Full text of "Title 24, Part 2, Volume 1, 2007 California Building Code"

California Code ofsRegulations
Title 24, Part 2, Voluifie 1 of 2

California Building
Standards Commission

Based on 2006 International Building Code

INTERNATIONAL
CODE COUNCIL'

A^.

EFFECTIVE
JANUARY 1, 2008

(For Errata and Supplements, see History Note Appendix)

2007 California Building Code
Volume 1 of 2

First Printing

ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-518-9
ISBN-10: 1-58001-518-2

Publication Date: June 2007

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2007 California Building Code contains substantial copyrighted material from the 2006 Interna-
tional Building Code, Second Printing, which is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. Withoi
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PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

PREFACE

This document is Part 2 of the official triennial compilation and publication of the adoptions , amendments and repeal of administra-
tive regulations to California Code ofRegulations, Title 24, also referred to as the California Building Standards Code. This Part is
known as the California Building Code and incorporates, by adoption, the 2006 edition of the International Building Code of the
International Code Council with the California amendments.

The California Building Standards Code is published in its entirety every three years by order of the California legislature, with sup-
plements published in intervening years. The California legislature delegated authority to various State agencies, boards, commis-
sions and departments to create building regulations to implement the State's statutes. These building regulations or standards have
the same force of law, and take effect 180 days after their publication unless otherwise stipulated. The California Building Stan-
dards Code applies to occupancies in the State of California as annotated.

A city, county or city and county may estabUsh more restrictive building standards reasonably necessary because of local climatic,
geological or topographical conditions. Findings of the local condition(s) and the adopted local building standard(s) must be filed
with the California Building Standards Commission to become effective and may not be effective sooner than the effective date of
this edition of California Building Standards Code. Local building standards that were adopted and applicable to previous editions
of the California Building Standards Code do not apply to this edition without appropriate adoption and the required filing.

To familiarize themselves with the format of this code, it is suggested that users review the following contents:

• How To Distinguish Model Code Language From California Amendments

• Matrix Adoption Tables

Should users find publication (e.g., typographical) errors or inconsistencies in this code or wish to offer comments toward improv-
ing its format, please address these comments to:

California Building Standards Commission

2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130

Sacramento, CA 95833-2936

Phone: (916) 263-0916

FAX: (916) 263-0959

Web Page: www.bsc.ca.gov

Acknowledgement

The 2007 California Building Standards Code (Code) was developed through the outstanding collaborative efforts of the Depart-
ment of Housing and Community Development, the Division of State Architect, the Office of the State Fire Marshal, the Office of
Statewide Health Plaiming and Development, the California Energy Commission, and the Building Standards Commission (Com-
mission).

This collaborative effort included the assistance of the Commission's Code Advisory Committees and many other volunteers that
worked tirelessly to assist the Commission in the production of this Code.

Members of the Building Standards Commission

Secretary Rosario Marin - Chair Christina Jamison

Isam Hasenin - Vice-Chair Stephen Jensen

James Barthman Robert Pernell

KimBlackseth Richard Sawhill

Susan Dowty Steven Winkel

David Walls - Executive Director

Thomas Morrison - Deputy

Executive Director

For questions on California state agency amendments, please refer to the contact hst on the following page.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE ill

iv 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

California Code of Regulations, Title 24

California Agency Information Contact List

California Energy Commission

Energy Hotline (800) 772-3300

Building Efficiency Standards
Appliance Efficiency Standards
Compliance Manual/Forms

California State Lands Commission

Marine Oil Terminals (562) 499-6317

California State Library

Construction Standards . .

(918) 445-9604

Corrections Standards Authority

Local Adult Jail Standards (916) 324-1914

Local Juvenile Facility Standards (916) 324-1914

Department of Consumer Affairs -Acupuncture Board

Office Standards (916) 445-3021

Department of Consumer Affairs - Board of Pharmacy

Pharmacy Standards (916) 574-7900

Department of Consumer Affairs - Bureau of Bartering
and Cosmetology

Barber and Beauty Shop and

College Standards

(916) 952-5210

Department of Consumer Affairs - Bureau of
Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation

Insulation Testing Standards (916) 574-2041

Department of Consumer Affairs - Structural
Pest Control Board

Structural Standards (800) 737-8188

Department of Consumer Affairs - Veterinary
Medical Board

Veterinary Hospital Standard (916) 263-2610

Department of Food and Agriculture

Meat and Poultry Packing Plant

Standards (916) 654-0509

Dairy Standards (916) 654-0773

Department of Health Services

Organized Camps Standards (916) 449-5661

Public Swimming Pools Standards (916) 449-5661

Asbestos Standards (510) 620-2874

Department of Housing and Community Development

Residential - Hotels, Motels, Apartments,

Single-Family Dwellings (916) 445-9471

Permanent Structures in Mobilehome and

Special Occupancy Parks (916) 445-9471

Factory-Built Housing, Manufactured

Housing and Commercial Modular (916) 445-3338

Mobilehomes - Permits and Inspections

Northern Region (916) 255-2501

Southern Region (951) 782-4420

Employee Housing Standards (916) 445-9471

Department of Water Resources

Gray Water Installations Standards (916) 651-9687

Division of the State Architect - Access Compliance

Access Compliance Standards (916) 445-8100

Division of the State Architect - Structural Safety

Public Schools Standards (916) 445-8100

Essential Services Building Standards (916) 445-8100

Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development

Hospital Standards (916) 654-3139

Skilled Nursing Facility Standards (916) 654-3139

Clinic Standards (916) 654-3139

Permits (916) 654-3392

Office of the State Fire Marshal

Code Development and Analysis (916) 445-8200

Fire Safety Standards (916) 445-8200

Fireplace Standards (916) 445-8200

Day Care Centers Standards (916) 445-8200

Exit Standards (916) 445-8200

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

vi 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Distilling the code review process down to a methodical, sequential list of considerations is generally problematic. In many cases,
related provisions from various chapters of the code must be considered simultaneously, or reconsidered later in the process to
arrive at the correct classification or determination. Any number of acceptable alternatives may exist for construction of the building
and its specific features. Each choice provided by the code must be evaluated for its specific impact on other aspects of the building's
analysis. With a basic understanding of the interrelationship of the various chapters, the practiced code user wiU make an initial
assessment of the building as a first step of the code review process . The following outline may be helpful as a guide for the effective
use of the IBC/CBC, with the understanding that final resolution of each step is often dependant on subsequent steps.

The following process is divided into two distinct areas of analysis, the nonstructural provisions of the IBC/CBC and the struc-
tural provisions.

Nonstructural Provisions

1. Identify the distinct and varied uses of the building. The uses that will occur within the building must be identified, evaluated
and classified into one or more of the distinct occupancy classifications established in the IBC/CBC. Some buildings will be classi-
fied as single occupancy, where there is only one applicable occupancy classification. Others will be considered as mixed occu-
pancy due to the presence of two or more uses that are classified into different occupancy groups.

(California) Chapter 1 — Application of California Building Standards: Determine whether the use or occupancy is regulated
by a state agency. Review California Chapter I to determine (1) which agencies regulate the use or occupancy, and (2) which
authority is responsible for enforcement of building standards.

Matrix Adoption Tables — Scope of California Building Standards: Review the matrix adoption tables to identify the chapters
and sections of model code that are adopted, amended or superseded by the California Building Standards. (See "How to Distin-
guish Model Code Language from California Amendments.")

Sec. 302.1 Classify the building into one or more occupancy groups. Although there are 10 general occupancy groups,
many of the groups are subdivided into subgroups to allow for a more exacting analysis of the building under consideration.

Sec. 303 Group A

Sec. 304 Group B

Sec. 305 Group E

Sec. 306 Group F

Sec. 307 Group H

Sec. 308 Group I

Sec. 309 Group M

Sec, 310 Group R

Sec. 311 Groups

Sec. 312 Group U

2. Determine if the building is to be fully sprinklered. Many of the code provisions vary based upon the presence of an automatic
sprinkler system throughout the building.

Sec. 903.2 Determine if the building requires a fire sprinkler system. Many of the mandates for the installation of a sprin-
kler system are based upon the occupancy or occupancies that occur within the building. The provisions will often require some
degree of occupant load determination. Other conditions may also trigger a required sprinkler installation, such as building
height or the lack of exterior openings.

If a sprinkler system is not reqiured, review for potential code modifications if a sprinkler system is installed. There are a
significant number of benefits provided by the code if a sprinkler system is installed. An initial analysis of the building will typi-
cally allow for an early determination of the value of such sprinkler benefits.

Sec. 504.2 Story and height increase

Sec. 506.3 . Allowable area increase

Sec. 1017.1 Elimination of corridor fire-resistance rating

Sec. 507 UnUmited area building

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE vii

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

3. Determine the appropriate type of construction for tlie building. The permitted types of construction are primarily based
upon the occupancy classifications involved, the building's height and the building's floor area. Other conditions may also affect the
appropriate construction types, including the building's location on the lot and the intended materials of construction. In buildings
with mixed-occupancy conditions, the methods of addressing the relationship between the multiple occupancies indirectly affect
construction type.

Sec. 202 and 502 Calculate actual height of building in both "feet" and "stories above grade plane." The code specifically
describes the method for assigning a building height: measure both in the number of feet and the number of stories above grade plane.
The actual height must be compared with the allowable height to determine if the building's type of construction is acceptable.

Sec. 504 Determine allowable height permitted for both "feet" and "stories"

Sec. 505 Determine if mezzanine provisions are applicable

Sec. 504.3 Determine if any rooftop stractures are in compliance

Sec. 502 Calculate actual floor area of each story of buUding. The building area is typically the entire floor area that occurs
within the surrounding exterior walls. The building area for each individual story must be calculated, as well as for the building as
a whole.

Sec. 507 Determine if building qualifies as an unlimited area building

Sec. 506 Determine allowable area permitted for building and each story if:

Sec. 506 Single-occupancy building

Sec. 508.3.1 Multi-occupancy w/accessory occupancies

Sec. 508.3.2 Multi-occupancy building w/nonseparated occupancies

Sec. 508.3.3 Multi-occupancy building w/separated occupancies

Sec. 705. 1 Use of fire walls

Sec. 509 Determine if special provisions are to be applied for height and/or area. The general requirements for allowable height
and area may be modified under limited conditions, typically where a parking garage is located in a building with other occupancies.

Sec. 602 Verify that the type of materials and degree of fire resistance for the building's major elements comply with
Table 601. Once the acceptable types of construction are determined based upon the building's occupancy, height and floor area,
the major building elements must be evaluated for compUance with the required degree of fire resistance and the appropriate
materials of construction.

4. Locate the building on the site. The location of the building(s) on the lot is fundamental to the degree of fire exposure to and
from adjoining buildings and lots. In addition, the building's location influences the amount of fire department access that can be
provided from the exterior of the building.

Sec. 503.1.2 Determine the number of buUdings on the site. Where two or more buildings are located on the same lot, they
can be evaluated as a single building or multiple buildings. The type of construction requirements may differ based upon which
of the two methods is utiHzed.

Sec. 602.1 Determine minimum required fire rating of exterior walls. The fire separation distance is the measurement used
in evaluating the necessary fire rating for exterior walls. It is measured from the building to the lot line, to the center line of a pub-
lic way or to an imaginary assumed line between two buildings on the same lot.

Sec. 704.8 Determine exterior opening protection requirements. Openings in exterior walls are regulated by the fire sepa-
ration distance and the rating of the exterior wall in which they are located.

Sec. 506.2 Determine frontage increase for allowable area purposes. Utilized primarily for fire department access, open
space adjacent to a building's perimeter provides for an increase in the allowable area.

5. Identify extent of any special detailed occupancy requirements. Special types of buildings, special uses that occur within
buildings and special elements of a building are further regulated through specific requirements found in Chapter 4. Since these pro-
visions are specific in nature, they apply in lieu of the general requirements found elsewhere in the code.

Chapter 4 Determine special detailed requirements based on occupancy. A number of the special provisions are applica-
ble to a specific occupancy or group of similar occupancies.

Sec. 402 Covered mall buildings

Sec. 403 High-rise buildings

Sec. 404 Atriums

Sec. 406 Motor-vehicle-related occupancies

Sec. 407, 408 Group 1-2 and 1-3 occupancies

viii 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Sec. 415 Group H occupancies

Table 508.2 Determine if building contains any incidental use areas. The uses identified in Table 508.2 are considered as a
portion of the occupancy in which they are located, but special conditions require that they be addressed in a more specific man-
ner.

Sec. 508.2 Provide fire separation and/or fire-extinguishing system

6. Calculate occupant load of building and individual spaces within building. Although the primary use of an occupant load is in
the design of the building's means of egress system, occupant load is also occasionally an important factor in occupancy classifica-
tion, sprinkler system and fire alarm system requirements and plumbing fixture counts.

Chapter 10 Verify compliance with means of egress provisions. The anticipated occupant load is the basis for the design of
the means of egress system. The egress elements must provide for a direct, continuous, obvious, undiminished and unobsti-ucted
path of travel from any occupiable point in the building to the public way.

Sec. 1005.1 Egress width and distribution

Sec. 1006.3 Emergency lighting

Sec. 1007 Accessible means of egress

Sec. 1008.1.2 Door swing

Sec. 1008.1.8 Door operations

Sec. 1008.1.9 Panic hardware

Sec. 1009.1 Stairway width

Sec. 1009.3 Stairway tieads and risers

Sec. 1011.1 Exit signs

Sec. 1012 Stairway and ramp handrails

Sec. 1013 Guards

Sec. 1014.2 Egress through intervening spaces

Sec. 1014.3 Common path of egress travel

Sec. 1015.1 Number of exit or exit access doorways

Sec. 1015.2 Egress separation

Sec. 1016.1 Travel distance

Sec. 1017.1 Corridor construction

Sec. 1019 Number of exits

Sec. 1020.1 Vertical exit enclosures

Sec. 1021 Exit passageways

Sec. 1022 Horizontal exits

Sec. 1023 Exterior exit stairways

Sec. 1024 Exit discharge

Sec. 1025 Egress firom assembly occupancies

7. Identify and evaluate fire-resistance-rated construction elements. Where fire-resistance-rated constiiiction is mandated by
other provisions of the code, the provisions of Chapter 7 identify the appropriate methods for gaining compliance.

Chapter 7 Verify compliance w/ details of fire resistance. The various elements of fire-resistance-rated construction are
detailed, including walls, horizontal assemblies, shaft enclosures and the penetration of such elements by conduit, ducts, piping

and other items.

Sec. 704

Exterior walls

Sec. 705

Fire walls

Sec. 706

Fke barriers

Sec. 708

Fire partitions

Sec. 709

Smoke barriers

Sec. 710

Smoke partitions

Sec. 707

Shaft enclosures

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Sec. 710 Horizontal assemblies

Sec. 714 Structural members

Sec. 715 Opening protectives

Sec. 716 Ducts and air transfer openings

8. Identify and evaluate materials utilized as interior floor, wall and ceiling finishes. Finish materials within the building are
primarily regulated for flame spread and smoke development characteristics.

Sec. 803.5 Verify compliance of wall and ceiling finishes. Interior wall and ceiling finishes are regulated based upon the
occupancy classification of the space and their location within the means of egress system. The classification may typically be
reduced where sprinkler protection is provided.

Sec. 804.4 Verify compliance of floor finishes. While regulated differently than wall and ceiling finishes, floor finishes com-
prised of fibers are also controlled based upon their use in the egress system, the occupancy classification and the presence of a
sprinkler system.

9. Identify additional fire protection systems that may be required. In addition to automatic sprinkler systems, there are several
other types of fire protection systems that may be required in a building.

Sec. 907.2 Determine compliance with fire alarm provisions. Fire alarm systems are typically mandated based upon the
occupancy classification and the number of occupants.

Sec. 905.3 Determine if standpipe system is required. A standpipe system is required in buildings once a specified height is
reached to provide for a more effective means of fighting a fire within the building.

Sec. 905.4-.6 Verify location of standpipe hose connections

10. Identify any special use features of the buUding. The activities that occur within the building pose varying risks to the occu-
pants. Special conditions are applicable when such activities are anticipated.

Chapter 4 Verify compliance with special detailed requirements. These provisions are often an extension of the general
requirements found elsewhere in the code.

Sec. 410 Stages and platforms

Sec. 413 Combustible storage

Sec. 414 Hazardous materials

Sec. 416 Application of flammable finishes

11. Identify roof assembly or roof covering. The roof covering is designed to provide the building with weather protection, fire
retardancy, decoration or a combination of such purposes.

Sec. 1505.1 Verify classification of roof covering. Roof coverings are typically required to provide protection against moder-
ate or light fire exposures from the exterior. Their minimum required classification is based upon the type of construction of the
building.

12. Determine locations of safety glazing materials. Safety glazing is mandated for glazing located in those areas that are consid-
ered as subject to human impact.

Sec. 2406.3 Verify safety glazing provided in hazardous locations. Safety glazing must be appropriately identified to ensure
the proper glazing material is installed.

Items 1-4 In doors

Item 6 Adjacent to doors

Item 7 Large panels

Items 10-1 1 Adjacent to stairways and landings

13. Determine areas of building and site required to be accessible. In general, access to persons with disabilities is required for
all buildings. See Chapters llA and IIB.

14. Determine extent of other miscellaneous provisions. Additional provisions may be appUcable based upon each individual
building and its characteristics.

Chapter 14 Exterior walls. Requirements for installation of wall coverings and the permissible use of combustible materials
on the exterior side of exterior walls.

Chapter 24 Glass and glazing. General provisions for the installation of glazing materials and skylights.

Chapter 25 Gypsum board and plaster. Materials and installation of gypsum board and plaster assemblies.

X 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

Chapter 26 Plastic. Materials and installation of light-transmitting plastics, as well as the appropriate installation methods for
foam plastic insulation.

Chapters 27-29 Electrical, mechanical and plumbing installations. Limited provisions addressing the fundamental sup-
port systems of a building.

Chapter 30 Elevators. Elevator hoistway provisions, including enclosure of hoistways, emergency operations and hoistway
venting.

Chapter 31 Special construction. A variety of special conditions are addressed, including membrane structures, temporary
structures, pedestrian walkways and tunnels, awnings and canopies, marquees, signs and swimming pool enclosures.

Chapter 32 Encroachment into the public right-of way. Limitations on construction adjacent to public property.

Chapter 33 Safeguards during construction. Methods of protecting pedestrians and adjacent property during construction
activities.

Structural Provisions

General Requirements

1. Structural Materials.

The structural design begins with the selection of the type of structural materials to be used to support the building. Structural fram-
ing systems are constructed of concrete, masonry, steel or wood. Some miscellaneous or specialty structures and components, such
as awnings and canopies, are constructed of aluminum.

The design of various structural materials is covered in specific material chapters in the code, which in tum reference design standards for
the type of material involved. The referenced standards in the 2007 CBC for the structural materials are shown in the following table:

STRUCTURAL DESIGN STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS^

MATERIAL

IBC/CBC CHAPTER

REFERENCED STANDARD

Concrete

ACI318
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

Aluminum

ADMl
Aluminum Design Manual

Masonry

ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

Steel

AISC 360

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

AISC 341

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings

NAS

North American Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members

Wood

NDS
National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction

1 . The above table shows the main structural design standards for these structural materials. For a complete Ust of referenced standards, see IBC/CBC Chapter 35.

2. Design Loads.

Determine the applicable design loads that the building structure is expected to be subjected to. Code-prescribed loads are given in
Chapter 16 and flie referenced standard. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7. The code-prescribed
minimum live loads are given in CBC Table 1607.1.

Environmental loads, such as flood, rain, snow, seismic and wind vary based on the location of the building site. The various
code-prescribed loads are probabiUstic in nature. The following table gives the CBC section and ASCE 7 chapter for various types
of load.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

REFERENCED CBC SECTIONS AND ASCE 7 CHAPTERS FOR LOADS

Type of Load

CBC Section

ASCE 7 Chapter

Dead loads

Section 1606

Chapter 3

Live loads

Section 1607, Table 1607.1

Chapter 4

Snow loads

Section 1608

Chapter 7

Wind loads

Section 1609

Chapter 6

Soil lateral loads

Section 1610

Chapter 3

Rain loads

Section 1611

Chapter 8

Flood loads

Section 1612

Chapter 5'

Earthquake loads

Section 1613

Chapter 11-22

1. Section 1612 references ASCE 24, which references Chapter 5 of ASCE 7.

3. Structural Analysis, Design and Detailing.

Once the applicable loads are determined, the structural system of the building must be analyzed to determine the effects of the gov-
erning gravity and lateral loads that act on the structure. The structural system of a typical building consists of the roof and floor sys-
tems, walls, beams and columns, and the foundation. From the structural analysis, the next step is to design the structural elements
and systems to provide the minimum level of resistance in accordance with the various load combinations prescribed in Section
1605.

Once the structural elements and systems are designed, the next step is to detail the load transfer coimections to provide a com-
plete load path from the point of origin to the resisting element. The final step is to prepare a complete set of construction documents
as required by Sections 106 and 1603.

General Requirements

1. Occupancy Category (IBC/CBC Table 1604.5).

Determine the occupancy category of the building based on Table 1604.5.

Where a structure is occupied by two or more occupancies that are not the same occupancy category, the building must be classi-
fied in the highest occupancy category corresponding to the various occupancies.

Where structures have two or more portions that are structurally separated, each separate portion should be separately classified.

Where a separated portion of a structure provides required access or egress from another portion of the building with a higher
occupancy category, both portions of the building must be assigned the higher occupancy category.

Where a separated portion of a structure shares life safety components with another portion of the building with a higher occu-
pancy category, both portions of the building must be assigned the higher occupancy category.

2. Floor and roof live loads (IBC/CBC Table 1607.1).

Determine uniformly distributed and concentrated floor live load for the floor areas of the building in accordance with Section
1603.1.1 and Table 1607.1.

Floor live load reduction in accordance with Section 1607.9 should be indicated for each type of live load that is reduced.

Determine the roof live load for roof areas in accordance with Section 1607. 1 1 .

Roof live load reduction in accordance with Section 1607. 1 1.2 should be indicated for roof live loads that are reduced.

3. Snow load (IBC/CBC Section 1608, ASCE 7 Section 7).

Determine the ground snow load, Pg, based on the location of the building site in accordance with Figure 1608.2 for the contigu-
ous United States and Table 1608.2 for Alaska.

In areas where the ground snow load, Pg, exceeds 10 psf, the following information should be determined:

1. Flat-roof snow load, Pf.

2. Snow exposure factor, Q.

3. Snow load importance factor, /.

4. Thermal factor, C,.

XII

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

4. Wind speed and wind exposure category.

Determine the following information related to wind loads in accordance with Section 1603.1.4:

1. Basic 3-second gust wind speed (mph).

2. Wind importance factor, /.

3. Wind exposure category (B, C, D). If more than one wind exposure is used, the wind exposure for each wind direction
should be determined.

4. The appHcable internal pressure coefficient.

5. The design wind pressure (psf) used for the design of exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed
by the registered design professional should be indicated.

5. Earthquake design requirements.

Determine the following information related to seismic loads regardless of whether seismic loads govern the design of the lat-
eral-force-resisting system of the building:

1. Seismic importance factor, /, based on occupancy category.

2. Mapped spectral response accelerations, Ss and Sj.

3. Site class.

4. Design spectral response coefficients, S^s and S^i.

5. Seismic design category.

6. Basic seismic-force-resisting system(s).

7. Design base shear.

8. Seismic response coefficient(s), Q.

9. Response modification factor(s), R.

10. Analysis procedure used.

6. Special loads.

Determine any special loads that are applicable to the design of the building, structure or portions thereof along with the specific
section of the code that addresses the special loading condition.

7. Load combinations.

Buildings and other structures and portions thereof are required to be designed to resist the load combinations specified in Sec-
tion 1605.2 or 1605.3 and Chapters 18 through 23, and the special seismic load combinations of Section 1605.4 where required
by Section 12.3.3.3 or 12.10.2.1 of ASCE 7.

8. Wind and seismic detailing.

Lateral-force-resisting systems are required to conform to the seismic detailing requirements of the code and ASCE 7 (excluding
Chapter 14 and Appendix 1 1 A) even when wind load effects are greater than seismic load effects.

9. Serviceability.

Structural systems and members shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections and lateral drift. The deflection
of structural members shall not exceed the more restrictive of the limitations of Sections 1604.3.2 through 1604.3.5 or that per-
mitted by Table 1 604. 3 . Structural systems shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deformation and lateral drift due
to earthquake loading in accordance with Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7.

10. Foundation.

A foundation system must be designed that provides adequate support for gravity and lateral loads . Walls of buildings of conven-
tional light-frame construction, as defined in Section 202, are permitted to be supported by footings constructed in accordance
with Table 1 805.4.2. Otherwise, the foundation system must be designed in accordance with other provisions of Chapter 18. The
following table gives a summary of applicable sections for foundation systems.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS

SECTION

IBC/CBC SECTION

Allowable soil bearing values

1804

Footings and foundations

1805, 1805.4

Footings

1805.4

Foundation walls

1805.5

General requirements for pier and pile foundations

1808

Pile foundations

1809-1811

Pier foundations

1812

A foundation soils investigation is required where required by Section 1802.2 unless the building ofBcial determines that a soils investigation is not required in
accordance with the exception.

11. Excavation, grading and fill.

Requirements for excavation, grading and fill related to foundation construction are covered in Section 1803. General require-
ments for site grading are covered in Appendix J.

12. Flood design data.

If required by Section 1612.5, buildings located in flood hazard areas established in Section 1612.3 are required to provide docu-
mentation that includes the following information regardless of whether flood loads govern the design of the building:

1. In flood hazard areas not subject to high- velocity wave action, the elevation of the proposed lowest floor, including the
basement.

2. In flood hazard areas not subject to high- velocity wave action, the elevation to which any nonresidential building will be dry
floodproofed.

3. In flood hazard areas subject to high- velocity wave action, the proposed elevation of the bottom of the lowest horizontal
structural member of the lowest floor, including the basement.

13. Special inspection, special testing and structural observation.

Where special inspection, special inspection for seismic resistance or structural testing for seismic resistance is required by Sec-
tion 1704, 1707 or 1708, the registered design professional in responsible charge shall prepare a statement of special inspections
in accordance with Section 1705 for submittal by the permit applicant in accordance with Section 106. 1 as a condition for permit
issuance. A statement of special inspections is not required for structures designed and constructed in accordance with the con-
ventional construction provisions of Section 2308. The statement of special inspections is permitted to be prepared by a qualified
person approved by the building official for construction not designed by a registered design professional.

SPECIAL INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS

TYPE OF SPECIAL INSPECTION

APPLICABLE SECTION

REQUIRED VERIFICATION AND INSPECTION

Steel construction

1704.3

Table 1704.3

Concrete construction

1704.4

Table 1704.4

Masonry construction

1704.5

Table 1704.5.1
Table 1704.5.3

Wood construction

1704.6

Site and foundation soils

1704.7

Table 1704.7

Pile foundations

1704.8

Table 1704.8

Pier foundations

1704.9

Table 1704.9

Sprayed fire resistant materials

1704.10

Mastic and intumescent fire resistive coatings

1704.11

Exterior insulation and finish (EIFS) systems

1704.12

Special cases

1704.13

Smoke control systems

1704.14

Where requured by the provisions of Section 1709.2 or 1709.3, the owner shall employ a registered design professional to perform structural observations as
defined in Section 1702. At the conclusion of die work included in the permit, the structural observer shall submit a written statement to the building official
that identifies any reported deficiencies that have not been resolved.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE IBC/CBC

14, Contractor responsibility.

Each contractor responsible for the construction of a main wind- or seismic-f orce-resisting system, designated seismic system or
a wind- or seismic-resisting component listed in the statement of special inspections is required to submit a written statement of
responsibility to the building official and the owner prior to the commencement of work on the system or component. The con-
tractor's statement of responsibility shall acknowledge awareness of the special requirements contained in the statement of spe-
cial inspections and acknowledge that control will be exercised to obtain conformance with the approved construction
documents.

15. Deferred submittals.

Deferred submittals that are not submitted at the time of the apphcation must have the prior approval of the building official. The
registered design professional in responsible charge shall hst the deferred submittals on the construction documents for review
by the building official. Documents for deferred submittal items shall be reviewed by the registered design professional in
responsible charge who shall forward them to the building official with a notation indicating that they have been reviewed and are
in general conformance with the design of the building.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

xvi 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MODEL CODE LANGUAGE

AND
CALIFORNIA AMENDMENTS

To distinguish between model code language and the incorporated California amendments, including exclusive California stan-
dards, California amendments will appear in italics.

Due to the nature of the California Building Code 's first-time use of the International Building Code as the base document, symbols
in the margins, previously used to indicate code changes, will not be used in this edition of the California Building Code.

[BSC] This symbol within a section identifies which State agency (s), by its "acronym, " has amended a section of the model code.

Legend of Acronyms of Adopting State Agencies

BSC California Building Standards Commission

SFM Office of the State Fire Marshal

HCD Department of Housing and Community Development

DSA-AC Division of the State Architect-Access Compliance

DSA-SS Division of the State Architect-Structural Safety

OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development

CSA Corrections Standards Authority

DHS Department of Health Services

AGR Department of Food and Agriculture

CEC California Energy Commission

CA Department of Consumer Ajf airs:

Board ofBarbering and Cosmetology
Board of Examiners in Veterinary Medicine
Board of Pharmacy
Acupuncture Board
Bureau of Home Furnishings
Structural Pest Control Board

SL State Librarian

SLC State Lands Commission

DWR Department of Water Resources

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE xvii

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA MATRIX ADOPTION TABLES

Format of the California l\/latrix Adoption Tables

The matrix adoption tables, which follow, show the user which state agencies have adopted and/or amended given sections of the
model code. The building application determines which state agency's adoptions apply. See Sections 102 through 1 14 for building
applications and enforcement responsibilities.

Agencies are grouped together, based on either local or state enforcement responsibilities. For example, regulations from
DSA-AC are enforced both at the state and local levels; therefore, DSA-AC is Hsted twice in each adoption table indicating state
enforcement responsibilities and local enforcement responsibilities.

The side headings identify the scope of state agencies' adoption as follows:

Adopt the entire IBC chapter without state amendments:

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row, it means that particular state agency has adopted the entire
model code chapter without any state amendments.

Example:

CHAPTER 2 -

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

DSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEO

sue

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Ctiapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

iVI

Chapter/Section

Codes

Adopt the entire IBC chapter as amended, state-amended sections are listed below:

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row, it means that particular state agency has adopted the entire
model code chapter with state amendments.

Each state-amended section that the agency has added to that particular chapter is listed. There will be an "X" in the column, by
that particular section, under the agency's acronym, as well as an "X" by each section that the agency has adopted.

Example:

CHAPTER 2 -

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting Agency

BSD

SFM

HOD

DSA

DSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEO

sue

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Codes

202

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

XIX

Adopts only those sections that are listed below:

If there is an "X" under a particular state agency's acronym on this row, it means that particular state agency is adopting only specific
model code or state-amended sections within this chapter. There will be an "X" in the colunrn under the agency's acronym, as well
as an "X" by each section that the agency has adopted.

Example:

CHAPTER 2-

DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

DSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEO

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/Section

Codes

202

IBC

203

IBC

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

ORDINANCE

The International Codes are designed and promulgated to be adopted by reference by ordinance. Jurisdictions wishing to adopt the
2007 California Building Code as an enforceable regulation governing structures and premises should ensure that certain factual
information is included in the adopting ordinance at the time adoption is being considered by the appropriate goverrunental body.
The following sample adoption ordinance addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordinance, including the information
required for insertion into the code text.

SAMPLE ORDINANCE FOR ADOPTION OF

THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE

ORDINANCE NO.

An ordinance of the [JURISDICTION] adopting the 2007 edition of the California Building Code, regulating and governing the condi-
tions and maintenance of all property, buildings and structures; by providing the standards for suppUed utilities and faciUties and
other physical things and conditions essential to ensure that structures are safe, sanitary and fit for occupation and use; and the con-
demnation of buildings and structures unfit for human occupancy and use and the demolition of such structures in the [JURISDIC-
TION]; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; repealing Ordinance No. of the [JURISDICTION]

and all other ordinances and parts of the ordinances in conflict therewith.

The [GOVERNING BODY] of the [JURISDICTION] does ordain as follows:

Section l.That a certain document, three (3) copies of which are on file in the office of the [TITLE OF JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF
RECORDS] of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], being marked and designated as the California Building Code, 2007 edition, including
Appendix Chapters [FILL IN THE APPENDIX CHAPTERS BEING ADOPTED] (see California Building Code Appendix Chapter 1, Sec-
tion 10 1 .2. 1 , 2007 edition), as published by the International Code Council, be and is hereby adopted as the Building Code of the
[JURISDICTION], in the State of [STATE NAME] for regulating and governing the conditions and maintenance of all property, buildings
and structures; by providing the standards for supplied utiUties and facilities and other physical things and conditions essential to
ensure that structures are safe, sanitary and fit for occupation and use; and the condemnation of buildings and structures unfit for
human occupancy and use and the demolition of such structures as herein provided; providing for the issuance of permits and col-
lection of fees therefor; and each and all of the regulations, provisions, penalties, conditions and terms of said Building Code on file
in the office of the [JURISDICTION] are hereby referred to, adopted, and made a part hereof, as if fully set out in this ordinance, with
the additions, insertions, deletions and changes, if any, prescribed in Section 2 of this ordinance.

Section 2. The following sections are hereby revised:

Section 101.1. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]

Section 1612.3. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]

Section 1612.3. Insert: [DATE OF ISSUANCE]

Section 3410.2. Insert: [DATE IN ONE LOCATION]

Section 3. That Ordinance No. of [JURISDICTION] entitled [FILL IN HERE THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE ORDINANCE OR

ORDINANCES IN EFFECT AT THE PRESENT TIME SO THAT THEY WILL BE REPEALED BY DEFINITE MENTION] and all Other ordmances
or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

Section 4, That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this ordinance is, for any reason, held to be unconstitutional,
such decision shall not affect the vaHdity of the remaining portions of this ordinance. The [GOVERNING BODY] hereby declares that it
would have passed this ordinance, and each section, subsection, clause or phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more
sections, subsections, sentences, clauses and phrases be declared unconstitutional.

Section 5. That nothing in this ordinance or in the Building Code hereby adopted shall be construed to affect any suit or proceeding
impending in any court, or any rights acquired, or Uability incurred, or any cause or causes of action acquired or existing, under any
act or ordinance hereby repealed as cited in Section 3 of this ordinance; nor shall any just or legal right or remedy of any character be
lost, impaired or affected by this ordinance.

Section 6. That the [JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF RECORDS] is hereby ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be pubHshed.
(An additional provision may be required to direct the number of times the ordinance is to be pubUshed and to specify that it is to be
in a newspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.)

Section 7. That this ordinance and the rules, regulations, provisions, requirements, orders and matters established and adopted
hereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect [TIME PERIOD] from and after the date of its final passage and adoption.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE xxi

xxii 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 1

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS ... 3

Section

101 General 3

102 Building Standards Commission 5

103 Corrections Standards Authority 6

104 Department of Consumer Affairs 6

105 California Energy Commission 6

106 Department of Food and Agriculture 7

107 Department Of Health Services 7

108 Department of Housing and

Community Development 7

108.3 Local Enforcing Agency 8

108.4 Permits, Fees, Applications and Inspections .... 9

108.5 Right-of-Entry for Enforcement 9

108.6 Local Modification by

Ordinance or Regulation 9

108.7 Alternate Materials, Designs, Tests and

Methods of Construction 10

108.8 Appeals Board 11

108.9 Unsafe Buildings or Structures 11

108.10 Other Building Regulations 11

109 Division of the State Architect 12

110 Office of Statewide Health Planning and

Development 13

1 1 1 Office of the State Fire Marshal 15

112 State Librarian 19

113 Reserved 19

114 California State Lands Commission 19

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS 29

Section

201 General 29

202 Definitions 29

CHAPTER 3 USE AND OCCUPANCY

CLASSIFICATION 49

Section

301 General 49

302 Classification 49

303 Assembly Group A 49

304 Business Group B 50

305 Educational Group E 50

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

306 Factory Group F 50

307 High-hazard Group H 51

308 Institutional Group I 59

309 Mercantile Group M 60

310 Residential Group R 61

311 Storage Group S 65

312 Utility and Miscellaneous Group U 65

CHAPTER 4 SPECIAL DETAILED

REQUIREMENTS BASED ON

USE AND OCCUPANCY 71

Section

401 Scope 71

402 Covered Mall Buildings 71

403 High-rise Buildings 74

404 Atriums 76

405 Underground Buildings 76

406 Motor-vehicle-related Occupancies 77

407 Group 1-2 ' 81

408 Group 1-3 84

409 Motion Picture Projection Rooms 86

410 Stages and Platforms 87

411 Special Amusement Buildings 88

412 Aircraft-related Occupancies 89

413 Combustible Storage 91

414 Hazardous Materials 91

415 Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 95

416 Application of Flammable Finishes 108

417 Drying Rooms 108

418 Organic Coatings 108

419 Group I-l, R-1, R-2, R-3, R-3.1, R-4 109

420 Hydrogen Cutoff Rooms 109

421 Reserved 110

422 Reserved 110

423 Reserved 110

424 Reserved 110

425 Special Provisions for Licensed

24-Hour Care Facilities in a

Group I-l, R-3.1 or R-4 occupancy [SFM] .110

426 Group 1-4 [SFM] 113

427 Reserved 1 14

428 Reserved 114

429 Reserved 114

XXIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

430 Horse Racing Stables [SFM] 114

431 Pet Kennels [SFM] 114

432 Combustion Engines and

Gas Turbines [SFM] 114

433 Fixed Guideway Transit Systems [SFM] 114

434 Explosives [SFM] 118

435 Reserved 121

436 Winery Caves [SFM] 121

437 Reserved 122

438 Reserved 122

439 Public Libraries [SL & SFM] 122

440 Group C [SFM] 123

441 Reserved 125

442 Group E [SFM] 125

443 Group L [SFM] 126

444 Reserved 129

445 Large-family Day Care Homes [SFM] 129

CHAPTER 5 GENERAL BUILDING

HEIGHTS AND AREAS 133

Section

501 General 133

502 Definitions 133

503 General Height and Area Limitations 133

504 Height 135

505 Mezzanines 135

506 Area Modifications 136

507 Unlimited Area Buildings 137

508 Mixed Use and Occupancy 139

509 Special Provisions 140

CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION ... 147

Section

601 General 147

602 Construction Classification 147

603 Combustible Material in Type I and II

Construction 148

CHAPTER 7 FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED

CONSTRUCTION 153

Section

701 General 153

702 Definitions 153

703 Fire-resistance Ratings and Fire Tests 154

704 Exterior Walls 155

705 Fire Walls 158

706 Fire Barriers 160

707 Shaft Enclosures 162

708 Fire Partitions 164

709 Smoke Barriers 165

710 Smoke Partitions 166

711 Horizontal Assemblies 166

712 Penetrations 167

713 Fire-resistant Joint Systems 169

714 Fire-resistance Rating of

Structural Members 170

715 Opening Protectives 171

716 Ducts and Air Transfer Openings 175

717 Concealed Spaces 178

718 Fire-resistance Requirements for Plaster 180

719 Thermal- and Sound-insulating Materials .... 181

720 Prescriptive Fire Resistance 181

721 Calculated Fire Resistance 202

CHAPTER 7A MATERL^LS AND

CONSTRUCTION METHODS
FOR EXTERIOR WILDFIRE
EXPOSURE 235

Section

701A Scope, Purpose and Application 235

702A Definitions 235

703A Standards of Quality 236

704A Materials, Systems and

Methods of Construction 236

CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR FINISHES 241

Section

801 General 241

802 Definitions 241

803 Wall and Ceiling Finishes 241

804 Interior Floor Finish 243

805 Combustible Materials in Types I

and II Construction 244

806 Decorative Materials and Trim 244

CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION

SYSTEMS 251

Section

901 General 251

902 Definitions 251

903 Automatic Sprinkler Systems 254

904 Alternative Automatic

Fire-extinguishing Systems 260

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

905 Standpipe Systems 261

906 Portable Fire Extinguishers 264

907 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems 264

908 Emergency Alarm Systems 278

909 Smoke Control Systems 279

910 Smoke and Heat Vents 285

911 Fire Command Center 287

912 Fire Department Connections 288

CHAPTER 10 MEANS OF EGRESS 293

Section

1001 Administration 293

1002 Definitions 293

1003 General Means of Egress 294

1004 Occupant Load 296

1005 Egress Width 298

1006 Means of Egress Illumination 298

1007 Accessible Means of Egress 299

1008 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles 301

1009 Stairways 306

1010 Ramps 309

1011 Exit Signs 310

1012 Handrails 311

1013 Guards 312

1014 Exit Access 313

1015 Exit and Exit Access Doorways 315

1016 Exit Access Travel Distance 316

1017 Corridors 317

1018 Exits 318

1019 Number of Exits and Continuity 318

1020 Vertical Exit Enclosures 319

1021 Exit Passageways 321

1022 Horizontal Exits 322

1023 Exterior Exit Ramps and Stairways 322

1024 Exit Discharge 323

1025 Assembly 324

1026 Emergency Escape and Rescue 329

CHAPTER 11 RESERVED 331

CHAPTER llA HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY .... 335

Section

IIOIA Application 335

1102A Building Accessibility 335

1103A Design and Construction 336

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

1 104A Group R Occupancies 336

1 105A Group U Occupancies 336

1106A Site and Building Characteristics 337

1107A Definitions 337

1 108 A General Requirements for
Accessible Parking and
Exterior Routes of Travel 339

1109A Parking Facilities 340

lllOA Exterior Routes of Travel 341

llllA Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 342

1112A Curb Ramps on Accessible Routes 342

1113A Walks and Sidewalks on an

Accessible Route 343

1 1 14A Exterior Ramps and

Landings on Accessible Routes 343

1 1 15A Exterior Stairways Along

Accessible Routes 345

1116A Hazards on Accessible Routes 345

1 1 17 A General Requirements for

Accessible Entrances, Exits,

Interior Routes of Travel and

Facility Accessibility 346

1118A Egress and Areas of Refuge 346

1119A Interior Routes of Travel 346

1120A Interior Accessible Routes 347

1121 A Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 347

1 122A Interior Ramps and Landings on

Accessible Routes 347

11 23 A Interior Stairways Along

Accessible Routes 348

1124A Elevators and Special Access

(Wheelchair) Lifts 349

11 25 A Hazards on Accessible Routes 351

1126A Doors 351

1 127A Common Use Facilities 352

1128A Covered Dwelling Units 358

1129A Reserved 359

1 130A Accessible Route Within

Covered Multifamily Dwelling Units 359

1131 A Changes in Level on Accessible Routes 359

1132A Doors 359

1133A Kitchens 360

1134A Bathing and Toilet Facilities 361

1135A Laundry Rooms 364

1 1 3 6 A Electrical Receptacle,

Switch and Control Heights 364

1137A Other Features and Facilities 365

1 138A Reserved 365

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1139A Accessible Drinking Fountains 365

1 140A Accessible Telephones 365

1141 A Accessible Swimming Pools 366

1 142A Electrical Receptacle, Switch and

Control Heights 367

1143A Signage 367

1 144A Reserved 368

1 145A Reserved 368

1 146A Reserved 368

1 147A Reserved 368

1 148A Reserved 368

1 149A Reserved 368

1 150A Site Impracticality Tests 368

CHAPTER IIB ACCESSIBILITY TO
PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS,
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
AND PUBLICLY FUNDED
HOUSING 423

Section

IIOIB Scope 423

1 102B Definitions 423

1 103B Building Accessibility 426

1 104B Accessibility for Group A Occupancies 427

1 105B Accessibility for Group B Occupancies 430

1 106B Accessibility for Group E Occupancies 431

1 107B Factories and Warehouses 432

1 108B Accessibility for Group H Occupancies 432

1 109B Accessibility for Group I Occupancies 432

I I lOB Accessibility for Group M Occupancies 433

I I I IB Accessibility for Group R Occupancies 434

1112B Reserved 437

1113B Reserved 437

1114B Facility Accessibility 437

1 11 5B B athing and Toilet Facilities

(Sanitary Facilities) 438

1 1 16B Elevators and Special Access

(Wheelchair) Lifts 444

1 1 17B Other Building Components 447

1 1 18B Space Allowance and Reach Ranges 454

1 1 19B Special Standards of Accessibility for

Buildings with Historical Significance .... 454

1 120B Floor and Levels 454

1 121B Transportation Facilities 454

1 122B Fixed or Built-in Seating,

Tables and Counters 458

XXVI

1123B Access to Employee Areas 458

1 124B Ground and Floor Surfaces 459

1125B Storage 459

1126B Vending Machines and Other Equipment 459

1 127B Exterior Routes of Travel 460

1 128B Pedestrian Grade Separations

(Overpasses and Underpasses) 461

1129B Accessible Parking Required 461

1130B Parking Structures 463

1 13 IB Passenger Drop-off and Loading Zones 463

1132B Outdoor Occupancies 463

1133B General Accessibility for

Entrances, Exits and Paths of Travel 465

1134B Accessibility for Existing Buildings 472

1135B Historic Preservation —
Special Standards of
Accessibility for Buildings with
Historical Significance 473

CHAPTER lie STANDARDS FOR CARD
READERS AT GASOLINE
FUEL-DISPENSING
FACILITIES 541

Section

1 1 1 C Card-reader Devices at

Fuel-dispensing Equipment 541

1102C Application 541

1 103C Number of Accessible

Card-reading Devices Required 541

1 104C Required Features 541

1 1 05 C Protection of Dispensers

Mounted at Grade 542

CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT .... 547
Section

1201 General 547

1202 Definitions 547

1203 Ventilation 547

1204 Temperature Control 548

1205 Lighting 549

1206 Yards or Courts 549

1207 Sound Transmission 550

1208 Interior Space Dimensions 552

1209 Access to Unoccupied Spaces 553

1210 Surrounding Materials 553

1211 Garage Door Springs 553

1212 Reserved 554

1213 Reserved 554

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1214 Reserved 554

1215 Reserved 554

1216 Reserved 554

1217 Reserved 554

1218 Reserved 554

1219 Reserved 554

1220 Reserved 554

1221 Reserved 554

1222 Reserved 554

1223 Reserved 554

1224 Hospitals 555

1225 Skilled Nursing and

Intermediate-care Facilities 581

1226 Clinics 586

1227 Correctional Treatment Centers 589

1228 Reserved 594

1229 Reserved 594

1230 Minimum Standards for

Juvenile Facilities 594

1231 Local Detention 598

1232 Reserved 603

1233 Reserved 603

1234 Reserved 604

1235 Sanitary Control of Shellfish

(Plants and Operations) 604

1236 Laboratory Animal Quarters 604

1237 Wild Animal Quarantine Facilities 604

1238 Reserved 605

1239 Reserved 605

1240 Meat and Poultry Processing Plants 605

1241 Collection Centers and Facilities 606

1242 Renderers 607

1243 Horsemeat and Pet Food Establishments 607

1244 Reserved 608

1245 Reserved 608

1246 Reserved 608

1247 Reserved 608

1248 Reserved 608

1249 Reserved 608

1250 Pharmacies 608

1251 Veterinary Facilities 608

1252 Barber Colleges and Shops 609

1253 Schools of Cosmetology,

Cosmetological Establishments and

Satellite Classrooms 609

1254 Acupuncture Offices 609

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 13 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

611

CHAPTER 14 EXTERIOR WALLS 615

Section

1401 General 615

1402 Definitions 615

1403 Performance Requirements 615

1404 Materials 616

1405 Installation of Wall Coverings 616

1406 Combustible Materials on the

Exterior Side of Exterior Walls 620

1407 Metal Composite Materials (MCM) 621

1408 Additional Requirements for

Anchored and Adhered Veneer 622

CHAPTER 15 ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND

ROOFTOP STRUCTURES 625

Section

1501 General 625

1502 Definitions 625

1503 Weather Protection 625

1504 Performance Requirements 626

1505 Fire Classification 627

1506 Materials 628

1507 Requirements for Roof Coverings 628

1508 Roof Insulation 637

1509 Rooftop Structures 637

1510 Reroofing 638

1511 S eismic Anchorage of

Slate Shingle, Clay and

Concrete Tile Roof Coverings 639

INDEX 641

HISTORY NOTE 673

VOLUME 2

CHAPTER 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 3

Section

1601 General 3

1602 Definitions and Notations 3

1603 Constriiction Documents 4

1604 General Design Requirements 5

1605 Load Combinations 8

1606 Dead Loads 9

1607 Live Loads 10

XXVII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1608 Snow Loads 15

1609 Wind Loads 15

1610 Soil Lateral Loads 25

1611 Rain Loads 25

1612 Flood Loads 26

1613 Earthquake Loads 28

CHAPTER 16A STRUCTURAL DESIGN 53

Section

1601A General 53

1602A Definitions and Notations 53

1603 A Construction Documents 55

1604A General Design Requirements 56

1605A Load Combinations 59

1606A Dead Loads 60

1607A Live Loads 60

1608A Snow Loads 66

1609A Wind Loads 66

1610A Soil Lateral Loads 71

1611A Rain Loads 71

1612A Flood Loads 72

1613A Earthquake Loads 74

1614A Modifications to ASCE 7 78

CHAPTER 17 STRUCTURAL TESTS AND

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 87

Section

1701 General 87

1702 Definitions 87

1703 Approvals 88

1704 Special Inspections 88

1705 Statement of Special Inspections 97

1706 Contractor Responsibility 98

1707 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance .... 98

1708 Structural Testing for Seismic Resistance 99

1709 Structural Observations 100

1710 Design Strengths of Materials 100

1711 Alternative Test Procedure 100

1712 Test Safe Load 100

1713 In-situ Load Tests 101

1714 Preconstruction Load Tests 101

1715 Material and Test Standards 102

CHAPTER 17A STRUCTURAL TESTS AND

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 105

Section

1701A General 105

1702A Definitions 105

1703A Approvals 106

1704A Special Inspections 107

1705A Statement of Special Inspections 117

1706 A Contractor Responsibility 118

1707 A Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance ... 1 18

1708A Structural Testing for Seismic Resistance .... 119

1709A Structural Observations 120

1710A Design Strengths of Materials 120

171 1 A Alternative Test Procedure 120

1712A Test Safe Load 120

1713A In-situ Load Tests 120

1714A Preconstruction Load Tests 121

1715A Material and Test Standards 122

CHAPTER 18 SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS .... 125

Section

1801 General 125

1802 Foundation and Soils Investigations 125

1803 Excavation, Grading and Fill 128

1804 Allowable Load-bearing Values of Soils 129

1805 Footings and Foundations 129

1806 Retaining Walls 140

1807 Dampproofmg and Waterproofing 140

1808 Pier and Pile Foundations 141

1809 Driven Pile Foundations 146

1810 Cast-in-place Concrete Pile Foundations 149

1811 Composite Piles 153

1812 Pier Foundations 153

CHAPTER 18A SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS .... 157

Section

1801A General 157

1802A Foundation and Soils Investigations 157

1803 A Excavation, Grading and Fill 160

1804A Allowable Load-bearing Values of Soils 161

1805A Footings and Foundations 161

1806A Retaining Walls and Cantilever Walls 165

1807 A Dampproofing and Waterproofing 166

1808A Pier and Pile Foundations 167

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1809A Driven Pile Foundations 172

1810A Cast-in-place Concrete Pile Foundations 175

1811A Composite Piles 178

1812A Pier Foundations 179

CHAPTER 19 CONCRETE 183

Section

1901 General 183

1902 Definitions 183

1903 Specifications for Tests and Materials 183

1904 Durability Requirements 183

1905 Concrete Quality, Mixing and Placing 185

1906 Formwork, Embedded Pipes and

Construction Joints 185

1907 Details of Reinforcement 186

1908 Modifications to ACI 318 186

1909 Structural Plain Concrete 189

1910 Minimum Slab Provisions 190

1911 Anchorage to Concrete — Allowable

Stress Design 190

1912 Anchorage to Concrete — Strength Design. . . . 191

1913 Shotcrete 191

1914 Reinforced Gypsum Concrete 192

1915 Concrete-filled Pipe Columns 192

CHAPTER 19A CONCRETE 197

Section

1902A General 197

1902A Definitions 197

1903A Specifications for Tests and Materials 197

1904A Durability Requirements 198

1905A Concrete Quality, Mixing and Placing 200

1906 A Formwork, Embedded Pipes and

Construction Joints 201

1907A Details of Reinforcement 201

1908A Modifications to ACI 318 202

1909A Structural Plain Concrete 208

1910A Minimum Slab Provisions 208

191 1 A Anchorage to Concrete —

Allowable Stress Design 208

1912A Anchorage to Concrete —

Strength Design 209

1913A Shotcrete 209

1914A Reinforced Gypsum Concrete 211

1915A Concrete-filled Pipe Columns 211

1916A Concrete Testing 211

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

1917A Existing Concrete Structures 212

CHAPTER 20 ALUMINUM 215

Section

2001 General 215

2002 Materials 215

2003 Inspection 215

CHAPTER 21 MASONRY 219

Section

2101 General 219

2102 Definitions and Notations 219

2103 Masonry Construction Materials 223

2104 Construction 226

2105 Quality Assurance 229

2106 Seismic Design 230

2107 Allowable Stress Design 232

2108 Strength Design of Masonry 232

2109 Empirical Design of Masonry 233

2110 Glass Unit Masonry '. . . 239

2111 Masonry Fireplaces 241

2112 Masonry Heaters 243

2113 Masonry Chimneys 243

CHAPTER 21A MASONRY 251

Section

2101A General 251

2102A Definitions and Notations 251

2103A Masonry Construction Materials 255

2104A Construction 258

2105A Quality Assurance 263

2106A Seismic Design 265

2107A Allowable Stress Design 267

2108A Strength Design of Masonry 268

2109A Empirical Design of Masonry 268

2110A Glass Unit Masonry 268

2111A Masonry Fireplaces 269

2112A Masonry Heaters 271

2113A Masonry Chimneys 271

2114A Nonbearing Walls 275

2115A Masonry Screen Walls 276

CHAPTER 22 STEEL 279

Section

2201 General 279

XXIX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2202 Definitions 279

2203 Identification and Protection of Steel

for Structural Purposes 279

2204 Connections 279

2205 Structural Steel 279

2206 Steel Joists 280

2207 Steel Cable Structures 280

2208 Steel Storage Racks 281

2209 Cold-formed Steel 281

2210 Cold-formed Steel Light-framed

Construction 281

CHAPTER 22A STEEL 285

Section

2201A General 285

2202A Definitions 285

2203A Identification and Protection of

Steel for Structural Purposes 285

2204A Connections 285

2205A -Structural Steel 286

2206A Steel Joists 288

2207A Steel Cable Structures 289

2208A Steel Storage Racks 289

2209A Cold-formed Steel 289

221 OA Cold-formed Steel Light-framed

Construction 289

221 1 A Light Modular Steel Moment

Frames for Public Elementary and

Secondary Schools, and

Community Colleges 289

2212A Testing 290

CHAPTER 23 WOOD 293

Section

2301 General 293

2302 Definitions 293

2303 Minimum Standards and Quality 295

2304 General Construction Requirements 299

2305 General Design Requirements for

Lateral-force-resisting Systems 309

2306 Allowable Stress Design 317

2307 Load and Resistance Factor Design 327

2308 Conventional Light-frame Construction 327

CHAPTER 24 GLASS AND GLAZING 373

Section

2401 General 373

2402 Definitions 373

2403 General Requirements for Glass 373

2404 Wind, Snow, Seismic and

Dead Loads on Glass 373

2405 Sloped Glazing and Skylights 376

2406 Safety Glazing 377

2407 Glass in Handrails and Guards 379

2408 Glazing in Athletic Facilities 379

2409 Glass in Elevator Hoistway 380

CHAPTER 25 GYPSUM BOARD

AND PLASTER 383

Section

2501 General 383

2502 Definitions 383

2503 Inspection 383

2504 Vertical and Horizontal Assemblies 383

2505 Shear Wall Construction 384

2506 Gypsum Board Materials 384

2507 Lathing and Plastering 384

2508 Gypsum Construction 385

2509 Gypsum Board in Showers and

Water Closets 386

2510 Lathing and Furring for Cement

Plaster (Stucco) 386

2511 Interior Plaster 387

2512 Exterior Plaster 387

2513 Exposed Aggregate Plaster 388

CHAPTER 26 PLASTIC 393

Section

2601 General 393

2602 Definitions 393

2603 Foam Plastic Insulation 393

2604 Interior Finish and Trim 396

2605 Plastic Veneer 397

2606 Light-transmitting Plastics 397

2607 Light- transmitting Plastic Wall Panels 398

2608 Light-transmitting Plastic Glazing 399

2609 Light-transmitting Plastic Roof Panels 399

2610 Light-transmitting Plastic Skylight Glazing . . 400

2611 Light-transmitting Plastic Interior Signs 400

CHAPTER 27 ELECTRICAL 403

Section

2701 General 403

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2702 Emergency and Standby Power Systems 403

CHAPTER 28 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 407

Section

2801 General 407

2802 Spark Arresters 407

CHAPTER 29 PLUMBING SYSTEMS 409

Section

2901 General 409

CHAPTER 30 ELEVATORS AND

CONVEYING SYSTEMS 413

Section

3001 General 413

3002 Hoistway Enclosures 413

3003 Emergency Operations 414

3004 Hoistway Venting 416

3005 Conveying Systems 416

3006 Machine Rooms 417

3007 Special Requirements for

Elevators in Hospitals 417

CHAPTER 31 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION .... 421

Section

3101 General 421

3102 Membrane Structures 421

3103 Temporary Structures 422

3104 Pedestrian Walkways and Tunnels 422

3105 Awnings and Canopies 423

3106 Marquees 424

3107 Signs 424

3108 Radio and Television Towers 424

3 109 Swimming Pool Enclosures and

Safety Devices 424

CHAPTER 31B PUBLIC SWIMMING POOLS ... 431

Section

3101B Scope 431

3102B Definitions 431

3103B Special Pool Classifications 432

3104B Accessibility to the Physically

Handicapped Person 432

3105B Alternate Equipment, Materials and

Methods of Construction 432

3106B Pool Construction 432

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

3107B Additional Requirements for a

Temporary Training Pool 433

3108B Pool Geometry 433

3109B Permanent Markings 433

3 1 lOB Steps, Recessed Steps, Ladders and

Recessed Stairs (Treads) 437

3111B Handholds 437

3112B Diving Boards 437

3113B Pool Decks 437

31 14B Pool Lighting 438

3 1 15B Bathhouse Dressing,

Shower and Toilet Facilities 438

3116B Drinking Fountains 438

3117B Hose Bibbs 439

3118B Enclosure of Pool Area 439

3119B Signs 439

3120B Indoor Pool Ventilation 441

3121B Foundations For Pool Equipment 441

3122B Gas Chlorination Equipment Room 441

3123B General Requirements 441

3124B Turnover Time 442

3125B Recirculation Piping System and

Components 442

3126B Recirculation Pump Capacity 442

3127B Water Supply Inlets 442

3128B Filters (All Types) 442

3129B Rapid Sand Pressure Filters 443

3130B Diatomaceous Earth Filters 443

3131B High-rate Sand Filters 443

3132B Chemical Feeders 443

3133B Disinfectant Feeders 444

3134B Pool Fittings 444

3135B Spa Pool Special Requirements 445

3136B Cleaning Systems 445

3137B Waste Water Disposal 445

3138B Reserved 446

3139B Reserved 446

3140B Reserved. 446

3141B Reserved 446

3142B Reserved 446

3143B Reserved 446

3144B Reserved 446

3145B Reserved 446

3146B Reserved 446

3147B Reserved 446

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3148B Reserved 446

3149B Reserved 446

3150B Reserved 446

3151B Reserved 446

3152B Reserved 446

3153B Reserved 446

3154B Reserved 446

3155B Reserved 446

3156B Reserved 446

3157B Reserved 446

3158B Reserved 446

3159B Reserved 446

3160B 446

3161B 447

CHAPTER 31C RADIATION 451

Section

3101C Scope 451

3102C Radiation Shielding Barriers 451

3103C Medical Radiographic and

Photofluorographic Installations 451

3104C Medical Therapeutic X-ray Installations 451

CHAPTER 31D FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS 455

Section

3101D Scope 455

3102D Definitions 455

3103B Building and Structures 455

CHAPTER 31E TENTS AND MEMBRANE

STRUCTURES 459

Section

3101E General Provisions 459

3102E Definitions 459

3 103E Tents Having an Occupant of

Load 10 or More 459

3104E Location of Tents 459

3105E Structural Requirements 460

3106E Exit Requirements 460

3107E Heating Equipment 460

3108E Membrane (Air-supported and

Air-inflated) Structures 460

3 109E Alternative Means of Protection 460

CHAPTER 31F MARINE OIL TERMINALS 465

Section

3101F Introduction 465

3102F Audit and Inspection 466

3103F Structural Loading Criteria 476

3104F Seismic Analysis and

Structural Performance 488

3105F Mooring and Berthing Analysis and

Design 494

3106F Geotechnical Hazards and Foundations 499

3107F Structural Analysis and

Design of Components 502

3108F Fire Prevention, Detection and Suppression . . 514

3109F Piping and Pipelines 518

3110F Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 520

3111F Electrical Systems 523

CHAPTER 32 ENCROACHMENTS INTO THE

PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY 527

Section

3201 General 527

3202 Encroachments 527

CHAPTER 33 SAFEGUARDS DURING

CONSTRUCTION 531

Section

3301 General 531

3302 Construction Safeguards 531

3303 Demolition 531

3304 Site Work 531

3305 Sanitary 531

3306 Protection of Pedestrians 531

3307 Protection of Adjoining Property 533

3308 Temporary Use of Streets, Alleys and

Public Property 533

3309 Fire Extinguishers 533

3310 Exits 533

331 1 Standpipes 533

3312 Automatic Sprinkler System 534

CHAPTER 34 EXISTING STRUCTURES 537

Section

3401 General 537

3402 Definitions 537

3403 Additions, Alterations or Repairs 537

3404 Fire Escapes 539

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3405 Glass Replacement 539

3406 Change of Occupancy 540

3407 Historic Buildings 540

3408 Moved Structures 540

3409 Reserved 540

3410 Compliance Alternatives 540

341 1 Existing Group R-1 and

Group R-2 Occupancies 549

3412 Existing High-rise Buildings 552

3413 Existing Group I Occupancies 554

3414 Existing Group L Occupancies 554

3415 Earthquake Evaluation and

Design for Retrofit of

Existing Buildings 555

3416 Definitions 557

3417 Seismic Criteria Selection for

Existing Buildings 557

3418 Method A 560

3419 Method B 560

3420 Peer Review Requirements 561

3421 Additional Requirements for

Public Schools 562

CHAPTER 34A EXISTING STRUCTURES 565

Section

3401A General 565

3402A Definitions 565

3403A Additions, Alterations or Repairs 566

3404A Fire Escapes 567

3405A Glass Replacement 568

3406A Change of Occupancy 568

3407A Historic Buildings 568

3408A Moved Structures 568

3409A Reserved 568

3410A Compliance Alternatives ; . . . . 568

3411 A Additions, Alterations, Repairs and
Seismic Retrofit to Existing
Buildings or Structures 577

3412A Earthquake Evaluation and

Design for Retrofit of Existing

Hospital Buildings 578

3413A Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings 579

3414A Peer Review Requirements 582

CHAPTER 35 REFERENCED STANDARDS. ... 585

APPENDIX CHAPTER 1 ADMINISTRATION. ... 609

Section

101 General 609

102 Applicability 609

103 Department of Building Safety 610

104 Duties and Powers of Building Official 610

105 Permits 611

106 Construction Documents 613

107 Temporary Structures and Uses 614

108 Fees 614

109 Inspections 615

110 Certificate of Occupancy 616

111 Service Utilities 616

1 12 Board of Appeals 616

1 13 Violations 616

114 Stop Work Order 617

115 Unsafe Structures and Equipment 617

APPENDIX A EMPLOYEE

QUALIFICATIONS 621

Section

AlOl Building Official Qualifications 621

A102 Referenced Standards 621

APPENDIX B BOARD OF APPEALS 625

Section

BlOl General 625

APPENDIX C GROUP U— AGRICULTURAL

BUILDINGS 629

Section

ClOl General 629

CI 02 Allowable Height and Area 629

C103 Mixed Occupancies ' ... 629

C104 Exits 629

APPENDIX D FIRE DISTRICTS 633

Section

DlOl General 633

D102 Building Restrictions 633

D103 Changes to Buildings 634

D104 Buildings Located Partially in the

Fire District 634

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

XXXIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

D105 Exceptions to Restrictions in Fire District. . . . 634
D106 Referenced Standards 635

APPENDIX E RESERVED 639

APPENDIX F RODENTPROOFING 643

Section

FlOl General 643

APPENDIX G FLOOD-RESISTANT

CONSTRUCTION 647

Section

GlOl Administration 647

G102 Applicability 647

G103 Powers and Duties 647

G104 Permits 648

G105 Variances 648

G201 Definitions 649

G301 Subdivisions 650

G401 Site Improvement 650

G501 Manufactured Homes 650

G601 Recreational Vehicles 650

G701 Tanks 651

G801 Other Building Work 651

G901 Referenced Standards 651

APPENDIX H SIGNS 655

Section

HlOl General 655

H102 Definitions 655

H103 Location 655

H104 Identification 655

H105 Design and Construction 655

H106 Electrical 656

H107 Combustible Materials 656

H108 Animated Devices 656

H109 Ground Signs 656

HUG Roof Signs 657

Hill Wall Signs 657

H112 Projecting Signs 657

H113 Marquee Signs 658

H114 Portable Signs 658

HI 15 Referenced Standards 658

APPENDIX I PATIO COVERS 661

Section

1101 General 661

1102 Definitions 661

1103 Exterior Openings 661

1104 Structural Provisions 661

APPENDIX J GRADING 665

JlOl General 665

J102 Definitions 665

J 103 Permits Required 665

J 104 Permit Application and Submittals 665

J105 Inspections 666

J106 Excavations 666

J107 Fills 667

J108 Setbacks 667

J109 Drainage and Terracing 667

Jl 10 Erosion Control 668

Jill Referenced Standards 668

INDEX 669

HISTORY NOTE 701

XXXIV

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CALIFORNIA CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire California
Chapter

Adopt Entire California
Chapter as amended
(amended sections listed
below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter/
Section

Codes

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109,1

109.2

110.1

110,2

110.3

110.4

111

112.0

114.0

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

(CALIFORNIA) CHAPTER 1

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

SECTION 101
GENERAL

101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the California
Building Code, may be cited as such and will be referred to
herein as "this code. " The California Building Code is Part 2 of
12 parts of the official compilation and publication of the adop-
tion amendment and repeal of building regulations to the Cali-
fornia Code of Regulations, Title 24, also referred to as the
California Building Standards Code. This part incorporates by
adoption the 2006 International Building Code of the Interna-
tional Code Council with necessary California amendments.

101.2 Purpose. The purpose of this code is to establish the min-
imum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and
general welfare through structural strength, means of egress
facilities, stability, access to persons with disabilities, sanita-
tion, adequate lighting and ventilation and energy conserva-
tion; safety to life and property from fire and other hazards
attributed to the built environment; and to provide safety to fire
fighters and emergency responders during emergency opera-
tions.

[DSA-AC] The purpose of this code is to ensure that bar-
rier-free design is incorporated in all buildings, facilities, site .
work and other developments to which this code applies and to
ensure that they are accessible to and usable by persons with
disabilities.

101.3 Scope. The provisions of this code shall apply to the con-
struction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement,
repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, maintenance,
removal and demolition of every building or structure or any
appurtenances connected or attached to such buildings or
structures throughout the State of California.

101.3.1 Nonstate-regulated buildings, structures and
applications. Except as modified by local ordinance pursu-
ant to Section 101.8, the following standards in the Califor-
nia Code ofRegulations, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10
shall apply to all occupancies and applications not regu-
lated by a state agency.

101.3.2 State-regulated buildings, structures and applica-
tions. The model code, state amendments to the model code,
and/or state amendments where there are no relevant model
code provisions shall apply to the following buildings,
structures, and applications regulated by state agencies as
referenced in the Matrix Adoption Tables and as specified in
Sections 102 through 114, except where modified by local
ordinance pursuant to Section 101.8. When adopted by a
state agency, the provisions of this code shall be enforced by
the appropriate enforcing agency, but only to the extent of
authority granted to such agency by the state legislature.

Note: See Preface to distinguish the model code provi-
sions from the California provisions.

1. State-owned buildings, including buildings con-
structed by the Trustees of the California State

University, and to the extent permitted by Cali-
fornia laws, buildings designed and constructed
by the Regents of the University of California,
and regulated by the Building Standards Com-
mission. See Section 102 for additional scope
provisions.

2. Local detention facilities regulated by the Cor-
rections Standards Authority. See Section 103 for
additional scope provisions.

3. Barbering, cosmetology or electrolysis estab-
lishments, acupuncture offices, pharmacies, vet-
erinary facilities and structural pest control
locations regulated by the Department of Con-
sumer Affairs. See Section 104 for additional
scope provisions.

4. Energy efficiency standards regulated by the Cal-
ifornia Energy Commission. See Section 105 for
additional scope provisions.

5. Dairies and places of meat inspection regulated
by the Department of Food and Agriculture. See
Section 106 for additional scope provisions.

6. Organized camps, laboratory animal quarters,
public swimming pools, radiation protection,
commissaries serving mobile food preparation
vehicles and wild animal quarantine facilities
regulated by the Department of Health Services.
See Section 107 for additional scope provisions.

7. Hotels, motels, lodging houses, apartment
houses, dwellings, dormitories, condominiums,
shelters for homeless persons, congregate resi-
dences, employee housing, factory-built housing
and other types of dwellings containing sleeping
accommodations with or without common toilets
or cooking facilities. See Section 108.2.1.1 for
additional scope provisions.

8. Accommodations for persons with disabilities in
buildings containing newly constructed covered
multifamily dwellings, new common use spaces
serving existing covered multifamily dwellings,
additions to existing buildings where the addition
alone meets the definition of a "Covered multi-
family dwelling" and common-use spaces serv-
ing covered multifamily dwellings which are
regulated by . the Department of Housing and
Community Development. See Section 108.2.1.2
for additional scope provisions.

9. Permanent buildings and permanent accessory
buildings or structures constructed within
mobilehome parks and special occupancy parks
regulated by the Department of Housing and
Community Development. See Section 108.2.1.3
for additional scope provisions.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

10. Accommodations for persons with disabilities
regulated by the Division of the State Architect.
See Section 109.1 for additional scope provi-
sions.

11. Public elementary and secondary schools, com-
munity college buildings and state-owned or
state-leased essential service buildings regulated
by the Division of the State Architect. See Section
109.2 for additional scope provisions.

12. Qualified historical buildings and structures and
their associated sites regulated by the State His-
torical Building Safety Boardwith the Division of
the State Architect. See Section 109.3 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

13. General acute care hospitals, acute psychiatric
hospitals, skilled nursing and/or intermediate
carefacilities, clinics licensed by the Department
of Health Services and correctional treatment
centers regulated by the Office of Statewide
Health Planning and Development. See Section
110 for additional scope provisions.

14. Applications regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal include, but are not limited to, the
following in accordance with Section 111:

14.1. Buildings or structures used or intended
for use as an:

14.1.1. Asylum, jail.

14.1.2. Mental hospital, hospital,
home for the elderly, chil-
dren's nursery, children's
home or institution, school
or any similar occupancy of
any capacity.

14.1.3. Theater, dancehall, skating
rink, auditorium, assembly
hall, meeting hall, nightclub,
fair building or similar place
of assemblage where 50 or
more persons may gather to-
gether in a building, room or
structure for the purpose of
amusement, entertainment,
instruction, deliberation,
worship, drinking or dining,
awaiting transportation, or
education.

14.1.4. Small family day care homes,
large family day care homes,
residential facilities and res-
idential facilities for the el-
derly, residential care
facilities.

14.1.5. State institutions or other
state-owned or state-occu-
pied buildings.

14.1.6. High rise structures.

14.1.7. Motion picture production
studios.

14.1.8. Organized camps.

14.1.9. Residential structures.

14.2. Tents, awnings or other fabric enclosures
used in connection with any occupancy.

14.3. Fire alarm devices, equipment and sys-
tems in connection with any occupancy .

14.4. Hazardous materials, flammable and
combustible liquids.

14.5. Public school automatic fire detection,
alarm and sprinkler systems.

14.6. Wildland-urban interface fire areas.

1 5. Public libraries constructed and renovated using
funds from the California Library Construction
and Renovation Bond Act of 1988 and regulated
by the State Librarian. See Section 112 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

1 6. Graywater systems regulated by the Department
of Water Resources. See Section 113 for addi-
tional scope provisions.

17. For applications listed in Section 1 09. 1 regulated
by the Division of the State Architect— Access
Compliance, outdoor environments and uses
shall be classified according to accessibility uses
described in Chapters 11 A, IIB and IIC.

18. Marine Oil Terminals regulated by the California
State Lands Commission. See Section 114 for ad-
ditional scope provisions.

101.4 Appendices. Provisions contained in the appendices of
this code shall not apply unless specifically adopted by a state
agency or adopted by a local enforcing agency in compliance
with Health and Safety Code Section 18938(b) for Building
Standards Law, Health and Safety Code Section 17950 for
State Housing Law and Health and Safety Code Section
13869. 7 for Fire Protection Districts. See Section 101.8 of this
code.

101.5 Referenced codes. The codes, standards and publica-
tions adopted and set forth in this code, including other codes,
standards and publications referred to therein are, by title and
date of publication, hereby adopted as standard reference doc-
uments of this code. When this code does not specifically cover
any subject related to building design and construction, recog-
nized architectural or engineering practices shall be
employed. The National Fire Codes and the Fire Protection
Handbook of the National Fire Protection Association are per-
mitted to be used as authoritative guides in determining recog-
nized fire prevention engineering practices.

101.6 Nonbuilding standards, orders and regulations.

Requirements contained in the International Building Code, or
in any other referenced standard, code or document, which are
not building standards as defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 18909, shall not be construed as part of the provisions
of this code. For nonbuilding standards, orders and regula-
tions, see other titles of the California Code of Regulations.

101.7 Order of precedence and use.

101.7.1 Differences. In the event of any differences between
these building standards and the standard reference docu-
ments, the text of these building standards shall govern.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

101. 7.2 Specific provisions. Where a specific provision, var-
ies from a general provision, the specific provision shall
apply.

101.7.3 Conflicts. When the requirements of this code con-
flict with the requirements of any other part of the California
Building Standards Code, Title 24, the most restrictive
requirements shall prevail.

101.8 City, county or city and county amendments, additions
or deletions. The provisions of this code do not limit the author-
ity of city, county or city and county governments to establish
more restrictive and reasonably necessary differences to the
provisions contained in this code pursuant to complying with
Section 101.8.1. The effective date of amendments, additions
or deletions to this code of cities, counties or city and counties
filed pursuant to Section 101.8.1 shall be the date filed. How-
ever, in no case shall the amendments, additions or deletions to
this code be effective any sooner than the effective date of this
code.

Local modifications shall comply with Health and Safety
Code Section 18938(b) for Building Standards Law, Health
and Safety Code Section 17950 for State Housing Law or
Health and Safety Code Section 13869.7 for Fire Protection
Districts.

101.8.1 Findings and filings.

1. The city, county or city and county shall make express
findings for each amendment, addition or deletion
based upon climatic, topographical or geological
conditions.

Exception: Hazardous building ordinances and
programs mitigating unreinforced masonry build-
ings.

2. The city, county or city and county shall file the
amendments, additions or deletions expressly marked
and identified as to the applicable findings. Cities,
counties, cities and counties, and fire departments
shall file the amendments, additions or deletions, and
the findings with the California Building Standards
Commission at 2525 Natomas Park Drive, Suite 130,
Sacramento, CA 95833.

3. Findings prepared by fire protection districts shall be
ratified by the local city, county or city and county and
filed with the California Department of Housing and
Community Development at 1800 3''^ Street, Room
260, Sacramento, CA 95814.

101.9 Effective date of this code. Only those standards
approved by the California Building Standards Commission
that are effective at the time an application for building permit
is submitted shall apply to the plans and specifications for, and
to the construction performed under, that permit. For the effec-
tive dates of the provisions contained in this code, see the His-
tory Note page of this code.

101.10 Availability of codes. At least one entire copy each of
Titles 8, 19, 20, 24 and 25 with all revisions shall be maintained
in the office of the building official responsible for the adminis-
tration and enforcement of this code. See Health and Safety
Code Section 18942(d)(1) and (2).

101.11 Format. This part fundamentally adopts the Interna-
tional Building Code by reference on a chapter-by-chapter
basis. Such adoption is reflected in the Matrix Adoption Table
of each chapter of this part. When the Matrix Adoption Tables
make no reference to a specific chapter of the International
Building Code such chapter of the International Building Code
is not adopted as a portion of this code.

101.12 Validity. If any chapter, section, subsection, sentence,
clause or phrase of this code is for any reason held to be uncon-
stitutional, contrary to statute, exceeding the authority of the
state as stipulated by statutes or otherwise inoperative, such
decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion of
this code.

SECTION 102
BUILDING STANDARDS COMMISSION

102.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

1. State buildings for all occupancies.

Application — State buildings (all occupancies),
including buildings constructed by the Trustees of the
California State University and the Regents of the
University of California where no state agency has
the authority to adopt building standards applicable
to such buildings.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section
18934.6

Reference — Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 2.5, commencing with Section 18901.

2. University of California, California State Universities
and California Community Colleges.

Application — Standards for lighting for parking lots
and primary campus walkways at the University of
California, California State Universities and Califor-
nia Community Colleges.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Government Code Section 14617.

Reference — Government Code Section 14617.

3. Existing state-owned buildings, including those owned
by the University of California and by the California
State University.

Application — Building seismic retrofit standards
including abating falling hazards of structural and
nonstructural components and strengthening of
building structures. See also Division of the State
Architect

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

Authority cited — Government Code Section 16600.

Reference — Government Code Sections 16600
through 16604.

4. Unreinforced masonry-bearing wall buildings.

Application — Minimum seismic strengthening stan-
dards for buildings specified in Appendix Chapter Al
of the California Existing Building Code, except for
buildings subject to building standards adopted pur-
suant to Health and Safety Code (commencing) with
Section 17910.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section
18934.6.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 18901
through 18949.

SECTION 103
CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AUTHORITY

103.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Local detention facilities.

Enforcing agency — Corrections Standards Authority.

Authority cited — Penal Code Section 6030; Welfare and
Institutions Code Sections 207.1, 210 and 885.

Reference — Penal Code Section 6030; Welfare and Institu-
tions Code Sections 207.1, 210 and 885.

SECTION 104
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS

104.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

1. Board ofBarbering and Cosmetology.

Application — Any establishment or mobile unit
where barbering, cosmetology or electrolysis is being
performed.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 7312.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
7303, 7303.1, 7312 and 7313.

2. Acupuncture Board.

Application — Acupuncture offices.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4933.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4928, 4928.1 and 493 3.

3. Board of Pharmacy.

Application — Pharmacies.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4005.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4005,4127.7 and 4201.

4. Veterinary Medical Board.

Application — Veterinary facilities.

Enforcing agency — State or local agency specified
by the applicable provisions of law.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 4808.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
4800, 4800. 1, 4808 and 4809.5.

5. Structural Pest Control Board.

Application — structural pest control locations.

Enforcing agency — Structural Pest Control Board.

Authority cited — Business and Professions Code
Section 8525.

Reference — Business and Professions Code Sections
8520, 8520.1 and 8525.

SECTION 105
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION

105.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, enforcement agency, and the specific author-
ity to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code, unless
otherwise stated.

Application — All occupancies as specified in Title 24, Part
6, Section 100.

Enforcing agency — Local building department or the Cal-
ifornia Energy Commission.

Authority cited — Public Resources Code Sections 25213,
25402, 25920 and 25402.2.

Reference — Public Resources Code Sections 25001,
25213, 25402 and 25402.2.

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SECTION 106
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

106.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Dairies and places of meat and poultry
inspection.

Enforcing agency — Department of Food and Agriculture.

Authority cited — Food and Agricultural Code Sections
18735, 18960, 19384, 33481 and 33731.

Reference — Food and Agricultural Code Sections 18735,
18960, 19384, 33481 and 33731.

SECTION 107
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES

107.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Department of Health Services.

Application — Organized camps, laboratory animal
quarters, public swimming pools, radiation protection
and producing facilities, commissaries serving mobile
food preparation vehicles, wild animal quarantine facili-
ties, shellfish facilities and food establishments.

Enforcing agency — The Department of Health Services
and the local health agencies.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 1660,
18897.2, 100275, 110065, 112165, 113710, 114304,
115061, 116050 and 121795.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 1650,
1660, 18897.2, 18897.4, 18897.7, 100150, 100275,
110065, 113705, 113710, 114825, 114965, 115061,
116050, 116503, 112165 and 121795.

SECTION 108

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

108.1 Purpose. The purpose of this code is to establish the min-
imum requirements necessary to protect the health, safety and
general welfare of the occupants and the public by governing
accessibility, erection, construction, enlargement, conversion,
alteration, repair, moving, removal, demolition, occupancy,
use, height, court, area, sanitation, ventilation, maintenance,
safety to life and property from fire and other hazards attrib-
uted to the built environment.

108.2 Authority and abbreviations.

108.2.1 General. The Department of Housing and Commu-
nity Development is authorized by law to promulgate and
adopt building standards and regulations for several types
of building applications. These applications are grouped

and identified by abbreviation in the Matrix Adoption
Tables to show which model code sections and amendments
are applicable to each application. The applications under
the authority of the Department of Housing and Community
Development are listed in Sections 108.2.1.1 through
108.2.1.3.

108.2.1.1 Housing construction. Application-Hotels,
motels, lodging houses, apartment houses, dwellings,
dormitories, condominiums, shelters for homeless per-
sons, congregate residences, employee housing, fac-
tory-built housing and other types of dwellings
containing sleeping accommodations with or without
common toilet or cooking facilities including accessory
buildings, facilities, and uses thereto. Sections of this
code which pertain to applications listed in this section
are identified in the Matrix Adoption Table using the
abbreviation "HCD 1."

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
the Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
17921, 17922 and 19990.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 17000
through 17060, 17910 through 17990 and 19960
through 19997.

108.2.1.2 Housing accessibility. Application - Covered
multifamily dwelling units as defined in Chapter HA
including, but not limited to, lodging houses, dormito-
ries, timeshares, condominiums, shelters for homeless
persons, congregate residences, apartment houses,
dwellings, employee housing, factory-built housing and
other types of dwellings containing sleeping accommo-
dations with or without common toilet or cooking facili-
ties.

Sections of this code identified in the Matrix Adoption
Table by the abbreviation "HCD 1-AC" require specific
accommodations for persons with physical disabilities,
as defined in Chapter 11 A. The application of such provi-
sions shall be in conjunction with other requirements of
this code and apply only to Group R occupancies which
are newly constructed covered multifamily dwellings as
defined in Chapter llA of the California Building Code.
"HCD 1-AC" applications include, but are not limited
to, the following:

1. All newly constructed covered multifamily dwell-
ings as defined in Chapter 11 A.

2. New common use areas as defined in Chapter HA
serving existing covered multifamily dwellings.

3. Additions to existing buildings, where the addition
alone meets the definition of a "Covered multifam-
ily dwelling" as defined in Chapter 11 A.

4. Common use areas serving covered multifamily
dwellings.

"HCD 1-AC" building standards generally do not
apply to public use areas or public accommodations

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

such as hotels and motels. Public use areas, public
accommodations and housing which is publicly funded
as defined in Chapters 2, llA and IIB of this code are
subject to the Division of the State Architect (DSA-AC)
and are referenced in Section 109.1.

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
the Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
17921, 17922 and 19990 and Government Code Sec-
tion 12955.1.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 17000
through 17060, 17910 through 17990 and 19960
through 19997 and Government Code Section
12955.1.

108.2.1.3 Permanent buildings in mobilehome parks
and special occupancy parks. Application-Permanent
buildings, and permanent accessory buildings or struc-
tures, constructed within mobilehome parks and special
occupancy parks that are under the control and owner-
ship of the park operator. Sections of this code which per-
tain to applications listed in this section are identified in
the Matrix Adoption Table using the abbreviation "HCD
2."

Enforcing agency — Local building department or
other local agency responsible for the enforcement of
Health and Safety Code Division 13, Part 2.1 com-
mencing with Section 18200 for mobilehome parks
and Health and Safety Code Division 13, Part 2.3
commencing with Section 18860 for special occu-
pancy parks or the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development.

SECTION 108.3
LOCAL ENFORCING AGENCY

108.3.1 Duties and powers. The building department of
every city, county or city and county shall enforce all the
provisions of law, this code, and the other rules and regula-
tions promulgated by the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development pertaining to the installation, erection,
reconstruction, movement, enlargement, conversion, alter-
ation, repair, removal, demolition or arrangement of apart-
ment houses, hotels and dwellings, including accessory
buildings, facilities and uses thereto.

The provisions regulating the erection and construction
of dwellings and appurtenant structures shall not apply to
existing structures as to which construction is commenced
or approved prior to the ejfective date of these regulations.
Requirements relating to use, maintenance and occupancy
shall apply to all dwellings and appurtenant structures
approvedfor construction or constructed before or after the
effective date of this code.

108.3.2 Laws, rules and regulations. Other than the build-
ing standards contained in this code, and notwithstanding

other provisions of law, the statutory authority and location
of the laws, rules and regulations to be enforced by local
enforcing agencies are listed by statute in Sections
108.3.2.1 through 108.3.2.5 below:

108.3.2.1 State Housing Law. Refer to the State Housing
Law, California Health and Safety Code, Division 13,
Part 1.5 commencing with Section 17910 and California
Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 1, Article 1, commencing with Section 1, for
the erection, reconstruction, movement, enlargement,
conversion, alteration, repair, removal, demolition or
arrangement of apartment houses, hotels and dwellings,
including accessory buildings, facilities and uses
thereto.

108.3.2.2 Mobilehome Parks Act. Refer to the
Mobilehome Parks Act, California Health and Safety
Code, Division 13, Part 2.1, Article 1, commencing with
Section 18200 and California Code of Regulations, Title
25, Division 1, Chapter 2, commencing with Section
1000 for mobilehome park administrative and enforce-
ment authority, permits, plans, fees, violations, inspec-
tions and penalties both within and outside mobilehome
parks.

Exception: Mobilehome parks where the Department
of Housing and Community Development is the
enforcing agency.

108.3.2.3 Special Occupancy Parks Act. Refer to the
Special Occupancy Parks Act, California Health and
Safety Code, Division 13, Part 2.3, commencing with
Section 18860 and California Code of Regulations, Title
25, Division 1, Chapter 2.2, Article 1, commencing with
Section 2000 for special occupancy park administrative
and enforcement authority, permits, fees, violations,
inspections and penalties both within and outside of spe-
cial occupancy parks.

Exception: Special occupancy parks where the
Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment is the enforcing agency.

108.3.2.4 Employee Housing Act. Refer to the Employee
Housing Act, California Health and Safety Code, Divi-
sion 13, Part 1, commencing with Section 17000 and
California Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1,
Chapter 1, Subchapter 3, Article 1, commencing with
Section 600 for employee housing administrative and
enforcement authority, permits, fees, violations, inspec-
tions and penalties.

108.3.2.5 Factory -Built Housing Law. Refer to the Fac-
tory-Built Housing Law, California Health and Safety
Code, Division 13, Part 6 commencing with Section
19960 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Article 1, com-
mencing with Section 3000 for factory-built housing
administrative and enforcement authority, permits, fees,
violations, inspections and penalties.

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SECTION 108.4

PERMITS, FEES, APPLICATIONS AND

INSPECTIONS

108.4.1 Permits. A written construction permit shall be
obtained from the enforcing agency prior to the erection,
construction, reconstruction, installation, moving or alter-
ation of any building or structure.

Exceptions:

1. Work exempt from permits as specified in Appendix
Chapter 1, Section 105.2.

2. Changes, alterations or repairs of a minor nature
not affecting structural features, egress, sanita-
tion, safety or accessibility as determined by the
enforcing agency.

Exemptions from permit requirements shall not be
deemed to grant authorization for any work to be done in
any manner in violation of other provisions of law or this
code.

108.4.2 Fees. Subject to other provisions of law, the govern-
ing body of any city, county or city and county may prescribe
fees to defray the cost of enforcement of rules and regula-
tions promulgated by the Department of Housing and Com-
munity Development. The amount of the fees shall not
exceed the amount reasonably necessary to administer or
process permits, certificates, forms or other documents, or
to defray the costs of enforcement For additional informa-
tion, see the State Housing Law, Health and Safety Code,
Division 13, Part 1.5, Section 17951 and California Code of
Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1,
Article 3, commencing with Section 6.

108.4.3 Plan review and time limitations. Subject to other
provisions of law, provisions related to plan checking, pro-
hibition of excessive delays and contracting with or employ-
ment of private parties to perform plan checking are set
forth in the State Housing Law, Health and Safety Code Sec-
tion 17960.1, and for employee housing, in Health and
Safety Code Section 17021.

108.4.3.1 Retention of plans. The building department
of every city, county or city and county shall maintain an
official copy, microfilm, electronic or other type of photo-
graphic copy of the plans of every building, during the
life of the building, for which the department issued a
building permit

Exceptions:

1. Single or multiple dwellings not more than two
stories and basement in height.

2. Garages and other structures appurtenant to
buildings listed in Exception 1.

3. Farm or ranch buildings appurtenant to build-
ings listed in Exception 1.

4. Any one-story building where the span between
bearing walls does not exceed 25 feet (7620
mm), except a steel frame or concrete building.

All plans for common interest developments as defined
in Section 1351 of the California Civil Code shall be

retained. For additional information regarding plan
retention and reproduction of plans by an enforcing
agency, see Health and Safety Code Sections 19850 and
1985L

108.4.4 Inspections. Construction or work for which a per-
mit is required shall be subject to inspection by the building
official and such construction or work shall remain accessi-
. ble and exposed for inspection purposes until approved.
Approval as a result of an inspection shall not be construed
to be an approval of a violation of the provisions of this code
or other regulations of the Department of Housing and
Community Development. Required inspections are listed
in Appendix Chapter 1, Sections 109.3.1 through 109.3.6,
109.3.8, 109.3.9 and 109.3.10.

SECTION 108.5
RIGHT-OF-ENTRY FOR ENFORCEMENT

108.5.1 General. Subject to other provisions of law, officers
and agents of the enforcing agency may enter and inspect
public and private properties to secure compliance with the
rules and regulations promulgated by the Department of
Housing and Community Development. For limitations and
additional information regarding enforcement, see the fol-
lowing:

1. For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 108.3.2.1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 17970 through
17972 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.2 of this code, refer to
the Health and Safety- Code, commencing with Sec-
tion 18200 and California Code of Regulations, Title
25, Division 1, Chapter 2.

3. For applications subject to the Special Occupancy
Parks Act as referenced in Section 108.3.2.3 of this
code, refer to Health and Safety Code, commencing
with Section 18860 and California Code of Regula-
tions, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2.2.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.4 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Section 17052 and California
Code of Regulations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1,
Subchapter 3.

5. For applications subject to the Factory -Built Housing
Law as referenced in Section 108.3.2.5 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code Sections 19960
through 19997 and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1.

SECTION 108.6

LOCAL MODIFICATION BY ORDINANCE OR

REGULATION

108.6.1 General. Subject to other provisions of law, a city,
county or city and county may make changes to the

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

provisions adopted by the Department of Housing and
Community Development. If any city, county or city and
county does not amend, add or repeal by local ordinances
or regulations the provisions published in this code or other
regulations promulgated by the Department of Housing and
Community Development, those provisions shall be appli-
cable and shall become effective 180 days after publication
by the California Building Standards Commission. Amend-
ments, additions and deletions to this code adopted by a city,
county or city and county pursuant to California Health and
Safety Code Sections 17958.7 and 18941.5, together with
all applicable portions of this code, shall also become effec-
tive 180 days after publication of the California Building
Standards Code by the California Building Standards Com-
mission.

108.6.2 Findings, filings and rejections of local modifica-
tions. Prior to making any modifications or establishing
more restrictive building standards, the governing body
shall make express findings and filings, as required by Cali-
fornia Health and Safety Code Section 17958.7, showing
that such modifications are reasonably necessary due to
local climatic, geological or topographical conditions. No
modification shall become effective or operative unless the
following requirements are met:

1. The express findings shall be made available as a
public record.

2. A copy of the modification and express finding, each
document marked to cross-reference the other, shall
be filed with the California Building Standards Com-
mission for cities, counties or cites and counties, and
with the Department of Housing and Community De-
velopment for fire protection districts.

3. The California Building Standards Commission has
not rejected the modification or change.

Nothing in this section shall limit the authority of fire pro-
tection districts pursuant to California Health and Safety
Code Section 13869.7(a).

SECTION 108.7

ALTERNATE MATERIALS, DESIGNS, TESTS AND

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

108.7.1 General. The provisions of this code, as adopted by
the Department of Housing and Community Development
are not intended to prevent the use of any alternate material,
appliance, installation, device, arrangement, method,
design or method of construction not specifically prescribed
by this code. Consideration and approval of alternates shall
comply with Section 108. 7.2 for local building departments
and Section 108.7.3 for the Department of Housing and
Community Development.

108.7.2 Local building departments. The building depart-
ment of any city, county or city and county may approve
alternates for use in the erection, reconstruction, move-
ment, enlargement, conversion, alteration, repair, removal

or demolition of an apartment house, hotel, motel, dwelling
or an accessory structure, except for the following:

1. Structures located in mobilehome parks as defined in
California Health and Safety Code Section 18214.

2. Structures located in special occupancy parks as de-
fined in California Health and Safety Code Section
18862.43.

3. Factory-built housing as defined in California Health
and Safety Code Section 19971.

108. 7.2.1 Approval of alternates. The consideration and
approval of alternates by a local building department
shall comply with the following procedures and limita-
tions:

1. The approval shall be granted on a case-by-case
basis.

2. Evidence shall be submitted to substantiate claims
that the proposed alternate, in performance, safety
and protection of life and health, conforms to, or is
at least equivalent to, the standards contained in
this code and other rules and regulations promul-
gated by the Department of Housing and Commu-
nity Development.

3. The building department may require tests per-
formed by an approved testing agency at the ex-
pense of the owner or owner's agent as proof of
compliance.

4. If the proposed alternate is related to accessibility
in covered multifamily dwellings or in facilities
serving covered multifamily dwellings as defined
in Chapter 11 A, the proposed alternate must also
meet the threshold set for "Equivalent Facilita-
tion" as defined in Chapter 11 A.

For additional information regarding approval of
alternates by a building department pursuant to the State
Housing Law, see California Health and Safety Code
Section 17951(e) and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1.

108. 7.3 Department of Housing and Community Develop-
ment. The Department of Housing and Community Devel-
opment may approve alternates for use in the erection,
reconstruction, movement, enlargement, conversion, alter-
ation, repair, removal or demolition of an apartment house,
hotel, motel, dwelling or an accessory thereto. The consid-
eration and approval of alternates shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1. The department may require tests at the expense of the
owner or owner's agent to substantiate compliance
with the California Building Standards Code.

2. The approved alternate shall, for its intended pur-
pose, be at least equivalent in performance and safety
to the materials, designs, tests or methods of con-
struction prescribed by this code.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

SECTION 108.8
APPEALS BOARD

108.8.1 General. Every city, county or city and county shall
establish a local appeals board and a housing appeals
board. The local appeals board and housing appeals board
shall each be comprised of at least five voting members that
shall serve at the pleasure of the city, county or city and
county. Appointments shall not be employees of the jurisdic-
tion and shall consist of members who are qualified and
specifically knowledgeable in the California Building Stan-
dards Codes and applicable local ordinances.

108.8.2 Definitions. The following terms shall for the pur-
poses of this section have the meaning shown.

HOUSING APPEALS BOARD. The board or agency of a
city, county or city and county which is authorized by the
governing body of the city, county or city and county to hear
appeals regarding the requirements of the city, county or
city and county relating to the use, maintenance and change
of occupancy of buildings and structures, including require-
ments governing alteration, additions, repair, demolition
and moving. In any area in which there is no such board or
agency, "Housing appeals board" means the local appeals
board having jurisdiction over the area.

LOCAL APPEALS BOARD. The board or agency of a city,
county or city and county which is authorized by the govern-
ing body of the city, county or city and county to hear
appeals regarding the building requirements of the city,
county or city and county. In any area in which there is no
such board or agency, "Local appeals board" means the
governing body of the city, county or city and county having
jurisdiction over the area.

108.8.3 Appeals. Except as otherwise provided in law, any
person, firm or corporation adversely affected by a deci-
sion, order or determination by a city, county or city and
county relating to the application of building standards
published in the California Building Standards Code, or
any other applicable rule or regulation adopted by the
Department of Housing and Community Development, or
any lawfully enacted ordinance by a city, county or city and
county, may appeal the issue for resolution to the local
appeals board or housing appeals board as appropriate.

The local appeals board shall hear appeals relating to
new building construction and the housing appeals board
shall hear appeals relating to existing buildings.

SECTION 108.9
UNSAFE BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES

108.9.1 Authority to enforce. Subject to other provisions of
law, the administration, enforcement, actions, proceedings,
abatement, violations and penalties for unsafe buildings
and structures are contained in the following statutes and
regulations:

1. For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 108.3.2.1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 17910 through
1 7995.5 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.2 of this code, refer to
the Health and Safety Code, commencing with Sec-
tion 18200, and California Code of Regulations, Title
25, Division 1, Chapter 2.

3. For applications subject to the Special Occupancy
Parks Act as referenced in Section 108.3.2.3 of this
code, refer to the Health and Safety Code, commenc-
ing with Section 18860, and California Code of Regu-
lations, Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2.2.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.4 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 17000 through
17062.5 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 3.

5. For applications subject to the Factory-Built Housing
Law as referenced in Section 108.3.2.5 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code Sections 19960
through 19997 and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1.

108.9.2 Actions and proceedings. Subject to other provi-
sions of law, punishments, penalties and fines for violations
of building standards are contained in the following statutes
and regulations:

1. For applications subject to the State Housing Law as
referenced in Section 108.3.2.1 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 17980 through
1 7995.5 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 1.

2. For applications subject to the Mobilehome Parks Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.2 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 18200 through
18700 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25
Division 1, Chapter 2.

3. For applications subject to the Special Occupancy
Parks Act as referenced in Section 108.3.2.3 of this
code, refer to Health and Safety Code Sections 18866
through 18869 and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 2.2.

4. For applications subject to the Employee Housing Act
as referenced in Section 108.3.2.4 of this code, refer to
Health and Safety Code Sections 17060 through
1 7062. 5 and California Code of Regulations, Title 25,
Division 1, Chapter 1, Subchapter 3.

5. For applications subject to the Factory-Built Housing
Law as referenced in Section 108.3.2.5 of this code,
refer to Health and Safety Code Sections 19995
through 19997 and California Code of Regulations,
Title 25, Division 1, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1.

SECTION 108.10
OTHER BUILDING REGULATIONS

108,10.1 Existing structures. Subject to the requirements of
California Health and Safety Code Sections 17912,
17920.3, 17922(c), 17922.3, 17958.8 and 17958.9, the pro-
visions contained in Chapter 34 relating to existing

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

structures shall only apply as identified in the Matrix Adop-
tion Table under the authority of the Department of Housing
and Community Development as listedinSections 108.2.1.1
through 108.2.1.3 of this code.

108.10.2 Moved structures. Subject to the requirements of
California Health and Safety Code Sections 17922.3 and
17958.9, the provisions contained in Chapter 34 relating to
a moved residential structure shall only apply as identified
in the Matrix Adoption Table under the authority of the
Department of Housing and Community Development as
listed in Sections 108.2.1.1 through 108.2.1.3 of this code.

SECTION 109
DIVISION OF THE STATE ARCHITECT

109.1 Division of the State Architect— Access Compliance.

General. The purpose of this code is to ensure that barrier free
design is incorporated in all buildings, facilities, site work and
other improvements to which this code applies in compliance
with state law to ensure that these improvements are accessible
to and usable by persons with disabilities. Additions, alter-
ations and structural repairs in all buildings andfacilities shall
comply with these provisions for new buildings, except as oth-
erwise provided and specified herein.

The provisions of these regulations shall apply to any porta-
ble buildings leased or owned by a school district, and shall
also apply to temporary and emergency buildings andfacili-
ties. Temporary buildings andfacilities are not of permanent
construction but are extensively used or are essential for public
use for a period of time. Examples of temporary buildings or
facilities covered include, but are not limited to: reviewing
stands, temporary classrooms, bleacher areas, exhibit areas,
temporary banking facilities, temporary health screening ser-
vices or temporary safe pedestrian passageways around a con-
struction site.

In addition, to incorporate standards at least as restrictive
as those required by the federal government for barrier-free
design under (1) Title III (Public Accommodations and Com-
mercial Facilities), Subpart D (New Construction and Alter-
ation) and Appendix A (Americans with Disabilities Act
Standards for Accessible Design) (see 28 C.F.R., Part 36), and
(2) Title II (Public Entities), Section 35.1 51 (New Construction
and Alterations) (see 28 C.F.R., Part 35) both from the Ameri-
cans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and (3) under the Fair Hous-
ing Amendments Act of 1988. Some of these regulations may be
more stringent than state law in order to meet the federal
requirement.

109.1.1 Application. See Government Code commencing
with Section 4450.

Publicly funded buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs
and related facilities shall be accessible to and usable by
persons with disabilities as follows:

109.1.1.1 All buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs and
related facilities constructed in the state by the use of
state, county or municipal funds, or the funds of any
political subdivision of the state.

109.1.1.2 All buildings, structures andfacilities that are
leased, rented, contracted, sublet or hired by any munici-
pal, county or state division of government, or by a spe-
cial district.

109.1.1.3 All publicly funded buildings used for congre-
gate residences or for one- or two-family dwelling unit
purposes shall conform to the provisions applicable to
living accommodations.

109.1.1.4 All existing publicly funded buildings and
facilities when alterations, structural repairs or addi-
tions are made to such buildings or facilities. For
detailed requirements on existing buildings, see Chapter
IIB, Division IV.

109.1.1.5 With respect to buildings, structures, side-
walks, curbs and related facilities not requiring a build-
ing permit, building standards published in the
California Building Standards Code relating to access
for persons with disabilities and other regulations
adopted pursuant to Government Code Section 4450,
and in effect at the time construction is commenced, shall
be applicable.

109.1.2 Application. See Health and Safety Code com-
mencing with Section 19952.

All privately funded public accommodations, as defined
and commercial facilities, as defined, shall be accessible to
persons with disabilities as follows:

Exception: Certain types of privately funded multistory
buildings do not require installation of an elevator to
provide access above and below the first floor. See Chap-
ter IIB.

109.1.2.1 Any building, structure facility, complex or
improved area, or portions thereof, which are used by the
general public.

109.1.2.2 Any sanitary facilities which are made avail-
able for the public, clients or employees in such accom-
modations or facilities.

109.1.2.3 Any curb or sidewalk intended for public use
that is constructed in this state with private funds.

109.1.2.4 All existing privately funded public accommo-
dations when alterations, structural repairs or additions
are made to such public accommodations as set forth
under Chapter IIB.

109.1.3 Application — Public housing and private housing
available for public use. See Government Code Sections
4450 and 12955.1(d).

109.1.4 Enforcing agency.

109. 1.4. 1 The director of the Department of General Ser-
vices where state funds are utilized for any project or
where funds of counties, municipalities or other political
subdivisions are utilized for the construction of elemen-
tary, secondary or community college projects.

109.1.4.2 The governing bodies where funds of counties,
municipalities or other political subdivisions are utilized
except as otherwise provided above.

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109.1.4.3 The building department of every city, county
or city and county within the territorial area of its city,
county or city and county, where private funds are uti-
lized. "Building department" means the department,
bureau or officer chargedwith the enforcement of laws or
ordinances regulating the erection or construction, or
both the erection and construction, of buildings.

109.1.5 Special conditions for persons with disabilities
requiring appeals action ratification. Whenever reference
is made in these regulations to this section, the findings and
determinations required to be rendered by the local enforc-
ing agency shall be subject to ratification through an
appeals process.

109.1.6 Authority cited — Government Code Section 4450.

109.1.7 Reference cited — Government Code Sections 4450
through 4461 and 12955.1(d) and Health and Safety Code
Sections 18949.1, 19952 through 19959.

109.2 Division of the State Architect — Structural Safety.

109.2.1 Application — The Division of the State Architect —
Structural Safety (DSA-SS) is authorized by law to promul-
gate building standards and administrative regulations for
application to public elementary and secondary schools,
community colleges and state-owned or state-leased essen-
tial services buildings.

Enforcing agency — The Division of the State Architect-
Structural Safety (DSA-SS) has been delegated the respon-
sibility and authority by the Department of General Ser-
vices to review and approve the design and observe the
construction of public elementary and secondary schools,
community colleges and state-owned or state-leased essen-
tial services buildings.

Authority cited — Education Code Sections 17310 and
81142 and Health and Safety Code Section 16022.

Reference — Education Code Sections 17280 through
17317, and 81130 through 81147 and Health and Safety
Code Sections 16000 through 16023.

109.2.2 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:

1.1 Sections 4-301 through 4-355, Group 1,
Chapter 4, for public elementary and second-
ary schools and community colleges.

1.2 Sections 4-201 through 4-249, Chapter 4, for
state-owned or state-leased essential services
buildings.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations [ap-
plies to public elementary and secondary' schools,
community colleges and state-owned or state-leased
essential services building(s)]:

2.1 Sections 101 and 109.2 of Chapter 1.

2.2 Sections 102.1, 102.2, 102.3, 102.4, 102.5,
104.9, 104.10 and 104.11 of Appendix Chap-
ter 1.

109.2.3 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12,
California Code of Regulations, for school buildings, com-

munity colleges and state-owned or state-leased essential
service buildings.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by the Division of the State Architect — Structural
Safety, shall apply to the applications listed in Section
109.2.1.

The Division of the State Architect— Structural Safety
adopts the following building standards in Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17A, 18A, 19A,
20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and
Appendix J.

109.2.4 Amendments. Division of the State Archi-
tect — Structural Safety amendments in this code appear
preceded with the acronym [DSA-SS].

Exceptions:

1. Chapters 16A, 17A, 18A, 19A, 21A, and 22A—
Amendments appearing in these chapters without
an acronym have been co-adopted by DSA-SS and
OSHPD.

2. Chapter 34, Sections 3115-3421— DSA-SS adopts
these sections without the use of the DSA-SS acro-
nym.

109.2.5 Reference to other chapters. Where reference is
made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19,
21 and 22, the respective sections in Chapters 16A, 17 A,
18A, 19A, 21A and 22A shall apply instead.

SECTION 110

OFFICE OF STATEWIDE HEALTH PLANNING AND

DEVELOPMENT

110.1 OSHPD 1. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — General acute care hospitals and acute psychi-
atric hospitals, excluding distinct part units or distinct part
freestanding buildings providing skilled nursing or intermedi-
ate care services. For structural regulations: Skilled nursing
facilities and/or intermediate care facilities except those
skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities of sin-
gle-story. Type V, wood or light steel-frame construction.

Enforcing agency — Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development (OSHPD). The office shall enforce the Division
of the State Architect— Access Compliance regulations and the
regulations of the Office of the State Fire Marshal for the above
stated facility types.

110.1.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapters 6 and 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 101 and 110 of Chapter 1 and Appendix Chapter
1.

110.1.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5,9,10 and 12.

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The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 110.1.

OSHPD 1 adopts the following building standards in Title
24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17A, ISA, 19A,

20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34A, 35 and
Appendix J.

110.1.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 110.1, amendments appear in this code pre-
ceded with the acronym [OSHPD 1], unless the entire chap-
ter is applicable. When the entire chapter is adopted without
amendments, all references to International Codes shall be
replaced by equivalent California Codes.

110.1.4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference is
made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19,

21, 22 and 34, the respective sections in Chapters 16A, 17 A,
ISA, 19A, 21A, 22A and 34A shall apply instead.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129850.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 19958,
127010, 127015, 129680, 1275 and 129675 through
130070.

110.2 OSHPD 2. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care
facilities, including distinct part skilled nursing and intermedi-
ate care services on a general acute care or acute psychiatric
hospital license, provided either are in a separate unit or a free-
standing building. For structural regulations: Single-story,
Type V skilled nursing facility and/or intermediate care facili-
ties utilizing wood or light steel-frame construction.

Enforcing agency — Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development (OSHPD). The office shall also enforce the Divi-
sion of the State Architect—Access Compliance regulations
and the regulations of the Office of the State Fire Marshal for
the above-stated facility type.

110.2.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 101 and 110 of Chapter 1 and Appendix Chapter
1.

110.2.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 12.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 110.2.

OSHPD 2 adopts the following building standards in
Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and Appendix J.

110.2.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 110.2, amendments appear in this code pre-
ceded with the acronym [OSHPD 2]. When the entire chap-
ter is adopted without amendments, all references to
International Codes shall be replaced by equivalent Cali-
fornia Codes.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129850.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129680.

110.3 OSHPD 3. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Licensed clinics and any freestanding building
under a hospital license where outpatient clinical services are
provided.

Enforcing agency — Local building department.

110.3.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 101 and 110 of Chapter 1 and Appendix Chapter
1.

110.3.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title24, Parts2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10andl2.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 110.3.

OSHPD 3 adopts the following building standards in
Title 24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and Appendix J .

110.3.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 110.3, amendments appear in this code
without the acronym [OSHPD 3]. Adoptions are shown in
the adoption matrix. When the entire chapter is adopted
without amendments, all references to International Codes
shall be replaced by equivalent California Codes.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015 and 1226.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 129885 and 1226, Government Code Section
54350 and State Constitution Article 11, Section 7.

110.4 OSHPD 4. Specific scope of application of the agency
responsible for enforcement, enforcement agency and the spe-
cific authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this
code, unless otherwise stated.

Application — Correctional treatment centers.

Enforcing agency — Office of Statewide Health Planning and
Development (OSHPD). The office shall also enforce the Divi-
sion of the State Architect— Access Compliance regulations
and the regulations of the Office of the State Fire Marshal for
the above-stated facility types.

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110.4.1 Applicable administrative standards.

1. Title 24, Part 1, California Code of Regulations:
Chapter 7.

2. Title 24, Part 2, California Code of Regulations: Sec-
tions 101 and 110 of Chapter 1 and Appendix Chapter
1.

110.4.2 Applicable building standards. California Build-
ing Standards Code, Title 24, Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 12.

The provisions of Title 24, Part 2, as adopted and
amended by OSHPD, shall apply to the applications listed
in Section 110.4.

OSHPD 4 adopts the following building standards in Title
24, Part 2:

Chapters 2 through 10, 12, 14, 15, 16A, 17 A, ISA, 19A,
20, 21A, 22A, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34A, 35 and
Appendix J.

110.4.3 Identification of amendments. For applications
listed in Section 110.4, amendments appear in this code pre-
ceded with the acronym [OSHPD 4], unless the entire chap-
ter is applicable. When the entire chapter is adopted without
amendments, all references to International Codes shall be
replaced by equivalent California Codes.

110.4.4 Reference to other chapters. Where reference is
made within this code to sections in Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19,
21, 22 and 34, the respective sections in Chapters 16A, 17 A,
ISA, 19 A, 21 A, 22 A and 34A shall apply instead.

Authority — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015 and 129790.

References — Health and Safety Code Sections 127010,
127015, 1275 and 129675 through 130070.

SECTION 111
OFFICE OF THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL

111.1 SFM— Office of the State Fire Marshal.

Any building or structure used or intended for use as an asy-
lum, jail, mental hospital, hospital, sanitarium, home for the
aged, children's nursery, children's home, school or any simi-
lar occupancy of any capacity.

Ariy theater, dancehall, skating rink, auditorium, assembly
hall, meeting hall, nightclub, fair building or similar place of
assemblage where 50 or more persons may gather together in a
building, room or structure for the purpose of amusement,
entertainment, instruction, deliberation, worship, drinking or
dining, awaiting transportation, or education.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Small family day care homes.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
1597.45, 1597.54, 13143 and 17921.

Reference - Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Large family day care homes.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections
1597.46, 1597.54 and 17921.

Reference - Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residential facilities and residential facilities for the elderly.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13133.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Any state institution or other state-owned or state-occupied
building.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13108.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
High-rise structures.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13211.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
Motion picture production studios.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.1.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.
Organized camps.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 18897.3.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residential.

All hotels, motels, lodging houses, apartment houses and
dwellings, including congregate residences and buildings and
structures accessory thereto.

Multiple-story structures existing on January 1, 1975, let for
human habitation, including and limited to, hotels, motels and
apartment houses, less than 7 5 feet (22 860 mm) above the low-
est floor level having building access, wherein rooms used for
sleeping are let above the ground floor.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143.2
and 17921.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Residential care facilities.

Certified family care homes, out-of-home placement facili-
ties, halfway houses, drug and/or alcohol rehabilitation facili-
ties and any building or structure used or intended for use as a
home or institution for the housing of any person of any age
when such person is referred to or placed within such home or
institution for protective social care and supervision services
by any governmental agency.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143. 6.

Tents, awnings or other fabric enclosures used in connection
with any occupancy.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13116.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.

Enforcing agency — Pursuant to Section 13146, Health
and Safety Code.

Fire alarm devices, equipment and systems in connection
with any occupancy.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13114.

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Hazardous materials.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.9.
Flammable and combustible liquids.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143.6.

Public School Automatic Fire Detection, Alarm and Sprin-
kler Systems.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Section 13143
and California Education Code Article 7.5, Sections
17074.50, 17074.52 and 17074.54.

Reference — Government Code Section 11152.5, Health
and Safety Code Section 13143 and California Education
Code Chapter 12.5, LeroyF. Greene School Facilities Act of
1998, Article 1.

Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Area.

Authority cited — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143,
13108.5(a) and 18949.2(b) and (c) and Government Code
Section 51189.

Reference — Health and Safety Code Sections 13143, Gov-
ernment Code Sections 51176, 51177, 51178 and 51179
and Public Resources Code Sections 4201 through 4204.

111.2 Duties and powers of the enforcing agency.

111.2.1 Enforcement.

111.2.1.1 The responsibility for enforcement of building
standards adopted by the State Fire Marshal and pub-
lished in the California Building Standards Code relat-
ing to fire and panic safety and other regulations of the
Office of the State Fire Marshal shall be as follows:

1. The city, county or city and county with jurisdic-
tion in the area affected by the standard or regula-
tion shall delegate the enforcement of the building
standards relating to fire and panic safety and
other regulations of the State Fire Marshal as they
relate to Group R, Division 3 dwellings, as de-
scribed in Section 310.1 of Part 2 of the California
Building Standards Code, to either of the follow-
ing:

1.1. The chief of the fire authority of the city,
county or city and county, or an authorized
representative.

1.2. The chief building official of the city,
county or city and county, or an authorized
representative.

2. The chief of any city or county fire department or of
any fire protection district, and authorized repre-
sentatives, shall enforce within the jurisdiction the
building standards and other regulations of the
State Fire Marshal, except those described in Item
1 or 4.

3. The State Fire Marshal shall have authority to en-
force the building standards and other regulations
of the State Fire Marshal in areas outside of corpo-
rate cities and districts providing fire protection
services.

4. The State Fire Marshal shall have authority to en-
force the building standards and other regulations
of the State Fire Marshal in corporate cities and
districts providing fire protection services on re-
quest of the chief fire official or the governing
body.

5. Any fee charged pursuant to the enforcement au-
thority of this section shall not exceed the esti-
mated reasonable cost of providing the service for
which the fee is charged pursuant to Section 66014
of the Government Code.

111.2.1.2 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13108, upon the written request of the chief fire official of
any city, county or fire protection district, the State Fire
Marshal may authorize such chief fire official and his or
her authorized representatives, in their geographical
area of responsibility, to make fire prevention inspections
of state-owned or state-occupied buildings, other than
state institutions, for the purpose of enforcing the regula-
tions relating to fire and panic safety adopted by the State
Fire Marshal pursuant to this section and building stan-
dards relating to fire and panic safety published in the
California Building Standards Code. Authorization from
the State Fire Marshal shall be limited to those fire
departments or fire districts which maintain afire pre-
vention bureau staffed by paid personnel.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13108,
any requirement or order made by any chief fire official
who is authorized by the State Fire Marshal to make fire
prevention inspections of state-owned or state-occupied
buildings, other than state institutions, may be appealed
to the State Fire Marshal. The State Fire Marshal shall,
upon receiving an appeal and subject to the provisions of
Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 18945) of Part 2.5
of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code, determine
if the requirement or order made is reasonably consistent
with the fire and panic safety regulations adopted by the
Office of the State Fire Marshal and building standards
relating to fire and panic safety published in the Califor-
nia Building Code.

Any person may request a code interpretation from the
State Fire Marshal relative to the intent of any regulation
or provision adopted by the State Fire Marshal. When the
request relates to a specific project, occupancy or build-
ing, the State Fire Marshal shall review the issue with the
appropriate local enforcing agency prior to rendering
such code interpretation.

111.2.1.3 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13112, any person who violates any order, rule or regu-
lation of the State Fire Marshal is guilty of a misde-
meanor punishable by a fine of not less than $100.00 or
more than $500. 00, or by imprisonment for not less than
six months, or by both. A person is guilty of a separate
offense each day during which he or she commits, contin-
ues or permits a violation of any provision of, or any
order, rule or regulation of, the State Fire Marshal as
contained in this code.

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Any inspection authority who, in the exercise of his or
her authority as a deputy State Fire Marshal, causes any
legal complaints to be filed or any arrest to be made shall
notify the State Fire Marshal immediately following such
action.

111.2.2 Right of entry.

The fire chief of any city, county or fire protection district,
or such person's authorized representative, may enter any
state institution or any other state-owned or state-occupied
building for the purpose of preparing afire suppression pre-
planning program or for the purpose of investigating any
fire in a state-occupied building.

The State Fire Marshal, his or her deputies or salaried
assistants, the chief of any city or county fire department or
fire protection district and his or her authorized representa-
tives may enter any building or premises not used for dwell-
ing purposes at any reasonable hour for the purpose of
enforcing this chapter The owner, lessee, manager or oper-
ator of any such building or premises shall permit the State
Fire Marshal, his or her deputies or salaried assistants and
the chief of any city or county fire department or fire protec-
tion district and his or her authorized representatives to
enter and inspect them at the time and for the purpose stated
in this section.

111.2.3 More restrictive fire and panic safety building
standards.

111.2.3.1 Any fire protection district organized pursuant
to Health and Safety Code Part 2.7 (commencing with
Section 13800) of Division 12 may adopt building stan-
dards relating to fire and panic safety that are more strin-
gent than those building standards adopted by the State
Fire Marshal and contained in the California Building
Standards Code. For these purposes, the district board
shall be deemed a legislative body and the district shall
be deemed a local agency. Any changes or modifications
that are more stringent than the requirements published
in the California Building Standards Code relating to
fire and panic safety shall be subject to Section 101.8.1.

111.2.3.2 Any fire protection district that proposes to
adopt an ordinance pursuant to this section shall, not
less than 30 days prior to noticing a proposed ordinance
for public hearing, provide a copy of that ordinance,
together with the adoptedfindings made pursuant to Sec-
tion 111.2.3.1, to the city, county or city and county
where the ordinance will apply. The city, county or city
and county may provide the district with written com-
ments, which shall become part of the fire protection dis-
trict's public hearing record.

111.2.3.3 The fire protection district shall transmit the
adopted ordinance to the city, county or city and county
where the ordinance will apply. The legislative body of
the city, county or city and county may ratify, modify or
deny an adopted ordinance and transmit its determina-
tion to the district within 15 days of the determination.
Any modification or denial of an adopted ordinance shall
include a written statement describing the reasons for
any modifications or denial. No ordinance adopted by

the district shall be effective until ratification by the city,
county or city and county where the ordinance will apply.
Upon ratification of an adopted ordinance, the city,
county or city and county shall file a copy of the findings
of the district, and any findings of the city, county or city
and county, together with the adopted ordinance
expressly marked and identified to which each finding
refers, in accordance with Section 101.8.1:3.

111.2.4 Request for alternate means of protection.

Requests for approval to use an alternative material, assem-
bly or materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment or means of protection
shall be made in writing to the enforcing agency by the
owner or the owner's authorized representative and shall be
accompanied by afull statement of the conditions. Sufficient
evidence or proof shall be submitted to substantiate any
claim that may be made regarding its conformance. The
enforcing agency may require tests and the submission of a
test report from an approved testing organization as set
forth in Title 19, California Code of Regulation, to substan-
tiate the equivalency of the proposed alternative: means of
protection.

When a request for alternate means of protection involves
hazardous materials, the authority having jurisdiction may
consider implementation of the findings and recommenda-
tions identified in a Risk Management Plan (RMP) devel-
oped in accordance with Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.5,
Article 3.

Approval of a request for use of an alternative material,
assembly of materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment or means of protection
made pursuant to these provisions shall be limited to the
particular case covered by request and shall not be con-
strued as establishing any precedent for any future request

111.2.5 Appeals. When a request for an alternate means of
protection has been denied by the enforcing agency, the
applicant may file a written appeal to the State Fire Marshal
for consideration of the applicant's proposal. In consider-
ing such appeal, the State Fire Marshal may seek the advice
of the State Board of Fire Services. The State Fire Marshal
shall, after considering all of the facts presented, including
any recommendations of the State Board of Fire Services,
determine if the proposal is for the purposes intended, at
least equivalent to that specified in these regulations in
quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability
and safety, and shall transmit such findings and any recom-
mendations to the applicant and to the enforcing agency.

111.3 Construction documents.

111.3.1 Public schools. Plans and specifications for the
construction, alteration or addition to any building owned,
leased or rented by any public school district shall be sub-
mitted to the Division of the State Architect, Office of Regu-
lation Services for review and approval.

Exception: Upon the annual submission of a written
request by the chief of any city, county or city and county
fire department or fire protection district to the Division
of the State Architect, Office of Regulation Services,
approvals required by this subsection shall be obtained

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

from the appropriate chief or his or her authorized repre-
sentative. In such instances plans and specifications may
be submitted to the State Fire Marshal for relay to the
appropriate local authority or may be submitted directly
to such local authority.

111.3.2 Movable walls and partitions. Plans or diagrams
shall be submitted to the enforcing agency for approval
before the installation of, or rearrangement of, any movable
wall or partition in any occupancy. Approval shall be
granted only if there is no increase in the fire hazard.

111.3.3 New construction high-rise buildings.

1. Complete plans or specifications, or both, shall be
prepared covering all work required to comply with
new construction high-rise buildings. Such plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the enforcing
agency having jurisdiction.

2. All plans and specifications shall be prepared under
the responsible charge of an architect or a civil or
structural engineer authorized by law to develop con-
struction plans and specifications, or by both such ar-
chitect and engineer. Plans and specifications shall
be prepared by an engineer duly qualified in that
branch of engineering necessary to perform such ser-
vices. Administration of the work of construction
shall be under the charge of the responsible architect
or engineer except that where plans and specifica-
tions involve alterations or repairs, such work of con-
struction may be administered by an engineer duly
qualified to perform such services and holding a valid
certificate under Chapter 7 (commencing with Sec-
tion 65700) of Division 3 of the Business and Profes-
sions Code for performance of services in that branch
of engineering in which said plans, specifications and
estimates and work of construction are applicable.

This section shall not be construed as preventing the
design of fire-extinguishing systems by persons holding a
C-16 license issued pursuant to Division 3, Chapter 9, Busi-
ness and Professions Code. In such instances, however, the
responsibility charge of this section shall prevail.

111.3.4 Existing high-rise buildings.

1. Complete plans or specifications, or both, shall be
prepared covering all work required by Section 3412
for existing high-rise buildings. Such plans or specifi-
cations shall be submitted to the enforcing agency
having jurisdiction.

2. When new construction is required to conform with
the provisions of these regulations, complete plans or
specifications, or both, shall be prepared in accor-
dance with the provisions of this subsection. As used
in this section, "new construction " is not intended to
include repairs, replacements or minor alterations
which do not disrupt or appreciably add to or affect
the structural aspects of the building.

111.3.5 Retention of plans. Refer to Building Standards
Law, Health and Safety Code Sections 19850 and 19851 for
permanent retention of plans.

111.4 Fees.

111.4.1 Other fees. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code
Section 13146.2, a city, county or district which inspects a
hotel, motel, lodging house or apartment house may charge
and collect a fee for the inspection from the owner of the
structure in an amount, as determined by the city, county or
district, sufficient to pay its costs of that inspection.

111.4.2 Large family day care. Pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 1597.46, Large Family Day Care
Homes, the local government shall process any required
permit as economically as possible, and fees charged for
review shall not exceed the costs of the review and permit
process.

111.4.3 High-rise. Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Sec-
tion 1321 7, High-rise Structure Inspection: Fees and costs,
a local agency which inspects a high-rise structure pursuant
to Health and Safety Code Section 13217 may charge and
collect a fee for the inspection from the owner of the
high-rise structure in an amount, as determined by the local
agency, sufficient to pay its costs of that inspection.

111.4.4 Fire clearance preinspection. Pursuant to Health
and Safety Code Section 13235, Fire Clearance
Preinspection, fee, upon receipt of a request from aprospec-
tive licensee of a community care facility, as defined in Sec-
tion 1502, of a residential care facility for the elderly, as
defined in Section 1569.2, or of a child day care facility, as
defined in Section 1596.750, the local fire enforcing agency,
as defined in Section 13244, or State Fire Marshal, which-
ever has primary jurisdiction, shall coruiuct a preinspection
of the facility prior to the final fire clearance approval. At
the time of the preinspection, the primary fire enforcing
agency shall price consultation and interpretation of the fire
safety regulations and shall notify the prospective licensee
of the facility in writing of the specific fire safety regulations
which shall be enforced in order to obtain fire clearance
approval. A fee of not more than $50.00 may be charged for
the preinspection of a facility with a capacity to serve 25 or
fewer persons. A fee of not more than $100.00 may be
charged for a preinspection of a facility with a capacity to
serve 26 or more persons.

111.4.5 Care facilities. The primary fire enforcing agency
shall complete the final fire clearance inspection for a com-
munity care facility, residential care facility for the elderly,
or child day care facility within 30 days of receipt of the
request for the final inspection, or as of the date the prospec-
tive facility requests the final prelicensure inspection by the
State Department of Social Services, whichever is later

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13235, a
preinspection fee of not more than $50.00 may be charged
for a facility with a capacity to serve 25 or less clients. A fee
of not more than $100.00 may be charged for a
preinspection of a facility with a capacity to serve 26 or
more clients.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13131.5, a
reasonable final inspectionfee, not to exceed the actual cost
of inspection services necessary to complete a final inspec-
tion may be charged for occupancies classified as residen-
tial care facilities for the elderly (RCFE).

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL CODE PROVISIONS

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 1569.84,
neither the State Fire Marshal nor any local public entity
shall charge any fee for enforcing fire inspection regulations
pursuant to state law or regulation or local ordinance, with
respect to residential care facilities for the elderly (RCFE)
which service six or fewer persons.

111.4.6 Requests of the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

Whenever a local authority having jurisdiction requests
that the State Fire Marshal perform plan review and/or
inspection services related to a building permit, the applica-
ble fees for such shall be payable to the Office of the State
Fire Marshal.

111.5 Inspections. Workperformed subject to the provisions of
this code shall comply with the inspection requirements of Title
24, Part 2, California Building Standards Code, Appendix
Chapter 1, Sections 109.1, 109.3, 109.3.4, 109.3.5, 109.3.6,
109.3.8, 109.3.9, 109.3.10 109.5 and 109.6.

111.5.1 Existing Group I -1 or R occupancies. Licensed
24-hour care in a Group I-l orR occupancy in existence and
originally classified under previously adopted state codes
shall be reinspected under the appropriate previous code,
provided there is no change in the use or character which
would place the facility in a different occupancy group.

111.6 Certificate of Occupancy. A Certificate of Occupancy
shall be issued as specified in Title 24, Part 2, California Build-
ing Standards Code, Appendix Chapter 1, Section 110.

Exception: Group R, Division 3 and Group U occupancies.

111.7 Temporary structures and uses. See Appendix Chapter
1, Section 107.

111.8 Service utilities. See Appendix Chapter 1, Section 111.

111.9 Stop work order. See Appendix Chapter 1, Sectionll4.

111.10 Unsafe buildings, structures and equipment. See

Appendix Chapter 1, Section 115.

SECTION 113
Reserved

SECTION 114
CALIFORNIA STATE LANDS COMMISSION

114.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Marine oil terminals.

Enforcing agency — California State Lands Commission.

Authority cited — Public Resources Code Section 8755^

Reference — Public Resources Code Section 8755.

SECTION 112
STATE LIBRARIAN

112.1 Specific scope of application of the agency responsible
for enforcement, the enforcement agency and the specific
authority to adopt and enforce such provisions of this code,
unless otherwise stated.

Application — Public library construction and renovation
using funds from the California Library Construction and
Renovation Bond Act of 1988.

Enforcing agency — State librarian.

Authority cited — Education Code Sections 19950 through
19981.

Reference — Education Code Sections 19950 through
19981.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

20 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Ctiapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

201.3

201.4

Access Aisle

Accessibility

Accessible

IBC

Accessible
Element

Accessible Means
of Egress

IBC

Accessible Route

IBC

Accessible Route
of Travel

Accessible Space

Accessible Unit

IBC

Adaptability

Adaptable
Dwelling Unit

Addition

Administrative
Authority

Aged Home or
Institution

Aisle

Aisle, Employee
Areas

Alteration (or
Alter)

Alternate Card
Reader

ANSI

Approved

IBC

Approved Listing
Agency

Approved Testing
Agency

Area of Refuge

IBC

Assembly Area

Assistive Device

Automatic Door

Bathroom

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

08HPD

CSA

DH8

AGR

DWR

CEC

sue

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter / Section

Codes

Bedridden Person

Building

IBC

Building

Building Entrance
on an Accessible
Route

Building, Existing

Building Official

IBC

Care and
Supervision

Catastrophically
Injured

OCR

Cell

Cellular Concrete

Child-Care Center

Child or Children

Chronically III

Circulation Path

IBC

Clear

Clear Floor Space

Closed-Circuit
Telephone

Commercial
Facilities

Common Use
Areas

Concrete, Cellular

IBC

Congregate Living
Health Facility
(CLHF)

Congregate
Residence

Covered

Multifamily

Dwellings

Cross Slope

Curb Cut

Curb Ramp

Daycare

Day-Care Home,
Large Family

Day-Care Home,
Small Family

Department

Detached Single-
Family Dwelling

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter / Section

Codes

Detectable
Warning

IBC

Directional Sign

Disability

Disabled

Dormitory

IBC

Dormitory

Dwelling Unit

Dwelling Unit or
Sleeping Unit,
Multistory

IBC

Dwelling Unit or
Sleeping Unit,
Type A

IBC

Dwelling Unit or
Sleeping Unit,
TypeB

IBC

Efficiency
Dwelling Unit

Electric Vehicle

Element

Elevator,
Passenger

Enforcement

Enforcing Agency

Entrance

Equivalent
Facilitation

Existing Building

IBC

Exit

IBC

Facility (or
Facilities)

Facility

IBC

Family

Fire-Retardant
Treated Wood

Free-standing
Pedestal

Fuli-Tlme Care

Grab Bar

Grade (Adjacent
Ground Elevation)

Grade

Grade Plane

IBC

Ground Floor

Guard (or
Guardrail)

IBC

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Handrail

IBC

Hazardous
Substance

Health Care
Provider

High-Rise Building

Historical Building

Hotel or Motel

Impact Insulation
Class (IIC)

.CA

Independent Entity

Infant

Intended to be
Occupied as a
Residence

IBC

International
Symbol of
Accessibility

Kicl< Plate

Level Accessible
Area

Level Area

Lift, Special
Access

Listed

Listing Agency

Lobby

Lodging House

Marked Crossing

Mentally Retarded
Persons,
Profoundly or
Severely

Modernization
Proiect

Motel

Motion Picture and
Television
Production Studio
Sound Stages,
Approved

Production Facilities
and Production
Locations

Multilevel
Assembly Seating

IBC

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

sue

1/AC

Adopt Entire Cliapter

Adopt Entire Cliapter as
amended (amended sections
iisted beiow)

Adopt oniy those sections ttiat
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Multistory Dwelling
Unit

Multiple-
Accommodation
Toilet Facility

New Public School
Campus

Newly Constructed

Nonambulatory
Persons

Noncombustlble

Normal

Nosing (or Nose)

NFPA

Occupiable Space

IBC

Open Riser

Operable Part

Organized Camps

Passage Door

Passenger
Elevator

Passive Solar
Energy Collector

Path of Travel

Pedestrian

Pedestrian Grade
Separation

Pedestrian Ramp

Pedestrian Way

Permanent

Permanent
Portable Building

Permit

IBC

Persons with
Disabilities

Platform

IBC

Photoluminescent

Portable Building

Powder Room

Power-assisted
Door

Primary Entry

Primary-Entry Level

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DBA

OSHPD

CBA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Cliapter

Adopt Entire Cliapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Professional
Office of a Health
Care Provider

Protective Social
Care

Public
Accommodation

Public Entrance

IBC

Publicly Funded

Public-Use Areas

IBC

Public Way

IBC

Qualified Historical
Building (or
Property)

Rail Transit
Boarding Platform

Ramp

Reasonable
Portion

Recommend

Remodeling

Repair

IBC

Residential Care
Facility for the
Chronically 111
(RCF/CI)

Residential Care
Facility for the
Elderly (RCFE)

Residential Facility
(RF)

Restraint

Restricted
Entrance

IBC

Riser

Running Slope

Sanitary Facility

Self-Luminous

Self Service
Storage Facility

IBC

Service Entrance

IBC

Shall

Shopping Center
or Shopping Mall

Should

Sidewalk

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

08HPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Ctiapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Signage

Single-
Accommodation
Sanitary Facility

Site

IBC

Site Development

Sleeping
Accommodations

Slope

Sound

Transmission
Class (STC)

Space

Special Access Lift

Specified Public
Transportation

Stage

IBC

Stair

IBC

Stairway

IBC

State-
Owned/Leased
Building

Story

Story, First

Structural Frame

■ CA

Structure

IBC

Tactile

Technically
Infeasible

Temporary

Terminally III

Testing Agency

Text
Telephone

Toeboard

Townhouse

IBC

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2 - DEFINITIONS (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

Adopt only those sections that
are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Transient Lodging

Transit Boarding
Platform

Tread

Tread Depth

Tread Run

Type of Motor Fuel

Unreasonable
Hardship

Vehicular or
Pedestrian Arrival
Points

Vehicular Way

Waiting Room

Walk

Wheelchair

Wheelchair
Occupant (or
Wheelchair User)

Wheelchair Space

IBC

Winery Caves

Work Station

The state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: t

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 2

DEFINITIONS

SECTION 201
GENERAL

201.1 Scope. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following
words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code, have the
meanings shown in this chapter.

201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present tense
include the future; words stated in the masculine gender
include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes
the plural and the plural, the singular.

201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Where terms are not
defined in this code and are defined in the California Fire Code,
California Mechanical Code or California Plumbing Code,
such terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them as in those
codes.

201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not defined
through the methods authorized by this section, such terms
shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context
implies.

For applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, where terms are not defined through
the methods authorized by this section, such terms shall have
ordinarily acceptedmeanings such as the context implies. Web-
ster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage, Unabridged, shall be considered as providing
ordinarily accepted meanings.

SECTION 202
DEFINITIONS

AAC MASONRY. See Section 2102. 1 .

ACCESS AISLE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, SectionllOlB.

ACCESSIBILITY. [DSA-AC & HCD I-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.1-A, and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.1-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE ELEMENT. [DSA-AC] See Chapter 1 IB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]. See Chap-
ter llA, Section 1107A.1-A.

ACCESSIBLE ROUTE OF TRAVEL. [DSA-AC] See Chap-
ter IIB, Section 1102B.

ACCESSIBLE SPACE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter 1 IB, Section
1102B.

ACCREDITATION BODY. See Section 2302. 1 .

ADAPTABILITY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

ADAPTABLE DWELLING UNIT. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.1-A.

ADDITION. An extension or increase in floor area or height
of a building or structure.

[DSA-AC] "Addition" is an extension, expansion or
increase in floor area or height of a building, facility or struc-
ture.

ADHERED MASONRY VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

ADOBE CONSTRUCTION. See Section 2102.1.

Adobe, stabilized. See Section 2102.1.

Adobe, unstabilized. See Section 2102.1.
[F] AEROSOL. See Section 307.2.

Level 1 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

Level 2 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

Level 3 aerosol products. See Section 307.2.

[F] AEROSOL CONTAINER. See Section 307.2.

AGED HOME OR INSTITUTION. See Section 310.

AGRICULTURAL, BUILDING. A structure designed and
constructed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry, live-
stock or other horticultural products . This structure shall not be
a place of human habitation or a place of employment where
agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor
shall it be a place used by the public.

AIR-INFLATED STRUCTURE. See Section 3102.2.

AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE. See Section 3102.2.

Double skin. See Section 3 102.2.

Single sliin. See Section 3102.2.

AISLE. See Section 1002.1.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

AISLE ACCESS WAY. See Section 1002.1.

AISLE, EMPLOYEE AREAS. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB,
Section 1102B.

[F] ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLL4NCE. See Section
902.1.

[F] ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. See Section
902.1.

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN. See Section 1602.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

ALTERATION or ALTER. Any construction or renovation to
an existing structure other than repair or addition.

[DSA-AC] "Alteration or alter" is any change, addition or
modification in construction or occupancy or structural repair
or change in primary function to an existing structure made by,
on behalf of or for the use of a public accommodation or com-
mercial facility that affects or could affect the usability of the
building or facility or part thereof Alterations include, but are
not limited to, remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation, recon-
struction, historic restoration, changes or rearrangement of
the structural parts or elements, and changes or rearrange-
ment in the plan configuration of walls and full-height parti-
tions.

ALTERNATE CARD READER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
lie. Section IIOIC.I.

ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. See Section 1002.1.

ANCHOR. See Section 2102.1.

ANCHOR BUILDING. See Section 402.2.

ANCHORED MASONRY VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

ANNULAR SPACE. See Section 702.1.

[F] ANNUNCIATOR. See Section 902.1.

ANSI [DSA-AC] means the American National Standards
Institute.

APPROVED. Acceptable to the code official or authority hav-
ing jurisdiction.

[DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] "Approved" means meeting
the approval of the enforcing agency, except as otherwise
provided by law, when used in connection with any system,
material, type of construction, fixture or appliance as the
result ofinvestigations and tests conducted by the agency, or
by reason of accepted principles or tests by national author-
ities or technical, health or scientific organizations or agen-
cies.

Notes: [HCD 1 & HCD 2]

1. See Health and Safety Code Section 17920 for
"Approved" as applied to residential construction
and buildings or structures accessory thereto, as
referenced in Section 108.2.1.1.

2. See Health and Safety Code Section 17921.1 for
"Approved" as applied to the use of hotplates in
residential construction referenced in Section
108.2.1.1.

3. See Health and Safety Code Section 17921.3 for
"Approved" as applied to low-flush water closets
in residential construction, as referenced in Sec-
tion 108.2.1.1.

4. See Health and Safety Code Section 19966 for
"Approved" as applied to factory-built housing as
referenced in Section 108.3.2.5.

5. See Health and Safety Code Section 18201 for
"Approved" as applied to mobilehome parks as
referenced in Section 108.2.

6. See Health and Safety Code Section 18862.1 for
"Approved" as applied to special occupancy
parks as referenced in Section 108.2.

APPROVED AGENCY. See Section 1702.1.

APPROVED LISTING AGENCY [HCD 1 & HCD 2] is any

agency approved by the enforcing agency, unless otherwise
provided by statute, which is in the business of listing and label-
ing and which makes available at least an annual published
report of such listings in which specific information is included
that the product has been tested to recognized standards and
found to comply.

APPROVED TESTING AGENCY [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD

2] is any agency, which is determined by the enforcing agency,
except as otherwise provided by statute, to have adequate per-
sonnel and expertise to carry out the testing of systems, materi-
als, types of construction, fixtures or appliances.

APPROVED FABRICATOR. See Section 1702.1.

APPROVED SOURCE. An independent person, firm or cor-
poration, approved by the building official, who is competent
and experienced in the application of engineering principles to
materials, methods or systems analyses.

ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA. See Section2102.1.

AREA. See Section 2102.1.

Bedded. See Section 2102.1.

Gross cross-sectional. See Section 2102.1.

Net cross-sectional. See Section 2102.1.

AREA, BUILDING. See Section 502.1.

AREA OF REFUGE. See Section 1002.1.

AREAWAY. A subsurface space adjacent to a building open at
the top or protected at the top by a grating or guard.

ASSEMBLY AREA. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES. See Section 31 0.2,
"Residential care/Assisted living facilities."

ASSISTIVE DEVICE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107A.1-A.

ATRIUM. See Section 404.1.1.

ATTIC. The space between the ceiling beams of the top story
and the roof rafters.

[F] AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE.

See Section 902.1.

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC). See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

[F] AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1.

AUTOMATIC DOOR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107.A.1-A, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM.

See Section 902.1.

[F] AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. See Section
902.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

[F] AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. See Section
902.1.

AWNING. An architectural projection that provides weather
protection, identity or decoration and is wholly supported by
the building to which it is attached. An awning is comprised of
a lightweight, rigid skeleton structure over which a covering is
attached.

BACKING. See Section 1402.1.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR. See Section 1602.1.

BALED COTTON. See Section 307.2.

BALED COTTON, DENSELY PACKED. See Section
307.2.

[F] BARRICADE. See Section 307.2.

Artificial barricade. See Section 307.2.

Natural barricade. See Section 307.2.

BASE FLOOD. See Section 1612.2.

BASE FLOOD ELEVATION. See Section 1612.2.

BASEMENT. See Sections 502.1 and 1612.2.

BATHROOM. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.2-B.

BED JOINT. See Section 2102. 1.

BEDRIDDEN PERSON. See Section 310.

BLEACHERS. See Section 1002.1.

BOARDING HOUSE. See Section 310.2.

[F] BOILING POINT. See Section 307.2.

BOND BEAM. See Section 2102.1.

BOND REINFORCING. See Section 2102.1.

BRACED WALL LINE. See Section 2302.1.

BRACED WALL PANEL. See Section 2302.1.

BRICK. See Section 2102.1.

Calcium silicate (sand lime brick). See Section 2102.1.

Clay or shale. See Section 2102.1.

Concrete. See Section 2102.1.

BUILDING. Any structure used or intended for supporting or
sheltering any use or occupancy.

Exception: [HCD 1, HCD 2 & HCD 1-AC] For applica-
tions listed in Section 108.2 regulated by the Department of
Housing and Community Development, "Building" shall
not include the following:

1. Any mobilehome as defined in Health and Safety
Code Section 18008.

2. Any manufactured home as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 18007.

3. Any commercial modular as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 18001.8 or any special purpose
commercial modular as defined in Section 18012.5.

4. Any recreational vehicle as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 18010.

5. Any multi-unit manufactured housing as defined in
Health and Safety Code Section 18008.7.

For additional information, see Health and Safety
Code Section 18908.

Note: [SFM] "Building" shall have the same meaning as
defined in Health and Safety Code Sections 17920 and
18908 for the applications specified in Section 111.

BUILDING ENTRANCE ON AN ACCESSIBLE ROUTE.
[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.2-B.

BUILDING, EXISTING [DSA-AC & HCD 1 & HCD 2] is a

building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
which a legal building permit has been issued.

BUILDING LENfE. The line established by law, beyond which
a building shall not extend, except as specifically provided by
law.

BUILDING OFFICL^L. The officer or other designated
authority charged with the administration and enforcement of
this code, or a duly authorized representative.

BUILT-UP ROOF COVERING. See Section 1502. 1 .

BUTTRESS. See Section 2102.1.

CABLE-RESTRAINED, AIR-SUPPORTED STRUC-
TURE. See Section 3102.2.

CANOPY. An architectural projection that provides weather
protection, identity or decoration and is supported by the build-
ing to which it is attached and at the outer end by not less than
one stanchion. A canopy is comprised of a rigid structure over
which a covering is attached.

[F] CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS.

See Section 902.1.

CARE AND SUPERVISION. See Section 310.

CAST STONE. See Section 2102.1.

CATASTROPHICALLY INJURED. See Section 310.

CCR [DSA-AC] means the California Code of Regulations.

[F] CEILmG LIMIT. See Section 902.1.

CEILING RADIATION DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

CELL. See Sections 308.4.6 and 2102.1.

CELLULAR CONCRETE [HCD 1 & HCD 2] is a lightweight
product consisting ofportland cement and selected gas-form-
ing chemicals or foaming agents which create homogeneous
voids in the hardened concrete.

CEMENT PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

CERAMIC FIBER BLANKET. See Section 721.1.1.

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE. See Section 1702.1.

CHILD or CHILDREN. See Section 310.

CHILD CARE CENTER. See Section 310.

CHIMNEY. See Section 2102.1.

CHIMNEY TYPES. See Section 2102.1.

High-heat appliance type. See Section 2102.1.

Low-heat appliance type. See Section 2102.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

Masonry type. See Section 2102.1.

Medium-heat appliance type. See Section 2102.1.

CHRONICALLY ILL. [SFM] See Section 310.

CIRCULATION PATH. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] CLEAN AGENT. See Section 902.1.

CLEANOUT. See Section 2102.1.

CLEAR. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 11023.

CLEAR FLOOR SPACE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEPHONE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] CLOSED SYSTEM. See Section 307.2.

COLLAR JOINT. See Section 2102.1.

COLLECTOR. See Section 2302.1.

COLUMN, MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER. See Section
702.1.

[F] COMBUSTIBLE DUST. See Section 307.2.

[F] COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. See Section 307.2.

[F] COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. See Section 307.2.

Class n. See Section 307.2.

Class niA. See Section 307.2.

Class mB. See Section 307.2.

COMMERCIAL FACILITIES [DSA-AC] are facilities that
are intended for nonresidential use and whose operations will
affect commerce, including factories, warehouses, office build-
ings and other buildings in which employment may occur.
Commercial facilities shall not include railroad locomotives,
railroad freight cars, railroad cabooses, railroad cars covered
under Title 11 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or
facilities that are covered or expressly exemptedfrom coverage
under the Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988 (42 USC
3601-3631, etseq).

COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. See Section
1002.1.

COMMON USE AREAS. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter llA, Section 11 07A.3-C, and Chapter 1 IB, Sectionll02B.

COMPOSITE ACTION. See Section 2102.1.

COMPOSITE MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

[F] COMPRESSED GAS. See Section 307.2.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MASONRY. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

CONCRETE, CARBONATE AGGREGATE. See Section
721.1.1.

CONCRETE, CELLULAR. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See Section
721.1.1. See "Cellular concrete. "

CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE. See Sec-
tion 721.1.1.

CONCRETE, PERLITE. See Section 721.1.1.

CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT. See Section
721.1.1.

CONCRETE, SILICEOUS AGGREGATE. See Section
721.1.1.

CONCRETE, VERMICULITE. See Section 721.1.1.

CONGREGATE LIVING FACILITIES. See Section 3 10.2.

CONGREGATE LIVING HEALTH FACILITY (CLHF). See

Section 310.

CONGREGATE RESIDENCE. See Section 310.

CONNECTOR. See Section 2102.1.

[F] CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. See Section
902.1.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. Written, graphic and
pictorial documents prepared or assembled for describing the
design, location and physical characteristics of the elements of
a project necessary for obtaining a building permit.

CONSTRUCTION TYPES. See Section 602.

Type I. See Section 602.2.

Type n. See Section 602.2.

Type in. See Section 602.3.

Type rV. See Section 602.4.

Type V. See Section 602.5.

[F] CONTINUOUS GAS-DETECTION SYSTEM. See

Section 415.2.

[F] CONTROL AREA. See Section 307.2.

CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIAL. A

self-compacted, cementitious material used primarily as a
backfill in place of compacted fill.

CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME WOOD CON-
STRUCTION. See Section 2302.1.

CORRIDOR. See Section 1002.1.

CORROSION RESISTANCE. The ability of a material to
withstand deterioration of its surface or its properties when
exposed to its environment.

[F] CORROSIVE. See Section 307.2.

COURT. An open, uncovered space, unobstructed to the sky,
bounded on three or more sides by exterior building walls or
other enclosing devices.

COVER. See Section 2102.1.

COVERED MALL BUILDING. See Section 402.2.

COVERED MULTIFAMILY DWELLINGS. [DSA-AC &
HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.3-C.

CRIPPLE WALL. See Section 2302.1.

CROSS SLOPE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.3-C, and Chapter UB, Section 1102B.

CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 307.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

CURB CUT. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See Chapter 11 A, Sec-
tion 1107A.3-C, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

CURB RAMP. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Sec-
tion 1107A.3-C, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

DALLE GLASS. See Section 2402.1.

DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

DAY BOX. See Section 307.2.

DAY CARE. See Section 310.

DAY CARE HOME, LARGE FAMILY. See Section 310.

DAY CARE HOME, SMALL FAMILY. See Section 310.

DEAD LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

DECK. See Section 1602.1.

DECORATIVE GLASS. See Section 2402.1.

[F] DECORATIVE MATERIALS. All materials applied
over the building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or
other effect (such as curtains, draperies, fabrics, streamers and
surface coverings), and all other materials utilized for decora-
tive effect (such as batting, cloth, cotton, hay, stalks, straw,
vines, leaves, trees, moss and similar items), including foam
plastics and materials containing foam plastics. Decorative
materials do not include floor coverings, ordinary window
shades, interior finish and materials 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) or
less in thickness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a
substrate.

[F] DEFLAGRATION. See Section 307.2.

[F] DELUGE SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

DEPARTMENT [HCD 1 & HCD 2] is the Department of
Housing and Community Development.

DESIGN DISPLACEMENT. See Section 1908.1.3.

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION. See Sec-
tion 1613.2.

DESIGN FLOOD. See Section 1612.2.

DESIGN FLOOD ELEVATION. See Section 1612.2.

DESIGN STRENGTH. See Section 1602.1.

DESIGNATED SEISMIC SYSTEM. See Section 1702.1.

[F] DETACHED BUILDING. See Section 307.2.

DETATCHED SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLING [HCD 1 &

HCD 2] is any single-family dwelling which is separated from
adjacent property lines by 3 feet (914 mm) or more or is sepa-
rated from adjacent buildings by 6 feet (1829 mm) or more.

DETAILED PLAIN CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALL.

See Section 1908.1.3.

DETECTABLE WARNING. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See

Chapter 11 A, Section 1107A.4-D, and Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

[F] DETECTOR, HEAT. See Section 902.1.

[F] DETONATION. See Section 307.2.

DLiPHRAGM. See Sections 1602.1 and 2102.1.

Diaphragm, blocked. See Sections 1602.1.

Diaphragm, boundary. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, chord. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, flexible. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, rigid. See Section 1602.1.

Diaphragm, unblocked. See Section 2302.1.

DIMENSIONS. See Section 2102.1.

Actual. See Section 2102.1.

Nominal. See Section 2102.1.

Specified. See Section 2102.1.

DIRECTIONAL SIGN [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] is a pub-
licly displayed notice which indicates by use of words or sym-
bols a recommended direction or route of travel.

DISABILITY. [DSA-AC] is (1) a physical or mental impair-
ment that limits one or more of the major life activities of an
individual, (2) a record of such an impairment, or (3) being
regarded as having such an impairment.

DISABLED. [DSA-AC] See "Disability."

DISPENSING. See Section 307.2.

DOOR, BALANCED. See Section 1002.1.

DORMITORY. See Sections 308.4.6 and 310.2.

DRAFTSTOP. See Section 702. 1 .

DRAG STRUT. See Section 2302.1.

[F] DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See

Section 902.1.

DRYFLOODPROOFING. See Section 1612.2.

DURATION OF LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

DWELLING. A building that contains one or two dwelUng
units used, intended or designed to be used, rented, leased, let
or hired out to be occupied for living pmposes.

DWELLING UNIT. A single unit providing complete, inde-
pendent living facilities for one or more persons including per-
manent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and
sanitation.

[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.4-D, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

EFFECTIVE HEIGHT. See Section 2102.1.

EFFICIENCY DWELLING UNIT [HCD 1] is a dwelling
unit containing only one habitable room and includes an effi-
ciency unit as defined by Health and Safety Code Section
17958.1. See Section 1208.4.

EGRESS COURT. See Section 1002.1.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE. See Section 406.7.

ELEMENT. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ELEVATOR, PASSENGER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB,
Section 1102B.

[F] EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902. 1 .

[F] EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. See Section
415.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. See

Section 1002.1.

[F] EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICA-
TIONS. See Section 902.1.

ENFORCEMENT. [HCD 1 & HCD2] The applicable section
of the Health and Safety Code is repeated here for clarity and
reads as follows:

Section 17920. "Enforcement" means diligent effort to
secure compliance, including review of plans and permit
applications, response to complaints, citation ofviolations,
and other legal process. Except as otherwise provided in
this part, "Enforcement" may, but need not, include inspec-
tions of existing buildings on which no complaint or permit
application has been filed, and effort to secure compliance
as to these existing buildings.

ENFORCING AGENCY [DSA-AC, HCD 1, HCD 2 & SFM]
is the designated department or agency as specified by statute
or regulation.

ENTRANCE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

EQUIPMENT PLATFORM. See Section 502.1.

EQUIVALENT FACILITATION. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter llA, Section 1I07A.5-E, and Chapter IIB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES. See Section 1602.1.

[F] EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. See Section 415.2.

EXISTING BUILDINGS. [DSA-AC] See "Building, exist-
ing."

EXISTING CONSTRUCTION. See Section 1612.2.

EXISTING STRUCTURE. A stracture erected prior to the
date of adoption of the appropriate code, or one for which a
legal building permit has been issued. See also Section 1612.2.

EXIT. See Section 1002. 1 .

EXIT, HORIZONTAL. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT ACCESS. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT DISCHARGE. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OE See Section 1002.1.

EXIT ENCLOSURE. See Section 1002.1.

EXIT PASSAGEWAY. See Section 1002.1.

EXPANDED VINYL WALL COVERING. See Section
802.1.

[F] EXPLOSION. See Section 902.1.

[F] EXPLOSIVE. See Section 307.2.

High explosive. See Section 307.2.

Low explosive. See Section 307.2.

Mass detonating explosives. See Section 307.2.

UN/DOTn Class 1 Explosives. See Section 307.2.
Division 1.1. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.2. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.3. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.4. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.5. See Section 307.2.

Division 1.6. See Section 307.2.
EXTERIOR SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.
EXTERIOR WALL. See Section 1402.1.
EXTERIOR WALL COVERING. See Section 1402.1.
EXTERIOR WALL ENVELOPE. See Section 1402.1.
F RATING. See Section 702.1.
FABRIC PARTITIONS. See Section 1602.1.
FABRICATED ITEM. See Section 1702.1.
[F] FABRICATION AREA. See Section 415.2.

FACILITY (OR FACILITIES). [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

Chapter llA, Section 1107A.6-F, and Chapter IIB, Section
1I02B.

FACTORED LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

FAMILY [HCD 1] is an individual or two or more persons who
are related by blood or marriage; or otherwise, live together in
a dwelling unit.

FIBER CEMENT SIDING. See Section 1402.1.

FIBERBOARD. See Section 2302.1.

FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. See Section 902.1.

[F] FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

FIRE AREA. See Section 702.1.

FIRE BARRIER. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE COMMAND CENTER. See Section 902.1.

FIRE DAMPER. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. See Section 902. 1 .

FIRE DOOR. See Section 702.1.

FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. See Section 702. 1 .

FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1.

[F] FIRE LANE. A road or other passageway developed to
allow the passage of fire apparatus. A fire lane is not necessar-
ily intended for vehicular traffic other than fire apparatus.

FIRE PARTITION. See Section 702.1.

FIRE PROTECTION RATING. See Section 702.1.

[F] FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1.

FIRE RESISTANCE. See Section 702.1.

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING. See Section 702.1.

FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEM. See Section 702.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

FIRE-RETARDANT TREATED WOOD [SFM] is any wood
product impregnated with chemicals by a pressure process or
other means during manufacture, and which, when tested in
accordance with ASTM E 84-05 for a period of 30 minutes,
shall have aflame spread of not over 25 and show no evidence
ofprogressive combustion. In addition, the flame front shall not
progress more than iOVj/eef (3200 mm) beyond the center line
of the burner at any time during the test. Materials that may be
exposed to the weather shall pass the accelerated weathering
test and be identified as Exterior type, in accordance with
ASTMD 2898-94 and ASTM D 3201-94. Where material is not
directly exposed to rainfall but exposed to high humidity condi-
tions, it shall be subjected to the hygroscopic test and identified
as Interior Type A in accordance with ASTM D 2898-94 and
ASTMD 3201-94.

All materials shall bear identification showing the fire per-,
formance rating thereof. Such identifications shall be issued by
an approved agency having a service for inspection of materi-
als at the factory.

Fire-retardant-treated wood shall not be construed as
"noncombustible. "

[F] FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. See Section 902. 1 .

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE. See Section 702.1.

FIRE WALL. See Section 702. 1 .

FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

FIREBLOCKING. See Section 702.1.

FIREPLACE. See Section 2102.1.

FIREPLACE THROAT. See Section 2102.1.

FIREWORKS. See Section 307.2.

FIREWORKS, 1.3G. See Section 307.2.

FIREWORKS, 1.4G. See Section 307.2.

FLAME SPREAD. See Section 802.1.

FLAME SPREAD INDEX. See Section 802.1.

[F] FLAMMABLE GAS. See Section 307.2.

[F] FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. See Section 307.2. '

[F] FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 307.2.

Class LA. See Section 307.2.

Class IB. See Section 307.2.

Class IC. See Section 307.2.

[F] FLAMMABLE MATERIAL. See Section 307.2.

[F] FLAMMABLE SOLID. See Section 307.2.

[F] FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. See Section
415.2.

[F] FLASH POINT. See Section 307.2.

FLEXURAL LENGTH. See Section 1808.1.

FLOOD OR FLOODING. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD DAMAGE-RESISTANT MATERIALS. See Sec-
tion 1612.2.

FLOOD HAZARD AREA. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD HAZARD AREA SUBJECT TO HIGH VELOC-
ITY WAVE ACTION. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM). See Section
1612.2.

FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY. See Section 1612.2.

FLOODWAY. See Section 1612.2.

FLOOR AREA, GROSS. See Section 1002.1.

FLOOR AREA, NET. See Section 1002.1.

FLOOR FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

FLY GALLERY. See Section 410.2.

[F] FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS. See Section
902.1.

FOAM PLASTIC INSULATION. See Section 2602.1.

FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. See Section
1002.1.

FOOD COURT. See Section 402.2.

FOUNDATION PIER. See Section 2102.1.

FREE-STANDING PEDESTAL. [DSA-AC] See Chapter
lie. Section IIOIC.I.

FULL-TIME CARE. See Section 310.

[F] GAS CABINET. See Section 415.2.

[F] GAS ROOM. See Section 415.2.

[F] GASEOUS HYDROGEN SYSTEM. See Section 420.2.

GLASS FIBERBOARD. See Section 721.1.1.

GLASS UNIT MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBER. See Section 2302.1.

GRAB BAR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.7-G, and Chapter HE, Section 1102B.

GRADE (Adjacent Ground Elevation) [DSA-AC] is the low-
est point of elevation of the finished surface of the ground, pav-
ing or sidewalk within the area between the building and the
property line or, when the property line is more than 5 feet
(1524 mm) from the building, between the building and a line 5
feet (1524 mm) from the building. See Health and Safety Code
Section 19955.3(d).

GRADE. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] See Section 502.1.

GRADE FLOOR OPENING. A window or other opening
located such that the sill height of the opening is not more than
44 inches (1118 mm) above or below the finished ground level
adjacent to the opening.

GRADE (LUMBER). See Section 2302.1.

GRADE PLANE. See Section 502.1.

GRANDSTAND. See Section 1002.1.

GRIDIRON. See Section 410.2.

GROSS LEASABLE AREA. See Section 402.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

GROUND FLOOR. [DSA-AC&HCDl-AC] See Chapter 11 A,

Section 1107A.7-G.

GROUTED MASONRY, See Section 2102.1.

Grouted hollow-unit masonry. See Section 2102.1.
Grouted multiwythe masonry. See Section 2102.1.

GUARD [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] or GUARDRAIL. See

Section 1002.1.

GYPSUM BOARD. See Section 2502.1.

GYPSUM PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

GYPSUM VENEER PLASTER. See Section 2502.1.

HABITABLE SPACE. A space in a building for living, sleep-
ing, eating or cooking. Bathrooms, toilet rooms, closets, halls,
storage or utility spaces and similar areas are not considered
habitable spaces.

[F] HALOGENATED EXTEVGUISHING SYSTEMS. See

Section 902.1.

[F] HANDLING. See Section 307.2.
HANDRAIL. See Section 1002.1.
HARDBOARD. See Section 2302.1.
[F] HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section 307.2.

[F] HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM).

See Section 415.2.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE [SFM] is a substance which, by
reason of being explosive, flammable, toxic, poisonous, corro-
sive, oxidizing, irritant or otherwise harmful, is likely to cause
injury.

HEAD JOINT. See Section 2102.1.

HEADER (Bonder). See Section 2102.1.

HEALTH CARE PROVIDER. [DSA-AC] See "Professional
Office of a Health Care Provider" in Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

[F] HEALTH HAZARD. See Section 307.2.

HEIGHT, BUILDING. See Section 502.1.

HEIGHT, STORY. See Section 502.1.

HEIGHT, WALLS. See Section 2102.1.

HELIPORT. See Section 412.5.1.

HELISTOP. See Section 412.5.1.

[F] HIGHLY TOXIC. See Section 307.2.

HIGH-RISE BUILDING. [SFM] As used in this code:

1. "Existing high-rise structure" means a high-rise struc-
ture, the construction of which is commenced or com-
pleted prior to July 1, 1974.

2. "High-rise structure " means every building of any type of
construction or occupancy having floors used for human
occupancy located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above
the lowest floor level having building access (see Section
403.1.2), except buildings used as hospitals as defined in
Health and Safety Code Section 1250.

3. "New high-rise structure " means a high-rise structure, ^
the construction of which is commenced on or after July
1, 1974.

HISTORICAL BUILDINGS. [DSA-AC] See "Qualified his-
torical building or property," C.C.R., Title 24, Part 8.

HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY. See Section 702.1.

HOTEL or MOTEL [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] is any

building containing six or more guest rooms intended or
designed to be used, or which are used, rented or hired out to
be occupied, or which are occupied for sleeping purposes by
guests.

[F] HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 415.2.

[F] HPM ROOM. See Section 415.2.

HURRICANE-PRONE REGIONS. See Section 1609.2.

[F] HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOM. See Section 420.2.

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND
HEALTH (IDLH). See Section 415.2.

IMPACT INSULATION CLASS (IIC). See Chapter 12, Sec-
tion 1207.2.

IMPACT LOAD. See Section 1602.1.

INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. See Section 307.2.

INDEPENDENT ENTITY [DSA-AC] is a not-for-profit
product safety testing and certification organization, dedi-
cated to testing for public safety. An independent entity would
operate for the testing, certification and quality assessment of
products, systems and services.

INFANT. [SFM] See Section 310.

[F] INITIATING DEVICE. See Section 902.1.

INSPECTION CERTIFICATE. See Section 1702.1.

INTERIOR FINISH. See Section 802.1.

INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH. See Section 802.1.

INTERIOR SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.

INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH. See Section
802.1.

INTERLAYMENT. See Section 1502.1.

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESSIBILITY.
[DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.9-I, and Chapter IIB, Section 11023.

JOINT. See Section 702.1.

JURISDICTION. The governmental unit that has adopted
this code under due legislative authority.

KICK PLATE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.11-K, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

LABEL. See Section 1702.1.

LEVEL ACCESSIBLE AREA. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIC,

Section IIOIC.I. ^

LEVEL AREA. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.12-L, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

LIFT, SPECIAL ACCESS. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

"Special access lift" Chapter llA, Section 1107A.12-L, and
Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

LIGHT-DIFFUSING. SYSTEM. See Section 2602.1.

LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION. A type of construction
whose vertical and horizontal structural elements are primarily
formed by a system of repetitive wood or light gage steel fram-
ing members.

LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTIC ROOF PANELS.

See Section 2602.1.

LIGHT-TRANSMITTING PLASTIC WALL PANELS.

See Section 2602.1.

LIMIT STATE. See Section 1602.1.

[F] LIQUID. See Section 415.2.

[F] LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. See Section 415.2.

[F] LIQUID USE, DISPENSING AND MIXING ROOMS.

See Section 415.2.

LISTED. See Section 902. 1 .

[HCD 1 &2] "Listed" means all products that appear in a
list published by an approved testing or listing agency. For
additional information, see Health and Safety Code Section
17920(h).

For applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, "Listed" shall also mean equipment
or materials accepted by the State Fire Marshal as conforming
to the provisions of the State Fire Marshal's regulations and
which are included in a list published by the State Fire Mar-
shal.

LISTING AGENCY [HCD 1&2] means an agency approved
by the department that is in the business of listing and labeling
products, materials, equipment and installations tested by an
approved testing agency, and that maintains aperiodic inspec-
tion program on current production of listed products, equip-
ment and installations, and that, at least annually, makes
available a published report of these listings. For additional
information, see Health and Safety Code Section 17920(i).

LIVE LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

LIVE LOADS (ROOF). See Section 1602.1.

LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD).

See Section 1602.1.

LOAD EFFECTS. See Section 1602.1.

LOAD FACTOR. See Section 1602.1.

LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

LOBBY [HCD I, HCD 2 & SFM] is an area not defined as a
waiting room at the entrance of a building through which per-
sons must pass.

LODGING HOUSE [HCD 1] is any building or portion
thereof containing not more than five guest rooms where rent is
paid in money, goods, labor or otherwise.

LOT. A portion or parcel of land considered as a unit.

LOT LINE. A Une dividing one lot from another, or from a
street or any public place.

[F] LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). See Section
415.2.

LOWEST FLOOR. See Section 1612.2.

MAIN WINDFORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM. See Section
1702.1.

MALL. See Section 402.2.

[F] MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. See Section 902.1.

MANUFACTURER'S DESIGNATION. See Section
1702.1.

MARK. See Section 1702.1.

MARKED CROSSING. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1 107 A.13-M, and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

MARQUEE. A permanent roofed structure attached to and
supported by the building and that projects into the public
right-of-way.

MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Ashlar masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Coursed ashlar. See Section 2102.1.

Glass unit masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Plain masonry. See Section 2102. 1 .

Random ashlar. See Section 2102.1.

Reinforced masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Solid masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Unreinforced (plain) masonry. See Section 2102.1.
MASONRY UNIT. See Section 2102.1.

Clay. See Section 2102.1.

Concrete. See Section 2102.1.

Hollow. See Section 2102.1.

Solid. See Section 2102.1.

MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE GROUND

MOTION. See Section 1613.2. .

MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE. See Section 2102.1.
MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1.

MECHANICAL-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES.

See Section 406.3.2.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT SCREEN. See Section
1502.1.

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS. See Section 1613.2.

MEMBRANE-COVERED CABLE STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

MEMBRANE-COVERED FRAME STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

MEMBRANE PENETRATION. See Section 702.1.

MEMBRANE-PENETRATION FIRESTOR See Section
702.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS, PROFOUNDLY OR
SEVERELY. See Section 310.

MERCHANDISE PAD. See Section 1002.1.

METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL (MCM). See Section
1402.1.

METAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL (MCM) SYSTEM.

See Section 1402.1.

METAL ROOF PANEL. See Section 1502.1.

METAL ROOF SHINGLE. See Section 1502.1.

MEZZANINE. See Section 502.1.

MICROPILES. See Section 1808.1.

MINERAL BOARD. See Section 721.1.1.

MINERAL FIBER. See Section 702.1.

MINERAL WOOL. See Section 702.1.

MODERNIZATION PROJECT [SFM] is any construction
effort that has an estimated total cost in excess of $200, 000 that
is intended to modify a permanent school building or structure
and/or the addition of a new school building or structure used
to serve or house students from kindergarten through 12"'
grade (K-12). Modernization efforts shall apply strictly to a
public school that was established prior to July 1, 2002, and is
funded pursuant to the Education Code, Section 1 7074.56, and
Education Code commencing with Section 17070.10. Modern-
ization projects that are to be completed in more than one
phase may defer the installation of the automatic fire detection
and alarm systems until the final phase of the modernization
project. Solely for the purposes of Education Code Section
17074.20, routine maintenance and repair work shall not be
considered a modernization project.

MODIFIED BITUMEN ROOF COVERING. See Section
1502.1.

MORTAR. See Section 2102.1.

MORTAR, SURFACE-BONDING. See Section 2102.1.

MOTEL. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] See "Hotel or Motel. "

MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION
STUDIO SOUND STAGES, APPROVED PRODUCTION
FACILITIES AND PRODUCTION LOCATIONS. See Chap-
ter 46, California Fire Code.

MULTILEVEL ASSEMBLY SEATING. See Section
1102.1.

MULTIPLE-ACCOMMODATION TOILET FACILITY

[DSA-AC] is a room that has more than one sanitary fixture, is
intended for the use of more than one person at a time and
which usually is provided with privacy compartments or
screens shielding some fixtures from view. A bathroom serving
a hotel guest room and a privacy toilet in small offices, stores
and similar locations are not included in this category.

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. See Section
902.1.

[F] MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section
902.1.

MULTISTORY DWELUNG UNIT. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.13-M.

NAILING, BOUNDARY. See Section 2302.1.
NAILING, EDGE. See Section 2302.1.
NAILING, FIELD. See Section 2302. 1.
NATURALLY DURABLE WOOD. See Section 2302.1.

Decay resistant. See Section 2302. 1 .

Termite resistant. See Section 2302.1.

NEWLY CONSTRUCTED. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See

Chapter llA, Section 1107A.14-N.

NEW PUBLIC SCHOOL CAMPUS [SFM] is an educational
institution established on or after July 1, 2002 that houses
and/or serves students from kindergarten through 12"' grade
(K-12) and is funded pursuant to the Education Code, com-
mencing with Section 17070.10.

NFPA [DSA-AC] is the National Fire Protection Association.

NONAMBULATORY PERSONS. See Section 310.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE, [SFM] as applied to building con-
struction material, means a material which, in the form in
which it is used, is either one of the following:

1. Material of which no part will ignite and bum when sub-
jected to fire. Any material passing ASTM 136 shall be
considered noncombustible.

2. Material having a structural base of noncombustible
material as defined in Item 1 above, with a surfacing ma-
terial not over Vg inch (3.2 mm) thick which has a
flame-spread rating of 50 or less.

"Noncombustible" does not apply to surface finish materi-
als. Material required to be noncombustible for reduced clear-
ances to fiues, heatirtg appliances or other sources of high
temperature shall refer to material conforming to Item 1. No
material shall be classed as noncombustible, which is subject
to increase in combustibility or flame spread rating, beyond the
limits herein established, through the effects of age, moisture or
other atmospheric condition.

NOMINAL LOADS. See Section 1602.1.

NOMINAL SIZE. (LUMBER). See Section 2302.1.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. See

Section 3102.2.

NORMAL [HCD 1 & HCD 2] shall mean conforming to apat-
tem or standard regarded as usual or typical.

[F] NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(NTP). See Section 415.2.

NOSING (or NOSE). See Section 1002.1. [DSA-AC & HCD
1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.14-N and Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

[F] NUISANCE ALARM. See Section 902.1.

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY. See Section 1602.1.

OCCUPANT LOAD. See Section 1002. 1 .

OCCUPIABLE SPACE. A room or enclosed space designed
for human occupancy in which individuals congregate for

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

amusement, educational or similar purposes or in which occu-
pants are engaged at labor, and which is equipped with means
of egress and light and ventilation facilities meeting the
requirements of this code.

OPEN PARKING GARAGE. See Section 406.3.2.

OPEN RISER. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.15-O, and Chapter 1 IB, Section- 1102B.

[F] OPEN SYSTEM. See Section 307.2.

OPERABLE PART. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

OPERATING BUILDING. See Section 307.2.

ORDINARY PRECAST STRUCTURAL WALL. See Sec-
tion 1908.1.3.

ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUC-
TURAL WALL. See Section 1908.1.3.

ORDINARY STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
WALL. See Section 1908.1.3.

[F] ORGANIC PEROXIDE. See Section 307.2.

Class I. See Section 307.2.

Class n. See Section 307.2.

Class III. See Section 307.2.

Class TV. See Section 307.2.

Class V. See Section 307.2.

Unclassified detonable. See Section 307.2.

ORGANIZED CAMPS. [SFM] See Section 440.

ORTHOGONAL. See Section 1613.2.

OTHER STRUCTURES. See Section 1602.1.

OWNER. Any person, agent, firm or corporation having a
legal or equitable interest in the property.

[F] OXIDIZER. See Section 307.2.

Class 4. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1, See Section 307.2.

[F] OXIDIZING GAS. See Section 307.2.

PANEL (PART OF A STRUCTURE), See Section 1602.1.

PANIC HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1.

PARTICLEBOARD. See Section 2302.1.

PASSAGE DOOR. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PASSENGER ELEVATOR. [DSA-AC] See "Elevator, pas-
senger" in Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

[HCD I & HCD 2] "Passenger elevator" is an elevator used
primarily to carry persons. For additional information, see
California Code of Regulations, Title 24, Part 7, Article 7-6,
Section 3009 of the 2001 California Building Code.

PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR [HCD 1] uses
architectural components, rather than mechanical compo-
nents, to provide heating or cooling for a building interior

PATH OF TRAVEL. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

PEDESTRIAN. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA,
Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PEDESTRIAN GRADE SEPARATION. [DSA-AC] See

Chapter UB, Section 1102B.

PEDESTRIAN RAMP [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107A3.16-P, and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1 102B.

PEDESTRIAN WAY. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter
llA, Section 1107 A, 16-P, and Chapter UB, Section 1102B.

PENETRATION FIRESTOP. See Section 702.1.

PENTHOUSE. See Section 1502.1.

PERMANENT [DSA-AC] shall mean facilities which, are
intended to be used for periods longer than those designated in
this code under the definition of "Temporary."

PERMANENT PORTABLE BUILDING [SFM] is a portable
building that is used to serve or house students and is certified
as a permanent building on a new public school campus by the
public school administration shall comply with the require-
ments of new campus buildings.

PERMIT. An official document or certificate issued by the
authority having jurisdiction which authorizes performance of
a specified activity.

PERSON. An individual, heirs, executors, administrators or
assigns, and also includes a firm, partnership or corporation, its
or thek successors or assigns, or the agent of any of the
aforesaid.

PERSONAL CARE SERVICE. See Section 310.2.

PERSONS WITH DISABLITIES. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC]

See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.16-P.

PHOTOLUMINESCENT [SFM] See Section 1002. ■

[F] PHYSICAL HAZARD. See Section 307.2.

[F] PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD
LEVEL. See Section 415.2.

PIER FOUNDATIONS. See Section 1808.1.

Belled piers. See Section 1808.1.
PILE FOUNDATIONS. See Section 1808.1.

Auger uncased piles. See Section 1808.1.

Caisson piles. See Section 1808.1.

Concrete-filled steel pipe and tube piles. See Section
1808.1.

Driven uncased piles. See Section 1808.1.

Enlarged base piles. See Section 1808.1.

Steel-cased piles. See Section 1808.1.

Timber piles. See Section 1808.1.

PINRAIL. See Section 410.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

PLASTIC, APPROVED. See Section 2602.1.

PLASTIC GLAZING. See Section 2602.1.

PLASTIC HINGE. See Section 2102.1.

PLATFORM. See Section 410.2.

PORTABLE BUILDING [SFM] is a classroom building or
structure of modular design and construction that houses
and/or serves students from kindergarten through twelfth
grade (K-12) and is fimded pursuant to the Education Code,
commencing with Section 1 7070.10 and meets all of the follow-
ing criteria:

• The portable building or structure is designed and con-
structed to be relocatable and transportable over public
streets.

• The portable building or structure is designed and con-
structed for relocation without detaching the roof or the
floor from the building or structure.

• The portable building or structure is sited upon a tempo-
rary foundation in a manner that is designed to permit
easy removal.

• The portable building or structure has a floor area of
2,000 square feet (186 m^) or less when measured from
the extent of the exterior walls.

• The portable building shall be removed within three years
of installation or the school administration may request a
three-year extension pursuant to Education Code Section
17074.54(a) and (b).

POSITIVE ROOF DRAINAGE. See Section 1502.1.

POWDER ROOM. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-ACJ See Chapter 1 lA,
Section 1107A.16-P.

POWER-ASSISTED DOOR [DSA-AC] is a door used for
human passage with a mechanism that helps to open the door,
or relieves the opening resistance of a door, upon the activation
of a switch or a continued force applied to the door itself.

PREFABRICATED WOOD I- JOIST. See Section 2302.1.

PRESERVATIVE-TREATED WOOD. See Section 2302.1.

PRESTRESSED MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

PRIMARY ENTRY. [HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.16-P.

PRIMARY ENTRY LEVEL. [HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.16-P.

PRIMARY FUNCTION. See Section 3402.1.

PRISM. See Section 2102.1.

PROFESSIONAL OFFICE OF A HEALTH CARE PRO-
VIDER. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

PROSCENIUM WALL. See Section 410.2.

PROTECTIVE SOCIAL CARE [SFM] is the housing and
care of any person of any age when such person is referred to or
placed within such home or facility for care and supervision
services by any governmental agency.

PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2]

includes, but is not limited to, any building or facility or other

specific public use facilities not listed in Items 1 through 12 if
they fall into one or more of the following categories:

1. Places of public lodging.

2. Establishments serving food or drink open to public
use.

3. Places of exhibition or entertainment open to public
use.

4. Places of public gathering.

5. Sales or rental establishments open to public use.

6. Service establishments open to public use.

7. Stations used for public transportation.

8. Places of public display or collection.

9. Places of public recreation.

10. Places of public education.

11. Social service center establishments open to the gen-
eral public.

12. Places of exercise or recreation open to public use.

Examples of public accommodations for purposes of this
code shall include, but not be limited to, the following private
entities:

1. An inn, hotel, motel or other place of public lodging, ex-
cept for a lodging house located within a building that
contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and
that is actually occupied by the proprietor of such es-
tablishment as the residence of such proprietor.

2. A restaurant, bar or other establishment serving food
or drink.

3. A motion picture house, theater, concert hall, stadium
or other place of exhibition or entertainment.

4. An auditorium, convention center, lecture hall or other
place of public gathering.

5. A bakery, grocery store, clothing store, hardware store,
shopping center or other sales or retail establishment.

6. A laundromat, dry cleaner, bank, barber shop, beauty
shop, travel service, shoe repair service, funeral parlor,
gas station, office of an accountant or lawyer, phar-
macy, insurance office, professional office of a health
care provider, hospital or other service establishment.

7. A terminal, depot or other station used for specified
public transportation.

8. A museum, library, gallery or other place of public dis-
play or collection.

9. A park, zoo, amusement park or other place of recre-
ation.

10. A nursery, elementary, secondary, undergraduate or
postgraduate private school, or other place of educa-
tion.

11. A day care center, senior citizen center, homeless shel-
ter, food bank, adoption agency or other social service
center establishment.

12. A gymnasium, health spa, bowling alley, golf course or
other place of exercise.

13. A church.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

14. An office building.

15. A public curb or sidewalk.

PUBLIC ENTRANCE [HCD 1-AC] is an entrance that is not
a service entrance or a restricted entrance.

PUBLIC-USE AREAS. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chap-
ter llA, Section 1107A.16-P, and Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.

PUBLIC WAY. See Section 1002.1.

PUBLICLY FUNDED [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] for the

purpose of housing, all buildings, structures, sidewalks, curbs
and related facilities constructed in the state and used or
intended to be used as a public use area, as defined in Section
1107A.16-P, shall comply with the accessibility standards of
Chapter IIB of this code when state, county or municipal
funds, or funds of any political subdivision of the state are used.

[F] PYROPHORIC. See Section 307.2.

[F] PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. See Section 307.2.

QUALIFIED HISTORICAL BUILDING (or PROPERTY).

[DSA-AC] See C.C.R. Title 24, Part 8.

RAIL TRANSIT BOARDING PLATFORM. [DSA-AC] See

"transit boarding platform" in Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

RAMP. See Section 1002.1.

[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter II A, Section
1107A.18-R.

RAMP-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES. See Sec-
tion 406.3.2.

REASONABLE PORTION [DSA-AC] shall mean that seg-
ment of a building, facility, area, space or condition, which
would normally be necessary if the activity therein is to be
accessible by persons with disabilities.

RECOMMEND [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] does not require
mandatory acceptance, but identifies a suggested action that
shall be considered for the purpose of providing a greater
degree of accessibility to persons with disabilities.

[F] RECORD DRAWINGS. See Section 902. 1 .

REFERENCE RESISTANCE (Z) ). See Section 2302.1.

REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL. An individual
who is registered or licensed to practice their respective design
profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the pro-
fessional registration laws of the state or jurisdiction in which
the project is to be constructed.

REINFORCED PLASTIC, GLASS FIBER. See Section
2602.1.

RELIGIOUS WORSHIP, PLACE OR A building or portion
thereof intended for the performance of religious services.

REMODELING. [DSA-AC] See "Alteration or Alter."

REPAIR. The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an exist-
ing building for the purpose of its maintenance.

REQUIRED STRENGTH. See Sections 1602.1 and2102.1.

REROOFING. See Section 1502.1.

RESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT HANGAR. See Section
412.3.1.

RESIDENTIAL CARE/ASSISTED LIVING FACILI-
TIES. See Section 310.2.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE CHRONI-
CALLY ILL (RCF/CI). See Section 310.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE ELDERLY
(RCFE). See Section 310.

RESIDENTIAL FACILITY (RF). See Section 310.

RESISTANCE FACTOR. See Section 1 602. 1 .

RESTRAINT [SFM] shall mean the physical retention of a
person within a room, cellar cell block by any means, or within
the exterior walls of a building by means of locked doors inop-
erable by the person restrained. "Restraint" shall also mean
the physical binding, strapping or similar restriction of any
person in a chair, walker, bed or other contrivance for the pur-
pose of deliberately restricting the free movement of ambula-
tory persons.

"Restraint" shall not be construed to include
nonambulatory persons nor shall it include the use of bandage
material, strip sheeting or other fabrics or materials (soft ties)
used to restrain persons in hospital-type beds or wheelchairs to
prevent injury, provided an approved method of quick release is
maintained. Facilities employing the use of soft ties, however,
shall be classified as a building used to house nonambulatory
persons.

"Restraint" shall not be practiced in licensed facilities clas-
sified as Group I-l, R-3.1 and R-4 occupancies unless con-
structed as a Group 1-3 occupancy. For Group 1-3 occupancies
see Section 308.2.

RESTRICTED ENTRANCE [HCD 1, HCD 2 & HCD

1-AC] is an entrance that is made available for common use on
a controlled basis, but is not public use, and that is not a service
entrance.

RETRACTABLE AWNING. See Section 3105.2.

RISER. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.18-R, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

ROOF ASSEMBLY. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF COVERING. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF COVERING SYSTEM. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF DECK. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF RECOVER. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF REPAIR. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF REPLACEMENT. See Section 1502.1.

ROOF VENTILATION. See Section 1502.1.

ROOFTOP STRUCTURE. See Section 1502.1.

RUBBLE MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Coursed rubble. See Section 2102.1.

Random rubble. See Section 2102.1.

Rough or ordinary rubble. See Section 2102.1.
RUNNING BOND. See Section 2102.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

RUNNING SLOPE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

SANITARY FACILITY [DSA-AC, HCD I & HCD 2] is any

single water closet, urinal, lavatory, bathtub or shower, or a
combination thereof, together with the room or space in which
they are housed.

SCISSOR STAIR. See Section 1002.1.

SCUPPER. See Section 1502.1.

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY. See Section 1613.2.

SEISMIC-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM. See Section
1613.2.

SELF-CLOSING. See Section 702.1.

SELF-LUMINOUS. See Section 1002.

[F] SERVICE CORRIDOR. See Section 415.2.

SERVICE ENTRANCE [HCD 1-AC] is an entrance
intended primarily for the delivery of goods or services.

SHAFT. See Section 702.1.

SHAFT ENCLOSURE. See Section 702.1.

SHALL [DSA-AC] as used in this code means mandatory.

SHEAR WALL. See Sections 2102.1 and 2302.1.

Detailed plain masonry sliear wall. See Section 2102.1.

Intermediate prestressed masonry shear wall. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

Intermediate reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

Ordinary plain masonry shear wall. See Section 2 1 02. 1 .

Ordinary plain prestressed masonry shear wall. See Sec-
tion 2102.1.

Ordinary reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

Perforated shear wall. See Section 2302.1.

Perforated shear wall segment. See Section 2302.1.

Special prestressed masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

Special reinforced masonry shear wall. See Section
2102.1.

SHELL. See Section 2102.1.

SHOPPING CENTER (or SHOPPING MALL). [DSA-AC &

HCD 2] See Chapter IIB, Section 1I02B.

SHOULD. [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] See "Recommend."

SIDEWALK [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] is a surfaced pedestrian
way contiguous to a street used by the public. (As differentiated
from the definition of "Walk" in Chapter 11 A, Section
1107A.23-W, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.)

SIGNAGE [DSA-AC] is displayed verbal, symbolic, tactile,
and/or pictorial information.

SINGLE-ACCOMMODATION SANITARY FACILITY
[DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] is a room that has not more than

one of each type of sanitary fixture, is intended for use by only
one person at a time, has no partition around the toilet and has
a door that can be locked on the inside by the room occupant.

SINGLE-PLY MEMBRANE. See Section 1502.1.

[F] SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section
902.1.

SITE [DSA-AC, HCD 1 & HCD 2] is a parcel of land bounded
by a property line or a designated portion of a public
right-of-way.

SITE CLASS. See Section 1613.2.

SITE COEFFICIENTS. See Section 1613.2.

SITE DEVELOPMENT [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] is "on-site "
and "off-site" work, including, but not limited to, walks, side-
walks, ramps, curbs, curb ramps, parking facilities, stairs,
planting areas, pools, promenades, exterior gathering or
assembly areas and raised or depressed paved areas.

SKYLIGHT, UNIT. A factory-assembled, glazed fenestration
unit, containing one panel of glazing material that allows for
natural lighting through an opening in the roof assembly while
preserving the weather-resistant barrier of the roof.

SKYLIGHTS AND SLOPED GLAZING. Glass or other
transparent or translucent glazing material installed at a slope
of 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or more from vertical. Glazing mate-
rial in skylights, including unit skylights, solariums, sunrooms,
roofs and sloped walls, are included in this definition.

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS. [DSA-AC & HCD

1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section 1107A.19-S, and Chapter
IIB, Section 1102B.

SLEEPING UNIT. A room or space in which people sleep,
which can also include permanent provisions for living, eating,
and either sanitation or kitchen facilities but not both. Such
rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not
sleeping units.

SLOPE. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.19-S

[F] SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1.

SMOKE BARRIER. See Section 702.1.

SMOKE COMPARTMENT. See Section 702.1.

SMOKE DAMPER. See Section 702. 1 .

[F] SMOKE DETECTOR. See Section 902.1.

SMOKE-DEVELOPED INDEX. See Section 802.1.

SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. See Sec-
tion 1002.1.

SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURE. See Section 902.1.

[F] SOLID. See Section 415.2.

SOUND TRANSMISSION ^CLASS (STC). [HCD 1] See
Chapter 12, Section 1207.2.

SPACE [DSA-AC & HCD 2] is a definable area, e.g., a room,
toilet room, hall, assembly area, entrance, storage room,
alcove, courtyard, or lobby.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

SPECIALACCESS LIFT. [DSA-AC&HCD-IAC] See Chap-
ter llA, Section 1107A.19-S, and Chapter 1 IB, SectionllOlB.

SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. See Section 411.2.

SPECIAL INSPECTION. See Section 1702.1.

Special inspection, continuous. See Section 1702.1.

Special inspection, periodic. See Section 1702.1.

SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA. See Section 1612.2.

SPECIFIED. See Section 2102.1.

SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
MASONRY if' J. See Section 2102.1.

SPECIFIED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. [DSA-AC] See
Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

SPLICE. See Section 702.1.

SPRAYED FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS. See Section
1702.1.

STACK BOND. See Section 2102.1.

STAGE. See Section 410.2.

STAIR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. See Section 1002.1.

STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. See Section 1002.1.

[F] STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OE See Section
902.1.

Class I system. See Section 902.1.

Class II system. See Section 902.1.

Class in system. See Section 902.1.
[F] STANDPIPE, TYPES OE See Section 902.1.

Automatic dry. See Section 902.1.

Automatic wet. See Section 902.1.

Manual dry. See Section 902.1.

Manual wet. See Section 902. 1 .

Semiautomatic dry. See Section 902. 1 .

START OF CONSTRUCTION. See Section 1612.2.

STATE-OWNED/LEASED BUILDING [SFM] is a building
or portion of a building that is owned, leased or rented by the
state. State-leased buildings shall include all required exits to a
public way serving such leased area or space. Portions of state-
leased buildings that are not leased or rented by the state shall
not be included within the scope of this section unless such por-
tions present an exposure hazard to the state-leased area or
space.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION, COLD-FORMED. See Section
2202.1.

STEEL JOIST. See Section 2202.1.

STEEL MEMBER, STRUCTURAL. See Section 2202.1.

STEEP SLOPE. A roof slope greater than two units vertical in
12 units horizontal (17-percent slope).

STONE MASONRY. See Section 2102.1.

Ashlar stone masonry. See Section 2102.1.

Rubble stone masonry. See Section 2102.1.

[F] STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section
415.2.

STORY. The portion of a building included between the upper
surface of a floor and the upper surface of the floor or roof next
above (also see "Mezzanine" and Section 502.1). It is mea-
sured as the vertical distance from top to top of two successive
tiers of beams or finished floor surfaces and, for the topmost
story, from the top of the floor finish to the top of the ceiling
joists, or where there is not a ceiling, to the top of the roof raf-
ters.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

STORY ABOVE GRADE PLANE. Any story having its fin-
ished floor surface entirely above grade plane, except that a
basement shall be considered as a story above grade plane
where the finished surface of the floor above the basement is:

1. More than 6 feet (1829 mm) above grade plane; or

2. More than 12 feet (3658 mm) above the finished ground
level at any point.

STORY, FIRST. [DSA-AC] See Chapter 1 IB, Section 1102B.
STRENGTH. See Section 2102.1.

Design strength. See Section 2102.1.

Nominal strength. See Sections 1602.1 and 2102.1.

Required strength. See Sections 1602.1 and 2102.1.

STRENGTH DESIGN. See Section 1602.1.

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER. See Section
2302.1.

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL). See Section 2302.1.

Parallel strand lumber (PSL). See Section 2302.1.

STRUCTURAL FRAME. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Sec-
tion 1102B.

STRUCTURAL GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER. See

Section 2302.1.

STRUCTURAL OBSERVATION. See Section 1702.1.
STRUCTURE. That which is built or constructed.
SUBDIAPHRAGM. See Section 2302.1.
SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE. See Section 1612.2.
SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT. See Section 1612.2.
SUNROOM ADDITION. See Section 1202.1.
[F] SUPERVISING STATION. See Section 902.1.
[F]SUPERVISORY SERVICE. See Section 902.1.
[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

[F] SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. See

Section 902.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

SWIMMING POOLS. See Section 3109.2.

T RATING. See Section 702.1.

TACTILE [DSA-AC & HCD 2] describes an object that can be
perceived using the sense of touch.

TECHNICALLY INFEASIBLE. See Section 3402.

[DSA-AC] "Technically infeasible" means, with respect to
an alteration of a building or a facility, that it has little likeli-
hood of being accomplished because existing structural
conditions would require removing or altering a load-bear-
ing member which is an essential part of the structural
frame; or because other existing physical or site constraints
prohibit modification or addition of elements, spaces or fea-
tures which are in full and strict compliance with the mini-
mum requirements for new construction and which are
necessary to provide accessibility.

TEMPORARY [DSA-AC] shall mean buildings and facilities
intended for use at one location for not more than one year and
seats intended for use at one location for not more than 90
days.

TENT. Any stincture, enclosure or shelter which is con-
stincted of canvas or pliable material supported in any manner
except by air or the contents it protects.

TERMINALLY ILL. See Section 310.

TESTING AGENCY [HCD-1 & HCD- 2] means an agency
approved by the department as qualified and equippedfor test-
ing products, materials, equipment and installations in accor-
dance with nationally recognized standards. For additional
information, see Health and Safety Code Section 17920(m).

TEXT TELEPHONE. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

THERMAL ISOLATION. See Section 1202.1.

THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL. See Section 2602.1.

THERMOSETTING MATERIAL. See Section 2602.1.

THIN-BED MORTAR. See Section 2102.1.

THROUGH PENETRATION. See Section 702.1.

THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM. See

Section 702.1.

TIE-DOWN (HOLD-DOWN). See Section 2302.1.

TIE, LATERAL. See Section 2102.1.

TIE, WALL. See Section 2102.1.

TILE. See Section 2102.1.

TILE, STRUCTURAL CLAY. See Section 2102.1.

[F] TIRES, BULK STORAGE OF. See Section 902.1.

TOEBOARD. [DSA-AC & HCD l-AC]See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.20-T.

TOWNHOUSE. A single-family dwelling unit constructed in
a group of three or more attached units in which each unit

extends from the foundation to roof and with open space on at
least two sides.

[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] For applications required to pro-
vide accommodations for persons with disabilities, see Chap-
ter 11 A, Section 1107A.20-T.

[F] TOXIC. See Section 307.2.

TRANSIENT. See Section 310.2.

TRANSIENT LODGING. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See
Chapter IIB, Section 1102B and Chapter llA, Section
1107A.20-T.

TRANSIT BOARDING PLATFORM. [DSA-AC] See Chap-
ter IIB, Section 1102B.

TREAD. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.20-T, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

TREAD DEPTH. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter 11 A,
Section 1107A.20-T, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

TREADRUN. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Sec-
tion 1107A.20-T, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

TREATED WOOD. See Section 2302.1.

TRIM. See Section 802.1.

[F] TROUBLE SIGNAL. See Section 902.1.

TYPE OF MOTOR FUEL. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIC, Sec-
tion IIOIC.I.

UNDERLAYMENT. See Section 1502.1.

UNREASONABLE HARDSHIP [DSA-AC] exists when the
enforcing agency finds that compliance with the building stan-
dard would make the specific work of the project affected by the
building standard unfeasible, based on an overall evaluation of
the following factors:

1. The cost of providing access.

2. The cost of all construction contemplated.

3. The impact of proposed improvements on financial feasi-
bility of the project.

4. The nature of the accessibility which would be gained or
lost.

5. The nature of the use of the facility under construction
and its availability to persons with diasbilities.

The details of any finding of unreasonable hardship shall be
recorded and entered in the files of the enforcing agency.

[F] UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. See Section
307.2.

Class 4. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1. See Section 307.2.

[F] USE (MATERIAL). See Section 415.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

DEFINITIONS

VAPOR-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE. A material or cover-
ing having a permeance rating of Sperms (52.9 X lO^^" kg/Pa • s ■
m^) or greater, when tested in accordance with the dessicant
method using Procedure A of ASTM E 96. A vapor-permeable
material permits the passage of moisture vapor.

VAPOR RETARDER. A vapor-resistant material, membrane
or covering such as foil, plastic sheeting or insulation facing
having a permeance rating of 1 perm (5.7 x 10"" kg/Pa ■ s ■ m^)
or less, when tested in accordance with the dessicant method
using Procedure A of ASTM E 96. Vapor retarders limit the
amount of moisture vapor that passes through a material or wall
assembly.

VEHICLE BARRIER SYSTEM. See Section 1602.1.

VEHICULAR OR PEDESTRIAN ARRIVAL POINTS.

[DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.22-V.

VEHICULAR WAY. [DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section
1102B.

VENEER. See Section 1402.1.

VENTILATION. The natural or mechanical process of sup-
plying conditioned or unconditioned air to, or removing such
air from, any space.

VINYL SIDING. See Section 1402.1.

[F] VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLL^NCE.

See Section 902.1.

WAITING ROOM [SFM] is a room or area normally provided
with seating and used for persons waiting.

WALK. [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] See Chapter llA, Section
1107A.23-W, and Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

WALKWAY, PEDESTRIAN. A walkway used exclusively as
a pedestrian trafficway.

WALL. See Section 2102.1.

Cavity wall. See Section 2102.1.

Composite wall. See Section 2102.1.

Dry-stacked, surface-bonded wall. See Section 2102.1.

Masonry-bonded hollow wall. See Section 2102.1.

Parapet wall. See Section 2102.1.

WALL, LOAD-BEARING. Any wall meeting either of the
following classifications:

1 . Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 1 00
pounds per Unear foot (1459 N/m) of vertical load in ad-
dition to its own weight.

2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than
200 pounds per linear foot (2919 N/m) of vertical load in
addition to its own weight.

WALL, NONLOAD-BEARING. Any wall that is not a
load-bearing wall.

WALL PIER. See Section 1908.1.3.

[F] WATER-REACTIS^E MATERIAL. See Section 307.2.

Class 3. See Section 307.2.

Class 2. See Section 307.2.

Class 1. See Section 307.2.
WATER-RESISTIVE BARRIER. See Section 1402.
WEATHER-EXPOSED SURFACES. See Section 2502.1.
WEB. See Section 2102.1.

[F] WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See

Section 902.1.

WHEELCHAIR [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] is a chair mounted
on wheels to be propelled by its occupant manually or with the
aid of electric power, of a size and configuration conforming to
the recognized standard models of the trade.

WHEELCHAIR OCCUPANT (or WHEELCHAIR USER)

[DSA-AC] is an individual who, due to a physical impairment
or disability, utilizes a wheelchair for mobility.

WHEELCHAIR SPACE [HCD 1-AC] is space for a single
wheelchair and its occupant.

WIND-BORNE DEBRIS REGION. See Section 1609.2.

WINDER. See Section 1002.1.

WINERY CAVES. See Section 436.

WIRE BACKING. See Section 2502.1.

[F] WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section
902.1.

WOOD SHEAR PANEL. See Section 2302.1.

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL. See Section 2302.1.

Composite panels. See Section 2302.1.

Oriented strand board (OSB). See Section 2302.1.

Plywood. See Section 2302.1.
[F] WORKSTATION. See Section 415.2.

[DSA-AC] See Chapter IIB, Section 1102B.

WYTHE. See Section 2102.1.

YARD. An open space, other than a court, unobstructed from
the ground to the sky, except where specifically provided by
this code, on the lot on which a building is situated.

[F] ZONE. See Section 902.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

46 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 3 - USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

GEO

SLG

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

♦

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

♦

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

302.1

IBC

302.1

303,1

303.2

303.3

304.1

305.1

305.2

306.2

307.1

308.1

308.2

IBC

308.2

308.3

IBC

308.3

• X

308.3.1

308.3.2

308.4

308.4.6

Cell

CA ■

Cell Complex

Cell Tiers

Day Room

Dormitory

Holding Facility

Housing Unit

Restraint

308.5

IBC

308.5

CA ■

308.5.1

308,5.2

308.5.2.1

310.1

IBC

310.1

310.2

310.2 (Dormitory)

IBC

Aged Home or
Institution

Bedridden Person

Boarding House

IBC

1 1 1

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 3 - USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

♦

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

♦

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

Care and
Supervision

Catastrophically
Injured

Child-Care
Center

Child or Children

Chronically ill

Congregate
Living Health
(CLHF)

Daycare

Day-Care Home,
Large Family

Day-Care Home,
Small Family

Full-Time Care

Infant

Mentally
Retarded
Persons,
Profoundly or
Severely

Nonambulatory
Persons

Residential Care
Facility for the
Chronically III
(RCF/CI)

Residential Care
Facility for the
Elderly (RCFE)

Residential
Facility (RF)

Terminally III

310.3-310.3.6

The ♦ designation indicates that the Office of the State Fire IVIarshal's adoption of this chapter or
individual sections is applicable to structures subject to HCD 1 and/or HCD 2 or DSA-SS.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 3

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

SECTION 301
GENERAL

301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the
classification of all buildings and structures as to use and occu-
pancy.

SECTION 302
CLASSIFICATION

302.1 GeneraL Structures or portions of structures shall be
classified with respect to occupancy in one or more of the
groups listed below. A room or space that is intended to be
occupied at different times for different purposes shall comply
with all of the requirements that are applicable. to each of the
purposes for which the room or space will be occupied. Struc-
tures with multiple occupancies or uses shall comply with Sec-
tion 508. Where a structure is proposed for a purpose that is not
specifically provided for in this code, such structure shall be
classified in the group that the occupancy most nearly resem-
bles, according to the fire safety and relative hazard involved.

1. Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3,
A-4 and A-5

2. Business (see Section 304): Group B

3. Educational (see Section 305): Group E

4. Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1
and F-2

5. High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3,
H-4 and H-5

6. Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-l, 1-2, 1-3 and
1-4

7. Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M

8. [SFM] Organized Camps (see Section 440) Group C

9. Research Laboratories (see Section 443) Group L

10. Residential (see Section 310): Grotips R-1, R-2, R-3,
i?-5.7andR-4

11. Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2

12. Utility andMiscellaneous(seeSection312): GroupU

[SFM] Existing buildings housing existing protective social
care homes or facilities established prior to 1972 (see Section
3413).

302.1.1 Reserved

302.1.2 Reserved

302.1.3 Pharmacies; veterinary facilities; bartering, cos-
metology, or electrolysis establishments; and acupuncture
offices. See Chapter 12.

SECTION 303
ASSEMBLY GROUP A

303.1 Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for the gathering of persons for purposes such
as civic, social or rehgious functions; recreation, food or drink
consumption; or awaiting transportation or motion picture and
television production studio sound stages, approved produc-
tion facilities and production locations.

Exceptions:

1. A building or tenant space used for assembly pur-
poses with an occupant load of less than 50 persons
shall be classified as a Group B occupancy.

2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with an
occupant load of less than 50 persons and accessory to
another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B
occupancy or as part of that occupancy.

3. A room or space used for assembly purposes that is
less than 750 square feet (70 m^) in area and is acces-
sory to another occupancy shall be classified as a
Group B occupancy or as part of that occupancy.

Assembly occupancies shall include the following:

A-1 Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended for
the production and viewing of the performing arts or
motion picture including, but not limited to:

Motion picture and television production studio

sound stages, approved production facilities and

production locations (with live audiences).

Motion picture theaters

Symphony and concert halls

Television and radio studios admitting an audience

Theaters

A-2 Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink con-
sumption including, but not liniited to:
Banquet halls
Night clubs
Restaurants
Taverns and bars

A-3 Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or
amusement and other assembly uses not classified else-
where in Group A including, but not limited to:

Amusement arcades

Artgalleries

Bowhng alleys

Places of religious worship

Community halls

Courtrooms

Dance halls (not including food or drink consump-
tion)

Exhibition halls

Funeral parlors

Gymnasiums (without spectator seating)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Indoor swimming pools (without spectator seating)

Indoor tennis courts (without spectator seating)

Lecture halls

Libraries

Museums

Waiting areas in transportation terminals

Pool and billiard parlors

A-4 Assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sporting
events and activities with spectator seating including,
but not limited to:

Arenas

Skating rinks

Swimming pools

Tennis courts

A-5 Assembly uses intended for participation in or viewing
outdoor activities including, but not limited to:
Amusement park structures
Bleachers
Grandstands
Stadiums

303.2 Fixed guideway transit systems. [SFMJ Fixed guideway
transit system buildings shall conform to the requirements of
this code for their occupancy classification in addition to the
provisions set forth in Section 433.

303.3 Subterranean spaces for winery facilities in natural or
manmade caves. [SFM] For fire and life safety requirements,
see Section 436.

SECTION 304
BUSINESS GROUP B

304.1 Business Group B. Business Group B occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type transac-
tions, including storage of records and accounts. Business
occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Airport traffic control towers

Animal hospitals, kennels and pounds

Banks

Barber and beauty shops

Car wash

Civic administration

CUnic-outpatient [SFM] (not classified as Group 1-2.1)

Dry cleaning and laundries: pick-up and delivery stations
and self-service

Educational occupancies for students above the 12th grade

Electronic data processing

Laboratories: testing and research

Motor vehicle showrooms

Post offices

Print shops

Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists, physi-
cians, engineers, etc.)

Radio and television stations

Telephone exchanges

Training and skill development not within a school or
academic program

SECTION 305
EDUCATIONAL GROUP E

305.1 Educational Group E. Educational Group E occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, by more than six persons at any one time for
educational purposes through the 12th grade. Religious educa-
tional rooms and religious auditoriums, which are accessory to
places of religious worship in accordance with Section 508.3. 1
and have occupant loads of less than 100, shall be classified as
A-3 occupancies.

Exception: [SFM] A residence used as a home school for
the children who normally reside at the residence. Such resi-
dences shall remain classified as Group R-2 or Group R-3
occupancies.

305.2 Day care. The use of a building or structure, or portion
thereof, for educational, supervision or personal care services
for more than six children older than 21/2 years of age, shall be
classified as a Group E occupancy.

Exception: [SFM] A day-care facility not otherwise classi-
fied as an R-3 occupancy, where occupants are not capable
of responding to an emergency situation without physical
assistance from the staff, shall be classified as Group 1-4.

SECTION 306
FACTORY GROUP F

306.1 Factory Industrial Group F. Factory Industrial Group
F occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or
structure, or a portion thereof, for assembUng, disassembling,
fabricating, finishing, manufacturing, packaging, repair or pro-
cessing operations that are not classified as a Group H hazard-
ous or Group S storage occupancy.

306.2 Factory Industrial F-1 Moderate-Iiazard Occupancy.

Factory industrial uses which are not classified as Factory
Industrial F-2 Low Hazard shall be classified as F-1 Moderate
Hazard and shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Aircraft

Appliances

Athletic equipment

Automobiles and other motor vehicles

Bakeries

Beverages; over 12-percent alcohol content

Bicycles

Boats

Brooms or brushes

Business machines

Cameras and photo equipment

Canvas or similar fabric

Carpets and rugs (includes cleaning)

Clothing

Construction and agricultural machinery

Disinfectants

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Dry cleaning and dyeing

Electric generation plants

Electronics

Engines (including rebuilding)

Food processing

Furniture

Hemp products

Jute products

Laundries

Leather products

Machinery

Metals

Millwork (sash & door)

[SFM] Motion picture and television production studio
sound stages, approved production facilities and produc-
tion locations (without live audiences)

Musical instruments

Optical goods

Paper mills or products

Photographic film

Plastic products

Printing or publishing

Recreational vehicles

Refuse incineration

Shoes

Soaps and detergents

Textiles

Tobacco

Trailers

Upholstering

Wood; distillation

Woodworking (cabinet)

306.3 Factory Industrial F-2 Low-hazard occupancy. Fac-
tory industrial uses that involve the fabrication or manufactur-
ing of noncombustible materials which during finishing,
packing or processing do not involve a significant &e hazard
shall be classified as F-2 occupancies and shall include, but not
be limited to, the following:

Beverages; up to and including 12-percent alcohol content

Brick and masonry

Ceramic products

Foundries

Glass products

Gypsum

Ice

Metal products (fabrication and assembly)

306.4 Places of meat and poultry inspection. [ARG]

306.4.1 Meat and poultry processing plants. [ARG] See

Section 1240.

306.4.2 Collection centers and facilities. [ARG] See Sec-
tion 1241.

306.4.3 Renderers. [ARG] See Section 1242.

306.4.4 Horsemeat and pet food establishments, [ARG]

See Section 1243.

SECTION 307
HIGH-HAZARD GROUP H

[F] 307.1 High-hazard Group H. High-hazard Group H occu-
pancy includes, among others, the use of a building or struc-
ture, or a portion thereof, that involves the manufacturing,
processing, generation or storage of materials that constitute a
physical or health hazard in quantities in excess of those
allowed in control areas constructed and located as required in
Section 414. Hazardous uses are classified in Groups H-1, H-2,
H-3, H-4 and H-5 and shall be in accordance with this section,
the requirements of Section 415 and the California Fire Code.

Exceptions: The following shall not be classified in Group
H, but shall be classified in the occupancy that they most
nearly resemble:

1. Buildings and structures that contain not more than
the maximum allowable quantities per control area
of hazardous materials as shown in Tables 307.1(1)
and 307. 1 (2), provided that such buildings are main-
tained in accordance with the California Fire Code.

2. Buildings utilizing control areas in accordance with
Section 414.2 that contain not more than the maxi-
mum allowable quantities per control area of haz-
ardous materials as shown in Tables 307.1(1) and
307.1(2).

3. Buildings and structures occupied for the applica-
tion of flammable finishes, provided that such build-
ings or areas conform to the requirements of Section
416 and the California Fire Code.

4. Wholesale and retail sales and storage of flanamable
and combustible liquids in mercantile occupancies
conforming to the California Fire Code.

5. Closed piping system containing flammable or
combustible liquids or gases utiHzed for the opera-
tion of machinery or equipment.

6. Cleaning establishments that utilize combustible
liquid solvents having a flash point of 140°F (60°C)
or higher in closed systems employing equipment
Usted by an approved testing agency, provided that
this occupancy is separated from all other areas of
the building by 1-hour fire barriers or 1-hour hori-
zontal assemblies or both.

7. Cleaning establishments that utilize a liquid solvent
having a flash point at or above 200°F (93°C).

8 . Liquor stores and distributors without bulk storage.

9. Refrigeration systems.

10. The storage or utilization of materials for agricul-
tural purposes on the premises.

11. Stationary batteries utilized for facility emergency
power, uninterrupted power supply or telecommu^
nication facilities, provided that the batteries are
provided with safety venting caps and ventilation is
provided in accordance with the California Me-
chanical Code.

12. Corrosives shall not include personal or household
products in their original packaging used in retail
display or commonly used building materials.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

13. Buildings and structures occupied for aerosol stor-
age shall be classified as Group S-1, provided that
such buildings conform to the requirements of the
California Fire Code.

14. Display and storage of nonflammable solid andnon-
flammiable or noncombustible liquid hazardous ma-
terials in quantities not exceeding the maximum
allowable quantity per control area in Group M or S
occupancies complying with Section 414.2.5.

15. The storage of black powder, smokeless propellant
and small arms primers in Groups M and R-3 and
special industrial explosive devices in Groups B, F,
M and S, provided such storage conforms to the
quantity limits and requirements prescribed in the
California Fire Code.

16. [SFM] Group L occupancies as defined in Section
443.1.

307.1.1 Hazardous materials. Hazardous materials in any
quantity shall conform to the requirements of this code,
including Section 414, and the California Fire Code.

[F] 307.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

AEROSOL. A product that is dispensed from an aerosol con-
tainer by a propellant.

Aerosol products shall be classified by means of the calcula-
tion of their chemical heats of combustion and shall be desig-
nated Level 1,2 or 3.

Level 1 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
of combustion that is less than or equal to 8,600 British ther-
mal units per pound (Btu/lb) (20 kJ/g).

Level 2 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
of combustion that is greater than 8,600 Btu/lb (20 kJ/g), but
less than or equal to 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g).

Level 3 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat
combustion that is greater than 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g).

AEROSOL CONTAINER. A metal can or a glass or plastic
bottle designed to dispense an aerosol. Metal cans shall be Um-
ited to a maximum size of 33.8 fluid ounces (1,000 ml). Glass
or plastic bottles shall be limited to a maximum size of 4 fluid
ounces (118 ml).

BALED COTTON. A natural seed fiber wrapped in and
secured with industry accepted materials, usually consisting of
burlap, woven polypropylene, polyethylene or cotton or sheet
polyethylene, and secured with steel, synthetic or wire bands or
wire; also includes linters (lint removed from the cottonseed)
and motes (residual materials from the ginning process).

BALED COTTON, DENSELY PACKED. Cotton made into
banded bales with a packing density of at least 22 pounds per
cubic foot (360 kg/m'), and dimensions complying with the
following: a length of 55 inches (1397 ± 20 mm), a width of 21
inches (533.4 ± 20 mm) and aheight of 27.6 to 35.4 inches (701
to 899 mm).

BARRICADE. A structure that consists of a combination of
walls, floor and roof, which is designed to withstand the rapid
release of energy in an explosion and which is fiaUy confined,
partially vented or fully vented; or other effective method of
shielding from explosive materials by a natural or artificial bar-
rier.

Artificial barricade. An artificial mound or revetment a
minimum thickness of 3 feet (914 mm).

Natural barricade. Natural features of the ground, such as
hills, or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding
exposures that require protection cannot be seen from the
magazine or building containing explosives when the trees
are bare of leaves.

BOILING POINT. The temperature at which the vapor pres-
sure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds
per square inch (psi) (101 kPa) gage or 760 mm of mercury.
Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material
in question, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boil-
ing point, for the purposes of this classification, the 20-percent
evaporated point of a distillation performed in accordance with
ASTM D 86 shall be used as the boiling point of the liquid.

CLOSED SYSTEM. The use of a solid or liquid hazardous
material involving a closed vessel or system that remains
closed during normal operations where vapors emitted by the
product are not liberated outside of the vessel or system and the
product is not exposed to the atmosphere during normal opera-
tions; and all uses of compressed gases. Examples of closed
systems for solids and liquids include product conveyed
through a piping system into a closed vessel, system or piece of
equipment.

COMBUSTIBLE DUST. Finely divided sohd material that is
420 microns or less in diameter and which, when dispersed in
air in the proper proportions, could be ignited by a flame, spark
or other source of ignition. Combustible dust will pass through
a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve.

COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. Readily ignitable and free-burn-
ing materials in a fibrous or shredded form, such as cocoa fiber,
cloth, cotton, excelsior, hay, hemp, henequen, istle, jute, kapok,
oakum, rags, sisal, Spanish moss, straw, tow, wastepaper, cer-
tain synthetic fibers or other like materials. This definition does
not include densely packed baled cotton.

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. A Hquid having a closed cup
flash point at or above 100°F (38°C). Combustible liquids shall
be subdivided as follows:

Class n. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above
100°F (38°C) and below 140°F (60°C).

Class IDA. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or
above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93°C).

Class lllB. Liquids having a closed clip flash point at or
above 200°F(93°C).

The category of combustible hquids does not include com-
pressed gases or cryogenic fluids.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

o
o
■-a

[F] TABLE 307.1(1)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^- '•

m, n, p

MATERIAL

CLASS

GROUP WHEN

THE MAXIMUM

ALLOWABLE

QUANTITY IS

EXCEEDED

STORAGE"

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS"

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS"

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Combustible liquid*^- '

n
mA

lllB

H-2orH-3
H-2orH-3

N/A

120"' =
.330"''=
13,200=-'

N/A

120"

330"

13,200'

N/A

30"

80"

3,300'

Combustible fiber

Loose baled"

H-3

(100)
(1,000)

N/A

(100)
(1,000)

N/A

(20)
(200)

N/A

Consumer fireworks (Class
C, Common)

1.4G

H-3

125". e.i

N/A

Cryogenics flammable

N/A

H-2

N/A

45"

N/A

45"

N/A

10"

Cryogenics, oxidizing

N/A

H-3

N/A

45"

N/A

45"

N/A

10"

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3
Division 1.4
Division 1.4G
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

H-1
H-1
H-1 or 2
H-3
H-3
H-1
H-1

p,g

ie,g
5e.g

SO^'S
125"'=''

ie,g
I'i.e.g

(l)e.g
(l)e.g
(5)=- 8

(50)"=- 8
N/A

(l)e.g

N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.258
0.258

508
N/A
0.258
N/A

(0.25)8
(0.25)8

(1)8

(50)8

N/A

(0.25)8

N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.258
0.258

N/A
N/A
0.258
N/A

(0.25)8
(0.25)8

(1)8

N/A

(0.25)8

N/A

Flammable gas

Gaseous
liquefied

H-2

N/A

N/A
30"''

1,000".'=

N/A

N/A
30". <=

1,000"- =
N/A

N/A

Flammable liquid"

lA IB and IC

H-2
or H-3

N/A

30"'"=
120"- =

N/A

30"
120"

N/A

10"
30"

Combination flammable
liquid (lA, IB, IC)

N/A

H-2
or H-3

N/A

120". ^.h

■ N/A

N/A

1204 h

N/A

30"- h

Flammable solid

N/A

H-3

125"-'=

N/A

125"

N/A

25"

N/A

Organic peroxide

UD
I

n
m

IV
V

H-1
H-2
H-3
H-3

N/A
N/A

ie,g
5d.e

50"-'=

125''' =

(l)e.g

(5)".^
(50)"- <=
(125)"- =

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.258
1" .
50"
125"
N/L
N/L

(0.25)8

(1)

(50)"

(125)"

N/L

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.258
1"
10"
25"
NL
NL

(0.25)8
(1)^
(10)"
(25)"
NL
NL

Oxidizer

4
3k

2
1

H-1

H-2 or H-3

H-3

N/A

ie,g
10d,e

250"'^
4,000='f

(l)e.g

(10)"'=
(250)"''^
(4,000)'='f

N/A

■ N/A

N/A

0.258

250"

4,000'

(0.25)8

(2)"
(250)"
(4,000)'

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

0.258

50"
1,000'

(0.25)8
(2)"
(50)"

(1,000)'

Oxidizing gas

Gaseous
liquefied

H-3

N/A
N/A

N/A
15".=

1,500"' =
N/A

N/A
N/A

N/A
IS-s.^

1,500"- =
N/A

N/A
N/A

(continued)

[F] TABLE 307.1(1)— continued
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD"- <■"■'<■■'

o
o

■n
O
3)

MATERIAL

CLASS

GROUP WHEN

THE MAXIMUM

ALLOWABLE

QUANTITY IS

EXCEEDED

STORAGE"

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS"

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS"

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

atNTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Gas

(cubic feet

at NTP)

Solid pounds
(cubic feet)

Liquid gallons
(pounds)

Pyrophoric material

N/A

H-2

4e,g

(4)e.g

50^ s

(l)i

10'=. g

Unstable (reactive)

4
3
2
1

H-1

H-lorH-2

H-3

N/A

p-g
54 e

50''' =

(l)e,g

(5)".'=
(SO)"*-'

IOI.S

50*'

250"-'

N/L

0.258

50''

(0.25)8

(1)
(50)0

N/L

2=' 8
10<i.e

250"-'
NL

0.258

10"

(0.25)8
(1)"
(10)"

Water reactive

3
2
1

H-2
H-3

N/A

5d.e
50d.e

(so-i-^

N/A
N/A
N/A

5"
50"
NL

(5)"
(50)0
NL

N/A
N/A
N/A

1"
10"
NL

(1)"
(10)"

>
z

O
O
O

>
Z

0)
CO

For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.023 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.
NL = Not Limited; N/A = Not Applicable; UD = Unclassified Detonable

a. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.

b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage.

c. The quantities of alcoholic beverages in retail and wholesale sales occupancies shall not be limited providing the liquids are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1 .3 gallons. In retail and wholesale sales
occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids with the remainder of the solutions not
being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons.

d. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903 .3. 1 . 1 .Where Note e also applies, the increase for
both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, day boxes, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or safety cans. Where Note d also appUes, the increase for
both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

f. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

g. Permitted only in bmldings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
h. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area of Class lA, IB or IC flammable liquids.

i. Inside a building, the maximum capacity of a combustible liquid storage system that is connected to a fuel-oil piping system shall be 660 gallons provided such system complies with the California Fire Code.

j. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column.

k. A maximum quantity of 200 pounds of solid or 20 gallons of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is allowed when such materials are necessary for maintenance purposes, operation or sanitation of equipment. Storage contain-
ers and the manner of storage shall be approved.

1. Net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the iireworks. Where the net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks is not known, 25 percent of the gross weight of the fireworks, including packaging,
shall be used.

m. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703. 1 .2 of the California Fire Code.

n. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 414.2.5, see Tables 414.2.5(1) and 414.2.5(2).

o. Densely packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISO 81 15 shall not be included in this material class.

p. The following shall not be included in determining the maximum allowable quantities:

1. Liquid or gaseous fuel in fiiel tanks on vehicles.

2. Liquid or gaseous fuel in fuel tanks on motorized equipment operated in accordance with this code.

3. Gaseous fuels in piping systems and fixed appliances regulated by the California Mechanical Code.

4. Liquid fiiels in piping systems and fixed appliances regulated by the California Mechanical Code.

Q
O
O
O

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

[F] TABLE 307.1(2)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL POSING A HEALTH HAZARD^"'''

MATERIAL

STORAGE"

USE-CLOSED SYSTEIVIS"

USE-OPEN SYSTEIVIS"

Solid pounds^' '

Liquid gallons
(pounds)^''

Gas (cubic feet
at NTP)'

Solid pounds^

Liquid gallons
(pounds)^

Gas (cubic feet
at NTP)^

Solid pounds^

Liquid gallons
(pounds)^

Corrosive

5,000

500

SlOf'S

5,000

500

SlQf'S

1,000

100

Highly toxic

(10)'

20''

(10)'

20"

(3)'

Toxic

500

(500)'

SlQf

500

(500)'

810f

125

(125)'

For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.028 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

a. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.

b. In retail and wholesale sales occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics, containing not more than 50 per-
cent by volume of water-miscible Uquids and with the remainder of the solutions not being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such materials are pack-
aged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons.

c. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 414.2.4, see Table 414.2.4(1).

d. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity Usted for storage.

e. Quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Where Note f also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

f. Quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures as specified in the California Fire Code.
Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

g. A single cylinder containing 1 50 pounds or less of anhydrous ammonia in a single control area in a nonsprinklered building shall be considered a maximum allow-
able quantity. Two cylinders, each containing 1 50 pounds or less in a single control area, shall be considered a maximum allowable quantity provided the building
is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

h. Allowed only when stored in approved exhausted gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures as specified in the California Fire Code.

i. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column.

j. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703.1.2 of ih& California Fire Code.

COMPRESSED GAS. A material, or mixture of materials
which:

1. Is a gas at 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 pounds per square
inch atmosphere (psia) (101 kPa) or pressure; and

2. Has a boiUng point of 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia
(101 kPa) which is either liquefied, nonliquefied or in so-
lution, except those gases which have no other health- or
physical-hazard properties are not considered to be com-
pressed until the pressure in the packaging exceeds 41
psia (282 kPa) at 68°F (20°C).

The states of a compressed gas are categorized as follows:

1. Nonliquefied compressed gases are gases, other than
those in solution, which are in a packaging under the
charged pressure and ai-e entirely gaseous at a tempera-
ture of 68°F(20°C).

2. Liquefied compressed gases are gases that, in a packag-
ing under the charged pressure, are partially liquid at a
temperature of 68°F (20°C).

3 . Compressed gases in solution are nonliquefied gases that
are dissolved in a solvent.

4. Compressed gas mixtures consist of a mixture of two or
more compressed gases contained in a packaging, the
hazard properties of which afe represented by the proper-
ties of the mixture as a whole.

CONTROL AREA. Spaces within a building where quanti-
ties of hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum allow-
able quantities per control area are stored, dispensed, used or
handled. See also the definition of "Outdoor control area" in
the California Fire Code.

CORROSIVE. A chemical that causes visible destruction of,
or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at
the point of contact. A chemical shall be considered corrosive

if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the method
described in DOTn 49 CFR, Part 173137, such a chemical
destroys or changes irreversibly the structure of the tissue at the
point of contact following an exposure period of 4 hours. This
term does not refer to action on inanimate surfaces.

CRYOGENIC FLUID. A liquid having a boiling point lower
than -150°F (-101°C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmo-
sphere (psia) (an absolute pressure of 101 kPa).

DAY BOX. A portable magazine designed to hold explosive
materials constructed in accordance with the requirements for
a Type 3 magazine as defined and classified in Chapter 33 of
the California Fire Code.

DEFLAGRATION. An exothermic reaction, such as the
extremely rapid oxidation of a flammable dust or vapor in air,
in which the reaction progresses through the unburned material
at a rate less than the velocity of sound. A deflagration can have
an explosive effect.

DETACHED BUILDING. A separate single-story building,
without a basement or crawl space, used for the storage or use
of hazardous materials and located an approved distance from
all structures.

DETONATION. An exothermic reaction characterized by the
presence of a shock wave in the material which establishes and
maintains the reaction. The reaction zone progresses through
the material at a rate greater than the velocity of sound. The
principal heating mechanism is one of shock compression.
Detonations have an explosive effect.

DISPENSING. The pouring or transferring of any material
from a container, tank or similar vessel, whereby vapors, dusts,
fumes, mists or gases ai'e liberated to the atmosphere.

EXPLOSIVE. Any chemical compound, mixture or device,
the primary or common purpose of which is to function by

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

explosion. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite,
black powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators,
safety fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord, igniters and
display fireworks, 1.3G (Class B, Special).

The term "explosive" includes any material determined to be
within the scope of USC Title 1 8 : Chapter 40 and also includes
any material classified as an explosive other than consumer
fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common) by the hazardous materi-
als regulations of DOTn 49 CFR.

High explosive. Explosive material, such as dynamite,
which can be caused to detonate by means of a No. 8 test
blasting cap when unconfined.

Low explosive. Explosive material that will bum or defla-
grate when ignited. It is characterized by a rate of reaction
that is less than the speed of sound. Examples of low explo-
sives include, but are not limited to, black powder; safety
fuse; igniters; igniter cord; fuse lighters; fireworks, 1.3G
(Class B, Special) and propellants, 1.3C.

Mass-detonating explosives. Division 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5
explosives alone or in combination, or loaded into various
types of ammunition or containers, most of which can be
expected to explode virtually instantaneously when a small
portion is subjected to fire, severe concussion, impact, the
impulse of an initiating agent or the effect of a considerable
discharge of energy from without. Materials that react in
this manner represent a mass explosion hazard. Such an
explosive will normally cause severe structural damage to
adjacent objects. Explosive propagation could occur imme-
diately to other items of ammunition and explosives stored
sufficiently close to and not adequately protected from the
initially exploding pile with a time interval short enough so
that two or more quantities must be considered as one for
quantity-distance purposes.

UN/DOTn Class 1 explosives. The former classification
system used by DOTn included the terms "high" and "low"
explosives as defined herein. The following terms further
define explosives under the current system applied by
DOTn for all explosive materials defined as hazard Class 1
materials. Compatibility group letters are used in concert
with the division to specify further limitations on each divi-
sion noted (i.e., the letter G identifies the material as a pyro-
technic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic
substance and similar materials).

Division 1.1. Explosives that have a mass explosion haz-
ard. A mass explosion is one which affects almost the
entire load instantaneously.

Division 1.2. Explosives that have a projection hazard
but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.3. Explosives that have a fire hazard and
either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard
or both, but not a mass explosion hazard.

Division 1.4. Explosives that pose a minor explosion
hazard. The explosive effects are largely confined to the
package and no projection of fragments of appreciable
size or range is to be expected. An external fire must not
cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the
entire contents of the package.

Division 1.5. Very insensitive explosives. This division
is comprised of substances that have a mass explosion
hazard, but that are so insensitive there is very little prob-
ability of initiation or of transition from burning to deto-
nation under normal conditions of transport.

Division 1.6. Extremely insensitive articles which do not
have a mass explosion hazard. This division is comprised
of articles that contain only extremely insensitive deto-
nating substances and which demonstrate a negUgible
probability of accidental initiation or propagation.

FIREWORKS. Any composition or device for the purpose of
producing a visible or audible effect for entertainment pur-
poses by combustion, deflagration or detonation that meets the
definition of 1.4G fireworks or 1.3G fireworks as set forth
herein.

FIREWORKS, 1.3G. (Formerly Class B, Special Fireworks.)
Large fireworks devices, which are explosive materials,
intended for use in fireworks displays and designed to produce
audible or visible effects by combustion, deflagration or deto-
nation. Such 1 .3G fireworks include, but are not limited to, fire-
crackers containing more than 130 miUigrams (2 grains) of
explosive composition, aerial shells containing more than 40
grams of pyrotechnic composition, and other display pieces
which exceed the limits for classification as 1.4G fireworks.
Such 1.3G fireworks are also described as fureworks, UN0335
by the DOTn.

FIREWORKS, 1.4G. (Formerly Class C, Common Fire-
works.) Small fireworks devices containing restricted amounts
of pyrotechnic composition designed primarily to produce vis-
ible or audible effects by combustion. Such 1.4G fireworks
which comply with the construction, chemical composition
and labeling regulations of the DOTn for fireworks, IJN0336,
and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as
set forth in CPSC 16 CFR: Parts 1500 and 1507, are not explo-
sive materials for the purpose of this code.

FLAMMABLE GAS. A material that is a gas at 68°F (20°C)
or less at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmosphere (psia) (101
kPa) of pressure [a material that has a boiling point of 68°F
(20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa)] which:

1 . Is ignitable at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) when in amixture of 13
percent or less by volume with air; or

2. Has a flammable range at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) with air of
at least 12 percent, regardless of the lower limit.

The hmits specified shall be determined at 1 4.7 psi ( 1 1 kPa)
of pressure and a temperature of 68°F (20°C) in accordance
with ASTME 681.

FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. A hquefied compressed
gas which, under a charged pressure, is partially liquid at a tem-
perature of 68°F (20°C) and which is flammable.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID. A liquid having a closed cup flash
point below 100°F (38°C). Flammable liquids are further cate-
gorized into a group known as Class I liquids. The Class I cate-
gory is subdivided as follows:

Class lA. Liquids having a flash point below 73°F (23°C)
and a boiling point below 100°F (38°C).

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Class IB, Liquids having a flash point below VST (23°C)
and a boiling point at or above 100°F (38°C).

Class IC. Liquids having a flash point at or above 73°F
(23°C) and below 100°F (38°C).

The category of flammable liquids does not include com-
pressed gases or cryogenic fluids.

FLAMMABLE MATERL^L, A material capable of being
readily ignited from common sources of heat or at a tempera-
ture of 600°F (316°C) or less.

FLAMMABLE SOLID. A solid, other than a blasting agent
or explosive, that is capable of causing fire through friction,
absorption or moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or
retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which has
an ignition temperature below 212°F (100°C) or which bums
so vigorously and persistently when ignited as to create a seri-
ous hazard. A chemical shall be considered a flammable solid
as determined in accordance with the test method of CPSC 16
CFR; Part 1500.44, if it ignites and burns with a self-sustained
flame at a rate greater than 0. 1 inch (2.5 mm) per second along
its major axis.

FLASH POINT. The minimum temperature in degrees Fahr-
enheit at which a liquid will give off sufficient vapors to form
an ignitable mixture with air near the surface or in the con-
tainer, but will not sustain combustion. The flash point of a liq-
uid shall be determined by appropriate test procedure and
apparatus as specified in ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93 or ASTM D
3278.

HANDLING. The deliberate transport by any means to a point
of storage or use.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. Those chemicals or sub-
stances that are physical hazards or health hazards as defined
and classified in this section and the California Fire Code,
whether the materials are in usable or waste condition.

HEALTH HAZARD. A classification of a chemical for which
there is statistically significant evidence that acute or chronic
health effects are capable of occurring in exposed persons. The
term "health hazard" includes chemicals that are toxic or
highly toxic, and corrosive.

HIGHLY TOXIC. A material which produces a lethal dose or
lethal concentration that falls within any of the following cate-
gories:

1. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50
miUigrams or less per kilogram of body weight when ad-
ministered orally to albino rats weighing between 200
and 300 grams each.

2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200
milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when ad-
ministered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if
death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino
rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

3 . A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LCjq)
in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or
vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume or
dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for 1
hour (or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats
weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.

Mixtures of these materials with ordinary materials, such as
water, might not warrant classification as highly toxic; While
this system is basically simple in application, any hazard evalu-
ation that is required for the precise categorization of this type
of material shall be performed by experienced, technically
competent persons.

INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. Materials that, when
mixed, have the potential to react in a manner that generates
heat, fumes, gases or byproducts which are hazardous to life or
property.

OPEN SYSTEM. The use of a solid or Uquid hazardous mate-
rial involving a vessel or system that is continuously open to the
atmosphere during normal operations and where vapors are
liberated, or the product is exposed to the atmosphere during
normal operations. Examples of open systems for solids and
liquids include dispensing from or into open beakers or con-
tainers, dip tank and plating tank operations.

OPERATING BUILDING. A building occupied in conjunc-
tion with the manufacture, transportation or use of explosive
materials. Operating buildings are separated from one another
with the use of intraplant or intraline distances.

ORGANIC PEROXIDE. An organic compound that contains
the bivalent -0-0- structure and which may be considered to be
a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both
of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic radi-
cal. Organic peroxides can pose an explosion hazard (detona-
tion or deflagration) or they can be shock sensitive. They can
also decompose into various unstable compounds over an
extended period of time.

Class I. Those formulations that are capable of deflagration
but not detonation.

Class H. Those formulations that burn very rapidly and that
pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

Class III. Those formulations that burn rapidly and that
pose a moderate reactivity hazard.

Class IV. Those formulations that burn in the same manner
as ordinary combustibles and that pose a minimal reactivity
hazard.

Class V. Those formulations that bum with less intensity
than ordinary combustibles or do not sustain combustion
and that pose no reactivity hazard.

Unclassified detonable. Organic peroxides that are capable
of detonation. These peroxides pose an extremely high
explosion hazard through rapid explosive decomposition.

OXIDIZER. A material that readily yields oxygen or other
oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate com-
bustion of combustible materials. Examples of other oxidizing
gases include bromine, chlorine and fluorine.

Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reaction
due to contamination or exposure to thermal or physical
shock. Additionally, the oxidizer will enhance the burning
rate and can cause spontaneous ignition of combustibles.

Class 3. An oxidizer that will cause a severe increase in the
burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

in contact or that will undergo vigorous self-sustained
decomposition due to contamination or exposure to heat.

Class 2. An oxidizer that will cause a moderate increase in
the burning rate or that causes spontaneous ignition of com-
bustible materials with which it comes in contact.

Class 1. An oxidizer whose primary hazard is that it slightly
increases the burning rate but which does not cause sponta-
neous ignition when it comes in contact with combustible
materials.

OXIDIZING GAS. A gas that can support and accelerate
combustion of other materials.

PHYSICAL HAZARD. A chemical for which there is evi-
dence that it is a combustible hquid, compressed gas, cryo-
genic, explosive, flammable gas, flammable liquid, flammable
solid, organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric or unstable (reac-
tive) or water-reactive material.

PYROPHORIC. A chemical with an autoignition tempera-
ture in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54.4°C).

PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. A chemical mixture
that produces visible light displays or sounds through a
self-propagating, heat-releasing chemical reaction which is
initiated by ignition.

TOXIC. A chemical falling within any of the following cate-
gories:

1 . A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more
than 50 milligrams per kilogram, but not more than 500
milligrams per kilogram of body weight when adminis-
tered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300
grams each.

2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LDjq) of more
than 200 milligrams per kilogram but not more than
1,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when ad-
ministered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if
death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino
rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.

3 . A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50)
in air of more than 200 parts per million but not more
than 2,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or
more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 mil-
ligrams per liter of mist, fume or dust, when adminis-
tered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if death
occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between
200 and 300 grams each.

UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. A material, other
than an explosive, which in the pure state or as commercially
produced, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense
or become self-reactive and undergo other violent chemical
changes, including explosion, when exposed to heat, friction or
shock, or in the absence of an inhibitor, or in the presence of
contaminants, or in contact with incompatible materials.
Unstable (reactive) materials are subdivided as follows:

Class 4. Materials that in themselves are readily capable of
detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reac-
tion at normal temperatures and pressures. This class
includes materials that are sensitive to mechanical or local-
ized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures.

Class 3. Materials that in themselves are capable of detona-
tion or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but
which require a strong initiating source or which must be
heated under confinement before initiation. This class
includes materials that are sensitive to thermal or mechani-
cal shock at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 2. Materials that in themselves are normally unstable
and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not det-
onate. This class includes materials that can undergo chemi-
cal change with rapid release of energy at normal
temperatures and pressures, and that can undergo violent
chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Class 1. Materials that in themselves are normally stable but
which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and
pressure.

WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL. A material that
explodes; violently reacts; produces flanmiable, toxic or other
hazardous gases; or evolves enough heat to cause autoignition
or ignition of combustibles upon exposure to water or mois-
ture. Water-reactive materials are subdivided as follows:

Class 3. Materials that react explosively with water without
requiring heat or confinement.

Class 2. Materials that react violently with water or have the
ability to boil water. Materials that produce flammable,
toxic or other hazardous gases or evolve enough heat to
cause autoignition or ignition of combustibles upon expo-
sure to water or moisture.

Class 1. Materials that react with water with some release of
energy, but not violently.

[F] 307.3 High-hazard Group H-1. Buildings and structures
containing materials that pose a detonation hazard shall be
classified as Group H-1. Such materials shall include, but not
be limited to, the following:

Explosives:

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3

Exception: Materials that are used and maintained in
a form where either confinement or configuration will
not elevate the hazard from a mass fire to mass explo-
sion hazard shall be allowed in H-2 occupancies.

Division 1.4

Exception: Articles, including articles packaged for
shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regula-
tions, or unpackaged articles used in process opera-
tions that do not propagate a detonation or
deflagration between articles shall be allowed in H-3
occupancies.

Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable

Oxidizers, Class 4

Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 3 detonable and Class 4

Detonable pyrophoric materials

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

[F] 307.4 High-hazard Group H-2. Buildings and structures
containing materials that pose a deflagration hazard or a hazard
from accelerated burning shall be classified as Group H-2.
Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the follow-
ing:

Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids which
are used or stored in normally open containers or systems,
or in closed containers or systems pressurized at more than
15 psi (103.4 kPa) gage.

Combustible dusts

Cryogenic fluids, flammable

Flammable gases

Organic peroxides. Class I

Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally
open containers or systems, or in closed containers or
systems pressurized at more than 15 psi (103 kPa)
gage

Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases, nondetonable

Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 3, nondetonable

Water-reactive materials. Class 3

[F] 307.5 High-hazard Group H-3. Buildings and structures
containing materials that readily support combustion or that
pose a physical hazard shall be classified as Group H-3. Such
materials shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids that are
used or stored in normally closed containers or systems
pressurized at 15 pounds per square inch gauge (103.4
kPa) or less

Combustible fibers, other than densely packed baled cotton

Consumer fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common)

Cryogenic fluids, oxidizing

Flammable solids

Organic peroxides. Class II and in

Oxidizers, Class 2

Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally closed
containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per
square inch gauge (103 kPa) or less

Oxidizing gases

Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 2

Water-reactive materials. Class 2 '

[F] 307.6 High-hazard Group H-4. Buildings and structures
which contain materials that are health hazards shall be classi-
fied as Group H-4. Such materials shall include, but not be lim-
ited to, the following:

Corrosives

Highly toxic materials

Toxic materials

[F] 307.7 High-hazard Group H-5 structures. Semiconduc-
tor fabrication facilities and comparable research and develop-
ment areas in which hazardous production materials (HPM)
are used and the aggregate quantity of materials is in excess of
those listed in Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2) shall be classified
as Group H-5. Such facilities and areas shall be designed and
constructed in accordance with Section 415.8.

[F] 307.8 Multiple hazards. Buildings and structures contain-
ing a material or materials representing hazards that are classi-
fied in one or more of Groups H-1, H-2, H-3 and H-4 shall

conform to the code requirements for each of the occupancies
so classified.

SECTION 308
INSTITUTIONAL GROUP I

308.1 Institutional Group I. Institutional Group I occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a
portion thereof, in which people are cared for or live in a super-
vised environment, having physical limitations because of
health or age are harbored for medical treatment or other care
or treatment, or in which people are detained for penal or cor-
rectional purposes or in which the liberty of the occupants is
restricted. Institutional occupancies shall be classified as
Group I- 1 , 1-2, 1-3 or 1-4. Restraint shall not be permitted in any
building except in Group 1-3 occupancies constructed/or such
use (see Section 308.4).

Where occupancies house both ambulatory and nonambula-
tory persons, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.

308.2 Group I-l. This occupancy shall include buildings,
structures or parts thereof housing clients, on a 24-hour basis,
who because of age, mental disability or other reasons, live in a
supervised residential environment that provides personal care
services.

This occupancy may contain more than six nonambulatory
and/or bedridden clients. (See Section 425, Special Provisions
For Licensed 24-Hour Care Facilities in a Group I-l, R-3.1, or
R-4 Occupancy). This group shall include, but not be Umited
to, the following:

Assisted living facilities such as: Residential Care Facilities,
Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE's), Adult
Residential Facilities, Congregate Living Health facilities,
Group homes, Residential Care Facilities for the Chronically
III, and Congregate Living Health Facilities for the Terminally
III.

Social rehabilitation facilities such as: Halfway houses,
Community Correctional Centers, Community Correction
Reentry Centers, Community Treatment Programs, Work Fur-
lough Programs, and Alcoholism or drug abuse recovery or
treatment facilities.

308.3 Group 1-2. This occupancy shall include buildings and
structures used for medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or
custodial care on a 24-hour basis for more than six persons who
are classified as nonambulatory or bedridden. This group shall
include, but not be limited to, the following:

Hospitals

Nursing homes (both intermediate care facilities and skilled

nursing facilities)
Mental hospitals
Detoxification facilities

308.3.1 Child care facility. A child care facility that pro-
vides care on a 24-hour basis to more than six children 2V2
years of age or less shall be classified as Group 1-2.

308.3.2 Group 1-2.1 ambulatory care facility. A healthcare
facility that receives persons for outpatient medical care
that may render the patient incapable of unassisted

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

self-preservation and where each tenant space accommo-
dates more than five such patients.

308.4 Group 1-3. This occupancy shall include buildings or
portions of buildings and structures that are inhabited by one or
more persons who are under restraint. An 1-3 facility is occu-
pied by persons who are restrained. This group shall include,
but not be limited to, the following:

Prisons
Jails

Reformatories
Detention centers
Correctional centers
Juvenile Halls

Buildings of Group 1-3 shall be classified as one of the
occupancy conditions indicated in Sections 308.4. 1 through
308.4.5 (see Section 408.1).

308.4.1 Condition 1. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed from
sleeping areas, and other spaces v^'here access or occupancy
is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress without
restraint. A Condition 1 facility is permitted to be con-
structed as Group R.

308.4.2 Condition 2. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed fi:om
sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke compartment
to one or more other smoke compartments. Egress to the
exterior is impeded by locked exits.

308.4.3 Condition 3. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is allowed within
individual smoke compartments, such as within a residen-
tial unit comprised of individual sleeping units and group
activity spaces, where egress is impeded by remote-con-
trolled release of means of egress firom such a smoke com-
partment to another smoke compartment.

308.4.4 Condition 4. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is restricted from
an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is provided to
permit movement from sleeping units, activity spaces and
other occupied areas within the smoke compartment to
other smoke compartments.

308.4.5 Condition 5. This occupancy condition shall
include buildings in which free movement is restricted from
an occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release is pro-
vided to permit movement from sleeping units, activity
spaces and other occupied areas within the smoke compart-
ment to other smoke compartments.

308.4.6 Definitions.

For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms are defined
as follows:

CELL is a housing unit in a detention or correctional facil-
ity for the confinement of not more than two inmates or pris-
oners.

CELL COMPLEX is a cluster or group of cells or dormito-
ries in a jail, prison or other detention facility, together with
rooms used for accessory purposes, all of which open into

the cell complex, and are used for functions such as dining,
counseling, exercise, classrooms, sick call, visiting,. storage,
staff offices, control rooms or similar functions, and inter-
connecting corridors all within the cell complex.

CELL TIERS are cells, dormitories and accessory spaces.
Cell tiers are located one level above the other, and do not
exceed two levels per floor A cell tier shall not be consid-
ered a story or mezzanine.

DAY ROOM is a room which is adjacent to a cell, or cell tier,
or dormitory and which is used as a dining, exercise or other
activity room for inmates.

DORMITORY is an area occupied by no less than three
inmates.

HOLDING FACILITY means a detention or correctional
facility or area where inmates, staff and public are not
housed but are restrained.

HOUSING UNIT is an area intended to lodge inmates on a
24-hour basis where accommodations are provided for
sleeping.

RESTRAINT shall mean the physical retention of a person
within a room, cell or holding facility by any means, or
within a building by means of locked doors.

308.5 Group 1-4, day care facilities. This group shall include
buildings and structures occupied by persons of any age who
receive custodial care for less than 24 hours by individuals
other than parents or guardians, relatives by blood, marriage or
adoption and in a place other than the home of the person cared
for. A facility such as the above with six or fewer persons shall
be classified as a Group R-3. Places of worship during religious
functions are not included.

308.5.1 Adult care facility. A facility that provides accom-
modations for less than 24 hours for more than six unrelated
adults and provides supervision and personal care services
shall be classified as Group 1-4.

308.5.2 Cliild care facility. A facility that provides supervi-
sion and personal care on less than a 24-hour basis for more
than six children 2 '4 years of age or less shall be classified as
Group 1-4.

Exception: A child day care facility that provides care
for more than six but no more than 1 00 children 2 Vj years
or less of age, when the rooms where such children are
cared for are located on the level of exit discharge and
each of these child care rooms has an exit door directly to
the exterior, shall be classified as Group E.

308.5.2.1 Special provisions. See Section 442.4 for
daycares located above or below the first story.

SECTION 309
MERCANTILE GROUP M

309.1 Mercantile Group M. Mercantile Group M occupancy
includes, among others, buildings and structures or a portion
thereof, for the display and sale of merchandise, and involves
stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental to such pur-

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

poses and accessible to the public. Mercantile occupancies
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Department stores

Drug stores

Markets

Motor fuel-dispensing facilities

Retail or wholesale stores

Sales rooms

309.2 Quantity of hazardous materials. The aggregate quan-
tity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or
noncombustible liquid hazardous materials stored or displayed
in a single control area of a Group M occupancy shall not
exceed the quantities in Table 414.2.5(1).

SECTION 310
RESIDENTIAL GROUP R

310.1 Residential Group R. Residential Group R includes,
among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion
thereof, for sleeping purposes when not classified as an Institu-
tional Group I. Residential occupancies shall include the fol-
lowing:

R-1 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units
where the occupants are primarily transient in nature,
including:

Boarding houses (transient)

Hotels (transient)

Motels (transient)

[HCD 1] Efficiency dwelling units (transient)

R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or
more than two dwelling units where the occupants are
primarily permanent in nature, including:

Apartment houses

Boarding houses (not transient)

Convents

Dormitories

Fraternities and sororities

Hotels (nontransient)

Monasteries

Motels (nontransient)

Vacation timeshare properties

[HCD 1] Efficiency dwelling units (nontransient)

Congregate living facilities with 16 or fewer occu-
pants are permitted to comply with the construction
requirements for Group R-3.

R-3 Residential occupancies where the occupants are pri-
marily permanent in nature and not classified as Group
R-1, R-2, R-3.1, R-4 or I, including:

Buildings other than townhouses that do not contain

more than two dwelling units.
Townhouses not more than three stories above grade

in height with a separate means of egress.
[SFM] Adult care facilities that provide accommoda-
tions for clients of any age for less than 24 hours.
Licensing categories that may use this classification
include, but are not limited to: Adult Day-care Facili-
ties, Adult Day-support Center

[SFM] Child care facilities that provide accommoda-
tions for clients of any age for less than 24 hours.
Licensing categories that may use this classification
include, but are not limited to:
Family Day-care Homes, Day-care Center for
Mildly III Children, Infant Care Center and
School Age Child Day-care Center
Congregate living facilities with 1 6 or fewer persons.

R-3.1. [SFM] This occupancy group may include facilities
licensed by a governmental agency for a residen-
tially based 24-hour care facility providing accom-
modations for six or fewer clients of any age. Clients
may be classified as ambulatory, nonambulatory or
bedridden. A Group R-3. 1 occupancy shall meet the
requirements for construction as defined for Group
R-3, except as otherwise provided for in Section 425,
Special Provisions For Licensed 24-Hour Care Fa-
cilities in a Group I- 1, R-3.1 or R-4 Occupancy. This
group may include:

Adult Residential Facilities

Congregate Living Health Facilities

Foster Family Homes

Group Homes

Intermediate Care Facilities for the Developmen-
tally Disabled Habilitative

Intermediate Care Facilities for the Developmen-
tally Disabled Nursing

Nurseries for the full-time care of children under
the age of six, but not including "infants" as
defined in Section 310

Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly

Small Family Homes and Residential Care Facili-
ties for the Chronically III

Exception: Group Homes licensed by the
Department of Social Services which provide
nonmedical board, room and care for six or
fewer ambulatory children or children two
years of age or younger, and which do not have
any nonambulatory clients shall not be subject
to regulations found in Section 425.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section
13143 with respect to these exempted facilities, no
city, county, or public district shall adopt or enforce
any requirement for the prevention of fire or for the
protection of life and property against fire and panic
unless the requirement would be applicable to a
structure regardless of the special occupancy. Noth-
ing shall restrict the application of state or local
housing standards to such facilities if the standards
are applicable to residential occupancies and are
not based on the use of the structure as a facility for
ambulatory children. For the purpose of this excep-
tion, "ambulatory children" does not include rela-
tives of the licensee or the licensee's spouse.

R-4 Residential occupancies shall include buildings ar-
ranged for occupancy as residential care/assisted living
facilities including more than six ambulatory clients,
excluding staff.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Group R-4 occupancies shall meet the require-
ments for construction as defined for Group R-3,
except as otherwise provided for in this code.

This occupancy classification may include a maxi-
mum six nonambulatory or bedridden clients (see Sec-
tion 425, Special Provisions For Licensed 24-Hour Care
Facilities in a Group I-l, R-3.1, or R-4 Occupancy).
Group R-4 occupancies shall include the following:

Assisted living facilities such as: Residential care
facilities, Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly
(RCFE's), Adult Residential Facilities, Congregate Liv-
ing Health facilities, and Group homes.

Social rehabilitation facilities such as: Halfway
houses. Community Correctional Centers, Community
Correction Reentry Centers, Community Treatment Pro-
grams, Work Furlough Programs, and Alcoholism or
drug abuse recovery or treatment facilities.

310.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

AGED HOME OR INSTITUTION [SFM] is a facility used
for the housing of persons 65 years of age or older in need of
care and supervision. (See definition of "Care and supervi-
sion. ")

BEDRIDDEN PERSON [SFM] means a person, requiring
assistance in turning and repositioning in bed, or being unable
to independently transfer to and from bed, except in facilities
with appropriate and sufficient care staff, mechanical devices if
necessary, and safety precautions as determined in Title 22 reg-
ulations, by the Director of Social Services or his or her desig-
nated representative.

The Director of Social Services or his or her designated rep-
resentative shall make the determination of the bedridden sta-
tus of persons with developmental disabilities, in consultation
with the Director of Developmental Services or his or her des-
ignated representative.

The Director of Social Services or his or her designated rep-
resentative shall make the determination of the bedridden sta-
tus of all other persons with disabilities who are not
developmentally disabled.

BOARDING HOUSE. A building arranged or used for lodg-
ing for compensation, with or without meals, and not occupied
as a single-family unit.

CARE AND SUPERVISION [SFM] means any one or more
of the following activities provided by a person or facility to
meet the needs of the clients:

Assistance in dressing, grooming, bathing and other per-
sonal hygiene.

Assistance with taking medication.

Central storage and/or distribution of medications.

Arrangement of and assistance with medical and dental
care.

Maintenance of house rules for the protection of clients.

Supervision of client schedules and activities.

Maintenance and/or supervision of client cash resources or
property.

Monitoring of food intake or special diets.

Providing basic services required by applicable law and
regulation to be provided by the licensee in order to obtain
and maintain a community-care facility license.

CATASTROPHICALLY INJURED, [SFM] as termed, means
a person whose origin of disability was acquired through
trauma or nondegenerative neurologic illness, for whom it has
been determined by the Department of Health Services Certifi-
cation and Licensing that active rehabilitation would be bene-
ficial.

CHILD-CARE CENTER [SFM] is any facility of any capac-
ity other than a large or small family day-care home as defined
in these regulations in which less than 24-hour-per-day
nonmedical supervision is provided for children in a group set-
ting.

CHILD OR CHILDREN [SFM] is a person or persons under
the age of 18 years.

CHRONICALLY ILL [B] [SFM] See "Terminally ill."

CONGREGATE LIVING HEALTH FACILITY (CLHF),

[SFM] as termed, is a residential home with a capacity of no
more than six beds, which provides inpatient care, including
the following basic services: medical supervision, 24-hour
skilled nursing and supportive care, pharmacy, dietary, social
recreational, and at least provides services for persons who are
diagnosed with a terminal illness or who are catastrophically
and severely disabled.

CONGREGATE LIVING FACILITIES. A building or part
thereof that contains sleeping units where residents share bath-
room and/or kitchen facilities.

CONGREGATE RESIDENCE [SFM] is any building or por-
tion thereof that contains facilities for living, sleeping and san-
itation, as required by this code, and may include facilities for
eating and cooking, for occupancy by other than a family. A
congregate residence may be a shelter, convent, monastery,
dormitory, fraternity or sorority house, but does not include
jails, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels or lodging houses.

DAY CARE [SFM] shall, for the purposes of these regulations,
mean the care of persons during any period of a 24-hour day
where permanent sleeping accommodations are not provided.

Note: "Day care" shall not be construed to preclude the use
of cots or mats for napping purposes, provided all employ-
ees, attendants and staff personnel are awake and on duty in
the area where napping occurs.

DAY-CARE HOME, LARGE FAMILY [SFM] is a provider's
own home which is licensed to provide day care for periods less
than 24 hours per day for nine to 14 persons, including chil-
dren under the age of 10 years who reside at the home.

DAY-CARE HOME, SMALL FAMILY [SFM] is a home
which provides family day care to eight or fewer children,
including children under the age of 10 years who reside at the
home, in the provider's own home, for periods of less than 24
hours per day. Small-family day-care homes are exemptedfrom
state fire and life safety regulations other than those state and

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

local standards applicable to Group R, Division 3 occupan-
cies. [See Health and Safety Code, Section 13143 (b).]

DORMITORY. A space in a building where group sleeping
accommodations are provided in one room, or in a series of
closely associated rooms, for persons not members of the same
family group, under joint occupancy and single management,
as in college dormitories or fraternity houses.

FULL-TIME CARE [B][SFM] shall mean the establishment
and routine care of persons on an hourly, daily, weekly,
monthly, yearly or permanent basis, whether for 24 hours per
day or less, and where sleeping accommodations are provided.

INFANT, [B] [SFM] for the purpose of these regulations, shall
mean any child who because of age only, is unable to walk and
requires the aid of another person to evacuate the building. In
no case shall the term "infant" mean a child beyond two years
of age.

MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS, PROFOUNDLY OR
SEVERELY [B] [SFM] shall mean any retarded person who is
unable to evacuate a building unassisted during emergency
conditions.

Note: The determination as to such incapacity shall be
made by the Director of the State Department of Public
Health or his or her designated representative pursuant to
Health and Safety Code Section 13131.3.

NONAMBULATORY PERSONS [B] [SFM] are persons
unable to leave a building unassisted under emergency condi-
tions. It includes, but is not limited to, persons who depend on
mechanical aids such as crutches, walkers and wheelchairs
and any person who is unable to physically and mentally
respond to a sensory signal approved by the State Fire Marshal
or an oral instruction relating to fire danger.

The determination of ambulatory or nonambulatory status of
persons with developmental disabilities shall be made by the
Director of Social Services or his or her designated representa-
tive, in consultation with the director of Developmental Ser-
vices or his or her designated representative. The
determination of ambulatory or nonambulatory status of all
other disabled persons placed after January 1, 1984, who are
not developmentally disabled shall be made by the Director of
Social Services or his or her designated representative.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE CHRONI-
CALLY ILL (RCF/CI) [SFM] as termed, means a housing
arrangement with a maximum capacity of 25 residents that
provides a range of services to residents who have chronic,
life-threatening illnesses.

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITY FOR THE ELDERLY
(RCFE) [SFM] as defined in Health and Safety Code Section
1569.2, shall mean a facility with a housing arrangement cho-
sen voluntarily by persons 60 years of age or over, or their
authorized representative, where varying levels and intensities
of care and supervision, protective supervision or personal
care are provided, based on their varying needs, as determined
in order to be admitted and to remain in the facility. Persons
under 60 years of age with compatible needs, as determined by

the Department of Social Services in regulations, may be
allowed to be admitted or retained in a residential care facility
for the elderly.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133, regula-
tions of the state fire marshal pertaining to Group R, Division 2
occupancies classified as Residential Facilities (RF) and Resi-
dential Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE) shall apply uni-
formly throughout the state and no city, county, city and county,
including a charter city or charter county, or fire protection
district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or local rule or
regulation relating to fire andpanic safety which is inconsistent
with these regulations. A city, county, city and county, including
a charter city or charter county may pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 13143.5, or afire protection district may
pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13869.7, adopt
standards more stringent than those adopted by the state fire
marshal that are reasonably necessary to accommodate local
climate, geological, or topographical conditions relating to
roof coverings for Residential-Care Facilities for the Elderly.

RESIDENTIAL FACILITY (RF) [SFM] as defined in Section
1502 of the Health and Safety Code, shall mean any family
home, group care facility, or similar facility determined by the
director of Social Services, for 24-hour nonmedical care of
persons in need of personal services, supervision, or assis-
tance essential for sustaining the activities of daily living or for
the protection of the individual. Such facilities include small
family homes and social rehabilitation facilities.

Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133, regula-
tions of the State Fire Marshal pertaining to Group R Occupan-
cies classified as Residential Facilities (RF) and Residential
Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE) shall apply uniformly
throughout the state and no city, county, city and county,
including a charter city or charter county, or fire protection
district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or local rule or
regulation relating to fire andpanic safety which is inconsistent
with these regulations. A city, county, city and county, including
a charter city or charter county may pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 13143.5, or a fire protection district may
pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13869.7, adopt
standards more stringent than those adopted by the state fire
marshal that are reasonably necessary to accommodate local
climate, geological, or topographical conditions relating to
roof coverings for Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly.

TERMINALLY ILL [SFM] as termed for an individual,
means the individual has a life expectancy of six months or less
as stated in writing by his or her attending physician and sur-
geon.

TRANSIENT. Occupancy of a dwelling unit or sleeping unit
for not more than 30 days.

310.3 Large-family day care homes. [SFM]

310.3.1 For purposes of clarification. Health and Safety
Code Section 1597.46 is repeated.

(a) A city, county, or city and county shall not prohibit
large-family day-care homes on lots zoned for sin-

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

gle-family dwellings, but shall do one of the follow-
ing:

(1) Classify these homes as a permitted use of res-
idential property for zoning purposes.

(2) Grant a nondiscretionary permit to use a lot
zoned for a single-family dwelling to any
large-family day care home that complies
with local ordinances prescribing reasonable
standards, restrictions, and requirements
concerning spacing and concentration, traffic
control, parking, and noise control relating to
such homes, and complies with subdivision
(d) and any regulations adopted by the State
Fire Marshal pursuant to that subdivision.
Any noise standards shall be consistent with
local noise ordinances implementing the
noise element of the general plan and shall
take into consideration the noise level gener-
ated by children. The permit issued pursuant
to this paragraph shall be granted by the zon-
ing administrator, if any, or if there is no zon-
ing administrator by the person or persons
designated by the planning agency to grant
such permits, upon the certification without a
hearing.

(3) Require any large-family day care home to
apply for a permit to use a lot zoned for sin-
gle-family dwellings. The zoning administra-
tor, if any, or if there is no zoning
administrator, the person or persons desig-
nated by the planning agency to handle the
use permits shall review and decide the appli-
cations. The use permit shall be granted if the
large-family day care home complies with lo-
cal ordinances, if any, prescribing reasonable
standards, restrictions, and requirements
concerning spacing and concentration, traffic
control, parking, and noise control relating to
such homes, and complies with subdivision
(d) and any regulations adopted by the State
Fire Marshal pursuant to that subdivision.

Any noise standards shall be consistent with lo-
cal noise ordinances implementing the noise ele-
ment of the general plan and shall take into
consideration the noise levels generated by chil-
dren.

The local government shall process any re-
quired permit as economically as possible, and
fees charged for review shall not exceed the costs
of the review and permit process. Not less than 10
days prior to the date on which the decision will be
made on the application, the zoning administrator
or person designated to handle such use permits
shall give notice of the proposed use by mail or de-
livery to all owners shown on the last equalized as-
sessment roll as owning real property within a
100-foot (30 480 mm) radius of the exterior bound-
aries of the proposed large-family day care home.
No hearing on the application for a permit issued

pursuant to this paragraph shall be held before a
decision is made unless a hearing is requested by
the applicant or other affected person. The appli-
cant or other affected person may appeal the deci-
sion. The appellant shall pay the cost, if any, of the
appeal.

(b) A large-family day-care home shall not be subject to
the provisions of Division 13 (commencing with
Section 21000) of the Public Resources Code.

(c) Use of a single-family dwelling for the purposes of a
large-family day care home shall not constitute a
change of occupancy for purposes of Part 1.5 (com-
mencing with Section 17910) of Division 13 (State
Housing Law), or for purposes of local building and
fire codes.

(d) Large-family day care homes shall be considered as
single-family residences for the purposes of the
State Uniform Building Standards Code and local
building and fire codes, except with respect to any
additional standards specifically designed to pro-
mote the fire and life safety of the children in these
homes adopted by the State Fire Marshal pursuant
to this subdivision.

310.3.2 Smoke alarm. Large-family day care homes shall
be equipped with State Fire Marshal approved and listed
single-station residential-type smoke alarms. The number
and placement of smoke alarms shall be determined by the
enforcement authority.

310.3.3 Fire extinguishers. Large- and small-family day
care homes shall be equipped with a portable fire extin-
guisher having a minimum 2- A: 10-B:C rating.

310.3.4 Fire alarm devices. Every large-family day care
home shall be provided with at least one manual device at a
location approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
Such device shall actuate afire alarm signal, which shall be
audible throughout the facility at a minimum level of 15 db
above ambient noise level. These devices need not be inter-
connected to any other fire alarm device, have a control
panel or be electrically supervised or provided with emer-
gency power. Such device or devices shall be attached to the
structure and may be of any type acceptable to the enforcing
agent, provided that such devices are distinctive in tone and
are audible throughout the structure.

310.3.5 Compliance. Every large-family day care home
shall comply with the provisions for Group R-3 occupan-
cies.

Enforcement of these provisions shall be in accordance
with the Health and Safety Code Sections 13145 and 13146.
No city, county, city and county, or district shall adopt or
enforce any building ordinance or local rule or regulation
relating to the subject of fire and life safety in large-family
day care homes which is inconsistent with those standards
adopted by the State Fire Marshal, except to the extent the
building ordinance or local rule or regulation applies to sin-
gle-family residences in which day care is not provided.

310.3.6 Special hazards. Every unenclosed gas-fired water
heater or furnace which is within the area used for child

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

care in a large-family day care home shall be protected in
such a way as to prevent children from making contact with
those appliances.

Exception: This does not apply to kitchen stoves or
ovens.

SECTION 311
STORAGE GROUP S

311.1 Storage Group S. Storage Group S occupancy includes,
among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion
thereof, for storage that is not classified as a hazardous occu-
pancy.

311.2 Moderate-hazard storage, Group S-1. Buildings
occupied for storage uses that are not classified as Group S-2,
including, but not limited to, storage of the following:

Aerosols, Levels 2 and 3

Aircraft repair hangar

Bags: cloth, burlap and paper

Bamboos and rattan

Baskets

Belting: canvas and leather

Books and paper in rolls or packs

Boots and shoes

Buttons, including cloth covered, pearl or bone

Cardboard and cardboard boxes

Clothing, woolen wearing apparel

Cordage

Dry boat storage (indoor)

Furniture

Furs

Glues, mucilage, pastes and size

Grains

Horns and combs, other than celluloid

Leather

Linoleum

Lumber

Motor vehicle repair garages complying with the maximum

allowable quantities of hazardous materials listed in

Table 307. 1(1) (see Section 406.6)
Photo engravings
Resilient flooring
Silks
Soaps
Sugar

Tires, bulk storage of
Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and snuff
Upholstery and mattresses
Wax candles

311.3 Low-hazard storage, Group S-2. Includes, among oth-
ers, buildings used for the storage of noncombustible materials
such as products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with or
without single thickness divisions; or in paper wrappings. Such
products are permitted to have a negligible amount of plastic
trim, such as knobs, handles or film wrapping. Storage uses
shall include, but not be limited to, storage of the following:

Aircraft hangar
Asbestos

Beverages up to and including 12-percent alcohol in metal,

glass or ceramic containers
Cement in bags
Chalk and crayons

Dairy products in nonwaxed coated paper containers
Dry cell batteries
Electrical coils
Electrical motors
Empty cans
Food products

Foods in noncombustible containers
Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers
Frozen foods
Glass

Glass botdes, empty or filled with noncombustible liquids
Gypsum board
Inert pigments
Ivory
Meats

Metal cabinets

Metal desks with plastic tops and trim
Metal parts
Metals
Mirrors

Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers
Parking garages, open or enclosed
Porcelain and pottery
Stoves

Talc and soapstones
Washers and dryers

SECTION 312
UTILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U

312.1 General. Buildings and structures of an accessory char-
acter and miscellaneous structures not classified in any specific
occupancy shall be constructed, equipped and maintained to
conform to the requirements of this code commensurate with
the fire and life hazard incidental to their occupancy. Group U
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

Agricultural buildings

Aircraft hangars, accessory to a one- or two-family resi-
dence (see Section 412.3)
Bams
Carports

Fences more than 6 feet (1829 mm) high
Grain silos, accessory to a residential occupancy
Greenhouses
Livestock shelters
Private garages
Retaining walls
Sheds
Stables
Tanks
Towers

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

66 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE

CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED

ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

♦

(

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed beiow)

♦

Adopt oniy those sections
that are listed beiow

Chapter/
Section

Codes

403.1

403.1.1

403.1.2

403.2

403.3.1

403.9

403.12

403.13

403.13.1

403.13.2

403.15

404.5

404.9

405.1

406.2.2

IBC

406.7-406.7.4

♦

•

407.1

407.2

407.2.1

407.2.2

407.3

407.3.1

407.3.1.1

407.3.3

407.3.4

407.4

407.4.2

407.5

407.5.1

407.6

407.7

407.8

408.1.1

408.2

408.3.1.1

408.3.4

408.3.4.1

408.3.4.2

408.3.4.3

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Ctiapter

♦

Adopt Entire Chapter as
amended (amended sections
listed below)

♦

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter /Section

Codes

408.3.4.4

408.3.6

408.3.6.1

408.3.6.2

408.4

408.4.3

408.5

408.6

408.7

408.7.1

408.9 -
408.14

409.3

IBC

410.2 Platform
& Stage

IBC

412.1.6

419,1

419.4

419.4.1

419.4.2

419.4.3

419.4.4

419.5

419.6

425

426

430

431

432

433

434

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY (Continued)

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Chapter

♦

Adopt Entire Chapter as.
amended (amended sections
listed below)

♦

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter/
Section

Codes

436

439

440

442

443

445

The ♦ designation indicates thatttie Office of the State Fire IVIarshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is
applicable to structures subject to HCD 1 and/or HCD 2 or DSA-SS.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

70 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 4

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND

OCCUPANCY

SECTION 401
SCOPE

401.1 Detailed use and occupancy requirements. In addition
to the occupancy and construction requirements in this code,
the provisions of this chapter apply to the special uses and
occupancies described herein.

SECTION 402
COVERED MALL BUILDINGS

402.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
buildings or structures defined herein as covered mall buildings
not exceeding three floor levels at any point nor more than three
stories above grade plane. Except as specifically required by
this section, covered mall buildings shall meet applicable pro-
visions of this code.

Exceptions:

1. Foyers and lobbies of Groups B, R-1 and R-2 are not
required to comply with this section.

2. Buildings need not comply with the provisions of this
section when they totally comply with other applica-
ble provisions of this code.

402.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

ANCHOR BUILDING. An exterior perimeter building of a
group other than H having direct access to. a covered mall build-
ing but having required means of egress independent of the
mall.

COVERED MALL BUILDING. A single building enclosing
a number of tenants and occupants such as retail stores, drink-
ing and dining establishments, entertainment and amusement
facilities, passenger transportation terminals, offices, and other
similar uses wherein two or more tenants have a main entrance
into one or more malls. For the purpose of this chapter, anchor
buildings shall not be considered as a part of the covered mall
building.

FOOD COURT. A public seating area located in the mall that
serves adjacent food preparation tenant spaces.

GROSS LEASABLE AREA. The total floor area designed
for tenant occupancy and exclusive use. The area of tenant
occupancy is measured from the centerlines of joint partitions
to the outside of the tenant walls. All tenant areas, including
areas used for storage, shall be included in calculating gross
leasable area.

MALL. A roofed or covered common pedestrian area within a
covered mall building that serves as access for two or more ten-
ants and not to exceed three levels that are open to each other.

402.3 Lease plan. Each covered mall building owner shall pro-
vide both the building and fire departments with a lease plan
showing the location of each occupancy and its exits after the
certificate of occupancy has been issued. No modifications or
changes in occupancy or use shall be made from that shown on
the leajse plan without prior approval of the building official.

402.4 Means of egress. Each tenant space and the covered mall
building shall be provided with means of egress as required by
this section and this code. Where there is a conflict between the
requirements of this code and the requirements of this section,
the requirements of this section shall apply.

402.4.1 Determination of occupant load. The occupant
load permitted in any individual tenant space in a covered
mair building shall be determined as required by this code.
Means of egress requirements for individual tenant spaces
shall be based on the occupant load thus determined.

402.4.1.1 Occupant formula. In determining required
means of egress of the mall, the number of occupants for
whom means of egress are to be provided shall be based
on gross leasable area of the covered mall building
(excluding anchor buildings) and the occupant load fac-
tor as determined by the following equation.

OLF= (0.00007) <iGLA) + 25
where:

(Equation 4-1)

OLF = The occupant load factor (square feet per per-
son).

GLA = The gross leasable area (square feet).

402.4.1.2 OLF range. The occupant load factor (OLF) is
not required to be less than 30 and shall not exceed 50.

402.4.1.3 Anchor buildings. The occupant load of
anchor buildings opening into the mall shall not be
included in computing the total number of occupants for
the mall.

402.4.1.4 Food courts. The occupant load of a food
court shall be determined in accordance with Section
1004. For the purposes of determining the means of
egress requirements for the mall, the food court occupant
load shall be added to the occupant load of the covered
mall building as calculated above.

402.4.2 Number of means of egress. Wherever the dis-
tance of travel to the mall from any location within a tenant
space used by persons other than employees exceeds 75 feet
(22 860 mm) or the tenant space has an occupant load of 50
or more, not less than two means of egress shall be provided.

402.4.3 Arrangements of means of egress. Assembly
occupancies with an occupant load of 500 or more shall be
so located in the covered mall building that their entrance
will be immediately adjacent to a principal entrance to the

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

mall and shall have not less than one-half of their required
means of egress opening directly to the exterior of the cov-
ered mall building.

402.4.3.1 Anchor building means of egress. Required
means of egress for anchor buildings shall be provided
independently from the mall means of egress system.
The occupant load of anchor buildings opening into the
mall shall not be included in determining means of egress
requirements for the mall. The path of egress travel of
malls shall not exit through anchor buildings. Malls ter-
minating at an anchor building where no other means of
egress has been provided shall be considered as a
dead-end mall.

402.4.4 Distance to exits. Within each individual tenant
space in a covered mall building, the maximum distance of
travel from any point to an exit or entrance to the mall shall
not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

The maximum distance of travel from any point within a
mall to an exit shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

402.4.5 Access to exits. Where more than one exit is
required, they shall be so arranged that it is possible to travel
in either direction from any point in a maU to separate exits.
The minimum width of an exit passageway or corridor from
a mall shall be 66 inches (1676 mm).

Exception: Dead ends not exceeding a length equal to
twice the width of the mall measured at the narrowest
location within the dead-end portion of the mall.

402.4.5.1 Exit passageways. Where exit passageways
provide a secondary means of egress from a tenant space,
doorways to the exit passageway shall be protected by
1-hour fire door assembUes that are self- or automatic
closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section
715.4.7.3.

402.4.6 Service areas fronting on exit passageways.

Mechanical rooms, electrical rooms, building service areas
and service elevators are permitted to open directly into exit
passageways, provided the exit passageway is separated
from such rooms with not less than 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated fire barriers and 1-hour opening protectives.

402.5 Mall width. For the purpose of providing required
egress, malls are permitted to be considered as corridors but
need not comply with the requirements of Section 1005.1 of
this code where the width of the mall is as specified in this
section.

402.5.1 Minimum width. The minimum width of the mall
shall be 20 feet (6096 mm). The mall width shall be suffi-
cient to accommodate the occupant load served. There shall
be a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) clear exit width to a
height of 8 feet (2438 mm) between any projection of a ten-
ant space bordering the mall and the nearest kiosk, vending
machine, bench, display opening, food court or other
obstruction to means of egress travel.

402.6 Types of construction. The area of any covered mall
building, including anchor buildings, of Type 1, 11, III and IV
construction, shall not be limited provided the covered mall

building and attached anchor buildings and parking garages are
surrounded on all sides by a permanent open space of not less
than 60 feet (18 288 mm) and the anchor buildings do not
exceed three stories in height. The allowable height and area of
anchor buildings greater than three stores in height shall com-
ply with Section 503, as modified by Sections 504 and 506. The
construction type of open parking garages and enclosed park-
ing garages shall comply with Sections 406.3 and 406.4,
respectively.

402.7 Fire-resistance-rated separation. Fire-resis-
tance-rated separation is not required between tenant spaces
and the maU. Fire-resistance-rated separation is not required
between a food court and adjacent tenant spaces or the mall.

402.7.1 Attached garage. An attached garage for the stor-
age of passenger vehicles having a capacity of not more than
nine persons and open parking garages shall be considered
as a separate building where it is separated from the covered
mall building by a fire barrier having a fire-resistance rating
of at least 2 hours.

Exception: Where an open parking garage or enclosed
parking garage is separated from the covered mall build-
ing or anchor building a distance greater than 10 feet
(3048 mm), the provisions of Table 602 shall apply.
Pedestrian walkways and tunnels which attach the open
parking garage or enclosed parking garage to the covered
mall building or anchor building shall be constructed in
accordance with Section 3104.

402.7.2 Tenant separations. Each tenant space shall be
separated from other tenant spaces by a fire partition com-
plying with Section 708. A tenant separation wall is not
required between any tenant space and the mall.

402.7.3 Anchor building separation. An anchor building
shall be separated from the covered mall building by fire
walls complying with Section 705.

Exception: Anchor buildings of not more than three sto-
ries above grade plane that have an occupancy classifica-
tion the same as that permitted for tenants of the covered
mall building shall be separated by 2-hour fire-resistive
fire barriers complying with Section 706.

402.7.3.1 Openings between anchor building and
mall. Except for the separation between Group R-1
sleeping units and the mall, openings between anchor
buildings of Type lA, IB, EA and IIB construction and
the mall need not be protected.

[F] 402.8 Automatic sprinkler system. The covered mall
building and buildings connected shall be equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1, which shall comply with the following:

1. The automatic sprinkler system shall be complete and
operative throughout occupied space in the covered mall
building prior to occupancy of any of the tenant spaces.
Unoccupied tenant spaces shall be similarly protected
unless provided with approved alternate protection.

2. Sprinkler protection for the mall shall be independent
from that provided for tenant spaces or anchors. Where

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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tenant spaces are supplied by the same system, they shall
be independently controlled.

Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be
required in spaces or areas of open parking garages con-
structed in accordance with Section 406.2.

[F] 402.8.1 Standpipe system. The covered mall building
shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe system as
required by Section 905.3.3.

402.9 Smoke control. A smoke control system shall be pro-
vided where required for atriums in Section 404.

402.10 Kiosks. Kiosks and similar structures (temporary or
permanent) shall meet the following requirements:

1. Combustible kiosks or other structures shall not be lo-
cated within the mall unless constructed of any of the fol-
lowing materials:

1.1. Fire-retardant-treated wood complying with
Section 2303.2.

1.2. Foam plastics having a maximum heat release
rate not greater than lOOkW (105 Btu/h) when
tested in accordance with the exhibit booth proto-
col in UL 1975.

1.3. Aluminum composite material (ACM) having a
flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450
when tested as an assembly in the maximum
thickness intended for use in accordance with
ASTME84.

2. Kiosks or similar structures located within the mall shall
be provided with approved fire suppression and detec-
tion devices.

3. The minimum horizontal separation between kiosks or
groupings thereof and other structures within the mall
shall be 20 feet (6096 mm).

4. Each kiosk or similar structure or groupings thereof shall
have a maximum area of 300 square feet (28 m^).

402.11 Children's playground structures. Structures
intended as children's playgrounds that exceed 10 feet (3048
nam) in height and 150 square feet (14 m^) in area shall comply
with the following.

402.11.1 Materials. Children's playground structures shall
be constructed of noncombustible materials or of combusti-
ble materials that comply with the following:

1. Fire-retardant-treated wood.

2. Light-transmitting plastics complying with Section
2606.

3. Foam plastics (including the pipe foam used in
soft-contained play equipment structures) having a
maximum heat-release rate not greater than 100 kW
when tested in accordance with UL 1975.

4. Aluminum composite material (ACM) meeting the
requirements of Class A interior finish in accordance
with Chapter 8 when tested as an assembly in the
maximum thickness intended for use.

5. Textiles and films complying with the flame propaga-
tion performance criteria contained in NFPA 701.

6. Plastic materials used to construct rigid components
of soft-contained play equipment structures (such as
tubes, windows, panels, junction boxes, pipes, slides
and decks) meeting the UL 94 V-2 classification when
tested in accordance with UL 94.

7. Ball pool balls, used in soft-contained play equipment
structures, having a maximum heat release rate not
greater than 100 kW when tested in accordance with
UL 1975. The minimum specimen test size shall be 36
inches by 36 inches (914 nun by 9 14 mm) by an aver-
age of 21 inches (533 mm) deep, and the balls shall be
held in a box constructed of galvanized steel poultry
netting wire mesh.

8. Foam plastics shall be covered by a fabric, coating or
film meeting the flame propagation performance cri-
teria of NFPA 701.

9. The floor covering placed under the children's play-
ground structure shall exhibit a Class I interior floor
finish classification, as described in Section 804,
when tested in accordance with NFPA 253.

402.11.2 Fire protection. Children's playground structures
located within the mall shall be provided with the same level
of approved fire suppression and detection devices required
for kiosks and similar structures.

402.11.3 Separation. Children's playground structures
shall have a minimum horizontal separation from other
structures within the mall of 20 feet (6090 nun).

402.11.4 Area limits. Children's playground structures
shall not exceed 300 square feet (28 m^) in area, unless a
special investigation has demonstrated adequate fire safety.

402.12 Security grilles and doors. Horizontal sliding or verti-
cal security grilles or doors that are a part of a required means of
egress shall conform to the following:

1 . They shall remain in the full open position during the pe-
riod of occupancy by the general public.

2. Doors or grilles shall not be brought to the closed .posi-
tion when there are 10 or more persons occupying spaces
served by a single exit or 50 or more persons occupying
spaces served by more than one exit.

3. The doors or grilles shall be openable from within with-
out the use of any special knowledge or effort where the
space is occupied.

4. Where two or more exits are required, not more than
one-half of the exits shall be permitted to include either a
horizontal sliding or vertical rolhng grille or door.

[F] 402.13 Standby power. Covered mall buildmgs exceeding
50,000 square feet (4645 m^) shall be provided with standby
power systems that are capable of operating the emergency
voice/alarm communication system.

[F] 402.14 Emergency voice/alarm communication system.

Covered mall buildings exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645
m^) in total floor area shall be provided with an emergency
voice/alarm conununication system. Emergency voice/alarm
communication systems serving a mall, required or otherwise,
shall be accessible to the fire department. The system shall be
provided in accordance with Section 907.2.12.2.

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402.15 Plastic signs. Plastic signs affixed to the storefront of
any tenant space facing the mall shall be limited as specified in
Sections 402.15.1 through 402.15.5.2.

402.15.1 Area. Plastic signs shall not exceed 20 percent of
the wall area facing the mall.

402.15.2 Height and width. Plastic signs shall not exceed a
height of 36 inches (914 mm), except if the sign is vertical,
the height shall not exceed 96 inches (2438 mm) and the
width shall not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

402.15.3 Location. Plastic signs shall be located a mini-
mum distance of 1 8 inches (457 mm) from adjacent tenants.

402.15.4 Plastics other than foam plastics. Plastics other
than foam plastics used in signs shall be light-transmitting
plastics complying with Section 2606.4 or shall have a
self-ignition temperature of 650°F (343 °C) or greater when
tested in accordance with ASTM D 1929, and a flame
spread index not greater than 75 and smoke-developed
index not greater than 450 when tested in the manner
intended for use m accordance with ASTM E 84 or meet the
acceptance criteria of Section 803.2. 1 when tested in accor-
dance with NFPA 286.

402.15.4.1 Encasement. Edges and backs of plastic
signs in the mall shall be fully encased in metal.

402.15.5 Foam plastics. Foam plastics used in signs shall
have flame-retardant characteristics such that the sign has a
maximum heat-release rate of 150 kilowatts when tested in
accordance with UL 1975 and the foam plastics shall have
the physical characteristics specified in this section. Foam
plastics used in signs installed in accordance with Section
402.14 shall not be required to comply with the flame
spread and smoke-developed indexes specified in Section
2603.3.

402.15.5.1 Density, The minimum density of foam plas-
tics used in signs shall not be less than 20 pounds per
cubic foot (pcf) (320 kg/m^).

402.15.5.2 Thickness. The thickness of foam plastic
signs shall not be greater than V2 inch (12.7 mm).

[F] 402.16 Fire department access to equipment. Rooms or
areas containing controls for air-conditioning systems, auto-
matic fire-extinguishing systems or other detection, suppres-
sion or control elements shall be identified for use by the fire
department.

SECTION 403
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

403.1 Applicability. The provisions of this section shall apply
to new high-rise buildings.

Exception: The provisions of this section shall not apply to
the following buildings and structures:

1 . Airport traffic control towers in accordance with Sec-
tion 412.

2. Open parking garages in accordance with Section
406.3.

3. Buildings with an occupancy in Group A-5 in accor-
dance with Section 303.1.

4. Low-hazard special industrial occupancies in accor-
dance with Section 503.1.1.

5. Buildings with an occupancy in Group H-1, H-2 or
H-3 in accordance with Section 415.

6. Hospitals as defined in Section 1250 of the Health
and Safety Code.

7. Buildings such as power plants, lookout towers, stee-
ples, grain houses and similar structures with
noncontinuous human occupancy, when so deter-
mined by the enforcing agency.

8. Buildings used exclusively for jails and prisons.

For existing high-rise buildings, see Section 3412 for R
occupancies and see Section 3411.13.

[SFM] For the purpose of this section, in determining the
level from which the highest occupied floor is to be measured,
the enforcing agency should exercise reasonable judgment,
including consideration of overall accessibility to the building
by fire department personnel and vehicular equipment. When a
building is located on sloping terrain and there is building
access on more than one level, the enforcing agency may select
the level that provides the most logical and adequate fire
department access.

403.1.1 "New building" shall mean a high-rise structure,
the construction of which is commenced on or after July 1,
1974. For the purpose of this section, construction shall be
deemed to have commenced when plans and specifications
are more than 50 percent complete and have been presented
to the local jurisdiction prior to July 1, 1974. Unless all pro-
visions of this section have been met, the construction of
such buildings shall commence on or before January 1,
1976.

403.1.2 For the purposes of this section, "building access "
shall mean an exterior door opening conforming to all of the
following:

1. Suitable and available for fire department use.

2. Located not more than 2 feet (610 mm) above the ad-
jacent ground level.

3. Leading to a space, room or area having foot traffic
communication capabilities with the remainder of the
building.

4. Designed to permit penetration through the use of fire
department forcible-entry tools and equipment unless
other approved arrangements have been made with
the fire authority having jurisdiction.

[F] 403.2 Automatic sprinkler system. Buildings and struc-
tures shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and a secondary
water supply where required by Section 903.3.5.2. A sprinkler
water-flow alarm-initiating device and a control valve with a

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

supervisory signal-initiating device shall be provided at the
lateral connection to the riser for each floor

Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be
required in spaces or areas of:

1. Open parking garages in accordance with Section
406.3.

2. Telecommunications equipment buildings used ex-
clusively for telecommunications equipment, associ-
ated electrical power distribution equipment,
batteries and standby engines, provided that those
spaces or areas are equipped throughout with an auto-
matic fire detection system in accordance with Sec-
tion 907.2 and are separated from the remainder of the
building by fire barriers consisting of not less than
1-hour fire-resistance-rated walls and 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling assemblies.

403.3 Reduction in fire-resistance rating. The fire-resis-
tance-rating reductions listed in Sections 403.3.1 and 403.3.2
shall be allowed in buildings that have sprinkler control valves
equipped with supervisory initiating devices and water-flow
initiating devices for each floor.

403.3.1 Type of construction. The following reductions in
the minimum construction type allowed in Table 601 shall
be allowed as provided in Section 403.3:

1. For buildings not greater than 420 feet (128 m) in
height. Type lA construction shall be allowed to be re-
duced to Type IB.

Exception: The required fire-resistance rating of
the structural frame shall not be allowed to be
reduced.

2. In other than Groups F-1, M and S-1, Type IB con-
struction shall be allowed to be reduced to Type HA.

Exception: The required fire-resistance rating of
the structural frame shall not be allowed to be
reduced.

3. The height and area limitations of the reduced con-
struction type shall be allowed to be the same as for
the original construction type.

403.3.2 Shaft enclosures. For buildings not greater than
420 feet (128 m) in height, the required fire-resistance rat-
ing of the fire barriers enclosing vertical shafts, other than
exit enclosures and elevator hoistway enclosures, shall be
reduced to 1 hour where automatic sprinklers are installed
within the shafts at the top and at alternate floor levels.

403.4 Emergency escape and rescue. Emergency escape and
rescue openings required by Section 1026 are not required.

[F] 403.5 Automatic fire detection. Smoke detection shall be
provided in accordance with Section 907.2.12.1.

[F] 403.6 Emergency voice/alarm communication systems.

An emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be
provided in accordance with Section 907.2.12.2.

[F] 403.7 Fire department communications system. A

two-way fire department communications system shall be pro-

vided for fire department use in accordance with Section
907.2.12.3.

[F] 403.8 Fire command. A fire command center complying
with Section 911 shall be provided in a location approved by
the fire department.

403.9 Elevators. Elevator operation and installation shall be in
accordance with Chapter 30.

Elevator lobbies shall be provided in accordance with Sec-
tion 707.14.1.

[F] 403.10 Standby power. A standby power system comply-
ing with Section 2702 shall be provided for standby power
loads specified in Section 403.10.2.

403.10.1 Special requirements for standby power sys-
tems. If the standby system is a generator set inside a build-
ing, the system shall be located in a separate room enclosed
with 2-hour fu'e barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 706 or horizontal assemblies constructed in accor-
dance with Section 711, or both. System supervision with
manual start and transfer features shall be provided at the
fire command center.

[F] 403.10.2 Standby power loads. The following are clas-
sified as standby power loads:

1. Power and Ughting for the fire command center re-
quired by Section 403.8;

2. Electrically powered fire pumps; and

3. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equipment
for smokeproof enclosures.

Standby power shall be provided for elevators in accor-
dance with Sections 1007.4 and 3003.

[F] 403.11 Emergency power systems. An emergency power
system complying with Section 2702 shall be provided for
emergency power loads specified in Section 403.11.1.

[F] 403.11.1 Emergency power loads. The following are
classified as emergency power loads:

1. Exit signs and means of egress illumination required
by Chapter 10;

2. Elevator car lighting;

3. Emergency voice/alarm communications systems;

4. Automatic fire detection systems; and

5. Fire alarm systems.

403.12 Stairway door operation. Stairway doors other than
the exit discharge doors shall be permitted to be locked from
stairway side. Stairway doors that are locked from the stairway
side shall be capable of being unlocked simultaneously without
unlatching upon a signal from the fire command center. [SFM]
Upon failure of electrical power to the locking mechanism the
door shall unlock.

403.12.1 Stairway communications system. A telephone
or other two-way communications system connected to an
approved constantly attended station shall be provided at
not less than every fifth floor in each required stairway
where the doors to the stairway are locked.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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403.13 Smoke control.

403.13.1 Smoke control system. High-rise buildings shall
be provided with a passive or active smoke control system or
combination thereof in accordance with Section 909.

403.13.2 Smokeproof exit enclosures. Every exit enclosure
shall comply with Sections 909.20 and 1020.1.7.

403.14 Seismic considerations. For seismic considerations,
see Cliapter 16.

403.15 Existing high-rise buildings. For existing high-rise
buildings, see Section 3412.

SECTION 404
ATRIUMS

404.1 General. In other than Group H occupancies, and where
permitted by Exception 5 in Section 707.2, the provisions of
this section shall apply to buildings or structures containing
vertical openings defined herein as "Atriums."

404.1.1 DelSnition. The following word and term shall, for
the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meaning shown herein.

ATRIUM. An opening connecting two or more stories
other than enclosed stairways, elevators, hoistways, escala-
tors, plumbing, electrical, air-conditioning or other equip-
ment, which is closed at the top and not defined as a mall.
Stories, as used in this definition, do not include balconies
within assembly groups or mezzanines that comply with
Section 505.

404.2 Use. The floor of the atrium shall not be used for other
than low fire hazard uses and only approved materials and dec-
orations in accordance with the California Fire Code shall be
used in the atrium space.

Exception: The atrium floor area is permitted to be used for
any approved use where the individual space is provided
with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3. 1.1.

[F] 404.3 Automatic sprinkler protection. An approved
automatic sprinMer system shall be installed throughout the
entire building.

Exceptions:

1 . That area of a building adjacent to or above the atrium
need not be sprinklered, provided that portion of the
building is separated from the atrium portion by not
less than a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated fire barrier or
horizontal assembly, or both.

2. Where the ceiling of the atrium is more than 55 feet
(16 764 mm) above the floor, sprinkler protection at
the ceiling of the atrium is not required.

404.4 Smoke control. A smoke control system shall be
installed in accordance with Section 909.

Exception: Smoke control is not required for atriums that
cormect only two stories.

404.5 Enclosure of atriums. Atrium spaces shall be separated
from adjacent spaces by a 1-hour fire barrier constructed in

accordance with Section 706 or a horizontal assembly con-
structed in accordance with Section 71 1, or both.

Exceptions:

1. A glass wall forming a smoke partition where auto-
matic sprinklers are spaced 6 feet (1829 mm) or less
along both sides of the separation wall, or on the room
side only if there is not a walkway on the atrium side,
and between 4 inches and 12 inches (102 mm and 305
mm) away from the glass and designed so that the en-
tire surface of the glass is wet upon activation of the
sprinkler system without obstruction. The glass shall
be installed in a gasketed frame so that the framing
system deflects without breaking (loading) the glass
before the sprinkler system operates.

2. A glass-block wall assembly in accordance with Sec-
tion 2110 and having a V4-hour fire protection rating.

3. [SFM] In other than Group I occupancies, the adja-
cent spaces of any three floors of the atrium shall not
be required to be separated from the atrium where
such spaces are included in the design of the smoke
control system.

[F] 404.6 Standby power. Equipment required to provide
smoke control shall be connected to a standby power system in
accordance with Section 909.11.

404.7 Interior finish. The interior finish of walls and ceilings
of the atrium shall not be less than Class B with no reduction in
class for sprinkler protection.

404.8 Travel distance. In other than the lowest level of the
atrium, where the required means of egress is through the
atrium space, the portion of exit access travel distance within
the atrium space shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm).

404.9 Group I occupancy means of egress. [SFM] Required
means of egress from sleeping rooms in Group I occupancies
shall not pass through the atrium.

SECTION 405
UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS

405.1 General. The provisions of this section apply to building
spaces having a floor level used for human occupancy more
than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the lowest level of exit dis-
charge.

Exceptions:

1 . One- and two-family dwellings, sprinklered in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.3.

2. Parking garages with automatic sprinkler systems in
compliance with Section 405.3.

3. Fixed guideway transit systems.

4. Grandstands, bleachers, stadiums, arenas and similar
facilities.

5. Where the lowest story is the only story that would
qualify the building as an underground building and
has an area not exceeding 1,500 square feet (139 m^)
and has an occupant load less than 10.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

6. [SFM] Winery caves having a floor level used for hu-
man occupancy 30 feet (9144 mm) or less below the
lowest level of exit discharge.

405.2 Construction requirements. The underground portion
of the building shall be of Type I construction.

[F] 405.3 Automatic sprinkler system. The highest level of
exit discharge serving the underground portions of the building
and all levels below shall be equipped with an automatic sprin-
kler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Water-flow switches and control valves shall be supervised in
accordance with Section 903.4.

405.4 Compartmentation. Compartmentation shall be in
accordance with Sections 405.4.1 tiirough 405.4.3.

405.4.1 Number of compartments. A building having a
floor level more than 60 feet (18 288 mm) below the lowest
level of exit discharge shall be divided into a minimum of
two compartments of approximately equal size. Such
compartmentation shall extend through the highest level of
exit discharge serving the underground portions of the
building and all levels below.

Exception: The lowest story need not be compartmented
where the area does not exceed 1,500 square feet (139
m^) and has an occupant load of less than 10.

405.4.2 Smoke barrier penetration. The compartments
shall be separated from each other by a smoke barrier in
accordance with Section 709. Penetrations between the two
compartments shall be limited to plumbing and electrical
piping and conduit that are firestopped in accordance with
Section 712. Doorways shall be protected by fire door
assemblies that are automatic closing by smoke detection in
accordance with Section 715.4.7.3 and are installed in
accordance with NFPA 105 and Section 715.4.3. Where
provided, each compartment shall have an air supply and an
exhaust system independent of the other compartments.

405.4.3 Elevators. Where elevators are provided, each
compartment shall have direct access to an elevator. Where
an elevator serves more than one compartment, an elevator
lobby shall be provided and shall be separated from each
compartment by a smoke barrier in accordance with Section
709. Doors shall be gasketed, have a drop sill and be auto-
matic closing by smoke detection in accordance with
Section 715.4.7.3.

[F] 405.5 Smoke control system. A smoke control system
shall be provided in accordance with Sections 405.5.1 and
405.5.2.

[F] 405.5.1 Control system. A smoke control system is
required to control the migration of products of combustion
in accordance with Section 909 and the provisions of this
section. Smoke control shall restrict movement of smoke to
the general area of fire origin and maintain means of egress
in a usable condition.

[F] 405.5.2 Compartment smoke control system. Where
compartmentation is required, each compartment shall have
an independent smoke control system. The system shall be
automatically activated and capable of manual operation in
accordance with Section 907.2.18.

[F] 405.6 Fire alarm systems. A fire alarm system shall be
provided where required by Section 907.2.19.

[F] 405.7 Public address. A public address system shall be
provided where required by Section 907.2.19.1.

405.8 Means of egress. Means of egress shall be in accordance
with Sections 405.8.1 and 405.8.2.

405.8.1 Number of exits. Each floor level shall be provided
with a minimum of two exits. Where compartmentation is
required by Section 405.4, each compartment shall have a
minimum of one exit and shall also have an exit access door-
way into the adjoining compartment.

405.8.2 Smokeproof enclosure. Every required stairway
serving floor levels more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below its
level of exit discharge shall comply with the requirements
for a smokeproof enclosure as provided in Section 1020. 1 .7.

[F] 405.9 Standby power. A standby power system complying
with Section 2702 shall be provided standby power loads spec-
ified in Section 405.9.1.

405.9.1 Standby power loads. The following loads are
classified as standby power loads.

1. Smoke control system.

2. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equipment
for smokeproof enclosures.

3. Fire pumps.

Standby power shall be provided for elevators in accor-
dance witti Section 3003.

405.9.2 Pick-up time. The standby power system shall pick
up its connected loads within 60 seconds of failure of the
normal power supply.

[F] 405.10 Emergency power. An emergency power system
complying with Section 2702 shall be provided for emergency
power loads specified in Section 405.10.1.

[F] 405.10.1 Emergency power loads. The following loads
are classified as emergency power loads:

1. Emergency voice/alarm communications systems.

2. Fire alarm systems.

3. Automatic fire detection systems.

4. Elevator car Ughting.

5. Means of egress and exit sign illumination as required
by Chapter 10.

[F] 405.11 Standpipe system. The underground building shall
be equipped throughout with a standpipe system in accordance
with Section 905.

SECTION 406
MOTOR-VEHICLE-RELATED OCCUPANCIES

406.1 Private garages and carports.

406.1.1 Classification. Buildings or parts of buildings clas-
sified as Group U occupancies because of the use or charac-
ter of the occupancy shall not exceed 1,000 square feet (93
m^) in area or one story in height except as provided in Sec-
tion 406.1.2. Any building or portion thereof that exceeds

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

the limitations specified in this section shall be classified in
the occupancy group other than Group U that it most nearly
resembles.

406.1.2 Area increase. Group U occupancies used for the
storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles where no
repair work is completed or fuel is dispensed are permitted
to be 3,000 square feet (279 m^) when the following provi-
sions are met:

1 . For a mixed occupancy buUding, the exterior wall and
opening protection for the Group U portion of the
building shall be as required for the major occupancy
of the building. For such a mixed occupancy building,
the allowable floor area of the building shall be as per-
mitted for the major occupancy contained therein.

2. For a building containing only a Group U occupancy,
the exterior wall shall not be required to have a fire-re-
sistance rating and the area of openings shall not be
limited when the fire separation distance is 5 feet
(1524 mm) or more.

More than one 3,000-square-foot (279 m^) Group U
occupancy shall be perndtted to be in the same building,
provided each 3,000-square-foot (279 m^) area is separated
by fire walls complying with Section 705.

406.1.3 Garages and carports. Carports shall be open on at
least two sides. Carport floor surfaces shall be of approved
noncombustible material. Carports not open on at least two
sides shall be considered a garage and shall comply with the
provisions of this section for garages.

Exception: Asphalt surfaces shall be permitted at
ground level in carports.

The area of floor used for parking of automobiles or other
vehicles shall be sloped to facilitate the movement of liquids
to a drain or toward the main vehicle entry doorway.

406.1.4 Separation. Separations shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1 . The private garage shall be separated from the dwell-
ing unit and its attic area by means of a minimum
V2-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board applied to the ga-
rage side. Garages beneath habitable rooms shall be
separated from all habitable rooms above by not less
than a Vg-inch Type X gypsum board or equivalent.
Door openings between a private garage and the
dwelling unit shall be equipped with either solid wood
doors or solid or honeycomb core steel doors not less
than P/g inches (34.9 mm) thick, or doors in compli-
ance with Section 715.4.3. Openings from a private
garage directly into a room used for sleeping purposes
shall not be permitted. Doors shall be self-closing and
self-latching.

2. Ducts in a private garage and ducts penetrating the
walls or ceilings separating the dwelling unit from the
garage shall be constructed of a minimum 0.01 9-inch
(0.48 mm) sheet steel and shall have no openings into
the garage.

3 . A separation is not required between a Group R-3 and
U carport, provided the carport is entirely open on two
or more sides and there are not enclosed areas above.

406.2 Parliing garages.

406.2.1 Classification. Parking garages shall be classified
as either open, as defined in Section 406.3, or enclosed and
shall meet the appropriate criteria in Section 406.4. Also see
Section 509 for special provisions for parking garages.

406.2.2 Clear heiglit. The clear height of each floor level in
vehicle and pedestrian traffic areas shall not be less than 7
feet (2134 mm). [DSA-AC & HCD 1-AC] The clear height
of vehicle and pedestrian areas required to be accessible
shall comply with Chapter llA or IIB, as applicable.

406.2.3 Guards. Guards shall be provided in accordance
with Section 1013 at exterior and interior vertical openings
on floor and roof areas where vehicles are parked or moved
and where the vertical distance to the ground or surface
directly below exceeds 30 inches (762 nrni).

406.2.4 Vehicle barriers. Parking areas shall be provided
with exterior or interior walls or vehicle barriers, except at
pedestrian or vehicular accesses, designed in accordance
with Section 1607.7. Vehicle barriers not less than 2 feet
(607 mm) high shall be placed at the end of drive lanes, and
at the end of parking spaces where the difference in adjacent
floor elevation is greater than 1 foot (305 mm).

Exception: Vehicle storage compartments in a mechani-
cal access parking garage.

406.2.5 Ramps. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as
required exits unless pedestrian facilities are provided.
Vehicle ramps that are utilized for vertical circulation as
well as for parking shall not exceed a slope of 1:15 (6.67
percent).

406.2.6 Floor surface. Parking surfaces shall be of concrete
or similar noncombustible and nonabsorbent materials.

Exception: Asphalt parking surfaces are permitted at
ground level.

The area of floor used for parking of automobiles or other
vehicles shall be sloped to facihtate the movement of liquids
to a drain or toward the main vehicle entry doorway.

406.2.7 Mixed separation. Parking garages shall be sepa-
rated from other occupancies in accordance with Section
508.3.

406.2.8 Special hazards. Connection of a parking garage
with any room in which there is a fuel-fired appliance shall
be by means of a vestibule providing a two-doorway separa-
tion.

Exception: A single door shall be allowed provided the
sources of ignition in the appliance are at least 18 inches
(457 mm) above the floor.

406.2.9 Attached to rooms. Openings from a parking
garage directly into a room used for sleeping purposes shall
not be permitted.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

406.3 Open parking garages.

406.3.1 Scope. Except where specific provisions are made
in the following subsections, other requirements of this
code shall apply.

406.3.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

MECHANICAL-ACCESS OPEN PARKING
GARAGES. Open parking garages employing parking
machines, lifts, elevators or other mechanical devices for
vehicles moving from and to street level and in which public
occupancy is prohibited above the street level.

OPEN PARKING GARAGE. A structure or portion of a
structure with the openings as described in Section
406.3.3. 1 on two or more sides that is used for the parking or
storage of private motor vehicles as described in Section
406.3.4.

RAMP-ACCESS OPEN PARKING GARAGES. Open
parking garages employing a series of continuously rising
floors or a series of interconnecting ramps between floors
permitting the movement of vehicles under their own power
from and to the street level.

406.3.3 Construction. Open parking garages shall be of
Type I, II or IV construction. Open parking garages shall
meet the design requirements of Chapter 16. For vehicle
barriers, see Section 406.2.4.

406.3.3.1 Openings. For natural ventilation purposes,
the exterior side of the structure shall have uniformly dis-
tributed openings on two or more sides. The area of such
openings in exterior walls on a tier must be at least 20
percent of the total perimeter wall area of each tier. The
aggregate length of the openings considered to be pro-
viding natural ventilation shall constitute a minimum of
40 percent of the perimeter of the tier. Interior walls shall
be at least 20 percent open with uniformly distributed
openings.

Exception: Openings are not required to be distrib-
uted over 40 percent of the building perimeter where
the required openings are uniformly distributed over
two opposing sides of the building.

406.3.4 Uses. Mixed uses shall be allowed in the same
building as an open parking garage subject to the provisions
of Sections 508.3, 402.7.1, 406.3.13, 509.3, 509.4 and
509.7.

406.3.5 Area and height. Area and height of open parking
garages shall be limited as set forth in Chapter 5 for Group
S-2 occupancies and as further provided for in Section
508.3.

406.3.5.1 Single use. When the open parking garage is
used exclusively for the parking or storage of private
motor vehicles, with no other uses in the building, the
area and height shall be permitted to comply with Table
406.3.5, along with increases allowed by Section
406.3.6.

Exception: The grade-level tier is permitted to con-
tain an office, waiting and toilet rooms having a total
combined area of not more than 1,000 square feet (93
m^). Such area need not be separated from the open
parking garage.

In open parking garages having a spiral or sloping
floor, the horizontal projection of the structure at any
cross section shall not exceed the allowable area per
parking tier. In the case of an open parking garage having
a continuous spiral floor, each 9 feet 6 inches (2896 mm)
of height, or portion thereof, shall be considered a tier.

The clear height of a parking tier shall not be less than
7 feet (2134 mm), except that a lower clear height is per-
mitted in mechanical-access open parking garages where
approved by the building official.

406.3.6 Area and height increases. The allowable area and
height of open parking garages shall be increased in accor-
dance with the provisions of this section. Garages with sides
open on three-fourths of the building's perimeter are permit-
ted to be increased by 25 percent in area and one tier in
height. Garages with sides open around the entire building's
perimeter are permitted to be increased by 50 percent in area
and one tier in height. For a side to be considered open under
the above provisions, the total area of openings along the
side shall not be less than 50 percent of the interior area of

TABLE 406.3.5
OPEN PARKING GARAGES AREA AND HEIGHT

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

AREA PER TIER
(square feet)

HEIGHT (In tiers)

Ramp access

Mechanical access

Automatic sprinl<ler system

Yes

Unlimited

12 tiers

18 tiers

50,000

10 tiers

15 tiers

JIB

50,000

8 tiers

12 tiers -

50,000

4 tiers

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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the side at each tier and such openings shall be equally dis-
tributed along the length of the tier.

Allowable tier areas in Table 406.3.5 shall be increased
for open parking garages constructed to heights less than the
table maximum. The gross tier area of the garage shall not
exceed that permitted for the higher structure. At least three
sides of each such larger tier shall have continuous horizon-
tal openings not less than 30 inches (762 mm) in clear height
extending for at least 80 percent of the length of the sides
and no part of such larger tier shall be more than 200 feet (60
960 nmi) horizontally from such an opening. In addition,
each such opening shall face a street or yard accessible to a
street with a width of at least 30 feet (9144 mm) for the full
length of the opening, and standpipes shall be provided in
each such tier.

Open parking garages of Type E construction, with all
sides open, shall be unlimited in allowable area where the
height does not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). For a side to be
considered open, the total area of openings along the side
shall not be less than 50 percent of the interior area of the
side at each tier and such openings shaU be equally distrib-
uted along the length of the tier. All portions of tiers shall be
within 200 feet (60 960 mm) horizontally firom such open-
ings or other natural ventilation openings as defined in Sec-
tion 406.3.3.1. These openings shall be permitted to be
provided in courts with a minimum width of 30 feet (9144
mm) for the full width of the openings.

406.3.7 Fire separation distance. Exterior walls and open-
ings in exterior walls shall comply with Tables 601 and 602.
The distance to an adjacent lot line shall be determined in
accordance with Table 602 and Section 704.

406.3.8 Means of egress. Where persons other than parking
attendants are permitted, open parking garages shall meet
the means of egress requirements of Chapter 10. Where no
persons other than parking attendants are permitted, there
shall not be less than two 36-inch-wide (914 mm) exit stair-
ways. Lifts shall be permitted to be installed for use of
employees only, provided they are completely enclosed by
noncombustible materials.

406.3.9 Standpipes. Standpipes shall be installed where
required by the provisions of Chapter 9.

406.3.10 Sprinkler systems. Where required by other pro-
visions of this code, automatic sprinkler systems and
standpipes shall be installed in accordance with the provi-
sions of Chapter 9.

406.3.11 Enclosure of vertical openings. Enclosure shall
not be required for vertical openings except as specified in
Section 406.3.8.

406.3.12 VentUation. Ventilation, other than the percentage
of openings specified in Section 406.3.3.1, shall not be
required.

406.3.13 Prohibitions. The following uses and alterations
are not permitted:

1. Vehicle repair work.

2. Parking of buses, trucks and similar vehicles.

3. Partial or complete closing of required openings in ^
exterior walls by tarpaulins or any other means.

4. Dispensing of fuel.

406.4 Enclosed parking garages.

406.4.1 Heights and areas. Enclosed vehicle parking
garages and portions thereof that do not meet the definition
of open parking garages shall be Umited to the allowable
heights and areas specified in Table 503 as modified by Sec-
tions 504, 506 and 507. Roof parking is permitted.

406.4.2 Ventilation. A mechanical ventilation system shall
be provided in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code.

406.5 Motor fuel-dispensing facilities.

406.5.1 Construction. Motor fuel-dispensing facilities
shall be constructed in accordance with the California Fire
Code and this section.

406.5.2 Canopies. Canopies under which fuels are dis-
pensed shall have a clear, unobstructed height of not less
than 13 feet 6 inches (4115 mm) to the lowest projecting ele-
ment in the vehicle drive-through area. Canopies and their
supports over pumps shall be of noncombustible materials,
fire-retardant-treated wood complying with Chapter 23,
wood of Type IV sizes or of construction providing 1-hour
fire resistance. Combustible materials used in or on a can-
opy shall comply with one of the following:

1. Shielded from the pumps by a noncombustible ele-
ment of the canopy, or wood of Type IV sizes;

2. Plastics covered by aluminum facing having a mini-
mum thickness of 0.010 inch (0.30 mm) or corro-
sion-resistant steel having a minimum base metal
thickness of 0.016 inch (0.41 mm). The plastic shall
have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a
smoke-deVeloped index of 450 or less when tested in
the form intended for use in accordance with ASTM E
84 and a self-ignition temperature of 650°F (343°C)
or greater when tested in accordance with ASTM D
1929; or

3. Panels constructed of light-transmitting plastic mate-
rials shall be permitted to be installed in canopies
erected over motor vehicle fuel-dispensing station
fuel dispensers, provided the panels are located at
least 10 feet (3048 mm) from any building on the
same lot and face yards or streets not less than 40 feet
(12 192 mm) in width on the other sides. The aggre-
gate areas of plastics shall not exceed 1,000 square
feet (93 m^). The maximum area of any individual
panel shall not exceed 100 square feet (9.3 m^).

406.5.2.1 Canopies used to support gaseous hydrogen
systems. Canopies that are used to shelter dispensing
operations where flammable compressed gases are
located on the roof of the canopy shdl be in accordance
with the following:

1 . The canopy shall meet or exceed Type I construc-
tion requirements. ^

2. Operations located under canopies shall be limited
to refueling only.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

3. The canopy shall be constructed in a manner that
prevents the accumulation of hydrogen gas.

406.6 Repair garages.

406.6.1 General. Repair garages shall be constructed in
accordance with the California Fire Code and this section.
This occupancy shall not include motor fuel-dispensing
facilities, as regulated in Section 406.5.

406.6.2 Mixed uses. Mixed uses shall be allowed in the
same building as a repair garage subject to the provisions of
Section 508.3.

406.6.3 Ventilation. Repair garages shall be mechanically
ventilated in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code. The ventilation system shall be controlled at the
entrance to the garage.

406.6.4 Floor surface. Repair garage floors shall be of con-
crete or similar noncombustible and nonabsorbent materi-
als.

Exception: Slip-resistant, nonabsorbent, interior floor
finishes having a critical radiant flux not more than 0.45
W/cm^, as determined by NFPA 253 , shall be permitted.

406.6.5 Heating equipment. Heating equipment shall be
installed in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code.

[F] 406.6.6 Gas detection system. Repair garages used for
repair of vehicles fueled by nonodorized gases, such as
hydrogen and nonodorized LNG, shall be provided with an
approved flammable gas-detection system.

[F] 406.6.6.1 System design. The flammable gas-detec-
tion system shall be calibrated to the types of fuels or
gases used by vehicles to be repaired. The gas detection
system shall be designed to activate when the level of
flammable gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower explosive
Umit. Gas detection shall also be provided in lubrication
or chassis repair pits of garages used for repairing
nonodorized LNG-fueled vehicles.

[F] 406.6.6.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection
system shall result in all of the following:

1. Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm sig-
nals in the repair garage.

2. Deactivation of all heating systems located in the
repair garage.

3. Activation of the mechanical ventilation system,
where the system is interlocked with gas detection.

[F] 406.6.6.3 Failure of the gas detection system. Fail-
ure of the gas detection system shall result in the deacti-
vation of the heating system, activation of the
mechanical ventilation system when the system is inter-
locked with the gas detection system and cause a trouble
signal to sound in an approved location.

406. 7 Electric vehicle. [SFM]

406.7.1 Electric vehicle. An automotive-type vehicle for
highway use, such as passenger automobiles, buses, trucks,
vans and the like, primarily powered by an electric motor
that draws current from a rechargeable storage battery, fuel

cell, photovoltaic array or other source of electric current.
For the purpose of this chapter, electric motorcycles and
similar-type vehicles and off-road self-propelled electric
vehicles such as industrial trucks, hoists, lifts, transports,
golf carts, airline ground support equipment, tractors,
boats and the like, are not included.

406.7.2 Charging. In any building or interior area used for
charging electric vehicles, electrical equipment shall be
installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code.

406.7.3 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventilation, when
required by the California Electrical Code, shall be pro-
vided at a rate as required by Article 625 or as required by
Section 1203 of the California Building Code, whichever is
greater The ventilation system shall include both the supply
and exhaust equipment and shall be permanently installed
and located to intake supply air from the outdoors, and vent
the exhaust directly to, the outdoors without conducting the
exhaust air through other spaces within the building.

Exception: Positive pressure ventilation systems shall
only be allowed in buildings or areas that have been
designed and approved for that application.

406.7.4 Electrical interface. The electrical supply circuit to
electrically powered mechanical ventilation equipment
shall be interlocked with the recharging equipment used to
supply the vehicle(s) being charged, and shall remain ener-
gized during the entire charging cycle. Electric vehicle
recharging equipment shall be marked or labeled in accor-
dance with the California Electrical Code.

Exceptions:

1. Exhaust ventilation shall not be required in areas
with an approved engineered ventilation system,
which maintains a hydrogen gas concentration at
less than 25 percent of the lower flammability
limit.

2. Mechanical exhaust ventilationfor hydrogen shall
not be required where the charging equipment uti-
lized is installed and listed for indoor charging of
electric vehicles without ventilation.

SECTION 407
GROUP 1-2

407.1 General. Occupancies in Groups 1-2 and 1-2.1 shall
comply with the provisions of this section and other applicable
provisions of this code.

407.2 Corridors. Corridors in occupancies in Groups 1-2 and
1-2.1 shall be continuous to the exits and separated from other
areas in accordance with Section 407.3 except spaces conform-
ing to Sections 407.2.1 through 407.2.4.

407.2.1 Spaces, of unlimited area. Waiting areas and simi-
lar spaces constructed as required for corridors shall be per-
mitted to be open to a corridor, only where all of the
following criteria are met:

1 . The spaces are not occupied for patient sleeping units,
treatment rooms, hazardous or incidental use areas
listed in Table 508.2.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

2. The open space is protected by an automatic smoke
detection system installed in accordance with Section
907.2.6.2

3. The corridors onto which the spaces open, in the same
smoke compartment, are protected by an automatic
smoke detection system installed in accordance with
Section 907.2.6.2, and the smoke compartment in
which the spaces are located is equipped throughout
with quick-response sprinklers in accordance with
Section 903.3.2.

4. The space is arranged so as not to obstruct access to
the required exits.

J. Each space is located to permit direct visual supervi-
sion by the facility staff.

407.2.2 Nurses' stations. Spaces for doctors' and nurses'
charting, communications and related clerical areas shall be
permitted to be open to the corridor, when such spaces are
constructed as required for corridors and the smoke com-
partment is providedwithan automatic fire sprinkler system
throughout complying with Section 903.3.1.1. A minimum
of one smoke detector interconnected to the facility fire
alarm system shall be installed directly above the nurses'
station.

407.2.3 Mental health treatment areas. Areas wherein
mental health patients who are not capable of self-preserva-
tion are housed, or group meeting or multipurpose therapeu-
tic spaces other than incidental use areas as defined in
Section 508.2, under continuous supervision by facility
staff, shall be permitted to be open to the corridor, where the
following criteria are met:

1. Each area does not exceed 1,500 square feet(140m^).

2. The area is located to permit supervision by the facil-
ity staff.

3 . The area is arranged so as not to obstruct any access to
the required exits.

4. The area is equipped with an automatic fire detection
system installed in accordance with Section 907.2.

5. Not more than one such space is permitted in any one
smoke compartment.

6. The walls and ceilings of the space are constructed as
required for corridors.

407.2.4 Gift shops. Gift shops less than 500 square feet
(46.5 m^) in area shall be permitted to be open to the corridor
provided the gift shop and storage areas are fully
sprinklered and storage areas are protected in accordance
with Section 508.2.

407.3 Corridor walls. Corridor walls shall be constructed as
fire partitions in accordance with Section 108.

407.3.1 Corridor doors. Corridor doors in fully sprinklered
buildings, other than those in a wall required to be rated by
Section 508.2 or for the enclosure of a vertical opening or an
exit, shall not have a required fire protection rating, but shall
provide an effective barrier to limit the transfer of smoke
and shall be equipped with positive latching. Roller latches
are not permitted. Other doors shall conform to Section
715.4. In Group 1-2 occupancies, self-closing or auto-

matic-closing devices are not required on corridor doors to
patient sleeping rooms, treatment rooms and offices located
in areas specified in Sections 1224 and 1225, excluding
offices specified in Sections 1224.21 and 1225.8.

407.3.1.1 Swing of corridor doors. Corridor doors,
other than those equipped with self-closing or auto-
matic-closing devices, shall not swing into the required
width of corridors.

407.3.2 Locking devices. Locking devices that restrict
access to the patient room from the corridor, and that are
operable only by staff from the corridor side, shall not
restrict the means of egress firom the patient room except for
patient rooms in mental health facilities.

407.3.3 Glazing. In fully sprinklered buildings, fixed fully
tempered or laminated glass in wood or metal frames may
be used in corridor walls, provided the glazed area does not
exceed 25 percent of the areas of the corridor wall of the
room. The total area of glass in corridor walls is not limited
when the glazing is fixed V4-inch-thick (6.4 mm) wired glass
in steel frames and the size of individual glazed panel does
not exceed 1,296 square inches (0.836 m^).

407.4 Smoke barriers. Smoke barriers shall be provided to
subdivide every story used by patients for sleeping or treatment
and to divide other stories with an occupant load of 50 or more
persons, into at least two smoke compartments. Such stories
shall be divided into smoke compartments with an area of not
more than 22,500 square feet (2092 m^) and the travel distance
from any point in a smoke compartment to a smoke barrier door
shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960 mm). The smoke barrier shall
be in accordance with Sections 709 and 909.5.

Exceptions:

1. This requirement shall not apply to Group 1-2.1 facili-
ties less than 10,000 square feet (929 rr?).

2. An area in an adjoining occupancy shall be permitted
to serve as a smoke compartment for a Group 1-2. 1 fa-
cility if the following criteria are met:

2.1. The separating wall and both compartments
meet the requirements of Section 407.4.

2.2. Group 1-2.1 is less than 22,500 square feet
(2,100 m').

2.3. Access from Group 1-2.1 to the other occu-
pancy is unrestricted.

407.4.1 Refuge area. At least 30 net square feet (2.8 m^) per
patient shall be provided within the aggregate area of corri-
dors, patientrooms, treatmentrooms, lounge or dining areas
and other low-hazard areas on each side of each smoke bar-
rier. On floors not housing patients confined to a bed or lit-
ter, at least 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) per occupant shall be
provided on each side of each smoke barrier for the total
number of occupants in adjoining smoke compartments.

407.4.2 Independent egress. At least two means of egress
shall be provided from each smoke compartment created by
smoke barriers. Means of egress may pass through adjacent
compartments provided it does not return through the
smoke compartment from which means of egress
originated.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 407.5 Automatic sprinkler system. Every facility as spec-
ified herein wherein more than six clients or patients are
housed or cared for on the premises on a 24-hour-per-day
basis shall have installed and maintained in an operable con-
dition in every building or portion thereof where clients or
patients are housed, an automatic sprinkler system of a type
approved by the State Fire Marshal. The provisions of this sub-
section shall apply to every person, firm or corporation estab-
lishing, maintaining or operating a hospital, children's home,
children's nursery or institution, or a home or institution for
the care of aged or persons with dementia or other cognitive
impairments, or any institution for persons with mental illness
or persons with developmental disabilities and any nursing or
convalescent home, and to any state-owned or state-occupied
building usedforany of the types of facilities specified herein.

Exceptions:

1. This section shall not apply to homes or institutions
for the 24-hour-per-day care of ambulatory children
if all of the following conditions are satisfied:

1.1. The buildings or portions thereof in which
children are housed are not more than two sto-
ries in height and are constructed and main-
tained in accordance with regulations
adopted by the State Fire Marshal.

1.2. The buildings or portions thereof housing
more than six such children shall have in-
stalled and maintained in an operable condi-
tion therein, a fire alarm system of a type
approved by the State Fire Marshal. Such sys-
tem shall be activated by detectors responding
to invisible particles of combustion other than
heat, except that detectors used in closets, us-
able under-floor areas, storage rooms, bath-
rooms, attached garages, attics, plenums,
laundry rooms and rooms of similar use, may
be heat-responsive devices.

1.3. The buildings or portions thereof do not house
persons with mental illness or children with
developmental disabilities.

2. This section shall not apply to any one-story building
or structure of an institution or home for the care of
the aged providing 24-hour-per-day care if such
building or structure is used or intended to be used for
the housing of no more than six ambulatory aged per-
sons. Such buildings or institutions shall have in-
stalled and maintained in an operable condition
herein afire alarm system of a type approved by the
State Fire Marshal. Such system shall be activated by
detectors responding to either visible or invisible par-
ticles of combustion other than heat, except that de-
tectors used in closets, usable under-floor areas,
storage rooms, bathrooms, attached garages, attics,
plenums, laundry rooms and rooms of similar use,
may be heat-responsive devices.

3. This section shall not apply to occupancies or any al-
terations thereto conforming to the construction pro-
visions of this exception which were under
construction or in existence on March 4, 1972. "Un-

der construction " as used in this exception shall mean
that actual work had been performed on the construc-
tion site and shall not be construed to mean that the
hospital, home, nursery, institution, sanitarium or
any portion thereof, was or is in the planning stage.
The provisions of this exception shall apply to those
buildings or structures having bearing walls and
structural flame protected in accordance with the pro-
visions of Column Type lA of Table 601.

4. In detention facilities where inmates are not re-
strained.

The provisions of this section shall not apply to any facil-
ity used to house six or less persons on the premises.

407.5.1 When a new addition is to be made to an
unsprinklered building or structure as permitted by this sub-
section, such new addition shall be sprinklered as required
by this section and shall be separated from the existing
building or structures by not less than a 2-hour flre-resistive
fire barrier.

When a sprinkler system is added to an existing
unsprinklered building or structure, the sprinklered area(s)
shall be separated from the remainder of the building by not
less than a 1 -hour fire-resistive fire barrier.

The provisions of this section do not apply to any facility
used to house six or less persons on the premises.

[F] 407.6 Automatic smoke detection. See Section 907.2. 6.2.

Wl.l Secured yards. Grounds are permitted to be fenced and
gates therein are permitted to be equipped with locks, provided
that safe dispersal areas having 30 net square feet (2.8 m^) for
bed and litter patients and 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) for ambu-
latory patients and other occupants are located between the
building and the fence. Such provided safe dispersal areas shall
not be located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the building
they serve. Each safe dispersal area shall have a minimum of
two exits. The aggregate clear width of exits from a safe dis-
persal area shall be determined on the basis of not less than one
exit unit of 22 inches (559 mm) for each 500 persons to be
accommodated, and no exit shall be less than 44 inches (1118
mm) in width. Gates shall not be installed across corridors or
passageways leading to such dispersal areas unless they com-
ply with egress requirements. Keys to gate locks shall be pro-
vided in accordance with the California Fire Code.

407.8 Special hazards.

407.8.1 Storage and handling of flammable, combustible
liquids and hazardous materials shall be in accordance with
the California Fire Code.

407.8.2 All exterior openings in a boiler room or room con-
taining central heating equipment, if located below open-
ings in another story, or if less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from
other doors or windows of the same building, shall be pro-
tected by afire assembly having a ^/4-hour fire protection
rating.

407.8.3 Safety padding. See Sections 308.1 and 408.14.

407.8.4 Floor surfaces. Rooms occupied by patients whose
personal liberties are restrained shall have noncombustible
floor surfaces (see Sections 308.1 and 804.4.2),

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SECTION 408
GROUP 1-3

408.1 General. Occupancies in Group 1-3 shall comply with
the provisions of this section and other applicable provisions of
this code (see Section 308.4).

408.1.1 Construction. Group 1-3 occupancies shall be
housed in buildings of Type lA or IB.

Exception: Such occupancies may be housed in
one-story buildings of Type IIA, IIIA or VA construction
provided the floor area does not exceed 5, 200 square feet
(483 rr?) between fire walls of 2-hour fire-resistive con-
struction with openings protected by fire assemblies hav-
ing P/2-hour fire protection rating.

408.2 Mixed occupancies. Portions of buildings with an occu-
pancy in Group 1-3 that are classified as a different occupancy
shall meet the applicable requirements of this code for such
occupancies. Where security operations necessitate the lock-
ing of required means of egress, provisions shall be made for
the release of occupants at all times.

Means of egress from detention and correctional occupan-
cies that traverse other use areas shall, as a minimum, conform
to requirements for detention and correctional occupancies.

Exceptions:

1 . It is permissible to exit through a horizontal exit into
other contiguous occupancies that do not conform to
detention and correctional occupancy egress provi-
sions but that do comply with requirements set forth
in the appropriate occupancy, as long as the occu-
pancy is not a high-hazard use.

2. Regardless of the provisions of Section 508, laundry
areas and kitchens including associated dining areas,
where commercial/institutional equipment is used,
shall be separated from the remainder of the building
by construction capable of resisting the passage of
smoke.

3. For the purpose of occupancy separation only pris-
oner docks directly accessory to courtrooms need not
be separated from a courtroom.

408.3 Means of egress. Except as modified or as provided for
in this section, the provisions of Chapter 10 shall apply.

408.3.1 Door width. Doors to resident sleeping units shall
have a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm).

408.3.1.1 Cell doors shall open outwardly or slide later-
ally.

408.3.2 Sliding doors. Where doors in a means of egress
are of the horizontal-sliding type, the force to sUde the door
to its fully open position shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N)
with a perpendicular force against the door of 50 pounds
(220 N).

408.3.3 Spiral stairs. Spiral stairs that conform to the
requirements of Section 1009.8 are permitted for access to
and between staff locations.

408.3.4 Exit discharge.

408.3.4.1 Exits are permitted to discharge into a fenced
or walled courtyard. Enclosed yards or courts shall be of
a size to accommodate all occupants, a minimum of 50
feet (15 240 mm) from the building with a net area of 3
square feet ( 1 .4 m^) per person. A gate shall be provided
from the safe dispersal area to allow for the necessary
relocation of occupants.

408.3.4.2 Exterior fenced enclosures and fenced enclo-
sures utilized for recreational or activity purposes, used
for exit termination for more than 20 persons, and which
do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall have not less
than two exits.

408.3.4.3 Fenced enclosures utilized for recreational or
activity purposes only, for more than 49 people, and
which do not provide a safe dispersal area, shall be pro-
vided with not less than two exits.

408.3.4.4 Fenced enclosures located on roofs of build-
ings one or more stories in height shall be provided with
not less than two exits regardless of occupant load.

408.3.5 Sallyports. A sallyport shall be permitted in a
means of egress where there are provisions for continuous
and unobstructed passage through the sallyport during an
emergency egress condition.

408.3.6 Exit enclosures.

408.3.6.1 One of the required exit enclosures in each
building shall be permitted to have glazing installed in
doors and interior walls at each landing level providing
access to the enclosure, provided that the following con-
ditions are met:

1. The exit enclosures shall not serve more than four
floor levels.

2. Exit doors shall not be less than ^-hour fire door
assemblies complying with Section 715.4.

3. The total area of glazing at each floor level shall
not exceed 5,000 square inches (3m^) and individ-
ual panels of glazing shall not exceed 1 ,296 square
inches {O.^Axo?).

4. The glazing shall be protected on both sides by an
automatic fire sprinkler system. The sprinkler sys-
tem shall be designed to wet completely the entire
surface of any glazing affected by fire when
actuated.

5. The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame and in-
stalled in such a manner that the framing system
will deflect without breaking (loading) the glass
before the sprinkler system operates.

6. Obstructions, such as curtain rods, drapery tra-
verse rods, curtains, drapes or similar materials
shall not be installed between the automatic sprin-
klers and glazing.

408.3.6.2 Where the number and arrangement of exits
complies with the requirements of Chapter 10, other
stairways which occur within the secure area of the
detention facility and are not used for required exiting

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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but are used primarily for the movement of inmates and
security stajfneed not extend to the exterior.

408.4 Locks. Egress doors are permitted to be locked in accor-
dance with the applicable use condition. Doors from an area of
refuge to the exterior are permitted to be locked with a key in
lieu of locking methods described in Section 408.4. 1 . The keys
to unlock the exterior doors shall be available at all times and
the locks shall be operable from both sides of the door. Security
hardware may be used on any fire-rated door.

408.4.1 Remote release. Remote release of locks on doors
in a means of egress shall be provided with reliable means of
operation, remote from the resident living areas, to release
locks on all required doors. In Occupancy Conditions 3 or 4,
the arrangement, accessibility and security of the release
mechanism(s) required for egress shall be such that with the
minimum available staff at any time, the lock mechanisms
are capable of being released within 2 minutes.

Exception: Provisions for remote locking and unlocking
of occupied rooms in Occupancy Condition 4 are not
required provided that not more than 10 locks are neces-
sary to be unlocked in order to move occupants from one
smoke compartment to a refuge area within 3 minutes.
The opening of necessary locks shall be accomplished
with not more than two separate keys.

408.4.2 Power-operated doors and locks. Power-operated
sliding doors or power-operated locks for swinging doors
shall be operable by a manual release mechanism at the
door, and either emergency power or a remote mechanical
operating release shall be provided.

Exception: Emergency power is not required in facilities
with 10 locks or less complying with the exception to
Section 408.4.1.

408.4.3 Redundant operation. Mechanically operated
sliding doors or mechanically operated locks shall be pro-
vided with a mechanically operated release mechanism at
each door and shall be provided with a remote release
control.

408.4.4 Relock capability. Doors remotely unlocked under
emergency conditions shall not automatically relock when
closed unless specific action is taken at the remote location
to enable doors to relock.

408.5 Vertical openings. Vertical openings shall be enclosed
in accordance with Section 707.

Exception: The open space in front of a cell tier and con-
nected chases, not exceeding two tiers in height, shall not be
considered a vertical shaft and need not meet the fire-resis-
tive shaft enclosure requirements of Section 707.

408.6 Smoke barrier. Occupancies in Group 1-3 shall have
smoke barriers complying with Section 709 to divide every
story occupied by residents for sleeping, or any other story hav-
ing an occupant load of 50 or more persons, into at least two
smoke compartments.

Exception: Spaces having a direct exit to one of the follow-
ing, provided that the locking arrangement of the doors

involved complies with the requirements for doors at the
smoke barrier for the use condition involved:

1. A public way.

2. A building separated from the resident housing area
by a 2-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly or 50 feet
(15 240 mm) of open space.

3 . A secured yard or court having a holding space 50 feet
(15 240 mm) from the housing area that provides 6
square feet (0.56 m^) or more of refuge area per occu-
pant, including residents, staff and visitors.

4. Holding facility.

408.6.1 Smoke compartments. The maximum number of
residents in any smoke compartment shall be 200. The
travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier from any room
door required as exit access shall not exceed 150 feet (45
720 mm). The travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier
from any point in a room shall not exceed 200 feet (60 960
mm).

408.6.2 Refuge area. At least 6 net square feet (0.56 m^) per
occupant shall be provided on each side of each smoke bar-
rier for the total number of occupants in adjoining smoke
compartments. This space shall be readily available wher-
ever the occupants are moved across the smoke baiTier in a
fire emergency.

408.6.3 Independent egress. A means of egress shall be
provided from each smoke compartment created by smoke
barriers without having to return through the smoke com-
partment from which means of egress originates.

408.7 Subdivision of areas. Each cell complex shall be sepa-
rated from other cell complexes or other spaces by a
smoke-tight partition.

408.7.1 Smoke-tight doors. Doors in openings in partitions
required to be smoke tight by Section 408.7 shall be sub-
stantial doors, of construction that will resist the passage of
smoke. Latches and door closures are not required on cell
doors.

408.8 Windowless buildings. For the purposes of this section,
a windowless building or portion of a building is one with
nonopenable windows, windows not readily breakable or with-
out windows. Windowless buildings shall be provided with an
engineered smoke control system to provide ventilation
(mechanical or natural) in accordance with Section 909 for
each windowless smoke compartment.

408.9 Nonbearing walls and interior partitions. Nonbearing
cell or dormitory walls within cell complexes shall be of
noncombustible construction.

408.10 Cells with open bars. In buildings protected throughout
by an automatic sprinkler system and automatic fire detection
system, corridor doors or walls of cells and dormitories may be
of open bars, perforated metal, grilles or other similar con-
struction.

408.11 Dead-end balconies. Exit balconies serving cell tiers
shall not extend more than 50 feet (15240 mm) beyond an exit
stairway.

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408.12 Emergency and standby power systems. Special elec-
trical systems, exit illumination, power installations and alter-
nate on-site electrical supplies shall be provided for every
building or portion of a building housing 10 or more inmates in
a detention or correctional facility in accordance with the pro-
visions of the California Electrical Code. There shall be a
source of emergency power in all detentionfacilities capable of
providing minimal lighting in all housing units, activity areas,
corridors, stairs and central control points, and to maintain
fire and life safety, security, communications and alarm
systems.

408.13 Windows. In security areas within cell complexes
sprinklered throughout, the area of glazing in 1-hour corridor
walls and smoke barrier walls shall not be restricted, provided:

1. All openings are protected by fixed glazing listed and la-
beled for fire protection of at least ^/4-hour; or

2. Fixed security glazing set in noncombustible frames
shall comply with the minimum requirements of one of
the following test standards: ASTM F 1233-98, Class III
glass, or California Department of Corrections, CDC
860-94d or H.P. White Laboratory, Inc.,
HPW-TP-0500.02, Forced Entry Level III

3. In lieu of the sizes set forth in the California Building
Code, the size and area of glazed assemblies shall con-
form to the following:

Windows required to have a ^/^-hour fire-resistive rat-
ing or windows protected by fixed security glazing, as
delineated in Items 1 and 2 above, may have an area not
greater than 84 square feet (7.8 m^) with neither width
nor height exceeding 12 feet (3658 mm).

408.14 Safety padding. Padding material used on walls, floors
and ceilings in Group I occupancies shall be of an approved
type tested in accordance with the procedures established by
State Fire Marshal Standard 12-8-100, Room Fire Test for Wall
and Ceiling Materials, Part 12, Title 24, California Code of
Regulations.

SECTION 409
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ROOMS

409.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to
rooms in which ribbon-type cellulose acetate or other safety
film is utilized in conjunction with electric arc, xenon or other
light-source projection equipment that develops hazardous
gases, dust or radiation. Where cellulose nitrate film is utihzed
or stored, such rooms shall comply with NFPA 40.

409.1.1 Projection room required. Every motion picture
machine projecting film as mentioned within the scope of
this section shall be enclosed in a projection room. Appurte-
nant electrical equipment, such as rheostats, transformers
and generators, shall be within the projection room or in an
adjacent room of equivalent construction.

409.2 Construction of projection rooms. Every projection
room shall be of permanent construction consistent with the
construction requirements for the type of building in which the

projection room is located. Openings are not required to be
protected.

The room shall have a floor area of not less than 80 square
feet (7.44 m^) for a single machine and at least 40 square feet
(3.7 m^) for each additional machine. Each motion picture pro-
jector, floodUght, spotlight or similar piece of equipment shall
have a clear working space of not less than 30 inches by 30
inches (762 mm by 762 mm) on each side and at the rear
thereof, but only one such space shall be required between two
adjacent projectors. The projection room and the rooms appur-
tenant thereto shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6
inches (2286 mm). The aggregate of openings for projection
equipment shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of the wall
between the projection room and the auditorium. Openings
shall be provided with glass or other approved material, so as to
close completely the opening.

409.3 Projection room and equipment ventilation. Ventila-
tion shall be provided in accordance with the California
Mechanical Code.

409.3.1 Supply air. Each projection room shall be provided
with adequate air supply inlets so arranged as to provide
well-distributed air throughout the room. Air inlet ducts
shall provide an amount of air equivalent to the amount of
air being exhausted by projection equipment. Air is permit-
ted to be taken from the outside; from adjacent spaces
within the building, provided the volume and infiltration
rate is sufficient; or from the building air-conditioning sys-
tem, provided it is so arranged as to provide sufficient air
when other systems are not in operation.

409.3.2 Exhaust air. Projection rooms are permitted to be
exhausted through the lamp exhaust system. The lamp
exhaust system shall be positively interconnected with the
lamp so that the lamp will not operate unless there is the
required airflow. Exhaust air ducts shall terminate at the
exterior of the building in such a location that the exhaust air
cannot be readily recirculated into any air supply system.
The projection room ventilation system is penmitted to also
serve appurtenant rooms, such as the generator and rewind
rooms.

409.3.3 Projection machines. Each projection machine
shall be provided with an exhaust duct that will draw air
from each lamp and exhaust it directly to the outside of the
building. The lamp exhaust is permitted to serve to exhaust
air from the projection room to provide room air circulation.
Such ducts shall be of rigid materials, except for a flexible
connector approved for the purpose. The projection lamp or
projection room exhaust system, or both, is permitted to be
combined but shall not be interconnected with any other
exhaust or return system, or both, within the building.

409.4 Lighting control. Provisions shall be made for control
of the auditorium Ughting and the means of egress Ughting sys-
tems of theaters from inside the projection room and from at
least one other convenient point in the building.

409.5 Miscellaneous equipment. Each projection room shall
be provided with rewind and film storage facilities.

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SECTION 410
STAGES AND PLATFORMS

410.1 Applicability. The provisions of this section shall apply
to all parts of buildings and structures that contain stages or
platforms and similar appurtenances as herein defined.

410.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this section and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

FLY GALLERY. A raised floor area above a stage from which
the movement of scenery and operation of other stage effects
are controlled.

GRIDIRON. The structural framing over a stage supporting
equipment for hanging or flying scenery and other stage
effects.

PINRAIL. A rail on or above a stage through which belaying
pins are inserted and to which lines are fastened.

PLATFORM. A raised area within a building used for wor-
ship, the presentation of music, plays or other entertainment;
the head table for special guests; the raised area for lecturers
and speakers; boxing and wrestUng rings; theater-in-the-round
stages; and similar purposes wherein there are no overhead
hanging curtains, drops, scenery or stage effects other than
Hghting and sound. A temporary platform is one installed for
not more than 30 days.

PROSCENIUM WALL. The wall that separates the stage
from the auditorium or assembly seating area.

STAGE. A space within a building utilized for entertainment
or presentations, which includes overhead hanging curtains,
drops, scenery or stage effects other than lighting and sound.

410.3 Stages. Stage construction shall comply with Sections
410.3.1 through 410.3.7.

410.3.1 Stage construction. Stages shall be constructed of
materials as required for floors for the type of construction
of the building in which such stages are located.

Exceptions:

1 . Stages of Type UB or IV construction with a nomi-
nal 2-inch (51 mm) wood deck, provided that the
stage is separated from other areas in accordance
with Section 410.3.4.

2. In buildings of Type IIA, IIIA and VA construc-
tion, a fire-resistance-rated floor is not required,
provided the space below the stage is equipped
with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in ac-
cordance with Section 903 or 904.

3. In all types of construction, the finished floor shall
be constructed of wood or approved
noncombustible materials. Openings through
stage floors shall be equipped with tight-fitting,
solid wood trap doors with approved safety locks.

410.3.1.1 Stage height and area. Stage areas shall be
measured to include the entire performance area and
adjacent backstage and support areas not separated from
the performance area by fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion. Stage height shall be measured from the lowest

point on the stage floor to the highest point of the roof or
floor deck above the stage.

410.3.2 Galleries, gridirons, catvcalks and pinrails.

Beams designed only for the attachment of portable or fixed
theater equipment, gridirons, galleries and catwalks shall be
constructed of approved materials consistent with the
requirements for the type of construction of the building;
and a fire-resistance rating shall not be required. These areas
shall not be considered to be floors, stories, mezzanines or
levels in applying this code.

Exception: Floors of fly galleries and catwalks shall be
constructed of any approved material.

410.3.3 Exterior stage doors. Where protection of open-
ings is requhed, exterior exit doors shall be protected with
fire door assemblies that comply with Section 715. Exterior
openings that are located on the stage for means of egress or
loading and unloading purposes, and that are likely to be
open during occupancy of the theater, shall be constructed
with vestibules to prevent air drafts into the auditorium.

410.3.4 Proscenium wall. Where the stage height is greater
than 50 feet (15 240 mm), all portions of the stage shall be
completely separated from the seating area by a proscenium
wall with not less than a 2-hour fire-resistance rating
extending continuously from the foundation to the roof.

410.3.5 Proscenium curtain. Where a proscenium wall is
required to have a fire-resistance rating, the stage opening
shall be provided with a fire curtain of approved material or
an approved water curtain complying with Section
903 . 3 . 1 . 1 . The fire curtain shall be designed and installed to
intercept hot gases, flames and smoke and to prevent a glow
from a severe fire on the stage from showing on the audito-
rium side for a period of 20 minutes. The closing of the fire
curtain from the full open position shall be accomplished in
less than 30 seconds, with the last 8 feet (243 8 mm) of travel
requiring 5 or more seconds for full closure.

410.3.5.1 Activation. The curtain shall be activated by
rate-of-rise heat detection installed in accordance with
Section 907.10 operating at a rate of temperature rise of
15 to 20°F per minute (8 to 1 1°C per minute), and by an
auxiliary manual control.

410.3.5.2 Fire test. A sample curtain with a minimum of
two vertical seams shall be subjected to the standard fire
test specified in ASTM E 119 for a period of 30 minutes.
The curtain shall overlap the furnace edges by an amount
that is appropriate to seal the top and sides. The curtain
shall have a bottom pocket containing a minimum of 4
pounds per Hnear foot (5.9 kg/m) of batten. The exposed
surface of the curtain shall not glow, and flame or smoke
shall not penetrate the curtain during the test period.
Unexposed surface temperature and hose stream test
requirements are not applicable to the proscenium fire
safety curtain test.

410.3.5.3 Smoke test. Curtain fabrics shall have a
smoke-developed rating of 25 or less when tested in
accordance with ASTM E 84.

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410.3.5.4 Tests. The completed proscenium curtain shall
be subjected to operating tests prior to the issuance of a
certificate of occupancy.

410.3.6 Scenery. Combustible materials used in sets and
scenery shall meet the fire propagation performance criteria
of NFPA 701, in accordance with Section 806 and the Cali-
fornia Fire Code. Foam plastics and materials containing
foam plastics shall comply with Section 2603 and the Cali-
fornia Fire Code.

410.3.7 Stage ventilation. Emergency ventilation shall be
provided for stages larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) in
floor area, or with a stage height greater than 50 feet (15 240
mm). Such ventilation shall comply with Section 410.3.7.1
or 410.3.7.2.

410.3.7.1 Roof vents. Two or more vents constructed to
open automatically by approved heat-activated devices
and with an aggregate clear opening area of not less than
5 percent of the area of the stage shall be located near the
center and above the highest part of the stage area. Sup-
plemental means shaU be provided for manual operation
of the ventilator. Curbs shall be provided as required for
skylights in Section 2610.2. Vents shall be labeled.

[F] 410.3.7.2 Smoke control. Smoke control in accor-
dance with Section 909 shall be provided to maintain the
smoke layer interface not less than 6 feet (1829 mm)
above the highest level of the assembly seating or above
the top of the proscenium opening where a proscenium
wall is provided in compliance with Section 410.3.4.

410.4 Platform construction. Permanent platforms shall be
constructed of materials as required for the type of construction
of the building in which the permanent platform is located. Per-
manent platforms are permitted to be constructed of frre-retar-
dant-treated wood for Type I, n, and IV construction where the
platforms are not more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the
main floor, and not more than one-third of the room floor area
and not more than 3 ,000 square feet (279 m^) in area. Where the
space beneath the permanent platform is used for storage or any
other purpose other than equipment, wiring or plumbing, the
floor construction shall not be less than 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction. Where the space beneath the perma-
nent platform is used only for equipment, wiring or plumbing,
the underside of the permanent platform need not be protected.

410.4.1 Temporary platforms. Platforms installed for a
period of not more than 30 days are permitted to be con-
structed of any materials permitted by the code. The space
between the floor and the platform above shall only be used
for plumbing and electrical wiring to platform equipment.

410.5 Dressing and appurtenant rooms. Dressing and appur-
tenant rooms shall comply with Sections 410.5.1 through
410.5.3.

410.5.1 Separation from stage. Where the stage height is
greater than 50 feet (15 240 mm), the stage shall be sepa-
rated from dressing rooms, scene docks, property rooms,
workshops, storerooms and compartments appurtenant to
the stage and other parts of the building by a fire barrier with
not less than a 2-hour fire-resistance rating with approved

opening protectives. For stage heights of 50 feet (15 240
mm) or less, the required stage separation shall be a fire bar-
rier with not less llian a 1-hour fire-resistance rating with
approved opening protectives.

410.5.2 Separation from each other. Dressing rooms,
scene docks, property rooms, workshops, storerooms and
compartments appurtenant to the stage shall be separated
from each other by fire barriers with not less than a 1-hour
fire-resistance rating with approved opening protectives.

410.5.3 Stage exits. At least one approved means of egress
shall be provided from each side of the stage and from each
side of the space under the stage. At least one means of
escape shall be provided from each fly gallery and from the
gridiron. A steel ladder, alternating tread staurway or spiral
stairway is permitted to be provided from the gridiron to a
scuttle in the stage roof.

[F] 410.6 Automatic sprinkler system. Stages shall be
equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in
accordance with Chapter 9. Sprinklers shall be installed under
the roof and gridiron and under all catwalks and galleries over
the stage. Sprinklers shall be installed in dressing rooms, per-
former lounges, shops and storerooms accessory to such
stages.

Exceptions:

1 . Sprinklers are not required under stage areas less than
4 feet (1219 mm) in clear height that are utilized ex-
clusively for storage of tables and chairs, provided the
concealed space is separated from the adjacent spaces
by not less than Vg-inch (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum
board.

2. Sprinklers are not required for stages 1,000 square
feet (93 m^) or less in area and 50 feet (15 240 mm) or
less in height where curtains, scenery or other com-
bustible hangings are not rettactable vertically. Com-
bustible hangings shall be limited to a single main
curtain, borders, legs and a single backdrop.

3. Sprinklers are not required within portable orchestra
enclosures on stages.

[F] 410.7 Standpipes. Standpipe systems shall be provided in
accordance with Section 905.

SECTION 411
SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS

411.1 General. Special amusement buildings having an occu-
pant load of 50 or more shall comply with the requirements for
the appropriate Group A occupancy and this section. Amuse-
ment buildings having an occupant load of less than 50 shall
comply with the requirements for a Group B occupancy and
this section.

Exception: Amusement buildings or portions thereof that
are without walls or a roof and constructed to prevent the
accumulation of smoke.

For flammable decorative materials, see the California Fire
Code.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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411.2 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the
purpose of this section and as used elsewhere in this code, have
the meaning shown herein.

SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. A special amuse-
ment building is any temporary or permanent building or por-
tion thereof that is occupied for amusement, entertainment or
educational purposes and that contains a device or system that
conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, around or
over a course in any direction so arranged that the means of
egress path is not readily apparent due to visual or audio dis-
tractions or is intentionally confounded or is not readily avail-
able because of the nature of the attraction or mode of
conveyance through the building or structure.

[F] 411.3 Automatic fire detection. Special amusement build-
ings shall be equipped with an automatic &e detection system
in accordance with Section 907.

[F] 411.4 Automatic sprinkler system. Special amusement
buildings shall be equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. Where
the special amusement building is temporary, the sprinkler
water supply shall be of an approved temporary means.

Exception: Automatic sprinklers are not required where the
total floor area of a temporary special amusement building
is less than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) and the travel distance
from any point to an exit is less than 50 feet (15 240 mm).

[F] 411.5 Alarm. Actuation of a single smoke detector, the
automatic sprinkler system or other automatic fure detection
device shall immediately sound an alarm at the building at a
constantly attended location from which emergency action can
be initiated including the capability of manual initiation of
requirements in Section 907.2.11.2.

[F] 411.6 Emergency voice/alarm communications system.

An emergency voice/alarm communications system shall be
provided in accordance with Sections 907.2. 1 1 and 907.2.12.2,
which is also permitted to serve as a public address system and
shall be audible throughout the entire special amusement
building.

411.7 Exit marking. Exit signs shall be installed at the
required exit or exit access doorways of amusement buildings.
Approved directional exit markings shall also be provided.
Where mirrors, mazes or other designs are utilized that dis-
guise the path of egress travel such that they are not apparent,
approved low-level exit signs and directional path markings
shall be provided and located not more than 8 inches (203 mm)
above the walking surface and on or near the path of egress
travel. Such markings shall become visible in an emergency.
The directional exit marking shall be activated by the automatic
&e detection system and the automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 907.2.11.2.

411.8 Interior finish. The interior finish shall be Class A in
accordance with Section 803.1.

SECTION 412
AIRCRAFT-RELATED OCCUPANCIES

412.1 Airport traffic control towers.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

412.1.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply
to airport traffic control towers not exceeding 1,500 square
feet (140 m^) per floor occupied only for the following uses:

1. Airport traffic control cab.

2. Electrical and mechanical equipment rooms.

3. Airport terminal radar and electronics rooms.

4. Office spaces incidental to the tower operation.

5. Lounges for employees, including sanitary facilities.

412.1.2 Type of construction. Airport traffic control tow-
ers shall be constructed to comply with the height and area
limitations of Table 412.1.2.

TABLE 41 2.1 .2

HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS FOR AIRPORT TRAFFIC

CONTROL TOWERS

TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION

HEIGHr
(feet)

MAXIMUM AREA
(square feet)

Unlimited

1,500

240

1,500

IIA

100

1,500

IIB

1,500

IHA

1,500

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^.
a. Height to be measured from grade plane to cab floor

412.1.3 Egress. A minimum of one exit stairway shall be
permitted for airport traffic control towers of any height pro-
vided that the occupant load per floor does not exceed 15.
The stairway shall conform to the requirements of Section
1009. The stairway shall be separated from elevators by a
minimum distance of one-half of the diagonal of the area
served measured in a straight hue. The exit stairway and ele-
vator hoistway are permitted to be located in the same shaft
enclosure, provided they are separated from each other by a
4-hour fire barrier having no openings. Such stairway shall
be pressurized to a minimum of 0.15 inch of water column
(43 Pa) and a maximum of 0.35 inch of water column (101
Pa) in the shaft relative to the building with stairway doors
closed. Stairways need not extend to the roof as specified in
Section 1009.11. The provisions of Section 403 do not
apply.

Exception: Smokeproof enclosures as set forth in Sec-
tion 1020.1.7 are not required where required stairways
are pressurized.

[F] 412.1.4 Automatic fire detection systems. Airport traf-
fic control towers shall be provided with an automatic fire
detection system installed in accordance with Section
907.2.

[F] 412.1.5 Standby power. A standby power system that
conforms to Section 2702 shall be provided in airport traffic
control towers more than 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
Power shall be provided to the following equipment:

1 . Pressurization equipment, mechanical equipment and
Hghting.

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

2. Elevator operating equipment.

3. Fire alarm and smoke detection systems.

412.1.6 Accessibility. [DSA-ACJ In air traffic control tow-
ers, an accessible route shall not be required to serve the
cab and the equipment areas on the floor immediately below
the cab.

412.2 Aircraft hangars. Aircraft hangars shall be in accor-
dance with Sections 412.2.1 through 412.2.6.

412.2.1 Exterior walls. Exterior walls located less than 30
feet (9144 mm) from lot lines or a public way shall have a
foe-resistance rating not less than 2 hours.

412.2.2 Basements. Where hangars have basements, the
floor over the basement shall be of Type lA construction and
shall be made tight against seepage of water, oil or vapors.
There shall be no opening or communication between the
basement and the hangar. Access to the basement shall be
from outside only.

412.2.3 Floor surface. Floors shall be graded and drained
to prevent water or fuel from remaining on the floor. Floor
drains shall discharge through an oil separator to the sewer
or to an outside vented sump.

Exception: Aircraft hangars with individual lease
spaces not exceeding 2,000 square feet (186 m^) each in
which servicing, repaking or washing is not conducted
and fuel is not dispensed shall have floors that are graded
toward the door, but shall not requhe a separator.

412.2.4 Heating equipment. Heating equipment shall be
placed in another room separated by 2-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction. Entrance shall be from the outside
or by means of a vestibule providing a two-doorway
separation.

Exceptions:

1. Unit heaters and vented infrared radiant heating
equipment suspended at least 10 feet (3048 mm)
above the upper surface of wings or engine enclo-
sures of the highest aurcraft that are permitted to be
housed in the hangar and at least 8 feet (2438 mm)
above the floor in shops, offices and other sections
of the hangar communicating with storage or
service areas.

2. A single interior door shall be allowed, provided
the sources of ignition in the appUances are at least
18 inches (457 mm) above the floor.

412.2.5 Finishing. The process of "doping," involving use
of a volatile flammable solvent, or of painting, shall be car-
ried on in a separate detached building equipped with auto-
matic fire-extinguishing equipment in accordance with
Section 903.

[F] 412.2.6 Fire suppression. Aircraft hangars shall be pro-
vided with fire suppression as required by NFPA 409.

Exception: Group II hangars as defined in NFPA 409
storing private aircraft without major maintenance or
overhaul are exempt from foam suppression require-
ments.

412.3 Residential aircraft hangars. Residential aircraft han-
gars as defined in Section 412.3.1 shall comply with Sections
412.3.2 through 412.3.6.

412.3.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for
the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meaning shown herein.

RESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT HANGAR. An accessory
building less than 2,000 square feet (186 m^) and 20 feet
(6096 mm) in height, constructed on a one- or two-family
residential property where aircraft are stored. Such use will
be considered as a residential accessory use incidental to the
dwelUng.

412.3.2 Fire separation. A hangar shall not be attached to a
dwelUng unless separated by a fire barrier having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Such separation
shall be continuous from the foundation to the underside of
the roof and unpierced except for doors leading to the dwell-
ing unit. Doors into the dwelling unit must be equipped with
self-closing devices and conform to the requirements of
S ection 715 with at least a 4-inch (102 mm) noncombustible
raised sill. Openings from a hanger directly into a room used
for sleeping purposes shall not be permitted.

412.3.3 Egress. A hangar shall provide two means of
egress. One of the doors into the dwelUng shall be consid-
ered as meeting only one of the two means of egress.

[F] 412.3.4 Smoke alarms. Smoke alarms shall be pro-
vided within the hangar in accordance with Section
907.2.21.

412.3.5 Independent systems. Electrical, mechanical and
plumbing drain, waste and vent (DWV) systems installed
within the hangar shall be independent of the systems
installed within the dwelling. Building sewer lines shall be
permitted to be connect outside the structures.

Exception: Smoke detector wiring and feed for electri-
cal subpanels in the hangar.

412.3.6 Height and area limits. Residential aircraft han-
gars shall not exceed 2,000 square feet (186 m^) in area and
20 feet (6096 mm) in height.

[F] 412.4 Aircraft paint hangars. Aircraft painting opera-
tions where flammable Uquids are used in excess of the maxi-
mum allowable quantities per control area listed in Table
307.7(1) shall be conducted in an aircraft paint hangar that
complies with the provisions of Section 412.4.

[F] 412.4.1 Occupancy group. Aircraft paint hangars shall
be classified as Group H-2. Aircraft paint hangars shall
comply with the apphcable requkements of this code and
the California Fire Code for such occupancy.

412.4.2 Construction. The aircraft paint hangar shall be of
Type I or n construction.

[F] 412.4.3 Operations. Only those flammable Uquids nec-
essary for painting operations shall be permitted in quanti-
ties less than the maximum allowable quantities per control
area in Table 307.1(1). Spray equipment cleaning opera-
tions shall be conducted in a liquid use, dispensing and
mixing room.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 412 A A Storage. Storage of flammable liquids shall be
in a liquid storage room.

[F] 412.4.5 Fire suppression. Aircraft paint hangars shall
be provided with fire suppression as required by NFPA 409.

412.4.6 Ventilation. Aircraft paint hangars shall be pro-
vided with ventilation as required in the California Mechan-
ical Code.

412.5 Heliports and helistops. Heliports and helistops shall
be permitted to be erected on buildings or other locations where
they are constructed in accordance with this section.

412.5.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

HELIPORT. An area of land or water or a structural surface
that is used, or intended for use, for the landing and taking
off of helicopters, and any appurtenant areas that are used,
or intended for use, for heliport buildings and other heliport
facilities.

HELISTOP. The same as a "heliport," except that no fuel-
ing, defueling, maintenance, repairs or storage of helicop-
ters is permitted.

412.5.2 Size. The landing area for helicopters less than
3,500 pounds (1588 kg) shall be a minimum of 20 feet (6096
mm) in length and width. The landing area shall be sur-
rounded on all sides by a clear area having a minimum aver-
age width at roof level of 15 feet (4572 mm) but with no
width less than 5 feet (1524 mm).

412.5.3 Design. Helicopter landing areas and the supports
thereof on the roof of a building shall be noncombustible
construction. Landing areas shall be designed to confine any
flammable liquid spillage to the landing area itself and pro-
visions shall be made to drain such spillage away from any
exit or stairway serving the helicopter landing area or from a
structure housing such exit or stairway. For structural design
requirements, see Section 1605.5.

412.5.4 Means of egress. The means of egress from heli-
ports and helistops shall comply with the provisions of
Chapter 10. Landing areas located on buildings or structures
shall have two or more means of egress. For landing areas
less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in length, or less than 2,000
square feet (186 m^) in area, the second means of egress may
be a fire escape or ladder leading to the floor below.

412.5.5 Rooftop heliports and helistops. Rooftop heli-
ports and helistops shall comply with NFPA 418.

SECTION 413
COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE

413.1 General. High-piled stock or rack storage in any occu-
pancy group shall comply with the California Fire Code.

413.2 Attic, under-floor and concealed spaces. Attic,
under-floor and concealed spaces used for storage of combusti-
ble materials shall be protected on the storage side as required
for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. Openings shall
be protected by assembUes that are self-closing and are of

noncombustible construction or solid wood core not less than
IV4 inches (45 mm) in thickness.

Exceptions:

1 . Areas protected by approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tems.

2. Group R-3 and U occupancies.

SECTION 414
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

[F] 414.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to
buildings and structures occupied for the manufacturing, pro-
cessing, dispensing, use or storage of hazardous materials.

[F] 414.1.1 Other provisions. Buildings and structures
with an occupancy in Group H shall also comply with the
applicable provisions of Section 415 and the California Fire
Code.

[F] 414.1.2 Materials. The safe design of hazardous mate-
rial occupancies is material dependent. Individual material
requirements are also found in Sections 307 and 415, and in
the California Mechanical Code and the California Fire
Code.

[F] 414.1,2.1 Aerosols. Level 2 and 3 aerosol products
shall be stored and displayed in accordance with the Cal-
ifornia Fire Code. See Section 311.2 and the California
Fire Code for occupancy group requirements.

[F] 414.1.3 Information required. Separate floor plans
shall be submitted for buildings and structures with an occu-
pancy in Group H, identifying the locations of anticipated
contents and processes so as to reflect the nature of each
occupied portion of every building and structure. A report
identifying hazardous materials including, but not limited
to, materials representing hazards that are classified in
Group H to be stored or used, shall be submitted and the
methods of protection from such hazards shall be indicated
on the construction documents. The opinion and report shall
be prepared by a qualified person, firm or corporation
approved by the building official and shall be provided
without charge to the enforcing agency.

[F] 414.2 Control areas. Control areas shall comply with Sec-
tions 414.2.1 through 414.2.5 and the California Fire Code.

414.2.1 Construction requirements. Control areas shall
be separated from each other by fire barriers constructed in
accordance with Section 706 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 711, or both.

[F] 414.2.2 Percentage of maximum allowable quanti-
ties. The percentage of maximum allowable quantities of
hazardous materials per control area permitted at each floor
level within a building shall be in accordance with Table
414.2.2.

[F] 414.2.3 Number. The maximum number of control
areas within a building shall be in accordance with Table
414.2.2.

414.2.4 Fire-resistance-rating requirements. The

required fire-resistance rating for frre barriers shall be in

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

accordance with Table 414.2.2. The floor construction of
the control area and the construction supporting the floor of
the control area shall have a minimum 2-hour fire-resistance
rating.

Exception: The floor construction of the control area
and the construction supporting the floor of the control
area are allowed to be 1-hour fire-resistance rated in
buildings of Type IIA, UIA and VA construction, pro-
vided that both of the following conditions exist:

1 . The building is equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1, and

2. The building is three stories or less in height.

[F] 414.2.5 Hazardous material in Group M display and
storage areas and in Group S storage areas. The aggre-
gate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or
noncombustible liquid hazardous materials permitted
within a single control area of a Group M display and stor-
age area, a Group S storage area or an outdoor control area is
permitted to exceed the maximum allowable quantities per
control area specified in Tables 307. 1 (1) and 307. 1 (2) with-
out classifying the building or use as a Group H occupancy,
provided that the materials are displayed and stored in
accordance with the California Fire Code and quantities do
not exceed the maximum allowable specified in Table
414.2.5(1).

In Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales uses,
indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall
not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control
area as indicated in Table 414.2.5(2), provided that the
materials are displayed and stored in accordance with the
California Fire Code.

The maximum quantity of aerosol products in Group M
occupancy retail display areas, storage areas adjacent to
retail display areas and retail storage areas shall be in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 414.3 Ventilation. Rooms, areas or spaces of Group H in
which explosive, corrosive, combustible, flammable or highly
toxic dusts, mists, fumes, vapors or gases are or may be emitted

due to the processing, use, handling or storage of materials
shall be mechanically ventilated as required by the California
Fire Code and the California Mechanical Code.

Ducts conveying explosives or flammable vapors, fumes or
dusts shall extend directly to the exterior of the building with-
out entering other spaces. Exhaust ducts shall not extend into or
through ducts and plenums.

Exception: Ducts conveying vapor or fumes having flam-
mable constituents less than 25 percent of their lower flam-
mable limit (LFL) are permitted to pass through other
spaces.

Emissions generated at workstations shall be confined to the
area in which they are generated as specified in the California
Fire Code and the California Mechanical Code.

The location of supply and exhaust openings shall be in
accordance with the California Mechanical Code. Exhaust air
contaminated by highly toxic material shall be treated in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

A manual shutoff control for ventilation equipment required
by this section shall be provided outside the room adjacent to
the principal access door to the room. The switch shall be of the
break-glass type and shall be labeled: VENTILATION SYS-
TEM EMERGENCY SHUTOFF.

[F] 414.4 Hazardous material systems. Systems involving
hazardous materials shall be suitable for the intended applica-
tion. Controls shall be designed to prevent materials from
entering or leaving process or reaction systems at other than the
intended time, rate or path. Automatic controls, where pro-
vided, shall be designed to be fail safe.

[F] 414.5 Inside storage, dispensing and use. The inside stor-
age, dispensing and use of hazardous materials in excess of the
maximum allowable quantities per control area of Tables
307.1(1) and 307.1(2) shall be in accordance with Sections
414.5.1 through 414.5.5 of this code and the California Fire
Code.

[F] 414.5.1 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be
provided in accordance with the California Fire Code as
required by Table 414.5.1 where quantities of hazardous

[F] TABLE 414.2.2
DESIGN AND NUMBER OF CONTROL AREAS

FLOOR LEVEL

PERCENTAGE OF THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA=

NUMBER OF CONTROL
AREAS PER FLOOR

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING
FOR FIRE BARRIERS IN HOURS"

Above grade
plane

Higher than 9

7-9

5
4
3
2
1

5
12.5
12.5
12.5
50
75
100

2
2
2
2
2
3
4

2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

Below grade
plane

Lower than 2

Not Allowed

a. Percentages shall be of the maximum allowable quantity per control area shown in Tables 307. 1(1) and 307. 1(2), with all increases allowed in the notes to those
tables.

b. Fire barriers shall.include walls and floors as necessary to provide separation from other portions of the building.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] TABLE 414.2.5(1)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER INDOOR AND OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA IN GROUP M AND S OCCUPANCIES

NONFLAMMABLE SOLIDS AND NONFLAMMABLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS""'

CONDITION

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA

Material^

Class

Solids
pounds

Liquids
gallons

A. Health-hazard materials-nonflammable and noncombustible solids and liquids

1. Corrosives''' "=

Not Applicable

9,750

975

2. Highly toxics

Not Applicable

20"' =

2b, c

3. Toxics''' =

Not Applicable

1,000

100

B. Physical-hazard materials-nonflammable and noncombustible solids and liquids

1. Oxidizers''' "=

Not Allowed

l,150s

115

2,250"

225

18,000''J

1,800''J

2. Unstable (reactives)''' "=

Not Allowed

550

1,150

115

Not Limited

3. Water (reactives)

3b,

550

2b, c

1,150

115

Not Limited

For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L.

a. Hazard categories are as specified in the California Fire Code.

b. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings that are sprinklered in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 . When Note c also applies, the
increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

c. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, in accordance with the California Fire Code. When Note b
also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively.

d. See Table 414.2.2 for design and number of control areas.

e. Allowable quantities for other hazardous material categories shall be in accordance with Section 307.

f. Maximum quantities shall be increased 100 percent in outdoor control areas.

g. Maximum amounts are permitted to be increased to 2,250 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or packager
and do not exceed 10 pounds each.

h. Maximum amounts are permitted to be increased to 4,500 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer or packager

and do not exceed 10 pounds each,
i. The permitted quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
j. Quantities are unlimited in an outdoor control area.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] TABLE 414.2.5(2)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALES OCCUPANCIES PER CONTROL AREA^

TYPE OF LIQUID

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons)

Sprinklered in accordance with Note B
densities and arrangements

Sprinldered in accordance witii Tables

3404.3.6.3(4) througli 3404.3.6.3(8) and Table

3404.3.7.5.1 of the International Fire Code

Nonsprinlclered

Class lA

Class IB, IC,n and mA

7,500<^

15,000=

1,600

Class lllB

Unlimited

13,200

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m^.

a. Control areas shall be separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire barrier wall.

b. To be considered as sprinklered, a building shall be equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system with a design providing mimmum densities
as follows:

1 . For uncartoned commodities on shelves 6 feet or less in height where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quantities are those permitted with a mini-
mum sprinkler design density of Ordinary Hazard Group 2.

2. For cartoned, palletized or racked commodities where storage is 4 feet 6 inches or less in height and where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quanti-
ties are those permitted with a minimum sprinkler design density of 0.21 gallon per minute per square foot over the most remote 1 ,500-square-foot area.

c. Where wholesale and retail sales or storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities are allowed to be increased by 2 percent for
each 1 ,000 square feet of area in excess of 50,000 square feet, up to a maximum of 100 percent of the table amounts. A control area separation is not required. The
cumulative amounts, including amounts attained by having an additional control area, shall not exceed 30,000 gallons.

materials specified in that table exceed the maximum allow-
able quantities in Table 307. 1(1) or where a structure, room
or space is occupied for purposes involving explosion haz-
ards as required by Section 4 15 or the California Fire Code.

[F] 414.5.2 Monitor control equipment. Monitor control
equipment shall be provided where required by the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

[F] 414.5.3 Automatic fire detection systems. Group H
occupancies shall be provided with an automatic fire detec-
tion system in accordance with Section 907.2.

[F] 414.5.4 Standby or emergency power. Where mechan-
ical ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control,
alarm, detection or other electrically operated systems are
required, such systems shall be provided with an emergency
or standby power system in accordance with this code or the
California Electrical Code.

Exceptions:

1. Storage areas for Class I and 11 oxidizers.

2. Storage areas for Class III, IV and V organic per-
oxides.

3. Storage, use and handling areas for highly toxic or
toxic materials as provided for in the California
Fire Code.

4. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treat-
ment systems and temperature control systems
shall not be required where an approved fail-safe
engineered system is installed.

[F] 414.5.5 Spill control, drainage and containment.

Rooms, buildings or areas occupied for the storage of solid
and liquid hazardous materials shall be provided with a
means to control spillage and to contain or drain off spillage
and fire protection water discharged in the storage area
where required in the California Fire Code. The methods of
spill control shall be in accordance with the California Fire
Code.

[F] 414.6 Outdoor storage, dispensing and use. The outdoor
storage, dispensing and use of hazardous materials shall be in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 414.6.1 Weather protection. Where weather protection
is provided for sheltering outdoor hazardous material stor-
age or use areas, such areas shall be considered outdoor
storage or use when the weather protection structure com-
plies with Sections 414.6.1.1 through 414.6.1.3.

[F] 414.6,1.1 Walls. Walls shall not obstruct more than
one side of the structure.

Exception: Walls shall be permitted to obstruct por-
tions of multiple sides of the structure, provided that
the obstructed area does not exceed 25 percent of the
structure's perimeter.

[F] 414.6.1.2 Separation distance. The distance from
the structure to buildings, lot lines, public ways or means
of egress to a public way shall not be less than the dis-
tance required for an outside hazardous material storage
or use area without weather protection.

[F] 414.6.1.3 Noncombustible construction. The over-
head structure shall be of approved noncombustible con-
struction with amaximum area of 1,500 square feet (140

Exception: The increases permitted by Section 506
apply.

[F] 414.7 Emergency alarms. Emergency alarms for the
detection and notification of an emergency condition in Group
H occupancies shall be provided as set forth herein.

[F] 414.7.1 Storage. An approved manual emergency
alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas
used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency
alarm-initiating devices shall be installed outside of each
interior exit or exit access door of storage buildings, rooms
or areas. Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device
shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants of an emergency
situation involving hazardous materials.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 414,7.2 Dispensing, use and handling. Where hazard-
ous materials having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accor-
dance with NFPA 704 are transported through corridors or
exit enclosures, there shall be an emergency telephone sys-
tem, a local manual alarm station or an approved alarm-ini-
tiating device at not more than 150-foot (45 720 mm)
intervals and at each exit and exit access doorway through-
out the transport route. The signal shall be relayed to an
approved central, proprietary or remote station service or
constantly attended on-site location and shall also initiate a
local audible alarm.

[F] 414.7.3 Supervision. Emergency alarm systems shall
be supervised by an approved central, proprietary or remote

station service or shall initiate an audible and visual signal at
a constantly attended on-site location.

SECTION 415
GROUPS H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 AND H-5

[F] 415.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
the storage and use of hazardous materials in excess of the
maximum allowable quantities per control area listed in Sec-
tion 307.1. Buildings and structures with an occupancy in
Group H shall also comply with the applicable provisions of
Section 414 and the California Fire Code.

[F] TABLE 414.5.1
EXPLOSION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS^

MATERIAL

CLASS

EXPLOSION CONTROL METHODS

Barricade construction

Explosion (deflagration) venting

or explosion (deflagration)

prevention systems'"

HAZARD CATEGORY

Combustible dusts'^

Not Required

Required

Cryogenic flammables

—

Not Required

Required

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3
Division 1.4
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Required
Required
Not Required
Not Required
Required
Required

Not Required
Not Required
Required
Required
Not Required
Not Required

Flammable gas

Gaseous
Liquefied

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

Flammable liquid

lA"
IB=

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

Organic peroxides

U
I

Required
Required

Not Permitted
Not Permitted

Oxidizer liquids and solids

Required

Not Permitted .

Pyrophoric gas

Not Required

Required

Unstable (reactive)

3 Detonable

3 Nondetonable

Required

Not Required

Not Permitted

Required

Water-reactive liquids and solids

3
2s

Not Required
Not Required

Required
Required

SPECIAL USES

Acetylene generator rooms

Not Required

Required

Grain processing

Not Required

Required

Liquefied petroleum gas-distribution facilities

—

Not Required

Required

Where explosion hazards exist^

Detonation
Deflagration

Required
Not Required

Not Permitted
Required

a. See Section 414.1.3.

b. See the California Fire Code.

c. As generated during manufacturing or processing. See definition of "Combustible dust" in Chapter 3.

d. Storage or use.

e. In open use or dispensing.

f. Rooms containing dispensing and use of hazardous materials when an explosive environment can occur because of the characteristics or nature of the hazardous
materials or as a result of the dispensing or use process.

g. A method of explosion control shall be provided when Class 2 water-reactive materials can form potentially explosive mixtures.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 415.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shaU,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in the
code, have the meanings shown herein.

[F] CONTINUOUS GAS-DETECTION SYSTEM. A gas

detection system where the analytical instrument is maintained
in continuous operation and sampling is performed without
interruption. Analysis is allowed to be performed on a cyclical
basis at intervals not to exceed 30 minutes.

[F] EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. An approved
location on the premises where signals from emergency equip-
ment are received and which is staffed by trained personnel.

[F] EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. An appHance or piece of
eqmpment that consists of a top, a back and two sides providing
a means of local exhaust for capturing gases, fumes, vapors and
mists. Such enclosures include laboratory hoods, exhaust fume
hoods and similar appliances and equipment used to locally
retain and exhaust the gases, fumes, vapors and mists that could
be released. Rooms or areas provided with general ventilation,
in themselves, are not exhausted enclosures.

[F] FABRICATION AREA. An area within a semiconductor
fabrication facility and related research and development areas
in which there are processes using hazardous production mate-
rials. Such areas are allowed to include ancillary rooms or areas
such as dressing rooms and offices that are directly related to
the fabrication area processes.

[F] FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. The concentra-
tion of flammable constituents in air that exceed 25 percent of
their lower flammable limit (LFL).

[F] GAS CABINET. A fully enclosed, noncombustible enclo-
sure used to provide an isolated environment for compressed
gas cylinders in storage or use. Doors and access ports for
exchanging cylinders and accessing pressure-regulating con-
trols are allowed to be included.

[F] GAS ROOM. A separately ventilated, fully enclosed room
in which only compressed gases and associated equipment and
supplies are stored or used.

[F] HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM).

A solid, liquid or gas associated with semiconductor manufac-
turing that has a degree-of-hazard rating in health,
flammability or reactivity of Class 3 or 4 as ranked by NFPA
704 and which is used directly in research, laboratory or pro-
duction processes that have as their end product materials that
are not hazardous.

[F] HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. An HPM liquid that is
defined as either a Class I flammable liquid or a Class II or
Class IILA combustible Hquid.

[F] HPM ROOM. A room used in conjunction with or serving
a Group H-5 occupancy, where HPM is stored or used and
which is classified as a Group H-2, H-3 or H-4 occupancy.

[F] IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND
HEALTH (IDLH). The concentration of air-borne contami-
nants which poses a threat of death, immediate or delayed per-
manent adverse health effects, or effects that could prevent
escape from such an environment. This contaminant concen-

tration level is established by the National Institute of Occupa-
tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) based on both toxicity and
flammability. It generally is expressed in parts per milHon by
volume (ppm v/v) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m^). If
adequate data do not exist for precise establishment of IDLH
concentrations, an independent certified mdustrial hygienist,
industrial toxicologist, appropriate regulatory agency or other
source approved by the code official shall make such determi-
nation.

[F] LIQUID. A material that has a melting point that is equal to
or less than 68°F (20°C) and a boiling point that is greater than
68°F (20°C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia)
(101 kPa). When not otherwise identified, the term "hquid"
includes both flammable and combustible liquids.

[F] LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. A room classified as a
Group H-3 occupancy used for the storage of flammable or
combustible liquids in a closed condition.

[F] LIQUID USE, DISPENSING AND MIXING ROOMS.

A room in which Class 1, 11 and niA flammable or combustible
liquids are used, dispensed or mixed in open containers.

[F] LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). The minimum
concentration of vapor in air at which propagation of flame wiU
occur in the presence of an ignition source. The LFL is some-
times referred to as "LEL" or "lower explosive limit."

[F] NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(NTP). A temperature of 70°F (2 rC) and a pressure of 1 atmo-
sphere [14.7 psia (101 kPa)].

[F] PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD
LEVEL. A concentration of air-borne contaminants, normally
expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic
meter, that represents the concentration at which persons can
sense the presence of the contaminant due to odor, irritation or
other quick-acting physiological response. When used in con-
junction with the permissible exposure limit (PEL) the physio-
logical warning threshold levels are those consistent with the
classification system used to establish the PEL. See the defini-
tion of "Permissible exposure limit (PEL)" in the California
Fire Code.

[F] SERVICE CORRIDOR. A fiilly enclosed passage used
for transportuig HPM and purposes other than required means
of egress.

[F] SOLID. A material that has a melting point, decomposes or
sublimes at a temperature greater than 68°F (20°C).

[F] STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.

1 . The keeping, retention or leaving of hazardous materials
in closed containers, tanks, cylinders or similar vessels,
or

2. Vessels supplying operations through closed connec-
tions to the vessel.

[F] USE (MATERIAL). Placing a material into action, includ-
ing solids, liquids and gases.

[F] WORKSTATION. A defined space or an independent
principal piece of equipment using HPM within a fabrication
area where a specific function, laboratory procedure or

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

research activity occurs. Approved or listed hazardous materi-
als storage cabinets, flammable liquid storage cabinets or gas
cabinets serving a workstation are included as part of the work-
station. A workstation is allowed to contain ventilation equip-
ment, fire protection devices, detection devices, electrical
devices and other processing and scientific equipment.

[F] 415.3 Fire separation distance. Group H occupancies
shall be located on property in accordance with the other provi-
sions of this chapter. In Groups H-2 and H-3, not less than 25
percent of the perimeter wall of the occupancy shall be an
exterior wall.

Exceptions:

1. Liquid use, dispensing and mixing rooms having a floor
area of not more than 500 square feet (46.5 m^) need not
be located on the outer perimeter of the building where
they are in accordance with the California Fire Code and
NFPA 30.

2. Liquid storage rooms having a floor area of not more
than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) need not be located on the
outer perimeter where they axe in accordance with the
California Fire Code and NFPA 30.

3. Spray paint booths that comply with the California Fire
Code need not be located on the outer perimeter.

[F] 415.3.1 Group H occupancy minimum fire separa-
tion distance. Regardless of any other provisions, buildings
containing Group H occupancies shall be set back to the
minimum fire separation distance as set forth in Items 1
through 4 below. Distances shall be measured firom the
walls enclosing the occupancy to lot Hues, including those
on a public way. Distances to assumed lot lines established
for the purpose of determining exterior wall and opening
protection are not to be used to establish the minimum fire
separation distance for buildings on sites where explosives
are manufactured or used when separation is provided in
accordance with the quantity distance tables specified for
explosive materials in the California Fire Code.

1 . Group H- 1 . Not less than 75 feet (22 860 mm) and not
less than required by the California Fire Code.

Exceptions:

1. Fireworks manufacturing buildings sepa-
rated in accordance with NFPA 1 124.

2. Buildings containing the following materi-
als when separated in accordance with Table
415.3.1:

2.1. Organic peroxides, unclassified deton-
able.

2.2. Unstable reactive materials. Class 4.

2.3. Unstable reactive materials, Class 3 de-
tonable.

2.4. Detonable pyrophoric materials.

2. Group H-2. Not less than 30 feet (9144 mm) where
the area of the occupancy exceeds 1,000 square feet
(93 m^) and it is not required to be located in a de-
tached building.

3. Groups H-2 and H-3. Not less than 50 feet (15 240
mm) where a detached building is required (see Table
415.3.2).

4. Groups H-2 and H-3 . Occupancies containing materi-
als with explosive characteristics shall be separated as
required by the California Fire Code. Where separa-
tions are not specified, the distances required shall not
be less than the distances required by Table 415.3. 1 .

[F] 415.3.2 Group H-1 and H-2 or H-3 detached build-
ings. Where a detached building is required by Table
415.3.2, there are no requirements for wall and opening pro-
tection based on fire separation distance.

[F] 415.4 Special provisions for Group H-1 occupancies.

Group H-1 occupancies shall be in buildings used for no other
purpose, shall not exceed one story in height and be without a
basement, crawl spaces or other under-floor spaces. Roofs
shall be of lightweight construction with suitable thermal insu-
lation to prevent sensitive material from reaching its decompo-
sition temperature.

Group H-1 occupancies containing materials which are in
themselves both physical and health hazards in quantities
exceeding the maximum allowable quantities per control area
in Table 307.1.(2) shall comply with requirements for both
Group H-1 and H-4 occupancies.

[F] 415.4.1 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for organic peroxides, pyrophoric materials and unsta-
ble (reactive) materials shall be of liquid-tight,
noncombustible construction.

[F] 415.5 Special provisions for Group H-2 and H-3 occu-
pancies. Group H-2 and H-3 occupancies containing quanti-
ties of hazardous materials in excess of those set forth in Table
415.3.2 shall be in buildings used for no other purpose, shall
not exceed one story in height and shall be without basements,
crawl spaces or other under-floor spaces.

Group H-2 and H-3 occupancies containing water-reactive
materials shall be resistant to water penetration. Piping for con-
veying liquids shall not be over or through areas containing
water reactives, unless isolated by approved liquid-tight con-
struction.

Exception: Fire protection piping.

[F] 415.5.1 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for organic peroxides, oxidizers, pyrophoric materi-
als, unstable (reactive) materials and water-reactive solids
and liquids shall be of liquid-tight, noncombustible
construction.

[F] 415.5.2 Waterproof room. Rooms or areas used for the
storage of water-reactive solids and liquids shall be con-
structed in a manner that resists the penetration of water
through the use of waterproof materials. Piping carrying
water for other than approved automatic fire sprinkler sys-
tems shall not be within such rooms or areas.

[F] 415.6 Group H-2. Occupancies in Group H-2 shall be con-
structed in accordance with Sections 415.6.1 through 415.6.4
and the California Fire Code.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] TABLE 415.3.1
MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCES FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL^

MINIMUM DISTANCE (feet)

Lot lines" and inhabited buildings"

Separation of magazines"' °''

Pounds over

Pounds not over

Barricaded"

Unbarricaded

140

180

110

220

125

250

140

280

150

300

170

340

100

190

380

100

125

200

400

125

150

215

430

150

200

235

470

200

250

255

510

250

300

270

540

300

400

295

590

400

500

320

640

500

600

340

680

600

700

355

710

700

800

375

750

800

900

390

780

900

1,000

400

800

1,000

1,200

425

850

1,200

1,400

450

900

1,400

1,600

470

940

1,600

1,800

490

980

1,800

2,000

505

1,010

2,000

2,500

545

1,090

2,500

3,000

580

1,160

104

3,000

4,000

635

1,270

116

4,000

5,000

685

1,370

122

5,000

6,000

730

1,460

130

6,000

7,000

770

1,540

136

7,000

8,000

800

1,600

144

8,000

9,000

835

1,670

150

9,000

10,000

865

1,730

156

10,000

12,000

875

1,750

164

12,000

14,000

885

1,770

174

14,000

16,000

900

1,800

180

16,000

18,000

940

1,880

188

18,000

20,000

975

1,950

196

20,000

25,000

1,055

2,000

210

25,000

30,000

1,130

2,000

224

30,000

35,000

1,205

2,000

238

35,000

40,000

1,340

2,000

248

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

TABLE 415.3.1— continued
MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCES FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

MINIMUM DISTANCE (feet)

QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL'

Lot lines" and inhabited buildings'

Separation of magazines'''*''

Pounds over

Pounds not over

Barricaded*'

Unbarricaded

40,000

45,000

1,340

2,000

258

45,000

50,000

1,400

2,000

270

50,000

55,000

1,460

2,000

280

55,000

60,000

1,515

2,000

290

60,000

65,000

1,565

2,000

300

65,000

70,000

1,610

2,000

310

70,000

75,000

1,655

2,000

320

75,000

80,000

1,695

2,000

330

80,000

85,000

1,730

2,000

340

85,000

90,000

1,760

2,000

350

90,000

95,000

1,790

2,000

360

95,000

100,000

1,815

2,000

370

100,000

110,000

1,835

2,000

390

110,000

120,000

1,855

2,000

410

120,000

130,000

1,875

2,000

430

130,000

140,000

1,890

2,000

450

140,000

150,000

1,900

2,000

470

150,000

160,000

1,935

2,000

490

160,000

170,000

1.965

2,000

510

170,000

180,000

1,990

2,000

530

180,000

190,000

2,010

550

190,000

200,000

2,030

570

200,000

210,000

2,055

590

210,000

230,000

2,100

630

230,000

250,000

2,155

670

250,000

275,000

2,215

720

275,000

300,000

2,275

770

For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m^.

a. The number of pounds of explosives listed is the number of pounds of trinitrotoluene (TNT) or the equivalent pounds of other explosive.

b. The distance listed is the distance to lot line, including lot lines at public ways.

c. For the puipose of this table, an inhabited building is any building on the same lot that is regularly occupied by people. Where two or more buildings containing
explosives or magazines are located on the same lot, each building or magazine shall comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited buildings and,
in addition, they shall be separated from each other by not less than the distance shown for "Separation of magazines," except that the quantity of explosive materi-
als contained in detonator buildings or magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said detonator buildings or magazines from buildings or magazines con-
taining other explosive materials. If any two or more buildings or magazines are separated from each other by less than the specified "Separation of magazines"
distances, then such two or more buildings or magazines, as a group, shall be considered as one building or magazine, and the total quantity of explosive materials
stored in such group shall be treated as if the explosive were in a single building or magazine located on the site of any building or magazine of the group, and shall
comply with the minimum distance specified from other magazines or inhabited Iwildings.

d. Barricades shall effectively screen the building containing explosives from other buildings, public ways or magazines. Where mounds or revetted walls of earth
are used for barricades, they shall not be less than 3 feet in thickness. A straight line from the top of any side wall of the building containing explosive materials to
the eave line of any other building, magazine or a point 12 feet above the centerline of a public way shall pass through the barricades.

e. Magazine is a building or structure, other than an operating building, approved for storage of explosive materials. Portable or mobile magazines not exceeding 1 20
square feet in area need not comply with the requirements of this code, however, all magazines shall comply with the California Fire Code.

f. The distance listed is permitted to be reduced by 50 percent where approved natural or artificial barriers are provided in accordance with the requirements in Note
d.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 415.6.1 Combustible dusts, grain processing and
storage. The provisions of Sections 415.6.1.1 thfougii
415.6.1.6 shall apply to buildmgs in which materials that
produce conabustible dusts are stored or handled. Buildings
that store or handle combustible dusts shall comply with the
applicable provisions of NFPA 61, NFPA 120, NFPA 484,
NFPA 654, NFPA 655, NFPA 664 and NFPA 85, and the
California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.1.1 Type of construction and tieight excep-
tions. Buildings shall be constructed in compliance with
the height and area limitations of Table 503 for Group
H-2; except that where erected of Type I or n construc-
tion, the heights and areas of grain elevators and similar
structures shall be unlimited, and where of Type IV con-
struction, the maximum height shall be 65 feet (19 812
mm) and except further that, in isolated areas, the maxi-
mum height of Type IV structures shall be increased to
85 feet (25 908 mm).

[F] 415.6.1.2 Grinding rooms. Every room or space
occupied for grinding or other operations that produce
combustible dusts shall be enclosed with fire barriers that
have not less than a 2-hour fire-resistance rating where
the area is not more than 3,000 square feet (279 m^), and
not less than a 4-hour fixe-resistance rating where the
area is greater than 3,000 square feet (279 m^).

[F] 415.6.1.3 Conveyors. Conveyors, chutes, piping and
similar eqiiipment passing through the enclosures of
rooms or spaces shall be constructed dirt tight and vapor
tight, and be of approved noncombustible materials com-
plying with Chapter 30.

[F] 415.6.1.4 Explosion control. Explosion control
shall be provided as specified in the California Fire
Code, or spaces shall be equipped with the equivalent
mechanical ventilation complying with the California
Mechanical Code.

[F] 415.6.1.5 Grain elevators. Grain elevators, malt
houses and buildings for similar occupancies shall not be
located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of interior lot lines or
structures on the same lot, except where erected along a
raikoad right-of-way.

[F] 415.6.1.6 Coal pockets. Coal pockets located less
than 30 feet (9144 mm) from interior lot lines or from
structures on the same lot shall be constructed of not less
than Type IB construction. Where more than 30 feet
(9144 mm) from interior lot lines, or where erected along
a railroad right-of-way, the minimum type of construc-
tion of such structures not more than 65 feet(19 812mm)
in height shall be Type IV.

[F] TABLE 415.3.2
REQUIRED DETACHED STORAGE

DETACHED STORAGE IS REQUIRED WHEN THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL EXCEEDS THAT LISTED HEREIN

Material

Class

Solids and Liquids (tons)^'''

Gases (cubic feet)'*

Explosives

Division 1.1
Division 1.2
Division 1.3
Division 1.4
Division 1.4"=
Division 1.5
Division 1.6

Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximimi Allowable Quantity

1
Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity

Not Applicable

Oxidizers

Class 4

Maximum Allowable Quantity

Unstable (reactives) detonable

Class 3 or 4

Maximum Allowable Quantity

Oxidizer, liquids and solids

Class 3
Class 2

1,200
2,000

Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Organic peroxides

Detonable
Class I
Class n

Class m

Maximum Allowable Quantity
Maximum Allowable Quantity

Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Unstable (reactives) nondetonable

Class 3
Class 2

1
25

2,000
10,000

Water reactives

Class 3
Class 2

1
25

Not Applicable
Not Applicable

Pyrophoric gases

Not Applicable

2,000

For SI: 1 ton = 906 kg, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ^l^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg.

a. For materials that are detonable, the distance to other buildings or lot lines shall be as specified in Table 41 5.3 . 1 based on trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalence of the
material. For materials classified as explosives, see Chapter 33 the California Fire Code. For all other materials, the distance shall be as indicated in Section
415.3.1.

b. "Maximum Allowable Quantity" means the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Ihble 307.7(1).

c. Limited to Division 1 .4 materials and articles, including articles packaged for shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms (BATF) regulations or unpackaged articles used in process operations that do not propagate a detonation or deflagration between articles, providing
the net explosive weight of individual articles does not exceed 1 pound.

100

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

[F] 415.6.2 Flammable and combustible liquids. The

storage, handling, processing and transporting of flamma-
ble and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with the
California Mechanical Code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.1 Mixed occupancies. Where the storage
tank area is located in a building of two or more occupan-
cies, and the quantity of liquid exceeds the maximum
allowable quantity for one control area, the use shall be
completely separated from adjacent fire areas in accor-
dance with the requirements of Section 508.3.3.

[F] 415.6.2.1.1 Height exception. Where storage
tanks are located within only a single-story building,
the height limitation of Section 503 shall not apply for
Group H.

[F] 415.6.2.2 Tank protection. Storage tanks shall be
noncombustible and protected from physical damage. A
fire barrier wall or horizontal assembUes or both around
the storage tank(s) shall be permitted as the method of
protection from physical damage.

[F] 415.6.2.3 Tanks. Storage tanks shall be approved
tanks conforming to the requirements of the California
Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.4 Suppression. Group H shall be equipped
throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler sys-
tem, installed in accordance with Section 903.

[F] 415.6.2.5 Leakage containment. A liquid-tight con-
tainment area compatible with the stored liquid shall be
provided. The method of spill control, drainage control
and secondary containment shall be in accordance with
the California Fire Code.

Exception: Rooms where only double-wall storage
tanks conforming to Section 415.6.2.3 are used to
store Class 1, 11 and IILA flammable and combustible
liquids shall not be required to have a leakage contain-
ment area.

[F] 415.6.2.6 Leakage alarm. An approved automatic
alarm shall be provided to indicate a leak in a storage
tank and room. The alarm shall sound an audible signal,
15 dBa above the ambient sound level, at every point of
entry into the room in which the leaking storage tank is
located. An approved sign shall be posted on every entry
door to the tank storage room indicating the potential
hazard of the interior room environment, or the sign shall
state: WARNING, WHEN ALARM SOUNDS, THE
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE ROOM MAY BE
HAZARDOUS. The leakage alarm shall also be super-
vised in accordance with Chapter 9 to transmit a trouble
signal.

[F] 415.6.2.7 Tank vent. Storage tank vents for Class I,
II or IIIA liquids shall terminate to the outdoor air in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.8 Room ventilation. Storage tank areas stor-
ing Class I, n or IHA liquids shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation. The mechanical ventilation sys-
tem shall be in accordance with the California Mechani-
cal Code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.9 Explosion venting. Where Class I liquids
are being stored, explosion venting shall be provided in
accordance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.2.10 Tank openings other than vents. Tank
openings other than vents from tanks inside buildings
shall be designed to ensure that liquids or vapor concen-
trations are not released inside the building.

[F] 415.6.3 Liquefied petroleum gas-distribution facili-
ties. The design and construction of propane, butane, pro-
pylene, butylene and other liquefied petroleum
gas-distribution facilities shall conform to the applicable
provisions of Sections 415.6.3.1 through 415.6.3.5.2. The
storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gas systems
shall conform to the California Fire Code. The design and
installation of piping, equipment and systems that utilize
hquefied petroleum gas shall be in accordance with the Cal-
ifornia Mechanical Code and the California Plumbing
Code. Liquefied petroleum gas-distribution facilities shall
be ventilated in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code and Section 415.6.3.1.

[F] 415.6.3.1 Air movement. Liquefied petroleum gas-
distribution facilities shall be provided with air inlets and
outlets arranged so that air movement across the floor of
the facility will be uniform. The total area of both inlet
and outlet openings shall be at least 1 square inch (645
mm^) for each 1 square foot (0.093 m^) of floor area. The
bottom of such openings shall not be more than 6 inches
(152 mm) above the floor.

[F] 415.6.3.2 Construction. Liquefied petroleum
gas-distribution facilities shall be constructed in accor-
dance with Section 415.6.3.3 for separate buildings, Sec-
tion 415.6.3.4 for attached buildings or Section
415.6.3.5 for rooms within buildings.

[F] 415.6.3.3 Separate buildings. Where located in sep-
arate buildings, liquefied petroleum gas-distribution
facilities shall be occupied exclusively for that purpose
or for other purposes having similar hazards. Such build-
ings shall be limited to one story in height and shall con-
form to Sections 415.6.3.3.1 through 415.6.3.3.3.

[F] 415.6.3.3.1 Floors. The floor shall not be located
below ground level and any spaces beneath the floor
shall be solidly filled or shall be unenclosed.

[F] 415.6.3.3.2 Materials. Walls, floors, ceilings,
columns and roofs shall be constructed of
noncombustible materials.

[F] 415.6.3.3.3 Explosion venting. Explosion vent-
ing shall be provided in accordance with the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

[F] 415.6.3.4 Attached buildings. Where liquefied
petroleum gas-distribution facilities are located in an
attached structure, the attached perimeter shall not
exceed 50 percent of the perimeter of the space enclosed
and the facility shall comply with Sections 415.6.3.3 and
415.6.3.4.1. Where the attached perimeter exceeds 50
percent, such facilities shall comply with Section
415.6.3.5.

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[F] 415.6.3.4.1 Fire separation. Separation of the
attached structures shall be provided by fire barriers
having a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour
and shall not have openings. Fire barriers between
attached structures occupied only for the storage of
LP-gas are permitted to have fire door assemblies that
comply widi Section 715. Such fire barriers shall be
designed to withstand a static pressure of at least 100
pounds per square foot (psf) (4788 Pa), except where
the building to which the structure is attached is occu-
pied by operations or processes having a similar
hazard.

[F] 415.6.3.5 Rooms viitliin buildings. Where liquefied
petroleum gas-distribution facilities are located in rooms
within buildings, such rooms shall be located in the first
story above grade plane and shall have at least one exte-
rior wall with sufficient exposed area to provide explo-
sion venting as required in die California Fire Code. The
building in which the room is located shall not have a
basement or unventilated crawl space and the room shall
comply with Sections 415.6.3.5.1 and 415.6.3.5.2.

[F] 415.6.3.5.1 Materials. Walls, floors, ceilings and
roofs of such rooms shall be constructed of approved
noncombustible materials.

[F] 415.6.3.5.2 Common construction. Walls and
floor/ceiling assemblies common to the room and to
the building where the room is located shall be fire
barriers with not less than a 1-hour fire-resistance rat-
ing and without openings. Common walls for rooms
occupied only for storage of LP-gas are permitted to
have opening protectives complying with Section
715. The walls and ceilings shall be designed to with-
stand a static pressure of at least 100 psf (4788 Pa).

Exception: Where the building, within which the
room is located, is occupied by operations or pro-
cesses having a similar hazard.

[F] 415.6.4 Dry cleaning plants. The construction and
installation of dry cleaning plants shall be in accordance
with the requirements of this code, the California Mechani-
cal Code, the California Plumbing Code and NFPA 32. Dry
cleaning solvents and systems shall be classified in accor-
dance with the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.7 Groups H-3 and H-4. Groups H-3 and H-4 shall be
constructed in accordance with the applicable provisions of
this code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.7.1 Gas rooms. When gas rooms are provided, such
rooms shall be separated from other areas by not less than a
1-hour fire barrier.

[F] 415.7.2 Floors in storage rooms. Floors in storage
areas for corrosive liquids and highly toxic or toxic materi-
als shall be of liquid-tight, noncombustible constiniction.

[F] 415.7.3 Separation-higlily toxic solids and liquids.

Highly toxic solids and liquids not stored in approved haz-
ardous materials storage cabinets shall be isolated from

other hazardous materials storage by a fire barrier having a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

[F] 415.8 Group H-5.

[F] 415.8.1 General. In addition to the requirements set
forth elsewhere in this code, Group H-5 shall comply with
the provisions of Section 415.8 and the California Fire
Code.

[F] 415.8.2 Fabrication areas.

[F] 415.8.2.1 Hazardous materials in fabrication
areas.

[F] 415.8.2.1.1 Aggregate quantities. The aggregate
quantities of hazardous materials stored and used in a
single fabrication area shall not exceed the quantities
set forth in Table 415.8.2.1.1.

Exception: The quantity limitations for any haz-
ard category in Table 415.8.2.1.1 shall not apply
where the fabrication area contains quantities of
hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum
allowable quantities per control area established
by Tables 307.1(1) and 307.1(2).

[F] 415.8.2.1.2 Hazardous production materials.

The maximum quantities of hazardous production
materials (HPM) stored in a single fabrication area
shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities
per control area estabUshed by Tables 307.1(1) and
307.1(2).

[F] 415.8.2.2 Separation. Fabrication areas, whose
sizes are limited by the quantity of hazardous materials
allowed by Table 415.8.2.1.1, shall be separated from
each other, from corridors and from other parts of the
building by not less than 1-hour fire barriers.

Exceptions:

1. Doors within such fire barrier walls, including
doors to corridors, shall be only self-closing
fire door assemblies having a fire protection rat-
ing of not less than V4 hour.

2. Windows between fabrication areas and corri-
dors are permitted to be fixed glazing listed and
labeled for a fire protection rating of at least V4
hour in accordance with Section 715.

[F] 415.8.2.3 Location of occupied levels. Occupied
levels of fabrication areas shall be located at or above the
first story above grade plane.

[F] 415.8.2.4 Floors. Except for surfacing, floors within
fabrication areas shall be of noncombustible construc-
tion.

Openings through floors of fabrication areas are per-
mitted to be unprotected where the interconnected levels
are used solely for mechanical equipment directly
related to such fabrication areas (see also Section
415.8.2.5).

Floors forming a part of an occupancy separation shall
be liquid tight.

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[F] TABLE 415.8.2.1.1
QUANTITY LIMITS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN A SINGLE FABRICATION AREA IN GROUP H-5'

HAZARD CATEGORY

SOLIDS
(pounds per square feet)

LIQUIDS
(gallons per square feet)

GAS
(feet^@ NTP/square feet)

PHYSICAL-HAZARD MATERIALS

Combustible dust

Noteb

Not Applicable

Combustible fiber Loose
Baled

Noteb
Notes b, c

Not Applicable

Combustible liquid II
IHA
IIIB

Combination Class I, II and IIIA

Not Applicable

0.01

0.02

Not Limited

0.04

Not Applicable

Cryogenic gas Flammable
Oxidizing

Not Applicable

Noted
1.25

Explosives

Noteb

Flammable gas Gaseous
Liquefied

Not Applicable

Noted
Noted

Flammable liquid lA
IB
IC

Combination Class lA, IB and IC
Combination Class I, n and IIIA

Not Applicable

0.0025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.04

Not Applicable

Flammable solid

0.001

Not Applicable

Organic peroxide
Unclassified detonable
Class I
Class n
Class in
Class rv
Class V

Noteb

0.025

0.1

Not Limited

Not limited

Not Applicable

Oxidizing gas Gaseous
Liquefied

Combination of gaseous
and liquefied

Not Applicable

1.25
1.25

1.25

Oxidizer Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Combination Class 1, 2, 3

Noteb
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003

Not Applicable

Pyrophoric material

Noteb

0.00125

Notes d and e

Unstable reactive Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Noteb

0.025

0.1

Not Limited

Noteb

0.0025

0.01

Not Limited

Noteb

Not Limited

Water reactive Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Noteb

0.25

Not Limited

0.00125

0.025

Not Limited

Not Applicable

HEALTH-HAZARD MATERIALS

Corrosives

Not Limited

Highly toxic

Not Limited

Noted

Toxics

Not Limited

Noted

For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 4.882 kg/m^ 1 gallon per square foot = 40.7 L/m^, 1 cubic foot @ NTP/square foot = 0.305 m^ @ NTP/m^,
1 cubic foot = 0.02832 Ml

a. Hazardous materials within piping shall not be included in the calculated quantities.

b. Quantity of hazardous materials in a single febrication shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area in Tkbles 307.1(1) and 307.1(2).

c. Densely packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISO 8115 shall not be included in this material class.

d. The aggregate quantity of flammable, pyrophoric, toxic and highly toxic gases shall not exceed 9,000 cubic feet atNTP.

e. The aggregate quantity of pyrophoric gases in the building shall not exceed the amounts set forth in Thble 415.3.2.

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[F] 415.8.2.5 Shafts and openings through floors. Ele-
vator shafts, vent shafts and other openings through
floors shall be enclosed when required by Section 707.
Mechanical, duct and piping penetrations within a fabri-
cation area shall not extend through more than two
floors. The annular space around penetrations for cables,
cable trays, tubing, piping, conduit or ducts shall be
sealed at the floor level to restrict the movement of air.
The fabrication area, including the areas through which
the ductwork and piping extend, shall be considered a
single conditioned environment. •

[F] 415.8.2.6 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventila-
tion at the rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute per
square foot (0.051 m^ /(s • m^ ) of floor area shall be pro-
vided throughout the portions of the fabrication area
where HPM are used or stored. The exhaust air duct sys-
tem of one fabrication area shall not connect to another
duct system outside that fabrication area within the
building.

A ventilation system shall be provided to capture and
exhaust gases, fumes and vapors at workstations.

Two or more operations at a workstation shall not be
connected to the same exhaust system where either one
or the combination of the substances removed could con-
stitute a fire, explosion or hazardous chemical reaction
within the exhaust duct system.

Exhaust ducts penetrating occupancy separations
shall be contained in a shaft of equivalent fire-resis-
tance-rated construction. Exhaust ducts shall not pene-
trate fire walls.

Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.

[F] 415.8.2.7 Transporting hazardous production
materials to fabrication areas. HPM shall be trans-
ported to fabrication areas through enclosed piping or
tubing systems that comply with Section 415.8.6.1,
through service corridors complying with Section
415.8.4, or in corridors as permitted in the exception to
Section 415.8.3. The handling or transporting of HPM
within service corridors shall comply with the California
Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.2.8 Electrical.

[F] 415.8.2.8.1 General. Electrical equipment and
devices within the fabrication area shall comply with
the California Electrical Code. The requirements for
hazardous locations need not be applied where the
average air change is at least four times that set forth
in Section 415.8.2.6 and where the number of air
changes at any location is not less than three times that
required by Section 415.8.2.6. The use of recirculated
air shall be permitted.

[F] 415.8.2.8.2 Workstations. Workstations shall not
be energized without adequate exhaust ventilation.
See Section 415.8.2.6 for workstation exhaust venti-
lation requirements.

[F] 415.8.3 Corridors. Corridors shall comply with Chap-
ter 10 and shall be separated from fabrication areas as speci-

fied in Section 415.8.2.2. Corridors shall not contain HPM
and shall not be used for transporting such materials, except
through closed piping systems as provided in Section
415.8.6.3.

Exception: Where existing fabrication areas are altered
or modified, HPM is allowed to be transported in existing
corridors, subject to the following conditions:

1. Corridors. Corridors adjacent to the fabrication
area where the alteration work is to be done shall
comply with Section 1017 for a length determined
as foUows:

1.1. The length of the conamon wall of the corridor
and the fabrication area; and

1.2. For the distance along the corridor to the point
of entry of HPM into the corridor serving that
fabrication area.

2. Emergency alarm system. There shall be an emer-
gency telephone system, a local manual alarm sta-
tion or other approved alarm-initiating device
within corridors at not more than 150-foot (45 720
mm) intervals and at each exit and doorway. The
signal shall be relayed to an approved central, pro-
prietary or remote station service or the emergency
control station and shall also initiate a local audible
alarm.

3. Pass-throughs. Self-closing doors having a fire
protection rating of not less than 1 hour shall sepa-
rate pass-throughs from existing corridors.
Pass-throughs shall be constructed as required for
the corridors and protected by an approved auto-
matic fire-extinguishing system.

[F] 415.8.4 Service corridors.

[F] 415.8.4.1 Occupancy. Service corridors shall be
classified as Group H-5.

[F] 415.8.4.2 Use conditions. Service corridors shall be
separated from corridors as required by Section
415.8.2.2. Service corridors shall not be used as a
required corridor.

[F] 415.8.4.3 Mechanical ventilation. Service corridors
shall be mechanically ventilated as required by Section
415.8.2.6 or at not less than six air changes per hour,
whichever is greater.

[F] 415.8.4.4 Means of egress. The maximum distance
of travel from any point in a service corridor to an exit,
exit access corridor or door into a fabrication area shall
not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). Dead ends shall not
exceed 4 feet (1219 mm) in length. There shall be not less
than two exits, and not more than one-half of the required
means of egress shall require travel into a fabrication
area. Doors from service corridors shall swing in the
direction of egress travel and shall be self-closing.

[F] 415,8.4.5 Minimum width. The minimum clear
width of a service corridor shall be 5 feet (1524 mm), or
33 inches (838 mm) wider than the widest cart or truck
used in the corridor, whichever is greater.

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[F] 415.8.4.6 Emergency alarm system. Emergency
alarm systems shall be provided in accordance with this
section and Sections 414.7.1 and414.7.2. The maximum
allowable quantity per control area provisions shall not
apply to emergency alarm systems required for HPM.

[F] 415.8.4.6.1 Service corridors. An emergency
alarm system shall be provided in service corridors,
with at least one alarm device in each service corridor.

[F] 415.8.4.6.2 Exit access corridors and exit enclo-
sures. Emergency alarms for exit access corridors and
exit enclosures shall comply with Section 414.7.2.

[F] 415.8.4.6.3 Liquid storage rooms, HPM rooms
and gas rooms. Emergency alarms for liquid storage
rooms, HPM rooms and gas rooms shall comply with
Section 414.7.1.

[F] 415.8.4.6.4 Alarm-initiating devices. An

approved emergency telephone system, local alarm
manual pull stations, or other approved alarm-initiat-
ing devices are allowed to be used as emergency
alarm-initiating devices.

[F] 415.8.4.6.5 Alarm signals. Activation of the
emergency alarm system shall sound a local alarm
and transmit a signal to the emergency control station.

[F] 415.8.5 Storage of hazardous production materials.

[F] 415.8.5.1 General. Storage of HPM in fabrication
areas shall be within approved or listed storage cabinets
or gas cabinets or within a workstation. The storage of
HPM in quantities greater than those listed in Section
1 804.2 of the California Fire Code shall be in liquid stor-
age rooms, HPM rooms or gas rooms as appropriate for
the materials stored. The storage of other hazardous
materials shall be in accordance with other applicable
provisions of this code and the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.5.2 Construction.

[F] 415.8.5.2.1 HPM rooms and gas rooms. HPM

rooms and gas rooms shall be separated from other
areas by not less than a 2-hour fire barrier where the
area is 300 square feet (27.9 m^) or more and not less
than a 1-hour fire barrier where the area is less than
300 square feet (27.9 m^).

[F] 415.8.5.2.2 Liquid storage rooms. Liquid stor-
age rooms shall be constructed in accordance with the
following requirements:

1. Rooms in excess of 500 square feet (46.5 m^)
shall have at least one exterior door approved
for fire department access.

2. Rooms shall be separated from other areas by
fire barriers having a fire-resistance rating of
not less than 1-hour for rooms up to 150 square
feet (13.9 m^) in area and not less than 2 hours
where the room is more than 150 square feet
(13.9 m^) in area.

3. Shelving, racks and wainscoting in such areas
shall be of noncombustible construction or

wood of not less than linch (25 mm) nominal
thickness.

4. Rooms used for the storage of Class I flamma-
ble liquids shall not be located in a basement.

[F] 415.8.5.2.3 Floors. Except for surfacing, floors of
HPM rooms and liquid storage rooms shall be of
noncombustible liquid-tight construction. Raised
grating over floors shall be of noncombustible materi-
als.

[F] 415.8.5.3 Location. Where HPM rooms, Hquid stor-
age rooms and gas rooms are provided, they shall have at
least one exterior wall and such wall shall be not less than
30 feet (9 144 mm) from lot lines, including lot lines adja-
cent to public ways.

[F] 415.8.5.4 Explosion control. Explosion control
shall be provided where required by Section 414.5.1.

[F] 415.8.5.5 Exits. Where two exits are required firom
HPM rooms, liquid storage rooms and gas rooms, one
shall be directly to the outside of the building.

[F] 415.8.5.6 Doors. Doors in a fire barrier wall, includ-
ing doors to corridors, shall be self-closing fire door
assemblies having a fire-protection rating of not less than
V4 hour.

[F] 415.8.5.7 Ventilation. Mechanical exhaust ventila-
tion shall be provided in liquid storage rooms, HPM
rooms and gas rooms at the rate of not less than 1 cubic
foot per minute per square foot (0.044 L/s/m^) of floor
area or six air changes per hour, whichever is greater, for
categories of material.

Exhaust ventilation for gas rooms shall be designed to
operate at a negative pressure in relation to the surround-
ing areas and direct the exhaust ventilation to an exhaust
system.

[F] 415.8.5.8 Emergency alarm system. An approved
emergency alarm system shall be provided for HPM
rooms, liquid storage rooms and gas rooms.

Emergency alarm-initiating devices shall be installed
outside of each interior exit door of such rooms.

Activation of an emergency alarm-initiating device
shall sound a local alarm and transmit a signal to the
emergency control station.

An approved emergency telephone system, local
alarm manual pull stations or other approved alarm-initi-
ating devices are allowed to be used as emergency
alarm-initiating devices.

[F] 415.8.6 Piping and tubing.

[F] 415.8.6.1 General. Hazardous production materials
piping and tubing shall comply with this section and
ASMEB31.3.

[F] 415.8.6.2 Supply piping and tubing.

[F] 415.8.6.2.1 HPM having a health-hazard rank-
ing of 3 or 4. Systems supplying HPM liquids or
gases having a health-hazard ranking of 3 or 4 shall be
welded throughout, except for connections, to the

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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systems that are within a ventilated enclosure if the
material is a gas, or an approved method of drainage
or containment is provided for the connections if the
material is a liquid.

[F] 415.8.6.2.2 Location in service corridors. Haz-
ardous production materials supply piping or tubing
in service corridors shall be exposed to view.

[F] 415.8.6.2.3 Excess flow control. Where HPM
gases or liquids are carried in pressurized piping
above 15 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (103.4
kPa), excess flow control shall be provided. Where
the piping originates from within a liquid storage
room, HPM room or gas room, the excess flow con-
trol shall be located within the liquid storage room,
HPM room or gas room. Where the piping originates
from a bulk source, the excess flow control shall be
located as close to the bulk source as practical.

[F] 415.8.6.3 Installations in corridors and above
otiier occupancies. The installation of HPM piping and
tubing within the space defined by the walls of corridors
and the floor or roof above, or in concealed spaces above
other occupancies, shall be in accordance with Section
415.8.6.2 and the following conditions:

1. Automatic sprinklers shall be installed within the
space unless the space is less than 6 inches (152
mm) in the least dimension.

2. Ventilation not less than six air changes per hour
shall be provided. The space shall not be used to
convey air from any other area.

3. Where the piping or tubing is used to transport
HPM liquids, a receptor shall be installed below
such piping or tubing. The receptor shall be de-
signed to collect any discharge or leakage and
drain it to an approved location. The 1-hour enclo-
sure shall not be used as part of the receptor.

4. HPM supply piping and tubing and nonmetallic
waste lines shall be separated from the corridor
and from occupancies other than Group H-5 by fu:e
barriers that have a fire-resistance rating of not less
than 1 hour. Where gypsum wallboard is used,
joints on the piping side of the enclosure are not re-
quired to be taped, provided the joints occur over
framing meinbers. Access openings into the enclo-
sure shall be protected by approved fire
protection-rated assemblies.

5. Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely
activated fail-safe emergency shutoff valves shall
be installed on piping and tubing other than waste
lines at the following locations:

5.1. At branch connections into the fabrication
area.

5.2. At entries into corridors.

Exception: Transverse crossings of the
corridors by supply piping that is
enclosed within a ferrous pipe or tube for

the width of the corridor need not comply
with Items 1 through 5.

[F] 415.8.6.4 Identification. Piping, tubing and HPM
waste lines shall be identified in accordance with ANSI
A13.1 to indicate the material being transported.

[F] 415.8.7 Continuous gas detection systems. A continu-
ous gas detection system shall be provided for HPM gases
when the physiological warning threshold level of the gas is
at a higher level than the accepted PEL for the gas and for
flammable gases in accordance with this section.

[F] 415.8.7.1 Where required. A continuous gas-detec-
tion system shall be provided in the areas identified in
Sections 415.8.7.L1 through 415.8.7.1.4.

[F] 415.8.7.1.1 Fabrication areas. A continuous
gas-detection system shall be provided in fabrication
areas when gas is used in the fabrication area.

[F] 415.8.7.1.2 HPM rooms. A continuous
gas-detection system shall be provided in HPM
rooms when gas is used in the room.

[F] 415.8.7.1.3 Gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures
and gas rooms. A continuous gas-detection system
shall be provided in gas cabinets and exhausted enclo-
sures. A continuous gas-detection system shall be
provided in gas rooms when gases are not located in
gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures.

[F] 415.8.7.1.4 Corridors. When gases are trans-
ported in piping placed within the space defined by
the walls of a corridor and the floor or roof above the
corridor, a continuous gas-detection system shall be
provided where piping is located and in the corridor.

Exception: A continuous gas-detection system is
not required for occasional transverse crossings of
the corridors by supply piping that is enclosed in a
ferrous pipe or tube for the width of the corridor.

[F] 415.8.7.2 Gas-detection system operation. The

continuous gas-detection system shall be capable of
monitoring the room, area or equipment in which the gas
is located at or below the PEL or ceiling limit of the gas
for which detection is provided. For flammable gases,
the monitoring detection threshold level shall be vapor
concentrations in excess of 20 percent of the lower
explosive limit (LEL). Monitoring for highly toxic and
toxic gases shall also comply with the requirements for
such material in the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.7.2.1 Alarms. The gas detection system
shall initiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to the
emergency control station when a short-term hazard
condition is detected. The alarm shall be both visual
and audible and shall provide warning both inside and
outside the area where the gas is detected. The audible
alarm shall be distinct from all other alarms.

[F] 415.8.7.2.2 Shutoff of gas supply. The gas detec-
tion system shall automatically close the shutoff valve
at the source on gas supply piping and tubing related
to the system being monitored for which gas is
detected when a short-term hazard condition is

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detected. Automatic closure of shutoff valves shall
comply with the following:

1 . Where the gas-detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a
gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure, the shutoff
valve in the gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure
for the specific gas detected shall automatically
close.

2. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a
room and compressed gas containers are not in
gas cabinets or an exhausted enclosure, the
shutoff valves on all gas hnes for the specific
gas detected shall automatically close.

3. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiat-
ing the gas detection system alarm is within a
piping distribution manifold enclosure, the
shutoff valve supplying the manifold for the
compressed gas container of the specific gas
detected shall automatically close.

Exception: Where the gas-detection sampling
point initiating the gas detection system alarm is at
the use location or within a gas valve enclosure of a
branch line downstream of a piping distribution
manifold, the shutoff valve for the branch line
located in the piping distribution manifold enclo-
sure shall automatically close.

[F] 415.8.8 Manual fire alarm system. An approved man-
ual fire alarm system shall be provided throughout buildings
containing Group H-5. Activation of the alarm system shall
initiate a local alarm and teansmit a signal to the emergency
control station. The fire alarm system shall be designed and
installed in accordance with Section 907.

415.8.9 Emergency control station. An emergency contiol
station shall be provided in accordance with Sections
415.8.9.1 through 415.8.9.3.

415.8.9.1 Location. The emergency control station shall
be located on the premises at an approved location out-
side the fabrication area.

415.8.9.2 Staffing. Trained personnel shall continuously
staff the emergency control station.

415.8.9.3 Signals. The emergency control station shall
receive signals from emergency equipment and alarm
and detection systems. Such emergency equipment and
alarm and detection systems shall include, but not be lim-
ited to, the following where such equipment or systems
are required to be provided either in this chapter or else-
where in this code:

1. Automatic fire sprinkler system alarm and moni-
toring systems.

2. Manual fire alarm systems.

3. Emergency alarm systems.

4. Continuous gas-detection systems.

5. Smoke detection systems.

6. Emergency power system.

7. Automatic detection and alarm systems for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq-
uids required in Section 1805.2.3.5 of the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

8. Exhaust ventilation flow alarm devices for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq-
uids cabinet exhaust ventilation systems required
in Section 1805.2.3.5 of the California Fire Code.

[F] 415.8.10 Emergency power system. An emergency
power system shall be provided in Group H-5 occupancies
where required in Section 415.8.10.1. The emergency
power system shall be designed to supply power automati-
cally to required electrical systems when the normal electti-
cal supply system is interrupted.

[F] 415.8.10.1 Required electrical systems. Emer-
gency power shall be provided for electrically operated
equipment and connected contiol circuits for the follow-
ing systems:

1. HPM exhaust ventilation systems.

2. HPM gas cabinet ventilation systems.

3. HPM exhausted enclosure ventilation systems.

4. HPM gas room ventilation systems.

5. HPM gas detection systems.

6. Emergency alarm systems.

7. Manual fire alarm systems.

8. Automatic sprinkler system monitoring and
alarm systems.

9. Automatic alarm and detection systems for
pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq-
uids required in Section 1805.2.3.5 of the Cali-
fornia Fire Code.

10. Flow alarm switches for pyrophoric liquids and
Class 3 water-reactive liquids cabinet exhaust
ventilation systems required in Section
1805.2.3.5 of the California Fire Code.

1 1 . Electrically operated systems required elsewhere
in this code or in the California Fire Code appli-
cable to the use, storage or handling of HPM.

[F] 415.8.10.2 Exhaust ventilation systems. Exhaust
ventilation systems are allowed to be designed to operate
at not less than one-half the normal fan speed on the
emergency power system where it is demonstrated that
the level of exhaust will maintain a safe atmosphere.

[F] 415.8.11 Automatic sprinkler system protection in
exhaust ducts for HPM.

[F] 415.8.11.1 Exhaust ducts for HPM. An approved
automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in exhaust
ducts conveying gases, vapors, fumes, mists or dusts
generated from HPM in accordance with this section and
the California Mechanical Code.

[F] 415.8.11.2 Metallic and noncombustible nonme-
tallic exhaust ducts. An approved automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided in metallic and noncombustible

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nonmetallic exhaust ducts when all of the following con-
ditions apply:

1 . Where ftie largest cross-sectional diameter is equal
to or greater than 10 inches (254 mm).

2. The ducts are within the building.

3. The ducts are conveying flammable gases, vapors
or fumes.

[F] 415.8.11.3 Combustible nonmetallic extiaust
ducts. Automatic sprinkler system protection shaU be
provided in combustible nonmetallic exhaust ducts
where the largest cross-sectional diameter of the duct is
equal to or greater than 10 inches (254 mm).

Exceptions:

1. Ducts listed or approved for applications with-
out automatic fire sprinkler system protection.

2. Ducts not more than 12 feet (3658 mm) in
length installed below ceiling level.

[F] 415.8.11.4 Automatic sprinkler locations. Sprin-
kler systems shall be installed at 12-foot (3658 nam)
intervals in horizontal ducts and at changes in direction.
In vertical ducts, sprinklers shall be installed at the top
and at alternate floor levels.

SECTION 416
APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES

[F] 416.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to
the construction, installation and use of buildings and struc-
tures, or parts thereof, for the spraying of flammable paints,
varnishes and lacquers or other flammable materials or mix-
tures or compounds used for painting, varnishing, staining or
similar purposes. Such construction and equipment shall com-
ply with the California Fire Code.

[F] 416.2 Spray rooms. Spray rooms shall be enclosed with
fixe barriers willi not less than a 1-hour fire-resistance rating.
Floors shall be waterproofed and drained in an approved man-
ner.

[F] 416.2.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of spray rooms
shall be smooth and shall be so constructed to permit the
free passage of exhaust air from all parts of the interior and
to facilitate washing and cleaning, and shall be so designed
to confine residues within the room. Aluminum shall not be
used.

[F] 416.3 Spraying spaces. Spraying spaces shall be venti-
lated with an exhaust system to prevent the accumulation of
flammable mist or vapors in accordance wifhi the California
Mechanical Code. Where such spaces are not separately
enclosed, noncombustible spray curtains shall be provided to
restrict the spread of flammable vapors.

[F] 416.3.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of spraying
spaces shall be smooth and continuous without edges; shall
be so constructed to permit the free passage of exhaust air
from all parts of the interior and to facilitate washing and
cleaning; and shall be so designed to confine residues within
the spraying space. Aluminum shall not be used.

[F] 416.4 Fire protection. An automatic fire-extinguishing
system shall be provided in all spray, dip and immersing spaces
and storage rooms and shall be installed in accordance with
Chapter 9.

SECTION 417
DRYING ROOMS

[F] 417.1 General. A drying room or dry kiln installed within a
building shall be constructed entirely of approved
noncombustible materials or assemblies of such materials reg-
ulated by the approved rules or as required in the general and
specific sections of Chapter 4 for special occupancies and
where applicable to the general requirements of Chapter 28.

[F] 417.2 Piping clearance. Overhead heating pipes shall have
a clearance of not less than 2 inches (5 1 mm) from combustible
contents in the dryer.

[F] 417.3 Insulation. Where the operating temperature of the
dryer is 175°F (79°C) or more, metal enclosures shall be insu-
lated from adjacent combustible materials by not less than 12
inches (305 mm) of airspace, or the metal walls shall be lined
withV4-inch (6.35 mm) insulating mill board or other approved
equivalent insulation.

[F] 417.4 Fire protection. Drying rooms designed for
high-hazard materials and processes, including special occu-
pancies as provided for in Chapter 4, shall be protected by an
approved automatic fire-extinguishing system complying with
the provisions of Chapter 9.

SECTION 418
ORGANIC COATINGS

[F] 418.1 Building features. Manufacturing of organic coat-
ings shall be done only in buildings that do not have pits or
basements.

[F] 418.2 Location. Organic coating manufacturing opera-
tions and operations incidental to or connected therewith shall
not be located in buildings having other occupancies.

[F] 418.3 Process mills. Mills operating with close clearances
and that process flammable and heat-sensitive materials, such
as nitrocellulose, shall be located in a detached building or
noncombustible structure.

[F] 418.4 Tank storage. Storage areas for flammable and com-
bustible liquid tanks inside of stinictures shall be located at or
above grade and shall be separated from the processing area by
not less than 2-hour fire barriers.

[F] 418.5 Nitrocellulose storage. Nitirocellulose storage shall
be located on a detached pad or in a separate structure or a room
enclosed with no less than 2-hour fire barriers.

[F] 418.6 Finished products. Storage rooms for finished prod-
ucts that are flammable or combustible liquids shall be sepa-
rated from the processing area by fire barriers having a
fire-resistance rating of at least 2 hours, and openings in the
walls shall be protected with approved opening protectives.

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SECTION 419
GROUP 1-1, R-1, R-2, R-3, R-3.1, R-4

419.1 General. Occupancies in Groups I-l, R-1, R-2, R-3,
R-3.1 and R-4 shall comply with the provisions of this section
and other applicable provisions of this code.

419.2 Separation walls. Walls separating dwelling units in the
same building and walls separating sleeping units in the same
building shall comply with Section 708.

419.3 Horizontal separation. Floor/ceiling assemblies sepa-
rating dwelling units in the same buildings and floor/ceiling
assemblies separating sleeping units in the same building shall
be constructed in accordance with Section 711.

419.4 Townhouses. [HCD 1] Each townhouse unit shall be
considered a separate building and shall comply with the fol-
lowing:

1. Adjacent townhouse units shall each be provided with a
1-hour fire-resistance-rated wall assembly separating
the units.

2. Openings are not permitted.

3. Penetrations shall comply with Section 705.9.

Exception: In lieu of the two 1-hour walls a common
2-hour fire-resistance-rated wall shall be permitted
for townhouses if such walls do not contain plumbing
or mechanical equipment, ducts or vents in the cavity
of the common wall. Electrical installations shall be
installed in accordance with the California Electrical
Code. Penetrations of electrical outlet boxes shall be
in accordance with Section 712.

For purposes of determining accessibility requirements to
accommodate persons with disability, dwelling units within a
single structure separated by a firewall do not constitute sepa-
rate structures or buildings and are treated as a single build-
ing. For additional information, see Chapter HA, Section
1102A.1.

419.4.1 Continuity. [HCD 1] The fire-resistance-rated wall
or assembly separating townhouses shall be continuous
from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing,
deck or slab. The fire-resistance rating shall extend the full
length of the wall or assembly, including wall extensions
through and separating attached enclosed accessory struc-
tures.

419.4.2 Parapets. [HCD 1] Parapets constructed in accor-
dance with Section 704.11.1 shall be constructed for town-
houses as an extension of exterior walls or common walls in
accordance with the following:

1. Where roof surfaces adjacent to the wall or walls are
at the same elevation, the parapet shall extend not less
than 30 inches (762 mm) above the roof surfaces.

2. Where roof surfaces adjacent to the wall or walls are
at different elevations and the higher roof is not more
than 30 inches (762 mm) above the lower roof, the
parapet shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the lower roof surface.

Exception: A parapet is not required in the two
cases above when the roof is covered with a mini-

mum Class C roof covering, and the roof decking
or sheathing is of noncombustible materials or
approved fire-retardant-treated wood for a dis-
tance of 4 feet (1219 mm) on each side of the wall
or walls, or one layer of ^/g-inch (15.9 mm). Type X
gypsum board is installed directly beneath the roof
decking or sheathing, supported by a minimum of
nominal 2-inch (51 mm) ledgers attached to the
sides of the roof framing members, for a minimum
distance of 4 feet (1220 mm) on each side of the
wall or walls.

3. A parapet is not required where roof surfaces adja-
cent to the wall or walls are at different elevations and
the higher roof is more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the lower roof. The common wall construction
from the lower roof to the underside of the higher roof
deck shall have not less than a 1 -hour fire-resistance
rating. The wall shall be rated for exposure from both
sides.

419.4.3 Parapet construction. [HCD 1] Parapets shall have
the same fire-resistance rating as that required for the sup-
porting wall or walls. On any side adjacent to a roof sur-
face, the parapet shall have noncombustible faces for the
uppermost 18 inches (457 mm), to include counterflashing
and coping materials. Where the roof slopes toward a para-
pet at slopes greater than two units vertical in 12 units hori-
zontal (16. 7-percent slope), the parapet shall extend to the
same height as any portion of the roof within a distance of 3
feet (914 mm), but in no case shall the height be less than 30
inches (762 mm).

419.4.4 Structural independence. [HCD 1] Each individ-
ual townhouse shall be structurally independent.

Exceptions:

1. Foundations supporting exterior walls or common
walls.

2. Structural roof and wall sheathing from each unit
may fasten to the common wall framing.

3. Nonstructural wall coverings.

4. Flashing at termination of roof covering over com-
mon wall.

5. Townhouses separated by a common 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated wall as provided in Section
419.4.

419.5 Licensed 24-hour care facilities in a Group I-l, R-3.1,
or R-4 occupancy. [SFM] See Section 425.

419.6 Existing Group R occupancies. [SFM] See Chapter 34.

SECTION 420
HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOMS

[F] 420.1 General. When required by the California Fire
Code, hydrogen cutoff rooms shall be designed and con-
structed in accordance with this section.

[F] 420.2 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

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[F] GASEOUS HYDROGEN SYSTEM. An assembly of
piping, devices and apparatus designed to generate, store, con-
tain, distribute or transport a nontoxic, gaseous hydrogen-con-
taining mixture having at least 95-percent hydrogen gas by
volume and not more than 1 -percent oxygen by volume. Gas-
eous hydrogen systems consist of items such as compressed
gas containers, reactors and appurtenances, including pressure
regulators, pressure relief devices, manifolds, pumps, com-
pressors and interconnecting piping and tubing and controls.

[F] HYDROGEN CUTOFF ROOM. A room or space that is
intended exclusively to house a gaseous hydrogen system.

[F] 420.3 Location. Hydrogen cut-off rooms shall not be
located below grade.

[F] 420.4 Design and construction. Hydrogen cutoff rooms
shall be classified with respect to occupancy in accordance
with Section 302.1 and separated from other areas of the build-
ing by not less than 1-hour fire barriers or as required by Sec-
tion 508.2 or 508.3 as applicable.

[F] 420.4.1 Opening protectives. Doors within such frre
barrier walls, including doors to corridors, shall be
self-closing in accordance with Section 715. Interior door
openings shall be electronically interlocked to prevent oper-
ation of the hydrogen system when doors are opened or ajar
or the room shall be provided with a mechanical exhaust
ventilation system designed in accordance with Section
420.4.1.1.

[F] 420.4.1.1 Ventilation alternative. When an exhaust
system is used in lieu of the interlock system required by
Section 420.4, exhaust ventilation systems shall operate
continuously and shall be designed to operate at a nega-
tive pressure in relation to the surrounding area. The
average velocity of ventilation at the face of the door
opening with the door in the fiilly open position shall not
be less than 60 feet per minute (0.3048 m/s) with a mini-
mum of 45 feet per minute (0.2287 m/s) at any point in
the door opening.

[F] 420.4.2 Windows. Operable windows in interior walls
shall not be permitted. Fixed windows shall be permitted
when in accordance with Section 715.

[F] 420.5 Ventilation. Cutoff rooms shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation in accordance with the applicable pro-
visions for repair garages in Chapter 5 of the California
Mechanical Code.

[F] 420.6 Gas detection system. Hydrogen cutoff rooms shall
be provided with an approved flammable gas-detection system
in accordance with Sections 420.6.1 through 420.6.3.

[F] 420.6.1 System design. The flammable gas-detection
system shall be listed for use with hydrogen and any other
flammable gases used in the room. The gas detection system
shall be designed to activate when the level of flammable
gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower flammability limit
(LFL) for the gas or mixtures present at their anticipated
temperature and pressure.

[F] 420.6.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection sys-
tem shall result in all of the following:

1. Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm signals
both inside and outside of the cutoff room.

2. Activation of the mechanical ventilation system.

[F] 420.6.3 Failure of the gas detection system. Failure of
the gas detection system shall result in activation of the
mechanical ventilation system, cessation of hydrogen gen-
eration and the sounding of a trouble signal in an approved
location.

[F] 420.7 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Chapter 9 of the California Fire
Code.

[F] 420.8 Standby power. Mechanical ventilation and gas
detection systems shall be connected to a standby power sys-
tem in accordance with Chapter 27.

SECTION 421
Reserved

SECTION 422
Reserved

SECTION 423
Reserved

SECTION 424
Reserved

SECTION 425

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LICENSED 24-HOUR

CARE FACILITIES IN A GROUP 1-1, R-3. 1 or R-4

OCCUPANCY [SFM]

425.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
24-hour care facilities in a Group I-l, R-3.1, or R-4 occupancy
licensed by a governmental agency.

425.2 General. The provisions in this section shall apply in
addition to general requirements in this code.

425.2.1 Restraint shall not be practiced in a Group I-l,
R-3.1, or R-4 occupancies.

Exception: Occupancies which meet all the require-
ments for a Group 1-3 occupancy.

425.2.2 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13133,
regulations of the State Fire Marshal pertaining to occupan-
cies classified as Residential Facilities (RF) and Residen-
tial-Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE) shall apply
uniformly throughout the state and no city, county, city and
county, including a charter city or charter county, or fire
protection district shall adopt or enforce any ordinance or

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local rule or regulation relating to fire and panic safety
which is inconsistent with these regulations. A city, county,
city and county, including a charter city or charter county
may, pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 13143.5,
or a fire protection district may, pursuant to Health and
Safety Code Section 13869. 7, adopt standards more strin-
gent than those adopted by the State Fire Marshal that are
reasonably necessary to accommodate local climate, geo-
logical, or topographical conditions relating to roof cover-
ings for Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly.

Exception: Local regulations relating to roof coverings
in facilities licensed as a Residential Care Facility for the
Elderly (RCFE) per Health and Safety Code Section
13133.

425.2.3 Temporarily bedridden clients. Clients who
become temporarily bedridden as defined in Health and
Safety Code Section 1569.72, as enforced by the Depart-
ment of Social Services, may continue to be housed on any
story in Group I-l, R-3.1, orR-4 occupancies classified as
Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly (RCFE). Every
Residential Care Facility for the Elderly (RCFE) admitting
or retaining a bedridden resident shall, within 48 hours of
the resident's admission or retention in the facility, notify the
local fire authority with jurisdiction of the estimated length
of time the resident will retain his or her bedridden status in
the facility.

425.3 Building height and area provisions.

425.3.1 One or two stories. Group 1-1 occupancies licensed
as a Residential Care Facility for the Elderly (RCFE) one or
two stories in height where more than six nonambulatory
clients are housed shall be constructed of a minimum
1 -hour fire-resistance-rated construction throughout.

425.3.2 Three to five stories. Group I-l occupancies
licensed as a Residential Care Facility for the Elderly
(RCFE) three to five stories in height where more than six
nonambulatory clients are housed above the first floor shall
be constructed of a minimum Type IB construction.

425.3.3 Six or more stories. Group I-l occupancies
licensed as a Residential Care Facility for the Elderly
(RCFE) exceeding five stories in height where more than six
nonambulatory clients are housed above the fifth floor shall
be constructed of a minimum Type lA construction.

425.3.4 Limitations — six or less clients. GroupR-3.1 occu-
pancies where clients are housed above the first story, hav-
ing more than two stories in height or having more than
3,000 square feet (279 rr?) of floor area above the first story
shall not be of less than 1 -hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction throughout.

In Group R-3.1 occupancies housing a bedridden client,
the client sleeping room shall not be located above or below
the first story.

Exception: Clients who become bedridden as a result of
a temporary illness as defined in Health and Safety Code
Sections 1566.45, 1568.0832, and 1569.72. Atemporary
illness is an illness that persists for 14 days or less. A
bedridden client may be retained in excess of the 14 days
upon approval by the Department of Social Services and

may continue to be housed on any story in a Group R3.1
occupancy classified as a licensed residential facility.

Every licensee admitting or retaining a bedridden res-
ident shall, within 48 hours of the resident's admission or
retention in the facility, notify the local fire authority with
jurisdiction of the estimated length of time the resident
will retain his or her bedridden status in the facility.

425.3.5 Limitations — seven or more clients. Group R-4
occupancies where nonambulatory clients are housed
above the first story and there is more than 3, 000 square feet
(279 m^) of floor area above the first story or housing more
than 16 clients above the first story shall be constructed of
not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction
throughout.

425.3.6 Nonambulatory elderly clients. Group R-4 occu-
pancies housing nonambulatory elderly clients shall be of
not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction
throughout

425.4 Type of construction provisions.

425.4.1 Group 1-1 occupancies are not permitted in
nonfire-resistance-rated construction, see Health and
Safety Code Section 13131.5.

425.5 Fire-resistance-rated construction provisions.

425.5.1 Smoke barriers required. Group 1-1 and R-4 occu-
pancies licensed as a Residential Care Facility (RCF) with
individual floor areas over 6,000 square feet (557 m^) per
floor, shall be provided with smoke barriers, constructed in
accordance with Section 709.

'When smoke barriers are required, the area within a
smoke compartment shall not exceed 22,500 square feet
(2090 m^) nor shall its travel distance exceed 200 feet (60
960 mm). Such smoke barriers shall divide the floor as
equally as possible.

425.5.2 Smoke partitions. In Group I-l and R-4 occupan-
cies where smoke partitions are required, framing shall be
covered with noncombustible materials having an approved
thermal barrier with an index of not less than 15 in accor-
dance with FM 4880, UL 1040, NFPA 286 or UL 1715.

425. 6 Interior finish provision.

425.6.1Interior wall and ceiling finish. Group R-3.1 occu-
pancies housing a bedridden client shall comply with inte-
rior wall and ceilingfinish requirements specifiedfor Group
1-2 occupancies in Table 803.5.

425. 7 Fire protection system provisions.

425.7.1 Automatic sprinkler systems in Group I-l, R-3.1
and R-4 occupancies. An automatic sprinkler system shall
be installed where required in Section 903.

425. 7.2 Fire alarm systems in Group I-l and R-4 occupan-
cies. An approvedfire alarm system shall be installed where
required in Section 907.

425. 7.3 Smoke alarms in Groups I-l, R-3.1, and R-4 occu-
pancies. Smoke alarms shall be installed where required in
Section 907.2.10

425.7.4 Hearing impaired. See Section 907.9.1.

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425.8 Means of egress provisions.

425.8.1 General. In addition to the general means of egress
requirements of Chapter 10, this section shall apply to
Group I-l, R-3.1, andR-4 occupancies.

425.8.2 Number of exits.

425.8.2.1 Group I-l, R-3.1, andR-4 occupancies shall
have a minimum of two exits.

Exception: Ancillary use areas or occupancies shall
have egress as required by Section 1019.

425.8.3 Egress arrangements.

425.8.3.1 Egress through adjoining dwelling units shall
not be permitted.

425.8.3.2 Group R-3.1 occupancies housing
nonambulatory clients. In a Group R-3.1 occupancy,
bedrooms used by nonambulatory clients shall have
access to at least one of the required exits which shall
conform to one of the following:

1. Egress through a hallway or area into a bedroom
in the immediate area which has an exit directly to
the exterior and the corridor/hallway is con-
structed consistent with the dwelling unit interior
walls. The hallway shall be separated from com-
mon areas by a solid wood door not less than i%
inch (35 mm) in thickness, maintained self-closing
or shall be automatic closing by actuation of a
smoke detector installed in accordance with Sec-
tion 715.4.7.

2. Egress through a hallway which has an exit di-
rectly to the exterior. The hallway shall be sepa-
rated from the rest of the house by a wall
constructed consistent with the dwelling unit inte-
rior walls and opening protected by a solid wood
door not less than i% inch (35 mm) in thickness,
maintained self-closing or shall be automatic clos-
ing by actuation of a smoke detector installed in
accordance with Section 715.4.7.

3. Direct exit from the bedroom to the exterior.

4. Egress through an adjoining bedroom which exits
to the exterior.

425.8.3.3 Group R-3.1 occupancies housing bedridden
clients. In Group R-3.1 occupancies housing a bedrid-
den client, all of the following shall apply:

1. In Group R-3.1 occupancies housing a bedridden
client, a direct exit to the exterior of the residence
shall be provided from the client sleeping room.

2. Doors to a bedridden client's sleeping room shall
be of a self-closing, positive latching i% inch (35
mm) solid wood door Such doors shall be provided
with a gasket so installed as to provide a seal
where the door meets the jam on both sides and
across the top. Doors shall be maintained
self-closing or shall be automatic closing by actu-
ation of a smoke alarm in accordance with Section
715.4.7.

3. Group R-3. 1 occupancies housing a bedridden cli-
ent shall not have a night latch, dead bolt, security
chain or any similar locking device installed on
any interior door leading from a bedridden client 's
sleeping room to any interior area such as a corri-

' dor, hallway and/or general use areas of the resi-
dence in accordance with Chapter 10.

4. The exterior exit door to a bedridden client's sleep-
ing room shall be operable from both the interior
and exterior of the residence.

5. Every required exit doorway from a bedridden cli-
ent's sleeping room shall be of a size as to permit
the installation of a door not less than 3 feet (914
mm) in width and not less than 6 feet 8 inches
(2032 mm) in height. When installed in exit door-
ways, exit doors shall be capable of opening at
least 90 degrees (1.57 rad) and shall be so
mounted that the clear width of the exit way is not
less than 32 inches (813 mm).

425.8.3.4 Intervening rooms. A means of exit shall not
pass through more than one intervening room. A means
of egress shall not pass through kitchens, storerooms,
closets, garages or spaces used for similar purposes.

Exception: Kitchens that do not form separate rooms
by construction.

425.8.4 Corridors.

425.8.4.1 Unless specified by Section 425.8.4, corridors
serving Group I-l and Group R-4 occupancies shall
comply with Section 1017.1.

425.8.4.2 The minimum clear width of a corridor shall
be as follows:

1. Group I-l occupancies shall have 60 inches (1524
mm) on floors housing nonambulatory clients and
44 inches (1118 mm) on floors housing only ambu-
latory clients.

2. Group R-4 occupancies shall have 44 inches (1118
mm) on floors housing clients.

Exceptions:

1. Corridors serving an occupant load of 10
or less shall not be less than 36 inches
(914 mm) in width.

2. Corridors serving ambulatory persons
only and having an occupant load of 49
or less shall not be less than 36 inches
(914 mm) in width.

3. Group R-3.1 occupancies shall have 36 inches
(914 mm) on floors housing clients.

In Group I-l occupancies provided with fire sprin-
klers throughout and which are required to have rated
corridors, door closers need not be installed on doors
to client sleeping rooms.

425.8.4.3 In Group I-l and Group R-3.1 occupancies
having smoke barriers, cross-corridor doors in corri-
dors 6 feet (1829 mm) or less in width shall have, as a
minimum, a door 36 inches (914 mm) in width.

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425.8.5 Changes in level. In Group R-3.1 occupancies
housing nonambulatory clients, changes in level up to 0.25
inch (6 mm) may be vertical and without edge treatment.
Changes in level between 0.25 inch (6 mm) and 0.5 inch
(12.7 mm) shall be beveled with a slope no greater than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50 percent slope).
Changes in level greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) shall be
accomplished by means of a ramp.

425.8.6 Stairways.

425.8.6.1 Group I-l andR-4 occupancies housing more
than six nonambulatory clients above the first floor shall
be provided with two vertical exit enclosures. Stairway
enclosures shall be in compliance with Section 1020.
Exceptions to Section 1020 shall not apply in facilities
licensed as a 24-hour care facility.

425.8.6.2 Group R-3.1 occupancies may continue to use
existing stairways (except for winding and spiral stair-
ways which are not permitted as a required means of
egress) provided the stairs have a maximum rise of 8
inches (203 mm) with a minimum run of 9 inches (229
mm). The minimum stairway width may be 30 inches
(762 mm).

425.8.7 Floor separation. Group R-3.1 occupancies shall
be provided with a nonfire resistance constructed floor sep-
aration at stairs which will prevent smoke migration
betweenfloors. Such floor separation shall have equivalent
construction of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) gypsum wallboard on
one side of wall framing.

Exceptions:

1. Occupancies with at least one exterior exit from
floors occupied by clients.

2. Occupancies provided with automatic flre sprin-
kler systems complying with Chapter 9.

425.8.7.1 Doors within floor separations. Doors within
such floor separations shall be tight fitting solid wood at
least P/g inches (35 mm) in thickness. Door glazing shall
not exceed 1,296 inches (32 918 mm) with no dimension
greater than 54 inches (1372 mm). Such doors shall be
positive latching, smoke gasketed and shall be auto-
matic-closing by smoke detection.

425.8.8 Fences and gates. Grounds of a residential care for
the elderly facility serving Alzheimer's clients may be
fenced and gates therein equipped with locks, provided safe
dispersal areas are located not less than 50 feet (15240 mm)
from the buildings. Dispersal areas shall be sized to provide
an area of not less than 3 square feet (0.28^) per occupant.
Gates shall not be installed across corridors or passage-
ways leading to such dispersal areas unless they comply
with egress requirements.

425.8.9 Basement exits. One exit is required to grade level
when the basement is accessible to clients.

425.8.10 Delayed egress locks. See Section 1008.1.8.6.

425.9 Request for alternate means of protection for facilities
housing bedridden clients. Request for alternate means of pro-
tection shall apply to Sections 425 through 425.9. Request for
approval to use an alternative material, assembly or materials,

equipment, method of construction, method of installation of
equipment or means of protection shall be made in writing to
the local fire authority having jurisdiction by the facility, client
or the client's authorized representative. Sufficient evidence
shall be submitted to substantiate the need for an alternate
means of protection.

The facility, client or the client's representative or the local
fire authority having jurisdiction may request a written opinion
from the State Fire Marshal concerning the interpretation of
the regulations promulgated by the State Fire Marshal for a
particular factual dispute. The State Fire Marshal shall issue
the written opinion within 45 days following the request.

Approval of a request for use of an alternative material,
assembly or materials, equipment, method of construction,
method of installation of equipment, or means of protection
made pursuant to this section shall be limited to Group R-3.1
occupancies housing a bedridden client.

Approvals made by the local fire authority having jurisdic-
tion and the written opinion by the State Fire Marshal shall be
applicable only to the requesting facility and shall not be con-
strued as establishing any precedent for any future request by
that facility or any other facility.

SECTION 426
GROUP 1-4 [SFM]

426.1 Group 1-4 special provisions. Rooms classified as
Group 1-4 shall not be located above or below the first story.

Exceptions:

1. Basements or stories having floor levels located
within 4 feet (1219 mm), measured vertically, from
adjacent ground level at the level of exit discharge,
provided the basement or story has exterior exit doors
at that level.

2. In buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler
system throughout, rooms used for day-care purposes
may be located on the second story, provided there are
at least two exterior exit doors for the exclusive use of
such occupants

3. Group 1-4 child care facilities may be located above
the first story in buildings of Type I construction and
in Types llA, andlllA construction, subject to the limi-
tation of Section 503 when:

3.1. Group 1-4 child care facilities with children
under the age of seven or containing more
than 12 children per story shall not be located
above the fourth floor; and

3.2. The entire story in which the Group 1-4 child
care facility is located is equipped with an ap-
proved manual fire alarm and smoke detec-
tion system (see the California Fire Code).
Actuation of an initiating device shall sound
an audible alarm throughout the entire story.

When a building fire alarm system is re-
quired by other provisions of this code or the
California Fire Code, the alarm system shall
be connected to the building alarm system. An

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approved alarm signal shall sound at an ap-
proved location in the Group 1-4 child care fa-
cility to indicate afire alarm or sprinkler flow
condition in other portions of the building;
and

3.3. Group 1-4 child care facilities, if more than
1,000 square feet (92.9 m^) in area, is divided
into at least two compartments of approxi-
mately the same size by a smoke barrier with
door openings protected by smoke- and
draft-control assemblies having afire protec-
tion rating of not less than 20 minutes. Smoke
barriers shall have afire-resistive rating of
not less than 1 hour. In addition to the require-
ments of Section 508.3.3, occupancy separa-
tions between Group 1-4 child care and other
occupancies shall be constructed as smoke
barriers. Door openings in the smoke barrier
shall be tighlfitting, with gaskets installed as
required by Section 709, and shall be auto-
matic closing by actuation of the automatic
sprinklers, fire alarm or smoke detection sys-
tem; and

3.4. Each compartment formed by the smoke bar-
rier has not less than two exits or exit access
doors, one of which is permitted to pass
through the adjoining compartment; and

3.5. Where two or more means of exits or exit ac-
cess are required at least one shall not share a
common path of travel; and

3.6. The building is equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout

SECTION 427
Reserved

SECTION 428
Reserved

SECTION 429
Reserved

SECTION 430
HORSE RACING STABLES [SFM]

430.1 For automatic sprinkler and fire alarm system require-
ments applying to each building, barn or structure which is
used by an association regulated by the California Horse Rac-
ing Board for the stabling of horses or human habitation, and
the stable area grounds, including any additional location
where any excess horses are stabled, see Title 4, Division 4,
Article 1, Section 1927.

SECTION 431
PET KENNELS [SFM]

431.1 These regulations shall apply to every building or fire
area in which a pet dealer, as defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 122125, maintains a kennel.

431.2 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved automatic
sprinkler system complying with California Fire Code Section
903 shall be installed.

Exception: Where afire alarm system that is connected to a
central reporting station that alerts the local fire depart-
ment in case of fire.

SECTION 432
COMBUSTION ENGINES AND GAS TURBINES

[SFM]

432.1 General. The installation of combustion engines and gas
turbines shall be in accordance with NFPA 37 and this chapter.

432.2 Separation,

432.2.1 Construction. Every room in which is installed a
combustion engine or gas turbine shall be separated from
the remainder of the building by not less than a 1 -hour fire
barrier

432.2.2 Exterior openings. When doors, windows or lou-
vered openings are located below openings in another story
or less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from doors, windows or lou-
vered openings of the same building, they shall be protected
by afire assembly having a %-hour rating. Such fire assem-
blies shall be fixed, automatic or self-closing.

432.2.2.1 Interior openings. In other than buildings
housing Group I occupancies, interior openings shall be
allowed in buildings protected by an automatic fire
sprinkler system throughout

432.2.3 Location. Combustion engines and gas turbines
used for emergency power shall not be located in a room or
area used for any purpose other than equipment and con-
trols related to the generation and distribution of emergency
power

432.2.4 Special hazards. The handling and use of flamma-
ble or combustible liquids shall comply with the California
Fire Code.

SECTION 433
FIXED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEMS [SFM]

433,1 General,

433.1.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to
buildings or structures defined as stations for fixed
guideway transit systems and shall supersede other similar
requirements in other sections of this code.

433.1.2 Definitions. For the purpose of this section, certain
terms are defined as follows:

AT-GRADE STATION is any at-grade or unroofed station
other than an elevated or underground station.

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ELEVATED STATION is a station greater than one story
not otherwise defined as an at-grade or underground sta-
tion.

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PANEL (BMP) is the
location where all necessary on-site control and communi-
cation facilities are consolidated for effective response to
emergency situations.

ENCLOSED STATION is a station or portion thereof that
does not meet the definition of an "open station."

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS (FIRE HAZARD/FIRE
RISK ASSESSMENT) is an analysis that evaluates all var-
ious factors that affect the fire safety of the system or compo-
nent A written report of the analysis shall indicate the fire
protection method(s) recommended that demonstrates a
level of fire safety commensurate with this standard.

FIXED GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SYSTEM is an automated
driverlessor manually controlled electrified transportation
system, utilizing a fixed guideway, operating on
right-of-way for the mass movement of passengers and con-
sisting of its fixed guideway s, transit vehicles and other roll-
ing stock; power system; buildings; maintenance facilities;
stations; transit vehicle yard; and other stationary and mov-
able apparatus, equipment, appurtenances and structures.

GUIDEWAY is that portion of the system on which the tran-
sit vehicles operate.

OPEN STATION is a station that is constructed in such a
manner that it is open to the atmosphere, and smoke and
heat are allowed to disperse directly into the atmosphere.
The following enclosed areas in open stations are permitted
but limited to:

1. Ticket/pass booths not exceeding 150 square feet
(13.9 rrf) in area.

2. Mechanical and electrical spaces typically not used
for human occupancy and necessaryfor the operation
of a fixed guideway transit system. Such spaces shall
be limited to two per level.

3. Restrooms not exceeding 150 square feet (13.9 m^) in
area. A maximum of four restrooms are permitted per
level.

OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER (OCC) (CENTRAL
CONTROL) is the operation center where the authority
controls and coordinates the system-wide movement of pas-
sengers and trains from which communication is main-
tained with supervisory and operating personnel of the
authority, and with participating agencies when required.

POINT OF SAFETY is an enclosed fire exit that leads to a
public way or safe location outside the structure, or an
at-grade point beyond any enclosing structure, or other
area that affords adequate protection for passengers.

POWER SUBSTATION is the location of electric equip-
ment that does not generate electricity but receives and con-
verts or transforms generated energy to usable electric
energy.

STATION is a place designated for the purpose of loading
and unloading passengers, including patron service areas
and ancillary spaces associated with the same structure.

STATION PLATFORM is the area of a station used pri-
marily for loading and unloading transit vehicle passen-
gers.

UNDERGROUND STATION is a station or that part of a
station located beneath the surface of the earth or of the
^ water.

433.2 Types of construction.

433.2.1 Unless otherwise specified in this section, buildings
or portions of buildings classed as stations of fixed
guideway transit systems shall be minimum Type I, Type IB,
or Type IIA construction and shall not exceed in area or
height the limits specified in Table 503.

Underground stations shall be a minimum Type I or Type
IB construction.

Open stations may be of Type IIB construction and shall
not exceed in area or height as required by Table 503 for
Type IIA.

Exception: At-grade structures of open stations with an
occupancy load not exceeding 300 persons may be of any
construction type permitted by this code.

433.2.2 Mixed occupancies.

433.2.2.1 Stations of fixed guideway transit systems shall
be separatedfrom other occupancies in accordance with
Table 508.3.3 for Group A occupancies.

433.2.2.2 The following areas shall be separated from
public areas by a 2-hour barrier:

1. Electrical control rooms, auxiliary electrical
rooms and associated battery rooms.

2. Trash rooms.

3. Train control rooms and associated battery rooms.

4. Fan rooms.

5. Emergency generator rooms.

433.2.2.3 Within station structures, all power substa-
tions shall be separatedfrom all other areas by a 3-hour
fire barrier with no openings to public areas.

433.3 Access and exit facilities.

433.3.1 Occupant load. The occupant load for a transit sta-
tion shall be based on the emergency condition requiring
evacuation of that station to a point of safety. The station
occupant load shall be the sum of the number of persons in
the calculated train load of trains entering a station plus the
entraining load of persons awaiting train(s), during a speci-
fied time period. Notwithstanding, the minimum occupant
load shall not be less than the maximum capacity load of a
train which would occupy the entire length of the station
platform on a single track. Exiting shall be provided for
occupant loads recalculated upon increase in service
and/or every 5 years.

433.3.1.1 Calculated train load. The calculated train
load is the number of passengers on trains
simultaneously entering the station on all tracks in nor-
mal traffic direction during the peak 15-minute period.

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The following limitations to the calculated train load
shall be applied:

1. No more than one train will unload at any one
track to a platform during an emergency.

2. The load on any single train is limited to the maxi-
mum train capacity.

433.3.1.2 Entraining load (on platform awaiting train).

The entraining load is equal to the number ofpassengers
that would accumulate on theplatform in the timeperiod
equivalent to two headways or 12 minutes during the
peak 15-minute period, whichever timeperiod is greater

This entraining load is constrained as stated as fol-
lows:

1. Special consideration shall be given to stations
servicing areas where events occur that establish
occupant loads not included in normal passenger
loads. These would include such areas as civic
centers, sports complexes and convention centers.

2. At multiplatform stations, each platform shall be
considered separately. Arrival of trains from all
normal traffic directions, plus their entraining
loads, shall be considered.

3. At concourses, mezzanines or multilevel stories,
simultaneous platform loads shall be considered
for all exit lanes passing through that area.

433.3.2 Exits required.

433.3.2.1 Number of exits. Stations shall have at least
two exits placed a distance apart equal to not less than
one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal
dimension of the station. Enclosed station platforms
shall have a minimum of one exit within 20 feet (6096
mm) from each end. Underground station platforms shall
have a minimum of one enclosed exit within 20 feet (6096
mm) from each end. Routes from platform ends into the
underground guideway shall not be considered as exits
for calculating exiting requirements.

433.3.2.2 Capacity of exits and station evacuation time.

433.3.2.2.1 Exit capabilities shall be calculated on
the basis of 22-inch-wide (559 mm) exit lanes at the
clear and narrowest point except that individual
handrails may project into the required width as per-
mitted by Chapter 10. Fractional lanes shall not be
counted in measuring exit capacities except that 12
inches (305 mm) added to one or more lanes shall be
counted as one-half a lane. Escalators 32 inches (813
mm) in width may be considered as i Vj lanes.

433.3.2.2.2 There shall be sufficient means of exit to
evacuate the station occupant load from the station
platforms in 4 minutes or less.

433.3.2.2.3 The station shall also be designed to per-
mit evacuationfrom the most remote point on theplat-
form to a point of safety in 6 months or less.

433.3.2.2.4 In at-grade or elevated structures so
designed that the station platform is open to the ele-
ments and, when the concourse is below or protected

from the platform by distance or materials as deter-
mined by an appropriate engineering analysis, that
concourse may be defined as a point of safety, with fire
code official concurrence.

433.3.2.2.5 To calculate evacuation time, the walking
travel time should be tabulated using the longest exit
route and travel speeds. To this time should be added
the following factors:

1. The waiting time at the vertical elements at
platform level minus the longest walking travel
time at platform level.

2. The waiting time at the fare collection barriers
minus the waiting time at the platform vertical
circulation elements.

3. The waiting time at the vertical or horizontal
circulation elements from mezzanine to grade
minus the waiting time at the platform vertical
circulation elements or fare collection barrier,
whichever is greater.

4. The waiting time, if any, at any additional con-
striction minus the greatest previous waiting
time (repeat for all additional constrictions).

Note: The total of any of the factors in Items 1 through
4 above cannot be less than zero.

433.3.3 Exit width and exit lanes.

433.3.3.1 The capacity in persons per minute (ppm),
patron travel speeds infeet per minute (fpm) and require-
ments for exit lanes shall be as follows:

1. Platforms, corridors and ramps of 1 foot vertical
for 20 feet horizontal (5-percent slope) or less:
Exit corridors, platforms and ramps shall be a
minimum clear width of 5 feet (1524 mm). In com-
puting the number of exit lanes available, Ifoot 6
inches (457 mm) shall be deducted at each plat-
form edge and 1 foot (305 mm) at each sidewall.

Per exit lane:

Capacity — 50 ppm

Travel speed— 200 fpm

2. Stairs, stopped escalators and ramps of over Ifoot
vertical for 20 feet horizontal (5-percent slope):
Exit ramps shall be a minimum clear width of 6 feet
(1829 mm). Stopped escalators may be considered
as a means of egress, provided they are of nominal
2 feet 8 inches (813 mm) width.

Per exit lane "up" direction:

Capacity — 35 ppm

Travel speed — 50 fpm*
Per exit lane "down" direction:

Capacity — 40 ppm

Travel speed — 60 fpm*

3. Doors and gates: Gates fittedwith approved panic
hardware and opening in the direction of exit

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travel, with minimum nominal width of 3 feet (914
mm) shall be permitted in exit calculation.

Per doors and gate:

Capacity — SOppm per exit lane

4. Fare collection gates: Fare collection gates, when
deactivated, shall provide a minimum 20 inches
(508 mm) clear unobstructed aisle. Console shall
not exceed 40 inches (1016 mm) in height.

Per gate:

Capacity — 50 ppm

Note: Examples of exiting analysis may be found in
Appendix C ofNFPA 130, 1995 edition. Standard for
Fixed Guideway Transit Systems.

* Indicates vertical component of travel speed.

433.3.4 Arrangement of exits.

433.3.4.1 Vertical circulation elements shall be com-
prised of stairs or stair/escalator combinations. Escala-
tors shall not account for more than half of the units of
exit at any one level in the public area. Escalators must
be paired in combination with stairs to be included in
exiting capacity calculations.

433.3.4.2 Because of the possibility of maintenance or
malfunction, one escalator at each station shall be con-
sidered as being out of service in calculating egress
requirements. The escalator chosen shall be that one
having the most adverse effect on exiting capacities.

433.3.5 Distance to exits. No point of the stationplatform(s)
or mezzanine(s) shall be more than 300 feet (91 440 mm)
from a point of safety.

433.3.6 Other exits required/guideway access.

433.3.6.1 Access/egress between guideway and plat-
forms shall be provided as follows:

1. Stairs or ramps, 2 feet 10 inches (864 mm) in width
minimum, or other arrangement having equivalent
capacity, shall be provided at each end of the plat-
form, arranged to provide access/egress to
guideway level.

2. Except in underground stations, the access points
between the guideway and the platform, and the
exit from the platform may be integrated.

433.3.6.2 In enclosed stations, escalator and stairway
enclosures are not required in the public areas of multi-
level transit stations among platform, mezzanine and
concourse when the station is provided with an emer-
gency ventilation system.

433.3.7 Emergency lighting and exit signs.

433.3. 7.1 Emergency lighting and exit signs shall be pro-
vided in accordance with Chapter 10.

Exception: Open stations at grade need not provide
emergency lighting or exit signs.

433.4 Special provisions.

433.4.1 Automatic sprinkler system. See Section
903.2.17.1.

433.4.2 Station guideway deluge system. See Section
903.2.17.1.

433.4.3 Standpipe systems. See Section 905.3.10.

433.4.4 Emergency management panel (EMP). An EMP
shall be required for enclosed and underground stations.
Location of the EMP shall be determined by the fire code
official. The EMP shall include but not be limited to the fol-
lowing:

1. Indication of manual pull boxes and automatic smoke
detectors.

2. Indication of alarm signals from all suppression sys-
tems.

3. Capabilities for using station paging systems.

4. Emergency telephone.

5. Escalator controls.

6. Emergency ventilation controls.

7. Station schematics.

433.4.5 Emergency ventilation systems.

433.4.5.1 General. Emergency ventilation shall be pro-
vided for enclosed and underground stations for the pro-
tection of passengers, employees and emergency
personnel.

433.4.5.2 These systems shall be designed as follows:

1. A stream of noncontaminated air is provided to
passengers in apath(s) of egress away from a train
fire; and

2. Airflow rates produced toward a train fire in apath
of egress are sufficient to prevent back layering of
smoke; and

3. The temperature in apath of egress away from a
train fire is limited to 140°F (60°C) or less; and

4. The design heat release rate produced by a train
fire shall be used to design the emergency ventila-
tion system.

433.4.5.3 Ventilation_shaft terminals at-grade shall be
located to prevent recirculation as follows:

1. Openings for blast relief shafts, and under plat-
form and smoke exhaust shafts at-grade shall be
separated by a minimum horizontal distance of 40
feet (12 192 mm) from any station entrance, eleva-
tor hoistway enclosure, surface emergency stair
doorway, unprotected outside air intake or other
opening, or from each other. Exhaust outlets that
are not used for intakes may be adjacent to each
other.

2. Where this distance is not practical, the horizontal
distance may be reduced to 15 feet (4572 mm) if the
closest blast relief or underplatform and smoke ex-
haust shaft terminal is raised a minimum of 10 feet
(3048 mm) above the station entrance, emergency
stair doorway and unprotected outside air intake

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or other opening, or the underplatform and smoke
exhaust shaft terminal is raised a minimum of 10
feet (3048 mm) above the blast relief shaft termi-
nal.

3. Ventilation of stations shall not terminate at grade
on any vehicle roadway.

433.4.5.4 Emergency ventilation fans.

433.4.5.4.1 Ventilation fans used for emergency ser-
vice, their motors, dampers and all related compo-
nents exposed to the ventilation airflow shall be
designed to operate in an ambient atmosphere of
482°F (250°C) for a period of at least 1 hour. Ventila-
tion fans and related components shall be capable of
withstanding the maximum anticipated plus/minus
pressure transients induced by train operations.

433.4.5.4.2 Local fan motor starters and related
operating control devices for emergency ventilation
equipment shall be isolated from the ventilation air-
flow by a separation having afire-resistance rating of
at least 1 hour.

433.4.5.4.3 Thermal overload protective devices
shall not be provided on motor controls of fans used
for emergency ventilation.

433.4.5.4.4 The power supply for fans essential for
emergency ventilation service shall consist of two
separate electrical feeders. Each feeder shall origi-
nate from a different source (substation) and shall be
separated physically to the extent possible. Automatic
transfer shall be provided in the event the normal sup-
ply source fails.

433.4.5.4.5 Operation and fail-safe verification for
proper operation of emergency fans shall be affected
from the operation control center with indication pro-
vided for all modes of operation for each fan.

433.4.5.5 Emergency ventilation control.

433.4.5.5.1 Local controls shall override remote con-
trol. Local control shall be capable of operating the
fans in all modes in the event the remote controls
become inoperative.

433.4.5.5.2 Emergency ventilation systems shall be
supervised and/or controlled in all operating modes
locally (motor control center and/or fan unit) and
remotely at both the OCC and the station BMP.

433.4.5.5.3 Fan running shall be provided by sensing
devices for each fan for operation in both the supply
and exhaust directions.

433.4.5.5.4 Trouble status signals shall be annunci-
ated in the local control room. A summarized trouble
signal shall be annunciated at OCC and EMP.

433.4.5.6 Ventilation systems and ancillary areas.

Ancillary area ventilation systems shall be arranged so
that air is not exhausted into station public occupancy
areas.

433.5 Fire alarm and communication systems. See Section
907.2.26.

SECTION 434
EXPLOSIVES [SFM]

434.1 General construction requirements. Magazines shall be
constructed in conformity with the provisions of these regula-
tions, or may be of substantially equivalent construction satis-
factory to the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.
Reasonable allowances shall be made for storage facilities in
existence prior to the adoption of these regulations. No allow-
ance, however, shall be made for storage facilities which con-
stitute a distinct hazard to life and property.

434.2 Ventilation and weather resistance. Magazines for the
storage of explosives shall be sufficiently ventilated and
weather resistant and, when used for the storage of Class A
explosives (other than black powder, blasting agents, blasting
caps and electric blasting caps), shall also be of bullet-resis-
tant construction unless deemed exempt by the enforcing
agency having jurisdiction.

Note: The recommendation for ventilation as contained in
Pamphlet No. J, Institute of Makers of Explosives, 1965 edi-
tion, is evidence of good practice.

434.3 Construction for separation between primers and flam-
mable liquids. Primers shall be separated from flammable liq-
uids by a 1 -hour fire-resistive occupancy separation.

Exception: A separation need not be provided for small
arms ammunition primers when such primers are located a
distance of not less than 25 feet (7620 mm) from flammable
liquids.

434.4 Construction of Type I magazine. Type I magazines
shall be of bullet-resistant construction. Plans shall be submit-
ted to the enforcing agency having jurisdiction for approval
prior to construction.

434.4.1 General. Use of the following materials and meth-
ods of construction shall be evidence of compliance with
this requirement:

1. Masonry units not less than 8 inches (203 mm) in
thickness with all hollow spaces filled with weak ce-
ment, well-tamped sand or equivalent material; or

2. Reinforced concrete not less than 6 inches (152 mm)
in thickness; or

3. Steel walls of minimum No. 14 manufacturer's stan-
dard gage (0.0747 inch) (1.9 mm) to No. 6 manufac-
turer's standard gage (0.1943 inch) (4.9 mm) may be
used, provided there are two layers spaced at least 6
inches (152 mm) apart with all hollow spaces filled
with weak cement, well-tamped sand or equivalent
material; or

4. One layer of No. 6 manufacturer's standard gage
(0.1943 inch) (4.9 mm) or heavier; steel lined on the
interior with a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) of
wood; or

5. Two layers of No. 6 manufacturer's standard gage
(0. 1 943 inch) (4. 9 mm) or heavier steel spaced a mini-
mum V2 inch (12.7 mm) apart and lined on the interior
with a minimum of 2 inches (51 mm) of wood; or

6. Two layers of wood, at least 2 inches (51mm) nominal
thickness each, spaced a minimum of 4 inches (102

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mm) apart with the hollow spacefilled with weak ce-
ment, well-tamped sand or equivalent material.

7. Wood used shall conform to the following:

Wood shall be of tongue-and-grooved lumber or ply-
wood. Wood shall be covered, on the exterior side,
with metal to provide protection against flying embers
and sparks.

434.4.2 Doors. Doors shall be of bullet-resistant construc-
tion. Each door is to be equipped with:

1. Two mortise locks;

2. Two padlocks fastened in separate hasps and staples;

3. A combination of a mortise lock and a padlock;

4. A mortise lock that requires two keys to open; and

5. A three-point lock.

Padlocks must have at least five tumblers and a
case-hardened shackle of at least Vg-inch (9.5 mm) diame-
ter. Padlocks must be protected with not less than '/4-inch
(6.4 mm) steel hoods constructed so as to prevent sawing or
lever action on the locks, hasps and staples. These require-
ments do not apply to magazine doors that are adequately
secured on the inside by means of a bolt, lock or bar that
cannot be actuated from the outside.

434.4.3 Floors. Floors of magazines shall be securely fas-
tened in place and shall be capable of withstanding the
loads imposed.

434.4.4 Roofs. Roofs shall be securely fastened inplace and
they shall be bullet resistant, if required by the fire chief hav-
ing jurisdiction.

434.4.5 Ventilation openings. Ventilation openings shall be
screened to prevent the entrance of sparks and protected in
a manner that will maintain the bullet resistance of the mag-
azine.

434.4.6 Interiors. Magazine interiors shall be of a smooth
finish without cracks or crevices with all nails, screws, bolts
and nuts countersunk. Exposed metal capable of emitting
sparks shall be covered so as not to come in contact with
packages of explosives.

434.4.7 Location. No Type I magazine, or portion thereof,
shall be located under a high-voltage power line (750 volts
or more). For the purposes of this section, "under" shall
include an open space of not less than the height of the
power line from the ground at right angles to the walls of the
magazine.

434.5 Buildings used for mixing of blasting agents. Buildings
used for the mixing of blasting agents shall conform to the
requirements of Sections 434.5 and 434.6, unless otherwise
specifically approved by the enforcing agency having jurisdic-
tion.

434.5.1 Construction. Buildings shall be of all
noncombustible construction or of sheet metal on wood
studs.

434.5.2 Separation. The layout of the mixing building shall
be such so as to provide physical separation between the fin-

ished product storage and the mixing and packaging
operations.

434.5.3 Storage areas. Floors in storage areas and in the
processing plant shall be of concrete or other
noncombustible material. Isolatedfuel storage shall be pro-
vided to avoid contact between molten ammonium nitrate
and fuel in case of fire.

434.5.4 Ventilation. The building shall be well ventilated in
accordance with Section 434.2.

434.5.5 Heat. Heat, if used, shall be provided exclusively
from a unit outside of the building.

434.5.6 Venting. Explosion venting shall be provided when
required by the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.

434.6 Building construction storage. Blasting agents may be
stored in the manner set forth in Title 19, California Code of
Regulations, Subchapter 10, Article 3, or in one-story ware-
houses (without basements), which shall be:

1. Of noncombustible or 1-hour fire-resistive construction;

2. Constructed so as to eliminate floor drains and piping
into which molten materials could flow and be confined
in case of fire;

3. Weather resistant;

4. Well ventilated in accordance with Section 434.2; and

5. Equipped with a substantially constructed and lockable
door which shall be kept securely locked, except When the
facility is open for business.

434.7 Electrical requirements for Type I magazines. Maga-
zines shall not be provided with either heat or light, except
upon the approval of the enforcing agency having jurisdiction.
Electrical installation, when permitted, shall be in accordance
with the California Electrical Code for Type II, Division I loca-
tions.

434.8 Mixing room blasting agents. All electrical switches,
controls, motors and lights, if located in the mixing room, shall
be installed in accordance with the California Electrical Code
for Type II, Division I locations.

434.9 Storage of special effects materials. The storage of not
more than 750 pounds (340 kg) of special effects materials
shall be in a building or a room conforming to the requirements
of Group H, Division 1 occupancies as defined in this part. In
addition, the following shall apply to every special effects
materials storage building or room:

1. The building shall be sprinklered as required in Chapter
9.

2. It shall be deemed that the storage of special effects ma-
terials creates an atmosphere of flammable dust.

3. Two or more permanent openings having an area of not
less than 100 square inches (64 500 mm^) shall be lo-
cated in the exterior wall to provide natural ventilation.
These openings shall be protected by screens or louvers
covered with '/4-inch (6.4 mm) wire mesh screen.

4. Walls, floor ceiling, shelves and benches shall have a
smooth nonmetallic surface which can be easily cleaned
with a minimum of brushing or scrubbing.

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5. Each entrance door shall be posted on the outside with
signs stating, "Authorized Personnel Only" and "No
Smoking."

6. Assembling and manufacturing are prohibited in special
effects storage rooms or buildings.

7. The room shall be located above grade in a one-story
building or on the top floor of a multistory building or
may be a separate building.

8. The room or building shall have a minimum floor area of
80 square feet (7.4 m^) with no dimension less than 8 feet
(2438 mm).

9. Electric wiring, lighting and heating shall be of a type
approved for use in hazardous locations.

434.10 Mixing room or building. Buildings or rooms in which
more than 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of special effects materials are
present at any time shall be constructed with at least one wall of
explosion-relief type. The relief wall should be placed so as to
be of least hazard to persons in adjacent buildings.

434.10.1 Explosive venting. When explosive venting is
required, the venting area will be calculated on 1 square
foot (0.0929 m^)for each 35 cubic feet (0.99 m^) of building
or roof area.

434.10.2 Egress. All rooms or buildings shall have ade-
quate aisle space and at least two exits separated by a dis-
tance equal to at least one-fifth the perimeter of the room.
Openings in fire walls shall be equipped with approved,
self-closing fire doors. All exit doors shall open outward and
be equipped with approved panic hardware.

Exception: Cubicles 100 square feet (9.3 m^) or less and
occupied by not more than two persons working within
12 feet (3658 mm) of an unobstructed passageway may
have one exit.

434.10.3 Room finishes. Floors, walls, interior surfaces
and equipment shall be of a finish and color that will indi-
cate the presence of dust and spilled material. They shall be
smooth finished for easy cleaning.

434.10.4 HVAC. Heating and cooling shall be by the indi-
rect method using water, steam, electric heaters or other
indirect methods.

Note: Floor registers shall not be permitted.

434.10.5 Electrical. All electrical wiring and equipment
shall be acceptable for the hazard involved and installed in
accordance with Hazardous Locations, California Electri-
cal Code.

434.10.6 Grounding. Effective bonding and grounding
means shall be provided to prevent accumulation of static
charges where static charges are a hazard, as set forth in the
California Electrical Code.

434.10.7 Pressure relief valves. Hydraulic or air presses
and hand jacks shall be provided with pressure-relief valves
so arranged and set that the material being processed will
not be subjected to pressure likely to cause it to explode.
Dies and plugged press equipment shall not be cleared by

striking blows that may detonate or start the material burn-
ing.

434.10.8 Dust control. Dust from special effects materials
shall not be exhausted to the atmosphere. Where vacuum
dust collections systems are used, they shall comply with the
following requirements:

1. Adequate filters must be installed between the source
vacuum and the point of pickup to prevent explosive
special effects materials from entering the vacuum
pump or exhauster.

2. The dust collection system shall be designed to pre-
vent pinch points threaded fittings exposed to the haz-
ardous dust and sharp turns, dead ends, pockets, etc.,
in which special effects materials may lodge and ac-
cumulate outside the collecting chamber

3. The entire vacuum collection system shall be made
electrically continuous and be grounded to a maxi-
mum resistance of 5 ohms.

4. Chambers in which the dusts are collected shall not be
located in the operating area unless adequate shields
for the maximum quantity of material in the collector
are furnished for personnel protection.

5. No more that two rooms may be serviced by a common
connection to a vacuum collection chamber Where
interconnections are used, means should be employed
to prevent propagation of an incident via the collec-
tion piping.

6. When collecting the more sensitive special effects ma-
terials, such as black powder, lead azide, etc., a.wet.
collector which moistens the dust close to the point of
intake and maintains the dust wet until removed for
disposal shall be used. Wetting agents shall be com-
patible with the explosives.

7. Dusts shall be removed from the collection chamber
as often as necessary to prevent overloading. The en-
tire system shall be cleaned at a frequency that will
eliminate hazardous concentrations of dusts in pipes,
tubing and/or ducts.

434.10.9 Fans. Squirrel cage blowers should not be used for
exhausting hazardous fumes, vapors or gases. Onlynonfer-
rous fan blades are permitted for fans located within the
ductwork and through which hazardous materials are
exhausted. Motors shall be located outside the duct.

434.10.10 Work stations. Work stations for small amounts
of special effects materials [less than 1 pound (0.454 kg)]
shall be separated by distance, barrier or other means, so
fire in one station will not ignite material in the next work
station. When necessary, each operator shall be protected
by a personnel shield located between the operator and the
material being processed. This shield and its support shall
be a test designed to withstand a blast from the maximum
amount of special effects materials allowed behind it.

434.10.11 Shielding. When shields or structures are needed
to protect personnel, the following requirement shall be fol-

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lowed when specific weights of special effects materials in
the amount ofl pound (0.454 kg) or more are involved:

Weight of Explosive

1 tol 5 pounds
(0.454-6.8 kg)

More than 15 pounds (6.8
kg)

structure ofStiield Wait

Shield wall constructed of concrete
not less than 12 inches (305 mm)
thick which is reinforced near both
sides by rods not less than V2 inch
(12. 7 mm) in diameter located on
maximum centers of 12 inches (305
mm) both horizontally and
vertically. The rods must be
staggered on opposite faces.

The shield wall for the protection
of workers must he designed in
such a manner to protect against
the efforts of not less than 25
percent overload above the
expected maximum charge to be
processed.

Notes:

1. One inch (25 mm) of mild steel is equivalent to 1
foot (305 mm) of reinforced concrete.

2. Explosives shall be located not less than 36 inches
(914 mm) from the wall and 24 inches (610 mm)
above the floor.

If this personnel protection wall for the required opera-
tion involving large quantities of special effects materials
becomes so large that it is impractical, the operator must
perform the operations by remote control or be protected by
a suitably constructed shelter designed with a safety factor
of not less than 4 to withstand the overpressure from the
maximum amount of explosives in process.

SECTION 435
Reserved

SECTION 436
WINERY CAVES [SFM]

436.1 Scope. The use of subterranean space for winery facili-
ties in natural or manmade caves shall be in accordance with
this section.

436.2 Definitions.

436.3 General. For definitions of "Assembly, fire appliance"
and "Noncombustible," see Chapter 2.

436.4 Limited application. For the purpose of Section436, cer-
tain terms are defined as follows:

TYPE 1 WINERY CAVES. Natural or manmade caves
used solely for storage and/or processing of wine at a win-
ery facility. Type 1 winery caves are not accessible to the
public.

TYPE 2 WINERY CAVES. Natural or manmade caves
used for the storage and/or processing of wine at a winery

facility. Type 2 winery caves are accessible to the public on
guided tours only.

TYPE 3 WINERY CAVES. Natural or manmade caves
used for the storage and/or processing of wine at a winery
facility. Type 3 winery caves are accessible to the public on
guided tours and contain assembly use areas.

436.5 Permits. For permits to operate Type 2 and 3 winery
caves, see Appendix Chapter 1, Section 105.

436.6 Fire apparatus access roads Fire apparatus access
wads shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with
the California Fire Code, Section 503.

436.7 Construction requirements.

436.7.1 Allowable area. The area of winery caves shall not
be limited if constructed entirely of noncombustible materi-
als.

Winery caves constructed with combustible materials
shall be limited in area so that no point is more than 150 feet
(45 720 mm) from an exit.

436.7.2 Interior construction. The walls and ceilings of
winery caves shall not contain hidden or concealed spaces.

436.8 General requirements.

436.8.1 Public tours. Tours for the public shall be continu-
ously guided by staff knowledgeable in the location of exits
and the use of emergency notification devices.

436.8.2 Standby personnel. In accordance with the Califor-
nia Fire Code, Section 2404.20, when, in the opinion of the
fire chief, it is essential for public safety, the owner, agent or
lessee shall employ one or more qualified persons, as
required and approved by the chief, to be on duty at such
place. Such individuals shall be in uniform or otherwise
easily identifiable.

Standby personnel shall be subject to the fire chiefs
orders at all times when so employed and shall remain on
duty during the times such places are open to the public or
when such activity is being conducted.

Before the start of any activity requiring standby person-
nel, such individuals shall:

1. Inspect the required fire appliances to ensure they are
in the proper place and in good working order

2. Inspect all exits to verify accessibility and proper op-
eration.

While on duty, such individuals shall not be required or
permitted to perform any duties other than those specified
by the fire chief.

436.8.3 Open-flame devices. The use of candles and other
open-flame devices shall be in accordance with California
Fire Code, Section 308.3.5.

436.9 Portable fire extinguishers and other fire appliances.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be located to be readily acces-
sible. Their type, location and spacing throughout the facility
shall be in accordance with the provisions of Title 19, Chapter
3 and California Fire Code, Section 906.1. Other fire appli-
ances shall be maintained at the site as required by the fire
chief.

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436.10 Fire alarm systems. An approved manual fire alarm
system conforming with the provisions of the California Fire
Code, Section 907.2.1, shall be provided in all Type 3 winery
caves.

436.11 Exits.

436.11.1 Distribution. Exits shall be located remotely from
each other and arranged to minimize any possibility that
more than one may be blocked off by any one fire or other
emergency condition.

436.11.2 Number. Winery caves shall be provided with a
minimum of two exits. Assembly areas of Type 3 winery
caves shall be provided with exits as required by the Califor-
nia Building Code for Group A occupancies.

436.12 Exit illumination.

436.12.1 General. Exits shall be illuminated to a minimum
intensity of not less than 1 foot-candle (10.76 lux) at floor
level whenever the winery cave is occupied. Fixtures provid-
ing exit illumination shall be supplied from a dedicated cir-
cuit or source of power used only for exit illumination.

436.12.2 Separate sources of power. The power supply for
exit illumination may be provided by the premises' wiring
system. In the event of its failure, illumination shall be auto-
matically provided from an emergency system in Type 2 and
3 winery caves. Emergency systems shall be supplied fi-om
storage batteries or an on-site generator set) and the system
shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the
California Electrical Code.

436.13 Exit signs. Exit signs shall be installed at required exits
and where otherwise necessary to clearly indicate the exits
from assembly areas in Type 3 winery caves.

436.14 Maximum occupant load. Occupant load require-
ments in the assembly areas of Type 3 winery caves shall be in
accordance with Section 1004.

436.15 Seating arrangements. Seating arrangements in the
assembly areas of Type 3 winery caves shall be in accordance
with California Fire Code, Section 1024.9.

SECTION 437
Reserved

SECTION 438
Reserved

SECTION 439
PUBLIC LIBRARIES [SL & SFM]

Public libraries funded fi-om the California Library Con-
struction and Renovation Act of 1988.

439.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Automatic sprinkler sys-
tems shall be installed in:

1. New facilities, including additions;

2. Existing facilities to which a project adds the lesser of
5, 000 square feet ( 465m^) or 10 percent of the size of the

existing facility, if the existing facility does not already
have an automatic sprinkler system.

439.1.1 Fire extinguishment. Fire-extinguishing systems
meeting the standards in Chapter 9 and approved by the
local fire authority shall be installed in:

New facilities, including additions;

Existing facilities to which a project adds the lesser of
5,000 square feet ( 465m^) or 10 percent of the size of the
existing facility, if the existing facility does not already
have an automatic sprinkler system.

439.2 System monitoring requirement. All fire protection sys-
tems shall be monitored by afire alarm supervising station in
accordance with NFPA 72.

439.2.1 Signaling system. Fire-extinguishing systems
installed in accordance with the preceding subsection shall
be connected to a remote station protection signaling sys-
tem conforming to NFPA 72.

Exception: The extinguishment and signaling require-
ments of this chapter do not apply to projects of less than
5,000 gross square feet (465 m^) that do not have ade-
quate water fiow available, except that any interior book
return with a slot piercing the exterior wall shall be
enclosed in fire-rated construction.

439.3 Book return slots. Any interior book return with a slot
piercing the exterior wall shall have a separate sprinkler head
and be enclosed in fire-rated construction.

439.4 Automatic sprinkler and extinguishing systems. For

public libraries constructed with funds awarded under the Cal-
ifornia Reading and Literacy Improvement and Public Library
Construction and Renovation Bond Act of 2000:

1. Fire sprinkler system requirement. All libraries funded
for new construction, including additions, shall have au-
tomatic fire sprinkler systems installed.

2. Fire sprinkler system requirement for renovations of
existing facilities. If there is no automatic fire sprinkler
system in the exiting facility, grant recipients shall be re-
quired to install afire sprinkler system throughout the ex-
isting facility.

3. Fire sprinkler system types. The grant recipient may
choose, on approval by the local fire authority, from
wet-pipe, dry-pipe orpre-action systems, utilizing listed
standard, early suppression fast response (ESFR) or
on/off-type sprinkler heads.

4. Book return rooms and slots. Book return rooms with
slots in exterior walls shall have an automatic sprinkler
head and be of approved fire-resistive construction.
Book return slots and book drops shall have an addi-
tional automatic sprinkler head when shielded from the
room sprinkler head.

5. System monitoring requirement. All fire protection sys-
tems shall be monitored by afire alarm supervising sta-
tion in accordance with NFPA 72.

6. Alternate fire-extinguishing systems for specialized ar-
eas. When approved by the fire authority having jurisdic-
tion, other types of approved automatic

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fire-extinguishing systems may be utilized as an alter-
nate to sprinklers in the following areas: rare book
rooms, central computer rooms and telecommunication
rooms.

7. Automatic sprinkler system plan requirement. Fire
sprinkler system drawings shall use the furniture plan as
a background for coordination with furniture and book
stack location and height.

SECTION 440
GROUP C[SFM]

440.1 Group C occupancies defined.

440.1.1 Organized camps. For the purposes of these regula-
tions, Group C occupancies shall mean "organized camps"
as defined in Section 18897, Health and Safety Code.

440.1.1.1 Description. An organized camp is a site with
programs and facilities established for the primary pur-
pose of providing an outdoor group living experience
with social, spiritual, educational or recreational objec-
tives, for 5 days or more during one or more seasons of
the year

The term "organized camp " does not include a motel,
tourist camp, trailer park, resort, hunting camp, auto
court, labor camp, penal or correctional camp, child
care institution or home-finding agency nor does it
include any charitable or recreational organization
which complies with the rules and regulations for recre-
ation railer parks provided for by Section 18301 (b).
Health and Safety Code.

440.1.2 Tents and tent structures. For the purpose of this
chapter, a tent or tent structure is defined as any shelter of
which 25 percent or more of the walls or roof, or both, are
constructed of, or covered or protected by, a canvas or any
other fabric material.

440.2 Purpose and intent. The provisions of this section are
established to provide fire and life safety in organized camps,
but at the same time preserve the basic concept of outdoor liv-
ing. It is the intent of this section that organized camps shall be
considered as a separate and distinct occupancy.

440.3 Basic building and structures.

440.3.1 Building classification. Every building or structure
shall be classified into the occupancy group they most
nearly resemble and be constructed in accordance with
appropriate occupancy requirements specified in this part.

Exceptions:

1 . Tents, tent structures, and buildings and structures
that do not exceed 25 feet (7620 mm) in any lateral
dimension and where such building or structure is
not more than one story.

2. For fire safety, buildings or structures on the pre-
mises of an organized camp which are used for
sleeping purposes, regardless of their similarity to
other occupancy groups, shall conform to the pro-
visions of Sections 440.4, 440.5, 440.6 and 440.7.

3. For fire safety, buildings and structures which are
not used for sleeping purposes shall conform to the
provisions of Section 440. 7, which shall supersede
any similar provisions contained in this part.

440.3.2 Occupant load. The living shelter, whether a build-
ing, structure, tent and tent structure, or cabin, shall provide
a minimum of 30 square feet (2.8 rr?) of superficial floor
areaper person for single-tier bed units, and 20 square feet
(1.9 m^) of superficial floor area per person for two-tier bed
units. More than two tiers per bed unit are prohibited. There
shall be at least 3 feet (914 mm) of lateral distance between
beds.

Exception: Intermittent short-term organized camps are
not required to provide shelter facilities but, if provided,
they shall comply with this section.

440.4 General.

440.4.1 Buildings intended for sleeping. Buildings and
structures used or intended for sleeping purposes which do
not exceed any one of the limitations set forth below shall
conform to the provisions of Sections 440.5 and 440.7.

1. One story in height.

2. Twenty-fivefeet (7620 mm) in any lateral dimension.

Exception: This provision shall not apply to build-
ings or structures conforming to construction pro-
visions of this section in effect prior to January 1,
1985.

3. Maximum housing of 12 persons.

440.4.2 Limitations. Buildings and structures used or
intended for sleeping purposes, including those so used in
whole or in part by staff personnel, and which exceed any
one of the limitations set forth in Section 440.4.1, shall con-
form to the provisions of Sections 440.5 and 440.7.

Exception: Buildings or structures used exclusively for
living and sleeping purposes by resident custodial or
caretaker personnel only may be constructed in accor-
dance with the provisions of these regulations for a
Group R-3 occupancy.

440.5 Special buildings, tents and tent structures.

440.5.1 Special buildings. In addition to the provisions of
Section 440.7, special buildings conforming to the limita-
tions specified in Section 440.4.1 shall conform to the fol-
lowing:

1. The flame-spread end-point rating of all interior fln-
ish materials shall not exceed 200.

2. Every room or area housing more than eight persons
shall be provided with not less than two approved ex-
its, each of which shall be direct to the exterior and
shall not be less than 32 inches (813 mm) in clear
width and 6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) in height. Rooms
or areas housing eight or less persons shall be pro-
vided with at least one such exit direct to the exterior.

3. Every exit door shall be openable from the inside
without the use of any key, special knowledge or ef-
fort.

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4. Exit doors need not be hung to swing in the direction
of exit travel. Where exit doors are hung to swing in
the direction of exit travel, a landing conforming to
the provisions of Section 1 008. 1 . 5 shall be provided.

5. When the distance (measured vertically) between the
ground level and the floor level exceeds 8 inches (203
mm), a stairway from each exit shall be provided.
Steps shall have a rise of not more than 8 inches (203
mm) and a run of not less than 9 inches (229 mm).
Such stairway shall be at least as wide as the door it
serves.

Exception: In lieu of a stairway, a ramp having a
slope of not more than Ifoot (305 mm) of rise for
each 8 feet (2438 mm) of run may be provided.

6. When the floor level at any door opening of any build-
ing or structure is more than 30 inches (762 mm)
above the adjacent ground level, handrails or guard-
rails shall be provided on the landing, balcony or
porch, and on every stairway or ramp to ground level.

7. Buildings and structures or groups of buildings and
structures shall be separated from each other by not
less than 10 feet (3048 mm). This section shall not ap-
ply to existing buildings and structures of existing
Group C occupancies.

440.5.2 Tents and tent structures. In addition to the provi-
sions of Section 440.7, tents and tent structures, or groups
thereof, shall conform to the provisions of Section 440.5,
except as follows:

1. Regardless of any other provisions of this section,
heating of tents and tent structures shall be prohibited
unless written permission is obtained from the fire
chief.

2. All canvas or other fabric material shall be treated
and maintained in aflame-retardant condition.

Exceptions:

1. Tents in existence prior to January 1, 1979,
provided the following conditions are met:

1.1. Tents shall not exceed 80 square feet
(7.4 nf-) in area.

1.2. No electrical devices, except flash-
lights, are installed or used in the
tents.

1.3. Tents are not located closer than 30
feet (9144 mm) to any open fire.

1.4. Smoking is prohibited in the tents.

1.5. All other applicable provisions of
this article are met.

2. Canvas or materials used exclusively to pro-
tect windows and similar openings in walls.

3. Canvas or materials used as a windbreak en-
closure of not more than three sides and
open to the sky.

Note: It is not the intent of Section
440.5.2 that strict adherence to the width
and height requirements of exit openings
be enforced for exits from tents.

440.6 Buildings and structures for sleeping. Buildings and
structures, or portions thereof, used or intended for sleeping
purposes and which exceed the height, area or capacity limita-
tions specified in Section 440.4.1 shall conform to the provi-
sions of this section.

440.6.1 Area, height and type of construction. Buildings
and structures, or portions thereof, shall not exceed the lim-
its of area, height and type of construction specified in these
regulations for a Group I-l occupancy. Such buildings and
structures shall not be of less than 1 -hour fire-resistive con-
struction throughout.

440.6.2 Location on property. The fire-resistive protection
of exterior walls and openings, as determined by location
on property, shall be in accordance with the provisions of
these regulations for a Group I-l occupancy.

440.6.3 Exits. Stairs, exits and smokeproof enclosures shall
be provided in accordance with the provisions of Chapter
10.

440.6.4 Enclosure of vertical openings. Exits shall be
enclosed as specified in Chapter 10. Elevator shafts, vent
shafts and other vertical openings shall be enclosed and
enclosures shall be as set forth in Chapter 7.

440.6.5 Fire-extinguishing systems. Automatic fire-extin-
guishing systems, standpipes and basement pipe inlets shall
be installed when and as specified in Chapter 9 for buildings
based on the occupancy they most nearly resemble.

440.6.6 Automatic fire alarm system. See Section 907.

440.7 Special requirements. The provisions of this section
shall apply to the premises and to all buildings and structures
of all organized camps.

440.7.1 Electrical. The installation of all electrical wiring
shall conform to the applicable provisions of the California
Electrical Code.

440.7.2 Heating equipment. Heating equipment, and the
installation thereof, shall conform to the provisions of the
California Mechanical Code.

440.7.3 Motion picture booths. Motion picture machine
booths shall conform to the requirements of Section 409.

440.7.4 Interior finish. Interior finish shall conform to the
requirements of Chapter 8, except as permitted in Section
440.5.1, Item 1.

440.7.5 Heater room openings. All exterior openings in
rooms containing central heating equipment, low-pressure
boilers or water-heating boilers used as part of the heating
system, if located below openings in another story, or if less
than 10 feet (3048 mm) from other doors or windows of the
same building, shall be protected by afire assembly having
a ^/4-hour fire-resistive rating. Such fire assemblies shall be
fixed, automatic or self-closing.

Exception: The requirement for ^/f hour fire assembly
protection of openings may be deleted if the entire room
is protected by an automatic sprinkler system conform-
ing to the provisions of Section 903.

440.7.6 Heating rooms. Every room containing central
heating equipment, low-pressure boiler or water-heating

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SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

boiler used as part of the heating system shall be separated
from the rest of the building by a 1 -hour fire-resistive fire
barrier with all openings protected as set forth in Section
706.7.

. Exceptions:

1. Boilers or central heating plants where the largest
piece of fuel equipment does not exceed 400,000
Btu per hour (135 kW) input.

2. When any such opening is protected by a pair of
fire doors, the inactive leaf shall be normally se-
cured in the closed position and shall be openable
only by use of a tool. An astragal shall be provided
and the active leaf shall be self-closing.

440.7.7 Exits. For purposes of determining occupant load
for exit requirements, see Section 440.3.2.

440.7.8 Liquefied petroleum gas. The construction and
installation of all tanks, cylinders, equipment and systems
used or intended for use in conjunction with any liquefied
petroleum gas shall conform to the provisions of the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code and the California Fire Code.

440. 7.9 Air-conditioning and ventilation systems. Heating
units used as an integral part of an air-conditioning and
ventilation system shall be installed in accordance with Sec-
tions 440.7.2, 440.7.3 and 440. 7. 6.

440.8 Camp fire alarm. Every organized camp shall provide
and maintain a device or devices suitable for sounding afire
alarm. Such device or devices may be of any type acceptable to
the enforcing agency provided they are distinctive in tone from
all other signaling devices or systems and shall be audible
throughout the camp premises. When an automatic fire alarm
system is provided, as required by Section 440.6.6, all signal-
ing devices required by this section shall be of the same type as
that used in the automatic system.

SECTION 441
Reserved

SECTION 442
GROUP E[SFM]

442.1 Location on property. All buildings housing Group E
occupancies shall front directly on a public street or an exit dis-
charge not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) in width. The exit dis-
charge to the public street shall be a minimum 20-foot-wide
(6096 mm) right-of-way, unobstructed and maintained only as
access to the public street. At least one required exit shall be
located on the public street or on the exit discharge.

442.2 Separate means of egress systems required. Every room
with an occupant load of 300 or more shall have one of its exits
or exit-access doorways lead directly into a separate means of
egress system that consists of not less than two paths of exit
travel which are separated in such a manner to provide an
atmospheric separation that precludes contamination of both
paths of exit travel by the same fire. Not more than two required
exits or exit-access doorways shall enter into the same means
of egress system.

442.3 Fences and gates. School grounds may be fenced and
gates therein may be equipped with locks, provided that safe
dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m^) per occupant
are located between the school and the fence. Such required
safe dispersal areas shall not be located less than 50 feet (15
240 mm) from school buildings.

Every public and private school shall conform with Section
32020 of the Education Code which states:

The governing board of every public school district, and the
governing authority of every private school, which maintains
any building used for the instruction or housing of school
pupils on land entirely enclosed (except for building walls) by
fences of walls, shall, through cooperation with the local law
enforcement and fire protection agencies having jurisdiction of
the area, make provision for the erection of gates in such fences
or walls. The gates shall be of sufficient size to permit the
entrance of the ambulances, police equipment and fire-fighting
apparatus used by the law enforcement and fire protection
agencies. There shall be no less than one such access gate and
there shall be as many such gates as needed to ensure access to
all major buildings and ground areas. If such gates are to be
equipped with locks, the locking devices shall be designed to
permit ready entrance by the use of the chain or bolt-cutting
devices with which the local law enforcement and fire-protec-
tion agencies may be equipped.

442.4 Special provisions. Rooms in Group E day care, kinder-
garten, first-, or second-grade pupils shall not be located
above or below the first story.

Exceptions:

2. In buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler
system throughout, rooms used for kindergarten,
first- and second-grade children or for day care pur-
poses may be located on the second story, provided
there are at least two exterior exit doors for the exclu-
sive use of such occupants.

3. Group E day-care facilities may be located above the
first story in buildings of Type lA, IB, IIA and IllA
construction, subject to the limitation of Section 503
when:

3.1. Facilities with children under the age of seven
or containing more than 12 children per story
shall not be located above the fourth floor;
and

3.2. The entire story in which the day-care facility
is located is equipped with an approved man-
ual fire alarm and smoke detection system.
Actuation of an initiating device shall sound
an audible alarm throughout the entire story.

When a building fire alarm system is re-
quired by other provisions of this code, the
alarm system shall be interconnected and
sound the day-care fire alarm system; and

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

125

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

3.3. The day-care facility, if more than 1,000
square feet (92.9 m?) in area, is divided into at
least two compartments of approximately the
same size by a smoke barrier in accordance
with Section 709. In addition to the require-
ments of Section 508, occupancy separations
between day-care and other occupancies
shall be constructed as smoke barriers. Door
openings in the smoke barrier shall he
tightfitting, with gaskets installed as required
by Section 715.4.3 and shall be automatic
closing by actuation of the fire sprinklers, fire
alarm or smoke detection system; and

3.4. Each compartment formed by the smoke bar-
rier has not less than two exits or exit-access
doors, one of which is permitted to pass
through the adjoining compartment; and

3.5. Where two or more means of exits or exit ac-
cess are required at leased one shall not share
a common path of travel; and

3.6. The building is equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout.

442.5 Special hazards. School classrooms constructed after
January 1, 1990, not equipped with automatic sprinkler sys-
tems, which have metal grilles or bars on all their windows and
do not have at least two exit doors within 3 feet (914 mm) of
each end of the classroom opening to the exterior of the build-
ing or to a common hallway used for evacuation purposes,
shall have an inside release for the grilles or bars on at least
one window farthest from the exit doors. The window or win-
dows with the inside release shall be clearly marked as emer-
gency exits.

442.5.1 Class I, II or III-A flammable liquids shall not be
placed, stored or used in Group E occupancies, except in
approved quantities as necessary in laboratories and class-
rooms and for operation and maintenance as set forth in the
California Fire Code.

SECTION 443
GROUP L [SFM]

443.1 Group L laboratories. For applications listed in Section
111 regulated by the office of the State Fire Marshal, Group L
occupancies shall include buildings and structures or portions
thereof, used as laboratories for scientific experimentation or
research having quantities of materials not in excess of those
listed in Tables 443.1(1) and 443.1(2), except as modified in
this section and not classified as a Group B occupancy. This
occupancy shall be designed and constructed in accordance
with the requirements for a Group B occupancy except as spec-
ified in this section.

443.2 Requirements for Group L.

443.2.1 Multiple hazards. When a hazardous material has
multiple hazards, all hazards shall be addressed and con-
trolled in accordance with the provisions of this code.

443.2.2 Requirement for report. The enforcing agency may
require a technical opinion and report to identify and

develop methods of protection from the hazards presented
by the hazardous materials. A qualified person, firm or cor-
poration, approved by the enforcing agency, shall prepare
the opinion and report, and shall be provided without
charge to the enforcing agency. The opinion and report may
include, but is not limited to, the preparation of a hazardous
material management plan (HMMP); chemical analysis;
recommendations for methods of isolation, separation, con-
tainment or protection of hazardous materials or processes,
including appropriate engineering controls to be applied;
the extent of changes in the hazardous behavior to be antici-
pated under conditions of exposure to fire or from hazard
control procedures; and the limitations or conditions of use
necessary to achieve and maintain control of the hazardous
materials or operations. The report shall be entered into the
files of the code enforcement agencies. Proprietary and
trade secret information shall be protected under the laws of
the state or jurisdiction having authority.

443.2.3 Laboratory suite. A laboratory suite is a space up to
10,000 square feet (929 m^) bounded by not less than a
1 -hour fire-resistance-rated fire barrier within which the
maximum allowable quantity of hazardous materials in
accordance with Tables 443.1(1) and 443.1(2) may be
stored, dispensed, handled or used.

443.2.4 Emergency Power. An emergency power system
shall be provided. The emergency power system shall be
designed and installed in accordance with the California
Electrical Code to automatically supply power to all
required electrical equipment when the normal electrical
supply system is interrupted. The exhaust system may be
designed to operate at not less than one-half the normal fan
speed on the emergency power system when it is demon-
strated that the level of exhaust will maintain a safe atmo-
sphere.

443.2.5 Construction type. Buildings containing Group L
occupancies shall be of Type I or II A construction.

Exception: Buildings of less than three stories shall be a
minimum of Type VA construction.

443.2.6 Floor construction. Liquid-tight floors, which
comply with ASTMD 2843 (01 greater than 25) andASTM
E 84 (Class 1), shall be required. Pipe and similar penetra-
tions shall maintain the fire-resistive and liquid-tight char-
acteristics of the floor a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) at
the bottom of walls from the floor level.

443.2.7 Fire-barrier separation. The interstitial space
above a laboratory shall be separated from a corridor by
1-hour construction. Laboratories and similar areas shall
not require afire-barrier separation from each other when
the use of the area is determined to be compatible. Class-
rooms and offices directly related to the use shall not require
afire-barrier separation.

443.2.8 Fume hood exhaust ducts. Fume hood exhaust
ducts exposed to fire-resistive exit corridors shall be sepa-
rated from the corridor by 1 -hour fire-resistive construc-
tion.

443.2.9 Emergency spill response. An area for spill emer-
gency-response equipment shall be located on each floor

126

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

and shall be a minimum of 50 square feet (4.6 m^) with an
increase in the size at the rate of 5 square feet (0.46 m^) per
1,000 square feet (93 m^) in excess of 10,000 square feet
(929 m').

443.3 Hazardous material restrictions.

443.3.1 Hazardous material restrictions — Floors 1, 2, 3,
and 1^ basement level. Up through the third floor and down
through the first basement level, the maximum quantity of
hazardous materials per laboratory suite shall comply with
Tables 443.1(1) and 443.1(2). Quantities of materials shall
not be permitted to be increased with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system. '

443.3.2 Hazardous material restrictions — Floors 4, 5, 6,

and 2'"' and 3''' basement levels. For the fourth, fifth and
sixth floors, and the second and third basement levels, the
maximum quantity of hazardous materials per laboratory
suite shall be reduced to 75 percent of those allowed by
Tables 443.1(1) and 443.1(2). Quantities of materials shall
not be permitted to be increased with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system.

443.3.3 Hazardous material restrictions — Floors 7 and
above, and below 3"^ basement level. For the seventh floor
and above, and below the third basement floor level, the
maximum quantity of hazardous materials per laboratory
suite shall be reduced to 50 percent of those allowed by
Tables 307.1 (1) and 307.1 (2). Quantities of materials shall
not be permitted to be increased with an approved auto-
matic sprinkler system.

443.4 Ventilation.

443.4.1 General. In all Group L occupancies, exhaust
streams when combined shall not create a physical hazard
or react to degrade the containment material. The building
official may require a technical report in accordance with
Section 443.2. Fire and smoke dampers in fume hood
exhaust ducts are prohibited.

Ducts from laboratory hoods and local exhaust systems
shall be constructed entirely of noncombustible material.

Exceptions:

1. Flexible ducts for special local exhausts used
within a laboratory work suite.

2. Combustible ducts with aflame-spread index less
than 75 located within a shaft of noncombustible
construction where passing through areas other
than the laboratory suite they serve and provided
with internal fire sprinklers.

3. Combustible ducts or duct linings having aflame
spread of 25 or less.

Exhaust ducts from each laboratory suite shall be
separately ducted to a point outside the building, to a
mechanical space or to a shaft. Connection to a com-
mon duct may occur at those points. Exhaust ducts
within the same laboratory suite may be combined
within that laboratory suite.

Perchloric acid hoods and exhaust ducts shall be
constructed of materials that are acid resistant.

nonreactive, and impervious to perchloric acid. A
water-spray system shall be provided for washing
down the hood interior behind the baffle and the
entire duct system. Ductwork shall provide a positive
drainage slope back to the hood and shall consist of
sealed sections. The hood baffle shall be removable
for inspection.

443.4.2 Ventilation rates. Ventilation rates shall comply
with the requirements of the California Mechanical Code.

443.5 Special hazards

443.5.1 Special hazards. Storage, handling and use of haz-
ardous materials in Group L occupancies shall comply with
the California Fire Code.

443.6 Means of egress

443.6.1 Access to exits. Every portion of a Group L occu-
pancy having a floor area of 200 square feet (19 m^) or more
shall have access to not less than two separate exits or
exit-access doors.

443.6.2 Travel within rooms. Within a Group L occupancy
all portions of any room shall be within 100 feet (30 480
mm) to an exit.

443.6.3 Door swing. All exit and exit-access doors serving
areas with hazardous materials shall swing in the direction
of exit travel, regardless of the occupant load served.

443.6.4 Panic hardware. Exit and exit access doors from
■ areas with hazardous materials shall not be provided with a

latch or lock unless it is panic hardware orflre exit hard-
ware.

443.6.5 Horizontal exits. Buildings containing Group L
occupancies located four or more floors above thefirstfloor
shall have each floor of the building separated with at least
one horizontal exit constructed as required for a 2-hour fire
barrier. Each side of the horizontal exit shall be provided
with a separate mechanical exhaust system without inter-
connection. No side shall be less than 30 percent of the total
area for the floor At least one elevator shall be provided to
serve the floor on each side of the horizontal exit wall and
shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 30.

443.6.6 Corridor doors. Corridor doors shall be protected
by aflre assembly having afire protection rating of not less
than ^/fhour with smoke gasketing, shall not have more
than 100 square inches (64 516 mm^) of wired glass set in
steel frames and shall be maintained self-closing or shall be
automatic closing.

443. 7 Automatic fire sprinkler systems. See Section 903. 2.1 6.

443.8 Fire alarm system. See Section 907.2.28.

443.9 Existing Group L occupancies, additions, alterations
or repairs. See Section 3414.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

127

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

TABLE 443.1(1)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER LABORATORY SUITE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^

CONDITION

STORAGE

USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS

MATERIAL

CLASS

Solid
(pounds
per cubic

feet.)

Liquid

Gallons

(l-bs.)

Gas Cu.
Ft.

Solid Lbs.
(Cu. Ft.)

Liquid

Gallons

(Lbs.)

Gas Cu.
Ft.

Solid Lbs.
(Cu. Ft.)

Liquid

Gallons

(Lbs.)

Gas Cu.
Ft.

1.1 Combustible liquid

120'

120

III-A

330'

330

III-B

13,200'

13,200

3,300

1.2 Combustible dust
lbs/1000 cu. ft.

1.3 Combustible fiber

(loose)

(baled)

(100)
(1,000)

(20)
(200)

1.4 Cryogenic, flammable
or oxidizing

2.1 Explosives

(1?

fVj

('/,)

3.1 Flammable solid

125^

3.2 Flammable gas

(gaseous)

(liquefied)

15'

750'

15'

750'

3.3 Flammable liquid
Combination I- A, I-B, I-C

I-A

30'

I-B

6(?

I-C

9(?

120

4.1 Organic peroxide,
unclassified detonatable

(1?

(%)

4.2 Organic peroxide

III

50"

125^

500

N.L.

(5)'
(50)^
(125)'
(500)
N.L.

(1)
50
125
500
N.L

(1)
(50)
(125)
(500)
N.L

100

N.L.

1
(10)
(25)
(100)
N.L.

4.3 Oxidizer

4
3
2

1(P

25(?

1,00(P

(IP

(10)'

(250)'

(1,000)'

50
1,000

(2)

(250)

(1,000)

%
2

50
200

(%)

(2)

(50)

(200)

4.4 Oxidizer: Gas

(gaseous)

(liquefied)

15'

1,500'

15'

1,500'

5.1 Pyrophoric

(4)'

50'

(1)

10'

6.1 Unstable (reactive)

4
3
2
1

5(?
125'

(1?

(5)'

(50f

(125)'

10'
50'
250'
750'

50
125

(1)
(50)
(125)

2'
10'
250'
750'

%
1

10
25

(%)
(1)
(10)
(25)

7.1 Water (reactive)

3
2
1

52
50'
125'

(5)'

(50)'

(125)'

5
50
125

(5)

(50)

(125)'

(1)
(10)
(25)

1. See Section 443.3 Hazardous

2. Quantities may be increased

Material Restrictions.

100 percent when stored in approved exhausted gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or fume hoods.

128

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

TABLE 443.1(2)
MAXIMUM QUANTITY PER LABORATORY SUITE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A HEALTH HAZARD^

i\/IATERiAL

STORAGE

USE-CLOSED SYSTEIVIS

USE-OPEN SYSTEMS

Solid
Lbs.

Liquid

Gaiions

(Lbs.)

Gas
Cu, Ft.

Soiid
Lbs.

Liquid
Gaiions
(Lbs.)

Gas
Cu. Ft.

Soiid
Lbs.

Liquid

Gaiions

(Lbs.)

1. Corrosives

5,000

500

650"

5,000

500

650

1,000

100

2a. Highly toxics^

'/4

2b. Toxics

500

650'

500

650

3. Irritants

5,000

500

650

5,000

500

650

1,000

100

4. Sensitizers

5.000

500

650

5,000

500

650

1,000

100

5. Other health hazards

5,000

500

650

5,000

500

650

1,000

100

1. See Section 443.3 Hazardous Material Restrictions.

2. Permitted only when stored or used in approved exhausted gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or fume hoods. Quantites of high toxics in use in open systems need
not be reduced above the third floor or below the first basementfloor level. Individual container size shall be limited to 2 pounds (0. 91 kg) for solids and 1/4 gallon
(0.95 L) for liquids.

SECTION 444
Reserved

SECTION 445
LARGE-FAMILY DAY CARE HOMES [SFM]

445.1 Large-family day care homes.

445.2 For purposes of clarification, Health and Safety Code
Section 1597.46 is repeated.

(a) A city, county, or city and county shall not prohibit
largefamily day care homes on lots zoned for single-family
dwellings, but shall do one of the following:

(1) Classify these homes as a permitted use of residential
property for zoning purposes.

(2) Grant a nondiscretionary permit to use a lot zoned for
a single-family dwelling to any large-family day care
home that complies with local ordinances prescribing
reasonable standards, restrictions and requirements
concerning spacing and concentration, traffic control,
parking and noise control relating to such homes, and
complies with subdivision (d) and any regulations
adopted by the State Fire Marshal pursuant to that subdi-
vision. Any noise standards shall be consistent with local
noise ordinances implementing the noise element of the
general plan and shall take into consideration the noise
level generated by children. The permit issued pursuant
to this paragraph shall be granted by the zoning adminis-
trator, if any, or if there is no zoning administrator by the
person or persons designated by the planning agency to
grant such permits, upon the certification without a
hearing.

(3) Require any large-family day care home to apply for
a permit to use a lot zoned for single-family dwellings.
The zoning adrninistrator, if any, or if there is no zoning
administrator, the person or persons designated by the
planning agency to handle the use permits shall review
and decide the applications. The use permit shall be
granted if the largefamily day care home complies with
local ordinances, if any, prescribing reasonable stan-

dards, restrictions and requirements concerning spacing
and concentration, traffic control, parking and noise
control relating to such homes, and complies with subdi-
vision (d) and any regulations adopted by the State Fire
Marshal pursuant to that subdivision.

Any noise standards shall be consistent with local
noise ordinances implementing the noise element of the
general plan and shall take into consideration the noise
levels generated by children.

The local government shall process any required per-
mit as economically as possible, and fees charged for
review shall not exceed the costs of the review and permit
process. Not less than 10 days prior to the date on which
the decision will be made on the application, the zoning
administrator or person designated to handle such use
permits shall give notice of the proposed use by mail or
delivery to all owners shown on the last equalized assess-
ment roll as owning real property within a 100 (30 480
mm) foot radius of the exterior boundaries of the pro-
posed large-family day-care home. No hearing on the
application for a permit issued pursuant to this para-
graph shall be held before a decision is made unless a
hearing is requested by the applicant or other affected
person. The applicant or other affected person may
appeal the decision. The appellant shall pay the cost, if
any, of the appeal.

(b) A largefamily day care home shall not be subject to the
provisions of Division 13 (commencing with Section 21000)
of the Public Resources Code.

(c) Use of a single-family dwelling for the purposes of a
largefamily day care home shall not constitute a change of
occupancy for purposes of Part 1.5 (commencing with Sec-
tion 17910) of Division 13 (State Housing Law), or for pur-
poses of local building and fire codes.

(d) Largefamily day care homes shall be considered as sin-
gle-family residences for the purposes of the State Uniform
Building Standards Code and local building and fire codes,
except with respect to any additional standards specifically
designed to promote the fire and life safety of the children in

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

129

SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY

these homes adopted by the State Fire Marshal pursuant to
this subdivision.

445.3 Smoke alarms. Large-family day care homes shall be
equipped with State Fire Marshal approved and listed single-
station residential-type smoke alarms. The number and place-
ment of smoke alarms shall be determined by the enforcement
authority.

445.4 Fire extinguishers. Large- and small-family day care
homes shall be equipped with a portable fire extinguisher hav-
ing a minimum 2A10BC rating.

445.5 Fire alarm devices. Every large-family day care home
shall be provided with at least one manual device at a location
approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Such device
shall actuate a fire alarm signal, which shall be audible
throughout the facility at a minimum level of 15 dh above ambi-
ent noise level. These devices need not be interconnected to any
other fire alarm device, have a control panel or be electrically
supervised or provided with emergency power. Such device or
devices shall be attached to the structure and may be of any
type acceptable to the enforcing agent, provided that such
devices are distinctive in tone and are audible throughout the
structure.

445.6 Compliance. Every large-family day care home shall
comply with the provisions for Group R-3 occupancies.

Enforcement of these provisions shall be in accordance with
the Health and Safety Code Sections 13145 and 13146. No city,
county, city and county, or district shall adopt or enforce any
building ordinance or local rule or regulation relating to the
subject of fire and life safety in large-family day-care homes
which is inconsistent with those standards adopted by the State
Fire Marshal, except to the extent the building ordinance or
local rule or regulation applies to single-family residences in
which day care is not provided.

445.7 Special hazards. Every unenclosed gas-fired water
heater or furnace which is within the area used for child care in
a large-family day care home shall be protected in such a way
as to prevent children from making contact with those appli-
ances.

Exception: This does not apply to kitchen stoves or ovens.

130

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

Adopting Agency

BBC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

GSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Ciiapter

♦

Adopt Entire Ciiapter as
amended (amended sections
iisted beiow)

♦

Adopt only those sections
that are listed below

Chapter/
Section

Codes

502.1
Gradeplane

IBC

Table 503

503.1

IBC

504.2

506,3

506.4

506.4.1

507.3

507.9

Table 508.2

508.3.1.3

508.3.2.3

Table 508.3.3

509.2

509.9

The ♦ designation indicates that the Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or individual sections is
applicable to structures subject to HCD 1 and/or HCD 2 or DSA-SS.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

131

1 32 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 5

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

SECTION 501
GENERAL

501.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter control the height
and area of structures hereafter erected and additions to exist-
ing structures.

[F] 501.2 Address numbers. Buildings shall have approved
address numbers, building numbers or approved building iden-
tification placed in a position that is plainly legible and visible
from the street or road fronting the property. These numbers
shall contrast with their background. Address numbers shall be
Arabic numerals or alphabetical letters. Numbers shall be a
nainimum of 4 inches (102 mm) high with a minimum stroke
width of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm).

SECTION 502
DEFINITIONS

502.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

AREA, BUILDING. The area included within surrounding
exterior walls (or exterior walls and fire walls) exclusive of vent
shafts and courts. Areas of the building not provided with sur-
rounding walls shall be included in the building area if such
areas are included within the horizontal projection of the roof
or floor above.

BASEMENT. That portion of a building that is partly or com-
pletely below grade plane (see "Story above grade plane" in
Section 202). A basement shall be considered as a story above
grade plane where the finished surface of the floor above the
basement is:

1. More than 6 feet (1829 mm) above grade plane; or

2. More than 12 feet (3658 mm) above the finished ground
level at any point.

EQUIPMENT PLATFORM. An unoccupied, elevated plat-
form used exclusively for mechanical systems or industrial
process equipment, including the associated elevated walk-
ways, stairs and ladders necessary to access the platform (see
Section 505.5).

GRADE PLANE. A reference plane representing the average
of finished ground level adjoining the building at exterior
walls. Where the finished ground level slopes away from the
exterior walls, the reference plane shall be established by the
lowest points within the area between the building and the lot
line or, where the lot line is more than 6 feet (1829 mm) from
the building, between the building and a point 6 feet (1 829 mm)
from the building.

[HCD 1 & HCD 2] "Grade or grade plane" is the lowest
point of elevation of the finished surface of the ground, pav-
ing or sidewalk within the area between the building and the
property line or, when the property line is more than 5 feet

(1524 mm) from the building, between the building and a
line 5 feet (1524 mm) from the building. For additional
information, see Health and Safety Code, Section 19955.3
(d).

HEIGHT, BUILDING. The vertical distance firom grade
plane to the average height of the highest roof surface.

HEIGHT, STORY. The vertical distance from top to top of
two successive finished floor surfaces; and, for the topmost
story, from the top of the floor finish to the top of the ceiling
joists or, where there is not a ceiling, to the top of the roof
rafters.

MEZZANINE. An intermediate level or levels between the
floor and ceiling of any story and in accordance with Section
505.

SECTION 503
GENERAL HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS

503.1 General. The height and area for buildings of different
construction types shall be governed by the intended use of the
building and shall not exceed the limits in Table 503 except as
modified hereafter. Each part of a building included within the
exterior walls or the exterior walls and fire walls where pro-
vided shall be permitted to be a separate building.

Exception: [HCD 1] Limited-density owner-built rural
dwellings may be of any type of construction which will pro-
vide for a sound structural condition. Structural hazards
which result in an unsound condition and which may consti-
tute a substandard building are delineated by Section
17920.3 of the Health and Safety Code.

503.1.1 Special industrial occupancies. Buildings and
structures designed to house special industrial processes
that require large areas and unusual heights to accommodate
craneways or special machinery and equipment, including,
among others, rolling mills; structural metal fabrication
shops and foundries; or the production and distribution of
electric, gas or steam power, shall be exempt from the height
and area limitations of Table 503.

503.1.2 Buildings on same lot. Two or more buildings on
the same lot shall be regulated as separate buildings or shall
be considered as portions of one building if the height of
each building and the aggregate area of buildings are within
the limitations of Table 503 as modified by Sections 504 and
506. The provisions of this code applicable to the aggregate
building shall be appUcable to each building.

503.1.3 Type I construction. Buildings of Type I construc-
tion permitted to be of unlimited tabular heights and areas
are not subject to the special requirements that allow unlim-
ited area buildings in Section 507 or unlimited height in
Sections 503.1.1 and 504.3 or increased height and areas for
other types of construction.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

133

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

TABLE 503

ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS"

Height limitations shown as stories and feet above grade plane.

Area limitations as determined by the definition of "Area, building," per story

GROUP

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPEI

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPEV

HGT(feet)
HGT(S)

160

A-1

S
A

UL
UL

5
UL

3
15,500

2
8,500

3
14,000

2
8,500

3
15,000

2
11,500

1
5,500

A-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

3
15,500

2
9,500

3
14,000

2
9,500

3
15,000

2
11,500

1
6,000

A-3

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

3
15,500

2
9,500

3
14,000

2
9,500

3
15,000

2
11,500

1
6,000

A-4

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

315,500

29,500

314,000

29,500

315,000

2
11,500

1
6,000

A-5

UL
UL

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

5
37,500

4
23,000

5
28,500

4
19,000

5
36,000

3
18,000

29,000

S
A

UL
UL

5
UL

3
26,500

2
14,500

3
23,500

2
14,500

3
25,500

1
18,500

1
9,500

F-1

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
25,000

2
15,500

3
19,000

2
12,000

4
33,500

2
14,000

1
8,500

F-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

5
37,500

3
23,000

4
28,500

3
18,000

5
50,500

3
21,000

2
13,000

H-1

S
A

1
21,000

1
16,500

1
11,000

1
7,000

1
9,500

1
7,000

1
10,500

1
7,500

NP
NP

H-2''

S
A

UL
21,000

3
16,500

2
11,000

1
7,000

2
9,500

1
7,000

2
10,500

1
7,500

1
3,000

H-3''

S
A

UL
UL

60,000

426,500

214,000

417,500

213,000

425,500

2
10,000

1
5,000

H-4

S
A

UL
UL

7
UL

5
37,500

3
17,500

5
28,500

3
17,500

5
36,000

3
18,000

2
6,500

H-5

S
A

4
UL

3
37,500

3
23,000

3
28,500

3
19,000

3
36,000

3
18,000

2
9,000

I-l

S
A

UL
UL

55,000

4
19,000

3
10,000

4
16,500

3
10,000

4
18,000

3
10,500

2
4,500

l-VI-2.1

S
A

UL
UL

4
UL

2
15,000

1
11,000

1
12,000

NP
NP

1
12,000

1
9,500

NP
NP

1-3"

UL
UL

2
15,100

NP
NP

1-4

S
A

XJL
UL

5
60,500

3
26,500

2
13,000

3
23,500 _j

2
13,000

3
25,500

1
18,500

1
9,000

10
UL

3
39.900

3
18,000

2
12,000

3
18,000

2
12,000

3
18,000

3
14,000

1
8,000

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
21,500

4
12,500

4
18,500

4
12,500

4
20,500

3
14,000

1
9,000

R-1

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
20,500

3
12,000

2
7,000

R-2

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
20,500

3
12,000

2
7,000

R-3/R-3.1

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
UL

3
UL

R-4

S
A

UL
UL

11
UL

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
24,000

4
16,000

4
20,500

3
12,000

2
7,000

S-1

S
A

UL
UL

11
48,000

4
26,000

3
17,500

3
26,000

3
17,500

4
25,500

3
14,000

1
9,000

S-2''''=

S
A

UL
UL

11
79,000

5
39,000

4
26,000

4
39,000

4
26,000

5
38,500

4
21,000

2
13,500

(continued)

134

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

TABLE 503— continued

ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS"

Height limitations sliown as stories and feet above grade plane.

Area limitations as determined by the definition of "Area, building," per story

GROUP

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPEI

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPEV

HGT(feet)
HGT(S)

160

U°

S
A

UL
UL

5
35,500

4
19,000

2
8,500

3
14,000

2
8,500

4
18,000

2
9,000

1
5,500

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m?.
UL = Unlimited, NP = Not permitted.

a. See the following sections for general exceptions to Table 503:

1. Section 504.2, Allowable height increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.

2. Section 506.2, Allowable area increase due to street frontage.

3. Section 506.3, Allowable area increase due to automatic sprinkler system installation.

4. Section 507, Unlimited area buildings.

b. For open parking structures, see Section 406.3.

c. For private garages, see Section 406.1.

d. See Section 415.5 for hraitations.

e. [SFM] See Section 408.1.1 for specific exceptions for one-story Type HA, IIIA or VA construction.

SECTION 504
HEIGHT

504.1 General. The height permitted by Table 503 shall be
increased in accordance with this section.

Exception: The height of one-story aircraft hangars, air-
craft paint hangars and buildings used for the manufacturing
of aircraft shall not be limited if the building is provided
with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in accordance
with Chapter 9 and is entirely surrounded by public ways or
yards not less in width than one and one-half times the
height of the building.

504.2 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a build-
ing is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the value
specified in Table 503 for maximum height is increased by 20
feet (6096 mm) and the maximum number of stories is
increased by one. Increases arepermitted in addition to the area
increase in accordance with Section 506.2. In other than
high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies and
other applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, these increases are permitted in
addition to the area increase in accordance with Section 506.3.
For Group R -2 buildings of Type VA construction equipped
throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3. i . i, the value specified in Table
503 for maximum height is increased by 20 feet (6096 mm) and
the maximum number of stories is increased by one, but shall
not exceed 60 feet (18 288 mm) or four stories, respectively,
these increases arepermitted in addition to the area increase in
accordance with Section 506.3.

Exceptions:

1. Fire areas with an occupancy in Group 1-2 of Type
IIB, m, IV or V construction.

2. Fire areas with an occupancy in Group H-1, H-2, H-3
or H-5.

3. Fire-resistance rating substitution in accordance with
Table 601, Note e.

4. [SFM] Fire areas with an occupancy in Group L.

5. [SFM] Fire areas with an occupancy in licensed
Group I-l and R-4.

504.3 Roof structures. Towers, spires, steeples and other roof
structures shall be constructed of materials consistent with the
required type of construction of the building except where
other construction is permitted by Section 1509.2.1. Such
structures shall not be used for habitation or storage. The struc-
tures shall be unlimited in height if of noncombustible materi-
als and shall not extend more than 20 feet (6096 mm) above the
allowable height if of combustible materials (see Chapter 15
for additional requirements).

SECTION 505
MEZZANINES

505.1 General. A mezzanine or mezzanines in compliance
with Section 505 shall be considered a portion of the story
below. Such mezzanines shall not contribute to either the build-
ing area or number of stories as regulated by Section 503 . 1 . The
area of the mezzanine shall be included in determining the fire
area defined in Section 702. The clear height above and below
the mezzanine floor construction shall not be less than 7 feet
(2134 mm).

505.2 Area limitation. The aggregate area of a mezzanine or
mezzanines within a room shall not exceed one-third of the
floor area of that room or space in which they are located. The
enclosed portion of a room shall not be included in a determina-
tion of the floor area of the room in which the mezzanine is
located. In determining the allowable mezzanine area, the area

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

135

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

of the mezzanine shall not be included in the floor area of the
room.

Exceptions:

1. The aggregate area of mezzanines in buildings and
structures of Type I or n construction for special in-
dustrial occupancies in accordance with Section
503 . 1 . 1 shall not exceed two-thirds of the floor area of
the room.

2. The aggregate area of mezzanines in buildings and
structures of Type I or 11 construction shall not exceed
one-half of the floor area of the room in buildings and
structures equipped throughout with an approved au-
tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 and an approved emergency voice/alarm
communication system in accordance with Section
907.2.12.2.

505.3 Egress. Each occupant of a mezzanine shall have access
to at least two independent means of egress where the common
path of egress travel exceeds the limitations of Section 1014.3.
Where a stairway provides a means of exit access from a mez-
zanine, the maximum travel distance includes the distance trav-
eled on the stairway measured in the plane of the tread nosing.
Accessible means of egress shall be provided in accordance
with Section 1007.

Exception: A single means of egress shall be permitted in
accordance with Section 1015.1.

505.4 Openness. A mezzanine shall be open and unobstructed
to the room in which such mezzanine is located except for walls
not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, columns and posts.

Exceptions:

1 . Mezzanines or portions thereof are not required to be
open to the room in which the mezzanines are located,
provided that the occupant load of the aggregate area
of the enclosed space does not exceed 10.

2. A mezzanine having two or more means of egress is
not required to be open to the room in which the mez-
zanine is located if at least one of the means of egress
provides direct access to an exit from the mezzanine
level.

3. Mezzanines or portions thereof are not required to be
open to the room in which the mezzanines are located,
provided that the aggregate floor area of the enclosed
space does not exceed 10 percent of the mezzanine
area.

4. In industrial facilities, mezzanines used for control
equipment are permitted to be glazed on all sides.

5. In other flian Groups H and I occupancies no more
than two stories in height above grade plane and
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, a mezza-
nine having two or more means of egress shall not be
required to be open to the room in which the mezza-
nine is located.

505.5 Equipment platforms. Equipment platforms in build-
ings shall not be considered as a portion of the floor below.
Such equipment platforms shall not contribute to either the

building area or the number of stories as regulated by Section
503 . 1 . The area of the equipment platform shall not be included
in determining the fire area. Equipment platforms shall not be a
part of any mezzanine and such platforms and the walkways,
stairs and ladders providing access to an equipment platform
shall not serve as a part of the means of egress from the
building.

505.5.1 Area limitations. The aggregate area of all equip-
ment platforms within a room shall not exceed two-thirds of
the area of the room in which they are located. Where an
equipment platform is located in the same room as a mezza-
nine, the area of the mezzanine shall be determined by Sec-
tion 505.2 and the combined aggregate area of the
equipment platforms and mezzanines shall not exceed
two-thirds of the room in which they are located.

[F] 505.5.2 Fire suppression. Where located in a building
that is required to be protected by an automatic sprinkler
system, equipment platforms shall be fully protected by
sprinklers above and below the platform, where required by
the standards referenced in Section 903.3.

505.5.3 Guards. Equipment platforms shall have guards
where required by Section 1013.1.

SECTION 506
AREA MODIFICATIONS

506.1 General. The areas limited by Table 503 shall be permit-
ted to be increased due to frontage (If) and automatic sprinkler
system protection f/J in accordance with the following:

^.={A+[Ax//] + [4x/.]}

(Equation 5-1)

where:

A„ = Allowable area per story (square feet).

A, = Tabular area per story in accordance with Table 503
(square feet).

If = Area increase factor due to frontage as calculated in ac-
cordance with Section 506.2.

/, = Area increase factor due to sprinkler protection as cal-
culated in accordance with Section 506.3.

506.1.1 Basements. A single basement that is not a story
above grade plane need not be included in the total allow-
able area, provided such basement does not exceed the area
permitted for a building with no more than one story above
grade plane.

506.2 Frontage increase. Every building shall adjoin or have
access to a public way to receive an area increase for frontage.
Where a building has more than 25 percent of its perimeter on a
public way or open space having a minimum width of 20 feet
(6096 mm), the frontage increase shall be determined in accor-
dance with the following:

If =[F/P-0.25]W/30

where:

If = Area increase due to frontage.

(Equation 5-2)

136

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

F = Building perimeter that fronts on a public way or open
space having 20 feet (6096 mm) open minimum width
(feet).

P = Perimeter of entire building (feet).

W = Width of public way or open space (feet) in accordance
with Section 506.2.1.

506.2.1 Width limits. "W" must be at least 20 feet (6096
mm). Where the value of ^varies along the perimeter of the
building, the calculation performed in accordance with
Equation 5-2 shall be based on the weighted average of each
portion of exterior wall and open space where the value of W
is greater than or equal to 20 feet (6096 mm). Where W
exceeds 30 feet (9144 mm), a value of 30 feet (9144 mm)
shall be used in calculating the weighted average, regardless
of the actual width of the open space.

Exception: The quantity of Wdividedby 30 shall be per-
mitted to be a maximum of 2 when the building meets all
requirements of Section 507 except for compUance with
the 60-foot (18 288 mm) public way or yard requirement,
as applicable.

506.2.2 Open space limits. Such open space shall be either
on the same lot or dedicated for pubHc use and shall be
accessed from a street or approved fire lane.

506.3 Automatic sprinkler system increase. Where a build-
ing is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprin-
kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the area
limitation in Table 503 is permitted to be increased by an addi-
tional 200 percent (/j = 2) for buildings with more than one
story above grade plane and an additional 300 percent ( /j = 3)
for buildings with no more than one story above grade plane. In
other than high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I, L and R occu-
pancies or other applications listed in Section 111 regulated by
the Office of the State Fire Marshal, these increases are permit-
ted in addition to the height and story increases in accordance
with Section 504.2. For Group R-2 buildings of Type VA con-
struction equipped throughout with an approved automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, these
increases are permitted in addition to the height increase in
accordance with Section 504.2.

Exception: The area limitation increases shall not be per-
mitted for the following conditions;

1 . The automatic sprinkler system increase shall not ap-
ply to buildings with an occupancy in Use Group H-1 .

2. The automatic sprinkler system increase shall not ap-
ply to the floor area of an occupancy in Use Group
H-2 or H-3. For mixed-use buildings containing such
occupancies, the allowable area shall be calculated in
accordance with Section 508.3.3.2, with the sprinkler
increase apphcable only to the portions of the build-
ing not classified as Use Group H-2 or H-3.

3. Fire-resistance rating substitution in accordance with
Table 601, Note e.

4. [SFM] The automatic sprinkler system increase shall
not apply to Group L occupancies.

506.4 Area determination. In other than high-rise buildings,
Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies and other applications

listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, the maximum area of a building with more than one
story above grade plane shall be determined by multiplying the
allowable area of the first story (A„), as determined in Section
506.1, by the number of stories above grade plane as listed
below:

1. For buildings with two stories above grade plane, multi-
ply by 2;

2. For buildings with three or more stories above grade
plane, multiply by 3; and

3. No story shall exceed the allowable area per story (A„), as
determined in Section 506. 1, for the occupancies on that
story.

Exception:

1. Unlimited area buildings in accordance with
Section 507.

For high-rise buildings. Group A, E, H, I, LandR occupan-
cies and other applications listed in Section 111 regulated by
the Office of the State Fire Marshal, the maximum area of a
building with more than one story above grade plane shall be
determined by multiplying the allowable area of the first story
(A"), as determined in Section 506.1, by the number of stories
above grade plane as listed below:

1. For buildings with two or more stories above grade
plane, multiply by 2;

2. No story shall exceed the allowable area per story (A"),
as determined in Section 506.1, for the occupancies on
that story. ■

Exception: Unlimited area buildings in accordance
with Section 507.

506.4.1 Mixed occupancies. In buildings with mixed occu-
pancies, the allowable area per story (A J shall be based on
the most restrictive provisions for each occupancy when the
mixed occupancies are treated according to Section 508.3.2.
When the occupancies are treated according to Section
508.3.3 as separated occupancies, the maximum total build-
ing area shall be such that the sum of the ratios for each such
area on all floors as calculated according to Section
508.3.3.2 shall comply with the following. ■

1. For other than high-rise buildings. Group A, E, H, I,
L, andR occupancies and other applications listed in
Section III regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, the sum shall not exceed 2 for two-story
buildings and 3 for buildings three stories or higher.

2. For high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I, L, andR oc-
cupancies and other applications listed in Section
111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal,
the sum shall not exceed 2 for buildings two stories or
higher

SECTION 507
UNLIMITED AREA BUILDINGS

507.1 General. The area of buildings of the occupancies and
configurations specified herein shall not be limited.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

137

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

507.2 Nonsprinklered, one story. The area of a one-story,
Group F-2 or S-2 building shall not be Umited when the build-
ing is surrounded and adjoined by public ways or yards not less
than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.3 Sprinklered, one story. The area of a one-story, Group
B, F, M or S building, of other than Type V construction, shall
not be limited when the building is provided with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 and is surrounded and adjoined by public'ways or
yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings and structures of Type I and II construction
for rack storage facilities that do not have access by
the public shall not be limited in height, provided that
such buildings conform to the requirements of Sec-
tions 507.2 and 903.3.1.1 and NFPA 230.

2. Group A- 1 and A-2 occupancies of other than Type V
construction shall be permitted, provided:

2.1. AU assembly occupancies are separated from
other spaces as required for separated uses in
Section 508.3.3.4 with no reduction allowed
in the fire-resistance rating of the separation
based upon the installation of an automatic
sprinkler system;

2.2. Each Group A occupancy shall not exceed the
maximum allowable area permitted in Section
503.1; and

2.3. All required exits shall discharge directly to
the exterior.

507.4 Two story. The area of a two-story. Group B, F, M or S
building shall not be hmited when the building is equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903 .3 . 1 . 1 , and is surrounded and adjoined by pub-
lic ways or yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.5 Reduced open space. The permanent open space of 60
feet (18 288 mm) required in Sections 507.2, 507.3, 507.4,

507.6 and 507.10 shall be permitted to be reduced to not less
than 40 feet (12 192 mm), provided the following requirements
are met:

1. The reduced open space shall not be allowed for more
than 75 percent of the perimeter of the building.

2. The exterior wall facing the reduced open space shall
have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 3 hours.

3. Openings in the exterior wall facing the reduced open
space shall have opening protectives with a minimum
fire protection rating of 3 hours.

507.6 Group A-3 buildings. The area of a one-story, Group
A-3 building used as a place of religious worship, community
hall, dance hall, exhibition hall, gymnasium, lecture hall,
indoor swimming pool or teimis court of Type n construction
shall not be limited when all of the following criteria are met:

1 . The building shall not have a stage other than a platform.

2. The building shall be equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1.

3 . The assembly floor shall be located at or within 2 1 inches
(533 mm) of street or grade level and all exits are pro-
vided with ramps complying with Section 1010.1 to the
street or grade level.

4. The building shall be surrounded and adjoined by public
ways or yards not less than 60 feet (18288 mm) in width.

507.7 Group H occupancies. Group H-2, H-3 and H-4 occu-
pancies shall be permitted in unlimited area buildings contain-
ing Group F and S occupancies, in accordance with Sections

507.3 and 507.4 and the limitations of this section. The aggre-
gate floor area of the Group H occupancies located at the per-
imeter of the unhmited area building shall not exceed 10
percent of the area of the buUding nor the area Hmitations for
the Group H occupancies as specified in Table 503 as modified
by Section 506.2, based upon the percentage of the perimeter
of each Group H fu:e area that fronts on a street or other unoccu-
pied space. The aggregate floor area of Group H occupancies
not located at the perimeter of the building shall not exceed 25
percent of the area limitations for the Group H occupancies as
specified in Table 503. Group H fire areas shall be separated
from the rest of the unlimited area building and from each other
in accordance with Table 508.3.3. For two-story unlimited area
buildings, the Group H fire areas shall not be located above the
first story unless permitted by the allowable height in stories
and feet as set forth in Table 503 based on the type of
construction of the unlimited area building.

507.8 Aircraft paint hangar. The area of a one-story. Group
H-2 aircraft paint hangar shall not be limited where such air-
craft paint hangar complies with the provisions of Section

412.4 and is entirely surrounded by public ways or yards not
less in width than one and one-half times the height of the
building.

507.9 Group E buildings. The area of a one-story Group E
building of Type UA, HIA or IV construction shall not be lim-
ited when the following criteria are met:

1. Each classroom shall have not less than two means of
egress, with one of the means of egress being a direct exit
to the outside of the building complying with Section
1018.

2. The building is equipped throughout with an automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3. The building is surrounded and adjoined by public ways
or yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in widtii.

507.10 Motion picture theaters. In buildings of Type II con-
struction, the area of a one-story motion picture theater shall
not be limited when the building is provided with an automatic
sprinkler system throughout in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 and is surrounded and adjoined by public ways or
yards not less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) in width.

507.11 Covered mall buUdings and anchor stores. The area
of covered maU buildings and anchor stores not exceeding
three stories in height that comply with Section 402.6 shall not
be limited.

138

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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SECTION 508
MIXED USE AND OCCUPANCY

508.1 General. Where a building or portion thereof contains
two or more occupancies or uses, the building or portion
thereof shall comply with the applicable provisions of this
section.

508.2 Incidental uses. Incidental use areas shall comply with
the provisions of this section.

Exception: Incidental use areas within and serving a dwell-
ing unit are not required to comply with this section.

508.2.1 Occupancy classification. An incidental use area
shall be classified in accordance with the occupancy of that
portion of the building in which it is located or the building
shall be classified as a mixed occupancy and shall comply
with Section 508.3.

508.2.2 Separation. Incidental use areas shall be separated
or protected, or both, in accordance with Table 508.2.

508.2.2.1 Construction. Where Table 508.2 requires a
fire-resistance-rated separation, the incidental use area
shall be separated from the remainder of the building by a
fire barrier constructed in accordance with Section 706
or a horizontal assembly constructed in accordance with
Section 7 1 1 , or both. Where Table 508.2 permits an auto-
matic fire-extinguishing system without afire barrier, the
incidental use area shall be separated from the remainder
of the building by construction capable of resisting the
passage of smoke. The partitions shall extend from the
floor to the underside of the fire-resistance-rated
floor/ceiling assembly or fire-resistance-rated roof/ceil-
ing assembly above or to the underside of the floor or
roof sheathing, or sub deck above. Doors shall be self- or
automatic closing upon detection of smoke in accor-
dance with Section 715.4.7.3. Doors shall not have air
transfer openings and shall not be undercut in excess of
the clearance permitted in accordance with NFPA 80.

508.2.3 Protection. Where an automatic fire-extinguishing
system or an automatic sprinkler system is provided in
accordance with Table 508.2, only the incidental use areas
need be equipped with such a system.

508.3 Mixed occupancies. Each portion of a building shall be
individually classified in accordance with Section 302.1.

Where a building contains more than one occupancy group,
the building or portion thereof shall comply with Sections
508.3.1, 508.3.2, 508.3.3 or a combination of these sections.

Exceptions:

1. Occupancies separated in accordance with Section
■ 509.

2. Where required by Table 415.3.2, areas of Group H- 1 ,
H-2 or H-3 occupancies shall be located in a separate
and detached building or structure.

508.3.1 Accessory occupancies. Accessory occupancies
are those occupancies subsidiary to the main occupancy of
the building or portion thereof. Aggregate accessory occu-

pancies shall not occupy more than 10 percent of the area of
the story in which they are located and shall not exceed the
tabular values in Table 503, without height and area
increases in accordance with Sections 504 and 506 for such
accessory occupancies.

Exceptions:

1 . Accessory assembly areas having a floor area less
than 750 square feet (69.7 m^) are not considered
separate occupancies.

2. Assembly areas that are accessory to Group E oc-
cupancies are not considered separate occupancies
except when applying the assembly occupancy re-
quirements of Chapter IIB.

3. Accessory religious educational rooms and reli-
gious auditoriums with occupant loads of less than
100 are not considered separate occupancies.

508.3.1.1 Occupancy classification. Accessory occu-
pancies shall be individually classified in accordance
with Section 302.1. Code requirements shall apply to
each portion of the building based on the occupancy clas-
sification of that accessory space, except that the most
restrictive applicable provisions of Section 403 and
Chapter 9 shall apply to the entire building or portion
thereof.

508.3.1.2 Allowable area and height. The allowable
area and height of the building shall be based on the
allowable area and height for the main occupancy in
accordance with Section 503.1. The height of any acces-
sory occupancy shall not exceed the tabular values in
Table 503, without height and area increases in accor-
dance with Sections 504 and 506 for such accessory
occupancies.

508.3.1.3 Separation. No separation is required
between accessory occupancies or the main occupancy.

Exception: Group H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, 1-2, 1-2.1 or
1-3 occupancies shall be separated from all other
occupancies in accordance with Section 508.3.3.

508.3.2 Nonseparated occupancies. Buildings or portions
of buildings that comply with the provisions of this section
shall qualify as nonseparated occupancies.

508.3.2.1 Occupancy classification. Nonseparated
occupancies shall be individually classified in accor-
dance with Section 302. 1 . Code requirements shall apply
to each portion of the building based on the occupancy
classification of that space except that the most restric-
tive applicable provisions of Section 403 and Chapter 9
shall apply to the entire building or portion thereof.

508.3.2.2 Allowable area and height. The allowable
area and height of the building or portion thereof shall be
based on the most restrictive allowances for the occu-
pancy groups under consideration for the type of con-
struction of the building in accordance with Section
503.1.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

139

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

TABLE 508.2
INCIDENTAL USE AREAS

ROOM OR AREA

SEPARATION AND/OR
PROTECTION

Furnace room where any piece of
equipment is over 400,000 Btu per
hour input

1 hour or provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system^

Rooms with boilers where the
largest piece of equipment is over
15 psi and 10 horsepower

1 hour or provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system''

Refrigerant machinery rooms

1 hour or provide automatic
sprinkler system"

Parking garage (Section 406.2)

2 hours; or 1 hour and
provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system

Hydrogen cut-off rooms, not
classified as Group H

1-hour in Group B, F, M, S
and U occupancies. 2-hour in
Group A, E, I and R
occupancies.

Incinerator rooms

2 hours and automatic
sprinkler system

Paint shops, not classified as Group
H, located in occupancies other than
Group F

2 hours; or 1 hour and
provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system

Laboratories and vocational shops,
not classified as Group H, located in
Group 1-2 and 1-2.1 occupancies

1 hour or provide
automatic
fire-extinguishing system"

[SFM] Rooms or areas with special
hazards such as laboratories,
vocational shops and other such
areas not classified as Group H,
located in Group E occupancies
where hazardous materials in
exempt amounts are used or stored

I hour

Laundry rooms over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system"

Storage rooms over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system"

Group 1-2 and 1-2.1 waste and
linen collection rooms

1 hour"

Waste and linen collection rooms
over 100 square feet

1 hour or provide automatic
fire-extinguishing system"

Stationary storage battery systems
having a liquid capacity of more
than 100 g^lons used for facility
standby power, emergency power or
uninterrupted power supplies

1-hour in Group B, F, M, S
and U occupancies. 2-hour in
Group A, E, I and R
occupancies".

508.3.2.3 Separation.

between occupancies.

No separation is required

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929in^, 1 pound per square inch = 6.9 kPa,
1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.293 watts, 1 horsepower = 746 watts,
1 gaUon = 3.785 L.

a. [SFM] Fire barrier protection and automatic sprinkler protection required
througiiout the fire area in 1-2 and 1-2.1 occupancies as indicated.

Exception: Group H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, 1-2, 1-2.1 or
1-3 occupancies shall be separated from all other
occupancies in accordance with Section 508.3'.3.

508.3.3 Separated occupancies. Buildings or portions of
buildings that comply with the provisions of ttiis section
shall qualify as separated occupancies.

508.3.3.1 Occupancy classification. Separated occu-
pancies shall be individually classified in accordance
with Section 302. 1 . Each fire area shall comply Mth this
code based on the occupancy classification of that por-
tion of the building.

508.3.3.2 Allowable area. In each story, the building
area shall be such that the sum of the ratios of the actual
floor area of each occupancy divided by the allowable
area of each occupancy shall not exceed one.

508.3.3.3 Allowable height. Each occupancy shall com-
ply with the height limitations based on the type of con-
struction of the building in accordance with Section
503.1. The height, in both feet and stories, of each lire
area shall be measured from grade plane. This measure-
ment shall include the height, in both feet and stories, of
intervening fire areas.

Exception: Special provisions permitted by.Section
509.

508.3.3.4 Separation. Individual occupancies shall be
separated from adjacent occupancies in accordance with
Table 508.3.3.

508.3.3.4.1 Construction. Required separations
shall be fire barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 706 or horizontal assemblies constructed in
accordance with Section 711, or both, so as \ com-
pletely separate adjacent occupancies.

SECTION 509
SPECIAL PROVISIONS

509.1 General. The provisions in this section shall permit the
use of special conditions that are exempt from, or modify, the
specific requirements of this chapter regarding the allewable
heights and areas of buildings based on the occupancy cfessifi-
cation and type of construction, provided the special condition
complies with the provisions specified in this section for such
condition and other applicable requirements of this code.

509.2 Group S-2 enclosed or open parking garage with
Group A, B, I-l, M, R or S above. A basement and/or the first
story above grade plane of a building shall be considered as a
separate and distinct building for the purpose of determining
area limitations, continuity of fire walls, limitation of nujoiber
of stories and type of construction when all of the folkAving
conditions are met:

1. The basement and/or the first story above grade plane is
of Type lA construction and is separated fi:om the build-

140

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

ing above with a horizontal assembly having a minimum
3-hour fire-resistance rating.

2. Shaft, stairway, ramp or escalator enclosures through the
horizontal assembly shall have not less than a 2-hour
fire-resistance rating with opening protectives in accor-
dance with Table 715.4.

Exception: Where the enclosure walls below the hor-
izontal assembly have not less than a 3-hour
fire-resistance rating with opening protectives in
accordance with Table 715.4, the enclosure walls
extending above the horizontal assembly shall be per-
mitted to have a 1-hour fire-resistance rating, pro-
vided:

1. The building above the horizontal assembly is
not required to be of Type I construction;

2. The enclosure connects less than four stories;
and

3. The enclosure opening protectives above the
horizontal assembly have a minimum 1-hour
&e protection rating.

3. The building above the horizontal assembly shall be per-
mitted to have multiple Group A uses, each with an occu-
pant load of less than 300, or Group B, I-l, M, R or S

uses.

4. The building below the horizontal assembly is a Group
S-2 enclosed or open parking garage, used for the park-
ing and storage of private motor vehicles.

Exceptions:

1. Entry lobbies, mechanical rooms and similar
uses incidental to the operation of the building
shall be permitted.

2. Multiple Group A uses, each with an occupant
load of less than 300, or Group B or M uses
shall be permitted, in addition to those uses in-
cidental to the operation of the building (includ-
ing storage areas), provided that the entire
structure below the horizontal assembly is pro-
tected throughout by an approved automatic
sprinkler system.

5. The maximum building height in feet shall not exceed
the limits set forth in Section 503 for the building having
the smaller allowable height as measured from the grade
plane.

509.3 Group S-2 enclosed parking garage with Group S-2
open parking garage above. A Group S-2 enclosed parking
garage located in the basement or first story below a Group S-2
open parking garage shall be classified as a separate and dis-

TABLE 508.3.3
REQUIRED SEPARATION OF OCCUPANCIES (HOURS)

OCCUPANCY

A°,E

F-2, s-a'^'^u"

B^F-1,M^s-1

H-1

H-2

H-3, H-4, H-5

A^E^

—

— .

—

F-2, S-2'=''',U<'

—

B^ F-1, M^ S-1

—

H-1

—

H-2

—

H-3, H-4, H-5

—

For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^.

S = Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
NS = Buildings not equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
N = No separation requirement.
NP = Not permitted.
■ ' a. For Group H-5 occupancies, see Section 903.2.4.2.

b. Occupancy separation need not be provided for storage areas within Groups B and M if the:

1. Area is less than 10 percent of the floor area;

2. Area is equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing system and is less than 3,000 square feet; or

3. Area is less than 1,000 square feet.

c. Areas used only for private or pleasure vehicles shall be allowed to reduce separation by 1 hour.

d. See Section 406.1.4.

e. Commercial kitchens need not be separated from the restaurant seating areas that they serve.
/ [SFM] For Group I and F-1 occupancies shall have a 3-hour sepamtion.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

141

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

tinct building for the purpose of determining the type of con-
struction when the following conditions are met:

1 . The allowable area of the structure shall be such that the
sum of the ratios of the actual area divided by the allow-
able area for each separate occupancy shall not exceed
1.0.

2. The Group S-2 enclosed parking garage is of Type I or II
construction and is at least equal to the fire-resistance re-
quirements of the Group S-2 open parking garage.

3. The height and the number of the floors above the base-
ment shaU be limited as specified in Table 406.3.5.

4. The floor assembly separating the Group S-2 enclosed
parking garage and Group S-2 open parking garage shall
be protected as required for the floor assembly of the
Group S-2 enclosed parking garage. Openings between
the Group S-2 enclosed parking garage and Group S-2
open parking garage, except exit openings, shall not be
required to be protected.

5. The Group S-2 enclosed parking garage is used exclu-
sively for the parking or storage of private motor vehi-
cles, but shall be permitted to contain an office, waiting
room and toilet room having a total area of not more than
1,000 square feet (93 m^), and mechanical equipment
rooms incidental to the operation of the building.

509.4 Parking beneath Group R. Where a maximum
one-story above grade plane Group S-2 parking garage,
enclosed or open, or combination thereof, of Type I construc-
tion or open of Type IV construction, with grade entrance, is
provided under a building of Group R, the number of stories to
be used in determining the minimum type of construction shall
be measured from the floor above such a parking area. The
floor assembly between the parking garage and the Group R
above shall comply with the type of construction required for
the parking garage and shall also provide a fire-resistance rat-
ing not less than the mixed occupancy separation required in
Section 508.3.3.

509.5 Group R-2 buildings of Type IIIA construction. The

height limitation for buildings of Type IIIA construction in
Group R-2 shall be increased to six stories and 75 feet (22 860
mm) where the first-floor construction above the basement has
a fire-resistance rating of not less than 3 hours and the floor
area is subdivided by 2-hour fire-resistance-rated fire walls
into areas of not more than 3,000 square feet (279 m^).

509.6 Group R-2 buildings of Type IIA construction. The

height limitation for buildings of Type ILA construction in
Group R-2 shall be increased to nine stories and 100 feet (30
480 mm) where the building is separated by not less than 50
feet (15 240 nam) from any other building on the lot and from
lot lines, the exits are segregated in an area enclosed by a 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated fire wall and the first-floor construction
has a fire-resistance rating of not less than IVj hours.

509.7 Open parking garage beneatli Groups A, I, B, M and

R. Open parking garages constructed under Groups A, I, B, M
and R shall not exceed the height and area limitations permitted
under Section 406.3. The height and area of the portion of the
building above the open parking garage shall not exceed the
limitations in Section 503 for the upper occupancy. The height.

in both feet and stories, of the portion of the building above the
open parking garage shall be measured from grade plane and
shall include both the open parking garage and the portion of
the building aboye the parking garage.

509.7.1 Fire separation. Fire barriers constructed in accor-
dance with Section 706 or horizontal assemblies con-
structed in accordance with Section 711 between the
parking occupancy and the upper occupancy shall corre-
spond to the required fire-resistance rating prescribed in
Table 508.3.3 for the uses involved. The type of construc-
tion shall apply to each occupancy individually, except that
structural members, including main bracing within the open
parking structure, which is necessary to support the upper
occupancy, shall be protected with the more restrictive
fire-resistance-rated assembUes of the groups involved as
shown in Table 601. Means of egress for the upper occu-
pancy shall conform to Chapter 10 and shall be separated
from the parking occupancy by fire barriers having at least a
2-hour fire-resistance rating as required by Section 706 with
self-closing doors complying with Section 715 or horizon-
tal assemblies having at least a 2-hour fire-resistance rating
as required by Section 71 1, with self-closing doors comply-
ing with Section 715. Means of egress from the open
parking garage shall comply with Section 406.3.

509.8 Group B or M with Group S-2 open parldng garage
above. Group B or M uses located in the basement or first story
below a Group S-2 open parking garage shall be classified as a
separate and distinct building for the purpose of determining
the type of construction when all of the following conditions
are met:

1 . The basement or first story shall be Type I or H construc-
tion, but not less than the type of construction required
for the open parking garage above. The height and area
of the basement or first story shall not exceed the limita-
tions in Section 503 for the Group B or M uses.

2. The height and area of the open parking garage shall not
exceed the limitations permitted under Section 406.3.
The height, in both feet and stories, of the open parking
garage shall be measured from grade plane and include
both the open parking garage and the basement or first
story.

3 . Fire separation assemblies between the open parking ga-
rage and the basement or first story use group shall corre-
spond to the required fire-resistance rating prescribed by
Table 508.3.3.

4. Exits serving the open parking garage shall discharge di-
rectly to a street or public way and shall be separated
from the basement or first story use group by not less
than 2-hour fire barriers constructed in accordance with
Section 706 or 2-hour horizontal assemblies constructed
in accordance with Section 711, or both, with opening
protectives in accordance with Table 715.4.

509.9 Group I or R. [SFM] Buildings housing protective
social care homes or in occupancies housing inmates who are
not restrained need not be of 1 -hour fire-resistive construction
when not more than two stories in height. In no case shall indi-
vidual floor areas exceed 3,000 square feet (279 m^). The
fire-resistive protection of the exterior walls shall not be less

142

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

than 1 hour where such walls are located within 5 feet (1524
mm) of the property line. Openings within such walls are not
permitted. Openings in exterior nonrated walls need not be
protected.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

143

144 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 6 - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HOD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Ciiapter

♦

Adopt Entire Ciiapter as
amended (amended sections
iisted below)

♦

■ Adopt oniy tliose sections
> ttiat are listed below

Ciiapter/
Section

Codes

Table 601

Table 602

The ♦ designation indicates that the Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or
individual sections is applicable to structures subject to HCD 1 and/or HCD 2 or DSA-SS.

2007< CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

145

146 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 6

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 601
GENERAL

601.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the
classification of buildings as to type of construction.

SECTION 602
CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION

602.1 General. Buildings and structures erected or to be
erected, altered or extended in height or area shall be classified
in one of the five construction types defined in Sections 602.2
through 602.5. The building elements shall have a fire-resis-
tance rating not less than that specified in Table 601 and exte-
rior walls shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that
specified in Table 602.

602.1.1 Minimum requirements. A building or portion
thereof shall not be required to conform to the details of a
type of construction higher than that type, which meets the
minimum requirements based on occupancy even though
certain features of such a building actually conform to a
higher type of construction.

602.2 Types I and II. Type I and n construction are those types
of construction in which the building elements listed in Table
601 are of noncombustible materials, except as permitted in
Section 603 and elsewhere in this code.

602.3 Type III. Type III construction is that type of construc-
tion in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materi-
als and the interior building elements are of any material
permitted by this code. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing
complying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exte-
rior wall assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.

602.4 Type IV. Type IV construction (Heavy Timber, HT) is
that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of
noncombustible materials and the interior building elements
are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces. The
details of Type IV construction shall comply with the provi-
sions of this section. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing com-
plying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exterior
wall assemblies with a 2-hour rating or less. Minimum solid
sawn nominal dimensions are required for structures built
using Type IV construction (HT). For glued-laminated mem-
bers the equivalent net finished width and depths correspond-
ing to the minimum nominal width and depths of solid sawn
lumber are required as specified in Table 602.4.

602.4.1 Columns. Wood columns shall be sawn or glued
laminated and shall not be less than 8 inches (203 mm),
nominal, in any dimension where supporting floor loads and
not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nominal in width and not
less than 8 inches (203 mm) nominal in depth where sup-
porting roof and ceiling loads only. Columns shall be con-
tinuous or superimposed and connected in an approved
manner.

602.4.2 Floor framing. Wood beams and girders shall be of
savvn or glued-laminated timber and shall be not less than 6
inches (152 mm) nominal in width and not less than 10
inches (254 mm) nominal in depth. Framed sawn or
glued-laminated timber arches, which spring from the floor
line and support floor loads, shall be not less than 8 inches
(203 mm) nominal in any dimension. Framed timber trusses
supporting floor loads shall have members of not less than 8
inches (203 mm) nominal in any dimension.

602.4.3 Roof framing. Wood-frame or glued-laminated
arches for roof construction, which spring from the floor
hne or from grade and do not support floor loads, shall have
members not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nominal in width
and have less than 8 inches (203 mm) nominal in depth for
the lower half of the height and not less than 6 inches (152
mm) nominal in depth for the upper half. Framed or glued-
laminated arches for roof construction that spring from the
top of walls or wall abutments, framed timber trusses and
other roof framing, which do not support floor loads, shall
have members not less than 4 inches (102 mm) nominal in
width and not less than 6 inches (152 mm) nominal in depth.
Spaced members shall be permitted to be composed of two
or more pieces not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nominal in
thickness where blocked solidly throughout their interven-
ing spaces or where spaces are tightly closed by a continu-
ous wood cover plate of not less than 2 inches (51 mm)
nominal in thickness secured to the underside of the mem-
bers. Splice plates shall be not less than 3 inches (76 mm)
nominal in thickness. Where protected by approved auto-
matic sprinklers under the roof deck, framing members
shall be not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nominal in width.

602.4.4 Floors. Floors shall be without concealed spaces.
Wood floors shall be of sawn or glued-laminated planks,
splined or tongue-and-groove, of not less than 3 inches (76
mm) nominal in thickness covered with 1-inch (25 mm)
nominal dimension tongue-and-groove flooring, laid cross-
wise or diagonally, or 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) particleboard or
planks not less than 4 inches (102 mm) nominal in width set
on edge close together and well spiked and covered with
1-inch (25 mm) nominal dimension flooring or 'Vjj-inch
(12 mm) wood structural panel or 0.5-inch (12.7 mm)
particleboard. The lumber shall be laid so that no continu-
ous line of joints will occur except at points of support.
Floors shall not extend closer than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) to
walls. Such 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) space shall be covered by a
molding fastened to the wall and so arranged that it will not
obstruct the swelling or shrinkage movements of the floor.
Corbeling of masonry walls under the floor shall be permit-
ted to be used in place of molding.

602.4.5 Roofs. Roofs shall be without concealed spaces and
wood roof decks shall be sawn or glued laminated, splined
or tongue-and-groove plank, not less than 2 inches (51 mm)
nominal in thickness, 1 '/j-inch-thick (32 mm) wood struc-

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

147

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

tural panel (exterior glue), or of planks not less than 3 inches
(76 mm) nominal in width, set on edge close together and
laid as required for floors. Other types of decking shall be
permitted to be used if providing equivalent fixe resistance
and structural properties.

602.4.6 Partitions. Partitions shall be of solid wood con-
struction formed by not less than two layers of 1-inch (25
mm) matched boards or laminated construction 4 inches
(102nmi) thick, or of 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion.

602.4.7 Exterior structural members. Where a horizontal
separation of 20 feet (6096 mm) or more is provided, wood
colunons and arches conforming to heavy tunber sizes shall
be permitted to be used externally.

602.5 lype V. Type V construction is that type of construction
in which the structural elements, exterior walls and interior
walls are of any materials permitted by this code.

SECTION 603

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN TYPE I AND II

CONSTRUCTION

603.1 Allowable materials. Combustible materials shall be
permitted in buildings of Type I or Type n construction in the
following applications and in accordance with Sections
603.1.1 through 603.1.3:

1. Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be permittedjn:

1.1. Nonbearing partitions where the required fire-re-
sistance rating is 2 hours or less.

1.2. Nonbearing exterior walls where no fire rating is
required.

1.3. Roof construction, including girders, trusses,
framing and decking.

Exception: In buildings of Type I construction
exceeding two stories in height, fire-retar-
dant-treated wood is not perriiitted in roof con-
struction when the vertical distance from the
upper floor to the roof is less than 20 feet (6096
mm).

2. Thermal and acoustical insulation, other than foam
plastics, having a flame spread index of not more than
25.

Exceptions:

1. Insulation placed between two layers of
noncombustible materials without an interven-
ing airspace shall be allowed to have a flame
spread index of not more than 100.

2. Insulation installed between a finished floor
and solid decking without intervening airspace
shall be allowed to have a flame spread index of
not more than 200.

3. Foam plastics in accordance with Chapter 26.

4. Roof coverings that have an A, B or C classification.

5. Interior floor finish and interior finish, trim and mill-
work such as doors, door frames, window sashes and
frames.

6. Where not installed over 15 feet (4572 mm) above
grade, show windows, nailing or furring strips and
wooden bulkheads below show windows, including
their frames, aprons and show cases.

7. Finished flooring applied directly to the floor slab or to
wood sleepers that are fireblocked in accordance with
Section 717.2.7.

8. Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices or similar
places occupied by one tenant only and that do not
establish a corridor serving an occupant load of 30 or
more shall be permitted to be constructed of fire-retar-
dant-tteated wood, 1-hour fu-e-resistance-rated con-
struction or of wood panels or similar light construction
up to 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.

9. Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with
Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively.

10. Combustible exterior wall coverings, balconies and
similar projections and bay or oriel windows in accor-
dance with Chapter 14.

1 1 . Blocking such as for handrails, millwork, cabinets and
window and door frames.

1 2. Light-transmitting plastics as permitted by Chapter 26.

1 3 . Mastics and cauUdng materials applied to provide flex-
ible seals between components of exterior wall con-
struction.

14. Exterior plastic veneer installed in accordance with
Section 2605.2.

1 5 . Nailing or furring strips as permitted by Section 803 .4.

16. Heavy timber as permitted by Note d to Table 601 and
Sections 602.4.7 and 1406.3.

17. Aggregates, component materials and admixtures as
permitted by Section 703.2.2.

18. Sprayed fire-resistant materials and intumescent and
mastic fire-resistant coatings, determined on the basis
of fire-resistance tests in accordance with Section
703.2 and installed in accordance with Section 1704. 10
and 1704.11, respectively.

19. Materials used to protect penetrations in fire-resis-
tance-rated assemblies in accordance with Section 712.

20. Materials used to protect joints in fire-resistance-rated
assemblies in accordance with Section 713,

2 1 . Materials allowed in the concealed spaces of buildings
of Type I and 11 construction in accordance with Sec-
tion 717.5.

22. Materials exposed within plenums complying with
Section 602 of the California Mechanical Code.

603.1.1 Ducts. The use of nonmetaUic ducts shall be per-
mitted when installed in accordance with the limitations of
the California Mechanical Code.

148

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

603.1.2 Piping. The use of combustible piping materials
shall be permitted when installed in accordance with the
limitations of the California Mechanical Code and the Cali-
fornia Plumbing Code.

603.1.3 Electrical. The use of electrical wiring methods
with combustible insulation, tubing, raceways and related
components shall be permitted when installed in accor-
dance with the limitations of the California Electrical Code.

TABLE 601
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (hours)

BUILDING ELEMENT

TYPEl

TYPE II

TYPE III

TYPE IV

TYPEV

A»

Structural frame='

Bearing walls
Exterior^
Interior

1
1

2
1

2
1/HT

1
1

Nonbearing walls and partitions
Exterior

See Table 602

Nonbearing walls and partitions
Interior'

See Section
602.4.6

Floor construction
Including supporting beams
and joists

Roof construction
Including supporting beams
and joists

l\^

led

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. The structural frame shall be considered to be the columns and the girders, beams, trusses and spandrels having direct connections to the columns and bracing
members designed to carry gravity loads. The members of floor or roof panels which have no connection to the columns shall be considered secondary members
and not a part of the structural frame.

b. Roof supports; Fire-resistance ratings of structural frame and bearing walls are permitted to be reduced by 1 hour where supporting a roof only

c. Except in high-rise buildings. Group A, £, F- 1 , H, /, L, M, i?-i, i?-2 and S- 1 occupancies, fire protection of structural members shall not be required, including pro-
tection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. For high-rise buildings, Group
A, E,I,L,R-1 and R-2 occupancies and other applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, fire protection of members other
than the structuralframe shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above
any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected members.

d. In all occupancies, heavy timber shall be allowed where a 1-hour or less fire-resistance rating is required.

e. An approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 shall be allowed to be substituted for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction, pro-
vided such system is not otherwise required by other provisions of the code or used for an allowable area increase in accordance with Section 506.3 or an allowable
height increase in accordance with Section 504.2. The 1-hour substitution for the fire resistance of exterior walls shall not be permitted.

f. Not less than the fire-resistance rating required by other sections of this code.

g. Not less than the fire-resistance rating based on fire separation distance (see Table 602).

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

149

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 602
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR WALLS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE""

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE s X
(feet)

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPANCY
GROUP H, L

OCCUPANCY
GROUP F-1,M,S-1

OCCUPANCY
GROUP A, B, E, F-2, 1, fl', S-2, U"'

x<5'=

All

5<x<10

lA
Others

1
1

10<x<30

IA,IB
IIB,VB
Others

2
1

X>30

All

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Load-bearing exterior walls shall also comply with the fire-resistance rating requirements oflhble 601.

b. For special requirements for Group U occupancies see Section 406.1.2

c. See Section 705.1.1 for party walls.

d. Open parking garages complying with Section 406 shall not be required to have a fire-resistance rating.

e. The fire-resistance rating of an exterior wall is determined based upon the fire separation distance of the exterior wall and the story in which the wall is located.

/ Group R-3, and Group U when used as accessory to Group R-3, shall not be required to have afire-resistance rating where the fire separation distance is 5 feet or

TABLE 602.4
WOOD MEMBER SIZE

MINIMUM NOMINAL SOLID SAWN SIZE

MINIMUM GLUED-LAMINATED NET SIZE

Width, Inch

Depth, Inch

Width, Inch

Depth, Inch

8V4

IOV2

8V4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

150

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE - MATRIX ADOPTION TABLE
CHAPTER 7 - FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

Adopting Agency

BSC

SFM

HCD

DSA

OSHPD

CSA

DHS

AGR

DWR

CEC

SLC

1/AC

Adopt Entire Ctiapter

♦

Adopt Entire Ctiapter as
amended (amended sections
iisted below)-

♦

Adopt oniy those sections ttiat
are listed beiow

Ctiapter / Section

Codes

704.5

705.1,2

Table 705.4

Table 706.3.9

707.2

IBC

707.14.1

708.3

IBC

708.4

IBC

708.8

IBC

709.5

710.2

710.7

715.4,3

715.4,5.1

715.4,7.3

716.5,2

716.5.4

IBC

716.5.4.1

- —

717.3.3

717.4.3

720,2.5

720,2.5.1

Ttie ♦ designation indicates that tlie Office of the State Fire Marshal's adoption of this chapter or
individual sections is applicable to structures subject to HCD 1 and/or HCD 2 or DSA-SS.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

151

152 2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

CHAPTER 7

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

SECTION 701
GENERAL

701.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the
materials and assemblies used for structural fire resistance and
fu:e-resistance-rated construction separation of adj acent spaces
to safeguard against the spread of fire and smoke within a
building and the spread of fire to or from buildings.

SECTION 702
DEFINITIONS

702.1 DeHnitions. The following words and terms shall, for the
purposes of this chapter, and as used elsewhere in this code,
have the meanings shown herein.

ANNULAR SPACE. The opening around the penetrating
item.

CEILING RADIATION DAMPER. A listed device installed
in a ceiling membrane of a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or
roof/ceiling assembly to hmit automatically the radiative heat
transfer through an air inlet/outlet opening.

COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER. A listed
device installed in ducts and air transfer openings designed to
close automatically upon the detection of heat and resist the
passage of flame and smoke. The device is installed to operate
automatically, controlled by a smoke detection system, and
where required, is capable of being positioned from a fure
command center.

DAMPER. See "Ceiling radiation damper," "Combination
fire/smoke damper," "Fire damper" and "Smoke damper."

DRAFTSTOP. A material, device or construction installed to
restrict the movement of air within open spaces of concealed
areas of building components such as crawl spaces, floor/ceil-
ing assemblies, roof/ceiling assemblies and attics.

F RATING. The time period that the through-penetration
fu:estop system limits the spread of fire through the penetration
when tested in accordance with ASTM E 814.

FIRE AREA. The aggregate floor area enclosed and bounded
by fire walls, fire barriers, exterior walls or fire-resis-
tance-rated horizontal assemblies of a building.

FIRE BARRIER. A fire-resistance-rated wall assembly of
materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which conti-
nuity is maintained.

FIRE DAMPER. A listed device installed in ducts and air
transfer openings designed to close automatically upon detec-
tion of heat and resist the passage of flame. Fire dampers are
classified for use in either static systems that will automatically
shut down in the event of a fixe, or in dynamic systems that con-
tinue to operate during a fixe. A dynamic fire damper is tested
and rated for closure under elevated temperature airflow.

FIRE DOOR. The door component of a fire door assembly.

FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. Any combination of a fire door,
frame, hardware, and other accessories that together provide a
specific degree of fire protection to the opening.

FIRE PARTITION. A vertical assembly of materials
designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are pro-
tected.

FIRE PROTECTION RATING. The period of time that an
opening protective assembly will maintain the ability to con-
fine a fire as determined by tests prescribed in S ection 7 1 5 . Rat-
ings are stated in hours or minutes.

FIRE RESISTANCE. That property of materials or their
assemblies that prevents or retards the passage of excessive
heat, hot gases or flames under conditions of use.

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING. The period of time a build-
ing element, component or assembly maintains the ability to
confine a fire, continues to perform a given structural function,
or both, as determined by the tests, or the methods based on
tests,-prescribed in Section 703.

FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEM. An assemblage of
specific materials or products fhat are designed, tested, and
fire-resistance rated in accordance with either ASTM E 1 966 or
UL 2079 to resist for a prescribed period of time the passage of
fire through joints made in or between fire-resistance-rated
assemblies.

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE, The distance measured
from the building face to one of the following:

1. The closest interior lot line;

2. To the centerline of a street, an alley or public way; or

3 . To an imaginary line between two buildings on the prop-
erty.

The distance shall be measured at right angles from the face
of the wall.

FIRE WALL. A fire-resistance-rated wall having protected
openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends contin-
uously from the foundation to or through the roof, with suffi-
cient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse
of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.

FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY. A window constructed and
glazed to give protection against the passage of fire.

FIREBLOCKING. Building materials installed to resist the
free passage of flame to other areas of the building through
concealed spaces.

FLOOR FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. A combination of a fire
door, a frame, hardware and other accessories installed in a hor-
izontal plane, which together provide a specific degree of fire
protection to a through-opeifeng in a fire-resistance-rated floor
(see Section 711.8).

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

153

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY. A fire-resistance-rated floor
or roof assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of
fire in which continuity is maintained.

JOINT. The linear opening in or between adjacent fire-resis-
tance-rated assemblies that is designed to allow independent
movement of the building in any plane caused by thermal, seis-
mic, wind or any other loading.

MEMBRANE PENETRATION. An opening made through
one side (wall, floor or ceiling membrane) of an assembly.

MEMBRANE-PENETRATION FIRESTOP. A material,
device or construction installed to resist for a prescribed time
period the passage of flame and heat through openings in a pro-
tective membrane in order to accommodate cables, cable trays,
conduit, tubing, pipes or similar items.

MINERAL FIBER. Insulation composed principally of fibers
manufactured from rock, slag or glass, with or witiiout binders.

MINERAL WOOL. Synthetic vitreous fiber insulation made
by melting predominately igneous rock or furnace slag, and
other inorganic materials, and then physically forming the melt
into fibers.

PENETRATION FIRESTOP. A through-penetration
firestop or a membrane-penetration firestop.

SELF-CLOSING. As applied to a fire door or other opening,
means equipped with an approved device that will ensure clos-
ing after having been opened.

SHAFT. An enclosed space extending through one or more
stories of a building, connecting vertical openings in succes-
sive floors, or floors and roof.

SHAFT ENCLOSURE. The walls or constraction forming
the boundaries of a shaft.

SMOKE BARRIER. A continuous membrane, either vertical
or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is
designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.

SMOKE COMPARTMENT. A space within a building
enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and
bottom.

SMOKE DAMPER. A listed device installed in ducts and air
transfer openings designed to resist the passage of smoke. The
device is installed to operate automatically, controlled by a
smoke detection system, and where required, is capable of
being positioned from a fire command center.

SPLICE. The result of a factory and/or field method of joining
or connecting two or more lengths of a fire-resistant joint sys-
tem into a continuous entity.

T RATING. The time period that the penetration firestop sys-
tem, including the penetrating item, limits the maximum tem-
perature rise to 325°F (163°C) above its initial temperature
through the penetration on the nonfire side when tested in
accordance with ASTME 814.

THROUGH PENETRATION. An opening that passes
through an entire assembly.

THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEM. An

assemblage of specific materials or products that are designed,
tested and fire-resistance rated to resist for a prescribed period

of time the spread of fire through penetrations. The F and T
rating criteria for penetration firestop systems shall be in accor-
dance with ASTM E 814. See definitions of "F rating" and "T
rating."

SECTION 703
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS AND FIRE TESTS

703.1 Scope. Materials prescribed herein for fire resistance
shall conform to the requirements of this chapter.

703.2 Fire-resistance ratings. The fire-resistance rating of
building elements shaU be determined in accordance with the
test procedures set forth in ASTM E 119 or in accordance with
Section 703.3. Where materials, systems or devices that have
not been tested as part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly are
incorporated into the assembly, sufficient data shall be made
available to the building official to show that the required
fire-resistance rating is not reduced. Materials and methods of
construction used to protect joints and penetrations in
fire-resistance-rated building elements shall not reduce the
required fire-resistance rating.

Exception: In determining the fire-resistance rating of exte-
rior bearing walls, comphance with the ASTM E 1 19 crite-
ria for unexposed surface temperature rise and ignition of
cotton waste due to passage of flame or gases is required
only for a period of time corresponding to the required
fire-resistance rating of an exterior nonbearing wall with the
same fire separation distance, and in a building of the same
group. When the fire-resistance rating determined in accor-
dance with this exception exceeds the fire-resistance rating
determined in accordance with ASTM E 1 19, the fire expo-
sure time period, water pressure, and application duration
criteria for the hose stream test of ASTM E 119 shall be
based upon the fire-resistance rating determined in
accordance with this exception.

703.2.1 Nonsymmetrical wall construction. Interior walls
and partitions of nonsymmetrical construction shall be
tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and the
assigned fire-resistance rating shall be the shortest duration
obtained from the two tests conducted in compliance with
ASTM E 1 19. When evidence is furnished to show that the
wall was tested with the least fire-resistant side exposed to
the furnace, subject to acceptance of the building official,
the wall need not be subjected to tests from the opposite side
(see Section 704.5 for exterior walls).

703.2.2 Combustible components. Combustible aggre-
gates are permitted in gypsum and portland cement concrete
mixtures approved for fire-resistance-rated constraction.
Any approved component material or admixture is permit-
ted in assembUes if the resulting tested assembly meets the
fire-resistance test requirements of this code.

703.2.3 Restrained classification. Fire-resistance-rated
assemblies tested under ASTM E 119 shall not be consid-
ered to be restrained unless evidence satisfactory to the
building official is furnished by the registered design pro-
fessional showing that the construction qualifies for a
restrained classification in accordance with ASTM E 119.
Restrained construction shall be identified on the plans.

154

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

703.3 Alternative methods for determining fire resistance.

The application of any of the alternative methods listed in this
section shall be based on the fire exposure and acceptance crite-
ria specified in ASTM E 1 19. The required fire resistance of a
building element shall be permitted to be established by any of
the following methods or procedures:

1. Fire-resistance designs documented in approved
sources.

2. Prescriptive designs of fire-resistance-rated building ele-
ments as prescribed in Section 720.

3. Calculations in accordance with Section 721.

4. Engineering analysis based on a comparison of building
element designs having fire-resistance ratings as deter-
mined by the test procedures set forth in ASTM E 11 9 .

5. Alternative protection methods as allowed by Section
104.11.

703.4 Noncombustibility tests. The tests indicated in Sections
703.4.1 and 703.4.2 shall serve as criteria for acceptance of
building materials as set forth in Sections 602.2, 602.3 and
602.4 in Type I, II, III and IV construction. The term
"noncombustible" does not apply to the flame spread charac-
teristics of interior finish or trim materials. A material shall not
be classified as a noncombustible building construction mate-
rial if it is subject to an increase in combustibility or flame
spread beyond the limitations herein established through the
effects of age, moisture or other atmospheric conditions.

703.4.1 Elementary materials. Materials required to be
noncombustible shall be tested in accordance with ASTM E
136.

703.4.2 Composite materials. Materials having a struc-
tural base of noncombustible material as determined in
accordance with Section 703.4.1 with a surfacing not more
than 0.125 inch (3.18 mm) thick that has a flame spread
index not greater than 50 when tested in accordance with
ASTM E 84 shall be acceptable as noncombustible
materials.

SECTION 704
EXTERIOR WALLS

704.1 General. Exterior walls shall comply with this section.

704.2 Projections. Cornices, eave overhangs, exterior balco-
nies and similar projections extending beyond the floor area
shall conform to the requirements of this section and Section
1406. Exterior egress balconies and exterior exit stairways
shall also comply with Sections 1014.5 and 1023.1, respec-
tively. Projections shall not extend beyond the distance deter-
mined by the following two methods, whichever results in the
lesser projection:

1. A point one-third the distance to the lot line from an as-
sumed vertical plane located where protected openings
are required in accordance with Section 704.8.

2. More than 12 inches (305 mm) into areas where open-
ings are prohibited.

704.2.1 Type I and II construction. Projections from walls
of Type I or II construction shall be of noncombustible

materials or combustible materials as allowed by Sections
1406.3 and 1406.4.

704.2.2 Type HI, IV or V construction. Projections from
walls of Type III, IV or V construction shall be of any
approved material.

704.2.3 Combustible projections. Combustible projec-
tions located where openings are not permitted or where
protection of openings is required shall be of at least 1-hour
fire-resistance-rated construction. Type IV construction,
fire-retardant-treated wood or as required by Section
1406.3.

Exception: Type V construction shall be allowed for R-3
occupancies.

704.3 Buildings on the same lot. For the purposes of deter-
mining the required wall and opening protection and roof-cov-
ering requirements, buildings on the same lot shall be assumed
to have an imaginary line between them.

Where a new building is to be erected on the same lot as an
existing building, the location of the assumed imaginary line
with relation to the existing building shall be such that the exte-.
rior wall and opening protection of the existing building meet
the criteria as set forth in Sections 704.5 and 704.8.

Exception: Two or more buildings on the same lot shall
either be regulated as separate buildings or shall be consid-
ered as portions of one building if the aggregate area of such
buildings is within the limits specified in Chapter 5 for a sin-
gle building. Where the buildings contain different occu-
pancy groups or are of different types of construction, the
area shall be that allowed for the most restrictive occupancy
or construction.

704.4 Materials. Exterior walls shall be of materials permitted
by the building type of constraction.

704.5 Fire-resistance ratings. For other than high-rise build-
ings, Group A, E, H,I,LandR occupancies and other applica-
tions listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, exterior walls shall be fire-resistance rated in
accordance with Tables 601 and 602. The fire-resistance rating
of exterior walls with a fire separation distance of greater than 5
feet (1524 mm) shall be rated for exposure to fire from the
inside. The fire-resistance rating of exterior walls with a fure
separation distance of 5 feet (1524 mm) or less shall be rated
for exposure to fire from both sides.

For high-rise buildings. Group A, E, H, I, L andR occupan-
cies and other applications listed in Section 111 regulated by
the Office of the State Fire Marshal exterior walls shall be
fire-resistance rated in accordance with Tables 601 and 602.
The fire-resistance rating of exterior walls be rated for expo-
sure to fire from both sides.

704.6 Structural stability. The wall shall extend to the height
required by Section 704. 1 1 and shall have sufficient structural
stability such that it will remain in place for the duration of time
indicated by the required fire-resistance rating.

704.7 Unexposed surface temperature. Where protected
openings are not hmited by Section 704.8, the limitation on the
rise of temperature on the unexposed surface of exterior walls
as required by ASTM E 119 shall not apply. Where protected

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

155

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

Openings are limited by Section 704.8, the limitation on the rise
of temperature on the unexposed surface of exterior walls as
required by ASTM E 119 shall not apply provided that a cor-
rection is made for radiation from the unexposed exterior wall
surface in accordance with the following formula:

where:

(Equation 7-1)

Ag = Equivalent area of protected openings.

A = Actual area of protected openings.

Af = Area of exterior wall surface in the story under consid-
eration exclusive of openings, on which the tempera-
ture limitations of ASTM E 1 1 9 for walls are exceeded.

F^„ = An "equivalent opening factor" derived from Figure
704.7 based on the average temperature of the unex-
posed wall surface and the fu:e-resistance rating of the
wall.

704.8 Allowable area of openings. The maximum area of
unprotected or protected openings permitted in an exterior wall
in any story shall not exceed the values set forth in Table 704.8.
Where botii unprotected and protected openings are located in
the exterior wall in any story, the total area of the openings shall
comply with the following formula:

A A

- + ^<1.0

a a„

where:

(Equation 7-2)

A = Actual area of protected openings, or the equivalent
area of protected openings, A^ (see Section 704.7).

a = Allowable area of protected openings.

A„ = Actual area of unprotected openings.

(3„ = Allowable area of unprotected openings.

For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32] / 1.8.

200 400 600 800 1,000

Average temperature of unexposed surface ( F)

FIGURE 704.7
EQUIVALENT OPENING FACTOR

156

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 704.8
MAXIMUM AREA OF EXTERIOR WALL OPENINGS^

CLASSIFICATION
OF OPENING

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet)

to 3'J

Greater
than 3 to S"-'

Greater
than5to10'='='9'''

Greater
than 10 to 15"*=

Greater
thanlStoao^'S

Greater
than 20 to as^'S

Greater
than 25 to SC'^

Greater
than 30

Unprotected

Not
Permitted

Not
Permitted"^

10%'

15%'

25%'

45%'

70%'

No Limit''

Protected

Not
Permitted

15%

25%

45%

75%

No Limit''

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Values given are percentage of the area of the exterior wall.

b. Not used

c. For occupancies' in Group R-3, the maximum percentage of unprotected and protected ecterior wall openings shall be 25 percent.

d. The area of openings in an open parking structure with a fire separation distance of greater than 10 feet shall not be limited.

e. For occupancies in Group H-2 or H-3, unprotected openings shall not be permitted for openings with a lire separation distance of 15 feet or less. .

f . For requirements for iire walls for buildings with differing roof heights, see Section 705.6. 1 .

g. The area of unprotected and protected openings is not limited for occupancies in Group R-3, with a &e separation distance greater than 5 feet,
h. For special requirements for Group U occupancies, see Section 406.1.2

i. Buildings whose exterior bearing wall, exterior nonbearing wall and exterior structural frame are not required to be fire-resistance rated by Table 601 or 602 shall

be permitted to have unlimited unprotected openings,
j. Includes accessory buildings to Group R-3.

704.8.1 Automatic sprinkler system. In buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903 .3 . 1 . 1 , the maximum allowable
area of unprotected openings in occupancies other than
Groups H-1, H-2 and H-3 shall be the same as the tabulated
limitations for protected openings.

704.8.2 First story. In occupancies other than Group H,
unlimited unprotected openings are permitted in the exterior
walls of the first story above grade facing a street that have a
fire separation distance of greater than 15 feet (4572 mm) or
facing an unoccupied space. The unoccupied space shall be
on the same lot or dedicated for public use, shall not be less
than 30 feet (9144 mm) in width and shall have access from
a street by a posted fire lane in accordance with the Califor-
nia Fire Code.

704.9 Vertical separation of openings. Openings in exterior
walls in adjacent stories shall be separated vertically to protect
against fire spread on the exterior of the buildings where the
openings are within 5 feet (1524 mm) of each other horizon-
tally and the opening in the lower story is not a protected open-
ing with a fire protection rating of not less than V4 hour. Such
openings shall be separated vertically at least 3 feet (914 mm)
by spandrel girders, exterior walls or other similar assemblies
that have a fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour or by flame
barriers that extend horizontally at least 30 inches (762 mm)
beyond the exterior wall. Flame barriers shall also have a
fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour. The unexposed surface
temperature limitations specified in ASTM E 119 shall not
apply to the flame barriers or vertical separation unless
otherwise required by the provisions of this code.

Exceptions:

1 . This section shall not apply to buildings that are three
stories or less in height.

2. This section shall not apply to buildings equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in ac-
cordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

3. Open parking garages.

704.10 Vertical exposure. For buildings on the same lot, open-
ing protectives having a fire-protection rating of not less than
V4 hour shall be provided in every opening that is less than 15
feet (4572 mm) vertically above the roof of an adjoining build-
ing or adjacent structure that is within a horizontal fire separa-
tion distance of 15 feet (4572 mm) of the wall in which the
opening is located.

Exception: Opening protectives are not required where the
roof construction has a fire-resistance rating of not less than
1 hour for a minimum distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) from
the adjoining building, and the entire length and span of the
supporting elements for the fire-resistance-rated roof
assembly has a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

704.11 Parapets. Parapets shall be provided on exterior walls
of buildings.

Exceptions: A parapet need not be provided on an exterior
wall where any of the following conditions exist:

1. The wall is not required to be fire-resistance rated in
accordance with Table 602 because of fire separation
distance.

2. The building has an area of not more than 1,000
square feet (93 m^) on any floor.

3. Walls that terminate at roofs of not less than 2-hour
fire-resistance-rated construction or where the roof,
including the deck or slab and supporting construc-
tion, is constructed entirely of noncombustible
materials.

4. One-hour fire-resistance-rated exterior walls that ter-
minate at the underside of the roof sheathing, deck or
slab, provided:

4.1. Where the roof/ceiling framing elements are
parallel to the walls, such framing and ele-
ments supporting such framing shall not be of
less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction for a width of 4 feet (1220 mm) for
Groups R and U and 10 feet (3048 mm) for

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other occupancies, measured from the interior
side of the wall.

4.2. Where roof/ceiling framing elements are not
parallel to the wall, the entire span of such
framing and elements supporting such fram-
ing shall not be of less than 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated construction.

4.3. Openings in the roof shall not be located
within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the 1-hour fire-re-
sistance-rated exterior wall for Groups R and
U and 10 feet (3048 mm) for other occupan-
cies, measured from the interior side of the
wall.

4.4. The entire building shall be provided with not
less than a Class B roof covering.

5. In Groups R-2 and R-3 where the entire building is
provided with a Class C roof covering, the exterior
wall shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of
the roof sheathing or deck in Type III, IV and V con-
struction, provided:

5.1. The roof sheathing or deck is constructed of
approved noncombustible materials or of
fire-retardant-treated wood for a distance of 4
feet (1220 mm); or

5.2. The roof is protected with 0.625-inch (16
nrai) Type X gypsum board directly beneath
the underside of the roof sheathing or deck,
supported by a minimum of nominal 2-inch
(51 mm) ledgers attached to the sides of the
roof framing members for a minimum dis-
tance of 4 feet (1220 mm).

6. Where the wall is permitted to have at least 25 percent
of the exterior wall areas containing unprotected
openings based on fire separation distance as deter-
mined in accordance with Section 704.8.

704.11.1 Parapet construction. Parapets shall have the
same fire-resistance rating as that required for the support-
ing wall, and on any side adjacent to a roof surface, shall
have noncombustible faces for the uppermost 18 inches
(457 mm), including counterflashing and coping materials.
The height of the parapet shall not be less than 30 inches
(762 mm) above the point where the roof surface and the
wall intersect. Where the roof slopes toward a parapet at a
slope greater than two units vertical in 12 units horizontal
(16.7-percent slope), the parapet shall extend to the same
height as any portion of the roof within a fire separation dis-
tance where protection of wall openings is required, but in
no case shall the height be less than 30 inches (762 mm).

704.12 Opening protection. Windows in exterior walls
required to have protected openings in accordance with other
sections of this code or determined to be protected in accor-
dance with Section 704.3 or 704.8 shall comply with Section
715.5. Other openings required to be protected with fire door or
shutter assemblies in accordance with other sections of this

code or determined to be protected in accordance with Section
704.3 or 704.8 shall comply with Section 715.4.

Exception: Opening protectives are not required where the
building is protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler
system and the exterior openings are protected by an
approved water curtain using automatic sprinklers approved
for that use. The sprinklers and the water curtain shall be
installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and shall
have an automatic water supply and fire department
connection.

704.12.1 Unprotected openings. Where protected open-
ings are not required by Section 704, windows and doors
shall be constructed of any approved materials. Glazing
shall conform to the requirements of Chapters 24 and 26.

704.13 Joints. Joints made in or between exterior walls
required by this section to have a fire-resistance rating shall
comply with Section 713.

Exception: Joints in exterior walls that are permitted to
have unprotected openings.

704.13.1 Voids. The void created at the intersection of a
floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall assem-
bly shall be protected in accordance with Section 713.4.

704.14 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations by air
ducts and air transfer openings in fire-resistance-rated exterior
walls required to have protected openings shall comply with
Section 716.

Exception: Foundation vents installed in accordance with
this code are permitted.

SECTION 705
FIRE WALLS

705.1 General. Each portion of a building separated by one or
more fire walls that comply with the provisions of this section
shall be considered a separate building. The extent and location
of such fire walls shall provide a complete separation. Where a
fire wall also separates occupancies that are required to be sep-
arated by a fire barrier waU, the most restrictive requirements of
each separation shall apply.

705.1.1 Party walls. Any wall located on a lot line between
adjacent buildings, which is used or adapted for joint service
between the two buildings, shall be constructed as a fire wall
in accordance with Section 705. Party walls shall be con-
structed without openings and shall create separate
buildings.

705.1.2 Automatic fire sprinkers. [SFM] Fire walls shall
. not be considered to create separate buildings for the pur-
pose of automatic fire sprinkler system requirements as set
forth in Chapter 9.

Exception: Buildings separated by continuous fire walls
of 4-hour fire-resistive construction without openings.
Buildings required to have automatic fire sprinkler pro-

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tection as set forth in Section 13113 of the Health and
Safety Code are prohibited from using fire walls in lieu of
automatic fire sprinkler protection.

705.2 Structural stability. Fire walls shall have sufficient
structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of
construction on either side without collapse of the wall for the
duration of time indicated by the required fire-resistance
rating.

705.3 Materials. Fire walls shall be of any approved
noncombustible materials.

Exception: Buildings of Type V construction.

705.4 Fire-resistance rating. Fire walls shall have afire-resis-
tance rating of not less than that required by Table 705.4.

TABLE 705.4
FIRE WALL FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS

GROUP

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

A,B,E,H-4,I,R-1,R-2,U,L

F-1, H-3^ H-5, M, S-1

H-1, H-2

F-2, S-2, R-3, R-4

a. Walls shall be not less than 2-hour fire-resistance rated where separating
buildings of Type 11 or V construction.

b. For Group H-1, H-2 or H-3 buildings, also see Sections 415.4 and 415.5.

705.5 Horizontal continuity. Fire walls shall be continuous
from exterior wall to exterior wall and shall extend at least 18
inches (457 mm) beyond the exterior surface of exterior walls.

Exceptions:

1. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of combustible exterior sheathing or sid-
ing provided the exterior wall has a fire-resistance
rating of at least 1 hour for a horizontal distance of at
least 4 feet (1220 mm) on both sides of the fire wall.
Openings within such exterior walls shall be pro-
tected by opening protectives having a fire protection
rating of not less than V4 hour.

2. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of noncombustible exterior sheathing, ex-
terior siding or other noncombustible exterior finishes
provided the sheathing, siding, or other exterior
noncombustible finish extends a horizontal distance
of at least 4 feet (1220 mm) on both sides of the fire
wall.

3. Fire walls shall be permitted to terminate at the inte-
rior surface of noncombustible exterior sheathing
where the building on each side of the fire wall is pro-

■ tected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

705.5.1 Exterior walls. Where the fure wall intersects the
exterior walls, the fire-resistance rating for the exterior
walls on both sides of the fure wall shall have a 1-hour
fire-resistance rating with^-hour opening protection where
opening protection is required. The fire-resistance rating of
the exterior wall shall extend a minimum of 4 feet (1220
mm) on each side of the intersection of the fire wall to exte-

rior wall. Exterior wall intersections at fire walls that form
an angle equal to or greater than 180 degrees (3.14 rad) do
not need exterior wall protection.

705.5.2 Horizontal projecting elements. Fire walls shall
extend to the outer edge of horizontal projecting elements
such as balconies, roof overhangs, canopies, marquees and
similar projections that are within 4 feet (1220 mm) of the
fire wall.

Exceptions:

1. Horizontal projecting elements without concealed
spaces, provided the exterior wall behind and be-
low the projecting element has notless than 1-hour
fire-resistance-rated construction for a distance
not less than the depth of the projecting element on
both sides of the fire wall. Openings within such
exterior walls shall be protected by opening
protectives having a fire protection rating of not
less than V4 hour.

2. Noncombustible horizontal projecting elements
with concealed spaces, provided a minimum
1-hour fire-resistance-rated wall extends through
the concealed space. The projecting element shall
be separated from the building by a minimum of
1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a. dis-
tance on each side of the fire wall equal to the depth
of the projecting element. The wall is not required
to extend under the projecting element where the
building exterior wall is not less than 1-hour
fire-resistance rated for a distance on each side of
the fire wall equal to the depth of the projecting el-
ement. Openings within such exterior walls shall
be protected by opening protectives having a fire
protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

3. For combustible horizontal projecting elements
with concealed spaces, the fire wall need only ex-
tend through the concealed space to the outer
edges of the projecting elements. The exterior wall
behind and below the projecting element shall be
of not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated con-
struction for a distance not less than the depth of
the projecting elements on both sides of the fire
wall. Openings within such exterior walls shall be
protected by opening protectives having a fire-pro-
tection rating of not less than V4 hour.

705.6 Vertical continuity. Fire walls shall extend from the
foundation to a termination point at least 30 inches (762 mm)
above both adjacent roofs.

Exceptions:

1. Stepped buildings in accordance with Section
705.6.1.

2. Two-hour fire-resistance-rated walls shall be permit-
ted to terminate at the underside of the roof sheathing,
deck or slab provided:

2.1. The lower roof assembly within 4 feet (1220
mm) of the wall has not less than a 1-hour
fire-resistance rating and the entire length and
span of supporting elements for the rated roof

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

159

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

assembly has a fire-resistance rating of not
less than 1 hour.

2.2. Openings in the roof shall not be located
within 4 feet (1220 nun) of the fire wall.

2.3. Each building shall be provided with not less
than a Class B roof covering.

3. Walls shall be permitted to terminate at the underside
of noncombustible roof sheathing, deck, or slabs
where both buildings are provided with not less than a
Class B roof covering. Openings in the roof shall not
be located within 4 feet (1220 mm) of the fire wall.

4. In buildings of Type IE, IV and V construction, walls
shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of
combustible roof sheathing or decks provided:

4.1. There are no openings in the roof within 4 feet
(1220 mm) of the fire wall,

4.2. The roof is covered with a minimum Class B
roof covering, and

4.3. The roof sheathing or deck is constructed of
fire-retardant-treated wood for a distance of 4
feet (1220 mm) on both sides of the wall or the
roof is protected with Vg inch (15.9 mm) Type
X gypsum board directly beneath the under-
side of the roof sheathing or deck, supported
by a minimum of 2-incli (51 mm) nominal
ledgers attached to the sides of the roof fram-
ing members for a minimum distance of 4 feet
(1220 mm) on both sides of the fire wall.

5. Buildings located above a parking garage designed in
accordance with Section 509.2 shall be permitted to
have the &e walls for the buildings located above the
parking garage extend from the horizontal separation
between the parking garage and the buildings.

705.6.1 Stepped buildings. Where a fire wall serves as an
exterior wall for a building and separates buildings having
different roof levels, such wall shall terminate at a point not
less than 30 inches (762 mm) above the lower roof level,
provided the exterior wall for a height of 15 feet (4572 mm)
above the lower roof is not less than 1-hour frre-resis-
tance-rated construction from both sides with openings pro-
tected by fire assemblies having a fire protection rating of
not less than V4 hour.

Exception: Where the fire wall terminates at the under-
side of the roof sheathing, deck or slab of the lower roof,
provided:

1. Thelowerroof assembly within 10feet(3048 mm)
of the wall has not less than a 1-hour fire-resistance
rating and the entire length and span of supporting
elements for the rated roof assembly has a fire-re-
sistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

2. Openings in the lower roof shall not be located
within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the fire wall.

705.7 Combustible framing in fire walls. Adjacent combusti-
ble members entering into a concrete or masonry fire wall from
opposite sides shall not have less than a 4-inch (102 mm) dis-
tance between embedded ends. Where combustible members

frame into hollow walls or walls of hollow units, hollow spaces
shall be soUdly filled for the full thickness of the wall and for a
distance not less than 4 inches (102 mm) above, below and
between the structural members, with noncombustible materi-
als approved for fireblocking.

705.8 Openings. Each opening through a fire wall shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 715.4 and shall not exceed
120 square feet (11 m^). The aggregate width of openings at
any floor level shall not exceed 25 percent of the length of the
wall.

Exceptions:

1 . Openings are not permitted in party walls constructed in
accordance with Section 705.1.1.

2. Openings shall not be limited to 120 square feet (1 1 m^)
where both buildings are equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1.

705.9 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire walls shall comply
with Section 712.

705.10 Joints. Joints made in or between fure walls shall com-
ply with Section 713.

705.11 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts and air trans-
fer openings shall not penetrate fire walls.

Exception: Penetrations by ducts and air transfer openings
of fire walls that are not on a lot line shall be allowed pro-
vided the penetrations comply with Sections 712 and 716.
The size and aggregate width of all openings shall not
exceed the limitations of Section 705.8.

SECTION 706
FIRE BARRIERS

706.1 General. Fire barriers installed as required elsewhere in
this code or the California Fire Code shall comply with this
section.

706.2 Materials. Fire barriers shall be of materials permitted
by the building type of construction.

706.2.1 Fire-resistance-rated glazing. Fire-resis-
tance-rated glazing, when tested in accordance with ASTM
E 1 19 and complying with the requirements of Section 706,
shall be permitted. Fire-resistance-rated glazing shall bear a
label or other identification showing the name of the manu-
facturer, the test standard and the identifier "W-XXX,"
where the "XXX" is the fire-resistance rating in minutes.
Such label or identification shall be issued by an approved
agency and shall be permanently affixed to the glazing.

706.3 Fire-resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating of fire
barriers shall comply with this section.

706.3.1 Shaft enclosures. The fire-resistance rating of the
fire barrier sepai^ating building areas from a shaft shall com-
ply with Section 707.4.

706.3.2 Exit enclosures. The fire-resistance rating of the
fire barrier separating building areas from an exit shall com-
ply with Section 1020.1.

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706.3.3 Exit passageway. The fire-resistance rating of the
separation between building areas and an exit passageway
shall comply with Section 1021.1.

706.3.4 Horizontal exit. The fire-resistance rating of the
separation between building areas connected by a horizon-
tal exit shall comply with Section 1022. 1 .

706.3.5 Atriums. The fire-resistance rating of the fire bar-
rier separating atriums shall comply with Section 404.5.

706.3.6 Incidental use areas. The fire barrier separating
incidental use areas shall have a fire-resistance rating of not
less than that indicated in Table 508.2.

706.3.7 Control areas. Fire barriers separating control
areas shall have a fure-resistance rating of not less than that
required in Section 414.2.4. ■

706.3.8 Separation of mixed occupancies. Where the pro-
visions of Section 508.3.3 are applicable, the fire barrier
separating mixed occupancies shall have a fire-resistance
rating of not less than that indicated in Section 508.3.3
based on the occupancies being separated.

706.3.9 Single-occupancy fire areas. The fire barrier or
horizontal assembly, or both, separating a single occupancy
into different fure areas shall have a fire-resistance rating of
not less than that indicated in Table 706.3.9.

TABLE 706.3!9

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE

BARRIER ASSEMBLIES OR HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES

BETWEEN FIRE AREAS

OCCUPANCY GROUP

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

H-1, H-2

F-1,H-3,S-1

A, B, E, F-2, H-4, H-5,
I,M,R,S-2,L

706.4 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required fire-resistance-rated shaft or exit enclosure, or
seperation such walls shall comply with the requirements of
Section 704 for exterior walls and the fure-resistance-rated
enclosure or seperation requirements shall not apply.

Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance
rated in accordance with Section 1014.5.1 for exterior
egress balconies. Section 1020.1.4 for exit enclosures and
Section 1023.6 for exterior exit ramps and stairways.

706.5 Continuity. Fire bairiers shall extend from the top of the
floor/ceihng assembly below to the underside of the floor or
roof slab or deck above and shall be securely attached thereto.
Such fire barriers shall be continuous through concealed
spaces, such as the space above a suspended ceiling. The sup-
porting construction for fire baixiers shall be protected to afford
the required fire-resistance rating of the fire barrier supported,
except for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated incidental use area sepa-
rations as required by Table 508.2 in buildings of Type HB, IIIB

and VB construction. Hollow vertical spaces within a fire bar-
rier shall be fireblocked in accordance with Section 717.2 at
every floor level.

Exceptions:

1. The maxinium required fire-resistance rating for as-
semblies supporting fire barriers separating tank stor-
age as provided for in Section 415.6.2.1 shall be 2
hours, but not less than required by Table 601 for the
building construction type.

2. Shaft enclosures shall be permitted to terminate at a
top enclosure complying with Section 707.12.

706.6 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required fire-resisitance-rated enclosure or seperation, such
walls shall comply with the requirments of Section 704 for
exterior walls, and the fire-resistance-rated enclosure or
seperation requirements shall not apply.

Exception: Exterior walls requii-ed to be fire-resistance
rated in accordance with section 1014.5. 1 for exterior egress
balconies. Section 1020.1.4 for exit enclosures and Section
1023.6 for exterior exit ramps and stairways.

706.7 Openings. Openings in a fire barrier shall be protected in
accordance with Section 715. Openings shall be limited to a
maximum aggregate width of 25 percent of the length of the
wall, and the maximum area of any single opening shall not
exceed 156 square feet (15 m^). Openings in exit enclosures
and exit passageways shall also comply with Sections 1 020. 1 . 1
and 1021.4, respectively.

Exceptions:

1. Openings shall not be limited to 156 square feet (15
m^) where adjoining fure areas are equipped through-
out with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Fire doors serving an exit enclosure.

3. Openings shall not be hmited to 156 square feet (15
m^) or an aggregate width of 25 percent of the length
of the wall where the opening protective assembly has
been tested in accordance with ASTM E 1 19 and has a
minimum fire-resistance rating not less than the
frre-resistance rating of the wall.

4. Fire windows permitted in atrium seperation walls
shall not be limited to a maximum aggregate width of
25 percent of the length of the wall.

706.8 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire barriers shall comply
with Section 712.

706.8.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations into an exit
enclosure or an exit passageway shall be allowed only when
permitted by Section 1020.1.2 or 1021.5, respectively.

706.9 Joints. Joints made in or between fire barriers shall com-
ply with Section716.

706.10 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in a fire
barrier by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply with
Section 716.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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SECTION 707
SHAFT ENCLOSURES

707.1 General. The provisions of this section shall apply to
vertical shafts where such shafts are required to protect open-
ings and penetrations through floor/ceiling and roof/ceiUng
assemblies. Shaft enclosures shall be constructed as foe barri-
ers in accordance with Section 706 or horizontal assemblies in
accordance with Section 71 1, or both.

707.2 Shaft enclosure required. Openings through a
floor/ceUing assembly shall be protected by a shaft enclosure
complying with this Section.

Exceptions:

1 . A shaft enclosure is not required for openings totally
within an individual residential dwelling unit and
connecting four stories or less.

2. In other than Groups 1-2, 1-2.1 and 1-3, a shaft en-
closure is not required in a building equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 for an escalator
opening or stairway that is not a portion of the means
of egress protected according to Item 2.1 or 2.2:

2.1. Where the area of the floor opening between
stories does not exceed twice the horizontal
projected area of the escalator or stairway and
the opening is protected by a draft curtain and
closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with
NFPA 13. In other than Groups B and M, this
application is limited to openings that do not
connect more than four stories.

2.2 Where the opening is protected by approved
power-operated automatic shutters at every
penetrated floor. The shutters shall be of
noncombustible construction and have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1.5
hours. The shutter shall be so constructed as to
close immediately upon the actuation of a
smoke detector installed in accordance with
Section 907.11 and shall completely shut off
the well opening. Escalators shall cease oper-
ation when the shutter begins to close, the
shutter shall operate at a speed of not more
than 30 feet per minute (152.4 mm/s) and shall
be equipped with a sensitive leading edge to
arrest its progress where in contact with any
obstacle and to continue its progress on re-
lease therefrom.

3 . A shaft enclosure is not required for penetrations by
pipe, tube, conduit, wire, cable and vents protected
in accordance with Section 712.4.

4. A shaft enclosure is not required for penetrations by
ducts protected in accordance with Section 712.4.
Grease ducts shall be protected in accordance with
the California Mechanical Code.

5. In other than Group H occupancies, a shaft enclo-
sure is not required for floor openings complying
with the provisions for atriums in Section 404.

6. A shaft enclosure is not required for approved ma-
sonry chimneys where annular space protection is
provided at each floor level in accordance with Sec-
tion 717.2.5.

7. In other than Groups 1-2, 1-2.1 and 1-3, a shaft enclo-
sure is not requked for a floor opening or an air
transfer opening that complies with the following:

7.1. Does not connect more than two stories.

7.2. Is not part of the required means of egress sys-
tem, except as permitted in Section 1020.1.

7.3. Is not concealed within the building construc-
tion.

7.4. Is not open to a corridor in Group I and R oc-
cupancies.

7.5. Is not open to a corridor on nonsprinklered
floors in any occupancy.

7.6. Is separated from floor openings and air trans-
fer openings serving other floors by construc-
tion conforming to required shaft enclosures.

7.7. Is limited to the same smoke compartment.

8. A shaft enclosure is not required for automobile
ramps in open and enclosed parking garages con-
structed in accordance with Sections 406.3 and
406.4, respectively.

9. A shaft enclosure is not required for floor openings
between a mezzanine and tiie floor below.

10. A shaft enclosure is not required for joints protected
by a fure-resistant joint system in accordance with
Section 713.

11. A shaft enclosure shall not be required for floor
openings created by unenclosed stairs or ramps in
accordance with Exception 8 or 9 in Section 1020. 1 .

12. Floor openings protected by floor fire doors in ac-
cordance with Section 71 1.8.

13. Where permitted by other sections of this code.

707.3 Materials. The shaft enclosure shall be of materials per-
mitted by the building type of construction.

707.4 Fire-resistance rating. Shaft enclosures shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours where connecting
four stories or more, and not less than 1 hour where connecting
less than four stories. The number of stories connected by the
shaft enclosure shall include any basements but not any mezza-
nines. Shaft enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating not
less than the floor assembly penetrated, but need not exceed 2
hours.

707.5 Continuity. Shaft enclosures shall be constructed as fire
barriers in accordance with Section 706 or horizontal assem-
blies constructed in accordance with Section 7 1 1 , or both, and
shall have continuity in accordance with Section 706.5 for fire
barriers or Section 711.4 for horizontal assemblies as
applicable.

707.6 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required shaft enclosure, such walls shall comply with the

162

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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requirements of Section 704 for exterior walls and the
fire-resistance-rated enclosure requirements shall not apply.

Exception: Exterior walls required to be fire-resistance
rated in accordance with Section 1014.5.1 for exterior
egress balconies, Section 1020.1.4 for exit enclosures and
Section 1023.6 for exterior exit ramps and stairways.

707.7 Openings. Openings in a shaft enclosure shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 7 15 as required for fire barri-
ers. Doors shall be self- or automatic closing by smoke
detection in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3.

707.7.1 Prohibited openings. Openings other than those
necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be permitted
in shaft enclosures.

707.8 Penetrations. Penetrations in a shaft enclosure shall be
protected in accordance with Section 712 as required for fire
barriers.

707.8.1 Prohibited penetrations. Penetrations other than
those necessary for the purpose of the shaft shall not be per-
mitted in shaft enclosures.

707.9 Joints. Joints in a shaft enclosure shall comply with Sec-
tion 713.

707.10 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations of a
shaft enclosure by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply
with Section 716.

707.11 Enclosure at the bottom. Shafts that do not extend to
the bottom of the building or structure shall:

1. Be enclosed at the lowest level with construction of the
same fire-resistance rating as the lowest floor through
which the shaft passes, but not less than the rating re-
quired for the shaft enclosure;

2: Terminate in a room having a use related to the purpose
of the shaft. The room shall be separated from the re-
mainder of the building by a fire barrier having a fure-re-
sistance rating and opening protectives at least equal to
the protection required for the shaft enclosure; or

3 . Be protected by approved fire dampers installed in accor-
dance with their listing at the lowest floor level within the
shaft enclosure.

Exceptions:

1. The fire-resistance-rated room separation is not
required, provided there are no openings in or
penetrations of the shaft enclosure to the inte-
rior of the building except at the bottom. The
bottom of the shaft shall be closed off around
the penetrating items with materials permitted
by Section 717.3.1 for draftstopping, or the
room shall be provided with an approved auto-
matic fire suppression system.

2. A shaft enclosure containing a refuse chute or
laundry chute shall not be used for any other
purpose and shall terminate in a room protected
in accordance with Section 707.13.4.

3. The frre-resistance-rated room separation and
the protection at the bottom of the shaft are not
required, provided there are no combustibles in

the shaft and there are no openings or other
penetrations through the shaft enclosure to the
interior of the building.

707.12 Enclosure at the top. A shaft enclosure that does not
extend to the underside of the roof sheathing, deck or slab of the
building shall be enclosed at the top with construction of the
same fire-resistance rating as the topmost floor penetrated by
the shaft, but not less than the fire-resistance rating required for
the shaft enclosure.

707.13 Refuse and laundry chutes. Refuse and laundry
chutes, access and termination rooms and incinerator rooms
shall meet the requirements of Sections 707.13.1 through
707.13.6.

Exception: Chutes serving and contained within a single
dwelling unit.

707.13.1 Refuse and laundry chute enclosures. A shaft
enclosure containing a refuse or laundry chute shall not be
used for any other purpose and shall be enclosed in accor-
dance with Section 707.4. Openings into the shaft, includ-
ing those from access rooms and termination rooms, shall
be protected in accordance with this section and Section
715. Openings into chutes shall not be located in corridors.
Doors shall be self- or automatic closing upon the actuation
of a smoke detector in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3,
except that heat-activated closing devices shall be permitted
between the shaft and the termination room.

707.13.2 Materials. A shaft enclosure containing a refuse
or laundry chute shall be constructed of materials as permit-
ted by the building type of construction.

707.13.3 Refuse and laundry chute access rooms. Access
openings for refuse and laundry chutes shall be located in
rooms or compartments enclosed by a fire barrier that has a
frre-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings into
the access rooms shall be protected by opening protectives
having a fire protection rating of not less than V4 hour. Doors
shall be self- or automatic closing upon the detection of
smoke in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3.

707.13.4 Termination room. Refuse and laundry chutes
shall discharge into an enclosed room separated from the
remainder of the building by a fire barrier that has a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings into
the termination room shall be protected by opening
protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than V4
hour. Doors shall be self- or automatic closing upon the
detection of smoke in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3.
Refuse chutes shall not terminate in an incinerator room.
Refuse and laundry rooms that are not provided with chutes
need only comply with Table 508.2.

707.13.5 Incinerator room. Incinerator rooms shall com-
ply with Table 508.2.

707.13.6 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved auto-
matic sprinkler system shall be installed in accordance with
Section 903.2.10.2.

707.14 Elevator, dumbwaiter and other hoistways. Elevator,
dumbwaiter and other hoistway enclosures shall be con-
structed in accordance with Section 707 and Chapter 30.

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707.14.1 Elevator lobby. An enclosed elevator lobby shall
be provided at each floor where an elevator shaft enclosure
connects more than two stories in high-rise buildings,
Group A, E, H, I, L, R-1 and R-2 occupancies and other
applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of
the State Fire Marshal, and three stories /or all other occu-
pancies. The lobby shall separate the elevator shaft enclo-
sure doors from each floor by fire partitions equal to the
fire-resistance rating of the corridor and the required open-
ing protection. Elevator lobbies shall have at least one
means of egress complying with Chapter 10 and other
provisions within this code.

Exceptions:

1. Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required at the
street floor, provided the entire street floor is
equipped with an automatic sprinkler system in ac-
cordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Elevators not required to be located in a shaft in ac-
cordance with Section 707.2 are not required to
have enclosed elevator lobbies.

3. Where additional doors are provided at the
hoistway opening in accordance with Section
3002.6. Such doors shall be tested in accordance
with UL 1784 without an artificial bottom seal.

4. [SFM] In other than Group 1-3, and high-rise
buildings, enclosed elevator lobbies are not re-
quired where the building is protected by an auto-
matic sprinkler system installed in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

5. Smoke partitions shall be permitted iu heu of fire
partitions to separate the elevator lobby at each
floor where the building is equipped throughout
with an automatic sprinkler system installed in ac-
cordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

6. [SFM] When approved, enclosed elevator lobbies
are not required where the elevator hoistway is
pressurized in accordance with Section 707. 14.2.

7. [SFM] Where the hoistway door has afire-protec-
tion rating as required by Section 711.4 and the
hoistway door opening is also protected by a listed
and labeled smoke containment system complying
with ICBO ES AC 77.

707.14.2 Enclosed elevator lobby pressurization alterna-
tive. Where elevator hoistway pressurization is provided in
lieu of required enclosed elevator lobbies, the pressurization
system shall comply with this section.

707.14.2.1 Pressurization requirements. Elevator
hoistways shall be pressurized to maintain a minimum
positive pressure of 0.04 inches of water column (1.00
Pa) and a maximum positive pressure of 0.06 inches of
water column (1.49 Pa) with respect to adjacent occupied
space on all floors. This pressure shall be measured at the
midpoint of each hoistway door, with all ground floor
level hoistway doors open and all other hoistway doors
closed. The supply air intake shall be from an outside.

uncontaminated source located a minimum distance of
20 feet (6096 mm) from any air exhaust system or outlet.

707.14.2.2 Ducts for system. Any duct system that is
part of the pressurization system shall be protected with
the same fire-resistance rating as required for the eleva-
tor shaft enclosure.

707.14.2.3 Fan system. The fan system provided for the
pressurization system shall be as required by this section.

707.14.2.3.1 Fire resistance. When located within
the building, the fan system that provides the pressur-
ization shall be protected with the same fire-resis-
tance rating required for the elevator shaft enclosure.

707.14.2.3.2 Smoke detection. The fan system shall
be equipped with a smoke detector that will automati-
cally shut down the fan system when smoke is
detected within the system.

707.14.2.3.3 Separate systems. A separate fan sys-
tem shall be used for each bank of elevators.

707.14.2.3.4 Fan capacity. The supply fan shall
either be adjustable with a capacity of at least 1,000
cfm (.4719 mVs) per door, or that specified by a regis-
tered design professional to meet the requirements of
a designed pressurization system.

707.14.2.4 Standby power. The pressurization system
shall be provided with standby power from the same
source as other required emergency systems for the
building.

707.14.2.5 Activation of pressurization system. The

elevator pressurization system shall be activated upon
activation of the building fire alarm system or upon acti-
vation of the elevator lobby smoke detectors.

SECTION 708
FIRE PARTITIONS

708.1 General. The following wall assemblies shaU comply
with this section:

1. Walls separating dwelling units in the same building.

2. Walls separating sleeping units in occupancies in Group
R-1 hotel, R-2 and I-l occupancies.

3. Walls separating tenant spaces in covered mall buildings
as required by Section 402.7.2.

4. Corridor walls as requured by Section 1017.1.

5. Elevator lobby separation as required by Section
707.14.1.

6. Residential aircraft hangars.

708.2 Materials. The walls shall be of materials permitted by
the building type of construction.

708.3 Fire-resistance rating. Fire partitions shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour.

Exceptions:

1. Corridor walls as permitted by Table 1017.1.

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2. Dwelling and sleeping unit separations in buildings of
Type nB, IIIB and VB construction shall have fire-re-
sistance ratings of not less than '4 hour in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys-
tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

708.4 Continuity. Fire partitions shall extend from the top of
the foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below to the under-
side of the floor or roof sheathing, slab or deck above or to the
fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly
above, and shall be securely attached thereto. If the partitions
are not continuous to the sheathing, deck or slab, and where
constructed of combustible construction, the space between the
ceiling and the sheathing, deck or slab above shall be
fireblocked or draftstopped in accordance with Sections 717.2
and 717.3 at the partition line. The supporting construction
shall be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating of
the wall supported, except for tenant and sleeping unit separa-
tion walls and corridor walls in buildings of Types IIB, IIIB and
VB construction.

Exceptions:

1 . The wall need not be extended into the crawl space be-
low where the floor above the crawl space has a mini-
mum 1-hour fire-resistance rating.

2. Where the room-side fire-resistance-rated membrane
of the corridor is carried through to the underside of
the floor or roof sheathing, deck or slab of a fire-resis-
tance-rated floor or roof above, the ceiling of the cor-
ridor shall be permitted to be protected by the use of
ceiling materials as required for a 1-hour fu-e-resis-
tance-rated floor or roof system.

3. Where the corridor ceiling is constructed as required
for the corridor walls, the walls shall be permitted to
terminate at the upper membrane of such ceiling
assembly.

4. The fire partition separating tenant spaces in a mall,
complying with Section 402.7.2, are not required to
extend beyond the underside of a ceiling that is not
part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly. A wall is not
required in attic or ceiling spaces above tenant
separation walls.

5. Fireblocking or draftstopping is not required at the
partition line in Group R-2 buildings that do not ex-
ceed four stories in height, provided the attic space is
subdivided by draftstopping into areas not exceeding
3,000 square feet (279 m^) or above every two dwell-
ing units, whichever is smaller.

6. Fireblocking or draftstopping is not required at the
partition line in buildings equipped with an automatic
sprinkler system installed throughout in accordance
with Section 903.3. 1. 1 or 903.3. 1.2, provided that au-
tomatic sprinklers are installed in combustible
floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling spaces.

7. [HCD 1] Wall assemblies in two-family dwellings
need not extend through attic spaces when the ceiling
is protected by not less than % inch (15.9 mm). Type X
gypsum board and an attic draftstop constructed as
specified in Section 717.3.1 is provided above and
along the wall assembly separating the dwellings.

The structural framing supporting the ceiling shall
also be protected by not less than V2 inch (12.7 mm)
gypsum board or equivalent.

708.5 Exterior walls. Where exterior walls serve as a part of a
required fu:e-resistance-rated separation, such walls shall com-
ply with the requirements of Section 704 for exterior walls, and
the fire-resistance-rated separation requirements shall not
apply.

708.6 Openings. Openings in a fire partition shall be protected
in accordance with Section 715.

708.7 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire partitions shall com-
ply with Section 712.

708.8 Joints. Joints made in or between fire partitions shall
comply with Section 713.

Exception: [HCD 1] Fire.-resistance-rated wall assemblies
in two-family dwellings which extend to and are tight
against the exterior wall, the ceiling as permitted in Section
708.4 or the underside of the roof sheathing.

708.9 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in a fire
partition by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply with
Section 716.

SECTION 709
SMOKE BARRIERS

709.1 General. Smoke barriers shall comply with this section.

709.2 Materials. Smoke barriers shall be of materials permit-
ted by the building type of construction.

709.3 Fire-resistance rating. A 1-hour fire-resistance rating is
required for smoke barriers.

Exception: Smoke barriers constructed of minimum
0.10-inch-thick (2.5 mm) steel in Group 1-3 buildings.

709.4 Continuity. Smoke barriers shall form an effective
membrane continuous from outside wall to outside wall and
from the top of the foundation or floor/ceiling assembly below
to the underside of the floor or roof sheathing, deck or slab
above, including continuity through concealed spaces, such as
those found above suspended ceilings, and interstitial struc-
tural and mechanical spaces. The supporting construction shall
be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating of the
wall or floor supported in buildings of other than Type IIB , IIIB
or VB construction.

Exception: Smoke-barrier walls are not required in intersti-
tial spaces where such spaces are designed and constructed
with ceilings that provide resistance to the passage of fire
and smoke equivalent to that provided by the smoke-barrier
walls.

709.5 Openings. Openings in a smoke barrier shall be pro-
tected in accordance with Section 715.

In Group 1-2, where doors are installed across corridors, a
pair of opposite-swinging doors without a center muUion or

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horizontal sliding doors that comply with Section 1008.1.3.3
shall be installed. Vision panels consisting of fire-rated glazing
in approved frames shall be provided in each cross-corridor
swinging door in a smoke barrier. The doors shall be close fit-
ting within operational tolerances, and shall not have under-
cuts, louvers or grilles. Swinging doors shall have head and
jamb stops and astragals or rabbets at meeting edges. Doors
installed across corridors shall be automatic closing by smoke
detection in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3. Positive-latch-
ing devices are required. Doors installed across corridors shall
comply with Section 1008.1.1.

709.6 Penetrations. Penetrations of smoke barriers shall com-
ply with Section 712.

709.7 Joints. Joints made in or between smoke barriers shall
comply with Section 713.

709.8 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in a
smoke barrier by ducts and air transfer openings shall comply
with Section 716.

SECTION 710
SMOKE PARTITIONS

710.1 General. Smoke partitions installed as required else-
where in the code shall comply with this section.

710.2 Materials. The walls shall be of materials permitted by
the building type of construction. In Group 1-2 and 1-2.1, smoke
partitions shall have framing covered with noncombustible
materials having an approved thermal barrier with an index of
not less than 15 in accordance with FM4880, UL 1040, NFPA
286 or UL 1715.

710.3 Fire-resistance rating. Unless required elsewhere in the
code, smoke partitions are not required to have a fire-resistance
rating.

710.4 Continuity. Smoke partitions shall extend from the top
of the foundation or floor below to the underside of the floor or
roof sheathing, deck or slab above or to the underside of the
ceiling above where the ceiling membrane is constructed to
limit the transfer of smoke.

710.5 Openings. Windows shall be sealed to resist the free pas-
sage of smoke or be automatic-closing upon detection of
smoke. Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with this sec-
tion.

710.5.1 Louvers. Doors in smoke partitions shall not
include louvers.

710.5.2 Smol(e and draft control doors. Where required
elsewhere in the code, doors in smoke partitions shall be
tested in accordance with UL 1784 with an artificial bottom
seal installed across the full width of the bottom of the door
assembly during the test. The air leakage rate of the door
assembly shall not exceed 3 cubic feet per minute per square
foot [ft3/(min ■ ft2)](0.015424 mV s • m^) of door opening at
0. 10 inch (24.9 Pa) of water for both the ambient tempera-
ture test and the elevated temperature exposure test.

710.5.3 Self- or automatic-closing doors. Where required
elsewhere in the code, doors in smoke partitions shall be

self- or automatic closing by smoke detection in accordance
with Section 715.4.7.3.

710.6 Penetrations and joints. The space around penetrating
items and in joints shall be filled with an approved material to
limit the free passage of smoke.

710.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. The space around a
duct penetrating a smoke partition shall be filled with an
approved material to limit the free passage of smoke. Air trans-
fer openings in smoke partitions shall be provided with a
smoke damper complying with Section 716.3.2. For high-rise
buildings. Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies and other
applications listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the
State Fire Marshal, duct openings in smoke partitions shall
also be provided with a smoke damper complying with Section
716.3.2.

Exceptions: Where the installation of a smoke damper will
interfere with the operation of a required smoke control sys-
tem in accordance with Section 909, approved alternative
protection shall be utilized.

1. Where the installation of a smoke damper will inter-
fere with the operation of a required smoke control
system in accordance with Section 909, approved al-
ternative protection shall be utilized.

2. [SFM] Smoke dampers are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constructed of steel not
less than 0.019-inch (0.40 mm) in thickness and there
are no openings serving the corridor.

SECTION 711
HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES

711.1 General. Floor and roof assemblies required to have a
fire-resistance rating shall comply with this section.

711.2 Materials. The floor and roof assemblies shall be of
materials permitted by the building type of construction.

711.3 Fire-resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating of
floor and roof assemblies shall not be less than that required by
the building type of construction. Where the floor assembly
separates mixed occupancies, the assembly shall have a
fire-resistance rating of not less than that required by Section
508.3.3 based on the occupancies being separated. Where the
floor assembly separates a single occupancy into different fire
areas, the assembly shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less
than that requked by Section 706.3.9. Floor assemblies sepa-
rating dwelling units in the same building or sleeping units in
occupancies in Group R- 1 , hotel occupancies, R-2 and I- 1 shall
be a minimum of 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction.

Exception: Dwelling unit and sleeping unit separations in
buildings of Type IIB, niB, and VB construction shall have
fire-resistance ratings of not less than '4 hour in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

711.3.1 Ceiling panels. Where the weight of lay-in ceiling
panels, used as part of fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or
roof/ceiling assemblies, is not adequate to resist an upward
force of 1 lb/ft.2 (48 Pa), wire or other approved devices

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2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

shall be installed above the panels to prevent vertical dis-
placement under such upward force.

711.3.2 Access doors. Access doors shall be permitted in
ceilings of fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and roof/ceil-
ing assemblies provided such doors are tested in accordance
with ASTM E 119 as horizontal assemblies and labeled by
an approved agency for such purpose.

711.3.3 Unusable space. In 1-hour fire-resistance-rated
floor construction, the ceiling membrane is not required to
be installed over unusable crawl spaces. In 1-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated roof construction, the floor membrane is not
required to be installed where unusable attic space occurs
above.

711.4 Continuity. Assemblies shall be continuous without
openings, penetrations or joints except as permitted by this sec-
tion and Sections 707.2, 712.4, 713 and 1020.1. Skylights and
other penetrations through a fire-resistance-rated roof deck or
slab are permitted to be unprotected, provided that the struc-
tural integrity of the fire-resistance-rated roof construction is
maintained. Unprotected skylights shall not be permitted in
roof construction required to be &e-resistance rated in accor-
dance with Section 704.10. The supporting construction shall
be protected to afford the required fire-resistance rating of the
horizontal assembly supported.

711.5 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire-resistance-rated hori-
zontal assemblies shall comply with Section 712.

711.6 Joints. Joints made in or between fire-resistance-rated
horizontal assemblies shall comply with Section 713. The void
created at the intersection of a floor/ceiling assembly and an
exterior curtain wall assembly shall be protected in accordance
with Section 713.4.

711.7 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations in hori-
zontal assemblies by ducts and air transfer openings shall com-
ply with Section 716.

711.8 Floor fire door assemblies. Floor fire door assemblies
used to protect openings in fure-resistance-rated floors shall be
tested in accordance with NFPA 288, and shall achieve a
fire-resistance rating not less than the assembly being pene-
trated. Floor fire door assemblies shall be labeled by an
approved agency. The label shall be permanently affixed and
shall specify the manufacturer, the test standard and the
fure-resistance rating.

SECTION 712
PENETRATIONS

712.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall govern the
materials and methods of construction used to protect through
penetrations and membrane penetrations of horizontal assem-
bUes and fire-resistance-rated wall assemblies.

712.2 Installation details. Where sleeves are used, they shall
be securely fastened to the assembly penetrated. The space
between the item contained in the sleeve and the sleeve itself
and any space between the sleeve and the assembly penetrated

shall be protected in accordance with this section. Insulation
and coverings on or in the penetrating item shall not penetrate
the assembly unless the specific material used has been tested
as part of the assembly in accordance with this section.

712.3 Fire-resistance-rated walls. Penetrations into or
through fire walls, fire-barrier walls, smoke-barrier walls and
frre partitions shall comply with Sections 712.3.1 through
712.3.4.

712.3.1 Through penetrations. Through penetrations of
fire-resistance-rated walls shall comply with Section
712.3.1.1 or 712.3.1.2.

Exception: Where the penetrating items are steel, fer-
rous or copper pipes, tubes or conduits, the annular space
between the penetrating item and the fire-resis-
tance-rated wall is permitted to be protected as follows:

1. In concrete or masonry walls where the penetrat-
ing item is a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal
diameter and the area of the opening through the
wall does not exceed 144 square inches (0.0929
m^), concrete, grout or mortar is permitted where it
is installed the full thickness of the wall or the
thickness required to maintain the fire-resistance
rating; or

2. The material used to fill the annular space shall
prevent the passage of flame and hot gases suffi-
cient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to
ASTM E 1 19 time-temperature fire conditions un-
der a minimum positive pressure differential of
0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water at the location of the
penetration for the time period equivalent to the
fire-resistance rating of the construction
penetrated.

712.3.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetra-
tions shall be installed as tested in an approved fure-resis-
tance-rated assembly.

712.3.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system.

Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved
penetration firestop system installed as tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E 814 or UL 1479, with a minimum
positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of
water and shall have an F rating of not less than the
required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated.

712.3.2 Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations
shall comply with Section 712.3.1. Where walls or parti-
tions are required to have a fire-resistance rating, recessed
fixtures shall be installed such that the required fire resis-
tance will not be reduced.

Exceptions:

1. Membrane penetrations of maximum two-hour
fire-resistance-rated walls and partitions by steel
electrical boxes that do not exceed 16 square
inches (0.0103 m^) in area, provided the aggregate
area of the openings through the membrane does
not exceed 100 square inches (0.0645 m^) in any

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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100 square feet (9.29 m^) of wall area. The annular
space between the wall membrane and the box
shall not exceed Vg inch (3.1 mm). Such boxes on
opposite sides of the wall or partition shall be sepa-
rated by one of the following:

1 . 1 . By a horizontal distance of not less than 24
inches (610 mm);

1 .2. By a horizontal distance of not less than the
depth of the wall cavity where the wall cav-
ity is filled with cellulose loose-fill,
rockwool or slag mineral wool insulation;

1.3. By solid fireblocking in accordance with
Section 717.2.1;

1.4. By protecting both boxes with Usted putty
pads; or

1.5. By other listed materials and methods.

2. Membrane penetrations by Usted electrical boxes
of any material, provided such boxes have been
tested for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies
and are installed in accordance with the instruc-
tions included in the listing. The annular space be-
tween the wall membrane and the box shall not
exceed Vg inch (3.1 mm) unless listed otherwise.
Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall or parti-
tion shall be separated as follows:

2. 1 . By a horizontal distance of not less than 24
inches (610 mm);

2.2. By soUd fireblocking in accordance with
Section 717.2.1;

2.3. By protecting both boxes with listed putty
pads; or

2.4. By other listed materials and methods.

3 . The annular space created by the penetration of an
automatic sprinkler, provided it is covered by a
metal escutcheon plate.

712.3.3 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetrations of
fire-resistance-rated walls by ducts that are not protected
with dampers shall comply with Sections 712.2 through
712.3.1. Ducts and air transfer openings that are protected
with dampers shall comply with Section 716.

712.3.4 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible penetrating
items shall not connect to combustible items beyond the
point of firestopping unless it can be demonstrated that the
fire-resistance integrity of the wall is maintained.

712.4 Horizontal assemblies. Penetrations of a floor,
floor/ceiling assembly or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceil-
ing assembly shall be protected in accordance with Section
707.

712.4.1 Fire-resistance rated assemblies. Penetrations of
the fire-resistance rated floor, floor/ceiUng assembly or the
ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly shall comply
with Sections 712.4.1.1 through 712.4.1.4

712.4.1.1 Through penetrations. Through penettations
of fire-resistance-rated horizontal assembhes shall com-
ply with Section 712.4.1.1.1 or 712.4.1.1.2.

Exceptions:

1. Penetrations by steel, ferrous or copper con-
duits, pipes, tubes or vents or concrete or ma-
sonry items through a single
fire-resistance-rated floor assembly where the
annular space is protected with materials that
prevent the passage of flame and hot gases suf-
ficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to
ASTM E 119 time-temperature fire conditions
under a minimum positive pressure differential
of 0.0 1 inch (2.49 Pa) of water at the location of
the penetration for the time period equivalent to
the fire-resistance rating of the construction
penetrated. Penetrating items with a maximum
6-inch (152 mm) nominal diameter shall not be
limited to the penetration of a single fitre-resis-
tance-rated floor assembly, provided the aggre-
gate area of the openings through the assembly
does not exceed 144 square inches (92 900
mm^) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m^) of floor
area.

2. Penetrations in a single concrete floor by steel,
ferrous or copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents
with a maximum 6-inch (152 mm) nominal di-
ameter, provided the concrete, grout or mortar
is installed the full thickness of the floor or the
thickness required to maintain the fire-resis-
tance rating. The penetrating items shall not be
limited to the penetration of a single concrete
floor, provided the area of the opening through
each floor does not exceed 144 square inches
(92 900 mm^).

3. Penetrations by hsted electrical boxes of any
material, provided such boxes have been tested
for use in fire-resistance-rated assemblies and
installed in accordance with the instructions in-
cluded in the listing.

712.4.1.1.1 Installation. Through penetrations shall
be installed as tested in the approved fire-resis-
tance-rated assembly.

712.4.1.1.2 Through-penetration firestop system.

Through penetrations shall be protected by an
approved through-penetration firestop system
installed and tested in accordance with ASTM E 814
or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differ-
ential of 0.01 inch of water (2.49 Pa). The system shall
have an F-rating and a T-rating of not less than 1 hour
but not less than the required rating of the floor
penetrated.

Exception: Floor penetrations contained and
located within the cavity of a wall do not require a
T- rating.

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712.4.1.2 Membrane penetrations. Penetrations of
membranes that are part of a fire-resistance-rated hori-
zontal assembly shall comply with Section 712.4.1.1.1
or 712.4.1.1.2. Where floor/ceiling assemblies are
required to have a minimum 1-hour fire-resistance rat-
ing, recessed fixtures shall be installed such that the
required fire resistance will not be reduced.

Exceptions:

1. Membrane penetrations by steel, ferrous or
copper conduits, pipes, tubes or vents, or con-
crete or masonry items where the annular space
is protected either in accordance with Section
7 1 2.4. 1 . 1 or to prevent the free passage of flame
and the products of combustion. The aggregate
area of the openings through the membrane
shall not exceed 100 square inches (64 500

. mm^) in any 100 square feet (9.3 m^) of ceiling
area in assemblies tested without penetrations.

2. CeiUng membrane penetrations of maximum
2-hour fire-resistance-rated horizontal assem-
blies by steel electrical boxes that do not exceed
16 square inches (10 323 mm^) in area, pro-
vided the aggregate area of such penetrations
does not exceed 100 square inches (44 500
mm^) in any 100 square feet (9.29 m^) of ceiling
area, and the annular space between the ceiling
membrane and the box does not exceed Vg inch
(3.12 mm).

3. Membrane penetrations by listed electrical
boxes of any material, provided such boxes
have been tested for use in fire-resistance-rated
assemblies and are installed in accordance with
the instructions included in the listing. The an-
nular space between the ceiling membrane and
the box shall not exceed Vg inch (3.1 mm) un-
less listed otherwise.

4. The annular space created by the penetration of
a fire sprinkler, provided it is covered by a metal
escutcheon plate.

712.4.1.3 Ducts and air transfer openings. Penetra-
tions of horizontal assemblies by ducts and air transfer
openings shall comply with Section 716.

712.4.1.4 Dissimilar materials. Noncombustible pene-
trating items shall not connect to combustible materials
beyond the point of firestopping unless it can be demon-
strated that the fire-resistance integrity of the horizontal
assembly is maintained.

712.4.2 Nonfire-resistance-rated assemblies. Penetra-
tions of horizontal assemblies without a required fure-resis-
tance rating shall meet the requirements of Section 707 or
shall comply with Section 712.4.2.1 or 712.4.2.2.

712.4.2.1 Noncombustible penetrating items.

Noncombustible penetrating items that connect not more
than three stories are permitted, provided that the annular
space is filled with an approved noncombustible material

to resist the free passage of flame and the products of
combustion.

712.4.2.2 Penetrating items. Penetrating items that con-
nect not more than two stories are permitted, provided
that the annular space is filled with an approved material
to resist the free passage of flame and the products of
combustion.

712.5 Penetrations in smolce barriers. Penetrations in smoke
barriers shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of
UL 1479 for air leakage. The air leakage rate of the penetration
assembly shallnotexceed5.0cfmper square foot(0.025 m^/s •
m^) of penetration opening at 0.30 inch ( 7.47 Pa) of water for
both the ambient temperature and elevated temperature tests.

SECTION 713
FIRE-RESISTANT JOINT SYSTEMS

713.1 General. Joints installed in or between fire-resis-
tance-rated walls, floor or floor/ceiling assemblies and roofs or
roof/ceiHng assemblies shall be protected by an approved
fire-resistant joint system designed to resist the passage of fire
for a time period not less than the required frre-resistance rating
of the wall, floor or roof in or between which it is installed.
Fire-resistant joint systems shall be tested in accordance with
Section 713.3. The void created at the intersection of a
floor/ceiling assembly and an exterior curtain wall assembly
shall be protected in accordance with Section 713.4.

Exception: Fire-resistant joint systems shall not be
required for joints in all of the following locations:

1. Floors within a single dwelling unit.

2. Floors where the joint is protected by a shaft enclo-
sure in accordance with Section 707.

3. Floors within atriums where the space adjacent to the
■ atrium is included in the volume of the atrium for

smoke control purposes.

4. Floors within malls.

5. Floors within open parking structures.

6. Mezzanine floors.

7. Walls that are permitted to have unprotected open-
ings.

8. Roofs where openings are permitted.

9. Control joints not exceeding a maximum width of
0.625 inch (15.9 mm) and tested in accordance with
ASTME119.

713.2 Installation. Fire-resistant joint systems shall be
securely installed in or on the joint for its entire length so as not
to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair its ability to accommo-
date expected building movements and to resist the passage of
fire and hot gases.

713.3 Fire test criteria. Fire-resistant joint systems shall be
tested in accordance with the requirements of either ASTM E
1966 or UL 2079. Nonsymmetrical wall joint systems shall be
tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and the assigned
fire-resistance rating shall be the shortest duration obtained
from the two tests. When evidence is furnished to show that the

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wall was tested with the least fire-resistant side exposed to the
furnace, subject to acceptance of the building official, the wall
need not be subjected to tests from the opposite side.

Exception: For exterior walls with a horizontal fire separa-
tion distance greater than 5 feet (1524 mm), the joint system
shall be required to be tested for interior fire exposure only.

713.4 Exterior curtain wall/floor intersection. Where fire
resistance-rated floor or floor/ceiling assembhes are required,
voids created at the intersection of the exterior curtain wall
assemblies and such floor assemblies shall be sealed with an
approved material or system to prevent the interior spread of
fire. Such material or systems shall be securely insttJled and
capable of preventing the passage of flame and hot gases suffi-
cient to ignite cotton waste where subjected either to ASTM E
119 time-temperature fire conditions under a minimum posi-
tive pressure differential of 0.01 inch of water column (2.5 Pa)
or installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E 2307 for the
time period at least equal to the fire-resistance rating of the
floor assembly. Height and fire-resistance requirements for
curtain wall spandrels shall comply with Section 704.9.

713.5 Spandrel wall. Height and fire-resistance requirements
for curtain wall spandrels shall comply with Section 704.9.
Where Section 704.9 does not require a fire-resistance-rated
spandrel wall, the requirements of Section 713.4 shall still
apply to the intersection between the spandrel wall and the
floor.

713.6 Fire-resistant joint systems in smoke barriers.

Fire-resistant joint systems in smoke barriers shall be tested in
accordance with the requirements of UL 2079 for air leakage.
The air leakage rate of the joint shall not exceed 5 cfm per lineal
foot (0.00775 mVs • m ) of joint at 0.30 inch (7.47 Pa ) of water
for both the ambient temperature and elevated temperature
tests.

SECTION 714

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING OF STRUCTURAL

MEMBERS

714.1 Requirements. The fire-resistance rating of structural
members and assemblies shall comply with the requirements
for the type of construction and shall not be less than the rating
required for the fire-resistance-rated assemblies supported.

Exception: Fire barriers, fire partitions and smoke barriers
as provided in Sections 706.5, 708.4 and 709.4, respec-
tively.

714.2 Protection of structural members. Protection of col-
umns, girders, trusses, beams, lintels or other structural mem-
bers that are required to have a fire-resistance rating shall
comply with this section.

714.2.1 Individual protection. Columns, girders, trusses,
beams, lintels or other structural members that are required
to have a fire-resistance rating and that support more than
two floors or one floor and roof, or support a load-bearing
wall or a nonload-bearing wall more than two stories high,
shall be individually protected on all sides for the full length
with materials having the required fire-resistance rating.
Other structural members required to have a fire-resistance

rating shall be protected by individual encasement, by a
membrane or ceiling protection as specified in Section 711,
or by a combination of both. Columns shall also comply
with Section 714.2.2.

714.2.1.1 Membrane protection. King studs and
boundary elements that are integral elements in
load-bearing walls of light-framed construction shall be
permitted to have required fire-resistance ratings pro-
vided by the membrane protection provided for the
load-bearing wall.

714.2.2 Column protection above ceilings. Where col-
umns require a fire-resistance rating, the entire column,
including its connections to beams or girders, shall be pro-
tected. Where the column extends through a ceiling, fire
resistance of the column shall be continuous from the top of
the foundation or floor/ceihng assembly below through the
ceiling space to the top of the column.

714.2.3 Truss protection. The required thickness and con-
struction of fire-resistance-rated assemblies enclosing
trusses shall be based on the results of full-scale tests or
combinations of tests on truss components or on approved
calculations based on such tests that satisfactorily demon-
strate that the assembly has the required fire resistance.

714.2.4 Attachments to structural members. The edges
of lugs, brackets, rivets and bolt heads attached to structural
members shall be permitted to extend to within 1 inch (25
mm) of the surface of the fire protection.

714.2.5 Reinforcing. Thickness of protection for concrete
or masonry reinforcement shall be measured to the outside
of the reinforcement except that stirrups and spiral rein-
forcement ties are permitted to project not more than
0.5-inch (12.7 mm) into the protection.

714.3 Embedments and enclosures. Pipes, wires, conduits,
ducts or other service facilities shall not be embedded in the
required fire protective covering of a structural member that is
required to be individually encased.

714.4 Impact protection. Where the fire protective covering
of a structural member is subject to impact damage from mov-
ing vehicles, the handling of merchandise or other activity, the
fire protective covering shall be protected by comer guards or
by a substantial jacket of metal or other noncombustible mate-
rial to a height adequate to provide full protection, but not less
than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the finished floor.

714.5 Exterior structural members. Load-bearing structural
members located within the exterior walls or on the outside of a
building or structure shall be provided with the highest
fire-resistance rating as determined in accordance with the
following:

1 . As required by Table 60 1 for the type of building element
based on the type of construction of the building;

2. As required by Table 601 for exterior bearing walls based
on the type of construction; and

3. As required by Table 602 for exterior walls based on the
fire separation distance.

714.6 Bottom flange protection. Fire protection is not
required at the bottom flange of lintels, shelf angles and plates.

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Spanning not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) whether part of the
structural frame or not, and from the bottom flange of lintels,
shelf angles and plates not part of the structural frame, regard-
less of span.

714.7 Seismic isolation systems. Fire-resistance ratings for
the isolation system shall meet the fire-resistance rating
required for the columns, walls or other structural elements in
which' the isolation system is installed in accordance with Table
601.

Isolation systems required to have a fire-resistance rating
shall be protected with approved materials or construction
assemblies designed to provide the same degree of fire resis-
tance as the structural element in which it is installed when
tested in accordance with ASTM E 119 (see Section 703.2).

Such isolation system protection applied to isolator units
shall be capable of retarding the transfer of heat to the isolator
unit in such a manner that the required gravity load-carrying
capacity of the isolator unit will not be impaired after exposure
to the standard time-temperature curve fire test prescribed in
ASTM E 1 19 for a duration not less than that required for the
fire-resistance rating of the structure element in which it is
installed.

Such isolation system protection applied to isolator units
shall be suitably designed and securely installed so as not to
dislodge, loosen, sustain damage or otherwise impair its abiUty
to accommodate the seismic movements for which the isolator
unit is designed and to maintain its integrity for the purpose of
providing the required fire-resistance protection.

SECTION 715
OPENING PROTECTIVES

715.1 General. Opening protectives required by other sections
of this code shall comply with the provisions of this section.

715.2 Fire-resistance-rated glazing. Labeled fire-resis-
tance-rated glazing tested as part of a fire-resistance-rated wall
assembly in accordance with ASTM E 119 shall not be
required to comply with this section.

715.3 Alternative methods for determining fire protection
ratings. The application of any of the alternative methods
listed in this section shall be based on the fire exposure and
acceptance criteria specified in NFPA 252 or NFPA 257. The
required fire resistance of an opening protective shall be per-
mitted to be established by any of the following methods or
procedures:

1. Designs documented in approved sources.

2. Calculations performed in an approved manner.

3. Engineering analysis based on a comparison of opening
protective designs having fire-protection ratings as de-
termined by the test procedures set forth in NFPA 252 or
NFPA 257.

4. Alternative protection methods as allowed by Section
104.11.

715.4 Fire door and shutter assemblies. Approved fire door
and fire shutter assemblies shall be constructed of any material
or assembly of component materials that conforms to the test
requirements of Section 715.4.1, 715.4.2 or 715.4.3 and the
fire-protection rating indicated in Table 715.4. Fire door
assembUes and shutters shall be installed in accordance with
the provisions of this section and NFPA 80.

Exceptions:

1 . Labeled protective assemblies that conform to the re-
quirements of this section or UL 10 A, UL 14B and
UL 14C for tin-clad fire door assemblies.

2. Floor fire door assemblies in accordance with Section
711.8.

TABLE 715.4
FIRE DOOR AND FIRE SHUTTER FIRE PROTECTION RATINGS

TYPE OF ASSEMBLY

REQUIRED ASSEMBLY RATING
(hours)

MINIMUM FIRE DOOR AND FIRE
SHUTTER ASSEMBLY RATING (hours)

Fire walls and fire barriers having a required fire-resistance
rating greater than 1 hour

IV,

3
3^
IV2
IV,

Fire barriers having a required fire-resistance rating of 1 hour:
Shaft, exit enclosure and exit passageway walls
Other fire barriers

1
1

Fire partitions:
Corridor walls

Other fire partitions

1
0.5

Va^
V,

Exterior walls

3
2
1

IV,
IV2

Smoke barriers

V,"

a. Two doors, each with a fire protection rating of 1 V, hours, installed on opposite sides of the same opening in a iire wall, shall be deemed equivalent in fire protection
rating to one 3-hour fire door.

b. For testing requirements, see Section 715.4.3.

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715.4.1 Side-hinged or pivoted swinging doors.

Side-hinged and pivoted swinging doors shall be tested in
accordance with NFPA 252 or UL IOC. After 5 minutes into
the NFPA 252 test, the neutral pressure level in the furnace
shall be established at 40 inches (1016 mm) or less above the
siU.

715.4.2 Other types of doors. Other types of doors, includ-
ing swinging elevator doors, shall be tested in accordance
with NFPA 252 or UL 1 OB . The pressure in the furnace shall
be maintained as nearly equal to the atmospheric pressure as
possible. Once estabUshed, the pressure shall be maintained
during the entire test period.

715.4.3 Door assemblies in corridors and smoke barri-
ers. Fire door assemblies required to have a minimum &e
protection rating of 20 minutes where located in corridor
walls or smoke-barrier walls having a fu:e-resistance rating
in accordance with Table 7 1 5.4 shall be tested in accordance
with NFPA 252 or UL IOC without the hose stream test.

Exceptions:

1 . Viewports that require a hole not larger than 1 inch
(25 mm) in diameter through the door, have at least
a 0.25-inch-thick (6.4 nun) glass disc and the
holder is of metal that will not melt out where sub-
ject to temperatures of 1,700°F (927°C).

2. Corridor door assemblies in occupancies of Group
1-2 shall be in accordance with Section 407.3.1.

3. Unprotected openings shall be permitted for corri-
dors in multitheater complexes where each motion
picture auditorium has at least one-half of its re-
quired exit or exit access doorways opening di-
rectly to the exterior or into an exit passageway.

4. Cell or room doors in Group 1-3 occupancies
which open into a required exit corridor within a
cell complex.

715.4.3.1 Smoke and draft control. Fire door assem-
blies shall also meet the requirements for a smoke and
draft control door assembly tested in accordance with
UL 1784. Louvers shall be prohibited. Installation of
smoke doors shall be in accordance with NFPA 105.

715.4.3.2 Glazing in door assemblies. In a 20-niinute
fire door assembly, the glazing material in the door itself
shall have a minimum fire-protection rating of 20 min-
utes and shall be exempt from the hose stream test. Glaz-
ing material in any other part of the door assembly,
including transom lites and sidelites, shall be tested in
accordance with NFPA 257, including the hose stream
test, in accordance with Section 715.5.

715.4.4 Doors in exit enclosures and exit passageways.

Fire door assemblies in exit enclosures and exit passage-
ways shall have a maximum transmitted temperature end
point of not more than 450°F (250° C) above ambient at the
end of 30 minutes of standard fire test exposure.

Exception: The maximum transmitted temperature rise
is not limited in buildings equipped throughout with an

automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with
Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

715.4.4.1 Glazing in doors. Fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing in excess of 100 square inches (0.065 m^) shall be
permitted in fire door assemblies when tested in accor-
dance with NFPA 252 as components of the door assem-
blies and not as glass lights, and shall have a maximum
transmitted temperature rise of 450°F (250°C) in accor-
dance with Section 715.4.4.

Exception: The maximum transmitted temperature
end point is not required in buildings equipped
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2.

715.4.5 Labeled protective assemblies. Fire door assem-
blies shall be labeled by an approved agency. The labels
shall comply with NFPA 80, and shall be permanently
affixed to the door or frame.

715.4.5.1 Fire door labeling requirements. Fire doors
shall be labeled showing the name of the manufacturer,
the name of the third-party inspection agency, the fire
protection rating and, where required for fire doors in
exit enclosures and exit passageways by Section 7 1 5.4.4,
the maximum transmitted temperature end point. Smoke
and draft control doors complying with UL 1784 shall be
labeled as such. Labels shall be approved and perma-
nently affixed. The label shall be applied at the factory or
location where fabrication and assembly are performed.

Exception: In Group 1-3 doors, which are required to
be 45 minutes or higher, shall be fire-rated assemblies
or certified by the manufacturer as being equivalent
to the required standard.

715.4.5.2 Oversized doors. Oversized fire doors shall
bear an oversized fire door label by an approved agency
or shall be provided with a certificate of inspection fur-
nished by an approved testing agency. When a certificate
of inspection is furnished by an approved testing agency,
the certificate shall state that the door conforms to the
requirements of design, materials and construction, but
has not been subjected to the fire test.

715.4.5.3 Smoke and draft control door labeling
requirements. Smoke and draft control doors comply-
ing with UL 1784 shall be labeled in accordance with
Section 715.4.5. 1 and shall show the letter "S" on the fire
rating label of the door. This marking shall indicate that
the door and frame assembly are in compUance when
listed or labeled gasketing is also installed.

715.4.5.4 Fire door frame labeling requirements. Fne

door frames shall be labeled showing the names of the
manufacturer and the third-party inspection agency.

715.4.6 Glazing material. Fire-protection-rated glazing
conforming to the opening protection requirements in Sec-
tion 715.4 shall be permitted in fire door assembUes.

715.4.6.1 Size limitations. Wired glass used in fire doors
shall comply with Table 715.5.3. Other fire-protec-

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2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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tion-rated glazing shall comply with the size limitations
ofNFPASO.

Exceptions:

1. Fire-protection-rated glazing in fire doors lo-
cated in fire walls shall be prohibited except
that where serving as a horizontal exit, a
self-closing swinging door shall be permitted to
have a vision panel of not more than 100 square
inches (0.065 m^) without a dimension exceed-
ing 10 inches (254 mm).

2. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall not be in-
stalled in fire doors having a 1 '^-hour fire pro-
tection rating intended for installation in &e
barriers, unless the glazing is not more than 100
square inches (0.065 m^) in area.

715.4.6.2 Exit and elevator protectives. Approved
fire-protection-rated glazing used in fire door assemblies
in elevator and exit enclosures shall be so located as to
furnish clear vision of the passageway or approach to the
elevator, ramp or stairway.

715.4.6.3 Labeling. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall
bear a label or other identification showing the name of
the manufacturer, the test standard and information
required in Section 715.5.8.1 that shall be issued by an
approved agency and shall be permanently affixed to the
glazing.

715.4.6.3.1 Identification. For fu:e-protection-rated
glazing, the label shall bear the following four-part
identification: "D - H or NH - T or NT - XXX." "D"
indicates that the glazing shall be used in fire door
assemblies and that the glazing meets the fire resis-
tance requirements of the test standard. "H" shall
indicate that the glazing meets the hose stream
requirements of the test standard. "NH" shall indicate
that the glazing does not meet the hose stream require-
ments of the test. "T" shall indicate that the glazing
meets the temperature requirements of Section
715.4.4.1. "NT" shall indicate that the glazing does
not meet the temperature requirements of Section
715.4.4.1. The placeholder "XXX" shall specify the
fire-protection-rating period, in minutes.

715.4.6.4 Safety glazing. Fire-protection-rated glazing
installed in fire doors or fire window assemblies in areas
subject to human impact in hazardous locations shall
comply with Chapter 24.

715.4.7 Door closing. Fire doors shall be self- or automatic
closing in accordance with this section.

Exceptions:

1. Fire doors located in common walls separating
sleeping units in Group R-1 shall be permitted
without automatic- or self-closing devices.

2. The elevator car doors and the associated hoistway
enclosure doors at the floor level designated for re-
call in accordance with Section 3003.2 shall be
permitted to remain open during Phase I emer-
gency recall operation.

715.4.7.1 Latch required. Unless otherwise specifically
permitted, single fire doors and both leaves of pairs of
side-hinged swinging fire doors shall be provided with
an active latch bolt that will secure the door when it is
closed.

715.4.7.2 Automatic-closing fire door assemblies.

Automatic-closing fire door assemblies shall be
self-closing in accordance with NFPA 80.

715.4.7.3 Smoke-activated doors. Automatic-closing
doors installed in the following locations shall be auto-
matic closing by the actuation of smoke detectors
installed in accordance with Section 907. 10 or by loss of
power to the smoke detector or hold-open device. Doors
that are automatic closing by smoke detection shall not
have more than a 10-second delay before the door starts
to close after the smoke detector is actuated:

1. Doors installed across a corridor.

2. Doors that protect openings in exits or corridors
required to be of fire-resistance-rated construc-
tion.

3. Doors that protect openings in walls that are ca-
pable of resisting the passage of smoke in accor-
dance with Section 508.2.2.1.

4. Doors installed in smoke barriers in accordance
with Section 709.5.

5. Doors installed in fire partitions in accordance
with Section 708.6.

6. Doors installed in a fire wall in accordance with
Section 705.8.

7. Doors installed in shaft enclosures in accordance
with Section 707.7.

8. Doors installed in refuse and laundry chutes and
access and termination rooms in accordance with
Section 707.13.

9. Doors installed in the walls for
compartmentation of underground buildings in
accordance with Section 405.4.2.

10. Doors installed in the elevator lobby walls of un-
derground buildings in accordance with Section
405.4.3.

1 1 . Doors installed in smoke partitions in accordance
with Section 710.5.3.

12. [SFM] Doors installed in walls required to be fire
rated in accordance with Section 508.2.2.

13. [SFM] Doors installed in walls required to be fire
rated in accordance with Section 508.3.3.

In Group 1-2 occupancies, smoke-activated doors
installed in the above locations shall be automatic clos-
ing by actuation of the fire alarm system, or actuation of
smoke detectors installed in accordance with Section
907.10 or activation of the sprinkler system installed in
accordance with Section 903.1.

715.4.7.4 Doors in pedestrian vyays. Vertical sUding or
vertical rolling steel frre doors in openings through

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

173

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

which pedestrians travel shall be heat activated or acti-
vated by smoke detectors with alarm verification.

715.4.8 Swinging fire shutters. Where fire shutters of the
swinging type are installed in exterior openings, not less
than one row in every three vertical rows shall be arranged to
be readily opened from the outside, and shall be identified
by distinguishing marks or letters not less than 6 inches (152
mm) high.

715.4.9 Rolling fire shutters. Where fire shutters of the
rolling type are installed, such shutters shall include
approved automatic-closing devices.

715.5 Fire-protection-rated glazing. Glazing in fire window
assemblies shall be fire-protection rated in accordance with
this section and Table 715.5. Glazing in fire door assembUes
shall comply with Section 715.4.6. Fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing shall be tested in accordance with and shall meet the accep-
tance criteria of NFPA 257. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall
also comply with NFPA 80. Openings in nonfire-resis-
tance-rated exterior wall assemblies that require protection in
accordance with Section 704.3, 704.8, 704.9 or 704.10 shall
have a fire-protection rating of not less than V4 hour.

Exceptions:

1. Wired glass in accordance with Section 715.5.3.

2. Fire-protection-rated glazing in 0.5-hour fire-resis-
tance-rated partitions is permitted to have an
0.33-hour fire-protection rating.

TABLE 715.5
FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY FIRE PROTECTION RATINGS

TYPE OF ASSEMBLY

REQUIRED ASSEMBLY
RATING (hours)

MINIMUM FIRE

WINDOW

ASSEMBLY RATINg

(hours)

Interior walls:
Fire walls
Fire barriers
Smoke barriers
and fire partitions

All
>1

NP='

Npa

Exterior walls

IV,

Party wall

All

NP = Not Permitted.

a. Not permitted except as specified in Section 715.2.

715.5.1 Testing under positive pressure. NFPA 257 shall
evaluate fire-protection-rated glazing under positive pres-
sure. Within the first 10 minutes of a test, the pressure in the
furnace shall be adjusted so at least two-thirds of the test
specimen is above the neutral pressure plane, and the neutral
pressure plane shall be maintained at that height for the
balance of the test.

715.5.2 Nonsymmetrical glazing systems. Non-symmet-
rical fire-protection-rated glazing systems in fire partitions,
fire barriers or in exterior walls with a fire separation dis-
tance of 5 feet (1524 mm) or less pursuant to Section 704
shall be tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and
the assigned fire protection rating shall be the shortest dura-

tion obtained from the two tests conducted in compliance
witii NFPA 257.

715.5.3 Wired glass. Steel window frame assembhes of
0.125-inch (3.2 mm) minimum solid section or of not less
than nominal 0.048-inch-thick (1 .2 mm) formed sheet steel
members fabricated by pressing, mitering, riveting, inter-
locking or welding and having provision for glazing with
V4-inch (6.4 mm) wired glass where securely installed in the
building construction and glazed with V4-inch (6.4 mm)
labeled wired glass shall be deemed to meet the require-
ments for a %-hour fire window assembly. Wired glass pan-
els shall conform to the size limitations set forth in Table
715.5.3.

TABLE 715.5.3
LIIUIITING SIZES OF WIRED GLASS PANELS

OPENING FIRE

PROTECTION

RATING

MAXIMUM

AREA

(square inches)

MAXIMUM
HEIGHT
(inches)

MAXIMUM
WIDTH
(inches)

3 hours

iVj-hour doors in
exterior walls

1 and IV2 hours

100

V4hour

1,296

20 minutes

Not Limited

Fire window
assemblies

1,296

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mm^.

715.5.4 Nonwired glass. Glazing other than wired glass in
fire window assemblies shall be fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing installed in accordance with and complying with the size
limitations set forth in NFPA 80.

715.5.5 Installation. Fire-protection-rated glazing shall be
in the fixed position or be automatic-closing and shall be
installed in approved frames.

715.5.6 Window muUions. Metal mulhons that exceed a
nominal height of 12 feet (3658 mm) shall be protected with
materials to afford the same fire-resistance rating as
required for the wall construction in which the protective is
located.

715.5.7 Interior fire window assemblies. Fire-protec-
tion-rated glazing used in fire window assemblies located in
fire partitions and fire barriers shall be limited to use in
assemblies with a maximum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour
in accordance with this section.

715.5.7.1 Where permitted. Fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing shall be limited to fire partitions designed in accor-
dance with Section 708 and fu-e barriers utilized in the
apphcations set forth in Sections 706.3.6 and 706.3.8
where the fire-resistance rating does not exceed 1 hour.

715.5.7.2 Size limitations. The total area of windows
shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of a common wall
with any room.

715.5.8 Labeling requirements. Fke-protection-rated
glazing shall bear a label or other identification showing the
name of the manufacturer, the test standard and information

174

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

required in Section 715.5.8.1 that shall be issued by an
approved agency and shall be permanently affixed to the
glazing.

715.5.8.1 Identification. For fire-protection-rated glaz-
ing, the label shall bear the following two-part identifica-
tion: "OH - XXX." "OH" indicates that the glazing meets
both the fire-resistance and the hose-stream require-
ments of NFPA 257 and is permitted to be used in open-
ings. "XXX" represents the fire-protection rating period,
in minutes, that was tested.

SECTION 716
DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS

716.1 General. The provisions of this section shall govern the
protection of duct penetrations and air transfer openings in
assemblies required to be protected.

716.1.1 Ducts without dampers. Ducts that penetrate
fire-resistance-rated assemblies and are not required by this
section to have dampers shall comply with the requirements
of Section 712.

716.2 Installation. Fire dampers, smoke dampers, combina-
tion fire/smoke dampers and ceiling radiation dampers located
within air distribution and smoke control systems shall be
installed in accordance with the requirements of this section,
the manufacturer's installation instructions and the dampers'
listing.

716.2.1 Smoke control system. Where the installation of a
fire damper will interfere with the operation of a required
smoke control system in accordance with Section 909,
approved alternative protection shall be utilized.

716.2.2 Hazardous exhaust ducts. Fire dampers for haz-
ardous exhaust duct systems shall comply with the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code.

716.3 Damper testing and ratings. Dampers shall be listed
and bear the label of an approved testing agency indicating
compliance with the standards in this section. Fire dampers
shall comply with the requirements of UL 555. Only fire damp-
ers labeled for use in dynamic systems shall be installed in
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems designed to
operate with fans on during a fire. Smoke dampers shall com-
ply with the requirements of UL 555S. Combination
fire/smoke dampers shall comply with the requirements of both
UL 555 and UL 555S. Ceiling radiation dampers shall comply
with the requirements of UL 555C.

716.3.1 Fire protection rating. Fire dampers shall have the
minimum fire protection rating specified in Table 716.3.1
for the type of penetration.

TABLE 716.3.1
FIRE. DAMPER RATING

TYPE OF
PENETRATION

MINIMUM DAMPER RATING
(hours)

Less than 3-hour fire-resistance-rated
assemblies

1.5

3 -hour or greater fire-resistance-rated
assemblies

716.3.1.1 Fire damper actuating device. The fire
damper actuating device shall meet one of the following
requirements:

1 . The operating temperature shall be approximately
50°F (10°C) above the normal temperature within
the duct system, but not less than 160°F (71°C).

2. The operating temperature shall be not more than
286°F (14rC) where located in a smoke control
system complying with Section 909.

3. Where a combination fire/smoke damper is lo-
cated in a smoke control system complying with
Section 909, the operating temperature rating shall
be approximately 50°F (10°C). above the maxi-
mum smoke control system designed operating
temperature, or a maximum temperature of 350°F
(177°C). The temperature shall not exceed the UL
555S degradation test temperature rating for a
combination fire/smoke damper.

716.3.2 Smoke damper ratings. Smoke damper leakage
ratings shall not be less than Class U. Elevated temperature
ratings shall not be less than 250°F (12rC).

716.3.2.1 Smoke damper actuation methods. The

smoke damper shall close upon actuation of a Usted
smoke detector or detectors installed in accordance with
Section 907.10 and one of the following methods, as
applicable:

1 . Where a damper is installed within a duct, a smoke
detector shall be installed in the duct within 5 feet
(1524 mm) of the damper with no air outlets or in-
lets between the detector and the damper. The de-
tector shall be listed for the air velocity,
temperature and humidity anticipated at the point
where it is installed. Other than in mechanical
smoke control systems, dampers shall be closed
upon fan shutdown where local smoke detectors
require a minimum velocity to operate.

2. Where a damper is installed above smoke barrier
doors in a smoke barrier, a spot-type detector Usted
for releasing service shall be installed on either
side of the smoke barrier door opening.

3. Where a damper is installed within an unducted
opening in a wall, a spot-type detector listed for re-
leasing service shall be installed within 5 feet
(1524 mm) horizontally of the damper.

4. Where a damper is installed in a corridor wall or
ceihng, the damper shall be permitted to be con-
trolled by a smoke detection system installed in the
corridor.

5. Where a total-coverage smoke detector system is
provided within areas served by a heating, ventila-
tion and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, damp-
ers shall be permitted to be controlled by the
smoke detection system.

716.4 Access and identification. Fire and smoke dampers
shall be provided with an approved means of access, which is
large enough to permit inspection and maintenance of the

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

175

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

damper and its operating parts. The access shall not affect the
integrity of fire-resistance-rated assemblies. The access open-
ings shall not reduce the fire-resistance rating of the assembly.
Access points shall be permanently identified on the exterior
by a label having letters not less than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in
height reading: FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER, SMOKE DAMPER
or FIRE DAMPER. Access doors in ducts shall be tight fitting
and suitable for the required duct construction.

716.5 Where required. Fire dampers, smoke dampers, combi-
nation fire/smoke dampers and ceiling radiation dampers shall
be provided at the locations prescribed in Sections 716.5.1
through 716.5.5 and Section 716.6. Where an assembly is
required to have both fire dampers and smoke dampers, combi-
nation fire/smoke dampers or a fire damper and a smoke
damper shall be required.

716.5.1 Fire walls. Ducts and air transfer openings permit-
ted in fire walls in accordance with Section 705. 1 1 shall be
protected with listed fire dampers installed in accordance
with their listing.

716.5.2 Fire barriers. In other than high-rise buildings,
Group A, E, H, I, L and R occupancies and other applica-
tions listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State
Fire Marshal, ducts and air transfer openings that penetrate
fire barriers shall be protected with listed fire dampers
installed in accordance with their listing. Ducts and air
transfer openings shall not penetrate exit enclosures and
exit passageways except as permitted by Sections 1020.1.2
and 1021.5, respectively.

Exception: Fire dampers are not required at penetrations
of fire barriers where any of the following apply:

1. Penetrations are tested in accordance with ASTM
E 119 as part of the fire-resistance rated assembly.

2. Ducts are used as part of an approved smoke con-
trol system in accordance with Section 909 and
where the fire damper would interfere with the op-
eration of the smoke control system.

3. Such walls are penetrated by ducted HVAC sys-
tems, have a required fire-resistance rating of 1
hour or less, are in areas of other than Group H and
are in buildings equipped throughout with an auto-
matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3. 1 . 1 or 903.3. 1 .2. For the purposes of this ex-
ception, a ducted HVAC system shall be a duct sys-
tem for conveying supply, return or exhaust air as
part of the structure's HVAC system. Such a duct
system shall be constructed of sheet steel not less
than 26 gage thickness and shall be continuous
from the air-handling appliance or equipment to
the air outlet and inlet terminals.

For high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I, L and R occu-
pancies and other applications listed in Section 111 regu-
lated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, ducts and air
transfer openings of fire barriers shall be protected with
approved fire and smoke dampers installed in accordance
with their listing. Ducts and air transfer openings shall not

penetrate exit enclosures and exit passageways except as
permitted by Sections 1020.1.2 and 1021.5, respectively.

Exceptions:

1. Fire dampers are not required at penetrations of
fire barriers where penetrations are tested in ac-
cordance with ASTM E 119 as part of the fire-re-
sistance-rated assembly.

2. Fire and smoke dampers are not required where
ducts are used as part of an approved smoke con-
trol system in accordance with Section 909 and
where the use of afire or smoke damper would in-
terfere with the operation of a smoke control sys-
tern.

716.5.3 Shaft enclosures. Shaft enclosures that are permit-
ted to be penetrated by ducts and air transfer openings shall
be protected with listed fire and smoke dampers installed in
accordance with their listing.

Exceptions:

1. Fire dampers are not required at penetrations of
shafts where:

1.1. Steel exhaust subducts are extended at
least 22 inches (559 mm) vertically in ex-
haust shafts, provided there is a continuous
airflow upward to the outside; or

Penetrations are tested in accordance with
ASTM E 119 as part of the fire-resistance
rated assembly; or

Ducts are used as part of an approved
smoke control system in accordance with
Section 909 and where the fire damper will
interfere with the operation of the smoke
control system; or

1.4. The penetrations are in parking garage ex-
haust or supply shafts that are separated
from other building shafts by not less than
2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction.

In Group B and R occupancies, equipped through-
out with an automatic sprinkler system in accor-
dance with Section 903.3.1.1, smoke dampers are
not required at penetrations of shafts where:

2. 1 . Kitchen, clothes dryer, bathroom and toilet
room exhaust openings are installed with
steel exhaust subducts, having a wall thick-
ness of at least 0.0 19 inch (0.48 mm); and

2.2. That extend at least 22 mches (559 mm)
vertically; and

2.3. An exhaust fan is installed at the upper ter-
minus of the shaft that is, powered continu-
ously in accordance with the provisions of
Section 909. 1 1, so as to maintain a contin-
uous upward airflow to the outside.

Smoke dampers are not required at penetration of
exhaust or supply shafts in parking garages that are

1.2

1.3

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2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

separated from other building shafts by not less
than 2-hour fire-resistance-rated construction.

4. Smoke dampers are not required at penetrations of
shafts where ducts are used as part of an approved
mechanical smoke control system designed in ac-
cordance with Section 909 and where the smoke
damper will interfere with the operation of the
smoke control system.

716.5.4 Fire partitions. Ducts and air transfer openings
that penetrate fire partitions shall be protected with listed
fire dampers installed in accordance with their listing.

Exceptions: In other than high-rise buildings and in
occupancies other than Group A, E, H, landR and other
applications listedin Section 111 regulated by the Office
of the State Fire Marshal, fire dampers are not required
where any of the following apply:

1. The partitions are tenant separation or corridor
walls in buildings equipped throughout with an au-
tomatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec-
tion 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and the duct is
protected as a through penetration in accordance
with Section 712.

2. Tenant partitions in covered mall buildings where
the walls are not required by provisions elsewhere
in the code to extend to the underside of the floor or
roof deck above.

3. The duct system is constructed of approved mate-
rials in accordance with the California Mechanical
Code and the duct penetrating the wall complies
with all of the following requirements:

3.1. The duct shall not exceed 100 square
inches (0.06 m^).

3.2. The duct shall be constructed of steel a
minimum of 0.0217 inch (0.55 mm) in
thickness.

3.3. The duct shall not have openings that com-
municate the corridor with adjacent spaces
or rooms.

3 .4. The duct shall be installed above a ceiHng.

3.5. The duct shall not terminate at a wall regis-
ter in the fire-resistance-rated wall.

3.6. A minimum 12-inch-long (305 mm) by
0.060-inch-thick (1.52 mm) steel sleeve
shall be centered in each duct opening. The
sleeve shall be secured to both sides of the
wall and all four sides of the sleeve with
minimum I'/j-inch by IVj-inch by
0.060-inch (38 mm by 38 mm by 1.52 mm)
steel retaining angles. The retaining angles
shall be secured to the sleeve and the wall
with No. 10 (M5) screws. The annular
space between the steel sleeve and the wall
opening shall be filled with mineral wool
batting on all sides.

716.5.4.1 Corridors. In other than high-rise buildings,
Group A, E, H, I, L andR occupancies and other applica-

tions listed in Section 111 regulated by the Office of the
State Fire Marshal, a listed smoke damper designed to
resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each
point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a corridor
enclosure required to have smoke and draft doors in
accordance with Section 715.4.3.

Exceptions:

1. Smoke dampers are not required where the
building is equipped throughout with an ap-
proved smoke control system in accordance
with Section 909, and smoke dampers are not
necessary for the operation and control of the
system.

2. Smoke dampers are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constnicted of
steel not less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) in
thickness and there are no openings serving the
corridor.

For high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I, L and R
occup'ancies and other applications listed in Section 111
regulated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal, a listed
smoke damper designed to resist the passage of smoke
shall also be provided at each point a duct or air transfer
opening penetrates a fire-resistance rated corridor
enclosure required to have smoke and draft doors in
accordance with Section 715.4.3.

Exceptions:

1. Smoke dampers are not required where ducts
are used as part of an approved mechanical
smoke control system designed in accordance
with Section 909 and where the smoke damper
will interfere with the operation of the smoke
control system.

2. Smoke dampers are not required in corridor
penetrations where the duct is constructed of
steel not less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) in
thickness and there are no openings serving the
corridor

716.5.5 Smoke barriers. A listed smoke damper designed
to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point
a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a smoke barrier.
Smoke dampers and smoke damper actuation methods shall
comply with Section 716.3.2.1.

Exception: Smoke dampers are not required where the
openings in ducts are limited to a single smoke compart-
ment and the ducts are constructed of steel.

716.6 Horizontal assemblies. Penetrations by ducts and air
transfer openings of a floor, floor/ceiling assembly or the ceil-
ing membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly shall be protected by
a shaft enclosure that complies with Section 707 or shall com-
ply with Sections 716.6.1 through 716.6.3.

716.6.1 Through penetrations. In occupancies other than
Groups 1-2 and 1-3 , a duct constructed of approved materials
in accordance with the California Mechanical Code that
penetrates a fure-resistance-rated floor/ceiling assembly
that connects not more than two stories is permitted without

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

177

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

shaft enclosure protection, provided a listed fire damper is
installed at the floor line or the duct is protected in accor-
dance with Section 712.4. For air transfer openings, see
Exception 7 to Section 707.2.

Exception: A duct is permitted to penetrate three floors
or less without a fire damper at each floor, provided it
meets all of the following requirements:

1. The duct shall be contained and located within the
cavity of a wall and shall be constructed of steel not
less than 0.019 inch (0.48 mm) (26 gage) in thick-
ness.

2. The duct shaU open into only one dwelling or
sleeping unit and the duct system shall be continu-
ous from the unit to the exterior of the building.

3. The duct shall not exceed 4-inch (102 mm) nomi-
nal diameter and the total area of such ducts shall
not exceed 100 square inches (0.065 m^) in any
100 square feet (9.3 m^) of floor area.

4. The annular space around the duct is protected
with materials that prevent the passage of flame
and hot gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste
where subjected to ASTM E 1 19 time-temperature
conditions under a minimum positive pressure dif-
ferential of 0.0 1 inch (2.49 Pa) of water at the loca-
tion of the penetration for the time period
equivalent to the fire-resistance rating of the
construction penetrated.

5. Grille openings located in a ceiling of a fire-resis-
tance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly
shall be protected with a listed ceiling radiation
damper installed in accordance with Section
716.6.2.1.

716.6.2 Membrane penetrations. Ducts and air transfer
openings constructed of approved materials in accordance
with the California Mechanical Code that penetrate the ceil-
ing membrane of a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceihng or
roof/ceiling assembly shall be protected with one of the
following:

1. A shaft enclosure in accordance with Section 707.

2. A listed ceiling radiation damper installed at the ceil-
ing line where a duct penetrates the ceiling of a
fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling
assembly.

3. A listed ceiling radiation damper installed at the ceil-
ing line where a diffuser with no duct attached pene-
trates the ceiling of a fire-resistance-rated
floor/ceiling or roof/ceiUng assembly.

716.6.2.1 Ceiling radiation dampers. Ceiling radiation
dampers shall be tested in accordance with UL 555C and
instdled in accordance with the manufacturer's installa-
tion instructions and listing. CeiUng radiation dampers
are not required where either of the following applies:

1 . Tests in accordance with ASTM E 1 1 9 have shown
that ceiling radiation dampers are not necessary in
order to maintain the fire-resistance rating of the
assembly.

2. Where exhaust duct penetrations are protected in
accordance with Section 712.4.1.2, are located
within the cavity of a wall and do not pass through
another dwelling unit or tenant space.

716.6.3 Nonfire-resistance-rated floor assemblies. Duct
systems constructed of approved materials in accordance
with the California Mechanical Code that penetrate
nonfire-resistance-rated floor assemblies shall be protected
by any of the following methods:

1. A shaft enclosure in accordance with Section 707.

2. The duct connects not more than two stories, the an-
nular space around the penetrating duct is protected
with an approved noncombustible material that resists
the free passage of flame and the products of
combustion.

3. The duct connects not more than three stories, the an-
nular space around the penetrating duct is protected
with an approved noncombustible material that resists
the free passage of flame and the products of combus-
tion and a fire damper is installed at each floor line.

Exception: Fire dampers are not required in ducts
within individual residential dwelling units.

716.7 Flexible ducts and air connectors. Flexible ducts and
air connectors shall not pass through any fire-resistance-rated
assembly. Flexible air connectors shall not pass through any
wall, floor or ceiling.

SECTION 717
CONCEALED SPACES

717.1 General. Fireblocking and draftstopping shall be
installed in combustible concealed locations in accordance
with this section. Fireblocking shall comply with Section
717.2. Draftstopping in floor/ceiling spaces and attic spaces
shall comply with Sections 717.3 and 717.4, respectively. The
permitted use of combustible materials in concealed spaces of
buildings of Type I or II constinction shall be limited to the
appUcations indicated in Section 717.5.

717.2 Fireblocldng. In combustible construction, fireblocking
shall be installed to cut off concealed draft openings (both ver-
tical and horizontal) and shall form an effective barrier between
floors, between a top story and a roof or attic space.
Fireblocking shall be installed in the locations specified in Sec-
tions 717.2.2 through 717.2.7.

717.2.1 Fireblocking materials. Fireblocking shall consist
of 2-inch (51 mm) nominal lumber or two thicknesses of
1-inch (25 mm) nominal lumber with broken lap joints or
one thickness of 0.719-inch (18.3 mm) wood structural
panel with joints backed by 0.719-inch (18.3 mm) wood
structural panel or one thickness of 0.75-inch (19 mm)
particleboard with joints backed by 0.75-inch (19 mm)
particleboard. Gypsum board, cement fiber board, batts or
blankets of mineral wool, glass fiber or other approved
materials installed in such a manner as to be securely
retained in place shall be permitted as an acceptable
fireblock. Batts or blankets of mineral or glass fiber or other
approved nonrigid materials shall be permitted for compli-

178

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

ance with the 10-foot (3048 mm) horizontal fireblocking in
walls constructed using parallel rows of studs or staggered
studs. Loose-fill insulation material shall not be used as a
fireblock unless specifically tested in the form and manner
intended for use to demonstrate its ability to remain in place
and to retard the spread of fire and hot gases. The integrity of
fireblocks shall be maintained.

717.2.1.1 Double stud walls. Batts or blankets of min-
eral or glass fiber or other approved nonrigid materials
shall be allowed as fireblocking in walls constructed
using parallel rows of studs or staggered studs.

717.2.2 Concealed wall spaces. Fireblocking shall be pro-
vided in concealed spaces of stud walls and partitions,
including furred spaces, and parallel rows of studs or stag-
gered studs, as follows:

1. Vertically at the ceiling and floor levels.

2. Horizontally at intervals not exceeding 10 feet (3048
nam).

717.2.3 Connections between horizontal and vertical
spaces. Fireblocking shall be provided at interconnections
between concealed vertical stud wall or partition spaces and
concealed horizontal spaces created by an assembly of floor
joists or trusses, and between concealed vertical and hori-
zontal spaces such as occur at soffits, drop ceilings, cove
ceilings and similar locations.

717.2.4 Stairways. Fireblocking shall be provided in con-
cealed spaces between stair stringers at the top and bottom
of the run. Enclosed spaces under stairs shall also comply
with Section 1009.5.3.

717.2.5 Ceiling and floor openings. Where annular space
protection is provided in accordance with Exception 6 of
Section 707.2, Exception 1 of Section 712.4.1.2, or Section
712.4.2, fireblocking shall be installed at openings around
vents, pipes, ducts, chimneys and fireplaces at ceiling and
floor levels, with an approved material to resist the free pas-
sage of flame and the products of combustion. Factory-built
chimneys and fireplaces shall be fireblocked in accordance
with UL 103 and UL 127.

717.2.6 Architectural trim. Fireblocking shall be installed
within concealed spaces of exterior wall finish and other
exterior architectural elements where permitted to be of
combustible consti^uction as specified in Section 1406 or
where erected with combustible frames, at maximum inter-
vals of 20 feet (6096 mm), so that there will be no open
space exceeding 100 square feet (9.3 m^). Where wood fur-
ling strips are used, they shall be of approved wood of natu-
ral decay resistance or preservative-treated wood. If
noncontinuous, such elements shall have closed ends, with
at least4 inches (102 mm) of separation between sections.

Exceptions:

1. Fireblocking of cornices is not required in sin-
gle-family dwellings. Fireblocking of cornices of a
two-family dwelling is required only at the line of
dwelling unit separation.

2. Fireblocking shall not be required where installed
on noncombustible framing and the face of the ex-
terior wall finish exposed to the concealed space is
covered by one of the following materials:

2. 1 . Aluminum having a minimum thickness of
0.019 inch (0.5 mm).

2.2. Corrosion-resistant steel having a base
metal thickness not less than 0.016 inch
(0.4 mm) at any point.

2.3. Other approved noncombustible materials.

717.2.7 Concealed sleeper spaces. Where wood sleepers
are used for laying wood flooring on masonry or concrete
fire-resistance-rated floors, the space between the floor slab
and the underside of the wood flooring shall be filled with an
approved material to resist the free passage of flame and
products of combustion or fireblocked in such a manner that
there will be no open spaces under the flooring that will
exceed 100 square feet (9.3 m^) in area and such space shall
be filled solidly under permanent partitions so that there is
no communication under the flooring between adjoining
rooms.

Exceptions:

1. Fireblocking is not required for slab-on-grade
floors in gymnasiums.

2. Fireblocking is required only at the juncture of
each alternate lane and at the ends of each lane in a
bowling facility.

717.3 Draftstopping in floors. In combustible construction,
draftstopping shall be installed to subdivide floor/ceiling
assembUes in the locations prescribed in Sections 717.3.2
through 717.3.3.

717.3.1 Draftstopping materials. Draftstopping materials
shall not be less than 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board,
0.375-inch (9.5 mm) wood structural panel, 0.375-inch (9.5
mm) particleboard, 1-inch (25-mm) nominal lumber,
cement fiberboard, batts or blankets of mineral wool or
glass fiber, or other approved materials adequately sup-
ported. The integrity of draftstops shall be maintained.

717.3.2 Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. Draftstopping
shall be provided in floor/ceiling spaces in Group R- 1 build-
ings, in Group R-2 buildings with three or more dwelling
units, in Group R-3 buildings with two dwelling units and in
Group R-4 buildings. Draftstopping shall be located above
and in line with the dwelling unit and sleeping unit separa-
tions.

Exceptions:

1. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped titiroughout with an automatic sprinlder
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2, pro-
vided that automatic sprinklers are also installed in
the combustible concealed spaces.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

179

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

717.3.3 Other groups. In other groups, draftstopping shall
be installed so that horizontal floor areas do not exceed
1,000 square feet (93 m^).

Exceptions:

1 . In other than high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I
andL occupancies and other applications listed in
Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, Jraftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. In high-rise buildings. Group A, E, H, I and L oc-
cupancies and other applications listed in Section
111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Mar-
shal, where an automatic sprinkler system in ac-
cordance with Section 903.3 J.l is installed, the
area between draft stops may be 3,000 square feet
(279 rr?) and the greatest horizontal dimension
may be 100 feet (30 480 mm).

Ill A Draftstopping in attics. In combustible construction,
draftstopping shall be installed to subdivide attic spaces and
concealed roof spaces in the locations prescribed in Sections
717.4.2 and 717.4.3. Ventilation of concealed roof spaces shall
be maintained in accordance with Section 1203.2.

717.4.1 Draftstopping materials. Materials utiUzed for
draftstopping of attic spaces shall comply with Section
717.3.1.

717.4.1.1 Openings. Openings in the partitions shall be
protected by self-closing doors with automatic latches
constructed as required for the partitions.

717.4.2 Groups R-1 and R-2. Draftstopping shall be pro-
vided in attics, mansards, overhangs or other concealed roof
spaces of Group R-2 buildings with three or more dwelUng
units and in all Group R-1 buildings. Draftstopping shall be
installed above, and in Une with, sleeping unit and dwelling
unit separation walls that do not extend to the underside of
the roof sheathing above.

Exceptions:

1. Where corridor waUs provide a sleeping unit or
dwelling unit separation, draftstopping shall only
be required above one of the corridor walls.

2. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

3. In occupancies in Group R-2 that do not exceed
four stories in height, the attic space shall be subdi-
vided by draftstops into areas not exceeding 3,000
square feet (279 m^) or above every two dwelUng
units, whichever is smaller.

4. Draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2, pro-
vided that automatic sprinklers are also installed in
the combustible concealed spaces.

717.4.3 Other groups. Draftstopping shall be installed in
attics and concealed roof spaces, such that any horizontal
area does not exceed 3,000 square feet (279 m^).

Exceptions:

1. In other than high-rise buildings, Group A, E, H, I
and L occupancies and other applications listed in
Section 111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire
Marshal, draftstopping is not required in buildings
equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.

2. In high-rise buildings. Group A, E, H, land L oc-
cupancies and other applications listed in Section
111 regulated by the Office of the State Fire Mar-
shal, where an automatic sprinkler system in ac-
cordance with Section 903.3.1.1 is installed, the
area between draft stops may be 9,000 square feet
(836 m^) and the greatest horizontal dimension
may be 100 feet (30 480 mm).

717.5 Combustible materials in concealed spaces in Type I
or n construction. Combustible materials shall not be permit-
ted in concealed spaces of buildings of TVpe I or II
construction.

Exceptions:

1. Combustible materials in accordance with Section
603.

2. Combustible materials exposed within plenums com-
plying with Section 602 of the California Mechanical
Code.

3. Class A interior finish materials classified in accor-
dance with Section 803.

4. Combustible piping within partitions or shaft enclo-
sures installed in accordance with the provisions of
this code.

5. Combustible piping within concealed ceiling spaces
installed in accordance with the California Mechani-
cal Code and tiie California Plumbing Code.

6. Combustible insulation and covering on pipe and tub-
ing, installed in concealed spaces other than plenums,
complying with Section 719.7.

7. Complying with Section 719.7.

SECTION 718

FIRE-RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR

PLASTER

718.1 Thickness of plaster., The minimum thickness of gyp-
sum plaster or portland cement plaster used in a fire-resis-
tance-rated system shall be determined by the prescribed fire
tests. The plaster thickness shall be measured from the face of
the lath where applied to gypsum lath or metal lath.

718.2 Plaster equivalents. For fire-resistance purposes, 0.5
inch (12.7 mm) of unsanded gypsum plaster shall be deemed
equivalent to 0.75 inch (19. 1 mm) of one-to-three gypsum sand
plaster or 1 inch (25 mm) of pordand cement sand plaster.

180

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

718.3 Noncombustible furring. In buildings of Type I and 11
construction, plaster shall be applied directly on concrete or
masonry or on approved noncombustible plastering base and
furring.

718.4 Double reinforcement. Plaster protection more than 1
inch (25 mm) in thickness shall be reinforced with an addi-
tional layer of approved lath embedded at least 0.75 inch (19.1
mm) from the outer surface and fixed securely in place.

Exception: SoHd plaster partitions or where otherwise
determined by fire tests.

718.5 Plaster alternatives for concrete. In reinforced con-
crete construction, gypsum plaster or portland cement plaster is
permitted to be substituted for 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) of the
required poured concrete protection, except that a minimum
thickness of 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) of poured concrete shall be
provided in reinforced concrete floors and 1 inch (25 mm) in
reinforced concrete columns in addition to the plaster finish.
The concrete base shall be prepared in accordance with Section
2510.7.

SECTION 719
THERMAL- AND SOUND-INSULATING MATERIALS

719.1 General. Insulating materials, including facings such as
vapor retarders and vapor-permeable membranes, similar cov-
erings, and all layers of single and multilayer reflective foil
insulations, shall comply with the requirements of this section.
Where a flame spread index or a smoke-developed index is
specified in this section, such index shall be determined in
accordance with ASTM E 84. Any material that is subject to an
increase in flame spread index or smoke-developed index
beyond the limits herein established through the effects of age,
moisture, or other atmospheric conditions shall not be
permitted.

Exceptions:

1 . Fiberboard insulation shall comply with Chapter 23 .

2. Foam plastic insulation shall comply with Chapter 26.

3. Duct and pipe insulation and duct and pipe coverings
and linings in plenums shall comply with the Califor-
nia Mechanical Code.

719.2 Concealed installation. Insulating materials, where
concealed as installed in buildings of any type of construction,
shall have a flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray
applied, complying with the requirements of Section 719.6,
shall only be required to meet the smoke-developed index of
not more than 450.

719.2.1 Facings. Where such materials are installed in con-
cealed spaces in buildings of Type III, IV or V consti-uction,
the flame spread and smoke-developed limitations do not
apply to facings, coverings, and layers of reflective foil
insulation that are installed behind and in substantial contact

with the unexposed surface of the ceihng, wall or floor
finish.

719.3 Exposed installation. Insulating materials, where
exposed as installed in buildings of any type of construction,
shall have a flame spread index of not more than 25 and a
smoke-developed index of not more than 450.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray
applied complying with the requirements of Section 719.6
shall only be required to meet the smoke-developed index of
not more than 450.

719.3.1 Attic floors. Exposed insulation materials installed
on attic floors shall have a critical radiant flux of not less
than 0.12 watt per square centimeter when tested in accor-
dance with ASTM E 970.

719.4 Loose-fill insulation. Loose-fill insulation materials
that cannot be mounted in the ASTM E 84 apparatus without a
screen or artificial supports shall comply with the flame spread
and smoke-developed limits of Sections 719.2 and 719.3 when
tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S 102.2.

Exception: Cellulose loose-fill insulation shall not be
required to comply with the flame spread index requirement
of CAN/ULC S 102.2, provided such insulation complies
with the requirements of Section 719.6.

719.5 Roof insulation. The use of combustible roof insulation
not complying with Sections 719.2 and 719.3 shall be permit-
ted in any type of construction provided it is covered with
approved roof coverings directly apphed thereto.

719.6 Cellulose loose-fill insulation. Cellulose loose-fill insu-
lation shall comply with CPSC 16 CFR, Part 1209 and CPSC
16 CFR, Part 1404. Each package of such insulating material
shall be clearly labeled in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR, Part
1209 and CPSC 16 CFR, Part 1404.

719.7 Insulation and covering on pipe and tubing. Insula-
tion and covering on pipe and tubing shall have a flame spread
index of not more than 25 and a smoke-developed index of not
more than 450.

Exception: Insulation and covering on pipe and tubing
installed in plenums shall comply with the California
Mechanical Code.

SECTION 720
PRESCRIPTIVE FIRE RESISTANCE

720.1 General. The provisions of this section contain prescrip-
tive details of fire-resistance-rated building elements. The
materials of construction listed in Tables 720.1(1), 720.1(2),
and 720.1(3) shall be assumed to have the fire-resistance rat-
ings prescribed therein. Where materials that change the capac-
ity for heat dissipation are incorporated into a
fire-resistance-rated assembly, fire test results or other substan-
tiating data shall be made available to the building official to
show that the required fire-resistance-rating time period is not
reduced.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

181

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(1)

MINIMUIVI PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS"

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

hour

1. Steel columns
and all of primary
trusses

1-1.1

1-1.2

1-1.3

1-1.4

1-1.5

1-1.6

1-.2.1

1-3.1

1-3.2

1-3.3

1-3.4

1-4.1

1-5.1

1-6.1

1-6.2

1-6.3

1-6.4

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-Hghtweight aggregate concrete, members 6" x 6" or
greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel)."

2V,

IV,

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members 8" x 8" or
greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel)."

IV,

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-Ughtweight aggregate concrete, members
12" X 12" or greater (not including sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel)."

IV,

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members 6" x
6"or greater."

IV,

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members 8" x 8"
or greater."

2V,

SiUceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 1-1.1, members
12" X 12" or greater."

Clay or shale brick with brick and mortar fill."

4" hoUow clay tile in two 2" layers; V2" mortar between tUe and column; Vg" metal
mesh 0.046" wire diameter in horizontal joints; tile fill."

2" hollow clay tile; V/ mortar between tile and column; %" metal mesh 0.046" wire
diameter in horizontal joints; limestone concrete fill;" plastered with V^" gypsum
plaster.

2" hoUow clay tile with outside wire ties 0.08" diameter at each course of tile or Vg"
metal mesh 0.046" diameter wire in horizontal joints; limestone or trap-rock
concrete fill" extending 1" outside column on all sides.

2" hoUow clay tile with outside wire ties 0.08" diameter at each course of tile with or
without concrete fill; V4" mortar between tile and column.

Cement plaster over metal lath wire tied to ^Z/ cold-rolled vertical channels with
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 3" to 6" on center. Plaster mixed
1:2 V2 by volume, cement to sand.

2%"

Vermiculite concrete, 1:4 mix by volume over paperbacked wire fabric lath wrapped
directly around column with additional 2" x 2" 0.065"/0.065" (No. 16/16 B.W. gage)
wire fabric placed V4" from outer concrete surface. Wire fabric tied with 0.049" (No.
18 B.W. gage) wire spaced 6" on center for inner layer and 2" on center for outer
layer.

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster over metal lath wrapped around column and
furred 1 V4" from column flanges. Sheets lapped at ends and tied at 6" intervals with
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) tie wire. Plaster pushed through to flanges.

IV,

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster over self-furring metal lath wrapped directly
around column, lapped 1" and tied at 6" intervals with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage)
wire.

I'L

1V«

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath applied to %" cold-rolled
channels spaced 24" apart vertically and wrapped flatwise around column.

IV,

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster over two layers of Vj" plain full-length gypsum
lath applied tight to column flanges. Lath wrapped with 1" hexagonal mesh of No.
20 gage wire and tied with doubled 0.035" diameter (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties
spaced 23" on center. For three-coat work, the plaster mix for the second coat shall
not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 2V2 cubic feet of aggregate for the 3-hour
system.

2V,

(continued)

182

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(1)— continued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS'"

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (inches)

hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

1. Steel columns
and all of primary
trusses
(continued)

1-6.5

Perlite or vermiculate gypsum plaster over one layer of V2" plain full-length gypsum
lath applied tight to column flanges. Lath tied with doubled 0.049" (No. 18 B.W.
gage) wire ties spaced 23" on center and scratch coat wrapped with 1" hexagonal
mesh 0.035" (No. 20 B.W. gage) wire fabric. For three-coat work, the plaster mix for
the second coat shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 2V2 cubic feet of
aggregate.

1-7.1

1-7.2

1-7.3

1-8.1

Multiple layers of Vj" gypsum wallboard"^ adhesively'' secured to column flanges and
successive layers. Wallboard applied without horizontal joints. Corner edges of each
layer staggered. Wallboard layer below outer layer secured to column with doubled
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel wire ties spaced 15" on center. Exposed corners
taped and treated.

Three layers of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard"^. First and second layer held in place
by Vg" diameter by 1%" long ring shank nails with V^" diameter heads spaced 24"
on center at comers. Middle layer also secured with metal straps at mid-height and
18" from each end, and by metal comer bead at each comer held by the metal straps.
Third layer attached to comer bead with 1" long gypsum wallboard screws spaced
12"on center.

Three layers of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard,"^ each layer screw attached to 1%"
steel studs 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) at each comer of column.
Middle layer also secured with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W.gage) double-strand steel wire
ties, 24" on center. Screws are No. 6 by 1" spaced 24" on center for inner layer, No.
6 by iVg" spaced 12" on center for middle layer and No. 8 by 2V4" spaced 12" on
center for outer layer.

1-9.1

Wood-fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1:1 by weight gypsum-to-sand aggregate
applied over metal lath. Lath lapped 1" and tied 6" on center at all end, edges and
spacers with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel tie wires. Lath applied over V2" spacers
made of %" furring channel with 2" legs bent around each comer. Spacers located 1"
from top and bottom of member and a maximum of 40"on center and wire tied with
a single strand of 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) steel tie wires. Comer bead tied to the
lath at 6" on center along each comer to provide plaster thickness.

Minimum W8x35 wide flaijge steel column (w/d > 0.75) with each web cavity filled
even with the flange tip with normal weight carbonate or siUceous aggregate
concrete (3,000 psi minimum compressive strength with 145 pcf ± 3 pcf unit
weight). Reinforce the concrete in each web cavity with a minimum No. 4 deformed
reinforcing bar installed vertically and centered in the cavity, and secured to the
column web with a minimum No. 2 horizontal deformed reinforcing bar welded to
the web every 18" on center vertically. As an alternative to the No. 4 rebar,%"
diameter by 3" long headed studs, spaced at 12" on center vertically, shall be welded
on each side of the web midway between the column flanges.

IV.

See

Note

2-1.1

2. Webs or
flanges of
steel beams and
girders

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete (not including
sandstone, granite and siliceous gravel) with 3" or finer metal mesh placed 1" from
the finished surface anchored to the top flange and providing not less than 0.025
square inch of steel area per foot in each direction.

IV,

2-1.2

Siliceous aggregate concrete and concrete excluded in Item 2-1.1 with 3" or finer
metal mesh placed 1" from the finished surface anchored to the top flange and
providing not less than 0.025 square inch of steel area per foot in each direction.

2V,

IV,

2-2.1

Cement plaster on metal lath attached to %" cold-rolled channels with 0.04" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 3" to 6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2V2 by volume,
cement to sand.

2V,i>

V«

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

183

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(1)— continued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS"*

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE

PERIODS (inches)

ITEM

PROTECTED

NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

hour

Vermiculite gypsum plaster on a metal lath cage, wire tied to 0.165" diameter (No. 8

2-3.1

B.W. gage) steel wire hangers wrapped around beam and spaced 16" on center. Metal
lath ties spaced approximately 5" on center at cage sides and bottom.

—

Two layers of Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'= are attached to U-shaped brackets

spaced 24" on center. 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) 1%" deep by 1"

galvanized steel runner chaimels are first installed parallel to and on each side of the

top beam flange to provide a V/ clearance to the flange. The channel runners are

attached to steel deck or concrete floor construction with approved fasteners spaced

12" on center. U-shaped brackets are formed from members identical to the channel

runners. At the bent portion of the U-shaped bracket, the flanges of the channel are cut

out so that iVg" deep comer channels can be inserted without attachment parallel to

each side of the lower flange.

2-4.1

As an alternate, 0.021" thick (No. 24 carbon sheet steel gage) T'x 2" runner and comer

1'/.

angles may be used in lieu of channels, and the web cutouts in the U-shaped brackets

1 '4

may be omitted. Each angle is attached to the bracket with V2"-long No. 8 self-drilling

2. Webs or flanges

screws. The vertical legs of the U-shaped bracket are attached to the mnners with one

of steel beams and

Vj" long No. 8 self-drilling screw. The completed steel framing provides a l^l{ and

girders

1 V2" space between the inner layer of wallboard and the sides and bottom of the steel

(continued)

beam, respectively. The inner layer of wallboard is attached to the top runners and
bottom corner charmels or comer angles with 1 '//-long No. 6 self-drilling screws
spaced 16" on center. The outer layer of wallboard is applied with 1 V/'-long No. 6
self-drilling screws spaced 8" on center. The bottom comers are reinforced with metal
comer beads.

Three layers of Vj" Type X gypsum wallboard'^ attached to a steel suspension system

as described immediately above utilizing the 0.018" thick (No. 25 carbon sheet steel

gage) 1" X 2" lower comer angles. The framing is located so that a l^'l^' and 2" space

is provided between the inner layer of wallboard and the sides and bottom of the beam.

respectively. The first two layers of wallboard are attached as described immediately

2-4.2

above. A layer of 0.035" thick (No. 20 B.W. gage) 1" hexagonal galvanized wire mesh
is applied under the soffit of the middle layer and up the sides approximately 2". The
mesh is held in position with the No. 6 \^l{'-\cia%, screws installed in the vertical leg of
the bottom corner angles. The outer layer of wallboard is attached with No. 6
2V4"-long screws spaced 8" on center. One screw is also installed at the mid-depth of
the bracket in each layer. Bottom comers are finished as described above.

3. Bonded

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-lightweight and siliceous^ aggregate concrete

2'/,

IV2

pretensioned

Beams or girders

*+"

■^ '2

reinforcement in

3-1.1

prestressed

iVo

concrete^

SoUd slabs'"

-'■ '1

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-lightweight and siliceous' aggregate concrete

Unrestrained members:

—

4-1.1

SoUd slabs'"

—

1V2

4. Bonded or

Beams and girders'

1^/4

unbonded

8" wide

4'/,

l'/2.

post-tensioned

greater than 12" wide

2'/,

tendons in

Carbonate, lightweight, sand-lightweight and siUceous aggregate

prestressed

Restrained members:''

concrete^-'

4-1.2

Solid slabs'"

l'/4

Beams and girders^

8" wide

1^/4

greater than 12" wide

1'/,

{continued)

184

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(1)— continued

MINIMUM PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL PARTS BASED ON TIME PERIODS

FOR VARIOUS NONCOMBUSTIBLE INSULATING MATERIALS'"

STRUCTURAL
PARTS TO BE
PROTECTED

ITEM
NUMBER

INSULATING MATERIAL USED

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF

INSULATING MATERIAL

FOR THE FOLLOWING

FIRE-RESISTANCE

PERIODS (Inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

5. Reinforcing
steel in reinforced
concrete columns,
beams girders and
trusses

5-1.1

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-lightweight aggregate concrete, members 12" or
larger, square or round. (Size limit does not apply to beams and girders monolithic
with floors.)

Siliceous aggregate concrete, members 12" or larger, square or round. (Size limit
does not apply to beams and giirders monolithic with floors.)

IV,
2

IV2
IV2

6. Reinforcing
steel in reinforced
concrete joists'

6-1.1
6-1.2

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-Hghtweight aggregate concrete.
Siliceous aggregate concrete.

IV4
1%

IV4
IV,

7. Reinforcing
and tie rods in
floor and roof
slabs'

7-1.1
7-1.2

Carbonate, lightweight and sand-hghtweight aggregate concrete.
Siliceous aggregate concrete.

IV4

1
1

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mni^, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m^.

a. Reentrant parts of protected members to be filled solidly.

b. Two layers of equal thickness with a%-inch airspace between.

c. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in Table 720. 1(1), gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be
permitted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard and the joints on the face layer are reinforced,
and the entire surface is covered with a minimum of '/15-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

d. An approved adhesive qualified under ASTM E 1 19.

e. Where lightweight or sand-lightweight concrete having an oven-dry weight of 1 10 pounds per cubic foot or less is used, the tabulated minimum cover shall be per-
mitted to be reduced 25 percent, except that in no case shall the cover be less than % inch in slabs or l'/, inches in beams or girders.

f . For solid slabs of siliceous aggregate concrete, increase tendon cover 20 percent.

g. Adequate provisions against spalling shall be provided by U-shaped or hooped stirrups spaced not to exceed the depth of the member with a clear cover of 1 inch,
h. Prestressed slabs shall have a thickness not less than that required in Ihble 720.1(3) for the respective fire resistance time period.

i. Fire coverage and end anchorages shall be as follows: Cover to the prestressing steel at the anchor shall be '/, inch greater than that required away from the anchor.
Minimum cover to steel-bearing plate shall be 1 inch in beams and% inch in slabs.

j. For beam widths between 8 inches and 12 inches, cover thickness shall be permitted to be determined by interpolation.

k. Interior spans of continuous slabs, beams and girders shall be permitted to be considered restrained.

1. For use with concrete slabs having a comparable fire endurance where members are framed into the structure in such a manner as to provide equivalent perfor-
mance to that of monolithic concrete construction.

m. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the Usting) in GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein Usted.

n. No additional insulating material is required on the exposed outside face of the column flange to achieve a 1-hour fire-resistance rating.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

185

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS =°"

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE''

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

l.Biickof clay or
shale

1-1.1

Solid brick of clay or shale'^

4.9

3.8

2.7

1-1.2

Hollow brick, not filled.

5.0

4.3

3.4

2.3

1-1.3

Hollow brick unit wall, grout or filled with perlite vermiculite or expanded shale
aggregate.

6.6

5.5

4.4

3.0

1-2.1

4" nominal thick units at least 75 percent solid backed with a hat-shaped metal
fiirring channel %" thick formed from 0.021" sheet metal attached to the brick
wall on 24" centers with approved fasteners, and Vj" Type X gypsum wallboard
attached to the metal fiirring strips with l"-long Type S screws spaced 8" on
center.

—

2. Combination of
clay brick and
load-bearing
hollow clay tile

2-1.1

4" solid brick and 4" tile (at least 40 percent solid).

2-1.2

4" solid brick and 8" tile (at least 40 percent solid).

—

3. Concrete
masonry units

3-l.lf'8

Expanded slag or pumice.

4.7

4.0

3.2

2.1

3-1.2f'S

Expanded clay, shale or slate.

5.1

4.4

3.6

2.6

3-1.3f

Limestone, cinders or air-cooled slag.

5.9

5.0

4.0

2.7

3-1. #8

Calcareous or siliceous gravel.

6.2

5.3

4.2

2.8

4. Solid concrete''' '

4-1.1

Siliceous aggregate concrete.

7.0

6.2

5.0

3.5

Carbonate aggregate concrete.

6.6

5.7

4.6

3.2

Sand-lightweight concrete.

5.4

4.6

3.8

2.7

Lightweight concrete.

5.1

4.4

3.6

2.5

5. Glazed or
unglazed facing
tile, nonload-
bearing

5-1.1

One 2" unit cored 15 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 25 percent
maximum with %" mortar-filled collar joint. Unit positions reversed in alternate
courses.

—

5-1.2

One 2" unit cored 15 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 40 percent
maximum with %" mortar-filled collar joint. Unit positions side with %" gypsum
plaster. Two wythes tied together every fourth course with No. 22 gage
corrugated metal ties.

—

5-1.3

One unit with three cells in wall thickness, cored 29 percent maximum.

—

5-1.4

One 2" unit cored 22 percent maximum and one 4" unit cored 41 percent
maximum with V4" mortar-filled collar joint. Two wythes tied together every
third course with 0.030" (No. 22 galvanized sheet steel gage) corrugated metal
ties.

—

5-1.5

One 4" unit cored 25 percent maximum with %" gypsum plaster on one side.

—

5-1.6

One 4" unit with two cells in wall thickness, cored 22 percent maximum.

—

5-1.7

One 4" unit cored 30 percent maximum with %" vermiculite gypsum plaster on
one side.

—

4'/2

—

5-1.8

One 4" unit cored 39 percent maximum with %" gypsum plaster on one side.

—

4V,

(continued)

186

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS

a,o,p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

minimum finished thickness
face-to-face"

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

6. Solid gypsum
plaster

6-1.1

V4" by 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) vertical cold-rolled channels,
16" on center with 2.6-pound flat metal lath appKed to one face and tied with
0.049" (No. 18 B.W. Gage) wire at 6" spacing. Gypsum plaster each side mixed
1:2 by weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

6-1.2

V4" by 0.05" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) cold-rolled channels 16" on center
with metal lath applied to one face and tied with 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage)
wire at 6" spacing. Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster each side. For
three-coat work, the plaster mix for the second coat shall not exceed 100 pounds
of gypsum to 2 V2 cubic feet of aggregate for the 1-hour system.

—

21/2^

6-1.3

V4" by 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) vertical cold-rolled channels,
16" on center with Vg" gypsum lath applied to one face and attached with sheet
metal clips. Gypsum plaster each side mixed 1:2 by weight, gypsum to sand
aggregate.

—

6-2.1

Studless with V2" full-length plain gypsum lath and gypsum plaster each side.
Plaster mixed 1 : 1 for scratch coat and 1 :2 for brown coat, by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

6-2.2

Studless with V2" full-length plain gypsum lath and perlite or vermiculite
gypsum plaster each side.

—

2%^

6-2.3

Studless partition with %" rib metal lath installed vertically adjacent edges tied
6" on center with No. 18 gage wire ties, gypsum plaster each side mixed 1:2 by
weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

7. Solid perlite
and porfland
cement

7-1.1

Perlite mixed in the ratio of 3 cubic feet to 100 pounds of portland cement and
machine applied to stud side of 1 Vj" mesh by 0.058-inch (No. 17 B.W. gage)
paper-backed woven wke fabric lath wire-tied to 4"-deep steel trussed
wirei'studs 16" on center. Wire ties of 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) galvanized
steel wire 6" on center vertically.

—

s'V

—

8. Solid neat
wood fibered
gypsum plaster

8-1.1

V4" by 0.055-inch (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) cold-rolled channels, 12" on
center with 2.5-pound flat metal lath applied to one face and tied with 0.049"
(No. 18 B.W. gage) wire at 6" spacing. Neat gypsum plaster applied each side.

—

9. Solid

wallboard

partition

9-1.1

One full-length layer V2" Type X gypsum wallboard^ laminated to each side of
1" full-length V-edge gypsum coreboard with approved laminating compound.
Vertical joints of face layer and coreboard staggered at least 3".

—

10. Hollow

(studless)

gypsum

wallboard

partition

10-1.1

One full-length layer of %" Type X gypsum wallboard^ attached to both sides of
wood or metal top and bottom runners laminated to each side of l"x 6"
full-length gypsum coreboard ribs spaced 2" on center with approved
laminating compound. Ribs centered at vertical joints of face plies and joints
staggered 24" in opposing faces. Ribs may be recessed 6" from the top and
bottom.

—

21/4'^

10-1.2

1" regular gypsum V-edge full-length backing board attached to both sides of
wood or metal top and bottom runners v/iih nails or iVg" drywall screws at 24"
on center. Minimum width of rumors iVg". Face layer of V2" regular full-length
gypsum wallboard laminated to outer faces of backing board with approved
laminating compound.

—

4^8"

—

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

187

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS ="*

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(Inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

11. Noncombustible
studs-interior
partition with plaster
each side

11-1.1

3V4" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) steel studs spaced 24" on center.
Vg" gypsum plaster on metal lath each side mixed 1 :2 by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

11-1.2

3%" X 0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) approved nailable'' studs spaced
24" on center. Vg" neat gypsum wood-fibered plaster each side over %" rib
metal lath nailed to studs with 6d common nails, 8" on center. Nails driven
1'//' and bent over.

—

11-1.3

4" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped steel stods at 16"
on center. On each side approved resiUent clips pressed onto stud flange at 16"
vertical spacing, ^/^" pencil rods snapped into or wire tied onto outer loop of
clips, metal lath wire-tied to pencil rods at 6" intervals, 1" perlite gypsum
plaster, each side.

—

11-1.4

2V2" X 0.044" (No. 18 carbon sheet steel gage) steel studs spaced 16" on center.
Wood fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1:1 by weight gypsum to sand aggregate
applied on V4-pound metal lath wire tied to smds, each side. ^Z/ plaster applied
over each face, including finish coat.

—

4'//

—

12. Wood studs
interior partition
with plaster each
side

12-1. 11. -n

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with '/g" gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached by 4d common nails bent over or No. 14 gage by 1'//' by %" crown
width staples spaced 6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:1 Vjfor scratch coat and 1:3
for brown coat, by weight, gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

5V3

12-1.2'

2" x4" wood studs 16" on center with metal lath and %" neat wood-fibered
gypsum plaster each side. Lath attached by 6d common nails, 7" on center.
Nails driven l'//' and bent over.

—

5'/2''

—

12-1.3'

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with%" perforated or plain gypsum lath and
'/a" gypsum plaster each side. Lath nailed with 1 '/g" by No. 13 gage by ^^Z^"
head plasterboard blued nails, 4" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight,
gypsum to sand aggregate.

—

5V4

12-1.4'

2" X 4" wood studs 16"on center with Vg" Type X gypsum lath and '4" gypsum
plaster each side. Lath nailed with I'/g" by No. 13 gage by '^V' head
plasterboard blued nails, 5" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight, gypsum to
sand aggregate.

—

5'/4

1 3 .Noncombustible
studs-interior
partition with
gypsum wallboard
each side

13-1.1

0.018" (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped studs 24" on center
with one full-length layer of %" Type X gypsum wallboard' applied vertically
attached with 1" long No. 6 drywall screws to each stud. Screws are 8" on
center around the perimeter and 12" on center on the intermediate stod. The
wallboard may be applied horizontally when attached to 3%" studs and the
horizontal joints are staggered with those on the opposite side. Screws for the
horizontal application shall be 8" on center at vertical edges and 12" on center
at intermediate studs.

—

13-1.2

0.018" (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) channel-shaped studs 25" on center
with two full-length layers of '/j" Type X gypsum wallboard' applied vertically
each side. First layer attached with T'-long, No. 6 drywall screws, 8" on center
around the perimeter and 12" on center on the intermediate stud. Second layer
applied with vertical joints offset one stud space from first layer using 1%"
long. No. 6 drywall screws spaced 9" on center along vertical joints, 12" on
center at intermediate studs and 24" on center along top and bottom runners.

—

13-1.3

0.055" (No. 16 carbon sheet steel gage) approved nailable metal studs' 24" on
center with full-length Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard' apphed vertically and
nailed 7" on center with 6d cement-coated common nails. Approved metal
fastener grips used with nails at vertical butt joints along studs.

—

4'/g

(continued)

188

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS "•"•p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

14.Wood
studs-interior
partition with
gypsum wallboard
each side

14-1.1"-™

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with two layers of %" regular gypsum
wallboard'^ each side, 4d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center first layer, 5d
cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center second layer with laminating
compound between layers, joints staggered. First layer applied full length
vertically, second layer applied horizontally or vertically

—

14-1.2'-™

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with two layers '/z" regular gypsum wallboard'
applied vertically or horizontally each side'', joints staggered. Nail base layer
with 5d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 8" on center face layer with 8d cooler" or
wallboard" nails at 8 " on center.

—

14-1.3'-™

2" X 4" wood studs 24" on center with %" Type X gypsum wallboard' applied
vertically or horizontally nailed with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on
center with end joints on nailing members. Stagger joints each side.

—

14-1.4'

2" X 4" fire-retardaijt-treated wood studs spaced 24" on center with one layer of
Vg" Type X gypsum'^'wallboard' applied with face paper grain (long dimension)
parallel to studs. Wallboard attached with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on
center.

—

43/4"

14-1.5'-™

2" X 4" wood studs 1" on center with two layers Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'
each side. Base layers applied vertically and nailed with 6d cooler" or wallboard"
nails at 9" on center. Face layer applied vertically or horizontally and nailed
with 8d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 7" on center. For nail-adhesive application,
base layers are nailed 6" on center. Face layers applied with coating of approved
wallboard adhesive and nailed 12" on center.

—

14-1.6'

2" X 3" fire-retardant-treated wood studs spaced 24" on center with one layer of
Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard' applied with face paper grain (long dimension)
at right angles to studs. Wallboard attached with 6d cement-coated box nails
spaced 7 "on center.

—

3%"

15. Exterior or
interior walls

15-1.1'-™

Exterior surface with 2/4" drop siding over V2" gypsum sheathing on 2" x 4"
wood studs at 16" on center, interior surface treatment as required for
l-hour-rated exterior or interior 2"'x 4" wood stud partitions. Gypsum sheathing
nailed with IV4" by No. 11 gage byVig" head galvanized nails at 8" on center.
Siding nailed with 7d galvanized smooth box nails.

—

Varies

15-1.2'-™

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with metal lath and V4" cement plaster on each
side. Lath attached with 6d common nails 7" on center driven to 1" minimum
penetration and bent over. Plaster mix 1:4 for scratch coat and 1:5 for brown
coat, by volume, cement to sand.

—

15-1.3'-™

2" X 4" wood studs 16" on center with '/g" cement plaster (measured from the
face of studs) on the exterior surface with interior surface treatment as required
for interior wood stud partitions in this table. Plaster mix 1:4 for scratch coat and
1:5 for brown coat, by volume, cement to sand.

—

Varies

15-1.4

3Vg" No. 16 gage noncombustible studs 16" on center with %" cement plaster
(measured from the face of the studs) on the exterior surface with interior
surface treatment as required for interior, nonbearing, noncombustible stud
partitions in tliis table. Plaster mix 1:4 for scratch coat and 1:5 for brown coat,
by volume, cement to sand.

—

Vanes'"

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

189

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS °'°'P

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

15-1.5"

2V4" X 3%" clay face brick with cored holes over Vj" gypsum sheathing on
exterior surface of 2" x 4" wood studs at 16" on center and two layers %" Type
X gypsum wallboard^on interior surface. Sheathing placed horizontally or
vertically with vertical joints over studs nailed 6" on center with 1%" x No. 11
gage by '/u" head galvanized nails. Inner layer of wallboard placed horizontally
or vertically and nailed 8"on center with 6d cooler" or wallboard" nails. Outer
layer of wallboard placed horizontally or vertically and nailed 8" on center with
8d cooler" or waUboard" nails. All joints staggered with vertical joints over studs.
Outer layer joints taped and finished with compound. Nail heads covered with
joint compound. 0.035 inch (No. 20 galvanized sheet gage) corrugated
galvanized steel wall ties %" by 6%" attached to each stud with two 8d cooler"
or wallboard" nails every sixth course of bricks.

15-1.6''™

2" X 6" fire-retardant-treated wood studs 16" on center. Interior face has two
layers of %" Type X gypsum with the base layer placed vertically and attached
with 6d box nails 12" on center. The face layer is placed horizontally and
attached with 8d box nails 8" on center at joints and 12" on center elsewhere.
The exterior face has a base layer of %" Type X gypsum sheathing placed
vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and 12" on center elsewhere.
An approved building paper is next applied, followed by self-furred exterior lath
attached with 2V2", No. 12 gage galvanized roofing nails with a %" diameter
head and spaced 6"on center along each stud. Cement plaster consisting of a V/
brown coat is then applied. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of 1:3 by
weight, cement to sand with 10 pounds of hydrated lime and 3 pounds of
approved additives or admixtures per sack of cement. The brown coat is mixed
in the proportion of 1 :4 by weight, cement to sand with the same amounts of
hydrated lime and approved additives or admixtures used in the scratch coat.

8'A

15. Exterior or
interior walls
(continued)

15-1.7''"'

2" X 6" wood studs 16" on center. The exterior face has a layer of %" Type X
gypsum sheathing placed vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and
12"on center elsewhere. An approved building paper is next applied, followed
by 1" by No. 18 gage self-furred exterior lath attached with 8d by 2V2" long
galvanized roofing nails spaced 6" on center along each stud. Cement plaster
consisting of a V2" scratch coat, a bonding agent and a V2" brown coat and a
finish coat is then applied. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of 1 :3 by
weight, cement to sand with 10 pounds of hydrated lime and 3 pounds of
approved additives or admixtures per sack of cement. The brown coat is mixed
in the proportion of 1:4 by weight, cement to sand with the same amounts of
hydrated lime and approved additives or admixtures used in the scratch coat,
liie interior is covered with %" gypsum lath with 1" hexagonal mesh of 0.035
inch (No. 20 B.W. gage) woven wire lath furred out Vje" and 1" perlite or
vermiculite gypsum plaster. Lath nailed with 1 Vg" by No. 13 gage by ^V^" head
plasterboard glued nails spaced 5" on center. Mesh attached by 1%" by No. 12
gage by ^/g" head nails with Vg" furrings, spaced 8" on center. The plaster mix
shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 2'/, cubic feet of aggregate.

8V,

15-1.8'' ">

2" x6" wood studs 16" on center. The exterior face has a layer of Vg" Type X
gypsum sheathing placed vertically with 6d box nails 8" on center at joints and
12" on center elsewhere. An approved building paper is next applied, followed
by l'/2" by No. 17 gage self-furred exterior lath attached with 8d by 2V2" long
galvanized roofing nails spaced 6" on center along each stud. Cement plaster
consisting of a '/2" scratch coat, and aV2" brown coat is then applied. The plaster
may be placed by machine. The scratch coat is mixed in the proportion of 1:4 by
weight, plastic cement to sand. The brown coat is mixed in the proportion of 1:5
by weight, plastic cement to sand. The interior is covered with %" gypsum lath
with 1" hexagonal mesh of No. 20 gage woven wire lath fiirred out Vig" and 1"
perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster. Lath nailed with 1 Vg" by No. 13 gage
by''/g4" head plasterboard glued nails spaced 5" on center. Mesh attached by
1%" by No. 12 gage by %" head nails with %" furrings, spaced 8" on center.
The plaster mdx shall not exceed 100 pounds of gypsum to 2'/2 cubic feet of
aggregate. ^

8Vg

(continued)

190

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS °°p

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(Inches)

4 hour 3 hour 2 hour 1 hour

15-1.9

4" No. 18 gage, nonload-bearing metal studs, 16" on center, with 1" portland
cement lime plaster [measured from the back side of the V4-pound expanded
metal lath] on the exterior surface. Interior surface to be covered with 1" of
gypsum plaster on ^-pound expanded metal lath proportioned by weight-l:2 for
scratch coat, 1:3 for brown, gypsum to sand. Lath on one side of the partition
fastened toV4" diameter pencil rods supported by No. 20 gage metal clips,
located 16" on center vertically, on each stud. 3" thick mineral fiber insulating
batts friction fitted between the studs.

15-1.10

Steel studs 0.060" thick, 4" deep or 6" at 16" or 24" centers, with V/ Glass
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) on the exterior surface. GFRC is attached
with flex anchors at 24" on center, with 5" leg welded to studs with two V2"-long
flare-bevel welds, and 4" foot attached to the GFRC skin with Vg" thick GFRC
bonding pads that extend 2V2" beyond the flex anchor foot on both sides.
Interior surface to have two layers of V2" Type X gypsum wallboard.'The first
layer of wallboard to be attached with T'-long Type S buglehead screws spaced
24" on center and the second layer is attached with lV8"-long Type S screws
spaced at 12" on center. Cavity is to be filled with 5" of 4 pcf (nominal) mineral
fiber batts. GFRC has 1 V2" returns packed with mineral fiber and caulked on the
exterior.

15. Exterior or
interior walls
(continued)

15-1.11

15-1.121

15-1.13'!

15-1.141

15-1.151

15-1.161

Steel studs 0.060" thick, 4" deep or 6" at 16" or 24" centers, respectively, with
V2" Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) on the exterior surface. GFRC is
attached with flex anchors at 24" on center, with 5" leg welded to studs with two
V2"-long flare-bevel welds, and 4" foot attached to the GFRC skin with %"-thick
GFRC bonding pads that extend 2'/2" beyond the flex anchor foot on both sides..
Interior surface to have one layer of %" Type X gypsum wallboard*, attached
with 1 V^-long Type S buglehead screws spaced 12" on center. Cavity is to be
filled with 5" of 4 pcf (nominal) mineral fiber batts. GFRC has 1 Vj" returns
packed with mineral fiber and caulked on the exterior.

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior
and exterior sides covered with Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4 wide, applied
horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 2V4"
Type S drywall screws, spaced 12" on center.

6Vd

6V,

6V«

2" X 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior
and exterior sides covered with %" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4 wide, applied
vertically with all joints over framing or blocking and fastened with 2V4" Type S
drywall screws, spaced 12" on center. R-19 fiberglass insulation installed in stud
cavity.

2"x 6" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior
and exterior sides covered with %" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4 wide, applied
horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs, and fastened with 2V4"
Type S drywall screws, spaced 7" on center.

2"x 4" wood studs at 16" with double top plates, single bottom plate; interior
and exterior sides covered with Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard and sheathing,
respectively, 4 wide, applied horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over
studs, and fastened with 2V4" Type S drywall screws, spaced 12" on center.
Cavity to be filled with 3 'A" mineral wool insulation.

2"x 6" wood studs at 24" centers with double top plates, single bottom plate;
interior and exterior side covered with two layers of Vg" Type X gypsum
wallboard, 4' wide, aplUed horizontally with vertical joints over studs. Base
layer fastened with 2V4" Type S drywall screws, spaced 8" on center, wallboard
joints covered with paper tape and joint compound, fastened heads covered with
joint coumpound. Cavity to be filled with 5'/," mineral wool insulation.

6^/4

63/4

4V4

4V2

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

191

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(2)— continued
RATED FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR VARIOUS WALLS AND PARTITIONS =°"

MATERIAL

ITEM
NUMBER

CONSTRUCTION

MINIMUM FINISHED

THICKNESS FACE-TO-FACE"

(inches)

4 hour

3 hour

2 hour

1 hour

16. Exterior walls
rated for fire
resistance from
the inside only in
accordance with
Section 704.5.

16-1.15

2" x4" wood studs at 16" centers with double top plates, single bottom plate;
interior side covered with %" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4 wide, applied
horizontally unblocked, and fastened with 2V4" Type S drywall screws, spaced
12" on center, wallboard joints covered with paper tape and joint compound,
fastener heads covered with joint compound. Exterior- covered with %" wood
structural panels, applied vertically, horizontal joints blocked and fastened with
6d common nails (bright) - 12" on center in the field, and 6" on center panel
edges. Cavity to be filled vyith 3V2" mineral wool insulation. Rating established
for exposure from interior side only.

—

4V2

16-1.25

2" x6" (Slmm x 152 mm) wood studs at 16" centers with double top plates,
single bottom plate; interior side covered with %" Type X gypsum wallboard, 4
wide, applied horizontally or vertically with vertical joints over studs and
fastened with 2^1 ^ Type S drywall screws, spaced 12" on center, wallboard joints
covered with paper tape and joint compound, fastener heads covered with joint
compound, exterior side covered with Vig" wood structaral panels fastened with
6d conmion nails (bright) spacedl2" on center in the field and 6" on center along
the panel edges. Cavity to be filled with 5V2" mineral wool insulation. Rating
established from the gypsum-covered side only.

—

6'/i6

16-1.3

2" x6" wood studs at 16" centers with double top plates, single bottom plates;
interior side covered with %" Type X gypsum waJlboard, 4"-4' wide, appUed
vertically with all joints over framing or blocking and fastened with 2V4" Type S
drywall screws spaced 1" on center. Joints to be covered with tape and joint
compound. Exterior covered with %" wood structural panels (oriented strand
board), applied vertically with edges over framing or blocking and fastened with
6d common nails (bright) at 12" on center in the field and 6" on center on panel
edges. R-19 fiberglass insulation installed in stud cavity.

—

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mn^, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m^.

a. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration shall be permitted to be used as alternate iasteners to nails for attachment to wood framing.

b. Thickness shown for brick and clay tUe is nominal thicknesses unless plastered, in which case thicknesses are net. Thickness shown for concrete masonry and clay
masonry is equivalent thickness defined in Section 721 .3 . 1 for concrete masonry and Section 72 1 .4. 1 . 1 for clay masonry. Where all cells are solid grouted or filled
with silicone-treated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fiU insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, the equivalent thickness
shall be the thickness of the block or brick using specified dimensions as defined in Chapter 2 1 . Equivalent thickness may also include the thickness of applied plas-
ter and lath or gypsum wallboard, where specified.

c. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75 percent of the gross cross-sec-
tional area measured in the same plane.

d. Shall be used for nonbearing purposes only

e. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in this table, gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be permit-
ted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard, and the joints on the face layer are reinforced and
the entire surface is covered with a minimum of Vig-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

f. The fire-resistance time period for concrete masonry units meeting the equivalent thicknesses required for a 2-hour fire-resistance rating in Item 3, and having a
thickness of not less than 7^8 inches is 4 hours when cores which are not grouted are filled with sUicone-treated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill
insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, sand or slag having a maximum particle size of ^/g inch.

g. The fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry units composed of a combination of aggregate types or where plaster is applied directly to the concrete masonry
shall be determined in accordance with ACI 216.1A'MS 0216. Lightweight aggr^ates shall have a maximum combined density of 65 pounds per cubic foot.

h. See also Note b. The equivalent thickness shall be permitted to include the thickness of cement plaster or 1 .5 times the thickness of gypsum plaster applied in accor-
dance with the requirements of Chapter 25.

i. Concrete walls shall be reinforced with horizontal and vertical temperature reinforcement as required by Chapter 19.

J. Studs are welded truss wire studs with 0.18 inch (No. 7 B.W gage) flange wire and 0.18 inch (No. 7 B.W. gage) truss wires.

k. Nailable metal studs consist of two channel studs spot welded back to back with a crimped web forming a nailing groove.

1. Wood structural panels shall be permitted to be installed between the fire protection and the wood studs on either the interior or exterior side of the wood frame
assemblies in this table, provided the length of the fasteners used to attach the fire protection is increased by an amount at least equal to the thickness of the wood
structural panel.

m. The design stress of studs shall be reduced to 78 percent of allowable F ' c with the maximum not greater than 78 percent of the calculated stress with studs having a
slendemess ratio l/d of 33.

n. For properties of cooler or wallboard nails, see ASTM C 514, ASTM C 547 or ASTM F 1667.

o. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein listed.

p. NCMA TEK 5-8A shall be permitted for the design of fire walls.

q. The design stress of studs shall be equal to a maximum of 100 percent of the allowable F ' ^ calculated in accordance with Section 2306.

192

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

1. Siliceous
aggregate concrete

2. Carbonate
aggregate concrete

3. Sand-lightweight concrete

4. Lightweight concrete

5. Reinforced
concrete

6. Steel joists constructed with
a poured reinforced concrete
slab on metal lath forms or
steel form units'*''

ITEM
NUMBER

1-1.1

2-1.1

3-1.1

4-1.1

5-1.1

5-2.1

6-1.1

6-2.1

6-3.1

6-4.1.

6-5.1

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Slab (no ceiling required). Minimum cover over
nonprestressed reinforcement shall not be less than

Slab with suspended ceiling of vermiculite gypsum
plaster over metal lath attached to %" cold-rolled
channels spaced 12" on center. Ceiling located 6"
minimum below joists.

Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard'= attached to 0.018
inch (No. 25 carbon sheet steel gage) by Vg" deep
by 2^8" hat-shaped galvanized steel channels with
1" -long No. 6 screws. The channels are spaced 24"
on center, span 35" and are supported along their
length at 35" intervals by 0.033" (No. 21 galvanized
sheet gage) galvanized steel flat strap hangers
having formed edges that engage the lips of the
channel. The strap hangers are attached to the side
of the concrete joists with ^/jj" by IV4" long
power-driven fasteners. The wallboard is installed
with the long dimension perpendicular to the
channels. All end joints occur on channels and
supplementary channels are installed parallel to the
main channels, 12" each side, at end joint
occurrences. The finished ceiling is located
approximately 12" below the soffit of the floor slab.

Gypsum plaster on metal lath attached to the bottom
cord with single No. 16 gage or doubled No. 18
gage wire ties spaced 6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2
for scratch coat, 1:3 for brown coat, by weight,
gypsum-to-sand aggregate for 2-hour system. For
3-hour system plaster is neat.

Vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath attached
to the bottom chord with single No. 16 gage or
doubled 0.049-inch (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties 6"
on center^ __^

Cement plaster over metal lath attached to the
bottom chord of joists with single No. 16 gage or
doubled 0.049" (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire ties spaced
6" on center. Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat, 1:3
for brown coat for 1-hour system and 1:1 for scratch
coat, 1 : 1 V2 for brown coat for 2-hour system, by
weight, cement to sand.

Ceiling of %" Type X wallboard^ attached to %"
deep by iVg" by 0.021 inch (No. 25 carbon sheet
steel gage) hat-shaped furring channels 12" on
center with 1" long No. 6 wallboard screws at 8" on
center. Channels wire tied to bottom chord of joists
with doubled 0.049 inch (No. 18 B.W. gage) wire or
suspended below joists on wire hangers.^

Wood-fibered gypsum plaster mixed 1:1 by weight
gypsum to sand aggregate applied over metal lath.
Lath tied 6" on center to V/ channels spaced 13 V2"
on center. Channels secured to joists at each
intersection with two strands of 0.049 inch (No. 18
B.W. gage) galvanized wire.

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

4
hour

7.0

6.6

5.4

5.1

3
hour

6.2

5.7

4.6

4.4

hour

5.0

4.6

3.8

3.6

2V,

1
hour

3.5

3.2

2.7

2.5

2V.

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

v«

hour

1
hour

v„

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

193

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^i

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

hour

7. Reinforced concrete slabs
and joists with hollow clay tile
fillers laid end to end in rows
2V2" or more apart;
reinforcement placed between
rows and concrete cast around
and over tile.

7-1.1

%" gypsum plaster on bottom of floor or roof
construction.

—

7-1.2

None

—

5V2'

—

8. Steel joists constructed with
a reinforced concrete slab on
top poured on a V2" deep steel
deck.'

8-1.1

VermicuUte gypsum plaster on metal lath attached
to V4" cold-rolled channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center.

2V2J

—

9. 3" deep cellular steel deck
with concrete slab on top. Slab
thickness measured to top.

9-1.1

Suspended ceiling of vermiculite gypsum plaster
base coat and vermiculite acoustical plaster on metal
lath attached at 6" intervals to %" cold-rolled
channels spaced 12" on center and secured to 1 '4"
cold-rolled chaimels spaced 36"on center with
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage) wire. iVj" channels
supported by No. 8 gage wire hangers at 36" on
center. Beams within envelope and with a 2V2"
airspace between beam soffit and lath have a 4-hour
rating.

2V2

—

iVg''

—

10. lV2"-deep steel roof deck
on steel framing. Insulation
board, 30 pcf density,
composed of wood fibers with
cement binders of thickness
shown bonded to deck with
unified asphalt adhesive.
Covered with a Class A or B
roof covering.

10-1.1

Ceiling of gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached to V/ furring channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center.%"
channel saddle tied to 2" channels with doubled
0.065"(No. 16 B.W. gage) wire ties. 2" channels
spaced 36" on center suspended 2" below steel
framing and saddle-tied with 0.165" (No. 8 B.W.
gage) wire. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight,
gypsum-to-sand aggregate.

—

11. lV2"-deep steel roof deck
on steel-framing wood fiber
insulation board, 17.5 pcf
density on top applied over a
15-lb asphalt-saturated felt.
Class A or B roof covering.

ll-l.l

Ceiling of gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
attached 10^4" furring channels with 0.049" (No. 18
B.W. gage) wire ties spaced 6" on center.%"
channels saddle tied to 2" channels with doubled
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage) wire ties. 2" channels
spaced 36" on center suspended 2" below steel
framing and saddle tied with 0.165" (No. 8 B.W.
gage) wire. Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat and
1:3 for brown coat, by weight, gypsimi-to-sand
aggregate for 1-hour system. For 2-hour system,
plaster mix is 1:2 by weight, gypsum-to-sand
aggregate. ,

—

IV2

(continued)

194

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^'"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

12. 1 V2" deep steel roof deck
on steel-framing insulation of
rigid board consisting of
expanded perlite and fibers
impregnated with integral
asphalt waterproofing; density
9 to 12 pcf secured to metal
roof deck by V2" wide ribbons
of waterproof, cold-process
liquid adhesive spaced 6"
apart. Steel joist or light steel
construction with metal roof
deck, insulation, and Class A
or B built-up roof covering.^

13. Double wood floor over
wood joists spaced 16" on
center.™'"

14. Plywood stressed skin
panels consisting of ^''-thick
interior C-D (exterior glue) .
top stressed skin on 2" x 6"
nominal (minimum) stringers.
Adjacent panel edges joined
with 8d common wire nails
spaced 6" on center. Stringers
spaced 12" maximum on
center.

ITEM
NUMBER

12-1.1

13-1.1

13-1.2

13-1.3

13-1.4

14-1.1

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Gypsum- vermiculite plaster on metal lath wire tied
at 6" intervals to V4" furring channels spaced 12"on
center and wire tied to 2" runner channels spaced
32" on center. Runners wire tied to bottom chord of
steel joists.

Gypsum plaster over Vg" Type X gypsum lath. Lath
initially applied with not less than four 1 Vg" by No.
13 gage by ^^1^' head plasterboard blued nails per
bearing. Continuous stripping over lath along all
joist lines. Stripping consists of 3" wide strips of
metal lath attached by 1 V2" by No. 1 1 gage by V2"
head roofing nails spaced 6" on center. Alternate
stripping consists of 3" wide 0.049" diameter wire
stripping weighing 1 pound per square yard and
attached by No. 16 gage by 1 V2" by %" crown width
staples, spaced 4" on center. Where alternate
stripping is used, the lath nailing may consist of two
nails at each end and one nail at each intermediate
bearing. Plaster mixed 1:2 by weight,
gypsum-to-sand aggregate.

Cement or gypsum plaster on metal lath. Lath
fastened with IV2" by No. 11 gage by V^^' head
barbed shank roofing nails spaced 5" on center.
Plaster mixed 1:2 for scratch coat and 1:3 for brown
coat, by weight, cement to sand aggregate.

Perlite or vermiculite gypsum plaster on metal lath
secured to joists with 1 V2" by No. 11 gage by ^jg"
head barbed shank roofing nails spaced 5" on center.

V2" Type X gypsum wallboard'^ nailed to joists with
5d cooler or wallboard nails at 6" on center. End
joints of wallboard centered on joists.

V2"-thick wood fiberboard weighing 15 to 18
pounds per cubic foot installed with long dimension
parallel to stringers or %" C-D (exterior glue)
plywood glued and/or nailed to stringers. Nailing to
be with 5d cooler" or wallboard" nails at 12" on
center. Second layer of V2" Type X gypsum
wallboard" applied with long dimension
perpendicular to joists and attached with 8d cooler"
or wallboard" nails at 6" on center at end joints and
8" on center elsewhere. Wallboard joints staggered
with respect to fiberboard joints.

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

(continued)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

195

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF
CEILING
(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

15. Vermiculite concrete
slab proportioned 1:4
(portiand cement to
vermiculite aggregate) on
a lV2"-deep steel deck
supported on individually
protected steel framing.
Maximum span of deck 6
-10" where deck is less
than 0.019 inch (No. 26
carbon steel sheet gage)
or greater. Slab reinforced
with 4" x8" 0.109/0.083"
(No.12/14 B.W. gage)
welded wire mesh.

15-1.1

None

—

16. Perlite concrete slab
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) on a iV/'-deep
steel deck supported on
individually protected
steel framing. Slab
reinforced with 4" x &"
0.109/0.083" (No.i2/i4
B.W. gage) welded wire
mesh.

16-1.1

None

—

3V,J

—

17. Perlite concrete slab
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) on a ^/jg-'-deep
steel deck supported by
steel joists 4 on center.
Class A or B roof
covering on top.

17-1.1

PerUte gypsum plaster on metal lath wire tied to %"
fijrring channels attached with 0.065" (No. 16 B.W.
gage) wire ties to lower chord of joists.

—

18. Perlite concrete slab
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) on lV4"-deep
steel deck supported on
individually protected
steel framing. Maximum
span of deck 6-10" where
deck is less than 0.019"
(No. 26 carbon sheet steel
gage) and 8 -0" where
deck is 0.019" (No. 26
carbon sheet steel gage)
or greater. Slab reinforced
with 0.042" (No. 19 B.W.
gage) hexagonal wire
mesh. Class A or B roof
covering on top.

18-1.1

None

—

2V4P

—

(continued)

196

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS'"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

19. Floor and beam
construction consisting of
3"-deep cellular steel floor
unit mounted on steel
members with 1:4
(proportion of portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) perlite-concrete
floor slab on top.

20. Perlite concrete
proportioned 1:6 (portland
cement to perlite
aggregate) poured to Vg"
thickness above top of
corrugations of l^/i5"-deep
galvanized steel deck
maximum span 8'-0" for
0.024"(No. 24 galvanized
sheet gage) or 6'0" for
0.019" (No. 26 galvanized
sheet gage) with deck
supported by individually
protected steel framing.
Approved polystyrene
foam plastic insulation
board having a flame
spread not exceeding 75
(1" to 4" thickness) with
vent holes that
approximate 3 percent of
the board surface area
placed on top of perlite
slurry. A 2' by 4'
insulation board contains
six 2%" diameter holes.
Board covered with 2V4"
minimum perlite concrete
slab.

ITEM
NUMBER

19-1.1

20-1.1

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Suspended envelope ceiling of perlite
gypsum plaster on metal lath attached to
^"cold-rolled channels, secured to iVj"
cold-rolled channels spaced 42" on center
supported by 0.203 inch (No. 6 B.W. gage)
wire 36" on center. Beams in envelope with
3" minimum airspace between beam soffit
and lath have a 4-hour rating.

None

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

4 hour 3 hour 2 hour 1 hour

Varies

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(Inches)

4 hour 3 hour 2 hour 1 hour

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

197

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

(continued)
20. Slab reinforced with mesh
consisting of 0.042" (No. 19
B.W. gage) galvanized steel
wire twisted together to form
2" hexagons with straight
0.065" (No. 16 B.W. gage)
galvanized steel wire woven
into mesh and spaced 3".
Alternate slab reinforcement
shall be permitted to consist of
4" X 8", 0.109/0.238" (No. 12/4
B.W. gage), or 2" x 2",
0.083/0.083" (No. 14/14 B.W.
gage) welded wire fabric. Class
A or B roof covering on top.

20-1.1

None

—

Varies

—

21. Wood joists, wood I-joist,
floor trusses and flat or pitched
roof trusses spaced a maximum
24" o.c. with V2" wood
structural panels with exterior
glue applied at right angles to
top of joist or top chord of
trusses with 8d nails. The wood
structural panel thickness shall
not be less than nominal V2"
less than required by Chapter
23.

21-1.1

Base layer Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard applied
at right angles to joist or truss 24" o.c. with 1 V4"
Type S or Type W drywall screws 24" o.c. Face
layer Vg" Type X gypsum wallboard or veneer
base applied at right angles to joist or truss
through base layer with iVg" Type S or Type W
drywall screws 12" o.c. at joints and intermediate
joist or truss. Face layer Type G drywall screws
placed 2" back on eitiier side of face layer end
joints, 12" o.c.

—

Varies

—

IV4

22. Steel joists, wood I-joists,
floor trusses and flat or pitched
roof trusses spaced a maximum
24" o.c. with V2" wood
structural panels with exterior
glue applied at right angles to
top of joist or top chord of
trusses with No. 8 screws. The
wood structural panel thickness
shall not be less than nominal
V2" less than required by
Chapter 23.

22-1.1

Base layer Vg" Type X gypsum board applied at
right angles to steel framing 24" on center with 1"
Type S drywall screws spaced 24"on center. Face
layer %" Type X gypsum board applied at right
angles to steel framing attached through base
layer with 1\" Type S drywall screws 12" on
center at end joints and intermediate joints and
1 V2" Type G drywall screws 12 inches on center
placed 2" back on either side of face layer end
joints. Joints of the face layer are offset 24" from
the joints of the base layer.

—

Varies

—

IV4

23. Wood I-joist (minimum
joist depth 9%" with a
minimum flange depth of IV15"
and a minimum flange cross-
sectional area of 2.3 square
inches) at 24" o.c. spacing with
1x4 (nominal) wood furring
strip spacer applied parallel to
and covering the bottom of the
bottom flange of each member,
tacked in place. 2" mineral
wool insulation, 3.5 pcf
(nominal) installed adjacent to
the bottom flange of the I-joist
and supported by the 1x4
furring strip spacer.

23-1.1

V2" deep single leg resilient channel 16"on center
(channels doubled at wallboard end joints), placed
perpendicular to the fiarring strip and joist and
attached to each joist by 1%" Type S drywall
screws .%" Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered at least 4 and fastened with 1 Vg" Type S
drywall screws spaced 7" on center. Wallboard
joints to be taped and covered with joint
compound.

—

Varies

—

(continued)

198

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUIVl PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^"

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

25. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V4" with a
minimum flange depth of 1 Vj"
and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 5.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V) @ 24" o.c,
1 V2" mineral fiber insulation
(2.5 pcf - nominal) resting on
hat-shaped channels.

26. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V4" with a
minimum flange depth of 1 V2"
and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 5.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V) @ 24" o.c,
1 V/mineral fiber insulation
(2.5 pcf - nominal) resting on
resiUent channels.

27. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V4" with a
minimum flange thickness of
l'/2" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 2.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V) @ 24" o.c.

ITEM
NUMBER

25-1.1

26-1.1

27-1.1

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

Minimum 0.026" thick hat-shaped channel 16"
o.c. (channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by iVg" Type S drywall screws.%"
Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered and fastened with 1 Vg" Type S
drywall screws spaced 12" o.c. in the field and
8" o.c. at the wallboard ends. Wallboard joints
to be taped and covered with joint compound.

Minimum 0.019" thick resilient channel 16" o.c.
(channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by iVg" Type S drywall screws. ^I{
Type C gypsum wallboard apphed
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered and fastened with 1" Type S drywall
screws spaced 12" o.c. in the field and 8" o.c. at
the wallboard ends. Wallboard joints to be taped
and covered with joint compound.

Two layers of V2" Type X gypsum wallboard
applied with the long dimension perpendicular
to the I-joists with end joints staggered. The
base layer is fastened with iVg" Type S drywall
screws spaced 12" o.c. and the face layer is
fastened with 2" Type S drywall screws spaced
12" o.c. in the field and 8" o.c. on the edges.
Face layer end joints shall not occur on the same
I-joist as base layer end joints and edge joints
shall be offset 24" from base layer joints. Face
layer to also be attached to base layer with 1 Vj"
Type G drywall screws spaced 8" o.c. placed 6"
from face layer end joints. Face layer wallboard
joints to be taped and covered with joint
compound.

THICKNESS OF FLOOR

OR ROOF SLAB

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

Varies

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

hour

1
hour

Varies

(continued)

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

199

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 720.1(3)— continued
MINIMUM PROTECTION FOR FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS^'

FLOOR OR ROOF
CONSTRUCTION

ITEM
NUMBER

CEILING CONSTRUCTION

THICKNESS OF FLOOR OR

ROOF SLAB

(inches)

MINIMUM THICKNESS

OF CEILING

(inches)

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

4
hour

3
hour

2
hour

1
hour

28. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth QV/ with a
minimum flange depth of
iVig" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 1.95
square inches; minimum web
thickness of V) @ 24" o.c.

28-1.1

Minimum 0.019" thick resilient charmel 16"
o.c.(channels doubled at wallboard end joints),
placed perpendicular to the joist and attached to
each joist by 1%" Type S dry wall screws. Two
layers of V2" Type X gypsum wallboard applied
with the long dimension perpendicular to the
I-joists with end joints staggered. The base layer
is fastened with 1 V/ Type S dry wall screws
spaced 12" o.c. and the face layer is fastened
with iVg" Type S drywall screws spaced 12"
o.c. Face layer end joints shall not occur on the
same I- Joist as base layer end joints and edge
joints shall be offset 24" from base layer joints.
Face layer to also be attached to base layer with
IV2" Type G drywall screws spaced 8" o.c.
placed 6" from face layer end joints. Face layer
wallboard joints to be taped and covered witii
joint compoimd.

—

Varies

—

Varies

29. Wood I-joist (minimum
I-joist depth 9V4" with a
minimum flange depth of
1 V2" and a minimum flange
cross-sectional area of 2.25
square inches; minimum web
thickness ofV)@ 24" o.c,
with hat-shaped channels
supporting the middle and
face layers of gypsum
wallboard. Unfaced
fiberglass insulation is
installed between the I-joists
supported on the upper
surface of the flange by stay
wires spaced 12" o.c.

29-1.1

Base layer of ^/g" Type C gypsum wallboard
attached directly to I-joists with 1%" Type S
drywall screws spaced 12" o.c. with ends
staggered. Minimum 0.0179" thick resilient
channel 16" o.c. (channels doubled at wallboard
end joints), placed perpendicular to the joist and
attached to each joist by l^/g" Type S drywall
screws after the base layer of gypsum wall
board has been applied. The middle and face
layers of %" Type C gypsum wallboard applied
perpendicular to the channel with end joints
staggered. The middle layer is fastened with 1"
Type S drywall screws spaced 12" o.c. The face
layer is applied parallel to the middle layer but
with the edge joints offset 24" from those of the
middle layer and fastened with 1%" Type S
drywall screws 8" o.c. The joints shall be taped
and covered with joint compound.

—

Varies

—

Varies

30. Channel-shaped 18 gauge
steel joists (minimum depth
8") spaced a maximum 24"
o.c. supporting
tongue-and-groove wood
structural panels (nominal
minimum %" thick) applied
perpendicular to framing
members. Structural panels
attached with iVg" Type S-12
screws spaced 12"o.c.

30-1.1

Base layer Vg" Type X gypsum board applied
perpendicular to bottom of framing members
with iVg" Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c.
Second layer Vs" Type X gypsum board
attached perpendicular to framing members with
l%"Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c. Second
layer joints offset 24" from base layer. Third
layer %" Type X gypsum board attached
perpendicular to framing members with 2%"
Type S-12 screws spaced 12" o.c. Third layer
joints offset 12" from second layer joints.
Hat-shaped rigid furring chaimels applied at
right angles to framing members over third layer
with two 2%" Type S-12 screws at each framing
member. Face layer Vg" Type X gypsum board
applied at right angles to furring channels with
1 Vg" Type S screws spaced 12" o.c.

—

Varies

—

3Vg

—

200

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

Table 720.1(3) Notes.

■ For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283m^
1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 pound per lineal foot = 1.4882 kg/m.

a. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration shall be permitted to be used as alternate festeners to nails for attachment to wood framing.

b. When the slab is in an unrestrained condition, minimum reinforcement cover shall not be less than 1% inches for 4-hour (siliceous aggregate only); 1 V4 inches for
4- and 3-hour; 1 inch for 2-hour (siliceous aggr^ate only); and % inch for all other restrained and unrestrained conditions.

c. For all of the construction with gypsum wallboard described in this table, gypsum base for veneer plaster of the same size, thickness and core type shall be permit-
ted to be substituted for gypsum wallboard, provided attachment is identical to that specified for the wallboard, and the joints on the face layer are reinforced and
the entire surface is covered with a minimum of Vig-inch gypsum veneer plaster.

d. Slab thickness over steel joists measured at the joists for metal lath form and at the top of the form for steel form units.

e. (a) The maximum allowable stress level for H-Series joists shall not exceed 22,000 psi.

(b) The allowable stress for K-Series joists shall not exceed 26,000 psi, the nominal depth of such joist shall not be less than 10 inches and the nomlnaljoist weight
shall not be less than 5 pounds per lineal foot.

f. Cement plaster with 1 5 pounds of hydrated lime and 3 pounds of approved additives or admixtures per bag of cement.

g. Gypsum wallboard ceilings attached to steel framing shall be permitted to be suspended with 1 Vj-inch cold-formed carrying channels spaced 48 inches on center,
which are suspended with No. 8 SWG galvanized wire hangers spaced 48 inches on center. Cross-furring channels are tied to the carrying channels with No. 18
SWG galvanized wire hangers spaced 48 inches on center. Cross-furring channels are tied to the carrying channels with No. 18 SWG galvanized wire (double
strand) and spaced as required for direct attachment to the framing. This alternative is also apphcable to those steel framing assemblies recognized under
Note q.

h. Six-inch hollow clay tile with 2-inch concrete slab above.

i. Four-inch hollow clay tile with 1 '/2-inch concrete slab above.

j. Thickness measured to bottom of steel form units.

k. Five-eighths inch of vermiculite gypsum plaster plus V2 inch of approved vermiculite acoustical plastic.

1. Furring channels spaced 12 inches on center

m. Double wood floor shall be permitted to be either of the following:

(a) Subfloor of 1-inch nominal boarding, a layer of asbestos paper weighing not less than 14 pounds per 100 square feet and a layer of 1-inch nominal
tongue-and-groove finished flooring; or

(b) Subfloor of 1-inch nominal tongue-and-groove boarding or '^/32-inch wood structural panels with exterior glue and a layer of 1-inch nominal
tongue-and-groove finished flooring or ' %2'inch wood structural panel finish flooring or a layer of Type I Grade M- 1 particleboard not less than %-inch thick.

n. The ceiling shall be permitted to be omitted over unusable space, and flooring shall be permitted to be omitted where unusable space occurs abwe.

o. For properties of cooler or wallboard nails, see ASTM C 514, ASTM C 547 or ASTM F 1667.

p. Thickness measured on top of steel deck unit.

q. Generic iire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein listed.

720.1.1 Thickness of protective coverings. The thickness
of fire-resistant materials required for protection of struc-
tural members shall be not less than set forth in Table
720.1(1), except as modified in this section. The jBigures
shown shall be the net thickness of the protecting materials
and shall not include any hollow space in back of the
protection.

720.1.2 Unit masonry protection. Where required, metal
ties shall be embedded in bed joints of unit masonry for pro-
tection of steel columns. Such ties shall be as set forth in
Table 720.1(1) or be equivalent thereto.

720.1.3 Reinforcement for cast-in-place concrete col-
umn protection. Cast-in-place concrete protection for steel
coluirms shall be reinforced at the edges of such members
with wire ties of not less than 0.18 inch (4.6 mm) in diameter
wound spirally around the columns on a pitch of not more
than 8 inches (203 mm) or by equivalent reinforcement.

720.1.4 Plaster application. The finish coat is not required
for plaster protective coatings where they comply with the
design mix and thickness requirements of Tables 720. 1(1),
720.1(2) and 720.1(3).

720.1.5 Bonded prestressed concrete tendons. For mem-
bers having a single tendon or more than one tendon
installed with equal concrete cover measured from the near-
est surface, the cover shall not be less than that set forth in
Table 720.1(1). For members having multiple tendons
installed with variable concrete cover, the average tendon

cover shall not be less than that set forth in Table 720.1(1),
provided:

1. The clearance from each tendon to the nearest ex-
posed surface is used to determine the average cover.

2. In no case can the clear cover for individual tendons
be less than one-half of that set forth in Table
720.1(1). A minimum cover of 0.75 inch (19.1 mm)
for slabs and 1 inch (25 mm) for beams is required for
any aggregate concrete.

3. For the purpose of establishing a fire-resistance rat-
ing, tendons having a clear covering less than that set
forth in Table 720.1(1) shall not contribute more than
50 percent of the required ultimate moment capacity
for members less than 350 square inches (0.226 m^) in
cross-sectional area and 65 percent for larger mem-
bers. For structural design purposes, however, ten-
dons having a reduced cover are assumed to be fully
effective. <

720.2 Cellular concrete. [HCD 1 & HCD 2]

720.2.1 Use and application. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] Con-
trolled-density cellular concrete, when used or applied,
shall be in accordance with the use of materials in Bulletin
No. 65 of the Federal Housing Administration, United
States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Exceptions:

1. Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 3.2,
3.3, 3.4 and 3.6 in Section 3, BulletinNo. 65provi-

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

201

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

sions relating to proportioning, mixing and test-
ing, in the following shall apply to this chapter.

1.1. Field-control weighings for control of the
wet-unit weight shall be made. The design
wet-unit weight for field control of the con-
crete shall be based on previously estab-
lished data for the relation between the
wet-unit weight and the air-dry-unit
weight at 28 days for the mix being placed.
Field-control weighings for determining
the wet-unit weight shall be made at the
mixer discharge and at the point of deposit.
There should be one pair of weighings per
batch for batch-type mixers unless equip-
ment is provided with scales allowing the
operator to adequately weigh materials.
For continuous weight-instrumented batch
mixers, there should be one pair of
weighings per 10 cubic yards (7.65 m^).
The gain in unit weight between the mixer
discharge and point of deposit shall not ex-
ceed 5 percent. The wet-unit weight at the
point of deposit of the concrete shall not ex-
ceed plus 5 percent of the design wet-unit
weight. A variation exceeding plus 5 per-
cent of the design wet-unit weight shall re-
quire a modification of the mix
proportions, a change of materials or a
change in the mixing procedure.

1.2. When tests are required by the enforcing
agency, they shall be performed in the fol-
lowing manner: Two test cylinders, for
compressive strength tests, shall be made
for each 8,000 square feet (743 m^) of sur-
face area placed. A minimum of two test
cylinders shall be made each day. Each
strength test result shall be the average of
two cylinders from the same sample tested
at 28 days or at a specified earlier date.

1.3. The minimum air-dry density shall be 90
pounds per cubic foot (1,440 kg/m^). The
minimum design compressive strength
shall be 1, 000 psi (6890 kPa) when the cur-
ing procedure specified herein is applied.
The minimum design compressive strength
shall be 1,250 psi (8,619 kPa) if the slab is
placed in a covered area of a building and
a specified curing medium is not applied.
The specified design compressive strength
shall be increased 20 percent when the
specified strength is greater than 1,000 psi
(6,890 kPa) and the slab is placed in a cov-
ered area of a building and a specified cur-
ing medium is not applied.

1.4. The cellular concrete shall be sampled at
the point of deposit in accordance with the
applicable procedures of ASTM C 172,
Sampling Fresh Concrete. Cylinder molds

shall be either 3 inches by 6 inches (76 mm
by 152 mm) or 6 inches by 12 inches (152
mm by 305 mm). Lightly tap the sides of the
mold with a rubber hammer while filling
the mold instead ofrodding the mix. Moist
cure the specimens for seven days at
73.4°F (40.8°C) plus or minus 3°F
{1.7°C). At the age of seven days, remove
the specimens from the moist condition and
store in a temperature of73.4°F (40.8°C)
plus or minus 3°F (1.7°C) and a relative
humidity of 50 plus or minus 10 percent for
21 days; remove and air dry until the time
of test at 28 days. The compressive strength
test shall be in accordance with ASTM C
39, Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens. Determine the
air-dry-unit weight at 28 days.

2. Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 4.1
and 4.2 in Section 4 of Bulletin No. 65, relating to
placing, finishing and curing, the following shall
apply to these regulations.

2.1. The concrete shall be placed, finished and
cured to produce a level, smooth surface.
The concrete shall be placed in a single
layer to a minimum thickness ofV/2 inches
(38 mm). The deviation from apian shall
not exceed % inch (6 mm) in any 10 feet
{1,048 mm). The final finish of the concrete
shall be suitable for the application of the
specified wear- resistant covering. Cracks
wider than % inch (3 mm) shall be re-
paired.

2.2. Install a water-resistant membrane be-
tween wood or plywood subfloors and the
cellular concrete to prevent leakage of the
concrete and wetting of the subfloor. The
membrane shall consist of waterproof pa-
per or plastic sheets conforming to ASTM
C 171, Sheet Materials for Curing Con-
crete, or Type 15 roofing felt conforming to
ASTM D 226, D 250 or D 227, or Federal
Specification UUB790, Building Paper
Vegetable Fiber: (Kraft, Waterproofed,
Water Repellent and Fire-resistant) Type 1,
Grade B. The sheets shall be securely fas-
tened to the subfloor

3. Regardless of the provisions of Subsections 6.1
and 6.2 in Section 6, of Bulletin No. 65, relating to
applicator qualifications and warranty, these sub-
sections are omitted from this chapter.

SECTION 721
CALCULATED FIRE RESISTANCE

721.1 General. The provisions of this section contain proce-
dures by which the fire resistance of specific materials or com-

202

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

binations of materials is established by calculations. These
procedures apply only to the information contained in this sec-
tion and shall not be otherwise used. The calculated fire resis-
tance of concrete, concrete masonry, and clay masonry
assemblies shall be permitted in accordance with ACI
216. 1/TMS 0216. The calculated fire resistance of steel assem-
blies shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 5 of ASCE
29.

721.1.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall,
for the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this
code, have the meanings shown herein.

CERAMIC FIBER BLANKET. A mineral wool insula-
tion material made of alumina-silica fibers and weighing 4
to 10 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) (64 to 160 kg/m^).

CONCRETE, CARBONATE AGGREGATE. Concrete
made with aggregates consisting mainly of calcium or mag-
nesium carbonate, such as Hmestone or dolomite, and con-
taining 40 percent or less quartz, chert, or flint.

CONCRETE, CELLULAR. A lightweight insulating
concrete made by mixing a preformed foam with portland
cement slurry and having a dry unit weight of approxi-
mately 30 pcf (480 kg/m^).

CONCRETE, LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE. Con-
crete made with aggregates of expanded clay, shale, slag or
slate or sintered fly ash or any natural lightweight aggregate
meeting ASTM C 330 and possessing equivalent fire-resis-
tance properties and weighing 85 to 1 15 pcf (1360 to 1840
kg/m3).

CONCRETE, PERLITE. A hghtweight insulating con-
crete having a dry unit weight of approximately 30 pcf (480
kg/m') made with periite concrete aggregate. Perlite aggre-
gate is produced from a volcanic rock which, when heated,
expands to form a glass-like material of cellular structure.

CONCRETE, SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT. Concrete made
with a combination of expanded clay, shale, slag, slate,
sintered fly ash, or any natural lightweight aggregate meet-
ing ASTM C 330 and possessing equivalent fire-resistance
properties and natural sand. Its unit weight is generally
between 105 and 120 pcf (1680 and 1920 kg/m').

CONCRETE, SILICEOUS AGGREGATE. Concrete
made with normal-weight aggregates consisting mainly of
silica or compounds other than calcium or magnesium car-
bonate, which contains more than 40-percent quartz, chert,
or flint.

CONCRETE, VERMICULITE. A hghtweight insulating
concrete made with vermiculite concrete aggregate which is
laminated micaceous material produced by expanding the
ore at high temperatures. When added to a portland cement
slurry the resulting concrete has a dry unit weight of approx-
imately 30 pcf (480 kg/m^).

GLASS FIBERBOARD. Fibrous glass roof insulation
consisting of inorganic glass fibers formed into rigid boards
using a binder. The board has a top surface faced with
asphalt and kraft reinforced with glass fiber.

MINERAL BOARD. A rigid felted thermal insulation
board consisting of either felted mineral fiber or cellular

beads of expanded aggregate formed into flat rectangular
units.

721.2 Concrete assemblies. The provisions of this section
contain procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of con-
crete assemblies are established by calculations.

721.2.1 Concrete walls. Cast-in-place and precast concrete
walls shall comply with Section 721 .2. 1 . 1 . Multiwythe con-
crete walls shall comply with Section 721.2.1.2. Joints
between precast panels shall comply with Section
721 .2. 1.3. Concrete walls with gypsum wallboard or plaster
finish shall comply with Section 721.2.1.4.

721.2.1.1 Cast-in-place or precast walls. The mini-
mum equivalent thicknesses of cast-in-place or precast
concrete walls for fire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4
hours are shown in Table 721.2.1.1. For solid walls with
flat vertical surfaces, the equivalent thickness is the same
as the actual thickness. The values in Table 721.2.1.1
apply to plain, reinforced or presti-essed concrete walls.

TABLE 721.2.1.1

MINIMUM EQUIVALENT THICKNESS OF CAST-IN-PLACE OR

PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS, LOAD-BEARING OR

NONLOAD-BEARING

CONCRETE
TYPE

MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS (Inches)
FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING OF

1-hour

iVj-hour

2-hour

3-hour

4-hour

Siliceous

3.5

4.3

5.0

6.2

7.0

Carbonate

3.2

4.0

4.6

5.7

6.6

Sand-Lightweight

2.7

3.3

3.8

4.6

5.4

Lightweight

2.5

3.1

3.6

4.4

5.1

721.2.1.1.1 Hollow-core precast wall panels. For

hollow-core precast concrete wall panels in which the
cores are of constant cross section throughout the
length, calculation of the equivalent thickness by
dividing the net cross-sectional area (the gross cross
section minus the area of the cores) of the panel by its
width shall be permitted.

721.2.1.1.2 Core spaces filled. Where all of the core
spaces of hollow-core wall panels are filled with
loose-fill material, such as expanded shale, clay, or
slag, or vermicuUte or periite, the fire-resistance rat-
ing of the wall is the same as that of a solid wall of the
same concrete type and of the same overall thickness.

721.2.1.1.3 Tapered cross sections. The thickness of
panels with tapered cross sections shall be that deter-
mined at a distance 2t or 6 inches (152 mm), which-
ever is less, from the point of minimum thickness,
where t is the minimum thickness.

721.2.1.1.4 Ribbed or undulating surfaces. The

equivalent thickness of panels with ribbed or undulat-
ing surfaces shall be determined by one of the follow-
ing expressions:

For s>4t, the thickness to be used shall be t

For s<2t, the thickness to be used shall be t^

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

203

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

For 4t>s>2t,th.e thickness to be used shall be

t +

{ \
4£_

s
V J

r \

t -t
e

\ J

(Equation 7-3)

where:

s = Spacing of ribs or undulations.

t = Minimum thickness.

t^ = Equivalent thickness of the panel calculated as
the net cross-sectional area of the panel divided
by the width, in which the maximum thickness
used in the calculation shall not exceed 2t.

721.2.1.2 Multiwythe walls. For walls that consist of
two wythes of dififerent types of concrete, the fire-resis-
tance ratings shall be permitted to be determined from
Figure 721.2.1.2.

721.2.1.2.1 Two or more wythes. The fire-resistance
rating for wall panels consisting of two or more
wythes shall be permitted to be determined by the for-
mula:

:(i?l''^9+/?20-59

+...+i?„''«)l

(Equation 7-4)

R--

where:

R = The fire endurance of the assembly, minutes.

i?i, i?2, and i?„ = The &e endurances of the individual
wythes, minutes. Values of /?„ "-'^ for use in Equation
7-4 are given in Table 721.2.1.2(1). Calculated
fire-resistance ratings are shown in Table
721.2.1.2(2).

INSIDE WYTHE
CARBONATE

INSIDE WYTHE
SILICEOUS

UJO
Q

THICKNESS OF INSIDE WYTHE, INCHES

OUTSIDE WYTHE OUTSIDE WYTHE

CARBONATE SILICEOUS

THICKNESS OF INSIDE WYTHE OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE, INCHES
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.1 .2
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS OF
TWO-WYTHE CONCRETE WALLS

TABLE 721.2.1.2(2)
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS BASED ON R°^^

FP, MINUTES

HO.59

60
120
180
240

11.20
16.85
21.41
25.37

a. Based on Equation 7-4.

TABLE 721.2.1.2(1)
VALUES OF /?„"== FOR USE IN EQUATION 7-4

TYPE OF MATERIAL

THICKNESS OF MATERIAL (Inches)

4V,

5Va

6V,

Siliceous aggregate
concrete

5.3

6.5

8.1

9.5

11.3

13.0

14.9

16.9

18.8

20.7

22.8

25.1

Carbonate aggregate
concrete

5.5

7.1

8.9

10.4

12.0

14.0

16.2

18.1

20.3

21.9

24.7

27.2"=

Sand-lightweight
concrete

6.5

8.2

10.5

12.8

15.5

18.1

20.7

23.3

26.0'=

Notec

Lightweight concrete

6.6

8.8

11.2

13.7

16.5

19.1

21.9

24.7

27.8'=

Notec

Insulating concrete''

9.3

13.3

16.6

18.3

23.1

26.5-^

Notec

Airspace''

—

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per cubic foot = 16.02 kgAn^.

a. Dry unit weight of 35 pcf or less and consisting of cellular, perlite or vermiculite concrete.

b. The Rn"-^' value for one V/ to 3 V/ airspace is 3.3. The R°^^ value for two Vj" to V/ airspaces is 6.7.

c. The fire-resistance rating for this thickness exceeds 4 hours.

204

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.2.1,2.2 Foam plastic insulation. The fire-resis-
tance ratings of precast concrete wall panels consist-
ing of a layer of foam plastic insulation sandwiched
between two wythes of concrete shall be permitted to
be determined by use of Equation 7-4. Foam plastic
insulation with a total thickness of less than 1 inch (25
mm) shall be disregarded. The R„ value for thickness
of foam plastic insulation of 1 inch (25 mm) or
greater, for use in the calculation, is 5 minutes; there-
■ fore 7?„°-59 = 2.5.

721.2.1.3 Joints between precast wall panels. Joints
between precast concrete wall panels which are not insu-
lated as required by this section shall be considered as
openings in walls. Uninsulated joints shall be included in
determining the percentage of openings permitted by
Table 704.8. Where openings are not permitted or are
required by this code to be protected, the provisions of
this section shall be used to determine the amount of j oint
insulation required. Insulated joints shall not be consid-
ered openings for purposes of determining compliance
with the allowable percentage of openings in Table
704.8.

721.2.1.3.1 Ceramic fiber joint protection. Figure
721.2.1.3.1 shows thicknesses of ceramic fiber blan-
kets to be used to insulate joints between precast con-
crete wall panels for various panel thicknesses and for
joint widths of Vg inch (9.5 mm) and 1 inch (25 nun)
for fire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours. For
joint widths between Vg inch (9.5 mm) and 1 inch (25
mm), the thickness of ceramic fiber blanket is allowed
to be determined by direct interpolation. Other tested

and labeled materials are acceptable in place of
ceramic fiber blankets.

721.2.1.4 Walls with gypsum wallboard or plaster fin-
ishes. The fire-resistance rating of cast-in-place or pre-
cast concrete walls with finishes of gypsum wallboard or
plaster applied to one or both sides shall be permitted to
be calculated in accordance with the provisions of this
section.

721.2.1.4.1 Nonfire-exposed side. Where the finish
of gypsum wallboard or plaster is applied to the side
of the wall not exposed to fire, the contribution of the
finish to the total fire-resistance rating shall be deter-
mined as follows: The thickness of the finish shall
first be corrected by multiplying the actual thickness
of the finish by the applicable factor determined from
Table 721.2.1.4(1) based on the type of aggregate in
the concrete. The corrected thickness of finish shall
then be added to the actual or equivalent thickness of
concrete and fire-resistance rating of the concrete and
finish determined from Table 721.2.1.1, Figure
721.2.1.2 or Table 721.2.1.2(1).

721.2.1.4.2 Fire-exposed side. Where gypsum wall-
board or plaster is applied to the fire-exposed side of
the wall, the contribution of the finish to the total
fire-resistance rating shall be determined as follows:
The time assigned to the finish as established by Table
721.2.1.4(2) shall be added to the fire-resistance rat-
ing determined from Table 721.2.1.1 or Figure
721.2.1.2, or Table 721.2.1.2(1) for the concrete
alone, or to the rating determined in Section
721.2.1.4.1 for the concrete and finish on the
nonfire-exposed side.

1IN(

;h joir

\
\

>ITWID1
\

fH ^

l'<^

\\iP

^^^^

4jir_

3 4 5 6 7 8

PANEL THICKNESS, INCHES

3/8 INCH JC
3hr.-\

INTWI
^2hr.

DTH

^s%

3 4 5 6 7 8

PANEL THICKNESS, INCHES

ffi
o

m
z
it:
o

X
H-

1 INCH MAXIMUM REGARDLESS
OF OPENING RATING

-CERAMIC FIBER
BLAN KET

CARBONATE OR

■ SILICEOUS AGGREGATE

CONCRETE

SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT

■ OR LIGHTWEIGHT

CONCRETE

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 nun.

, FIGURE 721.2.1.3.1
CERAMIC FIBER JOINT PROTECTION

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

205

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.2.1.4.3 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall
having no finish on one side or different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation pro-
cedures of Sections 721.2.1.4.1 and 721.2.1.4.2 shall
be performed twice, assuming either side of the wall
to be the fibre-exposed side. The fire-restance rating of
the wall shall not exceed the lower of the two values.

Exception: For an exterior wall with more than 5
feet (1524 mm) of horizontal separation, the fire
shall be assumed to occur on the interior side only.

721.2.1.4.4 Minimum concrete fire-resistance rat-
ing. Where finishes applied to one or both sides of a
concrete wall contribute to the fire-resistance rating,
the concrete alone shall provide not less than one-half

of the total required fire-resistance rating. Addition-
ally, the contribution to the fibre resistance of the finish
on the nonfibre-exposed side of a load-bearing wall
shall not exceed one-half the contribution of the
concrete alone.

721.2.1.4.5 Concrete finislies. Finishes on concrete
walls that are assumed to contribute to the total
fire-resistance rating of the wall shall comply with the
installation requirements of Section 721.3.2.5.

721.2.2 Concrete floor and roof slabs. Reinforced and
prestressed floors and roofs shall comply with Section
721.2.2.1. Multicourse floors and roofs shall comply with
Sections 721.2.2.2 and 721.2.2.3, respectively.

TABLE 721.2.1.4(1)
MULTIPLYING FACTOR FOR FINISHES ON NONFIRE-EXPOSED SIDE OF WALL

TYPE OF FINISH APPLIED
TO MASONRY WALL

TYPE OF AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE OR CONCRETE MASONRY

Concrete: siliceous

or carbonate

Masonry: siliceous or

calcareous gravel

Concrete: sand

lightweight concrete

Masonry: limestone,

cinders or unexpanded

slag

Concrete: lightweight

concrete
Masonry: expanded
shale, clay or slate

Concrete: pumice, or
expanded slag

Portland cement-sand plaster

1.00

0.75^

0.50^

Gypsum-sand plaster or gypsum wallboard

1.25

1.00

Gypsum-vermiculite or perlite plaster

1.75

1.50

1.25

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. For Portland cement-sand plaster % inch or less in thiclaiess and applied directly to the masonry on the non&e-exposed side of the wall, the multiplying factor
shall be 1.00.

TABLE 721 .2.1 .4(2)
TIME ASSIGNED TO FINISH MATERIALS ON FIRE-EXPOSED SIDE OF WALL

FINISH DESCRIPTION

TIME (minute)

Gypsum wallboard
Vginch
Vainch

Vginch

2 layers of '/g inch

1 layer Vginch, 1 layer '^inch

2 layers V2inch

10
15
20
25
35
40

Type X gypsum wallboard
V2inch
Vginch

25
40

Portland cement-sand plaster applied directly to concrete masonry

See Note a

Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath
V4inch
'/ginch
linch

25
30

Gypsum sand plaster on Vg-inch gypsum lath
Vjinch
Vg inch

35
40
50

Gypsum sand plaster on metal lath
V4inch
%inch
1 inch

50
60
80

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. The actual thickness of portland cement-sand plaster, provided it is % inch or less in thiclcness, shall be permitted to be included in determining the equivalent
thiclaiess of the masonry for use in Ikble 721.3.2.

206

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.2.2.1 Reinforced and prestressed floors and
roofs. The minimum thicknesses of reinforced and pre-
stressed concrete floor or roof slabs for fire-resistance
ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours are shown in Table 72 1 .2.2. 1 .

TABLE 721.2.2.1
MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS (inches)

CONCRETE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hour)

Siliceous

3.5

4.3

5.0

6.2

7.0

Carbonate

3.2

4.0

4.6

5.7

6.6

Sand-lightweight

2.7

3.3

3.8

4.6

5.4

Lightweight

2.5

3.1

3.6

4.4

5.1

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.2.2.1.1 Hollow-core prestressed slabs. For hol-
low-core prestressed concrete slabs in which the cores
are of constant cross section throughout the length,
the equivalent thickness shall be permitted to be
obtained by dividing the net cross-sectional area of
the slab including grout in the joints, by its width.

721.2.2.1.2 Slabs with sloping soffits. The thickness
of slabs with sloping soffits (see Figure 721.2.2.1.2)
shall be determined at a distance It or 6 inches (152
mm), whichever is less, from the point of minimum
thickness, where t is the minimum thickness.

t = Minimum thickness.

fg = Equivalent thickness of the slab calculated as
the net area of the slab divided by the width, in
which the maximum thickness used in the cal-
culation shall not exceed 2 t.

NEGLECT SHADED AREA IN CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT THICKNESS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.2.2.1.3
SLABS WITH RIBBED OR UNDULATING SOFFITS

721.2.2.2 Multicourse floors. The fire-resistance rat-
ings of floors that consist of a base slab of concrete with a
topping (overlay) of a different type of concrete shall
comply with Figure 721.2.2.2.

DETERMINE THICKNESS HERE

2f OR 6 INCHES,
WHICHEVER IS LESS

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.2.2.1.2

DETERMINATION OF SLAB THICKNESS

FOR SLOPING SOFFITS

721.2.2.1.3 Slabs with ribbed soffits. The thickness
of slabs with ribbed or undulating soffits (see Figure
721 .2.2. 1 .3) shall be determined by one of the follow-
ing expressions, whichever is applicable:

For 5 > 4t, the thickness to be used shall be t

For s < 2t, the thickness to be used shall be t ^

For At> s> It, the thickness to be used shall be

f +

r \

-t

(Equation 7-5)

;

where:

s = Spacing of ribs or undulations.

I-

Qto

CARBONATE BASE

1 1 1 J

^>. X^hr.

\y^ >s3hN.

\lhr/\\^

, X\

SILICEOUS BASE

12345 12345

THICKNESS OF NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

CARBONATE OVERLAY

SILICEOUS OVERLAY

THICKNESS OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721 .2.2.2

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR TWO-COURSE

CONCRETE FLOORS

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

207

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.2.2.3 Multicourse roofs. The fire-resistance ratings
of roofs which consist of a base slab of concrete with a
topping (overlay) of an insulating concrete or with an
insulating board and built-up roofing shall comply with
Figures 721.2.2.3(1) and 721.2.2.3(2).

721.2.2.3.1 Heat transfer. For the transfer of heat,
three-ply built-up roofing contributes 10 minutes to
the fire-resistance rating. The fire-resistance rating
for concrete assemblies such as those shown in Figure
721.2.2.3(1) shall be increased by 10 minutes. This
increase is not applicable to those shown in Figure
721.2.2.3(2).

721.2.2.4 Joints in precast slabs. Joints between adja-
cent precast concrete slabs need not be considered in cal-
culating the slab thickness provided that a concrete

topping at least 1 inch (25 mm) thick is used. Where no
concrete topping is used, joints must be grouted to a
depth of at least one-third the slab thickness at the joint,
but not less than 1 inch (25 mm), or the joints must be
made fire resistant by other approved methods.

721.2.3 Concrete cover over reinforcement. The mini-
mum thickness of concrete cover over reinforcement in con-
crete slabs, reinforced beams and prestressed beams shall
comply with this section.

721,2.3.1 Slab cover. The minimum thickness of con-
crete cover to the positive moment reinforcement shall
comply with Table 721.2.3(1) for reinforced concrete
and Table 721.2.3(2) for prestressed concrete. These
tables are applicable for solid or hollow-core one-way or
two-way slabs with flat undersurfaces. These tables are

CELLULAR CONCRETE

A CONCRETE ■<»-

SILICEOUS BASE SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE
T— I— I— n 3E

4 2 4 2

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

-STANDARDS-PLY
BUILT-UP ROOFING

,\\\\\\ MINERAL BOARD \\\\\\^
' • '• ■• ■«. CONCRETE ■>■■•■ ■ ■

SILICEOUS BASE SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SUB, INCHES

-STANDARD 3-PLY
BUILD-UP ROOFING

vnm

■"^^^

.GLASS FIBER BOARD,

".CONCRETE '■'■

muL

THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

FIGURE 721.2.2.3(1)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR CONCRETE

ROOF ASSEMBLIES

FIGURE 721 .2.2.3(2)
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR CONCRETE

TABLE 721 .2.3(1)
COVER THICKNESS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR OR ROOF SLABS (inches)

CONCRETE AGGREGATE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

Unrestrained

Siliceous

1V4

Carbonate

IV4

Sand-lightweight or lightweight

IV4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

208

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

applicable to slabs that are either cast in place or precast.
For precast prestressed concrete not covered elsewhere,
the procedures contained in PCI MNL 124 shall be
acceptable.

721.2.3.2 Reinforced beam cover. The minimum thick-
ness of concrete cover to the positive moment reinforce-
ment (bottom steel) for reinforced concrete beams is
shown in Table 721.2.3(3) for fire-resistance ratings of 1
hour to 4 hours.

721.2.3.3 Prestressed beam cover. The minimum thick-
ness of concrete cover to the positive moment

prestressing tendons (bottom steel) for restrained and
unrestrained prestressed concrete beams and stemmed
units shall comply with the values shown in Tables
721.2.3(4) and 721.2.3(5) for fire-resistance ratings of 1
hour to 4 hours. Values in Table 721.2.3(4) apply to
beams 8 inches (203 mm) or greater in width. Values in
Table 721.2.3(5) apply to beams or stems of any width,
provided the cross-section area is not less than 40 square
inches (25 806 nam^). In case of differences between the
values determined from Table 721.2.3(4) or 721.2.3(5),
it is permitted to use the smaller value. The concrete

TABLE 721.2.3(2)
COVER THICKNESS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLOOR OR ROOF SLABS (Inches)

CONCRETE AGGREGATE TYPE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

Unrestrained

Siliceous

IV2

1V4

2V4

Carbonate

2V«

2V4

Sand-lightweight or lightweight

IV2

TABLE 721.2.3(3)
MINIMUM COVER FOR MAIN REINFORCING BARS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS" (APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPES OF

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE)

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED^

BEAM WIDTH"
(inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (iiours)

Restrained

£lO

11/4"

Unrestrained

slO

%
%

1V4

1V4
1

3
1^/4

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Tabulated values for restrained assemblies apply to beams spaced more than 4 feet on center. For restrained beams spaced 4 feet or less on center, minimum cover of
% inch is adequate for ratings of 4 hours or less.

b. For beam widths between the tabulated values, the minimum cover thickness can be determined by direct interpolation.

c. The cover for an individual reinforcing bar is the minimum thickness of concrete between the surface of the bar and the fire-exposed surface of the beam. For beams
in which several bars are used, the cover for corner bars used in the calculation shall be reduced to one-half of the actual value. The cover for an individual bar must
be not less than one-half of the value given in Table 721.2.3(3) nor less than V4 inch.

TABLE 721.2.3(4)
MINIMUM COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS 8 INCHES OR GREATER IN WIDTH

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED"

CONCRETE
AGGREGATE TYPE

BEAM
WIDTH''(inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

Carbonate or siliceous

Sand lightweight

8
>12

8
£l2

IV2

IV,
IV,

iv,

IV,
IV,
IV,

1V2

IV4"
IV2
IV,
IV,

2V2"

2"
IVs"

Unrestrained

Carbonate or siliceous

Sand lightweight

8
kl2

8
^12

IV,
IV,
IV,
IV,

1V4
1V2

IV,

2V,

2
iVs

5"=

2V,

3V4

3
2V,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

a. Tabulated values for restrained assemblies apply to beams spaced more than 4 feet on center. For restrained beams spaced 4 feet or less on center, minimum cover of
V4 inch is adequate for 4-hour ratings or less.

b. For beam widths between 8 inches and 12 inches, minimum cover thickness can be determined by direct interpolation.

c. Not practical for 8-inch-wide beam but shown for purposes of interpolation.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

209

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

cover shall be calculated in accordance with Section
721.2.3.3.1. The minimum concrete cover for
nonprestressed reinforcement in prestressed concrete
beams shall comply with Section 721.2.3.2.

721.2.3.3.1 Calculating concrete cover. The con-
crete cover for an individual tendon is the minimum
thickness of concrete between the surface of the ten-
don and the foe-exposed surface of the beam, except
that for ungrouted ducts, the assumed cover thickness
is the minimum thickness of concrete between the
surface of the duct and the fire-exposed surface of the
beam. For beams in which two or more tendons are
used, the cover is assumed to be the average of the
minimum cover of the individual tendons. For comer
tendons (tendons equal distance fi-om the bottom and
side), the minimum cover used in the calculation shall
be one-half the actual value. For stemmed members
with two or more prestressing tendons located along
the vertical centerline of the stem, the average cover
shall be the distance from the bottom of the member to
the centroid of the tendons. The actual cover for any
individual tendon shall not be less than one-half the
smaller value shown in Tables 721.2.3(4) and
721.2.3(5), or 1 inch (25 mm), whichever is greater.

721.2,4 Concrete columns. Concrete columns shall com-
ply with this section.

721.2.4.1 Minimum size. The minimum overall dimen-
sions of reinforced concrete columns for fire-resistance
ratings of 1 hour to 4 hours shall com.ply with Table
721.2.4.

721.2.4.2 Minimum cover for R/C columns. The mini-
mum thickness of concrete cover to the main longitudi-
nal reinforcement in columns, regardless of the type of
aggregate used in the concrete, shall not be less than 1
inch (25 mm) times the number of hours of required fire
resistance or 2 inches (51 mm), whichever is less.

TABLE 721 .2.4
MINIMUM DIMENSION OF CONCRETE COLUIVINS (Inches)

TYPES OF
CONCRETE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

A''

Siliceous

Carbonate

Sand-lightweight

8V,

\0%

For SI: 1 inch = 25 mm.

a. The minimum dimension is permitted to be reduced to 8 inches for rectangu-
lar columns with two parallel sides at least 36 inches in length.

b. The minimimi dimension is permitted to be reduced to 10 inches for rectan-
gular columns with two parallel sides at least 36 inches in length.

721.2.4.3 Columns built into walls. The minimum
dimensions of Table 721 .2.4 do not apply to a reinforced
concrete column that is built into a concrete or masonry
wall provided all of the following are met:

1 . The fire-resistance rating for the wall is equal to or
greater than the required rating of the column;

2. The main longitudinal reinforcing in the column
has cover not less than that required by Section
721.2.4.2; and

3. Openings in the wall are protected in accordance
with Table 715.4.

Where openings in the wall are not protected as
required by Section 715.4, the minimum, dimension of
columns required to have a fire-resistance rating of 3
hours or less shall be 8 inches (203 mm), and 10 inches
(254 mm) for columns required to have a fire-resistance
rating of 4 hours, regardless of the type of aggregate used
in the concrete.

721.2.4.4 Precast cover units for steel columns. See

Section 721.5.1.4.

TABLE 721.2.3(5)
MINIMUM COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS OF ALL WIDTHS

RESTRAINED OR
UNRESTRAINED^

CONCRETE
AGGREGATE TYPE

BEAM AREA"
A (square inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

Restrained

All

40 ^ A s 150

IV.

IV,

2V,

. —

Carbonate or
siliceous

150<As300

1V2

IV,

2V,

300 < A

l'/2

IV,

Sand lightweight

150 < A

IV,

Unrestrained

All

40 ^A s 150

2V,

Carbonate or
siliceous

150<A^300

IV,

IV4

2V,

—

300 < A

IV,

Sand lightweight

150 < A

IV,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

b. The cross-sectional area of a stem is permitted to include a portion of the area in the flange, provided the width of the flange used in the calculation does not exceed
three times the average width of the stem.

c. U-shaped or hooped stirrups spaced not to exceed the depth of the member and having a minimum cover of 1 inch shall be provided.

210

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.3 Concrete masonry. The provisions of this section con-
tain procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of concrete
masonry are established by calculations.

721.3.1 Equivalent thickness. The equivalent thickness of
concrete masonry construction shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of this section.

721.3.1.1 Concrete masonry unit plus finishes. The

equivalent thickness of concrete masoruy assemblies,
r^g, shall be computed as the sum of the equivalent thick-
ness of the concrete masonry unit, T^, as determined by
Section 721.3.1.2, 721.3.1.3, or 721.3.1.4, plus the
equivalent thickness of finishes, 7,,^ determined in accor-
dance with Section 721.3.2:

Tea=Te+T,f (EquatioH 7-6)

T^ = V/LH = Equivalent thickness of concrete ma-
sonry unit (inch) (mm).

where:

V„ = Net volume of masonry unit (inch^) (nmi^).

L = Specified length of masonry unit (inch) (mm).

H = Specified height of masonry unit (inch) (mm).

721.3.1.2 Ungrouted or partially grouted construc-
tion. T^ shall be the value obtained for the concrete
masonry unit determined in accordance with ASTM C
140.

721.3.1.3 Solid grouted construction. The equivalent
thickness, T^, of solid grouted concrete masonry units is
the actual thickness of the unit.

721.3.1.4 Airspaces and cells filled with loose-fill
material. The equivalent thickness of completely filled
hollow concrete masonry is the actual thickness of the
unit when loose-fill materials are: sand, pea gravel,
crushed stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 require-
ments; pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay,
expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or cin-
ders that comply with ASTM C 33 1 ; or perlite or vermic-

ulite meeting the requirements of ASTM C 549 and
ASTM C 516, respectively.

721.3.2 Concrete masonry walls. The fire-resistance rat-
ing of walls and partitions constructed of concrete masonry
units shall be determined from Table 721.3.2. The rating
shall be based on the equivalent thickness of the masom:y
and type of aggregate used.

721.3.2.1 Finish on nonfire-exposed side. Where plas-
ter or gypsum wallboard is applied to the side of the wall
not exposed to fire, the contribution of the finish to the
total fire-resistance rating shall be determined as fol-
lows: The thickness of gypsum wallboard or plaster shall
be corrected by multiplying the actual thickness of the
finish by applicable factor determined from Table
721.2.1.4(1). This corrected thickness of finish shall be
added to the equivalent thickness of masonry and the
fire-resistance rating of the masonry and finish deter-
mined fi:om Table 721.3.2.

721.3.2.2 Finish on fire-exposed side. Where plaster or
gypsum wallboard is applied to the fire-exposed side of
the wall, the contribution of the finish to the total
fire-resistance rating shall be determined as follows: The
time assigned to the finish as established by Table
721.2.1.4(2) shall be added to the fire-resistance rating
determined in Section 721.3.2 for the masonry alone, or
in Section 721.3.2.1 for the masorury and finish on the
nonfire-exposed side.

721.3.2.3 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall hav-
ing no finish on one side or having different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation proce-
dures of this section shall be performed twice, assuming
either side of the wall to be the fire-exposed side. The
fire-resistance rating of the wall shall not exceed the
lower of the two values calculated.

Exception: For exterior walls with more than 5 feet
(1524 nam) of horizontal separation, the fire shall be
assumed to occur on the interior side only.

TABLE 721 .3.2
MINIMUM EQUIVALENT THICKNESS (inches) OF BEARING OR NONBEARING CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS""'

TYPE OF AGGREGATE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

3V,

Pumice or expanded slag

1.5

1.9

2.1

2.5

2.7

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.5

4.7

Expanded shale, clay or slate

1.8

2.2

2.6

2.9

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.9

5.1

Limestone, cinders or unexpanded slag

1.9

2.3

2.7

3.1

3.4

3.7

4.0

4.3

4.5

4.8

5.0

5.2

5.5

5.7

5.9

Calcareous or siliceous gravel

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

3.9

4.2

4.5

4.8

5.0

5.3

5.5

5.8

6.0

6.2

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Values between those shown in the table can be determined by direct interpolation.

b. Where combustible members are framed into the wall, the thickness of sohd material between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between
members set in from opposite sides, shall not be less than 93 percent of the thickness shown in the table.

c. Requkements of ASTM C 55, ASTM C 73 or ASTM C 90 shall apply.

d. Minimum required equivalent thickness coaesponding to the hourly fire-resistance rating for units with a combination of aggregate shall be determined by linear
interpolation based on the percent by volume of each aggregate used in manufacture.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

211

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.3.2.4 Minimum concrete masonry fire-resistance
rating. Where the finish applied to a concrete masonry
wall contributes to its fire-resistance rating, the masonry
alone shall provide not less than one-half the total
required fire-resistance rating.

721.3.2.5 Attachment of finishes. Installation of fin-
ishes shall be as follows:

1. Gypsum waUboard and gypsum lath applied to
concrete masonry or concrete walls shall be se-
cured to wood or steel furring members spaced not
more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center (o.c).

2. Gypsum wallboard shall be installed with the long
dimension parallel to the fiirring members and
shall have all joints finished.

3. Other aspects of the installation of finishes shall
comply with the appUcable provisions of Chapters
7 and 25.

721.3.3 Multiwythe masonry walls. The fire-resistance
rating of wall assemblies constructed of multiple wythes of
masonry materials shall be permitted to be based on the
fire-resistance rating period of each wythe and the continu-
ous airspace between each wythe in accordance with the fol-
lowing formula:

R^ = ( /?i0.59 + /?^0.59 +._, + ^^0.59 + ^j + ^^ +... + yl J1.7

(Equation 7-7)

where:

R], R2:

Fire-resistance rating of the assembly (hours).
,., R„ = Fire-resistance rating of wythes for 1, 2, k
(hours), respectively.

A], A2,—; A„ = 0.30, factor for each continuous airspace
for 1, 2,...n, respectively, having a depth of
V2 inch (12.7 mm) or more between
wythes.

721.3.4 Concrete masonry lintels. Fire-resistance ratings
for concrete masonry lintels shall be determined based upon
the nominal thickness of the lintel and the minimum thick-
ness of concrete masonry or concrete, or any combination
thereof, covering the main reinforcing bars, as determined
according to Table 721.3.4, or by approved alternate
methods.

TABLE 721.3.4

MINIMUM COVER OF LONGITUDINAL

REINFORCEMENT IN FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED

REINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY LINTELS (inches)

NOMINAL WIDTH OF
LINTEL (inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

IV,

„

IV,,

IV,

10 or greater

IV,

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.3.5 Concrete masonry columns. The fire-resistance
rating of concrete masonry columns shall be determined
based upon the least plan dimension of the column in accor-
dance witii Table 721 .3.5 or by approved alternate methods.

TABLE 721 .3.5

MINIMUM DIMENSION OF

CONCRETE MASONRY COLUMNS (inches)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours)

8 inches

10 inches

12 inches

14 inches

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

721.4 Clay brick and tile masonry. The provisions of this sec-
tion contain procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of
clay brick and tile masonry are established by calculations.

721.4.1 Masonry walls. The fire-resistance rating of
masonry walls shall be based upon the equivalent thickness
as calculated in accordance with this section. The calcula-
tion shall take into account finishes applied to the wall and
airspaces between wythes in multiwythe construction.

721.4.1.1 Equivalent thickness. The fire-resistance rat-
ings of walls or partitions constructed of solid or hollow
clay masonry units shall be determined from Table
721.4.1(1) or 721.4.1(2). The equivalent thickness of the
clay masonry unit shall be determined by Equation 7-8
when using Table 721.4.1(1). The fire-resistance rating
determined from Table 721.4.1(1) shall be permitted to
be used in the calculated fire-resistance rating procedure
in Section 721.4.2.

Te=V„/LH

(Equation 7-8)

TABLE 721 .4.1(1)
FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS OF CLAY MASONRY WALLS

MATERIAL TYPE

MINIMUM REQUIRED EQUIVALENT THICKNESS FOR FIRE RESISTANCE°''''°(lnches)

1 hour

2 hour

3 hour

4 hour

Solid brick of clay or shale''

2.7

3.8

4.9

6.0

Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, unfilled

2.3

3.4

4.3

5.0

Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, grouted or filled with
materials specified inSection721.4.1.1.3

3.0

4.4

5.5

6.6

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Equivalent thickness as determined from Section 721.4.1.1.

b. Calculated fire resistance between the hourly increments hsted shall be determined by linear interpolation.

c. Where combustible members are framed in the wall, the thickness of solid material between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between
members set in from opposite sides, shall hot be less than 93 percent of the thickness shown.

d. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75 percent of the gross cross-sec-
tional area measured in the same plane.

212

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

where:

T^ = The equivalent thickness of the clay masonry unit
(inches).

V„ = The net volume of the clay masonry unit (inch^).

L =The specified length of the clay masonry unit
(inches).

H =The specified height of the clay masonry unit
(inches).

721.4.1.1.1 Hollow clay units. The equivalent thick-
ness, T^, shall be the value obtained for hollow clay
units as determined in accordance with ASTM C 67.

TABLE 721.4.1(5)
REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS

TABLE 721 .4.1 (3)
VALUES OF fl„ °='

Rn°''

R (hours)

1.0

1.50

1.91

2.27

TABLE 721 .4.1 (4)
COEFFICIENTS FOR PLASTER, p/ =

THICKNESS OF
PLASTER (inch)

ONE SIDE

TWO SIDE

0.3

0.6

0.37

0.75

0.45

0.90

NOMINAL

LINTEL WIDTH

(Inches)

MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT COVER
FOR FIRE RESISTANCE (inch)

1 hour

2 hour

3 hour

4 hour

'NP

IV2

10 or more

IV2

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.
NP = Not permitted.

TABLE 721 .4.1 (6)
REINFORCED CLAY MASONRY COLUMNS

COLUMN SIZE

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING
(hour)

Minimum column dimension (inches)

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

a. Values listed in table are for 1:3 sanded gypsum plaster

721.4.1.1.2 Solid grouted clay units. The equivalent
thickness of solid grouted clay masonry units shall be
taken as the actual thickness of the units.

721.4.1.1.3 Units with filled cores. The equivalent
thickness of the hollow clay masonry units is the
actual thickness of the unit when completely filled
with loose-fill materials of: sand, pea gravel, crushed
stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 requirements;
pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay,
expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or
cinders in compliance with ASTM C 33 1 ; or perlite or
vermiculite meeting the requirements of ASTM C
549 and ASTM C 5 1 6, respectively.

TABLE 721 .4.1 (2)
FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR BEARING STEEL FRAME BRICK VENEER WALLS OR PARTITIONS

WALL OR PARTITION ASSEMBLY

PLASTER SIDE
EXPOSED (hours)

BRICK FACED SIDE
EXPOSED (hours)

Outside facing of steel studs:

V/ wood fiberboard sheathing next to studs, %" airspace formed with

V4" X iVg" wood strips placed over the fiberboard and secured to the studs;

metal or wire lath nailed to such strips, 3%" brick veneer held in place by filling %"

airspace between the brick and lath with mortar. Inside facing of studs: V/ unsanded

gypsum plaster on metal or wire lath attached to Vi/ wood strips secured to edges of the

studs.

1.5

Outside facing of steel studs:

1" insulation board sheathing attached to studs, 1" airspace, and SV/ brick veneer

attached to steel frame with metal ties every 5th course. Inside facing of studs: Vg"

sanded gypsum plaster (1:2 mix) applied on metal or wire lath attached directly to the

studs.

1.5

Same as above except use %" vermiculite-gypsum plaster or 1" sanded gypsum plaster
(1:2 mix) applied to metal or wire.

Outside facing of steel studs:

V2" gypsum sheathing board, attached to studs, and 3V4"brick veneer attached to steel
frame with metal ties every 5th course. Inside facing of studs: V2" sanded gypsum plaster
(1:2 mix) applied toV2" perforated gypsum lath securely attached to studs and having
strips of metal lath 3 inches wide appUed to all horizontal joints of gypsum lath.

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

213

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.4.1.2 Plaster finishes. Where plaster is applied to
the wall, the total fire-resistance rating shall be deter-
mined by the formula:

R=(R„°-'^+pl)'-'
where:

(Equation 7-9)

R = The fire-resistance rating of the assembly (hours).

/?„ = The fire-resistance rating of the individual wall
(hours).

pi = Coefficient for thickness of plaster.

Values for R,°-^^ for use in Equation 7-9 are given in
Table 721.4.1(3). Coefficients for thickness of plaster
shall be selected from Table 721.4.1(4) based on the
actual thickness of plaster appUed to the wall or partition
and whether one or two sides of the wall are plastered.

721.4.1.3 Multiwythe walls with airspace. Where a
continuous airspace separates multiple wythes of the
wall or partition, the total fire-resistance rating shall be
determined by the formula:

i? = (/?iO-59+i?2°-55-i-...-i-/?„o-59+fl5)i.7 (EquatioH 7-10)

where:

R = The fire-resistance rating of the assembly

(hours).

Ri, i?2 ^d i?,= The fire-resistance rating of the individ-
ual wythes (hours).

as = Coefficient for continuous airspace.

Values for R„°-^^ for use in Equation 7-10 are given in
Table 721.4.1(3). The coefficient for each continuous
airspace of Vj inch to 3 V2 inches (12.7 to 89 mm) separat-
ing two individual wythes shall be 0.3.

721.4.1.4 Nonsymmetrical assemblies. For a wall hav-
ing no finish on one side or having different types or
thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation proce-
dures of this section shall be performed twice, assuming
either side to be the fire-exposed side of the wall. The fire
resistance of the wall shall not exceed the lower of the
two values determined.

Exception: For exterior walls with more than 5 feet
(1524 mm) of horizontal separation, the fire shall be
assumed to occur on the interior side only.

721.4.2 Multiwythe walls. The fire-resistance rating for
walls or partitions consisting of two or more dissimilar
wythes shall be permitted to be determined by the formula:

R = ( iJjO-^' +R2°-'^ +...+/?„"■«) 1-7

where:
R

(Equation 7-11)

= The fire-resistance rating of the assembly
(hours).

Rj, i?2 and R„ = The fire-resistance rating of the individual
wythes (hours).

Values for R,°-^^ for use in Equation 7-11 are given in
Table 721.4.1(3).

721.4.2.1 Multiwythe walls of different material. For

walls that consist of two or more wythes of different
materials (concrete or concrete masonry units) in combi-
nation with clay masonry units, the fire-resistance rating
of the different materials shall be permitted to be deter-
mined from Table 721.2.1.1 for concrete; Table 721.3.2
for concrete masonry units or Table 721.4.1(1) or
721.4.1(2) for clay and tile masonry units.

721.4.3 Reinforced clay masonry lintels. Fire-resistance
ratings for clay masonry lintels shall be determined based
on the nominal width of the lintel and the minimum cover-
ing for the longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with
Table 721.4.1(5).

721.4.4 Reinforced clay masonry columns. The fire-resis-
tance ratings shall be determined based on the last plan
dimension of the column in accordance with Table
721.4.1(6). The minimum cover for longitudinal reinforce-
ment shall be 2 inches (51 mm).

721.5 Steel assemblies. The provisions of this section contain
procedures by which the fire-resistance ratings of steel assem-
blies are established by calculations.

721.5.1 Structural steel columns. The fire-resistance rat-
ings of steel columns shall be based on the size of the ele-
ment and the type of protection provided in accordance with
this section.

721.5.1.1 General. These procedures establish a basis
for determining the fire resistance of column assemblies
as a function of the thickness of fire-resistant material
and, the weight, W, and heated perimeter, D, of steel col-
umns. As used in these sections. Wis the average weight
of a structural steel column in pounds per linear foot. The
heated perimeter, D, is the inside perimeter of the
fire-resistant material in inches as illusttated in Figure
721.5.1(1).

'riy:r./S'..'v>v.f!-:-^< ^

!g^

g^SS^

D=4bf+2d-2tw

D=2(a+d)

D=2{bf + d)

FIGURE 721.5.1(1)

DETERMINATION OF THE HEATED PERIMETER OF

STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS

721.5.1.1.1 Nonload-bearing protection. The appU-
cation of these procedures shall be Umited to column
assembUes in which the fire-resistant material is not
designed to carry any of the load acting on the
column.

721.5.1.1.2 Embedments. In the absence of substan-
tiating fire-endurance test results, ducts, conduit, pip-
ing, and similar mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
installations shall not be embedded in any required
fire-resistant materials.

214

2007 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION

721.5.1.1.3 Weight-to-perimeter ratio. Table
721.5.1(1) contains weight-to-heated-perimeter
ratios {W/D) for both contour and box fire-resistant
profiles, for the wide flange shapes most often used as
columns. For different fire-resistant protection pro-
files or column cross sections, the
weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios (WD) shall be
determined in accordance with the definitions given
in this section.

721.5.1.2 Gypsum wallboard prot