side of the 2-hour fire-smoke barrier shall be
considered a separate zone.

7. Annunciation shall be further divided into zones
where deemed necessary by the enforcing agency,

907.6.3,1 Annunciation. Alarm, supervisory and
trouble signals shall be annunciated in the main control
unit by means of an audible signal and a visual display in
accordance with NFPA 72. Identification of the type of
alarm and supervisory initiating devices, such as
manual, automatic, sprinkler waterflow, sprinkler valve
supervisory, fire -pump supervisory, etc., shall be sepa-
rately indicated.

Exception: Group R-3 occupancies,

907,6.3.1.1 Annunciator panel. A annunciator panel
complying with Section 907,6.3.1 and the associated
controls shall be provided in an approved remote
location where deemed necessary by the enforcing
agency. The visual zone indication shall lock in until
the system is reset and shall not be canceled by the
operation of an audible alarm-silencing switch.

[F] 907.6.3.2 High-rise buildings. In high-rise build-
ings and Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied floors
located more than 75 feet above the lowest level of fire
department vehicle access, a separate zone by floor shall
be provided for all of the following types of alarm-initi-
ating devices where provided:

1. Smoke detectors

2. Sprinkler waterflow devices

3. Manual fire alarm boxes

4. Other approved types of automatic fire detection
devices or suppression systems

907,6,3,3 Notification zoning. Upon activation of initi-
ating devices where occupant notification is required for
evacuation, all notification zones shall operate simulta-
neously throughout the building.

Exceptions:

1. High-rise buildings as permitted in Section
907,2,12.2,

2. Hospitals and convalescent facilities with staff
alerting notification appliances or emergency

voice/alarm communication, zoning shall be in
accordance with the approved fire plan.

3. Detention facilities.

4. Upon approval by the fire code official in build-
ings which are sprinkler ed throughout, specific
notification zoning shall be permitted where the
notification zones are separated by a minimum
of a 2-hour fire barrier and 2-hour fire-resis-
tive floor assembly. The system shall have the
capability to activate all other notification
zones by automatic and manual means.

5. Upon approval by the fire code official in build-
ings which are sprinklered throughout, specific
notification zoning shall be permitted where the
activated initiating device or fire extinguishing
system is separated from any nonactive notifi-
cation zones by a minimum of 300 ft horizontal
distance. The system shall have the capability
to activate all other notification zones by auto-
matic and manual means.

6. Where a Group H or L occupancy is located
above the 10^^ story, each side of the 2-hour
fire -smoke barrier shall be considered a sepa-
rate zone.

[F] 907.6.4 Access. Access shall be provided to each fire
alarm device and notification appliance for periodic inspec-
tion, maintenance and testing.

[F] 907.6.5 Monitoring. Fire alarm systems required by
this chapter or by the California Fire Code shall be moni-
tored by an approved supervising station in accordance with
NFPA 72 and this section.

Exception: Monitoring by a supervising station is not
required for:

1. Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms
required by Section 907.2.1 1.

2. Group 1-3 occupancies shall be monitored in
accordance with Section 907.2.6.3.

3, Automatic sprinkler systems in one-
two-family dwellings.

and

[F] 907.6.5.1 Automatic teleplione-dialing devices.

Automatic telephone-dialing devices used to transmit an
emergency alarm shall not be connected to any fire depart-
ment telephone number unless approved by the fire chief.

907.6.5.2 Group E schools. Fire alarm systems shall
transmit the alarm, supervisory and trouble signals to an
approved supervising station in accordance with NFPA
72. The supervising station shall be listed as either
UUFX (Central Station) or UUJS (remote and propri-
etary) by the Underwriters Laboratory Inc. (UL) or shall
comply with the requirements of standard, FM 3011.

[F] 907.7 Acceptance tests and completion. Upon comple-
tion of the installation, the fire alarm system and all fire alarm
components shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 72.

[F] 907.7.1 Single- and multiple-station alarm devices.

When the installation of the alarm devices is complete, each

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device and interconnecting wiring for multiple- station
alarm devices shall be tested in accordance with the smoke
alarm provisions of NFPA 72.

[F] 907,7.2 Record of completion. A record of completion
in accordance with NFPA 72 verifying that the system has
been installed and tested in accordance with the approved
plans and specifications shall be provided.

[F] 907.7.3 Instructions. Operating, testing and mainte-
nance instructions and record drawings ("as-builts") and
equipment specifications shall be provided at an approved
location.

[F] 907.8 Inspection, testing and maintenance. The mainte-
nance and testing schedules and procedures for fire alarm and
fire detection systems shall be in accordance with Section
907.9 of the California Fire Code,

SECTION 908
EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEMS

[F] 908.1 Group H occupancies. Emergency alarms for the
detection and notification of an emergency condition in Group
H occupancies shall be provided in accordance with Section
414.7.

[F] 908.2 Group H-5 occupancy. Emergency alarms for noti-
fication of an emergency condition in an HPM facility shall be
provided as required in Section 415.8.4.6. A continuous
gas-detection system shall be provided for HPM gases in
accordance with Section 415.8.7.

[F] 908.3 Highly toxic and toxic materials. A gas detection
system shall be provided to detect the presence of highly toxic
or toxic gas at or below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) or
ceiling limit of the gas for which detection is provided. The sys-
tem shall be capable of monitoring the discharge from the treat-
ment system at or below one-half the immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH) limit.

Exception: A gas-detection system is not required for toxic
gases when the physiological warning threshold level for
the gas is at a level below the accepted PEL for the gas.

[F] 908.3.1 Alarms. The gas detection system shall initiate
a local alarm and transmit a signal to a constantly attended
control station when a short-term hazard condition is
detected. The alarm shall be both visible and audible and
shall provide warning both inside and outside the area
where gas is detected. The audible alarm shall be distinct
from all other alarms.

Exception: Signal transmission to a constantly attended
control station is not required when not more than one
cylinder of highly toxic or toxic gas is stored.

[F] 908.3.2 Shutoff of gas supply. The gas detection
system shall automatically close the shutoff valve at the
source on gas supply piping and tubing related to the system
being monitored for whichever gas is detected.

Exception: Automatic shutdown is not required for
reactors utilized for the production of highly toxic or
toxic compressed gases where such reactors are:

1. Operated at pressures less than 15 pounds per
square inch gauge (psig) (103.4 kPa).

2. Constantly attended.

3. Provided with readily accessible emergency
shutoff valves.

[F] 908.3.3 Valve closure. The automatic closure of shutoff
valves shall be in accordance with the following:

1 . When the gas-detection sampling point initiating the
gas detection system alarm is within a gas cabinet or
exhausted enclosure, the shutoff valve in the gas cabi-
net or exhausted enclosure for the specific gas
detected shall automatically close.

2. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiating the
gas detection system alarm is within a gas room and
compressed gas containers are not in gas cabinets or
exhausted enclosures, the shutoff valves on all gas
lines for the specific gas detected shall automatically
close.

3. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiating the
gas detection system alarm is within a piping distribu-
tion manifold enclosure, the shutoff valve for the
compressed container of specific gas detected supply-
ing the manifold shall automatically close.

Exception: When the gas-detection sampling point initi-
ating the gas-detection system alarm is at a use location
or within a gas valve enclosure of a branch line down-
stream of a piping distribution manifold, the shutoff
valve in the gas valve enclosure for the branch line
located in the piping distribution manifold enclosure
shall automatically close.

[F] 908.4 Ozone gas-generator rooms. Ozone gas-generator
rooms shall be equipped with a continuous gas-detection sys-
tem that will shut off the generator and sound a local alarm
when concentrations above the PEL occur.

[F] 908.5 Repair garages. A flammable-gas detection system
shall be provided in repair garages for vehicles fueled by
nonodorized gases in accordance with Section 406.6.6.

[F] 908.6 Refrigerant detector. Machinery rooms shall con-
tain a refrigerant detector with an audible and visual alarm. The
detector, or a sampling tube that draws air to the detector, shall
be located in an area where refrigerant from a leak will concen-
trate. The alarm shall be actuated at a value not greater than the
corresponding TLV-TWA values for the refrigerant classifica-
tion indicated in the California Mechanical Code. Detectors
and alarms shall be placed in approved locations.

SECTION 909
SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS

[F] 909.1 Scope and purpose. This section applies to mechan-
ical or passive smoke control systems when they are required

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by other provisions of this code. The purpose of this section is
to estabUsh minimum requirements for the design, installation
and acceptance testing of smoke control systems that are
intended to provide a tenable environment for the evacuation or
relocation of occupants. These provisions are not intended for
the preservation of contents, the timely restoration of opera-
tions or for assistance in fire suppression or overhaul activities.
Smoke control systems regulated by this section serve a differ-
ent purpose than the smoke- and heat- venting provisions found
in Section 910. Mechanical smoke control systems shall not be
considered exhaust systems under Chapter 5 of the California
Mechanical Code.

[F] 909.2 General design requirements. Buildings, structures
or parts thereof required by this code to have a smoke control
system or systems shall have such systems designed in accor-
dance with the applicable requirements of Section 909 and the
generally accepted and well-established principles of engi-
neering relevant to the design. The construction documents
shall include sufficient information and detail to adequately
describe the elements of the design necessary for the proper
implementation of the smoke control systems. These docu-
ments shall be accompanied by sufficient information and
analysis to demonstrate compliance with these provisions.

[F] 909.3 Special inspection and test requirements. In addi-
tion to the ordinary inspection and test requirements which
buildings, structures and parts thereof are required to undergo,
smoke control systems subject to the provisions of Section 909
shall undergo special inspections and tests sufficient to verify
the proper commissioning of the smoke control design in its
final installed condition. The design submission accompany-
ing the construction documents shall clearly detail procedures
and methods to be used and the items subject to such inspec-
tions and tests. Such commissioning shall be in accordance
with generally accepted engineering practice and, where possi-
ble, based on published standards for the particular testing
involved. The special inspections and tests required by this sec-
tion shall be conducted under the same terms in Section 1 704.

[F] 909.4 Analysis. A rational analysis supporting the types of
smoke control systems to be employed, their methods of opera-
tion, the systems supporting them and the methods of construc-
tion to be utilized shall accompany the submitted construction
documents and shall include, but not be limited to, the items
indicated in Sections 909.4.1 through 909.4.6.

[F] 909.4.1 Stack effect. The system shall be designed such
that the maximum probable normal or reverse stack effect
will not adversely interfere with the system's capabilities. In
determining the maximum probable stack effect, altitude,
elevation, weather history and interior temperatures shall be
used.

[F] 909.4.2 Temperature effect of fire. Buoyancy and
expansion caused by the design fire in accordance with
Section 909.9 shall be analyzed. The system shall be
designed such that these effects do not adversely interfere
with the system's capabilities.

[F] 909.4.3 Wind effect. The design shall consider the
adverse effects of wind. Such consideration shall be consis-
tent with the wind-loading provisions of Chapter 16.

[F] 909.4.4 HVAC systems. The design shall consider the
effects of the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems on both smoke and fire transport. The
analysis shall include all permutations of systems status.
The design shall consider the effects of the fire on the HVAC
systems.

[F] 909.4.5 Climate. The design shall consider the effects
of low temperatures on systems, property and occupants.
Air inlets and exhausts shall be located so as to prevent snow
or ice blockage.

[F] 909.4.6 Duration of operation. All portions of active or
passive smoke control systems shall be capable of continued
operation after detection of the fire event for a period of not
less than either 20 minutes or 1 .5 times the calculated egress
time, whichever is less.

[F] 909.5 Smoke barrier construction. Smoke barriers shall
comply with Section 710, and shall be constructed and sealed
to limit leakage areas exclusive of protected openings. The
maximum allowable leakage area shall be the aggregate area
calculated using the following leakage area ratios:

1. Walls:

2. Exit enclosures:

3. All other shafts:

4. Floors and roofs:

i4/A^ = 0.00100
A/A, = 0.00035
A/A, = 0.00150
A/A^= 0.00050

where:

A = Total leakage area, square feet (m^).

Ap = Unit floor or roof area of barrier, square feet (m^).

A^ = Unit wall area of barrier, square feet (m^).

The leakage area ratios shown do not include openings due
to doors, operable windows or similar gaps. These shall be
included in calculating the total leakage area.

[F] 909.5.1 Leakage area. The total leakage area of the
barrier is the product of the smoke barrier gross area multi-
plied by the allowable leakage area ratio, plus the area of
other openings such as gaps and operable windows.
Compliance shall be determined by achieving the minimum
air pressure difference across the barrier with the system in
the smoke control mode for mechanical smoke control
systems. Passive smoke control systems tested using other
approved means such as door fan testing shall be as
approved by the fire code official.

[F] 909.5.2 Opening protection. Openings in smoke
barriers shall be protected by self-closing devices or auto-
matic-closing devices actuated by the required controls for
the mechanical smoke control system. Door openings shall
be protected by fire door assemblies complying with
Section 715.4.3.

Exceptions:

1. Passive smoke control systems with auto-
matic-closing devices actuated by spot-type
smoke detectors listed for releasing service
installed in accordance with Section 907.4. When

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used in a Group 1-2, such detectors shall activate
the fire alarm system.

2. Fixed openings between smoke zones that are
protected utilizing the airflow method in other
than Group 1-2.

3. In Group 1-2, where doors are installed across corri-
dors, a pair of opposite-swinging doors without a
center mullion or horizontal sliding doors that

I I comply with Section 1008.1.43 shall be installed,

> Vision panels consisting of fire-rated glazing in
approved frames shall be provided in each
cross-corridor swinging door and at each
cross-corridor horizontal-sliding door in a smoke
barrier. The doors shall be close fitting within oper-
ational tolerances, and shall not have undercuts,
louvers or grilles. Swinging doors shall have head
and jamb stops and astragals or rabbets at meeting
edges. Doors installed across corridors shall be
automatic closing by smoke detection in accor-

I I dance with Section 715.4.8,3, Positive-latching

> devices are required. Doors installed across corri-
dors shall comply with Section 1008.LL

4. Group 1-3.

5. Openings between smoke zones with clear ceiling
heights of 14 feet (4267 mm) or greater and
bank-down capacity of greater than 20 minutes as
determined by the design fire size.

6. In Group 1-2, smoke damper activation may be
accomplished by a fire alarm control unit
provided that an open area smoke detection
system is provided within all areas served by an
HVAC system.

[F] 909.5.2.1 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts
and air transfer openings are required to be protected
with a minimum Class II, 250°F (121 °C) smoke damper
complying with Section 716.

[F] 909.6 Pressurization method. The primary mechanical
means of controlling smoke shall be by pressure differences
across smoke barriers. Maintenance of a tenable environment
is not required in the smoke control zone of fire origin.

[F] 909.6.1 Minimum pressure difference. The minimum
pressure difference across a smoke barrier shall be
0,05-inch water gage (0.0124 kPa) in fully sprinklered
buildings.

In buildings permitted to be other than fully sprinklered,
the smoke control system shall be designed to achieve pres-
sure differences at least two times the maximum calculated
pressure difference produced by the design fire.

[F] 909.6.2 Maximum pressure difference. The

maximum air pressure difference across a smoke barrier
shall be determined by required door-opening or closing
forces. The actual force required to open exit doors when the
system is in the smoke control mode shall be in accordance
with Section 1008. 1 .2. Opening and closing forces for other
doors shall be determined by standard engineering methods
for the resolution of forces and reactions. The calculated

force to set a side-hinged, swinging door in motion shall be
determined by;

where:

(Equation 9-1)

A = Door area, square feet (m^).

d - Distance from door handle to latch edge of door, feet
(m).

F = Total door opening force, pounds (N).

F^^ = Force required to overcome closing device, pounds

(N).

K = Coefficient 5.2 (1.0).

W = Door width, feet (m).

AP= Design pressure difference, inches of water (Pa).

[F] 909.7 Airflow design metliod. When approved by the fire
code official, smoke migration through openings fixed in a per-
manently open position, which are located between smoke
control zones by the use of the airflow method, shall be permit-
ted. The design airflow shall be in accordance with this section.
Airflow shall be directed to limit smoke migration from the fire
zone. The geometry of openings shall be considered to prevent
flow reversal from turbulent effects.

[F] 909.7.1 Velocity. The minimum average velocity
through a fixed opening shall not be less than:

v = 2l72[h (Tf- T,)/{Tf-^ 460)] '^^ (Equation 9-2)

For SI: v=n9.9 [hiTf-TJ/TfY'^

where:

h = Height of opening, feet (m).

Tf = Temperature of smoke, °F (K).

T^ = Temperature of ambient air, °F (K).

V = Air velocity, feet per minute (m/minute).

[F] 909.7.2 Prohibited conditions. This method shall not
be employed where either the quantity of air or the velocity
of the airflow will adversely affect other portions of the
smoke control system, unduly intensify the fire, disrupt
plume dynamics or interfere with exiting. In no case shall
airflow toward the fire exceed 200 feet per minute (1.02
m/s). Where the formula in Section 909.7. 1 requires airflow
to exceed this limit, the airflow method shall not be used.

[F] 909.8 Exhaust method. When approved by the fire code
official, mechanical smoke control for large enclosed volumes,
such as in atriums or malls, shall be permitted to utilize the
exhaust method. Smoke control systems using the exhaust
method shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 92B.

[F] 909.8.1 Smoke layer. The height of the lowest hori-
zontal surface of the smoke layer interface shall be main-
tained at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above any walking surface
that forms a portion of a required egress system within the
smoke zone.

[F] 909.9 Design fire. The design fire shall be based on a ratio-
nal analysis performed by the registered design professional
and approved by the fire code official. The design fire shall be

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based on the analysis in accordance with Section 909.4 and this
section.

[F] 909.9.1 Factors considered. The engineering analysis
shall include the characteristics of the fuel, fuel load, effects
included by the fire and whether the fire is likely to be steady
or unsteady.

[F] 909.9.2 Separation distance. Determination of the
design fire shall include consideration of the type of fuel,
fuel spacing and configuration.

[F] 909.9.3 Heat-release assumptions. The analysis shall
make use of best available data from approved sources and
shall not be based on excessively stringent limitations of
combustible material.

[F] 909.9.4 Sprinkler effectiveness assumptions. A docu-
mented engineering analysis shall be provided for condi-
tions that assume fire growth is halted at the time of
sprinkler activation.

[F] 909.10 Equipment. Equipment including, but not limited
to, fans, ducts, automatic dampers and balance dampers, shall
be suitable for its intended use, suitable for the probable expo-
sure temperatures that the rational analysis indicates and as
approved by the fire code official.

[F] 909.10.1 Exhaust fans. Components of exhaust fans
shall be rated and certified by the manufacturer for the prob-
able temperature rise to which the components will be
exposed. This temperature rise shall be computed by:

T=iQJmc) + {TJ
where:

(Equation 9-3)

c = Specific heat of smoke at smoke layer temperature,
Btu/lbT (kJ/kg • K).

m = Exhaust rate, pounds per second (kg/s).

Q^ = Convective heat output of fire, Btu/s (kW).

T^ = Ambient temperature, °F (K).

T, = Smoke temperature, °F (K).

Exception: Reduced T.sls calculated based on the assur-
ance of adequate dilution air.

[F] 909.10.2 Ducts. Duct materials and joints shall be
capable of withstanding the probable temperatures and
pressures to which they are exposed as determined in accor-
dance with Section 909. 10.1. Ducts shall be constructed and
supported in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code. Ducts shall be leak tested to 1.5 times the maximum
design pressure in accordance with nationally accepted
practices. Measured leakage shall not exceed 5 percent of
design flow. Results of such testing shall be a part of the
documentation procedure. Ducts shall be supported directly
from fire-resistance-rated structural elements of the
building by substantial, noncombustible supports.

Exception: Flexible connections (for the purpose of
vibration isolation) complying with the California
Mechanical Code, that are constructed of approved
fire-resistance-rated materials.

[F] 909.10.3 Equipment, inlets and outlets. Equipment
shall be located so as to not expose uninvolved portions of
the building to an additional fire hazard. Outside air inlets
shall be located so as to minimize the potential for intro-
ducing smoke or flame into the building. Exhaust outlets
shall be so located as to minimize reintroduction of smoke
into the building and to limit exposure of the building or
adjacent buildings to an additional fire hazard.

[F] 909.10.4 Automatic dampers. Automatic dampers,
regardless of the purpose for which they are installed within
the smoke control system, shall be listed and conform to the
requirements of approved, recognized standards.

[F] 909.10.5 Fans. In addition to other requirements,
belt-driven fans shall have 1.5 times the number of belts
required for the design duty, with the minimum number of
belts being two. Fans shall be selected for stable perfor-
mance based on normal temperature and, where applicable,
elevated temperature. Calculations and manufacturer's fan
curves shall be part of the documentation procedures. Fans
shall be supported and restrained by noncombustible
devices in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 16.
Motors driving fans shall not be operated beyond their
nameplate horsepower (kilowatts), as determined from
measurement of actual current draw, and shall have a
minimum service factor of 1.15.

[F] 909.11 Power systems. The smoke control system shall be
supplied with two sources of power. Primary power shall be
from the normal building power systems. Secondary power
shall be from an approved standby source complying with
Chapter 27 of this code. The standby power source and its
transfer switches shall be in a room separate from the normal
power transformers and switch gears and ventilated directly to
and from the exterior. The room shall be enclosed with not less
than l-hour^zre barriers constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance
with Section 712, or both.

[F] 909.11.1 Power sources and power surges. Elements
of the smoke management system relying on volatile
memories or the like shall be supplied with uninterruptable
power sources of sufficient duration to span a 15 -minute
primary power interruption. Elements of the smoke
management system susceptible to power surges shall be
suitably protected by conditioners, suppressors or other
approved mQEm^s.

[F] 909.12 Detection and control systems. Fire detection sys-
tems providing control input or output signals to mechanical
smoke control systems or elements thereof shall comply with
the requirements of Section 907. Such systems shall be
equipped with a control unit complying with UL 864 and listed
as smoke control equipment.

Control systems for mechanical smoke control systems
shall include provisions for verification. Verification shall
include positive confirmation of actuation, testing, manual
override, the presence of power downstream of all discon-
nects and, through a preprogrammed weekly test sequence,
report abnormal conditions audibly, visually and by printed
report.

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The status of dampers shall be determined using limit or
proximity switches installed at the damper or incorporated into
the damper actuator Where multiple dampers are grouped
together in an assembly requiring one or more actuators, each
damper shall be independently controlled by a separate actua-
tor and provided with an individual limit or proximity switch,
or the dampers shall be linked together by a reliable and dura-
ble mechanical or otherwise permanent means into one or
more groups, with each group provided with a common limit or
proximity switch.

The status of fans shall be determined by sensing the airflow
downstream of the fans using pressure differential switches or
transmitters, or by other means of positive proof of air flow
where approved by the enforcing authority.

[F] 909.12.1 Wiring. In addition to meeting requirements
of California Electrical Code, all wiring, regardless of
voltage, shall be fully enclosed within continuous race-
ways.

[F] 909.12.2 Activation. Smoke control systems shall be
activated in accordance with this section.

[F] 909.12.2.1 Pressurization, airflow or exhaust
method. Mechanical smoke control systems using the
pressurization, airflow or exhaust method shall have
completely automatic control.

[F] 909.12.2.2 Passive method. Passive smoke control
systems actuated by approved spot-type detectors listed
for releasing service shall be permitted.

[F] 909.12.3 Automatic control. Where completely auto-
matic control is required or used, the automatic-control
sequences shall be initiated from an appropriately zoned
automatic sprinkler system complying with Section
903,3. 1 .1, manual controls that are readily accessible to the
fire department and any smoke detectors required by engi-
neering analysis.

[F] 909.13 Control air tubing. Control air tubing shall be of
sufficient size to meet the required response times. Tubing shall
be flushed clean and dry prior to final connections and shall be
adequately supported and protected from damage. Tubing
passing through concrete or masonry shall be sleeved and pro-
tected from abrasion and electrolytic action.

[F] 909.13.1 Materials. Control-air tubing shall be hard-
drawn copper, Type L, ACR in accordance with ASTM B
42, ASTM B 43, ASTM B 68, ASTM B 88, ASTM B 251
and ASTM B 280. Fittings shall be wrought copper or brass,
solder type in accordance with ASME B 16.18 or ASME
B 16.22. Changes in direction shall be made with appro-
priate tool bends. Brass compression-type fittings shall be
used at final connection to devices; other joints shall be
brazed using a BCuP5 brazing alloy with solidus above
1,100T (593°C) and hquids below 1,500T (816°C).
Brazing flux shall be used on copper-to-brass joints only.

Exception: Nonmetallic tubing used within control
panels and at the final connection to devices provided all
of the following conditions are met:

1 . Tubing shall be listed by an approved agency for
flame and smoke characteristics.

2. Tubing and connected devices shall be completely
enclosed within a galvanized or paint-grade steel
enclosure having a minimum thickness of 0.0296
inch (0.7534 mm) (No. 22 gage). Entry to the
enclosure shall be by copper tubing with a protec-
tive grommet of neoprene or teflon or by suitable
brass compression to male barbed adapter.

3. Tubing shall be identified by appropriately docu-
mented coding.

4. Tubing shall be neatly tied and supported within
the enclosure. Tubing bridging cabinets and doors
or moveable devices shall be of sufficient length to
avoid tension and excessive stress. Tubing shall be
protected against abrasion. Tubing serving
devices on doors shall be fastened along hinges.

[F] 909.13.2 Isolation from other functions. Control
tubing serving other than smoke control functions shall be
isolated by automatic isolation valves or shall be an inde-
pendent system.

[F] 909.13.3 Testing. Control air tubing shall be tested at
three times the operating pressure for not less than 30
minutes without any noticeable loss in gauge pressure prior
to final connection to devices.

[F] 909.14 Marking and identification. The detection and
control systems shall be clearly marked at all junctions,

accesses and terminations.

[F] 909.15 Control diagrams. Identical control diagrams
showing all devices in the system and identifying their location
and function shall be maintained current and kept on file with
the fire code official, the fire department and in the fire com-
mand center in a format and manner approved by the fire chief.

[F] 909.16 Fire-fighter's smoke control panel. A

fire-fighter's smoke control panel for fire department emer-
gency response purposes only shall be provided and shall
include manual control or override of automatic control for
mechanical smoke control systems. The panel shall be located
in a fire command center complying with Section 91 1 in high-
rise buildings or buildings with smoke-protected assembly
seating. In all other buildings, the fire-fighter's smoke control
panel shall be installed in an approved location adjacent to the
fire alarm control panel. The fire-fighter's smoke control panel
shall comply with Sections 909.16.1 through 909.16.3.

[F] 909.16.1 Smoke control systems. Fans within the
building shall be shown on the fire-fighter's control panel. A
clear indication of the direction of airflow and the relation-
ship of components shall be displayed. Status indicators
shall be provided for all smoke control equipment, annunci-
ated by fan and zone, and by approved'mdicdXoxs as follows:

1 . Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their
normal status— WHITE.

2. Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their
off or closed status — RED.

3 . Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their
on or open status — GREEN.

4. Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in a
fault status— YELLOW/AMBER.

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[F] 909.16.2 Smoke control panel. The firefighter's
control panel shall provide control capability over the
complete smoke-control system equipment within the
building as follows:

1. ON-AUTO-OFF control over each individual piece
of operating smoke control equipment that can also be
controlled from other sources within the building.
This includes stairway pressurization fans; smoke
exhaust fans; supply, return and exhaust fans; eleva-
tor shaft fans and other operating equipment used or
intended for smoke control purposes.

2. OPEN-AUTO-CLOSE control over individual
dampers relating to smoke control and that are also
controlled from other sources within the building.

3. ON-OFF or OPEN-CLOSE control over smoke con-
trol and other critical equipment associated with a fire
or smoke emergency and that can only be controlled
from the fire-fighter's control panel.

Exceptions:

1. Complex systems, where approved, where the
controls and indicators are combined to control
and indicate all elements of a single smoke zone as
a unit.

2. Complex systems, where approved, where the
control is accomplished by computer interface
using approved, plain English commands.

[F] 909.16.3 Control action and priorities. The fire-
fighter's control panel actions shall be as follows:

1. ON-OFF and OPEN-CLOSE control actions shall
have the highest priority of any control point within
the building. Once issued from the fire-fighter's con-
trol panel, no automatic or manual control from any
other control point within the building shall contra-
dict the control action. Where automatic means are
provided to interrupt normal, nonemergency equip-
ment operation or produce a specific result to safe-
guard the building or equipment (i.e., duct freezestats,
duct smoke detectors, high-temperature cutouts, tem-
perature-actuated linkage and similar devices), such
means shall be capable of being overridden by the
fire-fighter's control panel. The last control action as
indicated by each fire-fighter's control panel switch
position shall prevail. In no case shall control actions
require the smoke control system to assume more
than one configuration at any one time.

Exception: Power disconnects required by Cali-
fornia Electrical Code.

2. Only the AUTO position of each three-position
fire-fighter's control panel switch shall allow auto-
matic or manual control action from other control
points within the building. The AUTO position shall
be the NORMAL, nonemergency, building control
position. Where a fire-fighter' s control panel is in the
AUTO position, the actual status of the device (on,
off, open, closed) shall continue to be indicated by the
status indicator described above. When directed by an

automatic signal to assume an emergency condition,
the NORMAL position shall become the emergency
condition for that device or group of devices within
the zone. In no case shall control actions require the
smoke control system to assume more than one con-
figuration at any one time.

[F] 909.17 System response time. Smoke-control system acti-
vation shall be initiated immediately after receipt of an appro-
priate automatic or manual activation command. Smoke
control systems shall activate individual components (such as
dampers and fans) in the sequence necessary to prevent physi-
cal damage to the fans, dampers, ducts and other equipment.
For purposes of smoke control, the fire-fighter's control panel
response time shall be the same for automatic or manual smoke
control action initiated from any other building control point.
The total response time, including that necessary for detection,
shutdown of operating equipment and smoke control system
startup, shall allow for full operational mode to be achieved
before the conditions in the space exceed the design smoke
condition. The system response time for each component and
their sequential relationships shall be detailed in the required
rational analysis and verification of their installed condition
reported in the required final report.

[F] 909.18 Acceptance testing. Devices, equipment, compo-
nents and sequences shall be individually tested. These tests, in
addition to those required by other provisions of this code, shall
consist of determination of function, sequence and, where
applicable, capacity of their installed condition.

[F] 909.18.1 Detection devices. Smoke or fire detectors
that are a part of a smoke control system shall be tested in
accordance with Chapter 9 in their installed condition.
When applicable, this testing shall include verification of
airflow in both minimum and maximum conditions.

[F] 909.18.2 Ducts. Ducts that are part of a smoke control
system shall be traversed using generally accepted practices
to determine actual air quantities.

[F] 909.18.3 Dampers. Dampers shall be tested for func-
tion in their installed condition.

[F] 909.18.4 Inlets and outlets. Inlets and outlets shall be
read using generally accepted practices to determine air
quantities.

[F] 909.18.5 Fans. Fans shall be examined for correct rota-
tion. Measurements of voltage, amperage, revolutions per
minute (rpm) and belt tension shall be made.

[F] 909.18.6 Smoke barriers. Measurements using
inclined manometers or other approved calibrated
measuring devices shall be made of the pressure differences
across smoke barriers. Such measurements shall be
conducted for each possible smoke control condition.

[F] 909.18.7 Controls. Each smoke zone equipped with an
automatic-initiation device shall be put into operation by the
actuation of one such device. Each additional device within
the zone shall be verified to cause the same sequence
without requiring the operation of fan motors in order to
prevent damage. Control sequences shall be verified
throughout the system, including verification of override

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from the fire-fighter's control panel and simulation of
standby power conditions.

[F] 909.18.8 Special inspections for smoke control.

Smoke control systems shall be tested by a special inspector.

[F] 909.18.8.1 Scope of testing. Special inspections
shall be conducted in accordance with the following:

1 . During erection of ductwork and prior to conceal-
ment for the purposes of leakage testing and
recording of device location.

2. Prior to occupancy and after sufficient completion
for the purposes of pressure-difference testing,
flow measurements, and detection and control
verification.

[F] 909.18.8.2 Qualifications. Special inspection agen-
cies for smoke control shall have expertise in fire protec-
tion engineering, mechanical engineering and
certification as air balancers.

[F] 909.18.8.3 Reports. A complete report of testing
shall be prepared by the special inspector or special
inspection agency. The report shall include identification
of all devices by manufacturer, nameplate data, design
values, measured values and identification tag or mark.
The report shall be reviewed by the responsible regis-
tered design professional and, when satisfied that the
design intent has been achieved, the responsible regis-
tered design professional shall seal, sign and date the
report.

[F] 909.18.8.3.1 Report filing. A copy of the final
report shall be filed with the fire code official and an
identical copy shall be maintained in an approved
location at the building.

[F] 909.18.9 Identification and documentation. Charts,
drawings and other documents identifying and locating
each component of the smoke control system, and
describing its proper function and maintenance require-
ments, shall be maintained on file at the building as an
attachment to the report required by Section 909.18.8.3.
Devices shall have an approved identifying tag or mark on
them consistent with the other required documentation and
shall be dated indicating the last time they were successfully
tested and by whom.

[F] 909.19 System acceptance. Buildings, or portions thereof,
required by this code to comply with this section shall not be
issued a certificate of occupancy until such time that the fire
code official determines that the provisions of this section have
been fully complied with and that the fire department has
received satisfactory instruction on the operation, both auto-
matic and manual, of the system.

Exception: In buildings of phased construction, a tempo-
rary certificate of occupancy, as approved by the fire code
official, shall be allowed provided that those portions of the
building to be occupied meet the requirements of this
section and that the remainder does not pose a significant
hazard to the safety of the proposed occupants or adjacent
buildings.

909.20 Smokeproof enclosures. Where required by Section
1022.9, a smokeproof enclosure shall be constructed in accor-
dance with this section. A smokeproof enclosure shall consist
of an enclosed interior exit stairway that conforms to Section
1022.1 and an open exterior balcony or ventilated vestibule
meeting the requirements of this section. Where access to the
roof is required by the California Fire Code, such access shall
be from the smokeproof enclosure where a smokeproof enclo-
sure is required.

909.20.1 Access. Access to the stair shall be by way of a
vestibule or an open exterior balcony. The minimum dimen-
sion of the vestibule shall not be less than the width of the
corridor leading to the vestibule as calculated in accor-
dance with Section 1 005. 1, but shall not have a width of less
than 44 inches (1118 mm) and shall not have a length of less
than 72 inches (1 829 mm) in the direction of egress travel.

909.20.2 Construction. The smokeproof enclosure shall be
separated from the remainder of the building by not less
than l-houx fire barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accor-
dance with Section 712, or both. Openings are not permitted
other than the required means of egress doors. The vestibule
shall be separated from the stairway by not less than 2-hour
fire barriers constructed in accordance with Section 707 or
horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with
Section 712, or both. The open exterior balcony shall be
constructed in accordance with ih^ fire-resistance rating re-
quirements for floor assemblies.

909.20.2.1 Vestibule doors. The door assembly from the
building into the vestibule shall be a 90-minutefire door
assembly complying with Section 715,4.4. The door
assembly from the vestibule to the stairway shall not have
less than a 20-minute fire protection rating and
complying with the requirements for a smoke door
assembly in accordance with Section 715.4.3. The door
shall be installed in accordance with NFPA-105.

909.20.2.2 Door closers. Doors in a smokeproof enclo-
sure shall be self- or automatic closing by actuation of a
smoke detector in accordance with Section 715.4 and
shall be installed at the floor-side entrance to the
smokeproof enclosure. The actuation of the smoke
detector on any door shall activate the closing devices on
all doors in the smokeproof enclosure at all levels.
Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with
Section 907.3.

909.20.2.3 Standpipes. Fire department standpipe
connections and valves serving the floor shall be within
the vestibule and located in such a manner so as not to
obstruct egress where hose lines are connected and
charged.

909.20.2.4 Pressure differences. The minimum pressure
differences within the vestibule with the doors closed
shall be 0.05-inch water gage (12.44 Pa) positive pres-
sure relative to the fire floor and 0.05-inch water gage
(12.44 Pa) negative pressure relative to the exit enclo-
sure. No pressure difference is required relative to a
nonfire floor.

314

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

>
>

909.20.2,5 Relief vent. A relief vent capable of
discharging a minimum of 2,500 cubic feet per minute
(1180 Us) of air at the design pressure difference shall be
located in the upper portion of such pressurized exit
enclosures.

Exception: When approved by the enforcing agency,
other engineered design methods capable of dis-
charging a minimum of 2,500 cubic feet per minute
(1180 Us) of air at the design pressure difference
shall be permitted.

909.20.3 Natural ventilation alternative. The provisions
of Sections 909.20.^.7 and 909.20.4.2 shall apply to venti-
lation of smokeproof enclosures by natural means.

909.20.3.1 Balcony doors. Where access to the stairway
is by way of an open exterior balcony, the door assembly
into the enclosure shall be 2ifire door assembly in accor-
dance with Section 715.4.

909.20.3.2 Vestibule ventilation. Each vestibule shall
have a minimum net area of 16 square feet (1.5 m^) of
opening in a wall facing an outer court, yard or public
way that is at least 20 feet (6096 mm) in width.

909.20.4 Ventilating equipment. The activation of venti-
lating equipment required by Section 909.20.5 shall be by
smoke detectors installed at each floor level at an approved
location at the entrance to the smokeproof enclosure and
upon activation of the automatic controls required by
Section 909.12.3. When the closing device for the stair shaft
and vestibule doors is activated by smoke detection or
power failure, the mechanical equipment shall activate and
operate at the required performance levels. Smoke detectors
shall be installed in accordance with Section 907.10.

909.20.4.1 Ventilation systems. Smokeproof enclosure
ventilation systems shall be independent of other
building ventilation systems. The equipment, control
wiring, power wiring and ductwork shall comply with
one of the following:

1. Equipment, control wiring, power wiring and
ductwork shall be located exterior to the building
and directly connected to the smokeproof enclo-
sure or connected to the smokeproof enclosure by
ductwork enclosed by not less than 2-hour fire
barriers constructed in accordance with Section
707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accor-
dance with Section 712, or both.

2. Equipment, control wiring, power wiring and
ductwork shall be located within the smokeproof
enclosure with intake or exhaust directly from and
to the outside or through ductwork enclosed by not
less than 2-hom fire barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both.

3. Equipment, control wiring, power wiring and
ductwork shall be located within the building if
separated from the remainder of the building,
including other mechanical equipment, by not less
than 2-hour fire barriers constructed in accor-

dance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both.

Exceptions:

1. Control wiring and power wiring utihzing a
2-hour rated cable or cable system.

2. Where encased with not less than 2 inches (51
mm) of concrete.

909.20.4.2 Standby power. Mechanical vestibule and
stair shaft ventilation systems and automatic fire detec-
tion systems shall be powered by an approved standby
power system conforming to Section 403.4.7 and
Chapter 27.

909.20.4.3 Acceptance and testing. Before the mechan-
ical equipment is approved, the system shall be tested in
the presence of the building official to confirm that the
system is operating in compliance with these require-
ments.

SECTION 910
SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS

[F] 910.1 General. Where required by this code or otherwise
installed, smoke and heat vents, or mechanical smoke exhaust
systems, and draft curtains shall conform to the requirements
of this section.

Exceptions:

1. Frozen food warehouses used solely for storage of
Class I and II commodities where protected by an
approved automatic sprinkler system.

2. Where areas of buildings are equipped with early sup-
pression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers, automatic
smoke and heat vents shall not be required within
these areas. This exception shall not apply to any state
institution or other state-owned or state -occupied
buildings or other applications listed in Section 1.11
regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

[F] 910.2 Where required. Smoke and heat vents shall be
installed in the roofs of one-story buildings or portions thereof
occupied for the uses set forth in Sections 910.2. 1 and 910,2.2.

[F] 910.2.1 Group F-1 or S-1, Buildings and portions
thereof used as a Group F-1 or S- 1 occupancy having more
than 50,000 square feet (4645 m^) in undivided area.

Exception: Group S-1 aircraft repair hangars.

[F] 910.2.2 High-piled combustible storage. Buildings
and portions thereof containing high-piled combustible
stock or rack storage in any occupancy group in accordance
with Section 413 and the California Fire Code.

[F] 910.3 Design and installation. The design and installation
of smoke and heat vents and draft curtains shall be as specified
in Sections 910.3.1 through 910.3.5.2 and Table 910.3.

[F] 910.3.1 Design. Smoke and heat vents shall be listed and
labeled to indicate compliance with FM 4430, ICC ES AC
331, or UL 193.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

315

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

[F] TABLE 910.3
REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAFT CURTAINS AND SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS^

OCCUPANCY GROUP AND

COMMODITY

CLASSIFICATION

DESIGNATED

STORAGE HEIGHT

(feet)

MINIMUM DRAFT

CURTAIN DEPTH

(feet)

MAXIMUM AREA

FORMED BY DRAFT

CURTAINS

(square feet)

VENT-AREA-
TO-FLOOR-AREA
RATIO*=

MAXIMUM

SPACING OF

VENT CENTERS

(feet)

MAXIMUM

DISTANCE FROM

VENTS TO WALL

OR DRAFT

CURTAIN"

(feet)

Group F-1 and S-1

—

0.2 X H^

but>4

50,000

1:100

120

High-piled Storage

(see Section 910.2.2)

Class I-IV commodities

(Option 1)

<20

10,000

1:100

100

>20<40

8,000

1:75

100

High-piled Storage

(see Section 910.2.2)

Class I-IV commodities

(Option 2)

<20

3,000

1:75

100

> 20 < 40

3,000

1:50

100

High-piled Storage

(see Section 910.2.2)

High-hazard commodities

(Option 1)

<20

6,000

1:50

100

> 20 < 30

6,000

1:40

High-piled Storage

(see Section 910.2.2)

High-hazard commodities

(Option 2)

<20

4,000

1:50

100

> 20 < 30

2,000

1:30

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml

a. Additional requirements for rack storage heights in excess of those indicated shall be in accordance with Chapter 23. For solid-piled storage heights in excess of
those indicated, an approved engineered design shall be used.

b. Vents adjacent to walls or draft curtains shall be located within a horizontal distance not greater than the maximum distance specified in this column as measured
perpendicular to the wall or draft curtain that forms the perimeter of the draft curtained area.

c. Where draft curtains are not required, the vent area to floor area ratio shall be calculated based on a minimum draft curtain depth of 6 feet (Option 1).

d. "H" is the height of the vent, in feet, above the floor.

[F] 910.3.2 Vent operation. Smoke and heat vents shall be
capable of being operated by approved automatic and
manual means. Automatic operation of smoke and heat
vents shall conform to the provisions of Sections 910.3.2.1
through 910.3.2.3.

[F] 910.3.2.1 Gravity-operated drop-out vents. Auto-
matic smoke and heat vents containing heat-sensitive
glazing designed to shrink and drop out of the vent
opening when exposed to fire shall fully open within 5
minutes after the vent cavity is exposed to a simulated
fire, represented by a time-temperature gradient that
reaches an air temperature of 500°F (260°C) within 5
minutes.

[F] 910.3.2.2 Sprinklered buildings. Where installed in
buildings provided with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system, smoke and heat vents shall be designed to
operate automatically.

[F] 910.3.2.3 Nonsprinlilered buildings. Where
installed in buildings not provided with an approved
automatic sprinkler system, smoke and heat vents shall
operate automatically by actuation of a heat-responsive
device rated at between 100°F (38°C) and 220°F
(104''C) above ambient.

Exception: Gravity-operated drop-out vents comply-
ing with Section 910.3.2.1.

[F] 910.3.3 Vent dimensions. The effective venting area
shall not be less than 16 square feet (1 .5 m^) with no dimen-
sion less than 4 feet (1219 mm), excluding ribs or gutters
having a total width not exceeding 6 inches (152 mm).

[F] 910.3.4 Vent locations. Smoke and heat vents shall be
located 20 feet (6096 mm) or more from adjacent lot lines
mid fire walls and 10 feet (3048 mm) or more from fire
barriers. Vents shall be uniformly located within the roof in
the areas of the building where the vents are required to be
installed by Section 910.2 with consideration given to roof
pitch, draft curtain location, sprinkler location and struc-
tural members.

[F] 910.3.5 Draft curtains. Where required by Table 910.3,
draft curtains shall be installed on the underside of the roof
in accordance with this section.

Exception: Where areas of buildings are equipped with
ESI^ sprinklers, draft curtains shall not be provided
within these areas. Draft curtains shall only be provided
at the separation between the ESFR sprinklers and the
non-ESFR sprinklers.

[F] 910.3.5.1 Construction. Draft curtains shall be
constructed of sheet metal, lath and plaster, gypsum

316

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

board or other approved materials which provide equiva-
lent performance to resist the passage of smoke. Joints
and connections shall be smoke tight.

[F] 910.3.5.2 Location and depth. The location and
minimum depth of draft curtains shall be in accordance
with Table 910.3.

[F] 910.4 Mechanical smoke exhaust. Where approvedby the
fire code official, engineered mechanical smoke exhaust shall
be an acceptable alternate to smoke and heat vents.

[F] 910.4.1 Location. Exhaust fans shall be uniformly
spaced within each draft-curtained area and the maximum
distance between fans shall not be greater than 100 feet (30
480 nmi).

[F] 910.4.2 Size. Fans shall have a maximum individual
capacity of 30,000 cfm (14.2 mVs). The aggregate capacity
of smoke exhaust fans shall be determined by the equation:

C=Ax 300
where:

(Equation 9-4)

C = Capacity of mechanical ventilation required, in cubic
feet per minute (mVs).

A = Area of roof vents provided in square feet (m^) in
accordance with Table 910.3.

[F] 910.4.3 Operation. Mechanical smoke exhaust fans
shall be automatically activated by the automatic sprinkler
system or by heat detectors having operating characteristics
equivalent to those described in Section 910.3.2. Individual
manual controls of each fan unit shall also be provided.

[F] 910.4.4 Wiring and control. Wiring for operation and
control of smoke exhaust fans shall be connected ahead of the
main disconnect and protected against exposure to tempera-
tures in excess of 1,000°F (538°C) for a period of not less than
15 minutes. Controls shall be located so as to be immediately
accessible to the fire service from the exterior of the building
and protected against interior fire exposure by not less than
l-hour^r^ barriers constructed in accordance with Section
707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with
Section 712, or both.

[F] 910.4.5 Supply air. Supply air for exhaust fans shall be
provided at or near the floor level and shall be sized to
provide a minimum of 50 percent of required exhaust.
Openings for supply air shall be uniformly distributed
around the periphery of the area served.

[F] 910.4.6 Interlocks. In combination comfort air-
handling/smoke removal systems or independent comfort
air-handling systems, fans shall be controlled to shut down
in accordance with the approved smoke control sequence.

SECTION 911
FIRE COMMAND CENTER

[F] 911.1 General. Where required by other sections of this
code and in all buildings classified as high-rise buildings by
this code and Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied floors
located more than 75 feet above the lowest level of fire depart-
ment vehicle access, a fire command center for fire department

operations shall be provided and shall comply with Sections
911.1.1 through 911.1.5.

[F] 911.1.1 Location and access. The location and accessi-
bility of the fire command center shall be approved by the
fire chief.

[F] 911.1.2 Separation. The fire command center shall be
separated from the remainder of the building by not less
than a 1-hour^re barrier constructed in accordance with
Section 707 or horizontal assembly constructed in accor-
dance with Section 712, or both.

[F] 911.1.3 Size. The room shall be a minimum of 200
square feet (19 m^) with a minimum dimension of 10 feet
(3048 mm).

[F] 911.1.4 Layout approval. A layout of the fire command
center and all features required by this section to be
contained therein shall be submitted for approval prior to
installation.

[F] 911.1.5 Required features. The fire command center
shall comply with NFPA 72 and shall contain the following
features:

1 . The emergency voice/alarm communication system
control unit.

2. The fire department communications system.

3. Fire detection and alarm system annunciator.

4. Annunciator unit visually indicating the location of
the elevators and whether they are operational.

5. Status indicators and controls for air distribution
systems.

6. The fire- fighter's control panel required by Section
909.16 for smoke control systems installed in the
building.

7. Controls for unlocking stairway doors simulta-
neously.

8. Sprinkler valve and waterflow detector display pan-
els.

9. Emergency and standby power status indicators.

10. A telephone for fire department use with controlled
access to the public telephone system.

1 1 . Fire pump status indicators.

12. Schematic building plans indicating the typical
floor plan and detailing the building core, means of
egress, fire protection systems, fire-fighting equip-
ment and fire department access and the location of
fire walls, fire barriers, fire partitions, smoke barri-
ers and smoke partitions.

13. Work table.

14. Generator supervision devices, manual start and
transfer features.

15. Public address system, where specifically required
by other sections of this code.

16. Elevator fire recall switch in accordance with
ASMEA17.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

317

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

17. Elevator emergency or standby power selector
switch(es), where emergency or standby power is
provided.

18. Fire command centers shall not be used for the
housing of any boiler, heating unit, generator, com-
bustible storage, or similar hazardous equipment or
storage.

SECTION 912
FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTIONS

[F] 912.1 Installation. Fire department connections shall be
installed in accordance with the NFPA standard applicable to
the system design and shall comply with Sections 912.2
through 912.5.

[F] 912.2 Location. With respect to hydrants, driveways,
buildings and landscaping, fire department connections shall
be so located that fire apparatus and hose connected to supply
the system will not obstruct access to the buildings for other fire
apparatus. The location of fire department connections shall be
approved by the fire chief.

[F] 912.2.1 Visible location. Fire department connections
shall be located on the street side of buildings, fully visible
and recognizable from the street or nearest point of fire
department vehicle access or as otherwise approved by the
fire chief.

[F] 912.2.2 Existing buildings. On existing buildings,
wherever the fire department connection is not visible to
approaching fire apparatus, the fire department connection
shall be indicated by an approved sign mounted on the street
front or on the side of the building. Such sign shall have the
letters "FDC" at least 6 inches (152 mm) high and words in
letters at least 2 inches (5 1 mm) high or an arrow to indicate
the location. All such signs shall be subject to the approval
of the fire code official.

[F] 912.3 Access. Immediate access to fire department connec-
tions shall be maintained at all times and without obstruction
by fences, bushes, trees, walls or any other fixed or moveable
object. Access to fire department connections shall be
approved by the fire chief.

Exceptions:

1. Fences, where provided with an access gate equipped
with a sign complying with the legend requirements
of Section 912.4 and a means of emergency opera-
tion. The gate and the means of emergency operation
shall be approved by the fire chief and maintained
operational at all times.

2. When acceptable to the fire authority having jurisdic-
tion, fire department connections for Group 1-3
detention facilities may be located inside all security
walls or fences on the property.

[F] 912.3.1 Locking fire department connection caps.

The fire code official is authorized to require locking caps
on fire department connections for v^dXtt-hzBQd fire protec-
tion systems where the responding fire department carries
appropriate key wrenches for removal.

[F] 912.3.2 Clear space around connections. A working
space of not less than 36 inches (762 mm) in width, 36
inches (914 mm) in depth and 78 inches (1981 mm) in
height shall be provided and maintained in front of and to
the sides of wall-mounted fire department connections and
around the circumference of free-standing fire department
connections, except as otherwise required or approved by
the fire chief.

[F] 912.3.3 Physical protection. Where fire department
connections are subject to impact by a motor vehicle,
vehicle impact protection shall be provided in accordance
with Section 312 of the California Fire Code.

[F] 912.4 Signs. A metal sign with raised letters at least 1 inch
(25 mm) in size shall be mounted on all fire department con-
nections serving automatic sprinklers, standpipes or fire pump
connecfions. Such signs shall read: AUTOMATIC SPRIN-
KLERS or STANDPIPES or TEST CONNECTION or a com-
bination thereof as applicable. Where the fire department
connection does not serve the entire building, a sign shall be
provided indicating the portions of the building served.

[PI 912.5 Backflow protection. The potable water supply to
automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems shall be protected
against backflow as required by Health and Safety Code Sec-
tion 13114.7,

SECTION 913
FIRE PUMPS

[F] 913.1 General. Where provided, fire pumps shall be
installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 20.

[F] 913,2 Protection against interruption of service. The fire
pump, driver and controller shall be protected in accordance
with NFPA 20 against possible interruption of service through
damage caused by explosion, fire, flood, earthquake, rodents,
insects, windstorm, freezing, vandalism and other adverse con-
ditions.

913.2.1 Protection of fire pump rooms. Fire pumps shall
be located in rooms that are separated from all other areas of
the building by 2-hour ^re barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 707 or 2-hour horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

Exceptions:

1. In other than high-rise buildings, separation by
1-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707 or 1-hour horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 712, or
both, shall be permitted in buildings equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

2. Separation is not required for fire pumps physi-
cally separated in accordance with NFPA 20.

[F] 913.3 Temperature of pump room. Suitable means shall
be provided for maintaining the temperature of a pump room or
pump house, where required, above 40''F (5'^C).

[F] 913,3.1 Engine manufacturer's recommendation.

Temperature of the pump room, pump house or area where

318

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

engines are installed shall never be less than the minimum
recommended by the engine manufacturer. The engine
manufacturer's recommendations for oil heaters shall be
followed.

[F] 913.4 Valve supervision. Where provided, the fire pump
suction, discharge and bypass valves, and isolation valves on
the backflow prevention device or assembly shall be super-
vised open by one of the following methods:

1. Central-station, proprietary or remote-station signaling
service.

2. Local signaling service that will cause the sounding of an
audible signal at a constantly attended location.

3. Locking valves open.

4. Sealing of valves and approved weekly recorded inspec-
tion where valves are located within fenced enclosures
under the control of the owner.

[F] 913.4.1 Test outlet valve supervision. Fire pump test
outlet valves shall be supervised in the closed position.

[F] 913.5 Acceptance test. Acceptance testing shall be done in
accordance with the requirements of NFPA 20.

SECTION 915
EMERGENCY RESPONDER RADIO COVERAGE

[F] 915.1 General. Emergency responder radio coverage shall
be provided in all new buildings in accordance with Section
510 of the California Fire Code.

SECTION 914
EMERGENCY RESPONDER SAFETY FEATURES

[F] 914.1 Shaftway markings. Vertical shafts shall be identi-
fied as required by Sections 914.1.1 and 914.1.2.

[F] 914.1.1 Exterior access to shaftvi^ays. Outside open-
ings accessible to the fire department and that open directly
on a hoistway or shaftway communicating between two or
more floors in a building shall be plainly marked with the
word "SHAFTWAY" in red letters at least 6 inches (152
mm) high on a white background. Such warning signs shall
be placed so as to be readily discernible from the outside of
the building.

[F] 914.1.2 Interior access to shaftways. Door or
window openings to a hoistway or shaftway from the inte-
rior of the building shall be plainly marked with the word
"SHAFTWAY" in red letters at least 6 inches (152 mm)
high on a white background. Such warning signs shall be
placed so as to be readily discernible.

Exception: Markings shall not be required on shaftway
openings that are readily discernible as openings onto a
shaftway by the construction or arrangement.

[F] 914.2 Equipment room identification. Fire protection
equipment shall be identified in an approved manner. Rooms
containing controls for air-conditioning systems, sprinkler ris-
ers and valves or other fire detection, suppression or control
elements shall be identified for the use of the fire department.
Approved signs required to identify fire protection equipment
and equipment location shall be constructed of durable materi-
als, permanently installed and readily visible.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

319

320 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 10 - MEANS OF EGRESS

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1001.3

1002.1

Accessible Means of Egress

Area of Refuge

Exit

Guard (or Guardrail)

Handrail

Public Way

Stair

Stairway

1003.1

1003.1.1

1003.1.1.1

1003.1.1.2

1003.2

1003.3

1003.3.3.1

1003.3.4

1003.5

1004.1.1

1005.1

1005.3

1006.1

1007.1

1007.2

1007.2.1

1007.3

1007.4

1007.5

1007.5.1

1007.6

1007.6.1

1007.6.2

1007.6.3

1007.7

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

321

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 10 - MEANS OF EGRESS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1007.7.1

1007.7.2

1007.8

1007.8.1

1007.8.1.1

1007.8.2

1007.9

1007.10

1007.11

1007.12

1008

(1'' paragraph below title only)

1008.1.1

1008.1.1.1

1008.1.2

1008.1.4.1

1008.1.4.4

1008.1.4.6

1008.1.5

1008.1.7

1008.1.8

1008.1.9.1

1008.1.9.6

1008.1.9.7

1008.1.9.7 (Item 5.1 only)

1008.1.9.9

1008.1.10

1009

(1 st paragraph below title

only)

1009.1

1009.4.2 Exc. 6

1009.4.2

1009.5

1009.12

1009.12 (2"' paragraph only)

1010

(1" paragraph below title only)

1010.1

1010.6.3

(continued)

322

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 10 - MEANS OF EGRESS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1010.6.4

1010.6.5

1010.9

1011.1

1011.3

1011.6

1011.7

1012

(1'* paragraph below title only)

1012.8

1013.1

1013.2

1013.3

1014.2

1014.2.2

1014.2.2.1

1014.2.7

1014.3

1015.1

Table 1015.1

1015.5

1015.7

Table 1016.1

1017

(1'' paragraph below title only)

1017.2 Exc. only

1018.1

Table 1018.1

1018.2

1018.4

1018.5

1018.5.1

1018.6

1021.2

Table 1021.2

1022.1

1022.8

1022.8 (2"' paragraph only)

(continued)

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

323

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 10 - MEANS OF EGRESS— continued

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1022.8.1

1022.9

1022.9.1

1022.9.2

1023.2

1025.5

1026.2

1027.6

1028.1

1028.2

1028.3

1028.3.1

1028.6.1

1028.6.4

1028.9.1

1028.10

1029.1

1029.4

The Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section l.U.

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SECTION 1001
ADMINISTRATION

1001.1 General. Buildings or portions thereof shall be pro-
vided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter.
The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, con-
struction and arrangement of means of egress components
required to provide an approved means of egress from struc-
tures and portions thereof.

1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall be unlawful to alter a
building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of
exits or the capacity of the means of egress to less than required
by this code.

[F] 1001.3 Maintenance. Means of egress shall be maintained
in accordance with the California Fire Code,

SECTION 1002
DEFINITIONS

1002.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for
the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and
unobstructed way of egress travel from any accessible point in
a building or facility to 3. public way.

AISLE. An unenclosed exit access component that defines and
provides a path of egress travel.

AISLE ACCESSWAY. That portion of an exit access that
leads to an aisle.

ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. A device that has a
series of steps between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad)
from horizontal, usually attached to a center support rail in an
alternating manner so that the user does not have both feet on
the same level at the same time.

AREA OF REFUGE. An area where persons unable to use
stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assis-
tance during emergency evacuation.

BLEACHERS. Tiered seating supported on a dedicated struc-
tural system and two or more rows high and is not a building
element (see ''Grandstands").

COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. That portion of
exit access which the occupants are required to traverse before
two separate and distinct paths of egress travel to two exits are
available. Paths that merge are common paths of travel. Com-
mon paths of egress travel shall be included within the permit-
ted travel distance.

CORRIDOR. An enclosed exit access component that defines
and provides a path of egress travel to an exit.

DOOR, BALANCED. A door equipped with double-pivoted
hardware so designed as to cause a semicounter balanced
swing action when opening.

EGRESS COURT. A court or )'arJ which provides access to a
public way for one or more exits.

EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. An

operable window, door or other similar device that provides for
a means of escape and access for rescue in the event of an emer-
gency.

EXIT. That portion of sl means of egress system which is sepa-
rated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by
fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives as
required to provide a protected path of egress travel between
the exit access and the exit discharge. Exits include exterior exit
doors at the level of exit discharge, vertical exit enclosures, exit
passageways, exterior exit stairways, exterior exit ramps and
horizontal exits.

EXIT ACCESS. That portion of a means of egress system that
leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an
exit.

EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY. A door or access point along the
path of egress travel from an occupied room, area or space
where the path of egress enters an intervening room, corridor,
unenclosed exit access stair or unenclosed exit access ramp.

EXIT DISCHARGE. That portion of a means of egress sys-
tem between the termination of an exit and a public way.

EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OF. The story at the point at
which an exit terminates and an exit discharge begins.

EXIT ENCLOSURE. An exit component that is separated
from other interior spaces of a building or structure by
fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and
provides for a protected path of egress travel in a vertical or hor-
izontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way.

EXIT, HORIZONTAL. A path of egress travel from one
building to an area in another building on approximately the
same level, or a path of egress travel through or around a wall or
partition to an area on approximately the same level in the same
building, which affords safety from fire and smoke from the
area of incidence and areas communicating therewith.

EXIT PASSAGEWAY. An exit component that is separated
from other interior spaces of a building or structure by
fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and
provides for a protected path of egress travel in a horizontal
direction to the exit discharge or the public way.

FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. Panic hardware that is listed for
use on fire door assemblies.

FLIGHT. A continuous run of rectangular treads, winders or
combination thereof from one landing to another.

FLOOR AREA, GROSS, The floor area within the inside per-
imeter of the exterior walls of the building under consideration,
exclusive of vent shafts and courts, without deduction for corri-
dors, stairways, closets, the thickness of interior walls, col-
unms or other features. The floor area of a building, or portion

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

325

MEANS OF EGRESS

thereof, not provided with surrounding exterior walls shall be
the usable area under the horizontal projection of the roof or
floor above. The gross floor area shall not include shafts with
no openings or interior courts.

FLOOR AREA, NET. The actual occupied area not including
unoccupied accessory areas such as corridors, stairways, toilet
rooms, mechanical rooms and closets.

FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. Tiered seating
having an overall shape and size that is capable of being
reduced for purposes of moving or storing and is not a building
element.

GRANDSTAND. Tiered seating supported on a dedicated
structural system and two or more rows high and is not a build-
ing element (see ''Bleachers'').

I I GUARD ([DSA-AQ HCD 1 & HCD 2] or GUARDRAIL). A

building component or a system of building components
located at or near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces
that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walking surface
to a lower level.

HANDRAIL. A horizontal or sloping rail intended for grasp-
ing by the hand for guidance or support.

MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and unobstructed path
of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied por-
tion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of
egress consists of three separate and distinct parts: the exit
access, the exit and the exit discharge.

MERCHANDISE PAD. A merchandise pad is an area for dis-
play of merchandise surrounded by aisles, permanent fixtures
or walls. Merchandise pads contain elements such as nonfixed
and moveable fixtures, cases, racks, counters and partitions as
indicated in Section 105.2 from which customers browse or
shop.

NOSING. The leading edge of treads of stairs and of landings
at the top of stairway flights,

OCCUPANT LOAD. The number of persons for which the
means of egress of a building or portion thereof is designed.

PANIC HARDWARE. A door-latching assembly incorporat-
ing a device that releases the latch upon the application of a
force in the direction of egress travel.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT. Having the property of emitting
light that continues for a length of time after excitation by visi-
ble or invisible Ught has been removed.

PUBLIC WAY. A street, alley or other parcel of land open to
the outside air leading to a street, that has been deeded, dedi-
cated or otherwise permanently appropriated to the public for
public use and which has a clear width and height of not less
than 10 feet (3048 nun).

RAMP. A walking surface that has a running slope steeper than
one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5 -percent slope).

SCISSOR STAIR. Two interlocking stairways providing two
separate paths of egress located within one stairwell enclosure.

SELF-LUMINOUS. Illuminated by a self-contained power
source, other than batteries, and operated independently of
external power sources.

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. Seating
served by means of egress that is not subject to smoke accumu-
lation within or under a structure.

STAIR. A change in elevation, consisting of one or more ris-
ers.

STAIRWAY, One or more flights of stairs, either exterior or
interior, with the necessary landings and platforms connecting
them, to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one
level to another.

STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. A stairway that is open on at least
one side, except for required structural columns, beams, hand-
rails and guards. The adjoining open areas shall be either
yards, courts or public ways. The other sides of the exterior
stairway need not be open.

STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. A stairway not meeting the defini-
tion of an exterior stairway.

STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. A stairway having a closed circular
form in its plan view with uniform section-shaped treads
attached to and radiating from a minimum-diameter supporting
column.

SUITE. A group of patient treatment rooms or patient sleeping
rooms within Group 1-2 occupancies where staff are in atten-
dance within the suite, for supervision of all patients within the
suite and the suite is in compliance with the requirements of
Sections 1014.2.2 through 1014.2.7.

WINDER. A tread with nonparallel edges.

SECTION 1003
GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS

1003.1 Applicability. The general requirements specified in
Sections 1003 through 1013 shall apply to all three elements of
the means of egress system, in addition to those specific
requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge
detailed elsewhere in this chapter.

Exception: Exiting requirements for Fixed Guideway
Transit Systems shall be as per Section 433.3.

[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] In addition to the requirement
of this chapter, means of egress, which provide access to,
or egress from, buildings or facilities where accessibility
is required for applications listed in Section 1.8.2.1,2
regulated by the Department of Housing and Community
Development, or Section 1,9.1 regulated by the Division
of the State Architect-Access Compliance, shall also
comply with Chapter 1 1 A or Chapter 1 IB, as applicable,

1003,1.1 Means of egress for hospitals, skilled nursing
facilities, and intermediate care facilities, [OSHPD 1&2]
In addition to meeting the requirements of this chapter,
means of egress for acute care hospitals, skilled nursing
facilities and intermediate-care facilities shall comply with
the requirements of Sections 1003.1.1.1 and 1003.1.1.2,

Exception: The enforcing agency may exempt minor
additions, minor alterations, and minor remodel projects
from these requirements.

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1003,1, LI Means of egress for hospital buildings,

[OSHPD 1] Means of egress for hospital buildings shall
comply with the requirements of Sections 1003. 1.1 A. 1
through 1003.1.1.1.6

1003,L1,L1 New and existing conforming hospital
buildings. Means of egress for new hospital buildings
and additions to existing conforming hospital build-
ings shall only pass through buildings that comply
with the requirements ofSPC-3 or higher and NPC-4
or higher

1003.1.1.1.2 Existing SPC-2 hospital buildings.

Means of egress for additions to existing SPC-2 hos-
pital buildings shall only pass through hospital build-
ings that have OSHPD-approved performance
categories of SPC-2 or higher and NPC-4 or higher.

Exception: The means of egress may pass through
hospital buildings that have OSHPD-approved
performance categories of SPC-2 or higher and
NPC-2 or higher provided the nonstructural com-
ponents in the path of egress are braced in accor-
dance with the requirements ofASCE 7, Chapter
II 13 as modified by Section 1615A.

1003.1.1.1.3 Existing SPC-3 or higher hospital
buildings. Means of egress for remodels of existing
SPC-3 or higher hospital buildings shall only pass
through hospital buildings that have OSHPD-
approved performance categories of SPC-2 or higher
and NPC-4 or higher

Exception: The means of egress may pass through
hospital buildings that have OSHPD-approved
performance categories of SPC-2 or higher and
NPC-2 or higher, provided the nonstructural com-
ponents in the path of egress are braced in accor-
dance with the requirements ofASCE 7, Chapter
II 13 as modified by Section 161 5 A.

1003.1.1.1.4 ExisHng SPC-1 and SPC-2 hospital
buildings. Means of egress for remodels of existing
SPC-1 and SPC-2 hospital buildings shall only pass
through hospital buildings that have OSHPD-
approved performance categories of SPC-1 or higher
and NPC-2 or higher

Exception: Means of egress for acute care service
spaces for hospitals licensed pursuant to subdivi-
sion (a) of Section 1250 of the Health and Safety
Code shall comply with the requirements of Sec-
tion 1003 J J. 1,2.

1003.1.1.1.5 Other nonconforming hospital build-
ings. Hospital buildings that would not otherwise
require evaluation for an SPC rating, which are used
as apart of the means of egress for acute care hospi-
tals, shall be evaluated in accordance with the
requirements of Section 1.3, Chapter 6, Part 1, CCR
to determine the appropriate rating, or shall meet the
structural requirements of these regulations for con-
forming hospital buildings. Means of egress shall be
in accordance with requirements of Sections
1003.1.1.1.1 through 1003 J J. 1.4.

1003,1,1.1.6 Buildings removed from hospital ser-
vice. The means of egress for acute care hospitals may
pass through buildings that are removed from hospi-
tal service only if the buildings remain under the juris-
diction of OSHPD, and only until January 1, 2030,
subject to the following:

L Egress for conforming hospital buildings may
pass through buildings that have been removed
from acute care hospital service that comply
with the requirements of Section 1003.1.1.1.1
or 1003.1. 1.L3.

2. Egress for nonconforming hospital buildings
may pass through buildings that have been
removed from acute care hospital service that
comply with the requirements of Section
1003.1.1.1.2 or 1003.1.1.1.4.

After January 1 , 2030, the means of egress for acute
care hospital buildings shall only pass through hospi-
tal buildings that have OSHPD-approved perfor-
mance categories of SPC-3 or higher and NPC-4 or
higher

1003.1. 1,2 Means of egress for skilled nursing facilities
and intermediate care facilities. [OSHPD 2] Means of
egress for skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care
facilities shall comply with the requirements of Sections
1003.1.1.2.1 and 1003.1.1.2.2.

1003.1.1.2.1 New facilities or additions to existing
facilities. Means of egress for new skilled nursing
facilities or intermediate care facilities or additions
to existing skilled nursing facilities or intermediate
care facilities shall only pass through buildings that
meet the structural requirements of the 1973 or later
edition of the California Building Standards Code.

Exception: As an alternate to the section, skilled
nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities
may meet the egress requirements in Sections
1003.L1.1.1 through 1003.1.1.L5 for hospital
buildings,

1003.1.1.2.2 Jurisdiction, Means of egress for skilled
nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities
shall only pass through buildings that are under the
jurisdiction of the Office of Statewide Health Plan-
ning and Development (OSHPD).

1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress shall have a ceiling
height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm).

Exceptions:

1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2.

2. Ceilings of dwelUng units and sleeping units within
residential occupancies in accordance with Section
1208.2.

3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section
1003.3.

4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1009.2.

5. Door height in accordance with Section 1008.1.1.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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MEANS OF EGRESS

6. Ramp headroom in accordance with Section 1010.5.2.

7. The clear height of floor levels in vehicular and
pedestrian traffic areas in parking garages in accor-
dance with Section 406.2.2. [HCD 1-AC] The clear
height of vehicle and pedestrian areas required to be
accessible, or identified as accessible, shall comply
with Chapter llA or Chapter I IB, as applicable,

8. Areas above and below mezzanine floors in accor-
dance with Section 505.1.

9. In Group 1-2, 1-2.1 and 1-3 occupancies, the means of
egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 8
feet (2439mm),

1003.3 Protruding objects. Protruding objects shall comply
with the requirements of Sections 1003.3.1 through 1003,3.4.

Exception: In Group 1-2 and Group 1-2.1 occupancies,
protruding objects shall not extend more than 12 inches
(305 mm) below the minimum ceiling height required by
Section 1003.2.

1003.3.1 Headroom. Protruding objects are permitted to
extend below the minimum ceiling height required by
Section 1003.2 provided a minimum headroom of 80 inches
(2032 mm) shall be provided for any walking surface,
including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. Not
more than 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress
shall be reduced in height by protruding objects.

Exception: Door closers and stops shall not reduce
headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 nam).

A barrier shall be provided where the vertical clearance is
less than 80 inches (2032 mm) high. The leading edge of
such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm)
maximum above the floor.

1003.3.2 Post-mounted objects. A free-standing object
mounted on a post or pylon shall not overhang that post or
pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) where the lowest point of
the leading edge is more than 27 inches (686 mm) and less
than 80 inches (2032 nun) above the walking surface. Where
a sign or other obstruction is mounted between posts or
pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons is
greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such sign
or obstruction shall be 27 inches (686 mm) maximum or 80
inches (2032 mm) minimum above the finished floor or
ground.

Exception: These requirements shall not apply to slop-
ing portions of handrails between the top and bottom
riser of stairs and above the ramp run.

1003.3.3 Horizontal projections. Structural elements,
fixtures or furnishings shall not project horizontally from
either side more than 4 inches (102 mm) over any walking
surface between the heights of 27 inches (686 mm) and 80
inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface.

Exception: Handrails are permitted to protrude 4V2
inches (1 14 mm) from the wall.

1003.3.3 J Horizontal projections for Group 1-2 occu-
pancies. Structural elements, fixtures or furnishings
shall not project horizontally from either side more than

I-V2 inches (38 mm) into the required width of an exit
access corridor serving any area caring for one or more
nonambulatory or bedridden persons.

Exceptions:

1 . Handrails are permitted to protrude 3^/2 inches
(89 mm) from the wall.

2. Alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers are per-
mitted to protrude 4 inches.

3. Manual fire alarm boxes with a protective
cover installed are permitted to protrude 4
inches,

1003.3.4 Clear width. Protruding objects shall not reduce
the minimum clear width of accessible routes as required in
Chapter llA or Chapter IIB, Section 1133B.8.6.

1003.4 Floor surface. Walking surfaces of the means of egress
shall have a slip-resistant surface and be securely attached.

1003.5 Elevation change. Where changes in elevation of less
than 12 inches (305 mm) exist in the means of egress, sloped
surfaces shall be used. Where the slope is greater than one unit
vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps com-
plying with Section 1010 shall be used. Where the difference in
elevation is 6 inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be
equipped with either handrails or floor finish materials that
contrast with adjacent floor finish materials.

Exceptions:

1 . A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches
(178 mm) is permitted for buildings with occupancies
in Groups F, H, R-2, R-3, S and U at exterior doors not
required to be accessible by Chapter llAor UB. II

2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread
is permitted at locations not required to be accessible
by Chapter llA or IIB, provided that the risers and I I
treads comply with Section 1009.4, the minimum
depth of the tread is 13 inches (330 mm) and at least
one handrail complying with Section 1012 is pro-
vided within 30 inches (762 nun) of the centerline of
the normal path of egress travel on the stair.

3. A step is permitted in aisles serving seating that has a
difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm)
at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter
llA or IIB, provided that the risers and treads com- I I
ply with Section 1028.11 and the aisle is provided
with a handrail complying with Section 1028.13.

Throughout a story in a Group 1-2 and Group 1-2.1 occupan-
cies, any change in elevation in portions of the exit access that
serve nonambulatory persons shall be by means of a ramp or
sloped walkway.

1003.6 Means of egress continuity. The path of egress travel
along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by any building
element other than a means of egress component as specified in
this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the required
width of a means of egress except projections permitted by this
chapter. The required capacity of a means of egress system
shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel.

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators,
escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component
of a required means of egress from any other part of the build-
ing.

Exception: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress
in accordance with Section 1007.4.

SECTION 1004
OCCUPANT LOAD

1004.1 Design occupant load. In determining means of egress
requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of
egress facilities shall be provided shall be determined in accor-
dance with this section. Where occupants from accessory areas
egress through a primary space, the calculated occupant load
for the primary space shall include the total occupant load of
the primary space plus the number of occupants egressing
through it from the accessory area.

1004.1.1 Areas without fixed seating. The number of
occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per
unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.1.1. For areas
without fixed seating, the occupant load shall not be less
than that number determined by dividing the floor area
under consideration by the occupant per unit of area factor
assigned to the occupancy as set forth in Table 1004.1.1.
Where an intended use is not listed in Table 1004.1.1, the
building official shall establish a use based on a listed use
that most nearly resembles the intended use.

Exception: Where approved by the building official,
the actual number of occupants for whom each occu-
pied space, floor or building is designed, although less
than those determined by calculation, shall be permitted
to be used in the determination of the design occupant
load.

1004.2 Increased occupant load. The occupant load permit-
ted in any building, or portion thereof, is permitted to be
increased from that number established for the occupancies in
Table 1004.1.1, provided that all other requirements of the
code are also met based on such modified number and the occu-
pant load dots not exceed one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65
m^) of occupiable floor space. Where required by the building
official, an approved aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram
substantiating any increase in occupant load shall be submit-
ted. Where required by the building official, such diagram shall
be posted.

1004.3 Posting of occupant load. Every room or space that is
an assembly occupancy shall have the occupant load of the
room or space posted in a conspicuous place, near the main exit
or exit access doorway from the room or space. Posted signs
shall be of an approved legible permanent design and shall be
maintained by the owner or authorized agent.

1004.4 Exiting from multiple levels. Where exits serve more
than one floor, only the occupant load of each floor considered
individually shall be used in computing the required capacity
of the exits at that floor, provided that the exit capacity shall not
decrease in the direction of egress travel.

TABLE 1004.1.1
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT

FUNCTION OF SPACE

FLOOR AREA IN SQ.
FT. PER OCCUPANT

Accessory storage areas, mechanical
equipment room

300 gross

Agricultural building

300 gross

Aircraft hangars

500 gross

Airport terminal
Baggage claim
Baggage handling
Concourse
Waiting areas

20 gross
300 gross
100 gross
15 gross

Assembly
Gaming floors (keno, slots, etc.)

1 1 gross

Assembly with fixed seats

See Section 1004.7

Assembly without fixed seats
Concentrated (chairs only — not fixed)
Standing space
Unconcentrated (tables and chairs)

7 net
5 net
15 net

Bowling centers, allow 5 persons for each lane
including 15 feet of runway, and for additional
areas

7 net

Business areas

100 gross

Courtrooms — other than fixed seating areas

40 net

Day care

35 net

Dormitories

50 gross

Educational
Classroom area
Shops and other vocational room areas

20 net
50 net

Exercise rooms

50 gross

H-5 Fabrication and manufacturing areas

200 gross

Industrial areas

1(X) gross

Institutional areas
Inpatient treatment areas
Outpatient areas
Sleeping areas

240 gross
100 gross
120 gross

Kitchens, commercial

200 gross

Laboratory
Educational

Laboratories, non-educational
Laboratory suite^

50 net

100 net

200 gross

Library
Reading rooms
Stack area

50 net
100 gross

Locker rooms

50 gross

Mercantile

Areas on other floors
Basement and grade floor areas
Storage, stock, shipping areas

60 gross
30 gross
300 gross

Parking garages

200 gross

Residential

200 gross

Skating rinks, swimming pools
Rink and pool
Decks

50 gross
15 gross

Stages and platforms

15 net

Warehouses

500 gross

For SI: 1 square foot
a. See Section 443.2.

:0.0929 ml

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

329

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1004.5 Egress convergence. Where means of egress from
floors above and below converge at an intermediate level, the
capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence
shall not be less than the sum of the two floors.

1004.6 Mezzanine levels. The occupant load of a mezzanine
level with egress onto a room or area below shall be added to
that room or area's occupant load, and the capacity of the exits
shall be designed for the total occupant load thus established.

1004.7 Fixed seating. For areas having fixed seats and aisles,
the occupant load shall be determined by the number of fixed
seats installed therein. The occupant load for areas in which
fixed seating is not installed, such as waiting spaces and wheel-
chair spaces, shall be determined in accordance with Section
1004.1.1 and added to the number of fixed seats.

For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms, the
occupant load shall not be less than the number of seats based
on one person for each 1 8 inches (457 nun) of seating length.

The occupant load of seating booths shall be based on one
person for each 24 inches (610 mm) of booth seat length mea-
sured at the backrest of the seating booth.

1004.8 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar out-
door areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants
shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chap-
ter. The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned
by the building official in accordance with the anticipated use.'
Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the
occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the
outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress
requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the
occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas.

Exceptions:

1. Outdoor areas used exclusively for service of the
building need only have one means of egress.

2. Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and
individual dwelling units of Group R-2.

1004.9 Multiple occupancies. Where a building contains two
or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall
apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of
that space. Where two or more occupancies utilize portions of
the same means of egress system, those egress components
shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies
that are served.

SECTION 1005
EGRESS WIDTH

1005.1 Minimum required egress width. The means of
egress width shall not be less than required by this section. The
total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less
than the total occupant load served by the means of egress mul-
tiplied by 0.3 inches (7.62 mm) per occupant for stairways and
by 0.2 inches (5.08 mm) per occupant for other egress compo-
nents. The width shall not be less than specified elsewhere in
this code. Multiple means of egress shall be sized such that the
loss of any one means of egress shall not reduce the available
capacity to less than 50 percent of the required capacity. The

maximum capacity required from any story of a building shall
be maintained to the termination of the means of egress.

Exceptions:

L Means of egress complying with Section 1028.

2. For Group H-1, H-2, H-3 and H-4 occupancies the
total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not
be less than the total occupant load served by the
means of egress multiplied by 0.7 inches (7.62 mm)
per occupant for stairways and by 0.4 inches (5.08
mm) per occupant for other egress components.

1005.2 Door encroachment. Doors, when fully opened, and
handrails shall not reduce the required means of egress width
by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Doors in any position shall
not reduce the required width by more than one-half. Other
nonstructural projections such as trim and similar decorative
features shall be permitted to project into the required width a
maximum of 1 Vj inches (38 mm) on each side.

Exception: The restrictions on a door swing shall not apply
to doors within individual dwelling units and sleeping units
of Group R-2 and dweUing units of Group R-3.

1005.3 Door hardware encroachment. In other than Group
1-2 occupancies, surface-mounted latch release hardware shall
be exempt from inclusion in the 7-inch (178 mm) maximum
projection requirement of Section 1005.2 when:

1. The hardware is mounted to the side of the door facing
the corridor width when the door is in the open position;
and

2. The hardware is mounted not less than 34 inches (865
mm) or more than 48 inches (1220 mm) above the fin-
ished floor.

SECTION 1006
MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION

1006.1 Illumination required. The means of egress, including
the exit discharge, shall be illuminated at all times the building
space served by the means of egress is occupied.

Exceptions:

1 . Occupancies in Group U.

2. Aisle accessways in Group A.

3. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2
and R-3.

4. Sleeping units ofGroup I, /?-2. 7 a/76? /?-4 occupancies, j |

1006.2 Illumination level. The means of egress illumination
level shall not be less than 1 foot-candle (11 lux) at the walking
surface.

Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls
and similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the
walking surface is permitted to be reduced during perfor-
mances to not less than 0.2 foot-candle (2. 15 lux), provided
that the required illumination is automatically restored upon
activation of a premises' fire alarm system where such
system is provided.

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1006.3 Illumination emergency power. The power supply for
means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the
premises' electrical supply.

In the event of power supply failure, an emergency electrical
system shall automatically illuminate all of the following
areas:

1. Aisles and unenclosed egress stairways in rooms and
spaces that require two or more means of egress.

2. Corridors y exit enclosures and exit passageways in
buildings required to have two or more exits.

3. Exterior egress components at other than their levels of
exit discharge until exit discharge is accomplished for
buildings required to have two or more exits,

4. Interior exit discharge elements, as permitted in Section
1 027 . 1 , in buildings required to have two or more exits.

5 . Exterior landings as required by Section 1 008 . 1 . 6 for exit
discharge doorways in buildings required to have two or
more exits.

The emergency power system shall provide power for a
duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage
batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installa-
tion of the emergency power system shall be in accordance
with Chapter 27.

1006.4 Performance of system. Emergency lighting facilities
shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is at least
an average of 1 foot-candle (11 lux) and a minimum at any
point of 0.1 foot-candle (1 lux) measured along the path of
egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to
decline to 0.6 foot-candle (6 lux) average and a minimum at
any point of 0.06 foot-candle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emer-
gency lighting time duration. A maximum-to-minimum illu-
mination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded.

SECTION 1007
ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

1007.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible
means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible
spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible
means of egress. Where more than one means of egress are
required by Section 1015.1 or 1021.1 from any accessible

< space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by
accessible means of egress in at least the same number as

I I required by Section 1015.1 or 1021.1, In addition to the
requirements of this chapter, means of egress, which provide
access to, or egress from, buildings for persons with disabili-
ties, shall also comply with the requirements of Chapter HA or
1 IB as applicable.

Exceptions:

1. Accessible means of egress are not required in alter-
ations to existing buildings.

2. One accessible means of egress is required from an
accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Sec-
tion 1007.3, 1007.4 or 1007.5, and Chapter llA or
IIB, as applicable.

3. In assembly areas with sloped or stepped aisles, one
accessible means of egress is permitted where the
common path of travel is accessible and meets the
requirements in Section 1028.8, and Chapter 11 A or
IIB, as applicable.

1007.2 Continuity and components. Each required accessi-
ble means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and
shall consist of one or more of the following components:

1 . Accessible routes complying with Chapter 1 lA, Sections
1110A.1 and 1120A, or Chapter IIB, Section 1114B.1.2,
as applicable.

2. Interior exit stairways complying with Sections 1007.3,
1026, and Chapter 11 A, Section 1123A, or Chapter IIB,
Section 1133B.4, as applicable.

3. Exterior exit stairways complying with Sections 1007.3,
1026, and Chapter 11 A, Section 1115A, or Chapter 1 IB,
Section 1133B.4, as applicable.

4. Elevators complying with Section 1007.4, and Chapter
llA, Section 1124A, or Chapter IIB, Section 1116B.1,
as applicable..

5. Platform lifts complying with Section 1007.5 and Chap-
ter 11 A, Section 1124A, or Chapter IIB, Section
1116B.2 as applicable. <

6. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1025.

7. Ramps complying with Section 1010, and Chapter 11 A,
Sections 1114A and 1122A, or Chapter IIB, Section
1133B.5, as applicable.

8. Areas of refuge complying with Section 1007.6.
Exceptions:

1 . Where the exit discharge is not accessible, an exterior
area for assisted rescue must be provided in accor-
dance with Section 1007.7.

2. Where the exit stairway is open to the exterior, the
accessible means of egress shall include either an
area of refuge in accordance with Section 1007.6 or
an exterior area for assisted rescue in accordance with
Section 1007.7.

1007.2.1 Elevators required. In buildings where a required
accessible floor is four or more stories above or below a
level of exit discharge, at least one required accessible
means of egress shall be an elevator complying with Section
1007.4.

Exceptions:

1. In buildings equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system installed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator
shall not be required on floors provided with a hor-
izontal exit and located at or above the levels of exit
discharge.

2. In buildings equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system installed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator
shall not be required on floors provided with a

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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MEANS OF EGRESS

ramp conforming to the provisions of Section
1010.

1007.3 Stairways. In order to be considered part of an accessi-
ble means of egress, an exit access stairway as permitted by
Section 1016.1 or exit stairway shall have a clear width of 48
inches (1219 mm) minimum between handrails and shall either
incorporate an area of refuge within an enlarged floor-level
landing or shall be accessed from either an area of refuge com-
plying with Section 1007.6 or a horizontal exit. [DSA-AC] In
addition, exit stairways shall comply with Chapter 11 A, Sec-
tions 1115A and 1123 A, or Chapter IIB, Section 1133B.4, as
applicable.

Exceptions:

1. The area of refuge is not required at open exit access
or exit stairways as permitted by Sections 1016. 1 and
1022. 1 in buildings that are equipped throughout with
an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

2. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between
handrails is not required at exit access stairway as
permitted by Section 1 1 6 . 1 or exit stairways in build-
ings equipped throughout with an automatic sprin-
kler system installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3. 1.2.

3 . Areas of refuge are not required at exit stairways in
buildings equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

4. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between
handrails is not required for exit stairways accessed
from a horizontal exit.

5 . Areas of refuge are not required at exit stairways serv-
ing open parking garages.

6. Areas of refuge are not required for smoke protected
seating areas complying with Section 1028.6.2.

7. The areas of refuge are not required in Group R-2
occupancies.

1007.4 Elevators. In order to be considered part of an accessi-
ble means of egress, an elevator shall comply with the emer-
gency operation and signaling device requirements of Section
2.27 of ASME A17.1. Standby power shall be provided in
accordance with Chapter 27 and Section 3003. The elevator
shall be accessed from either an area of refuge complying with
Section 1007.6 or a horizontal exit.

Exceptions:

1 . Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area
of refuge or horizontal exit in open parking garages.

2. Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area
of refuge or horizontal exit in buildings and facilities
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.

3 . Elevators not required to be located in a shaft in accor-
dance with Section 708.2 are not required to be
accessed from an area of refuge or horizontal exit.

4. Elevators are not required to be accessed from an area
of refuge or horizontal exit for smoke protected seat-
ing areas complying with Section 1028.6.2.

1007.5 Platform lifts. Platform (wheelchair) Ufts shall not
serve as part of an accessible means of egress^ except where
allowed as part of a required accessible route in Chapter 11 A,
Sections 1121A and 1124A.11, or Chapter IIB, Section
1116B.2Items 1 through 4, as applicable. Standby power shall
be provided in accordance with Chapter 27 for platform lifts
permitted to serve as part of a means of egress.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1116B.2.5 for addi-
tional accessible means of egress requirements at platform
(wheelchair) lifts.

1007.5.1 Openness. Platform lifts on an accessible means
of egress shall not be installed in a fully enclosed hoistway.

1007.6 Areas of refuge. Every required area of refuge shall be
accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of
egress. The maximum travel distance from any accessible
space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the travel distance
permitted for the occupancy in accordance with Section
1016.1. Every required area of refuge shall have direct access
to a stairway within an exit enclosure complying with Sections
1007.3 and 1022 or an elevator complying with Section
1007.4. Where an elevator lobby is used as an area of refuge,
the shaft and lobby shall comply with Section 1022.9 for
smokeproof enclosures except where the elevators are in an
area of refuge formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier.
[DSA-AC] Areas of refuge shall comply with the requirements
of this code and shall adjoin an accessible route of travel com-
plying with Section 11 MB. 1.2.

Exceptions:

1 . A stairway serving an area of refuge is not required to
be enclosed where permitted in Sections 1016.1 and
1022.1.

2. A smokeproof enclosure is not required for an eleva-
tor lobby used as an area of refuge where the elevator
is not required to be enclosed.

1007.6.1 Size. Each area of refuge shall be sized to accom-
modate two wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches
(762 mm by 1219 mm). The total number of such 30-inch by
48-inch (762 mm by 1219 mm) spaces per story shall be not
less than one for every 200 persons of calculated occupant
load served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces <C
shall not reduce the required means of egress width. Access

to any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge
shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheel-
chair space.

Exception: The enforcing agency may reduce the size of
each required area of refuge to accommodate one wheel-
chair space that is not less than 30 inches by 48 inches
(762 mm by 1219 mm) on floors where the occupant load
is less than 200.

1007.6.2 Separation. Each area of refuge shall be separated
from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier
complying with Section 710 or a horizontal exit complying

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with Section 1025. Each area of refuge shall be designed to
minimize the intrusion of smoke.

Exception: Areas of refuge located within an exit enclo-
sure.

1007.6.3 Two-way communication. Areas of refuge shall
be provided with a two-way communication system
complying with Sections 1007.8.1 and 1007.8.2.

1007.7 Exterior area for assisted rescue. The exterior area for
assisted rescue must be open to the outside air and meet the
requirements of Section 1007.6.1. Separation walls shall com-
ply with the requirements of Section 705 for exterior walls.
Where walls or openings are between the area for assisted res-
cue and the interior of the building, the building exterior walls
within 10 feet (3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or
unprotected opening shall have afire-resistance rating of not
less than 1 hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be
protected by opening protectives having a fire protection rating
of not less than ^/^ hour. This construction shall extend verti-
cally from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the
floor level of the area for assisted rescue or to the roof line,
whichever is lower.

1007.7.1 Openness. The exterior area for assisted rescue
shall be at least 50 percent open, and the open area above the
guards shall be so distributed as to minimize the accumula-
tion of smoke or toxic gases.

1007.7.2 Exterior exit stairway. Exterior exit stairways
that are part of the means of egress for the exterior area for
assisted rescue shall provide a clear width of 48 inches
(1219 mm) between handrails.

1007.8 Two-way communication. A two-way communica-
tion system shall be provided at the elevator landing on each
accessible floor that is one or more stories above or below the
story of exit discharge complying with Sections 1007.8.1 and
1007.8.2.

Exceptions:

L Two-way communication systems are not required at
the elevator landing where the two-way communica-
tion system is provided within areas of refuge in
accordance with Section 1007.6.3.

2. Two-way communication systems are not required on
floors provided with exit ramps conforming to the
provisions of Section 1010,

1007.8.1 System requirements. Two-way communication
systems shall provide communication between each
required location and the fire command center or a central
control point location approved by the fire department.
Where the central control point is not constantly attended, a
two-way communication system shall have a timed auto-
matic telephone dial-out capability to a monitoring location
or 911. The two-way communication system shall include
both audible and visible signals.

1007.8,1J Visible communication method. [DSA-AC
& HCD 1-ACJA button complying with Section 1117B.6
in the area of refuge shall activate both a light in the area
of refuge indicating that rescue has been requested and a
light at the central control point indicating that rescue is

being requested. A button at the central control point
shall activate both a light at the central control point and
a light in the area of refuge indicating that the request
has been received.

1007.8.2 Directions. Directions for the use of the two-way
communication system, instructions for summoning assis-
tance via the two-way conununication system and written
identification of the location shall be posted adjacent to the
two-way communication system.

1007.9 Signage. Signage indicating special accessibility pro-
visions shall be provided as shown:

1. Each door providing access to an area of refuge from an
adjacent floor area shall be identified by a sign comply-
ing with Section 1117B.5.1, Item 2, stating: AREA OF
REFUGE.

2. Each door providing access to an exterior area for
assisted rescue shall be identified by a sign stating:
EXTERIOR AREA FOR ASSISTED RESCUE.

Signage shall comply with Section 111 7B.5. 7, Items 2 and 3,
requirements for visual characters and include the Interna-
tional Symbol of Accessibility. Where exit sign illumination is
required by Section 1011.2, the signs shall be illuminated.
Additionally, tactile signage complying with Section
1117B.5.1, Item 7, and the International Symbol of Accessibil-
ity shall be located at each door to an area of refuge and exterior
area for assisted rescue in accordance with Section 1011.3.

[DSA'AC] Signs shall comply with Chapter llA or Chapter
I IB, Section 1117B.5.1y Items 2 and 3, as applicable.

1007.10 Directional signage. Direction signage indicating the
location of the other means of egress and which are accessible
means of egress shall be provided at the following:

1 . At exits serving a required accessible space but not pro-
viding an approved accessible means of egress.

2. At elevator landings.

3. V^ithxn areas of refuge.

1007.11 Instructions. In areas of refuge and exterior areas for
assisted rescue, instructions on the use of the area under emer-
gency conditions shall be posted. The instructions shall include
all of the following and shall comply with Section 1117B.5.I,
Item 2:

1 . Persons able to use the exit stairway do so as soon as pos-
sible, unless they are assisting others.

2. Information on planned availability of assistance in the
use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators and how
to summon such assistance.

3- Directions for use of the two-way communications sys-
tem where provided.

1007.12 Alarms/emergency warning systems/accessibility. If

emergency warning systems are required, they shall activate a
means of warning the hearing impaired. Emergency warning
systems as part of the fire-alarm system shall be designed and
installed in accordance with NFPA 72 as amended in Chapter
35.

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333

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SECTION 1008
DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section,
means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build-
ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applica-
tions listed in Section L9.1 regulated by the Division of the
State Architect— Access Compliance, shall also comply with
Chapter 1 1 A or Chapter JIB, Section 1133B.2, as applicable.

1008.1 Doors. Means of egress doors shall meet the require-
ments of this section. Doors serving a means of egress system
shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1020.2.
Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than
required by this code shall meet the requirements of this sec-
tion.

Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from
the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are
easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting
materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of
egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decora-
tions or similar materials.

1008.1.1 Size of doors. The minimum width of each door
opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and
shall provide a clear width of 32 inches (813 mm). Clear
openings of doorways with swinging doors shall be
measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the
door open 90 degrees (1 .57 rad). Where this section requires
a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813 mm) and a door
opening includes two door leaves without a muUion, one
leaf shall provide a clear opening width of 32 inches (813
nun). The maximum width of a swinging door leaf shall be
48 inches (1219 nun) nominal. Means of egress doors in a
Group 1-2 occupancy used for the movement of beds and
litter patients shall provide a clear width not less than 44
inches (1054 mm). The height of door openings shall not be
less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

Exceptions:

1 . The minimum and maximum width shall not apply
to door openings that are not part of the required
means of egress in Group R-2 and R-3 occupan-
cies.

2. Door openings to resident sleeping units in Group
1-3 occupancies shall have a clear width of not less
than 28 inches (711 mm).

3. Door openings to storage closets less than 10
square feet (0.93 m^) in area shall not be limited by
the minimum width.

4. Width of door leaves in revolving doors that com-
ply with Section 1008.1.4.1 shall not be limited.

5. Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping
unit shall not be less than 78 inches (1981 mm) in
height.

6. Exterior door openings in dwelling units and
sleeping units, other than the required exit door,
shall not be less than 76 inches (1930 mm) in
height.

7. In other than Group R-1 occupancies, the mini-
mum widths shall not apply to interior egress doors
within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit that is not
required to be adaptable or accessible as specified
in Chapter IIA or IIB, as applicable.

1008.1.1.1 Projections into clear width. There shall not
be projections into the required clear width lower than 34
inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground. Projections
into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864
mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground
shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm).

Exceptions:

L Door closers and door stops shall be permitted
to be 78 inches (1980 nrni) minimum above the
floor.

2. In a Group 1-2 occupancy, there shall be no II
projections into the clear width of doors used
for the movement of beds and litter patients in
the means of egress.

1008.1.2 Door swing. Egress doors shall be of the pivoted
or side-hinged swinging type.

Exceptions:

1 . Private garages, office areas, factory and storage
areas with an occupant load of 10 or less.

2. Group 1-3 occupancies used as a place of deten-
tion.

3. Critical or intensive care patient rooms within
suites of health care facilities.

4. Doors within or serving a single dwelling unit in
Groups R-2 and R-3.

5. In other than Group H occupancies, revolving
doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.1.

6. In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal
sliding doors complying with Section 1008. 1 .4.3
are permitted in a means of egress.

7. Power-operated doors in accordance with Sec-
tion 1008.1.4.2.

8. Doors serving a bathroom within an individual
sleeping unit in Group R-1.

9. In other than Group H occupancies, manually
operated horizontal sliding doors are permitted
in a means of egress from spaces with an occu-
pant load of 10 or less.

10. In 1-2 and 1-2.1 occupancies, exit doors serving \ \
an occupant load of 10 or more, may be of the
pivoted or balanced type.

Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where
serving an occupant load of 50 or more persons or a Group
H occupancy. For Group L occupancies, see Section
443.6.3.

In a Group 1-2 occupancy, all required exterior egress
doors shall open in the direction of egress regardless of the
occupant load served.

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1008.1.3 Door opening force. The force for pushing or
pulUng open interior swinging egress doors, other than^zr^
doors, shall not exceed 5 pounds (22 N). For other
swinging doors, as well as sliding and folding doors, the
door latch shallrelease when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N)
force. The door shall be set in motion when subjected to a
30-pound (133 N) force. The door shall swing to a full-open
position when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) force.

1008.1.3.1 Location of applied forces. Forces shall be
applied to the latch side of the door.

1008.1.4 Special doors. Special doors and security grilles
shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1008.1.4.1
through 1008.1.4.5.

1008.1.4.1 Revolving doors.

comply with the following:

Revolving doors shall

1 . Each revolving door shall be capable of collapsing
into a bookfold position with parallel egress paths
providing an aggregate width of 36 inches (914
mm).

2. A revolving door shall not be located within 10 feet
(3048 nun) of the foot of or top of stairs or escala-
tors. A dispersal area shall be provided between the
stairs or escalators and the revolving doors.

3. The revolutions per minute (rpm) for a revolving
door shall not exceed those shown in Table
1008.1.4.1.

4. Each revolving door shall have a side-hinged
swinging door which complies with Section
1008.1 in the same wall and within 10 feet (3048
mm) of the revolving door.

5. Revolving doors shall not be part of an accessible
route required by Section 1007 and Chapter llA
orllB,

TABLE 1008.1.4.1
REVOLVING DOOR SPEEDS

INSIDE DIAMETER
(feet-inches)

POWER-DRIVEN-TYPE

SPEED CONTROL

(rpm)

MANUAL-TYPE

SPEED CONTROL

(rpm)

6-6

7-0

7-6

8-0

8-6

9-0

9-6

10-0

For SL- 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

1008.1.4.1.1 Egress component. A revolving door
used as a component of a means of egress shall com-
ply with Section 1008.1.4.1 and the following three
conditions:

1. Revolving doors shall not be given credit for
more than 50 percent of the required egress
capacity.

2. Each revolving door shall be credited with no
more than a 50-person capacity.

3. Each revolving door shall be capable of being
collapsed when a force of not more than 130
pounds (578 N) is applied within 3 inches (76
mm) of the outer edge of a wing.

1008.1.4.1.2 Other than egress component. A

revolving door used as other than a component of a
means of egress shall comply with Section
1008.1.4.1. The collapsing force of a revolving door
not used as a component of a means of egress shall not
be more than 180 pounds (801 N).

Exception: A collapsing force in excess of 180
pounds (801 N) is permitted if the collapsing force
is reduced to not more than 130 pounds (578 N)
when at least one of the following conditions is sat-
isfied:

1 . There is a power failure or power is removed
to the device holding the door wings in posi-
tion.

2. There is an actuation of the automatic sprin-
kler system where such system is provided.

3. There is an actuation of a smoke detection
system which is installed in accordance with
Section 907 to provide coverage in areas
within the building which are within 75 feet
(22 860 nmi) of the revolving doors.

4. There is an actuation of a manual control
switch, in an approved location and clearly
defined, which reduces the holding force to
below the 130-pound (578 N) force level.

1008.1.4.2 Power-operated doors. Where means of
egress doors are operated by power, such as doors with a
photoelectric-actuated mechanism to open the door upon
the approach of a person, or doors with power-assisted
manual operation, the design shall be such that in the
event of power failure, the door is capable of being
opened manually to permit means of egress travel or
closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress.
The forces required to open these doors manually shall
not exceed those specified in Section 1008.1.3, except
that the force to set the door in motion shall not exceed 50
pounds (220 N). The door shall be capable of swinging
from any position to the full width of the opening in
which such door is installed when a force is applied to the
door on the side from which egress is made.
Full-power-operated doors shall comply with BHMA
A156.10. Power-assisted and low-energy doors shall
comply with BHMA A156.19.

Exceptions:

1. Occupancies in Group 1-3.

2. Horizontal sliding doors complying with Sec-
tion 1008.1.4.3.

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>
>

3. For a biparting door in the emergency breakout
mode, a door leaf located within a multiple-leaf
opening shall be exernpt from the minimum
32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of
Section 1 008. 1.1, provided a minimum 32-inch
(813 mm) clear opening is provided when the
two biparting leaves meeting in the center are
broken out.

1008.1.4.3 Horizontal sliding doors. In other than
Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors permitted
to be a component of a means of egress in accordance
with Exception 6 to Section 1008.1,2 shall comply with
all of the following criteria:

1. The doors shall be power operated and shall be
capable of being operated manually in the event of
power failure.

2. The doors shall be openable by a simple method
from both sides without special knowledge or
effort.

3. The force required to operate the door shall not
exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in motion
and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to
the minimum required width.

4. The door shall be openable widi a force not to
exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250
pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the
door adjacent to the operating device.

5. The door assembly shall comply with the applica-
h\Q fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be
self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detec-
tion in accordance with Section 715.4.8.3, shall be
installed in accordance with NFPA 80 and shall
comply with Section 715.

6. The door assembly shall have an integrated
standby power supply.

7. The door assembly power supply shall be electri-
cally supervised.

8. The door shall open to the minimum required
width within 10 seconds after activation of the
operating device.

1008.1.4.4 Access-controlled egress doors. The

entrance doors in a means of egress in buildings with an
occupancy in Group A, B, 1-2, M, R-1 or R-2 and
entrance doors to tenant spaces in occupancies in
Groups A, B, 1-2, M, R-1 and R-2 are permitted to be
equipped with an approved entrance and egress access
control system which shall be installed in accordance
with all of the following criteria:

1. A sensor shall be provided on the egress side
arranged to detect an occupant approaching the
doors. The doors shall be arranged to unlock by a
signal from or loss of power to the sensor.

2. Loss of power to that part of the access control sys-
tem which locks the doors shall automatically
unlock the doors.

3. The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a man-
ual unlocking device located 40 inches to 48
inches (1016 mm to 1219 mm) vertically above the
floor and within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the secured
doors. Ready access shall be provided to the man-
ual unlocking device and the device shall be
clearly identified by a sign that reads "PUSH TO
EXIT." When operated, the manual unlocking
device shall result in direct interruption of power
to the lock — independent of the access control sys-
tem electronics — and the doors shall remain
unlocked for a minimum of 30 seconds.

4. Activation of the building fire alarm system, if
provided, shall automatically unlock the doors,
and the doors shall remain unlocked until the fire
alarm system has been reset.

5. Activation of the building automatic sprinkler or
fire detection system, if provided, shall automati-
cally unlock the doors. The doors shall remain
unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset.

6. Entrance doors in buildings with an occupancy in
Group A, B, 1-2 or M shall not be secured from the |
egress side during periods that the building is open
to the general public.

1008.1.4.5 Security grilles. In Groups B, F, M and S,
horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles are permit-
ted at the main exit and shall be openable from the inside
without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort
during periods that the space is occupied. The grilles
shall remain secured in the full-open position during the
period of occupancy by the general public. Where two or
more means of egress are required, not more than
one-half of the exits or exit access doorways shall be
equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical security
grilles.

1008.1.4.6 Access-controlled elevator lobby egress
doors. When approved by the fire chief the entrance
doors within an elevator lobby in a means of egress of
high-rise buildings serving offices that are equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1 and an approved automatic
smoke detection system installed in accordance with Sec-
tion 907, are permitted to be equipped with an approved
entrance and egress access control system which shall be
installed in accordance with all of the following criteria:

1. Locks for the elevator lobby shall be U,L and Cal-
ifornia State Fire Marshal listed fail-safe type
locking mechanisms. The locking device shall
automatically release on activation of any fire
alarm device on the fioor of alarm (waterflow,
smoke detector, manual pull station, etc.) All lock-
ing devices shall unlock, but not unlatch, upon
activation.

2. A two-way voice communication system, utilizing
dedicated lines, shall be provided from each
locked elevator lobby to the 24~hour staffed loca-
tion on site, annunciated as to location. Operating

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instructions shall be posted above each two-way
communication device.

3. Provide an approved momentary mushroom-
shaped palm button connected to the doors and
installed adjacent to each locked elevator lobby
exit door which will release the door locks when
operated by an individual in the elevator lobby.
The locks shall be reset manually at the door.
Mount palm button so that center line is 48 inches
above finish door.

Provide a sign stating:

''IN CASE OF EMERGENCY, PUSH PALM BUTTON.

DOOR WILL UNLOCK AND

SECURITY ALARM WILL SOUND."

The sign lettering shall be %-inch high letters by
Vg-inch width stroke on a contrasting background.

4. Loss of power to that part of the access control sys-
tem which locks the doors shall automatically
unlock the doors.

1008.1.5 Floor elevation. There shall be a floor or landing
on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the
same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be
level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to
have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units hori-
zontal (2-percent slope).

Exceptions:

1 . Doors serving individual dweUing units in Groups
R-2 and R-3 where the following apply:

1.1. A door is permitted to open at the top step
of an \n\Qnov flight of stairs, provided the
door does not swing over the top step.

1.2. Screen doors and storm doors are permit-
ted to swing over stairs or landings.

2. Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5,
Exception 1, and Section 1020.2, which are not on
an accessible route.

3. In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be
I I adaptable or accessible, the landing at an exterior

doorway shall not be more than VI ^ inches (197
mm) below the top of the threshold, provided the
door, other than an exterior storm or screen door,
does not swing over the landing.

4. Variations in elevation due to differences in finish
materials, but not more than V2 inch (12.7 mm).

1008.1.6 Landings at doors. Landings shall have a width
not less than the width of the stairway or the door, which-
ever is greater. Doors in the fully open position shall not
reduce a required dimension by more than 7 inches (178
mm). When a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or
more, doors in any position shall not reduce the landing to
less than one-half its required width. Landings shall have a
length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44
inches (1118 mm).

Exception: Landing length in the direction of travel in
Groups R-3 and U and within individual units of Group
R-2 need not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

1008.1.7 Thresholds. Thresholds at doorways shall not
exceed V4 inch (19.1 mm) in height for sUding doors serving
dwelling units or V2 inch (12.7 mm) for other doors. Raised
thresholds and floor level changes greater than V4 inch (6.4
mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not greater
than one unit vertical in two units horizontal (50-percent
slope).

Exception: The threshold height shall be limited to VI ^
inches (197 mm) where the occupancy is Group R-2 or
R-3; the door is an exterior door that is not a component
of the required means of egress; the door, other than an
exterior storm or screen door, does not swing over the
landing or step; and the doorway is not on an accessible
route as required by Chapter IIA or IIB and is not part
of an adaptable or accessible dwelling unit.

1008.1.8 Door arrangement. Space between two doors in a
series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum plus the
width of a door swinging into the space. Doors in a series
shall swing either in the same direction or away from the
space between the doors.

Exceptions:

1 . The minimum distance between horizontal sHding
power-operated doors in a series shall be 48 inches
(1219 mm).

2. Storm and screen doors serving individual dwell-
ing units in Groups R-2 and R-3 need not be
spaced 48 inches (1219 mm) from the other door.

3. Doors within individual dwelling units in Groups
R-2 and R-3 occupancies other than adaptable or
accessible dwelling units.

1008.1.9 Door operations. Except as specifically permitted
by this section egress doors shall be readily openable from the
egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge or
effort.

1008.1.9.1 Hardware. Door handles, pulls, latches, locks
and other operating devices on doors required to be acces-
sible by Chapter 1 1 A or IIB shall not require tight grasp-
ing, tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate.

1008.1.9.2 Hardware height. Door handles, pulls,
latches, locks and other operating devices shall be
installed 34 inches (864 mm) minimum and 48 inches
(1219 mm) maximum above the finished floor. Locks
used only for security purposes and not used for normal
operation are permitted at any height.

Exception: Access doors or gates in barrier walls and
fences protecting pools, spas and hot tubs shall be per-
mitted to have operable parts of the release of latch on
self-latching devices at 54 inches (1370 mm) maxi-
mum above the finished floor or ground, provided the
self-latching devices are not also self-locking devices
operated by means of a key, electronic opener or inte-
gral combination lock.

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1008.1.9.3 Locks and latches. Locks and latches shall
be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of
the following exists:

1. Places of detention or restraint.

2. In buildings in occupancy Group A having an
occupant load of 300 or less, Groups B, F, M and
S, and in places of religious worship, the main
exterior door or doors are permitted to be equipped
with key-operated locking devices from the egress
side provided:

2.1. The locking device is readily distinguish-
able as locked;

2.2. A readily visible durable sign is posted on
the egress side on or adjacent to the door
stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN
UNLOCKED WHEN BUILDING IS
OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1
inch (25 nun) high on a contrasting back-
ground; and

2.3. The use of the key-operated locking device
is revokable by the building official for due
cause.

3. Where egress doors are used in pairs, approved
automatic flush bolts shall be permitted to be used,
provided that the door leaf having the automatic
flush bolts has no doorknob or surface-mounted
hardware.

4. Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units
of Group R occupancies having an occupant load
of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a
night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided
such devices are openable from the inside without
the use of a key or tool.

5. Fire doors after the minimum elevated tempera-
ture has disabled the unlatching mechanism in
accordance with listed fire door test procedures.

1008.1.9.4 Bolt locks. Manually operated flush bolts or
surface bolts are not permitted.

Exceptions:

1. On doors not required for egress in individual
dwelling units or sleeping units.

2. Where a pair of doors serves a storage or equip-
ment room, manually operated edge- or sur-
face-mounted bolts are permitted on the
inactive leaf.

3. Where a pair of doors serves an occupant load
of less than 50 persons in a Group B, F or S
occupancy, manually operated edge- or sur-
face-mounted bolts are permitted on the inac-
tive leaf. The inactive leaf shall contain no
doorknobs, panic bars or similar operating
hardware.

4. Where a pair of doors serves a Group B, F or S
occupancy, manually operated edge- or sur-
face-mounted bolts are permitted on the inac-

tive leaf provided such inactive leaf is not
needed to meet egress width requirements and
the building is equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1. The inactive leaf shall con-
tain no doorknobs, panic bars or similar operat-
ing hardware.

5. Where a pair of doors serves patient care rooms
in Group 1-2 occupancies, self-latching edge-
or surface-mounted bolts are permitted on the
inactive leaf provided that the inactive leaf is
not needed to meet egress width requirements
and the inactive leaf contains no doorknobs,
panic bars or similar operating hardware.

1008.1.9.5 Unlatching. The unlatching of any door or
leaf shall not require more than one operation.

Exceptions:

1. Places of detention or restraint.

2. Where manually operated bolt locks are permit-
ted by Section 1008.1.9.4.

3. Doors with automatic flush bolts as permitted
by Section 1008.1.9.3, Exception 3.

4. Doors from individual dwelling units and
sleeping units of Group R occupancies as per-
mitted by Section 1008.1.9.3, Exception 4.

1008.1.9.5.1 Closet and bathroom doors in Group
R-4 occupancies. In Group R-4 occupancies, closet
doors that latch in the closed position shall be
openable from inside the closet, and bathroom doors
that latch in the closed position shall be capable of
being unlocked from the ingress side.

1008.1.9.6 Reserved.

1008.1.9.7 Delayed egress locks. Approved, listed,
delayed egress locks shall be permitted to be installed on
doors serving any occupancy except Group A, E, H andL
occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1 and an approved automatic smoke
detection system installed in accordance with Section
907, provided that the doors unlock in accordance with
Items 1 through 9 below. A building occupant shall not
be required to pass through more than one door equipped
with a delayed egress lock before entering an exit.
Delayed egress devices shall conform to all of the follow-
ing:

1 . The doors unlock upon actuation of the automatic
sprinkler system or automatic smoke detection sys-
tem.

2. The doors unlock upon loss of electrical power to <
an one of the following:

2.1 The egress-control device itself

2.2 The smoke detection system.

2.3 Means of egress illumination as required
by Section 1006.

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3. The door locks shall have the capability of being
unlocked by a signal from a switch located in an
approved location.

4. The initiation of an irreversible process which will
release the latch in not more than 15 seconds when
a force of not more than 15 pounds (67 N) is
applied for 1 second to the release device. Initia-
tion of the irreversible process shall activate an
audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the
door lock has been released by the application of
force to the releasing device, relocking shall be by
manual means only. The time delay establishedfor
each egress-control device shall not be field
adjustable. For applications listed in Section 1.9.1
regulated by the Division of the State Archi-
tect-Access Compliance, see Chapter 1 IB, Section
1133B.2.5.

Exception: In facilities housing Alzheimer's or
dementia clients, a delay of not more than 30
seconds is permitted.

5. A sign shall be provided on the door located above
and within 12 inches (305 mm) of the release
device reading: ''KEEP PUSHING. THIS DOOR
WILL OPEN IN 15 [30] SECONDS. ALARM
WILL SOUND" Sign lettering shall be at least 1
inch (25 mm) in height and shall have a stroke of
not less than Vg inch (3.2 mm).

5.1. A tactile sign shall also be provided in
Braille and raised characters, which com-
plies with Section 1117B. 5.1,1, Item 1.

6. Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door.

7. Actuation of the panic bar or other door-latching
hardware shall activate an audible signal at the
door.

8. The unlatching shall not require more than one
operation.

9. Regardless of the means of deactivation, relocking
of the egress-control device shall be by manual
means only at the door.

1008.1.9.8 Electromagnetically locked egress doors.
Doors in the means of egress that are not otherwise
required to have panic hardware in buildings with an
occupancy in Group A, B, E, M, R-1 or R-2 and doors to
tenant spaces in Group A, B, E, M, R-1 or R-2 shall be
permitted to be electromagnetically locked if equipped
with listed hardware that incorporates a built-in switch
and meet the requirements below:

1. The listed hardware that is affixed to the door leaf
has an obvious method of operation that is readily
operated under all lighting conditions.

2. The listed hardware is capable of being operated
with one hand.

3. Operation of the listed hardware releases to the
electromagnetic lock and unlocks the door imme-
diately.

4. Loss of power to the listed hardware automatically
unlocks the door.

1008.1.9.9 Reserved.

1008.1.9.10 Stairway doors. Interior stairway means of
egress doors shall be openable from both sides without
the use of a key or special knowledge or effort.

Exceptions:

1. Stairway discharge doors shall be openable
from the egress side and shall only be locked
from the opposite side.

2. This section shall not apply to doors arranged in
accordance with Section 403.5.3.

3. In stairways serving not more than four stories,
doors are permitted to be locked from the side
opposite the egress side, provided they are
openable from the egress side and capable of
being unlocked simultaneously without
unlatching upon a signal from the fire com-
mand center, if present, or a signal by emer-
gency personnel from a single location inside
the main entrance to the building.

1008.1.10 Panic and fire exit hardware. Doors serving a
Group H occupancy and doors serving rooms or spaces with
an occupant load of 50 or more in a Group A occupancy,
assembly area not classified as an assembly occupancy, E,
1-2 or 1-2. 1 occupancies shall not be provided with a latch or
lock unless it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware. For
Group L occupancies see Section 443.6.3.

Exception: A main exit of a Group A occupancy in com-
pliance with Section 1008.1.9.3, Item 2.

Electrical rooms with equipment rated 1 ,200 amperes or
more and over 6 feet (1829 mm) wide that contain
overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices
with exit or exit access doors shall be equipped with panic
hardware or fire exit hardware. The doors shall swing in the
direction of egress travel.

1008.1.10.1 Installation. Where panic oifire exit hard-
ware is installed, it shall comply with the following:

1. Panic hardware shall be listed in accordance with
UL305;

2. Fire exit hardware shall be listed in accordance
with UL IOC and UL 305;

3. The actuating portion of the releasing device shall
extend at least one-half of the door leaf width; and

4. The maximum unlatching force shall not exceed
15 pounds (67 N).

1008.1.10.2 Balanced doors. If balanced doors are
used and panic hardware is required, the panic hardware
shall be the push-pad type and the pad shall not extend
more than one-half the width of the door measured from
the latch side.

1008.2 Gates. Gates serving the means of egress system shall
comply with the requirements of this section. Gates used as a

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component in a means of egress shall conform to the applicable
requirements for doors.

Exception: Horizontal sliding or swinging gates exceeding
the 4-foot (1219 mm) maximum leaf width limitation are
permitted in fences and walls surrounding a stadium.

1008.2.1 Stadiums. Panic hardware is not required on gates
surrounding stadiums where such gates are under constant
immediate supervision while the public is present, and
where safe dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m^)
per occupant are located between the fence and enclosed
space. Such required safe dispersal areas shall not be
located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the enclosed
space. See Section 1027.6 for means of egress from safe
dispersal areas.

1008.3 Tlimstiles. Turnstiles or similar devices that restrict
travel to one direction shall not be placed so as to obstruct any
required means of egress.

Exception: Each turnstile or similar device shall be credited
with no more than a 50-person capacity where all of the
following provisions are met:

1 . Each device shall turn free in the direction of egress
travel when primary power is lost, and upon the man-
ual release by an employee in the area.

2. Such devices are not given credit for more than 50
percent of the required egress capacity.

3. Each device is not more than 39 inches (991 nmi)
high.

4. Each device has at least 1672 inches (419 mm) clear
width at and below a height of 39 inches (991 mm)
and at least 22 inches (559 mm) clear width at heights
above 39 inches (991 mm).

Where located as part of 2in accessible route, turnstiles shall
have at least 36 inches (914 mm) clear at and below a height of
34 inches (864 mm), at least 32 inches (813 mm) clear width
between 34 inches (864 nam) and 80 inches (2032 mm) and
shall consist of a mechanism other than a revolving device.

1008.3.1 High turnstile. Turnstiles more than 39 inches
(991 mm) high shall meet the requirements for revolving
doors.

1008.3.2 Additional door. Where serving an occupant load
greater than 300, each turnstile that is not portable shall have
a side-hinged swinging door which conforms to Section
1008. 1 within 50 feet ( 1 5 240 mm).

SECTION 1009
STAIRWAYS

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section,
means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build-
ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applica-
tions listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the
State Architect — Access Compliance, shall also comply with
Chapter 1 1 A or Chapter 1 IB, Section 11 33 B.4, as applicable.

1009.1 Stairway width. The width of stairways shall be deter-
mined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not

be less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for
accessible means of egress stairways.

Exceptions:

1. Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50
shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914
nun).

2. Spiral stairways as provided for in Section 1009,9.

3. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

4. Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is
installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group
R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group
R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches (508
nam) shall be provided. If the seat and platform can be
folded when not in use, the distance shall be measured
from the folded position.

Means of egress stairs in a Group 1-2 occupancy used for the
movement of beds and litter patients shall provide a clear width
not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

1009.2 Headroom. Stairways shall have a minimum head-
room clearance of 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically
from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such headroom
shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the
line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the
bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the
full width of the stairway and landing.

Exceptions:

1. Spiral stairways complying with Section 1009.9 are
permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.

2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in
Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies
that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or acces-
sory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occu-
pancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a
flight extend under the o^dgQ of a floor opening
through which the ^mir passes, the floor opening shall
be allowed to project horizontally into the required
headroom a maximum of 4V4 inches (121 mm).

1009.3 Walkline. The walkline across winder treads shall be
concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and
located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders
are narrower. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be mea-
sured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walk-
ing surface of the winder. If winders are adjacent within the
flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent
winders shall be used.

1009.4 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads and risers shall
comply with Sections 1009.4.1 through 1009.4.5.

1009.4.1 Dimension reference surfaces. For the purpose
of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs
or runners.

1009.4.2 Riser height and tread depth. Stair riser heights
shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102
mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured verti-
cally between the leading edges of adjacent treads. Rectan-
gular tread depths shall be 1 1 inches (279 mm) minimum

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the
foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to
the tread's leading edge. Winder treads shall have a
minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) measured
between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of
adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a
minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the
clear width of the stair.

Exceptions:

1. Alternating tread devices in accordance with Sec-
tion 1009.10.

2. Ship ladders in accordance with Section 1009. 1 1 .

3. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section
1009.9.

4. Aisle stairs in assembly seating areas where the
stair pitch or slope is set, for sightline reasons, by
the slope of the adjacent seating area in accordance
with Section 1028.11.2.

5. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units
in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occu-
pancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occu-
pancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in
Group R-2 occupancies ; the maximum riser height
shall be 7V4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread
depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum
winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10
inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread
depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing not less
than V4 inch (19.1 mm) but not more than IV4
inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stairways
with solid risers where the tread depth is less than
1 1 inches (279 mm).

6. See Section 3404. 1 for the replacement of existing
stairways. [HCD 1] See Chapter 34, Section
3401.4.3 for additions, alterations or repairs to
existing buildings. [DSA-AC] For applications
listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of
the State Architect- Access Compliance, see Chap-
ter 1 IB, Section 11 34B.

1. In Group 1-3 facilities, stairways providing access
to guard towers, observation stations and control
rooms, not more than 250 square feet (23 m^) in
area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser
height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread
depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

8. [SFM] Stairways providing access to lifeguard
towers not open to the public, not more than 250
square feet (23 m^) in area, shall be permitted to
have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm)
and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

1009.4.3 Winder treads. Winder tiQads are not permitted in
means of egress stairways except within a dwelling unit.

Exceptions:

1. Curved stairways in accordance with Section
1009.8.

2, Spiral stairways in accordance with Section
1009.9.

1009.4.4 Dimensional uniformity. Stair treads and risers
shall be of uniform size and shape. The tolerance between
the largest and smallest riser height or between the largest
and smallest tread depth shall not exceed ^/g inch (9.5 nun) in
any flight of stairs. The greatest winder tread depth at the
walkline within any flight of stairs shall not exceed the
smallest by more than Vg inch (9.5 mm).

Exceptions:

1 . Nonuniform riser dimensions of aisle stairs com-
plying with Section 1028.11.2.

2. Consistently shaped winders, complying with
Section 1009.4.2, differing from rectangular
treads in the same stairway flight.

Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public
way, walkway or driveway having an established grade and
serving as a landing, the bottom or top riser is permitted to
be reduced along the slope to less than 4 inches (102 mm) in
height, with the variation in height of the bottom or top riser
not to exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal
(8-percent slope) of stairway width. The nosings or leading
edges of treads at such nonuniform height risers shall have a
distinctive marking stripe, different from any other nosing
marking provided on the stair flight. The distinctive
marking stripe shall be visible in descent of the stair and
shall have a slip-resistant surface. Marking stripes shall
have a width of at least 1 inch (25 mm) but not more than 2
inches (51 mm).

1009.4.5 Profile. The radius of curvature at the leading edge
of the tread shall be not greater than Vig inch (14.3 mm).
Beveling of nosings shall not exceed 7^6 inch (14.3 mm).
Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped under the tread
above from the underside of the nosing above at an angle not
more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. The
leading edge (nosings) of treads shall project not more than
1 V4 inches (32 nun) beyond the tread below and all projec-
tions of the leading edges shall be of uniform size, including
the leading edge of the floor at the top of sl flight.

Exceptions:

1. Solid risers are not required for stairways that are
not required to comply with Section 1007.3, pro-
vided that the opening between treads does not
permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4
inches (102 mm).

2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in
Group 1-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies
other than areas accessible to the public. There are
no restrictions on the size of the opening in the

riser.

3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways
constructed in accordance with Section 1009.9.

4. Solid risers are not required for alternating tread
devices constructed in accordance with Section
1009.10.

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1009.5 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at
the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings
shall not be less than the width of stairways they serve. Every
landing shall have a minimum dimension measured in the
direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such
dimension need not exceed 48 inches (1219 mm) where the
stairway has a straight run. Doors opening onto a landing shall
not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width.
When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches
(178 mm) into a landing. When wheelchair spaces are required
on the stairway landing in accordance with Section 1007.6.1,
the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width
of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair
spaces.

Exceptions:

L Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

2. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies a floor or landing
is not required at the top of an interior flight of stairs,
including stairs in an enclosed garage, provided a
door does not swing over the stairs,

1009.6 Stairway construction. All stairways shall be built of
materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of
construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall
be permitted for all types of construction.

1009.6.1 Stairway walking surface. The walking surface
of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped
steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal
(2-percent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and land-
ings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be
securely attached.

Exceptions:

1. Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size
that does not permit the passage of V2-inch-diame-
ter (12.7 mm) sphere. Elongated openings shall be
placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular
to the direction of travel.

2. In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas
of parking structures accessible to the public,
openings in treads and landings shall not be pro-
hibited provided a sphere with a diameter of 1 Vg
inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

1009.6.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor stairways and
outdoor approaches to stairways shall be designed so that
water will not accumulate on walking surfaces.

1009.6.3 Enclosures under stairways. The walls and soffits
within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unen-
closed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction or ih& fire-resistance rating of the
stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the
enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stair
enclosure.

Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and con-
tained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group
R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the
enclosed side with V2-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board.

There shall be no enclosed usable space under exterior
exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in
1 -hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space
under exterior stairways shall not be used for any
purpose.

1009.7 Vertical rise, h flight of stairs shall not have a vertical
rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or
landings.

Exceptions:

1. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

2. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress
shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm)
between floor levels or landings.

1009.8 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder
treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section
1009.4 and the smallest radius shall not be less than twice the
required width of the stairway.

Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved
stairways for occupancies in Group R-3 and within indi-
vidual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2.

1009.9 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted to be
used as a component in the means of egress only within dwell-
ing units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m^)
in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from gal-
leries, catwalks and gridirons in accordance with Section
1015.6.

A spiral stairway shall have a 7 V2-inch (191 mm) minimum
clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the nar-
row edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom
of 78 inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not
be more than 9V2 inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway
clear width at and below the handrail shall be 26 inches (660
mm).

1009.10 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread
devices are limited to an element of sl means of egress in build-
ings of Groups F, H and S from a mezzanine not more than
250 square feet (23 m^) in area and which serves not more than
five occupants; in buildings of Group 1-3 from a guard tower,
observation station or control room not more than 250 square
feet (23 m^) in area and for access to unoccupied roofs.

1009.10.1 Handrails of alternating tread devices. Hand-
rails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread
devices and shall comply with Section 1012.

1009.10.2 Treads of alternating tread devices. Alter-
nating tread devices shall have a minimum projected tread
of 5 inches (127 mm), a minimum tread depth of 8V2 inches
(216 mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 nun) and
a maximum riser height of 9V2 inches (241 mm). The
projected tread depth shall be measured horizontally
between the vertical planes of the foremost projections of
adjacent treads. The riser height shall be measured verti-
cally between the leading edges of adjacent treads. The
combination of riser height and projected tread depth
provided shall result in an alternating tread device angle that
complies with Section 1002. The initial tread of the device

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shall begin at the same elevation as the platform, landing or
floor surface.

Exception: Alternating tread devices used as an element
of a means of egress in buildings from a mezzanine area
not more than 250 square feet (23 m^) in area which
serves not more than five occupants shall have a mini-
mum projected tread of 8 Vj inches (216 mm) with a mini-
mum tread depth of IOV2 inches (267 mm). The rise to
the next alternating tread surface should not be more than
8 inches (203 mm).

1009.11 Ship ladders. Ship ladders are permitted to be used in
Group 1-3 as a component of a means of egress to and from con-
trol rooms or elevated facility observation stations not more
than 250 square feet (23 m^) with not more than three occu-
pants and for access to unoccupied roofs.

Ship ladders shall have a minimum tread depth of 5 inches
(1 27 mm). The tread shall be projected such that the total of the
tread depth plus the nosing projection is no less than 8 V2 inches
(216 mm). The maximum riser height shall be 9V2 inches (241
mm).

Handrails shall be provided on both sides of ship ladders.
The minimum clear width at and below the handrails shall be
20 inches (508 mm).

1009.12 Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each
side and shall comply with Section 1012. Where glass is used
to provide the handrail, the handrail shall also comply with
Section 2407.

Exceptions:

1 . Handrails for aisle stairs are not required where permit-
ted by Section 1028.13.

2. Stairways within dwelling units, spiral stairways and
aisle stairs serving seating only on one side are permitted
to have a handrail on one side only.

3. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in
elevation where the landing depth on each side of the
change of elevation is greater than what is required for a
landing do not require handrails.

4. [SFM] In Group R-3 occupancies, a continuous run of
treads or flight of stairs with less than four risers does
not require handrails.

5. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers
within dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2
and R-3 do not require handrails.

[DSA-AC] For applications listed in Section 1.9. 1 regu-
lated by the Division of the State Architect- Access Com-
pliance, see Chapter IIB, Section 113BA,L

1009.13 Stairway to roof. In buildings four or more stories
above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to the roof sur-
face, unless the roof has a slope steeper than four units vertical
in 12 units horizontal (33-percent slope). In buildings without
an occupied roof, access to the roof from the top story shall be
permitted to be by an alternating tread device.

1009.13.1 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a
roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a pent-
house complying with Section 1509.2.

Exception: In buildings without an occupied roof,
access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or
trap door not less than 16 square feet (1.5 m^) in area and
having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm).

1009.13.2 Protection at roof hatch openings. Where the
roof hatch opening providing the required access is located
within 10 feet (3049 nam) of the roof edge, such roof access
or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accor-
dance with the provisions of Section 1013.

1009.14 Stairway to elevator equipment. Roofs and pent-
houses containing elevator equipment that must be accessed
for maintenance are required to be accessed by a stairway.

SECTION 1010
RAMPS

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section,
means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build-
ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applica-
tions listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance, shall also comply with
Chapter 11 A or Chapter 1 IB, Section 1133B.5, as applicable.

1010.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
ramps used as a component of a means of egress.

Exceptions:

1 . Other than ramps that are part of the accessible routes
providing access in accordance with Chapter llA or
IIB, ramped aisles within assembly rooms or spaces
shall conform with the provisions in Section 1028. 1 1 .

2. Curb ramps shall comply with Chapter llAorllB,
Section 1127B.5, as applicable,

3. Vehicle ramps in parking garages for pedestrian exit
access shall not be required to comply with Sections
1010.3 through 1010.9 when they are not an accessi-
ble route serving accessible parking spaces, other
required accessible elements or part of an accessible
means of egress.

1010.2 Slope. Ramps used as part of a means of egress shall
have a running slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 12
units horizontal (8-percent slope). The slope of other pedes-
trian ramps shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in eight
units horizontal (12.5-percent slope).

Exception: Aisle ramp slope in occupancies of Group A or
assembly occupancies accessory to Group E occupancies
shall comply with Section 1028.11.

1010.3 Cross slope. The slope measured perpendicular to the
direction of travel of a ramp shall not be steeper than one unit
vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

1010.4 Vertical rise. The rise for any ramp run shall be 30
inches (762 mm) maximum.

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343

MEANS OF EGRESS

1010.5 Minimum dimensions. The minimum dimensions of
means of egress ramps shall comply with Sections 1010.5.1
through 1010.5.3.

1010.5.1 Width. The minimum width of a means of egress
ramp shall not be less than that required for corridors by
Section 1018.2. The clear width of a ramp between hand-
rails, if provided, or other permissible projections shall be
36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

1010.5.2 Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts
of the means of egress ramp shall not be less than 80 inches
(2032 mm).

1010.5.3 Restrictions. Means of egress ramps shall not
reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections
into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited.
Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear
width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm).

1010.6 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and
top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors.
Landings shall comply with Sections 1010.6.1 through
1010.6.5.

1010.6.1 Slope. Landings shall have a slope not steeper than
one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in
any direction. Changes in level are not permitted.

1010.6.2 Width. The landing shall be at least as wide as the
widest ramp run adjoining the landing.

1010.6.3 Length. The landing length shall be 60 inches
(1525 mm) minimum.

Exceptions:

1. In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling and
sleeping units that are not required to be accessible
in accordance with Chapter II A, landings are per-
mitted to be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum.

2. Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route,
the length of the landing shall not be required to be
more than 48 inches (1220 mm) in the direction of
travel.

1010.6.4 Change in direction. Where changes in direction
of travel occur at landings provided between ramp runs, the
landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524
mm) minimum.

Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 individual dwelling or
sleeping units that are not required to be accessible in
accordance with Chapter 11 A, landings are permitted to
be 36 inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 nmi) mini-
mum.

1010.6.5 Doorways. Where doorways are located adjacent
to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required for
accessibility are permitted to overlap the required landing
area as specified in Chapter IIA or IIB, Section 1133B.5.

1010.7 Ramp construction. All ramps shall be built of materi-
als consistent with the types permitted for the type of construc-
tion of the building, except that wood handrails shall be
permitted for all types of construction. Ramps used as an exit
shall conform to the applicable requirements of Sections
1022.1 through 1022.6 for exit enclosures.

1010.7.1 Ramp surface. The surface of ramps shall be of
slip-resistant materials that are securely attached.

1010.7.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor ramps and outdoor
approaches to ramps shall be designed so that water will not
accumulate on walking surfaces.

1010.8 Handrails. Ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches
(152 mm) shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails shall
comply with Section 1012.

Exception: Handrails for ramped aisles are not required
where permitted by Section 1028.13.

1010.9 Edge protection. Edge protection complying with Sec-
tion 1010.9.1 or 1010.9.2 shall be provided on each side of
ramp runs and at each side of ramp landings. [HCD 1-AC] See
Chapter 11 A, Sections 1114A.7 and 1122A6, for curb and
wheel guide requirements.

Exceptions:

1. Edge protection is not required on ramps that are not
required to have handrails, provided they have flared
sides that comply with Chapter llA or IIB, Section
11278,5.

2. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp
landings serving an adjoining ramp run or stairway.

3. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp
landings having a vertical drop off of not more than Vj
inch (12.7 nmi) within 10 inches (254 mm) horizon-
tally of the required landing area.

4. In assembly spaces with fixed seating, edge protec-
tion is not required on the sides of ramps where the
ramps provide access to the adjacent seating and aisle
accessways.

1010.9.1 Curb, rail, wall or barrier. A curb, rail, wall or
barrier shall be provided to serve as edge protection. A curb
must be a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) in height. Barriers
must be constructed so that the barrier prevents the passage
of a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere, where any portion of
the sphere is within 4 inches (102 mm) of the floor or ground
surface.

1010.9.2 Extended floor or ground surface. The floor or
ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall extend 12
inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the inside face of a
handrail complying with Section 1012.

1010.10 Guards. Guards shall be provided where required by
Section 1013 and shall be constructed in accordance with Sec-
tion 1013.

SECTION 1011
EXIT SIGNS

1011.1 Where required. Exits and exit access doors shall be
marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direc-
tion of egress travel. The path of egress travel to exits and
within exits shall be marked by readily visible exit signs to
clearly indicate the direction of egress travel in cases where the
exit or the path of egress travel is not immediately visible to the
occupants. Intervening means of egress doors within exits shall

344

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

MEANS OF EGRESS

be marked by exit signs. Exit sign placement shall be such that
no point in an exit access corridor or exit passageway is more
than 100 feet (30 480 mm) or the listed viewing distance for the
sign, whichever is less, from the nearest visible exit sign.

Exceptions:

1. Exit signs are not required in rooms or areas that
require only one exit or exit access,

2. Main exterior exit doors or gates that are obviously
and clearly identifiable as exits need not have exit
signs where approved by the building official.

3. Exit signs are not required in occupancies in Group U
and individual sleeping units or dwelling units in
Group R-1, R-2, R-3 orR-SJ.

4. Exit signs are not required where inmates are housed,
or held in dayrooms, sleeping rooms or dormitories in
occupancies in Group 1-3.

5. In occupancies in Groups A-4 and A-5, exit signs are
not required on the seating side of vomitories or open-
ings into seating areas where exit signs are provided in
the concourse that are readily apparent from the
vomitories. Egress lighting is provided to identify
each vomitory or opening within the seating area in an
emergency.

1011.2 Illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or exter-
nally illuminated.

Exception: Tactile signs required by Section 1011.3 need
not be provided with illumination.

> 1011.3 Tactile exit signs. For the purposes of Section 10113,
the term ''tactile exit signs " shall mean those required signs
that comply with Section 1117B.5.1 Item 1. Tactile exit signs
shall be required at the following locations:

1. Each grade-level exterior exit door shall be identified by
a tactile exit sign with the word, "EXIT. "

2. Each exit door that leads directly to a grade-level exte-
rior exit by means of a stairway or ramp shall be identi-
fied by a tactile exit sign with the following words as
appropriate:

A. "EXIT STAIR DOWN"

B. "EXIT RAMP DOWN"
a "EXIT STAIR UP"
D. "EXIT RAMP UP"

3. Each exit door that leads directly to a grade-level exte-
rior exit by means of an exit enclosure that does not uti-
lize a stair or ramp, or an exit passageway shall be
identified by a tactile exit sign with the words, "EXIT
ROUTE. "

4. Each exit access door from an interior room or area that
is required to have a visual exit sign, shall be identified
by a tactile exit sign with the words, "EXIT ROUTE. "

5. Each exit door through a horizontal exit shall be identi-
fied by a tactile exit sign with the words, "TO EXIT. "

1011.4 Internally illuminated exit signs. Electrically pow-
ered, self-luminous and photolumine scent exit signs shall be
listed and labeled in accordance with UL 924 and shall be
installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions
and Chapter 27. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times.

1011.5 Externally illuminated exit signs. Externally illumi-
nated exit signs shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through
1011.5.3.

1011.5.1 Graphics. Every exit sign and directional exit sign
shall have plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches (152
mm) high with the principal strokes of the letters not less
than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) wide. The word "EXIT" shall have
letters having a width not less than 2 inches (51 mm) wide,
except the letter *1," and the minimum spacing between
letters shall not be less than Vg inch (9.5 mm). Signs larger
than the minimum established in this section shall have
letter widths, strokes and spacing in proportion to their
height.

The word "EXIT" shall be in high contrast with the back-
ground and shall be clearly discernible when the means of
exit sign illumination is or is not energized. If a chevron
directional indicator is provided as part of the exit sign, the
construction shall be such that the direction of the chevron
directional indicator cannot be readily changed.

1011.5.2 Exit sign illumination. The face of an exit sign
illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity
of not less than 5 foot-candles (54 lux).

1011.5.3 Power source. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all
times. To ensure continued illumination for a duration of not
less than 90 minutes in case of primary power loss, the sign
illumination means shall be connected to an emergency
power system provided from storage batteries, unit equip-
ment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emer-
gency power system shall be in accordance with Chapter 27 .

Exception: Approved exit sign illumination means that
provide continuous illumination independent of external
power sources for a duration of not less than 90 minutes,
in case of primary power loss, are not required to be con-
nected to an emergency electrical system.

1011.6 Floor-level exit signs. Where exit signs are required by
Chapter 10, additional approved low-level exit signs which are
internally or externally illuminated photoluminescent or
self-luminous, shall be provided in all interior corridors of
Group A, E, I and R-2. 1 occupancies and in all interior rated
exit corridors serving guest rooms of hotels in Group R, Divi-
sion 1 occupancies.

Exceptions:

1. Group A occupancies that are protected throughout
by an approved supervised fire sprinkler system.

2. Group E occupancies where direct exits have been
provided from each classroom.

3. Group I and R-2.1 occupancies which are provided
with smoke barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 407.4

4. Group 1-3 occupancies.

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345

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The bottom of the sign shall not he less than 6 inches (152
mm) or more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level and
shall indicate the path of exit travel For exit and exit-access
doors, the sign shall be on the door or adjacent to the door with
the closest edge of the sign or marker within 4 inches (102 mm)
of the doorframe.

Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143,
this California amendment applies to all newly constructed
buildings or structures subject to this section for which a
building permit is issued (or construction commenced,
where no building permit is issued) on or after January 1,
1989.

101 L 7 Path marking. When exit signs are required by Chapter
10, in addition to approved floor-level exit signs, approved
path marking shall be installed at floor level or no higher than
8 inches (203 mm) above the floor level in all interior rated exit
corridors of unsprinklered Group A occupancies, and Group
R-1 and R-2 occupancies.

Such marking shall be continuous except as interrupted by
door-ways, corridors or other such architectural features in
order to provide a visible delineation along the path of travel.

Note: Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143,
the California amendments of this section shall apply to all
newly constructed buildings or structures subject to this
section for which a building permit is issued (or construc-
tion commenced, where no building permit is issued) on or
after January 1, 1989.

SECTION 1012
HANDRAILS

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section,
means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build-
ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applica-
tions listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the
State Architect— Access Compliance, shall also comply with
Chapter llA or Chapter IIB, Sections 1133B.4.1 or
1133B.5.5, as applicable.

1012.1 Where required. Handrails for stairways and ramps
shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance
with Section 1607.7. Handrails required for stairways by Sec-
tion 1009.12 shall comply with Sections 1012.2 through
1012.9. Handrails required for ramps by Section 1010.8 shall
comply with Sections 1012.2 through 1012.8.

1012.2 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair tread
nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not
less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965
mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship
ladders, measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not
less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864
mm).

1012.3 Handrail graspability. All required handrails shall
comply with Section 1012.3.1 or shall provide equivalent
graspability.

Exception: In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling
units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupan-
cies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or acces-

sory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies;
handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section
1012.3.1, Type II in accordance with Section 1012.3.2 or
shall provide equivalent graspability.

1012.3.1 Type I. Handrails with a circular cross section
shall have an outside diameter of at least 1 V4 inches (32 mm)
and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). If the handrail is not
circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of at least 4
inches (102 mm) and not greater than 6V4 inches (160 mm)
with a maximum cross-section dimension of 2 V4 inches (57
mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25
mm).

1012.3.2 Type II. Handrails with a perimeter greater than
6^4 inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess
area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall
begin within a distance of V4 inch (19 mm) measured verti-
cally from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a
depth of at least ^/j^ inch (8 mm) within Vg inch (22 mm)
below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth
shall continue for at least Vg inch (10 mm) to a level that is
not less than 1 V4 inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of
the profile. The minimum width of the handrail above the
recess shall be 1 V4 inches (32 mm) to a maximum of 2V4
inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01
inch (0.25 mm).

1012.4 Continuity. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be con-
tinuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstruc-
tions.

Exceptions:

1. Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be
interrupted by a newel post at a turn or landing.

2. Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout,
starting easing or starting newel is allowed over the
lowest tread.

3. Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom
surface of the handrail that do not project horizon-
tally beyond the sides of the handrail within IV2
inches (38 mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not
be considered obstructions. For each Vj inch (12.7
mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension
above 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance
dimension of 1 V2 inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to
be reduced by Vg inch (3 mm).

4. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces
with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of the
handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be
obstructed along their entire length where they are
integral to crash rails or bumper guards.

1012.5 Fittings. Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings.

1012.6 Handrail extensions. Handrails shall return to a wall,
guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the hand-
rail of an adjacent stair flight or ramp run. Where handrails are
not continuous betwcQnflights, the handrails shall extend hori-
zontally at least 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and
continue to slope for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom
riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between

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runs, the handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing
12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of
ramp runs. The extensions of handrails shall be in the same
direction of the stair flights at stairways and the ramp runs at
ramps.

Exceptions:

1. Handrails within a dwelling unit that is not required
to be accessible need extend only from the top riser to
the bottom riser.

2. Aisle handrails in Group A and E occupancies in
accordance with Section 1028.13.

3. Handrails for alternating tread devices and ship lad-
ders are permitted to terminate at a location vertically
above the top and bottom risers. Handrails for alter-
nating tread devices and ship ladders are not required
to be continuous bet^wctn flights or to extend beyond
the top or bottom risers.

1012.7 Clearance. Clear space between a handrail and a wall
or other surface shall be a minimum of 1 V2 inches (38 mm). A
handrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail
shall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements.

1012.8 Projections. On ramps, the clear width between hand-
rails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into the
required width of stairways and ramps at each handrail shall not
exceed 4V2 inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height.
Projections into the required width shall not be limited above the
minimum headroom height required in Section 1009.2.

In Group 1-2 occupancy ramps required for exit access shall
not be less than 8ft in width and handrails are permitted to pro-
trude 3^/2 inches from the wall on both sides. Ramps used as
exits and stairways used for the movement of bed and litter
patientSy the clear width between handrails shall be 44 inches
(1118 mm) minimum.

1012.9 Intermediate handrails. Stairways shall have inter-
mediate handrails located in such a manner that all portions of
the stairway width required for egress capacity are within 30
inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental stairs, hand-
rails shall be located along the most direct path of egress travel.

SECTION 1013
GUARDS

1013.1 Where required. Guards shall be located along
open-sided walking surfaces, including mezzanines, equip-
ment platforms, stairs, ramps and landings that are located
more than 30 inches (762 mm) measured vertically to the floor
or grade below at any point within 36 inches (914 mm) hori-
zontally to the edge of the open side. Guards shall be adequate
in strength and attachment in accordance with Section 1607.7.

Exception: Guards are not required for the following loca-
tions:

1. On the loading side of loading docks or piers.

2. On the audience side of stages and raised platforms,
including steps leading up to the stage and raised plat-
forms.

3. On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as run-
ways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or
presentations.

4. At vertical openings in the performance area of stages
and platforms.

5. At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages
and platforms for access to and utilization of special
lighting or equipment.

6. Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public.

7. In assembly seating where guards in accordance with
Section 1028.14 are permitted and provided.

1013.1.1 Glazing. Where glass is used to provide 3. guard or
as a portion of the guard system, the guard shall also comply
with Section 2407. Where the glazing provided does not
meet the strength and attachment requirements of Section
1607.7, complying guards shall also be located along
glazed sides of open-sided walking surfaces.

1013.2 Height. Required guards shall be not less than 42
inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically above the adjacent
walking surfaces, adjacent fixed seating or the Une connecting
the leading edges of the treads.

Exceptions:

1. For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual
dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, guards
on the open sides of stairs shall have a height not less
than 34 inches (864 mm) measured vertically from a
line connecting the leading edges of the treads.

2. For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual
dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, where
the top of the guard also serves as a handrail on the
open sides of stairs, the top of the guard shall not be
less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38
inches (965 mm) measured vertically from a line con-
necting the leading edges of the treads.

3 . The height in assembly seating areas shall be in accor-
dance with Section 1028.14.

4. Along alternating tread devices and ship ladders,
guards whose top rail also serves as a handrail, shall
have height not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not
more than 34 inches (864 mm), measured vertically
from the leading edge of the device tread nosing.

1013.3 Opening limitations. Required guards shall not have
openings which allow passage of a sphere 4 inches (102 mm) in
diameter from the walking surface to the required guard height.

Exceptions:

1. From a height of 36 inches (914 mm) to 42 inches
(1067 mm), guards shall not have openings which
allow passage of a sphere 4% inches (111 mm) in
diameter.

2. The triangular openings at the open sides of a stair,
formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail shall not
allow passage of a sphere 6 inches (152 mm) in diame-
ter.

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3. At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of
electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equip-
ment, guards shall not have openings which allow
passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 mm) in diameter.

4. In areas that are not open to the public within occu-
pancies in Group 1-3, F, H or S, and for alternating
tread devices and ship ladders, guards shall not have
openings which allow passage of a sphere 21 inches
(533 mm) in diameter.

5. In assembly seating areas, guards at the end of aisles
where they terminate at a fascia of boxes, balconies
and galleries shall not have openings which allow
passage of a sphere 4 inches in diameter (102 mm) up
to a height of 26 inches (660 mm) . From a height of 26
inches (660 mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the
adjacent walking surfaces, guards shall not have
openings which allow passage of a sphere 8 inches
(203 mm) in diameter.

6. Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in
Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, guards on the open
sides of stairs shall not have openings which allow
passage of a sphere 4 Vg (HI mm) inches in diameter.

7. Lifeguard towers not open to the public, guards shall
not have openings which allow passage of a sphere 21
inches (533 mm) in diameter.

1013.4 Screen porches. Porches and decks which are enclosed
with insect screening shall be provided with guards where the
walking surface is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above
the floor or grade below.

1013.5 Mechanical equipment. Guards shall be provided
where appliances, equipment, fans, roof hatch openings or
other components that require service are located within 10 feet
(3048 mm) of a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and
such edge or open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall be con-
structed so as to prevent the passage of a sphere 21 inches (533
mm) in diameter. The guard shall extend not less than 30 inches
(762 mm) beyond each end of such appliance, equipment, fan
or component.

1013.6 Roof access. Guards shall be provided where the roof
hatch opening is located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof edge
or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open side is
located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, roof or
grade below. The guard shall be constructed so as to prevent the
passage of a sphere 21 inches (533 ram) in diameter.

SECTION 1014
EXIT ACCESS

1014.1 General. The exit access shall comply with the applica-
ble provisions of Sections 1003 through 1013. Exit access
arrangement shall comply with Sections 1014 through 1019.

1014.2 Egress through intervening spaces. Egress through
intervening spaces shall comply with this section.

1. Egress from a room or space shall not pass through
adjoining or intervening rooms or areas, except where
such adjoining rooms or areas and the area served are

accessory to one or the other, are not a Group H occu-
pancy and provide a discernible path of egress travel to
an exit.

Exception: Means of egress are not prohibited
through adjoining or intervening rooms or spaces in a
Group H, S or F occupancy when the adjoining or
intervening rooms or spaces are the same or a lesser
hazard occupancy group.

2. An exit access shall not pass through a room that can be
locked to prevent egress.

3. Means of egress from dwelling units or sleeping areas <
shall not lead through other sleeping areas, toilet rooms
or bathrooms.

4. Egress shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms,
closets or spaces used for similar purposes.

Exceptions:

1. Means of egress are not prohibited through a
kitchen area serving adjoining rooms constitut-
ing part of the same dwelling unit or sleeping
unit.

2. Means of egress are not prohibited through
stockrooms in Group M occupancies when all
of the following are met:

2.1. The stock is of the same hazard classifi-
cation as that found in the main retail
area;

2.2. Not more than 50 percent of the exit
access is through the stockroom;

2.3. The stockroom is not subject to locking
from the egress side; and

2.4. There is a demarcated, minimum
44-inch- wide (1118 mm) aisle defined
by full- or partial-height fixed walls or
similar construction that will maintain
the required width and lead directly
from the retail area to the exit without
obstructions.

5. Exits shall not pass through any room subject to locking \
except in Group 1-3 occupancies classified as detention
facilities,

1014.2.1 Multiple tenants. Where more than one tenant
occupies any one floor of a building or structure, each tenant
space, dwelling unit and sleeping unit shall be provided with
access to the required exits without passing through adja-
cent tenant spaces, dwelling units and sleeping units.

Exception: The means of egress from a smaller tenant
space shall not be prohibited from passing through a
larger adjoining tenant space where such rooms or
spaces of the smaller tenant occupy less than 10 percent
of the area of the larger tenant space through which they
pass; are the same or similar occupancy group; a
discemable path of egress travel to an exit is provided;
and the means of egress into the adjoining space is not
subject to locking from the egress side. A required means

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of egress serving the larger tenant space shall not pass
through the smaller tenant space or spaces.

1014.2.2 Group 1-2. Habitable rooms or suites in Group 1-2
occupancies shall have an exit access door leading directly
to a corridor.

Exception: Rooms with exit doors opening directly to
the outside at ground level.

1014,2.2 J Basement exits. All rooms below grade shall
have not less than one exit access that leads directly to an
exterior exit door opening directly to an exit discharge at
grade plane or the public way,

1014.2.3 Suites in patient sleeping areas. Patient sleeping
areas in Group 1-2 occupancies shall be permitted to be
divided into suites with one intervening room if one of the
following conditions is met:

1 . The intervening room within the suite is not used as an
exit access for more than eight patient beds.

2. The arrangement of the suite allows for direct and
constant visual supervision by nursing personnel.

1014.2.3.1 Area. Suites of sleeping rooms shall not
exceed 5,000 square feet (465 m^).

1014.2.3.2 Exit access. Any patient sleeping room, or
any suite that includes patient sleeping rooms, of more
than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) shall have at least two exit
access doors remotely located from each other.

1014.2.3.3 Travel distance. The travel distance between
any point in a suite of sleeping rooms and an exit access
door of \h2l suite shall not exceed 100 feet (30 480 mm).

1014.2.4 Suites in areas otiier than patient sleeping
areas. Areas other than patient sleeping areas in Group 1-2
occupancies shall be permitted to be divided into suites,

1014.2.4.1 Area. Suites of rooms, other than patient
sleeping rooms, shall not exceed 10,000 square feet (929

1014.2.4.2 Exit access. Any room or suite of rooms,
other than patient sleeping rooms, of more than 2,500
square feet (232 m^) shall have at least two exit access
doors remotely located from each other.

1014.2.4.3 One intervening room. For rooms other than
patient sleeping rooms, suites of rooms are permitted to
have one intervening room if the travel distance within
the suite to the exit access door is not greater than 100
feet (30 480 mm).

1014.2.4.4 Two intervening rooms. For rooms other than
patient sleeping rooms located within a suite, exit access
travel from within the suite shall be permitted through two
intervening rooms where the travel distance to the exit
access door is not greater than 50 feet (15 240 mm).

1014.2.5 Exit access through suites. Exit access from all
other portions of a building not classified as a suite in a
Group 1-2 occupancy shall not pass through a suite,

1014.2.6 Travel distance. The travel distance between any
point in a Group 1-2 occupancy patient sleeping room and an

exit access door in that room shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240
mm).

1014.2.7 Separation. Suites in Group 1-2 occupancies shall
be separated from other portions of the building by not less
than a one-hour fire barrier complying with Section 707.

1014.3 Common path of egress travel. In occupancies other
than Groups H-1, H-2 and H-3, the common path of egress
travel shall not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). In Group H- 1 , H-2
and H-3 occupancies, the common path of egress travel shall
not exceed 25 feet (7620 mm). For common path of egress
travel in Group A occupancies and assembly occupancies
accessory to Group E occupancies having fixed seating, see
Section 1028.8.

Exceptions:

1 . The length of a common path of egress travel in
Group B, F and S occupancies shall not be more than
100 feet (30 480 mm), provided that the building is
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Where a tenant space in Group B, S and U occupan-
cies has an occupant load of not more than 30, the
length of a common path of egress travel shall not be
more than 100 feet (30 480 mm).

3. The length of a common path of egress travel in a
Group 1-3 occupancy shall not be more than 100 feet
(30 480 mm).

4. The length of a common path of egress travel in a
Group R-2 occupancy shall not be more than 125 feet
(38 100 mm), provided that the building is protected
throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.

5. Suites in a Group 1-2 occupancy constructed in
accordance with Section 1014.2.3 or 1014.2.4.

SECTION 1015
EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS

1015.1 Exits or exit access doorways from spaces. Two exits
or exit access doorways from any space shall be provided
where one of the following conditions exists:

Exception: Group 1-2 occupancies shall comply with
Section 1014.2.2 through 1014.2.7.

1 . The occupant load of the space exceeds one of the values
in Table 1015.1.

Exception: In Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, one
means of egress is permitted within and from individ-
ual dwelling units with a maximum occupant load of
20 where the dwelHng unit is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

2. The common path of egress travel exceeds one of the
limitations of Section 1014.3.

3. Where required by Section 1015.3, 1015.4, 1015.5, 1015.6
or 1015.6.1.

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4, In detention and correctional facilities and holding cells,
such as are found in courthouse buildings, a minimum of
two means of egress shall be provided when the occupant
load is more than 20.

Where a building contains mixed occupancies, each individ-
ual occupancy shall comply with the applicable requirements
for that occupancy. Where applicable, cumulative occupant
loads from adjacent occupancies shall be considered in accor-
dance with the provisions of Section 1004. 1.

TABLE 1015.1
SPACES WITH ONE EXIT OR EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY

OCCUPANCY

MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD

A, B, E^ F, M, U

H-l,H-2,H-3

H-4,H-5, 7-2.7, 1-3, 1-4, R

See Section 443.6.1

a. Day care maximum occupant load is 10.

1015.1.1 Three or more exits or exit access doorways.

Three exits or exit access doorways shall be provided from
any space with an occupant load of 501 to 1 ,000. Four exits
or exit access doorways shall be provided from any space
with an occupant load greater than 1,000.

1015.2 Exit or exit access doorway arrangement. Required
exits shall be located in a manner that makes their availability
obvious. Exits shall be unobstructed at all times. Exit and exit
access doorways shall be arranged in accordance with Sections
1015.2.1 and 1015.2.2.

1015.2.1 Two exits or exit access doorways. Where two
exits or exit access doorways are required from any portion of
the exit access, the exit doors or exit access doorways shall be
placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the
length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the
building or area to be served measured in a straight line
between exit doors or exit access doorways. Interlocking or
scissor stairs shall be counted as one exit stairway.

Exceptions:

1. Where exit enclosures are provided as a portion
of the required exit and are interconnected by a
1-hour fire-resistance-rated corridor conforming
to the requirements of Section 1018, the required
exit separation shall be measured along the short-
est direct line of travel within the corridor.

2. Where a building is equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the separation distance
of the exit doors or exit access doorways shall not be
less than one-third of the length of the maximum
overall diagonal dimension of the area served.

1015.2.2 Three or more exits or exit access doorways.

Where access to three or more exits is required, at least two
exit doors or exit access doorways shall be arranged in
accordance with the provisions of Section 1015.2.1.

1015.3 Boiler, incinerator and furnace rooms. Two exit
access doorways are required in boiler, incinerator and furnace
rooms where the area is over 500 square feet (46 m^) and any
fuel-fired equipment exceeds 400,000 British thermal units
(Btu) (422 000 KJ) input capacity. Where two exit access door-
ways are required, one is permitted to be a fixed ladder or an
alternating tread device. Exit access doorways shall be sepa-
rated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the length of the
maximum overall diagonal dimension of the room.

1015.4 Refrigeration machinery rooms. Machinery rooms
larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) shall have not less than
two exits or exit access doors. Where two exit access doorways
are required, one such doorway is permitted to be served by a
fixed ladder or an alternating tread device. Exit access door-
ways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to
one-half the maximum horizontal dimension of room.

All portions of machinery rooms shall be within 150 feet (45
720 mm) of an exit or exit access doorway. An increase in travel
distance is permitted in accordance with Section 1016.1.

Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel, regardless
of the occupant load served. Doors shall be tight fitting and
self-closing.

1015.5 Refrigerated rooms or spaces. Rooms or spaces hav-
ing a floor area larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m^), contain-
ing a refrigerant evaporator and maintained at a temperature
below 68°F (20°C), shall have access to not less than two exits
or exit access doors.

Travel distance shall be determined as specified in Section
10 16. 1 , but all portions of a refrigerated room or space shall be
within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access door
where such rooms are not protected by an approved automatic
sprinkler system. Egress is allowed through adjoining refriger-
ated rooms or spaces.

Exception: Where using refrigerants in quantities limited
to the amounts based on the volume set forth in the Cali-
fornia Mechanical Code.

1015.6 Stage means of egress. Where two means of egress are
required, based on the stage size or occupant load, one means
of egress shall be provided on each side of the stage.

1015.6.1 Gallery, gridiron and catwalk means of egress.

The means of egress fi'om lighting and access catwalks,
galleries and gridirons shall meet the requirements for occu-
pancies in Group F-2.

Exceptions:

1. A minimum width of 22 inches (559 mm) is per-
mitted for lighting and access catwalks.

2. Spiral stairs are permitted in the means of egress.

3. Stairways required by this subsection need not be
enclosed.

4. Stairways with a minimum width of 22 inches (559
mm), ladders or spiral stairs are permitted in the
means of egress.

5. A second means of egress is not required from
these areas where a means of escape to a floor or to
a roof is provided. Ladders, alternating tread

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devices or spiral stairs are permitted in the means
of escape.

6. Ladders are permitted in the means of egress,

1015, 7 Large family day-care home. Every story or basement
of a large family day-care home shall be provided with two exits
which are remotely locatedfrom each other. Every required exit
shall be of a size to permit the installation of a door not less
than 32 inches (813 mm) in clear width and not less than 6 feet
8 inches (2,032 mm) in height, A manually operated horizontal
sliding door may be used as one of the two required exits.

Where basements are used for day-care purposes, one of the
two required exits shall provide access directly to the exterior
without entering the first story. The second exit from the base-
ment may either pass through the story above or exit directly to
the exterior.

Rooms used for day-care purposes shall not be located
above the first story.

Exception: Buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler
system throughout and which have at least one of the
required exits providing access directly to the exterior.
NFPA I3R may be used in large family day-care homes. The
sprinkler omissions of NFPA 13R shall not apply unless
approved by the enforcing agency.

Exit doors, including manually operated horizontal sliding
doors, shall be openablefrom the inside without use of a key or
any special knowledge or effort.

f\ Tables 1021.1 and 1021.2 are not applicable to this occu-
pancy classification.

SECTION 1016
EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE

1016.1 Travel distance limitations. Exits shall be so located
on each story such that the maximum length of exit access
travel, measured from the most remote point within a story
along the natural and unobstructed path of egress travel to an
exterior exit door at the level of exit discharge, an entrance to a
vertical exit enclosure, an exit passageway, a horizontal exit, an
exterior exit stairway or an exterior exit ramp, shall not exceed
the distances given in Table 1016.1.

Exceptions:

1 . Travel distance in open parking garages is permitted to
be measured to the closest riser of open exit stairways.

2. In outdoor facilities with open exit access compo-
nents and open exterior exit stairways or exit ramps,
travel distance is permitted to be measured to the clos-
est riser of an exit stairway or the closest slope of the
exit ramp.

3 . In other than occupancy Groups H and I, the exit access
travel distance to a maximum of 50 percent of the exits
is permitted to be measured from the most remote point
within a building to an exit using unenclosed exit
access stairways or ramps when connecting a maxi-
mum of two stories. The two connected stories shall be
provided with at least two means of egress. Such inter-
connected stories shall not be open to other stories.

4. In other than occupancy Groups H and I, exit access
travel distance is permitted to be measured from the
most remote point within a building to an exit using
unenclosed exit access stairways or ramps in the first
and second stories above grade plane in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. The first
and second stories above grade plane shall be pro-
vided with at least two means of egress. Such inter-
connected stories shall not be open to other stories.

Where applicable, travel distance on unenclosed exit access
stairways or ramps and on connecting stories shall also be
included in the travel distance measurement. The measurement
along stairways shall be made on a plane parallel and tangent to
the stair tread nosings in the center of the stairway.

TABLE 1016.1
EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE^

OCCUPANCY

WITHOUT SPRINKLER

SYSTEM

(feet)

WITH SPRINKLER

SYSTEM

(feet)

A,E,F-1,M,R,S-1

200

250*'

R-2.1

Not Permitted

250^=

200

300^=

F-2, S-2, U

300

400^^

H-1

Not Permitted

75^

H-2

Not Permitted

100^

H-3

Not Permitted

150^

H-4

Not Permitted

175^=

H-5

Not Permitted

200^

1-2, 7-2.7,1-3'', 1-4

Not Permitted

200^

Not Permitted

200"

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. See the following sections for modifications to exit access travel distance
requirements:

Section 402.4: For the distance limitation in malls.

Section 404.9: For the distance limitation through an atrium space.

Section 407.4: For the distance limitation in Group 1-2.

Sections 408.6.1 and 408.8.1: For the distance limitations in Group 1-3.

Section 41 1 .4: For the distance limitation in special amusement buildings.

Section 1014.2.2: For the distance limitation in Group 1-2 hospital suites.

Section 1015.4: For the distance limitation in refrigeration machinery

rooms.
Section 1015.5: For the distance limitation in refrigerated rooms and spaces.
Section 1021.2: For buildings with one exit.
Section 1028.7: For increased limitation in assembly seating.
Section 1028.7: For increased limitation for assembly open-air seating.
Section 3 1 03.4: For temporary structures.
Section 3104.9: For pedestrian walkways.

b. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 or 903.3. 1 .2. See Section 903 for occupancies
where automatic sprinkler systems are permitted in accordance with Section
903.3.1.2.

c. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1.

d. Not permitted in nonsprinklered Group 1-3 occupancies.

1016.2 Exterior egress balcony increase. Travel distances .
specified in Section 1016. 1 shall be increased up to an additional
1 00 feet (30 480 mm) provided the last portion of the exit access
leading to the exit occurs on an exterior egress balcony con-
structed in accordance with Section 1019. The length of such
balcony shall not be less than the amount of the increase taken.

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SECTION 1017
AISLES

[DSA-AC] In addition to the requirements of this section,
means of egress, which provide access to, or egress from, build-
ings or facilities where accessibility is required for applica-
tions listed in Section 1.9.1 regulated by the Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance, shall also comply with
Chapter HA or Chapter IIB, Sections 1133B.4.1 or
1133B.5.5, as applicable.

1017.1 General. Aisles serving as a portion of the exit access in
the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements
of this section. Aisles shall be provided from all occupied por-
tions of the exit access which contain seats, tables, furnishings,
displays and similar fixtures or equipment. Aisles serving
assembly areas shall comply with Section 1028, Aisles serving
reviewing stands, grandstands and bleachers shall also comply
with Section 1028. The required width of aisles shall be unob-
structed.

Exception: Doors complying with Section 1005.2.

1017.2 Aisles in Groups B and M. In Group B and M occu-
pancies, the minimum clear aisle width shall be determined by
Section 1005.1 for the occupant load served, but shall not be
less than 36 inches (914 mm).

Exception: Nonpublic aisles serving less than 50 people
and not required to be accessible by Chapter IIB (see
Sections 1103BJ, Exception 2 and 1123B.2, Exception)
need not exceed 28 inches (711 mm) in width.

1017.3 Aisle aceessways in Group M. An aisle accessway shall
be provided on at least one side of each element within the mer-
chandise pad. The minimum clear width for an aisle accessway
not required to be accessible shall be 30 inches (762 mm). The
required clear width of the aisle accessway shall be measured
perpendicular to the elements and merchandise within the mer-
chandise pad. The 30-inch (762 mm) minimum clear width shall
be maintained to provide a path to an adjacent aisle or aisle
accessway. The conmion path of travel shall not exceed 30 feet
(9144 nmi) from any point in the merchandise pad.

Exception: For areas serving not more than 50 occupants,
the common path of travel shall not exceed 75 feet (22 880
mm).

1017.4 Seating at tables. Where seating is located at a table or
counter and is adjacent to an aisle or aisle accessway, the mea-
surement of required clear width of the aisle or aisle accessway
shall be made to a line 19 inches (483 nam) away from and par-
allel to the edge of the table or counter. The 19-inch (483 mm)
distance shall be measured perpendicular to the side of the table
or counter. In the case of other side boundaries for aisle or aisle
aceessways, the clear width shall be measured to walls, edges
of seating and tread edges, except that handrail projections are
permitted.

Exception: Where tables or counters are served by fixed
seats, the width of the aisle accessway shall be measured
from the back of the seat.

1017.4.1 Aisle accessway for tables and seating. Aisle
aceessways serving arrangements of seating at tables or
counters shall have sufficient clear width to conform to the

capacity requirements of Section 1005.1 but shall not have
less than the appropriate minimum clear width specified in
Section 1017.4.2.

1017.4.2 Table and seating accessway width. Aisle
aceessways shall provide a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm)
of width plus V2 inch (12.7 mm) of width for each additional
1 foot (305 mm), or fraction thereof, beyond 12 feet (3658
nun) oi aisle accessway length measured from the center of
the seat farthest from an aisle.

Exception: Portions of an aisle accessway having a
length not exceeding 6 feet (1829 mm) and used by a
total of not more than four persons.

1017.4.3 Table and seating aisle accessway length. The

length of travel along the aisle accessway shall not exceed
30 feet (9144 mm) from any seat to the point where a person
has a choice of two or more paths of egress travel to separate
exits.

SECTION 1018
CORRIDORS

1018.1 Construction. Corridors shall be fire-resistance rated
in accordance with Table 1018.1. The corridor walls required
to be fire-resistance rated shall comply with Section 709 foxfire
partitions.

Exceptions:

1. Afire-resistance rating is not required for corridors
in an occupancy in Group E where each room that is
used for instruction has at least one door opening
directly to the exterior and rooms for assembly pur-
poses have at least one-half of the required means of
egress doors opening directly to the exterior. Exterior
doors specified in this exception are required to be at
ground level.

2. A. fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors
contained within a dwelling or sleeping unit in an
occupancy in Group R.

3. k fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors
in open parking garages.

A. K fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors
in an occupancy in Group B which is a space requiring
only a single means of egress complying with Section
1015.1.

5. Afire-resistance rating is not required for corridors
within suites in a Group 1-2 occupancy provided with
an automatic sprinkler system throughout and con-
structed in accordance with Section 1014.2.3 or
1014.2.4.

1018.2 Corridor width. The minimum corridor width shall be
as determined in Section 1005.1, but not less than 44 inches
(1118 mm).

Exceptions:

1 . Twenty-four inches (610 mm) — For access to and uti-
lization of electrical, mechanical or plumbing sys-
tems or equipment.

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2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) — With a required occu-
pant capacity of less than 50.

3 . Thirty-six inches (914 mm) — Within a dweUing unit.

4. Seventy-two inches (1829 mm) — In Group E with a
corridor having a required capacity of 100 or more.

5. Seventy-two inches (1829 mm) — In corridors and
areas serving gumey traffic in occupancies where
patients receive outpatient medical care, which
causes the patient to be not capable of self-preserva-
tion.

6. Ninety-six inches (2438 nun) — In Group 1-2 in areas
where required for bed movement or corridors in
Group 1-2 and 1-3 occupancies serving any area car-
ing for one or more nonambulatory persons.

1018.3 Corridor obstruction. The required width of corri-
dors shall be unobstructed.

Exception: Doors complying with Section 1005.2.

1018.4 Dead ends. Where more than one exit or exit access
doorway is required, the exit access shall be arranged such that
there are no dead ends in corridors more than 20 feet (6096
mm) in length.

Exceptions:

1. In occupancies in Group 1-3 of Occupancy Condition
2, 3 or 4 (see Section 308.4), the dead end in a corri-
dor shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm).

2. In occupancies in Groups B, E, F, M, R-1, R-2,
R-2.}, R-4, S and U, where the building is equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the length of the
dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240
mm).

3. A dead-end corridor shall not be limited in length
where the length of the dead-end corridor is less than
2.5 times the least width of the dead-end corridor.

1018.5 Air movement in corridors. Corridors shall not serve
as supply, return, exhaust, relief or ventilation air ducts.

Exceptions:

1 . Use of a corridor as a source of makeup air for exhaust
systems in small rooms of 30 square feet or less that | |
open directly onto such corridors, including toilet
rooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms and janitor closets, <
shall be permitted, provided that each such corridor is
directly supplied with outdoor air at a rate greater than
the rate of makeup air taken from the corridor,

2. Where located within a dwelling unit, the use of cor-
ridors for conveying return air shall not be prohib-
ited.

3. Where located within tenant spaces of 1,000 square
feet (93 m^) or less in area, utilization of corridors for
conveying return air is permitted.

4. Incidental air movement from pressurized rooms
within health care facilities, provided that the corridor
is not the primary source of supply or return to the
room.

5. For health care facilities under the jurisdiction of \ \
the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Devel-
opment (OSHPD), see the California Mechanical
Code.

1018.5.1 Corridor ceiling. Use of the space between the
corridor ceiling and the floor or roof structure above as a
return air plenum is permitted for one or more of the
following conditions:

1. The corridor is not required to be of fire-resis-
tance-rated construction;

2. The corridor is separated from the plenum by
fire-resistance-rated construction;

3. The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut
down upon activation of die air-handling unit smoke
detectors required by the California Mechanical Code;

TABLE 1018.1
CORRIDOR FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING

OCCUPANCY

OCCUPANT LOAD SERVED BY CORRIDOR

REQUIRED FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Without sprinkler system

With sprinkler system*"

H-l,H-2,H-3

All

Not Permitted

H-4, H-5, L

Greater than 30

Not Permitted

A^ B, F, M, S, U

Greater than 30

R~l,R-2,R-3,R-3.lR-4

Greater than 10

Not Permitted

1-2M 2.11-4

Greater than 6

Not Permitted

1-3, R-2. 1

Greater than 6

Not Permitted

Greater than 10

a. For requirements for occupancies in Group 1-2, see Sections 407.2 and 407.3.

b. For a reduction in the fire-resistance rating for occupancies in Group 1-3, see Section 408.8.

c. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 where allcwed.

d. [SFM] See Section 1028.

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4. The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut
down upon detection of sprinkler waterflow where
the building is equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system., or

5 . The space between the corridor ceiling and the floor or
roof structure above the corridor is used as a compo-
nent of an approved engineered smoke control system.

Exception: [OSHPD 1,2, 3 & 4] For restrictions
on the use of the space above a ceiling as a return
air plenum, see Chapter 4 of the California
Mechanical Code,

1018.6 Corridor continuity. Fire-resistance-rated corridors
shall be continuous from the point of entry to an exit, and shall
not be interrupted by intervening rooms.

Exceptions:

L Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed as
required for corridors shall not be construed as inter-
vening rooms.

2. [SFM] In fully sprinklered office buildings, corridors
may lead through enclosed elevator lobbies if all areas
of the building have access to at least one required exit
without passing through the elevator lobby.

SECTION 1019
EGRESS BALCONIES

1019.1 General. Balconies used for egress purposes shall con-
form to the same requirements as corridors for width, head-
room, dead ends and projections.

1019.2 Wall separation. Exterior egress balconies shall be
separated from the interior of the building by walls and opening
protectives as required for corridors.

Exception: Separation is not required where the exterior
egress balcony is served by at least two stairs and a dead-end
travel condition does not require travel past an unprotected
opening to reach a stair

1019.3 Openness. The long side of an egress balcony shall be
at least 50 percent open, and the open area above the guards
shall be so distributed as to minimize the accumulation of
smoke or toxic gases.

SECTION 1020
EXITS

1020.1 General. Exits shall comply with Sections 1020
through 1026 and the applicable requirements of Sections 1003
through 1013. An exit shall not be used for any purpose that
interferes with its function as a means of egress. Once a given
level of exit protection is achieved, such level of protection
shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge.

1020.2 Exterior exit doors. Buildings or structures used for
human occupancy shall have at least one exterior door that
meets the requirements of Section 1008.1.1.

1020.2.1 Detailed requirements. Exterior exit doors shall
comply with the applicable requirements of Section 1008. 1 .

1020.2.2 Arrangement. Exterior exit doors shall lead
directly to the exit discharge or the public way.

SECTION 1021
NUMBER OF EXITS AND CONTINUITY

1021.1 Exits from stories. All spaces within each story shall
have access to the minimum number of approved independent
exits as specified in Table 102 1 . 1 based on the occupant load of
the story. For the purposes of this chapter, occupied roofs shall
be provided with exits as required for stories.

Exceptions:

1. As modified by Section 403.5.2.

2. As modified by Section 1021.2.

3. Exit access stairways and ramps that comply with
Exception 3 or 4 of Section 1016.1 shall be permitted
to provide the minimum number of approved inde-
pendent exits required by Table 1 02 1 . 1 on each story,

4. In Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, one means of
egress is permitted within and from individual dwell-
ing units with a maximum occupant load of 20 where
the dwelling unit is equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

5. Within a story, rooms and spaces complying with
Section 1015.1 with exits that discharge directly to the
exterior at the level of exit discharge, are permitted to
have one exit.

TABLE 1021.1
MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS FOR OCCUPANT LOAD

OCCUPANT LOAD
(persons per story)

MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS
(per story)

1-500

501-1,000

More than 1,000

1021.1.1 Exits maintained. The required number of exits
from any story shall be maintained until arrival at grade or
the public way.

1021.1.2 Parking structures. Parking structures shall not
have less than two exits from each parking tier, except that
only one exit is required where vehicles are mechanically
parked. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as required
exits unless pedestrian facilities are provided.

1021.1.3 Helistops. The means of egress from helistops
shall comply with the provisions of this chapter, provided
that landing areas located on buildings or structures shall
have two or more exits. For landing platforms or roof areas
less than 60 feet ( 1 8 288 mm) long, or less than 2,000 square
feet (186 m^) in area, the second means of egress is
permitted to be a fire escape, alternating tread device or
ladder leading to the floor below.

1021.2 Single exits. Occupancies shall be permitted to have a
single exit in buildings otherwise required to have more than
one exit if the areas served by the single exit do not exceed the
limitations of Table 1021.2, Mixed occupancies shall be per-

•

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mitted to be served by single exits provided each individual
occupancy complies with the applicable requirements of Table

1021.2 for that occupancy. Where applicable, cumulative
occupant loads from adjacent occupancies shall be considered
in accordance with the provisions of Section 1004.1. Base-
ments with a single exit shall not be located more than one
story below grade plane.

1021.3 Exit continuity. Exits shall be continuous from the
point of entry into the exit to the exit discharge.

1021.4 Exit door arrangement. Exit door arrangement shall
meet the requirements of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.2.2.

SECTION 1022
EXIT ENCLOSURES

1022.1 Enclosures required. Interior exit stairways and inte-
rior exit ramps shall be enclosed v/ith fire barriers constructed
in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 712, or both. Exit enclo-
sures shall have Sifire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours
where connecting four stories or more and not less than 1 hour
where connecting less than four stories. The number of stories
connected by the exit enclosure shall include any basements
but not any mezzanines. Exit enclosures shall have afire-resis-
tance rating not less than the floor assembly penetrated, but
need not exceed 2 hours. Exit enclosures shall lead directly to
the exterior of the building or shall be extended to the exterior
of the building with an exit passageway conforming to the
requirements of Section 1023, except as permitted in Section
1027.1. An exit enclosure shall not be used for any purpose
other than means of egress.

Exceptions:

II 1. In all occupancies, other than Group H, I and R-2.1

occupancies, a stairway is not required to be enclosed
when the stairway serves an occupant load of less

than 10 and the stairway complies with either Item
1 . 1 or 1 .2. In all cases, the maximum number of con-
necting open stories shall not exceed two.

1.1. The stairway is open to not more than one
story above its level of exit discharge', or

1.2. The stairway is open to not more than one
story below its level of exit discharge.

2. Exits in buildings of Group A-5 where all portions of
the means of egress are essentially open to the outside
need not be enclosed.

3. Stairways serving and contained within a single resi-
dential dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-1,
R-2 or R-3 occupancies are not required to be
enclosed. ^

4. Stairways in open parking structures that serve only
the parking structure are not required to be enclosed.

5. Stairways in Group 1-3 occupancies, as provided for
in Section 408.3. 5. 7 , are not required to be enclosed.

6. Means of egress stairways as required by Sections
410.5.3 and 1015.6.1 are not required to be enclosed.

7. Means of egress stairways from balconies, galleries
or press boxes as provided for in Section 1028.5.1 are
not required to be enclosed.

8. Fixed guideway transit stations, constructed in
accordance with Section 433.

1022.2 Termination. Exit enclosures shall terminate at an exit
discharge or a public way.

Exception: An exit enclosure shall be permitted to termi-
nate at an exit passageway complying with Section 1023,
provided the exit passageway terminates at an exit
discharge or a public way.

TABLE 1021.2
STORIES WITH ONE EXIT

STORY

OCCUPANCY

MAXIMUM OCCUPANTS (OR DWELLING UNITS)
PER FLOOR AND TRAVEL DISTANCE

First story or basement

A, B^ E^ P*, M, U^, 5^

49 occupants and 75 feet travel distance

H-2,H-3,L

3 occupants and 25 feet travel distance

H-4, H-5, 1, R

10 occupants and 75 feet travel distance

29 occupants and 100 feet travel distance

1-2, 1-2.1

7 occupants and 50 feet travel distance

Second story

B^ F, M, S^

29 occupants and 75 feet travel distance

R-2

4 dwelHng units and 50 feet travel distance

Third story

R-2^

4 dweUing units and 50 feet travel distance

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. For the required number of exits for parking structures, see Section 1021.1.2.

b. For the required number of exits for air traffic control towers, see Section 412.3.

c. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 or 903.3. 1 .2 and provided with
emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1029.

d. Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 shall have a maximum
travel distance of 100 feet.

e. Day care occupancies shall have a maximum occupant load of 10.

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1022.2.1 Extension. Where an exit enclosure is extended to
an exit discharge or a public way by an exit passageway, the
exit enclosure shall be separated from the exit passageway
by afire barrier constructed in accordance with Section 707
or a horizontal assembly constructed in accordance with
Section 712, or both. The fire-resistance rating shall be at
least equal to that required for the exit enclosure. Afire door
assembly complying with Section 715.4 shall be installed in
the^r^ barrier to provide a means of egress from the exit
enclosure to the exit passageway. Openings in the fire
barrier other than the fire door assembly are prohibited.
Penetrations of the fire barrier are prohibited.

Exception: Penetrations of the^re barrier in accordance
with Section 1022.4 shall be permitted.

1022.3 Openings and penetrations. Exit enclosure opening
protectives shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Section 715.

Openings in exit enclosures other than unprotected exterior
openings shall be limited to those necessary for exit access to
the enclosure from normally occupied spaces and for egress
from the enclosure.

Elevators shall not open into an exit enclosure.

1022.4 Penetrations. Penetrations into and openings through
an exit enclosure are prohibited except for required exit doors,
equipment and ductwork necessary for independent ventilation
or pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, electrical race-
way for fire department communication systems and electrical
raceway serving the exit enclosure and terminating at a steel
box not exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 m^). Such penetra-
tions shall be protected in accordance with Section 713. There
shall be no penetrations or communication openings, whether
protected or not, between adjacent exit enclosures.

1022.5 Ventilation. Equipment and ductwork for exit enclo-
sure ventilation as permitted by Section 1022.4 shall comply
with one of the following items:

1 . Such equipment and ductwork shall be located exterior
to the building and shall be directly connected to the exit
enclosure by ductwork enclosed in construction as
required for shafts.

2. Where such equipment and ductwork is located within
the exit enclosure, the intake air shall be taken directly
from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be discharged
directly to the outdoors, or such air shall be conveyed
through ducts enclosed in construction as required for
shafts.

3. Where located within the building, such equipment and
ductwork shall be separated from the remainder of the
building, including other mechanical equipment, with
construction as required for shafts.

In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated con-
struction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance and
operation and shall be protected by opening protectives in
accordance with Section' 715 for shaft enclosures.

Exit enclosure ventilation systems shall be independent of
other building ventilation systems.

1022.6 Exit enclosure exterior walls. Exterior walls of an exit
enclosure shall comply with the requirements of Section 705 for
exterior walls. Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings
enclose the exterior of the stairway and the walls or openings are
exposed by other parts of the building at an angle of less than 1 80
degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 feet
(3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected open-
ing shall have afire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.
Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected by open-
ing protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than %
hour. This construction shall extend vertically from the ground
to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the topmost landing of the
stairway or to the roof line, whichever is lower.

1022.7 Discharge identification. A stairway in an exit enclo-
sure shall not continue below its level of exit discharge unless
an approved barrier is provided at the level of exit discharge to
prevent persons from unintentionally continuing into levels
below. Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in
Section 1011.

1022.8 Floor identification signs. A sign shall be provided at
each floor landing in exit enclosures connecting more than
three stories designating the floor level, the terminus of the top
and bottom of the exit enclosure and the identification of the
stair or ramp. The signage shall also state the story of, and the
direction to, the exit discharge and the availability of roof
access from the enclosure for the fire department. The sign
shall be located 5 feet (1524 mm) above the floor landing in a
position that is readily visible when the doors are in the open
and closed positions.

Tactile floor identification signs that comply with Section
1117B.5.1 Item 1 shall be located at the landing of each floor
level, placed adjacent to the door on the latch side, in all
enclosed stairways in buildings two or more stories in height to
identify the floor level At the exit discharge level, the sign shall
include a raised five pointed star located to the left of the identi-
fying floor level. The outside diameter of the star shall be the
same as the height of the raised characters.

1022.8.1 Signage requirements. Stairway identification
signs shall comply with all of the following requirements:

1. The signs shall be a minimum size of 18 inches (457
mm) by 12 inches (305 mm).

2. The letters designating the identification of the stair
enclosure, such as STAIR NO. I or WEST STAIR,
shall be placed at the top of the sign and shall be a
minimum of 1 V2 inches (38 mm) in height block let-
tering with ^/4-inch (6 mm) strokes.

3 . The number designating the floor level shall be a min-
imum of 5 inches (127 mm) in height with %-inch (19
mm) strokes and located in the center of the sign. The
mezzanine levels shall have the letter "M" preceding
the floor level. Basement levels shall have the letter
"B " preceding the floor number.

4. All other lettering and numbers shall be a minimum of
1 inch (25 mm) in height.

5. The stairway's upper terminus, such as ROOF
ACCESS or NO ROOF ACCESS, shall be placed

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under the stairway identification in 1 -inch-high (25
mm) block lettering with ^/4-inch (6 mm) strokes.

I I 6. The lower and upper terminus ofthe stairway shall be

placed at the bottom ofthe sign in 1 -inch-high (25
mm) block lettering with ^/4-inch (6 mm) strokes.

7. Characters and their background shall have a
nonglare finish. Characters shall contrast with their
background, with either light characters on a dark
background or dark characters on a light background.

I I 8, When signs required by Section 1022.8 are installed

in interior exit enclosures of buildings subject to Sec-
tion 1024, the signs shall be made ofthe same materi-
als as required by Section 1024.4.

1022.9 Smokeproof enclosures and pressurized stairways.

In buildings required to comply with Section 403 or 405, each
of the exit enclosures shall be a smokeproof enclosure or pres-
surized stairway in accordance with Section 909.20.

1022.9.1 Termination and extension. A smokeproof
enclosure or pressurized stairway shall terminate at an exit
discharge or a public way. The smokeproof enclosure or
pressurized stairway shall be permitted to be extended by an
exit passageway in accordance with Section 1022.2. The
exit passageway shall be without openings other than the
fire door assembly required by Section 1022.2 and those
necessary for egress from the exit passageway. The exit
passageway shall be separated from the remainder of the
building by 2-hour ^re barriers constructed in accordance
with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 712, or both.

Exceptions:

1. Openings in the exit passageway serving a
smokeproof enclosure are permitted where the exit
passageway is protected and pressurized in the
same manner as the smokeproof enclosure, and
openings are protected as required for access from
other floors.

2. The^zr^ barrier separating the smokeproof enclo-
sure or pressurized stairway from the exit pas-
sageway is not required, provided the exit
passageway is protected and pressurized in the
same manner as the smokeproof enclosure or pres-
surized stairway.

3. A smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stairway
shall be permitted to egress through areas on the
level of discharge or vestibules as permitted by
Section 1027.

1022.9.2 Enclosure access. Access to the stairway within a
smokeproof enclosure shall be by way of a vestibule or an
open exterior balcony.

SECTION 1023
EXIT PASSAGEWAYS

1023.1 Exit passageway. Exit passageways serving as an exit
component in a means of egress system shall comply with the

requirements of this section. An exit passageway shall not be
used for any purpose other than as a means of egress.

1023.2 Width. The width of exit passageways shall be deter-
mined as specified in Section 1005.1 but such width shall not
be less than 44 inches (1118 mm), except that exit passageways
serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall not be less than
36 inches (914 mm) in width. The required width of exit pas-
sageways shall be unobstructed.

Exception: Doors complying with Section 1005.2. |

The clear width of exit passageways in a Group 1-2 occu-
pancy used for the movement of beds and litters shall be
44-inch (1118) minimum.

1023.3 Construction. Exit passageway enclosures shall have
walls, floors and ceilings of not less than l-hour fire-resistance
rating, and not less than that required for any connecting exit
enclosure. Exit passageways shall be constructed disfire barri-
ers in accordance with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
constructed in accordance with Section 712, or both.

1023.4 Termination. Exit passageways shall terminate at an
exit discharge or a public way.

1023.5 Openings and penetrations. Exit passageway opening
protectives shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Section 715.

Except as permitted in Section 402.4.6, openings in exit pas-
sageways other than exterior openings shall be limited to those
necessary for exit access to the exit passageway from normally
occupied spaces and for egress from the exit passageway.

Where an exit enclosure is extended to an exit discharge or a
public way by an exit passageway, the exit passageway shall
also comply with Section 1022.2.1.

Elevators shall not open into an exit passageway,

1023.6 Penetrations. Penetrations into and openings through
an exit passageway are prohibited except for required exit
doors, equipment and ductwork necessary for independent
pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, electrical raceway
for fire department communication and electrical raceway
serving the exit passageway and terminating at a steel box not
exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 m^). Such penetrations shall
be protected in accordance with Section 713. There shall be no
penetrations or communicating openings, whether protected or
not, between adjacent exit passageways.

SECTION 1024
LUMINOUS EGRESS PATH MARKINGS

1024.1 General. Approved luminous egress path markings
delineating the exit path shall be provided in buildings of
Groups A, B, E, I, M and R-1 having occupied floors located
more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the lowest level of fire
department vehicle access in accordance with Sections 1024.1
through 1024.5.

Exceptions:

1 . Luminous egress path markings shall not be required
on the level of exit discharge in lobbies that serve as

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part of the exit path in accordance with Section
1027.1, Exception 1.

2. Luminous egress path markings shall not be required
in areas of open parking garages that serve as part of
the exit path in accordance with Section 1027.1,
Exception 3.

1024.2 Markings within exit enclosures. Egress path mark-
ings shall be provided in exit enclosures, including vertical exit
enclosures and exit passageways, in accordance with Sections
1024.2.1 through 1024.2,6.

1024.2.1 Steps. A solid and continuous stripe shall be
applied to the horizontal leading edge of each step and shall
extend for the full length of the step. Outlining stripes shall
have a minimum horizontal width of 1 inch (25 nun) and a
maximum width of 2 inches (51 mm). The leading edge of
the stripe shall be placed at a maximum of V2 inch (13 mm)
from the leading edge of the step and the stripe shall not
overlap the leading edge of the step by more than V2 inch ( 1 3
mm) down the vertical face of the step.

Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall
not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with
UL 1994.

1024.2.2 Landings. The leading edge of landings shall be
marked with a stripe consistent with the dimensional
requirements for steps.

1024.2.3 Handrails. Ail handrails and handrail extensions
shall be marked with a solid and continuous stripe having a
minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm). The stripe sh^dl be placed
on the top surface of the handrail for the entire length of the
handrail, including extensions and newel post caps. Where
handrails or handrail extensions bend or turn comers, the
stripe shall not have a gap of more than 4 inches (102 mm).

Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall
not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with
UL 1994.

10242 A Perimeter demarcation lines. Stair landings and
other floor areas within exit enclosures, with the exception
of the sides of steps, shall be provided with solid and contin-
uous demarcation lines on the floor or on ±e walls or a
combination of both. The stripes shall be 1 to 2 inches (25
mm to 51 nun) wide with interruptions not exceeding 4
inches (102 mm).

Exception: The minimum width of 1 inch (25 mm) shall
not apply to outlining stripes listed in accordance with
UL 1994.

1024.2.4.1 Floor-mounted demarcation lines. Perime-
ter demarcation lines shall be placed within 4 inches ( 1 02
mm) of the wall and shall extend to within 2 inches (51
mm) of the markings on the leading edge of landings.
The demarcation lines shall continue across the floor in
front of all doors.

Exception: Demarcation lines shall not extend in
front of exit doors that lead out of an exit enclosure
and through which occupants must travel to complete
the exit path.

1024.2.4.2 Wall-mounted demarcation lines. Perime-
ter demarcation lines shall be placed on the wall with the
bottom edge of the stripe no more than 4 inches (102
mm) above the finished floor. At the top or bottom of the
stairs, demarcation lines shall drop vertically to the floor
within 2 inches (51 nmi) of the step or landing edge.
Demarcation lines on walls shall transition vertically to
the floor and then extend across the floor where a line on
the floor is the only practical method of outUning the
path. Where the wall line is broken by a door, demarca-
tion lines on walls shall continue across the face of the
door or transition to the floor and extend across the floor
in front of such door.

Exception: Demarcation lines shall not extend in
front of exit doors that lead out of an exit enclosure
and through which occupants must travel to complete
the exit path.

1024.2.4.3 Transition. Where a wall-mounted demarca-
tion line transitions to a floor-mounted demarcation Une,
or vice versa, the wall-mounted demarcation line shall
drop vertically to the floor to meet a complementary
extension of the floor-mounted demarcation line, thus
forming a continuous marking.

1024.2.5 Obstacles. Obstacles at or below 6 feet 6 inches
(1981 mm) in height and projecting more than 4 inches ( 1 02
mm) into the egress path shall be outlined with markings no
less than 1 inch (25 mm) in width comprised of a pattern of
alternating equal bands, of luminescent luminous material
and black, with the alternating bands no more than 2 inches
(51 mm) thick and angled at 45 degrees (0.79 rad). Obsta-
cles shall include, but are not limited to, standpipes, hose
cabinets, wall projections and restricted height areas.
However, such markings shall not conceal any required
information or indicators including, but not limited to,
instructions to occupants for the use of standpipes.

1024.2.6 Doors from exit enclosures. Doors through
which occupants within an exit enclosure must pass in order
to complete the exit path shall be provided with markings
complying with Sections 1024.2.6.1 through 1024.2.6.3.

1024.2.6.1 Emergency exit symbol. The doors shall be
identified by a low-location luminous emergency exit
symbol complying with NFPA 170. The exit symbol
shall be a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) in height and
shall be mounted on the door, centered horizontally, with
the top of the symbol no higher than 18 inches (457 nun)
above the finished floor.

1024.2.6.2 Door hardware markings. Door hardware
shall be marked with no less than 16 square inches (406
mm^) of luminous material. This marking shall be
located behind, immediately adjacent to or on the door
handle and/or escutcheon. Where a panic bar is installed,
such material shall be no less than 1 inch (25 mm) wide
for the entire length of the actuating bar or touchpad.

1024.2.6.3 Door frame markings. The top and sides of
the door frame shall be marked with a solid and continu-
ous 1 inch to 2 inch (25 mm to 51 nun) wide stripe.
Where the door molding does not provide sufficient flat

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surface on which to locate the stripe, the stripe shall be
permitted to be located on the wall surrounding the
frame.

1024.3 Uniformity. Placement and dimensions of markings
shall be consistent and uniform throughout the same exit enclo-
sure.

1024.4 Self-luminous and photoluminescent. Luminous
egress path markings shall be permitted to be made of any
material, including paint, provided that an electrical charge is
not required to maintain the required luminance. Such materi-
als shall include, but are not limited to, self-luminous materials
and photoluminescent materials. Materials shall comply with
either:

1. UL 1994; or

2. ASTM E 2072, except that the charging source shall be 1
foot-candle (11 lux) of fluorescent illumination for 60
minutes, and the minimum luminance shall be 30
millicandelas per square meter at 10 minutes and 5
millicandelas per square meter after 90 minutes.

1024.5 niumination. Exit enclosures where photoluminescent
exit path markings are installed shall be provided with the mini-
mum means of egress illumination required by Section 1006
for at least 60 minutes prior to periods when the building is
occupied.

SECTION 1025
HORIZONTAL EXITS

1025.1 Horizontal exits. Horizontal exits serving as an exit in
a means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of
this section. A horizontal exit shall not serve as the only exit
from a portion of a building, and where two or more exits are
required, not more than one-half of the total number of exits or
total exit width shall be horizontal exits.

Exceptions:

1 . Horizontal exits are permitted to comprise two-thirds
of the required exits from any building or floor area
for occupancies in Group 1-2.

2. Horizontal exits are permitted to comprise 100 per-
cent of the exits required for occupancies in Group
1-3. At least 6 square feet (0,6 m^) of accessible space
per occupant shall be provided on each side of the
horizontal exit for the total number of people in
adjoining compartments.

1025.2 Separation. The separation between buildings or ref-
uge areas connected by a horizontal exit shall be provided by a
fire wall complying with Section 706; or it shall be provided by
a fire barrier complying with Section 707 or a horizontal
assembly complying with Section 712, or both. The minimum
fire-resistance rating of the separation shall be 2 hours. Open-
ing protectives in horizontal exits shall also comply with Sec-
tion 715. Duct and air transfer openings in 3ifire wall or fire
barrier that serves as a horizontal exit shall also comply with
Section 716. The horizontal exit separation shall extend verti-

cally through all levels of the building unless floor assemblies
have 2i fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours with no
unprotected openings.

Exception: Afire-resistance rating is not required at hori-
zontal exits between a building area and an above-grade
pedestrian walkway constructed in accordance with Section
3104, provided that the distance between connected build-
ings is more than 20 feet (6096 mm).

Horizontal exits constructed Sisfire barriers shall be continu-
ous from exterior wall to exterior wall so as to divide com-
pletely the floor served by the horizontal exit.

1025.3 Opening protectives. Fire doors in horizontal exits
shall be self-closing or automatic-closing when activated by a
smoke detector in accordance with Section 715.4.8.3. Doors,
where located in a cross-corridor condition, shall be auto-
matic-closing by activation of a smoke detector installed in
accordance with Section 715.4.8.3.

1025.4 Capacity of refuge area. The refuge area of a horizon-
tal exit shall be a space occupied by the same tenant or a public
area and each such refuge area shall be adequate to accommo-
date the original occupant load of the refuge area plus the occu-
pant load anticipated from the adjoining compartment. The
anticipated occupant load from the adjoining compartment
shall be based on the capacity of the horizontal exit doors enter-
ing the refuge area. The capacity of the refuge area shall be
computed based on a net floor area allowance of 3 square feet
(0.2787 m^) for each occupant to be accommodated therein.

Exception: The net floor area allowable per occupant shall
be as follows for the indicated occupancies:

1 . Six square feet (0.6 m^) per occupant for occupancies
in Group 1-3.

2. Fifteen square feet (1.4 m^) per occupant for ambula-
tory occupancies in Group 1-2.

3. Thirty square feet (2.8 m^) per occupant for
nonambulatory occupancies in Group 1-2.

The refuge area into which a horizontal exit leads shall be
provided with exits adequate to meet the occupant require-
ments of this chapter, but not including the added occupant
load imposed by persons entering it through horizontal exits
from other areas. At least one refuge area exit shall lead directly
to the exterior or to an exit enclosure.

Exception: The adjoining compartment shall not be
required to have a stairway or door leading directly outside,
provided the refuge area into which a horizontal exit leads
has stairways or doors leading directly outside and are so
arranged that egress shall not require the occupants to return
through the compartment from which egress originates.

1025.5 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts and air trans-
fer openings through fire walls or fire barriers, forming a hori-
zontal exit, shall be designed and protected in accordance with
Section 716 in order to afford safety from both fire and smoke in
the refuge area. All ducts and air transfer openings shall be
protected by listed combination fire/smoke dampers.

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SECTION 1026
EXTERIOR EXIT RAMPS AND STAIRWAYS

1026.1 Exterior exit ramps and stairways. Exterior exit
ramps and stairways serving as an element of a required means
of egress shall comply with this section.

Exception: Exterior exit ramps and stairways for outdoor
stadiums complying with Section 1022.1, Exception 2.

1026.2 Use in a means of egress. Exterior exit stairways shall
not be used as an element of a required means of egress for
Group 1-2 occupancies. For occupancies in other than Group
1-2, exterior exit ramps and stairways shall be permitted as an
element of a required means of egress for buildings not exceed-
ing six stories above grade plane or buildings defined as a
high-rise or Group 1-2 occupancies having occupied floors
more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the lowest level of fire
department vehicle access.

1026.3 Open side. Exterior exit ramps and stairways serving
as an element of a required means of egress shall be open on at
least one side. An open side shall have a minimum of 35 square
feet (3.3 m^) of aggregate open area adjacent to each floor level
and the level of each intermediate landing. The required open
area shall be located not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) above
the adjacent floor or landing level.

1026.4 Side yards. The open areas adjoining exterior exit
ramps or stairways shall be either yarJj, courts or: public ways\
the remaining sides are permitted to be enclosed by the exterior
walls of the building.

1026.5 Location. Exterior exit ramps and stairways shall be
located in accordance with Section 1027.3.

1026.6 Exterior ramps and stairway protection. Exterior
exit ramps and stairways shall be separated from the interior of
the building as required in Section 1022.1. Openings shall be
limited to those necessary for egress from normally occupied
spaces.

Exceptions:

1. Separation from the interior of the building is not
required for occupancies, other than those in Group
R-1 or R-2, in buildings that are no more than two sto-
ries above grade plane where a level of exit discharge
serving such occupancies is the first story above
grade plane.

2. Separation from the interior of the building is not
required where the exterior ramp or stairway is
served by an exterior ramp or balcony that connects
two remote exterior stairways or other approved
exits, with a perimeter that is not less than 50 percent
open. To be considered open, the opening shall be a
minimum of 50 percent of the height of the enclosing
wall, with the top of the openings no less than 7 feet
(2134 mm) above the top of the balcony.

3. Separation from the interior of the building is not
required for an exterior ramp or stairway located in a
building or structure that is permitted to have unen-
closed interior stairways in accordance with Section
1022,1.

4. Separation from the interior of the building is not
required for exterior ramps or stairways connected to
open-ended corridors, provided that Items 4.1
through 4.4 are met:

4.1. The building, including corridors, ramps and
stairs, shall be equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

4.2. The open-ended corridors comply with Sec-
tion 1018.

4.3. The open-ended corridors are connected on
each end to an exterior exit ramp or stairway
complying with Section 1026.

4.4. At any location in an open-ended corridor
where a change of direction exceeding 45 de-
grees (0.79 rad) occurs, a clear opening of not
less than 35 square feet (3.3 m^) or an exterior
ramp or stairway shall be provided. Where
clear openings are provided, they shall be lo-
cated so as to minimize the accumulation of
smoke or toxic gases.

SECTION 1027
EXIT DISCHARGE

1027.1 General. Exits shall discharge directly to the exterior of
the building. The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall pro-
vide direct access to grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter
a building. The combined use of Exceptions 1 and 2 below shall
not exceed 50 percent of the number and capacity of the
required exits.

Exceptions:

1 . A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity
of the exit enclosures is permitted to egress through
areas on the level of discharge provided all of the fol-
lowing are met:

1.1. Such exit enclosures egress to a free and un-
obstructed path of travel to an exterior exit
door and such exit is readily visible and identi-
fiable from the point of termination of the exit
enclosure.

1 .2. The entire area of the level of exit discharge is
separated from areas below by construction
conforming to the fire-resistance rating for
the exit enclosure,

1.3. The egress path from the exit enclosure on the
level of exit discharge is protected throughout
by an approved automatic sprinkler system.
All portions of the level of exit discharge with
access to the egress path shall either be pro-
tected throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, or separated from the
egress path in accordance with the require-
ments for the enclosure of exits.

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2 . A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity
of the exit enclosures is permitted to egress through a
vestibule provided all of the following are met:

2.1. The entire area of the vestibule is separated
from areas below by construction conforming
to thQ fire-resistance rating for the exit enclo-
sure.

2.2. The depth from the exterior of the building is
not greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) and the
length is not greater than 30 feet (9144 mm).

2.3. The area is separated from the remainder of
the level of exit discharge by construction pro-
viding protection at least the equivalent of ap-
proved wired glass in steel frames.

2.4. The area is used only for means of egress and
exits directly to the outside.

3. Stairways in open parking garages complying with
Section 1022.1, Exception 4, are permitted to egress
through the open parking garage at their levels of exit
discharge.

4. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1025 shall
not be required to discharge directly to the exterior of
the building.

1027.2 Exit discharge capacity. The capacity of the exit dis-
charge shall be not less than the required discharge capacity of
the exits being served.

1027.3 Exit discharge location. Exterior balconies, stairways
and ramps shall be located at least 10 feet (3048 mm) from
adjacent lot lines and from other buildings on the same lot
unless the adjacent building exterior walls and openings are
protected in accordance with Section 705 based on^r^ separa-
tion distance,

1027.4 Exit discharge components. Exit discharge compo-
nents shall be sufficiently open to the exterior so as to minimize
the accumulation of smoke and toxic gases.

1027.5 Egress courts. Egress courts serving as a portion of the
exit discharge in the means of egress system shall comply with
the requirements of Section 1027.

1027.5.1 Width. The width of egress courts shall be deter-
mined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall
not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm), except as specified
herein. Egress courts serving Group R-3 and U occupancies
shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in width. The
required width of egress courts shall be unobstructed to a
height of 7 feet (2134 mm).

Exception: Doors complying with Section 1005.2,

Where an egress court exceeds the minimum required
width and the width of such egress court is then reduced
along the path of exit travel, the reduction in width shall be
gradual. The transition in width shall be affected by a guard
not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height and shall not
create an angle of more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) with
respect to the axis of the egress court along the path of
egress travel. In no case shall the width of the egress court be
less than the required minimum.

1027.5.2 Construction and openings. Where an egress
court serving a building or portion thereof is less than 10 feet
(3048 mm) in width, the egress court walls shall have not less
than l-hom fire-resistance-rated construction for a distance
of 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the court. Openings
within such walls shall be protected by opening protectives
having difire protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

Exceptions:

1. Egress courts serving an occupant load of less
than 10.

2. Egress courts serving Group R-3.

1027.6 Access to a public way. The exit discharge shall pro-
vide a direct and unobstructed access to b. public way.

Exception: Where access to a public way cannot be
provided, a safe dispersal area shall be provided where all of
the following are met:

1 . The area shall be of a size to accommodate at least
5 square feet (0.46 m^) for each person.

2. For other than Group E buildings, the area shall be
located on the same lot at least 50 feet (15 240 mm)
away from the building requiring egress. For
Group E buildings, the area shall be located on the
same lot at least 50 feet (15 240 mm) away from
any building.

3. The area shall be permanently maintained and
identified as a safe dispersal area.

4. The area shall be provided with a safe and unob-
structed path of travel from the building.

SECTION 1028
ASSEMBLY

1028.1 General. All occupancies in Group A and assembly
occupancies accessory to Group E including those which con-
tain seats, tables, displays, equipment or other material shall
comply with this section.

1028.1.1 Bleachers. Bleachers, grandstands and folding
and telescopic seating, that are not building elements, shall
comply with ICC 300.

1028.2 Assembly main exit. Group A occupancies and assem-
bly occupancies accessory to Group E occupancies that have an
occupant load of greater than 300 shall be provided with a main
exit. The main exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate
not less than one-half of the occupant load, but such width shall
not be less than the total required width of all means of egress
leading to the exit. Where the building is classified as a Group
A occupancy, the main exit shall front on at least one street or an
unoccupied space of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) in width
that adjoins a street ox public way.

Exceptions:

1. In assembly occupancies where there is no
well-defined main exit or where multiple main exits are
provided, exits shall be permitted to be distributed
around the perimeter of the building provided that the
total width of egress is not less than 100 percent of the
required width. At least one exit shall discharge on a

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361

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street or an unoccupied space of not less than 20 feet
(6096 mm) in width that adjoins a street or public way.

2. Smoke -protected seating complying with Section
1028,6.2.

1028.3 Assembly other exits. In addition to having access to a
main exit, each level in Group A occupancies or assembly
occupancies accessory to Group E occupancies having an
occupant load greater than 300, shall be provided with addi-
tional means of egress that shall provide an egress capacity for
at least one-half of the total occupant load served by that level
and comply with Section 1015.2. At least one-half of the addi-
tional means of egress required by this section shall be directly
to an exit, or through a lobby, that is not used to access the main
exit, to an exit, or to a one hour rated corridor to an exit.

Exceptions:

1. In assembly occupancies where there is no
well-defined main exit or where multiple main exits are
provided, exits shall be permitted to be distributed
around the perimeter of the building, provided that the
total width of egress is not less than 100 percent of the
required width. At least one exit shall discharge on a
street or an unoccupied space of not less than 20 feet
(6096 mm) in width that adjoins a street or public way.

2. Smoke -protected seating complying with Section
1028.6.2,

10283 J Occupant loads less than 300, Group A occupan-
cies or assembly occupancies accessory to Group E occu-
pancies that have an occupant load of 100 or more and less
than 300, shall have at least one of the required means of
egress directly to an exit, or through a lobby, that is not used
to access the other required exit, to an exit, or to a one-hour
rated corridor to an exit or continuous through a one-hour
rated lobby to an exit. At least one exit shall discharge on a
street or an unoccupied space of not less than 20 feet (6096
mm) in width that adjoins a street or public way.

1028.4 Foyers and lobbies. In Group A-1 occupancies, where
persons are admitted to the building at times when seats are not
available, such persons shall be allowed to wait in a lobby or
similar space, provided such lobby or similar space shall not
encroach upon the required clear width of the means of egress.
Such foyer, if not directly connected to a public street by all the
main entrances or exits, shall have a straight and unobstructed
corridor or path of travel to every such main entrance or exit.

1028.5 Interior balcony and gallery means of egress. For

balconies, galleries or press boxes having a seating capacity of
50 or more located in Group A occupancies, at least two means
of egress shall be provided, with one from each side of every
balcony, gallery or press box and at least one leading directly to
an exit.

1028.5.1 Enclosure of openings. Interior stairways and
other vertical openings shall be enclosed in an exit enclosure
as provided in Section 1022.1, except that stairways are
permitted to be open between the balcony, gallery or press
box and the main assembly floor in occupancies such as
thtaiers, places of religious worship, auditoriums and sports

facilities. At least one accessible means of egress is required
from a balcony, gallery or press box level containing acces-
sible seating locations in accordance with Section 1007.3 or
1007.4.

1028.6 Width of means of egress for assembly. The clear width
of aisles and other means of egress shall comply with Section
1028.6. 1 where smoke-protected seating is not provided and with
Section 1028.6.2 or 1028.6.3 where smoke-protected seating is
provided. The clear width shall be measured to walls, edges of
seating and tread edges except for permitted projections.

1028.6.1 Without smoke protection. The clear width of
the means of egress shall provide sufficient capacity in
accordance with all of the following, as applicable:

1 . At least 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) of width for each occupant
served shall be provided on stairs having riser heights
7 inches (178 mm) or less and tread depths 1 1 inches
(279 mm) or greater, measured horizontally between
tread nosings.

2. At least 0.005 inch (0.127 nun) of additional stair
width for each occupant shall be provided for each 0. 10
inch (2.5 mm) of riser height above 7 inches (178 mm).

3. Where egress requires stair descent, at least 0.075
inch (1.9 mm) of additional width for each occupant
shall be provided on those portions of stair width hav-
ing no handrail within a horizontal distance of 30
inches (762 mm).

4. Ramped means of egress, where slopes are steeper
than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent
slope), shall have at least 0.22 inch (5.6 mm) of clear
width for each occupant served. Level or ramped
means of egress, where slopes are not steeper than one
unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope),
shall have at least 0.20 inch (5.1 mm) of clear width
for each occupant served.

1028.6.2 Smoke-protected seating. The clear width of the
means of egress for smoke-protected assembly seating shall
not be less than the occupant load served by the egress
element multiplied by the appropriate factor in Table
1028.6.2. The total number of seats specified shall be those
within the space exposed to the same smoke-protected envi-
ronment. Interpolation is permitted between the specific
values shown. A life safety evaluation, complying with
NFPA 101, shall be done for a facility utilizing the reduced
width requirements of Table 1028.6.2 for smoke-protected
assembly seating.

Exception: For an outdoor smoke-protected assembly
with an occupant load not greater than 18,000, the clear
width shall be determined using the factors in Section
1028.6.3.

1028.6.2.1 Smoke control. Means of egress serving a
smoke-protected assembly seating area shall be provided
with a smoke control system complying with Section
909 or natural ventilation designed to maintain the
smoke level at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above the floor of
the means of egress.

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TABLE 1028.6.2
WIDTH OF AISLES FOR SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY

TOTAL NUMBER OF
SEATS IN THE SMOKE-
PROTECTED ASSEMBLY
OCCUPANCY

INCHES OF CLEAR WIDTH PER SEAT SERVED

Stairs and aisle steps with
handrails within 30 inches

Stairs and aisie steps without
handrails within 30 inches

Passageways, doorways and ramps
not steeper than 1 in 10 in slope

Ramps steeper
than 1 in 10 in slope

Equal to or less than 5,000

0.200

0.250

0.150

0.165

10,000

0.130

0.163

0.100

0.110

15,000

0.096

0.120

0.070

0.077

20,000

0.076

0.095

0.056

0.062

Equal to or greater than 25,000

0.060

0.075

0.044

0.048

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

1028.6.2.2 Roof height. A smoke-protected assembly
seating area with a roof shall have the lowest portion of
the roof deck not less than 15 feet (4572 mm) above the
highest aisle or aisle accessway.

Exception: A roof canopy in an outdoor stadium
shall be permitted to be less than 15 feet (4572 mm)
above the highest aisle or aisle accessway provided
that there are no objects less than 80 inches (2032
nun) above the highest aisle or aisle accessway,

1028.6.2.3 Automatic sprinklers. Enclosed areas with
walls and ceilings in buildings or structures containing
smoke -protected assembly seating shall be protected
with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 9033.1.1.

Exceptions:

1 . The floor area used for contests, performances
or entertainment provided the roof construction
is more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) above the
floor level and the use is restricted to low fire
hazard uses.

2. Press boxes and storage facilities less than
1,000 square feet (93 m^) in area.

3 . Outdoor seating facilities where seating and the
means of egress in the seating area are essen-
tially open to the outside.

1028.6.3 Width of means of egress for outdoor smoke-
protected assembly. The clear width in inches (mm) of
aisles and other means of egress shall be not less than the
total occupant load served by the egress element multiplied
by 0.08 (2.0 mm) where egress is by aisles and stairs and
multiplied by 0.06 (1.52 mm) where egress is by ramps,
corridors, tunnels or vomitories.

Exception: The clear width in inches (nmi) of aisles and
other means of egress shall be permitted to comply with
Section 1028.6.2 for the number of seats in the outdoor
smoke-protected assembly where Section 1028.6.2 per-
mits less width.

I 1 028. 6. 4 Public address system. See section 907. 2,1.2.

1028.7 Travel distance. Exits and aisles shall be so located that
the travel distance to an exit door shall not be greater than 200
feet (60 960 mm) measured along the line of travel in
nonsprinklered buildings. Travel distance shall not be more than
250 feet (76 200 mm) in sprinklered buildings. Where aisles are

provided for seating, the distance shall be measured along the
aisles and aisle accessway without travel over or on the seats.

Exceptions:

1 . Smoke-protected assembly seating : The travel distance
from each seat to the nearest entrance to a vomitory or
concourse shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm). The
travel distance from the entrance to the vomitory or
concourse to a stair, ramp or walk on the exterior of the
building shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 nun).

2. Open-air seating: The travel distance from each seat
to the building exterior shall not exceed 400 feet (122
m). The travel distance shall not be limited in facilities
of Type I or 11 construction.

1028.8 Common path of egress travel. The common path of
egress travel shall not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) from any seat
to a point where an occupant has a choice of two paths of egress
travel to two exits.

Exceptions:

1. For areas serving less than 50 occupants, the common
path of egress travel shall not exceed 75 feet (22 860
nun),

2. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the common
path of egress travel shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240
nun).

1028.8.1 Path through adjacent row. Where one of the
two paths of travel is across the aisle through a row of seats
to another aisle, there shall be not more than 24 seats
between the two aisles, and the minimum clear width
between rows for the row between the two aisles shall be 12
inches (305 mm) plus 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for each addi-
tional seat above seven in the row between aisles.

Exception: For smoke -protected assembly seating there
shall not be more than 40 seats between the two aisles
and the minimum clear width shall be 12 inches (305
mm) plus 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) for each additional seat.

1028.9 Assembly aisles are required. Every occupied portion
of any occupancy in Group A or assembly occupancies acces-
sory to Group E that contains seats, tables, displays, similar fix-
tures or equipment shall be provided with aisles leading to exits
or exit access doorways in accordance with this section. Aisle
accessways for tables and seating shall comply with Section
1017.4.

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1028.9.1 Minimum aisle width. The minimum clear width
for aisles shall be as shown:

1. Forty-eight inches (1219 mm) for aisle stairs having
seating on each side.

Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the
aisle serves less than 50 seats.

2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for aisle stairs having
seating on only one side.

3. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between an aisle stair
handrail or guard and seating where the aisle is sub-
divided by a handrail.

4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped
aisles having seating on both sides.

Exceptions:

1. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the aisle
serves less that 50 seats.

2. Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does
not serve more than 14 seats.

5. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisles
having seating on only one side.

Exceptions:

1 . Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does
not serve more than 14 seats,

2. Twenty- three inches (584 mm) between an
aisle stair handrail and seating where an
aisle does not serve more than five rows on
one side.

6. Libraries with open hook stacks shall have main
aisles not less than 44 inches (1118 mm) in width, and
side, range and end aisles not less than 36 inches (914
mm) in width.

1028.9.2 Aisle width. The aisle width shall provide suffi-
cient egress capacity for the number of persons accommo-
dated by the catchment area served by the aisle. The
catchment area served by an aisle is that portion of the total
space that is served by that section of the aisle. In estab-
lishing catchment areas, the assumption shall be made that
there is a balanced use of all means of egress, with the
number of persons in proportion to egress capacity.

1028.9.3 Converging aisles. Where aisles converge to form
a single path of egress travel, the required egress capacity of
that path shall not be less than the combined required
capacity of the converging aisles.

1028.9.4 Uniform width. Those portions of aisles, where
egress is possible in either of two directions, shall be
uniform in required width.

1028.9.5 Assembly aisle termination. Each end of an aisle
shall terminate at cross aisle, foyer, doorway, vomitory or
concourse having access to an exit.

Exceptions:

1. Dead-end aisles shall not be greater than 20 feet
(6096 mm) in length.

2. Dead-end aisles longer than 20 feet (6096 mm) are
permitted where seats beyond the 20-foot (6096
mm) dead-end aisle are no more than 24 seats from
another aisle, measured along a row of seats hav-
ing a minimum clear width of 12 inches (305 mm)
plus 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for each additional seat
above seven in the row.

3. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the
dead-end aisle length of vertical aisles shall not
exceed a distance of 21 rows.

4. For smoke-protected assembly seating, a longer
dead-end aisle is permitted where seats beyond the
21 -row dead-end aisle are not more than 40 seats
from another aisle, measured along a row of seats
having an aisle accessway with a minimum clear
width of 12 inches (305 mm) plus 0.3 inch (7.6
mm) for each additional seat above seven in the
row.

1028.9.6 Assembly aisle obstructions. There shall be no
obstructions in the required width of aisles except for hand-
rails as provided in Section 1028.13.

1028.10 Clear width of aisle access ways serving seating.

Where seating rows have 14 or fewer seats, the minimum clear
aisle accessway width shall not be less than 12 inches (305
nun) measured as the clear horizontal distance from the back of
the row ahead and the nearest projection of the row behind.
Where chairs have automatic or self -rising seats, the measure-
ment shall be made with seats in the raised position. Where any
chair in the row does not have an automatic or self -rising seat,
the measurements shall be made with the seat in the down posi-
tion. For seats with folding tablet arms, row spacing shall be
determined with the tablet arm in the used position.

Exception: For seats with folding tablet arms, row spacing
is permitted to be determined with the tablet arm in the
stored position where the tablet arm when raised manually
to vertical position in one motion automatically returns to
the stored position by force of gravity.

1028.10.1 Dual access. For rows of seating served by aisles
or doorways at both ends, there shall not be more than 100
seats per row. The minimum clear width of 12 inches (305
mm) between rows shall be increased by 0.3 inch (7.6 mm)
for every additional seat beyond 14 seats, but the minimum
clear width is not required to exceed 22 inches (559 nun).

Exception: For smoke-protected assembly seating, the
row length limits for a 12-inch- wide (305 mm) aisle
accessway, beyond which the aisle accessway minimum
clear width shall be increased, are in Table 1028.10.1.

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TABLE 1028.10.1

SMOKE-PROTECTED

ASSEMBLY AISLE ACCESSWAYS

TOTAL NUMBER OF
SEATS IN THE SMOKE-
PROTECTED ASSEMBLY
OCCUPANCY

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS PER ROW

PERMITTED TO HAVE A MINIMUM 12-INCH

CLEAR WIDTH AISLE ACCESSWAY

Aisle or doorway at
both ends of row

Aisle or doorway at
one end of row only

Less than 4,000

4,000

7,000

10,000

13,000

16,000

19,000

22,000 and greater

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

1028.10.2 Single access. For rows of seating served by an
aisle or doorway at only one end of the row, the minimum
clear width of 12 inches (305 mm) between rows shall be
increased by 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for every additional seat
beyond seven seats, but the minimum clear width is not
required to exceed 22 inches (559 mm).

Exception: For smoke-protected assembly seating, the
row length limits for a 12-inch-wide (305 mm) aisle
accessway, beyond which the aisle accessway minimum
clear width shall be increased, are in Table 1028.10.1.

1028.11 Assembly aisle walking surfaces. A/s/e^ with a slope
not exceeding one unit vertical in eight units horizontal
(12. 5 -percent slope) shall consist of a ramp having a slip-resis-
tant walking surface. Aisles with a slope exceeding one unit
vertical in eight units horizontal (12. 5 -percent slope) shall con-
sist of a series of risers and treads that extends across the full
width of aisles and complies with Sections 1028.1 1.1 through
1028.11.3.

1028.11.1 Treads. Tread depths shall be a minimum of 1 1
inches (279 mm) and shall have dimensional uniformity.

Exception: The tolerance between adjacent treads shall
not exceed Vjg inch (4.8 mm).

1028.11.2 Risers. Where the gradient of aisle stairs is to be
the same as the gradient of adjoining seating areas, the riser
height shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm) nor more
than 8 inches (203 mm) and shall be uniform within each
flight.

Exceptions:

1. Riser height nonuniformity shall be limited to the
extent necessitated by changes in the gradient of
the adjoining seating area to maintain adequate
sightlines. Where nonuniformities exceed 0.188
inch (4.8 mm) between adjacent risers, the exact
location of such nonuniformities shall be indicated
with a distinctive marking stripe on each tread at
the nosing or leading edge adjacent to the nonuni-
form risers. Such stripe shall be a minimum of 1
inch (25 mm), and a maximum of 2 inches (51

mm), wide. The edge marking stripe shall be dis-
tinctively different from the contrasting marking
stripe.

2. Riser heights not exceeding 9 inches (229 mm)
shall be permitted where they are necessitated by
the slope of the adjacent seating areas to maintain
sightlines.

1028.11.3 Tread contrasting marking stripe. A

contrasting marking stripe shall be provided on each tread at
the nosing or leading edge such that the location of each
tread is readily apparent when viewed in descent. Such
stripe shall be a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm), and a
maximum of 2 inches (51 mm), wide.

Exception: The contrasting marking stripe is permitted
to be omitted where tread surfaces are such that the loca-
tion of each tread is readily apparent when viewed in
descent.

1028.12 Seat stability. In places of assembly, the seats shall be
securely fastened to the floor.

Exceptions:

L In places of assembly or portions thereof without
ramped or tiered floors for seating and with 200 or
fewer seats, the seats shall not be required to be fas-
tened to the floor.

2. In places of assembly or portions thereof with seating
at tables and without ramped or tiered floors for seat-
ing, the seats shall not be required to be fastened to the
floor.

3. In places of assembly or portions thereof without
ramped or tiered floors for seating and with greater
than 200 seats, the seats shall be fastened together in
groups of not less than three or the seats shall be
securely fastened to the floor.

4. In places of assembly where flexibility of the seating
arrangement is an integral part of the design and func-
tion of the space and seating is on tiered levels, a max-
imum of 200 seats shall not be required to be fastened
to the floor. Plans showing seating, tiers and aisles
shall be submitted for approval.

5. Groups of seats within a place of assembly separated
from other seating by railings, guards, partial height
walls or similar barriers with level floors and having
no more than 14 seats per group shall not be required
to be fastened to the floor.

6. Seats intended for musicians or other performers and
separated by railings, guards, partial height walls or
similar barriers shall not be required to be fastened to
the floor.

1028.13 Handrails. Ramped aisles having a slope exceeding
one unit vertical in 15 units horizontal (6.7-percent slope) and
aisle stairs shall be provided with handrails located either at
the side or within the aisle width.

Exceptions:

1 . Handrails are not required for ramped aisles having a
gradient no greater than one unit vertical in eight units

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

365

MEANS OF EGRESS

horizontal (12.5-percent slope) and seating on both
sides.

2. Handrails are not required if, at the side of the aisle,
there is a guard that complies with the graspability
requirements of handrails.

3. Handrail extensions are not required at the top and
bottom of aisle stairs and aisle ramp runs to permit
crossovers within the aisles,

1028.13.1 Discontinuous handrails. Where there is
seating on both sides of the aisle, the handrails shall be
discontinuous with gaps or breaks at intervals not exceeding
five rows to facilitate access to seating and to permit
crossing from one side of the aisle to the other. These gaps
or breaks shall have a clear width of at least 22 inches (559
mm) and not greater than 36 inches (914 nrni), measured
horizontally, and the handrail shall have rounded termina-
tions or bends.

1028.13.2 Intermediate handrails. Where handrails are
provided in the middle of aisle stairs, there shall be an addi-
tional intermediate handrail located approximately 12 inches
(305 mm) below the main handrail.

1028.14 Assembly guards. Assembly guards shall comply
with Sections 1028.14.1 through 1028.14.3.

1028.14.1 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30
inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have
guards in accordance with Section 1013.

Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 mm) or less
occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade
below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the
aisle floor shall be provided.

Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the
cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the
adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided.

1028.14.2 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless
subject to the requirements of Section 1028. 14.3, a fascia or
railing system in accordance witii the gwarJ requirements of
Section 1013 and having a minimum height of 26 inches
(660 nmi) shall be provided where the floor or footboard
elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or
grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise inter-
fere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating. At
bleachers, a guard must be provided where required by ICC
300.

1028.14.3 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing
system complying with the guard requirements of Section
1013 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where
the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above
the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be a
minimum of 36 inches (914 nun) high and shall provide a
minimum 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally
between the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest
tread.

1028.15 Bench seating. Where bench seating is used, the num-
ber of persons shall be based on one person for each 18 inches
(457 mm) of length of the bench.

SECTION 1029
EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE

1029.1 General. In addition to the means of egress required by
this chapter, provisions shall be made for emergency escape
and rescue in Group R occupancies. Basements and sleeping <
rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall have at
least one exterior emergency escape and rescue opening in
accordance with this section. Where basements contain one or
more sleeping rooms, emergency escape and rescue openings
shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be
required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such openings
shall open directly into ?i public way or to a yard or court that
opens to a public way.

Exceptions:

L In Groups R-1 and R-2 occupancies constructed of
Type /, Type IIA, Type IIIA or Type IV construction
equipped throughout with an approved automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1. <

2. The emergency escape and rescue opening is permit-
ted to open onto a balcony within an atrium in accor-
dance with the requirements of Section 404, provided
the balcony provides access to an exit and the dwell-
ing unit or sleeping unit has a means of egress that is
not open to the atrium.

3. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches
(2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency
escape and rescue windows.

4. High-rise buildings in accordance with Section 403.

5. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not
required from basements or sleeping rooms that have
an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into
a public way or to a yard, court or exterior exit bal-
cony that provides access to a public way.

6. Basements without habitable spaces and having no
more than 200 square feet (1 8.6 m^) in floor area shall
not be required to have emergency escape windows.

1029.2 Minimum size. Emergency escape and rescue open-
ings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 5.7 square feet
(0.53 m2).

Exception: The minimum net clear opening for emergency
escape and rescue grade-floor openings shall be 5 square
feet (0.46 m^).

1029.2.1 Minimum dimensions. The minimum net clear
opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The
minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20
inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be
the result of normal operation of the opening.

1029.3 Maximum height from floor. Emergency escape and
rescue openings shall have the bottom of the clear opening not
greater than 44 inches (1118 mm) measured from the floor,

1029.4 Operational constraints. Emergency escape and res-
cue openings and any exit doors shall be maintained free of any
obstructions other than those allowed by this section and shall

be operational from the inside of the room. Bars, grilles, grates <

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2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

MEANS OF EGRESS

•>

or similar devices are permitted to be placed over emergency
escape and rescue openings provided the minimum net clear
opening size complies with Section 1029.2 and such devices
shall be releasable or removable from the inside without the use
of a key, tool, special knowledge or effort or force greater than
that which is required for normal operation of the escape and
rescue opening. Where such bars, grilles, grates or similar
devices are installed, smoke alarms shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 907.2.1 1 regardless of the valuation of the
alteration. The release mechanism shall be maintained opera-
ble at all times.

Such bars, grills, grates or any similar devices shall be
equipped with an approved exterior release device for use by
the fire department only when required by the authority having
jurisdiction.

Where security bars (burglar bars) are installed on emer-
gency egress and rescue windows or doors, on or after July 7,
lOOOy such devices shall comply with California Building Stan-
dards Code, Part 12, Chapter 12-3 and other applicable provi-
sions of Part 2,

Exception: Group Rl occupancies provided with a moni-
tored fire sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.2.8 and designed in accordance with NFPA 13 may
have openable windows permanently restricted to a
maximum 4-inch (102 mm) open position.

1029.5 Window wells. An emergency escape and rescue open-
ing with a finished sill height below the adjacent ground level
shall be provided with a window well in accordance with Sec-
tions 1029.5.1 and 1029.5.2.

1029.5.1 Minimum size. The minimum horizontal area of
the window well shall be 9 square feet (0.84 m^), with a
minimum dimension of 36 inches (914 mm). The area of the
window well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue
opening to be fully opened.

1029.5.2 Ladders or steps. Window wells with a vertical
depth of more than 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be equipped
with an approved permanently affixed ladder or steps.
Ladders or rungs shall have an inside width of at least 12
inches (305 mm), shall project at least 3 inches (76 mm)
from the wall and shall be spaced not more than 1 8 inches
(457 mm) on center (o.c.) vertically for the full height of the
window well. The ladder or steps shall not encroach into the
required dimensions of the window well by more than 6
inches (152 mm). The ladder or steps shall not be obstructed
by the emergency escape and rescue opening. Ladders or
steps required by this section are exempt from the stairway
requirements of Section 1009.

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 367

368 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 11

RESERVED

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 369

370 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 11A - HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1"AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire cliapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1102A.3.1,Exc.

1104A.2, Exc.

1118A.1

The state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: t

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

371

372 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 11 A

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

NOTE: Dwelling units constructed as senior citizen housing may also be subject to the Unruh Civil Rights Act Refer to Division I,

Part 2 of the California Civil Code. For additional information regarding application, interpretation and enforcement,

contact the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing.

Division I - APPUCATION, GENERAL PROVISIONS,
AND DEFINITIONS

Division I Table of Contents

Section 11 01 A Application

Section 1102A Building Accessibility

Section 11 03 A Design and Construction

Section 1 1 04 A Covered Multifamily Dwellings

Section 11 05 A Garages, Carports and Parking

Facilities

Section 1106A Site and Building Characteristics

Section 1107 A Definitions

SECTION 11 01 A
APPLICATION

1 101 A. I Scope, The application and authority of this chapter
are identified and referenced in Sections 1.8.2.1.2 and 11 02 A
for the Department of Housing and Community Development
Applicable sections are identified in the Matrix Adoption
Tables of this code under the abbreviation HCD 1-AC The pro-
visions of this chapter shall apply to the following:

1. All newly-constructed covered multifamily dwellings.

2. New common use spaces serving existing covered multi-
family dwellings.

3. Additions to existing buildings, where the addition alone
meets the definition of a covered multifamily dwelling.

4. Common-use areas serving covered multifamily dwell-
ings.

5. Where any portion of a building 's exterior is preserved,
but the interior of the building is removed, including all
structural portions of floors and ceilings, the building is
considered a new building for determining the applica-
tion of this chapter.

These building standards generally do not apply to public
accommodations such as hotels and motels. Public use areas,
public accommodations, and housing which is publicly funded
as defined in Chapter 2 of this code are subject to provisions of
the Division of the State Architect (DSA-AC) and are refer-
enced in Section 1.9.1.1.

SECTION 11 02A
BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY

1102 A, I Where required. Buildings or portions of buildings
and facilities within the scope of this chapter shall be accessi-
. ble to persons with disabilities. Each building on a building site
shall be considered separately when determining the require-
ments contained in this chapter, except when calculating the

number of units which must comply with Section 11 02 A. 3.1.
Dwelling units within a single structure separated by firewalls
do not constitute separate buildings.

Newly-constructed covered multifamily dwellings as defined
in this chapter, include, but are not limited to, the following:

1. Apartment buildings with 3 or more dwelling units in-
cluding timeshare apartments not considered a place of
public accommodation or transient lodging as defined
in Health and Safety Code Section 19955 (a), and
Chapter 2 of the California Building Code.

2. Condominiums with 4 or more dwelling units including
timeshare condominiums not considered a place of
public accommodation or transient lodging as defined
in Health and Safety Code Section 19955 (a), and
Chapter 2 of the California Building Code.

3. Lodging houses, as defined in Chapter 2 of the Califor-
nia Building Code, used as a residence with more than
3 but not more than 5 guest rooms.

4. Congregate residences, as defined in Chapter 2 of the
California Building Code.

5. Dwellings with 3 or more efficiency units, as defined in
Chapter 2 of this code, or Section 17958.1 of the Cali-
fornia Health and Safety Code.

6. Shelters for homeless persons, not otherwise subject to
the disabled access provisions of the Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance (DSA-AC).

7. Dormitories, as defined in Chapter 2 of this code, with
3 or more guest rooms as defined in Chapter 2 of the
California Building Code.

8. Timeshare dwellings with 3 or more units, not consid-
ered a place of public accommodations or transient
lodging as defined in Health and Safety Code Section
19955 (a), and Chapter 2 of the California Building
Code.

9. Other Group R occupancies in covered multifamily
dwellings which are regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal. See Section 1.11. I '

1 0. Housing which is publicly funded as defined in Chapter
2 of this code is subject to provisions of the Division of
the State Architect (DSA-AC). See Section 1111B.5. I I

1102A,2 Existing buildings. The building standards contained
in this chapter do not apply to the alteration, repair, rehabilita-
tion or maintenance of multifamily dwellings constructed for
first occupancy prior to March 13, 1991. Housing which is
publicly funded as defined in Chapter 2 of this code is subject to
provisions of the Division of the State Architect (DSA-AC). See
Section 111 IB. 5.

Covered multifamily dwellings shall be maintained in com-
pliance with the accessibility standards in effect at the time of

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

373

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

construction. Apartments constructed prior to March 13, 1991,
shall be maintained in compliance with the accessibility stan-
dards in effect at the time of construction.

> Additions shall be subject to the requirements of this chapter,
provided the addition, when considered alone, meets the defini-
tion of a covered multifamily dwelling, as defined in this chap-
ter. New common use spaces serving existing covered
multifamily dwellings shall be subject to the requirements of
this chapter

Note: For all existing public use areas, public accommoda-
tions and housing which is publicly fiinded, see Chapter
IIB, Division IV, Section 11 343, for provisions of the Divi-
sion of the State Architect-Access Compliance (DSA-AC).

1102A.3 Multistory dwellings.

1102A.3.1 Multistory apartment or condominium dwell-
ings in buildings with no elevator. This section shall apply
to multistory dwelling units on the ground floor of buildings
without elevators for which an application for a construc-
tion permit is submitted on or after July 1, 2005.

Exception: Carriage units as defined in Section
1107A.3-C and regulated only by the Department of
Housing and Community Development as referenced in
I I Section 1.8.2.1.2.

At least 10 percent but not less than one of the multistory
dwellings in apartment buildings with 3 or more dwelling
units and/or condominiums with 4 or more dwelling units
shall comply with the following:

1. The primary entry to the dwelling unit shall be on an
accessible route unless exempted by site impractical-
ity tests in Section 1150A.

2. At least one powder room or bathroom shall be lo-
cated on the primary entry level, served by an accessi-
ble route and shall comply with the provisions in
Division TV.

3. All rooms or spaces located on the primary entry level
shall be served by an accessible route and shall com-
ply with the provisions in Division IV Rooms and
spaces located on the primary entry level and subject
to this chapter may include but are not limited to
kitchens, powder rooms, bathrooms, living rooms,
bedrooms or hallways.

4. Common use areas covered by this section shall be
accessible as required by this chapter Public use ar-
eas as defined in Chapter 2, Chapter 11 A, and Chap-
ter IIB of this code are subject to provisions of the
Division of the State Architect (DSA-AC) and are ref-

I I erenced in Section 1.9.1.1.

The minimum number of multifamily dwelling units
which must comply with this section shall be calculated
using the total number of all multistory dwelling units in
buildings on a site which are subject to this section. Any
I I fraction thereof shall be rounded to the next highest whole
number

1102A3.2 Multistory dwelling units in buildings with one
or more elevators. Multistory dwelling units contained in

buildings with elevators shall comply with this section. For
multistory dwelling units in buildings with elevators, the
story of the unit that is served by the building elevator is con-
sidered a groundfloor and the primary entry floor to the unit
and shall comply with the following:

1. At least 1 powder room or bathroom shall be located
on the primary entry level.

2. All rooms or spaces located on the primary entry level
shall be served by an accessible route and shall com-
ply with Division TV

1102A.4 Participation areas. Access shall be provided to ele-
ments listed in Section 1104B.4.3, "Participation areas."

1102A.5 Swimming pools. Swimming pools and spas required
to be accessible shall comply with the provisions of Section
1141A.

1102A.6 Temporary restrictions. During periods of partial or
restricted use of a building or facility, the entrances used for
primary access shall be accessible to and usable by persons
with disabilities.

SECTION 11 03A
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1103A.1 General.

1103A.1.1 When buildings are required to be accessible,
they shall be designed and constructed as provided in this
chapter

Note: Public use areas, public accommodations, and
housing which is publicly funded as defined in Chapter 2
of this code are subject to provisions of the Division of the <
State Architect (DSA-AC) and are referenced in Section
1.9.1.1. I I

SECTION 1104A
COVERED MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS

1104A.1 General. All ground-floor dwelling units in
nonelevator buildings shall be adaptable and on an accessible
route, unless an accessible route is not required as determined
by site impracticality provisions in Section 1150A. For build-
ings with elevators, see Section 1106A.

Multistory dwelling units shall comply with Section
1102A.3.

1104A.2 Ground floors above grade. Where the first floor con-
taining dwelling units in a building is above grade, all units on
that floor shall be served by an accessible route. This floor will
be considered a groundfloor and all dwelling units are consid-
ered covered multifamily dwelling units.

Exception: Carriage units as defined in Section 1107A.3-C
and regulated only by the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development as referenced in Section 1.8.2.1.2. I u

Multistory dwelling units shall comply with Section
1102A.3.

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SECTION 11 05 A
GARAGES, CARPORTS AND PARKING FACILITIES

llOSA.l General Garages, carports and other parking facili-
ties, which are accessory to covered multifamily dwelling units,
shall be accessible as required in Section 11 09 A,

SECTION 11 06A
SITE AND BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

1106A.1 General Covered multifamily dwellings with eleva-
tors shall be designed and constructed to provide at least one
accessible entrance on an accessible route, regardless of ter-
rain or unusual characteristics of the site. Covered multifam-
ily dwellings without elevators shall be designed and
constructed to provide at least one accessible entrance on an
accessible route unless terrain or unusual characteristics of
the site prevent an accessible route based on the conditions
listed below:

1. Accessible entrance. Regardless of site considerations
described in Section 1150A, an accessible entrance on
an accessible route is required when there is an elevator
connecting the parking area with the dwelling units on a
ground floor. (In this case, those dwelling units on the
ground floor served by an elevator, and at least one of
each type of public- and common-use areas, would be
subject to these requirements,)

2. Elevator building. When a building elevator or elevators
are provided as a means of access to dwelling units other
than dwelling units on a ground floor (see Section
1104A,2), the building is an elevator building. All dwell-
ing units become covered multifamily dwellings in that
building. The elevator in that building must provide ac-
cessibility to all dwelling units in the building, regardless
of the slope of the natural terrain. For multistory dwell-

I I ing units in buildings with one or more elevators, see Sec-

tion 1102A3.2.

Note: Where a building elevator is provided only as
means of creating an accessible route to covered mul-
tifamily dwelling units on a ground floor, the building
is not considered to be an elevator building, only
dwelling units located on the ground floor shall be
required to comply with this chapter

3. Elevated walkway. When an elevated walkway is
planned between a building entrance and a vehicular or
pedestrian arrival point, and the planned walkway has a
slope no greater than 10 percent (1 unit vertical in 10
units horizontal), the floor being served by the elevated
walkway becomes a ground floor and accessibility to all
dwellings on that ground floor is required

Note: Since the planned walkway meets the 10 per-
cent slope criterion, it is required to provide an acces-
sible route to the entrance, and the slope of the
walkway must be reduced to 1 unit vertical in 12 units
horizontal (8.33 percent slope) maximum.

1106A.2 Site impracticality. For tests to determine site imprac-
ticality due to terrain considerations in nonelevator buildings,
see Section 1150A.

SECTION 11 OTA
DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms are defined as fol-
lows:

1107A.ua

ACCESSIBLE for covered multifamily dwellings is the public-
or common-use areas of the building that can be approached,
entered and used by persons with disabilities.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE is a continuous and unobstructed path
connecting all accessible elements and spaces in a building or
within a site that can be negotiated by a person with a disability
using a wheelchair, and that is also safe for and usable by per-
sons with other disabilities. Interior accessible routes may
include corridors, hallways, floors, ramps, elevators and lifts.
Exterior accessible routes may include parking access aisles,
curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walks, ramps and
lifts.

ACCESSIBILITY is the combination of various elements in a
building or area which allows access, circulation and the full
use of the building and facilities by persons with disabilities.

ADAPTABLE DWELLING UNIT is an accessible dwelling
unit within a covered multifamily building as designed with ele-
ments and spaces allowing the dwelling unit to be adapted or
adjusted to accommodate the user. See Division IV.

ASSISTIVE DEVICE is an aid, tool or instrument used by
persons with disabilities to assist in activities of daily living.

AUTOMATIC DOOR is a door equipped with a power-oper-
ated mechanism and controls that open and close the door
automatically upon receipt of a momentary actuating signal.
The switch that begins the automatic cycle may be a photoelec-
tric device, floor mat or manual switch.

1107A.2'B

BATHROOM is, for the purposes of this chapter, a room which
includes a water closet (toilet), lavatory (sink), and a bathtub
and/or a shower. It does not include single-fixture facilities or
those with only a water closet and lavatory. It does include a
compartmented bathroom. A compartmented bathroom is one
in which the fixtures are distributed among interconnected
rooms. A compartmented bathroom is considered a single unit
and is subject to the requirements of this chapter

BUILDING ENTRANCE ON AN ACCESSIBLE ROUTE is

an accessible entrance to a building that is connected by an
accessible route to public transportation stops, to parking or
passenger loading zones, or to public streets or sidewalks, if
available.

1107A.3-C

CARRIAGE UNIT is a dwelling unit with living space on one
or more floors immediately above a Group U, Division 1, pri-
vate garage or garages. The footprint of the garage or garages
is used as the footprint for the remaining floor or floors of the
units above and the garage level contains no habitable space.

Note: Dwelling units located over a common garage shall
not be considered carriage units.

COMMON USE AREAS are private use areas within multi-
family residential facilities where the use of these areas is lim-

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ited exclusively to owners, residents and their guests. The areas
may be defined as rooms or spaces or elements inside or out-
side of a building.

COVERED MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS are dwelling
units in buildings consisting of 3 or more dwelling units or 4 or
more condominium units. Covered multifamily dwellings
include dwelling units listed in Section 1102AJ. Dwelling
units within a single structure separated by firewalls do not
constitute separate buildings.

Note: For buildings or complexes containing publicly
funded dwelling units, see Chapter IIB, Section HUB. 5
for provisions of the Division of the State Architect-Access
Compliance (DSA-AC).

CROSS SLOPE is the slope that is perpendicular to the direc-
tion of travel.

CURB CUT is an interruption of a curb at a pedestrian way,
which separates surfaces that are substantially at the same ele-
vation.

CURB RAMP is a sloping pedestrian way, intended for pedes-
trian traffic, which provides access between a walk or sidewalk
and a surface located above or below an adjacent curb face.

1107A.4-D

DETECTABLE WARNING is a standardized surface or fea-
ture built into or applied to walking surfaces or other elements
to warn visually impaired persons of hazards in the path of

I I travel. Only approved DSA-AC detectable warning products
and directional surfaces shall be installed as provided in the
CCR, Title 24, Part 1, Articles 2, 3 and 4. Refer to CCR, Title 24,

I I Part 12, Chapter 12-1 lA and Bfor building and facility access
specifications for product approval for detectable warning
products and directional surfaces.

Note: Detectable warning products and directional sur-
faces installed after January 1, 2001, shall be evaluated by
an independent entity, selected by the Department of Gen-
eral Services, Division of the State Architect - Access Com-
pliance, for all occupancies, including transportation and
other outdoor environments, except that when products and
surfaces are for use in residential housing, evaluation shall
be in consultation with the Department of Housing and
Community Development. See Government Code Section
4460.

DWELLING UNIT is a single unit of residence for a family of
one or more persons. Examples of dwelling units covered by
this chapter include condominiums, an apartment unit within
an apartment building, and other types of dwellings in which
sleeping accommodations are provided but toileting or cook-
ing facilities are shared by occupants of more than one room or
portion of the dwelling. Examples of the latter include dormi-
tory rooms and sleeping accommodations in shelters intended
for occupancy as residences for homeless persons.

1107A.5-E

EQUIVALENT FACILITATION is an alternate means of
complying with the literal requirements of these standards and

specifications that provides access consistent with the purpose
of these standards and specifications.

Notes:

1. See Section 1.8.1, Purpose.

2. In determining equivalent facilitation, consideration
shall be given to means that provide for the maximum
independence of persons with disabilities while pre-
senting the least risk of harm, injury or other hazard
to such persons or others.

1107A,6'F

FACILITY (or FACILITIES) is a building, structure, room,
site, complex or any portion thereof, that is built, altered,
improved or developed to serve a particular purpose.

1107 A J-G

GRAB BAR is a bar for the purpose of being grasped by the
hand for support.

GROUND FLOOR is the floor of a building with a building
entrance on an accessible route. A building may have one or
more ground floors.

IIOTA.S'H (No definitions)

1107A.9-I

INDEPENDENT ENTITY. See Chapter 2, Section 202.

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESSIBILITY is that
symbol adopted by Rehabilitation IntemationaVs 11th World
Congress for the purpose of indicating that buildings and facil-
ities are accessible to persons with disabilities. See Chapter
llA, Figure IIA-IA.

IIOJA.IO'J (No definitions)

1107A.11-K

KICK PLATE is an abrasion-resistant plate affixed to the bot-
tom portion of a door to prevent a trap condition and protect its
surface.

1107A.12'L

LEVEL AREA is a specified surface that does not have a slope
in any direction exceeding V^ inch (6.4 mm) in Ifoot (305 mm)
from the horizontal (2. 083 -percent gradient).

LIFT, PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR). See ''Platform
(Wheelchair) Lift."

1107AJ3-M

MARKED CROSSING is a crosswalk or other identified
marked path intended for pedestrian use in crossing a vehicu-
lar way.

MULTISTORY DWELLING UNIT is a dwelling unit with fin-
ished living space located on one floor and the floor or floors
immediately above or below it.

1107AJ4'N

NEWLY CONSTRUCTED is a building that has never before
been used or occupied for any purpose.

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NOSEy NOSING is that portion of a tread projecting beyond
the face of the riser immediately below.

1107A.15-O

OPEN RISER is the airspace between a tread projecting
beyond the face of the riser immediately below,

1107AJ6-P

PASSAGE DOOR is a door other than an exit door through
which persons may traverse.

PEDESTRIAN is an individual who moves within walking
areas with or without the use ofwalking-assistive devices such
as crutches, leg braces, wheelchairs, etc.

PEDESTRIAN RAMP is a sloping accessible route intended
for pedestrian traffic and is differentiated from a curb ramp.

PEDESTRIAN WAY is a route by which a pedestrian may
pass.

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, for purposes of this chap-
ter, "persons with disabilities " includes, but is not limited to,
any physical or mental disability as defined in Government
Code Section 12926.

PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR) UFT is a hoisting and low-
ering mechanism equipped with a car or platform, or support,
which serves two landings of a building or structure and is
designed to carry a passenger or passengers and/or luggage or
other material a vertical distance as may be allowed by Section
1124A.1L

POWDER ROOM is a room containing a water closet (toilet)
and lavatory (sink), and which is not defined as a bathroom in
Section 1107A.2-B.

PRIMARY ENTRY is the principal entrance through which
most people enter the building, as designated by the building
official.

PRIMARY ENTRY LEVEL is the floor or level of the building
on which the primary entry is located.

PUBUC ACCOMMODATION. See Chapter 2, Section 202.

PUBLIC USE AREAS means interior or exterior rooms or
spaces of a building that are made available to the general pub-
lic and does not include Common Use Areas as defined in Sec-
tion 1107A.3-C. Public Use Areas may be provided at a
building that is privately or publicly owned.

1107A.17-Q (No definitions)

1107AJ8-R

RAMR See '* Pedestrian ramp," Section I107A.16-R

RISER is the vertical distance from the top of a tread to the top
of the next higher tread.

1107A.19-S

SIDEWALK. See ''Sidewalk;' Chapter 2, Section 202.

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS are rooms in which peo-
ple may sleep; for example, dormitory and hotel or motel guest
rooms or suites.

SLOPE is the relative steepness of the land between two points
and is calculated as follows. '

The horizontal distance and elevation change between the
two points (e.g., an entrance and a passenger loading zone).
The difference in elevation is divided by the distance and the
resulting fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage
of slope.

For example: if a principal entrance is 10 feet (3048 mm)
from a passenger loading zone, and the principal entrance
is raised 1 foot (305 mm) higher than the passenger loading
zone, then the slope is 1/10 x 100 = 10 percent.

1I07A.20-T

TRANSIENT LODGING is a building, facility or portion
thereof, available to the public as an inn, hotel, motel,
timeshare or place where one or more dwelling units or sleep-
ing accommodations are provided for transient guests, exclud-
ing inpatient medical care facilities and lodging houses with 5
or less guest rooms. Transient lodging may include but is not
limited to, resorts, group homes, and dormitories.

TREAD is the horizontal member of a step.

n07A.21'U (No definitions)

I107A.22-V

VEHICULAR OR PEDESTRIAN ARRIVAL POINTS are

public or resident parking areas, public transportation stops,
passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks.

I107A.23-W

WALK is a surfaced pedestrian way not located contiguous to
a street used by the public. (See Chapter 2, Section 202 defini-
tion for "Sidewalk.")

WHEELCHAIR. See "Wheelchair,'' Chapter 2, Section 202.

1107A,24'X (No definitions)

1107A,24-Y (No definitions)

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Division II - EXTERIOR FACILITIES

Division II Table of Contents

Section 1 1 08 A General Requirements for Accessible

Parking and Exterior Routes of
Travel

Section 11 09 A Parking Facilities

Section lllOA Exterior Routes of Travel

Section 1111 A Changes in Level on Accessible Routes

Section 11 12 A Curb Ramps on Accessible Routes

Section 11 ISA Walks and Sidewalks on an Accessible

Route

Section 1 1 14A Exterior Ramps and Landings on
Accessible Routes

Section 1115A Exterior Stairways

Section 1116A Hazards on Accessible Routes

SECTION 11 08A

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESSIBLE

PARKING AND EXTERIOR ROUTES OF TRAVEL

Notes:

1. In addition to provisions of this division, exterior routes of
travel that provide access to, or egress from, buildings for
persons with disabilities shall also comply with Chapter 10.

2. Public use areas, public accommodations and housing
> which is publicly funded as defined in Chapter 2 of this code

are subject to provisions of the Division of the State Archi-
I I tect (DSA-AC) and are referenced in Section 1,9, LL

SECTION 11 09A
PARKING FACILITIES

1109AJ Accessible parking required. Each parking facility
provided for covered multifamily dwellings and facilities (e.g.,
swimming pools, club houses, recreation areas and laundry
rooms) that serve covered multifamily dwellings shall provide
accessible parking as required by this section.

1109 A2 Parking facilities. Parking facilities shall include, but
not be limited to, the following:

1. Garages

2. Private garages

3. Carports

4. Off-street parking (parking lots/spaces)

1109A,2.1 Private garages. Private garages accessory to
covered multifamily dwelling units, shall be accessible as
required in Section 11 09 A. Private garages include individ-
ual garages and multiple individual garages grouped
together.

Exception: An attached private garage directly serving
a single covered multifamily dwelling unit providing at
least one of the following options:

1. A door leading directly from the covered dwelling
unit which immediately enters the garage. The

door shall comply on both sides with Sections
1132A,3 through 1132A9.

2. An accessible route of travel from the covered
dwelling unit to an exterior door entering the ga-
rage. See Section 1132A.lfor requirements at both
exit doors.

3. An accessible route of travel from the dwelling
unifs primary entry door to the vehicular entrance
at the garage. See Section 1132A.1 for require-
ments at the primary entry door.

1109 A3 Required accessible parking spaces. Accessible park-
ing spaces shall be provided at a minimum rate of 2 percent of
the covered multifamily dwelling units. At least one space of
each type of parking facility shall be made accessible even if the
total number exceeds 2 percent When assigned parking is pro-
vided, signage as required by Section 1109A.8.8 shall not be
required,

1109 A,4 Assigned accessible parking spaces. When assigned
parking spaces are provided for a resident or a group of resi-
dents, at least 2 percent of the assigned parking spaces serving
covered multifamily dwelling units shall be accessible in each
type of parking facility. At least one space of each type of park-
ing facility shall be made accessible even if the total number
exceeds 2 percent. When assigned parking is provided, signage
as required by Section 1109A8.8 shall not be required.

1109A,5 Unassigned and visitor parking spaces, Whenpark-
ing is provided for covered multifamily dwellings and is not
assigned to a resident or a group of residents at least 5 percent
of the parking spaces shall be accessible and provide access
to grade-level entrances of covered multifamily dwellings and
facilities (e.g., swimming pools, club houses, recreation
areas, and laundry rooms) that serve covered multifamily
dwellings. Accessible parking spaces shall be provided with
signage as required by Section 1109A.8.8. Such signage shall
not be blocked from view by a vehicle parked in the space.

1109A,6 Requests for accessible parking spaces. When
assigned parking is provided, designated accessible parking
for the dwelling unit shall be provided on request of residents
with disabilities on the same terms and with the full range of
choices (e.g., off-street parking, carport or garage) that are
available for other residents.

1 109 A,7 Location of accessible parking spaces. The location
of accessible parking spaces shall comply with the following:

1, Accessible parking spaces shall be located on the short-
est possible accessible route to an accessible building, or
covered multifamily dwelling unit entrance. All van ac-
cessible spaces may be grouped on one level of a parking
facility.

2, When parking facilities are located adjacent to a build-
ing with multiple accessible entrances, accessible park-
ing spaces shall be dispersed and located near the
accessible building entrances,

3, When practical, the accessible route shall not cross lanes
for vehicular traffic. When crossing vehicle traffic lanes
is necessary, the accessible route shall be designated and
marked as a crosswalk.

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4. Parking facilities that do not serve a particular building
shall have accessible parking spaces located on the
shortest possible accessible route to an accessible pedes-
trian entrance of the parking facility.

5. Accessible parking spaces shall be located so that per-
sons with disabilities are not compelled to wheel or walk
behind parked cars other than their own.

Exception: When the enforcement agency determines
that compliance with this section or providing equiva-
lent facilitation would create an unreasonable hard-
ship, parking spaces may be provided which would
require a person with physical disabilities to wheel or
walk behind other than accessible parking spaces.

1109A.8 Design and construction. Accessible parking
required by this section shall be designed and constructed in
accordance with Section 1109 A.

1109A.8J Vertical clearances. All entrances, exits and
vehicular passageways to and from required accessible
parking spaces within parking facilities, shall have a mini-
mum vertical clearance of 8 feet 2 inches (2489 mm) from
the floor to the lowest projection of the ceiling. Reflective
warning signs complying with Section 1117B.5.4for char-
acter height shall be installed at transitions from the 8 feet 2
inch ceiling to lower ceiling heights in vehicular passage-
ways in the same parking level.

1109A.8.2 Arrangement of parking spaces. Parking
spaces shall be arranged to comply with the following:

L In each parking area, a bumper or curb shall be pro-
vided and located to prevent encroachment of cars
over the required width of walkways.

2. Ramps, including curb ramps, shall not encroach into
any accessible parking space or the adjacent loading
and unloading access aisle.

1109A.8.3 Slope of accessible parking spaces and access
aisles. Surface slopes of accessible parking spaces and
access aisles shall be the minimum possible and shall not
exceed V4 inch (6.35 mm) per foot (2.083-percent gradient)
in any direction.

1 109 A.8.4 Accessible parking space size. Accessible park-
ing spaces shall comply with Sections 1109A8.5 and
1109A8.6.

1109A.8.5 Accessible single parking space. Where accessi-
ble single spaces are provided, they shall be constructed in
accordance with the following:

L Single spaces shall be 14 feet (4267 mm) wide and
lined to provide a 9-foot (2743 mm) wide parking area
and a 5 -foot (1524 mm) wide loading and unloading
access aisle on the passenger side of the vehicle (see
Figure 11A-2B) with the vehicle parked in the forward
position.

2. When more than one space is provided, two 9-foot
(2743 mm) wide parking spaces may be lined on each
side of a 5-foot (1524 mm) wide loading and unload-
ing access aisle (see Figures 11A-2A and 11A-2C).

3. The minimum length of each parking space shall be
18 feet (5486 mm).

4. The loading and unloading access aisle shall be
marked by a border painted blue. Within the blue bor-
der, hatched lines a maximum of 36 inches (914 mm)
on center shall be painted a color contrasting with the
parking surface, preferably blue or white. The words

"NO PARKING" shall be painted on the ground
within each 5 -foot (1524 mm) wide loading and un-
loading access aisle. This notice shall be painted in
white letters no less than 12 inches (305 mm) high and
located so that it is visible to traffic enforcement offi-
cials (see Figures 11A-2A, 11A-2B and 11A-2C).

1109A.8.6 Van accessible parking space. One in every
eight accessible spaces, but not less than one, shall be van
accessible and shall be constructed in accordance with the
following:

1. Each space shall be served by a loading and unload-
ing access aisle at least 8 feet (2438 mm) wide, placed
on the passenger side with the vehicle parked in the
forward position.

2. The minimum length of each space shall be 18 feet
(5486 mm).

3. Each space shall be designated "van accessible" as
required by Section 1109A.8.8.

4. All van accessible spaces may be grouped on one level
of a parking facility.

5. The loading and unloading access aisle shall be
marked by a border painted blue. Within the blue bor-
der, hatched lines a maximum of 36 inches (914 mm)
on center shall be painted a color contrasting with the
parking surface, preferably blue or white. The words
"NO PARKING" shall be painted on the ground
within each 8-foot (2438 mm) wide loading and un-
loading access aisle. This notice shall be painted in
white letters no less than 12 inches (305 mm) high and
located so that it is visible to traffic enforcement offi-
cials.

Note: See Figures 11A-2A, 11A-2B and 11A-2C.

1109A.8.7 Adjacent parking. Parking spaces adjacent to
accessible parking spaces shall not be considered as load-
ing and unloading access aisles.

1109A.8.8 Parking signage. Each accessible parking space
reserved for persons with disabilities shall be identified by a
reflective sign permanently posted immediately adjacent to
and visible from each stall or space consisting of the "Inter-
national Symbol of Accessibility" in white on a dark blue
background. The sign shall not be smaller than 70 square
inches (4516 mm^) in area and, when in a path of travel,
shall be posted at a minimum height of 80 inches (2032 mm)
from the bottom of the sign to the parking space finished
grade. Signs may also be centered on the wall at the interior
end of the parking space at a minimum height of 36 inches
(914 mm) from the parking space finished grade, ground or
sidewalk. Van accessible spaces shall comply with Section

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379

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1109A.8.6 and shall have an additional sign or additional
language stating ''Van Accessible" below the symbol of
accessibility.

Note: When assigned resident parking is provided, sign-
age is not required except for unassigned or visitor park-
ing spaces.

An additional sign shall also be posted in a conspicuous
place at each entrance to ojf-street parking facilities or
immediately adjacent to and visible from each accessible
stall or space. The sign shall not be less than 1 7 inches (432
mm) by 22 inches (559 mm) in size with lettering not less
than 1 inch (25.4 mm) in height, and shall clearly and con-
spicuously state the following:

" Unauthorized vehicles parked in designated accessi-
ble spaces not displaying distinguishing placards or spe-
cial license plates issued for persons with disabilities
will be towed away at the owner's expense. Towed vehi-
cles may be reclaimed at or

by telephoning ."

Blank spaces are to be filled in with appropriate infor-
mation as a permanent part of the sign.

In addition to the above requirements, the surface of
each accessible parking space shall have a surface iden-
tification duplicating either of the following schemes:

L By outlining or painting the stall or space in blue
and outlining on the ground in the stall or space in
white or suitable contrasting color the
"International Symbol of Accessibility "; or,

2. By outlining the ''International Symbol of Accessi-
bility" in white on blue background. The
"International Symbol of Accessibility" shall be
located so that it is visible to a traffic enforcement
officer when a vehicle is properly parked in the
space and shall be 36 inches high by 36 inches
wide (914 mm by 914 mm).

Note: See Figures 11A-2A, 11A-2B and
11A-2C.

SECTION 111 OA
EXTERIOR ROUTES OF TRAVEL

lllOAA Exterior accessible route* When a building or portion
of a building is required to be accessible or adaptable, an
accessible route shall be provided to all portions of the build-
ing, accessible building entrances and between the building
and the public way. The accessible route shall be the most prac-
tical direct route and to the maximum extent feasible, coincide
with the route for the general public and building residents.
Exterior accessible routes shall be provided as follows:

1. Where more than one route of travel is provided, all
routes shall be accessible.

2. At least one accessible route within the boundary of the
site shall be provided from public transportation stops,
accessible parking and accessible passenger loading
and unloading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to
the accessible building entrance they serve.

3. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible
buildings, facilities, elements and spaces that are on the
same site. Accessible routes shall be provided between
accessible buildings and accessible site facilities when
more than one building or facility is located on a site,

4. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible
building or facility entrances with all accessible spaces,
elements, and covered multifamily dwelling units.

5. An accessible route shall connect at least one accessible
entrance of each covered multifamily dwelling unit with
exterior spaces and facilities that serve the dwelling unit.

6. Where elevators are provided for vertical access, all ele-
vators shall be accessible. See Section I124A.

Note: If the slope of the finished grade between cov-
ered multifamily dwellings and a public use or com-
mon use facility (including parking) exceeds 1 unit
vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33-percent slope), or
where other physical barriers (natural or artificial)
or legal restrictions, all of which are outside the con-
trol of the owner, prevent the installation of an acces-
sible route, an acceptable alternative is to provide
access by a vehicular route, provided:

1. There is accessible parking on an accessible
route for at least 2 percent of the covered multi-
family dwelling units, and

2, Necessary site provisions such as parking
spaces and curb ramps are provided at the pub-
lic use or common use facility.

1110A,2 Signs. At every primary public entrance and at every
major junction where the accessible route diverges from the
circulation path along or leading to an accessible route,
entrance or facility, there shall be a sign displaying the "Inter-
national Symbol of Accessibility." Signs shall indicate the
direction to accessible building entrances and facilities and
shall comply with the requirements found in Section 1 143 A. 2 .

11 10 A3 Flooring, If carpet or carpet tile is used in a com-
mon-use area or public-use area on a ground or floor surface,
it shall have firm backing or no backing. The maximum pile
height shall be V2 inch (12.7 mm). Exposed edges of carpet
shall be fastened to floor surfaces and have trim along the
entire length of the exposed edge. Carpet edge trim shall com-
ply with Section llllA requirements for changes in level.

1110A.3J Recessed doormats. Recessed doormats shall be
adequately anchored to prevent interference with wheel-
chair traffic.

SECTION 1111 A
CHANGES IN LEVEL ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

llllA.l Changes in level not exceeding V^ inch. Abrupt
changes in level along any accessible route shall not exceed V2
inch (12. 7 mm). When changes in level do occur, they shall be
beveled with a slope no greater than 1 unit vertical in 2 units
horizontal (50-percent slope). Changes in level not exceeding
V4 inch (6.35 mm) may be vertical.

1111A,2 Changes greater than V^ inch. Changes in level
greater than % inch (12.7 mm) shall be made by means of a

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sloped surface not greater than 1 unit vertical in 20 units hori-
zontal (5-percent slope), or a curb ramp, ramp, elevator or
platform (wheelchair) lift. Stairs shall not be part of an accessi-
ble route. When stairs are located along or adjacent to an
accessible route they shall comply with Section 11 15A for exte-
rior stairways.

SECTION 111 2A
CURB RAMPS ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1112A,1 General Curb ramps within the boundary of the site
shall be constructed at each corner of street intersections and
where a pedestrian way crosses a curb. The preferred and rec-
ommended location for curb ramps is in the center of the cross-
walk of each street comer Where it is necessary to locate a
curb ramp in the center of the curb return, the street surfaces
shall be marked to identify pedestrian crosswalks, and the
lower end of the curb ramp shall terminate within such cross-
walk areas. Curb ramps do not require handrails,

1112A,2 Obstructions. Curb ramps shall be located or pro-
tected to prevent obstruction by parked cars. Built-up curb
ramps shall be located so that they do not project into vehicular
traffic lanes, parking spaces, or the adjacent loading and
unloading access aisle.

1112A.3 Width of curb ramps. Curb ramps shall be a mini-
mum of 48 inches (1219 mm) in width.

1112A.4 Diagonal curb ramps. If diagonal (or comer-type)
curb ramps have returned curbs or other well-defined edges,
such edges shall be parallel to the direction of pedestrian flow.
The bottom of diagonal curb ramps shall have a 48-inch (1219
mm) minimum clear space as shown in Figures 11 ASA
through 11 ASM. If diagonal curb ramps are provided at
marked crossings, the 48-inch (1219 mm) clear space shall be
within the markings (see Figures UASA through UASM). If
diagonal curb ramps have flared sides, they shall also have at
least a 24-inch-long (610 mm) segment of straight curb located
on each side of the curb ramp and within the marked crossing.
See Figures 11 AS A through 11 ASM.

1112A.5 Slope of curb ramps. The slope of curb ramps shall
not exceed 1 unit vertical to 12 units horizontal (8.33-percent
slope) and shall lie, generally, in a single sloped plane. Transi-
tions from ramps to walks, gutters or streets shall be flush and
free of abrupt changes. Maximum slopes of adjoining gutters,
road surface immediately adjacent to the curb ramp, or acces-
sible route shall not exceed 1 unit vertical to 20 units horizontal
(5 -percent slope) within 4 feet (1219 mm) of the top and bottom
of the curb ramp.

If a curb ramp is located where pedestrians must walk across
the ramp, then it shall have flared sides; the maximum slope of
the flare shall be 1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10-per-
cent slope). Curb ramps with returned curbs may be used
where pedestrians would not normally walk across the ramp.
See Figures 11A-3A through 11A-3M.

1112 A,6 Level landing. A level landing 48 inches (1219 mm)
deep shall be provided at the upper end of each curb ramp over
its full width to permit safe egress from the ramp surface, or the
slope of the fanned or flared sides of the curb ramp, shall not

exceed 1 unit vertical to 12 units horizontal (8.33-percent
slope).

1112A,7 Finish, The surface of each curb ramp and its flared
sides shall be stable, firm and slip-resistant and shall be of con-
trasting finish from that of the adjacent sidewalk,

1112A,8 Border, All curb ramps shall have a grooved border
12 inches (305 mm) wide at the level surface of the sidewalk
along the top and each side approximately V^ inch (19 mm) on
center All curb ramps constructed between the face of the curb
and the street shall have a grooved border at the level surface of
the sidewalk. See Figures 11 A- 3 A through 11A-3K.

1112A.9 Detectable warnings. See Chapter IIB, Section
1127B.5, Item 7.

SECTION 111 3A

WALKS AND SIDEWALKS ON AN ACCESSIBLE

ROUTE

1113A,1 Width and continuous surface. Walks and sidewalks
subject to this chapter shall have a continuous common sur-
face, not interrupted by steps or by abrupt changes in level
exceeding V2 inch (12.7 mm). (See Section 1111 A 3).

1113A.U Width, Walks and sidewalks shall be a minimum
of 48 inches (1219 mm) in width, except that walks serving
an individual dwelling unit in covered multifamily buildings
may be reduced to 36 inches (914 mm) in cleitr width except
at doors.

1113AJ.2 Surfaces* Surfaces shall be slip-resistant as fol-
lows:

1. Surfaces with a slope of less than 6 percent gradient
shall be at least as slip-resistant as that described as a
medium salted finish.

2. Surfaces with a slope of 6 percent or greater gradient
shall be slip-resistant.

1113AJ.3 Surface cross slopes. Surface cross slopes shall
not exceed V^ inch (6.35 mm) per foot (2. 083 -percent slope)
except when the enforcing agency finds that due to local
conditions it creates an unreasonable hardship, the cross
slope may be increased to a maximum of^/2 inch (12. 7 mm)
per foot (4.2-percent slope) for distances not to exceed 20
feet (6096 mm).

1113A.2 Walks with continuous gradients. All walks on an
accessible route with continuous gradients shall have level
areas at least 60 inches (1524 mm) in length at intervals of at
least every 400 feet (122 m).

1113A,3 Five percent gradient. When the slope in the direction
of travel of any walk on an accessible route exceeds 1 unit verti-
cal in 20 units horizontal (5 -percent slope), it shall comply with
the ramp provisions of Section 11 14 A.

1113A,4 Level areas. Walks on an accessible route shall be
provided with a level area not less than 60 inches by 60 inches
(1524 mm by 1524 mm) at a door or gate that swings toward
the walk, and not less than 48 inches wide by 44 inches (1219
mm by 1118 mm) deep at a door or gate that swings away from
the walk. See Section 1126A.3.2for strike edge maneuvering
space at doors or gates.

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1113A,5 Smooth surface. The bottom 10 inches (254 mm) of
all doors and/or gates except automatic and sliding doors or
gates shall have a smooth, uninterrupted surface to allow the
door or gate to be opened by a wheelchair footrest without cre-
ating a trap or hazardous condition. Where narrow frame
doors are used, a 10-inch (254 mm) high smooth panel shall be
installed on the push side of the door, which will allow the door
to be opened by a wheelchair footrest without creating a trap or
hazardous condition.

1113A.6 Gratings. Walks, sidewalks and pedestrian ways on
an accessible route shall be free of gratings whenever possible.
Gratings located in the surface of any of these areas, grid open-
ings in gratings shall be limited to V2 i^ch (12. 7 mm) in the
direction of traffic flow.

Exceptions:

1. Where the enforcement agency determines that com-
pliance with this section would create an unreason-
able hardship, an exception may be granted when

I I equivalent facilitation is provided.

2. This section shall not apply in those conditions where,
due to legal or physical constraints, all or portions of
the site of the project will not allow compliance with
these building standards or equivalent facilitation on
all or portions of one site without creating an unrea-
sonable hardship.

SECTION 111 4A

EXTERIOR RAMPS AND LANDINGS ON

ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1114A.1 Width. Thewidthoframps shall be consistent with the
requirements for exits in Chapter 10 of this code, but in no case
shall the ramp width be less than the following:

1. Ramps serving accessible entrances to covered multi-
family buildings where the ramp is the only exit dis-
charge path and serves an occupant load of 300 or more
shall have a minimum clear width of 60 inches (1524
mm).

2. Ramps serving accessible entrances of covered multi-
family dwellings with an occupant load of 10 or less may
be 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width.

3. All other ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 48
inches (1219 mm).

4. Handrails, curbs, wheel guides and/or appurtenances
shall not project into the required clear width of a ramp.

Note: See Section 1114A.6.2.4 for handrail projec-
tions.

I114A.2 Slope. The maximum slope of ramps on an accessible
route shall be no greater than 1 unit vertical in 12 units hori-
zontal (8.33-percent slope). Transitions from ramps to walks,
gutters or streets shall be flush and free of abrupt changes.

Exception: Ramps serving decks, patios or balconies as
specified in Section 1132A.4.

1114A.2.1 Cross slope. The cross slope of ramp surfaces
shall be no greater than V^ inch (6.35 mm) per foot
(2.083 -percent slope).

1114A,3 Outdoor ramps. Outdoor ramps, ramp landings and
their approaches shall be designed so that water will not accu-
mulate on the walking surface.

1114A,4 Landings, Ramp landings shall be level and comply
with this section.

1114A,4,1 Location of landings. Landings shall be pro-
vided at the top and bottom of each ramp. Intermediate
landings shall be provided at intervals not exceeding 30
inches (762 mm) of vertical rise and at each change of direc-
tion. Landings are not considered in determining the maxi-
mum horizontal distance of each ramp.

Note: Examples of ramp dimensions are:

SLOPE
(GRADING %)

MAXIMUM RISE
(Inches)

MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL

PROJECTION

(Feet)

(x 25.4 for mm)

(X 304.8) for mm)

1:12 (8.33%)
1:15(6.67%)
1:16(6.25%)
1:20(5.00%)

30
30
30
30

37.5
40
50

1114A,4,2 Size of top landings. Top landings shall not be
less than 60 inches (1524 mm) wide. Top landings shall have
a minimum length of not less than 60 inches (1524 mm) in
the direction of the ramp run. See Section 1126A.3 for
maneuvering clearances at doors.

1114A.43 Landing width. The minimum width of bottom
and intermediate landings shall not be less than the width of
the ramp.

1114A.4,4 Encroachment of doors. Doors in any position
shall not reduce the minimum dimension of the landing to
less than 42 inches (1067 mm) and shall not reduce the
required width by more than 3 inches (76.2 mm) when fully
open. (See Figure 11A-6D).

1114A,4,5 Strike edge extension. The width of the landing
shall comply with Section 1 126A3 for strike edge extension
and maneuvering space at doors.

1114A,4.6 Change of direction. Intermediate and bottom
landings at a change of direction in excess of 30 degrees
shall have a length in the direction of ramp run of not less
than 72 inches (1829 mm). (See Figures 11A-6C).

1114A.4.7 Other intermediate landings. Other intermedi-
ate landings shall have a dimension in the direction of ramp
run of not less than 60 inches (1524 mm). (See Figure
11-A6C).

1114A.5 Ramp height. Ramps more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the adjacent floor or ground and open on one or both
sides shall be provided with guardrails as required by Section
1013. Guardrails shall be continuous from the top of the ramp
to the bottom of the ramp.

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1114A.6 Ramp handrails,

1114A.6J Where required. Handrails shall be provided at
each side of ramps when the slope exceeds 1 unit vertical in
I I 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope). Handrails on all
ramps shall be continuous.

Exceptions:

1. Curb ramps.

2. Ramps that serve an individual dwelling unit may
have one handrail, except that ramps open on one
or both sides shall have handrails provided on the
open side or sides.

3. Ramps at exterior door landings with less than 6
inches (152 mm) rise or less than 72 inches (1829
mm) in length.

1114A,6,2 Handrail configuration.

1114A,6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails shall
be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the ramp sur-
face.

1114A.6.2.2 Handrail ends. Handrail ends shall be
returned.

1114A.6.2.3 Handrail extension. Handrails shall
extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top
and bottom of the ramp. Where the extension creates a
hazard, the termination of the extension shall be rounded
or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post. (See Figure
11A-5A).

1114A.6.2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails project-
ing from a wall shall have a space of V/2 inches (38.1
mm) between the wall and the handrail Handrails shall
not reduce the required minimum clear width of ramps.

Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a
maximum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) deep and extends at least
18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail. Any wall or
other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of
sharp or abrasive elements. (See Figure 11A-6B).

1114A.6.2.5 Handrail grips. The handgrip portion of
handrails shall not be less than 7% inches (31. 75 mm) nor
more than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in cross-sectional dimension
or the shape shall provide an equivalent gripping surface.
The handgrip portion of handrails shall have a smooth sur-
face with no sharp comers. Edges shall have a minimum
radius of ^/g inch (3.17 mm). Handrails shall not rotate
within their fittings. (See Figure 11A-6B).

Note: For public use areas, public accommodations
and housing which is publicly funded, see Chapter
IIB, Division 111, Section 1 133B.5. 5 for provisions of
the Division of the State Architect-Access Compli-
ance (DSA-AC).

1114A.7 Curbs and wheel guides. Ramps exceeding 10 feet
(3048 mm) in length and ramp landings having a vertical drop
exceeding 4 inches (101.6 mm), shall be provided with one of
the following:

L Guide curbs a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) in height
at each side; or

2. Wheel guide rails at each side, centered 2 to 4 inches
(50.8 to 101.6 mm) above the surface of the ramp or
ramp landing.

Exception: Ramps or ramp landings bounded by a
wall or fence.

Note: See Figure 11A-5A.

SECTION 111 5A
EXTERIOR STAIRWAYS

1115A.1 General. Exterior stairways serving buildings on a
site containing covered multifamily dwelling units shall com-
ply with this section.

1115A.2 Open risers. Open risers are not permitted on exterior
stairways.

Exceptions:

1 . An opening of not more than V2 inch (12.7 mm) may be
permitted between the base of the riser and the tread.

2. Risers constructed of grating containing openings of
not more than V2 i^ch (12.7 mm) may be permitted.

1115A.3 Treads. All tread surfaces shall be slip resistant.
Threads shall have smooth, rounded or chamfered exposed
edges, and no abrupt edges at the nosing (lower front edge).

11 15 A.4 Nosing. Nosing shall not project more than IV4 inches
(31.8 mm) past the face of the riser below. Risers shall be
sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not
more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad)from the vertical. (See Figure
11A-6A).

1115A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Exterior stairs
serving buildings on a site containing multifamily dwelling
units shall have the upper approach and all treads marked by a
stripe providing clear visual contrast.

The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide to
a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel to, and
not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the step or
upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full width of the
step or upper approach and shall be of material that is at least
as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair. A painted stripe
shall be acceptable.

1115A.6 Exterior stairway handrails.

1115A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails
on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equi-
distant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Sec-
tion 1012.9.

Exception: Stairways serving an individual dwelling
unit may have one handrail, except that stairways open
on one or both sides shall have handrails on the open
side or sides.

1115A.6.2 Handrail configuration.

1115A.6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails
shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the nos-
ing of the treads.

1115A.6.2.2 Handrail ends. Ends shall be returned or
shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals.

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1115A.6.2,3 Handrail extension. Handrails shall
extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top
nosing and 12 inches (305 mm), plus the tread width,
beyond the bottom nosing.

Where the extension creates a hazard, the termination
of the extension shall be rounded or returned smoothly to
floor, wall or post. Where the stairs are continuous from
landing to landing, the inner rail shall be continuous and
need not extend out into the landing. (See Figures
llA-6AandllA-6E).

1115A,6,2,4 Handrail projections. Handrails project-
ing from a wall shall have a space of V/2 inches (38.1
mm) between the wall and the handrail.

Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a
maximum of 3 inches (76.2 mm) deep and extends at least
18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail Any wall or
other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free of
sharp or abrasive elements. (See Figure 11A-6B).

1115A.6.2.5 Handrail grips. The handgrip portion of
handrails shall not be less than IV4 inches (31.75 mm)
nor more than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in cross-sectional
dimension or the shape shall provide an equivalent grip-
ping surface. The handgrip portion of handrails shall
have a smooth surface with no sharp corners. Edges
shall have a minimum radius ofVg inch (3. 17 mm). Hand-
rails shall not rotate within their fittings. (See Figure
11A-6B).

Note: For public use areas, public accommodations,
and housing which is publicly funded, see Chapter
IIB, Division 111, Section 1 1 33B.4.2. 6 for provisions
of the Division of the State Architect-Access Compli-
ance (DSA-AC).

SECTION 111 6A
HAZARDS ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1116A.1 Warning curbs. Abrupt changes in level exceeding 4
inches (101.6 mm) in vertical dimension, such as changes in
level at planters or fountains located in or adjacent to walks,
sidewalks or other pedestrian ways shall be identified by curbs
or other approved barriers projecting at least 6 inches (152.4

mm) in height above the walk or sidewalk surface to warn the
blind of a potential drop-off.

Exceptions:

1. Between a walk or sidewalk and an adjacent street or
driveway.

2. When a guardrail or handrail is provided with a wheel
guide centered 2 to 4 inches (50.8 to 101.6 mm) above
the surface of the walk or sidewalk.

1116A.2 Headroom clearance. Walks, pedestrian ways and
other circulation spaces which are part of the required egress
system shall have a minimum clear headroom of 84 inches
(2134 mm). Other walks, pedestrian ways and circulation
spaces shall have a minimum clear headroom of 80 inches
(2032 mm). If the vertical clearance of an area adjoining an
accessible route is reduced to less than 80 inches (2032 mm)
nominal dimension, a guardrail or other barrier having its
leading edge at or below 27 inches (686 mm) above the finished
floor shall be provided. (See Figure 11 A- IB.)

Exception: Doorways and archways less than 24 inches
(610 mm) in depth may have a minimum clear headroom of
80 inches (2032 mm) nominal. (See Section 1126A.)

1116A.3 Overhanging obstructions. Any obstruction that
overhangs a pedestrian way shall be a minimum of 80 inches
(2032 mm) above the walking surface as measured from the
bottom of the obstruction. Where a guy support is used parallel
to a path of travel, including, but not limited to, sidewalks, a
guy brace, sidewalk guy or similar device shall be used to pre-
vent an overhanging obstruction (see Section 1116A.2 for
required headroom clearance).

1116A.4 Free-standing signs. Wherever signs mounted on
posts or pylons protrude from the post or pylons and the bottom
edge of the sign is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the fin- \ |
ished floor or ground level, the edges of such signs shall be
rounded or eased and the corners shall have a minimum radius
of 0.125 inches (see Section 1116A2 for required headroom
clearance).

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Division III - BUILDING FEATURES
Division III Table of Contents

Section 11 17 A

Section 1118A
Section 1119A
Section 1120A
Section 1121 A
Section 1122 A

Section 1123 A
Section 1124 A

Section 1125 A
Section 1126A
Section 1127 A

General Requirements for Accessible
Entrances, Exits, Interior Routes of
Travel and Facility Accessibility

Egress and Areas of Refuge

Interior Routes of Travel

Interior Accessible Routes

Changes in Level on Accessible Routes

Interior Ramps and Landings on
Accessible Routes

Interior Stairways

Elevators and Platform
(Wheelchair) Lifts

Hazards on Accessible Routes

Doors

Common Use Facilities

SECTION 111 7A

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESSIBLE

ENTRANCES, EXITS, INTERIOR ROUTES OF

TRAVEL AND FACILITY ACCESSIBILITY

Note: In addition to provisions of this division, interior routes
of travel that provide access to, or egress from, buildings for
persons with disabilities shall also comply with Chapter 10.

1117A,I General When buildings are required to be accessi-
ble, building facilities shall be accessible as provided in this
division. Where specific floors of a building are required to be
accessible, the requirements of this division shall apply only to
the facilities located on accessible floors.

1117 A,2 Primary entrances and exterior exit doors. All pri-
mary entrances and exterior ground floor exit doors to build-
ings and facilities on accessible routes shall be accessible to
persons with disabilities.

III7AJ Separate dwelling unit entrances. When a ground-
floor dwelling unit of a building has a separate entrance, each
such ground-floor dwelling unit shall be served by an accessi-
ble route, except where the terrain or unusual characteristics of
the site prohibit an accessible route (see Section 1150A for site
impracticality tests).

II17A.4 Multiple entrances. Only one entrance to covered
multifamily buildings is required to be accessible to any one
ground floor of a building, except in cases where an individual
dwelling unit has a separate exterior entrance. Where the
building contains clusters of dwelling units with each cluster
sharing a different exterior entrance, more than one entrance
may be required to be accessible, as determined by analysis of
the site. In every case, the accessible entrance shall be on an
accessible route to the covered dwelling units it serves.

SECTION 111 8A
EGRESS AND AREAS OF REFUGE

1118A.1 General Including but not limited to the requirements
contained in this chapter for accessible routes, signage and
emergency warning systems in buildings or portions of build-
ings required to be accessible shall be provided with accessible
means of egress as required by Chapter 10. (See Section 1007.)

SECTION 11 19A
INTERIOR ROUTES OF TRAVEL

1119A.1 General. When a building or portion of a building is
required to be accessible or adaptable, an accessible route
shall be provided to all portions of the building, accessible
building entrances and to covered multifamily dwelling units.
The accessible route shall, to the maximum extent feasible,
coincide with the route for the general public and other build-
ing residents. Accessible routes shall not pass through kitch-
ens, storage rooms, restrooms, closets or other spaces used for
similar purposes except within an individual dwelling unit.
Accessible routes shall be provided as follows:

1. Where more than one route of travel is provided, all
routes shall be accessible.

2. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible
building or facility entrances with all accessible spaces,
elements and covered multifamily dwelling units.

3. An accessible route shall connect at least one accessible
primary entrance of each covered multifamily dwelling
unit with interior and exterior spaces and facilities that
serve the unit.

4. Where elevators are provided for vertical access, all ele-
vators shall be accessible.

11I9A.2 Flooring. If carpet or carpet tile is used in a common
use area or public use area on a ground or floor surface, it shall
have firm backing or no backing. The maximum pile height
shall be V2 i^c^ (12.7 mm). Exposed edges of carpet shall be
fastened to floor surfaces and have trim along the entire length
of the exposed edge. Carpet edge trim shall comply with Sec-
tion llllA requirements for changes in level

1119A.2.1 Recessed doormats. Recessed doormats shall be
adequately anchored to prevent interference with wheel-
chair traffic.

SECTION 11 20A
INTERIOR ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

Note: For the purpose of this section, interior accessible routes
shall include but not be limited to corridors, hallways, exit bal-
conies and covered or enclosed walkways.

1120A.1 Widths. Interior accessible routes serving an occu-
pant load of 10 or more shall not be less than 44 inches (1118
mm) in width. Interior accessible routes serving an occupant
load of less than 10 shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in
width.

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If a person in a wheelchair must make a turn around a comer
or an obstruction, the minimum clear width of the accessible
route shall be as shown in Figure IIA-IC.

1120A.2 Interior accessible routes over 200 feet (60 960 mm).

Interior accessible routes that exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm) in
length shall:

1. Have a minimum clear width of 60 inches (1524 mm); or

2. Have at a central location a 60-inch by 60-inch (1524
mm by 1524 mm) minimum wheelchair turning space or
passing alcove; or

3. Have at a central location an intervening cross or tee
that is a minimum of 44 inches (1118 mm) in width

Note: See Figure IJA-IL.

1I20A,3 Changes in elevation. Interior accessible routes
which have changes in elevation shall be transitioned and com-
ply with Section 1121 A or 11 22 A.

Exception: Doors and thresholds as provided in Section
1126A.

SECTION 11 21 A
CHANGES IN LEVEL ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1121A.1 Changes in level not exceeding V2 inch. Abrupt
changes in level along any accessible route shall not exceed V2
inch (12.7 mm). When changes in level do occur, they shall be
beveled with a slope no greater than 1 unit vertical in 2 units
horizontal (50-percent slope). Changes in level not exceeding
V4 inch (6.35 mm) may be vertical.

1121A,2 Changes greater than V2 inch. Changes in level
greater than V2 inch (12.7 mm) shall be made by means of a
sloped surface not greater than 1 unit vertical in 20 units hori-
zontal (5-percent slope), or a curb ramp, ramp, elevator or
platform (wheelchair) lift. When stairs are located along or
adjacent to an accessible route they shall comply with Section
1123 A for interior stairways.

SECTION 11 22 A

INTERIOR RAMPS AND LANDINGS ON

ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

11 22 A, 1 Width, The width of ramps shall be consistent with the
requirements for exits in Chapter 10 of this code, but in no case
shall the ramp width be less than the following:

L Ramps serving accessible entrances to covered multi-
family buildings where the ramp is the only exit dis-
charge path and serves an occupant load of 300 or more
shall have a minimum clear width of 60 inches (1524
mm).

2. Ramps serving accessible entrances to covered multi-
family dwellings with an occupant load of 10 or less may
be 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width.

3. All other ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 48
inches (1219 mm).

4. Handrails, curbs, wheel guides and/or appurtenances
shall not project into the required clear width of a ramp.

Note: See Section 1122A.5. 2.4 for handrail projections.

1122A,2 Slope, The maximum slope of ramps on an accessible
route shall be no greater than 1 unit vertical in 12 units hori-
zontal (8.33-percent slope).

1122A,2,1 Cross slope. The cross slope of ramp surfaces
shall not exceed V4 inch (6.35 mm) per foot (2.083 -percent
slope).

1122A,3 Landings, Ramp landings shall be level and comply
with this section.

1122A,3,1 Location of landings. Landings shall be pro-
vided at the top and bottom of each ramp. Intermediate
landings shall be provided at intervals not exceeding 30
inches (762 mm) of vertical rise and at each change of direc-
tion. Landings are not considered in determining the maxi-
mum horizontal distance of each ramp.

Note: Examples of ramp dimensions are:

SLOPE (GRADING %)

MAXIMUM RISE
(Inches)

MAXIMUM

HORIZONTAL

PROJECTION

(Feet)

(x 25.4 for mm)

(X 304.8 for mm)

1:12 (8.33%)
1:15 (6.67%)
1:16(6.25%)
1:20 (5,00%)

30
30
30
30

37.5

1122A32 Size of top landings. Top landings shall not be
less than 60 inches (1524 mm) wide. Top landings shall have
a minimum length of not less than 60 inches (1524 mm) in
the direction of the ramp run. See Section 1126A.3 for
maneuvering clearances at doors. (See Figure 11A-6C).

1122A,3,3 Landing width. The minimum width of bottom
and intermediate landings shall not be less than the width of
the ramp.

1122AJ.4 Encroachment of doors. Doors in any position
shall not reduce the minimum dimension of the landing to
less than 42 inches (1067 mm) and shall not reduce the
required width by more than 3 inches (76.2 mm) when fully
open. (See Figure 11A-6D).

1122A.3.5 Strike edge extension. The width of the landing
shall comply with Section 1126A.3for maneuvering clear-
ances at doors.

1122A.3.6 Change of direction. Intermediate and bottom
landings at a change of direction in excess of 30 degrees
shall have a length in the direction of ramp run of not less
than 72 inches (1829 mm). (See Figures 11A-6C and
11A-6D).

1122A.3.7 Other intermediate landings. Other intermedi-
ate landings shall have a dimension in the direction of ramp
run of not less than 60 inches (1524 mm). (See Figure
11A-6C).

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1122A.4 Ramp height. Ramps more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the adjacent floor or ground and open on one or both
sides shall be provided with a guard as required by Section
1013. Guardrails shall be continuous from the top of the ramp
to the bottom of the ramp.

1122A.5 Ramp handrails,

1122A,5,1 Where required. Handrails shall be provided at
each side of ramps when the slope exceeds 1 unit vertical in
20 units horizontal (5-percent slope). Handrails on all
ramps shall be continuous.

Exceptions:

1, Curb ramps.

2. Ramps that serve an individual dwelling unit may
have one handrail, except that ramps open on one
or both sides shall have handrails provided on the
open side or sides.

1122A,5,2 Handrail configuration,

1122A,5,2,1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails
shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the ramp
surface.

1122A,5,2,2 Handrail ends. Handrail ends shall be
returned.

1122A,5,2,3 Handrail extension. Handrails shall extend
a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top and bot-
tom of the ramp. Where the extension creates a hazard^ the
termination of the extension shall be rounded or returned
smoothly to floor, wall or post. (See Figure 11A-5A).

1122A,5,2.4 Handrail projections. Handrails project-
ing from a wall shall have a space of IV2 inches (38.1
mm) between the wall and the handrail

1122A,5,2,5 Handrail grips. The handgrip portion of
handrails shall not be less than IV4 inches (31. 75 mm) nor
more than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in cross-sectional dimension
or the shape shall provide an equivalent gripping surface.
The handgrip portion of handrails shall have a smooth sur-
face with no sharp comers. Edges shall have a minimum
radius of ^/g inch (3.17 mm). Handrails shall not rotate
within their fittings. (See Figure 11A-6B).

Note: For public use areas, public accommodations,
and housing which is publicly funded, see Chapter
IIB, Division 111, Section 1 1 33 B. 5. 5 for provisions of
the Division of the State Architect-Access Compli-
ance (DSA-AC).

1122A.6 Curbs and wheel guides. Ramps exceeding 10 feet
(3048 mm) in length, and ramp landings having a vertical drop
exceeding 4 inches, shall be provided with one of the following:

1. Guide curbs a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) in height
at each side; or

2. Wheel guide rails at each side, centered 2 to 4 inches
(50.8 to 101.6 mm) above the surface of the ramp or
ramp landing.

Exception: Ramps or ramp landings bounded by a wall or
fence.

Note: See Figure 11A-5A.

SECTION 11 23 A
INTERIOR STAIRWAYS

1123 A,l General. Interior stairways serving buildings con-
taining covered multifamily dwelling units shall comply with
this section.

I123A,2 Open risers. Open risers shall not be permitted on
interior stairways.

Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

1123A3 Treads. All tread surfaces shall be slip resistant.
Treads shall have smooth, rounded or chamfered exposed
edges and no abrupt edges at the nosing (lower front edge).

1123A.4 Nosing. Nosing shall not project more than 1 V4 inches
(31.8 mm) past the face of the riser below. Risers shall be
sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not
more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad)from the vertical. (See Figure
11A-6A)

1123A.5 Striping for the visually impaired. Interior stairs
shall have the upper approach and lower tread marked by a
stripe providing clear visual contrast.

Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling unit.

1123A.6 Interior stairway handrails.

1123A.6.1 Where required. Stairways shall have handrails
on each side. Intermediate handrails shall be located equi-
distant from the sides of the stairway and comply with Sec-
tion 1012.9.

Exception: Stairways serving an individual dwelling
unit may have one handrail, except that stairways open
on one or both sides shall have handrails on the open
side or sides.

1123A.6.2 Handrail configuration.

1I23A.6.2.1 Handrail heights. The top of handrails
shall be 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm) above the nos-
ing of the treads.

II23A.6.2.2 Handrail ends. Ends shall be returned or
shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals.

1I23A.6.2.3 Handrail extension. Handrails shall
extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top
nosing and 12 inches (305 mm), plus the tread width,
beyond the bottom nosing. Where the extension creates a

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hazard, the termination of the extension shall be rounded
or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post. Where the
stairs are continuous from landing to landing, the inner
rail shall be continuous and need not extend out into the
landing. (See Figures 11A-6A and 11A-6E).

Exception: Stairways within an individual dwelling
unit.

1123A.6.2,4 Handrail projections. Handrails project-
ing from a wall shall have a space of V/2 inches (38.1
mm) between the wall and the handrail.

1123A,6.2.5 Handrail grips. The handgrip portion of
handrails shall not be less than IV4 inches (31.75 mm)
nor more than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in cross-sectional
dimension or the shape shall provide an equivalent grip-
ping surface. The handgrip portion of handrails shall
have a smooth surface with no sharp comers. Edges
shall have a minimum radius of Vg inch (3.1 7 mm).
Handrails shall not rotate within their fittings. (See Fig-
ure 11 A-6B).

Note: For public use areas, public accommodations
and housing which is publicly funded, see Chapter
IIB, Division 111, Section 1133B.4.2.6 for provisions
of the Division of the State Architect-Access Compli-
ance (DSA-AC).

SECTION 11 24A

ELEVATORS AND PLATFORM

(WHEELCHAIR) LIFTS

1124AJ General. Elevators provided in covered multifamily
buildings shall be accessible. Elevators required to be accessi-
ble shall comply with this chapter, ASME A17.1, Safety Code
for Elevators and Escalators, Title 8, of the California Code of
Regulations, under "Elevator Safety Orders," and any other
applicable safety regulations of other administrative authori-
ties having jurisdiction.

Exception: Private elevators serving only one dwelling
unit.

1124A,2 Location, Passenger elevators shall be located on a
major accessible route and provisions shall be made to ensure
that they remain accessible and usable at all times that the
building is occupied.

1124 A3 Size of cab and control locations,

1124A,3,1 General. Elevators serving covered multifamily
buildings shall be sized to accommodate a wheelchair in
accordance with this section.

Exception: When the enforcing agency determines that
compliance with any requirement of this section would
create an unreasonable hardship, an exception to the
requirement shall be granted when equivalent facilita-
tion is provided, and where it can be demonstrated that a

person using a wheelchair can enter and operate the ele-
vator.

1124A.3,2 Car inside. The car inside shall allow for the
turning of a wheelchair The minimum clear distance
between walls or between wall and door, excluding return
panels, shall not be less than 80 inches by 54 inches (2032
mm by 1372 mm) for center-opening doors, and 68 inches
by 54 inches (1727 mm by 1372 mm) for side -slide opening
doors. (See Figure 11A-7A). Minimum distance from wall to
return panel shall not be less than 51 inches (1295 mm).

1124A.3.2,1 Door size. Elevator doors shall provide a
minimum clear width of 36 inches (914 mm).

1124A.3,3 Car controls,

1124A,3,3,1 Car control location. Elevator floor but-
tons shall be within 54 inches (1372 mm) above the finish
floor for side approach and 48 inches (1219 mm) for
front approach. Except for photoelectric tube bypass
switches, emergency controls, including the emergency
stop and alarm, shall be grouped in or adjacent to the
bottom of the panel and shall be no lower than 35 inches
(889 mm) from the floor For multiple controls only, one
set must comply with these height requirements. Floor
buttons shall be provided with visual indicators to show
when each call is registered. The visual indicators shall
be extinguished when each call is answered.

Note: Where possible, a 48-inch (1219 mm) maxi-
mum height for elevator floor buttons is preferred.

1124A,3,3,2 Car control buttons. Passenger elevator
car controls shall have a minimum dimension of^/4 inch
(19.1 mm) and shall be raised V^ inch (3.2 mm) plus or
minus V^2 ^^^^ (^' ^ ^^) above the surrounding surface.

Control buttons shall be illuminated, shall have
square shoulders and shall be activated by a mechanical
motion that is detectable.

All control buttons shall be designated by a
%-inch-minimum (15.9 mm) raised characters and stan-
dard raised symbols that comply with Sections 1143A.8
andll43A.9 immediately to the left of the control button.
Contracted Grade 2 Braille that conforms to Section
1143A.9 shall be located immediately below the
numeral, character or symbol. A minimum clear space of
^/g inch (9.5 mm) or other suitable means of separation
shall be provided between rows of control buttons. (See
Figure 11A-7B.)

The raised characters and symbols shall be white on a
black background. Controls and emergency equipment
identified by raised symbols shall include, but not be lim-
ited to, "door open," ''door close,'' ''alarm bell," "emer-
gency stop" and "telephone." The call button for the
main entry floor shall be designated by a raised star at
the left of the floor designation,

1124A,3,4 Emergency telephone. The emergency tele-
phone handset shall be positioned no higher than 48 inches
(1219 mm) above the floor, and the handset cord shall be a
minimum of 29 inches (737 mm) in length. If the telephone
system is located in a closed compartment, the compartment

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door hardware shall be a lever type conforming to the provi-
sions of Section 1126A.6.L Emergency intercommunica-
tion shall not require voice communication.

1124A.4 Hall call buttons. Call operation buttons shall be cen-
tered 42 inches (1067 mm) above the floor Buttons shall be a
minimum of %-inch (19.1 mm) in size and shall be raised
Vg-inch (3.2 mm) plus or minus ^/32-inch (0.8 mm) above the
surrounding surface. The button designating the "up '' direc-
tion shall be on top.

Visual indication shall be provided to show each call regis-
tered and extinguished when answered. Objects adjacent to,
and below, hall call buttons shall not project more than 4 inches
(101,6 mm) from the wall Hall call buttons shall be internally
illuminated with a white light over the entire surface of the but-
ton.

1124 A,5 Minimum illumination. The minimum illumination
at the car controls threshold and the landing when the car and
landing doors are open shall not be less than 5 foot-candles (54
Ix).

1 124 A,6 Hall lantern. A visual and audible signal shall be pro-
vided at each hoistway entrance indicating to the prospective
passenger the car answering the call and its direction of travel
as follows:

1. The visual signal for each direction shall be a mini-
mum of 2^2 inches (63.5 mm) high by 2V2 inches (63.5
mm) wide, and visible from the proximity of the hall
call button.

2. The audible signal shall sound once for the "up" di-
rection and twice for the "down" direction or of a
configuration which distinguishes between up and
down elevator travel

3. The center line of the fixture shall be located a mini-
mum of 6 feet (1829 mm) in height from the lobby
floor.

4. The use of in-car lanterns, located in or on the car
door jambs, visible from the proximity of the hall call
buttons and conforming to the above requirements of
this section shall or will be acceptable.

Note: The use of arrow shapes are preferred for visible sig-
nals,

1124AJ Door delay.

1I24A.7.I Hall call The minimum acceptable time from
notification that a car is answering a call (lantern and audi-
ble signal) until the doors of the car start to close shall be
calculated by the following equations but shall be no less
than 5 seconds:

T=D/ (1.5ft/s) orT=D/ (445 mm/s)

Where T is the total time in seconds and D is the distance
from a point in the lobby or landing area 60 inches (1524
mm) directly in front of the farthest call button controlling
that car to the centerline of its hoistway door (see Figure
11A-7D). For cars with in-car lanterns, T begins when the
lantern is visible from the vicinity of hall call buttons and an
audible signal is sounded.

1124A.7.2 Door delay for car calls. The minimum accept-
able time for the door to remain fully open after receiving a
call shall not be less than 5 seconds.

1124A.8 Doorjamb marking. All elevator hoistway entrances
shall have raised floor number designations provided on both
jambs. Characters shall be raised Arabic numerals a minimum
of 2 inches (50.8 mm) in height with raised Braille symbols
placed below the corresponding raised characters. The raised
characters shall be on a contrasting background with the cen-
terline of the characters 60 inches (1524 mm) from the floor
Braille symbols shall conform to Sections 1117B.5.5 and
1117B.5.6. On the grade level, a raised five-pointed star shall
be placed to the left of the raised character. The outside diame-
ter of the star shall be 2 inches (50.8 mm). Braille shall be
placed below the corresponding raised characters (see Figure
11A-7C).

1124A.9 Door protective and reopening devices. Doors closed
by automatic means shall be provided with a door-reopening
device that will function to stop and reopen a car door and
adjacent hoistway door in case the car door is obstructed while
closing.

This reopening device shall also be capable of sensing an
object or person in the path of a closing door without requiring
contact for activation at a nominal 5 inches and 29 inches (127
mm and 737 mm) above the floor

Door-reopening devices shall remain effective for a period of
not less than 20 seconds. After such an interval, the doors may
close in accordance with the requirements of ANSI 17.1 -86 and
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) docu-
ment ASME 17.1-1990.

1124A.10 Operation and leveling. The elevator shall be auto-
matic and be provided with a self-leveling feature that will
automatically bring the car to the floor landings within a toler-
ance of plus or minus V2 inch (12. 7 mm) under rated loading to
zero loading conditions. This self-leveling shall, within its
zone, be entirely automatic and independent of the operating
device and shall correct the overtravel or undertravel The car
shall also be maintained approximately level with the landing,
irrespective of load.

The clearance between the car platform sill and the edge of
the hoistway landing shall be no greater than V/4 inches (31.75
mm).

1124A.11 Platform (wheelchair) lifts. Platform (wheelchair)
lifts may be provided between levels, in lieu of passenger eleva-
tors, when the vertical distance between landings, as well as
the structural design and safeguards are as allowed by ASME
A18.1, Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chair
Lifts; the State of California, the Department of Industrial
Relations, Division of Occupational Safety and Health and any
applicable safety regulations of other administrative authori-
ties having jurisdiction.

If lifts are provided, they shall be designed and constructed
to facilitate unassisted entry, operation and exit from the lift,
and shall comply with restrictions and enhancements of this
section in conjunction with Title 8 of the California Code of
Regulations.

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SECTION 11 25 A
HAZARDS ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1125A.1 Warning curbs. Abrupt changes in level exceeding 4
inches (101,6 mm) in vertical dimension, such as changes in
level at planters or fountains located in or adjacent to walks,
halls, corridors, passageways, aisles, pedestrian ways and
other circulation spaces shall be identified by curbs projecting
at least 6 inches (152 A mm) in height above the walk or side-
walk surface to warn the blind of a potential drop-off.

Exception: When a guardrail or handrail is provided with a
wheel guide centered 2 to 4 inches (50. 8 to 101.6 mm) above
the surface of the walk or sidewalk.

1125 A,2 Headroom clearance. Walks, halls, corridors, pas-
sageways, aisles, pedestrian ways and other circulation spaces
which are part of the required egress system shall have a mini-
mum clear headroom of 84 inches (2134 mm). Other walks,
pedestrian ways and circulation spaces shall have a minimum
clear headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm). If the vertical clear-
ance of an area adjoining an accessible route is reduced to less
than 80 inches (2032 mm) nominal dimension, a guardrail or
other barrier having its leading edge at or below 27 inches
(686 mm) above the finished floor shall be provided. (See Fig-
ure IIA-IB).

Exception: Doorways and archways less than 24 inches
(610 mm) in depth may have a minimum clear headroom of
80 inches (2032 mm) nominal. (See Section 1126 A).

1125A,3 Overhanging obstructions. Any obstruction that
overhangs a pedestrian way shall be a minimum of 80 inches
(2032 mm) above the walking surface as measured from the
bottom of the obstruction. Where a guy support is used parallel
to a path of travel, including, but not limited to, sidewalks, a
guy brace, sidewalk guy or similar device shall be used to pre-
vent an overhanging obstruction (see Section 1125A.2 for
required headroom clearance).

1125 A.4 Free-standing signs. Wherever signs mounted on
posts or pylons protrude from the posts or pylons and the bot-
tom edge of the sign is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the
finished floor or ground level, the edges of such signs shall be
rounded or eased and the comers shall have a minimum radius
of 0.125 inches. (See Section 1125A.2for required headroom
clearance).

SECTION 11 26 A
DOORS

1126A,1 Width and height of doors. Doorways which provide
access to common use areas or covered multifamily dwellings
shall comply with the following:

1. Permit the installation of a door not less than 36 inches
(914 mm) in width, not less than 80 inches (2032 mm) in
height and provide a clear width of not less than 32
inches (813 mm), measured with the door positioned at
an angle of 90 degrees from its closed position.

2. Be capable of opening at least 90 degrees.

3. A pair of doors, manual or automatic, must have at least
one leaf which provides a clear width of not less than 32

inches (813 mm), measured with the door positioned at
an angle of 90 degrees from its closed position.

4. The width of any component in the egress system shall
not be less than the minimum width required by Section
1005.

Revolving doors shall not be used as required entrances for
persons with disabilities.

1126 A,2 Level floor or landing. The floor or landing on each
side of an exit door shall be level. (See Chapter 10).

1126A,2,1 Thresholds and changes in elevation at doors.

The floor or landing shall not be more than V2 l^c^ (12.7
mm) lower than the top of the threshold of the doorway. (See
Figure llA-81).

Changes in level between V^ inch (6.35 mm) and V2 inch
(12.7 mm) shall be beveled with a slope no greater than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope). Changes in
level greater than V2 inch (12. 7 mm) shall be accomplished
by means of a ramp (see Section 1122A).

1126A,3 Maneuvering clearances at doors,

1126A,3.1 General, The level floor or landing of an exit
door shall have a length in the direction of the door swing of
at least 60 inches (1524 mm) and a length opposite the
direction of the door swing of at least 44 inches (1118 mm)
measured at right angles to the plane of the door in its
closed position. (See Figures 11 A-8D, llA-8Eand 11A-8F
for maneuvering spaces at sliding doors).

1126A.3,2 Strike edge maneuvering space. The width of the
level area on the side to which the door swings shall extend
at least 24 inches (610 mm) past the strike edge of the door
for exterior doors and at least 18 inches (457 mm) past the
strike edge for interior doors.

Note: Twenty-four inches (610 mm) is preferred for
strike-side clearance.

1126A,3,2,1 Front approach. The following provisions
shall apply to swinging doors with front approach:

1. For pull side approach, the level floor or landing
shall extend in the direction of the door swing at
least 60 inches (1524 mm). (See Figure 1 1A-8A).

2. For push side approach, the level floor or landing
shall extend opposite the direction of the door
swing at least 48 inches (1219 mm). (See Figure
11A-8A).

3. Doors with push side approach having both a
closer and a latch shall be provided with a clear
and level area extending a minimum of 12 inches
(305 mm) past the strike edge on the approach side
of the door. (See Figure 11A-8A).

1126A,3,2,2 Hinge side approach. The following provi-
sions shall apply to swinging doors with hinge side
approach:

1. Doors with pull side approach shall be provided
with a level floor or landing not less than 60 inches
(1524 mm) in depth. A clear and level area shall
extend a minimum of 36 inches (914 mm) past the

390

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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Strike edge on the approach side of the door. (See
Figure 1IA-8B),

Exception: Doors with pull side approach and
a level floor or landing greater than 60 inches
(1524 mm) in depth shall be provided with a
clear and level area at least 24 inches (610 mm)
past the strike edge of the door for exterior
doors and at least 18 inches (457 mm) past the
strike edge for interior doors.

2. Doors with push side approach shall have a level
floor or landing not less than 44 inches (1118 mm)
in depth, and shall be provided with a clear and
level area extending a minimum of 54 inches (1372
mm) from the strike edge of the door jamb past the
hinge side of the door. Doors with a latch and
closer shall have a level floor or landing not less
than 48 inches (1219 mm) depth at the push side of
the door (See Figure 11A~8B).

1126A.3.2.3 Latch side approach. The following provi-
sions shall apply to swinging doors with latch side
approach:

1. Doors with pull side approach shall have a level
floor or landing not less than 60 inches (1524 mm)
in depth, and shall be provided with a clear and
level area extending a minimum of 24 inches (610
mm) past the strike edge on the approach side of
the door (See Figure 11A-8C).

Exception: Doors serving individual covered
multifamily dwelling units shall have a mini-
mum landing depth of 44 inches (1118 mm)
except that doors with a closer shall have a min-
imum landing depth of 54 inches (1372 mm),

2. Doors with push side approach shall have a level
floor or landing not less than 44 inches (1118 mm)
in depth, and shall be provided with a clear and
level area extending a minimum of 24 inches (610
mm) past the strike edge on the approach side of
the door Doors with a closer shall have a level
floor or landing not less than 48 inches (1219 mm)
depth at the push side of the door. (See Figure
11A-8C).

1126A.3.3 Space between consecutive doors. The minimum
space between two hinged or pivoted doors in series, serv-
ing other than a required exit stairway, shall provide a mini-
mum of 48 inches (1219 mm) plus the width of the door
swinging into the space. Doors in a series shall swing either
in the same direction or away from the space between the
doors. (See Figures 11A-8G and 11A-8H).

Where the door opens into a stair or smokeproof enclo-
sure, the landing need not have a minimum length of 60
inches (1524 mm). (See Figure 11A-8H).

1126A.4 Closer-effort to operate doors. Maximum effort to
operate doors shall not exceed 8^/2 pounds (38 N)for exterior
doors and 5 pounds (22 N)for interior doors, such pull or push
effort being applied at right angles to hinged doors and at the
center plane of sliding or folding doors. Compensating devices
or automatic door operators may be utilized to meet these stan-

dards. When fire doors are required, the maximum effort to
operate the door may be increased to the minimum allowable
by the appropriate enforcement agency, not to exceed 15
pounds (66.7 N).

1126A.4.1 Door closer. If the door has a closer, then the
sweep period of the closer shall be adjusted so that from an
open position of 70 degrees, the door will take at least 3 sec-
onds to move to a point 3 inches (75 mm) from the latch,
measured to the landing edge of the door.

1126A.5 Type of lock or latch. The type of latch and lock
required for all doors shall be in accordance with Chapter 10,
Section 1008.

1 126 A.6 Hand-activated door hardware. Hand-activated door
latching, locking and opening hardware shall be centered
between 30 inches (762 mm) and 44 inches (1118 mm) above
the floor Latching and locking doors that are hand-activated
and on an accessible route shall be operable with a single effort
by lever type hardware, panic bars, push-pull activating bars
or other hardware designed to provide passage without requir-
ing the ability to grasp the opening hardware. Locked exit
doors shall operate consistent with Section 1126A.4, in the
direction of egress.

1126A.6.1 Lever type hardware. The lever or lever of actu-
ated latches or locks shall be curved with a return to within
V2 i^ch (12.7 mm) of the door to prevent catching on the
clothing of persons during egress.

Exception: Group R and U occupancies with an occu-
pant load of 10 or less.

1126A.7 Smooth surface. The bottom 10 inches (254 mm) of
all doors and/or gates shall have a smooth, uninterrupted sur-
face to allow the door or gate to be opened by a wheelchair
footrest without creating a trap or hazardous condition. Where
narrow frame doors are used, a 10-inch high (254 mm) smooth
panel shall be installed on the push side of the door, which will
allow the door to be opened by a wheelchair footrest without
creating a trap or hazardous condition.

Exception: Automatic and sliding doors or gates.

SECTION 1127 A
COMMON USE FACILITIES

Note: For public use facilities, see Chapter IIB of this code.

1127A.1 General When provided, common use areas and
facilities in covered multifamily housing developments shall be
accessible to persons with disabilities. Common use facilities
include, but are not limited to, lobbies, toilet and bathing facili-
ties, laundry facilities, community rooms, clubhouses, health
and fitness facilities, game rooms and portions of common use
tenant storage. All entrances, doors, fixtures and controls shall
be on an accessible route. Facilities and fixtures required to be
accessible shall comply with the following provisions:

1. Doors. Doors to accessible bathrooms shall comply
with Section 1126A. Doors shall not swing into the
floor space required for any fixture.

2. Clear floor space. All fixtures and controls shall be on
an accessible route. Clear floor spaces at fixtures and

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controls y the accessible route and the turning space
may overlap. This clear space shall comply with Sec-
tions 1127A,9A and 1127A.9,5.

3, Water closets. Where a toilet stall is provided, it shall
comply with Section 1127A.2.1 or 1127A,2.2, and its
water closet shall comply with Section 1127A.2.3.

4, Lavatory and mirrors. Where a lavatory and/or mirror
is provided, it shall comply with Sections 11 27 A, 3
and/or 1127A.8.3,

5, Controls and dispensers. Where controls, dispensers,
receptacles or other types of equipment are provided, at
least one of each shall be on an accessible route and
shall comply with Sections 1127 A. 8 and 1127A.9.5,

6, Bathing and shower facilities. Where bathtubs or
showers are provided, at least one fixture of each type
provided shall be accessible per room. For bathtubs,
see Section 1127A.5.2. For showers, see Section
1127A5.3.

7, Toilet facilities. Toilet facilities shall comply with Sec-
tion 1127A.2.

8, Laundry facilities. Laundry facilities shall comply
with Section 11 27 A. 10.

9, Storage facilities. Storage facilities shall comply with
Section 1 127 A.IL

10. Fixed or built-in seating, tables and counters. Fixed or
built-in seating, tables and counters shall comply with
Section 1127A. 12.

1127A,2 Toilet facilities. When common use toilet facilities are
provided for residents or guests, at least one percent of the total
number of fixtures but not less than one of each type shall com-
ply with this section.

1127A,2,1 Multiple-accommodation toilet facilities. Mul-
tiple-accommodation toilet facilities shall have the follow-
ing:

Notes:

1. See definition in Chapter 2.

2. See Figure 11A-9A.

1 . Wheelchair clearance, A clear space measured from
the floor to a height of 27 inches (686 mm) above the
floor, within the sanitary facility room, of sufficient
size to inscribe a circle with a diameter not less than
60 inches (1524 mm), or a clear space 56 inches by 63
inches (1422 mm by 1600 mm) in size. Other than the
door to the accessible water closet compartment, a
door, in any position, may encroach into this space by
not more than 12 inches (305 mm).

2. Clear space at fixtures. Doors shall not swing into
the floor space required for any fixture.

3. Accessible water closet compartment, A water closet
fixture located in a compartment shall provide a mini-
mum 28-inch-wide (711 mm) clear space from a fix-
ture, or a minimum 3 2 -inch-wide (813 mm) clear
space from a wall at one side of the water closet. The
other side of the water closet shall provide 18 inches
(457 mm) from the centerline of the water closet to the

wall. The stall shall be a minimum of 60 inches (1524
mm) wide. A minimum 48-inch-long (1219 mm) clear
space shall be provided in front of the water closet if
the compartment has an end-opening door (facing the
water closet). A minimum 60-inch-long (1524 mm)
clear space shall be provided in a compartment with
the door located at the side.

4. Grab bars. Grab bars shall be installed in accordance
with Section 1127A.4 and shall not project more than
3 inches (76.2 mm) into the clear spaces.

5. Compartment doors. Compartment doors shall com-
ply with the following:

5.1. The water closet compartment shall be
equipped with a door that has an auto-
matic-closing device, and shall have a clear,
unobstructed opening width of 32 inches (813
mm) when located at the end and 34 inches
(864 mm) when located at the side with the
door positioned at an angle of 90 degrees from
its closed position.

5.2. When standard compartment doors are used,
with a minimum 9-inch (228.6 mm) clearance
forfootrests underneath and a self -closing de-
vice, clearance at the strike edge as specified
in Section 1126A.3.2 is not required.

5.3. The inside and outside of the compartment
door shall be equipped with a loop or
U-shaped handle immediately below the
latch. The latch shall be flip-over style, sliding
or other hardware not requiring the user to
grasp or twist.

5.4. Except for door-opening widths and door
swings, a clear, unobstructed access of not
less than 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be pro-
vided to water closet compartments designed
for use by persons with disabilities, and the
space immediately in front of a water closet
compartment shall not be less than 48 inches
(1219 mm) as measured at right angles to
compartment door in its closed position.

6. Large toilet rooms. Where six or more stalls are pro-
vided within a multiple -accommodation toilet room,
at least one stall shall comply with Section 1127A.2. 1,
Items 2 and 3. At least one additional stall shall be 36
inches (914 mm) wide with an outward swinging
self-closing door and grab bars complying with Sec-
tions 1127A.4.3, 1127A.4.4 and 1127A.4.5 installed
on each compartment side wall.

1127A,2,2 Single-accommodation toilet facilities. Sin-
gle-accommodation toilet facilities shall comply with the
following:

1. Wheelchair clearance. There shall be sufficient
space in the toilet room for a wheelchair measuring
30 inches (762 mm) wide by 48 inches (1219 mm) long
to enter the room and permit the door to close. There
shall be in the room a clear floor space of at least 60
inches (1524 mm) in diameter, or a T-shaped space
complying with Figure 11 A- ID.

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2. Encroachment of doors. Doors shall not encroach
into the clear floor space specified in Item 1 of this
section by more than 12 inches (305 mm), except for
the panel door to any water closet compartment. (See
Figure I1A-9B).

3. Accessible water closet The water closet shall be lo-
cated in a space which provides a minimum
28-inch-wide (711 mm) clear space from a fixture or a
minimum 32Anch-wide (813 mm) clear space from a
wall at one side. The other side shall provide 18
inches (457 mm) from the centerline of the water
closet to the wall. A minimum 48 inches (1219 mm) of
clear space shall be provided in front of the water
closet.

4. Grab bars. Grab bars shall be installed in accor-
dance with Section 1127A.4.

5. Accessible route. All doors, fixtures and controls
shall be on an accessible route. The minimum clear
width of an accessible route shall be 36 inches (914
mm) except at doors (See Section 11 26 A). If a person
in a wheelchair must make a turn around an obstruc-
tion, the minimum clear width of the accessible route
shall be as shown in Figure IIA-IC. (See also Figure
11A-9B).

1127A.2.3 Water closets. Water closets required to be
accessible shall comply with the following:

1. Height. The height of accessible water closets shall
be a minimum ofl 7 inches (432 mm) to a maximum of
19 inches (483 mm) measured to the top of a maxi-
mum 2 -inch-high (50.8 mm) toilet seat.

2. Controls. Controls shall be operable with one hand
and shall not require tight grasping, pinching or
twisting. Controls for the flush valves shall be
mounted on the wide side of toilet areas, no more than
44 inches (1118 mm) above the floor The force re-
quired to activate controls shall be no greater than 5
pound-force (Ibf) (22.2 N).

3. Toilet seats. Seats shall not be sprung to return to a
lifted position.

1127A.2.4 Accessible urinals. Urinals required to be
accessible shall comply with the following:

1. Height and wall projection. Urinals shall be floor
mounted or wall hung. Where one or more wall-hung
urinals are provided, at least one with a rim project-
ing a minimum of 14 inches (356 mm) to a maximum
of 17 inches (432 mm) from the wall and a maximum
of 17 inches (432 mm) above the floor shall be pro-
vided.

2. Flush controls. Flush controls shall be operable with
one hand, shall not require tight grasping, pinching
or twisting of the wrist and shall be mounted no more
than 44 inches (1118 mm) above the floor. The force
required to activate controls shall be no greater than
5 pound-force (Ibf) (22.2 N). Electronic automatic
flushing controls are acceptable and preferable.

3. Clear floor space. Where urinals are provided, at
least one shall have a clear floor space 30 inches by
48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) in front of the urinal
to allow forward approach. This clear space shall
comply with Sections 1127A.9.4 and 1127A.5.

1127A.3 Accessible lavatories. When common use lavatories
are provided for residents or guests, at least one, and not less
than 1 percent of all lavatories, shall comply with the follow-
ing:

1. Location. Lavatories shall be installed with the center-
line of the fixture a minimum of 18 inches (457 mm) hori-
zontally from an adjoining wall or fixture. The top of the
fixture rim shall be a maximum of 34 inches (864 mm)
above the finished floor

2. Floor space. A clear maneuvering space at least 30
inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) shall be pro-
vided in front of accessible lavatories to allow forward
approach. Such clear floor space shall adjoin or overlap
an accessible route and shall not extend into the knee and
toe space underneath the lavatory more than 19 inches
(483 mm). This clear space shall comply with Section
1 127 A.9. 5 for allowable reach ranges.

3. Knee and toe space. Knee and toe space (see Figure
11A-9D) shall be provided as follows:

3.1. The knee space shall be at least 30 inches (762
mm) wide and 8 inches deep (203.2 mm).

3.2. The knee space shall be at least 29 inches (737
mm) high at the front face and reducing to not
less than 27 inches (686 mm) at a point 8 inches
(203.2 mm) back from the front edge.

3.3. Knee space required by this section shall be clear
and unobstructed.

3.4. The toe space required in this section shall be
provided as follows:

3.4.1. Shall be at least 30 inches (762 mm) wide
and centered on the lavatory.

3.4.2. Shall be at least 17 inches (432 mm)
deep, measured from the front edge.

3.4.3. Shall be at least 9 inches (228.6 mm)
high from the floor

4. Finished floor. The finished floor beneath the lavatory
shall be extended to the wall

5. Plumbing protection. Hot water and drain pipes acces-
sible under lavatories shall be insulated or otherwise
covered. There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces
under lavatories.

6. Lavatory faucet controls. Faucet controls and operation
mechanisms shall be operable with one hand and shall
not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the
wrist.

The force required to activate controls shall be no greater
than 5 pound-force (Ibf) (22. 2N). Lever operated, push type
and electronically controlled mechanisms are examples of
acceptable designs. Self-closing valves are allowed if the fau-
cet remains open for at least 10 seconds.

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1127A.4 Grab bars, tub and shower seats, fasteners and
mounting devices.

1127A,4.1 General, Grab bars, tub and shower seats, fas-
teners and mounting devices required by this chapter shall
comply with this section.

1127A.4.2 Location. Grab bars which are located on each
side, or on one side and the back, of the accessible toilet stall
or compartment shall be securely attached and centered 33
inches (838 mm) above and parallel to the floor, except that,
where a tank-type toilet obstructs placement at 33 inches
(838 mm), the grab bar may be centered as high as 36 inches
(914 mm). The space between the grab bar and objects
below shall be a minimum of V/2 inches (38.1 mm). Grab
bars shall be at least 42 inches (1067 mm) in length with the
front end positioned 24 inches (610 mm) in front of the water
closet stool Grab bars at the back shall not be less than 36
inches (914 mm) in length. (See Figures 11A-9A and
11A-9B).

1127A.4.3 Diameter or width. The diameter or width of the
gripping surfaces of a grab bar shall be IV4 inches to V/2
inches (31. 75 mm to 38. 1 mm) or of a shape that provides an
equivalent gripping surface. If grab bars are mounted adja-
cent to a wall, the space between the wall and the grab bars
shall be V/2 inches (38.1 mm). (See Figure 11A-9C).

1127A.4.4 Structural strength. The structural strength of
grab bars, tub and shower seats, fasteners and mounting
devices shall meet the following specifications:

L Bending stress in a grab bar or seat induced by the
maximum bending moment from the application of a
250-pound (1112 N) point load shall be less than the
allowable stress for the material of the grab bar or
seat.

2. Shear stress induced in a grab bar or seat by the ap-
plication of a 250-pound (1112N) point load shall be
less than the allowable shear stress for the material of
the grab bar or seat, and if its mounting bracket or
other support is considered to be fully restrained, then
direct and torsional shear stresses shall not exceed
the allowable shear stress.

3. Shear force induced in a fastener or mounting device
from the application of a 250-pound (1112 N) point
load shall be less than the allowable lateral load of
either the fastener or mounting device or the sup-
porting structure, whichever is the smaller allow-
able load.

4. Tensile force induced in a fastener by a direct tension
force of a 250-pound (1112 N) point load, plus the
maximum moment from the application of a
250-pound (1112 N) point load, shall be less than the
allowable withdrawal load between the fastener and
supporting structure.

5. Grab bars shall not rotate within their fittings.

1127A.4.5 Surface. A grab bar and any wall or other sur-
face adjacent to it shall be free of any sharp or abrasive ele-
ments. Edges shall have a minimum radius ofVg inch (3.17
mm).

1127A.5 Bathing facilities.

1127A.5.1 General. When common use bathing facilities
are provided for residents or guests, including showers,
bathtubs or lockers, at least one of each type of fixture in
each facility, and not less than 1 percent of all fixtures, shall
comply with this section.

1127A.5.2 Bathtubs. Bathtubs required to be accessible
shall comply with the following:

1 . Floor space. Clear floor space at bathtubs shall be as
shown in Figure 11A-9E.

2. Seat. An in- tub seat or a seat at the head end of the tub
shall be provided as shown in Figures 11A-9E and
11A-9F. The structural strength of seats and their at-
tachments shall comply with Section 1127A.4.4. Seats
shall be mounted securely and shall not slip during
use.

3. Grab bars. Grab bars complying with Sections
1127A.4.3, 1127A.4.4 and 1127A.4.5 shall be pro-
vided as shown in Figures 11A-9F and 11A-9G.

4. Controls. Faucets and other controls shall be located
as shown in Figure 11A-9F. They shall be operable
with one hand and shall not require tight grasping,
pinching or twisting of the wrist. The force required to
activate controls shall be no greater than a 5 pound
force (Ibf) (22.2 N).

5. Shower spray unit. A shower spray unit with a hose at
least 60 inches (1524 mm) long that can be used both
as a fixed shower head and as a hand-held shower
shall be provided.

6. Bathtub enclosures. If provided, enclosures for bath-
tubs shall not obstruct controls or transfer from
wheelchairs onto bathtub seats or into tubs. Enclo-
sures on bathtubs shall not have tracks mounted on
their rims.

1127A.5.3 Showers. Showers required to be accessible
shall comply with the following:

1. Size. Showers shall be consistent with one of the fol-
lowing: (1) 60 inches (1524 mm) minimum in width
between wall surfaces and 30 inches (762 mm) mini-
mum in depth with a full opening width on the long
side; or (2) 42 inches (1067 mm) in width between
wall surfaces and 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum in
depth with an entrance opening of 42 inches (1067
mm); or (3) showers 60 inches (1524 mm) minimum in
width may be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum in depth
as long as the entrance opening width is a minimum
36 inches (914 mm).

2. Thresholds. When a threshold or recessed drop is
permitted, it shall be a maximum of^/2 inch (12. 7 mm)
in height and shall be beveled or sloped at an angle
not exceeding 45 degrees (100 percent gradient) from
the horizontal.

3. Multiple Showers. Where, within the same functional
area, two or more accessible showers are provided,
there shall be at least one shower constructed oppo-

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site hand from the other or others (Le., one left-hand
control versus right-hand controls).

4, Accessories. Shower accessories shall include:

4.1. Water Controls. Water controls of a sin-
gle-lever design shall be located on the side
wall of the compartment adjacent to the seat
and operable with a maximum force of 5
pounds (22.2 N), mounted at 40 inches (1016
mm) [plus or minus 1 inch (25.4 mm) toler-
ance] above the shower floor. The centerline
of the controls shall be within a reach range of
no less than 18 inches (457 mm) and no more
than 24 inches (610 mm) from the rear edge of
the seat.

4.2. Hand-held sprayer unit A flexible hand-held
sprayer unit with a hose at least 60 inches
(1524 mm) long shall be provided within
reach range of the seat at a distance not to ex-
ceed 27 inches (686 mm) horizontally mea-
sured from the rear seat edge to the centerline
of the mounting bracket. This unit shall be
mounted at a maximum height of 48 inches
(1219 mm) [plus or minus 1 inch (25.4 mm)
tolerance] above the shower floor

4.3. Sprayer unit alternative. Where accessible
shower facilities are provided in areas subject
to excessive vandalism, in lieu of providing
the fixed flexible hose, two wall-mounted
shower heads shall be installed. Each shower
head shall be installed so that it can be oper-
ated independently of the other and shall have
swivel angle adjustments, both vertically and
horizontally. One shower head shall be lo-
cated at a height of 48 inches (1219 mm) [plus
or minus 1 inch (25.4 mm) tolerance] above
the floor.

4.4. Floor slope. The maximum slope of the floor
shall be 2 percent per foot in any direction.
Where drains are provided, grate openings
shall be a maximum of^/4 inch (6.35 mm) and
located flush with the floor surface.

5. Shower fixtures. Shower fixtures shall include:

5.1. A folding seat located within 27 inches (686
mm) of the controls, mounted 18 inches (457
mm) above the fioor and with a minimum
space of 1 inch (25.4 mm) and maximum
space of V/2 inches (38.1 mm) allowed be-
tween the edge of the seat and any wall. When
folded, the seat shall not extend more than 6
inches (152.4 mm) from the mounting wall.
(See Figures 11A-9H, llA-91, 11A-9J and
11A-9K).

5.2. Grab bars located on walls adjacent to and
opposite the seat Grab bars shall comply with
the diameter, loading and projection require-
ments of Sections 1127A.4.3, 1127A.4.4 and
1127A.4.5. Grab bars shall be mounted be-
tween a minimum of 33 inches (838 mm) and a

maximum of 36 inches (914 mm) above the
shower floor with an L- shaped grab bar
mounted on walls opposite and adjacent to the
front edge of the seat, but not extended to in-
clude that portion of wall over the seat. (See
Figure llA-9Hor 11A-9I).

6. Soap dish. When a soap dish is provided, it shall be
located on the control wall at a maximum height of 40
inches (1016 mm) above the shower floor, and within
reach limits from the seat.

7. Enclosures. Enclosures, when provided for shower
stalls, shall not obstruct transfer from wheelchairs
onto shower seats.

Note: See Figures 11 A-9H, llA-91, llA-9JandllA-9K.

1127A.5.3.1 Open showers. Where no separate shower
compartments are provided, the shower for persons with
disabilities shall be located in a corner with L-shaped
grab bars extending along two adjacent walls with a
folding seat adjacent to the shower controls. (See Fig-
ures 11A-9H, llA-91, llA-9JandllA-9K).

1127A.6 Lockers.

1127A.6.1 General. Where lockers are provided for resi-
dents or guests, at least one locker and not less than 1 per-
cent of all lockers shall be accessible to persons with
disabilities. A path of travel not less than 36 inches (914
mm) in clear width shall be provided to these lockers. See
Section 1127A.9for required clear space, allowable reach
ranges and requirements for control and operating mecha-
nisms.

1127 A.7 Signs.

1127A.7.1 General. All accessible toilet and bathing facili-
ties shall be identified by the "International Symbol of
Accessibility.'* Signs need not be provided for facilities
within a dwelling unit or guestroom.

1127A.7.2 Identification symbols. Doorways leading to
sanitary facilities shall be identified by a geometric symbol
in compliance with this section. Geometric symbols shall be
centered horizontally on the door at a height of 60 inches
(1524 mm) above the finish fioor or ground surface mea-
sured to the center of the symbol. Edges of accessibility
signage shall be rounded, chamfered or eased. Comers
shall have a minimum radius of^/g inch (3.2 mm). See Sec-
tion 1143 A. 10, Item l,for additional signage requirements
applicable to sanitary facilities.

1127 A.7. 2.1 Men's sanitary facilities. Men's sanitary
facilities shall be identified by an equilateral triangle, V^
inch (6.4 mm) thick with edges 12 inches (305 mm) long
and a vertex pointing upward. The triangle symbol shall
contrast with the door, either light on a dark background
or dark on a light background.

1127A.7.2.2Women's sanitary facilities.Women's sani-
tary facilities shall be identified by a circle, V^ inch (6.4
mm) thick and 12 inches (305 mm) in diameter. The circle
symbol shall contrast with the door, either light on a dark
background or dark on a light background.

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1127AJ.2,3 Unisex sanitary facilities. Unisex sanitary
facilities shall be identified by a circle, V^ inch (6.4 mm)
thick and 12 inches (305 mm) in diameter with a V^ inch
(6.4 mm) thick triangle superimposed on the circle and
within the 12-inch (305 mm) diameter. The triangle sym-
bol shall contrast with the circle symbol, either light on a
dark background or dark on a light background. The cir-
cle symbol shall contrast with the door, either light on a
dark background or dark on a light background.

1127 A.8 Toilet room fixtures and accessories.

1127A.8J Towel, sanitary napkins, waste receptacles.

Where towel, sanitary napkins, waste receptacles and other
similar dispensing and disposal fixtures are provided, at
least one of each type shall be located with all operable
parts, including coin slots, within 40 inches (1016 mm) from
the finished floor. Controls and operating mechanisms shall
comply with Section 1127A.9.6.4.

II27A,8,2 Toilet tissue dispensers. Toilet tissue dispensers
shall be located on the wall within 12 inches (305 mm) of the
front edge of the toilet seat. Dispensers that control delivery
or that do not permit continuous paper flow shall not be
used. (See Figure 11A-9B).

1127A.8.3 Mirrors, Where mirrors are provided, at least
one shall be accessible. Mirrors shall be mounted with the
bottom edge no higher than 40 inches (1016 mm) from the
floor.

1127A.9 Space allowances and reach ranges in common use
areas.

1127A.9J Wheelchair passage width. The minimum clear
width for single wheelchair passage shall be 36 inches (914
mm) continuously. (See Figure 11 A- IE).

Exception: Thirty -two inches (813 mm) in width is
acceptable at a point not to exceed 24 inches (610 mm) in
length.

1127 A.9, 2 Width for wheelchair passing. The minimum
width for two wheelchairs to pass is 60 inches (1524 mm)
(see Figure 11 A- IF).

1127A.9.3 Wheelchair turning space. The space required
for a wheelchair to make a ISO-degree turn is a clear space
of 60 inches (1524 mm) diameter (See Figure llA-lD(a) or
a T-shaped space, see Figure llA-lD(b)).

1127A.9.4 Clear floor or ground space for wheelchairs.

1127A.9.4.1 Size and approach. The minimum clear
floor or ground space required to accommodate a single,
stationary wheelchair and occupant is 30 inches by 48
inches (762 mm by 1219 mm). (See Figure IIA-IG.) The
minimum clear floor or ground space for wheelchairs
may be positioned forforward or parallel approach to an
object (See Figure IIA-IG). Clear floor or ground space
for wheelchairs may be part of the knee space required
under some objects.

1127A.9.4.2 Relationship of maneuvering clearances
to wheelchair spaces. One full unobstructed side of the
clear floor or ground space for a wheelchair shall adjoin
or overlap an accessible route or adjoin another wheel-

chair clear floor space. If a clear floor space is located in
an alcove or otherwise confined on all or a part of three
sides, additional maneuvering clearances shall be pro-
vided as shown in Figure IIA-IH.

1127A.9.4.3 Surfaces of wheelchair spaces. Clear floor
or ground spaces for wheelchairs shall comply with Sec-
tions 1119A.2, 1120A.3 and 1121A.

1127A.9.4.3.1 Gratings. Gratings located in ground
and floor surfaces along accessible routes shall be
limited to spaces no greater than ^/2-inch (12. 7 mm)
wide in one direction. If gratings have elongated
openings, they shall be placed so that the long dimen-
sion is perpendicular to the dominant direction of
traffic.

1I27A.9.5 Reach ranges.

1127A.9.5.1 Foward reach. If the clear floor space
allows only forward approach to an object, the maximum
high forward reach allowed shall be 48 inches (1219
mm) and the minimum low forward reach shall be unob-
structed and no less than 15 inches (381 mm) above the
floor (see Figure. 11 A- 11(a)). If the high forward reach is
over an obstruction, reach and clearances shall be as
shown in Figure 11 A- 11(b).

1127A.9.5.2 Side reach. If the clear floor space allows
parallel approach by a person in a wheelchair, the maxi-
mum high side reach allowed shall be 54 inches (1372
mm) and the low side reach shall he no less than 9 inches
(228.6 mm) above the floor (see Figure llA-lJ(a) and
llA-lJ(b)). If the side reach is over an obstruction, the
reach and clearances shall be as shown in Figure
llA-lJ(c).

1127A.9.6 Controls and operating mechanisms.

Note: See also Section 1142A, for electrical installation.

1127A.9.6.1 General. Controls and operating mecha-
nisms in accessible spaces, along accessible routes or as
part of accessible elements (e.g., light switches and dis-
penser controls) shall comply with this section.

1127A.9.6.2 Clear floor space. Clear floor space com-
plying with Section 1127A.9.4 that allows a forward or
parallel approach by a person using a wheelchair shall
be provided at controls, dispensers, receptacles and
other operable equipment.

1127A.9.6.3 Height. Controls shall be located no higher
than 48 inches (1219 mm), and no lower than 15 inches
(381 mm), above the finished floor measured to the cen-
ter of the grip. If the reach is over an obstruction (for
example, washer or dryer) between 20 and 25 inches
(508 and 635 mm) in depth, the maximum height is
reduced to 44 inches (1118 mm) for forward approach,
or 46 inches (1168 mm) for side approach, provided the
obstruction is no more than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth.
Controls that do not satisfy these specifications are
acceptable, provided that comparable controls or out-
lets, that perform the same functions, are provided within
the same area and are accessible.

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1127A.9,6.4 Operation, Controls and operating mecha-
nisms shall be operable with one hand and shall not
require tight grasping^ pinching or twisting of the wrist.
The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 pounds (22.2 N) of force.

1127A.10 Common accessible laundry rooms,

1127 A, 10,1 General, Where common use laundry rooms
are provided, at least one of each type of appliance provided
in each laundry area shall be accessible, shall be on an
accessible route and shall comply with this section. Such
appliances include clothes washing machines, dryers, soap
dispensers and any related features such as wash sinks,
tables and storage areas.

Where laundry rooms are provided on floors of an eleva-
tor building, each laundry room shall be accessible. Where
there is one laundry room on a ground floor in each build-
ing, each laundry room shall be accessible. Where there is a
laundry room on the ground floor of a building and another
located in the basement, it is acceptable to have only the
ground floor laundry room accessible.

1127A,10,2 Clear floor space. There shall be a minimum
clear space 30 inches perpendicular by 48 inches parallel
(762 mm by 1219 mm) in front of clothes washers and dryers
required to be accessible. There shall be a minimum clear
space 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) pro-
vided for at least one of each type of fixture or appliance
provided in the laundry room (e.g., soap dispensers, wash
sinks, tables, storage areas).

1127A,10,3 Controls, Clothes washers and dryers includ-
ing stacked clothes washers and dryers required to be
accessible shall have controls (including coin slots) within
the reach range of a seated user. Controls shall be located
no higher than 48 inches (1219 mm), and no lower than 15
inches (381 mm), above the finished floor measured to the
center of the grip. If the reach is over an obstruction (for
example, washer or dryer) between 20 and 25 inches (508
and 635 mm) in depth, the maximum height is reduced to 44
inches (1118 mm) for forward approach, or 46 inches (1 1 68
mm) for side approach. Controls that do not satisfy these
specifications are acceptable, provided that comparable
controls or outlets, that perform the same functions, are pro-
vided within the same area and are accessible.

Controls shall be operable with one hand and not require
tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist.

1127A,10,4 Washingmachines and clothes dryer. Washing
machines and clothes dryers in accessible common use
laundry rooms shall be front loading.

1127 A,ll Storage.

1127A.1L1 General, If fixed storage facilities such as cabi-
nets, shelves, closets or drawers are provided where access
is required by Sections 1.8.2.1.2 and 11 02 A, at least one of
each type of facility provided shall comply with this section.
Additional storage may be provided outside of the reach
ranges shown in Figure IIA-IJ.

11 27 A, 11,2 Clear floor space, A clear floor space at least
30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) complying
with Section 1127A.9.4 that allows either a forward or par-
allel approach by a person using a wheelchair shall be pro-
vided at accessible storage facilities.

11 27 A, 11,3 Height Accessible storage spaces shall be
within at least one of the reach ranges specified in Section
1127A.9.5. Clothes rods shall be a maximum of 54 inches
(1372 mm) from the floor for a side approach (see Figure
llA-lJ).Where the distance from the wheelchair to the
clothes rod or shelf exceeds 10 inches (254 mm), as in clos-
ets without accessible doors, the height and depth to the rod
or shelf shall comply with Figure IIA-IJ.

11 27 A, 11,4 Hardware, Hardware for accessible storage
facilities shall comply with Section 1127A.9.6. Touch
latches and U-shaped pulls are acceptable.

1127A.12 Fixed or built-in seating, tables and counters,

1127 A, 12,1 Minimum seating. Where fixed or built-in seat-
ing, tables or counters are provided for residents or guests,
5 percent, but not less than one, shall be accessible as pro-
vided in this section.

1127A,12,2 Seating, When seating spaces for persons in
wheelchairs are provided at fixed tables or counters, clear
floor space complying with Section 11 27 A. 9. 4 shall be pro-
vided. Such clear floor space shall not overlap knee space
by more than 19 inches (483 mm). (See Figure 11 A- IK).

1127A,12,3 Knee clearance. When seating for persons in
wheelchairs is provided at fixed tables or counters, knee
spaces at least 2 7 inches (686 mm) high, 30 inches (762 mm)
wide and 19 inches (483 mm) deep shall be provided. (See
Figure 11 A- IK).

1127A,12,4 Height of work surfaces. The tops of tables and
counters shall be 28 inches to 34 inches (71 1 mm to 864 mm)
from the floor or ground.

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Division IV -DWELLING UNIT FEATURES
Division IV Table of Contents

Section 1128A Covered Dwelling Units

Section 1129 A Reserved

Section 11 30 A Accessible Route within Covered Mul-
tifamily Dwelling Units

Section 11 31 A Changes in Level on Accessible Routes

Section 11 32 A Doors

Section 11 33 A Kitchens

Section 1134A Bathing and Toilet Facilities

Section 11 35 A Laundry Rooms

Section 1 1 36 A Electrical Receptacle, Switch and Con-

trol Heights

SECTION 11 28A
COVERED DWELLING UNITS

II 28 A. 1 General. Covered multifamily dwelling units shall be
adaptable and accessible into and throughout the dwelling unit
as provided in this division.

Note: See Sections 1101 A 'Application'' and 1102A
"Building Accessibility" for dwelling units required to com-
ply with this division.

SECTION 11 29A
Reserved

SECTION 11 30A

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE WITHIN COVERED

MULTIFAMILY DWELLING UNITS

1130 A A General. An accessible route shall be provided
through all rooms and spaces of the dwelling unit. The accessi-
ble route shall pass through the primary entry door, and shall
connect with all additional exterior doors, required clear floor
spaces at kitchen appliances and bathroom fixtures. For the
purpose of this section, ''accessible routes" may include hall-
ways, corridors and ramps.

Exception: An accessible route is not requiredfrom the inte-
rior of the unit into a basement or garage, except as pro-
vided in Section 1105A.L

1130A,2 Width. The accessible route into and throughout cov-
ered multifamily dwelling units shall be at least 36 inches (914
mm) wide.

SECTION 11 31 A
CHANGES IN LEVEL ON ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

1131A.1 Changes in level not exceeding V^ inch. Abrupt
changes in level along any accessible route shall not exceed V2
inch (12.7 mm). When changes in level do occur, they shall be
beveled with a slope no greater than 1 unit vertical in 2 units
horizontal (50-percent slope). Changes in level not exceeding
V4 inch (6.35 mm) may be vertical.

1131A.2 Changes greater than V2 inch. Changes in level
greater than V2 inch (12.7 mm) shall be made by means of a
ramp, elevator or platform (wheelchair) lift. See Section 11 22 A
for ramps and Section 11 24 A. 11 for platform (wheelchair)
lifts.

SECTION 11 32A
DOORS

1132A.1 Primary entry doors and required exit doors. The

primary entry door and all required exit doors shall comply
with the requirements of this section. The requirements of Sec-
tions 1126A.3 shall apply to maneuvering clearances at the
side of the door exposed to common or public use spaces (e.g.,
entry or exit doors which open from the covered multifamily
dwelling unit into a corridor, hallway or lobby, or directly to
the outside).

1132A.2 Interior doors and secondary exterior doors. Except
as allowed by Section 1109A.2, doors intended for user pas-
sage and secondary exterior doors shall comply with this sec-
tion. The provisions of this section shall apply to the dwelling
unit side of doors leading from the interior of the dwelling unit
to an unfinished basement or an attached garage.

1132A.3 Width and height of doors. Doors shall comply with
the following:

1. Doors shall not be less than 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) in
height.

2. Swinging doors shall provide a net clear opening width
of not less than 32 inches (813 mm), measured with the
door or doors positioned at an angle of 90 degrees from
the closed position. A 34-inch (864 mm) door is accept-
able. The primary entry door and all required exit doors
shall comply with the requirements of Section 1126A. 1.

3. Swinging doors shall be capable of opening at least 90
degrees.

4. A nominal 32-inch (81 3 mm) clear opening provided by a
standard 6-foot wide (1829 mm) sliding patio door as-
sembly is acceptable.

5. A pair of doors, manual or automatic, must have at least
one leaf which provides a clear width of not less than 32
inches (813 mm), measured with the door positioned at
an angle of 90 degrees from its closed position.

6. The width of any component in the means of egress sys-
tem shall not be less than the minimum width required by
Section 1005.

1132A.4 Level floor or landing. See also Chapter 10. The floor
or landing on each side of a door shall be level. Primary entry
doors, required exit doors or secondary exterior doors with
changes in height between the interior surface or floor level
and the exterior surface or floor level shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1. Exterior landings of impervious construction (e.g., con-
crete, brick, flagstone) serving primary entry doors and
required exit doors are limited to not more than V2 inch
(12.7 mm) of change in height between floor surfaces.
Changes in level shall comply with Section 1131 A.

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2. Exterior landings of pervious construction (e.g., wood
decking with spaces) shall be the same level as the inte-
rior landing, except that secondary exterior doors may
have no more than V2 ifich (12. 7 mm) of change in height
between floor surfaces. Changes in level shall comply
with Section 1131 A.

3. Secondary exterior doors onto decks, patios or balcony
surfaces constructed of impervious materials (e.g,, con-
crete, brick, flagstone) may have a maximum change in
height from the interior landing of 4 inches (101.6 mm).
Changes in height greater than V2 inch (12.7 mm) shall
be accomplished by means of a ramp complying with
Section llMAorby means of a platform constructed to
the level of the floor as illustrated in Figure 11A-8J.

4. Secondary exterior doors onto decks, patios or balcony
surfaces constructed of impervious materials (e.g., con-
crete, brick, flagstone) may have a maximum change in
height from the interior landing ofl inch (25.4 mm), pro-
vided a ramp with a maximum slope of 1:8 is perma-
nently installed. (See Figure 11A-8K.)

5. In buildings containing covered multifamily dwelling
units, the floor or landing immediately outside the entry
may be sloped up to V^ inch (6.35 mm) per foot (12
inches) (305 mm), in a direction away from the primary
entrance of the dwelling unit for drainage.

1132 AAA Thresholds, Thresholds at the primary entry and
required exit doors shall be no higher than V2 inch (12.7
mm). Thresholds at secondary exterior doors, including
sliding door tracks, shall be no higher than V^ inch (19.05
mm). Changes in height at interior door thresholds (e.g.,
floor material changes at door thresholds) shall not exceed
V2 ii^ch (12.7 mm). Thresholds shall comply with the follow-
ing:

1. Thresholds with a change in height of not more than
V4 inch (6.35 mm) may be vertical

2. Thresholds with a change in height between V4 inch
(6.35 mm) and % inch (19.05 mm) shall be beveled
with a slope no greater than 1 unit vertical in 2 units
horizontal (50-percent slope).

1132A,5 Maneuvering clearances at doors,

1132A.5.1 General Maneuvering clearances at interior
doors shall provide a minimum length on both sides of the
door of at least 42 inches (1067 mm) measured at a right
angle to the plane of the door in its closed position.

Exceptions:

1. A 39 -inch (991 mm) length is acceptable when a
minimum clear opening width of 34 inches (864
mm) is provided.

2. The floor or landing on the dwelling unit side of the
primary entry door and any required exit door
shall have a minimum length of not less than 44
inches (1118 mm). Section 1126A.3 shall apply to
maneuvering clearances at the side of the door ex-
posed to common or public use spaces.

1132A,5.2 Strike edge maneuvering space at doors. The

width of the level area on the side to which the door swings

shall extend 18 inches (457 mm) past the strike edge for all
doors. The width of the level area at the exterior side of the
primary entry door and any required exit doors shall com-
ply with Section 1126 A.

Notes:

1 . See Section 1 1 34 A for bathrooms that are required
to be accessible.

2. Twenty-four inches (61 mm) is preferred for strike
edge clearance.

1132 A,6 Closer-effort to operate doors. Maximum effort to
operate doors shall not exceed 8^/2 pounds (38 N)for exterior
doors and 5 pounds (22 N)for interior doors, such pull or push
effort being applied at right angles to hinged doors and at the
center plane of sliding or folding doors. Compensating devices
or automatic door operators may be utilized to meet these stan-
dards. When fire doors are required, the maximum effort to
operate the door may be increased to the minimum allowable
by the appropriate enforcement agency, not to exceed 15
pounds (66.7 N).

1132A.7 Type of lock or latch. The type of latch and lock
required for all doors shall be in accordance with Chapter 10,
Section 1008. I I

1132A,8 Hand-activated door hardware. Hand- activated
door latching, locking and opening hardware shall be centered
between 30 inches (762 mm) and 44 inches (1118 mm) above
the floor. Latching and locking doors that are hand-activated
and on an accessible route shall be operable with a single effort
by lever-type hardware, panic bars, push-pull activating bars
or other hardware designed to provide passage without requir-
ing the ability to grasp the opening hardware. Locked exit
doors shall operate consistent with Section 1132A.6, in the
direction of egress.

1132A,8,1 Lever-type hardware. The lever or lever of actu-
ated latches or locks shall be curved with a return to within
V2 inch (12.7 mm) of the door to prevent catching on the
clothing of persons during egress in Group R and U occu-
pancies with an occupant load greater than 10.

1132A.9 Smooth surface. The bottom 10 inches (254 mm) of
all doors shall have a smooth, uninterrupted surface to allow
the door to be opened by a wheelchair footrest without creating
a trap or hazardous condition. Where narrow frame doors are
used, a 10-inch-high (254 mm) smooth panel shall be installed
on the push side of the door which will allow the door to be
opened by a wheelchair footrest without creating a trap or haz-
ardous condition. <

Exception: Automatic and sliding doors.

1132A,10 Door signal devices. Every primary entrance to a
covered multifamily dwelling unit shall be provided with a door
buzzer, bell, chime or equivalent. The activating mechanism
shall be mounted a maximum of 48 inches (1219 mm) above the
floor and connected to permanent wiring.

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SECTION 11 33 A
KITCHENS

1133A,1 General Kitchens shall be on an accessible route and
shall comply with this section.

1133A.2 Clear floor space. Clear floor space at kitchens shall
comply with the following:

L A clear floor space at least 30 inches (762 mm) by 48
inches (1 219 mm) that allows a parallel approach by a
person in a wheelchair shall be provided at the range or
cooktop.

2. A clear floor space at least 30 inches (762 mm) by 48
inches (1219 mm) that allows either a parallel or for-
ward approach shall be provided at the kitchen sink and
all other fixtures or appliances including the oven, dish-
washer, refrigerator/freezer and trash compactor,

3. The centerline of the 30-inch (762 mm) by 48-inch (1219
mm) clear floor space provided for parallel or forward
approach shall be aligned with the centerline of the ap-
pliance or fixture. (See Figure IIA-IOA).

1133A.2J Clear width. Kitchens shall have a minimum
clear width measured between any cabinet, countertop or
the face of any appliance (excluding handles and controls)
that projects into the kitchen and the opposing cabinet,
countertop, appliance or wall as follows:

1. U-shaped kitchens, designed with parallel approach
at a range or cooktop located at the base of the U,
shall have a minimum clear width of at least 60 inches
(1524 mm), (See Figure llA-lOA),

2. U-shaped kitchens, designed with a cooktop or sink
located at the base of the U which provides a
30-inch~wide (762 mm) knee space to a height of 27
inches (686 mm) above the floor to allow for a for-
ward approach, shall have a clear width of at least 48
inches (1219 mm). (See Figure llA-lOA),

3. All other kitchen designs shall provide a minimum
clear width of at least 48 inches (1219 mm). (See Fig-
ure llA-lOA).

1133A,3 Removable base cabinets. Base cabinets directly
under the kitchen sink counter area, including toeboard and
shelving, shall be removable without the use of specialized
tools or specialized knowledge in order to provide clearance
for a wheelchair. The finish floor beneath the kitchen sink coun-
ter area shall be extended to the wall,

1133A.4 Countertops, Kitchen countertops shall comply with
this section and shall be provided with the following (see Sec-
tion 1133A.4.1 for repositionable countertop requirements):

1. A minimum linear length of 30 inches (762 mm) of
countertop shall be provided for the kitchen sink installa-
tion.

2. A minimum linear length of 30 inches (762 mm) of
countertop shall be provided for a work surface.

3. The sink and work surface may be a single integral unit a
minimum of 60 inches (1524 mm) in length, or he sepa-
rate components.

Exception: Two 15-inch (381 mm) minimum width
breadboards may be provided in lieu of the required
30 inches (762 mm) of countertop work surface.

1133A,4,1 Repositionable countertops, Repositionable
countertops shall be provided in a minimum of 5 percent of
the covered multifamily dwelling units. Repositionable
countertops shall comply with the following:

L The kitchen sink and work surface space required by
Section 1133A.4 shall be designed to enable reposi-
tioning to a minimum height of 28 inches (711 mm).

2. Base cabinets directly under the kitchen sink and
work surface shall be removable to provide clearance
for a wheelchair.

3. The sides of adjacent cabinets and the back wall,
which may become exposed to moisture or food han-
dling when a countertop is lowered, shall be con-
structed of durable, nonabsorbent materials
appropriate for such uses,

4. Finished flooring shall be extended to the wall be-
neath the sink and work surface.

Exceptions:

1. Stone, cultured stone and tiled countertops
may be used without meeting the reposition-
ing requirements,

2. Two 15 -inch (381 mm) minimum width
breadboards may be provided in lieu of the
required 30 inches (762 mm) of countertop
work surface.

1 133 A,5 Lower shelving. Lower shelving and/or drawer space
shall be provided in the kitchen at a height of no more than 48
inches (1219 mm) above the floor,

1133A.6 Kitchen sink faucet controls. Faucet controls and
operating mechanisms shall be operable with one hand and
shall not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the
wrist.

The force required to activate controls shall be no greater
than 5 pound force (22, 2N). Lever-operated, push-type and
electronically controlled mechanisms are examples of accept-
able designs. Self-closing valves are allowed if the faucet
remains open for at least 10 seconds.

SECTION 11 34A
BATHING AND TOILET FACILITIES

1134A.1 General, All bathrooms, bathing and toilet facilities
within covered multifamily dwelling units shall comply with
this section.

1134A.2 Number of complying bathrooms. Bathrooms shall
be designed to comply with one of the following options:

Option 1, All bathrooms within the dwelling unit shall be
designed to comply with the following:

1. Toilet, bathing and shower facilities shall comply
with Section 1134A.4.

2. Bathtubs shall comply with Section 11 34 A. 5,

3. Showers shall comply with Section 1134A,6,

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4. Water closets shall comply with Section 11 34 A, 7.

5. Lavatories^ vanities, mirrors and towel fixtures shall
comply with Section 1134A,8.

6. Bathrooms shall he provided with an accessible
route into and through the bathroom,

7. If a door is provided, it shall comply with the re-
quirements of Section 11 32 A. 5.

8. A minimum 18-inch (457 mm) clear maneuvering
space shall be provided on the swing side of the door
at the strike edge of the door.

9. Switches, outlets and controls shall comply with
Section 1142A.

10, Reinforced walls to allow for the future installation
of grab bars around the toilet, tub and shower shall
comply with Sections 1134A.5 for bathtubs,
1 134A. 6 for showers and 1 134A, 7 for water closets.
Grab bars shall comply with Section 1127 A A.

Option 2. Only one bathroom within the dwelling unit shall
be designed to comply with the following:

1. Toilet, bathing and shower facilities shall comply
with Section 1134A.4.

2. Bathtubs shall comply with Section I134A.5.

3. Showers shall comply with Section 1134A.6.

4. Water closets shall comply with Section 11 34 A. 7.

5. Lavatories, vanities, mirrors and towel fixtures shall
comply with Section 1 1 34 A. 8.

6. Where both a tub and shower are provided in the
bathroom, at least one shall be made accessible. Ad-
ditional requirements apply to dwelling units con-
taining two or more bathrooms when a bathtub is
provided as the accessible bathing fixture.

Where two or more bathrooms are provided
within the same dwelling unit and a bathtub is in-
stalled to comply with Option 2, Item 6 in one bath-
room and a shower stall is provided in a subsequent
bathroom, both the bathtub selected to comply with
Option 2, Item 6 and at least one shower stall within
the dwelling unit shall meet all the applicable acces-
sibility requirements provided in Section 1134A.
(See Section 1134A.5 for bathtubs, or Section
1134A.6for showers.)

7. When two or more lavatories are provided, at least
one shall be made accessible and comply with Sec-
tion 1134A.8.

8. Bathrooms shall be provided with an accessible
route into and through the bathroom.

9. If a door is provided, it shall comply with the re-
quirements of Section 11 32 A. 5.

10. A minimum 18-inch (457 mm) clear maneuvering
space shall be provided on the swing side of the door
at the strike edge of the door.

11. Switches, outlets and controls shall comply with
Section 1142A.

12. Reinforced walls to allow for the future installation
of grab bars around the toilet, tub and shower shall
comply with Sections 11 34 A. 5 for bathtubs,
11 34 A, 6 for showers and 11 34 A. 7 for water closets.
Grab bars shall comply with Section 1127A.4.

When Option 2 is used, all additional bathrooms must com-
ply with Items 8 through 12 above.

1134A.3 Powder rooms. All powder rooms shall be designed to
comply with Section 1134A.2, Option 2, Items 8 through 12.
When the powder room is the only toilet facility located on an
accessible level, it shall comply with the Option 2 items listed
above, plus all additional requirements located in Sections
1134A.4, 1134A.7and 1134A.8.

1134A,4 Sufficient maneuvering space. Bathing and toilet
facilities required to be adaptable shall provide sufficient
maneuvering space for a person using a wheelchair or other
mobility aid to enter and close the door, use the fixtures, reopen
the door and exit.

Where the door swings into the bathroom or powder room,
there shall be a clear maneuvering space outside the swing of
the door of at least 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219
mm) within the room. The clear maneuvering space shall allow
the user to position a wheelchair or other mobility aid clear of
the path of the door as it is closed and to permit use of fixtures.

Doors may swing into the required clear space at any fixture
when a clear maneuvering space is provided outside the swing
arc of the door so it can be closed.

Maneuvering spaces may include any knee space or toe
space available below bathroom fixtures.

1134A.5 Bathtubs, Bathtubs required to be accessible shall
comply with this section.

1. Floor space. There shall be a minimum clear floor space
48 inches parallel by 30 inches perpendicular (1219 mm
by 762 mm) to the side of a bathtub or bathtub-shower
combination (measured from the foot or drain end of the
bathtub) to provide for the maneuvering of a wheelchair
and transfer to and from the bathing facilities. The area
under a lavatory may be included in the clear floor space
provided the knee and toe space comply with Section
1134A.8. Cabinets under lavatories and toilets shall not
encroach into the clear floor space.

2. Reinforced walls for grab bars, A bathtub installed with-
out surrounding walls shall provide reinforced areas for
the installation of floor-mounted grab bars.

Where a bathtub is installed with surrounding
walls, grab bar reinforcement shall be located on
each end of the bathtub, 32 inches to 38 inches (813
mm to 965 mm) above the floor, extending a minimum
of 24 inches (610 mm) from the front edge of the bath-
tub toward the back wall of the bathtub. The grab bar
reinforcement shall be a minimum of 6 inches (152.4
mm) nominal in height. (See Figure 11A-9G).

Grab bar reinforcement shall be installed on the
back wall of the bathtub a maximum of 6 inches (152.4
mm) above the bathtub rim extending upward to at
least 38 inches (965 mm) above the floor. Grab bar

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backing shall be installed horizontally to permit the
installation of a 48-inch (1219 mm) grab bar with
each end a maximum of 6 inches (152.4 mm) from the
end walls of the bathtub. The grab bar reinforcement
shall be a minimum of 6 inches (152,4 mm) nominal in
height,

3. Bathtub controls. Faucet controls and operation mecha-
nisms shall be operable with one hand and shall not re-
quire tight graspingy pinching or twisting of the wrist.

The force required to activate controls shall be no greater
than 5 pound-force (22.2 N). Lever operated, push type and
electronically controlled mechanisms are examples of
acceptable designs,

4. Shower unit. A shower spray unit is not required in bath-
tubs.

5. Bathtub enclosures. Doors and panels of bathtub enclo-
sures shall be substantially constructed from approved,
shatter-resistant materials. Hinged doors shall open out-
ward. Glazing used in doors and panels of bathtub enclo-
sures shall be fully tempered, laminated safety glass or
approved plastic. When glass is used, it shall have mini-
mum thickness of not less than V^ inch (3.17 mm) when
fully tempered, or V^ inch (6.35 mm) when laminated,
and shall pass the test requirements of this part. Chapter
24, Glass and Glazing. Plastics used in doors and panels
of bathtub enclosures shall be of a shatter-resistant type,

1134A.6 Showers. Showers required to be accessible shall
comply with this section,

1. Size. When one or more shower stalls are provided
within the same dwelling units, at least one shower stall
comply with one of the following requirements.

1 . 1 The shower stall shall measure at least 42 inches
wide by 48 inches deep (1067 mm by 1219 mm)
with an entrance opening of at least 36 inches
(914 mm); or

1 . 2 The shower stall shall measure at least 30 inches
deep by 60 inches wide (762 mm by 1524 mm)
with an entrance opening of at least 60 inches
(1524 mm), A water closet may project a
maximumofl2 inches (305 mm) into the opening,
provided that a minimum of 36 inches (914 mm)
clear space is maintained between the water
closet and the shower wall as illustrated in Fig-
ure 11A-9L or;

1 . 3 Other shower stall configurations shall measure
at least 36 inches deep by 60 inches wide (914
mm by 1524 mm) with an entrance opening of at
least 36 inches (914 mm) when a wall is installed
on the opening side.

2. Slope. The maximum slope of the shower floor shall be V2
inch (12.7 mm) per foot in any direction and shall slope
to a drain. The floor surfaces shall be of Carborundum
or grit-faced tile or of material providing equivalent slip
resistance.

3. Floor space. A clear maneuvering space at least 30
inches in width by 48 inches in length (762 mm by 1219

mm) shall be located outside the shower, flush and paral-
lel to the control wall.

4. Reinforced walls for grab bars. Grab bar reinforcement
shall be installed continuous in the walls of showers 32
inches to 38 inches (813 mm to 965 mm) above the floor.
The grab bar reinforcement shall be a minimum of 6
inches (152.4 mm) nominal in height.

Glass-walled shower stalls shall provide reinforce-
ment for installation of floor-mounted or ceil-
ing-mounted grab bars.

5. Thresholds. When a threshold is used, it shall be a maxi-
mum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) in height and have a beveled
or sloped angle not exceeding 1 unit vertical in 2 units
horizontal (26.6 degrees from the horizontal). Thresh-
olds V2 l^ch (12. 7 mm) or less in height may have a bev-
eled or sloped angle not exceeding 1 unit vertical in 1
unit horizontal (45 degrees from the horizontal),

6. Shower controls. Faucet controls and operation mecha-
nisms shall be operable with one hand and shall not re-
quire tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist.
The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 pound-force (22. 2N), Lever operated,
push-type and electronically controlled mechanisms are
examples of acceptable designs.

7. Shower enclosures. Doors and panels of shower enclo-
sures shall be substantially constructed from approved,
shatter-resistant materials. Hinged shower doors shall
open outward. Glazing used in doors and panels of
shower enclosures shall be fully tempered, laminated
safety glass or approved plastic. When glass is used, it
shall have minimum thickness of not less than V^ inch
(3.17 mm) when fully tempered, or V^ inch (6.35 mm)
when laminated, and shall pass the test requirements of
this part, Chapter 24, Glass and Glazing, Plastics used
in doors and panels of shower enclosures shall be of a
shatter-resistant type,

1134A.7 Water closets. Water closets in bathrooms or powder
rooms required to be accessible shall comply with this section.

1. Floor space. The minimum floor space provided at
awater closet shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) in clear
width. The clear floor space shall extend past the front
edge of the water closet at least 36 inches (914 mm). See
Figure 11A-9M,

Exception: The 48-inch (1219 mm) minimum clear
width may be reduced to 36 inches (914 mm) for lava-
tories, cabinets, wing walls or privacy walls located
immediately adjacent to a water closet which extend
no more than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth.

Water closets shall be located within bathrooms in a manner
that permits a grab bar to be installed on one side of the fixture.
In locations where water closets are adjacent to walls, vanities,
lavatories or bathtubs, the centerline of the fixture shall be a
minimum of 18 inches (457 mm) from the obstacle,

2. Reinforced walls for grab bars. Where the water closet
is not placed adjacent to a side wall, the bathroom shall
have provisions for installation of floor-mounted, fold-
away or similar alternative grab bars.

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Where the water closet is placed adjacent to a side wall, rein-
forcement shall be installed on both sides or one side and the
back. If reinforcement is installed at the back, it shall be
installed between 32 inches (813 mm) and 38 inches (965 mm)
above the floor The grab bar reinforcement shall be a mini-
mum of 6 inches (152.4 mm) nominal in height. The backing
shall be a minimum of 40 inches (1016 mm) in length.

Reinforcement installed at the side of the water closet shall
be installed 32 inches to 38 inches (813 mm to 965 mm) above
the floor The reinforcement shall be installed a maximum of 12
inches (305 mm) from the rear wall and shall extend a minimum
of 26 inches (660 mm) in front of the water closet. The grab bar
reinforcement shall be a minimum of 6 inches (152.4 mm) nom-
inal in height.

3. Seat height. The minimum height of water closet seats
shall be 15 inches (381 mm) above the floor

4. Water closet controls. Water closet controls shall be
mounted no more than 44 inches (1118 mm) above the
floor The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 pound-force (22.2 N).

1134A.8 Lavatories^ vanities, mirrors and towel fixtures.

Bathrooms or powder rooms required to be accessible shall
have at least one accessible lavatory. Where mirrors and towel
fixtures are provided, at least one of each shall be accessible.

1. Location, Vanities and lavatories shall be installed with
the centerline of the fixture a minimum of 18 inches (457
mm) horizontally from an adjoining wall or fixture to al-
low for forward approach. When parallel approach is
provided, lavatories shall be installed with the centerline
of the fixture a minimum of 24 inches (610 mm) horizon-
tally from an adjoining wall or fixture. The top of the fix-
ture rim shall be a maximum of 34 inches (864 mm)
above the finished floor

2. Floor space. A clear maneuvering space at least 30
inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) shall be pro-
vided at lavatories and shall be centered on the lavatory.

3. Cabinets. Cabinets under lavatories are acceptable pro-
vided the bathroom has space to allow a parallel ap-
proach by a person in a wheelchair and the lavatory
cabinets are designed with adaptable knee and toe
space.

4. Knee and toe space. Knee and toe space shall be pro-
vided as follows:

4.1. The knee space shall be at least 30 inches (762
mm) wide and 8 inches (203.2 mm) deep.

4.2. The knee space shall be at least 29 inches (737
mm) high at the front face and reducing to not
less than 27 inches (686 mm) at a point 8 inches
(203.2 mm) back from the front edge.

4.3. The knee and toe space required in this section
shall be provided by one of the following:

4.3.1. The space beneath the lavatory shall be
left clear and unobstructed;

4.3. 2. Any cabinet beneath the lavatory shall be
removable without the use of specialized
knowledge or specialized tools; or

4.3.3. Doors to the cabinet beneath the lava-
tory shall be removable or openable to
provide the required unobstructed knee
and toe space.

4.4. The toe space required in this section shall be
provided as follows:

4.4.1. Shall be at least 30 inches (762 mm) wide
and centered on the lavatory.

4.4.2. Shall be at least 17 inches (432 mm)
deep, measured from the front edge.

4.4.3. Shall be at least 9 inches (228.6 mm)
high from the floor

5. Finished floor. The finished floor beneath the lavatory
shall be extended to the wall.

6. Plumbing protection. Hot water and drain pipes ex-
posed under lavatories shall be insulated or otherwise
covered. There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces
under lavatories.

7. Lavatory faucet controls. Faucet controls and operation
mechanisms shall be operable with one hand and shall
not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the
wrist.

The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 pound-force (22.2 N). Lever operated,
push-type and electronically controlled mechanisms are
examples of acceptable designs. Self-closing valves are
allowed if the faucet remains open for at least 10 sec-
onds.

8. Mirrors and towel fixtures. Where mirrors or towel fix-
tures are provided they shall be mounted with the bottom
edge no higher than 40 inches (1016 mm) from the floor

SECTION 11 35A
LAUNDRY ROOMS

1135 A, 1 General, If clothes washing machines and clothes
dryers are provided in covered multifamily dwelling units, one
of each type of appliance shall be provided. Where front-load-
ing clothes washers are not provided, management shall pro-
vide assistive devices, on request of the occupant, to permit the
use of top-loading clothes washers.

SECTION 1136A

ELECTRICAL RECEPTACLE,

SWITCH AND CONTROL HEIGHTS

1136A,1 Receptacle heights. Electrical receptacle outlets on
branch circuits of 30 amperes or less and communication sys-
tem receptacles shall be located no more than 48 inches (1219
mm) measured from the top of the receptacle outlet box or
receptacle housing nor less than 15 inches (381 mm) measured
from the bottom of the receptacle outlet box or receptacle hous-
ing to the level of the finished floor or working platform. If the
reach is over an obstruction (for example, a kitchen base cabi-
net) between 20 and 25 inches (508 and 635 mm) in depth, the
maximum height measured at the box is reduced to 44 inches
(1118 mm) for forward approach, or 46 inches (1168 mm) for

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side approach^ provided the obstruction is no more than 24
inches (610 mm) in depth. Obstructions shall not extend more
than 25 inches (635 mm) from the wall beneath the receptacle.

Outlets that do not satisfy these specifications are accept-
able, provided that comparable outlets, that perform the same
functions J are provided within the same area and are accessi-
ble.

Exceptions:

1. Receptacle outlets installed as part of permanently
installed baseboard heaters are exempt,

2. Required receptacle outlets shall be permitted in
floors when adjacent to sliding panels or walls,

3. Baseboard electrical outlets used in relocatable par-
titions, window walls or other electrical convenience
floor outlets are not subject to the minimum height re-
quirements.

4. This section shall not apply to existing buildings when
the enforcing agency determines that compliance
with these standards would create an unreasonable
hardship.

Note: The intent of the measurement is to ensure that recep-
tacles fall within the reach range of 15 inches to 48 inches
(381 to 1219 mm).

1136A.2 Switch and control heights. Controls or switches
intended to be used by the occupant of the room or area to con-
trol lighting and receptacle outlets, appliances, alarms or cool-
ing, heating and ventilating equipment shall be located no
more than 48 inches (1219 mm) measured from the top of the
outlet box nor less than 15 inches (381 mm) measured from the
bottom of the outlet box to the level of the finished floor or
working platform. If the reach is over a physical barrier or an
obstruction (for example, a kitchen base cabinet) between 20
and 25 inches (508 and 635 mm) in depth, the maximum height
is reduced to 44 inches (1118 mm) for forward approach, or 46
inches (1168 mm) for side approach, provided the obstruction
is no more than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth. Physical barriers
or obstructions shall not extend more than 25 inches (635 mm)
from the wall beneath a control.

Controls that do not satisfy these specifications are accept-
able provided that comparable controls or outlets, that perform
the same functions, are provided within the same area and are
accessible.

Exception: Appliances (e.g,. kitchen stoves, dishwashers,
range hoods, microwave ovens and similar appliances)
which have controls located on the appliance.

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Division V - FEATURES COMMON TO EXTERIOR AND
INTERIOR OF BUILDINGS

Division V Table of Contents

Section 11 37 A Other Features and Facilities

Section 1138A Reserved

Section 11 39 A Accessible Drinking Fountains

Section 1140A Accessible Telephones

Section 1141 A Accessible Swimming Pools

Section 1 142 A Electrical Receptacle, Switch and Con-

trol Heights

Section 1143A Signage

Section 1144A through 1149A Reserved

SECTION 11 37A
OTHER FEATURES AND FACILITIES

1137AJ General This division shall apply to features and
facilities of common use areas on accessible floors or sites.

Note: The provisions in this division are not applicable to
dwelling units.

SECTION 11 38A
Reserved

SECTION 11 39A
ACCESSIBLE DRINKING FOUNTAINS

1I39A.I General, Drinking fountains and water coolers in
common use areas and/or sites shall comply with this section, A
side approach drinking fountain is not acceptable,

I139A.2 Accessible route. Drinking fountains and water cool-
ers shall be on an accessible route.

1139A.3 Design and construction. Wall-mounted and
post-mounted cantilevered drinking fountains and water cool-
ers shall be designed and constructed to comply with the fol-
lowing: (See Figure llA-UA).

L A clear floor space shall be provided in conformance
with the following:

1.1. A minimum clear floor space 30 inches by 48
inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) to allow a person in
a wheelchair to approach the unit facing for-
ward.

1.2. A clear knee space a minimum of 30 inches (762
mm) in width.

1.3. A clear knee space a minimum of 18 inches (457
mm) in depth,

1.4. A clear and unobstructed knee space under the
drinking fountain not less than 27 inches (686
mm) in height and 8 inches (203.2 mm) in depth,
the depth measurements being taken from the
front edge of the fountain.

1.5. A toe clearance of 9 inches (228,6 mm) in height
above the floor and 1 7 inches (432 mm) in depth
from the front edge of the fountain.

2, Water flow shall be provided in conformance with the fol-
lowing:

2.1, The spout shall be located within 6 inches (152.4
mm) of the front edge of the drinking fountain and
within 36 inches (914 mm) of the floor

2.2, A flow of water at least 4 inches (101.6 mm) high
shall be available to allow the insertion of a cup
or glass under the flow of water.

2.3, The water stream from the bubbler shall he sub-
stantially parallel to the front edge of the drink-
ing fountain.

2.4, The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 pound-force (22,2 N).

2.5, Manually operated or electronically operated
controls shall be located within 6 inches (152.4
mm) of the front edge of the fountain.

1139A.3.1 Location, Water fountains shall be located com-
pletely within alcoves or otherwise positioned so as not to
encroach into pedestrian ways. The alcove in which the
water fountain is located shall not be less than 32 inches
(813 mm) in width and 18 inches (457 mm) in depth. Pro-
truding objects located in alcoves or otherwise positioned
so as to limit encroachment into pedestrian ways are permit-
ted to project 4 inches (102 mm) into walks, halls, corridors,
passageways or aisles. (See Figure IIA-IIA).

Exception: When the enforcing agency determines that it
would create an unreasonable hardship to locate the
water fountain in an alcove, the water fountain may pro-
ject into the path of travel, and the path of travel shall be
identifiable to the blind as follows:

1. The surface of the path of travel at the water foun-
tain shall be textured so that it is clearly identifi-
able by a blind person using a cane. The minimum
textured area shall extend from the wall supporting
the water fountain to 1 foot (305 mm) beyond the
front edge of the water fountain and shall extend 1
foot (305 mm) beyond each side of the water foun-
tain, or

2. Wing walls shall be provided on each side of the
water fountain. The wing walls shall project out
from the supporting wall at least as far as the water
fountain to within 6 inches (152.4 mm) of the sur-
face of the path of travel There shall also be a min-
imum of 32 inches (813 mm) clear between the
wing walls.

SECTION 11 40A
ACCESSIBLE TELEPHONES

I140A.1 General. If public telephones are provided, they shall
comply with this section. On floors where public telephones are
provided, at least one telephone shall be accessible. On any
floor where two or more banks of multiple telephones are pro-
vided, at least one telephone in each bank shall be accessible.

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1140 A,2 Clear floor or ground space, A clear floor or ground
space at least 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) that
allows either a forward or parallel approach by a person using
a wheelchair shall be provided at telephones. Bases, enclo-
sures and fixed seats shall not impede approaches to tele-
phones by people who use wheelchairs, (See Figure IIA-IIB).

The minimum clear floor or ground space for wheelchairs
may be positioned for forward or parallel approach to an
object. Clear floor or ground space for wheelchairs may be
part of the knee space required under some objects.

1140A3 Relationship of maneuvering clearances to wheel-
chair spaces. One full unobstructed side of the clear floor or
ground space for a wheelchair shall adjoin another wheelchair
clear floor space. If a clear floor space is located in an alcove
or otherwise confined on all or part of three sides, additional
maneuvering clearances shall be provided.

1140A.4 Mounting height The highest operable part of the
telephone shall be within the reach ranges specified in Figure
IIA-IIB. Telephones mounted diagonally in a corner that
require wheelchair users to reach diagonally shall have the
highest operable part no higher than 54 inches (1372 mm)
above the floor (See Figure IIA-IIB).

1140A.5 Enclosures. If telephone enclosures are provided,
they may overhang the clear floor space required in Sections
1140A.2 and 1140A,3 with the following limits:

L Side reach possible. The overhang shall be no greater
than 19 inches (483 mm). The height of the lowest over-
hanging part shall be equal to or greater than 27 inches
(686 mm) above the floor

2, Full-height enclosures. Entrances to full-height enclo-
sures shall be a minimum of 30 inches (762 mm) in width,

3, Forward reach required. If the overhang is greater than
12 inches (305 mm), then the clear width of the enclosure
shall be 30 inches (762 mm) minimum; if the clear width
of the enclosure is less than 30 inches (762 mm), then the
height of the lowest overhanging part shall be equal to or
greater than 27 inches (686 mm).

1 140 A.6 Equipment for hearing impaired people. Telephones
shall be equipped with a receiver that generates a magnetic
field in the area of the receiver cap. A reasonable number of the
public telephones provided, but always at least one on each
floor or in each bank, whichever is more, in a building or facil-
ity, shall be equipped with a volume control. Such telephones
shall be capable of a minimum of 12 dbA and a maximum of 18
dbA above normal. If an automatic reset is provided, 18 dbA
may be exceeded. Public telephones with volume control shall
be hearing aid compatible and shall be identified by a sign con-
taining a depiction of a telephone handset with radiating sound
waves. (See Figure IIA-IID),

1140A, 7 Text telephones. If a total of four or more public pay
telephones are provided at the interior and exterior of a site,
and if at least one of the total number provided is located in an
interior location, at least one interior public text telephone
shall be provided.

1140A,7,1 Signage, Text telephones shall be identified by
the International TTY symbol (see Figure IIA-IIC). If a
facility has a public text telephone, directional signage indi-

cating the location of the nearest such telephone shall be
placed adjacent to all banks of telephones that do not con-
tain a text telephone. Such directional signage shall include
the International TTY symbol. If a facility has no banks of
telephones, the directional signage shall be provided at the
entrance or in a building directory.

1140A,8 Controls, Telephones shall have push-button controls
where service for such equipment is available.

1140A.9 Cord length. The cord from the telephone to the hand-
set shall be at least 29 inches (737 mm) long.

1140A,10 Telephone books. If telephone books are provided,
they shall be located in a position that complies with the reach
ranges in Figures 11 A- II and IIA-IJ.

SECTION 11 41 A
ACCESSIBLE SWIMMING POOLS

1141 A, I General, Swimming pools in common use areas shall
comply with the provisions of this section and Chapter 3 IB.

1141 A,2 Swimming pool deck areas. Swimming pool deck
areas must be accessible, and a mechanism to assist persons
with disabilities gain entry into the pool and exit from the pool
shall be provided. Such a mechanism may consist of a swim-
ming pool lift device as long as the device meets all of the fol-
lowing criteria:

1. Has a seat that meets all of the following:

1.1. The seat must be rigid;

1 . 2. The seat must he not less than 1 7 inches (432 mm)
and not more than 19 inches (483 mm), inclusive
of any cushioned surface that might be provided,
above the pool deck;

1.3. The seat must have two armrests. The armrest on
the side of the seat by which access is gained
shall be either removable or fold clear of the
seat;

1.4. The seat must have a back support that is at least
12 inches (305 mm) tall; and

1.5. The seat must have an occupant restraint for use
by the occupant of the seat and the restraint must
meet the standards for operable controls in com-
pliance with Section 1127A.9,6.4.

2. Be capable of unassisted operation from both the deck
and water levels.

3. Be stable and not permit unintended movement when a
person is getting into or out of the seat.

4. Be designed to have a live-load capacity of not less than
300 pounds.

5. Be positioned so that, if the pool has water of different
depths, it will place the operator into water that is at least
3 feet (914 mm) deep.

6. Be capable of lowering the operator at least 18 inches
(457 mm) below the surface of the water

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SECTION 1142A

ELECTRICAL RECEPTACLE,

SWITCH AND CONTROL HEIGHTS

1142 Ad Receptacle heights. Electrical receptacle outlets on
branch circuits of 30 amperes or less and communication sys-
tem receptacles shall be located no more than 48 inches (1219
mm) measured from the top of the receptacle outlet box or
receptacle housing nor less than 15 inches (381 mm) measured
from the bottom of the receptacle outlet box or receptacle hous-
ing to the level of the finished floor or working platform. If the
reach is over an obstruction (for example, a kitchen base cabi-
net) between 20 and 25 inches (508 and 635 mm) in depth, the
maximum height measured at the box is reduced to 44 inches
(1118 mm) for forward approach, or 46 inches (1168 mm) for
side approach, provided the obstruction is no more than 24
inches (610 mm) in depth. Obstructions shall not extend more
than 25 inches (635 mm) from the wall beneath the receptacle.

Outlets that do not satisfy these specifications are acceptable
provided that comparable outlets, that perform the same func-
tions, are provided within the same area and are accessible.

Exceptions:

L Receptacle outlets installed as part of permanently
installed baseboard heaters are exempt,

2. Required receptacle outlets shall be permitted in
floors when adjacent to sliding panels or walls,

3. Baseboard electrical outlets used in relocatable par-
titions, window walls or other electrical convenience
floor outlets are not subject to the minimum height re-
quirements,

4. This section shall not apply to existing buildings when
the enforcing agency determines that compliance
with these standards would create an unreasonable
hardship.

Note: The intent of the measurement is to ensure that recep-
tacles fall within the reach range of 15 inches to 48 inches
I I (381 mm to 1219 mm).

1142A.2 Switch and control heights. Controls or switches
intended to be used by the occupant of the room or area to con-
trol lighting and receptacle outlets, appliances, alarms or cool-
ing, heating and ventilating equipment shall be located no
more than 48 inches (1219 mm) measured from the top of the
outlet box nor less than 15 inches (381 mm) measured from the
bottom of the outlet box to the level of the finished floor or
working platform. If the reach is over a physical barrier or an
obstruction (for example, a kitchen base cabinet) between 20
and 25 inches (508 and 635 mm) in depth, the maximum height
is reduced to 44 inches (1118 mm) for forward approach, or 46
inches (1168 mm) for side approach, provided the obstruction
is no more than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth. Physical barriers
or obstructions shall not extend more than 25 inches (635 mm)
from the wall beneath a control.

Controls that do not satisfy these specifications are accept-
able provided that comparable controls or outlets, that perform
the same functions, are provided within the same area and are
accessible.

SECTION 11 43A
SIGNAGE

1143A.1 General When signs and/or identification devices
are provided they shall comply with this section.

Exception: Signs need not be provided within dwelling
units.

1143A.2 Identification signs. When signs identify permanent
rooms and spaces of a building or site, they shall comply with
Sections 1143A.5, 1143A.6, 1143A8, 1143A,9andll43A.10.

Note: See Section 1124 A for additional signage require-
ments applicable to elevators and Section 1127 A. 7 for sani-
tary facilities.

II43A.3 Directional and informational signs. When signs I I
direct to or give information about permanent rooms and
spaces of a building or site, they shall comply with Sections
1143A.5, 1143A,6andll43A,7,

1143A.4 Accessibility signs. When signs identify, direct or give
information about accessible elements and features of a build-
ing or site, they shall include the appropriate symbol of acces-
sibility and shall comply with Section 11 43 A. 5 and, when
applicable, Section 11 43 A. 10.

I143A.5 Finish and contrast. Characters, symbols and their
background shall have a nonglare finish. Characters and sym-
bols shall contrast with their background, either light on a dark
background or dark on a light background.

1143 A.6 Proportions. Characters on signs shall have a
width-to-height ratio of between 3:5 and 1:1 and a stroke
width-to-height ratio of between 1:5 and 1:10.

1 143 A.7 Character height. Characters and numbers on signs
shall be sized according to the viewing distance from which
they are to be read. The minimum height is measured using an
uppercase "X." Lowercase characters are permitted. For signs
suspended or projected above the finish floor greater than 80
inches (2032 mm), the minimum character height shall be 3
inches (76 mm).

1143A.8 Raised characters and pictorial symbol signs. When
raised characters are required or when pictorial symbols
(pictograms) are used on such signs, they shall conform to the
following requirements:

1. Character type. Characters on signs shall be raised
^/^2-^nch (0. 794 mm) minimum and shall be sans serif up -
percase characters accompanied by Grade 2 Braille
complying with Section 1143A,9.

2. Character size. Raised characters shall be a minimum of
Vg inch (15.9 mm) and a maximum of 2 inches (51 mm)
high.

3. Pictorial symbol signs (pictograms). Pictorial symbol
signs (pictograms) shall be accompanied by the verbal
description placed directly below the pictogram. The
outside dimension of the pictogram field shall be a mini-
mum of 6 inches (152 mm) in height.

4. Character placement. Characters and Braille shall be in
a horizontal format. Braille shall be placed a minimum
of^/g inch (9,5 mm) and a maximum of^/2 inch (12. 7 mm)
directly below the tactile characters, flush left or cen-

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tered. When tactile text is multilined, all Braille shall be
placed together below all lines of tactile text.

1143A,9 Braille, Contracted Grade 2 Braille shall be used
wherever Braille is required in other portions of these stan-
dards. Dots shall be V^^ inch (2.54 mm) on center in each cell
with VjQ-inch (5.08 mm) space between cells, measured from
the second column of dots in the first cell to the first column of
dots in the second cell. Dots shall be raised a minimum of^/40
inch (0.635 mm) above the background. Braille dots shall be
domed or rounded.

1 MSA, 10 Mounting location and height. Where permanent
identification signs are provided for rooms and spaces y signs
shall be installed on the wall adjacent to the latch side of the
door Where there is no wall space on the latch side, including
at double leaf doors, signs shall be placed on the nearest adja-
cent wall, preferably on the right.

Where permanent identification signage is provided for
rooms and spaces, it shall be located on the approach side of
the door as one enters the room or space. Signs that identify
exits shall be located on the same side of the door as the visual
exit sign.

Mounting height shall be 60 inches (1524 mm) above the fin-
ish floor to the centerline of the sign. Mounting location shall
be determined so that a person may approach within 3 inches
(76 mm) of the signage without encountering protruding
objects or standing within the swing of a door

Note: See also Section 1127A.7 for additional signage
requirements applicable to sanitary facilities.

SECTION 11 44A
Reserved

SECTION 11 45A
Reserved

SECTION 11 46A
Reserved

SECTION 11 47 A
Reserved

SECTION 11 48A
Reserved

SECTION 11 49 A
Reserved

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Division VI - SITE IMPRACTICALITY TESTS
Division VI Table of Contents

Section 11 50 A Site Impracticality Tests

Test No. 1 — Individual Building Test
Test No. 2— Site Analysis Test
Test No, 3 — Unusual Characteristics Test

SECTION 11 50A
SITE IMPRACTICALITY TESTS

IISOAJ General Covered multifamily dwellings in buildings
without an elevator, located on sites with difficult terrain condi-
tions or unusual characteristics, may employ the site impracti-
cality tests in this division for determining the accessibility and
adaptability provisions required by this chapter.

Except as provided for in Section II 02 A 3.1, the provisions
of this section do not apply to multistory dwelling units in
nonelevator buildings.

SINGLE BUILDING WITH ONE COMMON (LOBBY) ENTRANCE

The following may only be used for determining required access to
covered multifamily dwelling units, in a single building with one com-
mon (lobby) entrance, located on a site with difficult terrain conditions
or unusual characteristics:

All ground floor units in nonelevator buildings shall be adaptable and
on an accessible route unless an accessible route to the common
(lobby) entrance is not required as determined by Test No, 1, Individ-
ual Building Test, or Test No. 3, Unusual Characteristics Test, as
described in this section.

Sites where either Test No. 1 or Test No. 3 is used and it is deter-
mined that an accessible route to the common (lobby) entrance is not
required, at least 20 percent of the ground floor dwelling units shall
comply with Division IV, and all remaining ground floor dwelling units
shall comply with the features listed in Section 1150A.2 unless
exempted by Test No. 3, Unusual Characteristics Test

Test No. 1 — Individual Building Test may only be used if the site has
terrain over 15 percent slope.

Test No. 3 — Unusual Characteristics Test maybe used if applicable.

Provisions to Test Nos, 1 and 2, Where a building elevator is
provided only as means of creating an accessible route to cov-
ered multifamily dwelling units on a ground floor, the building
is not considered to be an elevator building for purposes of this
code; hence, only the ground floor dwelling units would be cov-
ered.

TEST NO. 1— INDIVIDUAL BUILDING TEST

It is not required by this code to provide an accessible
route when the terrain of the site is such that both of the fol-
lowing apply:

L The slopes of the undisturbed site measured between
the planned entrance and all vehicular or pedestrian
arrival points within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of the
planned entrance exceed 15 percent; and

2. The slopes of the planned finished grade measured
between the entrance and all vehicular or pedestrian
arrival points within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of the
planned entrance also exceed 15 percent.

If there are no vehicular or pedestrian arrival points
within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of the planned entrance, the
slope for the purposes of Test No. 1 will be measured to the
closest vehicular or pedestrian arrival point.

For purposes of these requirements, vehicular or pedes-
trian arrival points include public or resident parking
areas, public transportation stops, passenger loading zones
and public streets or sidewalks. To determine site impracti-
cality, the slope would be measured at ground level from the
point of the planned entrance on a straight line to (1) each
vehicular or pedestrian arrival point that is within 50 feet
(15 240 mm) of the planned entrance, or (2) if there are no
vehicular or pedestrian arrival points within the specified
area, the vehicular or pedestrian arrival point closest to the
planned entrance. In the case of sidewalks, the closest point
to the entrance will be where a public sidewalk entering the
site intersects with the walk to the entrance. In the case of
resident parking areas, the closest point to the planned
entrance will be measured from the entry point to the park-
ing area that is located closest to the planned entrance.

TEST NO. 2— SITE ANALYSIS TEST

For a site having multiple buildings, or a site with a single
building with multiple entrances, it is not required to pro-
vide an accessible route to all ground floor units under the
following conditions:

1 . Calculate the percentage of the total buildable area of
the undisturbed site with a natural grade less than
10-percent slope. The analysis of the existing slope
(before grading) shall be done on a topographic sur-
vey with 2-foot (610 mm) contour intervals with slope
determination made between each successive inter-
val The accuracy of the slope analysis shall be certi-
fied by a licensed engineer, landscape architect,
architect or surveyor.

2. Determine the requirement of providing an accessible
route to planned multifamily dwellings based on the
topography of the existing natural terrain. The mini-
mum percentage of ground floor units required on an
accessible route shall equal the percentage of the total
buildable area (not restricted-use areas) of the undis-
turbed site with an existing natural grade of less than
10-percent slope. In no case shall less than 20 percent
of the ground floor dwelling units be on an accessible
route and comply with the provisions of Division IV.

3. In addition to the percentage established in para-
graph (2), all additional ground floor units in a build-
ing, or ground floor units served by a particular
entrance, that fall within an 8.33-percent slope be-
tween their planned entrances and an arrival point

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

409

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

shall be on an accessible route and comply with the
provisions of Division IV

4. All additional ground floor units in a building, or
ground floor units served by a particular entrance,
not on an accessible route shall comply with the fea-
tures listed in Section 1150A,2.

TEST NO. 3— UNUSUAL CHARACTERISTICS TEST

I I Unusual characteristics include sites located in a state or

federally designated floodplain or coastal high-hazard
areas and sites subject to other similar requirements of law
or code that require the lowest floor or the lowest structural
member of the lowest floor to be designed to a specified level
at or above the base flood elevation. An accessible route to a
building entrance is impractical due to unusual characteris-
tics of the site when:

1. The original site characteristics result in a difference
in finished grade elevation exceeding 30 inches (762
mm) and 10 percent measured between an entrance
and all vehicular or pedestrian arrival points within
50 feet (15 240 mm) of the planned entrance; or

2. If there are no vehicular or pedestrian arrival points
within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of the planned entrance,
the unusual characteristics result in a difference in
finished grade elevation exceeding 30 inches (762

mm) and 10 percent measured between an entrance
and the closest vehicular or pedestrian arrival point.

1I50A,2 Additional requirements for Section 1150 A,

All other ground floor dwelling units in nonelevator build-
ings shall be made to comply with the following require-
ments:

1. Grab bar reinforcement: see Section 1134A.

2. Thirty-two inch (813 mm) clear door interior open-
ing width: see Section 1132A.3.

3. Lever hardware: see Section 1132A,8.

4. Door signal devices: see Section 11 32 A. 10.

5. Clear space by doors: see Chapters 10 and 11 A.

6. Minimum 15-inch (381 mm) water closet seat
height: see Section 1134A.7, Item 3.

7. Electrical receptacle outlet height: see Section
1136A.

8. Lighting and environmental control height: see Sec-
tion 1136A.

9. Faucet controls: see Section 1134A.8, Item 7.

10. Water closet, bathtub and lavatory minimum space
requirements: see Section 11 34 A.

11. Removable cabinets under the kitchen sink counter
area: see Section 1133A.3.

410

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Division VII --FIGURES (NOTE: FIGURES ATTACHED
FOLLOWING EXPRESS TERMS)

/^""^v--

r-H^

M '■■ ' ,■

==#-^====^=====

ff ^ \Y

\Z -SX \

V \ 7 v\ \Z-^i

^^^"^^^X^-J^^^ \

N^. -f^^

_ " ^,"1 ,

{ j^YMBOL JsROPORtJONS

{ b ) DfSiPtAY CONOtTIONS

THESE DIAGRAMS ILtU^TRATE THE SP€CIFtCvREQUIREMENT8
or THESE REGULATIONS ANDARE (MTENOED ONIVAS AW AID
FOR BUltDlKk^ DESIGJsl AND CdNSTRaCTJG^^^^^^^

FIGURE 11A-1 A— INTERNATIONAL ACCESSIBILITY SYMBOL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

411

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF
THESE REGULATIONS AND IS INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONStRUdtlOR

FIGURE 11 A-1B— OVERHANGING OBSTRUCTION

412

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBIUTY

m mu.

4r OR GREATER

^ mn.

(al^df TON

iff' MAX;

jcKCHANGE-lNLEVet

1/4* TO %/r

(d I immpmmm an o^sTRitCTK>N

(d) CHANGE JN LEVEL

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPEGIFIC REdUIREMENTS
OF THE^ REGULATIONS AND ARE tNTENDEO ONLY AS AN AID
FORBUIIOING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11 A-IC—WIDTH OF ACCESSIBLE ROUTE

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

413

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

{a)m INCHES DIAMETER SPACE

m T-^HAPEp$mei PO^ 18Q*TyBN?S>

THESE DIAGRAMS riLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OFTHESE REGULATIONS ANQARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR eUtlDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 1 1 A-1 D— MINIMUM CLEAR WIDTH FOR TWO WHEELCHAIRS

'ff p

FIGURE 1 1 A-1 E— MINIMUM CLEAR WIDTH
FOR SINGLE WHEELCHAIR

FIGURE IIA-IF-mumUM CLEAR WIDTH FOR
TWO WHEELCHAIRS

414

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

\ d

...(

r) j

■«. ..

L__^

^uO

^ I

48**

PARAUEL APPROACH

( 1:

■■,o

I-; c^^>.A&EdLl '

eiHAKFUeOR SPACE

■*1

1
i

\
1

■jt

P-

■

30"

^(mNm&fi^momm

OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR^:fi^lii)JNS DESIGN AND GONStRLlGTiON ^

FIGURE 11 A-1G— MINIMUM CLEAR FLOOR SPACE FOR WHEELCHAIRS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

415

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

( a) CLEAR f=^LO0R $mC£ IN AieOVES

.jssi

===iPp3vT»

. 4.

- ■■ ■

NOTE : IF X > 24 INCHES, THEN AN

ADDITIONAL MANEUVERING CLEARANCE OF
6 INCHES SHALL SE PRO\^0ED AS SHOWN.

■NOTE--: |F;X-> i5-»NCHES/:theN AN
AObmONAL.MAIjiElWERfe CLEARANCE. OF,
12 INCHES SttALL :BE' PROVIDED AS SHOWN.

( b J^PC^TIONAL MANEUVERING CLEARANCE FGR^GGVES

tNESEDIAGRAMSILLUStRATl WE ^PEGIFIp REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESiGNANGiGGNSTRUCTtGN

FIGURE 11A-1H— MINIMUM CLEAR FLOOR SPACE FOR WHEELCHAIRS

416

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Ca-I H!^H: J^ORVmeO REACH LIMIT

NOTE:

X SHALL BE LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 25 INCHES. Z SHALL BE GREATER
THAN OR EQUAL TO X. WHEN X \S LESS THAN 20 INCHES, THEN Y SHALL
BE 48 INCHES MAXIMUM. WHBM X IS 20 TO 25 INCHES, THEN Y SHALL BE
44 INCHES MAXIMUM.

ik)mmmmmf^pm mMm qwh an^ob^tructioh

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPEGtl=IC REQUIREMENTS
GF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
-■;FORBUlLaiN(5:DESIGNAl>tb'.40NSTRUCTiON- ' ' ' "' '^

FIGURE 11A-H— FORWARD REACH

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

417

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

W MAX,

(a ) citm fiom Mim^f^AiML api^roach

( b ) HiGH ANO LOW SIDE REACH LIMITS

THESE DIAGRAMS IliUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGUUTIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11A-1J— SIDE REACH

418

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

30*" MIN

42- MiNv

^^ACCliSSIBlE

mTHt^FTH^Vitl

MIN.

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING O^IGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11 A-1K— MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR SEATING AND TABLE

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

419

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

00" MIN.

fcllNIMUM GORIf?l£>OR V\flpm

MINIMUM WIDTH FOR

cbRRiiX)RS oveR 200;FEET

I^ASSING ALfcbVeS FOR CORRIDORS over:

;2D0V1N tIEU OF 60" MtN. WiDTH:

THESE DI^CS^RAMS; ILUUSTRATE THE SPECIFIG REQUIREMENTS
Gp THESEjI^EGULATtONS ANDARE;iNTENDEDlbNLy f^'mm
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIOR

FIGURE 1 1 A-1 L— CORRIDOR OVER 200 FEET (60 960 mm)

420

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

"WHEEL STOP

PEDESTRIAN ROUTE

70SQJMCH

ACCesSSIUTYSrGN

PER^aitO&A.8.8

TYPRaVEMENrr

SYMBOiPER

SEC.1109A.a8

WITHIN THE LdADlNd ANO UNLOADtHa-

ACCESS AISLE PAINTT THE WORDS

"NG PARKING*^ IN 12" HIGH LETTERS MIN

ACCESSIBLE
IW=IKING STALL

0-rMif^; j^ ym

.AOTBSSI^E
mRKING 'STALL

THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF
THESE REGULATiOMS AND IS (NTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11 A-2A— DOUBLE PARKING STALLS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

421

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

WHE€lSTOP

PEDESTRIAN ROUTE

70 SQ. INCH

ACCESSIBIUTY SIGN

PEBSEai109A.8,8

TYR pmmEm

SYM^XPER.
SEC 1109A.83

iOCENnr^RUNE
OFSTRlPEiyPlCAl

WITHIN THE LOADING AND UNLOADING

ACCESS AISLE PAINT THE WORDS

^NG PARKING* fN 12* HIGH LETTERS MIN.

5'-^''min:at TYP.

ACCESSIBLE PARKING STALL
S'-D-MIN. AT VAN
ACCESSIBLE PARKING STALL

FIGURE UA'2BSINGLEAND VAN ACCESSIBLE PARKING STALLS

70 SO. INCH
ACCESSISIUTYSiGN
PERSEC:1109A.e.8

TYP PAVEMENT

SYMBOL PER

SEC.1109A.a8

TOca^rrs%xME

QFSxm^rmcfiL

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATETHE SPEGFIC RECftJIREMENTS
OFTHESE REGUUT10NS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTf^CTtON.

'5'«0"MIRATTYP.
ACCESSIBLE PARKING STALL
S'-O-MIN. AT VAN
ACCESSIBLE PARKING STALL

WITHIN THE LOADING AMD UNLOADING

ACCESS AISLE PAINT THE WORDS

-NO PARKING^ IN 12? HIGH LETTERS Ml N.

FIGURE 11 A-2C— DIAGONAL PARKING STALLS

422

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

12" MIN. BORDER
GROOVES AT 3/4" O.C,
REFER TO GROOVING
DETAIL 1 1A-3K

4' jmm

GiiPtB Mm mmm

8.33% MAX

E)RAIN

SEOTONiWi

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGUUTIONS AND ARE INTENDEDONLY AS ANAID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-3A— CURB DETAILS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

423

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

CURB AND GUTTER

12' MiN. BORDER
GBQ0VESAT3/r G:G.
REFER to GROOVING
DETAIL 11 A-3K

SEEFi<5UReitB^^9A

THtS DIAGRAI*/! ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTSOF
THESE REGULATIONS AND \S INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11 A-3B— CURB DETAIL

424

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

aaa*^ MAXv

48" MIN;

2% MAX.

SECTIOrii^-B

THESE DjAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPEC IFiC REOUIReMEHT$
OF THSSS REGULATIONS ANO ARE INTENDED ONLV AS AN AID
FOR BUItOiNG DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11A-3C— CURB DETAIL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

425

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

SEE GROOVING DETAIL 1 1 A-3K

FULL CURB
HEIGHT

10%MAX.
AT CUBS

FIGURE 11A-3D— CURB DETAIL

r-.RETAININGCURBJF
NECESSARY AT
EiACK OF SIDEWALK

SEE GROOVING DETAIL 1 1A^f<^

FRONT
EDGE OF
SIDEWALK

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDEDONLYAS AN AID
FOR8UILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;

FIGURE 11A-3E— CURB DETAIL

426

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

a.33yo

MAX.

48"

hm.

RETAINING CURB
IF NECESSARY AT
EbGE OF SIDEWALK

SEE GRoovfNa Drrtei^Mfe

FIGURE 11A-3F— CURB DETAIL

!SIDBAiAIJCl.£SSriHAN:60^ WIDE

SHE GR00Vlf^K5 DETAIL 1 1 A-^K

THESE DM«5RAMSILIUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGUiATIONS AND: ARE INTENDED pNty AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;

FIGURE 11A-3G— CURB DETAIL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

427

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

|EEdRQOyir^^0TO!i;;11A^K -

CROSSWALK

-12" MfN. BORDER
Gf^OOVes AT 3/ 4- CO.;

10% MA:k;siDESi

'ATCIf^B^- '■

2% MAX,

48" MIN.

0* Of

GREATER

FIGURE 11A-3H— CURB DETAIL

■^^

SEE GROOVING DETAIL 11A-3K

FRONT
ED6i OF'
SJDeWALK

FLATTING AREA

THESE OfAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPEClFtC REQUIREMENTS-
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE IMTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-3I— CURB DETAIL

428

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

■mB mmmmimrM^ 1 1 a-sk

PROMT EBS^E OF

mtmmM

FIGURE 11A-3J— CURB DETAIL

€'

"¥^

-APPROX. 3/4" EXCEPT

APPROX. 1 -1/2" ON

SLOPING PORTION OF
RAMP.

* ■ ..i . *

eR0QVIM5 DETAIL

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR 6UILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-3K— CURB DETAIL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

429

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

TOP OF ^AMP

4s* mn.

2% MAX.

SjECTIONA-^

TOP OF RAMP
\

48* MIN;

Q— ^.

2% MAX.

RrrAINiNG

CURB IF
NECESSARV

SECTION B-8
DEPRESS ENTIRE SfDEWALK AS REQUIBEO

RETAINING

2% MA)C.

CUR0 m^

NECESSARY

SECTION M

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND; CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-3L— CURB SECTIONS

430

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

FIGURE 11A-3M - RETURNED CURB STYLE (See Figure 11B-21)

FIGURE 11 A-3N - TRUNCATED DOMES (See Figure 118-23 A)

FIGURE 11A-3— (RESERVED)

201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 431

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

F/^GE Of

^SrllET

48" mn...

SIDEWALK

CIEAR

FACE m
CURB -»-.

pdii ■

ST^fP"-

48"

MH.

. 1

^«

SIDEWALK

^ 36^ MINI .

CLEAR

ml
if

i^\ SSpf mK:OB$TRlK^IQN^

12" MIN,

12" Mia

o mm RAii

CENtai^EO AT
3^ Jtl* HIGH

#)'0UiDE(^IL

GUIDE miL DETAIL

HANDRAIL

ri.

HANbBAIL=-..

■

il¥ ^

f ^

-1

%^.,

€*%'

— 1

a CUR8^

WHEiL OyiDE;

TO SUIT
^ DESiGIl ]

^3^"-.^: r: .NiGH

ZP^

"^ 1

iC:)^\AMEElQW|Pi;

WHEEL GUIDE pEmiL

THESE dlAGRAySriLUSTRATS, THE SPEeiFICREdUmeMEKrTS
OFTHESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESiGN AND X^ONSTRUdTION.

FIGURE 11 A-5A— RAMPS AND SIDEWALKS

432

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

1 1/2" Max:

P-^ lii/z" um

STAIRS

rr tMin.,

ta-^PLUSTREAO
WIDTH MiN.

3" MIN, 4* MAX

T^^ TREAD WIDTH

EXTERIOR STAfRS
AlLTREADiSARE
TOHAVEWARNNG
STRIPES PER
SEC.111SA:6

THE$eD^GRAMS:CCUSTRATS TNE $PECJFIC;:ReQUtReMeNT$
OF THESE REGULATIONS ANQ ARE INTENDED ONLV AS AISl AID
FOR BUILDtNG DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11 A-6A— WARNING STRIPING AND HANDRAIL EXTENSIONS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

433

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

-i>i^4^^' mn^

:2? MAX.

W- MAX^

j-1/y

t-i/a* MiN.

i/r tyiiN.

RADIUS (TVP.)

NOfg^lNAL D!A,

■> \

1-1/4* min; 1-1/2«

2^ MAX.

»^

PI)

THESE DIAGRAIWS tttUSTRATE THE SPECtFIC REQUIflEMENTS
OF THESE REGUIATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11 A-6B— STAIR HANDRAILS

434

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

NOTE : t

WHEN DOOR SWINGS

ONTO UNDING

42* mn. PLUS DOOR

WiDTH

mnm m door

SWINGS ONTO
LANDING

NOTE : 2

MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE OF EACH
RAMP AND RUN VARY

•TOR PLATFORM

tNTERMEDfATE tEVEl PIATFOR^

'BOnOM lEVEL PUTFORM

i a ) STRAIGHT RA^P RUN

NOTE \ t

WHEN DOOR SWINGS

ONTO UNDING

AT MIN. PIUS DOOR
WIDTH

W MIN.
WHEN NO OOOR
SWINGS ONTO •
LANDING

NOTE : 2

MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE or EACH
RAMP AND RUN VARY

TOP PUTFORM

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PLATFORM
INTERMEDIATE TURNING PLATFORM

\\i) RAMP WITH TURNING PLATFORM

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREt^ENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CC^STRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-6C— RAMP DIMENSIONS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

435

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

* WHEN D'dOR :swiNGS
ONTO- LANOING^' .-

-.■AT urn. 9.im\ mM

WHEN m' mm

■^ • ^ OF '-Bm :.RAMR AND -RUM :V^R\^}

i:a JrRAMP.W]|N JNTERMEOIATI SMTCH ,B^K.FW^

2^/ ym.:-.EXTEi^idR '^^^m-
w- Mm,.^\mEmm beyond

-^ME. DS^TOQR^-^H THE
^ SIDE ^ItJWAFlb- WHICH' :1T
■ BRINGS

i |.) RA^^ U-^DiN0.;Aj'Op^R^^

'THESE D!A^fW/!SmUSTRArE:THE;^REC!RC REOOl REGENTS
■ OFWESe' REGyLAT^QNS AND ARE irfTENlDED Xmmmm AID^-

FIGURE 11A-6D— RAMP LANDING AND DOORWAY

436

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

it MiN.

if MiN

INNER HANDKAIL

1-1/2"

mm- 1: \mm handraiu at landings of

STARSf THAT DOUBiE. SACK OR fMMEDIATELY
nmn. SHAII ■SE^CQNTINUbUS^AND:; SHAll.; NOT
EXTEND MNTO tANOING OR PATH OF TRAVEL.

X r EXTENSION OF HANDRAIL SHALL BE EQUAL
TO TNETREAO WIDTH PtyS 12 INCHES.'

INNER HANDRAIL

LANDING

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUfRHIWIENTS
OF THESE REGUIATIONS AND ARE INTEKDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11 A-6E— STAIR HANDRAILS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

437

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

68" MIN,

(a)S!0E0FENfNaDO0R

80" MIN.

ii a

36" MIN.

( b ) CENTER OPENING DOOR

THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND IS INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11 A-7 A— MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF ELEVATOR CARS

438

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

m* MIN. CHARACTERS AND
SYMBOLS HEIGHT

3/4'' um.

■<» — £ : —

PLACE STAR
AlbNGStOE
MAIN EXIT
FLOOR NUMBER

3/8- M!N.
SEPARATION

( a ) ELiyipOB(?OH1^LI^Nit jp^

CONTROL

SEE

Sou

PANEL

a )

::^„

«■>'■ [

1-1/2"
MIN.

A^k^^^m^M^

RAIL

(ts ) MAXIMUM INSTALLATION HEIGHTS ABpVE CABFLOOIil

THIS DIMJR^MVIilLLUSTIWES THE^^ECiFiC REOUii^MEraTS
dBTHESE^REOyt^lONSANOiS t^lTENDED ONLVAS A^
FiDR BMItDINiS DESIGH^ANO CONSTrrtUCTlON^

FIGURE 11A-7B— ELEVATOR CONTROL PANEL

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

439

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

FLOOR LANDING
NUMBERS ON
BOTH SIDES OF
DOOR JAMB

CALL
BUTTON

HALL LANTERN

NOTE:

THE AUTOMATIC DOOR REOPENING DEVICE (S ACTIVATED IFAN OBJECT PASSES
THROUGH EITHER LINE A OR LINE B. UNE A AND LINE B REPRESENT THE VERTICAL
LOCATION OF THE DOOR REOPENING DEVICE NOT REQUIRING CONTACT.

FIGURE 11A-7C— HOISTWAY AND ELEVATOR ENTRANCES

o
o

ACCEPTABLE

9
8
7

3
2

1
n

5 6

10 12 14 16

D DISTANCE IN FEET

THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF
THESE REGULATIONS AND IS INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11 A-7D— GRAPH OF TIMING EQUATION

440

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBtUTY

CLEAR AT EXfEFtiGR
DOQRS

GlEAR AT INTgRHDi
DOORS

mm iSlOE

CO;

[

FIGURE 11A-8A— FRONT APPROACHES— SWINGING DOORS

54? MIN.

PUtL ^IDE

1 -^

■ ■ n-
^■
^^
I

•I 1-

MOTE: X« 36* (915 mm) MINIMUM IF \< = 60^ f1S25 mm);

;Xr: 42": a065^mm)MNiMWf y^-54'* (I370^mrn);;

NOTE j ■ t= 4a^ |iaa«i mmj^rgllNWW ri)aOB:H^:^
BOTH A lATOH AMD A Cl:0$ER.

FIGURE 11 A-8B— HINGE-SIDE APPROACHES— SWINGING DOORS

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE WEaSPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

OF THESE' REGULATtONS; AND AI^E INTENDED.CJIvlLY AS i^- AID
mR8UlLDlN0-DesrGNiAHD^'eONSfRyCTION: ' '

LEVEL MANEUVERING CL^RANCE AT DOORS;

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

441

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

NOTE: y == 54** (1370 mm) MINIMUM
IFDOORHASACtOSEB.

NOTE: y^48M1220mm)ft

IFDOCmHASACLOSEa

FIGURE 11 A-8C— LATCH-SIDE APPROACHES— SWINGING DOORS

- ^ I

>..^ I'

■i:
i.

y 1

$4* M!N.

lis

FIGURE 11 A-8D— FRONT APPROACH— SLIDING
DOORS AND FOLDING DOORS

FIGURE 11A-8E— SLIDE SIDE APPROACH— SLIDING
DOORS AND FOLDING DOORS

■■■, -^

■:l

24- MIN. 1

FIGURE 11A-8F— LATCH SIDE APPROACH— SLIDING DOORS
AND FOLDING DOORS

THESE DIAGRAMS JLIUSTRATE THE SPECIFK;
REQUIREMENTS OF THESE REGULATIONS AND
ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR BUILDING
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCtlON.

LEVEL MANEUVERING CLEARANCE AT DOORS (Continued)

442

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

(a) PdORIN SERIES

F^OVIDETHIS
ADDmONAL &»P€E^

A L

mo Acimm

(SEWING :0mEFfrHAN4^B

THE$E dIAGRAMS ttlUSlWTE THE SPECtFie REQUIREMENTS
Of THESEREGUtATrONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLV AS AN AID
FOR BUIIDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;

FIGURE 11 A-8G— VESTIBULE

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

443

HOUSING ACCESSiBIUTY

( a ) DOORS AT ADJACENT WAllS^

( li) DQGRS AT Om^Srm WALJL$^

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

OF^THfeSE R£C3UUT10NS AND ARE INTfeNDED ONLY A^ AN AID
FOR BUILOIHO DESlGhf AND CONSTRUCTION:

FIGURE 11 A-8H— VESTIBULE
(SERVING OTHER THAN A REQUIRED EXIT STAIRWAY)

444

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

1/2 " MAX.

WV2 SLOPE

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11 A-81— THRESHOLDS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

445

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Platform of approved materials to raise
floor level of balcony,

(Platform required for final inspection)

FIGURE 11A-8J~PLATF0RM AT SECONDARY EXTERIOR DOOR

EXTERIOR IIVIPERVIOUS
SURFACE

PERMANENTLY
INSTALLED RAMP

smmmmf ejoirior door

INTERIOR FLOOR
t^VEl-

FIGURE 11 A-8K— RAMP AT SECONDARY EXTERIOR DOOR

446

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILSTY

60* MIN.

FtUSH
/tenVATOR

SIPE

THIS DIAGIilAM ILLUSTRATHS IKE SPEGlFId REQUtPEMENTS or
THESE R^GUlATfONS AND IS INTENDED ONLY ASAN AID FOR
BUIU>IN(^ DESIGN ANDSCONSTRUCTION .

FIGURE 11A-9A— MULTIPLE ACCOMMODATION TOILET FACILITY

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

447

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

CBmmmB

CENTERliNE

■OF

FiXTURg

FIXTURE

18r

■^W.,

FLUSH
ACTIVATOR
ON WIDE
SfOE -"

MiN.- '

i^SiNSL^^Cbft^dbAttGN TbriiT FAiCiLII^

ACGESSIBLE WATER CLOSET COMPARTMENT . _.
VWTHIN A MULTIPLE-ACCOMMODATtON TOlLETf^rLIT^

aS-^MlWGRASBAR"

42" MtN GRAB BAR

,12'

ALL DISPENSERS
*AfrmX TO
HIGHEST OPERABLE

■ pf^f^j — -

TO.

« 17" - I9t A. F,F.

SlCJE^ELEMATIGNr

THE^EDIAORAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECiPiC REOUIREMENTS
OF THESE REOULATIGNS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
PdR PUItOtNG DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11 A-9B

448

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

NOMINAL ^-^^
DIAMETER

W/IL

l-^^r

SECTION THROUGH TYPICAL GRAB BAR

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE RECUIATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11A-9C— GRAB BAR SECTION

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

449

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

a^max. Toe Clearance*

17"n*i.

SIDE ELEVATION

^Note: If a minimum 9 inches
height of toe clearance is provided,
a maximum of 6 inches of the
48 inches of clear floor space
required at the fixture may extend
into the toe space

lifrrw fiwfwf"

floor

19** max.

irmin.

:s^

48' min.

PLAN VIEW

THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF
THESE REGUlATtONS AND IS INTENDED ONLYAS AN AID FOR
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-9D— KNEE CLEARANCE

450

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Cl£AR

aooR

SPACE

6Q^ MIN.'

laiWifHswiNfrys

r-"'"-'''"''"''''^

lt»j WITH $eAi: IN TtJiB

15" I

cvEm
aooR

SPACE

75" MIN.

i C ) WITH SEAT AT HEAD OF TUB

THESE DIAORAJyiS JtlUSTRATg THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE f^EGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUIlDtNO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,

FIGURE 11 A-9E— CLEAR FLOOR SPACE AT BATHTUBS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

451

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

24^::,..

^'MHf

CONTROL

^ .. r<

■G

I /

42"

,!24\

, 24\

I^IN

MAX.

€'•"'"■":■ "'•"■"•"■■:^

1 -^

BAGK

■1^'

^AX

e=:^

SEAT

HEAD

(aj wrrHSEATJNfUB:

CONTROL
AREA

FOOT

BACK

HEAD

I p) WWSEATA™EAp-^F:TUB^

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REOUUTiONS AND ARE IMTENOEO ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESiON AMD CONSTRUCTION.

FIGURE 11A-9F— GRAB BARS AT BATHTUBS

452

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBIUTY

49* ■^um

REINFORCED AREAS FOR iNiSIALLAllON
0aAB8ARS

w*!'

(a)i Vto^ER eLpSEt m ADAPTABLE S^TNROOMS'

tr, Mt

If,- '^w

\ , /I

:&:

MiWj

NOtEt THE AREA OUTONED IN DASHED UNESi REPRESENT LOCATIONS FOR FUTURE
INSTALLATION OF ORAB BARS FOR TVR FIXTURE i^ONFIGURATiONS

i b) LOCATION OF GRAB BAR REINFORCEMENTS FOR AD AlfTASiE BATHTUBS

^^^^^^■iwx

iSiPE;;

SAOK

r^^E: THE AREA OiTLlNEO IMD^HED ONES REPRESENT

LO^TION FOR FUTURE INSmJ-ATION OF GRAS SARS

SiPE

(^ HOCATION OF GRAB 8AR REINFORCfMENT^ FOR ADAPTABLE SHOWERS

THESE PtAGRAMS (RUSTR/I^E llHi4PEd#!^

OF THESE REGULATtONS AND ARE iNTENDEO ONLY AS AN AID

FORI eUlLDIN^; DESIGN AND^ OONSTRUt^ON,

FIGURE 11 A-9G

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

453

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

eCTmtn;

ermin.

ROLMN SHOWER-^

Fokting Seat

SINOtEtBreR
MIXING VALVE
COKTROt

Optional

PLAN

ROLL-IN SHOWER— C
3r X 00*' WITH ENCLOSURE

2rMax.

11/r^fex,

irMax,

ELEVATION AT SHOWER
TYPICAL FOR A-C

FOLDIHOl^EAr

FIGURE 11 A-9H— ROLL-IN SHOWER

454

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

Foldir^Seat

PERSPECTIVE OF ROLL-IN SHOWER— B
42" X 48" CALIFORNIA SIZE

42"Mtn,

Existing 42" x 48'*CalifomJa showers lArtil
be considered accessible provided that
the controls and hand herd shower hose
bracket are relocate to the rear wall
within 24" max. of the folding seat,
The hand held showerhead must have
a diverterfrom the fixed showerhead
on the opposite wall.

Standard fixed showerhead
located on opposite wall

Seat Extension
for Shower Stalls
over 36" Deep

1/2" Max Sev^ed Threshold

ROLL*IN SHOWER— B
42" X 46** CALIFORNIA SIZE

FIGURE 11 A-91— ROLL-IN SHOWER

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

455

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

24-* Max.

-fi

!!^

SEAT

36" mn. GRAB BAR

24" Min. GRAB BAR

PLAN

DESIGN OPTION
SimomO HEAD

FLEXIBLE SHOWER SPRAY
HOSE -60" LONG

SINGLE LEVER MIXING VALUE
CONTROL

TOP OF HOSE MOUNTING BRACKET

r--y/

J^J

Seat\

— ^

X
CO

1 1

ELeVATION

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN

AID FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11A-9J— OPEN SHOWER

456

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

i;05:M {421^:1 GRAB BAR

THIS DfAGfl^M ILLUStPJAtES THE SPEC? i^iC F^EQUIRKMeNtS OF
THESE REGULATJONS AND iS INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID POR
BUILDING DESION AMD GONSTRUCtlON.

FIGURE 11A-9K— ALTERNATIVE ROLL-IN

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

457

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

1525

mmmM^^^mmmmmsi^m ^

FIGURE 11A-9L— SHOWER WITH WATER CLOSET

^rn^R.

IS^mift.

'^eit ^Bbo!r.^eM4t 1^lil:r •

FIGURE 11A-9M— WING WALL OR CABINET AT WATER CLOSET

458

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSmiLtTY

L^™J

(2)

,- A^"" CLEAR BETWEEN
FACES OF CABINETS,
FIXTURES OR AFPLl/UMCES

r- 60" CLEAR BETWEEN
FACES OF CABINETS,
FIXTURES OR APPLIANCES

(1)

-7^

"^^

rr -"
II

li
M
u

Ref.

48' MIN.

-7^

TYPICAL KITCHEN

"U** SHAPED KITCHEN

(1 ) 30-inch wide counter top space for sink installation with removable base cabinet and finish flooring beneath sink

(2) 30"lnch wide counter top workspace

(3) 30-inch by 46-inch clear space adjacent to range or cooktop to allow parallel approach

(4) 30-inch by 48Hnch erttter parallel approach at oven, dishwasher, trash compactor or refrigerator

FIGURE 11A-10A~KITCHEN SPECIFICATIONS

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

459

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

{^}W>mJmfB W!N<5;WAltl!^miATI0N

THESE DIAGRAMS JLLUSTI?ATE THE SRECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN A(0
FOR BUILDING DESIGN ANO.CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11A-11A— WATER FOUNTAINS

460

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

3(r X:4mi

kmmm.

WERHANG..:
Pil^MrtTEO

^0(>TIONAI:.
1 I f>OST
I { BASE

' I'tr- MAX.:

1 tiXfCO UAUfi-

minimum'

.J. _ ,

1 PERMlttiP

ELEVATION PLAN

(bj FULL HEIGHT ENCfLOSURE

hIh

OPTlpNAt
POST

BASE.

NOTg; lFVIStESSTHAN30
INCHES, THEN X SHAU BE
GREATER THAN Z7 INCHES

3ty X 48"

MINIMUM

CIEAI^AREA

NOTE: IF 2 iS GREATER THAN 1?
INCHES' THEN Y SHALL BE CSREATER
THAN 30 INCHES.

ELEVATION PLAN

( C ) FOfW^ARD REACH ARRANGEMENT

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID
FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 11 A-11B— MOUNTING HEIGHTS AND CLEARANCES FOR TELEPHONES

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

461

HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY

FIGURE 11A-11C— INTERNATIONAL TTY SYMBOL

FIGURE 11 A-11D— VOLUME CONTROL TELEPHONES

FIGURE 11A-1 IE— INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESS FOR HEARING LOSS

THESE DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATE THE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF THESE REGULATIONS AND ARE
INTENDED ONLY AS AN AID FOR BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.

462

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE-MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE

CHAPTER 11 B - ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS,

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLICLY FUNDED HOUSING

Adopting agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DPH

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLC

1-AC

ss/cc

Adopt entire chapter

Adopt entire chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

1114B.2.1

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

463

464 201 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 11 B

ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND

PUBLICLY FUNDED HOUSING

Note: For housing accessibility, see Chapter 1 1A.

Division I - NEW BUILDINGS

SECTION 11 01 B
SCOPE

I I See Chapter 1, Section 1.9.1,5.
IIOIBJ General

1. Buildings or facilities or portions of buildings or facili-
ties shall be accessible to persons with disabilities as
required by this chapter.

2. Departures from particular technical and scoping
requirements of this chapter by the use of other designs
and technologies are permitted where the alternative
designs and technologies used will provide equivalent or
greater access to and usability of the building or facility.

3. In determining equivalent facilitation, consideration
shall be given to means that provide for the maximum
independence of persons with disabilities while present-
ing the least risk of harm, injury or other hazard to such
persons or others.

1101B,2 Design, The design and construction of accessible
I I building and facility elements shall be in accordance with this
> chapter.

IIOIBJ Maintenance of accessible features,

1. A public accommodation shall maintain in operable
working condition those features of facilities and equip-
ment that are required to be accessible to and usable by
persons with disabilities.

2, This section does not prohibit isolated or temporary
interruptions in service or access due to maintenance or
repairs.

I10IB,4 Dimension conventions. Dimensions that are not
stated as "maximum'' or ''minimum" are absolute.

II0IB,5 Construction and manufacturing tolerances. All

dimensions are subject to conventional industry tolerances
except where the requirement is stated as a range with specific
minimum and maximum end points.

II0IB,6 Commercialfacilities located in private residences.

1. When a commercial facility is located in a private resi-
dence, the portion of the residence used exclusively as a
residence is not covered by this chapter, except as
required by Section HUB, 5, but that portion used both
for the commercial facility and for residential purposes
is covered by the new construction and alteration
requirements of this code.

2. The portion of the residence covered extends to those ele-
ments used to enter the commercial facility, including the
homeowner's front sidewalk, if any, the door or entry-
way, and hallways; and those portions of the residence,
interior or exterior, available to or used by employees or
visitors of the commercial facility, including sanitary
facilities.

1 101 B.7 Provisions for adults. Unless otherwise indicated, the
dimensions and specifications in these regulations are based
upon adult dimensions and anthropometrics.

SECTION 11 02B
DEFINITIONS

For additional definitions pertinent to the Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance accessibility requirements,
see Chapter 2, Section 202.

For the purpose of the chapter, certain terms are defined as
follows:

ACCESS AISLE is an accessible pedestrian space adjacent to
or between parking spaces that provides clearances in confor-
mance with this chapter.

ACCESSIBILITY is the combination of various elements in a
building, facility, site, or area, or portion thereof which allows
access, circulation and the full use of the building and facilities
by persons with disabilities in conformance with this chapter

ACCESSIBLE is approachable and usable by persons with
disabilities in compliance with this code.

ACCESSIBLE ELEMENT is an element specified by the reg-
ulations adopted by the Division of the State Architect-Access
Compliance.

ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS, See Section 1002.1,

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE OF TRAVEL is a continuous unob-
structed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces in
an accessible building or facility that can be negotiated by a
person with a disability using a wheelchair and that is also safe
for and usable by persons with other disabilities, and that is
consistent with the definition of "Path of travel" in this section.
Interior accessible routes may include corridors, floors,
ramps, elevators, lifts and clearfloor space at fixtures. Exterior
accessible routes may include parking access aisles, curb
ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walks, sidewalks, ramps,
and lifts. An accessible route does not include stairs, steps or
escalators.

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

465

ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLICLY FUNDED HOUSING

ACCESSIBLE SPACE is a space that complies with the regu-
lations adopted by the Division of the State Architect-Access
Compliance.

ADAPTABILITY is the capability of spaces or facilities to be
readily modified and made accessible.

ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY is a governmental agency
that adopts or enforces regulations and guidelines for the
design, construction, or alteration of buildings and facilities.

AISLE is a circulation path between objects such as seats,
tables, merchandise, equipment, displays, shelves, desks, etc.,
that provides clearances in conformance with this chapter

AISLE, EMPLOYEE AREAS (as required for architectural
accessibility) is a space that serves as a passageway, which is
created by architectural components such as walls, fixed
cabinetry or fixtures and not moveable components such as fur-
niture.

AREA OF REFUGE. See Section 1 002. 1.

ASSEMBLY AREA is a room or space accommodating a
group of individuals for recreational, educational, political,
social or amusement purposes, or for the consumption of food
and drink.

AUTOMATIC DOOR is a door equipped with a power oper-
ated mechanism and controls that open and close the door
automatically upon receipt of a momentary actuating signal.
The switch that begins the automatic cycle may be a photoelec-
tric device, floor mat or manual switch.

CIRCULATION PATH is an exterior or interior way of pas-
sage from one place to another for pedestrians, including, but
not limited to, walks, hallways, courtyards, stairways and stair
landings.

CLEAR means unobstructed.

CLEAR FLOOR SPACE is the minimum unobstructed floor or
ground space required to accommodate a single, stationary
wheelchair and occupant.

CLOSEDCIRCUIT TELEPHONE is a telephone with dedi-
cated line(s) such as a house phone, courtesy phone or phone
that must be used to gain entrance to a facility.

I I COMMON USE AREAS are those interior and exterior
rooms, spaces or elements that are made available for the use
of a restricted group of people (for example, occupants of a
homeless shelter, the occupants of an office building or the
guests of such occupants).

COMPLY WITH means to meet one or more specifications of
these regulations.

CROSS SLOPE is the slope that is perpendicular to the direc-
tion of travel (as differentiated from running slope).

CURB CUT is an interruption of a curb at a pedestrian way,
which separates surfaces that are substantially at the same ele-
vation.

CURB RAMP is a sloping pedestrian way, intended for pedes-
trian traffic, which provides access between a walk or sidewalk
and a surface located above or below an adjacent curb face, as
differentiated from a ramp.

DETECTABLE WARNING is a standardized surface or fea-
ture built into or applied to walking surfaces or other elements
to warn visually impaired persons of hazards in the path of
travel. Only approved DSA-AC detectable warning products
and directional surfaces shall be installed as provided in the
California Code of Regulations (CCR). Title 24, Part 1, Arti-
cles 2, 3 and 4. Refer to CCR Title 24, Part 12, Chapter 12-11 A
and B for building and facility access specifications for product
approval for detectable warning products and directional sur-
faces.

Detectable warning products and directional surfaces
installed after January 1, 2001, shall be evaluated by an inde-
pendent entity, selected by the Department of General Services,
Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance, for all
occupancies, including transportation and other outdoor envi-
ronments, except that when products and surfaces are for use in
residential housing, evaluation shall be in consultation with
the Department of Housing and Community Development. See
Government Code Section 4460.

DWELLING UNIT is a single unit of residence for a family of
one or more persons. Examples of dwelling units covered by
this chapter include condominiums, an apartment unit within
an apartment building and other types of dwellings in which
sleeping accommodations are provided but toileting or cook-
ing facilities are shared by occupants of more than one room or
portion of the dwelling. Examples of the latter include dormi-
tory rooms and sleeping accommodations in shelters intended
for occupancy as residences for homeless persons.

ELEMENT is an architectural or mechanical component of a
building, facility, space or site; for example, a telephone, curb
ramp, door, drinking fountain, seating or water closet.

ELEVATOR, PASSENGER is an elevator used primarily to
carry passengers.

ENTRANCE means any access point to a building or portion
of a building or facility used for the purpose of entering. An
entrance includes the approach walk, the vertical access lead-
ing to the entrance platform, the entrance platform itself, vesti-
bules if provided, the entry door(s) or gate(s), and the
hardware of the entry door(s) or gate(s).

EQUIVALENT FACILITATION is an alternate means of
complying with the literal requirements of these standards and
specifications that provides access in terms of the purpose of
these standards and specifications. See Section 1.9.1.5. I L

EXIT. See Section 1002.1.

FACILITY (or FACILITIES) is a building, structure, room,
site, complex or any portion thereof that is built, altered,
improved or developed to serve a particular purpose. Facilities
shall include all or any portion of buildings, structures, site
developments, complexes, equipment, roads, walks, sidewalks,
passageways, parking lots or other real or personal property
located on a site.

GRAB BAR is a bar for the purpose of being grasped by the
hand for support.

GUARD (or GUARDRAIL). See Section 1002.1.

HANDRAIL. See Section 1002.1.

466

2010 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS, COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND PUBLICLY FUNDED HOUSING

HEALTH CARE PROVIDER. See "Professional office of a
health care provider/'

IF, IF^.THEN denotes a specification that applies only when
the conditions described are present.

INDEPENDENT ENTITY. See Section 202. Detectable
warning products and directional surfaces installed after Jan-
uary 1, 2001, shall be evaluated by an independent entity^
selected by the Department of General Services, Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance, for all occupancies,
including transportation and other outdoor environments,
except that when products and surfaces are for use in residen-
tial housing evaluation shall be in consultation with the
Department of Housing and Community Development. See
Government Code Section 4460.

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESSIBILITY is that
symbol adopted by Rehabilitation IntemationaVs IV^ World
Congress for the purpose of indicating that buildings and facil-
ities are accessible to persons with disabilities. See Figure
llB-6.

KICK PLATE is an abrasion- resistant plate affixed to the bot-
tom portion of a door to prevent a trap condition and protect its
surface.

LEVELAREAis a specified surface that does not have a slope
in any direction exceeding one unit vertical in 50 units horizon-
tal (2-percent slope).

LIFT, PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR). See "Platform
(Wheelchair) Lift.''

MARKED CROSSING is a crosswalk or other identified path
intended for pedestrian use in crossing a vehicular way.

MAY denotes an option or alternative.

NEWLY CONSTRUCTED. See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.14-N.

NOSE, NOSING is that portion of a stair tread or landing at
the top of a stairway flight projecting beyond the face of the
riser immediately below.

OPEN RISER is the space between two adjacent stair treads
not closed by a riser

OPERABLE PART is a part of a piece of equipment or appli-
ance used to insert or withdraw objects, or to activate, deacti-
vate or adjust the equipment or appliance (for example, coin
slot, pushbutton, handle).

PASSAGE DOOR is a door other than an exit door through
which persons may traverse.

PATH OF TRAVEL is a passage that may consist of walks and
sidewalks, curb ramps and pedestrian ramps, lobbies and cor-
ridors, elevators, other improved areas or a necessary combi-
nation thereof, that provides free and unobstructed access to
arui egress from a particular area or location for pedestrians
and/or wheelchair users. A "path of travel" includes a continu-
ous, unobstructed way of pedestrian passage by means of
which a particular area may be approached, entered and
exited, and which connects a particular area with an exterior
approach (including sidewalks, streets, and parking areas), an
entrance to the facility, and other parts of the facility. In exist-
ing buildings, when alterations, structural repairs or additions

are made, the term "path of travel* also includes the sanitary
facilities, telephones, drinking fountains and signs serving the
altered area.

PEDESTRIAN is an individual who moves in walking areas
with or without the use of walking assistive devices such as
crutches, leg braces, wheelchairs, white cane, service animal,
etc.

PEDESTRIAN GRADE SEPARATION is a structure erected
over or under an obstacle such as a freeway, roadway, street,
railroad, stream, etc., and intended primarily for pedestrian
use.

PEDESTRIAN RAMP is a walking surface which has a run-
ning slope greater than 1:20 intended for pedestrian traffic and
as differentiated from a curb ramp.

PEDESTRIAN WAY is a route by which a pedestrian may
pass.

PLATFORM. See Section 410.2.

PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR) LIFT is a hoisting and low-
ering mechanism equipped with a car or platform or support
that serves two landings of a building or structure and is
designed to carry a passenger or passengers and (or) luggage
or other material a vertical distance as may be allowed.

PROFESSIONAL OFFICE OF A HEALTH CARE PRO-
VIDER is a location where a person or entity, regulated by the
State to provide professional services related to the physical or
mental health of an individual, makes such services available
to the public. The facility housing the professional office of a
health care provider only includes floor levels housing at least
one health care provider, or any floor level designed or
intended for use by at least one health care provider

PUBLIC USE AREA means interior or exterior rooms or
spaces of a building that are made available to the general pub-
lic and does not include common use areas. Public use areas
may be provided at a building that is privately or publicly
owned.

PUBUC WAY, See Section 1002.1.

RAMP is a walking surface which has a running slope greater
than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope)
intended for pedestrian traffic and as differentiated from a curb
ramp.

RISER is the upright member between two adjacent stair
treads.

RUNNING SLOPE is the slope that is parallel to the direction
of travel (as differentiated from cross slope).

SHALL denotes a mandatory specification or requirement.

SHOPPING CENTER (or SHOPPING MALL) is one or

more sales or rental establishments or stores. A shopping cen-
ter may include a series of buildings on a common site, con-
nected by a common pedestrian access route on, above or
below the ground floor, that is either under common ownership
or common control or developed either as one project or as a
series of related projects. For the purposes of this section,
"shopping center" or "shopping mall" includes a covered
mall building.

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SHOULD denotes an advisory specification or recommenda-
tion.

SIDEWALK, See Section 202.

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS are rooms in which peo-
ple may sleep; for example^ dormitory and hotel or motel guest
rooms or suites.

SPECIFIED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION is

transportation by bus, rail or any other conveyance (other than
by aircraft) that provides the general public with general or
special service (including charter service) on a regular and
continuing basis.

STAGE. See Section 410.2.

STAIR. See Section 1002. L

STAIRWAY. See Section 1002.1.

STORY means that portion of a building included between the
upper surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor
next above, except that the topmost story shall be that portion of
a building included between the upper surface of the topmost
floor and the ceiling or roof above. If the finished floor level
directly above a basement or unused under-floor space is more
than 6 feet (1829 mm) above grade for more than 50 percent of
the total perimeter or is more than 12 feet (3658 mm) above
grade at any point, the basement or unused under-floor space
shall be considered as a story. There may be more than one
floor level within a story as in the case of a mezzanine or mezza-
nines.

STORY, FIRST means the lowest story in a building which
qualifies as a story and which provides the basic services or
functions for which the building is used. A floor level in a build-
ing having only one floor level shall be classified as a first
story, if the floor level is not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) below
grade, for more than 50 percent of the total perimeter, or more
than 8 feet (2438 mm) below grade at any point.

STRUCTURAL FRAME is considered to be the columns and
the girders, beams, trusses and spandrels having direct con-
nections to the columns and all other members which are
essential to the stability of the building as a whole.

TEXT TELEPHONE is machinery or equipment that employs
interactive text-based communications through the transmis-
sion of coded signals across the standard telephone network.
Text telephones can include, for example, devices known as
TTYs (teletypewriters) or computers.

TRANSIENT LODGING is a building, facility or portion
thereof excluding inpatient medical care facilities, that con-
tains one or more dwelling units or sleeping accommodations.
Transient lodging may include, but is not limited to, resorts,
group homes, hotels, motels and dormitories.

TRANSIT BOARDING PLATFORM is a horizontal, gener-
ally level surface, whether raised above, recessed below or
level with a transit rail, from which persons embark/disembark
a fixed rail vehicle.

TREAD is the horizontal member of a step.

VEHICULAR WAY is a route intended for vehicular traffic,
such as a street, driveway or parking lot.

WALK is a surfaced pedestrian way not located contiguous to
a street used, by the public. (As differentiated from the defini-
tion of "Sidewalk'' in Section 202,)

WORK STATION is an area defined by equipment and/or
work surfaces intended for use by employees only, and gener-
ally for one or a small number of employees at a time. Exam-
ples include ticket booths; the employee side of grocery store
checkstands; the bartender area behind a bar; the employee
side of snack bars, sales counters and public counters; guard-
houses; toll booths; kiosk vending stands; lifeguard stations;
maintenance equipment closets; counter and equipment areas
in restaurant kitchens; file rooms; storage areas; etc.

SECTION 11 03B
BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY

II03B.I Scope, Accessibility to buildings or portions of build-
ings shall be provided for all occupancy classifications except
as modified or enhanced by this chapter Occupancy require-
ments in this chapter may modify general requirements, but
never to the exclusion of them. When a building or facility con-
tains more than one use, the occupancy specific accessibility
provisions for each portion of the building or facility shall
apply.

An accessible route of travel complying with Section
11 MB J. 2 shall connect all elements and spaces within a
building or facility. Multistory buildings and facilities must
provide access to each level, including mezzanines, by ramp or
passenger elevator complying with Section 1116B. If more
than one elevator is provided, each passenger elevator shall
comply with Section 1116B.

Exceptions:

1 . Floors or portions of floors not customarily occupied,
including, but not limited to, nonoccupiable or em-
ployee spaces accessed only by ladders, catwalks,
crawl spaces, very narrow passageways or freight
(nonpassenger) elevators, and frequented only by
service personnel for repair or maintenance pur-
poses, including, but not limited to, elevator pits and
elevator penthouses, piping and equipment catwalks,
and machinery rooms.

2. The following types of privately funded multistory
buildings do not require a ramp or elevator above and
below the first floor:

2.1. Multistoried office buildings (other than the
professional office of a health care provider)
and passenger vehicle service stations less
than three stories high or less than 3,000
square feet (279 m^) per story.

2. 2. Any other privately funded multistoried build-
ing that is not a shopping center, shopping
mall or the professional office of a health care
provider, or a terminal, depot or other station
usedfor specified public transportation, or an
airport passenger terminal and that is less
than three stories high or less than 3,000
square feet (279 m^) per story if a reasonable
portion of all facilities and accommodations

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normally sought and used by the public in
such a building are accessible to and usable
by persons with disabilities.

The elevator exception set forth in this section does not obvi-
ate or limit in any way the obligation to comply with the other
accessibility requirements in this code. For example, floors
above or below the accessible ground floor must meet the
requirements of this section except for elevator service. If toilet
or bathing facilities are provided on a level not served by an
elevator, then toilet or bathing facilities must be provided on
the accessible ground floor

If a building or facility is eligible for this exception but a pas-
senger elevator is nonetheless planned, that elevator shall meet
the requirements of Section 1116B and shall serve each level in
the building. A passenger elevator that provides service from a
garage to only one level of a building or facility is not required
to serve other levels.

In existing buildings, where elevators are required by Sec-
tion 1134B.2 or 1 1 03 B.I, if an escalator or stair is installed
where none existed previously and major structural modifica-
tions are necessary for such installation, then a means of
accessible vertical access via ramp, elevator or lift shall be
provided.

1103B.2 Distance to elevators. In new construction ofbuild-
I I ings where elevators are required by Section 1 1 03 B.I, and
which exceed 10,000 square feet (929 m^) on any floor, an
accessible means of vertical access via ramp, elevator or lift
shall be provided within 200 feet (60 960 mm) of travel of each
stair and each escalator In existing buildings that exceed
10,000 square feet (929 m^) on any floor and in which elevators
I I are required by Sections I134B.2 and 1 1 03 B.I, whenever a
newly constructed means of vertical access is provided via
stairs or an escalator, an accessible means of vertical access
via ramp, elevator or lift shall be provided within 200 feet (60
960 mm) of travel of each new stair or escalator

Exception: Stairs used solely for emergency egress.

SECTION 11 04B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP A OCCUPANCIES

11043,1 General All Group A occupancies shall be accessible
as provided in this chapter. See also the general requirements
inSectionllMB.I.I.

1104B.2 Assistive-listening systems in assembly areas.

Assembly areas, conference and meeting rooms shall provide
assistive-listening systems for persons with hearing impair-
ments as provided in this section.

Exception: This section does not apply to systems used
exclusively for paging, or background music, or a combina-
tion of these two uses.

1. Number of personal receivers required. The minimum
number of receivers to be provided shall be equal to 4
percent of the total number of seats, but in no case less
than two.

2. Types of listening systems. Types of assistive-listening
systems include, but are not limited to, audio-induction

loops, radio frequency systems (AM or FM) and infrared
transmission.

3. Location, If the assistive-listening system provided is
limited to specific areas or seats, then such areas or seats
shall be within a 50-foot (15 240 mm ) viewing distance
of the stage or playing area and shall have a complete
view of the stage or playing area.

4. Signage, A sign shall be posted in a prominent place (for
example, a customer service counter, ticket booth or
assembly area entrance) indicating the availability of
assistive-listening devices. The sign complying with Sec-
tion 11I7B.5.1, Items 2 and 3 shall include the Interna-
tional Symbol of Access for Hearing Loss complying
with Figure IIB-I4C and include wording that states,
"Assistive-Listening System Available.'*

5. Fees and charges. Nothing in this section shall preclude
a facility charging for such assistive-listening system its
usual fee for audiovisual equipment. However, no sur-
charge may be placed directly on any particular individ-
ual with a disability or any group of individuals with
disabilities to cover the costs of such equipment.

6. Permanent and portable systems. Permanently installed
assistive-listening systems are required in areas if (I)
they accommodate at least 50 persons or if they have
audio-amplification systems, and (2) they have fixed
seating. If portable assistive-listening systems are used
for conference or meeting rooms, the system may serve
more than one room. An adequate number of electrical
outlets or other supplementary wiring necessary to sup-
port a portable assistive-listening system shall be pro-
vided.

1104B.3 Auditoriums, assembly halls, theaters and related
facilities.

1104B.3.1 Seating. In all assembly places where seating is
provided, there shall be spaces for persons using wheel-
chairs and semi-ambulant persons, as provided in this sec-
tion.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings and facilities when the
enforcing agency determines that compliance with
the seating requirements of this code would create
an unreasonable hardship, such requirements
shall not apply. When the unreasonable hardship
finding is applied, at least I percent of the total
seating provided shall be accessible to and usable
by persons with disabilities who use wheelchairs,
and such seating shall comply with the level
requirements and the individual space require-
ments of this code.

2. When an existing theater is subdivided into more
than one facility having upper levels not accessible
by ramp or elevator, and the enforcing agency
determines that full compliance with this code
would create an unreasonable hardship, such
upper levels need not be made accessible, provided
all facilities at grade are accessible and any event,
showing of motion pictures or other activities

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made available to the public in all of the facilities
are scheduled to ensure that all such functions are
available to the public in the accessible facility.

1104BJ.2 Accessibility to key facilities. Seating for per-
sons with disabilities shall be accessible from the main
lobby or from a primary entrance, together with related toi-
let facilities.

1104B.33 Variety of locations. Accessible seating or
accommodations in places of public amusement and resort,
including theaters, concert halls and stadiums, shall be pro-
vided in a variety of locations so as to provide persons with
disabilities a choice of admission prices otherwise avail-
able to members of the general public,

1104BJ.4 Wheelchair spaces,

1. The number of such spaces is as shown in Table
llB-1.

TABLE 11 B-1
WHEELCHAIR SEATING SPACES

SEATING CAPACITY

NO. OF WHEELCHAIR
SEATING SPACES

4 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 300

301 to 500

In addition, I percent, but not less than one, of all fixed
seats, shall be aisle seats with no armrests on the aisle side,
or removable or folding armrests on the aisle side. Each
such seat shall be identified by a sign or marker with the
International Symbol of Accessibility (see Figure IIB.6).
Signage notifying patrons of the availability of such seats
shall be posted at the ticket office. Signs and markers shall
comply with Section 1117B.5.1, Items 2 and 3, as applica-
ble.

2. When the seating capacity exceeds 500, one addi-
tional wheelchair seating space shall be provided for
each total seating capacity increase of 100.

3. The ground or floor at spaces shall be level and shall
comply with Section 1124B.

1 1 04B, 3. 5 Placement of wheelchair locations. Wheelchair
areas shall be an integral part of any fixed seating plan, and
shall be arranged so as to provide persons with disabilities a
choice of admission prices and lines of sight comparable to
those for members of the general public. Each wheelchair
area shall adjoin an accessible route which shall also serve
as a means of egress in case of emergency. At least one com-
panion fixed seat shall be provided next to each wheelchair
seating area. When the seating capacity exceeds 300,
wheelchair spaces shall be provided in more than one loca-
tion in addition to complying with Section 1104B.3.3.

Exceptions:

1 . Accessible viewing positions where seating capac-
ity is less than 300 may be clustered for bleachers,
balconies and other areas having sight lines that
require slopes of greater than one unit vertical in
20 units horizontal (5-percent slope). Equivalent

accessible viewing positions may be located on
levels having accessible egress.

2, Where it is determined that dispersing accessible
seating throughout an existing assembly area
would create an unreasonable hardship, accessi-
ble seating areas may be clustered. Each accessi-
ble seating area shall have provisions for
companion seating and shall be located on an
accessible route that also serves as a means of
emergency egress.

1104B,3.6 Size of wheelchair location. Each wheelchair
location shall provide minimum clear floor or ground space
as shown in Figure I1B-I5, and shall adjoin an egress aisle
on at least one side.

1104B.3,7 Removable seats. Readily removable seats may
be installed in these wheelchair spaces when such spaces
are not required to accommodate wheelchair users.

1104B,3.8 Seatingfor semi-ambulant individuals. In addi-
tion to spaces provided for wheelchair users as noted in Sec-
tions 1104B.3.4 through 1104B.3.7 above, there shall be
provided seatingfor semi-ambulant individuals. The num-
ber of such seating shall be equal to at least 1 percent of the
total seating and shall be no fewer than two. Such seats shall
provide at least 24 inches (610 mm) clear leg space between
the front of the seat to the nearest obstruction or to the back
of the seat immediately in front.

1104B,3,9 Life safety. In determining the location of seat-
ing for persons with disabilities, life safety shall be consid-
ered, and all seating provided must comply with the fire and
panic safety requirements of the State Fire Marshal

1104B,3.10 Access to performing areas. An accessible
route shall connect wheelchair seating locations with per-
forming areas, including stages, arena floors, dressing
rooms, locker rooms and other spaces used by performers.

1104B,3,11 Stages, enclosed and unenclosed platforms
and orchestra pits. Stages, enclosed and unenclosed plat-
forms and orchestra pits shall be made accessible to per-
sons with disabilities.

Exceptions:

1. When the enforcing agency finds that requiring
compliance with this code, for an enclosed or
unenclosed platform or depressed area not more
than 24 inches (610 mm) above or below an adja-
cent accessible level, would create an unreason-
able hardship, the enclosed and unenclosed
platform or depressed area shall be made accessi-
ble by a portable ramp with a slope not exceeding
one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.33 per-
cent slope).

2. In existing buildings and facilities, all stages,
enclosed or unenclosed platforms, and orchestra
pits need not be accessible when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with this code
would create an unreasonable hardship.

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1104B.3.12 Ticket booths. Customer and employee sides of
ticket booths and of concession and refreshment sales facili-
ties shall be made accessible to persons with disabilities.

1104B,3J3 Miscellaneous areas. Public toilets and other
public areas shall be made accessible to persons with dis-
abilities.

1104B,4 Stadiums, grandstands, bleachers, athletic pavil-
ions, gymnasiums and miscellaneous sport-related facilities,

1104B,4,1 Spectator seating. Spectator seating shall com-
ply with Section 1104B.3,

1104B,4,2 Ticket booth. Ticket booths shall comply with
Section 1104BJ.12.

1104B,4,3 Participation areas. Participation areas shall be
accessible to persons with disabilities, including the follow-
ing listed and similar activity areas:

1. Tennis, racquetball and handball courts.

2. Gymnasiumfloor areas and general exercise rooms.

3. Basketball, volleyball and badminton courts, and
bowling lanes.

4. Swimming pool deck areas shall be accessible, and a
mechanism to assist persons with disabilities in gain-
ing entry into the pool and in exiting from the pool
shall be provided. Such a mechanism may consist of a
swimming pool lift device that meets all of the follow-
ing criteria:

4.1. Have a seat that meets all of the following:

4.1.1. The seat shall be rigid;

4.1. 2. The seat shall be not less than 17
inches (423 mm) and not more than 19
inches (483 mm), inclusive of any
cushioned surface that might be pro-
vided, above the pool deck;

4.1.3. The seat shall have two armrests. The
armrest on the side of the seat by
which access is gained shall be either
removable or fold clear of the seat;

4.1.4. The seat shall have a back support
that is at least 12 inches (305 mm) tall;

4.1.5. The seat shall have an occupant re-
straint for use by the occupant of the
seat, and the restraint shall meet the
standards for operable controls in
compliance with Section 1117B.6,
Items 1 through 4.

4.2. Be capable of unassisted operation from both
the deck and water levels.

4.3. Be stable and not permit unintended move-
ment when a person is getting into or out of the
seat.

4.4. Be designed to have a live-load capacity of
not less than 300 pounds (137 kg).

4.5. Be positioned so that, if the pool has water of
different depths, it will place the operator into
water that is at least 3 feet (914 mm) deep.

4.6. Lower the operator at least 18 inches (457
mm) below the surface of the water.

5. Athletic team rooms and facilities, playing fields and
running tracks.

1104B,4,4 Clubrooms. Clubrooms shall be made accessi-
ble to persons with disabilities.

1104B,4,5 Sanitary and locker facilities. Where spectator
and/or participant sanitary and/or locker facilities are pro-
vided, they shall conform with the requirements in Section
1115B.

1104B,5 Dining, banquet and bar facilities,

1. General, Dining, banquet and bar facilities shall be
made accessible to persons with disabilities as provided
in this section. All areas where each type of functional
activity occurs shall be made accessible.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any
regulation under this section would create an
unreasonable hardship, an exception shall be
granted when equivalent facilitation is pro-
vided.

2. In existing buildings, these regulations shall not
apply when legal or physical constraints would
not allow compliance with these regulations or
equivalent facilitation without creating an un-
reasonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5. ' '

2. Entrance, Access to these facilities shall be provided at
entrances and exits as required by Section 1133B.1.1.

3. Raised or sunken areas. All raised or sunken areas,
including dining areas, loggias and outdoor seating
areas, shall be accessible. A raised platform where a
head table or speaker's lectern is located shall be acces-
sible. Open edges of raised or sunken areas shall be pro-
tected as required by Sections 1013 Guards, 1133B.8.1
Warning curbs, or by other means as required by this
code. For existing buildings, see Section 1120B, Floors
and Levels.

4. Seating, Each dining, banquet and bar area shall have
one wheelchair seating space for each 20 seats, with at
least one minimum wheelchair seating space per func-
tional area. Such seating shall be designed and arranged
to permit use by wheelchair occupants, and shall comply
with Section 1122B, Fixed or Built-in Seating, Tables
and Counters. Access to such seating spaces shall be
provided with main aisles not less than 36 inches (914
mm) clear width. In establishments where separate areas
are designated for smoking and nonsmoking patrons, the
required number of accessible fixed tables (or counters)
shall be proportionally distributed between the smoking
and nonsmoking areas. Accessible seating spaces shall
be integrated with general seating to allow a reasonable
selection of seating area and to avoid having one area
specifically highlighted as the area for persons with dis-
abilities. The ratio of accessible seating is based on the
total number of seats provided. Where food or drink is
served at counters exceeding 34 inches (865 mm) in

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height for consumption by customers seated or standing
at the counter, ct portion of the main counter which is 60
inches (1525 mm) in length minimum shall be provided
in compliance with Section 1122B,

5. Food service aisles. Food service aisles shall be a mini-
mum of 36 inches (914 mm) of clear width with a pre-
ferred width of 42 inches (1067 mm) where passage of
stopped wheelchairs by pedestrians is desired. Tray
slides shall be mounted no higher than 34 inches (864
mm) above the floor as shown in Figure llB-16. If
self-service shelves are provided, at least 50 percent of
each type must be within the reach ranges in Sections
1118B.5andlll8B.6.

6. Tableware and condiment areas. Self-service table-
ware, dishware, condiments, food and beverage display
shelves and dispensing devices shall comply with Sec-
tions 1118B and 1122BA, See Figure llB-17.

7. Restrooms. Restrooms and powder rooms shall conform
to the requirements in Section 1115B.

8. Food preparation areas. Access to food preparation
areas shall comply with the provisions for entrance
doors and doorways in Section 1008, and aisles in Sec-
tions 1017 and 1017.2.

1104B. 6 Religious facilities.

1104B.6.1 General, Religious facilities shall be made
accessible to persons with disabilities as provided in this
section.

Exception: In existing buildings, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any regulation
under this section would create an unreasonable hard-
ship, an exception shall be granted when equivalent
facilitation is provided.

1104B.6.2 Sanctuary. Sanctuary areas shall be made
accessible to persons with disabilities,

1104B.6.2.1 Wheelchair seating spaces in these areas
shall conform to the requirements in Section 1104B.3.L

1104B.6.2.2 Wheelchair access shall be provided to
raised platforms, choir rooms, choir lofts, performing
areas and other similar areas.

Exception: In existing buildings, these regulations
shall not apply to choir lofts when the enforcing
agency determines that such compliance would cre-
ate an unreasonable hardship.

1104B.6.3 Assembly areas. Assembly areas shall be made
accessible to persons with disabilities. Enclosed and unen-
closed platforms and stages in assembly areas shall con-
form to these requirements.

1104B.6.4 Classrooms and offices. Classrooms and offices
shall have entry doors that conform to the requirements in
Chapter 10.

1104B.6.5 Sanitary facilities. Sanitary facilities shall con-
form to the requirements in Section 1115B.

SECTION 11 05B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP B OCCUPANCIES

Group B occupancies shall be accessible as provided in this
chapter. See also the general requirements in Section
1114B.LL

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, when the enforcing agency de-
termines that compliance with any regulation under
this section would create an unreasonable hardship,
an exception shall be granted when equivalent facili-
tation is provided,

2. In existing buildings, the provisions of this section
shall not apply when legal or physical constraints will
not allow compliance with these building standards
or equivalent facilitation without creating an unrea-
sonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5. \\

3. For floors and levels in new and existing buildings,
see Section 1120B.

1105B.1 General. The provisions of this section apply to the
specified types of facilities and identify specific requirements of
accessibility and usability which shall be provided for each of
the listed occupancy uses.

1105B.2 Group B occupancies. Group B occupancies used for
assembly purposes shall conform to the requirements as speci-
fied in Section 11 MB. 1,1. For floors and levels in dining, ban-
quet and bar facilities, see Section 1120B.

I105B.3 Office buildings and personal and public service
facilities. Office buildings and personal and public service
facilities shall conform to the provisions of this section.

1105B.3.1 Facilities covered. Facilities covered in this sec-
tion are those that are used by the public as customers, cli-
ents, visitors or which are potentially places of employment
and shall include, but not be limited to, the following
requirements:

1. All types of general and specialized business profes-
sional offices, including those related to professional
medicine or dentistry, insurance, real estate, attor-
neys, credit bureaus, consultants, counseling and ac-
counting.

2. All types of sales establishments, including outlets for
all general and special merchandise and equipment,
including personal and household furnishings and
supplies, foods, sporting equipment, office supplies,
vehicles and related parts and supplies, building ma-
terials and pet shops.

3. All personal and public service facilities, including
banks, savings and loan companies, credit unions,
newspaper and printing establishments, photo-
graphic studios, launder mats, cleaning and laundry
outlets, veterinarian clinics and hospitals, automo-
bile rental agencies, travel bureaus, public utility fa-
cilities, police stations and detention facilities,
courtrooms and fire stations.

4. In addition to the requirements of this section, all ar-
eas used for business transactions with the public
shall comply with Sections lllOB.l, Sales, and

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1122B, Fixed or Built-in Seating, Tables, and Coun-
ters.

1105B,3.2 Business and professional offices. Areas to be
made accessible include the following:

1. Client and visitor areas and office areas, together
with related toilet rooms.

2. Conference rooms, counseling rooms or cubicles and
similar areas.

3. Employee work areas shall have a minimum of 36
inches (914 mm) clear width access, except as modi-
fied in other portions of these regulations. See Sec-
tions 1133B.6.1 and 1133B.6.2.

4. Professional medical and dental offices shall be made
accessible and shall also comply with Section 1109B.

1105B,3.3 Personal and public service facilities. Areas to
be made accessible include the following:

1 . Client and visitor areas, office areas and related toilet
rooms shall be made accessible.

2. Employee work areas shall have a minimum of 36
inches (914 mm) clear width access, except as modi-
fied in other portions of these regulations. See Sec-
tions 1133B.6.1 and 1133B.6.2.

3. Automated teller machines used by a financial institu-
tion and its customers for the primary purposes of ex-
ecuting financial transactions shall be located on an
accessible route of travel complying with Section
11 MB. 1.2 and shall comply with Section 1117B.7.

1105B.3,4 Public utility facilities. Areas to be made acces-
sible include the following:

1. Office areas, meeting rooms and similar areas to-
gether with related toilet rooms shall be made acces-
sible.

2. Public tour areas, to the extent that such public tours
are conducted through or about a facility, or where
the public is permitted to walk in such areas, shall
provide accessibility in those portions of the facility
and grounds where this occurs.

Exceptions:

1. Facilities located in operational areas which
would not have any reasonable availability
to or usage by persons who use wheelchairs
for mobility are not subject to the wheelchair
accessibility requirements of these regula-
tions.

2. When the enforcing agency determines that
compliance with this subsection would cre-
ate an unreasonable hardship, an exception
to such provision shall be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided.

3. Visitor overlook facilities, orientation areas and simi-
lar public use areas, and any sanitary facilities that
serve these facilities shall be made accessible.

4. Where public parking is provided, spaces shall be
provided for persons with disabilities as specified in
Sections 1129B and 1130B.

1105B,3,5 Police department, law enforcement, fire
department facilities and courtrooms* Areas to be made
accessible include the following:

1. Office areas, conference rooms, classrooms, dispatch
rooms and similar areas, along with related sanitary
facilities, shall be made accessible.

2. Detention area visitor rooms shall be made accessible.

3. At least one detention cell facility with supporting
sanitary facilities shall be made accessible.

4. Courtroom areas, including the judge's chambers
and bench, counsel tables, jury box, witness stand and
public seating area shall be made accessible.

1105B.3.6 Miscellaneous general standards.

1. Circulation aisles and pedestrian ways shall be sized
according to functional requirements and in no case
shall be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width.

2. Storage areas. The doorway providing access to all
such areas shall not be less than 32 inches (813 mm)
in clear width. Storage areas shall be made accessible
in the number and dimensions provided in Section
1125B.

SECTION 11 06B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP E OCCUPANCIES

1106B,1 General, Group E occupancies shall be accessible as
provided in this chapter. See also the general requirements in
Section 1114B.LL

Exceptions:

2. In existing buildings, where the enforcing agency de-
termines that, because of physical constraints, com-
pliance with these regulations or equivalent
facilitation would create an unreasonable hardship,
these regulations shall not apply. See Section 1.9.1.5.

1106B.2 Laboratory rooms. Laboratory rooms shall have at
least one workstation and at least 5 percent of all workstations
accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities in compli-
ance with Section 1118B, Space Allowance and Reach Ranges,
and Section 1122B, Fixed or Built-in Seating, Tables and
Counters.

Exception: Where the enforcing agency determines that it
would create an unreasonable hardship to require compli-
ance with these regulations for special use rooms such as
laboratory preparation rooms, supply rooms, small
research laboratories, and areas containing specialized
equipment not readily usable by persons with particular
disabilities, such facilities need not comply with these regu-
lations, except that a clear width of 32 inches (813 mm)
shall be maintained into such rooms.

1106B.3 Teaching facility cubicles, study carrels, etc. Teach-
ing facility cubicles, study carrels, etc., shall have 5 percent,

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but always at least one cubicle or carrel in each group (lan-
guage y dental, audiovisual, typing, drafting, darkrooms, etc.)
made accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities in
compliance with Section 1118B, Space Allowance and Reach
Ranges, and Section 1122B, Fixed or Built-in Seating, Tables
and Counters.

1106B,4 Library general use areas.

1. General Library general use areas such as those hous-
ing card files, book stacks, periodicals, reading and
study areas, reference areas, information desks, circula-
tion counters, reserve areas, special facilities or collec-
tions, etc., shall be made accessible to persons with
disabilities.

2. Open book stacks. Open book stacks (those available for
customer use) shall be on an accessible route complying
with Section 1114B.L2, may be of normal height, and
shall have main aisles no less than 44 inches (1118 mm)
in clear width and side, range and end aisles no less than
36 inches (914 mm) in clear width.

In existing buildings, multitiered, closed book stacks
(those restricted to employee use) are exempt from these
accessibility standards.

3. Height of book shelves. Unless an attendant is available
to assist persons with disabilities, all book shelving shall
be located not more than 54 inches (1372 mm) above the
floor.

4. Card catalogs and magazine displays. Minimum clear
aisle space and maximum reach heights at card catalogs
and magazine displays shall comply with Section 1118B,
with a height of 48 inches (1219 mm) preferred irrespec-
tive of reach allowed.

5. Reading and study areas. At least 5 percent or a
minimumofone of each element of fixed seating, tables,
study carrels, computers or similar workstations shall be
on an accessible route complying with Section
1114B.L2, and shall comply with Section 1118B,
''Space Allowance and Reach Ranges", Section 1122B,
''Fixed or Built-in Seating, Tables and Counters" and
Section 1133B.6 "Aisles".

6. Check-out areas. At least one lane at each check-out
area shall be on an accessible route complying with Sec-
tion 1114B.L2, and shall have a portion of the counter
which is at least 36 inches (914 mm) in length with a max-
imum height of 34 inches (864 mm) above the finish floor
with a 36 inch (914 mm) wide aisle on the customer side.
Any traffic control or book security gates or turnstiles
shall comply with Section 1133B.2,3.4.

SECTION 11 07B
FACTORIES AND WAREHOUSES

Factories and warehouses shall conform to the provisions of
this section, Sections 1103B.1 and 1103B.1, Exception 2, for
multistory buildings. See also the general requirements in Sec-
tion 1114BJ.L

Exception: In existing buildings, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any regulation

under this section would create an unreasonable hardship,
an exception shall be granted when equivalent facilitation is
provided.

1107B.1 Factories.

1 . Major or principal floor areas shall be made accessible.

2. Office areas shall be made accessible.

3. Sanitary facilities serving these areas shall be made
accessible.

1107B.2 Warehouses.

1. Miscellaneous warehousing areas which are located on
the floor nearest grade and those areas on other floors
that are otherwise provided with access by level entry,
ramp or elevator shall be made accessible.

2. Office areas shall be made accessible.

3. Sanitary facilities serving these areas shall be made
accessible.

SECTION 11 08B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP H OCCUPANCIES

1108B,1 General Group H occupancies shall be accessible as
provided in this chapter. See also the general requirements in
Section 1114BJ.1.

Exceptions:

1. In existing Group H occupancies, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any regula-
tion under this section would create an unreasonable
hardship, an exception shall be granted when equiva-
lent facilitation and protection are provided.

2. In existing Group H occupancies, the provisions of
this section shall not apply when legal or physical
constraints prevent compliance with these building
standards or the provisions of equivalent facilitation
without creating an unreasonable hardship. See Sec- • ■
tion 1.9.1.5. ' '

1108B.2 Accessible sanitation facilities. Accessible sanitation
facilities in all Group H occupancies shall be provided as spec-
ified in this chapter.

1108B.3 Accessible routes. Entrances, stairs, ramps, doors,
turnstiles, corridors, walks, sidewalks and hazards shall pro-
vide accessibility as specified in Section 1133B.

1108B.4 Accessible floors and levels. Accessible floors and
levels shall comply with the requirements specified in this
chapter.

1108B,5 Employee work areas. Employee work areas shall be
accessible by means of a 36-inch (914 mm) minimum aisle
width and a 3 2- inch (813 mm) minimum clear opening door
width, as specified in Sections 1133B.6J and 1133B.6.2.

1108B,6 Accessible facilities covered in this chapter are those
that are used by the public as customers, clients, visitors or
which are potential places of employment.

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SECTION 11 09B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP I OCCUPANCIES

1109B,1 General, All Group I occupancies shall be accessible
as provided in this chapter See also the general requirements
inSectionllMBJJ.

Exception: In existing buildings, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any regulation
under this section would create an unreasonable hardship,
an exception shall be granted when equivalent facilitation is
provided.

1109B.2 Entrance. At medical care facilities in which people
receive physical or medical treatment or care and where per-
sons may need assistance in responding to an emergency and
where the period of stay may exceed twenty-four hours, at least
one accessible entrance shall be protected from the weather by
canopy or roof overhang. Such entrances shall incorporate a
passenger loading zone complying with Section 113 IB, 2.

1109B3 Patient bedrooms and toilet rooms. Patient bedrooms
and associated toilet facilities shall be made accessible as fol-
lows:

1. Long-term care facilities, including skilled nursing facil-
ities, intermediate care facilities, bed and care and nurs-
ing homes shall have at least 50 percent of patient
bedrooms and toilet rooms, and all public use and com-
mon use areas, accessible.

2. General-purpose hospitals, psychiatric facilities and
detoxification facilities shall have at least 10 percent of
patient bedrooms and toilets, and all public use and com-
mon use areas, accessible.

3. Hospitals and rehabilitation facilities that specialize in
treating conditions that affect mobility, or units within
either that specialize in treating conditions that affect
mobility, shall have all patient bedrooms and toilets and
all public use and common use areas accessible.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, when patient bedrooms
are being added or altered as part of a planned
renovation of an entire wing, a department, or
other discrete area of an existing medical facil-
ity, the accessible rooms provided shall comply
with Section 1109B.4 and shall be consistent
with the percentage of rooms required to be ac-
cessible by 1109B.3, until the number of acces-
sible patient bedrooms in the facility equals the
overall number that would be required if the fa-
cility were newly constructed. (For example, if
20 patient bedrooms are being altered in the ob-
stetrics department of a hospital, 2 of the al-
tered rooms must be made accessible. If, within
the same hospital, 20 patient bedrooms are be-
ing altered in a unit that specializes in treating
mobility impairments, all of the altered rooms
must be made accessible.) Where toilet/bath-
rooms are part of patient bedrooms which are
added or altered and required to be accessible,
each such patient toilet/bathroom shall comply
with Section 1 1 09B. 5.

2. In existing buildings, when patient bedrooms
are being added or altered individually, and not
as part of an alteration of the entire area, the al-
tered patient bedrooms shall comply with Sec-
tion I109B.4, unless either: a) the number of
accessible rooms provided in the department or
area containing the altered patient bedroom
equals the number of accessible patient bed-
rooms that would be required if the percentage
requirements of Section 1109B.3 were applied
to that department or area; or b) the number of
accessible patient bedrooms in the facility
equals the overall number that would be re-
quired if the facility were newly constructed.
Where toilet/bathrooms are part of patient bed-
rooms which are added or altered and required
to be accessible, each such toilet/bathroom
shall comply with Section 1109B.5.

1109B,4 Patient bedroom areas. Accessible patient bedrooms
shall comply with the following requirements:

1. Each bedroom shall have a turning space measuring 60
inches (1524 mm) clear in diameter, or that is a T-shaped
space complying with Figure llB-12. In rooms with two
beds, it is preferable that this space be located between
beds.

2. Each bedroom shall have a minimum clear floor space of
36 inches (914 mm) along each side of the bed, and shall
provide an accessible route to each side of the bed.

3. Each bedroom shall have an accessible door that com-
plies with Section 1133B.2.

1109B.5 Patient toilet rooms and bathing facilities. Patient
toilet rooms and bathing facilities required to be accessible
shall comply with Section 1115B.

1109B,6 Diagnostic and treatment areas. Diagnostic and
treatment areas and, where applicable, at least one dressing
room, sanitary facility, etc., for each unit or suite shall be made
accessible.

1109B.7 Waiting areas, offices and sanitary facilities. Waiting
areas, offices and sanitary facilities serving them shall be made
accessible as covered in other portions of these standards.

1109B.8 Offices and suites. In buildings that house offices and
suites of physicians, dentists, etc., all such offices or suites shall
be made accessible, subject to other provisions of these regula-
tions.

SECTION 111 OB
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP M OCCUPANCIES

lllOB.l Sales,

lllOBJJ General areas. General sales, display and office
areas together with related toilet rooms shall be made
accessible. See also the general requirements in Section
IIMBJJ.

Exceptions:

1 , Minor specialized display areas that do not exceed
200 square feet (18. 6 m^ j in floor area and to which

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the general public is excluded need not be made
accessible.

2. Offices in sales facilities that do not exceed 5,000
square feet (465 w?) in total area, that are located
on nonaccessible levels, need not be made accessi-
ble.

1110BJ.2 Work areas. Sales employee workstations shall
be located on accessible levels, and the customer side of
sales or check-out stations shall be accessible. Employee
work areas shall be sized and arranged to provide access to
employees in wheelchairs.

11108,1,3 Check stands. Where check stands are provided,
the minimum number of check stands that are accessible
shall be as shown in Table llB-2. When not all check stands
are accessible, accessible check stands shall be identified by
a sign clearly visible to a person in a wheelchair displaying
the International Symbol of Accessibility complying with
Section 1117B,5.8. The sign shall be a minimum of 4 inches
by 4 inches (102 mm by 102 mm). When check stands are
open for customer use, a minimum of one accessible check
stand shall always be available. As check stands are opened
and closed based on fluctuating customer levels, the num-
ber of accessible check stands available shall comply with
Table llB-2.

TABLE 11 B-2
CHECK STANDS

TOTAL NUMBER OF CHECK
STANDS OF EACH DESiGN

MINIMUM NUMBER OF CHECK STANDS
OF EACH DESIGN TO BE ACCESSIBLE

lto4

5 to 8

9 to 15

over 15

3 plus 20% of additional aisles

Accessible check stands shall provide a minimum clear
checkout aisle width of 36 inches (914 mm) with a maximum
adjoining counter height not exceeding 38 inches (965 mm)
above the finish floor The top of the counter lip shall not
exceed 40 inches (1016 mm) above the finish floor.

In existing buildings, at least one checkout aisle shall be
accessible in facilities with less than 5,000 square feet (465
m^) of selling space. In facilities of 5,000 square feet (465
m^) or more of selling space, at least one of each design of
checkout aisle shall be made accessible when altered until
the number of accessible checkout aisles of each design
equals the number required in new construction.

Examples of checkout aisles of different design include
those which are specifically designed to serve different func-
tions. A different design includes, but is not limited to, the
following features: length of belt or no belt, or permanent
signage designating the aisle as an express lane.

1110B,1,4 Point-of-sale machines. All point-of-sale
machines used by customers for the primary purpose of exe-
cuting transactions between the business entity and the cus-
tomer shall comply with Section 1117B.7.

1110BJ.5 Turnstiles, See Section 1133B.2.3.4.

IIIOB.1.6 Theft prevention barriers. Where shopping cart
theft prevention barriers are used, they shall conform to the i
following requirements:

1. Each entrance and exit provided for public use shall
be accessible to and usable by persons with disabili-
ties.

2. Shopping cart barriers located at a public entrance or
exit shall be designed to provide a clear, unobstructed
opening at least 32 inches (813 mm) in width for in-
gress and egress of persons with disabilities.

3. Where gates are used, they shall open in the direction
of travel, provide a clear unobstructed opening 32
inches (813 mm) in width and be maintained unlocked
during business hours. Gates shall not operate a pub-
licly audible alarm system or require more than 5
foot-pounds of force (22.2 N-m).

4. Where a clear unobstructed opening is provided, a
level area is required on both sides of the clear open-
ing or gate which extends a minimum of 44 inches
(1118 mm) on each side of the opening and is at least
48 inches (1219 mm) in width.

5. Where a gate is used, the level area on both sides of
the clear opening or gate shall be a minimum of 60
inches (1524 mm) in width and extend a minimum of
60 inches (1524 mm) (measured from the gate in a
closed position) in the direction of the gate swing. The
level area opposite the gate swing shall be a minimum
of 48 inches (1219 mm) in width and extend a mini-
mum of 42 inches (1067 mm).

6. Where a gate is used, the bottom of the gate shall be
within 3 inches (76 mm) of the surface of the path of
travel The surface of the gate on each side shall be
smooth to present no hazard to persons with disabili-
ties using the gate and shall be structurally adequate
to allow it to be opened with the wheelchair foot ped-
als.

7. The path of travel to and through the clear opening or
gate shall be designed to prevent barriers from ob-
structing it and shall be continuously maintained un-
obstructed during business hours. Also, the design
shall specifically prevent parked vehicles from ob-
structing ingress and egress.

8. Interior and exterior pedestrian traffic barriers
(posts, rails, turnstiles, etc.) shall allow unobstructed
travel for persons with disabilities through a 3 2 -inch
(813 mm) clear opening.

1110B,2 Miscellaneous general standards,

11103,2,1 Circulation, Shelves or display units allowing
self-service by customers in mercantile occupancies shall
be located on an accessible route of travel complying with
Section 1114B.L2. Circulation aisles and pedestrian ways
shall be sized according to functional requirements and in
no case shall be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width.

1110B,2,2 Storage areas. The doorway providing access to
all such areas shall not be less than 32 inches (813 mm) in
clear width. Storage areas shall be made accessible in the
number and dimensions provided in Section 1125B.

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SECTION 11 11B
ACCESSIBILITY FOR GROUP R OCCUPANCIES

llllB.l General Group R occupancies shall be accessible or
adaptable as provided in this chapter Public-use and common
use areas serving adaptable guest and/or dwelling units shall
be accessible. See also the general accessibility requirements
in Section 11 MB. 1.1,

Exception: When the enforcing agency determines that
compliance with any regulation under this section would
create an unreasonable hardship, an exception shall be
granted when equivalent facilitation is provided.

1111B.2 Public and common use rooms or areas. Public- and
common use rooms and similar areas shall be made accessible
to persons with disabilities, subject to specific provisions con-
tained in other portions of these regulations. See also general
requirements in Section 1114B.LL

At least one of each type of amenity (such as washers, dryers
and similar equipment installed for the use of occupants) in
each common area shall be accessible and shall be located on
an accessible route to any accessible unit or sleeping accom-
modation.

Exception: Where elevators are not required, accessible
amenities are not required on inaccessible floors as long as
one of each type is provided in common areas on accessible
floors.

1111B.3 Recreational facilities. When recreational facilities
are provided, including swimming pools, they shall comply
with Sections 1104BA.3 and 1132B.2.

llllBA Hotels, motels, inns, dormitories, resorts, homeless
shelters, halfway houses, transient group homes and similar
places of transient lodging. Hotels, motels, inns, dormitories,
resorts, homeless shelters, halfway houses, transient group
homes and similar places of transient lodging shall provide
access for persons with disabilities in accordance with the pro-
visions of the accessibility requirements of this California
Building Code, except as herein provided.

Facilities with multibed rooms or spaces shall comply with
Sections llllB.4.2 and 1111B.43.

Occupancies which are not homeless shelters but are being
altered to provide shelter accommodations shall meet the
requirements of this section,

llllB.4.1 Available range of accommodations. Accessi-
ble guest rooms or suites shall be dispersed among the vari-
ous classes of sleeping accommodations to provide a range
of options applicable to room sizes, costs, amenities pro-
vided and the number of beds provided.

HUB. 4.2 Guest rooms and suites. Places of transient
lodging shall incorporate the accessibility requirements of
this code as modified by this chapter in at least one guest
room or dormitory room together with their sanitary facili-
ties as required in Table llB-3. All accessible sleeping
rooms or suites required by Table llB-3 shall comply with
the requirements of Section HUB. 4. 5 for hearing impaired
guests.

llllB.4.2.1 Spaces. Where provided as part of an
accessible unit, sleeping room or suite, the following

spaces shall be accessible and shall be on an accessible
route complying with Section 11 MBA. 2:

L The living area;

2. The dining area;

3. At least one sleeping area;

4. Patios, terraces or balconies;

5. Where full bathrooms are provided, at least one
full bathroom (that is, one with a water closet, a
lavatory and a bathtub or shower);

6. Where only half baths are provided, at least one
half bath;

Z Carports, garages or parking spaces,

llllB.4.2.2 Accessible route. Guest rooms and suites
shall be on an accessible route complying with Section
1114BJ.2, An accessible route shall also connect all
accessible spaces and elements, including telephones,
within the unit, sleeping room or suite.

llllB.4.2.3 Doors.

llllB.4.2.3.1 Doors into and within covered rooms
and suites. Doors and doorways designed to allow
passage into and within all sleeping rooms, suites or
other covered units shall comply with Section
1133B.2.

llllB.4.2.3.2 Doors into and within all other rooms
and suites. Doors and doorways designed to allow
passage into and within all other sleeping rooms and
suites shall comply with Section 1133B.2.2.

llllB.4.2.4 Alterations in existing facilities. When
guest rooms are being altered in an existing facility, or
portion thereof, subject to the requirements of this sec-
tion, at least one guest room or suite that complies with
the accessibility requirements of this code as modified by
this chapter shall be provided for each 25 guest rooms, or
fraction thereof, of rooms being altered until the number
of such rooms provided equals the number required to be
accessible in Table llB-3. In addition, at least one guest
room or suite that complies with the requirements of Sec-
tion 111 IB. 4, 5 shall be provided for each 25 guest
rooms, or fraction thereof, of rooms being altered until
the number of such rooms equals the number required to
be accessible in Table llB-4.

llllB.4.3 Access to beds. Accessible sleeping rooms shall
have a 36-inch (914 mm) clear width maneuvering space
located along both sides of a bed, except that where two
beds are provided, this requirement can be met by providing
a 36-inch-wide (914 mm) maneuvering space located
between the beds.

In addition, there shall be a clear space under the bed for
the use of a personal lift device. The clear space shall be on
a long side of the bed adjacent to an accessible aisle. The
clear space shall extend horizontally to points not more than
12 inches (305 mm) from each end of the bed, vertically not
less than 7 inches (1 78 mm), and not less than 30 inches
(762 mm) deep.

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TABLE 11 B'3
ADDITIONAL ACCESSIBILITY REQUIRED IN GUESTROOMS OR SUITES*

TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS

FULLY ACCESSIBLE ROOMS

PLUS ADDITIONAL ACCESSIBLE ROOMS WITH ROLL-IN SHOWERS

lto25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 150

151 to 200

201 to 300

301 to 400

401 to 500

4 plus 1 for each additional 100 over 400

501 to 1000

2% of total

4 plus Ifor each additional 100 over 400

1,001 and over

20 plus Ifor each 100 over 1,000

^Provisions of this chapter are additional modifications to general requirements listed in Section 1114BJJ.

TABLE 11 B'4
ADDITIONAL ACCESSIBILITY REQUIRED FOR HEARING IMPAIRED IN GUEST ROOMS*

TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS

NUMBER OF ROOMS EQUIPPED FOR HEARING IMPAIRED

lto25

26to50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 150

151 to 200

201 to 300

301 to 400

401 to 500

501 to 1,000

2% of total

1,001 and over

20 plus 1 for each 100 over 1,000

^Provisions of this chapter are additional modifications to general requirements listed in Section 1114BJ.L For Group 1-1 and R-1 occupancies, also see
Section 907.5.2.3.3

llllB.4.4 Kitchens, kitchenettes or wet bar facilities.

When accommodations are provided with kitchens, kitchen-
ettes, wet bar units or similar amenities, they shall be acces-
sible and meet the requirements of Section 11 33 A. Kitchens
shall be provided per the number required to be accessible
in conformance with Table llB-3.

I I 1111B,4,5 Visible alarms, notification devices and tele-
phones for persons with hearing impairments. In addition
to those accessible sleeping rooms and suites required by
Section 11113.4.2, additional sleeping rooms and suites
shall be provided with the following features as required by
Table llB-4 as follows:

I I 1111B.4,5J Visible alarms. Visible alarms shall be pro-

vided and shall comply with NFPA 72 and Chapter 9,
I I Section 907.52.3,

llllB.4.5,2 Visual notification devices. Visual notifica-
tion devices shall also be provided in units, sleeping
rooms and suites to alert room occupants of incoming

telephone calls and a door knock or bell. Notification
devices shall not be connected to visible alarm signal \
appliances.

1111B,4.53 Telephones. Permanently installed tele-
phones shall have volume controls complying with Sec-
tion 11I7B.2.8; an accessible electrical outlet within 48
inches (1219 mm) of a telephone connection shall be pro-
vided to facilitate the use of a text telephone.

1111BA.6 Bathrooms in hotels, motels, inns, dormitories,
resorts, homeless shelters, halfway houses, transient
group homes and similar places of transient lodging.

Required accessible bathrooms for places of transient lodg-
ing shall comply with the following provisions:

1. Doors. Doors to accessible bathrooms shall comply
with Section 1133B.2. Doors shall not swing into the
floor space required for any fixture.

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2. Clear floor space. All fixtures and controls shall be on
an accessible route. There must be within the bath-
room a clear floor space measuring 30 inches by 60
inches (762 mm by 1524 mm). The clear floor spaces
at fixtures and controls, the accessible route and the
turning space may overlap.

3. Water closets. If a toilet compartment is provided, it
shall comply with Section 1 1 15B.3. 1 orll 15B.3.2; its
water closet shall comply with Section 1115B.4.I of
this code.

4. Lavatory and mirrors. If a lavatory and/or mirror is
provided, they shall comply with Sections II15B.4.3
and 1I15B.8.I, as applicable.

5. Controls and dispensers. If controls, dispensers, re-
ceptacles or other types of equipment are provided,
then at least one of each shall be on an accessible
route and shall comply with Section HUB. 6, Con-
trols and operating mechanisms.

6. Bathing and shower facilities. If tubs or showers are
provided, then at least one accessible tub that com-
plies with Section 1115B.4.5 or at least one accessi-
ble shower that complies with Section 1115B.4A of
this code shall be provided.

7. Toilet facilities. Toilet facilities shall comply with
Section 111 IB. 4. 6, as modified for hotel, motel and
dormitory accommodations.

Hotel and motel bathrooms beyond those specified in
Section llllBA shall provide the following features:

1. All bathroom fixtures shall be in a location that allows
a person using a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by
48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) to touch the wheel-
chair to any lavatory, urinal, water closet, tub, sauna,
shower stall and any other similar sanitary installa-
tion, if provided.

2. All bathroom entrance doors shall have a clear open-
ing width of 32 inches (813 mm) and shall be either
sliding doors or shall be hung to swing in the direction
of egress from the bathroom.

1111B,4. 7 Storage areas. Fixed or built-in storage facilities
located within accessible sleeping rooms or suites required
by Table llB-3 shall be accessible in the number and
dimensions provided in Section 1125B.

11118,4,8 Dormitory rooms. Dormitory rooms beyond
those specified herein shall comply with the adaptability
requirements of Section HUB. 5.

1111B,5 Buildings and complexes containing publicly
funded dwelling units,

111 IB, 5,1 General, Buildings and complexes containing
publicly funded dwelling units shall be accessible as
required by Chapter 11 A, Housing Accessibility, except that
scoping requirements for covered multifamily dwellings
include one or more publicly funded dwelling units, and are
required to comply with Division IV— Accessibility for
Existing Buildings, beginning with Section 1134B.

SECTION 111 2B
Reserved

SECTION 111 3B
Reserved

SECTION HUB
FACILITY ACCESSIBILITY

When buildings are required to be accessible, buildings and
facilities shall be accessible as provided in this section.

11148,1 Design and construction,

11148,1,1 General, When accessibility is required by this
chapter, it shall be designed and constructed to meet the
minimum requirements of the following sections:

Chapter 118, Accessibility; Division /, New Buildings;
Division II, Site Accessibility; Division III, Accessibility
for Entrances, Exits and Paths of Travel; and Division IV,
Accessibility for Existing Buildings

Entrances— [for HCD 1-AC] Section 1120AJ; [for
DSA-AC] Section 1133B.1.1

Doors— [for HCD 1-AC] Sections IIMAAA, 1117 A2,
1122A3A, 1126A, 1132A; [for DSA-AC] Section
11338.2

Corridors— [for HCD 1-AC] Section 1120A; [for
DSA-AC] Section 1133B.3

Stairways— [for HCD 1-AC] Sections 1115A.6, 1123A;
[for DSA-AC] Section 1133BA

Ramps— [for HCD 1-AC] Sections 1112A, 1114A,
1122A; [for DSA-AC] Section 11338,5

Aisles— [for DSA-AC] Section 11338.6

Walks and Sidewalks— [for HCD 1-AC] Section 1113A;
[for DSA'AC] Section 11338. 7

Hazards— [for HCD 1-AC] Sections 1116A, 1I25A;
[for DSA-AC] Section I133B.8

Elevators— [for HCD 1-AC] Section 3003; [for
DSA-AC] Section 11168

Platform (Wheelchair) LiftSr-^lfor HCD 1-AC] Section
I124A; [for DSA-AC] Section 11168.2

Alarms— [for DSA-AC] Chapter 9, Sections 907.5.2.1
and 907.5.23

Bathing and Toilet Facilities — [for DSA-AC] Section
11158

Signs and Identification-

11178.5

-[for DSA-AC] Section I I

Detectable Warnings — [for DSA-AC] Sections
11218.3.1 Item 8(a), 11278,5.7, 11338.8.5, Part
12— Chapters 12-1 lA and 12-118

Other Building Components — [for DSA-AC] Section
11178

1114BJ.2 Accessible route of travel. When a building, or
portion of a building, is required to be accessible or adapt-
able, an accessible route of travel complying with Sections

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1102B, II MB, 1124B, 1133B.3, 1133B.5, 1133B.7 and
1133B.8.6 shall be provided to all portions of the building,
to accessible building entrances and between the building
and the public way. All walks, halls, corridors, aisles,
skywalks, tunnels and other spaces that are part of an acces-
sible route shall comply with the applicable provisions of
this code. Except within an individual dwelling unit, an
accessible route of travel shall not pass through kitchens,
storage rooms, restrooms, closets or other spaces used for
similar purposes. At least one accessible route within the
boundary of the site shall be provided from public transpor-
tation stops, accessible parking and accessible passenger
loading zones and public streets or sidewalks to the accessi-
ble building entrance they serve. The accessible route shall,
to the maximum extent feasible, coincide with the route for
the general public. At least one accessible route shall con-
nect accessible buildings, facilities, elements and spaces
that are on the same site. At least one accessible route shall
connect accessible building or facility entrances with all
accessible spaces and elements and with all accessible
dwelling units within the building or facility. An accessible
route shall connect at least one accessible entrance of each
accessible dwelling unit with those exterior and interior
spaces andfacilities that serve the accessible dwelling unit.

Where more than one route of travel is provided, all
routes shall be accessible. Unless otherwise indicated, the
minimum clear width of an accessible route shall not be less
than 36 inches (914 mm) except at doors complying with
Section 1133B.2 or obstructions complying with Figure
llB-10. If a person in a wheelchair must make a turn
around an obstruction the minimum clear width of the
accessible route shall be as shown in Figure lIB-5E(a) and

(b).

Exception: Where an elevator is provided for vertical
access, only one elevator is required. Where more than
one elevator is provided, all elevators shall be accessi-
ble. See Section 1II4B.I.I for a list of code sections
applicable to accessible routes of travel.

1114BJ3 Primary entry access. All entrances and all exte-
rior ground-level exits shall be accessible in compliance
with Section 1 1 33B. I.I.

1114B.L4 Signs. See Section III7B.5,

1114B.L5 Adaptable dwelling units. See Section HUB.

1114B,2 Egress and areas of refuge.

1114B.2.1 General. In buildings or facilities, or portions of
buildings or facilities, required to be accessible, accessible
means of egress shall be provided as required by Chapter
10.

1114B.2.2 Alarms/emergency warning systems/accessi-
bility. Ifemergency warning systems are provided, they shall
include both audible alarms and visible alarms complying

with NFPA
907,5,2.3.

72 and Chapter 9, Sections 907.5.2.1 and

<•

SECTION 111 5B

BATHING AND TOILET FACILITIES (SANITARY

FACILITIES)

1115B.1 General Bathing and toilet facilities that serve build-
ings, facilities or portions of buildings or facilities that are
required by these standards to be accessible to persons with
disabilities, shall be on an accessible route and shall conform
to the following requirements.

The accessible fixtures and controls required in this section
shall be on an accessible route. An unobstructed turning space
complying with Section I115B.3.I, Item I, or 1I15B.3.2, Item
1, as applicable, shall be provided within an accessible toilet
facility. The clear floor spaces at fixtures and controls, the
accessible route and the turning space may overlap.

See Section IIIIB.4,6 and Chapter II A for bathrooms in
residential occupancies.

Exception: In existing buildings or facilities, when the
enforcing agency determines that compliance with any
building standard under this section would create an unrea-
sonable hardship, an exception to such standard may be
granted when equivalent facilitation is provided. When
equivalent facilitation is used, the following criteria shall
apply:

1. All sanitary facilities are not required to comply with
these building standards when the enforcing agency
determines that sanitary facilities are accessible to
and usable by persons with disabilities within a rea-
sonable distance of accessible areas.

2. When existing sanitary facilities are not being altered
to provide accessibility, signage complying with Sec-
tions I1I7B.5.I, Items 2 and 3, and I117B.5.8.1 shall
be provided at such inaccessible facilities indicating
the location of the nearest accessible sanitary facility.

1115B.1.1 Separate and unisex facilities. Where separate
facilities are provided for persons of each sex, these facili-
ties shall be accessible to persons with disabilities. Where
unisexfacilities are provided, these facilities shall be acces-
sible to persons with disabilities.

1115B.1.2 Where used by children. Where facilities are to
be used solely by small children, the specific heights and
clearances may be adjusted to meet their accessibility
needs. See Table 1115B-1 for suggested mounting heights
and clearances,

1115B.2 Bathing and shower facilities. Where facilities for
bathing are provided for the public, clients or employees,
including showers or bathtubs, at least one shower or bathtub
and support facilities such as lockers, and not less than 1 per-
cent of all facilities, shall be accessible.

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TABLE 111 5B-1
SUGGESTED DIMENSIONS FOR CHILDREN'S USE

The Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance recommends the following dimensions as adequately serving the needs of children in
projects under our jurisdiction. These recommendations are based on the federal "Recommendations for Accessibility for Children in
Elementary School" and other recognized publications on access for children:

A = Adult Dimensions (age 12 and over)

E - Elementary Dimensions

K = Kindergarten and Preschool Dimensions

SUGGESTED

DIMENSION

A
(inches)

E
(inches)

(inches)

Toilet centering from wall

Toilet seat height/Dimensions to top of seat

17-19

10-12

Grab bar height (side)

20-22

Toilet paper in front of toilet

12 max

6 max

Napkin disposal in front of toilet

12 max

N/A

Dispenser or mirror height

40 max

36 max

32 max

Lavatory/sink top height

34 max

29 max

24 max

Lavatory/sink knee clearance

27min

24 min

19 min

Urinal lip height

17 max

15 max

13 min

Urinal flush handle height

44 max

37 max

32 max

Drinking fountain bubbler height

36 max

32 max

30 max

Drinking fountain knee clearance

27min

24 min

22 min

Ramp/stair handrail height

34-38

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

1115B.3 Toilet facilities.

11158.3,1 Multiple-accommodation toilet facilities. Mul-
tiple-accommodation toilet facilities shall have the follow-
ing:

1 . Wheelchair clearance, A clear space measured from
the floor to a height of 27 inches (686 mm) above the
floor, within the sanitary facility room, of sufficient
size to inscribe a circle with a diameter not less than
60 inches (1524 mm) in size. Other than the door to
the accessible water closet compartment, a door, in
any position, may encroach into this space by not
more than 12 inches (305 mm),

2. Clear floor space at fixtures. Doors shall not swing
into the clear floor space required for any fixture.
Doors may swing into that portion of maneuvering
space which does not overlap the fixture 's required
clear floor space. See Figures IIB-IE (c) and (e).

3. Accessible fixtures. Provide a minimum of one acces-
sible water closet in compliance with Section
1115B.4J. At least 5 percent of lavatories, but not
less than one lavatory, shall be accessible in compli-
ance with Section 1115B.4.3.

4. Accessible water closet compartment Accessible
water closet compartments shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

4.1. The compartment shall be a minimum of 60
inches (1524 mm) wide.

4.2. If the compartment has a side-opening door,
either in-swinging or out-swinging, a mini-
mum 60 inches (1524 mm) wide and 60 inches
(1524 mm) deep maneuvering space shall be
provided in front of the water closet.

4.3. If the compartment has an end-opening door
(facing the water closet), either in-swinging
or out-swinging, a minimum 60 inches (1524
mm) wide and 48 inches (1219 mm) deep ma-
neuvering space shall be provided in front of
the water closet The door shall be located in
front of the clear floor space and diagonal to
the water closet, with a maximum stile width
of 4 inches (102 mm).

4.4. The water closet compartment shall be
equipped with a door that has an auto-
matic-closing device, and shall have a clear,
unobstructed opening width of 32 inches (813
mm) when located at the end and 34 inches

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(864 mm) when located at the side with the
door positioned at an angle of 90 degrees from
its closed position.

4.5. The inside and outside of the compartment
door shall be equipped with a loop or
U-shaped handle immediately below the
latch. The latch shall be flip-over style, sliding
or other hardware not requiring the user to
grasp or twist. Except for door-opening
widths and door swings, a clear, unobstructed
access of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm)
shall be provided to water closet compart-
ments designed for use by persons with dis-
abilities. Maneuvering space at the
compartment door shall comply with Sections
1133B.2.4.2 and 1133B.2.4.3, and in no case
shall the space immediately outside of the wa-
ter closet compartment door be less than 48
inches (1219 mm) as measured perpendicular
to the compartment door in its closed position.

5. Large toilet rooms. Where six or more compartments
are provided within a multiple -accommodation toilet
room, in addition to the water closet and compart-
ment required by Items 3 and 4 above, provide at least
one ambulatory accessible compartment. The ambu-
latory accessible compartment shall be 36 inches
(914 mm) wide with an outward swinging self-closing
door and parallel grab bars complying with Section
1115B.4.1,Item3.

6. Interior surfaces. Toilet room floors shall have a sta-
ble, firm, slip resistant surface in compliance with
Section 1124B.1.

1115B,3,2 Single-accommodation toilet facilities. Single-
accommodation toilet facilities shall have the following:

2. Clear floor space affixtures. Doors shall not swing
into the clear floor space required for any fixture.
Doors may swing into that portion of maneuvering
space which does not overlap the fixture 's required
clear floor space. See Figure IIB-IE (a).

3. Accessible water closet. Provide one accessible water
closet in compliance with Section 1115BA.1. A mini-
mum 60 inches (1524 mm) wide and 48 inches (1219
mm) deep maneuvering space shall be provided in
front of the water closet.

4. Accessible route. All doors, fixtures and controls
shall be on an accessible route. The minimum clear
width of an accessible route shall be 36 inches (914
mm) except at doors (see Section 1133B.2). If a per-
son in a wheelchair must make a turn around an ob-

struction, the minimum clear width of the accessible
route shall be as shown in Figure 11B-5E. See also
Figure IIB-IA.

5. Interior surfaces. Toilet room floors shall have a sta-
ble, firm, slip resistant surface in compliance with
Section 1124B.1.

6. Accessible lavatory. Provide one accessible lavatory
in compliance with Section 1115B.4.3.

7. Privacy latch. The entrance door shall contain a pri-
vacy latch which complies with Section 1117B.6,
Controls and operating mechanisms.

For bathrooms serving residential occupancies, see
Section llllB.4.6 and Chapter llA.

Exception: In an existing building, a single-accommo-
dation toilet facility may have the water closet fixture
located in an area which provides a clear space of not
less than 36 inches (914 mm) wide by 48 inches (1219
mm) long in front of the water closet.

11153,4 Accessible fixtures,

11158,4,1 Accessible water closets. Water closets required
to be accessible shall comply with this subsection:

1. The centerline of the water closet fixture shall be 18
inches (457 mm) from the side wall or partition. On
the other side of the water closet, provide a minimum
of 28 inches (711 mm) wide clear floor space if the
water closet is adjacent to a fixture or a minimum of
32 inches (813 mm) wide clear floor space if the water
closet is adjacent to a wall or partition. This clear
floor space shall extend from the rear wall to the front
of the water closet.

2. Provide clear floor space and maneuvering space at
accessible water closets in compliance with Section
1115B.4.1, Item 2. Refer to Section 1115B.3.1, Items
4.2 and 4.3 for additionally required maneuvering
space at multiple-accommodation toilet facilities. Re-
fer to Section 1115B.3.2, Item 3 for additionally re-
quired maneuvering space at single-accommodation
toilet facilities.

2.1. Where a water closet is not within a water
closet compartment, clear floor space around
the water closet shall be 60 inches (1524 mm)
minimum measured perpendicular from the
side wall closest to the water closet and 56
inches (1422 mm) minimum measured per-
pendicular from the rear wall. See Figure
1 IB- IE (a).

2.2. Where a wall mounted water closet is in-
stalled within an accessible water closet com-
partment, clear floor space around the water
closet shall be 60 inches (1524 mm) minimum
measured perpendicular from the side wall
closest to the water closet and 56 inches (1422
mm) minimum measured perpendicular from
the rear wall Where a floor mounted water
closet is installed within an accessible water
closet compartment, clear floor space around
the water closet shall be 60 inches (1524 mm)

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minimum measured perpendicular from the
side wall and 59 inches (1499 mm) minimum
measured perpendicular from the rear wall
See Figures IIB-IE (b), (c), (d) and (e).

2. 3, Where a water closet is installed within an ac-
cessible water closet compartment with an
in- swinging door, a minimum 60 inches (1524
mm) wide by 36 inches (914 mm) deep maneu-
vering space shall be provided in front of the
clear floor space required in Item 2.2. See Fig-
ures IIB-IE (c) and (e).

Exception: An adjacent fixture at the rear wall is
permitted to encroach into the required clear floor
space at the wide side of the water closet where
clearances are provided in compliance with Sec-
tion 11 15B.4.1, Item 1.

3. Grab bars for water closets not located within a com-
partment shall comply with Section 1115B.7 and
shall be provided on the side wall closest to the water
closet and on the rear wall Grab bars for water clos-
ets located within an accessible compartment shall
comply with Section 1115B.7 and shall be provided
on the side wall closest to the water closet and on the
rear wall. Grab bars for water closets located within
ambulatory accessible compartments shall comply
with Section 1115B.7 and shall be provided on both
sides of the compartment.

Grab bars shall not project more than 3 inches (76
mm) into the required clear floor space.

3. 1 . Side wall The side grab bar shall be 42 inches
(1067 mm) long minimum, located 12 inches
(305 mm) maximumfrom the rear wall and ex-
tend 54 inches (1372 mm) minimum from the
rear wall with the front end positioned 24
inches (610 mm) minimum in front of the wa-
ter closet. The side grab bar shall be securely
attached and centered 33 inches (838 mm)
above and parallel to the floor

3.2. Rear wall The rear grab bar shall be 36
inches (914 mm) long minimum and extend
from the centerline of the water closet 12
inches (305 mm) minimum on one side and 24
inches (610 mm) minimum on the other side.
The rear grab bar shall be securely attached
and centered 33 inches (838 mm) above and
parallel to the floor, except that where a
tank-type toilet is used which obstructs place-
ment at 33 inches (838 mm), the grab bar may
be as high as 36 inches (914 mm) and the
space between the grab bar and the top of the
tank shall be 1 V2 inches (38 mm) minimum.

4. The height of accessible water closets shall be a mini-
mum of 17 inches (432 mm) and a maximum of 19
inches (483 mm) measured to the top of a maximum
2-inch (51 mm) high toilet seat.

Exception: A 3-inch (76 mm) high seat shall be
permitted only in alterations where the existing fix-
ture is less than 15 inches (381 mm) high.

5. Controls shall be operable with one hand and shall
not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting. Con-
trols for the flush valves shall be mounted on the wide
side of toilet areas, no more than 44 inches (1118 mm)
above the floor The force required to activate controls
shall be no greater than 5 pounds-force (Ibf) (22. 2 N).

6. See Section 1134A.7 for additional requirements for
water closets in publicly funded housing and all non-
residential occupancies.

7. Automatic spring to lifted position seats are not
allowed.

11158.4.2 Accessible urinals. Urinals required to be
accessible shall comply with this subsection.

1. Urinals shall be floor mounted, stall-type or wall
hung. Where one or more wall-hung urinals are pro-
vided, at least one with an elongated rim projecting a
minimum of 14 inches (356 mm) from the wall and a
maximum of 17 inches (432 mm) from the wall and a
maximum ofl 7 inches (432 mm) above the floor shall
be provided,

2. Flush controls shall be operable with one hand and
shall not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting
of the wrist and shall be mounted no more than 44
inches (1118 mm) above the floor. The force required
to activate controls shall be no greater than 5 Ibf (22. 2
N). Electronic automatic flushing controls are accept-
able and preferable.

3. Where urinals are provided, at least one shall have a
clear floor space 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by
1219 mm) in front of the urinal to allow forward ap-
proach. This clear space shall comply with Section
1118B.4.

11158.4.3 Accessible lavatories. Lavatories required to be
accessible shall comply with this subsection. The require-
ments of this subsection shall apply to lavatory fixtures,
vanities and built-in lavatories.

1. Faucet controls and operating mechanisms shall be
operable with one hand in accordance with this chap-
ter and shall not require tight grasping, pinching or
twisting of the wrist. The force required to activate
controls shall be no greater than 5 Ibf (22.2 N). Le-
ver-operated, push-type and electronically controlled
mechanisms (preferable) are examples of acceptable
designs. Self-closing valves are allowed if the faucet
remains open for at least 10 seconds.

2. Lavatories, when located adjacent to a side wall or
partition, shall be a minimum of 18 inches (457 mm)
to the centerline of the fixture. All lavatories that are
designated to be accessible shall be a minimum 17
inches (432 mm) in horizontal depth and mounted
with the rim or counter edge no higher than 34 inches
(864 mm) above the finished floor and with vertical
clearance measured from the bottom of the apron or
the outside bottom edge of the lavatory of 29 inches
(737 mm) reducing to 27 inches (686 mm) at a point
located 8 inches (203 mm) back from the front edge. In
addition, a minimum 9-inch-high (230 mm) toe clear-
ance must be provided extending back toward the wall

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to a distance no more than 6 inches (150 mm) from the
hack wall The toe clearance space must be free of
equipment or obstructions.

3, A clear floor space 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by
1219 mm) complying with Section 1118B.4 shall be
provided in front of a lavatory to allow forward ap-
proach. Such clear floor space shall adjoin or overlap
an accessible route and shall extend a maximum of 19
inches (483 mm) into knee and toe space underneath
the lavatory. See Figure IIB-ID, Knee Clearance.

4, Hot water and drainpipes accessible under lavatories
shall be insulated or otherwise covered. There shall
be no sharp or abrasive surfaces under lavatories.

11158.4,4 Accessible showers. Showers required to be
accessible shall comply with this subsection:

11158.4.4.1 Size and clearances. Accessible showers
shall comply with one of the following:

1. Roll-in shower 60 inches (1524 mm) minimum in
width between wall surfaces and 30 inches (762
mm) minimum in depth with a full opening width
on the long side. Shower compartment size and
clear floor space shall comply with Figure
11B-2A.

2. Alternate roll-in shower 60 inches (1524 mm) min-
imum in width between wall surfaces and 36
inches (914 mm) in depth with an entrance open-
ing width of 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Shower
compartment size and clear floor space shall com-
ply with Figure 11B-2B.

3. Alternate roll-in shower with optional enclosure
60 inches (1524 mm) minimum in width between
wall surfaces and 36 inches (914 mm) minimum in
depth as long as the entrance opening width is a
minimum 36 inches (914 mm). Shower compart-
ment size and clear floor space shall comply with
Figure 11B-2C.

11158.4.4.2 Thresholds, Thresholds in roll-in type
showers shall be V2 inch (12.7 mm) high maximum and
shall comply with Section 1124B.2.

11158.4.4.3 Orientation, Where, within the same func-
tional area, two or more accessible showers are pro-
vided, there shall be at least one shower constructed
opposite hand from the other or others (that is, one
left-hand controls versus right-hand controls).

11158.4.4.4 Water controls. Water controls shall be of a
single-lever design, operable with one hand, and shall
not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the
wrist. The force required to activate controls shall be no
greater than 5 lbf(22.2N). The centerline of the controls
shall be located 39 inches (991 mm) to 41 inches (1041
mm) above the shower floor

L Controls in a 60-inch (1524 mm) minimum by
30-inch (762 mm) minimum roll-in shower shall be
located on the back wall of the compartment adja-
cent to the seat and the centerline of the controls
shall be within a range of no less than 19 inches

(457 mm) and no more than 27 inches (610 mm)
from the seat wall as shown in Figure 11B-2A.

2. Controls in a 60-inch (1524 mm) minimum by
36-inch (914 mm) alternate roll-in shower shall be
located on the side wall of the compartment adja-
cent to the seat and the centerline of the controls
shall be within a range of no less than 19 inches
(457 mm) and no more than 27 inches (610 mm)
from the seat wall as shown in Figure 11B-2B.

3. Controls in a 60-inch (1524 mm) minimum by
3 6 -inch (914 mm) minimum alternate roll-in
shower with optional enclosure shall be located on
the back wall of the compartment adjacent to the
seat and the centerline of the controls shall be
within a range of no less than 19 inches (457 mm)
and no more than 27 inches (61 mm) from the seat
wall as shown in Figure 11B-2C.

11158.4.4.5 Hand-held sprayer unit, A flexible
hand-held sprayer unit with a hose at least 60 inches
(1524 mm) long that can be used both as a fixed shower
head and as a hand- he Id shower shall be provided. This
unit shall be mounted such that the top of the mounting
bracket is at a maximum height of 48 inches (1219 mm)
above the shower floor

1. The hand-held sprayer unit in a 60-inch (1524
mm) minimum by 30-inch (762 mm) minimum
roll-in shower shall be located on the back wall of
the compartment adjacent to the seat and the cen-
terline of the unit shall be no more than 27 inches
(610 mm) from the seat wall as shown in Figure
11B-2A.

2. The hand-held sprayer unit in a 60-inch (1524
mm) minimum by 36-inch (914 mm) alternate
roll-in shower shall be located on the side wall of
the compartment adjacent to the seat and the cen-
terline of the unit shall be 18 inches (457 mm) from
the seat wall as shown in Figure 11B-2B.

3. The hand-held sprayer unit in a 60-inch (1524
mm) minimum by 36-inch (914 mm) minimum
alternate roll-in shower with optional enclosure
shall be located on the back wall of the compart-
ment adjacent to the seat and the centerline of the
unit shall be no more than 2 7 inches (61 mm) from
the seat wall as shown in Figure 11B-2C.

11158.4.4.6 Sprayer unit alternative. Except within
guest rooms and suites in hotels, motels and similar tran-
sient lodging establishments, where accessible shower
facilities are provided in areas subject to excessive van-
dalism,, in lieu of providing the fixed flexible hose, two
wall-mounted shower heads shall be installed. Each
shower head shall be installed so that it can be operated
independently of the other and shall have swivel angle
adjustments, both vertically and horizontally. One
shower head shall be located at a height of 48 inches
(1219 mm) above the floor.

11158.4.4.7 Floor slope. The maximum slope of the
floor shall be one unit vertical in 50 units horizontal

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(2'percent slope) in any direction. Where drains are pro-
vided, grate openings shall be a maximum of^/4 inch (6.4
mm) and located flush with the floor surface.

1115B,4.4,8 Shower accessories. Shower accessories
shall include:

1. A folding seat mounted 18 inches (457 mm) above
the floor, and with a minimum space of 1 inch (25
mm) and maximum space of V/2 inches (38 mm)
allowed between the edge of the seat and any wall.
When folded, the seat shall not extend more than 6
inches (152 mm) from the mounting wall. The seat
dimensions and mounting position shall comply
with Figures 11B'2A, 11B-2B, 11B-2C and
11B-2D. The structural strength of seats and their
attachments shall comply with Section 1115B. 7.2.

2. Grab bars located on walls adjacent to and oppo-
site the seat. Grab bars shall also comply with the
diameter, loading and projection requirements of
Section 1115BJ. Grab bars shall be mounted
between a minimum of 33 inches (838 mm) and a
maximum of 36 inches (914 mm) above the shower
floor with an L-shaped grab bar mounted on walls
opposite and adjacent to the front edge of the seat,
but not extended to include that portion of wall
over the seat. See Figure 11B-2A or 11B-2B.

1115B,4.4,9 Soap dish. When a soap dish is provided, it
shall be located on the control wall at a maximum height
of 40 inches (1016 mm) above the shower floor, and
within reach limits from the seat.

1115B.4,4.10 Enclosures, Enclosures, when provided
for shower compartments, shall not obstruct controls or
obstruct transfer from wheelchairs onto shower seats.

See Figures 11B-2A, 11B-2B, 11B~2C and 11B-2D.

1115B,4.5 Accessible bathtubs. Bathtubs required to be
accessible shall comply with this subsection.

1 . Floor space. Clear floor space at bathtubs shall be as
shown in Figure llB-8.

2. Seat An in-tub seat or a seat at the head end of the tub
shall be provided as shown in Figures llB-8 and
llB-9. The structural strength of seats and their at-
tachments shall comply with Section 1 115B. 7.2, Seats
shall be mounted securely and shall not slip during
use.

3. Grab bars. Grab bars complying with Section
1 115B. 7 shall be provided as shown in Figure llB-9.

4. Controls. Faucets and other controls shall be located
as shown in Figure llB-9. They shall be operable
with one hand and shall not require tight grasping,
pinching or twisting of the wrist The force required to
activate controls shall be no greater than 5 lbf(22.2
N).

5. Shower unit A shower spray unit with a hose at least
60 inches (1524 mm) long that can be used both as a
fixed shower head and as a hand-held shower shall be
provided.

1115B.5 Passageways. Passageways leading to sanitary facili-
ties shall have a clear access. All doorways leading to such
sanitary facilities shall comply with Section 1133B.2, Doors.
Doors shall not swing into the clear floor space required for
any fixture. Accessible fixtures and controls shall be on an
accessible route.

1115B.6 Identification symbols. Doorways leading to sani-
tary facilities shall be identified by a geometric symbol in com-
pliance with this section. Geometric symbols shall be centered
horizontally on the door at a height of 60 inches (1524 mm)
above the finish floor or ground surface measured to the center
of the symbol. Edges of signs shall be rounded, chamfered or
eased. Corners of signs shall have a minimum radius ofVginch
(3.2 mm). See Section 1117B.5.1, Item 1 for additional signage
requirements applicable to sanitary facilities.

1115B.6.1 Men 's sanitary facilities shall be identified by an
equilateral triangle, V4 inch (6.4 mm) thick with edges 12
inches (305 mm) long and a vertex pointing upward. The tri-
angle symbol shall contrast with the door, either light on a
dark background or dark on a light background.

1115B.6.2Women's sanitary facilities shall be identified by
a circle, V4 inch (6.4 mm) thick and 12 inches (305 mm) in
diameter. The circle symbol shall contrast with the door,
either light on a dark background or dark on a light back-
ground.

1115B.6.3 Unisex sanitary facilities shall be identified by a
circle, V4 inch (6.4 mm) thick and 12 inches (305 mm) in
diameter with a % inch (6.4 mm) thick triangle superim-
posed on the circle and within the 12-inch (305 mm) diame-
ter. The triangle symbol shall contrast with the circle
symbol, either light on a dark background or dark on a light
background. The circle symbol shall contrast with the door,
either light on a dark background or dark on a light back-
ground.

1115B.7 Grab bars, tub and shower seats. All grab bars, tub
and shower seats shall comply with this section.

1115B.7.1 Diameter or width. The diameter or width of the
gripping surfaces of a grab bar shall be IV4 inches to V/2
inches (32 mm to 38 mm) or the shape shall provide an
equivalent gripping surface. If grab bars are mounted adja-
cent to a wall, the space between the wall and the grab bars
shall be V/2 inches (38 mm). See Figure IIB-IC.

1115B. 7.2 Structural strength. The structural strength of
grab bars, tub and shower seats, fasteners and mounting
devices shall meet the following specifications:

1. Bending stress in a grab bar or seat induced by the
maximum bending moment from the application of a
250-pound (1112 N) point load shall be less than the
allowable stress for the material of the grab bar or
seat

2. Shear stress induced in a grab bar or seat by the ap-
plication of a 250-pound (1112 N) point load shall be

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less than the allowable shear stress for the material of
the grab bar or seat, and its mounting bracket or other
support is considered to be fully restrained, then di-
rect and torsional shear stresses shall not exceed the
allowable shear stress.

3. Shear force induced in a fastener or mounting device
from the application of a 250-pound (1112 N) point
load shall be less than the allowable lateral load of ei-
ther the fastener or mounting device or the supporting
structure, whichever is the smaller allowable load,

5. Grab bars shall not rotate within their fittings.

11158,7,3 Surface. A grab bar and any wall or other sur-
face adjacent to it shall be free of any sharp or abrasive ele-
ments. Edges shall have a minimum radius ofVg inch (3.2
mm).

1115B.8 Accessories.

1115B.8A Mirrors.

1115B.8.1.1 All mirrors located above accessible lava-
tories or countertops shall be installed with the bottom
edge of the reflecting surface 40 inches (1016 mm) maxi-
mum above the finish floor or ground.

1115B.8.1.2 When mirrors are provided at locations
other than above lavatories or countertops, at least one
shall be installed with the bottom edge of the reflecting
surface 35 inches (890 mm) maximum above the finish
floor or ground.

11158,8.1.3 Mirrors in fitting and dressing areas shall
comply with Section 1117B.8.

11158.8.2 Medicine cabinets. If medicine cabinets are pro-
vided, at least one shall be located with a usable shelf no
higher than 44 inches (1118 mm) above the floor A clear
floor space 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm)
complying with Section 1118B.4 shall be provided in front
of a medicine cabinet to allow a forward or parallel
approach.

11158.8.3 Towel, sanitary napkins, waste receptacles, dis-
pensers and controls. Where towel, sanitary napkins, waste
receptacles, dispensers, other equipment and controls are
provided, at least one of each type shall be located on an
accessible route, with all operable parts, including coin
slots, within 40 inches (1016 mm) from the finished floor
and shall comply with Section 1117B.6, Controls and oper-
ating mechanisms.

11158.8.4 Toilet tissue dispensers. Toilet tissue dispensers
shall be located on the wall within 12 inches (305 mm) of the
front edge of the toilet seat, mounted below the grab bar, at a
minimum height of 19 inches (485 mm), and 36 inches (914
mm) maximum to the far edge from the rear wall Dispens-
ers that control delivery or that do not permit continuous
paper flow shall not be used. See Figure IIB-IA.

11158,8.5 Lockers, Where lockers are provided for the pub-
lic, clients, employees, members or participants, at least
one locker and not less than 1 percent of all lockers shall be
made accessible to persons with disabilities. A path of travel
not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in clear width shall be pro-
vided to these lockers.

SECTION 111 6B

ELEVATORS AND PLATFORM (WHEELCHAIR)

LIFTS

11168,1 Elevators, Passenger elevators shall be accessible.
Elevators required to be accessible shall be designed and con-
structed to comply with this section and with ASME A17.1,
Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. Freight elevators
shall not be considered as meeting the requirements of this sec-
tion unless the only elevators provided are used as combination
passenger and freight elevators for the public and employees.

11168.1.1 General, Size of cab and control locations and
requirements for accommodation of persons with disabili-
ties.

In buildings two or more stories in height, served by an
elevator, or a building served by an elevator required by
Chapter IIB, or a building served by an elevator required
for accessibility by Section 1.9.1, if more than one passen-
ger elevator is provided, each full passenger elevator shall
comply with this chapter

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, when the enforcing agency
determines that compliance with any regulation
under this section would create an unreasonable
hardship, an exception to such regulation shall be
granted when equivalent facilitation is provided.

2. In existing buildings, where existing shaft configu-
ration or technical infeasibility prohibits strict
compliance with Section 1116B.1.8, the minimum
car plan dimensions may be reduced by the mini-
mum amount necessary, but in no case shall the
inside car area be smaller than 48 inches (1219
mm) by 48 inches (1219 mm).

5. In existing buildings, equivalent facilitation may
be provided with an elevator car of different
dimensions where it can be demonstrated that a
person using a wheelchair can enter and operate
the elevator and when all other elements required
to be accessible comply with the applicable provi-
sions of Section 111 6B.

4. These provisions shall not apply to existing build-
ings when legal or physical constraints will not
allow compliance with these regulations or equiv-
alent facilitation without creating an unreason-
able hardship. See Section 1.9.1.

11168.1.2 Operation and leveling. The elevator shall be
automatic and provided with a self-leveling feature that will
automatically bring the car to the floor landings within a
tolerance of plus or minus V2 i^(^^ (^2- 7 mm) under normal
loading and unloading conditions. This self-leveling shall,

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within its zone, be entirely automatic and independent of the
operating device and shall correct the overtravel or
undertravel The car shall also be maintained approxi-
mately level with the landings irrespective of load.

The clearance between the car platform sill and the edge
of the hoistway landing shall be no greater than P/4 inches
(32 mm).

1116B.1.3 Door operation. Power-operated horizontally
sliding car and hoistway doors opened and closed by auto-
matic means shall be provided.

1116B.1.4 Door size. Minimum clear width for elevator
doors shall be 36 inches (914 mm).

1116B,1,5 Door protective and reopening device. Doors
closed by automatic means shall be provided with a
door-reopening device that will function to stop and reopen
a car door and adjacent hoistway door in case the car door
is obstructed while closing.

This reopening device shall also be capable of sensing an
object or person in the path of a closing door without requir-
ing contact for activation at a nominal 5 inches and 29
inches (127 mm and 737 mm) above the floor.

Door-reopening devices shall remain effective for a
period of not less than 20 seconds.

After such an interval, the doors may close in accordance
with the requirements ofASMEA17.1.

1116B.1,6 Hall call. The minimum acceptable time from
notification that a car is answering a call (lantern and audi-
ble signal) until the doors of the car start to close shall be
calculated by the following equation:

T=D/ (L5ft/s) orT=D/ (455 mm/s)

Where T is the total time in seconds and D is the distance
from a point in the lobby or landing area 60 inches (1524
mm) directly in front of the farthest call button controlling
that car to the centerline of its hoistway door (see Figure
11B-40D). For cars with in-car lanterns, T begins when the
lantern is visible from the vicinity of hall call buttons and an
audible signal is sounded. The minimum acceptable notifi-
cation time shall be 5 seconds.

1116B,1,7 Car call. The minimum acceptable time for
doors to remain fully open shall not be less than 5 seconds.

1116B,1,8 Car inside. The car inside shall allow for the
turning of a wheelchair The minimum clear distance
between walls or between wall and door, excluding return
panels, shall not be less than 80 inches by 54 inches (2032
mmby 1372 mm) for center opening doors, and 68 inches by
54 inches (1727 mm by 1372 mm) for side-slide opening
doors. See Figure 11B-40A. Minimum distance from wall to
return panel shall not be less than 51 inches (1295 mm). Ele-
vator floor surfaces shall comply with Section 1124B —
Ground and Floor Surfaces.

The centerline of elevator floor buttons shall be no higher
than 54 inches (1372 mm) above the finish floor for side
approach and 48 inches (1219 mm) for front approach.
Emergency controls, including the emergency stop and
alarm, shall be grouped in or adjacent to the bottom of the

panel and shall be no lower than 2 feet 11 inches (889 mm)
from the floor.

For multiple controls only, one set must comply with these
height requirements. Floor buttons shall be provided with
visual indicators to show when each call is registered. The
visual indicators shall be extinguished when each call is
answered.

Emergency two-way communication systems between the
elevator and a point outside the hoistway shall comply with
ASME A17.1. The emergency telephone handset shall be
positioned no higher than 4 feet (1219 mm) above the floor,
and the handset cord shall be a minimum of 2 feet 5 inches
(737 mm) in length. It shall be identified by a raised tele-
phone symbol and corresponding Braille lettering comply-
ing with Section 1117B.5.1, Item 1, and located adjacent to
the device. If the telephone system is located in a closed
compartment, the compartment door hardware shall com-
ply with Section 1117B.6, Item 4. Emergency intercommu-
nication shall not require voice communication.

Where possible, a 48-inch (1219 mm) maximum height
for elevator floor buttons is preferred.

Controls shall be located on a front wall if cars have cen-
ter opening doors, and at the side wall or at the front wall
next to the door if cars have side opening doors. See Figure
11B-40A.

1116B,1,9 Car controls. Identification for the visually
impaired shall be as follows:

Passenger elevator car controls shall have a minimum
dimension of^/4 inch (19.1 mm) and shall be raised V^
inch (3.2 mm) plus or minus V52 ^^^^^ (^-^ ^^) above the
surrounding surface.

Control buttons shall be illuminated, shall have
square shoulders and shall be activated by a mechanical
motion that is detectable.

All control buttons shall be designated by % inch (15. 9
mm) minimum raised characters and standard raised
symbols that conform to Sections 1117B.5.2, 111 7B. 5. 3,
1117B.5.5 and 1117B.5.7 immediately to the left of the
control button. Contracted (Grade 2) Braille that con-
forms to Section 11I7B.5.6 shall be located immediately
below the character or symbol. A minimum clear space
of^/g inch (9.5 mm) or other suitable means of separation
shall be provided between rows of control buttons. See
Figure 11B-40B.

The raised characters and symbols shall be white on a
black background.

Controls and emergency equipment identified by
raised symbols shall include, but not be limited to, "door
open,'' ''door close,'' ''alarm bell," "emergency stop"
and "telephone." The call button for the main entry floor
shall be designated by a raised star at the left of the floor
designation.

In elevator cars, a visual car position indicator shall be
provided above the car control panel or over the door to
show the position of the elevator in the hoistway. As the car
passes or stops at a floor served by the elevators, the corre-

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sponding numerals shall illuminate^ and an audible signal
shall sound. Numerals shall be a minimum of^/2 inch (13
mm) high. The audible signal shall be no less than 20 deci-
bels with a frequency no higher than 1,500 Hz. An auto-
matic verbal announcement of the floor number at which a
car stops or which a car passes may be substituted for the
audible signal.

1116B.L10 Hall call buttons. The centerline of the hall call
buttons shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) above the floor But-
tons shall be a minimum of^/4 inch (19.1 mm) in size and
shall be raised V§ inch (3.2 mm) [plus or minus V52 ^^^^ (^-^
mm)] above the surrounding surface. The button designat-
ing the up direction shall be on top. Visual indication shall
be provided to show each call registered and extinguished
when answered. Objects adjacent to, and below, hall call
buttons shall not project more than 4 inches (102 mm) from
the wall. Hall call buttons shall be internally illuminated
with a white light over the entire surface of the button.

1116B,L11 Handrails, A handrail shall be provided on one
wall of the car, preferably the rear The rails shall be smooth,
and the inside surface at least V/2 inches (38 mm) clear of
the walls at a nominal height of 3 2 inches (813 mm) from the
floor Nominal equals ± 1 inch (25 mm). Thirty -two inches
(813 mm) is required to reduce interference with car con-
trols where the lowest button is centered at 35 inches (889
mm) above floor

1116B,1,12 Minimum illumination. The minimum illumi-
nation at the car controls threshold and the landing when
the car and landing doors are open shall not be less than 5
foot-candles (54 lux).

1116B,1,13 Hall lantern, A visual and audible signal shall
be provided at each hoistway entrance indicating to the pro-
spective passenger the car answering the call and its direc-
tion of travel as follows:

The visual signal for each direction shall be a mini-
mum of 2^2 inches (64 mm) high by 2V2 inches (64 mm)
wide and visible from the proximity of the hall call but-
ton.

The audible signal shall sound once for the "up **
direction and twice for the ''down " direction or shall
have verbal annunciators that say "up" or "down."

The centerline of the fixture shall be located a mini-
mum of 6 feet (1829 mm) in height from the lobby floor

The use of in-car lanterns, located in or on the car
doorjambs, visible from the proximity of the hall call but-
tons and conforming to the above requirements, shall be
acceptable.

The use of arrow shapes is preferred for visible sig-
nals.

1116BA.14 Doorjamb marking. Passenger elevator land-
ing jambs on all elevator floors shall have the number of the
floor on which the jamb is located designated by raised
characters that are a minimum of 2 inches (51 mm) in height
and conform to Section 1117B.5.5 located 60 inches (1524
mm) on center above the floor on the jamb panels on both
sides of the door so that they are visible from within the ele-

vator On the main entry level, a raised five-pointed star
shall be placed to the left of the raised character The outside
diameter of the star shall be 2 inches (51 mm) and all points
shall be of equal length. Raised characters, including the
star, shall be white on a black background. Contracted
(Grade 2) Braille complying with Section 1117B.5.6 shall
be placed below the corresponding raised characters and
the star The Braille translation for the star shall be
"MAIN."

The raised characters shall otherwise comply with Sec-
tions 1117B.5.2 and 1117B.5.3. See Figure 11B-40C. Per-
manently applied plates are acceptable if they are
permanently fixed to the jambs.

1116B,1,15 Location, Passenger elevators shall be on an
accessible, route, located near a major path of travel, and
provisions shall be made to ensure that they remain accessi-
ble and usable at all times the building is occupied.

1116B,2 Platform (wheelchair) lifts. Platform (wheelchair)
lifts shall comply with this section.

Platform (wheelchair) lifts may be provided as part of an
accessible route only for the following conditions:

1 . To provide an accessible route to a performing area in an
assembly occupancy, or to a speaking area or similar
place (such as a dais or "head table "J in an assembly or
Group B occupancy.

2. To comply with the wheelchair viewing position
line-of-sight and dispersion requirements of Section
1104B.3.5.

3. To provide access to incidental occupiable spaces and
rooms which are not open to the general public and
which house no more than five persons, including, but
not limited to, equipment control rooms and projection
booths.

4. To provide access where existing site constraints or other
constraints make use of a ramp or an elevator infeasible.

Exception: In existing buildings, the installation of
platform (wheelchair) lifts as part of an accessible
path of travel for additions or alterations is not lim-
ited to the four conditions listed in this section.

1116B,2,1 General, When platform (wheelchair) lifts are
provided, the vertical distance between landings, as well as
the structural design and safeguards, shall be as allowed by
ASMEA18.1 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stair-
way Chair Lifts; the Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Occupational Safety and Health; and any appli-
cable safety regulations of other administrative authorities
having jurisdiction.

1116B,2.2 Unassisted entry. Platform (wheelchair) lifts
shall be designed and constructed to facilitate unassisted
entry, operation and exit from the lift and shall comply with
the restrictions and enhancements of this section in con-
junction with Title 8, of the California Code of Regulations.

1116B,2,3 Landing size. In new construction, the minimum
size of landings at platform lifts shall be 60 inches by 60
inches (1524 mm by 1524 mm). Other dimensions may be
substituted where it can be demonstrated that a person

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using a wheelchair measuring 30 inches by 48 inches (762
mm by 1219 mm) can enter and operate the lift safely.

1116B^2,4 Relationship to the path of travel Level and
clear floor areas or landings at platform lifts shall be part of
"path of travel'' requirements.

Exceptions:

1. The provisions of this section shall not apply to
existing buildings when physical constraints will
not allow compliance with these regulations or
equivalent facilitation without creating an unrea-
sonable hardship. See Section 1.9,1.

2. When the enforcing agency determines that com-
pliance with any regulation under this section
would create an unreasonable hardship, an excep-
tion to such regulation shall be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided.

1116B,2,5 When provided as a means of egress. Platform
(wheelchair) lifts, when provided as a component in an
accessible means of egress, shall conform to the require-
ments of Section 1116B.2.5.

11163.2.5.1 Standby powen To ensure continued opera-
tion in case of primary power loss, platform (wheelchair)
lifts shall be provided with standby power or with
self-rechargeable battery power that provides sufficient
power to operate all platform lift functions for a mini-
mum of five upward and downward trips.

11163.2.5.2 Platform (wheelchair) lifts, when provided
per Section 11 168. 2, Item 2, are permitted to be a com-
ponent of an accessible means of egress when the area
served by the platform (wheelchair) lift does not serve
more than four wheelchair viewing positions and where
any one of the following conditions exist:

1. The building has a supervised automatic sprinkler
system.

2. The maximum distance from the point where the
wheelchair occupant is seated to a point where the oc-
cupant has a choice of two directions of travel to an
exit shall not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm). The length of
the path of travel shall include the vertical travel dis-
tance of the lift.

11163,2,6 Doors and gates. Lifts shall have low energy
power-operated doors or gates. Doors and gates shall
remain open for 20 seconds minimum. End doors shall be 32
inches (813 mm) minimum clear width. Side doors shall be
42 inches (1067 mm) minimum clear width.

Exception: Lifts having doors or gates on opposite sides
shall be permitted to have manual doors or gates.

11163.2,7 Restriction sign, A sign complying with Section
111 7B. 5. 1, Items 2 and 3 shall be securely fastened in a con-
spicuous place at each landing and on the platform. The
sign shall state "No Freight*' in letters not less than V^ inch
(16 mm) high and include the International Symbol of
Accessibility.

SECTION 111 7B
OTHER BUILDING COMPONENTS

11173,1 Accessible drinking fountains. Where drinking foun-
tains are provided, they shall comply with this section:

L General, Where only one drinking fountain area is pro-
vided on a floor, there shall be a drinking fountain that is
accessible to individuals who use wheelchairs in accor-
dance with this section and one accessible to those who
have difficulty bending or stooping. This can be accom-
modated by the use of "hi-low" fountains, or by such
other means as would achieve the required accessibility
for each group on each floor.

Where more than one drinking fountain is provided on a
floor, 50 percent of those provided shall comply with Items
1, 2, 4 and 5 of this section and shall be on an accessible
route complying with Section 1114B.1.2. All drinking
fountains shall comply with Item 3 of this section.

2. Clearances, Wall- and post-mounted cantilevered drink-
ing fountains shall be a minimum of 18 inches (457 mm)
and a maximum of 19 inches (483 mm) in depth and shall
have a clear knee space between the bottom of the apron
and the floor or ground not less than 27 inches (686 mm)
in height, 30 inches (762 mm) in width, and 8 inches (203
mm) in depth, the depth measurements being taken from
the front edge of the fountain back toward the wall or
mounting post. The knee clearance space must be free of
equipment or obstructions. Additionally, there shall be
toe clearance of 9 inches (229 mm) in height above the
floor and 1 7 inches (432 mm) in depth from the front edge
of the fountain. The toe clearance space must be free of
equipment or obstructions. A clear floor space at least 30
inches (762 mm) by 48 inches (1219 mm) complying with
Section 1 118B.4 shall be provided in front of the drinking
fountain to allow forward approach. At ''hi-low" type
fountains, center the 30 inch (762 mm) by 48 inch (1219
mm) clear floor space on the ''low" fountain fixture. A
side approach drinking fountain is not acceptable.

3. Alcoves, All drinking fountains shall be located com-
pletely within alcoves, positioned completely between
wing walls, or otherwise positioned so as not to encroach
into pedestrian ways. The alcove in which a drinking
fountain is located shall not be less than 32 inches (813
mm) in width and 18 inches (457 mm) in depth. Wing
walls shall project out from the supporting wall at least
as far as the drinking fountain to within 6 inches (152
mm) of the surface of the path of travel. There shall also
be a minimum of 32 inches (813 mm) clear between wing
walls. See Figure 11B-3A of this code. Additionally,
alcoves and space between wing walls shall comply with
Section 1118B.4 Item 2. Protruding objects located in
alcoves, located between wing walls, or otherwise posi-
tioned so as to limit encroachment into pedestrian ways
are permitted to project 4 inches into walks, halls, corri-
dors, passageways or aisles.

4. The bubbler shall be activated by a manually operated
system complying with Section 1117B.6, Item 4 that is
front mounted or side mounted and located within 6
inches (152 mm) of the front edge of the fountain or an
electronically controlled device. The bubbler outlet ori-

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fice shall be located within 6 inches (152 mm) of the front
edge of the drinking fountain and within 36 inches (914
mm) of the floor. The water stream from the bubbler shall
be substantially parallel to the front edge of the drinking
fountain.

5. The spout shall provide a flow of water at least 4 inches
(102 mm) high so as to allow the insertion of a cup or
glass under the flow of water. On an accessible drinking
fountain with a round or oval bowl, the spout must be
positioned so the flow of water is within 3 inches (75 mm)
of the front edge of the fountain.

1117B.2 Telephones.

11178,2,1 General If public pay telephones, public closed-
circuit telephones or other public telephones are provided,
they shall comply with this section to the extent required by
the following table. See Figure llB-4.

Number of each type of

telephone provided on

each floor

required to comply with Section 1117B,2^

I or more single units

At least 50 percent of telephone units per
floor but not less than one.

1 telephone bank

At least 50 percent of telephone units per
bank but not less than one.

2 or more banks

At least 50 percent of telephone units per

bank but not less than one.

At least 1 telephone per floor shall meet

the requirements for a forward reach

telephone.

^Additional public telephones may he installed at any height.

1117B.2.2 Clear floor or ground space, A clear floor or
ground space at least 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by
1219 mm) that allows either a forward or parallel approach
by a person using a wheelchair shall be provided at tele-
phones.

1117B.2,3 Size and approach. The minimum clear floor or
ground space required to accommodate a single, stationary
wheelchair and occupant is 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm
by 1219 mm). The minimum clear floor or ground space for
wheelchairs may be positioned for forward or parallel
approach to an object. Clear floor or ground space for
wheelchairs may be part of the knee space required under
some objects. See Figure 118-5 A.

1117B.2.4 Relationship of maneuvering clearances to
wheelchair spaces. One full unobstructed side of the clear
floor or ground space for a wheelchair shall adjoin another
wheelchair clear floor space. If a clear floor space is
located in an alcove or otherwise confined on all or part of
three sides, additional maneuvering clearances shall be
provided. See Figure 11B-5A.

1117B,2,5 Floor surfaces of wheelchair spaces. Floor sur-
faces of wheelchair spaces shall conform to Section 1124B.
Bases, enclosures and fixed seats shall not impede
approaches to telephones by people who use wheelchairs.

1117B,2,6 Mounting height. The highest operable part of
the telephone shall be within the reach ranges specified in
Sections 111 8B. 5 and 111 8B. 6. Telephones mounted diago-
nally in a comer that require wheelchair users to reach

diagonally shall have the highest operable part no higher
than 54 inches (1372 mm) above the floor. See Figure llB-4.

1117B,2,7 Enclosures, If telephone enclosures are pro-
vided, they may overhang the clear floor space required in
Sections 1117B.2.2, 1117B.2.3 and 1117B.2.4 within the
following limits:

L Side reach possible. Where a parallel approach is
provided at a telephone within an enclosure, the en-
closure and counter may extend beyond the face of the
telephone a maximum of 10 inches (254 mm). The en-
closure and counter may not overlap the required
clear floor or ground space. See Figure llB-4.

2. Full-height enclosures. Entrances to full-height en-
closures shall be 30 inches (762 mm) minimum. See
Figure llB-4.

3. Forward reach required. Where a front approach is
provided at a telephone within an enclosure, the coun-
ter may extend beyond the face of the telephone a
maximum of 20 inches (508 mm) into the required
clear floor or ground space and the enclosure may ex-
tend beyond the face of the telephone a maximum of
24 inches (610 mm). If an additional 6 inches (152
mm) in width of clear floor space is provided, creating
a clear floor space of 36 inches by 48 inches (914 mm
by 1219 mm), the enclosure may extend more than 24
inches (610 mm) beyond the face of the telephone. See
Figure llB-4.

4. Protruding telephone enclosures. Where telephone
enclosures protrude into walks, halls, corridors or
aisles, they shall also comply with Section 1 1 33B. 8. 6.

I117B.2.8 Telephone equipment for hearing impaired per-
sons. Telephones shall be equipped with a receiver that gener-
ates amagnetic field in the area of the receiver cap. All
telephones required to be accessible shall be equipped with a
volume control. In addition, 25 percent, but never less than one,
of all other public telephones provided shall be equipped with a
volume control and shall be dispersed among all types of public
telephones, including closed circuit telephones, throughout the
building or facility. If banks of public telephones are provided^
at least one in each bank shall be equipped with a volume con-
trol Such telephones shall be capable of a minimum of 12 dBA
and a maximum of 18 dBA above normal. If an automatic reset
is provided, 18 dBA may be exceeded. Public telephones with
volume control shall be hearing aid compatible and shall be
identified by a sign containing a depiction of a telephone hand-
set with radiating sound waves.

11173.2,9 Text telephones.

1117B.2,9,1 Where required,

1. If a total of four or more public pay telephones
(including both interior and exterior phones) are
provided at a site, and if at least one of the total is
in an interior location, then at least one interior
public text telephone shall be provided.

2. If an interior public pay telephone is provided in a
stadium or arena, in a convention center, in a hotel
with a convention center or in a covered mall, at

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least one interior public text telephone shall be
provided in the facility,

3. If a public pay telephone is located in or adjacent
to a hospital emergency room, hospital recovery
room or hospital waiting room, one public text
telephone shall be provided at each location.

4. If alterations to existing buildings or facilities with
less than four exterior or interior public pay tele-
phones would increase the total number to four or
more telephones with at least one in an interior
location then a text telephone shall be provided,

5. If alterations to one or more exterior or interior
public pay telephones occur in an existing building
or facility with four or more public telephones with
at least one in an interior location then a text tele-
phone shall be provided.

11178,2,9.2 General Text telephones shall comply with
the following requirements:

1. Text telephones used with a pay telephone shall be
permanently affixed within or adjacent to the tele-
phone enclosure. If an acoustic coupler is used, the
telephone cord shall be sufficiently long to allow con-
nection of the text telephone and the telephone
receiver

2. Where a bank of telephones in the interior of a
building consists of three or more public pay tele-
phones, at least one public pay telephone in each
such bank shall be equipped with a shelf and an
electrical outlet within or adjacent to the tele-
phone enclosure. The telephone handset shall be
capable of being placed flush on the surface of the
shelf The shelf shall be capable of accommodat-
ing a text telephone and shall have 6 inches (152
mm) minimum vertical clearance in the area where
the text telephone is to be placed.

3. Equivalent facilitation may be substituted for the
requirements of this section. For example, a portable
text telephone may be made available in a hotel at a
registration desk if it is available on a 24-hour basis
for use with nearby public pay phones. In this
instance, at least one pay phone shall comply with
Item 2 above. In addition, if an acoustic coupler is
used, the telephone handset cord shall be sufficiently
long to allow connection of the text telephone and the
telephone receiver Directional signage shall comply
with Section 1I17B.5.1, Items 2 and 3.

1117B,2,9.3 Signage, Text telephones shall be identified
by the international TTY symbol (see Figure 11B-I4A), If
a facility has a public text telephone, directional signage
indicating the location of the nearest such telephone
shall be placed adjacent to all banks of telephones that
do not contain a text telephone. Such directional signage
shall include the international TTY symbol If a facility
has no banks of telephones, the directional signage shall
be provided at the entrance or in a building directory.

11173,2,10 Controls, Telephones shall have push-button
controls where service for such equipment is available.

11178,2,11 Cord length. The cord from the telephone to the
handset shall be at least 29 inches (737 mm) long.

1117B,2,12 Telephone books. If telephone books are pro-
vided, they shall be located in a position that complies with
the reach ranges in Sections 1118B.5 and III8B.6.

1117B.3 Kitchens. See Section 1I33A.

1117B,4 Swimming pools. See Section 1I04B.4,3.

1117B,5 Signs and identification, California's standards for
signage are more stringent than Section 4.30 of the ADA Stan-
dards for Accessible Design.

11178,5,1 General, When new or additional signs and/or
identification devices are provided, or when existing signs
and/or identification devices are replaced or altered, the
new or altered signs and/or identification devices shall
comply with Section III7B.5. The addition of or replace-
ment of signs and/or identification devices shall not trigger
any additional path of travel requirements,

1. Identification signs. When signs identify permanent
rooms and spaces of a building or site, they shall com-
ply with Sections 1117B.5.2, I1I7B.5.3, 11178.5.5,
11178,5,6 and 11178.5,7. For other means of egress
signs and identification provisions adopted by SFM
andDSA-ACsee Chapter 10, Sections 101 1,3 for Tac-
tile Exit Signs, 1022.8 for Floor Identification Signs,
1008.L9.7 for Delayed Egress Locks, 1007.9,
1007.10 and 1007.1 1 for Accessible Means of Egress,
and 1007.4 for Elevators. See also Section 11 168 for
additional signage requirements applicable to eleva-
tors and Section 11158.6 for sanitary facilities.

2. Directional and informational signs. When signs di-
rect to or give information about permanent rooms
and functional spaces of a building or site, they shall
comply with Sections 11178.5.2, 11178.5.3 and
11178.5.4.

3. Accessibility signs. When signs identify, direct to or
give information about accessible elements and fea-
tures of a building or site, they shall include the ap-
propriate symbol of accessibility and shall comply
with Sections 11178.5.2 and 11178.5,8.

4. Plan review and inspection. Signs and identification
as specified in Section 11178.5.1, when included in
the construction of new buildings or facilities, or
when included, altered or replaced due to additions,
alterations or renovations to existing buildings or fa-
cilities, and when a permit is required, shall comply
with the following plan review and inspection require-
ments:

4. 1. Plan review. Plans, specifications or other in-
formation indicating compliance with these
regulations shall be submitted to the enforcing
agency for review and approval

4.2. Inspection, Signs and identification shall be
field inspected after installation and approved
by the enforcing agency prior to the issuance
of a final certificate of occupancy per Appen-
dix Chapter 1, Section 110.2, or final ap-
proval where no certificate of occupancy is

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issued. The inspection shall include, but not
be limited to, verification that Braille dots and
cells are properly spaced and the size, propor-
tion and type of raised characters are in com-
pliance witii these regulations.

4.3. Other signs and identification. Tactile exit
signage in Sections 1011,3 and 1011:3.2, tac-
tile floor identification signs in stairways in
Section 1022.8, tactile special egress-control
device signs in Section 1008.1.9.7, elevator
car control identification required in Sections
111 6B. 1 . 8 and 111 6B. 1 . 9, elevator door jamb
marking required in Section 11168.1.14, and
sanitary facilities signage required in Section
1115B.6 shall also comply with this section.

11178.5.2 Finish and contrast. Characters, symbols and
their background shall have a nonglare finish. Characters
and symbols shall contrast with their background, either
light on a dark background or dark on a light background.

11178.5.3 Proportions, Characters on signs shall be
selected from fonts that have a width-to-height ratio of
between 3:5 (60 percent) and 1:1 (100 percent) measured
by the width of the uppercase letter ''O" and height of the
uppercase letter '7", and a stroke width-to-height ratio of
between 1:5 (20 percent) and 1:10 (10 percent) measured
by the width and height of the uppercase letter "T*.

11178.5.4 Character height. Characters on signs required
to be accessible by Section 1117B.5. 1, Items 2 and 3 shall be
sized according to the following table. The minimum height
is measured using an uppercase letter '*r\ Lowercase char-
acters are permitted. Viewing distance shall be measured as
the horizontal distance between the character and an
obstruction preventing further approach towards the sign.

VISUAL CHARACTER HEIGHT

HEiGHT TO FINISH

FLOOR OR GROUND

FROM BASELINE OF

CHARACTER

HORIZONTAL

VIEWING

DISTANCE

MINIMUM

CHARACTER

HEIGHT

40 inches (1015 mm) to
less than or equal to 70
inches (1780 mm)

Less than 72 inches
(1830 mm)

^/ginch (16 mm)

72 inches (1830 mm)
and greater

% inch (16 mm),

plus Vg inch (3.2 mm) per

foot (305 mm) of viewing

distance above 72 inches

(1830 mm)

Greater than 70 inches
(1780 mm) to less than
or equal to 120 inches
(3050 mm)

Less than 180 inches
(4570 mm)

2 inches (51 mm)

180 inches (4570 mm)
and greater

2 inches (51 mm),

plus Vg inch (3.2 mm) per

foot (305 mm) of viewing

distance above 180 inches

(4570 mm)

Greater than 120
inches (3050 mm)

Less than 21 feet
(6400 mm)

3 inches (75 mm)

21 feet (6400 mm)
and greater

3 inches (75 mm),

plus Vg inch (3.2 mm) per

foot (305 mm) of viewing

distance above 21 feet

(6400 mm)

11178,5.5 Raised characters and pictorial symbol signs.

When raised characters are required or when pictorial sym-
bols (pictograms) are used on such signs, they shall conform
to the following requirements:

1. Character type. Characters on signs shall be raised
V^2 '^^^ (0- ^^^ ^^) minimum and shall be sans serif
uppercase characters accompanied by contracted
(Grade 2) Braille complying with Section 1I17B. 5. 6.

2. Character size. Raised characters shall be a mini-
mum ofVg inch (15.9 mm) and a maximum of 2 inches
(51 mm) high,

3. Pictorial symbol signs (pictograms). Pictorial sym-
bol signs (pictograms) shall be accompanied by the
verbal description placed directly below the
pictogram. The outside dimension of the pictogram
field shall be a minimum of 6 inches (152 mm) in
height.

4. Character placement. Characters and Braille shall
be in a horizontal format. Braille shall be placed a
minimum of^/^ inch (9.5 mm) and a maximum of^/2
inch (12. 7 mm) directly below the tactile characters;
flush left or centered. When tactile text is multilined,
all Braille shall be placed together below all lines of
tactile text.

1117B,5.6 Braille, Contracted (Grade 2) Braille shall be
used wherever Braille is required in other portions of these
standards. Dots shall be Vjq inch (2.54 mm) on center in
each cell with ^jQ-inch (5.08 mm) space between cells, mea-
sured from the second column of dots in the first cell to the
first column of dots in the second cell. Dots shall be raised a
minimum of V40 inch (0.635 mm) above the background.
Braille dots shall be domed or rounded.

11173.5.7 Mounting location and height. Where perma-
nent identification signs are provided for rooms and spaces,
signs shall be installed on the wall adjacent to the latch side
of the door Where there is no wall space on the latch side,
including at double leaf doors, signs shall be placed on the
nearest adjacent wall, preferably on the right.

Where permanent identification signage is provided for
rooms and spaces they shall be located on the approach side
of the door as one enters the room or space. Signs that iden-
tify exits shall be located on the approach side of the door as
one exits the room or space.

Mounting height shall be 60 inches (1524 mm) above the
finish floor to the center line of the sign. Mounting location
shall be determined so that a person may approach within 3
inches (76 mm) of signage without encountering protruding
objects or standing within the swing of a door.

See also Section 1115B.6for additional signage require-
ments applicable to sanitary facilities.

11173.5.8 Symbols of accessibility,

11173,5,8.1 International Symbol of Accessibility, The

International Symbol of Accessibility shall be the stan-
dard used to identify facilities that are accessible to and
usable by physically disabled persons as set forth in

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these building standards and as specifically required in
this section. See Figure llB-6.

Exception: Signs need not be provided for facilities
within an adaptable dwelling unity or within an acces-
sible patient or guest room,

1117B,5,8,1J Color of symbol The symbol specified
above shall consist of a white figure on a blue back-
ground. The blue shall be equal to Color No. 15090 in
Federal Standard 595B,

Exception: The appropriate enforcement agency
may approve other colors to complement decor or
unique design. The symbol contrast shall be light
on dark or dark on light.

11173.5.8.1.2 Entrance signs. Entrances to build-
ings and facilities that are accessible to and usable by
persons with disabilities shall be identified with a
minimum of one International Symbol of Accessibility
and with additional directional signs, utilizing the
symbol, at junctions where the accessible route of
travel diverges from the regular circulation path, to be
visible to persons along approaching circulation
paths. In existing buildings and facilities, entrances
which are not accessible shall have directional sign-
age complying with Section 111 7B.5. 1, Items 2 and 3,
which indicates the location of and route to the near-
est accessible entrance.

Exceptions:

1. An International Symbol of Accessibility is
not required at entrances to individual
rooms, suites, offices, sales or rental estab-
lishments, or other such spaces when all en-
trances to the building or facility are
accessible and persons entering the building
or facility have passed through one or more
entrances with signage complying with this
section.

2. An International Symbol of Accessibility is
not required at entrances to machinery
spaces frequented only by service personnel
for maintenance, repair, or occasional mon-
itoring of equipment; for example, elevator
pits or elevator penthouses; mechanical,
electrical or communications equipment
rooms; piping or equipment catwalks; elec-
tric substations and transformer vaults; and
highway and tunnel utility facilities.

11178.5.8.1.3 Information posted. Buildings Jhat
provide specific sanitary facilities and/or elevators
for public use that conform to these building stan-
dards shall have this information posted in the build-
ing lobby, preferably as part of the building directory.
The information shall be accompanied by the Interna-
tional Symbol of Accessibility. Inaccessible sanitary
facilities shall have directional signage complying
with Section 1 1 17 B. 5.1, Items 2 and 3, to indicate the
location of the nearest accessible sanitary facility.

11173.5.8.2 International TTY symbol, where the inter-
national TTY symbol is required, it shall comply with
Figure 11B-14A.

11173.5.8.3 Volume control telephones. Where tele-
phones with volume controls are required to be identi-
fied, the identification symbol shall be a telephone
handset with radiating sound waves, such as shown in
Figure 11B-14B.

11173.5.8.4 Assistive listening systems. Where assistive
listening systems are required to be identified by the
International Symbol of Access for Hearing Loss, it shall
comply with Figure 11B-14C.

11173.5.9 Traffic-control devices, Pole-supported pedes-
trian traffic -control buttons shall be identified with color
coding consisting of a textured horizontal yellow band 2
inches (51 mm) in width encircling the pole, and a 1 -inch-
wide (25 mm) dark border band above and below this yellow
band. Color coding should be placed immediately above the
control button. Control buttons shall be located no higher
than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the surface adjacent to the
pole.

11173.5.10 Signs for text telephones. Whenever signs shall
refer to text telephones for people who are deaf or hard of
hearing, the term ''TTY'' shall be used; the term "TDD"
shall not be used.

11173.5.11 Cleaner air symbol. Strictly for publicly funded
facilities or any facilities leased or rented by state of Cali-
fornia, not concessionaires. This symbol shall be the stan-
dard used to identify a room, facility and paths of travel that
are accessible to and usable by people who are adversely
impacted by airborne chemicals or particulate(s) and/or
the use of electrical fixtures and/or devices. When used, the
symbol shall comply with Figure llB-40.

11173.5.11.1 Color and size of symbol. The symbol
shall be used when the following minimum conditions
are met. The symbol, which shall include the text
''Cleaner Air" as shown, shall be displayed either as a
negative or positive image within a square that is a mini-
mum of 6 inches (152 mm) on each side. The symbol may
be shown in black and white or in color. When color is
used, it shall be Federal Blue (Color No. 15090 Federal
Standard 595 B) on white, or white on Federal Blue.
There shall be at least a 70-percent color contrast
between the background of the sign from the surface that
it is mounted on.

Strictly for publicly funded public facilities or any
facilities leased or rented by State of California; not con-
cessionaires,

11173.5.11.2 Conditions of use. Use of the cleaner air
symbol is voluntary. The cleaner air symbol shall be per-
mitted for use to identify a path of travel, and a room or a
facility when the following is met.

1. Floor or wall coverings, floor or wall covering
adhesives, carpets, formaldehyde- emitting
particleboard cabinetry, cupboards or doors have
not been installed or replaced in the previous 12
months.

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2. Incandescent lighting provided in lieu of fluores-
cent or halogen lightings and electrical systems
and equipment shall he operable by orgii behalf of
the occupant or user of the room, facility or path of
travel.

3. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and their
controls shall be operable by or on behalf of the
occupant or user.

4. To maintain "cleaner air " designation only nonir-
ritating, nontoxic products will be used in clean-
ing, maintenance, disinfection, pest management
or for any minimal touch-ups that are essential for
occupancy of the area. Deodorizers or Fragrance
Emission Devices and Systems (FEDS) shall not
be used in the designated area. Pest control prac-
tices for cleaner air areas shall include the use of
bait stations using boric acid, sticky traps and sili-
con caulk for sealing cracks and crevices. Areas
shall be routinely monitored for pest problems.
Additional nontoxic treatment methods, such as
temperature extremes for termites, may be
employed in the event of more urgent problems.
These pest control practices shall not be used 48
hours prior to placement of the sign, and the facil-
ity shall be ventilated with outside air for a mini-
mum of 24 hours following use or application.

5. Signage shall be posted requesting occupants or
users not to smoke or wear perfumes, colognes or
scented personal care products. Fragranced prod-
ucts shall not be used in the designated cleaner-air
room, facility or path of travel.

6. A log shall be maintained on site, accessible to the
public either in person or by telephone, e-mail, fax
or other accessible means as requested. One or
more individuals shall be designated to maintain
the log. The log shall record any product or prac-
tice used in the cleaner air designated room, facil-
ity or path of travel, as well as scheduled activities,
that may impact the cleaner air designation. The
log shall also include the product label as well as
the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

1117B,5J1.3 Removal of symbol If the path of travel,
room and/or facility identified by the cleaner air symbol
should temporarily or permanently cease to meet the
minimum conditions as set forth above, the cleaner air
symbol shall be removed and shall not be replaced until
the minimum conditions are again met.

1117B.6 Controls and operating mechanisms,

1. General, Controls and operating mechanisms in acces-
sible spaces, along accessible routes or as parts of acces-
sible elements (for example, light switches and dispenser
controls) and those required to be accessible by Section
1.9.1 shall comply with the requirements of this section.

2, Clear floor space. Clear floor space complying with Sec-
tion 1118B.4 that allows a forward or parallel approach

by a person using a wheelchair shall be provided at
controls, dispensers, receptacles and other operable
equipment.

3. Height. The highest operable part of all controls, dis-
pensers, receptacles and other operable equipment shall
be placed within at least one of the reach ranges specified
in Sections 1118B.5 and 1118B.6.

Exception: These requirements do not apply where
the use of special equipment dictates otherwise or
where electrical and communication systems recepta-
cles are not normally intended for use by building
occupants.

4. Operation. Controls and operating mechanisms shall be
operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasp-
ing, pinching or twisting of the wrist. The force required
to activate controls shall be no greater than 5 pounds
(22.2 N) of force.

5. Installation heights of electrical switches and recepta-
cle outlets.

5.1. Electrical switches. Controls and switches in-
tended to be used by the occupant of the room or
area to control lighting and receptacle outlets,
appliances or cooling, heating and ventilating
equipment, shall be located no more than 48
inches (1219 mm) measured from the top of the
outlet box nor less than 15 inches (381 mm) mea-
sured from the bottom of the outlet box to the level
of the finish floor or working platform.

5.2. Electrical receptacle outlets. Electrical recepta-
cle outlets on branch circuits of 30 amperes or
less and communication system receptacles shall
be located no more than 48 inches (1219 mm)
measured from the top of the receptacle outlet
box or receptacle housing nor less than 15 inches
(381 mm) measured from the bottom of the recep-
tacle outlet box or receptacle housing to the level
of the finish floor or working platform.

Exceptions:

1. Receptacle outlets installed as part of
permanently installed baseboard heaters
are exempt.

2. Required receptacle outlets shall be per-
mitted in floors when adjacent to sliding
panels or walls.

3. Baseboard electrical outlets used in
relocatable partitions, window walls or
other electrical convenience floor outlets
are not subject to the minimum height re-
quirements.

4. This section shall not apply to existing
buildings when the enforcing agency de-
termines that compliance with these stan-
dards would create an unreasonable
hardship.

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1117B,7 Automated teller machines and point of sale
machines.

1117BJJ Definitions.

AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM) means
any electronic information processing device, including
a point-of-sale machine, used by a financial institution
or other business entity and its customers for the primary
purpose of executing financial transactions between
itself and its customers. For the purposes of this section,
''automated teller machine" includes point-of-sale
machines used in grocery stores, ticket sales facilities
and other business entities, but does not include card
reading devices located on fuel pump islands at gasoline
service stations and motor vehicle fuel facilities.

ATM SITE means that immediate area which is within
or made or to be made part of an existing building or a
building to be constructed, and to which one or more
ATMs is or shall be afiixed.

ATM INSTALLATION means a single ATM structur-
ally affixed to a building or other structure.

11178,7.2 General Where ATMs are provided for the pub-
lic, they shall comply with this section.

Exceptions:

1. In grocery stores and other retail outlets with
point-of-sale machines located at individual check
stands, machines that are located at accessible
check stands must be made accessible. Where
machines are located away from individual check
stands, they must all be made accessible.

2. Where the enforcing agency determines that com-
pliance with this regulation would create an
unreasonable hardship, an exception may be
granted when equivalent facilitation is provided
through the use of other methods or materials.

3. In existing buildings, these regulations shall not
apply when legal or physical constraints would not
allow compliance with these regulations or equiv-
alent facilitation without creating an unreason-

I I able hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

4. Drive-up only ATMs are not required to comply
with this section.

5. Card- reading devices located on fuel pump islands
at gasoline service stations and motor vehicle fuel
facilities shall comply with the requirements of
Chapter lie.

Ill 7B. 7,3 Controls. Controls for user activation shall com-
ply with the requirements of Section 1117B.6, Item 4, which
states that controls and operating mechanisms shall be
operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasping,
pinching or twisting of the wrist. The force required to acti-
vate controls shall be no greater than 5 lbf(22.2 N).

1117B.7.4 Clearances and reach range. Free-standing or
built-in units not having a clear space under them shall
comply with the following as to clearance and reach range.

1117B.7.4.1 Where one ATM is provided. Where one
ATM is provided at a location, it shall meet the specifica-
tions of Section 4.34 of the Americans with Disabilities
Act Standards for Accessible Design as follows:

1 . The ATM shall be located so that clear floor space
complying with Section 1118B.4 is provided to
allow a person using a wheelchair to make a for-
ward approach, a parallel approach, or both, to
the machine.

2. Forward approach only. If only a forward
approach is possible, operable parts of all controls
shall be placed within the forward reach range
specified in Section 1118B.5.

3. Parallel approach only. If only a parallel
approach is possible, operable parts of controls
shall be placed as follows:

3. 1. Reach depth not more than 10 inches (254
mm). Where the reach depth to the opera-
ble parts of all controls as measured from
the vertical plane perpendicular to the
edge of the unobstructed clear floor space
at the farthest protrusion of the ATM or
surround is not more than 10 inches (254
mm), the maximum height from the floor
shall be 54 inches (1372 mm).

3.2. Reach depth more than 10 inches (254
mm). Where the reach depth to the opera-
ble parts of any control as measured from
the vertical plane perpendicular to the
edge of the unobstructed clear floor space
at the farthest protrusion of the ATM or
surround is more than 10 inches (254 mm),
the maximum height from the floor shall be
as shown in Table llB-5.

4. Forward and parallel approach. If both a forward
and parallel approach are possible, operable parts
of controls shall be placed within at least one of the
reach ranges in Item 2 or 3.

5. Bins. Where bins are provided for envelopes,
waste paper, or other purposes, at least one of each
type provided shall comply with the applicable
reach ranges in Item 2, 3 or 4.

Exception: Where a function can be performed in
a substantially equivalent manner by using an
alternate control, only one of the controls needed
to perform that function is required to comply with
this section. If the controls are identified by tactile
markings, such markings shall be provided on both
controls.

1117B,7.4.2 Where two ATMs are provided. Where two
ATMs are provided at a location, one shall comply with
Section 1117B.7.4.1, except that the highest operable
part shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) maximum. The second
ATM is not regulated as to height, including height of dis-
play.

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TABLE 11 B-5
MAXIMUM REACH DEPTH FOR AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINES

REACH DEPTH (X)

MAXIMUM HEIGHT (Y)

(inches)

X 25.4 for mm

53.5

52,5

51.5

50.5

49.5

48.5

47.5

46.5

See Figure 11B-5F (d).

1117BJA3 Where three or more ATMs are provided.

Where three or more ATMs are provided, two shall be
used to satisfy Section 1117B.7A.2 above. For the addi-
tional ATMs beyond the first two, at least 50 percent shall
comply with Section 1117B.7.4.1. The remainder are not
regulated as to height, including height of display. If fea-
tures provided differ from ATM to ATM, all features shall
be equally represented among the accessible ATMs.

1117B.7,5 Display. LED, cathode ray or other screen
devices intended to be viewed by the user shall be positioned
so they are readily visible to and usable by a person sitting in
a wheelchair with approximate eye level of 45 inches (1143
mm), and shall comply with the following requirements:

1. Vertically mounted screen devices. If mounted verti-
cally or tipped no more than 30 degrees away from the
viewer, the center line of screens and other screen de-
vices shall be located a maximum of 52 inches (1321
mm) above grade.

2. Angle-mounted screen devices. If mounted at an an-
gle between 30 degrees and 60 degrees tipped away
from the viewer, the center line of screens and other
screen devices shall be located a maximum of 44
inches (1118 mm) above grade.

3. Horizontally mounted screen devices. If mounted at
an angle between 60 degrees and 90 degrees tipped
away from the viewer, the center line of screens and
other screen devices shall be located a maximum of 34
inches (864 mm) above grade.

Exception: ATMs unregulated as to height in Sec-
tions 11 178. 7. 4 through 1117B.7.4.3 above are
also exempt from this section.

1117B.7.6 ATM equipment for persons with vision impair-
ments. Instructions and all information for use shall be
made accessible to and independently usable by persons
with vision impairments.

Ill 7B.8 Fitting and dressing rooms. Where fitting or dressing
rooms are provided for male or female customers, patients,
employees or the general public, 5 percent, but never less than
one, of dressings rooms for each type of use in each cluster of
dressing rooms shall be accessible and located on an accessi-
ble route complying with Section 1114B.1.2. Examples of types
of dressing rooms are those serving different genders or dis-
tinct and different functions as in different treatment or exami-
nation facilities. Where only unisex dressing rooms are
provided, accessible unisex dressing rooms may be used to ful-
fill this requirement.

Entry doors shall conform to the requirements of Section
1133B.2 and aisles leading to such doors shall conform to Sec-
tions 1133B.6.1 and 1133B,6.2.

The bottom of mirrors provided for use by persons with dis-
abilities shall not be greater than 20 inches (508 mm) from the
floor. Mirrors to be used by persons with disabilities shall be
full length, measuring at least 18 inches (457 mm) wide by 54
inches (1372 mm) high, and shall be mounted in a position
affording a view to a person on the bench as well as to a person
in a standing position.

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Clothing hooks shall be located not greater than 48 inches
(1219 mm) from the floor.

Every accessible dressing room shall have a 24-inch by
48-inch (610 mm by 1219 mm) bench fixed to the wall along the
longer dimension. The bench shall be mounted 17 to 19 inches
(432 to 483 mm) above the finish floor Clear floor space shall
be provided alongside the bench to allow a person using a
wheelchair to make a parallel transfer onto the bench. The
structural strength of the bench and attachments shall comply
with Section 11158,7.2. Where installed in conjunction with
showers, swimming pools or other wet locations, water shall
not accumulate upon the surface of the bench and the bench
shall have a slip-resistant surface.

The minimum clear space within the room shall be 60 inches
(1524 mm) in width and length. No door shall encroach into the
required space.

1 1 17 B.9 Accessible sinks. Sinks required to be accessible shall
comply with this subsection.

1. A clear floor space at least 30 inches by 48 inches (762
mm by 1219 mm) complying with Section 1118B.4 shall
be provided in front of a sink to allow forward approach.
The clear floor space shall be on an accessible route and
shall extend a maximum of 19 inches (485 mm) under-
neath the sink (see Figure IIB-ID),

2. Each accessible sink shall be a maximum of 61/2 inches
(165 mm) deep. Sinks shall be mounted with the counter
or rim no higher than 34 inches (865 mm) above the fin-
ish floor Knee clearance that is at least 27 inches (685
mm) high, 30 inches (762 mm) wide and 19 inches (485
mm) deep shall be provided underneath sinks. Hot water
and drain pipes exposed under sinks shall be insulated or
otherwise configured so as to protect against contact.
There shall be no sharp or abrasive surfaces under sinks,

3. Faucet controls and operating mechanisms shall be
operable with one hand and shall not require tight grasp-
ing, pinching or twisting of the wrist. The force required
to activate controls shall be not greater than 5 lbf(22.2
N). Lever-operated, push-type and electronically con-
trolled mechanisms are examples of acceptable designs.
Self-closing valves are allowed if the faucet remains
open for at least 10 seconds.

inches (1524 mm) diameter [see Figure 113-12 (a)] or a
T-shaped space. See Figure llB-12 (b).

1118B.4 Clear floor or ground space for wheelchairs,

1. Size and approach. The minimum clear fioor or g round
space required to accommodate a single, stationary
wheelchair and occupant is 30 inches by 48 inches (762
mm by 1219 mm). The minimum clear floor or ground
space for wheelchairs may be positioned for forward or
parallel approach to an object. Clear floor or ground
space for wheelchairs may be part of the knee space
required under some objects. See Figure 11B-5A.

2. Relationship of maneuvering clearances to wheelchair
spaces. One full unobstructed side of the clear floor or
ground space for a wheelchair shall adjoin or overlap an
accessible route or adjoin another wheelchair clear
floor space. If a clear floor space is located in an alcove
or otherwise conflned on all or a part of three sides, addi-
tional maneuvering clearances shall be provided as
shown in Figure llB-5A(b).

3. Surfaces for wheelchair spaces. Clear floor or ground
spaces for wheelchairs shall comply with Section 1124B
Ground and Floor Surfaces.

1118B.5 Forward reach. If the clear floor space allows only
forward approach to an object, the maximum high forward
reach allowed shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) [see Figure
11B-5C (a)]. The minimum low forward reach is 15 inches (381
mm). If the high forward reach is over an obstruction, reach
and clearances shall be as shown in Figure llB-5C(b).

1I18B.6 Side reach. If the clear floor space allows parallel
approach by a person in a wheelchair, the maximum high side
reach allowed shall be 54 inches (1372 mm) and the low side
reach shall be no less than 9 inches (229 mm) above the floor
[see Figure llB-5D(a) and (b)]. If the side reach is over an
obstruction, the reach and clearances shall be as shown in Fig-
ure llB-5D(c).

SECTION 111 9B
SPECIAL STANDARDS OF ACCESSIBILITY FOR
BUILDINGS WITH HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

See Section 1135B.

SECTION 1 11 8B
SPACE ALLOWANCE AND REACH RANGES

1118B.1 Wheelchair passage width. The minimum clear width
for single wheelchair passage shall be 32 inches (813 mm) at a
point and 36 inches (914 mm) continuously. See Figure
llB-10. In addition, wheelchair passage widths shall comply
with Figure llB-5E(a) and (b)for circulation around obstruc-
tions.

11I8B.2 Width for wheelchair passing. The minimum width
for two wheelchairs to pass is 60 inches (1524 mm). See Figure
IIB-Il.

1I18B.3 Wheelchair turning space. The space required for a
wheelchair to make a 180-degree turn is a clear space of 60

SECTION 11 20B
FLOOR AND LEVELS

I120B.1 Floors within each story. In buildings and facilities,
floors of a given story shall be a common level throughout, or
shall be connected by pedestrian ramps, passenger elevators
or platform (wheelchair) lifts.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, other than dining banquet and
bar facilities, when the enforcing agency determines
that compliance with this section would create an un-
reasonable hardship, an exception shall be granted
when equivalent facilitation is provided.

2, In existing dining, banquet and bar facilities, when
the enforcing agency determines that compliance

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with this section would create an unreasonable hard-
ship, an exception shall be granted, provided that a
minimum of 75 percent of the dining, banquet and bar
area shall be a common level throughout or shall be
connected by pedestrian ramps, passenger elevators
or special lifts and provided that the same services
and decor are provided in an accessible space usable
by the general public and are not restricted to use by
people with disabilities,

3. In existing buildings, this section shall not apply when
legal or physical constraints would not allow compli-
ance with this section or equivalent facilitation with-
out creating an unreasonable hardship. See Section

I I 1.9.L5.

4. Where specifically exempted in other portions of this
code.

1120B.2 Floor surface. The surface pf floors shall be slip
resistant and shall comply with Section 1124B.

SECTION 11 21 B
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

1121B.1 General Every station, bus stop, bus stop pad, termi-
nal, building or other transportation facility shall incorporate
the accessibility requirements of this code as modified by this
chapter. The exceptions for elevators in Section 1103B do not
apply to a terminal, depot or other station used for specified
public transportation, or an airport passenger terminal, or
facilities subject to Title II of the Americans with Disabilities
Act. In such a facility, any area housing passenger services,
including boarding and debarking, loading and unloading,
baggage claim, dining facilities, and other common areas open
to the public must be on an accessible route from an accessible
entrance.

1121B,2 Bus stops and terminals.

I121B,2.I New construction. Where provided, bus stop
pads shall have a firm, stable surface with a minimum clear
length of 96 inches (2438 mm) (measured from the curb or
vehicle roadway edge) and a minimum clear width of 60
inches (1524 mm) (measured parallel to the vehicle road-
way) to the maximum extent allowed by legal or site con-
straints. Bus stop pads shall connect to streets, sidewalks or
pedestrian paths as part of an accessible route complying
with Section III4B.I.2. Newly constructed bus stop pads
must provide a square curb surface between the pad and
road or other detectable warning in accordance with Sec-
tion II33B.8.5.

Bus stop pads shall be at the same slope as the roadway in
the direction parallel to roadway, and maximum one unit
vertical in 50 units horizontal (2 -percent slope) perpendicu-
lar to roadway.

Where provided, bus stop shelters shall be installed so as
to permit a wheelchair user to enter the shelter from the pub-
lic way and access a clear floor area of 30 inches by 48
inches (762 mm by 1 21 9 mm) complying with Section
III8B.4, completely within the shelter Such shelters shall
be connected by an accessible route to the boarding area.

Where provided, all bus route identification signs shall com-
ply with Section U17B.5.1, Item 2,

Only approved DSA-AC detectable warning products
and directional surfaces shall be installed as provided in the
California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 24, Part I, Arti-
cles 2, 3 and 4. Refer to CCR Title 24, Part 12, Chapters
12-11 A and B,for building and facility access specifications
for product approval for detectable warning products and
directional surfaces.

Detectable warning products and directional surfaces
installed after January 1, 2001, shall be evaluated by an
independent entity, selected by the Department of General
Services, Division of the State Architect-Access Compli-
ance, for all occupancies, including transportation and
other outdoor environments, except that when products and
surfaces are for use in residential housing, evaluation shall
be in consultation with the Department of Housing and
Community Development. See Government Code Section
4460.

112 IB, 2. 2 Bus stop siting and alterations.

1. Bus stop sites shall be chosen such that the areas
where lifts or ramps are to be deployed comply with
Section 1121B.2.1.

2. When new bus route identification signs are installed
or old signs are replaced, they shall comply with the
requirements of Section 1121B.2.1.

1121B,3 Fixed facilities and stations,

112IB,3J New construction. New stations in rapid rail,
light rail, commuter rail, intercity bus, intercity rail, high
speed rail and other fixed guideway systems (for example,
automated guideway transit, monorails, etc.) shall comply
with the following provisions, as applicable:

1. Elements such as ramps, elevators or other circula-
tion devices, fare vending or other ticketing areas,
and fare collection areas shall be placed to minimize
the distance which wheelchair users and other per-
sons who cannot negotiate steps may have to travel
compared to the general public. The circulation
paths, each including an accessible entrance and an
accessible route, for persons with disabilities shall,
to the maximum extent practicable, coincide with
the circulation path for the general public. Where a
circulation path is different, signage complying with
Section 1117B.5.1, Items 2 and 3, shall be provided
to indicate direction to and identify the accessible
entrance and accessible route.

2. If different entrances to a station serve different
transportation fixed routes or groups of fixed routes,
entrances serving each group or route shall comply
with Section 1133B.1.

3. Direct connections to commercial, retail or residen-
tial facilities shall have an accessible route comply-
ing with Section 1114B.1.2 from the point of
connection to boarding platforms and all transpor-
tation system elements used by the public. Any ele-
ments provided to facilitate future direct
connections shall be on an accessible route connect-

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ing boarding platforms and all transportation sys-
tem elements used by the public,

4. Where signs are provided at entrances to stations
identifying the station or the entrance, or both, at
least one sign at each entrance shall comply with
Section 11178.5,1, Item 1. Such signs shall be
placed in uniform locations at entrances within the
transit system.

Exception: Where the station has no defined
entrance, but signage is provided, the accessible
signage shall be placed in a central location,

5. Stations covered by this section shall have identifi-
cation signs complying with Section 11178,5,1,
Item 2, Signs shall be placed at frequent intervals
and shall be clearly visible from within the vehicle
on both sides when not obstructed by another train.
When station identification signs are placed close to
vehicle windows (that is, on the side opposite from
boarding) each shall have the top of the highest let-
ter or symbol below the top of the vehicle window
and the bottom of the lowest letter or symbol above
the horizontal mid-line of the vehicle window.

6. Lists of stations, routes or destinations served by the
station and located on boarding areas, platforms or
mezzanines shall comply with Section 11178.5.1,
Item 2. A minimum of one sign identifying the spe-
cific station and complying with Section 11178.5.1,
Item 1, shall be provided on each platform or board-
ing area. All signs referenced in this paragraph shall
be placed in uniform locations within the transit sys-
tem.

7. Automatic fare vending, collection and adjustment
(for example, add-fare) systems shall comply with
Section 11178.7. Such devices shall be located on
an accessible route complying with Section
11148.1,2,

If self-service fare collection devices are provided
for the use of the general public, a minimum of 5
percent but not less than one accessible device for
entering, and at least one for exiting, unless one de-
vice serves both functions, shall be provided at each
location where such devices are provided.

Accessible fare collection devices shall have a
minimum clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm)
and shall comply with the applicable requirements
of Section 11178.6.

Gates which must be pushed open by wheelchair
or mobility aid users shall have a smooth continuous
surface extending from 2 inches (51 mm) above the
floor to 27 inches (686 mm) above the floor and
shall comply with Sections 11338.1 and 11338.2.

8. Platform edges bordering a drop-off and not pro-
tected by platform screens or guards shall have a de-
tectable warning. Such detectable warnings shall
comply with the following provisions as applicable,
and shall run the full length of the platform drop-off.

(a) Detectable warnings at transit boarding platforms.

Transit boarding platforms shall have a detectable

warning texture extending the full length of the load-
ing area. This detectable warning texture shall have
the following features:

Width 24 to 36 inches (610 mm to 914 mm)
placed at the edge of the drop-off or safe area.

Durable, slip-resistant material having a sur-
face texture composed of raised, truncated domes <
with a diameter of nominal 0.9 inch (22.9 mm) at
the base tapering to 0.45 inch (11.4 mm) at the top,
a height of nominal 0.2 inch (5.08 mm), and a cen-
ter-to-center spacing of nominal 2.35 inches (59. 7
mm) in compliance with Figure 118-23 A. "Nomi-
nal " as used here shall be in accordance with Cali-
fornia State Referenced Standards Code Sections
12-1 lA and 8-102, The detectable warning shall
contrast visually with adjoining surfaces, either
light on dark or dark on light. The material used to
provide contrast shall be an integral part of the
walking surface. Warning surfaces shall differ
from adjoining walking surfaces in resiliency or
sound-on-cane contact. This surface shall be
reserved for warning.

Color yellow conforming to Federal Color No.
33538, as shown in Table IV of Standard No. 5958,
Where the color value contrast between the yellow
warning and the main walking surface is less than
70 percent, a 1 inch-wide (25 mm) black strip shall
separate the yellow warning from the main walk-
ing surface. Contrast shall be determined by:

Contrast = [(81-82)781] x 100 percent where

81 = light reflectance value (LRV) of the lighter
area and

82 = light reflectance value (LRV) of the darker
area.

Only approved DSA-AC detectable warning
products and directional surfaces shall be
installed as provided in the California Code of
Regulations (CCR), Title 24, Part 1, Articles 2, 3
and 4. Refer to CCR Title 24, Part 12, Chapters
12-11 A and 8, for building and facility access
specifications for product approval for detectable
warning products and directional surfaces.

Detectable warning products and directional
surfaces installed after January 1, 2001, shall be
evaluated by an independent entity, selected by the
Department of General Services, Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance, for all occu-
pancies, including transportation and other out-
door environments, except that when products and
surfaces are for use in residential housing, evalua-
tion shall be in consultation with the Department
of Housing and Community Development. See
Government Code Section 4460.

(b) Detectable directional texture at boarding plat-
forms. At transit boarding platforms, the pedestrian
access shall be identified with a detectable direc-
tional texture. This detectable directional texture

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shall comply with Figure 11B-23B and shall be 0.1
inch (2,54 mm) in height that tapers off to 0.04 inch
(1.02 mm), with bars raised 0.2 inch (5.08 mm) from
the surface. The raised bars shall be 1.3 inches
(33.02 mm) wide and 3 inches (76 mm) from cen-
ter-to-center of each bar. This surface shall differ
from adjoining walking surfaces in resiliency or
sound-on-cane contact. The color of the directional
texture shall comply with Section 1121B.3.1, Item
8(a). This surface will be placed directly behind the
yellow detectable warning texture specified in Sec-
tion 1 121 B. 3.1, Item 8(a), aligning with all doors of
the transit vehicles where passengers will embark.
The width of the directional texture shall be equal to
the width of the transit vehicle's door opening. The
depth of the texture shall not be less than 36 inches
(914 mm).

Only approved DSA- AC detectable warning prod-
ucts and directional surfaces shall be installed as
provided in the California Code of Regulations
(CCR), Title 24, Part 1, Articles 2, 3 and 4. Refer to
CCR Title 24, Part 12, Chapters 12-11 A and B, for
building and facility access specifications for prod-
uct approval for detectable warning products and
directional surfaces.

Detectable warning products and directional sur-
faces installed after January 1, 2001, shall be evalu-
ated by an independent entity, selected by the
Department of General Services, Division of the
State Architect-Access Compliance, for all occu-
pancies, including transportation and other out-
door environments, except that when products and
surfaces are for use in residential housing, evalua-
tion shall be in consultation with the Department of
Housing and Community Development. See Gov-
ernment Code Section 4460.

9. In stations covered by this section, rail-to-platform
height in new stations shall be coordinated with the
floor height of new vehicles so that the vertical dif-
ference, measured when the vehicle is at rest, is
within plus or minus Vg inch (15.9 mm) under nor-
mal passenger load conditions.

For rapid rail, light rail, commuter rail, high
speed rail, and intercity rail systems in new stations,
the horizontal gap, measured when the new vehicle
is at rest, shall be no greater than 3 inches (76 mm).

For slow moving automated guideway "people
mover" transit systems, the horizontal gap in new
stations shall be no greater than 1 inch (25 mm).

Exceptions:

1. Existing vehicles operating in new stations may
have a vertical difference with respect to the
new platform within plus or minus V/2 inches
(38 mm).

2. In light rail, commuter rail and intercity rail
systems where it is not operationally or struc-
turally feasible to meet the horizontal gap or

vertical difference requirements y minihigh plat-
forms, car-borne or platform-mounted lifts,
ramps or bridge plates, or similar manually de-
ployed devices, meeting the applicable require-
ments of 36 CFR Part 1192, or 49 CFR Part 38
shall suffice.

10. Stations shall not be designed or constructed so as
to require persons with disabilities to board or
alight from a vehicle at a location other than one
used by the general public.

11. Illumination levels in the areas where signage is lo-
cated shall be uniform and shall minimize glare on
signs. Lighting along circulation routes shall be of a
type and configuration to provide uniform illumina-
tion.

12. Text telephones. The following shall be provided in
accordance with Sections 1117B.2.9.2 and
1117B.2.9.3:

(a) If an interior public pay telephone is provided
in a transit facility (as defined by the federal
Department of Transportation) at least one inte-
rior public text telephone shall be provided in the
station.

(b) Where four or more public pay telephones
serve a particular entrance to a rail station and at
least one is in an interior location, at least one
interior public text telephone complying with Sec-
tions 1117B.2.9.2 and 1117B.2.9.3 shall be pro-
vided to serve that entrance.

13. Where it is necessary to cross tracks to reach board-
ing platforms, the route surface shall be level and
flush with the rail top at the outer edge and between
rails, except for a maximum 2^ /2-inch (64 mm) gap
on the inner edge of each rail to permit passage of
wheel flanges. Such crossings shall comply with
Section 1133B.8.5. Where gap reduction is not prac-
ticable, an above-grade or below-grade accessible
route shall be provided.

14. Where public address systems are provided to con-
vey information to the public in terminals, stations
or other fixed facilities, a means of conveying the
same or equivalent information to persons with
hearing loss or who are deaf shall be provided.

15. Where clocks are provided for use by the general
public, the clock face shall be uncluttered so that its
elements are clearly visible. Hands, numerals
and/or digits shall contrast with the background ei-
ther light-on-dark or dark-on-light. Where clocks
are mounted overhead, numerals and/or digits shall
comply with Section 1117B.5.4. Clocks shall be
placed in uniform locations throughout the facility
and system.

16. Where provided in below-grade stations, escalators
shall have a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813
mm). At the top and bottom of each escalator run, at
least two contiguous treads shall be level beyond the
comb plate before the risers begin to form. All esca-

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lator treads shall be marked by a strip of clearly
contrasting color, 2 inches (51 mm) in width, placed
parallel to and on the nose of each step. The strip
shall be of a material that is at least as slip resistant
as the remainder of the tread. The edge of the tread
shall be apparent from both ascending and descend-
ing directions,

I Z Where provided, elevators shall be glazed or have
transparent panels to allow an unobstructed view
both into and out of the car Elevators shall comply
with Section 1116B.

Exception: Elevator cars with a clear floor area in
which a dO-inch-diameter (1524 mm) circle can be
inscribed may be substituted for the minimum car
dimensions of Section 11 16B and Figure 11B-40A.

18. Where provided, ticketing areas shall comply with
Section 1122B.5, and the customer side of the bag-
gage check- in area shall be accessible.

19. Where provided, baggage check-in and retrieval
systems shall be on an accessible route complying
with Section 1114B.1.2 and shall have space imme-
diately adjacent complying with Section 1118B.

If unattended security barriers are provided, at
least one gate shall comply with Sections 1133B.1
andll33B.2. Passageways containing security bar-
riers shall comply with Section 1133B.2.3.4.

Gates which must be pushed open by wheelchair
or mobility aid users shall have a smooth continuous
surface extending from 2 inches (51 mm) above the
floor to 27 inches (686 mm) above the floor

11218.3,2 Existing facilities — alterations. Alterations of
transportation facilities shall comply with Section 1134B.

1121BA Airports,

112 IB, 4,1 New construction,

1. Elements such as ramps, elevators or other vertical
circulation devices, ticketing areas, security check-
points or passenger waiting areas shall be placed to
provide equitable travel distances for wheelchair us-
ers and other persons who cannot negotiate steps
compared to the route for the general public.

2. The circulation paths, each including an accessible
entrance and an accessible route, for persons with
disabilities shall, to the maximum extent practicable,
coincide with the circulation path for the general pub-
lic. Where a circulation path is different, signage
complying with Section 1117B.5.1, Items 2 and 3,
shall be provided to indicate direction to and identify
the accessible entrance and accessible route.

3. Where provided, ticketing areas shall comply with
Section 1122B.5, and the customer side of the bag-
gage check-in area shall be accessible.

4. Where public pay telephones are provided, and at
least one is at an interior location, a public text tele-
phone shall be provided in compliance with Sections
1117B.2.9.2 andlll7B.2.9.3. Additionally, if four or
more public pay telephones are located in any of the
following locations, at least one public text telephone

shall also be provided in that location: (a) a main ter-
minal outside the security areas; (b) a concourse
within the security areas; or (c) a baggage claim area
in a terminal.

5. Where provided, baggage check-in and retrieval sys-
tems shall be on an accessible route complying with
Section 1114B.L2 and shall have space immediately
adjacent complying with Section 1118B.

If unattended security barriers are provided, at
least one gate shall comply with Sections 1133B.1
andll33B.2. Passageways containing security barri-
ers shall comply with Section 1133B.2.3.4.

Gates which must be pushed open by wheelchair or
mobility aid users shall have a smooth continuous
surface extending from 2 inches (51 mm) above the
floor to 27 inches (686 mm) above the floor.

6. Terminal information systems which broadcast infor-
mation to the general public through a public address
system shall provide a means to provide the same or
equivalent information to persons with a hearing loss
or who are deaf Such methods may include, but are
not limited to, visual paging systems using video mon-
itors and computer technology. For persons with cer-
tain types of hearing loss such methods may include,
but are not limited to, an assistive listening system
complying with Section 1104B.2.

7. Where clocks are provided for use by the general pub-
lic the clock face shall be uncluttered so that its ele-
ments are clearly visible. Hands, numerals and/or
digits shall contrast with their background either
light-on-dark or dark-on-light. Where clocks are
mounted overhead, numerals and/or digits shall com-
ply with Section 1117B.5.4. Clocks shall be placed in
uniform locations throughout the facility.

SECTION 11 22B

FIXED OR BUILT-IN SEATING, TABLES AND

COUNTERS

1122B.1 Minimum number. Where fixed or built-in seating,
tables or counters are provided in accessible public use or
common use areas, 5 percent, but never less than one, must be
accessible as provided in this section. An accessible route of
travel complying with Section 1114B.1.2 shall lead to and
through such fixed or built-in seating areas or tables.

1122B,2 Seating, If seating spaces for persons in wheelchairs
are provided at fixed tables or counters, clear floor space com-
plying with Section 1118B.4 shall be provided. Such clear floor
space shall not overlap knee space by more than 19 inches (483
mm) (see Figure llB-13).

1122B,3 Knee clearance. If seating for persons in wheelchairs
is provided at fixed tables or counters, knee spaces at least 27
inches (686 mm) high, 30 inches (762 mm) wide and 19 inches
(483 mm) deep shall be provided (see Figure llB-13).

Exception: Knee clearance is not required at checkout
counters or service counters.

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1122B, 4 Height of work surfaces. The tops of tables and coun-
ters shall be 28 inches to 34 inches (711 mm to 864 mm) from
the floor or ground.

Where a single counter contains more than one transaction
station, such as (but not limited to) a bank counter with multi-
ple teller windows or a retail sales counter with multiple cash
register stations, at least 5 percent, but never less than one, of
each type of station shall be located at a section of counter that
is at least 36 inches (914 mm) long and no more than 28 to 34
inches (711 to 864 mm) high.

1122B.5 Sales and service counters ^ teller windows and infor-
mation counters. In department stores and miscellaneous
retail stores where counters have cash registers and are pro-
vided for sales or distribution of goods or services to the public,
at least one of each type shall have a portion of the counter
which is at least 36 inches (915 mm) in length with a maximum
height of 34 inches (864 mm) above the finish floor and located
on an accessible route complying with Section 1114B.1.2.

At ticketing counters, teller stations in a bank, registration
counters in hotels and motels, box office ticket counters and
other counters that may not have a cash register but at which
goods or services are sold or distributed, a portion of the main
counter which is a minimum of 36 inches (915 mm) in length
shall be provided with a maximum height of 34 inches (864 mm).

Exception: In existing buildings where it is determined that
providing an accessible counter would create an unreason-
able hardship, equivalent facilitation may consist of one of
the following:

1. An auxiliary counter, in close proximity to the main
counter, meeting these requirements may be provided.

2. Provision of a folding shelf attached to the main coun-
ter on which an individual with disabilities can write.

SECTION 11 23B
ACCESS TO EMPLOYEE AREAS

1123B.1 General. Employee areas shall comply with the
accessibility requirements of this chapter.

1123B.2 Work stations. Specific work stations need only com-
ply with aisle width (Sections 1133B.6.1 and 1133B.6.2) and
floors and levels (Section 1120B), and entryways shall be 32
inches (813 mm) in clear width.

Exception: Accessibility is not required to (1) observation
galleries used primarily for security purposes; or (2) in
nonoccupiable spaces accessed only by ladders, catwalks,
crawl spaces, very narrow passageways or freight
(nonpassenger) elevators, and frequented only by service
personnel for repair purposes; such spaces include, but are
not limited to, elevator pits, elevator penthouses, mechani-
cal rooms, piping or equipment catwalks.

1124B.2 Changes in level Changes in level up to % inch (6.4
mm) may be vertical and without edge treatment [see Figure
llB-5E(c)]. Changes in level between V4 inch (6.4 mm) and 1/2
inch (12. 7 mm) shall be beveled with a slope no greater than
one unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50-percent slope) [see
Figure llB-5E(d)]. Changes in level greater than V2 inch (12. 7
mm) shall be accomplished by means of a curb ramp, ramp,
elevator or platform lift that complies with Section 1127B.5,
1133B.5, 1116B.1 orlll6B.2, respectively

1124B3 Carpet If carpet or carpet tile is used on a ground or
floor surface, then it shall be securely attached; have a firm
cushion, pad or backing or no cushion or pad; and have a level
loop, textured loop, level-cut pile or level-cut/uncut pile tex-
ture. The maximum pile height shall be V2 inch (12. 7 mm). See
Figure 1 lB-7E(b). Exposed edges of carpet shall be fastened to
floor surfaces and have trim along the entire length of the
exposed edge. Carpet edge trim shall comply with Section
1124B.2.

1124B,4 Gratings. If gratings are located in walking surfaces,
then they shall have spaces no greater than V2 i^ch (12. 7 mm)
wide in one direction (see Figure 11B-7E). If gratings have
elongated openings, then they shall be placed so that the long
dimension is perpendicular to the dominant direction of travel
(see Figure 11B-7E).

SECTION 11 25B
STORAGE

1125B,1 General, If fixed storage facilities such as cabinets,
shelves, closets or drawers are provided where access is
required by Section 1.9.1, at least one of each type shall comply I I
with this section. Additional storage may be provided outside of
the reach ranges shown in Figure 11B-5D.

1125B,2 Clear floor space, A clear floor space at least 30
inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) complying with Sec-
tion 1118B.4 that allows either a forward or parallel approach
by a person using a wheelchair shall be provided at accessible
storage facilities.

1125B3 Height Accessible storage spaces shall be within at
least one of the reach ranges specified in Sections 1118B.5 and
1118B.6. Clothes rods shall be a maximum of 54 inches (1372
mm) from the floor for a side approach (See Figure 11B-5D).
Where the distance from the wheelchair to the clothes rod or
shelf exceeds 10 inches (254 mm), as in closets without accessi-
ble doors, the height and depth to the rod or shelf shall comply
with Figure 11B-5D.

1125B.4 Hardware, Hardware for accessible storage facilities
shall comply with Section 1117B.6. Touch latches and
U-shaped pulls are acceptable.

SECTION 11 24B
GROUND AND FLOOR SURFACES

1124B,1 General, Ground and floor surfaces along accessible
routes and in accessible rooms and spaces, including floors,
walks, ramps, stairs and curb ramps, shall be stable, firm, slip
resistant and shall comply with this section.

SECTION 11 26B
VENDING MACHINES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

Spaces for vending machines and other equipment shall
comply with Section 1118B and shall be located on an accessi-
ble route complying with Section 1114B. 1.2. Controls for vend-
ing machines and other equipment shall comply with Section
1117B.6, Controls and operating mechanisms.

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Division II— SITE ACCESSIBILITY

SECTION 11 27B
EXTERIOR ROUTES OF TRAVEL

1127BJ General Site development and grading shall he
designed to provide access to all entrances and exterior ground
floor exits, and access to normal paths of travel, and where
necessary to provide access, shall incorporate pedestrian
ramps, curb ramps, etc. Access shall be provided within the
boundary of the site from public transportation stops, accessi-
ble parking spaces, passenger loading zones if provided, and
public streets or sidewalks. When more than one building or
facility is located on a site, accessible routes of travel comply-
ing with Section 11 MB. 1.2 shall be provided between build-
ings and accessible site facilities, accessible elements, and
accessible spaces that are on the same site. The accessible
route of travel shall be the most practical direct route between
accessible building entrances, accessible site facilities and the
accessible entrance to the site. If access is provided for pedes-
trians from a pedestrian tunnel or elevated walkway, entrances
to the building from each tunnel or walkway must be accessi-
ble.

Exceptions:

1. Where the enforcing agency determines that compli-
ance with these regulations would create an unrea-
sonable hardship because of topography, natural
barriers, etc., an exception may be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided through the use of
other methods and materials.

2. In existing buildings, this section shall not apply in
those conditions where, due to legal or physical con-
straints, the site of the project would not allow compli-
ance with these regulations or equivalent facilitation
without creating an unreasonable hardship. See Sec-
tion 1.9.L5.

1127B,2 Design and construction. When accessibility is
required by this section, it shall be designed and constructed in
accordance with this code. See Section 1114B.1 for a list of
applicable sections.

11278,3 Signs. At every primary public entrance and at every
major junction where the accessible route of travel diverges
from the regular circulation path along or leading to an acces-
sible route of travel, entrance or facility, there shall be a sign
displaying the International Symbol of Accessibility. Signs
shall indicate the direction to accessible building entrances
and facilities and shall comply with the requirements found in
Sections 1117B.5.1, Item 2, and 1117B.5.8.1.

1127B.4 Outside stairways. See Section 1133B.4.

1127B.5 Curb ramps.

1. General. Curb ramps shall be constructed at each cor-
ner of street intersections and where a pedestrian way
crosses a curb. Built-up curb ramps shall be located so
that they do not project into vehicular traffic lanes. The
preferred and recommended location for curb ramps is
in the center of the crosswalk of each street corner. Where
it is necessary to locate a curb ramp in the center of the
curb return and the street surfaces are marked to identify

pedestrian crosswalks, the lower end of the curb ramp
shall terminate within such crosswalk areas. See Figure
11B-20C, Case E and Figure llB-22.

2. Width of curb ramps. Curb ramps shall be a minimum of
4 feet (1219 mm) in width and shall lie, generally, in a
single sloped plane, with a minimum of surface warping
and cross slope.

3. Slope of curb ramps. The slope of curb ramps shall not
exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8.3 3 -per-
cent slope). The slope shall be measured as shown in Fig-
ure 11B-20E. Transitions from ramps to walks, gutters or
streets shall be flush and free of abrupt change. Maxi-
mum slopes of adjoining gutters, road surface immedi-
ately adjacent to the curb ramp, or accessible route shall
not exceed one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5 -per-
cent slope) within 4 feet (1219 mm) of the bottom of the <
curb ramp. The slope of the fanned or flared sides of curb
ramps shall not exceed one unit vertical in 10 units hori-
zontal (10-percent slope).

4. Level landing, A level landing 4 feet (1219 mm) deep
shall be provided at the upper end of each curb ramp
over its full width to permit safe egress from the ramp sur-
face, or the slope of the fanned or flared sides of the curb
ramp shall not exceed one unit vertical in 12 units hori-
zontal (8. 3 3 -percent slope).

5. Finish. The surface of each curb ramp and its flared
sides shall comply with Section 1124B, Ground and
Floor Surfaces, and shall be of contrasting finish from
that of the adjacent sidewalk.

6. Border. All curb ramps shall have a grooved border 12
inches (305 mm) wide at the level surface of the sidewalk
along the top and each side approximately V^ inch (19
mm) on center. All curb ramps constructed between the
face of the curb and the street shall have a grooved bor-
der at the level surface of the sidewalk. See Figures
llB-19AandllB-19B.

7. Detectable warnings. Curb ramps shall have a detect-
able warning that extends the full width and depth of the
curb ramp, excluding the flared sides, inside the grooved
border Detectable warnings shall be slip -resistant and I I
consist of raised truncated domes with a diameter of
nominal 0.9 inch (22.9 mm) at the base tapering to 0.45
inch (1L4 mm) at the top, a height of nominal 0.2 inch
(5.08 mm) and a center-to-center spacing of nominal
2.35 inches (59.7 mm) in compliance with Figure
11B-23A. ''Nominal" here shall be in accordance with
Sections 12-11 A and B- 102, State Referenced Standards
Code. The detectable warning shall contrast visually
with adjoining surfaces, either light-on-dark or
dark-on-light. The material used to provide contrast
shall be an integral part of the walking surface. The
domes may be constructed in a variety of methods,
including cast in place or stamped, or may be part of a
prefabricated surface treatment.

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Chapters 12-11 A and B.for building and facility access
specifications for product approval for detectable warn-
ing products and directional surfaces.

Detectable warning products and directional surfaces
installed after January 7, 2001, shall be evaluated by an
independent entity, selected by the Department of Gen-
eral Services, Division of the State Architect-Access
Compliance, for all occupancies, including transporta-
tion and other outdoor environments, except that when
products and surfaces are for use in residential housing,
evaluation shall be in consultation with the Department
of Housing and Community Development. See Govern-
ment Code Section 4460.

8. Obstructions. Curb ramps shall be located or protected
to prevent their obstruction by parked vehicles.

9. Diagonal curb ramps. If diagonal (or corner- type) curb
ramps have returned curbs or other well-defined edges,
such edges shall be parallel to the direction of pedestrian
flow. The bottom of diagonal curb ramps shall have 48
inches (1219 mm) minimum clear space as shown in Fig-
ures llB-22(c) and (d). If diagonal curb ramps are pro-
vided at marked crossings, the 48-inch (1219 mm) clear
space shall be within the markings [see Figures
llB-22(c) and (d)]. If diagonal curb ramps have flared
sides, they shall also have at least a 24 inch (610 mm)
long segment of straight curb located on each side of the
curb ramp and within the marked crossing [see Figure
llB-22 (c)].

Notes:

1. For additional curb details, see Figures
llB-19AandllB-19B.

2. If the distance from the curb to the back of
sidewalk is too short to accommodate a ramp
and a 4-foot (1219 mm) platform as in Figure
11B-20A, Case A, the sidewalk may be de-
pressed longitudinally as in Figure 11B-20A,
Case B, or Figure 11B-20B, Case C, or may
be widened as in Figure 11B-20B, Case D.

3. If the sidewalk is less than 5 feet (1524 mm)
wide, the full width of the sidewalk shall be de-
pressed as shown in Figure 11 B-20B, Case C.

4. As an alternate to Figure 1 IB -20 A, Case A, one
ramp may be placed in the center of the curb re-
turn as in Figure 11B-20C, Case E.

5. When a ramp is located in the center of a curb
return, the crosswalk configuration must be
similar to that shown on the plan to accommo-
date wheelchairs. See Figure llB-22.

6. If the planting area width is equal to or greater
than the ramp length, the ramp side slope dis-
tance equals 3 feet (914 mm). See Figure
11B-20D, Case G.

7. For Figure 11B-20C, Case F, and Figure
11B-20D, Case G, the longitudinal portion of
the sidewalk may need to be depressed as
shown in Figure 11B-20A, Case B.

8. If located on a curve, the sides of the ramp need
not be parallel, but the minimum width of the
ramp shall be 4 feet (1219 mm).

9. The ramp shall have a 12 -inch-wide (305 mm)
border with ^/4-inch (6 mm) grooves approxi-
mately V4 inch (19 mm) on center. See grooving
detail, Figure 11B-20D, Case H.

SECTION 11 28B
PEDESTRIAN GRADE SEPARATIONS
(OVERPASSES AND UNDERPASSES)

Pedestrian ramps on pedestrian grade separations shall
comply with the requirements of Section 1133B.5for ramps.

Cross slopes of walking surfaces shall be the minimum pos-
sible and shall not exceed one unit vertical in 50 units horizon-
tal (2-percent slope). The slope of any appreciably warped
walking surface shall not exceed one unit vertical in 12 units
horizontal (8.33-percent slope) in any direction. Where pedes-
trian grade separations cross streets or other vehicular traffic
ways, and where a street level crossing can reasonably and
safely be used by persons with physical disabilities, there shall
be provided conforming curb ramps and a usable pathway.

Exceptions:

1 . When the grade differential of the walking surface of a
pedestrian grade separation exceeds 14 feet (4267
mm) due to required height clearance and grade con-
ditions, and the enforcing agency finds that because
of right-of-way restrictions, topography or natural
barriers, wheelchair accessibility or equivalent facil-
itation would create an unreasonable hardship, such
accessibility need not be provided. However, the re-
quirements in these regulations relating to other types
of mobility shall be complied with.

2. For existing facilities, this section shall not apply
where, due to legal or physical constraints, the site of
the project will not allow compliance with these regu-
lations or equivalent facilitation without creating an
unreasonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5. 11

SECTION 11 29B
ACCESSIBLE PARKING REQUIRED

I129BJ General. Each lot or parking structure where parking
is provided for the public as clients, guests or employees, shall
provide accessible parking as required by this section. Accessi-
ble parking spaces serving a particular building shall be
located on the shortest accessible route of travel (complying
with Section 11 MB. 1.2) from adjacent parking to an accessi-
ble entrance. In parking facilities that do not serve a particular
building, accessible parking shall be located on the shortest
accessible route of travel to an accessible pedestrian entrance
of the parking facility. In buildings with multiple accessible
entrances with adjacent parking, accessible parking spaces
shall be dispersed and located closest to the accessible
entrances. Table llB-6 establishes the number of accessible
parking spaces required.

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1129B,2 Medical care outpatient facilities. At facilities pro-
viding medical care and other services for persons with mobil-
ity impairments^ parking spaces complying with this section
shall be provided in accordance with Table 1 lB-6 except as fol-
lows:

1. Outpatient units and facilities. Ten percent of the total
number of parking spaces provided shall serve each such
outpatient unit or facility.

2. Units and facilities that specialize in treatment or ser-
vices for persons with mobility impairments. Twenty
percent of the total number of parking spaces provided
shall serve each such unit or facility.

TABLE 11 B-6
SPACES REQUIRED

Establishes the number of accessible parking spaces required.

TOTAL NUMBER OF PARKING
SPACES IN LOT OR GARAGE

MINIMUM REQUIRED
NUMBER OF SPACES

1-25

26-50

51-75

76-100

101-150

151-200

201-300

301-400

401-500

501-1000

1,001 and over

* Two percent of total

** Twenty plus one for each 100, or fraction over 1,001.

1129B3 Parking space size. Accessible parking spaces shall
be located as near as practical to a primary entrance and shall
be sized as follows:

1. Dimensions. Where single spaces are provided, they
shall be 14 feet (4267 mm) wide and lined to provide a
9-foot (2743 mm) parking area and a 5 -foot (1524 mm)
loading and unloading access aisle on the passenger
side of the vehicle. When more than one space is provided
in lieu of providing a 14-foot-wide (4267 mm) space for
each parking space, two spaces can be provided within a
23 -foot-wide (7010 mm) area lined to provide a 9-foot
(2743 mm) parking area on each side of a 5 -foot (1524
mm) loading and unloading access aisle in the center.
The loading and unloading access aisle shall be marked
by a border painted blue. Within the blue border, hatched
lines a maximum of 36 inches (914 mm) on center shall
be painted a color contrasting with the parking surface,
preferably blue or white. See Figure 1 IB- 18 A. Parking
access aisles shall be part of an accessible route of travel
(complying with Section 11148,1,2) to the building or
facility entrance. Parked vehicle overhangs shall not
reduce the clear width of an accessible route. The mini-
mum length of each parking space, shall be 18 feet (5486
mm). The words "NO PARKING " shall be painted on the

ground within each 5 -foot (1524 mm) loading and
unloading access aisle. This notice shall be painted in
white letters no less than 12 inches (305 mm) high and
located so that it is visible to traffic enforcement officials.
See Figures 11B-18A, 11B-18B and IIB-ISC.

2. Van space(s). One in every eight accessible spaces, but
not less than one, shall be served by a loading and
unloading access aisle 96 inches (2438 mm) wide mini-
mum placed on the side opposite the driver's side when
the vehicle is going forward into the parking space and
shall be designated van accessible as required by Section
1I29B.4. All such spaces may be grouped on one level of
a parking structure. The loading and unloading access
aisle shall be marked by a border painted blue. Within
the blue border, hatched lines a maximum of 36 inches
(914 mm) on center shall be painted a color contrasting
with the parking surface, preferably blue or white. The
words "NO PARKING" shall be painted on the ground
within each 8-foot (2438 mm) loading and unloading
access aisle. This notice shall be painted in white letters
no less than 12 inches (305 mm) high and located so that
it is visible to traffic enforcement officials. See Figures
I1B-18A, 11B-18B and I1B-18C.

3. Arrangement of parking space. In each parking area, a
bumper or curb shall be provided if required to prevent
encroachment of cars over the required width of walk-
ways. Also, the space shall be located so a person with a
disability is not compelled to wheel or walk behind park-
ing spaces other than that person 's own accessible park-
ing space. Pedestrian ways which are accessible to
persons with disabilities shall be provided from each
such parking space to related facilities, including curb
cuts or ramps as needed. Ramps shall not encroach into
any accessible parking space or the adjacent access
aisle. See Figures 1 IB-ISA through 11B-18C.

Exceptions:

1. Where the enforcing agency determines that
compliance with any regulation of this section
would create an unreasonable hardship, a vari-
ance or waiver may be granted when equivalent
facilitation is provided.

2. Parking spaces may be provided which would
require a person with a disability to wheel or
walk behind a parking space other than that
person's own accessible parking space when
the enforcing agency determines that compli-
ance with these regulations or providing equiv-
alent facilitation would create an unreasonable
hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

4. Slope of parking space and access aisle. Surface slopes
of accessible parking spaces and access aisles shall be
the minimum possible and shall not exceed one unit verti-
cal in 50 units horizontal (2 -percent slope) in any direc-
tion.

5. Vertical clearance. Provide minimum vertical clearance
of 98 inches (2489 mm) at accessible parking spaces and
along at least one vehicle access route to such spaces
from site entrances and exits.

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1129B.4 Identification of parking spaces for off-street park-
ing facilities. Each parking space reserved for persons with
disabilities shall be identified by a refiectorized sign perma-
nently posted immediately adjacent to and visible from each
stall or space, consisting of the International Symbol of Acces-
sibility in white on a dark blue background. The sign shall not
be smaller than 70 square inches (4516 mm^) in area and, when
in a path of travel, shall be posted at a minimum height of 80
inches (2032 mm) from the bottom of the sign to the parking
space finished grade. Signs may also be centered on the wall at
the interior end of the parking space. An additional sign or
additional language below the symbol of accessibility shall
state ''Minimum Fine $250."

Van accessible spaces complying with Section 1129B3, Item
2 shall have an additional sign or additional language stating
''Van Accessible" below the symbol of accessibility. Signs
identifying accessible parking spaces shall be located so they
cannot be obscured by a vehicle parked in the space.

An additional sign shall also be posted in a conspicuous
place at each entrance to off-street parking facilities, or imme-
diately adjacent to and visible from each accessible stall or
space. The sign shall not be less than 1 7 inches by 22 inches
(432 mmby 559 mm) in size with 1 inch (25 mm) high minimum
lettering which clearly and conspicuously states the following:

"Unauthorized vehicles parked in designated accessible
spaces not displaying distinguishing placards or special
license plates issued for persons with disabilities will be
towed away at the owner's expense. Towed vehicles may be

reclaimed at or

by telephoning . "

Blank spaces are to be filled in with appropriate information
as a permanent part of the sign.

In addition to the above requirements, the surface of each
accessible parking space or stall shall have a surface identifi-
cation duplicating either of the following schemes:

1. By outlining or painting the stall or space in blue and
outlining on the ground in the stall or space in white or
suitable contrasting color a profile view depicting a
wheelchair with occupant; or

2. By outlining a profile view of a wheelchair with occupant
in white on blue background. The profile view shall be
located so that it is visible to a traffic enforcement officer
when a vehicle is properly parked in the space and shall
be 36 inches high by 36 inches wide (914 mm by 914
mm). See Figures 1 IB- ISA through 11B-18C.

2. This section shall not apply to existing buildings
where the enforcing agency determines that, due to le-
gal or physical constraints, compliance with these
regulations or equivalent facilitation would create an
unreasonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

II30B.2 When direct access is provided for pedestrians from a
parking garage to a building, each direct entrance from the
garage to the building must he accessible.

SECTION 1131 B
PASSENGER DROP-OFF AND LOADING ZONES

113 IB, I Location, When provided, passenger drop-off and
loading zones shall be located on an accessible route of travel
(complying with Section 11 MB. 1.2) and shall comply with
1131B.2.

1131B,2 Passenger loading zones,

1. General Where provided, one passenger drop-off and
loading zone shall provide an access aisle at least 60
inches (1524 mm) wide and 20 feet (6096 mm) long adja-
cent and parallel to the vehicle pull-up space. Vehicle
standing spaces and access aisles shall be level with sur-
face slopes not exceeding one unit vertical in 50 units
horizontal (2-percent slope) in all directions. If there are
curbs between the access aisle and the vehicle pull-up
space, a curb ramp shall be provided. Each passenger
drop-off and loading zone designed for persons with dis-
abilities shall be identified by a refiectorized sign, com-
plying with Section 1117B.5.1, Items 2 and 3,
permanently posted immediately adjacent to and visible
from the passenger drop-off or loading zone stating

"Passenger Loading Zone Only" and including the
International Symbol of Accessibility, in white on a dark
blue background.

2. Vertical clearance. Provide minimum vertical clearance
of 114 inches (2896 mm) at accessible passenger loading
zones and along at least one vehicle access route to such
areas from site entrances and exits.

1131B,3 Valet parking. Valet parking facilities shall provide a
passenger loading zone complying with Section 113 IB. 2
above and shall be located on an accessible route of travel
(complying with Section 1114B.1.2) to the entrance of the facil-
ity. The parking space requirements of Sections 1129B through
1130B apply to facilities with valet parking.

1131B.4 Bus stop pads and shelters. See Section 1121B.2.1.

SECTION 11 30B
PARKING STRUCTURES

1130B.1 All entrances to and vertical clearances within park-
ing structures shall comply with Section 1129B.3, Item 5 where
required for accessibility to accessible parking spaces.

Exceptions:

1. Where the enforcing agency determines that compli-
ance with Section 1 130B. 1 would create an unreason-
able hardship, an exception may be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided.

SECTION 11 32B
OUTDOOR OCCUPANCIES

1132B,1 General, Outdoor occupancies shall be accessible as
required in this chapter See also the general requirements in
Section 11 MB. 1.1.

1132B.2 Parks and recreational areas. The following parks
and recreational areas shall comply with these regulations.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings, when the enforcing agency de-
termines that compliance would create an unreason-

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able hardship, a variance shall be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided.

2. Where the enforcing agency finds that, in specific ar-
eas, the natural environment would be materially
damaged by compliance with these regulations, such
areas shall be subject to these regulations only to the
extent that such material damage would not occur

3. Automobile access shall not be provided or paths of
travel shall not be made accessible when the enforc-
ing agency determines that compliance with these
regulations would create an unreasonable hardship.

1. Campsites, Campsites, a minimum of two and no fewer
than three for each 100 campsites provided, shall be
accessible by a level path or ramp and shall have travel
routes with slopes not exceeding one unit vertical in 12
units horizontal (8.33-percent slope) to sanitary facili-
ties. Permanent sanitary facilities serving campgrounds
shall be accessible to wheelchair occupants.

2. Beaches, picnic areas. Beaches, picnic areas, day-use
areas, vista points and similar areas shall be accessible.

3. Sanitary facilities. Sanitary facilities, to the extent that
such facilities are provided, each public use area that is
accessible to wheelchair occupants by automobile,
walks or other paths of travel.

4. Boat docks. Boat docks, fishing piers, etc., shall be
accessible.

5. Parking lots. Parking lots shall be provided with accessi-
ble parking spaces and with curb cuts leading to all adja-
cent walks, paths or trails.

6. Trails and paths. Trails, paths and nature walk areas, or
portions of these, shall be constructed with gradients
which will permit at least partial use by wheelchair occu-

pants. Hard surface paths or walks shall be provided to
serve buildings and other functional areas.

7. Nature trails. Nature trails and similar educational and
informational areas shall be accessible to the blind by
the provision of rope guidelines, raised Arabic numerals
and symbols for identification, information signs and
related guide and assistance devices.

For museums, orientation buildings, visitor centers, office
buildings, retail stores, restaurants, etc., and sanitary facilities
serving these uses, see Sections 1104B through HUB and sec-
tions listed in Section 11 MB. 1.1.

1132B,3 Highway rest areas. The specific standards of acces-
sibility for highway rest areas and similar facilities shall be as
follows in Section 1132B.3.1, subject to other provisions in
these regulations.

1132B,3,1 Permanent facilities. At least one kind of perma-
nent functional area or facility, as applicable, shall be
accessible to persons with disabilities, including:

1. A sanitary facility for each sex.

2. At least one picnic table and one additional table for
each 20 tables, or fraction thereof provided.

3. Information and display areas.

4 . Drinking fountains.

5. At least one parking space.

6. Curb ramps conforming to Section 1127B.5 shall be
provided at pedestrian ways where appropriate.

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Division III— ACCESSIBILITY FOR ENTRANCES,
EXITS AND PATHS OF TRAVEL

This division includes additional requirements which super-
sede less restrictive requirements in Chapter 10 where access is
required.

SECTION 11 33B

GENERAL ACCESSIBILITY FOR ENTRANCES,

EXITS AND PATHS OF TRAVEL

1133BJ Building accessibility. See this chapter.

I133BJ.I Entrances.

1133B.1.1.1 Entrances and exterior ground floor exit
doors.

1133B,1.1,1.1 All entrances and exterior
ground-floor exit doors to buildings and facilities
shall be made accessible to persons with disabilities.
Such entrances shall be connected by an accessible
route (complying with Section 1114B.1.2) to public
transportation stops, to accessible parking and pas-
senger loading zones and to public streets or side-
walks, if available. Entrances shall be connected by
an accessible route to all accessible spaces or ele-
ments within the building or facility. Doorways shall
have a minimum clear opening of 32 inches (813 mm)
with the door open 90 degrees, measured between the
face of the door and the opposite stop (see Figure
11B-5B), Openings more than 24 inches (610 mm) in
depth shall comply with Section 1118B. 1. .

Exceptions:

1. Exterior ground-floor exits serving
smoke-proof enclosures, stairwells and exit
doors servicing stairs only need not be made
accessible.

2. Exits in excess of those required by Chapter
10, and which are more than 24 inches (610
mm) above grade are not required to be ac-
cessible. Such doors shall have signs warn-
ing that they are not accessible. Warning
signs shall comply with Section 1117B.5.1,
Item 2.

3. In existing buildings where the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with the
building standards of this section would cre-
ate an unreasonable hardship, an exception
shall be granted when equivalent facilita-
tion is provided. Equivalent facilitation
would require at least one entrance to be ac-
cessible to and usable by persons with dis-
abilities.

4. These building standards shall not apply to
existing buildings when legal or physical
constraints will not allow compliance with
these building standards or equivalent facil-
itation without creating an unreasonable

hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5, Special
Conditions for Persons with Disabilities Re-
quiring Appeals Action Ratification.

I133B.1.I.I.2 Temporary restrictions. During peri-
ods of partial or restricted use of a building or facility,
the entrances used for primary access shall be acces-
sible to and usable by persons with disabilities.

1133BJ. 1.1.3 Recessed doormats. Recessed door-
mats shall be adequately anchored to prevent interfer-
ence with wheelchair traffic.

1133B.1.1.L4 Gates. All gates, including ticket gates,
shall meet all applicable specifications for doors.

1133B.1.1.1.5 Service entrances. In existing build-
ings and facilities, a service entrance shall not be the
sole accessible entrance unless it is the only entrance
to a building or facility (for example, in a factory or
garage).

1133B.2 Doors.

1133B.2.1 Type of lock or latch. See Chapter 10, Section
1008,1.8.

1133B.2.2 Width and height. Every required exit doorway
shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not
less than 3 feet (914 mm) in width and not less than 6 feet 8
inches (2032 mm) in height.

When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capa-
ble of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted
that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 32 inches
(813 mm) measured between the face of the door and the
opposite stop (see Figure 11B-5B). In computing the exit
width the net dimension of the exitway shall be used.

Exception: Doors not requiring full user passage, such
as shallow closets, may have the clear opening reduced
to 20 inches (510 mm) minimum.

1133B.2.3 Hinged doors. For hinged doors, the opening
width shall be measured with the door positioned at an
angle of 90 degrees from its closed position.

1133B.2.3.1 Pairs of doors. Where a pair of doors is uti-
lized, at least one of the doors shall provide a clear, unob-
structed opening width of 32 inches (813 mm) with the
leaf positioned at an angle of 90 degrees from its closed
position.

1133B.2.3.2 Automatic and power-assisted doors. If an

automatic door is used, then it shall comply with BHMA
A156.10. Slowly opening, low-powered, automatic
doors shall comply with BHMA Al 56.19. Such doors
shall not open to back check faster than 3 seconds and
shall require no more than 15 lbf(66. 72 N) to stop door
movement. If a power-assisted door is used, its
door-opening force shall comply with Section 1133B.2.5
and its closing shall conform to the requirements in
BHMA A156.19. When an automatic door operator is
utilized to operate a pair of doors, at least one of the
doors shall provide a clear, unobstructed opening width

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of 32 inches (813 mm) with the door positioned at an
angle of 90 degrees from its closed position.

Exceptions:

L The provisions of Section 11338,2.3 shall not
apply to existing buildings, except when other-
wise required under conditions applicable to
access for persons with disabilities. In existing
buildings y the following shall apply:

Where the occupant load is less than 10,
except Group I, Division 1 occupancies^ or
where the occupant load is greater than 10 and
it is determined that compliance with Section
11338.2,3 would create an unreasonable hard-
ship, a projection of^/^ inch (16 mm) maximum
will be permitted for the latch side stop.

2, In existing buildings, the provisions of this sec-
tion shall not apply when legal or physical con-
straints will not allow compliance with these
building standards or equivalent facilitation
without creating an unreasonable hardship,
II See Section 1.9,1,5,

12338.2.3.3 Revolving doors. Revolving doors shall not
be used as a required entrance for persons with disabili-
ties.

11338.2.3.4 Turnstiles f rails and pedestrian controls.

Where turnstiles and crowd control barriers are utilized
in a facility for the purpose of providing fully controlled
access, such as where an admission price is charged, a
door or gate that is accessible to persons with disabilities
shall be provided adjacent to each turnstile exit or
entrance. This alternate passageway shall be maintained
in an unlocked condition during business hours and the
door or gate shall not activate a publicly audible alarm
system. The door or gate may be latched where all gates
are restricted and controlled by an attendant and a sign
is posted stating, ''All gates are restrcted and controlled
by an attendant," The accessible door or gate shall pro-
vide the same use pattern. Where posts, rails or other
pedestrian controls are utilized to create crowd control
aisles or lanes, a minimum of one lane shall be accessi-
ble and shall provide a minimum aisle width no less than
indicated in Figures 118-5E(a) and (b) with 32 inches
(813 mm) of clear opening.

Exception: In existing buildings, Section 11338.2.3
shall not apply when physical constraints or equiva-
lent facilitation will not allow compliance with these
building standards without creating an unreasonable
hardship.. See Section 1.9.1.5.

11338.2.4 Floor level at doors. Regardless of the occupant
load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door.

11338.2.4,1 Thresholds. The floor or landing shall not
be more than V2 inch (12. 7 mm) lower than the threshold
of the doorway. Change in level between V4 inch (6 mm)
and V2 i^^h (12. 7 mm) shall be beveled with a slope no
greater than one unit vertical in 2 units horizontal

(50-percent slope). Change in level greater than V2 inch
(12.7 mm) shall be accomplished by means of a ramp.
See Section 11338.5.1.

11338.2.4.2 Maneuvering clearances at doors. Mini-
mum maneuvering clearances at doors shall be as shown
inFigures 118-26A, 118-268 andll8-26C.Thefloor or I I
ground area within the required clearances shall be level
and clear.

The level area shall have a length in the direction of
door swing of at least 60 inches (1524 mm) and the
length opposite the direction of door swing of 48 inches
(1219 mm) as measured at right angles to the plane of the
door in its closed position.

Exception: The length opposite the direction of door
swing shall be a minimum of 44 inches (1118 mm)
where the door has no closer and approach to the
door by a person in a wheelchair can be made from
the latch side, or if the door has neither latch nor
closer and approach can be made from the hinge side.
See Figures 118-26A and 118-268.

11338.2.4.3 The width of the level area on the side to
which the door swings shall extend 24 inches (610 mm)
past the strike edge of the door for exterior doors and 18
inches (457 mm) past the strike edge for interior doors.

Twenty -four inches (610 mm) is preferred for
strike-side clearance.

11338.2.4.4 The space between two consecutive door
openings in a vestibule, serving other than a required exit
stairway shall provide a minimum of 48 inches (1219
mm) of clear space from any door opening into such ves-
tibule when the door is positioned at an angle of 90
degrees from its closed position. Doors in a series shall
swing either in the same direction or away from the space
between the doors. See Figures 118-30 and 118-31.

11338.2.4.5 Recessed doors. Where a door required to I I
be accessible by Section 11338,1,1.1 is located in a
recess or alcove where the distance from the face of the
wall to the face of the door is greater than 8 inches (203
mm), strike side clearances as prescribed in Section
11338,2.4.3 shall be provided. See Figure 118-33(a).

11338,2.5 Door opening force. The maximum force
required to push or pull open a door shall comply with this
section. Push or pull force for a hinged door shall be mea-
sured perpendicular to the door face at the door opening
hardware or 30 inches (762 mm) from the hinged side,
whichever is farther from the hinge. Push or pull force for a
sliding or folding door shall be measured parallel to the
door at the door pull or latch. Compensating devices or
automatic door operators complying with Section
11338.2.3.2 may he used to meet the maximumforce limits.

1. Required fire doors shall have the minimum opening
force allowable by the appropriate administrative au-
thority, not to exceed 15 lbf(66.7N).

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2. Other than required fire doors, interior doors shall
have a maximum opening force of 5 lbf(22.2 N),

3. Other than required fire doors, exterior doors shall
have a maximum opening force of 5 lb (22.2 N),

Exceptions:

L Exterior doors to machinery spaces including, but
not limited to, elevator pits or elevator penthouses;
mechanical, electrical or communications equip-
ment rooms; piping or equipment catwalks; elec-
tric substations and transformer vaults; and
highway and tunnel utility facilities,

2. When, at a single location, one of every 8 exterior
door leafs, or fraction of 8, is a powered door,
other exterior doors at the same location, serving
the same interior space, may have a maximum
opening force of 8.5 Ibf (37.8 N). The powered
leafis) shall be located closest to the accessible
route.

a. Powered doors shall comply with Section
1133B.2.3.2. Powered doors shall be fully
automatic doors complying with Builders
Hardware Manufacturers' Association
(BHMA) A156.10 or low energy operated
doors complying with BHMA A156.19.

b. Powered doors serving a building or facility
with an occupancy of 150 or more shall be
provided with a back-up battery or back-up
generator. The back-up power source shall
be able to cycle the door a minimum of 100
cycles.

c. Powered doors shall be controlled on both
the interior and exterior sides of the doors by
sensing devices, push plates, vertical actua-
tion bars or other similar operating devices
complying with Section 1117B.6.

At each location where push plates are
provided there shall be two push plates; the
centerline of one push plate shall be 7 inches
(178 mm) minimum and 8 inches (203 mm)
maximum above the floor or ground surface
and the centerline of the second push plate
shall be 30 inches (762 mm) minimum and
44 inches (1219 mm) maximum above the
floor or ground surface. Each push plate
shall be a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) di-
ameter or a minimum of 4 inches by 4 inches
(102 mm by 102 mm) square and shall dis-
play the International Symbol of Accessibil-
ity complying with Section 1117B. 5.8.1.

At each location where vertical actuation
bars are provided the operable portion shall
be located so the bottom is 5 inches (127
mm) maximum above the floor or ground
surface and the top is 35 inches (889 mm)
minimum above the floor or ground surface.
The operable portion of each vertical actua-
tion bar shall be a minimum of 2 inches (51
mm) wide and shall display the Interna-

tional Symbol of Accessibility complying
with Section 1117B.5.8.1.

Where push plates, vertical actuation bars
or other similar operating devices are pro-
vided, they shall be placed in a conspicuous
location. A level and clear floor or ground
space for forward or parallel approach com-
plying with Sections 1118B.4 and 1124B.1
shall be provided, centered on the operating
device. Doors shall not swing into the re-
quired clear floor or ground space.

d. Signage identifying the accessible entrance
required by Section 1127B.3 shall be placed
on, or immediately adjacent to, each pow-
ered door. Signage shall be provided in com-
pliance with BHMA Al 56.10 or BHMA
156.19, as applicable .

e. In addition to the requirements of Item d,
where a powered door is provided in build-
ings or facilities containing assembly occu-
pancies of 300 or more, a sign displaying the
International Symbol of Accessibility mea-
suring 6 inches by 6 inches (152 mm by 152
mm), complying with Section 1117B. 5.8.1,
shall be provided above the door on both the
interior and exterior sides of each powered
door

11338.2.5.1 Door closer. If the door has a closer, then
the sweep period of the closer shall be adjusted so that
from an open position of 70 degrees, the door will take at
least 3 seconds to move to a point 3 inches (75 mm) from
the latch, measured to the leading edge of the door.

11333.2.5.2 Hand-activated door opening hardware,
handles, pulls, latches, locks and other operating devices
on accessible doors shall have a shape that is easy to
grasp with one hand and does not require tight grasping,
tight pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate. Hard-
ware shall be centered between 30 inches (762 mm) and
44 inches (1118 mm) above the floor Latching and lock-
ing doors that are hand-activated and which are in a path
of travel shall be operable by lever-type hardware, panic
bars, push-pull activating bars, U-shaped handles or
other hardware designed to provide passage. Locked exit
doors shall operate as above in egress direction.

11338,2,6 Smooth surface. The bottom 10 inches (254 mm)
of all doors except automatic and sliding shall have a
smooth, uninterrupted surface to allow the door to be
opened by a wheelchair footrest without creating a trap or
hazardous condition. Where narrow frame doors are used, a
10-inch (254 mm) high smooth panel shall be installed on
the push side of the door, which will allow the door to be
opened by a wheelchair footrest without creating a trap or
hazardous condition.

11338,3 Corridors, hallways and exterior exit balconies.

11338,3,1 Corridor and hallway widths. Every corridor
and hallway serving an occupant load of 10 or more shall
not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm) in width. Corridors

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and hallways serving an occupant load of less than 10 shall
not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in width,

1133B,3.2 Corridors and hallways over 200 feet (60 960 mm).

Corridors and hallways that are located on an accessible route
and exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm) in length shall have a mini-
mum clear width of 60 inches (1524 mm). If an accessible route
has less than 60 inches (1524 mm) clear width, then passing
spaces at least 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524 mm)
shall be located at intervals of 200 feet (60 960 mm) maximum.
A "T" intersection of two corridors or walks is an acceptable
passing place.

Exceptions:

L In existing buildings, when the enforcing agency
determines that compliance with any building
standard under this section would create an unrea-
sonable hardship, an exception to such building
standard shall be granted when equivalent facili-
tation is provided.

2. In existing buildings, the provisions of this section
shall not apply when legal or physical constraints
will not allow compliance with these building stan-
dards or equivalent facilitation without creating
an unreasonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

1133B.4 Stairways, Stairways shall conform to the provisions
of this section.

1133B,4.1 Handrails.

1133B,4JJ Required handrails. Stairways shall have
handrails on each side. Handrails shall be continuous
along both sides of a stairway. Intermediate handrails
shall be provided as required in Section 1012.8.

1133B.4,2 Handrail configuration.

1133BA,2.1 The top of handrail gripping surface shall
be mounted between 34 to 38 inches (864 to 965 mm)
above the nosing of the treads.

1133B.4,2,2 Handrails shall extend a minimum of 12
inches (305 mm) beyond the top nosing and 12 inches
(305 mm), plus the tread width, beyond the bottom nos-
ing. At the top, the extension shall be parallel with the
floor or ground surface. At the bottom, the handrail shall
continue to slope for a distance of the width of one tread
from the bottom riser; the remainder of the extension
shall be horizontal See Figures 113-35 and llB-37.

Exceptions:

1. In new construction, the inside handrail on
switchback or dogleg stairs shall always be
continuous.

2. In existing buildings and facilities, full exten-
sion of handrails at stairs shall not be required
in alterations where such extensions would be
hazardous or impossible due to plan configura-
tion.

1I33B.4.2.3 Ends shall be returned smoothly to floor,
wall or post.

1133B.4,2.4 The orientation of at least one handrail
shall be in the direction of the run of the stair and perpen-

dicular to the direction of the stair nosing, and shall not
reduce the minimum required width of the stairs.

II33B,4.2,5 Handrails projecting from a wall shall have
a space ofV/2 inches (38 mm) between the wall and the
handrail.

Handrails may be located in a recess if the recess is a
maximum of 3 inches (76 mm) deep and extends at least
18 inches (457 mm) above the top of the rail. Handrails
shall not rotate in their fittings.

II33B,4.2.6 Handgrips, The handgrip portion of hand-
rails shall be not less than IV4 inches (32 mm) or more
than IV2 inches (38 mm) in cross-sectional nominal
dimension or the shape shall provide an equivalent grip-
ping surface. The handgrip portion of handrails shall
have a smooth surface with no sharp comers. Gripping
surfaces (top or sides) shall be uninterrupted by newel
posts, other construction elements or obstructions. Any
wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail shall be
free of sharp or abrasive elements. Edges shall have a
minimum radius ofVg inch (3.2 mm).

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings when the enforcing agency
determines that compliance with any requirement
under Section 1133B,4.2 would create an unrea-
sonable hardship, an exception to the requirement
for persons with disabilities may be granted when
equivalent facilitation is provided.

2. These regulations shall not apply in existing build-
ings where legal or physical constraints will not
allow compliance with these regulations or equiv-
alent facilitation without creating an unreason-
able hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

1133B.43 Tactile floor identification signs in stairways.

Tactile floor identification signs that comply with Section
1117B.5, Item 1, shall be located at each floor level landing
in all enclosed stairways in buildings two or more stories in
height to identify the floor level. At exit discharge level, the
sign shall include a raised jive-pointed star located to the
left of the identifying floor level. The outside diameter of the
star shall be the same as the height of the raised characters.

1I33B.4.4 Striping for the visually impaired. Interior
stairs shall have the upper approach and lower tread
marked by a stripe providing clear visual contrast. Exterior
stairs shall have the upper approach and all treads marked
by a stripe providing clear visual contrast

The stripe shall be a minimum of 2 inches (50.8 mm) wide
to a maximum of 4 inches (101.6 mm) wide placed parallel
to, and not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) from, the nose of the
step or upper approach. The stripe shall extend the full
width of the step or upper approach and shall be of material
that is at least as slip resistant as the other treads of the stair
A painted stripe shall be acceptable.

1133B,4,5 Stair treads, risers and nosing. Stair treads shall
be no less than 11 inches (279 mm) deep, measured from
riser to riser Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm)
maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. On any given

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flight of stairs, all steps shall have uniform riser height and
uniform tread widths.

11338,4.5.1 Treads. All tread surfaces shall be slip
resistant Weather-exposed stairs and their approaches
shall be designed so that water will not accumulate on
the walking surfaces. Treads shall have smooth, rounded
or beveled exposed edges.

1133B.4.5.2 Risers. Risers shall be solid and shall be
vertical [see Figure llB-35(a)] or sloped from the
underside of the leading edge of the tread above at an
angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 radjfrom the verti-
cal [see Figure IlB-35(b)]. Open risers are not permit-
ted.

Exceptions:

L On exterior stairways, an opening of not more
than V2 i^<^h (12.7 mm) may be permitted be-
tween the base of the riser and the tread.

2. On exterior stairways, risers constructed of
grating containing openings of not more than
V2 ^^^^ (^^- 7 rnf^) ^oy be permitted.
1133BA.5.3 Nosing. The radius of curvature at the
leading edge (nosing) of the tread shall be no greater
than V2 inch (12.7 mm). Beveling of nosings shall not
exceed V2 inch (12.7 mm). Nosings shall not project
more than 1 % inches (3 1.8 mm) past the face of the riser
below. Nosings that project beyond risers shall have the
underside of the leading edge beveled at an angle not
more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad)from the vertical (see
Figure llB-35(c). The transition from the nosing to the
riser shall be free of abrupt edges. All projections shall
be of uniform size, including nosings at landings.

Exceptions:

1. In existing buildings there is no requirement to
retroactively alter existing nosing projections
ofV/2 inches (38. 1 mm) which were constructed
in compliance with the building code in effect at
the time of original construction.

2. In existing buildings, when the enforcing
agency determines that compliance with any re-
quirement under this section would create an
unreasonable hardship, an exception to person
with disabilities requirements may be granted
when equivalent facilitation is provided.

3. These regulations shall not apply to existing
buildings when legal or physical constraints
will not allow compliance with these regula-
tions or equivalent facilitation without creating
an unreasonable hardship. See Section 1.9.1.5.

1133B.5 Ramps.

1133B.5.1 General. Ramps shall conform to the provisions
of this section. Any accessible route of travel shall be con-
sidered a ramp if its slope is greater than 1 unit vertical in 20
units horizontal (5 -percent slope).

1133B.5.2 Width. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width
of 48 inches (1219 mm), unless required to be wider by some
other provision of this code. Ramps serving entrances to

buildings where the ramp is the only exit discharge path and
serves an occupant load of 300 or more shall have a mini-
mum clear width of 60 inches (1524 mm). Ramps serving
Group R occupancies may be 36 inches (914 mm) clear
width when the occupant load is 50 or less.

1133B.5.3 Slope. The least possible slope shall be used for any
ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp shall be one unit vertical
in 12 units horizontal (8. 3 3 -percent slope). The maximum rise
for any run shall be 30 inches (762 mm). Examples of ramp
dimensions are as follows:

SLOPE

MAXIMUM RISE

MAXIMUM LENGTH